,transcriber ,note ,text emphasis denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,whole and fractional parts of numbers as #abc-d_/e4 ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,amphibia ,,of ,,north ,,america ,by ,,roy ,,lee ,,moodie ,associate in ,anatomy1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,chicago ,illustration ,published by the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington ,,washington1 #aiaf ,,carnegie ,,institution ,,of ,,washington ,publication ,no4 #bch ,,press ,,of ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,company ,,philadelphia ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington has already published several monographs upon paleobiological subjects1 written by its research associates1 ,hay1 ,wieland1 and ,case4 ,each author has dealt with the subject-matter of his particular field1 but each has brought to bear upon his work common factors which have placed his labors upon a broader basis than the mere morphological descriptions of fossil forms of life4 ,case has published four monographs upon the morphology and taxonomy of the ,permo-,carboniferous vertebrates of ,north ,america1 and has followed these by a fifth1 in which all the known factors bearing upon the development of the life were assembled in an effort to discuss the paleogeography of the period4 ,in his conception paleogeography is a very broad term1 involving not only a study of the distribution of land1 water1 and life in any one interval of time1 but a consideration of all the factors in the extremely complex inter-relations of organic and inorganic matter and causes which influence the development of each part4 ,geologists and paleobiologists have alike suffered in their interpretation of past conditions1 because of their lack of knowledge of the work done by others4 ,stratigraphy may not be interpreted from the preserved fossils without a knowledge of biological laws1 and the formations of the earth may not safely be rearranged to account for the present or past distribution of life without a knowledge of geological processes4 ,it is obvious that such work is beyond the possibilities of any one man2 it is rather the work of a group of men1 each broadly trained and each master of his own field and able to contribute to and criticize the work of his fellows4 ,nowhere could close cooperation of this kind be better accomplished than under a system such as the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington has developed1 whereby the research associates of the ,institution and others of its staff may call in the assistance of men in related fields4 ,already the value of this procedure is apparent in the results accomplished by cooperation4 ,the following monograph1 by ,dr4 ,roy ,l4 ,moodie1 adds an important link to the series of paleobiological publications of the ,institution and is closely connected with the work already done upon the ,permo-,carboniferous vertebrates1 since it supplies a description of the life of the period immediately preceding4 ,it is hoped that the volume will contribute in no small measure to an understanding of the broader problems of paleogeography and the recognition of the mutual problems of the paleobiologists and the geologists4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case4 ,university of ,michigan1 ,march #ae1 #aiaf4 ,,preface4 ,the question of the origin of land vertebrates1 which has appealed so strongly to students of fossil ,amphibia1 is by no means solved from the material furnished by the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america4 ,the ,amphibia are1 however1 well known from several localities in the ,coal ,measures of this continent1 where skeletons have been recovered which are sufficiently well preserved to afford a fair knowledge of their anatomy4 ,the specimens rescued from the dumps of the old mines are regrettably few in comparison with the number that must have been burned as fuel1 or carried down the slopes as silt4 ,yet scanty as is the material thus collected1 it is of great importance1 because it represents such an early period in the recorded history of the air-breathing vertebrates4 ,the amphibian fauna in the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america is represented by several hundred individual specimens1 preserved in various museums4 ,all of the collections have been available in the preparation of this memoir1 with the exception of those species from ,nova ,scotia which are preserved in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university and in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the ,european material1 which has been used in comparisons with the ,american forms1 has been studied chiefly from the literature1 although there have been available a series of specimens of ,branchiosaurus amblystomus ,credner1 from ,saxony1 presented by the late ,professor ,credner1 and a single specimen of ,archegosaurus from ,dr4 von ,huene1 of ,tbingen4 ,the collection which has been of the greatest value is that at the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 chiefly assembled by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry from the dumps of the coal mines at ,linton1 ,ohio1 while he was in charge of the ,ohio ,geological ,survey 7#ahfi-ahhd74 ,this collection1 a part of which is at ,columbia ,university1 furnished ,cope with the most of his type material for the ,synopsis of the ,extinct ,batrachia from the ,coal ,measures 7#abc74;,a ,this entire collection1 including all of ,professor ,cope's types and representing many new and hitherto undescribed forms1 was generously placed at the writer's disposal for a period of five years through the kindness of ,dr4 ,bashford ,dean and ,dr4 ,louis ,hussakof4 ,dr4 ,hussakof made a trip through the ,linton region and his description of the place occupied by the ,old ,diamond ,mine is given on page #af4 ,footnote ,a3 ,the numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this volume4 ,an interesting collection of air-breathing vertebrates from the ,coal ,measures1 representing #ai species1 is in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7#dfd74 ,this is chiefly the collection of ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,lacoe and includes specimens from ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 from ,kansas1 and from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,it is especially important in that it contains the skeleton 7plate #bj1 fig4 #c7 of the oldest known reptile1 ,eosaurus copei ,williston 7,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvi1 #bie74 ,it contains also1 besides many of ,cope's types1 new forms which have been described by the writer 7#dfd1 #dgj1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dgc1 #dgd1 #dgh1 #dgi74 ,dr4 ,stuart ,weller first secured the use of this collection for me1 and its continued use has been granted by ,dr4 ,c4 ,d4 ,walcott4 ,mr4 ,charles ,gilmore has called my attention to several interesting specimens and has kindly loaned them for description4 ,a small but interesting collection of ,mazon ,creek ,amphibia is that of the ,peabody ,museum of ,yale ,university4 ,through the courtesy of the officers of this museum the writer was permitted to study these specimens and was given a grant for their illustration4 ,the results of that study are contained in a previous paper 7#dgh7 and in the present memoir4 ,dr4 ,schuchert has offered suggestions as to the environmental conditions of the ancient ,amphibia4 ,a few specimens of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia are at the ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,this collection includes the type of ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 the first branchiosaur discovered in the western hemisphere1 and a few specimens from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,a single specimen of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 very beautifully preserved1 is in the possession of ,mr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,daniels1 of ,rolling ,prairie1 ,indiana4 ,this specimen has been studied and described by ,hay 7#caf7 and by the writer 7#dfb1 #dfi1 #dgh74 ,the works of ,cope and ,dawson1 published between #ahfj and #ahig1 on the ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures1 have been indispensable in the present study4 ,it has been necessary to rely on the published descriptions and photographs of the interesting fauna from ,nova ,scotia1 since it has not been possible for me to visit and examine the types preserved in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university and in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,it has been possible to check ,dawson's work1 to a certain extent1 by a study of a series of excellent photographs of the types of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia collected by ,dawson and ,lyell and described by ,dawson and ,owen4 ,the descriptions of these authors have been drawn on for the discussion of the ,canadian forms4 ,the descriptions given below have been made full and complete in the belief that in this way our knowledge of these interesting vertebrates may be advanced4 ,many of the species have been described elsewhere in scattered papers by various authors4 ,these descriptions have been revised and verified and are collected here in monographic form4 ,the work is a morphologic and taxonomic revision of the ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america4 ,especial attention has been paid to the factors which have been most active in the evolution of the group1 so far as these factors may be interpreted4 ,it is the author's hope that this review may open up the field for many more workers1 since we are just beginning to learn about the evolution of this group of vertebrates4 ,the trustees of the ,elizabeth ,thompson ,science ,fund allotted a grant for the present investigation4 ,this aid has enabled the writer to present his work in much better form than would have been possible otherwise4 ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston has offered many suggestions and criticisms which have been gratefully adopted4 ,it is with the greatest sense of pleasure that the author dedicates this memoir to his teacher and friend4 ,after the manuscript was completed the author enjoyed a visit from ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,s4 ,watson1 of ,king's ,college1 ,london1 whose knowledge of the ,european and ,african forms enabled him to offer several very valuable suggestions4 ,it is fitting also to express my indebtedness to the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington for the privilege of publishing my work in the series of monographs contributed by ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case1 dealing with the anatomy and relationships of the early land vertebrates of ,north ,america4 ,roy ,lee ,moodie4 ,,contents4 ,,page4 ,prefatory ,note iii ,preface vi ,list of ,illustrations viii-x ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,problem of the ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures #c-e ,,ii4 ,history of the ,discovery of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures #f-h ,,iii4 ,stratigraphic and ,geographic ,distribution of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america #i-bb ,,iv4 ,the ,morphology of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia #bc-cf ,v4 ,the ,amphibia of the ,devonian and ,mississippian of ,north ,america #cg-ch ,,vi4 ,a ,history of the ,classification of the ,amphibia1 ,with ,especial ,reference to the ,species from the ,coal ,measures #ci-de ,,vii4 ,classification of ,amphibia ,adopted in ,this ,work1 and a ,list of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia from ,north ,america #df-dh ,,viii4 ,definition of the ,class ,amphibia1 the ,subclass ,euamphibia1 and the ,order ,branchiosauria #di-ej ,,ix4 ,the ,american ,coal ,measures ,branchiosaurid #ea-ff ,x4 ,the ,order ,caudata #fg-ga ,,xi4 ,the ,order ,salientia #gb-gd ,,xii4 ,the ,subclass ,lepospondylia1 the ,order ,microsauria1 and the ,group ,aistopoda #ge-gg ,,xiii4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,hylonomid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia #gh-hd ,,xiv4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,tuditanid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio and ,pennsylvania #he-aaa ,,xv4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,stegopid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #aab-aad ,,xvi4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,urocordylid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia #aae-abe ,,xvii4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,amphibamid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois #acf-acd ,,xviii4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,nyraniid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #ace-ach ,,xix4 ,the ,aistopodous ,microsaurian ,family ,ptyoniid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #aci-adf ,,xx4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,molgophid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio and ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois #adg-aed ,,xxi4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,sauropleurid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #aee-agj ,,xxii4 ,the ,microsaurian ,family ,ichthycanthid1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #aga-agd ,,xxiii4 ,supposed ,microsaurian ,species of ,uncertain ,relationship #age-agg ,,xxiv4 ,the ,temnospondylous ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america #agh-aig ,,xxv4 ,the ,stereospondylous ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america #aih-bja ,bibliography of the ,fossil ,amphibia1 ,with ,especial ,reference to the ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america #bjb-bag ,an ,index to the ,bibliography of ,fossil ,amphibia #bah-bai ,index #bbj-bbb ,,illustrations4 ,,plates4 ,,page4 #a4 ,views along ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois #ab #b4 ,drawing of type specimen of ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,mazon ,creek #eb #c4 ,specimens of ,eumicrerpeton parvum1 ,erpetobrachium mazonensis1 ,erierpeton branchialis1 ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum1 and ,amphibamus grandiceps #eh #d4 7#a and #b7 ,vertebr of ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie4 7#c7 ,type specimen of ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie4 7#d7 ,type skeleton of ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie4 7#e and #f7 ,the halves of the nodule containing a practically complete skeleton of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope #fj #e4 7#a7 ,a reconstruction of the ,coal ,measures branchiosaurian1 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie1 a small primitive salamander #fd 7#b7 ,a restoration of the branchiosaurian1 ,mazonerpeton1 based on two specimens #fd #f4 ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen4 ,mandibles1 parts of anterior extremities1 humerus1 etc4 #fh #g4 ,hylerpeton dawsoni ,owen4 ,mandible1 teeth1 rib1 and bones of anterior extremity4 ,bones of pelvis and posterior limb and bony scales #gb #h4 ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson4 ,bones of skull and anterior extremity1 bony rods of belly1 of pelvis1 and posterior extremity #gf #i4 ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson4 7#a7 maxill and skull bones2 7#a;a7 sternal bones2 7#b7 mandible2 7#c7 humerus1 ribs1 and vertebr2 7#d7 posterior limb2 7#e7 pelvis2 7#f7 caudal vertebr #gh #aj4 ,hylonomus latidens ,dawson4 ,skull1 portion of skeleton1 foot1 scapular1 and sternal bones1 humerus and rib1 believed to belong to this species4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation1 of ,nova ,scotia #hj #aa4 ,hylerpeton longidentatum ,dawson4 ,mandible and other bones4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation #hb #ab4 ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson4 ,mandible1 portions of skull1 scales1 and various bones4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation #hb #ac4 ,dendrerpeton oweni ,dawson4 ,skull1 mandible1 and bones of anterior limbs1 posterior limb1 pelvic1 and bony scales #ajj #ad4 7#a and #b7 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 from the ,mazon ,creek shales #ajf 7#c7 ,sauropleura 7,colosteus7 scutellata ,newberry1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures1 the first known of the ,ohio ,coal ,measures ,amphibia2 at first ascribed by ,newberry to the fishes1 but later correctly identified by ,cope #ajf 7#d7 ,type of ,diceratosaurus 7,ceraterpeton7 punctolineatus ,cope1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures #ajf #ae4 7#a7 ,dorsum of skull of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #aad 7#b7 ,ventral surface of skull of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #aad 7#c7 ,pectoral girdle of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #aad 7#d7 ,cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures #aad #af4 7#a7 ,type specimen of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope #aaf 7#b7 ,skull of ,sauropleura longidentata ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #aaf 7#c7 ,mandible of ,sauropleura longidentata ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #aaf 7#d7 ,type specimen of ,sauropleura enchodus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #aaf 7#e7 ,additional specimen of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #aaf #ag4 ,type of ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope #abf #ah4 7#a7 ,type of ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton ,shales of ,pennsylvania #acb 7#b7 ,skeletal elements of ,eryops sp4 indet41 from the ,pittsburgh ,red ,shale at ,pitcairn #acb 7#c7 ,amphibian footprints1 ,dromopus aduncus ,branson1 from the ,mississippian shales of ,giles ,county1 ,virginia #acb 7#d7 ,type of ,thinopus antiquus ,marsh1 amphibian footprint from the ,devonian of ,pennsylvania #acb #ai4 ,type of ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #acd #bj4 7#a7 ,skull of ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton slates of ,pennsylvania #aed 7#b7 ,skull and anterior part of body of ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #acd 7#c7 ,skeleton of ,eosauravus copei ,williston1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton4 ,the oldest known reptile from ,north ,america and closely related structurally to the ,microsauria #acd 7#d7 ,part of ventral scutellation and ribs of ,sauropleura digitata ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #acd #ba4 7#a7 ,mandible of ,macrerpeton deani ,moodie1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures #acf 7#b7 ,portion of the skull of ,macrerpeton deani ,moodie1 possibly of the same3 individual us the mandible4 ,from the ,linton ,coal ,measures #acf 7#c7 ,type of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures #acf 7#d7 ,an additional specimen of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures #acf 7#e7 ,skull of ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry4 ,from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #acf 7#f7 ,tooth of ,mastodonsaurus sp4 indet4 of the ,carboniferous of ,kansas #acf 7#g7 ,tooth of ,mastodonsaurus giganteus ,jaeger1 from the ,triassic of ,germany4 ,introduced for comparison with the tooth from the ,kansas ,carboniferous #acf #bb4 7#a7 ,type of ,leptophractus lineolatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton4 ,portions of maxilla and mandible of left side with teeth #afj 7#b7 ,type of ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,illinois1 near ,danville4 ,cervical of an otherwise unknown amphibian #afj 7#c7 ,amphibian phalanx from the ,coal ,measures near ,breeze1 ,illinois1 of an unknown species #afj 7#d7 ,large rib of a stereospondylous stegocephalan1 otherwise unknown #afj 7#e7 ,type of ,cope's species ,tuditanus mordax referred by him to the cranium1 on account of the sculpturing of the elements1 now known to be portions of the interclavicle and clavicles of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus #afj 7#f7 ,skull of ,baphetes planiceps ,owen1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia #afj #bc4 7#a7 ,ventral scutell of ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #aff 7#b7 ,left leg and pelvis of ,ichthycanthus platypus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #aff #bd4 7#a7 ,type specimen of ,pelion lyelli ,wyman1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 ,supposed to represent the ancestral form of the ,salientia #agb 7#b7 ,scales of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 a microsaur from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures #agb 7#c7 ,type specimen of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope #agb #be4 7#a7 ,photograph of type specimen of ,erpetosaurus 7,tuditanus7 radiatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #ahj 7#b7 ,photograph of type specimen of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #ahj 7#c7 ,photograph of the impression of ,stegops divaricata ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #ahj 7#d7 ,type and only known specimen of ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 a branchiosaur from the ,coal ,measures shales of ,mazon ,creek #ahj #bf4 7#a7 ,type specimen of ,erpetosaurus tuberculatus ,moodie1 from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures #ahb 7#b7 ,type of ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio #ahb ,,text-,,figures4 #a4 ,map of the ,coal ,measures in ,north ,america #i #b4 ,distribution of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia in ,north ,america #aa #c4 ,topographical ,map of ,mazon ,creek ,region #ac #d4 ,topographical ,map of ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,region #af #e4 ,fossil ,tree ,trunk in ,position #ba #f4 ,generalized ,amphibian ,skull #bc #g4 ,alimentary ,canal of a ,carboniferous ,salamander #bf #h4 ,vertebr and ,ribs of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia #bh #i4 ,ventral ,scutell of ,micrerpeton #cj #aj4 ,horny ,armor of ,hylonomus #ca #aa4 ,the ,skulls of two ,microsaurians3 ,a1 ,eoserpeton tenuicorne2 ,b1 ,ceraterpeton galvani #cc #ab4 ,devonian ,footprint #cg #ac4 ,restoration of ,micrerpeton #ec #ad4 ,mazon ,creek ,amphibia3 ,a1 ,eumicrerpeton parvum2 ,b1 ,amphibamus thoracatus #ei #ad;a4 ,skeleton of ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum #fb #ad;b4 ,skeleton of ,mazonerpeton costatum #fd #ae4 ,a4 ,impression of ,erierpeton branchialis #fe ,b4 ,eumicrerpeton parvum #fe ,c4 ,larger ,specimen of ,eumicrerpeton parvum #fe ,d4 ,skeleton of ,erpetobrachium mazonensis #fe ,e4 ,rib of ,mazonerpeton costatum #fe #ae;a4 ,type ,material of ,sparodus #ff #af4 ,obverse of ,cocytinus gyrinoides #fh #af;a4 ,nearly ,complete ,specimen of ,cocytinus gyrinoides #fi #ag4 ,pelion lyelli1 supposed ancestral ,salientian #gd #ah4 ,skeletal ,elements of ,smilerpeton aciedentatum #hb #ai4 ,skull and ,skeleton of ,tuditanus punctulatus #hg #bj4 ,skull and ,skeleton of ,tuditanus longipes #ij #ba4 ,skeleton of ,tuditanus walcotti3 ,a1 ,body2 ,b1 ,leg #id #bb4 ,a4 ,outline of ,skull and ,cranial ,elements of ,erpelosaurus minutus ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton ,slates of ,pennsylvania #ii ,b4 ,outline of ,skull and ,cranial ,elements of ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #ii ,c4 ,palate of ,erpetosaurus 7tabulatus871 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #ii ,d4 ,outline of ,skull and ,cranial ,elements of ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #ii ,e4 ,outline of ,larger ,part of ,skeleton of ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio #ii ,f4 ,right ,mandible of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures #ii ,g4 ,skull ,elements and ,lateral-line ,canals of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton #ii #bc4 ,skull of ,stegops divaricata #aac #bd4 ,microsaurian ,skulls from ,linton1 ,ohio3 ,a1 ,diceratosaurus lvis2 ,b1 ,diceratosaurus robustus #aai #be4 ,restoration of ,eoserpeton #abd #bf4 ,restoration of ,amphibamus #abh #bg4 ,skeleton of ,amphibamus grandiceps #abi #bh4 ,probable ,appearance of ,amphibamus #acj #bi4 ,skeleton of ,cephalerpeton #acc #cj4 ,restoration of ,ptyonius #adj #ca4 ,restoration of stocephalus #add #cb4 ,vertebr of ,molgophis brevicostatus #adh #cc4 ,fore-limb of a ,member of the ,molgophid1 ,possibly ,pleuroptyx #aeb #cd4 ,a4 ,interclavicle of ,sauropleura pauciradiata #aei ,b4 ,left ,clavicle of ,sauropleura pauciradiata #aei #ce4 ,skull and ,skeleton of ,saurerpeton latithorax #afd #cf4 ,mandible of ,leptophractus dentatus #afi #cg4 ,so-called ,interclavicle of ,eurythorax sublvis #agj #ch4 ,skeletal ,elements of ,amblyodon #agg #ci4 ,vertebra of ,spondylerpeton spinatum #agi #dj4 ,mandible of ,macrerpeton deani #ahd #da4 ,vertebr of ,eosaurus acadianus3 ,a1 ,oblique ,lateral ,view2 ,u1 ,oblique ,view2 ,c1 ,posterior ,view2 ,d1 ,transverse ,section2 ,e and ,f1 ,microscopic ,sections #ahh #db4 ,skull and ,mandible of ,eobaphetes kansensis3 ,a1 ,outer ,view of ,mandible2 ,b1 ,portion of ,skull2 ,c1 ,inner ,surface of ,mandible #aia #dc4 ,footprints of ,dromopus agilis #bjj ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,amphibia ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,problem ,,of ,,the ,,amphibia ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures4 ,the ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america present the problem of the origin of the land vertebrates1 since the air-breathing vertebrates in the ,coal ,measures of this continent are the earliest known in the western hemisphere4 ,the difference in age between the chief amphibian-bearing deposits of ,north ,america and ,europe is not great1 although it has been asserted that ,pholidogaster and its allied fauna1 described by ,huxley from ,scotland 7#cca71 is much older1 probably ,mississippian4 ,it is interesting to note that these earliest representatives of the ,amphibia in ,scotland are all temnospondyles1 of which there are very few representatives in the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america4 ,the forms so far described from the ,north ,american ,coal ,measures present a very high degree of development and differentiation1 the earliest known species being already specialized and well adapted for various modes of life4 ,as far back in geological time as the middle ,coal ,measures1 when the first well-defined forms are known1 environmental conditions had effected a wide diversity of structure within the group4 ,thus1 early in the geological history of the land vertebrates1 we have1 among the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia1 various forms which had specialized into strictly aquatic1 terrestrial1 subterrestrial1 and arboreal1 or at least partly arboreal4 ,specialization had extended to the loss of limbs1 ribs1 and ventral armature in a few species1 and to the acquirement of claws1 running legs1 or a long propelling tail with expanded neural and hmal arches in others4 ,the forms range in size from small creatures less than an inch in length to large species which must have attained a length of several feet4 ,a rather interesting parallel1 though of no phylogenetic significance1 can be drawn between the ,amphibia of the ,north ,american ,coal ,measures and the reptiles of to-day4 ,the snakes are represented by the limbless1 snake-like forms1 such as ,ptyonius and ,phlegethontia4 ,the lizards find their counterpart in the ,hylonomid and the ,tuditanid4 ,no known characters of these animals tend to ally them directly with any known group of fishes1 except in the most general way4 ,these facts all indicate a long antecedent history for the amphibian group or else a preceding period of greatly accelerated development of which we now know nothing4 ,the ,amphibia whose remains have been brought to light from the ,coal ,measures have hitherto been regarded as pertaining to a single order1 the ,stegocephalia1 characterized by the completely roofed-over cranium and a large parasphenoid4 ,the writer 7#dfi7 had previously assigned #e suborders to the group3 the ,branchiosauria1 ,microsauria1 ,aistopoda1 ,temnospondylia1 and ,stereospondylia4 ,all of these groups are represented in the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america4 ,it has seemed inadvisable1 in the light of our present knowledge of the ,amphibia1 to retain these #e groups as suborders1 and1 in the revised scheme of classification which has been published elsewhere 7#dfi71 they are given the rank of orders all excepting the ,aistopoda1 which are now regarded by the writer as specialized ,microsauria4 ,the recent ,caudata are possibly represented in the ,north ,american ,coal ,measures by forms which may be assigned tentatively to the ,proteida4 ,such forms as ,cocytinus gyrinoides1 ,hyphasma lvis1 and ,erierpeton branchialis possibly represent this group in the ,pennsylvanian4 ,this relationship is based chiefly on the structure of the hyobranchial apparatus and on the general structure of the species4 ,the three above-mentioned species are1 however1 very insufficiently known1 and the relationship can hardly be regarded as more than suggested by the characters which are at hand4 ,the ,salientia1 or frogs1 may possibly have their ancestral type in ,pelion lyelli1 the first known species from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,oddly enough1 among the hundreds of specimens collected later from this horizon1 not a fragment can be identified with this species4 ,the type specimen is unique1 and although incomplete its characters are suggestive4 ,the ,branchiosauria are represented in ,north ,america by four species3 ,micrerpeton caudatum1 ,eumicrerpeton parvum1 ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum1 and ,m4 costatum4 ,three other genera which occur in ,north ,america have been placed 7#fdb7 in this group1 but they do not belong there1 for reasons given below4 ,the branchiosaurs were salamander-like in appearance4 ,they were naked1 with the exception of small ovoid scales on the back and the chevron-shaped armature of the ventral surface1 the latter being almost universally present among the ,paleozoic ,amphibia4 ,they were adapted for life in the water for at least the early part of their existence1 as is shown by the possession of gills on many of the late ,carboniferous and early ,permian forms of ,europe4 ,the group is1 without doubt1 ancestral to the modern ,caudata4 ,no branchiosaurians have been described elsewhere from so low in the geological series as those here given and they are the first and only evidence of the occurrence of the group in the western hemisphere4 ,the ,microsauria are represented in the ,coal ,measures by numerous forms which are usually characterized as lizard-like animals with a well-developed ventral scutellation4 ,other characters1 such as the possession of lateral-line grooves on the cranium1 the arrangement of the cranial elements1 and the condition of the ribs1 will be discussed further on4 ,the pectoral arch is well developed and is composed of five dermal bones plus the regular skeletal elements4 ,the skeletal membrane bones are sculptured after the manner of those of the cranium4 ,the bodies of the animals were1 in a few cases1 covered with scales2 but most of them appear to have been completely naked1 even the ventral armature being absent in some cases4 ,the ventral scutellation was especially strong and highly developed in some of the forms2 e4g41 in the genera ,saurerpeton and ,sauropleura4 ,the vertebr are uniformly of the hour-glass or notochordal type4 ,this is so generally the case that the characters of the vertebr and ribs are taken as the chief diagnostic characters of the major groups4 ,various peculiarities are seen among the ,microsauria1 such as the development of horns in various genera which are1 apparently1 related4 ,the order seems to have gone completely out of existence during the early ,permian1 and if their descendants continued on as reptiles1 as has been suggested 7#dfi71 we do not know the intermediate stages4 ,the ,aistopoda are without doubt specialized microsaurs1 and1 in the opinion of the writer1 are not entitled to separate rank4 ,some of these forms reached a high degree of specialization4 ,one ,american species has the skeleton reduced to a long1 slender head and a slender series of elongate vertebr1 all other parts of the skeleton1 even the ventral armature1 being absent4 ,the proportions attained by this species1 ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope1 recall those of the coach-whip snake1 ,zamenis flagellum ,shaw1 of the western plains4 ,some of the so-called ,aistopoda have been credited by ,fritsch with the possession of peculiar clasping organs1 ,kammplatten4 ,newberry has written of the discovery of similar structures in the ,ohio ,coal ,measures 7#dih71 but the statement of the actual association of these ,kammplatten needs confirmation4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,traquair wrote to the author under date of ,april #bh1 #aiji3 ,i maintain that the association of a bundle of ',kammplatten' with a specimen of ,ophiderpeton in the ,bohemian gas coal was entirely accidental4 ,of such pitfalls the paleontologist has to beware or serious mistakes may be the consequence1 as has happened more than once4 ,i must1 however1 publish a short paper on the ,kammplatten1 for ,i think ,i know what they are now4 ,fritsch1 however1 has very clearly figured a nearly complete specimen of ,ophiderpeton 7#bea1 ,bd4 ,,iv7 as possessing the ,kammplatten in place near the cloaca1 where he suggests they may have served the function of accessory copulatory organs or claspers4 ,the ,temnospondylia are represented by scanty remains of species from ,illinois1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,nova ,scotia4 ,the forms belonging to this group are all relatively large1 and they had a wide geographical distribution during the ,permian4 ,this group contains two types of vertebr1 known as the embolomerous and the rachitomous1 both of which are present in the ,coal ,measures4 ,such forms as ,eosaurus1 ,baphetes1 ,eobaphetes kansensis1 ,macrerpeton1 and ,dendrerpeton are regarded tentatively as temnospondyles1 but there is no definite assurance that they are such4 ,it is possible that ,eosaurus is a stereospondyle1 but the species is too incompletely known for a definite statement to be made4 ,the close resemblance between the vertebr of ,eosaurus and ,anthracosaurus has been noted by ,huxley 7#ccb74 ,the ,stereospondylia are very scantily represented in the ,coal ,measures1 if at all4 ,eosaurus may belong here as indicated above4 ,the tooth and cranial fragments discovered and described by ,williston from the ,coal ,measures of ,kansas may represent a stereospondyle as he states 7#fjh71 but the evidence is incomplete4 ,a fragment of a large rib 7plate #bb1 fig4 #d7 of a species from ,linton1 ,ohio1 otherwise unknown1 may be a stereospondyle4 ,we would expect an early development for this group1 but it is' an interesting fact that no stereospondyles are known definitely before the ,triassic1 during which period they had an extensive distribution4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,discovery ,,of ,,amphibia ,,in ,,the ,,coal ,,measures4 ,sir ,william ,logan1 in #ahda1 discovered in the ,coal ,measures of ,horton's ,bluff1 ,nova ,scotia1 some tracks of ,amphibia which he carried to ,london and which ,sir ,richard ,owen pronounced to be undoubted reptilian tracks4 ,this fact was published in #ahdb 7#chj7 and was the first recorded evidence of the occurrence of land vertebrates in the ,carboniferous rocks of the world4 ,to these tracks ,sir ,william ,dawson later gave the name of ,hylopus logani4 ,two years later ,dr4 ,gergens 7#bia7 wrote a letter to ,professor ,bronn1 the founder and one of the editors of the ,neues ,jahrbuch fr ,mineralogie1 ,geologic und ,paleontologie1 in regard to an important discovery in the ,carboniferous rocks of ,germany4 ,the letter is of such exceptional interest in connection with the history of the fossil ,amphibia that it is given here3 ,in dem ,brandschiefer von ,mnsterappel in ,rhein-,bayern habe ich in vorigen ,jahre einen ,salamander aufgefunden und ,hrn4 ,h4 v4 ,meyer in ,frankfurt zur nheren ,untersuchung und ,beschreibung bergeben2--,gehrt dieser ,schiefer der ,kohlen-,formation8--in diesem ,falle ware der ,fund in anderen ,hinsicht interessant4 ,the form discovered by ,dr4 ,gergens and described by ,hermann von ,meyer as an amphibian is a little puzzling as to its characters4 ,miall 7#ddi1 p4 #ahc7 says that the remains are too imperfect for close definition4 ,the form1 as figured1 resembles an immature branchiosaurian1 as one is at once reminded1 from an examination of ,von ,ammon's ,branchiosaurus caducus 7#g1 ,taf4 ,,iv1 fig4 #a74 ,in #ahdd ,dr4 ,alfred ,king 7#cef7 announced the discovery of reptilian footprints in the ,carboniferous of ,pennsylvania4 ,the next announcement of fossil ,amphibia was made by ,goldfuss 7#bif71 who in #ahdg described the famous ,archegosaurus from the upper ,carboniferous of ,germany1 from the remains which had as long ago as #aggg been regarded as a fish4 ,two years later ,isaac ,lea 7#cga7 announced to the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 through ,buckland1 the discovery of footprints in the old ,red ,sandstone 7,mauch ,chunk7 of ,pennsylvania4 ,these objects occur not rarely in the ,mauch ,chunk shales1 which are of upper ,mississippian age4 ,barrell 7#ba1 p4 #dfj7 records the finding of imperfect tracks in the same beds1 and ,rogers 7,geology of ,pennsylvania1 pt4 ,,ii1 #ahef1 p4 #hca7 records three unnamed varieties from #b1bjj feet below the top of the ,mauch ,chunk4 ,branson 7#ej7 has recorded the finding of other amphibian footprints from the ,mississippian of ,giles ,county1 ,virginia4 ,lyell and ,dawson 7#cif71 in #ahec1 read a paper before the ,geological ,society of ,london1 in which they announced the discovery of remains of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america1 although ,dawson had previously1 in #ahej1 discovered the skull of ,baphetes planiceps ,owen1 which was not described until the latter part of #ahec 7#eji74 ,the specimen had lain unnoticed in the collection of the ,geological ,society for more than two years4 ,when1 however1 the announcement was made by ,lyell and ,dawson of the discovery of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia1 so much interest was excited that the skull1 now known as ,baphetes planiceps1 was brought to light by the president or secretary and was described 7#eji7 by ,sir ,richard ,owen4 ,the only other known evidences of land vertebrates in the ,paleozoic of ,north ,america1 up to this time1 had been the footprints described by ,lea and ,king from the ,mississippian 7,mauch ,chunk7 and ,pennsylvanian of ,pennsylvania4 ,the specimens presented to the ,geological ,society of ,london by ,lyell and ,dawson were found at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia1 and consisted of scutes1 a few limb bones1 a fragment of a jaw1 and a few vertebr1 a part of which were associated4 ,the remains were found quite accidentally and unexpectedly by them in the petrified trunks of ancient ,sigillari which were exposed on the coast4 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 of ,harvard ,college1 had examined these remains in the ,united ,states and had pronounced 7#fch7 them to be amphibian1 comparing them with similar elements in ,menobranchus4 ,on the arrival of the specimens in ,england they were submitted to ,sir ,richard ,owen1 who suggested the name 7#ead7 ,dendrerpeton acadianum and compared the remains with ,archegosaurus4 ,at the same meeting of the ,london ,geological ,society1 ,owen read a paper on a small amphibian 7#ejh7 from the ,british ,carboniferous which he named ,parabatrachus4 ,subsequent discoveries have shown1 however1 that this form belongs among the fishes4 ,at the meeting of the ,geological ,society held in the latter part of the same year ,owen announced 7#eji7 further discoveries in the ,nova ,scotia coal beds4 ,hermann von ,meyer 7#dcf71 in #aheg1 described numerous stegocephalian remains from the upper ,carboniferous of ,germany4 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 in the same year1 described 7#fci7 a new form of amphibian from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,this form he called ,raniceps lyelli1 but as the name ,raniceps had been preoccupied by ,cuvier for a genus of gadid fishes1 ,wyman later 7#ahfh7 changed the name to ,pelion4 ,this was the first form to be described from the locality at ,linton1 which has since yielded the remains of half a hundred species4 ,dawson 7#bjd71 in #ahei1 made a further contribution to the fauna of ,nova ,scotia by the description of ,hylonomus and other species of ,dendrerpeton from the ,south ,joggins deposits4 ,huxley 7#cca71 in #ahfb1 described the genera ,loxomma and ,pholidogaster from the ,carboniferous of ,scotland4 ,the same year ,owen made a further contribution 7#ead7 to the fauna of the ,nova ,scotia beds1 and ,huxley 7#ccb7 discussed the anatomy of ,anthracosaurus from ,scotland4 ,marsh 7#djd71 in the next year1 described1 as an enaliosaurian1 the interesting ,eosaurus acadianus from the ,nova ,scotia ,coal ,measures1 basing the species on two vertebr1 apparently from the dorsal region4 ,the vertebr resemble the stereospondylous type1 and ,huxley 7#ccb7 called attention to the similarity of these vertebr to those of ,anthracosaurus4 ,cope 7#aje71 in #ahfe1 began his researches among the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia of ,north ,america by the description of ,amphibamus grandiceps from the ,mazon ,creek shales of ,illinois4 ,ten years later 7#abc7 he published a complete synopsis of the ,carboniferous ,amphibia of ,north ,america1 with especial reference to the ,linton1 ,ohio1 species1 illustrating many of the forms now known from ,linton4 ,between the years #ahfe and #ahig1 ,cope published numerous papers 7#aje-agg7 on the ,amphibia of the ,paleozoic1 and to his researches is due a large part of our knowledge of these forms4 ,great credit is due ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry 7#die1 #dih7 for the enthusiasm and interest which his collections of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia exhibit4 ,he furnished ,cope with the majority of the type material described by him1 and it was through ,dr4 ,newberry's instrumentality that the ,synopsis of the ,extinct ,batrachia from the ,coal ,measures 7#abc7 was published4 ,the material which ,dr4 ,newberry had collected he took with him from ,ohio to ,columbia ,university1 ,new ,york1 and a part of his collection still remains in the geological collection of that institution1 although the greater portion has been transferred to the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the ,newberry collection forms the basis for the larger part of this memoir4 ,between the year #ahec and the early nineties1 ,dawson continued 7#bjj-bbc7 his researches on the ,amphibia of the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 ,his most notable single work 7#bjh7 is ,the ,air-,breathers of the ,coal ,period1 published in ,montreal in #ahfc1 in which he gives a complete account of the forms then known from ,canada1 attempting some restorations4 ,since his death there have been no new species described from ,canada1 and1 so far as ,i can learn1 there has been no further collecting at the ,south ,joggins4 ,recently ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew 7#dji7 has rearranged the classification of amphibian footprints from ,nova ,scotia4 ,jaekel 7#cdg7 has described very fully the remains of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope7 from ,linton1 ,ohio1 basing the new genus on a species described by ,cope as a member of ,ceraterpeton4 ,hay 7#caf7 has added to the knowledge of the anatomy of ,amphibamus1 his most interesting contribution being the detection of long1 curved ribs in this form4 ,this character excludes the species from the order ,branchiosauria and shows the relationship of the form to the ,hylonomid and the ,microsauria4 ,schwarz 7#edj7 has described the characters of the vertebr and ribs of several genera of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia and has 7#eda7 offered his views as to the descent of the ,amphibia1 based entirely on his work on the vertebr of species from ,north ,america and ,europe4 ,since #aijh the writer has published several contributions 7#deg-dhi7 on the ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america4 ,the results of these investigations are given in this work4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,stratigraphic ,,and ,,geographic ,,distribution ,,of ,,amphibia ,,in ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,there are but four localities in ,north ,america which have furnished any notable remains of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures4 ,these are1 in the order of their discovery1 the deposits at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia2 the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures2 the ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 shales2 and the ,cannelton slates near ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 ,there are1 however1 several other localities on the continent which have furnished evidences of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures4 ,the principal one of the latter localities is doubtfully of ,coal ,measures age1 although recent discoveries would tend to show it is such4 ,the deposits in question1 those of the ,clepsydrops shales of ,vermilion ,county1 ,illinois1 have1 heretofore1 been regarded as ,permian1 but the discovery of similar remains in rocks of undoubted ,pennsylvanian age in ,pennsylvania would seem to indicate that the ,illinois deposits were contemporaneous with them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,map of ,upper ,pennsylvanian showing land and water conditions under which the ,coal ,measures amphibian fauna lived4 ,it will be noted that the chief deposits which have furnished amphibian remains are on the margins of the heavily shaded areas4 7,after ,schuchert47 ,explanation of symbols3 ,lands are white4 ,water areas are lined4 ,formation outcrops are black or dotted4 ,known shore-lines are solid lines2 probable ones broken4 ,vertical lines in middle of continent indicate ,gulf marine4 7a7 ,the deposits in ,vermilion ,county1 ,illinois1 lie along the north bank of ,salt ,fork ,creek1 at the tip of the ,horseshoe ,bend1 about #b miles south of ,oakwood1 ,illinois4 ,they were discovered by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,winslow1 of ,danville1 in #ahge4 ,the remains discovered by him were forwarded to ,professor ,cope for identification4 ,later the deposits were thoroughly explored by ,w4 ,f4 ,e4 ,gurley1 and the specimens collected by him are now preserved 7#hf7 in ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,in #aijg1 the writer1 while working for the ,university of ,chicago1 in exploring the same locality1 exhausted the beds so far as they could at that time be uncovered from the landslide which had overwhelmed them4 ,the formation in which the bones occur is a soft gray or reddish shale1 and it lies without any apparent stratigraphic break on shales of ,pennsylvanian age4 ,below these shales are several feet of limestone containing invertebrates of typical ,pennsylvanian facies4 ,there are indications of at least #c species of ,amphibia in the deposits4 ,case 7#hf7 has indicated with doubt a fourth species4 ,the species are3 ,cricotus heteroclitus ,cope1 ,cricotus gibsonii ,cope1 ,diplocaulus salamandroides ,cope4 ,the remains are very fragmentary1 and consist for the most part of incomplete vertebr1 with a few small skull fragments4 7b7 ,in #ahig ,dr4 ,williston 7#fjg7 described some fragments of ,cricotus from a deposit in ,cowley ,county1 near ,winfield1 ,kansas4 ,there has been some dispute as to the age of the deposit1 but the consensus of opinion seems to be that the beds are of approximately the same age as those of ,illinois and ,pennsylvania in which similar remains are found1 and those deposits are looked upon as ,upper ,pennsylvania 7,case 7#id71 pp4 #bci-bdj74 ,no new forms were described from ,winfield1 since only a few fragments were obtained4 ,williston referred the phalange1 the fragment of a jaw1 and the tooth to ,cricotus heteroclitus ,cope4 7c7 ,later in the same year ,williston 7#fjh7 announced the discovery of a tooth of typical labyrinthodont structure from near ,louisville1 ,kansas 7plate #ba1 fig4 #f74 ,the tooth was accompanied by fragments of bone and was probably not far from the bed in which it was fossilized4 ,williston states that the remains were from the shales which are nearly at the upper part of the ,carboniferous1 probably within one hundred feet of the ,manhattan ,limestone4 7d7 ,in #ahid ,marsh 7#djf7 and earlier 7#ahgc7 ,mudge 7#dij7 described footprints of vertebrates from the stone-quarries near ,osage ,city1 ,kansas4 ,the stone in which they were found was a fine-grained limestone which occurs near the middle of the ,kansas ,coal ,measures4 7e7 ,two years later ,marsh 7#djg7 announced the discovery of traces of the oldest known 7,devonian7 air-breathing vertebrate4 ,the footprints of ,thinopus antiquus were regarded by ,marsh as apparently amphibian4 ,this still remains the oldest geological evidence of air-breathing vertebrates1 although ,lohest some years ago 7#cha7 called attention to remains from the ,devonian of ,france which he thought might be amphibian4 ,the footprint described by ,professor ,marsh was found in the town of ,pleasant1 one mile south of the ,allegheny ,river1 ,warren ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 by ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,beecher1 who presented it to ,yale ,museum1 and also furnished the information in regard to its geological position4444 ,the geological horizon is near the top of the ,chemung1 in the upper ,devonian4 ,in the same beds are ripple marks1 mud cracks1 and impressions of rain drops1 indicating shallow water and shore deposits4 7f7 ,among the collections of the ,american ,museum there is an impression of a small amphibian foot obtained from ,phoenix ,tunnel1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the impression is in hard black slate very similar to the slate of the ,cannelton region4 ,it is possible that the specimen may have been obtained from the ,cannelton beds1 since they would be expected to occur at ,phoenix ,tunnel4 ,the impression is rather small4 ,it is the footprint of a #e-toed animal1 probably of the right foot1 since no amphibian 7#dfe7 so far is known from the ,coal ,measures with #e digits on the hand4 ,the first digit is short and thick1 with a large ball at its base4 ,the foot measures from the posterior edge of the palm to the tip of the longest digit #ab mm4 ,the length of the first digit is #g mm4 ,the impression differs in some respects from the impressions so far known from the ,coal ,measures1 but no attempt will be made to assign it to a species4 ,it may have been made by either a branchiosaurian or a microsaurian1 but more probably the latter1 since we do not know of any of the former animals from the ,cannelton beds1 or in fact from any of the ,coal ,measures beds excepting the ,mazon ,creek shales4 ,the specimen is ,no4 #bhgb of the ,american ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,distribution of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia in ,north ,america4 #a4 ,linton1 ,ohio1 near ,yellow ,creek ,p4 ,o41 ,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio1 on the banks of ,yellow ,creek1 near the ,ohio ,river1 #af miles north of ,steubenville4 #b4 ,mazon ,creek shales1 ,grundy ,county1 ,illinois1 near ,morris4 #c4 ,clepsydrops shales1 ,salt ,fork ,creek1 ,vermilion ,county1 ,illinois1 near ,oakwood1 on ,tate farm1 #h miles west of ,danville1 ,illinois4 #d4 ,danville1 ,illinois1 coal where the type of ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie was found4 #e4 ,breeze1 ,illinois1 where ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udden1 in #aijg1 found a fragment of an amphibian phalange on the dump of the ,cooperative ,coal ,company4 #f4 ,pitcairn1 ,pennsylvania1 #ae miles east of ,pittsburgh4 #g4 ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania1 ,beaver ,county1 ,cannelton slates1 ,kittanning formation1 #de miles northwest of ,pittsburgh4 #h4 ,fairfield1 ,iowa1 where ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udden found remains attributed by ,dr4 ,eastman to ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 #i4 ,louisville1 ,pottawatomie ,county1 ,kansas1 where ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,williston discovered remains of ,mastodonsaurus in the ,coal ,measures4 #aj4 ,washington ,county1 ,kansas1 source of type of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures4 #aa4 ,osage ,city1 ,osage ,county1 ,kansas1 amphibian footprints from the ,coal ,measures4 #ab4 ,winfield1 ,kansas1 source of ,cricotus material4 #ac4 ,lander1 ,wyoming1 in ,wind ,river ,carboniferous4 #ad4 ,pictou1 ,pictou ,county1 ,nova ,scotia1 #hd miles northeast of ,halifax4 ,source of ,baphetes planiceps ,owen4 #ae4 ,joggins 7,joggins ,mines71 ,cumberland ,county1 ,nova ,scotia1 #d miles from ,river ,hebert4 ,source of ,hylerpeton and ,dendrerpeton faunas4 #af4 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia1 source of the ,eosaurus acadianus ,marsh4 7g7 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udden1 in #aijg1 discovered a fragment of a phalanx of some amphibian 7plate #bb1 fig4 #c7 on the dump of the ,cooperative ,coal ,company1 a mile east of ,breeze1 ,illinois4 ,it was obtained from below the ,shoal ,creek limestone and somewhere above the 7,illinois7 ,coal ,no4 #f1 according to ,dr4 ,udden's notes4 ,the maximum width of the phalanx is #aj mm4 and it probably had a length of #af mm4 7h7 ,mr4 ,n4 ,h4 ,brown1 in #aiad1 discovered in the ,carboniferous rocks to the east of the ,wind ,river ,mountains1 near ,lander1 ,wyoming1 a single fragment of an amphibian4 ,the writer was accompanying ,mr4 ,brown at the time of the discovery and there can be no doubt that the fragment was amphibian2 the location of the beds was such that no later age than the ,coal ,measures can be assigned to them4 7i7 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udden 7#egg71 in #aiab1 announced the discovery of an amphibian in the ,des ,moines formation of ,iowa4 ,these remains were identified by ,dr4 ,charles ,eastman as ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 ,since the ,des ,moines is probably nearly contemporaneous with the ,mazon ,creek shales of ,illinois1 the discovery does not extend the geological range to any extent1 but is of interest as it adds another note to our knowledge of the geographical distribution of the ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures4 7j7 ,the ,gurley collection of the ,university of ,chicago possesses a single cervical vertebra of some amphibian 7874 ,the vertebra is unlike anything previously described and represents a new form 7plate #bb1 fig4 #b7 which may be designated ,proterpeton gurleyi1 new genus and species4 ,the material was collected near ,danville1 ,illinois4 7k7 ,deposits have been discovered in ,pennsylvania in which are found the remains of amphibians and reptiles1 very similar to those from ,vermilion ,county1 ,illinois1 ,cowley ,county1 ,kansas1 and the ,texas ,permian4 ,the remains 7plate #ah1 fig4 #b7 were found in a thin stratum below the ,ames limestone1 and are therefore in the ,coal ,measures1 fairly well below the top4 ,the fossils1 as described by ,case 7#id71 consist of fragments which he ascribes to pelycosaurian reptiles and to temnospondylous amphibians4 ,the genus ,eryops 7#id7 is recognized in several fragments and a nearly complete dorsal vertebral centrum4 ,other types of ,amphibia are likewise represented4 7l7 ,the ironstone nodules1 in which the ,mazon ,creek fossils 7plate #a7 occur1 are found in the shale which forms the roof of the ,morris or ,no4 #b ,coal of ,illinois1 which lies probably somewhat lower than the horizon of the ,lower ,kittanning ,coal of ,pennsylvania 7#eii74 ,the nodules of iron contained in the ,coal shales on the banks of ,mazon ,creek near ,morris1 ,illinois1 generally contain organic nuclei1 and thousands of beautiful specimens have been obtained there4 ,they are usually fragments of fern fronds1 but are sometimes shells1 crustaceans1 myriapods1 scorpions1 spiders1 cockroaches1 444 fishes 7#dih1 p4 #bad71 and amphibians1 of which #aj species are at present known4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #a ,,views ,,along ,,mazon ,,creek1 ,,illinois4 #a4 ,a nodule weathering out of the shale1 at the head of the hammer4 ,most of the nodules at the so-called lower beds contain specimens of ,neuropteris4 #b4 ,the nodules in the creek bed at the upper beds4 ,many of them have been cracked open by the frost4 #c4 ,looking south at the upper beds4 ,the nodules found in the background are non-fossiliferous4 #d4 ,nodules may be seen through the clear water embedded in the shale4 ,neuropterid insects in the water4 #e4 ,looking for nodules at the upper beds4 ,the uppermost reaches of the fossiliferous beds correspond with the extreme background of the picture4 #f4 ,nodules in the stream bed at the lower beds4 ,many of these are cracked open by the frost and good specimens are sometimes found in the nodules4 ,these species have been arranged zoologically according to the following plan3 ,class ,amphibia ,linn1 #ageh4 ,subclass ,euamphibia ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,order ,branchiosauria ,lydekker1 #ahhi4 ,family ,branchiosaurid ,fritsch1 #ahgi4 ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie1 #aiaj4 ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,order ,caudata ,dumril1 #ahjf4 ,suborder ,proteida ,cope4 ,family ,cocytinid ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,subclass ,lepospondylia ,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,order ,microsauria ,dawson1 #ahfc4 ,family ,amphibamid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 #ahfe4 ,amphibamus thoracatus ,moodie1 #aiaa4 ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,family ,molgophid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,erpetobrachium mazonensis ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,subclass ,stegocephala ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,order ,temnospondylia ,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,suborder ,embolomeri ,cope1 #ahhe4 ,family ,cricotid ,cope1 #ahhd4 ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,it will be seen from the above arrangement that nearly all of the orders of ,amphibia are represented in the ,mazon ,creek fauna4 ,these animals are the oldest known land vertebrates of ,north ,america4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,portion of the ,morris sheet of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 to show topography and situations of the exposures of fossil-bearing shales at ,mazon ,river1 a1 the ,bartlett place1 the so-called upper beds2 b1 lower beds4 ,the writer was able1 during ,july #aiaa1 to spend a week studying the fossil beds 7#dgi7 at ,mazon ,creek4 ,the object of the visit was primarily to collect ,amphibia1 but although several thousand nodules were examined1 not one contained an amphibian nor a fragment of one4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,carr1 of ,morris1 ,illinois1 who has collected at ,mazon ,creek for more than #cj years1 has never collected an amphibian4 ,these facts interested me in making the following comparison3 ,if we take #ajj1jjj nodules as a basis for computation of the rarity of the various forms1 something like the following will be the approximate result of the investigation3 ,of #ajj1jjj nodules1 #bj1jjj will be barren or contain only indeterminate fragments2 #fh1ejj will contain plants2 #g1ejj will contain insects1 ,crustacea1 myriapods1 scorpions1 spiders1 and other arthropods2 #c1ijj will contain fish coprolites or scales2 #ie may contain fish or fragments of fish2 #d may contain mollusks2 and #a may contain an amphibian or a fragment of one4 ,perhaps even #ajj1jjj is low as a basis of estimate4 ,mr4 ,carr was of the opinion that #a nodule in every #ejj1jjj might contain an amphibian4 ,the beds from which the nodules are usually collected occur along both banks and in the bottom of the creek1 in two localities4 ,one locality known as the ,bartlett place is situated #h miles southeast of ,morris1 in ,grundy ,county1 ,illinois1 ,wauponsee ,township1 ,n4,w4 quarter1 section #cj1 ,township #cc1 ,range #h1 the land being now owned by ,mrs4 ,emma ,akerly1 of ,wilmington1 ,illinois4 ,the fossil-bearing nodules occur throughout #f to #h feet of shale along both banks of the creek at the upper beds 7plate #a1 fig4 #c71 as the ,bartlett place is called4 ,they may also be seen in the bed of the creek1 when the water is low 7plate #a1 fig4 #d71 still embedded in the shale4 ,with a potato fork the shale is easily turned and the nodules come out like potatoes4 ,one sometimes finds a pocket of nodules from which as many as a peck may be secured4 ,nearly every nodule has a fossil at the upper beds1 but all of the fossils are not well preserved1 possibly only #a or #b out of every #aj being worth carrying to the museum4 ,the nodules crack best when wet1 and it requires some skill to crack them evenly4 ,they seem quite light and1 in one place where the stream curves1 are piled in a long windrow4 ,on this were found1 in nodules cracked by the frost1 several good crustaceans and many good plants4 ,table of ,pennsylvanic ,formations4 ,series ,northern ,appalachian4 ,bituminous4 ,pennsylvania-,ohio4 ,illinois4 ,pennsylvanic ,coal ,measures 7997 7,salt ,fork74 ,monongahela or ,upper ,break4 ,productive ,coal ,measures ,conemaugh or ,lower ,barren ,ames limestone near middle3 7997 7,pitcairn7 ,coal ,no4 #f4 ,freeport ,allegheny or ,lower 7997 7,cannelton7 ,coal ,no4 #b 79974 ,coal ,measures ,kittanning 79974 7,morris877,mazon ,creek74 7,linton74 ,clarion4 ,pottsville ,home wood4 ,mercer4 ,conoquenessing4 ,sharon4 7997 marks the position of the ,amphibian-producing horizons in these regions4 7,after ,schuchert47 ,the fossils at the upper beds are localized into special strata4 ,at one place in the upper part of the deposit1 in a reddish shale1 one finds that insects are more abundant than they are lower down4 ,the ,crustacea seem to come from apparently the same shale4 ,at the lower end of the deposit certain definite species of ,pecopteris are localized4 ,it is an interesting fact that one seldom finds a ,neuropteris at the upper beds4 ,the most abundant fossils are the various species of ,pecopteris and ,annularia4 ,when specimens of ,neuropteris are found they are usually discovered at the lower end of the exposures4 ,in one place behind the island very blue nodules1 hard and flinty and with sometimes well-preserved specimens of ,pecopteris1 are found quite definitely localized4 ,these nodules are apt to assume an irregular shape4 ,these localizations of the fossils are1 of course1 what we would expect from our knowledge of the recent fauna and flora4 ,there is1 to be sure1 more or less intermingling of the species4 ,the myriapods1 so far as they have been found1 are also localized4 ,mr4 ,carr found #c within a space of a few feet1 but again these are found widely scattered4 ,the exposures at the upper beds are about a quarter of a mile long4 ,they disappear under a heavy ledge of sandy limestone4 ,at the lower beds 7plate #a1 fig4 #f71 those further down the creek1 conditions are quite different from those just described1 although of the same horizon3 the banks of the creek are higher and almost perpendicular1 so that the chances of collection from the shales are fewer4 ,the bed of the creek1 however1 is wider and there are more nodules washed out4 ,the most abundant fossil at this place is ,neuropteris4 ,the nodules at the upper end of the exposure are all1 almost without exception1 barren of fossils4 ,the exposures here are of about the same extent as the upper beds1 though the species are not so varied4 ,judging from the collections made while there1 ,arthropoda are more abundant at the lower beds4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 ,,iv1 #aif1 #ahgj7 mentions the occurrence of these nodules at or near ,morris4 ,other than these places the nodules have been thrown out of a coal mine near ,braidwood1 ,illinois4 ,doubtless close search would reveal other localities where the shale is cut through in mining4 ,the beds at both places are slightly folded4 ,this is true especially of the upper beds1 where a conspicuous fold caused the beds to disappear in the bed of the creek and to reappear farther down stream4 ,this is directly across the large ox-bow bend of the creek4 ,the beds at ,mazon ,creek were first explored in #aheg by ,mr4 ,joseph ,evans1 who sent his specimens to ,berlin1 ,germany1 where they excited great interest4 ,it was he who collected the type specimen of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 ,since the time of ,mr4 ,evans many have collected at ,mazon ,creek1 and without doubt the fossil-bearing nodules from this locality are more widely scattered in the museums of the world than are organic remains from any other one horizon4 ,so far as we know there was no upland vertebrate life at that time4 ,the forms at present known were confined to the water or the margins of the water4 ,the absence of knowledge of upland and terrestrial deposits of this time doubtless accounts for the absence of known vertebrates4 ,it is1 however1 especially interesting to speculate on the ancestral types of the land vertebrates1 and it must be admitted that the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia as at present known throw the ancestry of land-living vertebrates far back into geological time4 7m7 ,the ,cannelton slates of ,beaver ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 have furnished #c species of ,amphibia and fragments of other species are represented in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7#dfb74 ,the species so far known are3 ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie1 ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie1 ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie4 ,they are the first evidence of the occurrence of amphibian remains in these deposits4 ,the ,cannelton specimens are found in a thin stratum of slate which forms part of the ,middle ,cannelton ,coal4 ,the ,cannelton slate1 in which the fossils occur1 forms the roof of the ,middle ,kittanning ,coal1 which is only #bj to #cj feet above the ,lower ,kittanning bed 7,i4 ,c4 ,white71 so it becomes evident that the deposition of the ,cannelton slates was at only a slightly later period than that of the shales in which the ,mazon ,creek nodules occur1 since the ,mazon ,creek shales form the roof of the ,morris1 which is probably somewhat lower than the ,lower ,kittanning of ,pennsylvania4 ,from the ,cannelton slates are known the remains of plants1 insects1 crustacea1 especially ,eurypterids found in shale immediately below the ,darlington 7,upper ,kittanning7 ,cannel ,coal1 near ,cannelton1 ,darlington ,township1 ,beaver ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 ,horizon1 ,allegheny ,river ,series 7,hall1 #ahhd74 ,in these shales occur also1 fishes and the #c species of amphibians referred to above4 ,the ,amphibia known from this region are small1 the largest of them not exceeding #f inches in length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,portion of ,west ,virginia-,ohio-,pennsylvania1 ,wellsville ,quadrangle of the ,u4,s4 ,geological ,survey1 to show topography and situation of ,linton coal mines4 ,some fossil amphibians doubtless came from across the line in ,columbiana ,county4 7n7 ,the ,linton1 ,ohio1 beds outcropped near ,linton post-office1 which was formerly located at the mouth of ,yellow ,creek1 a few hundred yards from the present station1 ,yellow ,creek1 ,salem ,township1 ,jefferson ,county1 in the valley of ,yellow ,creek1 near the ,ohio ,river1 and thus near the ,pennsylvania state line4 ,in regard to the exact location of the town of ,linton1 which has long since been abandoned1 ,i quote from a letter from ,dr4 ,louis ,hussakof1 who visited the locality3 ,the locality appears to have been known as ,yellow ,creek for many years past4 ,that is the name used in the ,geological ,map of ,ohio published by ,orton in #ahhh and which was based on the earlier maps of ,newberry 7#ahfi and #ahgi74 ,when ,i visited the place in #aije1 and asked for ,linton 7which ,i had not been able to locate on any map then available to me71 hardly anyone knew of such a locality4 ,only one old man in ,steubenville1 ,ohio1 recalled that ,yellow ,creek was identical with ,linton4 ,yellow ,creek is not a village1 but only a ,r4 ,r4 station 7on the ,pennsylvania ,r4 ,r471 and marks a spot where once was an active and prosperous mine4 ,probably at a former day there was a small post-office somewhere in the neighborhood known as ,linton4 ,i did not take any photographs1 as ,i was not certain of the spot1 or the mine1 from which the fossils had come4 ,there are some cement mines within a few minutes' walk of the station1 but no coal appears to be mined at present at ,yellow ,creek4 ',smith's ,pit1' the coal mine best remembered by the younger men1 is not worked4 ,now as to the question whether some of the ,amphibia might have come from localities in ,columbiana ,county4 ,i believe it very probable that they did4 ,i walked along the road from ,yellow ,creek 7,jefferson ,county7 to ,wellsville 7,columbiana ,county71 a distance of about #b or #b4e miles1 and the country seemed quite the same4 ,everywhere one sees outcrops of coal in the cuts along the road4 ,furthermore1 ,i inclose a copy of a page in an old notebook of ,professor ,newberry from which you will see that ,coal ,measure fossil localities were known not only at ,yellow ,creek1 but also from near ,wellsville4 ,there can be hardly a doubt that most of the specimens you have are from ,yellow ,creek2 and quite a number are those collected by ,sam ,huston4 ,newberry says1 in regard to the fauna of the ,linton ,coal3 ,the ,linton locality is especially interesting and instructive4 ,it has already 7#ahhi7 yielded more than #bj species of fishes and nearly #dj species of aquatic amphibians1 all inhabitants of the same body of water4 ,these were found in a thin stratum of cannel which1 over a limited area1 underlies a thick bed of cubical coal 7,no4 #f of the ,ohio reports71 of which the place is near the top of the ,lower ,coal ,measures4 ,at ,linton1 444 we have evidence that the great marsh in which the peat accumulated that formed coal ,no4 #f was for a time a lake or a lagoon1 inhabited by the fishes and amphibians to which ,i have referred4444 ,many of the fishes and the amphibians were highly carnivorous and powerful1 as we learn from their teeth and coprolites4 ,the largest of the amphibians must have been #h or #aj feet in length1 having strong jaws1 set with numerous lancet-shaped teeth an inch or more in length4444 ,after a sufficient time had elapsed for many generations of fishes and aquatic salamanders to live and die1 the lake was filled by the extension of its peaty shores into it just as so many lakelets are filled and obliterated at the present time and afterward over the cannel was formed a mass of peat1 which has now become a stratum of cubical coal #g feet in thickness4 ,in the ,linton cannel are buried fragments or entire individuals of all the inhabitants of this body of water which had hard parts1 bones1 scales1 spines1 or teeth1 capable of preservation4 ,hence we get a locally complete picture of the life of the ,carboniferous age1 and we find it to be unexpectedly rich and varied4 ,in that age fishes and amphibians were the highest forms of animal life1 and the amphibians were comparatively newcomers on the earth's surface4 ,yet they had multiplied and differentiated until this little pool contained millions of them1 varying in length from #f inches to #aj feet and curiously diversified in their forms1 their scales1 and spines1 and in the ornamentation of their enamel-covered heads 7#dih74 ,to the paleontologist there are few places in the world more interesting than the ,diamond mine1 at ,linton1 since here we get such a view of the life of the ,carboniferous age as is afforded almost nowhere else1 and of the great numbers of species found there1 not more than three or four have been met with elsewhere 7#dig74 ,on page #ah is a list of the ,amphibia which are thus far described from the ,linton deposits4 ,they all belong1 so far as known1 to the ,microsauria1 the reference of any of the species to other orders being doubtful4 ,the larger ,amphibia seem to be indicated by a large rib which resembles very much that described by ,huxley in #ahfc for ,anthracosaurus4 ,amphibia from the ,linton ,beds 7#ea ,,species74 ,brachydectes newberryi ,cope4 ,fragment of a skull4 ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope4 ,impression of body4 ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope4 ,a skull and anterior dorsal vertebr4 ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope4 ,large portion of skeleton1 no skull4 ,diceratosaurus lvis ,moodie4 ,complete skull4 ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope4 ,anterior vertebr1 part of skull1 with ribs and portion of ventral armature4 ,diceratosaurus robustus ,moodie4 ,incomplete cranium4 ,eoserpeton 7,ceraterpeton7 tenuicorne ,cope4 ,incomplete skull4 ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie4 ,complete skull4 ,erpetosaurus obtusus ,cope4 ,incomplete skull4 ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope4 ,incomplete skull4 ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 ,incomplete skull1 with clavicles4 ,erpetosaurus tuberculatus ,moodie4 ,incomplete skull4 ,eurythorax sublvis ,cope4 ,a single interclavicle4 7,operculum of lung fish1 ,sagenodus47 ,hyphasma lvis ,cope4 ,incomplete skull and anterior vertebr4 ,ichthycanthus ohiensis ,cope4 ,portion of dorsal region4 ,ichthycanthus platypus ,cope4 ,posterior portion of body4 ,leptophractus dentatus ,moodie4 ,mandible4 ,leptophractus lineolatus ,cope4 ,incomplete skull4 ,leptophractus obsoletus ,cope4 ,portions of skull4 ,macrerpeton deani ,moodie4 ,mandible and part of skull4 ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope4 ,part of cranium4 ,molgophis brevicostatus ,cope4 ,part of vertebral column with ribs4 ,molgophis macrurus ,cope4 ,vertebral column4 ,molgophis wheatleyi ,cope4 ,part of skull with #be vertebr4 ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie4 ,skull and anterior part of body4 stocephalus rectidens ,cope4 ,part of mandible4 stocephalus remex ,cope4 ,skull and anterior part of body4 ,pelion lyelli ,wyman4 ,cranium1 fore part of body1 hind limb4 ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope4 ,skull and anterior part of body4 ,phlegethontia serpens ,cope4 ,series of #bb dorsal vertebr4 ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 ,part of vertebral column and limbs4 ,ptyonius marshii ,cope4 ,part of skull and anterior vertebr4 ,ptyonius nummifer ,cope4 ,skull and greater part of vertebral column4 ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope4 ,many specimens1 some nearly perfect4 ,ptyonius serrula ,cope4 ,nearly complete skeleton4 ,ptyonius vinchellianus ,cope4 ,skull and anterior vertebr4 ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope4 ,skull and fore part of body4 ,sauropleura digitata ,cope4 ,greater part of body minus skull4 ,sauropleura 7,anisodexis7 enchodus ,cope4 ,part of jaw4 ,sauropleura foveata ,cope4 ,a single interclavicle with impression4 ,sauropleura longidentata ,moodie4 ,incomplete skull with mandible4 ,sauropleura newberryi ,cope4 ,two incomplete skulls with vertebr4 ,sauropleura pauciradiata ,cope4 ,elements of a pectoral arch4 ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry4 ,imperfect skeleton4 ,stegops divaricata ,cope4 ,nearly complete skull4 ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 ,dorsal vertebr4 ,tuditanus brevirostris ,cope4 ,skull and anterior vertebr4 ,tuditanus longipes ,cope4 ,part of vertebral column with limbs4 ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope4 ,skull and anterior part of body4 ,tuditanus walcotti ,moodie4 ,skull and portions of body4 ,besides the above-listed species there are others indicated by fragments too poorly preserved to be worthy of specific designation4 ,the ,linton ,amphibia are all apparently confined exclusively to that locality4 ,species from the ,cannelton slates have been assigned1 however1 to genera which occur at ,linton1 i4e41 ,erpetosaurus and ,tuditanus4 ,this reference may be due to lack of knowledge1 as the forms are insufficiently known4 ,a single ,linton species has been assigned to ,ichthyerpeton1 a genus known otherwise only from the ,coal ,measures of ,kilkenny1 ,ireland4 ,cope referred species from ,linton to the genus ,ceraterpeton of ,huxley1 from ,kilkenny1 ,ireland1 but ,jaekel 7#cdg7 and the writer 7#dfb7 have shown that the species were incorrectly assigned to the genus ,ceraterpeton1 and that in fact they represent widely distinct genera4 ,a single species has been identified by ,eastman from the ,des ,moines limestone of ,iowa as identical with one from ,linton1 ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 ,the ,linton fauna is distinct from that of the ,mazon ,creek beds1 and also from that of ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 7o7 ,the deposits in ,nova ,scotia have been correlated with the ,coal ,measures strata of the ,united ,states 7,bell1 ,summ4 ,rpt4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 #aiab1 #aiad1 #cfj-cga74 ,they are very near the same age as the ,linton beds and come in near the base of the ,allegheny ,river series4 ,the exposures are at the ,south ,joggins1 along the sea-coast4 ,here in strata of clay interstratified with coal are found the erect stumps of the ,sigillari1 and it was in the rock within these stumps that ,lyell and ,dawson1 in #ahec1 discovered the remains of the amphibians which they termed reptiles4 ,the bones of ,dendrerpeton hitherto found1 as well as those of the smaller species1 have been obtained from the interior of erect ,sigillari1 and all of those in one of the many beds which1 at the ,joggins1 contain such remains4 ,the thick cellular inner bark of the ,sigillaria was very perishable2 the slender woody axis was somewhat more durable2 but near the surface of the stem1 there was a layer of elongated cells1 or bast tissue of considerable durability1 and the outer bark was exceedingly dense and indestructible4 ,hence an erect tree1 partly imbedded in sediment1 and subjected to the influence of the weather1 became a hollow shell of bark4 ,when they remained open for a considerable time1 they would constitute pitfalls into which animals walking on the surface might be precipitated4 ,when the surface was inundated all such remains would be covered and imbedded in the sediment4 ,these seem to have been the precise conditions of the bed which afforded these remains4 7,dawson1 #bbc1 #ahid47 ,fifteen species have been described from the ,joggins deposits4 ,two are known from the ,albion mines1 south ,nova ,scotia1 where were obtained the remains of ,baphetes planiceps ,owen and ,b4 minor ,dawson4 ,the following #ag species of ,amphibia are known from the ,carboniferous of ,canada3 ,amblyodon problematicum ,dawson4 ,teeth and fragments4 ,baphetes minor ,dawson4 ,an incomplete mandible4 ,baphetes planiceps ,owen4 ,an incomplete cranium from ,albion4 ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen4 ,a jaw1 limb bones1 and fragments4 ,dendrerpeton oweni ,dawson4 ,phalangeal bone and fragments4 ,eosaurus acadianus ,marsh4 ,two dorsal vertebr4 ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson4 ,a mandible1 vertebr1 ribs4 ,hylerpeton dawsoni ,owen4 ,mandible1 teeth and incomplete maxilla4 ,hylerpeton intermedium ,dawson4 ,mandible and portions of skull4 ,hylerpeton longidentatum ,dawson4 ,fragments of mandible and skull4 ,hylonomus latidens ,dawson4 ,mandible and teeth4 ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson4 ,incomplete skeleton and part of skull4 ,hylonomus multidens ,dawson4 ,fragments of skull4 ,hylonomus wymani ,dawson4 ,mandible and vertebr4 ,platystegos loricatum ,dawson4 ,incomplete skull1 vertebr4 ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson4 ,teeth1 ribs1 fragments4 ,sparodus sp4 indet4 ,teeth1 scales4 7p7 ,all the remains representing the above species were collected by ,sir ,j4 ,william ,dawson at the ,south ,joggins and at the mines of ,albion1 with the exception of ,eosaurus1 which was collected by ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh4 ,the collections of ,dawson are now in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university in ,montreal and in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history at ,south ,kensington1 ,london4 ,the history of the discovery of the deposits and their amphibian fossils at the ,south ,joggins is so interesting that it was thought worth while to reproduce in large part ,dawson's paper ,on the ,mode of ,occurrence of ,remains of ,land ,animals in ,erect ,trees at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia1 published in #ahia in the ,transactions of the ,royal ,society of ,canada1 section ,,iv1 p4 #abg3 ,the remarkable section of coal-formation rocks at the ,south ,joggins1 in ,cumberland ,county1 has long been known as one of the most instructive in the world2 exhibiting as it does a thickness of #e1jjj feet of strata of coal-formation in a cliff of considerable height1 kept clean by the tides and waves1 and in the reefs extending from this to the shore1 which at low tide expose the beds very perfectly4 ,it was first described in detail by the late ,sir ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 7,report ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 #ahdd71 and afterwards the middle portion of it was still more detailed by the author 7,dawson71 more especially in connection with the fossil remains characteristic of the several beds and the vegetable constituents and accompaniments of the numerous seams of coal 7,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ,x1 p4 #a1 #ahec74 ,it was on occasion of a visit of the author in company with ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 and in the pursuit of these investigations1 that one of the most remarkable features of the section was disclosed in #ahea4 ,this is the occurrence1 in the trunks of certain trees imbedded in an erect position in the sandstones of ,coal-mine ,point1 of remains of small reptiles1 which with one exception1 a specimen from the ,pictou coal-fields1 were the first ever discovered in the ,carboniferous rocks of the ,american continent1 and are still 7#ahia7 the most perfect examples known of a most interesting family of coal-formation animals1 intermediate in some respects between reptiles proper and batrachians1 and known as ,microsauria4 ,with these were found the first-known ,carboniferous land snails and millipedes4 ,very complete collections of these remains have been placed by the author with his other specimens in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum and in the ,british ,museum4 ,a forest or grove of the large ribbed trees known as ,sigillari was either submerged by subsidence or1 growing on low ground1 was invaded with the muddy waters of an inundation1 or successive inundations1 so that the trunks were buried to the depth of several feet4 ,the projecting tops having been removed by subaerial decay1 the buried stumps became hollow1 while their hard outer bark remained intact4 ,they thus became hollow cylinders in a vertical position and open at the top4 ,the surface having then become dry land1 covered with vegetation1 was haunted by small quadrupeds and other land animals1 which from time to time fell into the open holes1 in some cases nine feet deep1 and could not extricate themselves4 ,on their death1 and the decomposition of their soft parts1 their bones and other hard portions remained in the bottom of the tree intermixed with any vegetable debris or soil washed in by rain1 and which formed thin layers separating successive animal deposits from each other4 ,finally1 the area was again submerged or overflowed by water1 bearing sand and mud4 ,the hollow trees were filled to the top and their animal contents thus sealed up4 ,at length the material filling the trees was by pressure and the access of cementing matter hardened to stone1 not infrequently harder than that of the contained beds1 and the whole being tilted to an angle of #bj1 and elevated into land exposed to the action of the tide and waves1 these singular coffins present themselves as stony cylinders projecting from the cliff or reef1 and can be extracted and their contents studied4 ,the singular combination of accidents above detailed was1 of course1 of very rare occurrence1 and1 in point of fact1 we know only one set of beds at the ,south ,joggins in which such remains so preserved occur2 nor is there1 so far as ,i am aware1 any other known instance elsewhere4 ,even in the beds in question1 only a portion of the trees1 about #ae out of #cj1 have afforded animal remains4 ,we have1 however1 thus been enabled to obtain specimens of a number of species which would probably otherwise have been unknown1 being less likely than others to be preserved in properly aqueous deposits4 ,such discoveries on the one hand impress us with the imperfection of the geological record2 on the other1 they show us the singular provisions which have been made in the course of geological time for preserving the relics of the ancient world1 and which await the industry and skill of collectors to disclose their hidden treasures4 ,there is evidence in coprolitic matter on one of the surfaces within the trunks1 and also in certain trails on these surfaces1 that some of the imprisoned animals lived for a time in their subterranean prisons2 that they crept around their walls in search of a way of escape1 and that the larger animals fed on smaller species entrapped along with them4 ,after the discovery of these entombed amphibians ,sir ,william ,dawson was given a grant of #ej from the ,government ,fund by the council of the ,royal ,society of ,london1 to aid in the extraction of these trees and the collection of their contents4 ,the trees were carefully taken out and their contents examined2 the portions containing the animal remains were carefully boxed to be taken to ,montreal for final cleaning and study4 ,erosion goes on rapidly at the ,south ,joggins1 but no one has paid any attention to the occurrence of ,amphibia along the coast of ,nova ,scotia within recent years4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,dawson's tree ,no4 #ac at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,upper part1 in situ1 in the reef after it had been exposed by blasting4 7,after ,dawson1 based on a photograph47 7q7 ,a deposit which will be of undoubted interest in connection with the occurrence of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures is that which outcrops along the banks of ,rock ,creek in the ,south western part of ,douglas ,county1 ,kansas1 in ,marion ,township 7,township #ad south1 ,range #ah east1 ,,sw4 and ,,se4 quarters of section #g71 about #b miles from the now-abandoned post-office of ,twin ,mounds1 so called from the two flat-topped1 elongated mounds of ,oread limestone to the west of the town4 ,the interest in these beds is not due to the discovery of ,amphibia in them1 but the possibilities of such discoveries4 ,this is indicated by the occurrence of fossils1 in nodules similar to those obtained from ,mazon ,creek1 which are identical generically1 nd in most cases specifically1 with the ,mazon ,creek animals and plants4 ,the fossils so far collected from this interesting locality are3 ,insecta 7,identified by ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards74 ,spiloblattina maledicta 7,scudder74 ,the basal half of a front wing4 ,etoblattina sp4 ,the hind wing of a cockroach4 ,arachnida4 ,anthrocomartus4 ,impression of the body4 ,prestwichia dan ,m4 ,w4 ,nearly complete specimen4 ,crustacea4 ,acanthotelson stimpsoni ,m4 ,w4 ,three nearly complete individuals4 ,plants 7,identified by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,carr1 of ,morris1 ,ill474 ,pecopteris sp4 ,sagittaria reticulata ,lesquereux4 ,annularia longifolia ,lesquereux4 ,annularia inflata ,lesquereux4 ,pecopteris villosa ,brongniart4 ,neuropteris decipiens ,lesquereux4 ,pecopteris serpulifolia ,lesquereux4 ,by far the most abundant plant is ,pecopteris4 ,the fossils occur in definite strata of nodules immediately above a #aj-;inch coal seam which is worked for local consumption4 ,the coal lies near the base of the exposure in the more western portion of the outcrop1 but it is raised by an anticlinal fold to near the top of the creek-banks by the bridge across ,rock ,creek1 along the banks of which the shales are exposed4 ,nodules containing fossils are found most abundantly at the western exposure on the ,mc,kinzie place1 only a few having been found near the bridge4 ,below the coal-seam1 nodules of various shapes and sizes occur1 but they seldom contain fossils and never good ones4 ,occasionally1 as at ,mazon ,creek1 fragments of plants adhere to the outside of the incrusting shale4 ,a single nodule may have adhering to it fragments of #d genera of plants4 ,the fossiliferous nodules all occur above the coal and are most prolific and abundant immediately above the seam1 within the first #aj inches4 ,in the same stratum of shale with the nodules are found abundant impressions of plants in the shale1 often perfect fronds being uncovered4 7,see1 in this connection1 ,twenhofel and ,dunbar1 #aiad1 ,nodules with ,fishes from the ,coal ,measures of ,kansas1 ,amer4 ,journ4 ,sci41 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #aeg-afc47 ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew 7#djh-dac7 has described numerous genera and species of footprints1 presumably amphibian1 from the ,carboniferous of ,canada4 ,the impressions indicate small creatures for the most part4 ,other imprints have been described by ,logan1 ,dawson1 ,lyell1 ,marsh1 ,mudge1 and ,lea4 ,since the present work is intended largely for a morphological review1 only passing notice can be given to the ichnites4 ,the literature on the ,ichnites has been brought together in ,hay's ,bibliography and ,catalogue of ,fossil ,vertebrata of ,north ,america1 pp4 #ech-eec4 ,references since the publication of ,hay's catalogue 7#cag7 will be found in the bibliography at the end of this work4 ,footprints are of interest in that they are the only evidence we have of the occurrence of land vertebrates in the ,devonian and ,mississippian of ,north ,america4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,morphology ,,of ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,amphibia4 ,the anatomy of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia presents many primitive types of structure4 ,their organization represents a stage passed through in the ontogeny of higher vertebrates4 ,the animals are similar in a general way1 yet so diverse are the modifications which they have suffered under different environmental conditions1 that close scrutiny is needed to discern the exact relationship of the forms4 ,our knowledge of this relationship is based on the structures preserved1 which are largely skeletal1 since little is known of the soft anatomy 7#dga7 of the air-breathing vertebrates of the ,coal ,measures4 ,the pubis is ossified in the ,paleozoic ,amphibia later than the ischium and ilium2 the carpus and tarsus are cartilaginous2 the vertebr consist of a pleurocentrum and two neurocentra1 thus paralleling conditions in modern mammalian embryos4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4--;,generalized figure of dorsum of an early amphibian skull to show position of elements and terminology adopted in this work4 ,the outline is based on that of ,eryops1 but is in no way intended to indicate that form4 a4 com1 anterior commissure of lateral-line canals2 com1 commissural communication between infra- and supra-orbital lateral-line canals2 fr1 frontal2 inf1 interfrontal2 inn1 internasal2 info1 infraorbital lateral-line canal2 it1 intertemporal2 jl1 jugal lateral-line canal2 j1 jugal2 lar1 lacrimal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 oc1 occiput2 occ1 occipital cross-commissure of the lateral-line system2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 pof1 postfrontal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 pf1 prefrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 g1 quadrate2 qj1 quadratojugal2 spo1 supraorbital lateral-line canal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 t1 temporal lateral-line canal2 tab1 tabulare4 7a7 ,the skull of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia has 7fig4 #f7 essentially the same structure in the different groups4 ,it is largely formed of bones of intramembranous origin1 representing the face bones of the mammalian skull4 ,the skull in life was doubtless a chondrocranium with the membrane bones laid down upon the cartilaginous box containing the sense-organs1 as in the sturgeon 7,acipenser71 where the surface bones of the face were probably originally scales1 which later became consolidated into large bony scutes4 ,the membrane bones of the early ,amphibia may have been originally derived from scales1 but at present nothing is known of this origin2 doubtless the elements had an intramembranous origin in the ancestors of the group4 ,judging from ,credner's studies on the series of specimens of ,branchiosaurus amblystomus ,credner 7#ahg71 the skull bones do not ossify completely until relatively late in the life of the individual4 ,the skull in the youngest individual figured by ,credner 7op4 cit41 ,taf4 ,,xvi1 fig4 #a7 seems to be largely cartilaginous1 with beginnings of separation into the skeletal elements4 ,the manner and time of development and ossification of the skull seems to proceed much as it does in modern amphibians4 ,the condition found in the skull of ,cryptobranchus allegheniensis or ,necturus maculosus will represent pretty accurately the condition of most of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia4 ,the face bones in certain forms were sculptured and cut by lateral-line canals4 ,a median suture divides the skull into two equal regions dorsally4 ,on the sides of this median suture lie pairs of elements which are common to all higher vertebrates4 ,these elements are3 the premaxill1 nasals1 frontals1 parietals1 and post-parietals4 ,all of these elements vary somewhat in shape and slightly in arrangement1 but always occupy the same relative positions4 ,to the side of these elements lie the prefrontal1 the postfrontal1 the supratemporal1 the squamosal1 and tabulare1 and occupying the margin of the skull are the maxilla1 the jugal1 the quadratojugal1 and possibly the quadrate in a few forms4 ,the parietal foramen occurs usually within the parietal bone1 but its position is subject to slight variations and it may occur on the suture between the frontal and the parietal1 or even far posterior near the postparietal4 ,the nostrils often lie well forward and are included by the premaxill1 nasals1 and prefrontals4 ,the orbit is usually well posterior1 but it may occur far forward4 ,it is bounded by the prefrontal1 the frontal1 the postfrontal1 the post-orbital1 and the jugal4 ,sometimes the lacrimal is present and has been clearly identified on the anterior margin of the orbit in a few cases4 7b7 ,sclerotic plates often occur within the orbits1 and are not confined to any particular group1 though they are quite constant among the ,branchiosauria4 ,they are usually delicate1 thin1 broad plates which evidently overlap and operate as in modern animals4 ,the number varies1 as many as #cj occurring within the orbit of one branchiosaur4 ,between the margin of the orbit and the sclerotic plates there often occur1 in the ,branchiosauria 7#ahf7 particularly1 small scale-like particles which were doubtless embedded in the heavy skin above the orbit during life4 7c7 ,the palate of the skull is very incompletely known1 being indicated in a very few cases4 ,these specimens1 however1 show that the characters of the palate were quite similar1 if not identical1 in essential respects with the palate among the ,european species of the same or slightly later time4 ,a large cultriform parasphenoid occupies the posterior portion of the palate1 on either side of which in some species lies the posterior palatine foramen4 ,on the sides of the anterior prolongation of the parasphenoid lie the vomers 7#ahf71 membranous bones often bearing minute tubercular teeth1 apparently adapted for crushing4 ,the vomers and the maxill1 with sometimes the palatine1 surround the anterior palatine foramen1 which is almost always present2 sometimes1 however1 quite small4 ,the transverse or ectopterygoid unites the pterygoid1 a broad plate of thin bone1 with the maxilla and jugal4 7d7 ,the teeth of the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia 7#aid7 are remarkably similar in the various forms4 ,they are always slender1 pleurodont denticles arranged in a single row on the jaws or as tubercular eruptions on the palate bones1 with a large pulp-cavity and the enamel often striated4 ,the food of the creatures must have been small ,crustacea1 worms1 insects1 and succulent vegetation1 such as is the food of the modern ,amphibia4 7e7 ,the occiput is formed of partially ossified 7#dfe7 ex- and basi-occipitals1 though these elements are never firmly united by ossific union4 ,often a pair of condyles occur1 one on either exoccipital4 ,the occiput was usually1 however1 cartilaginous and no trace of its structure is preserved4 7f7 ,the mandible is usually as long as the skull and is slender4 ,it is composed of #f elements so far as known 7#dfe72 these are the articular1 the surangular1 the angular1 the coronoid1 the dentary1 and the splenial4 ,other elements may be present1 but the anatomy of this portion of the animals is not very completely known4 ,the bones are sculptured and cut by lateral-line canals 7#deh7 in a few forms4 ,whether the articular operated on an osseous or cartilaginous quadrate is unknown1 though certain specimens seem to indicate an osseous condition for that element4 ,the anterior symphysis was doubtless ligamentous1 the halves always separating before fossilization4 ,the dentary always bears a single row of pleurodont teeth1 which may vary greatly in size and number4 7g7 ,the hyoid apparatus is well preserved in a few forms 7#abc74 ,doubtless it was present in all of them1 though it has seldom been preserved4 ,the condition of the hyobranchial apparatus in ,cocytinus gyrinoides 7text-fig4 #af7 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio1 seems to indicate that the species was a perennibranchiate salamander 7#abc74 ,it is well known from the studies of ,credner that the ,european ,branchiosauria1 in the young1 possessed external branchi 7#ahg7 supported by lateral basibranchials4 ,the gill-arches seem to have been slightly calcified or ossified in a few cases1 and they supported denticle-like projections which bore the gill-filaments4 ,when the ,branchiosauria had attained a length of #ajj mm4 or more they lost their gills 7#ahg74 ,this change was accompanied by the reduction of the tail1 expansion of the pelvis1 and increase in ossification of the skull and skeletal elements4 ,gills have not yet been detected among the ,american ,branchiosauria4 7h7 ,the eye in a few species had a large amount of black pigment1 as indicated by the blackening of the stone in the ,mazon ,creek nodules4 ,professor ,cope 7#ajg7 thought that this would indicate a nocturnal and crepuscular habit for these vertebrates1 since the pigmentum nigrum of the choroid is largely developed4 ,other than this suggestion nothing is known of the soft parts of the head4 7i7 ,the alimentary canal 7text-fig4 #g7 is beautifully preserved as a cast in three specimens of the ,american branchiosaur species ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie 7#dga7 from the ,mazon ,creek beds4 ,the nodules which contain these interesting little fossils measure less than #c inches in long diameter4 ,the fossil salamanders1 about #cj mm4 in length1 are preserved on their backs and occur as nearly as is possible in the center of the nodule4 ,if it were not for the fact that the sophagus became loosened and dropped from its place shortly after death1 the alimentary canal would be in place and would immediately recall a freshly dissected specimen of a recent salamander4 ,the anterior end of the sophagus lies obliquely across the chest region with its tip pointing slightly downward4 ,the length of the sophagus proper1 in one specimen1 is only about #c mm4 ,as it is preserved1 the sophagus lies in a semi-sigmoid curve with the convexity anterior1 and enters the cardiac portion of the stomach by a gradual constriction4 ,the stomach is clearly preserved as a distinct sac-like organ with two lobes which correspond to the cardiac and pyloric limbs4 ,it measures about #g mm4 in length by #b mm4 in its greatest diameter4 ,the muscular constriction which divides the organ into pyloric and cardiac divisions occurs at a distance of #d mm4 from the upper end4 ,the pylorus is designated by a rather pronounced constriction which may be partly accidental1 although it recalls the pylorus of modern frogs4 ,from this constriction1 which lies on the left side of the fossil1 as it is preserved1 the duodenal portion of the intestine makes a straight course posteriorly to near the anal region1 where it takes a sharp bend and curves back to run parallel with itself for the distance of #d mm4 ,in its upward course the intestine enlarges1 and practically the same enlargement continues throughout the remainder of the course to the anus4 ,at a distance of #a mm4 from the anal end1 the rectum dilates probably #j4abe mm4 to form the cloaca4 ,after the intestine has continued its parallel course for the #d mm41 as above stated1 it turns abruptly to the right for a distance of #b mm4 ,it then runs posteriorly for a short distance1 then bends back and under itself to again make a double sigmoid curve1 when at a distance of #f mm4 from the anus it assumes a straight course1 which it continues to the end4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,alimentary canal of ,coal ,measures salamander as illustrated by the smaller specimen of ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie1 from the ,mazon ,creek shales4 #c4 ,original in ,yale ,university ,museum4 a1 anus2 dd1 duodenum2 in1 intestine2 l1 impression of liver7872 oes1 sophagus2 st1 stomach4 ,the anus lies at a level which is approximately that of the lower end of the femur1 which is preserved as an impression on the left side of the fossil1 thus agreeing in its position with that found in modern ,caudata4 ,lying inside the curve of the stomach and partly inclosed by the sophagus is a smooth area which may possibly represent the impression of some of the accessory digestive glands1 such as the liver4 ,occurring in this smooth area are numerous fine lines which possibly represent the impressions of blood-vessels2 but they are so imperfectly preserved that one can not be sure4 ,representatives of several genera of the modern ,caudata have been dissected in order to make a direct comparison of the fossil alimentary canal with that of the recent forms4 ,the alimentary tract of ,desmognathus fuscus ,raf4 from the vicinity of ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 resembles in a marked degree that of the fossil form4 ,the nearest approach to the condition there represented is found1 however1 in an immature branchiate individual1 some #dg mm4 in length1 of ,diemyctylits torosus ,esch41 from a fresh-water pond on ,orcas ,island in ,puget ,sound4 ,the presence of this species on the island is very suggestive4 ,it is of extreme interest1 too1 that the condition represented in the alimentary tract of the fossil branchiosaurs should resemble so closely that of an immature rather than a mature form4 7j7 ,the vertebral column is clearly and readily separable into cervical1 dorsal1 sacral1 and caudal regions4 ,the neck is always short1 with from #e to #aj vertebr1 cervical ribs often present4 ,the dorsal region is not long1 but varies from #bj to #cj in the constituent vertebr4 ,there is a single sacral vertebra not always to be readily distinguished from those of the dorsal and anterior caudal series4 ,the tail may be very short or extremely long1 with neural and hmal spines elongate and flattened into an oar-like appendage4 ,the distal caudals are in some species cartilaginous1 apparently always so in the ,branchiosauria4 7k7 ,the atlas and axis are unknown among the ,american specimens1 but we are able to infer from the structure of the other vertebr what this must have been2 and our inferences are partly confirmed by the conditions existing in the ,european forms 7#ahg74 ,the atlas1 apparently1 consisted of a pair of neurocentral plates which are partly ossified1 partly embedded in cartilage1 judging from the edges of the plates which have been preserved4 ,the centrum seems not to have been present in the atlas1 or if present it was only very slightly developed and quite free from the neural pieces and largely embedded in cartilage4 ,a fairly accurate picture of the condition of the atlas and axis may be seen on examining a cow1 pig1 or chick embryo 7#cgh7 in the early stages of vertebral development1 which has been cleared by the ,schultze method 7,amer4 ,journ4 ,anat41 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d1 #aijh74 7l7 ,the dorsal vertebr1 as well as those of the other series1 present a primitive character 7fig4 #h7 in the persistence of the notochord 7#edj74 ,among the ,branchiosauria the notochord was not at all or but slightly constricted intravertebrally1 but among the ,microsauria it was constricted so far that the notochordal remnants in each centrum resemble an hour-glass4 ,the structure of the vertebr among ,american forms agrees fully with that outlined by ,credner1 ,fritsch1 and others for the ,european species4 ,the details of structure are so fully given by ,zittel 7#fdb1 pp4 #cdf-cec7 and by ,schwarz 7#edj1 #eda7 that it will not be necessary to state more here as to their structure1 since there is nothing new to add concerning the ,american species4 ,the temnospondylous vertebra of the same nature and type as exhibited by the ,permian forms has its representatives 7#id1 #dgh7 in the ,coal ,measures4 ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie 7#dgh7 7plate #d1 figs4 #a1 #b7 and ,eryops sp4 7plate #ah1 fig4 #b7 indicate the embolomerous and rachitomous types of vertebral structure4 ,the occurrence of these widely different types of vertebral structure indicates a long history for the group prior to the ,coal ,measures4 ,this history is further indicated by footprints in the ,mississippian and ,devonian of this continent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4--,vertebr and ribs of ,amphibia from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,originals in ,geol4 ,inst4 ,berlin4 7,all after ,schwarz47 ,a4 ,caudal vertebra of stocephalus remex ,cope4 ,lateral view4 #d4 ,b4 ,caudal vertebra of ,ptyonius vinchellianus 787 ,cope4 ,lateral view4 #f4 ,c4 ,dorsal vertebra of ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope4 ,lateral view4 #i4 ,d4 ,notochordal cones and spinal canal of ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 #c4 ,e4 ,rib of ,molgophis sp4 ,cope4 #a4ge4 ccapitulum2 ttuberculum4 ,f4 ,vertebra of ,molgophis sp4 ,cope1 from ventral side4 #b4 ,g4 ,dorsal vertebra of ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope4 ,from above4 #h4 ,h4 ,dorsal vertebra of ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope1 from below4 #b4e4 ,i4 ,vertebra of ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope1 from above4 #e4e ,j4 ,rib of stocephalus remex ,cope1 from posterior dorsal region4 #e4 ,k4 ,dorsal vertebra of ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope1 from above4 #a4e ,l4 ,anterior dorsal vertebra 7cervical87 of ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 ,lateral view4 #a4e4 ,m4 ,vertebra of ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope1 from side4 #e4 7m7 ,the ribs 7fig4 #h7 are very diverse in structure and in their mode of articulation 7#eda7 with the vertebral column4 ,the characters of the ribs and vertebr constitute the best means of classification of these animals so far discovered4 ,in the ,branchiosauria the ribs are always straight1 heavy1 and short1 and articulate intravertebrally upon a large and strong transverse process4 ,they occur throughout the vertebral column4 ,there is a single pair of sacral ribs which are not to be clearly distinguished from the pre-sacral and post-sacral series4 ,the cervical and caudal ribs are shorter than the dorsal series4 ,the branchiosaurian rib is composed almost entirely of perichondral ossification4 ,it presents the same condition as does the humerus of the cow embryo of #b to #c inches in length4 ,the ribs of the branchiosaurs are identical in every way with the ribs of modern salamanders and form one of the strong arguments in favor of the relationship of the ,branchiosauria to the ,caudata4 ,among the ,microsauria the ribs are always long1 slender1 curved1 and intercentral4 ,they may be either single or double headed1 but usually the former4 ,they resemble in their characters the ribs of some of the early reptiles and an attempt has been made to relate the ,microsauria 7#dfi7 to the primitive reptiles on this basis4 ,the ribs of the other groups are still unknown4 ,indeed1 representatives of the ,temnospondylia and the ,stereospondylia are very scanty in the ,american ,coal ,measures4 ,one large rib 7plate #bb1 fig4 #d7 may represent a labyrinthodont1 but nothing is known of the species to which the rib belonged4 7n7 ,the pectoral girdle 7#ahg7 is a very simple and uniform structure1 although the details of the association of the elements still remain to be determined4 ,a single1 median1 usually large and elongate interclavicle occupies the ventral line of the chest4 ,this is morphologically the same element which occurs in the middle line of the chest of the lizards4 ,it is a dermal bone and is usually1 especially among the ,microsauria 7#dfb71 highly sculptured4 ,it varies considerably in size and shape1 but is remarkably uniform throughout the various groups4 ,lying anterior to the interclavicle and overlapping its antero-lateral margins lie the two clavicles1 which are usually diamond-shaped and are sculptured1 dermal bones4 ,the position of the coracoid is still uncertain1 and in fact its clear association in the pectoral girdle of these species is still a question4 ,it seems to be constant in the ,european 7#ahf1 #bea7 species and is usually represented by a small rounded plate of bone1 which in life no doubt had a large amount of cartilage to form its borders4 ,a cleithrum 7#bhe7 has been ascribed to one of the ,linton1 ,ohio1 species 7plate #ae1 fig4 #c7 by ,jaekel 7#cdg71 but this needs confirmation4 ,an osseous scapula is usually present1 resembling the scapula of modern salamanders1 in that it was largely embedded in cartilage4 ,the position of the pectoral girdle is largely a matter of doubt1 especially for the ,american species4 ,after death and before fossilization the girdle was always moved by post-mortem shifting1 so that its exact relation to the ribs and vertebral column is still in doubt4 ,credner 7#ahf7 has restored the pectoral girdle close behind the head1 which would cause an amount of rigidity in the body which probably did not exist4 7o7 ,the arm consists of the humerus1 radius1 ulna1 and #d digits4 ,the characters of the arm-bones are such as is constant among primitive animals and developing mammals4 ,the osseous portion is perichondral4 ,epiphyses are totally lacking and it is doubtful if the endochondrium was at all ossified4 ,the digits are often terminated by ungual phalanges1 although usually the terminal phalanx was merely embedded in the web of the foot2 and among the terrestrial forms a claw was well developed4 ,an osseous carpus is not known in the species from the ,coal ,measures4 ,its impression indicates a broad hand1 well adapted for swimming4 7p7 ,the pelvic girdle consists uniformly 7#dfb7 of the ilium and ischium4 ,a small rounded pubis is present in some of the later forms of ,amphibia2 it is1 however1 totally absent from the ,coal ,measures species4 ,the condition of the pelvis is paralleled by the partially grown pelvis of mammalian embryos in which the elements ossify in the order of ilium1 ischium1 and pubis4 ,the ilium is always the larger of the elements4 ,it supported or was attached to the sacral rib by means of a ligamentous union4 ,the ischium did not ossify completely until the animal was nearly mature4 ,the union between the elements of the pelvis was probably of a loose1 membranous sort or else the whole mass was embedded in cartilage2 of the two hypotheses the former is the more probable4 ,the pubis is indicated as a calcified quadrangular plate in a specimen of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope 7#dgh7 from the ,mazon ,creek shales1 and it is present as a rounded osseous element among some of the ,permian forms4 7q7 ,the leg 7fig4 #ba1 ,b7 is composed of the femur1 tibia1 fibula1 and #e digits4 ,the tarsus is usually cartilaginous1 a single osseous tarsus 7#dhc1 #dhd7 being known 7plate #bc1 fig4 #a7 from ,america4 ,the distal phalanges may or may not be clawed1 depending on the habits of life of the animal4 ,the elements of the leg are ossified in a similar manner to those of the arm4 7r7 ,the ventral scutellation 7fig4 #i71 so commonly present among all groups of ,amphibia in the ,coal ,measures1 consists of a series of ossifications or calcifications in the myocommata4 ,among modern amphibians they occur as thin perpendicular planes of connective-tissue which are sometimes cartilaginous1 especially in ,necturus1 regarded by ,wilder 7,memoirs of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 vol4 ,v1 ,no4 #i1 p4 #djj1 fig4 #f1 #aijc7 and by ,wiedersheim 7#fje1 p4 #eh7 as a homologue or predecessor of the sternum1 although ,wiedersheim says3 ,the sternum appears for the first time in ,amphibians in the form of a small variously shaped plate of cartilage situated in the middle line of the chest4 ,it arises as a paired cartilaginous plate in the inscriptiones tendine of the rectus abdominis muscle1 and therefore may be looked upon as corresponding to a pair of 'abdominal ribs4' ,such cartilaginous abdominal ribs must have been present in greater numbers in the ancestors of existing ,urodeles4 ,this supposition is fully sustained by the anatomy of the ,branchiosauria 7#dei71 which must be looked upon as the actual ancestors of the ,caudata4 ,wilder says of these structures in ,necturus 7op4 cit41 p4 #djj73 ,the several cartilaginous rudiments which represent this part 7i4e41 sternum7 in ,necturus are somewhat difficult of detection and thus entirely escaped the attention of the earlier investigators4 ,they consist of a number of thin cartilages found in several successive myocommata of the pectoral region and confined mainly to the area covered by the overlapping epicoracoids4 ,the homologue of the ventral scutell is found in plesiosaurs1 crocodiles1 ,sphenodon1 and other reptiles in the abdominal ribs1 and the same myocommatous ossifications undoubtedly go to the formation of the chelonian plastron4 ,what the causes were which produced the development of the ventral scutell to such a high degree among the primitive land vertebrates is uncertain1 but they are certainly more highly developed among the primitive reptiles and amphibians than among the later members of those classes4 ,among the ,amphibia of the ,coal ,measures they attained1 in some forms1 a high degree of development and differentiation4 ,they are present in all families so far known1 except the ,tuditanid1 in which the myocommata may have been cartilaginous4 ,the ,sauropleurid present the highest development of these structures among the ,american forms1 in which the scutes are large and osseous4 ,among the ,branchiosauria they are calcified or partially ossified and are always arranged en chevron on the belly1 chest1 arms1 and throat1 their arrangement and direction of the chevron being modified according to the myomeres of the various regions4 ,the ventral scutell of the ,european ,branchiosauria are figured and described fully by ,credner 7#aib1 p4 #ba1 figs4 #d to #aa74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4--,ventral scutell of ,micrerpeton caudatum1 a ,coal ,measures salamander from ,mazon ,creek4 #e4 f1 femur2 h1 humerus2 ls1 lines of scutes2 v1 vertebral column4 7s7 ,scales 7fig4 #aj and plate #bd1 figs4 #b and #c7 are present on the body of 7#dfb1 #dhe7 several species4 ,it is a matter of regret that their preservation is so imperfect that nothing can be found out as to their structure4 ,the ,linton species1 which possess scales1 are1 of course1 carbonized and hence impracticable for microscopic study1 and in the ,mazon ,creek species of ,amphibamus and ,micrerpeton the scales have been replaced by kaolin4 ,the bodies of two species 7,cercariomorphus parvisquamis and ,ichthyerpeton squamosum7 of the ,linton ,coal ,measures ,amphibia were completely scaled4 ,the scales in the ,branchiosauria 7#dfb71 so far as they have been observed1 are slightly imbricated2 rounded1 with concentric markings after the manner of the modern cyprinoid fish-scale4 ,they are extremely minute1 and whether or not they covered the entire body of the animal is unknown4 ,on the body of ,cercariomorphus the scales have the appearance of being tubercular without imbrication1 and they apparently covered the entire bodily surface of the animal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--;,horny armor of back of ,hylonomus4 a1 imbricated scales2 b1 horny plates2 c1 horny spines or tubercles2 d1 small imbricated scales4 7,after ,dawson1 based on a photograph47 ,among the ,paleozoic ,amphibia from ,nova ,scotia as described by ,dawson and ,owen 7#aic1 #bja1 #dhe7 scales are well developed and frequent1 although the details as to their occurrence on the bodies of the animals are still unknown1 since the ,nova ,scotian species are all based on very fragmentary remains4 ,dawson 7#bjh1 p4 #cd7 has given a detailed discussion of the discovery and anatomy of the various types of scales possessed by the species from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 ,suffice it to say here that none of the scales appear to be bony1 but have a cuticular appearance with concentric markings4 ,some of them are tubercular1 and ,dawson thought that a few specimens indicated that some of the species possessed scaly lappets and a dorsal nuchal fringe of scaly skin along the back4 ,he has indicated these facts in his restorations of the forms4 ,the scales were all carbonized and burned readily with a strong flame4 ,a section of the scale shows a thick upper corium with a vascular body 7#bjh1 pl4 ,,iv1 fig4 #bi7 much like a fish-scale4 ,fragments of the skin were also preserved with the scales4 ,dawson says of the skin3 ,one of my specimens is a flattened portion of cuticle two and a quarter inches in length4 ,the greater part of the surface is smooth and shining to the naked eye1 and under the microscope shows only a minute granulation4 ,a limited portion of the upper and1 ,i suppose1 anterior part is covered with imbricated scales1 which must have been membranous or horny1 and generally have a small spot or pore near the outer margin1 some having in addition smaller scales or points on their surfaces 7#bjh1 pl4 ,,iv1 figs4 #bb and #be74 7t7 ,muscle tissue 7fig4 #ba7 is preserved in a single specimen1 previously described by the writer 7#dfd1 p4 #ag1 pl4 #g1 fig4 #a74 ,the carbonized muscles show a myomeric arrangement and the portions preserved probably represent one of the recti muscles of the abdominal wall4 7u7 ,the lateral-line system in the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia will be best understood from a comparative review of the occurrence of these organs among all extinct ,amphibia4 ,since all the orders of ,amphibia are represented in the ,coal ,measures1 such a review will not be out of place here4 ,the preservation of the lateral-line system among ancient ,amphibia is due to the fact that the skull of many forms 7especially the later and larger7 are grooved and marked by a regular series of furrows and pits1 in which the sense-organs of the lateral-line system were contained 7see fig4 #f71 as well as by the preservation of a series of clearly marked scales on the sides of the tails and bodies of others4 ,the grooves are never arched over as in the ,macropetalichthyid1 where in favorable specimens each is shown to be covered by a delicate roof perforated by two lines of minute openings 7,dean1 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,mem41 vol4 ,,ii1 pl4 ,,iii1 p4 #aae74 ,they are always widely opened canals1 either with perfectly smooth bottoms and sides or roughened with large pits1 or even becoming a series of well-marked pits4 ,an attempt has been made 7#deh7 to homologize the organs with those of fishes4 ,the nomenclature adopted here for the canals does not depart from that used by ,allis for ,amia 7,journ4 of ,morphology1 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahhi74 ,the supraorbital and infraorbital canals are readily correlated with those of the same name in fishes1 where they are very clearly marked4 ,the anterior commissure is also homologous with that of the fishes1 as is also the canal here called the antorbital commissure4 ,the others are not so readily homologized4 ,the upper canal 7see fig4 #f7 in the posterior part of the cranium is here designated the temporal canal4 ,it is1 however1 clearly a part of the infraorbital of the fishes4 ,its relations in the ,stegocephala are such that a new name is deemed necessary4 ,the jugal canal is1 ,i believe1 a new formation in ,amphibia4 ,the transverse canal of the amphibian skull is homologous with the occipital cross-commissure4 ,the figure 7see fig4 #f7 is a composite picture of the lateral-line system of the higher or truly stegocephalous ,amphibia4 ,the outline of the skull is based on that of ,eryops4 ,all of the canals do not exist on any one skull or in any one order1 but all are found somewhere in the group4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,a4 ,skull of ,eoserpeton tenuicorne ,cope1 showing arrangement of cranial elements4 #b4 fr1 frontal2 j1 jugal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 pof1 postfrontal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 qj1 quadratojugal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,b4 ,outline of skull of ,ceraterpeton galvani ,huxley from the ,carboniferous of ,england4 ,heavy broken lines show the distribution of lateral-line canals4 #a4 7,after ,andrews47 fr1 frontal2 par1 parietal2 or1 orbit2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,the canals have been described in all known orders of fossil ,amphibia and the system is found likewise in all the living orders1 including the ,gymnophiona1 which have a strong line of lateral sense-organs 7,gadow74 ,in the ,branchiosauria1 the earliest of the true ,amphibia 7,euamphibia7 and ancestral to the modern ,caudata1 the lateral-line system is known on the tails of two genera 7#dfb1 #dgh7 from the ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 shales--,micrerpeton and ,eumicrerpeton4 ,the system as there defined has been fully discussed in the description of the anatomical details of the species1 to which reference may be made for further data 7pp4 #eb-fj74 ,suffice it to say here that the system of sense-organs there preserved is identical with that of the larval ,necturus2 the lines arising as a median from the tip of the tail and a dorsal springing from the median at a distance of a few millimeters from the tip of the tail4 ,the lines are more evident on account of the fact that the lateral-line sense-organs were located under specialized pigmented scales4 ,the significance of the close similarity between the arrangement of the lateral-line systems on the tail of ,necturus1 ,micrerpeton1 and ,eumicrerpeton is doubtless of genetic 7#dei7 importance1 indicating the origin of the caudate ,amphibia from the ,branchiosauria by a degenerative or recessive evolution in other structural characters4 ,this system of sense-organs has been described in no other branchiosaurian4 ,the ,microsauria 7#deh7 are exceedingly interesting in possessing a very peculiar type of lateral-line system4 ,it is known in a few forms and in one specimen especially well 7,erpetosaurus tabulatus7 7fig4 #bb1 ,g74 ,in this species1 which is represented by a single imperfect skull1 there are evidences of a nearly complete lateral-line system of canals and pits4 ,the occipital cross-commissure is represented on the posterior border of the skull by a row of elongate pits such as ,andrews described for ,ceraterpeton 7#h74 ,i fail to find in ,american species the pores described by ,andrews4 ,the temporal canal forms with the jugal canal a complete ring1 much as it is in ,trematosaurus1 only in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus the temporal canal does not touch the tabulare4 ,i think there are indications of a connection of the temporal canal with the supraorbital4 ,the temporal canal cuts the supratemporal1 the squamosal1 and jugal4 ,the jugal canal lies for the most part on the supratemporal and quadratojugal1 and joins the infraorbital on the jugal4 ,a portion only of the infraorbital canal is preserved4 ,there is also a portion of the supraorbital canal4 ,it seems not to be connected with the temporal canal1 although there is a possible indication of this connection4 ,the supraorbital crosses the frontal1 prefrontal1 and a part of the nasal4 ,the squamosal element is peculiar in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus in that it is excluded from the parietal by the extension of the tabulare and postorbital4 ,this condition is found in several other species of the ,microsauria4 ,it will be noticed that with the changed condition of the squamosal the temporal canal has changed also1 and this is further proof of the close connection between the cranial elements and the lateral-line canals1 as ,allis has maintained for ,amia4 7,see in this connection ,c4 ,j4 ,herrick1 ,journ4 ,comp4 ,neurol41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bbd1 #aija47 ,the ,diplocaulia1 an amphibian order allied to the ,branchiosauria 7#dgg7 and through them to the ,caudata1 have the lateral-line system apparently well-developed4 ,the skulls are always crushed flat1 so that the canals are nearly obliterated4 ,on the mandible1 however1 the canals are clearly distinct and apparently run the entire course around the mandibular rami4 ,on a well-preserved skull of ,diplocaulus magnicornis ,cope there are indications of three lateral-line canals 7#dgg1 pl4 #a74 ,the infraorbital is clearly marked as a well-defined groove just below the orbit4 ,the supraorbital is indicated only for a short distance1 and there are indications of the temporal canal4 ,the operculo-mandibular canal has its course1 for the most part1 near the middle of the rami1 but as it approaches the posterior angle of the mandible it suddenly changes its course and drops down to the lower edge1 only to rise again and to come out strongly marked near the median plane on the posterior angle of the mandible4 ,the ,temnospondylia1 as represented by ,eryops1 ,cricotus1 and ,archegosaurus1 possess well-developed lateral-line canals 7#deh74 ,h4 von ,meyer 7#dbh7 many years ago made out the course of the canals in ,archegosaurus4 ,the greater part of the following description is based on ,eryops megacephalus ,cope from the ,texas ,permian4 ,the entire surface of the cranial elements in ,eryops1 as in other of the ,stegocephala 7#deh71 is covered with coarse pits4 ,the foss are present even in the bottoms of the grooves which represent the lateral-line system1 and are more marked in the members of the ,temnospondylia than in the ,stereospondylia4 ,the occipital cross-commissure occurs in a well-developed form in ,eryops4 ,it is short and ends abruptly within the limits of the tabulare4 ,its ends are occupied by large pits4 ,the commissure1 as in ,amia1 grooves the postparietal and the tabulare elements4 ,there is no evidence of an anterior commissure4 ,i think there is evidence of a temporal canal on the left side of the skull1 but am not sure4 ,the jugal and infraorbital canals are well developed and strongly connected4 ,the jugal canal starts far back on the supratemporal1 and after curving around over the quadratojugal joins the infraorbital1 or rather becomes a part of that canal1 somewhere on the jugal4 ,there is nothing unusual in the infraorbital4 ,the antorbital commissure is well developed4 ,it is longer and better developed than in any other known form4 ,the supraorbital canal starts in the region of the orbit1 and after curving downwards to meet the antorbital commissure1 ends abruptly anterior to the nostril4 ,there are faint traces of a lateral-line canal1 the operculo-mandibular1 on a poorly preserved mandible of ,eryops4 ,it does not differ greatly from that described below for ,anaschisma4 ,although ,archegosaurus has been known for more than a century1 we have had no adequate discussion of the manner of occurrence of the lateral-line canals4 ,burmeister 7#hj7 gave a figure of the canals as he thought they occurred on the cranium1 but ,h4 von ,meyer 7#dbh7 states that the representation is inaccurate1 and they seem to be based largely on ,trematosaurus4 ,the lateral-line canals occur in well-developed form on the skulls of the ,stereospondylia4 ,the sutures between the elements of the skull are usually clearly marked by smooth1 narrow grooves4 ,the lateral-line canals can always be distinguished from the sutural grooves by the shape of the bottom1 being ,u-shaped in the former and ,v-shaped in the latter4 ,the lateral-line canals also at times have their bottoms roughened by pits occurring in them2 the sutural grooves always have smooth bottoms4 ,the lateral-line canals are usually rather shallow and sometimes broad1 with the edges of the grooves more or less perpendicular1 but in ,metoposaurus the canals are deep and the borders are sharply incised4 ,the temporal canals in ,anaschisma from the ,triassic 7#di7 of ,wyoming are represented by broken furrows4 ,the portions preserved exhibit the usual downward tendency to unite with the infraorbital on the postorbital element4 ,in its course forward from the epiotic the temporal canal cuts the squamosal4 ,the supraorbital canal has an unusually deviating course in ,anaschisma1 but aside from the minor twists and curves it does not differ essentially from the same canal in other forms4 ,it ends abruptly on the anterior end of the muzzle4 ,in its course it gives off the vestige of an antorbital commissure which tends to join a vestige from the infraorbital canal4 ,the jugal canal begins broadly at the very posterior edge of the skull as though it were continued1 as it undoubtedly was1 to the body of the animal4 ,in its course forward it joins the infraorbital canal on the jugal4 ,the course of the infraorbital is not unusual in any respect4 ,there is no anterior commissure on the skull1 nor is the occipital cross-commissure developed on either skull of the genus at hand4 ,there are distinct evidences of an operculo-mandibular lateral-line canal on the mandibles4 ,the canal enters the mandible on the surangular and passes forward around the mandible as described for ,diplocaulus 7#dgg74 ,other members of the ,stereospondylia1 such as ,mastodonsaurus1 ,metoposaurus1 and ,trematosaurus possess well-developed lateral-line canals1 but the above description fits1 in a general way1 the condition in all genera2 and for our present purposes that will suffice4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,amphibia ,,of ,,the ,,devonian ,,and ,,mississippian ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,evidences of the earliest land vertebrates are exceedingly scanty in the strata between the close of the ,silurian and the opening of the ,coal ,measures1 being represented solely by footprints4 ,in the ,devonian our knowledge of the group is confined to a single footprint1 and in the ,mississippian to series of footprints from several localities4 ,these have been described by ,lea 7#cga71 ,rogers 7,geology of ,pennsylvania1 pt4 ,,ii1 #ahef1 p4 #hca71 ,barrell 7#ba71 ,dawson 7#bbc71 and ,branson 7#ej74 ,the last-named author has described a new species from the ,mississippian of ,giles ,county1 ,virginia4 ,his description of the footprints1 with a photograph of one of the series1 are published herewith 7plate #ah1 fig4 #c74 ,branson 7#ej7 has given a rsum of the knowledge of ,mississippian ,amphibia in ,north ,america4 ,thinopus antiquus ,marsh1 #ahif4 ,marsh1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,science1 ,,ii1 p4 #cgd1 ,nov4 #ahif1 with figure4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ghd1 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon3 ,near top of ,chemung1 in the upper ,devonian4 ,the specimen shows one vertebrate footprint in fair preservation1 and with it part of another of the same series4 ,these impressions are of much interest1 both on account of their geological age and the size and character of the footprints themselves4 ,the one best preserved fig4 #ab is nearly #d inches in length1 #b4be inches in width1 and was apparently made by the left hind foot4 ,on the inner side in front of the heel1 a portion of the margin is split off1 and this may have contained the imprint of another toe4 ,the other footprint was a short distance in front1 but only the posterior portion is now preserved in the present specimen4 ,it is probably the imprint of the forefoot4 ,the specimen plate #ah1 fig4 #d 444 was 444 found in the town of ,pleasant1 one mile south of the ,allegheny ,river1 ,warren ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 by ,dr ,charles ,e4 ,beecher1 who presented it to ,yale ,museum1 where it still remains4 ,the geological horizon is near the top of the ,chemung in the upper ,devonian4 ,in the same beds are ripple marks1 mud cracks1 and impressions of rain drops1 indicating shallow water and shore deposits4 ,land plants are found in the same general horizon4 ,marine molluscs also occur1 and one characteristic form 7,nuculana7 is preserved in the footprint slab 7,marsh74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,copy of ,marsh's drawing of footprint of ,thinopus antiquus1 from the ,devonian of ,pennsylvania4 #a_/c4 ,this still remains after nearly #bj years the only evidence of air-breathing vertebrates in the ,devonian of the world4 ,dromopus aduncus ,branson4 ,branson1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #d1 pp4 #cef-ceh1 fig4 #a1 #aiaj4 ,type and other specimens in ,oberlin ,college ,museum4 ,horizon and type locality3 ,near the bottom of the ,hinton formation in ,giles ,county1 ,virginia4 7,plate #ah1 fig4 #c47 ,the following description of the shales and footprints are from ,dr4 ,branson's paper cited above3 ,the ,hinton shales1 like the ,mauch ,chunk1 seem to have been subaerial in origin and are made up for the most part of variegated shales interbedded with thin layers of argillaceous1 fine-grained sandstone4 ,the footprints occur in fine-grained sandstone1 and remains of land plants are not uncommon in the same beds4 ,twenty-two footprints made by one animal walking in a straight course were collected in a slab4 ,they give the impression of having been made by a bipedal animal for part of the distance1 but after the fourth print of the right foot impressions of the forefeet appear4 ,the hindfeet had #e digits1 the middle digit being longest and the #b inside of it being only slightly shorter and lying close together4 ,their outer ends were slender and flexible and usually curved inward toward the middle toe4 ,the #b outer digits formed wide angles with the middle one and were shorter than the inner ones4 ,the second toe was webbed to within #h mm4 of the tip1 the third toe to within #bc mm4 of the tip4 ,the impression of the web is well preserved in only one impression of the hindfoot4 ,the forefeet had #d digits4 ,the #c inner digits were subequal in length1 the #b inner being more flexible and incurved near the ends4 ,the outer digit is two-thirds as long as the second4 ,the webbing extends about half the length of the digits4 ,the heel impression is broader than that of the hindfoot4 ,measurements of ,dromopus aduncus ,branson4 ,tip of toe to tip of toe in first prints #ba cm4 ,after appearance of forefeet the impressions are the following distances apart3 #afe mm41 #dj mm41 #he mm41 #gj mm41 #hj mm41 #dj mm41 #aej mm41 then back to #bj and #ba cm4 mm4 ,length of hindfeet #fj ,width of hindfeet #bj to #be ,length of forefeet #de ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,amphibia1 ,,with ,,especial ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,species ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures4 ,it has been necessary1 in the course of the present study1 to review thoroughly the classifications which have been proposed for the group4 ,a classification of some sort is necessary for the proper grouping of the species which have been recovered from the ,coal ,measures deposits of this continent1 and my reason for publishing this relatively dry material is that the classifications formerly proposed 7#dfi71 as well as the one here given1 may have a proper historical background4 ,the review of the proposed systems of classification has been much facilitated by the discovery1 in the ,university of ,chicago1 of some notes by the late ,dr4 ,george ,baur on the ,stegocephali4 ,the notes were not discovered until after the literature had been pretty thoroughly covered1 and it was a source of some gratification1 on comparing notes with those of ,dr4 ,baur1 to find but few omissions4 ,whether ,dr4 ,baur had ever contemplated a work on the ,stegocephala or not ,i have been unable to learn1 but it is certain that he carefully and laboriously went through the literature on the subject and copied by hand the classifications of each author from #ahdb to #ahie1 together with other notes of interest on the structure1 distribution1 and phylogeny1 including many tracings4 ,the classifications given below are taken1 in part1 from his notes1 although all references have been verified with the original sources4 ,the first attempt to combine in classification the knowledge of the extinct and recent amphibians was made by ,johannes ,jacob von ,tschudi in #ahci 7#egd74 ,previous to that time ,goldfuss 7#bie7 and von ,meyer 7#dah7 had described various species of salamanders and frogs from the ,tertiary deposits of ,switzerland1 and these ,tschudi considered in his following classification3 ,a4 ,ran4 a4 ,hyl4 b4 ,cystignathi4 c4 ,ran4 d4 ,ceratophrydes4 e4 ,bombinatores4 f4 ,bufones4 g4 ,pip4 ,b4 ,ccili4 a4 ,ccili4 ,c4 ,salamandrin4 a4 ,pleurodeles4 b4 ,salamandr4 c4 ,tritones4 d4 ,tritonides4 ,d4 ,protoide4 ,although the remains of ,mastodonsaurus had been known and widely commented on for several years before ,tschudi proposed this scheme1 he does not include this genus in his classification of the ,amphibia1 for the reason that for nearly a quarter of a century after the discovery of the labyrinthodonts they were regarded as reptiles1 even so eminent an authority as von ,meyer 7#dbc7 including them in his ,system der fossilen ,saurier4 ,the view that the labyrinthodonts were reptiles was at times disputed1 but no one seemed to pay any attention to the argument of ,quenstedt in #ahej that ,die ,mastodonsaurier im grnen ,keupersandstein ,wrtemburgs sind ,batrachier 7#ebg71 nor to the contention of ,vogt 7#eha7 in #ahed that ,archegosaurus und alle ,labyrinthodonten sind ,amphibien1 nicht ,reptilien4 ,in #ahdb von ,meyer 7#dbj7 proposed to include all the early forms allied to the ,mastodonsaurus in the ,labyrinthodontes4 ,his definition of the group follows3 ,labyrinthodontes3 ,saurier deren ,zahn-,struktur jener hnlich ist1 welche in den nach prismatischer ,art gebauten ,sugethier-,zhnen wahrgenommen wird1 u4s4w4 ,i4 ,mastodonsaurus ,jaeger4 7,salamandroides ,jaeger1 ,batrachosaurus ,fitzinger1 ,labyrinthodon ,owen47 ,m4 ,jaegeri ,meyer4 ,,ii4 ,capitosaurus ,mnster4 ,c4 arenaceus ,mnst4 ,c4 robustus ,meyer4 ,,iii4 ,metopias ,meyer4 ,m4 diagnosticus ,meyer4 ,three years later von ,meyer 7#dbc7 proposed his ,system der fossilen ,saurier1 where the extinct ,amphibia are treated as follows3 ,labyrinthodontes4 #a4 ,prosthopthalmi 7,augen-hhlen in der vordern ,hlfte der ,schdel-,lnge7 ,metopias ,meyer ,keuper4 #b4 ,mesopthalmi 7,augen-hhlen in der mitte der ,schdel7 ,mastodonsaurus ,jaeger ,keuper1 ,muschelkalk4 #c4 ,opisthopthalmi 7,augen-hhlen in der hintern ,hlfte der ,schdel-,lnge7 ,capitosaurus ,mnster ,keuper4 #d4 ,labyrinthodonten ungewisser ,stellung4 ,labyrinthodon ,owen ,keuper4 ,xestorrhytias ,meyer ,muschelkalk4 ,odontosaurus ,meyer ,bunter ,sandstein4 ,trematosaurus ,braun ,bunter ,sandstein4 ,no other classification was proposed for the extinct ,amphibia for #ae years1 when ,owen 7#eab7 in #ahei proposed the new order ,ganocephala and retained von ,meyer's ,labyrinthodontes under ,labyrinthodontia4 ,owen's classification is as follows3 ,class--,reptilia4 ,order ,i4 ,ganocephala4 ,genera3 ,archegosaurus1 ,dendrerpeton1 ,raniceps4 ,order ,,ii4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,genera3 ,mastodonsaurus1 ,anisopus1 ,trematosaurus1 ,metopias1 ,capitosaurus1 ,zygosaurus1 ,xestorrhytias4 ,in his ,paleontology published in #ahfa1 ,owen gives the same classification1 but adds new genera4 ,huxley in #ahfc 7#ccb7 did not accept ,owen's ,ganocephala1 but instead proposed the following3 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,a4 ,archegosauria4 ,archegosaurus1 ,pholidogaster4 ,b4 ,mastodonsauria4 ,mastodonsaurus1 ,labyrinthodon1 ,capitosaurus1 ,trematosaurus4 ,in the same year ,dawson proposed 7#bjh7 the term ,microsauria to include the genera ,hylonomus1 ,dendrerpeton1 and ,hylerpeton1 all known from the ,carboniferous rocks of ,nova ,scotia4 ,two years later ,cope proposed the new order ,xenorhachia 7#aje7 for the reception of the form ,amphibamus grandiceps from the ,coal ,measures of ,illinois4 ,he gave as the characters of this order cartilaginous vertebr and the absence of ribs4 ,in #ahff ,owen proposed 7#eaf7 the most elaborate and comprehensive scheme of classification which had thus far been offered4 ,his classification is as follows3 ,subclass ,dipnoa4 ,order ,ganocephala 7extinct74 ,genera3 ,archegosaurus1 ,dendrerpeton1 etc4 ,order ,labyrinthodontia4 ,genera3 ,labyrinthodon1 ,rhombopholis1 etc4 ,order ,batrachia4 ,suborder ,ophiomorpha4 ,family3 ,ccilid4 ,suborder ,ichthyomorpha4 ,family3 ,proteid1 ,salamandrid4 ,suborder ,theriomorpha 7,anura74 ,family #a4 ,aglossa4 ,family #b4 ,ranid4 ,family #c4 ,hylid4 ,family #d4 ,bufonid4 ,haeckel the same year proposed 7#cab7 an entirely different scheme of classification nd in some respects more acceptable than ,owen's4 ,haeckel's classification is as follows3 ,class ,amphibia4 ,subclass ,i4 ,phractamphibia4 ,ordnung i4 ,ganocephala4 ,genera3 ,archegosaurus1 ,dendrerpeton1 ,raniceps4 ,ordnung #b4 ,labyrinthodonta4 ,genera3 ,baphetes1 ,zygosaurus1 ,mastodonsaurus1 ,trematosaurus1 ,capitosaurus4 ,ordnung #c4 ,peromela4 ,subclass ,,ii4 ,lissamphibia4 ,ordnung i4 ,socobranchia4 ,genera3 ,siren1 ,proteus1 ,menobranchus1 etc4 ,ordnung #b4 ,sozura 7,caudata74 ,genera3 ,cryptobranchus1 ,triton1 ,salamandra4 ,ordnung #c4 ,anura 7,ecaudata74 ,families3 ,aglossa1 ,bufonid1 ,ranid4 ,this classification is further elaborated in the edition of #ahie4 ,cope in #ahfh proposed 7#aaj7 the scheme of classification which was in use for some time1 although it has since suffered some change4 ,his classification follows3 ,batrachia4 ,order #a4 ,trachystoma4 ,order #b4 ,proteida4 ,order #c4 ,urodela4 ,order #d4 ,gymnophiona4 ,order #e4 ,stegocephali4 ,suborder ,xenorhachia4 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 ,suborder ,microsauria4 ,genera3 ,pelion ,wyman1 ,hylonomus ,dawson1 ,pariostegus ,cope1 ,dendrerpeton ,owen1 ,hylerpeton ,owen1 ,brachydectes ,cope1 ,sauropleura ,cope1 stocephalus ,cope1 ,molgophis ,cope4 ,suborder ,labyrinthodontia4 ,genera3 ,dictyocephalus ,leidy1 ,centemodon ,lea1 ,baphetes ,owen1 ,eupelor ,cope4 ,huxley in #ahfi proposed 7#cce7 the following classification1 which does not differ essentially from that proposed in #ahfc3 ,amphibia4 ,order #a4 ,urodela4 ,order #b4 ,batrachia4 ,order #c4 ,gymnophiona4 ,order #d4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,suborder ,archegosauria4 ,suborder ,mastodonsauria4 ,the next classification of the extinct ,amphibia of any importance was that devised by the committee 7#dej7 for the ,british ,association in #ahgd4 ,this committee was formed of ,huxley1 ,harkness1 ,henry ,woodward1 ,thompson1 and ,brigg1 with ,miall as secretary4 ,this classification is1 however1 too cumbersome and has never come into general use1 and indeed none but ,english authors have paid it a great deal of attention1 although the contribution was a valuable one4 ,the group ,aistopoda1 which was the ninth group proposed by the committee1 has generally been accepted as the group represented by the snake-like forms4 ,the committee's classification follows3 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,section ,i4 ,euglypta4 ,genera3 ,mastodonsaurus1 ,jaeger2 ,capitosaurus1 ,mnst42 ,pachygonia1 ,huxley2 ,trematosaurus1 ,braun2 ,gonioglyptus1 ,huxley2 ,metopias1 von ,meyer2 ,labyrinthodon1 ,owen2 ,diadetognathus1 ,miall2 ,dasyceps1 ,huxley2 ,anthracosaurus1 ,huxley4 ,section ,,ii4 ,brachyopina4 ,genera3 ,brachyops1 ,owen2 ,micropholis1 ,huxley2 ,rhinosaurus1 ,waldheim2 ,bothriceps1 ,huxley4 ,section ,,iii4 ,chauliodonta4 ,genera3 ,loxomma1 ,huxley2 ,zygosaurus1 ,eich42 ,melosaurus1 ,meyer4 ,section ,,iv4 ,arthrodonta4 ,genera3 ,batrachiderpeton1 ,hancock and ,atthey2 ,pteroplax1 ,hancock and ,atthey4 ,section ,v4 ,an uncharacterized group4 ,genera3 ,pholidogaster1 ,huxley2 ,ichthyerpeton1 ,huxley2 ,pholiderpeton1 ,huxley4 ,section ,,vi4 ,archegosauria1 von ,meyer4 ,genera3 ,archegosaurus1 ,goldfuss4 ,section ,,vii4 ,heleothrepta4 ,genera3 ,lepterpeton1 ,huxley4 ,section ,,viii4 ,nectridea4 ,genera3 ,urocordylus1 ,huxley2 ,keraterpeton1 ,huxley4 ,section ,,ix4 ,aistopoda4 ,genera3 ,ophiderpeton1 ,huxley2 ,dolichosoma1 ,huxley4 ,section ,x4 ,microsauria1 ,dawson4 ,genera3 ,dendrerpeton1 ,owen2 ,hylonomus1 ,dawson2 ,hylerpeton1 ,owen4 ,the schemes of classification used for the next #aj years did not depart in any appreciable degree from those already given4 ,in #ahge ,cope1 in his ,check-list of ,north ,american ,batrachia and ,reptilia 7#abj71 with a systematic list of the higher groups1 published the following classification as being adopted provisionally by the ,smithsonian ,institution3 ,class ,batrachia4 ,order ,anura4 7,anura1 ,dumril2 ,salientia1 ,merrem1 ,gray47 ,raniformia4 7,raniformia1 ,cope1 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,rev41 ,v1 #aad1 #ahfe47 ,families3 ,ranid1 ,colostheid4 ,firmisternia4 7,bufonoid ,raniformia1 ,cope1 ,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,philadelphia1 n4s41 ,,vi1 #aij1 #ahfg47 ,families3 ,dendrobatid1 ,phryniscid1 ,engystomid1 ,breviceptid4 ,gastrechmia4 7,gastrechmia1 ,cope1 ,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,philadelphia1 n4s41 ,,vi1 #aih1 #ahfg47 ,family3 ,hemisid4 ,bufoniformia4 7,bufoniformia1 ,dumril et ,bibron1 partim2 ,cope1 partim47 ,families3 ,rhinophrynid1 ,bufonid1 ,batrachophrynid4 ,aglossa4 ,family3 ,pipid4 ,odontaglossa4 ,family3 ,dactylethrid4 ,arcifera4 7,arcifera1 ,cope1 ,n4 ,h4 ,rev41 ,v1 #ajd1 #ahfe47 ,families3 ,cystignathid1 ,hemiphractid1 ,hylid1 ,scaphiopid1 ,pelodytid1 ,asterophrydid1 ,discoglossid4 ,order ,stegocephali4 7,stegocephali ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,philadelphia1 #ahfh1 #bji47 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,families3 ,baphetid ,cope1 ,anthracosaurid ,cope4 ,ganocephala4 ,family3 ,colosteid ,cope4 ,microsauria4 ,families3 ,phlegethontiid ,cope1 ,molgophid ,cope1 ,ptyoniid ,cope1 ,tuditanid ,cope1 ,peliontid ,cope4 ,order ,gymnophiona4 7,gymnophiona ,mller47 ,family3 ,cciliid ,gray1 #ahej4 ,order ,urodela4 ,families3 ,pleurodelid ,gray1 #aheh2 ,salamandrid3 ,gray1 #aheh2 ,hynobiid ,cope1 #ahff2 ,desmognathid ,cope1 #ahff2 ,thoriid ,cope1 #ahfi2 ,plethodontid ,cope1 #ahff2 ,amblystomid ,cope1 #ahff2 ,menopomid 7,protonopsid ,gray1 #ahej71 ,amphiumid ,cope1 #ahff2 ,cocytinid ,cope4 ,order ,proteida4 ,family3 ,proteid ,gray1 #ahej4 ,order ,trachystomata4 ,family3 ,sirenid ,gray1 #ahej4 ,in #ahhe ,cope proposed #b new orders1 which he arranges with the other orders already known1 as follows3 ,order ,i4 ,rachitomi4 ,order ,v4 ,urodela4 ,batrachia4 ,order ,,ii4 ,embolomeri4 ,order ,,vi4 ,trachystomata4 ,order ,,iii4 ,stegocephali4 ,order ,,vii4 ,anura4 ,order ,,iv4 ,proteida4 ,the new order ,rachitomi was to include forms like ,eryops and the new order ,embolomeri was to include forms like ,cricotus2 the other orders were as they had been given before4 ,zittel in #ahhh proposed 7#fdb7 the next classification of any note in his ,handbuch der ,paleontologie1 where it stands as follows3 ,classe ,amphibia4 ,ordnung #a4 ,stegocephali4 ,unterordnung #a4 ,lepospondyli4 ,familie #a4 ,branchiosaurid ,fritsch4 #b4 ,microsauria ,dawson4 #c4 ,aistopoda ,miall4 ,unterordnung #b4 ,temnospondyli4 ,genera3 ,archegosaurus1 ,eryops1 etc4 ,unterordnung #c4 ,stereospondyli4 ,familie #a4 ,gastrolepidoti4 #b4 ,labyrinthodonta4 ,ordnung #b4 ,ccili4 ,ordnung #c4 ,urodela4 ,unterordnung #a4 ,ichthyoidea4 ,familie #a4 ,phanerobranchia4 #b4 ,cryptobranchia4 ,unterordnung #b4 ,salamandrina4 ,ordnung #d4 ,anura4 ,unterordnung #a4 ,phaneroglossa4 ,familie #a4 ,ranid4 #b4 ,bufonid4 #c4 ,cystignathid ,cope4 #d4 ,pelobatid ,boul4 #e4 ,discoglossid ,cope4 #f4 ,palobatrachid ,cope4 ,lydekker 7#cic7 in the next year proposed a system of classification which did not depart widely from that proposed 7#dej7 by the committee of the ,british ,association for #ahgd4 ,lydekker's classification is as follows3 ,class ,amphibia4 ,order ,i4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,suborder #a4 ,branchiosauria4 ,family ,protritonid4 ,apateonid4 ,suborder #b4 ,aistopoda4 ,family ,dolichosomatid4 ,suborder #c4 ,microsauria4 ,family ,urocordylid4 ,limnerpetid4 ,hyloplesionid4 ,microbrachid4 ,suborder #d4 ,labyrinthodontia vera4 ,family ,archegosaurid4 ,diplospondylid4 ,nyraniid4 ,dendrerpetid4 ,anthracosaurid4 ,mastodonsaurid4 ,uncertain family1 ,eosaurus4 ,order ,,ii4 ,apoda4 ,order ,,iii4 ,caudata4 ,family ,hylobatrachid4 ,sirenid4 ,proteid4 ,amphiumid4 ,salamandrid4 ,order ,,iv4 ,ecaudata4 ,family ,discoglossid4 ,pelobatid4 ,palobatrachid4 ,cystignathid4 ,ranid4 ,in #ahij ,dederlein proposed a scheme of classification which is notable on account of the peculiar relations which it expresses between the groups relations which1 in reality1 do not exist4 ,his classification is as follows3 ,class ,amphibia4 ,ordnung ,i4 ,stegocephali4 ,a4 ,microsauria4 ,unterordnung #a4 ,branchiosauri4 ,genera3 ,branchiosaurus1 ,dawsonia1 ,melanerpeton1 ,pelosaurus4 ,unterordnung #b4 ,sauromorphi4 ,familie #a4 ,hylonomid4 #b4 ,nectrid4 #c4 ,aistopodid4 ,b4 ,ganocephala4 ,unterordnung #a4 ,rhachitomi4 #b4 ,embolomeri4 #c4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,ordnung ,,ii4 ,urodela4 ,ordnung ,,iii4 ,gymnophiona4 ,ordnung ,,iv4 ,anura4 ,in #ahij ,lydekker used the same classification1 with minor changes1 which he had used in his ,paleontology4 ,credner1 who wrote at about the same time 7#aic71 followed ,zittel's classification4 ,zittel in #ahie merely repeated his former classification4 ,in #ahih appeared ,smith ,woodward's ,paleontology1 where the following scheme is adopted3 ,class ,batrachia4 ,order ,i4 ,stegocephalia4 ,order ,,ii4 ,gymnophiona4 ,suborder #a4 ,branchiosauria4 ,order ,,iii4 ,caudata4 #b4 ,aistopoda4 ,order ,,iv4 ,ecaudata4 #c4 ,microsauria4 #d4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,hay's ,catalogue of ,fossil ,vertebrata of ,north ,america contains the next scheme for the classification of the ,amphibia which pays especial attention to the extinct forms4 ,his classification is as follows3 ,class ,batrachia ,macartney1 #ahjb4 ,order ,stegocephali ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,suborder ,microsauria ,dawson1 #ahfc4 ,family ,protritonid ,lydekker1 #ahhi4 ,genera3 ,amphibamus ,cope1 ,pelion ,wym4 ,family ,molgophid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,genera3 ,phlegethontia ,cope1 ,molgophis ,cope4 ,family ,hylonomid ,fritsch1 #ahhc4 ,genera3 ,hylonomus ,dawson1 ,smilerpeton ,dawson1 ,hylerpeton ,owen1 ,fritschia ,dawson2 ,brachydectes ,cope4 ,family ,ptyoniid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,genera3 ,keraterpeton ,huxley1 stocephalus ,cope1 ,ptyonius ,cope1 ,ctenerpeton ,cope4 ,family ,tuditanid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,genera3 ,tuditanus ,cope1 ,cocytinus ,cope4 ,family ,diplocaulid ,cope1 #ahha4 ,genus3 ,diplocaulus ,cope4 ,lepospondylous ,genera of uncertain position3 ,amblyodon ,dawson1 ,hyphasma ,cope1 ,eurythorax ,cope1 ,thyrsidium ,cope1 ,pleuroptyx ,cope1 ,cercariomorphus ,cope4 ,suborder ,apcospondyli ,hay1 #aijb4 ,family ,dendrerpetontid ,fritsch1 #ahhi4 ,genera3 ,dendrerpeton ,owen1 ,baphetes ,owen1 ,platystegos ,dawson4 ,family ,sauropleurid ,hay1 #aijb4 ,genera3 ,sauropleura ,cope1 ,leptophractus ,cope4 ,family ,archegosaurid4 ,genera3 ,trimerorhachis ,cope1 ,dissorophus ,cope4 ,family ,cricotid ,cope1 #ahhd4 ,genera3 ,cricotus ,cope4 ,family ,anthracosaurid4 ,genus3 ,eosaurus ,marsh4 ,family ,eryopid ,cope1 #ahhb4 ,genera3 ,eryops ,cope1 ,ichthycanthus ,cope1 ,zatrachys ,cope1 ,anisodexis ,cope1 ,acheloma ,cope4 ,family ,mastodonsaurid ,huxley1 #ahfc4 ,genera3 ,mastodonsaurus ,jaeger1 ,eupelor ,cope1 ,pariostegus ,cope1 ,dictyocephalus ,leidy4 ,order ,urodela4 ,genera3 ,scapherpeton ,cope1 ,hemitrypus ,cope4 ,order ,salientia ,laurenti1 #agfh4 ,family ,ranid4 ,genera3 ,rana ,linn1 ,eobatrachus ,marsh4 ,this classification given by ,hay is only for the forms which occur in ,north ,america4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,classification ,,of ,,amphibia ,,adopted ,,in ,,this ,,work1 ,,and ,a ,,list ,,of ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,amphibia ,,from ,,north ,,america4 ,a few words of explanation will be necessary for an understanding of the following classification4 ,the term ,amphibia ,linn1 #ageh1 is1 according to ,stejneger 7#eej71 the correct term for the entire group1 and this term is adopted4 ,the term ,stegocephala1 formerly used as a group name for the entire ,carboniferous1 ,permian1 and ,triassic ,amphibia1 regardless of structure1 has been retained as a third subclass4 ,the choice1 so far as priority is concerned1 between ,labyrinthodontia and ,stegocephala1 is not easy4 ,the terms1 however1 imply different structures4 ,the labyrinthodonts proper have stereospondylous vertebr1 while the ,stegocephala have either temnospondylous or stereospondylous vertebr2 so the latter term has been adopted4 ,the ordinal terms are those which have been used previously as subordinal1 sectional1 or family names1 with the exception of the new ordinal term ,diplocaulia 7#dgg74 ,the term ,branchiosauria is well-established1 and it is here retained with the definitions previously given4 ,the same may be said for the ,microsauria1 although ,dawson first 7#bjh7 regarded it as a family1 though giving the term an ordinal form4 ,the ,aistopoda are not entitled to consideration as a group for reasons which are given subsequently4 ,the ,temnospondylia and the ,stereospondylia1 the ,embolomeri and the ,rachitomi may or may not be good group names1 but they have priority1 so far as our knowledge of structure goes4 ,they have been retained in their original meanings4 ,they have been variously regarded as sections1 superfamilies1 groups1 and subfamilies4 ,the following list of species is arranged according to the proposed scheme of classification3 ,class ,amphibia ,linn1 #ageh4 ,devonian to ,recent4 ,subclass ,euamphibia ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,coal ,measures to ,recent4 ,order ,branchiosauria ,lydekker1 #ahhi4 ,coal ,measures to ,permian4 ,family ,branchiosaurid ,fritsch1 #ahgi4 ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 787 ,sparodus sp4 indet4 ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,order ,caudata ,dumril1 #ahjf4 ,coal ,measures to ,recent4 ,suborder ,proteida ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,coal ,measures1 ,eocene1 and ,recent4 ,family ,cocytinid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,hyphasma lvis ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,order ,diplocaulia ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,coal ,measures to ,permian4 ,family ,diplocaulid ,cope1 #ahha4 ,diplocaulus salamandroides ,cope1 ,salt ,fork1 ,illinois4 787 ,order ,salientia ,laurenti1 #agfh4 ,coal ,measures 787 to ,recent4 ,family ,peliontid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,pelion lyelli ,wyman1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,subclass ,lepospondylia ,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,coal ,measures4 ,order ,microsauria ,dawson1 #ahfc4 ,coal ,measures4 ,family ,hylonomid ,fritsch1 #ahhc4 ,hylonomus latidens ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylonomus multidens ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylonomus wymani ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylerpeton dawsonii ,owen1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylerpeton intermedium ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylerpeton longidentatum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 787 ,amblyodon problematicum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,family ,tuditanid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,tuditanus brevirostris ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pa4 ,tuditanus longipes ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,tuditanus walcotti ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pa4 ,erpetosaurus obtusus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pa4 ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetosaurus tuberculatus ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,stegopid ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,stegops divaricata ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,urocordylid ,lydekker1 #ahij4 ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,diceratosaurus lvis ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,diceratosaurus robustus ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,eoserpeton tenuicorne ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,amphibamid ,moodie4 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,amphibamus thoracatus ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,family ,nyraniid ,lydekker1 #ahhi4 ,ichthyerpeton squamosum ,moodie4 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,ptyoniid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,ptyonius nummifer ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ptyonius marshii ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ptyonius vinchellianus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ptyonius serrula ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 stocephalus remex ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 stocephalus rectidens ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,ichthycanthid ,moodie4 ,ichthycanthus ohiensis ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ichthycanthus platypus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,molgophid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,molgophis macrurus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,molgophis brevicostatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,molgophis wheatleyi ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetobrachium mazonensis ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek4 ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,phlegethontia serpens ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,sauropleurid ,hay1 #aijb4 ,sauropleura digitata ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura newberryi ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura pauciradiata ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura longidentata ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura foveata ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura 7,anisodexis7 enchodus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,sauropleura sp41 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,leptophractus obsoletus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,leptophractus dentatus ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,leptophractus lineolatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,order ,temnospondylia ,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,coal ,measures and ,permian4 ,family ,cricotid ,cope1 #ahhd4 ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie1 ,mazon ,creek1 ,ill4 ,family ,eryopid ,cope1 #ahhb4 ,eryops sp4 indet41 ,pitcairn1 ,pa4 ,family ,macrerpetid ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,macrerpeton huxleyi 7,cope71 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,macrerpeton deani ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,family ,anthracosaurid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,eosaurus acadianus ,marsh1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie1 ,kansas4 ,baphetes planiceps ,owen1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,baphetes minor ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,dendrerpeton oweni ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 787,platystegos loricatum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,genera and species of uncertain position3 ,amblyodon problematicum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie1 ,illinois4 ,brachydectes newberryi ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,order ,stereospondylia ,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,coal ,measures 787 and ,triassic4 ,family ,mastodonsaurid ,huxley1 #ahfc4 ,mastodonsaurus sp4 indet41 ,kansas4 ,the above list of species is interesting in that it shows the diversity of structure among the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia4 ,there are at present #hh species known1 many of them incompletely1 divided among #ag families and #e orders4 ,the majority of the species are from the ,linton ,coal ,measures1 there being #ej species described or indicated from these beds4 ,the ,mazon ,creek shales have furnished #aj species2 ,nova ,scotia #ah species2 the remainder of the species are from various localities4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,definition ,,of ,,the ,,class ,,amphibia ,,linn1 #ageh1 ,,devonian ,,to ,,recent4 7,world-wide distribution47 ,cold-blooded vertebrates2 aquatic or partially terrestrial in habit2 body scaled or naked or partly covered with bony or horny plates2 abdomen sometimes protected by closely packed scutes1 scales1 or rods2 skull completely roofed-over or with a single vacuity2 pterygoid-palatine arch complete or wanting2 stapes always present2 two occipital condyles1 sometimes cartilaginous2 skull bones pitted and grooved by the lateral-line canals1 or smooth and lateral-line canals wanting2 parasphenoid well developed2 palatine vacuities1 large1 small1 or absent2 basioccipital partly or entirely cartilaginous2 sclerotic plates present or absent2 mouth always terminal2 teeth sharply conical1 smooth1 or plicated1 with walls sometimes extremely complicated by the infolding of the dentine and enamel4 ,vertebr proclous1 opisthoclous1 amphiclous1 amphiplatyan1 temnospondylous1 stereospondylous1 or cartilaginous2 notochord often persistent2 column divisible into cervical1 dorsal1 and caudal series2 cervical series1 so far as known1 always short2 dorsal region long or short2 a single sacral or two2 caudal series short1 very long1 or absent4 ,pectoral girdle composed of an osseous scapula1 cleithrum1 clavicle1 interclavicle1 and coracoid with various relations2 sternum undeveloped2 pectoral girdle of membrane bones2 in ,triassic forms producing the effect of a plastron on account of the high development of the clavicles and interclavicle4 ,pelvis usually composed of an osseous ilium and ischium2 pubis when osseous surrounded by large amounts of cartilage1 usually cartilaginous1 sometimes calcified4 ,limbs ambulatory1 natatory1 or wanting2 limb bones composed either entirely of perichondrium or of perichondrium and a small amount of endochondrium2 radius and ulna1 and tibia and fibula free or fused4 ,digits #c to #e1 usually #d for the hand and #e for the foot4 ,terminal phalanges sometimes clawed4 ,carpus and tarsus osseous or cartilaginous1 usually the latter4 ,ribs never attached to a sternal apparatus1 single or double headed or intermediate1 long and curved or short and straight4 ,articulation with vertebral column inter- or intra-central4 ,respiration both branchial and pulmonary2 branchi persistent and osseous in some forms4 ,development by metamorphosis either in the egg membrane1 on the back of the mother1 or in the water4 ,no amnion or allantois4 ,heart with a single ventricle and #c or #d pairs of aortic arches2 postcava always present in the recent forms4 ,,definition ,,of ,,subclass ,,euamphibia1 ,,moodie1 #aiji4 ,,coal ,,measures ,,to ,,recent4 7,world-wide distribution47 ,moodie1 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #aiji1 p4 #bdc4 ,moodie1 ,geol4 ,mag41 n4 s41 ,dec4 ,v1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bbj1 ,may1 #aiji4 ,the present group was established for the reception of the ,branchiosauria and their descendants1 the ,caudata1 with the related forms1 the ,apoda4 ,the ,salientia are included provisionally1 since there is no evidence of the origin or relationship of this group of animals to other ,euamphibia save that they have attained the same stage of evolution4 ,they are in no way closely related to any known group of ,amphibia1 recent or extinct1 but they stand on the same plane of development as the ,caudata and present similar structures1 i4e41 a single ventricle in the heart1 external branchi in the young1 a glandular skin1 perichondral bone1 and a large parasphenoid4 ,the origin of the ,salientia is a puzzle and must remain so until further paleontological evidence is forthcoming4 ,wyman1 ,cope1 and the writer have all remarked on the similarity of structure between the ,salientia and the single known specimen of ,pelion lyelli ,wyman from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the subclass ,euamphibia may be defined as follows3 ,aquatic or terrestrial ,amphibia2 development by metamorphosis2 external branchi present in the young2 bones almost entirely perichondral2 carpus and tarsus never ossified2 osseous pubis absent2 vertebr usually amphiclous with persistent notochord2 ribs short and straight or flat and slightly curved1 or absent2 digits #d in the hand and #e in the foot2 skull never grooved or pitted1 nor cut by the lateral-line canals2 lateral-line organs present in the skin2 sclerotic plates present or absent2 tail long and flattened or absent4 ,ribs in ,triton walthi are secondarily long and curved4 ,,definition ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,branchiosauria ,,lydekker1 #ahij4 ,,coal ,,measures ,,and ,,permian ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,and ,,europe4 ,lydekker1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bjh1 #ahij4 ,extinct1 salamander-like amphibians1 with broad1 obtusely rounded cranium2 external branchi present in young2 sclerotic plates present2 bones of the cranium not ornamented with deep pits and grooves nor cut by the lateral-line canals1 though sometimes ornamented with slight scorbiculations2 notochord always persistent2 vertebr cartilaginous 7in caudal region7 or but partially ossified1 the ossification being entirely perichondral2 a single sacral vertebra2 transverse process of vertebr large in dorsal region2 ribs always short1 straight1 and heavy1 present throughout the length of the vertebral column and borne on the transverse processes centrally2 caudal region of moderate length with elongate fleshy tail2 usually #bj presacrals1 of which #d or #e may be considered cervicals2 limbs natatory and always present1 well developed2 elements of the appendicular skeleton composed entirely of perichondrium2 carpus and tarsus cartilaginous2 digits #d in the hand and #e in the foot2 phalangeal formula for the hand usually #b-b-c-b and for the foot #b-c-d-c-b2 distal phalanges not clawed2 abdomen covered with closely packed corneous scutes or scales2 body naked or covered with minute horny scales2 median and dorsal lateral lines present on the posterior part of body and on tail4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,american ,,coal ,,measures ,,branchiosaurid4 ,definition ,op the ,family ,branchiosaurid ,fritsch1 #ahgi4 ,coal ,measures and ,permian ,op ,north ,america and ,europe4 ,fritsch1 ,fauna der ,gaskohle1 ,bd4 ,i1 p4 #fi1 fig4 #cj1 #ahgi4 ,lydekker1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #baj1 #ahij 7,protritonid274 ,stegocephalic1 salamander-like animals1 with broad1 anteriorly truncate skull4 ,teeth smooth with large pulp-cavity4 ,the parasphenoid narrowed anteriorly1 posteriorly expanded to a shield-shaped plate4 ,vertebra2 with the notochord persistent and intravertebrally expanded4 ,pelvis well developed1 the ilium and ischium osseous with large cartilaginous margins1 the pubis unknown1 possibly hyaline cartilage4 ,ribs short1 straight1 present on almost all vertebr4 ,skin with delicately ornamented scales4 ,eyes with sclerotic plates4 ,palatal elements toothless or with small tooth-like tubercles on pterygoids and palatines4 ,ventral armature on throat1 chest1 and abdomen1 extending on to the limbs1 consisting of small delicate scutell arranged in a chevron pattern4 ,the above definition is modified from ,fritsch 7,fauna der ,gaskohle1 ,bd4 ,i1 p4 #fi1 #ahgi74 ,the ,north ,american species are3 787 ,sparodus sp4 indet4 ,dawson1 ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum ,moodie1 ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie1 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 ,genus ,,micrerpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 #ag1 p4 #ci1 figs4 #a to #f1 #aiji4 ,type ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie4 ,the genus ,micrerpeton1 of which the single species is described below1 was the first evidence of the occurrence of the ,branchiosauria in ,america4 ,there have been three other genera referred to the ,branchiosauria from ,north ,american deposits1 but there is good evidence that none of them belong there4 ,the genus ,amphibamus was originally referred to the ,xenorhachia by ,cope 7#aje1 pp4 #acd-acg7 on account of the supposed cartilaginous condition of the vertebr and the absence of ribs4 ,later he abandoned this order and placed the form in the ,branchiosauria1 where it was retained by ,zittel 7#fdb74 ,recently ,hay has shown 7#caf71 and ,i am able to corroborate his statement1 that ribs are present in the species1 and that they are long and curved1 not at all like the short ribs of the true ,branchiosauria4 ,these long1 curved ribs undoubtedly exclude ,amphibamus from the ,branchiosauria and indicate its close affinities with the ,microsauria4 ,the genus ,pelion has also been referred to this order on purely negative evidence 7#fdb1 p4 #cge74 ,this genus is excluded from the ,branchiosauria by the well-ossified condition of the limb bones1 in which the endochondral ossification is seen to be well developed1 a condition not found1 so far1 among the true ,branchiosauria4 ,the form of the head and the elongate hind limb would also tend to exclude the genus from the ,branchiosauria4 ,in the ,branchiosauria the fore limb is usually larger than the hind limb1 the reverse of which is the case in ,pelion4 ,the genus ,sparodus1 as it occurs in ,north ,america1 is uncertain4 ,it is indicated by remains which are almost impossible of determination4 ,the genus ,micrerpeton may be distinguished from other known ,branchiosauria by the large size and anterior position of the orbits1 absence of a posterior table to the skull1 the short1 heavy limb bones1 the slender ilium1 and the expanded1 elongate1 and laterally compressed tail4 ,the genus may be defined as follows3 ,small forms1 the known representative attaining a length of less than #b inches2 head broad and short2 sclerotic plates present2 interorbital space less than the least diameter of the orbit2 occiput concave2 pineal foramen in the line which cuts the posterior edge of the orbits2 teeth small1 pleurodont denticles2 presacral vertebr #bj or #ba1 of which probably #e are cervical2 #a sacral2 ribs short1 straight1 and heavy1 central2 scapula ovoid2 limbs stumpy and heavy1 fore limb exceeding the hind in size2 endochondral ossifications distinctly absent2 tail long1 expanded1 and flattened1 probably provided with a thin expanded membrane2 body covered with minute1 ovoid or rounded scales which are ornamented with concentric lines2 color markings vertical to the long axis of the body and abundantly present on the tail2 lateral-line organs represented by the dorsal and median lateral lines on the tail1 the sensory pits probably occurring in specialized darkened scales4 ,coal ,measures of ,mazon ,creek shales near ,morris1 ,grundy ,county1 ,illinois4 ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 #ag1 p4 #ci1 figs4 #a-f1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ab1cac1 ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the species is represented by very complete remains 7plate #b71 which are preserved on opposite halves of a nodule4 ,the specimen was collected many years ago by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,e4 ,gurley at ,mazon ,creek1 but it has never before been studied1 although ,dr4 ,newberry examined it and said in a note that ,professor ,cope should see it4 ,unfortunately ,cope did not see it and it lay unknown for more than a quarter of a century4 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,stuart ,weller for calling my attention to the specimen1 as well as for the privilege of describing it4 ,the specimen is exceptionally perfect 7plate #be1 fig4 #d74 ,nearly all the skeletal elements are present1 and the general contour of the body1 the character of the dermal covering1 the color-markings1 the lateral-line system1 and many other features of interest have been detected4 ,such completeness of preservation is very uncommon even among the remains obtained from this locality4 ,in this case the entire form was preserved1 but the collector1 in cracking the nodule1 lost the chips containing the feet1 so that only portions of the limbs remain4 ,it is thus impossible to determine the phalangeal formula1 but the feet were probably like those of ,branchiosaurus amblystomus ,credner1 as given by ,credner1 to which species the present form is closely allied and indeed must be placed in the same family with ,branchiosaurus1 ,pelosaurus1 and ,melanerpeton4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #b ,drawing #c4e4 of type specimen of ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 showing skeletal elements1 form of head and tail1 the lateral-line sense-organs1 banded color-markings1 and ventral scutell4 ,on the edges of the tail impression are indications that in life the tail had a thin fold of skin above and below the fleshy portion1 much as in the larv of ,amblystoma at the present day4 ,the remains here described represent a small1 salamander-like form1 and they are among the earliest geological evidence of the group1 which1 without doubt1 gave rise to the modern salamanders4 ,the parts preserved in the specimen are3 the complete outline of the head with most of the cranial elements clearly distinguishable1 as well as the black pigment of the choroid2 the entire vertebral column1 including pits in the tail region1 where the vertebr were without doubt entirely cartilaginous2 parts of the pectoral girdle2 the ilium2 the left humerus2 the ventral scutellation2 the ribs of one side of the body and indications of ribs on the other2 portions of both hind limbs2 and a complete impression of the fleshy tail4 ,on this impression of the tail are preserved small1 horny scales1 transverse color-markings1 and the distinct impressions of the lateral-line system4 ,the bones of ,micrerpeton caudatum1 as in so many of the fossils from this locality1 have been replaced by a white1 friable mineral which is probably kaolin4 ,the animal is preserved on its back and it is thus illustrated from the ventral side4 ,the entire length of the animal is only #di mm41 of which the tail occupies nearly half4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,restoration of ,micrerpeton caudatum1 a branchiosaur from the ,coal ,measures of ,illinois4 #b4 ,the head has much the same shape as in the species of ,branchiosaurus described and figured by ,fritsch 7#bea71 ,credner 7#aha71 and ,thevenin 7#efh74 ,the eyes occupy relatively the same position as in that genus4 ,the orbits are very large and broadly oval4 ,within the borders of the rim the stone is blackened as though by the black pigment of the iris1 such as ,cope has described in ,amphibamus4 ,under a rather high power of magnification the cranial bones are seen to be represented by mere flakes of white mineral matter4 ,the sutures separating the cranial elements are distinctly preserved on the main half of the nodule4 ,the openings of the skull are five the two orbits1 the two minute nostrils1 and the pineal foramen4 ,a median suture separates the skull into halves and the pineal foramen lies slightly anterior to the posterior third of its length4 ,the boundaries of the premaxill are not distinct1 but they are very small elements and form the inner border of the nostrils1 which are clearly indicated by bosses of stone4 ,the nasal element is nearly square and lies anterior to the frontal1 which it borders broadly4 ,the parietal is about the same size as the frontal and it apparently forms a portion of the inner border of the orbit1 although this is not assured4 ,the parietal is elongate and unites posteriorly with the postparietal4 ,the postparietal1 with the tabulare and the squamosal1 form the posterior boundary of the skull1 and they are hence not unlike the same elements in other ,stegocephala4 ,the pref rental forms the anterior border of the orbit4 ,the lacrimal has not been detected4 ,the maxilla is elongate and forms the antero-lateral border of the skull4 ,the jugal forms an important element in the lateral border of the cranium and joins the quadratojugal posteriorly4 ,the postfrontal is triangular and with the postorbital forms the posterior border of the orbit4 ,both of the elements are acuminate posteriorly1 although the suture between them is indistinct1 and they inclose between their posterior acuminations an anterior projection of the supratemporal4 ,the squamosal has the usual relations and borders the supratemporal laterally4 ,the latter element forms the quadrate angle of the cranium4 ,the entire length of the vertebral column is preserved1 although the nature and structure of its elements can not be determined4 ,the impressions of a few of the vertebr show that some of the centra were amphiclous1 but other than this nothing is definite4 ,the cavities which the centra occupied were filled by the white mineral matter and the force of the blow which cracked the nodule destroyed the form of the mold4 ,it is possible that where the mineral matter has filled the cavities the centra were osseous or partly cartilaginous1 and where the cavities were unfilled the centra were entirely cartilaginous4 ,the length of the vertebral column from the base of the skull to the last impression of a cartilaginous centrum is #cc mm4 ,the number of centra between the sacral vertebra and the skull is #bj as they are preserved1 but there may have been one more1 the atlas4 ,fritsch has represented #ba in his restoration of ,branchiosaurus salamandroides1 and this is a further indication of an affinity between the two genera1 although ,credner has represented #bf presacral vertebra2 in ,branchiosaurus amblystomus4 ,the presacral vertebr are thus seen to vary within narrow limits1 but the number of presacrals is near #bj1 and this may be taken as typical4 ,it is interesting to notice that in modern forms of the salamanders the presacral vertebr number about #bj4 ,there is but a single sacral centrum in ,micrerpeton4 ,the sacral rib has not been detected1 but it is restored after the condition found in ,branchiosaurus4 ,the right femur partially covers the sacral vertebra1 and its structure can not be determined4 ,i count impressions of #ag caudal centra1 of which at least #ab may have been partially ossified4 ,in the cervical region there are distinct impressions of transverse processes on at least #e vertebr1 and this number is assigned to the neck1 although it is by no means certain that this is the correct number4 ,the neck was at least short1 if we may judge from the position of the remains of the pectoral girdle4 ,no cervical ribs are definitely determined4 ,there is a short rib lying between the fifth and sixth vertebr1 but to which it belongs is uncertain4 ,there are impressions of #aj ribs preserved on one side of the vertebral column and one on the other side4 ,they are short1 straight1 and heavy1 as are the same elements in ,branchiosaurus4 ,this character alone is sufficient to place ,micrerpeton among the ,branchiosauria1 since no such ribs are known in other groups of the extinct amphibians4 ,the ribs preserved lie next the seventh to the seventeenth vertebr on the left side1 and there is one on the right side which may belong to either the fifth or sixth vertebra4 ,they are central in their attachment1 and in this they agree well with the mode of rib attachment in the modern salamanders4 ,all of the ribs are single-headed and are composed1 for the most part1 of perichondral tissue4 ,the position of the ribs in the matrix inclined backwards1 and1 making a small angle with the vertebral column1 is very suggestive of the condition in ,branchiosaurus4 ,the pectoral girdle is represented by three distinct elements of the left side1 which are identified as scapula1 clavicle1 and coracoid1 following the nomenclature given by ,woodward 7#fca71 although ,credner 7#ahf7 would name them otherwise4 ,the scapula is represented by an ovoid fragment lying next to the vertebral column4 ,the clavicle was probably spatulate1 as in ,melanerpeton1 but the inner end of the element is not visible4 ,the coracoid is represented by its outer end only1 and its inner pointed extremity is not visible4 ,the interclavicle has not been detected4 ,the humerus lies somewhat to one side of the pectoral girdle1 as if there had been a large amount of epiphyseal cartilage4 ,its position may be due to post-mortem shifting1 but there is little other evidence of any movement after deposition4 ,the humerus is a large1 heavy bone in comparison with the rest of the skeleton4 ,it is expanded at each end1 and its ends show concavities1 proving that the bone is formed principally of perichondral tissue1 as would be expected from such an early ,branchiosaurian4 ,the endochondrium has not yet developed in this form1 which is evidently adult4 ,there is no other element of the arm present4 ,there is but a single element of the pelvis preserved1 a slender elongate rod which is undoubtedly the ilium1 since it has the usual position for that element and is much too large for a sacral rib4 ,it has much the same shape as the ilium in the modern ,salamandra1 and is not expanded as is the ilium of ,branchiosaurus4 ,this element1 like the humerus1 seems to have been but a hollow cylinder of bone and undoubtedly had cartilaginous ends1 as in the ilium of the recent ,salamandra4 ,the two femora are preserved nearly entire1 the right one lying upon and partly obscuring the sacral vertebra4 ,the femur is much more slender than is the humerus1 with slightly expanded ends1 and1 like the humerus1 shows the concavities at the ends1 indicative of the perichondral character of the tissue composing it4 ,there are two elements of the leg preserved more or less entire4 ,the larger bone may represent the tibia and the smaller the fibula4 ,they both present characters similar to those of the femur and humerus4 ,they are simple rods of bone tapering at the distal end4 ,the feet have been lost1 though doubtless they were present at one time4 ,the ventral surface of the body1 as in other members of the ,branchiosauria1 was covered and protected by a series of small scutes arranged in the regular chevron pattern4 ,the form of the scutes and their number can not be determined4 ,the lines which represent them are1 however1 distinct4 ,some of the scutes are missing and some of them are obscured by lying over the vertebral column4 ,they are all somewhat shifted to the left4 ,the lines are very small and close together4 ,i count #af of them in a distance of #b mm4 ,in length the longest line preserved is a little more than #d mm41 measuring from the point of the chevron4 ,the lines representing the scutes come to a point in a median ridge which is now represented by a line4 ,the dermal scutes on the abdomen were probably the forerunners of the abdominal ribs of the reptiles 7fig4 #i74 ,the impression of the tail contains some of the most interesting features in the entire specimen4 ,scattered over it and in places laid in mosaic are impressions of small dermal scales1 which may have covered the entire body4 ,in form the scales are ovoid1 being half as wide as long1 and the markings on the scales partake of the nature of radiating lines1 much after the pattern of the sculpturing of the cranial bones in the ,microsauria4 ,the scales are less than #j4e mm4 in diameter and their character can only be ascertained under high magnification4 ,near the middle of the tail there are preserved distinct transverse bands of dark color1 which are more or less evident throughout the entire tail impression1 but they are elsewhere not so distinct as in the central region4 ,the lines are evidently due to rows of pigmented scales1 and in all probability the animal's body was transversely striped4 ,the most interesting and important single structure discovered on the specimen is the impression of the lateral-line system1 which is clearly evident as two dark lines on the impression of the fleshy part of the tail4 ,the sense-organs are represented by two longitudinal rows of pigmented scales1 one beginning at the tip of the tail1 the other taking its origin from the median line somewhat further forward4 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,katashi ,takahashi for calling my attention to the similarity of this arrangement to that found in the recent ,necturus4 ,the arrangement and disposition of the lines containing the sense-organs is practically the same in the two forms4 ,the median lateral-line takes its origin from the extreme tip of the tail and is continued to the base1 where the impression is broken4 ,the dorsal lateral-line has its origin rather abruptly from the median lateral-line at a distance of #f mm4 from the tip of the tail4 ,the sense-organs were undoubtedly located beneath specialized pigmented scales on the surface1 and to this pigment is due the preservation of the lines4 ,the fact that the arrangement of the sense-organs of ,micrerpeton corresponds so exactly to the condition found in ,necturus is of considerable interest4 ,necturus alone among the modern tailed ,amphibia has the arrangement described for the lateral-line system of ,micrerpeton4 ,all other forms of the ,caudata1 as also the larval forms of the ,salientia1 have an arrangement of the lateral-line system which is perfectly distinct from that found in ,necturus1 although the basis of the same arrangement is found in all4 ,in ,amblystoma1 for instance1 the median lateral-line is not present on the tail1 and the dorsal line is incompletely developed4 ,the close similarity of the arrangement of the systems of sense-organs in the two forms1 ,micrerpeton and ,necturus1 may be of genetic significance with regard to the latter form4 ,the lateral-line sense-organs are of a very fundamental significance1 and it is not at all improbable that the same arrangement of the lines has existed from the ,carboniferous period or earlier4 ,we know that such has been the case in a great many of the fishes4 ,the ancestors of the modern ,caudata must have originated somewhere in the basal ,carboniferous or earlier periods1 and1 in the writer's opinion1 the ,branchiosauria represent the ancestral group of the ,caudata4 ,this suggestion is by no means new1 since ,baur and others have held the same view4 ,this topic has been discussed at length elsewhere 7#dei7 by the writer4 ,the relations of the form ,micrerpeton caudatum are readily determined4 ,the number of the presacral vertebr1 the form and position of the ribs1 the shape of the skull1 the arrangement of the cranial elements1 the structure of the pectoral girdle and the character of the ventral armature all clearly bespeak a close relationship with ,branchiosaurus1 ,melanerpeton1 ,pelosaurus1 and other ,european branchiosaurian forms from the ,upper ,carboniferous and ,lower ,permian4 ,the above-described species1 with others given below1 is the earliest geological evidence of the ,branchiosauria1 since the oldest ,european forms are from the ,stephanian 7,upper ,carboniferous71 which probably lies somewhat above the horizon of the ,allegheny series of ,north ,america4 ,the presence of the ,branchiosauria in ,america is of considerable interest in the bearing it has on the distribution and migration of the ,paleozoic animals4 ,knowledge of how the group came to occur in such widely separated localities in approximately contemporary geological strata is an unsolved problem of paleontology4 ,it is possible that the piscian ancestors of the ,amphibia migrated across or along the borders of the seas and began the amphibian phase of development independently in the two continents4 ,that evolution should1 in this case1 have followed almost exactly parallel lines seems incredible4 ,measurements4 mm4 ,length of entire animal #di ,length of head in median line #f4e ,width of head at posterior border #h ,length of orbit #b4e ,width of orbit #b ,interorbital space #b ,length of the vertebral column #cc ,length of the vertebral centrum in dorsal series #j4e ,length of trunk from base of skull to sacrum #bb ,length of rib #a4e ,length of scapula #c ,maximum width of clavicle #b ,length of humerus #b4e ,length of ilium #a4e ,length of femur #b ,length of tibia #a4e ,length of tail impression #ba4e ,width of tail impression at base #d ,genus ,,eumicrerpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ccj1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 ,the genus is established on three well-preserved specimens representing nearly the entire anatomy4 ,the generic characters are found in the very broad posterior table of the skull1 with its short length1 reduction of tympanic notch1 and shortness of body4 ,the body-length of ,eumicrerpeton 7plate #e1 fig4 #a7 is less proportionately than that of other closely allied genera4 ,other generic characters are found in the sharp postero-lateral angle of the skull1 and it is to be distinguished from ,micrerpeton1 especially1 by the short1 stumpy limb bones4 ,the narrow1 elongate eye1 placed close to the edge of the skull1 is a character not observed hitherto in the ,branchiosauria4 ,the genus is closely allied to ,branchiosaurus of ,europe4 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #dj1 p4 #dcj1 fig4 #a1 #aiaa4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cca-ccf1 pl4 #c1 figs4 #c and #d2 pl4 #d2 pl4 #e1 fig4 #a2 pl4 #f1 figs4 #a and #b1 #aiab4 ,moodie1 ,amer4 ,nat41 #dd1 pp4 #cfg-cge1 figs4 #a-d1 #aiaj4 ,moodie1 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #ghi1 p4 #bcc4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hjc1 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,other specimens1 ,no4 #hjb1 ,yale ,university ,museum1 and ,no4 #ddjj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the impression of the outline of the entire body is preserved 7plate #c1 figs4 #a and #b7 in three specimens1 and in all are found molds and impressions of the alimentary canal1 which1 in one specimen 7#dga71 are remarkably complete and instructive4 ,the three specimens will be discussed separately1 since they show different features4 ,the impression of the larger animal 7,no4 #hjc1 ,yale ,university ,museum71 which is probably an adult1 presents the following elements3 the entire skull1 both humeri1 impressions of posterior and anterior ventral armature1 portions of the alimentary canal1 one femur1 portions of a fibula and tibia1 and the entire impression of the tail1 on which1 as in ,micrerpeton caudatum1 there occur two definite dark lines1 one beginning at the tip of the tail and running obliquely along the tail to where the impression is broken at the anal region2 the other beginning at a distance of #d4e mm4 from the tip and running almost parallel with the median line4 ,these two lines undoubtedly represent the lateral-line system4 ,the skull is especially noted for its shortness and the great posterior width1 as well as for the almost entire absence of the tympanic notch4 ,the pineal foramen is located on a line with the posterior border of the orbits4 ,the eyes themselves are narrow and acuminate at each end1 with a pronounced convexity inwards and a flattening on the outer margin4 ,they are located on the very border of the skull1 but relatively more posterior than in ,micrerpeton4 ,no sclerotic plates are evident4 ,the median suture can be indistinctly observed running the entire length of the skull4 ,the sutures bounding the outside of the f rentals and the squamosals are partially evident1 but not satisfactorily preserved4 ,the mandible is represented by a mold which in wax impression shows short1 stumpy teeth4 ,posterior to the skull at a distance of a millimeter there are two sharp impressions which may represent the anterior edges of the interclavicle or they may be branchial elements4 ,they are distinctly curved1 however1 and probably represent portions of the interclavicle4 ,a wax impression does not show a discrete structure1 but the boundaries of some larger element4 ,no other remains of the pectoral girdle can be discerned4 ,the humeri are short and relatively thick4 ,wax impressions show them to have had truncate or slightly concave ends1 thus indicating the absence or slight development of the endochondrium4 ,no other elements of the arm are preserved4 ,the impression of an elongate femur and the heads of the tibia and fibula of the left side are preserved4 ,the ventral armature is preserved in two small patches1 and these show the chevron-shaped rods to have been very fine much more delicate than in ,micrerpeton4 ,the body impression is very instructive and interesting1 both in showing the form of the body and because in it are preserved the larger portions of the alimentary canal4 ,the form of the body can best be discerned by reference to the figures 7plate #c1 figs4 #a and #b2 plate #e1 fig4 #a74 ,the portions of the alimentary canal preserved consist of the greater portion of the stomach1 three coils or loops of the small intestine1 the rectum1 and a pit which undoubtedly represents the anal opening4 ,the anus is found at a distance of #af mm4 from the tip of the tail and is somewhat removed from the body portion1 as in modern salamanders4 ,on each side of the posterior end of the rectum there occur a pair of enlargements which probably represent the oviducts at their posterior ends 7fig4 #ae1 ,c74 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #c #a4 ,the larger specimen of ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 #a4 #b4 ,the smaller specimen of ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 #a4 #c4 ,type specimen of ,erpetobrachium mazonensis ,moodie4 #a4 #d4 ,type specimen of ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie4 #a4 #e and #f4 ,type specimen of ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum ,moodie4 #a4 #g4 ,a copy of ,cope's drawing of the type specimen of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 ,the original was destroyed by fire4 #c4 ,the tail impression is more acuminate than in ,micrerpeton1 but shows the same structures as in that form1 i4e41 the lateral lines which have already been mentioned4 ,micrerpeton was a more rapid swimmer than the present form on account of the greater development of the tail4 ,the second specimen of the species 7,no4 #hjb1 ,yale ,museum7 shows much the same character as the specimen already described1 except that there are impressions of small1 blunt teeth on the mandible4 ,the two humeri and the femur of the left side are preserved and the interclavicle is represented by an identical impression1 as in the first-described specimen4 ,the tail impression1 though similar in form1 does not exhibit so much of the structure of the lateral lines 7fig4 #ae1 ,b74 ,the matter of especial interest in connection with this second specimen is the remarkably perfect preservation of the alimentary canal1 which is entire1 except for the very anterior end of the sophagus4 ,the posterior portion of the sophagus1 which measures #c4e mm41 is clearly preserved4 ,its anterior end is thrown around posteriorly and indicates that this end was loosened after death and became displaced before fossilization4 ,the length preserved may represent the entire sophagus4 ,the sophagus is constricted before it enters the stomach1 which shows the usual curvature found in modern salamanders4 ,the stomach measures #f mm4 in length by #b mm4 in breadth1 and consists of a single enlargement as in the modern ,amblystoma punctatum4 ,it increases in size somewhat toward the pyloric end and then very gradually constricts to the pylorus4 ,three divisions of the small intestine can be seen4 ,the most anterior one1 corresponding to the duodenum1 is segmented1 as though the intestine had been filled with food before interment4 ,the remainder of the intestine1 corresponding to the ilium1 is looped in the form of two figures #h which are superimposed1 with the upper portions of the #h at right angles to each other4 ,the rectum is clearly discernible1 though its lower portion is somewhat obscured by having the lower part of the upper loop of the intestine lying over it4 ,the anus lies at a distance of #a4e mm4 posterior to the transverse line from1 the upper end of the femur1 and is quite well back on the tail1 as in modern salamanders4 ,in this specimen also occur two oval bodies which may be identified as the lower ends of the oviducts1 thus indicating1 in all probability1 that the animal was a female4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,mazon ,creek ,amphibia4 ,a4 ,third specimen of ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie1 which exhibits the alimentary canal well preserved4 #b4 ,original in ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 a1 anus2 f1 femur2 h1 humerus2 ic1 interclavicle2 in1 intestine2 m1 mandible2 or1 orbit2 st1 stomach2 t1 tibia and fibula4 ,b4 ,type specimen of ,amphibamus thoracatus ,moodie4 ,original in ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 #b 7,for description see ,p4 #acb47 ,a dissection of several species of modern caudates has resulted in the discovery that the adult condition of the alimentary canal of all the species dissected 7,amblystoma punctatum1 ,necturus maculosus1 ,diemyctylits torosus1 ,d4 viridescens1 etc47 is much more complex than that exhibited by the specimen under discussion4 ,a very near approach to the condition found in ,eumicrerpeton parvum is found in an immature branchiate individual of ,diemyctylits torosus1 #ef mm4 in length1 from a fresh-water pond on ,mount ,constitution1 on ,orcas ,island1 ,puget ,sound1 ,washington4 ,the similarity of the intestinal structure is of considerable importance to our understanding of the relationship existing between the ,carboniferous ,branchiosauria and the modern ,caudata1 and only confirms other arguments1 offered in another place 7#dei71 concerning their immediate relationship4 ,the branchiosaurian affinities of the present species are almost too evident to need discussion4 ,the entire structure is essentially similar to that of other genera of the order4 ,the third specimen of this species 7,no4 #ddjj of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum7 is almost as perfectly preserved as were the other two specimens4 ,the skull structure1 the intermediate position of the pineal foramen1 the epiotic notch1 and the shape of the skull are essentially similar to the described specimens of the species4 ,the present specimen is more developed than the other two and probably represents an adult4 ,the alimentary canal is perfectly preserved4 ,it is nearly half again as long as the smallest of the above-described specimens1 and the skull is proportionately longer and wider4 ,there is preserved also an impression of the anterior ends of both clavicles4 ,the right humerus is imperfectly preserved1 as is also the right femur and tibia2 other than these the fossil is merely an impression4 ,the skull is so similar to those described above that additional description is unnecessary4 ,the pineal foramen is quite large and lies on a line which cuts the orbits into equal longitudinal parts4 ,the interorbital space is about equal to the long diameter of the orbit4 ,traces of sclerotic plates are observed in the left orbit1 but they are quite imperfect4 ,the alimentary canal 7fig4 #ad;a7 is unlike the previously described structures1 in that the intestine is longer and more convoluted4 ,it lies in five longitudinal folds and ends in an enlarged cloaca1 near which there are impressions of two glands1 or the posterior ends of the oviducts1 as was suggested for the ,yale specimens4 ,the creatures undoubtedly fed on small plants and animals much as do the recent salamanders4 ,measurements of ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 ,no4 #hjc 7#bbb71 ,yale ,university ,museum3 mm4 ,length of animal #cg4e ,length of skull #d4e ,posterior width of skull at table #f ,long diameter of eye #a4ge ,transverse diameter of eye #fe ,length of left humerus #a4ej ,number of ventral armature rods in #a mm #aj ,length of femur #a4ge ,width across base of tail impression #c4e ,length of tail from base to tip #ag ,no4 #hjb 7#dga7 ,yale ,university ,museum3 mm4 ,length of animal #cj ,length of skull #d ,posterior width of skull #e ,length of sophagus #c4e ,length of stomach #f ,width of stomach #a4cc ,estimated length of intestine #ah ,width across base of tail impression #b4e ,length of tail from base to tip #g ,no4 #ddjj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum3 mm4 ,length of entire animal #de ,length of skull #f ,width of skull #i ,transverse diameter of orbit #a4ej ,long diameter of orbit #b4be ,interorbital space #b4ej ,diameter of pineal foramen #ej ,length of body from back of skull to pelvis #bb ,greatest width of body #i ,length of tail #af ,width of tail at base #e ,length of humerus #c ,length of femur #b4ej ,length of tibia 7fibula87 #a4ge ,length of stomach #c ,length of intestine 7estimated7 #e4f ,width of intestine #a ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #d #a and #b4 ,vertebr of ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie4 #a4 #c4 ,type specimen of ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie4 #a4 #d4 ,type skeleton of ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie4 #j4i4 #e and #f4 ,the halves of the nodule containing a practically complete skeleton of ,amphibians grandiceps ,cope4 #a4 ,originals of above figures in the ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,genus ,,mazonerpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ccf1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,m4 longicaudatum ,moodie4 ,the genus is distinguished from other known branchiosaurian genera by the great length of the dorsal region1 the elongate tail 7plate #e1 fig4 #b71 with its well-developed caudal ribs1 the reduction of the tympanic notch1 the broad nature of the scapula1 the elongate interclavicle1 and the slender ilium4 ,the number of dorsal vertebr is identical with that of ,branchiosaurus of ,saxony4 ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum ,moodie4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #ccg1 pl4 #c1 figs4 #a-b2 pl4 #g1 fig4 #c2 pl4 #aj4 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #gie 7#abcd71 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 7,plate #c1 figs4 #e and #f47 ,the remains consist of the following elements3 an incomplete skull2 nearly the entire vertebral column1 consisting of cervical1 dorsal1 sacral1 and caudal vertebr1 #cf in number2 several ribs preserved on each side of the vertebral column2 a portion of the ventral armature2 the scapul2 a clavicle2 the interclavicle2 both humeri2 the radius and ulna of one side and the ulna of the other2 portions of both hands2 the ilium of the right side2 both femora1 and a partial impression of the left tibia4 ,the skull is1 unfortunately1 very poorly preserved4 ,enough remains1 however1 to determine the essential characters4 ,the skull bones1 unlike any other ,american branchiosaurian1 have an ornamentation consisting of sharp pits and elevations which in places have a quincuncial arrangement and in others take the form of definite lines of pits or tubercles similar to the condition found in many of the ,microsauria4 ,the orbits are large and are situated back of the median transverse line of the skull4 ,they are almost circular in form and contain #f elongated sclerotic plates very closely arranged around the borders of the right orbit4 ,the plates are twice as long as wide4 ,the interorbital width is #a4be times the transverse diameter of the orbit4 ,not many of the sutures of the skull are discernible4 ,portions of the frontals1 the nasals1 the prefrontals1 the parietals1 and the supratemporals can be identified4 ,their arrangement is shown in figure #ad;a4 ,there is a decided posterior table to the skull1 with truncate posterior border4 ,the tympanic notch is shallow1 with its outer border not so well protected as in ,branchiosaurus4 ,the cervical vertebr are incomplete1 but their number was #d or #e1 as in ,micrerpeton4 ,the structure of the dorsal vertebr is also uncertain1 although the shape can be discerned4 ,the vertebr are short and thick1 very unlike the long1 cylindrical vertebr of ,cephalerpeton4 ,the heavy transverse process is quite evident on the best preserved vertebr4 ,this process recalls that described by ,credner for the ,saxony ,branchiosauria4 ,several of the vertebr show the articulation of the ribs with this process4 ,the ribs of the caudal region recall very strongly those of ,branchiosaurus4 ,they are quite heavy in the anterior caudal region and then diminish rather rapidly to the point where the tail is broken and lost4 ,the ventral armature is represented by a patch of chevron rods #ba mm4 in length4 ,the rods take a very peculiar form1 being short crescentic bundles of fine rods1 hair-like in appearance4 ,in one of these bundles ,i count #e smaller rods4 ,the bundles are arranged in rows similar to the pattern so characteristic of the ,carboniferous ,amphibia1 as described elsewhere4 ,the patch of ventral armature preserved belongs to the abdominal region4 ,a single row of the crescentic bundles measures #aa mm4 ,both scapul are preserved in their entire form4 ,they are quite different from those of any other genus1 being broadly crescentic with a posterior concavity and an anterior protuberance4 ,the anterior surface of both scapul is obscured4 ,vascular foramina occur near the base of both scapul2 there being three of them in the right scapula1 arranged in the form of an isosceles triangle4 ,the morphology of these foramina is uncertain4 ,they have never been observed among the ,carboniferous ,amphibia1 and1 so far as ,i am aware1 they are entirely unknown among higher vertebrates4 ,the temnospondylous ,amphibia of the ,carboniferous and ,permian possess1 in the cossified scapula-coracoid1 three foramina1 very similar to the ones in the present form1 but they are confined to the coracoidal region and1 in the ,branchiosauria1 as identified by ,credner1 the coracoid is a free element1 although ,i have never been sure of its identity among ,american forms4 ,williston has called these foramina the glenoid1 the supraglenoid1 and the supracoracoid foramina 7,journal ,geology1 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #g74 ,they are not1 however1 to be correlated with the three foramina above mentioned1 since in the ,temnospondylia the foramina belong with the coracoid and not with the scapula4 ,the condition of the ,temnospondylia occurs in the bony fish ,xiphactinus audax ,leidy1 and an analogous condition obtains in the reptiles1 as in the ,mosasaurs and ,dinosaurs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad;a4 ,skeleton of ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum ,moodie4 c1 carpus2 cl1 clavicle2 cr1 caudal ribs2 cv1 caudal vertebr2 h1 humerus2 f1 femur2 or1 orbit2 r1 radius2 sp1 sclerotic plates2 sc1 scapula2 u1 ulna3 vs1 ventral scutell4 ,from ,mazon ,creek4 ,original in ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,near the outer edge of the right scapula there is a large fragment preserved1 which1 ,i think1 must be the misplaced clavicle4 ,it is obscurely triangular or1 more exactly1 spatulate4 ,the interclavicle is represented by fragments only1 and seems to have had a narrow form4 ,the humeri recall those of ,micrerpeton4 ,they are somewhat elongate and apparently cylindrical in their normal condition1 although somewhat flattened in the fossil4 ,the shaft is considerably constricted at the middle and the ends are expanded1 in which expansion the lower end exceeds4 ,the ends are abruptly truncate1 indicating a small amount of endochondral ossification or its entire absence4 ,the mesopodial elements1 unlike what is described for ,cephalerpeton1 are quite dissimilar in form1 recalling the condition in ,mesosaurus brasiliensis ,mc,gregor4 ,the larger element is1 apparently1 the ulna4 ,it has the lower end greatly expanded and the shaft is curved outward1 resembling very much a reptilian ulna4 ,the radius is much smaller than the ulna1 lacks the lower expansion1 and is shorter by #a mm4 ,the carpus is represented merely by a blank space1 with evidences of impressions of cartilage in the sandstone4 ,the hand of the right side contains #d phalanges4 ,there are #b phalanges preserved in the first digit1 including a sharp-pointed terminal phalanx1 and the second digit has only the metacarpal4 ,the third has the metacarpal and the first phalanx1 which does not differ in form1 but only in size1 from the metacarpal4 ,the fourth digit contains only the metacarpal4 ,of the left hand there are portions of #c digits preserved1 including #c metacarpals and a phalanx1 which in structure are not different from those of the right hand4 ,the ilium of the left side is preserved1 apparently entire4 ,it is elongate and cylindrical1 its upper end adjoining the twenty-eighth vertebra4 ,the head of the femur lies close to the lower end of the ilium1 so that that element must have been suspended in the flesh1 much as in modern salamanders4 ,it could not have been of much use as a support for the body4 ,the form of the femur is not unlike that described for the humerus1 save that its lower end is smaller than the upper1 while in the humerus the extremities are of equal diameter4 ,a portion of the right femur is preserved1 extending in an opposite direction to the left4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of entire specimen #fd ,length of portion of skull preserved #f4e ,posterior width of same #g ,width across orbits #aa ,long diameter of orbit #c ,transverse diameter of orbit #a4ge ,interorbital width #d4ge ,length of dorsal vertebr #dh ,length of caudal series #aa ,length of anterior dorsal centrum #b ,length of anterior dorsal rib #d ,length of anterior caudal rib #a4ge ,length of scapula #e ,greatest width of scapula #d4be ,probable length of interclavicle #f ,width of same #c ,length of clavicle #d4e ,width of same #a4e ,length of right humerus #f ,distal width of same #b ,length of ulna #c4be ,distal width of same #a ,length of radius #c ,width of carpal space #b ,length of metacarpal #a4gd ,length of first phalanx #a4ge ,length of distal phalanx of right hand 4#ce ,number of chevron rods in #a mm4 #d ,length of ilium #b4be ,length of femur #d ,proximal width of femur #a4ej ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cda1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #c2 pl4 #h1 fig4 #d2 pl4 #i1 fig4 #b2 pl4 #aj4 #aiab4 ,the remains on which the present species is based are inclosed in a much fractured nodule4 ,the parts of the animal which have been identified are3 a part of the skull and left mandible1 two clavicles1 a humerus1 impressions of several vertebr1 a portion of the dorsal region of the body with several ribs1 two portions of the caudal region with several ribs and unidentified fragments4 7,plate #d1 fig4 #c47 ,the animal1 from the shape and form of the ribs1 is undoubtedly a branchiosaurian1 since short1 heavy1 straight ribs have not yet been found to be associated with other than branchiosaurian structures4 ,it is placed in the genus ,mazonerpeton on account of the structure of the pectoral elements1 the form of the humerus1 and the length of the tail1 all of which agree in structure with ,mazonerpeton longicaudatum4 ,the animal attained1 perhaps1 a length of #d4e inches1 while that of ,m4 longicaudatum was about #c inches4 ,the tail in the present species is very long and slender1 more elongate than in any other known branchiosaurian4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad;b4 ,skeleton of ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie4 #a4e4 ,original in ,yale ,university ,museum1 dv1 dorsal vertebra2 ch1 neutral spines2 cl1 clavicle2 cv1 caudal vertebr2 f1 femur3 h1 humerus2 m1 mandible2 rb1 rib2 sk1 skull2 v1 vertebr4 ,the part of the skull preserved is very unsatisfactory and1 aside from the fact that it seems to represent the under side of the left half of the skull1 little can be said4 ,three sutures can be observed1 but what sutures they are is undetermined4 ,the left mandible lies crushed on the edge of the skull and partially obscures what little there is of that structure4 ,the slightly curved impression1 from which the bone has been either broken or weathered1 measures #ac mm4 in length by #c mm4 in posterior diameter by #a mm4 in anterior diameter4 ,these measurements show the element to have been slender and pointed anteriorly4 ,very little accurate information can be derived from the study of the vertebral column of the specimen1 nor can the dorsal vertebral formula be made out1 since only a portion of the length of that region is preserved and only a few rather indefinite impressions can be discerned4 ,these impressions show the vertebr to be short and higher than in most ,branchiosauria4 ,the caudal series is represented by two sections1 one of which is1 apparently1 from near the base of the tail1 judging from the size of the caudal ribs preserved2 the other is from near the tip of the tail1 and shows the constituents to have been long and slender4 ,ribs are apparently absent on this section4 ,the position of the two caudal sections shows that when the animal died it was coiled up much like a snake1 so that in the fractured nodule three sections of the body are visible4 ,the tail was probably half as long again as the body4 ,the ribs throughout the body are short1 heavy1 and straight1 with1 in the dorsal series1 a lateral and a distal expansion which is taken as a distinctive specific character4 ,judging from imperfect impressions in the dorsal series1 the ribs were attached to a transverse process of the centrum1 thus agreeing with other branchiosaurians in this respect4 ,the ribs show a progressive decrease in length from the cervical region to the point of their disappearance on the tail4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #e #a4 ,a reconstruction of the possible appearance in life of the ,coal ,measures branchiosaurian1 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie1 a small1 primitive salamander1 less than #b inches in length1 based on three specimens from the ,mazon ,creek ,shales4 ,the lateral-line organs are represented as dark bands on the tail1 the sense-organs being1 apparently1 situated beneath specialized pigmented scales1 to which is due the preservation of the lines4 #b4 ,a restoration1 natural size1 of the branchiosaurian1 ,mazonerpeton1 based on two specimens4 ,the form of the animal is quite salamander-like4 ,it is shown when about to feed on a specimen of ,acanthotelson stimpsoni1 which is said to be a brackish-water crustacean4 ,the branchiosaur and crustacean may possibly have inhabited the same body of water4 ,the pectoral girdle is represented by two elements1 one of which is certainly the right clavicle1 and the other is possibly the left clavicle1 though its form is somewhat distorted by pressure4 ,both elements are in the form of an elongate spatula with the dorsal surface greatly concave and the inner end acuminate4 ,the right humerus is imperfectly preserved1 though the impression allows one to gain an exact idea of its form4 ,it lies under the right clavicle4 ,its ends are truncate with a contracted shaft and expanded extremities2 the bone was apparently hollow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,a4 ,impression of ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie4 bb1 basibranchial2 hyp1 hypohyals2 m1 mandible2 d1 body impression4 #c4 ,b4 ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 a1 anus2 f1 femur2 h1 humerus2 in1 intestine2 l1 liver2 st1 stomach2 r1 radius2 u1 ulna4 #c4c4 ,c4 ,larger specimen of ,eumicrerpeton parvum ,moodie4 a1 anus2 d1 dorsal lateral-line2 h1 humerus2 in1 intestine2 ml1 median lateral-line2 st1 stomach4 #b4f4 ,d4 ,skeleton of ,erpetobrachium mazonensis ,moodie4 cl1 clavicle2 h1 humerus2 r1 radius2 sc1 scapula2 u1 ulna4 #b4 ,e4 ,rib of ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie4 #b4e4 ,originals in the ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,in another nodule 7,no4 #hjd1 ,yale ,museum7 there is a single bone preserved which resembles1 to a great extent1 a rib of the present species 7fig4 #ae1 ,e71 although somewhat larger1 and it has been provisionally identified as such4 ,the element is very slightly curved1 but shows the expanded head of the rib of this species4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,mazonerpeton costatum ,moodie4 ,no4 #hjj 7#ggg71 ,yale ,university ,museum3 mm4 ,length of portion of skull preserved #ad ,length of right clavicle #af ,width of right clavicle #d ,length of dorsal region represented #cj ,length of cervical rib #h ,length of dorsal rib #f-e ,length of caudal rib #c ,length of caudal portion of body preserved #ee ,length of mandible #ae ,greatest width #f ,length of right humerus #aj ,greatest width of humerus #b ,no4 #hjd 7#ccb71 ,yale ,university ,museum3 ,length of rib #aa ,width of head of rib #b ,diameter of shall #a ,sparodus sp4 7874 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,sue4 ,london1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdc1 pl4 #dj1 figs4 #eb to #ef1 #ahhb4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,,xii1 p4 #ge4 #aie4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,the material on which the above determination is based was collected in #ahgh by ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson in the coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,nothing has been collected since that date that would give additional information as to the nature of the form represented4 ,i give here ,dawson's description of the remains3 ,in the coaly matter or mineral charcoal at the base of tree ,no4 #aj appeared a few fragments of an animal which may possibly belong to the above-named genus of ,fritsch1 though ,i am by no means certain of this identification or of the real nature of the animal4 ,the skull is represented by a fragment of a maxillary or intermaxillary bone1 with blunt conical teeth4 ,it is smooth or marked merely with microscopic dots4 ,there is also a fragment which may be a palatal bone studded with minute teeth4 ,a few vertebr associated with the above bones are long and narrow1 with large zygapophyses and long neural spines4 ,length of body 7i4e41 of the vertebra7 about #c millimeters4 ,with these remains are a few bony scales different from those of any other species found in these trees1 and more resembling scales of ,ganoid ,fishes4 ,they are somewhat rectangular in form1 enameled on the surface and beautifully sculptured with waving lines4 ,in the same trunk were found some teeth and bones referable to ,hylerpeton dawsoni1 and it is not impossible that the remains above referred to may have belonged to some creature devoured by that animal1 and which would not otherwise have obtained admission to the interior of an erect tree4 ,the tree itself had been removed by the sea1 all but a little of the base1 and this was in a very unsatisfactory state1 so that doubt might even exist as to the limit between the deposit in the interior of the tree and that under its base4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae;a4 ,type material of ,sparodus1 consisting of a1 a tooth 7 #be72 b1 four of the smaller teeth 7in maxilla87 7 #be72 c1 three bony scales 7 #e72 d1 fragment of a limb bone 7 #b72 e1 a vertebra 7 #b74 7,after ,dawson47 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,order ,,caudata ,,dum,,ril1 #ahjf4 ,,coal ,,measures ,,to ,,recent4 ,naked-skinned1 elongate1 tailed salamanders1 mud-puppies1 efts1 newts1 etc4 ,external gills present or absent in adult condition1 but always present in young4 ,limbs short1 with usually #d digits on hand and #e on foot1 but this is subject to much difference4 ,limbs never very stout4 ,carpus and tarsus cartilaginous4 ,skull roof without the postparietal1 postorbital1 and supratemporal4 ,skull elements never ornamented and never cut by the lateral-line canals4 ,vertebr consisting of a single element2 ribs short1 attached to an elongate transverse process4 ,caudal ribs seldom present4 ,parietal foramen lacking4 ,no ventral armature4 ,fresh-water inhabitants4 ,suborder ,,proteida ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,this order agrees generally with the ,caudata1 but presents one most important feature of difference in the presence of the opisthotic4 ,it is this point which gives the ,proteida its intermediate position between the extinct amphibians and the recent species1 and seems to indicate a connecting line from the ,coal ,measures down to the present4 ,the structure of the hyobranchial arches sustains this view4 ,the hyoid apparatus differs from that of other adult ,caudata and resembles that of their larv in having three epibranchials1 instead of one only4 ,the second basibranchial is also connected with the first1 which is not the case with the other ,caudata4 ,three extinct genera are placed tentatively in this suborder4 ,family ,,cocytinid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ab1 #ahge4 ,the present family1 as here defined1 includes the forms whose structure seems to ally them with the modern salamanders4 ,the character on which most dependence is placed is that of the branchial apparatus1 lacking in ,hyphasma4 ,the forms are all incompletely known and the family will doubtless require revision on acquisition of additional material4 ,three genera1 each with a single species1 are3 ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope4 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,based on the ventral impression of the skull1 with the well-developed branchial apparatus4 ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie4 ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 shales4 ,based on impression of mandibles and branchial apparatus4 ,hyphasma lvis ,cope4 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,based on incomplete and obscure amphibian body1 lacking limbs4 ,genus ,,cocytinus ,cope1 #ahga4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahga1 #agg4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #cfj1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope4 ,vertebr and ribs osseous2 teeth on the premaxillary bone1 none on the maxillary2 hyoid elements largely developed1 an axialhyal with basihyal on each side1 closely united with the corresponding ceratohyal1 at the end of which is an element in the position of a stylohyal2 hmal or basibranchials #c1 the anterior #b1 each supporting i pleural branchihyal1 and the third supporting one also1 the first hmal branchihyal on the inner side of the ceratohyal1 approaching the median line1 and with elongate pleural element4 ,the reference by ,cope of this genus to the ,caudata is one of the most interesting facts connected with the ,paleozoic ,amphibia4 ,he says3 ,the present genus is1 then1 to be referred to the neighborhood of ,amphiuma and ,protonopsis1 but forming the type of another family 7#abc74 ,he regards the branchial apparatus as being more fish-like than that of any of the modern genera4 ,it is possible that ,cocytinus gyrinoides was a larval branchiate and consequently aquatic form4 ,it should be more fully compared with ,erierpeton branchialis from the ,mazon ,creek shales when better known1 as well as with ,hyphasma lvis from the ,linton locality4 ,all three of these forms are included1 provisionally1 under the ,cocytinid4 ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 p4 #agg1 #ahga4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #bgh1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfd-cfe1 pl4 xxxix1 fig4 #d1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfac ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,obverse of ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 #b4 pmx1 premaxill3 mx1 maxilla2 m1 mandible2 ah1 axialhyal2 h1 basal branchihyal2 ch1 ceratohyal2 bv1 hmal branchihyal2 b1 b,i,i1 b,i,i,i1 b,i,i,i,i1 pleural branchihyals4 ,two specimens of this interesting amphibian are known1 one of them fairly complete 7,no4 #befd1 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist474 ,the type specimen consists of the inferior bones of the cranium in a fairly complete state of preservation1 with the muzzle and its teeth2 also #h anterior vertebr1 with their short recurved ribs4 ,the condition of the hyal elements in the type specimen is as follows3 the hmal elements of the first branchial arch are partially concealed on both sides of the ceratohyal4 ,an expanded truncate face for attachment to the axial element is visible on both sides1 but the body of the bone is flat and presents the edge of the specimen4 ,the first pleural element proceeds from just behind the axialhyal2 it is longer than the other pleural elements4 ,a slender bone is visible extending from the space between the ceratohyal and mandibular angle2 it may1 therefore1 pertain to the suspensorium of the jaw as well as to that of the hyiod arch1 or be squamosal as well as stylohyal4 ,the second hmal bone is slender1 but with an enlarged axial extremity2 that of the right side is not so well preserved as to be safely determined4 ,the third hmal elements are the smallest1 and originate immediately in front of the occipital condyles and diverge outwards and backwards4 ,they are little curved1 subcylindric1 and slightly expanded at the extremities4 ,of the pleural elements the first and second are little curved and the first is marked by a pit or foramen on the under side near the distal end1 which is clearly visible on both sides of the specimen4 ,the third and fourth pleurals are more curved and the outer ends slightly expanded and directed backwards4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #f ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen4 ,mandibles1 parts of anterior extremities1 humerus1 etc4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original specimen in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the obverse of the specimen 7fig4 #af7 shows that the anterior axialhyal is wedge-shaped4 ,the lateral basihyals are massive4 ,the second hmal branchihyal is dilated1 fan-shaped distally1 and supports two pleural elements4 ,the muzzle projects over the lower jaw and was rather broadly truncate4 ,the premaxillary teeth are cylindric and #f in number on each side4 ,the maxillary bone is represented by a lamina at each lateral extremity of the premaxillary4 ,the mandibular rami are very stout1 as are also the ceratohyals4 ,the vertebr have possessed some apophyses1 apparently keel-shaped diapophyses4 ,the ribs are slightly curved4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of specimen #cb ,length of skull #ab ,posterior width of skull #aa ,length of premaxilla #e ,length of mandible #aj ,length of axialhyal #c ,length of postbranchial #d ,width of vertebra #a ,length of vertebra #c ,length of rib #f ,the other specimen of this species 7fig4 #af;a7 is interesting in having #dj consecutive vertebr preserved1 and #ai pairs of ribs attached in their natural relations to the skull and hyal elements4 ,there are a few hyal elements preserved1 but nothing is added to our previous knowledge4 ,the ribs are quite as in the type specimen1 as are also the vertebr4 ,the animal was apparently a slender1 eel-shaped amphibian comparing favorably with the modern ,amphiuma in this respect4 ,there are no indications of limbs or limb girdles4 ,fig4 #af;a4 ,nearly complete specimen of ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,original in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #j4ie4 ,measurements 7,no4 #befd1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history74 mm4 ,length of entire specimen #aac ,length of skull #ae ,width of head posterior #ae4e ,length of vertebra #b ,length of rib #d ,genus ,,erierpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cbh1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie4 ,the generic characters are found1 first of all1 in the presence of hyobranchial arches which indicate its relationship to the formerly described ,cocytinus gyrinoides ,cope1 from ,ohio4 ,the only other known extinct genera of ,caudata which possess1 or at least have preserved1 the hyobranchial arches are the ,jurassic ,hylobatrachus from ,belgium and ,lysorophus from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,the present form is widely distinct from both of these genera in the shape of the mandible and the form and arrangement of the hyobranchial bars4 ,the genus ,erierpeton finds its closest ally in ,cocytinus1 in the family ,cocytinid1 which possibly belongs in the order ,caudata and the suborder ,proteida of ,cope4 ,erierpeton branchialis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cbi-ccj1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #c2 pl4 #b1 fig4 ,i1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hja 7#bbb7 #e1 ,yale ,university1 ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the amphibian remains designated by the above name consist of a distinct mandible and some rather indefinite body impressions 7plate #c1 fig4 #d74 ,three elongate impressions occur between the rami of the mandibles 7fig4 #ae1 ,a71 which1 ,i suppose1 must represent hyoid bones belonging to the hyobranchial arches4 ,the lateral elements are paired and the median impression is straight and lies between the paired impressions of the hyoids4 ,the paired portions probably represent the hypohyals or hypohyals plus the ceratohyals1 and the unpaired portion of the first basibranchial1 according to the nomenclature of ,wiedersheim 7,comparative ,anatomy of ,vertebrates1 #ahig1 p4 #hf74 ,if the impressions have been correctly interpreted the present specimen is of very great interest1 since it is the first evidence we have of the hyobranchial arches in the ,amphibia of ,mazon ,creek1 and the second in the ,carboniferous of ,north ,america4 ,dawson doubtfully identified 7#baf7 some elements of the ,joggins ,amphibia as hyoids1 but was uncertain as to their position4 ,cope described fully the well-developed hyobranchial apparatus of ,cocytinus gyrinoides 7#abc7 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 ,among other ,paleozoic ,amphibia ,williston 7#fad7 has described branchial arches in the peculiar form ,lysorophus tricarinatus ,cope1 from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,the form of the impression of the mandible in the present specimen is unlike anything known to the writer among other ,carboniferous or later ,amphibia4 ,the rami are long1 slender1 deep1 slightly curved1 and pointed anteriorly4 ,the anterior symphysis was not a complete sutural union1 but was occupied partly by cartilage or other connective tissue4 ,there are no definite traces of the appendicular skeleton4 ,the traces of the body 7fig4 #ae1 ,a7 indicate an elongated1 rather slender animal1 but further than this nothing can be said in regard to its structure4 ,the occurrence of a typically caudate form in the ,carboniferous is unusual and complicates still further our understanding of the origin and relationships of the early ,amphibia4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of entire impression #ej ,length of mandible along median line #aj ,width of mandibular ramus #i ,length of basibranchial #b4e ,width of basibranchial #j4ge ,length of hypohyal #b4d ,width of hypohyal #a4e ,genus ,,hyphasma ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,phil41 p4 #af1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #chg1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,hyphasma lvis ,cope4 ,vertebr osseous1 the posterior dorsals1 and probably the caudals1 furnished with fan-like neural spines2 limbs unknown--787 wanting4 ,thoracic shields present4 ,ventral armature1 consisting of rhomboidal scuta1 forming packed rows arranged in chevrons1 directed backwards1 on top of which are the usual rod-like scales arranged in packed chevrons1 with the angle directed forward4 ,the general appearance of the type of this genus is that of a ,ptyonius1 but the ventral armature is different from anything observed in the known genera of this group4 ,the larger external scuta are like those of the species of ,colosteus 7,sauropleura71 but their series have a different direction4 ,the inner chevrons are those of many other genera 7#abc74 ,hyphasma lvis ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,sci4 ,phil41 p4 #af1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio41 #aa1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #chg1 pl4 #cg1 fig4 #d1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ijbc 7in counterpart71 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,in the only known specimen the vertebr have low and squarely truncate neural spines near the head1 and some distance anterior to the tail they are quite conspicuous and delicately line-grooved4 ,the body is slender and probably limbless4 ,the thoracic scuta are large and close to the head2 the median is produced at both ends1 but chiefly anteriorly while the lateral are narrow2 all are without sculpture ,the head is seen from below4 ,the mandibular rami are not so slender as in most species of ,ptyonius1 but are rather stout4 ,they are a little incurved distally1 so that the form of the muzzle is somewhat narrowed1 but not produced4 ,the teeth are not visible4 ,ten rows of the outer layer of scuta in #j4jje m4 7#abc74 ,the specimen is very indistinctly preserved and the characters given by ,cope can not all be made out4 ,it is puzzling to see just on what he bases his conclusion4 ,it is possible that the specimen is a poorly preserved ,ptyonius4 ,the outlines of the vertebr are so indistinct that ,i am uncertain about them4 ,in certain lights there appear to be regular impressions which resemble the spines of the vertebr of ,ptyonius1 but they are doubtful4 ,the skull appears totally distinct from any known species of ,ptyonius1 but it is very imperfect4 ,the condition of the pectoral elements is very uncertain and ,i can not be sure that what ,cope described as thoracic scuta are such4 ,the interclavicle1 however1 is clearly preserved as a diamond-shaped structure4 ,it is almost smooth1 with a few faint radiating lines near the base4 ,it measures #e mm4 in greatest breadth by #h mm4 in length4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of specimen as preserved #fd ,length of skull #ae ,greatest width of skull #h ,width of body #h ,length of #g cervical vertebr #ae ,length of median thoracic scuta #aj ,width of same #d ,width of clavicle #b ,length of mandibular ramus #ab ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,definition ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,salientia1 ,,laurenti1 #agfh4 7,world-wide distribution47 ,naked1 tailless ,amphibia of compact form1 and with usually proclous vertebr4 ,caudal vertebr coalesced into a slender elongate piece1 the urostyle4 ,two elements of the tarsus ossified and greatly elongated4 ,development by metamorphosis2 gills never present in adult4 ,ilium greatly elongated4 ,the order is suggested in the ,coal ,measures by a single species1 known from a single poorly preserved specimen 7plate #bd1 fig4 #a74 ,the form ,pelion lyelli ,wyman was the first known of the ,linton ,amphibia1 and its striking frog-like 7#abc1 #fci7 appearance was early noticed4 ,there is no assurance that the species belongs with this order1 but since a well-developed and highly specialized frog 7#dhj1 #dha7 occurs in the ,como ,beds 7#dje7 of ,wyoming1 it is not impossible that we may have in the ,pelion lyelli a suggestion 7#dfj71 at least1 of the ancestral structure4 ,it is certain that the frogs have1 in past ages1 had a much greater length of vertebral column than they possess at present1 as is witnessed by the coalescence of several vertebr to form the urostyle4 ,it is suggested that the ancestral vertebral column is represented in ,pelion4 ,family ,,peliontid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #a1 p4 ,,ii1 #ahge4 ,the present family includes but a single species1 that of ,pelion lyelli ,wyman1 first described in #aheh 7#fdj71 from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,the family characters are to be found in the broad and obtusely rounded cranium1 in the frog-like scapular arch1 the frog-like hind limb1 and in the form of the palate1 so far as these structures have been preserved4 ,it has been suggested that the present form shows decided affinities with the frogs of to-day and it may possibly be looked upon as the actual ancestor of the living frogs4 ,the length of the vertebral column would seem to militate against such a relationship1 since it is well known that frogs have had a short vertebral column since the ,jurassic 7#dhj1 #dha74 ,but this is not a good argument1 since the developing urostyles of modern tadpoles show metameric fenestrations in the developing bone which doubtless correspond to openings between the vertebr4 ,the notochord of the tail is segmented1 apparently through the influence of former vertebral structure4 ,at any rate1 the suggestion is an interesting one and1 whether sustained or disproven1 the present discussion is based on the probabilities of the case4 ,genus ,,pelion ,wyman1 #ahfh4 ,wyman1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#b71 ,,xxv1 p4 #afj1 #aheh 7,raniceps74 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phil41 #ahfh1 #baa 7,pelion1 suggested in letter to ,cope by ,wyman74 ,type3 ,pelion lyelli ,wyman4 ,the only specimen of the species exhibits an inferior view of a portion of the skeleton2 and the obverse1 on which the thoracic and abdominal armor could have been preserved1 has not come under my observation4 ,the specimen1 however1 does not exhibit any ribs1 although the vertebr are well preserved4 ,as observed by ,professor ,wyman1 the genus presents some points of similarity to the ,anura 7,salientia74 ,the prolongation of the angles of the mandible is of this character1 as well as the general form of the head4 ,the bones of the forearm may be united as in the frogs1 and the length and curvature of the femur are seen among these animals rather than the ,salamanders4 ,the form of the femur is different from that of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 which also differs in the presence of dermal scales and ventral scutell4 7#abc47 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #g ,hylerpeton dawsoni ,owen4 ,above3 ,mandible1 teeth1 rib1 and bones of extremity4 ,below3 ,bones of pelvis and posterior limb and bony scales4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation1 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original specimens in ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 ,pelion lyelli ,wyman4 ,wyman1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#b71 ,,xxv1 p4 #afj1 #aheh4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phil41 #ahfh1 p4 #baa4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cij1 pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,monthly1 ,,lxxii1 p4 #efb1 fig4 #a1 #aijh4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #giji ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #bd1 fig4 #a47 ,this was the first species described from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 deposits4 ,it was made known by ,dr4 ,wyman in #aheg at the meeting of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science for that year4 ,the species was subsequently studied by ,cope4 ,he merely confirmed ,wyman's observations4 ,the following description is based on the descriptions of ,cope and ,wyman and on my own study of the type specimen4 ,this is the most frog-like1 in appearance at least1 of all the ,amphibia which have so far been discovered in the ,carboniferous4 ,the skull especially has a shape which is strikingly frog-like1 and the long hind limbs lend further likeness to the tailless forms4 ,pelion may have been a jumping creature1 if we may judge from its long hind legs4 ,wyman and ,cope have both called attention to the frog-like appearance of the specimen1 and this is apparent at the first glance4 ,it is probable that the resemblance has some significance as to the ancestry of the ,salientia1 and it may indicate the first step in the origin of the tailless ,amphibia4 ,it is possible that the frogs began to be separated from the other ,amphibia during the ,carboniferous4 ,the first frogs we know are from the ,jurassic1 where they are well-developed ranids4 ,if ,pelion be a frog ancestor1 then the history of the group from the ,coal ,measures to ,jurassic is an unknown story4 ,the specimen is preserved on its back and it is thus impossible to tell as to the structure of the skull4 ,cope was of the opinion that the depressed areas on the sides of the elongate parasphenoid were the orbits1 and if so the resemblance to the frogs is much more striking4 ,in the frogs there is a strong process from the pterygoid which projects inward to meet a corresponding process from the parasphenoid4 ,this forms a heavy rod behind the palatine vacuity4 ,there is a heavy rod represented in the specimen and a part of it is certainly the external process of the parasphenoid1 but whether it is to be interpreted as in the frog is an open question4 ,the outline of the cranium is partially obscured by the mandibles1 but the anterior part is represented by a raised line1 as shown in figure #ag4 ,in the anterior part of this space there are two ridges which may be tooth ridges4 ,if they are teeth there is a great similarity to the premaxillary and vomerine teeth of ,necturus1 since the ridges are widely separated at the median line and approximated distally1 as they are in ,necturus4 ,the mandible is preserved entire and its form is strikingly frog-like4 ,its posterior angles project over the quadrate area and seem to have had an upturned projection such as is found in the mandibles of the ,crocodilia4 ,there are impressions of #bj vertebr preserved1 and they cover a little more than half of the presacral region4 ,there may have been #bh to #cj presacrals4 ,the vertebr1 as preserved1 are somewhat quadrate in outline and constricted at the middle1 as though they were of the typical microsaurian type4 ,no ribs are preserved4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,pelion lyelli ,wyman1 an amphibian from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio1 the supposed ancestral salientian4 7,after ,wyman47 #j4ge4 pmx1 premaxilla2 pv1 palatine vacuity2 m1 mandible2 sc1 scapula-coracoid2 h1 humerus2 r-u1 radius and ulna2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia4 ,there is an impression anterior to the right humerus which may represent a part of the pectoral girdle1 but its form is so obscure that it can not be determined4 ,the pelvic girdle is entirely wanting in the specimen4 ,remains of the fore and hind limbs are preserved4 ,the arms are especially well preserved and consist of a strong humerus1 a separate radius and ulna1 and phalanges1 the carpus having undoubtedly been cartilaginous1 since there are no traces of carpal bones4 ,wyman has figured a small ossicle 7fig4 #ag7 which might be interpreted as a carpal1 but it is further removed from the carpal region than his figure shows and ,i would interpret it as a fragment of a phalange1 since the first digit seems to be turned aside over the vertebral column4 ,the right hand is but imperfectly preserved1 but the left hand is nearly entire4 ,there are evidences of #d digits1 possibly #e4 ,the metacarpals are elongate and rather stout4 ,the phalanges of the distal series have been lost1 so the phalangeal formula can not be determined4 ,on the whole1 the hand has a very broad aspect and is not at all slender1 as in the majority of the microsaurians from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 ,it resembles in a great measure the broad hand of a toad and may thus be indicative of a terrestrial life4 ,the humerus is well developed and has pronounced swellings1 as though for the attachment of strong muscles4 ,these indications would favor the view of the animal being a land dweller4 ,the femur and a part of the tibia 787 of the right side are all there is preserved of the hind limb4 ,these elements show the leg to have been quite long1 though weaker than the fore limb4 ,the femur has a large distal articular surface4 ,the fibula is1 apparently1 absent1 though it may simply be lost4 ,the genus ,pelion stands alone among the ,carboniferous ,amphibia4 ,the form can not be placed in the order ,branchiosauria on account of the well-developed limb bones and the large mandible4 ,it may belong with the ,microsauria4 ,i have placed it under the ,salientia in the hope of learning more about the early relatives of the tailless forms4 ,there is no assurance at all that it is even ancestral to the ,salientia1 but the resemblances are striking4 ,the following gives the measurements of the type specimens3 ,measurements of the ,type ,specimen4,b mm4 ,length of specimen1 as preserved #aaj ,median length of the skull #bd ,width across the mandibular angles #be ,greatest width of skull #cj ,length of vertebral column from occiput to sacral region #hj ,length of left humerus #ai ,width of distal end of left humerus #e4e ,length of radius and ulna #aa4e ,width of distal end of radius #b ,length of digit ,,ii1 as preserved #af ,length of digit ,,iii1 as preserved #ad ,length of femur #bd ,width of distal end of femur #d ,length of tibia #ah ,footnote ,b3 ,the type specimen was collected in #aheg by ,dr4 ,john ,v4 ,lauderdale1 who presented it to ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,subclass ,,lepospondylia ,,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,,coal ,,measures ,,to ,,permian4 7,europe and ,north ,america47 ,the group is here defined according to the ,english edition of ,zittel's ,text ,book of ,paleontology1 #aijb1 p4 #abe4 ,notochord persistent and enclosed in constricted bony cylinders1 hour-glass-shaped in longitudinal section4 ,teeth simple1 conical1 hollow4 ,according to ,zittel there are two families1 the ,microsaurid and the ,aistopodid4 ,the latter family is dealt with under ,aistopoda 7p4 #gf7 and it is there shown that the group is in no wise a valid one4 ,the former family is regarded as an order and is fully entitled to that rank4 ,as defined here the subclass ,lepospondylia contains but a single order1 the ,microsauria4 ,extinct1 terrestrial1 aquatic1 or semi-aquatic amphibians2 skull pitted and grooved by lateral-line canals and by sculpturing marks1 or the skull may be smooth2 teeth present on most of the palate bones2 exoccipitals cartilaginous or calcified1 never completely osseous2 sclerotic plates sometimes present2 skull of various shapes4 ,vertebr with notochord largely persistent1 hour-glass-shaped2 neural spines low or high1 or absent2 ribs intercentral and single-headed1 with an incipient tubercle in some forms2 vertebral column differentiated into dorsal and caudal series2 cervical series not clearly defined4 ,limb bones with well-ossified perichondrium1 endochondrium partly ossified2 epiphyses absent2 carpus and tarsus 7tarsus osseous in two species7 cartilaginous2 phalanges clawed or not2 digits #d in hand and #e in foot4 ,pubis sometimes calcified but never osseous4 ,definition of the ,order ,microsauria ,dawson1 #ahfc4 ,coal ,measures ,and ,permian4 7,europe and ,north ,america47 ,lizard-like1 sometimes longicaudate1 stegocephalous1 lepospondylous1 ambulatory or legless amphibians2 skull bones usually sculptured with pits and grooves2 lateral-line canals well developed on skull bones2 skull with horns from tabulare and supratemporals or without horns2 branchi never persistent2 sclerotic plates present2 orbits usually well forward4 ,vertebr hour-glass-shaped2 endochondral bone weakly developed throughout skeleton1 especially in vertebr2 notochord largely persistent2 neural spines low and rudimentary or long1 fan-shaped1 and highly ornamented4 ,dorsal series of vertebral column variable2 usually from #bb to #cj2 tail containing sometimes over #ge vertebr1 or tail very short with #b weakly developed vertebr2 caudal ribs present1 in those forms with long caudal series the distal vertebr sometimes exhibiting #b pleurocentra4 ,ribs long and curved1 always intercentral in position1 single-headed1 with at times an incipient tubercle4 ,pectoral girdle composed of scapul1 clavicles1 coracoids1 and interclavicle4 ,pelvic girdle composed of osseous rod-like ilium1 plate-like ischium2 pubis cartilaginous1 sometimes calcined4 ,limbs present or wanting or weakly developed1 sometimes present in front and wanting behind4 ,radius and ulna and tibia and fibula free2 carpus and tarsus usually cartilaginous2 digits #d in hand and #e in foot1 terminal phalanges sometimes clawed4 ,phalangeal formula for the hand #b-b-c-b1 for the foot #b-b-c-d-c4 ,abdomen covered with dermal armature composed of osseous or corneous rods or scutes2 overlapping scales1 fish-like in appearance1 sometimes present over the entire body2 body also covered with lizard-like scales or naked4 ,the order ,microsauria was established by ,sir ,william ,dawson in #ahfc 7#bjh7 as a family of reptiles for the reception of the genera ,hylonomus1 ,hylerpeton1 ,smilerpeton1 and ,fritschia4 ,hylonomus lyelli is the type species of the order4 ,dawson 7#baf1 p4 #fce7 says of the species ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson3 ,it is the type of the genus ,hylonomus and of the family ,microsauria4 ,the forms which have been referred to the genus ,hylonomus1 and hence to the order ,microsauria1 from the deposits of ,europe are discussed under ,hylonomus4 ,the ,microsauria have been regarded by the writer and others as being ancestral in a sense to some of the later reptiles 7#dfi71 but there seem to be insuperable obstacles in the way of a direct derivation of the reptiles from the ,microsauria4 ,one of these obstacles seems to be found in the structure of the hand4 ,in all ,microsauria1 so far as is known1 there is no evidence of more than #d digits in the hand1 while no true primitive reptile possessed less than #e4 ,the carpus of all true reptiles is osseous1 while that of the ,microsauria is merely cartilaginous4 ,it is possible that the ,microsauria stand in some such ancestral relation to the later reptiles as the ,crossopterygia 7#dhi;b7 do to the ,amphibia4 ,the ,microsauria had undergone adaptive modifications as to structure and habit1 so that they have paralleled many of the groups of reptiles1 but their structure is quite different4 ,the evidence1 as far as we can see now1 points to a close genetic relation between the reptiles and the ,microsauria1 but that this relation is ancestral ,i1 for one1 am not ready to say4 ,the ,group ,aistopoda ,miall1 #ahgc1 is untenable4 ,the group ,aistopoda was established in #ahgc as section ,,ix by the ,committee of the ,british ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 in their ,tabular ,view of the ,classification of the ,labyrinthodonts4 ,l4 ,c4 ,miall 7#ddi1 #dej7 was the secretary of the committee1 and the report was published in two parts4 ,two genera were at that time attributed to the ,aistopoda1 ,ophiderpeton and ,dolichosoma1 both described by ,huxley from the ,coal ,measures of ,kilkenny1 ,ireland4 ,fritsch 7#bea1 pp4 #ajg-abf7 in #ahhc refers to the group as ,familie and describes #d genera and #i species as belonging to the group4 ,zittel 7#fdb1 p4 #chc7 refers to the group as ,familie and places #e genera in it4 ,smith-,woodward 7,vertebrate ,paleontology1 #ahih1 p4 #abi7 refers the ,aistopoda to a suborder4 ,in ,eastman's translation of ,zittel's ,paleontology the group is called a family1 ,aistopodid4 ,lydekker 7#cic1 p4 #bje7 regards the group as a suborder4 ,the writer 7#dfi7 refers the ,aistopoda to an order4 ,the group ,aistopoda has been adopted by practically all paleontologists and zoologists who have had occasion to refer to these animals4 ,lydekker 7#cic7 in #ahij defined the group as follows3 ,body long and snake-like1 without limbs1 and apparently without pectoral or pelvic girdles4 ,vertebr with elongated centra and aborted neural spines4 ,ribs slender1 and barbed like those of fishes4 ,teeth smooth1 without plications of the dentine4 ,external gills probably persistent4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #h ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson4 ,above3 ,bones of skull and anterior extremity1 and bony rods of belly4 ,below3 ,bones of pelvis and posterior extremity4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation1 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original specimen in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 ,if now we take up a consideration of each of the characters mentioned by ,lydekker we find that the first one holds good for all examples of the group4 ,the second character1 without limbs1 is not good4 ,species of stocephalus1 ,ptyonius1 ,molgophis all possess limbs2 and doubtless ,ophiderpeton will be found to possess limbs also1 since it has a well-developed pectoral girdle4 ,the limbs in all of these genera are small4 ,the third character1 apparently without pectoral and pelvic girdles1 is not at all a good character1 since nearly every specimen of some species and almost all species show evidences of pectoral girdles and a few exhibit pelvic girdles4 ,the fourth character1 vertebr with elongated centra and aborted neural spines1 is not a good distinguishing character1 since ,amphibamus1 an undoubted microsaurian1 possesses the same vertebral characters4 ,ribs slender1 and barbed like those of fishes is a character which is common to several widely distinct genera4 ,all ,microsauria possess long1 slender ribs1 and the barbed condition is one which is possessed by only a few1 ,thyrsidium1 ,ophiderpeton1 etc41 the so-called barb being merely a highly exaggerated tuberculum4 ,the teeth of nearly all ,microsauria are smooth1 so that the character teeth smooth is not a good one for a group definition4 ,it has not been possible to examine any of the ,american specimens for the plication of the dentine1 since the forms are so rare and the fossils very fragile4 ,the last character1 external gills probably persistent1 is certainly not true for the ,american species1 and the evidence for the ,european species is negative4 ,fritsch described and figured 7,fauna der ,gaskohle1 ,bd4 ,i1 #ahhc1 p4 #aad1 ,tafeln #ah and #bc7 structures which he regarded as supporting structures for the external branchi4 ,he says in regard to these structures3 ,bei dem ,umstande1 dass sie von der ,kiemengegend aus sich bschelfrmig verbreiten und man ihren ,contakt mit einer ,art von ,branchi constatiren kann1 zweifle ich nicht daran1 dass diese ,stbchen dem ,kiemenapparate angehren4 ,bedenklich ist nur ihre grosse ,zahl und das ,vorkommen bis zum #aften ,wirbel und ich erwog die ,mglichkeit1 dass diese ,stbchen einem zarten ,bauchpanzer angehren knnten4 ,da aber weiter im ,verlaufe der ganzen ,wirbelsule nichts ,aehnliches vorkmmt1 so ist man gezwungen anzunehmen1 dass ,dolichosoma sehr grosse lange ,kiemenbschel besessen haben muss4 ,john ,samuel ,budgett 7#gi1 p4 #afb71 in his discussion of the ,structure of the ,larval ,polypterus1 refers to the above-described specimen of aistopodous ,stegocephali1 i4e41 ,dolichosoma longissimum ,fritsch1 and calls especial attention to the similarity of the external rod of segmented cartilage on the hyomandibular of ,polypterus to this structure1 to which ,fritsch has assigned a branchiate nature in ,dolichosoma4 ,there is no doubt in the mind of the present writer1 however1 that the rod of cartilage1 referred by ,fritsch to the gills1 can be other than scutellate rods of the ventral armature1 these rods belonging to the armature of the breast or throat4 ,the evidence for this conclusion is furnished by ,fritsch himself 7,fauna der ,gaskohle1 ,bd4 ,i1 plate #ah1 fig4 #aa71 where all may read in the figure of the specimen the facts of the case4 ,there is quite evidently no justification for ,fritsch's conclusion of the branchiate nature of ,dolichosoma4 ,there is no evidence of any gill-like structure in the ,american snake-like amphibians of the ,coal ,measures4 ,reviewing1 then1 the characters of the group which have been assigned by various observers1 it will be seen that there is but a single character which holds good3 body long and snake-like4 ,this is totally insufficient for the retention of the group4 ,i therefore propose to abolish the group entirely from zoological classification4 ,it is not even a family4 ,it will1 however1 be convenient to refer to the snake-like forms as aistopodous4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,hylonomid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,nova ,,scotia4 ,family ,,hylonomid ,fritsch1 #ahhc4 ,fritsch1 ,fauna der ,gaskohle und der ,kalksteine der ,permformations ,bhmens1 ,bd4 #a1 p4 #aei1 #ahhc4 ,lydekker1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 ,,iv1 p4 #bja1 #ahij4 ,the following characterizations of the family are those given by ,lydekker 7#cic1 p4 #bja7 based on ,fritsch 7#bea73 ,body slender and lizard-like2 skull narrow1 with smooth or faintly sculptured bones2 neural spines of vertebr well developed1 and long1 slender ribs4 ,teeth smooth1 or with grooved summits4 ,the whole body covered with sculptured scutes4 ,internal gills may be developed4 ,fritsch 7#bea1 ,bd4 ,i1 p4 #aei7 gives the following in his original description3 ,stegocephali von ,baue schlanker ,eidechsen mit schlanken langen ,rippen4 ,wirbel amphicoel mit stark entwickelten oberen ,dornfortstzen4 ,schdelknochen glatt oder schwach verziert4 ,schuppen gross1 verziert1 den ganzen ,krper deckend4 ,zhne glatt oder mit verzierte ,spitze4 ,kiemenbogen bei einigen angedeutet4 ,mittlere ,kehlbrustplatte unbekannt4 ,coracoidea hnlich wie bei ,branchiosaurus schlank1 winkelig gebogen4 ,fritsch includes the following genera in the family3 ,hylonomus1 ,hyloplesion1 ,smilerpeton1 ,seeleya1 ,orthocosta1 and ,ricnodon4 ,the family includes the following species3 ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 latidens ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 multidens ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 wymani ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 fritschii ,gein4 and ,deichm41 ,saxony4 geinitzi ,credner1 ,saxony4 787 pictus ,fritsch1 ,bohemia4 wildi ,woodward1 ,england4 ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylerpeton dawsonii ,owen1 ,nova ,scotia4 intermedium ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 longidentatum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,genus ,,hylonomus ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xvi1 p4 #bgd1 figs4 #ad-ah1 #ahfj ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of ,the ,coal ,period1 p4 #dd1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb4 pl4 #aa1 p4 #fcd4 ,credner1 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 #ahij 7,,ix ,theil1 die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier74 ,type3 ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson4 ,the genus ,hylonomus is a very important one from a taxonomic viewpoint1 since it was regarded by ,dawson 7#baf1 p4 #fce7 as the typical genus of the order ,microsauria1 the most abundant group in the ,carboniferous4 ,unfortunately the species of the genus ,hylonomus are known only from fragmentary remains4 ,i have reproduced in plate #i ,dawson's figures of the remains of ,hylonomus as published by him in #ahia4 ,dawson 7#baf7 gave1 in #ahhb1 the following definition of the genus ,hylonomus3 ,form lizard-like1 with the posterior limbs somewhat large in proportion to the anterior4 ,size1 small4 ,mandibular and maxillary teeth numerous1 small1 conical1 pointed4 ,palatal teeth minute4 ,abdominal scales oval4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #i ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson4 #a1 maxill and skull bones2 #a;a1 sternal bones2 #b1 mandible2 #c1 humerus1 ribs1 and vertebr2 #d1 posterior limb2 #e1 pelvis2 #f1 caudal vertebr4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation1 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original in the ,british ,museum4 ,credner 7#ahf71 ,fritsch 7#bea1 ,bd4 #a1 p4 #hi1 ,taf4 #ab1 figs4 #a1 #d1 #ae71 and ,woodward 7#fbi7 have referred remains of ,microsauria discovered in the ,coal ,measures or lower ,permian deposits of ,saxony1 ,bohemia1 and ,lancashire1 ,england1 to the genus ,hylonomus4 ,there is much uncertainty as to the validity of these references1 due to the uncertain nature of the type of ,hylonomus4 ,there are #d ,american species of the genus3 ,hylonomus latidens ,dawson1 ,h4 lyelli ,dawson1 ,h4 multidens ,dawson1 and ,h4 wymani ,dawson4 ,all the species are from the ,coal ,beds at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,hylonomus lyelli ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xvi1 p4 #bgd1 figs4 #ad to #ah1 #ahfj4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #dd1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fce1 pl4 #ci1 figs4 #a to #ad and #bg4 ,dawson1 ,acadian ,geology1 #c;d ed41 #ahhj1 p4 #cgj4 ,type3 ,specimens ,nos4 ,r #ddc to #dde in the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbc74 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation of the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,this species is by far the most abundant 7plate #i7 in the erect trees examined by ,dawson4 ,its characters ,dawson 7#baf7 defines as follows3 ,general form lizard-like1 with the hind limbs rather larger than the fore limbs4 ,length when mature1 #e to #f inches4 ,head somewhat elongate2 bones of skull smooth or with microscopic stri1 perfectly united1 except at the parietal foramen4 ,occipital condyle double1 and apparently bony4 ,teeth simple1 conical1 numerous1 about forty in each mandible1 and nearly equal1 except that a few of the anterior ones are rather larger than the others4 ,the teeth are anchylosed to the jaw in a furrow protected by an external bony plate4 ,vertebr with cylindrical bodies1 slightly concave at the ends4 ,when partly exfoliated they appear hour-glass-shaped1 in consequence of the internal cartilage having the form of two cones attached by their apices4 ,zygapophyses conspicuous above2 neural arches united to the bodies of the vertebr1 and with broad neural spines4 ,dorsal vertebr with strong lateral processes4 ,caudal vertebr apparently simple and cylindrical4 ,number of vertebr in neck and trunk about thirty4 ,ribs long and curved1 with capitulum and tuberculum1 cartilaginous within4 ,anterior limb slender1 humerus with distinct keel2 radius and ulna separate2 toes four or five4 ,posterior limb with well-developed femur2 tibia and fibula shorter1 separate2 toes five1 somewhat long and slender4 ,pelvis large1 composed of ilium and ischium4 ,interclavicle and numerous scutell are present4 ,upper surface protected with imbricated horny scales4 ,in front two rows of horny tubercles and plates1 with epaulettes composed of bristle-like fibers projecting from the skin4 ,the animal possibly fed on insects1 as is indicated by the coprolitic matter associated with the remains of the species4 ,the following measurements are given by ,dawson for the largest individual discovered3 ,length of head about cm4 #b ,length of neck #a4c ,length of trunk #g ,length of posterior limb to heel cm4 #c ,length of mandible #a4h ,teeth1 #e in #a mm4 ,length of rib cm4 #a4c ,length of humerus #a4d ,length of femur #a4h ,length of tibia #a4b ,length of body of vertebra mm4 #b4e ,hylonomus latidens ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcg1 pl4 #ci1 figs4 #ah-bb4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahie1 p4 #gd4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-a1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbd7 also has a specimen1 ,no4 ,r #ddg4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,fragments of #c specimens from #c trees represent this species 7plate #aj74 ,it seems to have been of stouter build than ,h4 lyelli1 with the limbs shorter in proportion4 ,its generic affinities are somewhat doubtful1 as it presents in some respects characters intermediate between ,hylonomus and ,hylerpeton4 ,mandibular and maxillary teeth broadly conical1 about #bj in each mandible #c in #a mm42 anterior mandibular teeth somewhat larger than the others1 and bent or hooked4 ,vomer or palate with minute teeth4 ,thoracic plate large4 ,scales of abdomen oval1 but somewhat narrow1 and tending to be oat-shaped4 ,length of mandible 7imperfect7 mm4 #i ,length of humerus mm4 #g ,length of vertebra mm4 #b ,length of tibia 787 mm4 #e ,length of thoracic plate cm4 #a ,length of six caudal vertebr mm4 #h ,hylonomus multidens ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,h1 p4 #fcg1 pl4 #ci1 figs4 #bc-bf4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahie1 p4 #gd ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-b1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,this animal is known only by portions of bones of the head and a few other fragments4 ,the scattered bones of the extremities are inseparable from those of ,h4 lyelli occurring with it4 ,as compared with that species1 the bones of this are smoother and more delicate4 ,the teeth are more numerous and slender4 ,the crushed distal end of a femur or humerus found near the skull indicates that the limbs were well developed4 mm4 ,length of mandible #aa length of skull #ae ,length of femur #i ,teeth1 #e to #f in #a mm4 ,hylonomus wymani ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xvi1 p4 #bgg1 figs4 #bg-bi1 #ahfj4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #eb1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcg1 plate #ci1 figs4 #ae-ag4 ,dawson1 ,acadian ,geology1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cgh4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,there is also specimen ,no4 ,r #ddf in the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbd74 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,as compared with the ,h4 lyelli the present species is smaller in size1 more elongated in form1 had the teeth less numerous 7about #bb in the mandible71 and shorter and more obtuse in form4 ,there are #f to #g in ,i mm4 ,this species is much more rare than ,h4 lyelli1 but quantities of minute bones1 probably belonging to it1 occur in the coprolitic matter4 ,in one specimen #ch vertebr of this species were found partially associated1 indicating along1 slender body4 ,the body is covered with scales and ventral scutell are present4 ,dawson questions whether this species may not be the young of ,h4 lyelli4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #aj ,hylonomus latidens ,dawson4 ,skull1 portion of skeleton1 foot1 scapula1 sternal bones1 humerus1 and rib1 believed to belong to this species4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation4 ,nova ,scotia4 ,nearly natural size4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 mm4 ,length of skull #h ,length of mandible #e ,length of rib #e4e ,length of femur #f ,length of humerus #e ,genus ,,smilerpeton ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,h1 p4 #fcd4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahie1 p4 #gd4 ,type3 ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson4 ,the type species was originally referred to ,hylonomus1 but further study induced ,dawson to refer it to a new genus4 ,dawson gives 7#baf7 the following characteristics of the genus3 ,form somewhat elongated1 and limbs short4 ,mandibular and maxillary teeth wedge-shaped1 with cutting edges4 ,palatal teeth numerous1 some of them large4 ,abdominal scales oval4 ,a single species is known1 ,s4 aciedentatum1 from the ,coal ,measures at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xvi1 p4 #bge1 figs4 #ai to #bc1 #ahfj4 ,dawson4 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #fe1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fch1 plate #dj1 figs4 #bh to #de4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahie1 p4 #ge4 ,dawson1 ,acadian ,geology1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cgf4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-c1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbd7 also has a specimen1 ,no4 ,r #dcc4 ,the important characteristic 7plate #ab7 is found in the form of the mandibular and maxillary teeth1 which are of a peculiar wedge-shape1 being broad and oval at the base and narrowed to a longitudinal edge at top4 ,thus1 when viewed from the side they appear narrow and blunt1 but when the jaw is broken across1 and they are viewed from the rear or front1 they appear broad and sharp-edged4 ,the effect of this arrangement is that the jaw is armed with a closely placed series of chisels or wedges1 giving an almost continuous edge4 ,at the end of the mandible some of the teeth are longer and more conical4 ,another important character is that the palatal and vomerine bones seem to have bristled with teeth1 mostly of very small size2 but there are also some larger palatal teeth1 of which some are sharply pointed and others blunt with furrowed points4 ,the vertebr are of the same type as those of ,hylonomus2 but some which appear to be caudal have a pointed spine above1 indicating perhaps a flattened tail4 ,the ribs are short and stout4 ,the body seems to have possessed an interclavicle and ventral scutell4 ,above it was1 apparently1 clothed with small tubercles and horny scales1 and to have had cuticular pendants like those of ,dendrerpeton4 ,an additional species of this genus was apparently indicated by some fragmentary remains1 but ,dawson thought best not to describe them as such1 since they might indicate only a young individual of the present species4 ,length of mandible #a4e cm4 ,length of femur #a4e cm4 ,length of humerus 787 #a4c cm4 ,length of vertebra #c-e mm4 ,length of rib #a cm4 ,there are #e teeth in #b mm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,skeletal elements of ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 7,after ,dawson47 a1 shaft of femur1 #b2 b1 intermaxillary and teeth1 #be2 c1 sections of teeth1 #be2 d and e1 palatal teeth1 #be2 f1 femur1 #b2 g1 rib1 #b2 h1 palate2 i1 caudal vertebr2 j1 long palatal tooth1 #be2 k1 bony scale4 ,genus ,,hylerpeton ,owen4 ,owen1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xviii1 p4 #bda1 #ahfb4 ,dawson1 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#c71 ,,xii1 p4 #ddc1 #ahgf4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcd4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahie1 p4 #gd4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #ee1 pl4 vi1 figs4 #cb-df1 #ahfc4 ,body stout1 with strong limbs4 ,mandibular and maxillary teeth strong1 not numerous1 grooved at apex4 ,palatal teeth numerous1 and some of them large4 ,thoracic plate broad4 ,abdominal scales pointed or oat-shaped4 ,type3 ,hylerpeton dawsoni ,owen4 ,hylerpeton dawsoni ,owen4 ,owen1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xviii1 p4 #bda4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #ee1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,acadian ,geology1 p4 #chj4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fci1 pl4 #da1 figs4 #fb-he4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahid1 ,,xii1 p4 #gd4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-d1 ,peter ,red path ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,there are also specimens1 ,nos4 ,r #dda and #ddb1 in the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbe74 7,plate #g47 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,bones of skull slightly striated1 but not sculptured as in ,dendrerpeton4 ,lower jaw with distinct ascending ramus or coronoid process1 a feature not known in any other of the ,nova ,scotia fauna1 but observed by ,cope in ,brachydectes4 ,teeth1 #ab in each ramus of the mandible1 bluntly conical1 slightly striated at the apex4 ,pulp-cavities large and longitudinally striated at the sides1 though the teeth are not folded4 ,maxilla furnished with similar teeth1 one of which near the front is larger than the others4 ,palatal teeth numerous1 small1 conical1 with a few large teeth at the sides4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #aa ,hylerpeton longidentatum ,dawson4 ,mandible and other bones4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation1 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original specimen in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ab ,smilerpeton aciedentatum ,dawson4 ,mandible1 portions of skull1 scales1 and various bones4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,coal formation1 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia1 photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original specimen in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 ,vertebr short1 cylindrical1 well-ossified1 with well-developed zygapophyses and neural spines2 ribs strong and much curved1 with well-developed division of the proximal ends2 pelvis imperfect1 but apparently large1 with broad ilium4 ,humerus half the length of the mandible2 radius half as long as humerus2 femur very large and stout1 nearly as long as the mandible2 leg bones and phalanges correspondingly stout4 ,the thoracic plate 7plate #g7 is indicated only by some fragments4 ,the abdominal scales are narrow and pointed 7oat-shaped71 smooth externally and with a ridge at one side within4 ,the following are the dimensions of the largest specimen3 ,length of mandible #d4d cm4 ,length of largest tooth #e mm4 ,length of femur #c4e cm4 ,length of tibia #b cm4 ,length of humerus #b cm4 ,length of radius #a4e cm4 ,length of vertebra #f mm4 ,length of rib #c cm4 ,length of scales #e to #g mm4 ,hylerpeton longidentatum ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#c71 ,,xii1 pp4 #ddj-ddg1 #ahgf4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdj1 pl4 #db1 figs4 #hf to #aji4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahid1 ,,xii1 p4 #gd4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-f1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,there is also a specimen1 ,no4 ,r #ddj1 in the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbe74 7,plate #aa47 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,head much elongated1 with the bones minutely pitted1 and with delicate microscopic strife1 but not sculptured4 ,mandibular and maxillary teeth long and acute1 pointing backwards1 with the apex of their inner sides finely striated2 #bj or more in each ramus of the lower jaw2 palatal bones with several long1 slender teeth and many minute teeth4 ,the mandibles found are not complete1 but there are indications that there was an ascending process as in ,h4 dawsoni1 but less developed4 ,the narrowness of the dentary bone is caused in part by the lower posterior edge being bent inward and by the posterior end being broken off above4 ,vertebr short and stout1 and apparently well ossified4 ,ribs long1 with double head and much curved4 ,humerus longer than femur1 which is short and stout1 if the bone taken for it is rightly determined4 ,abdominal scales narrow1 oat-shaped2 thoracic plate large1 broadly oval4 ,measurements of ,hylerpeton longidentatum ,dawson4 ,length of mandible #d cm4 ,length of vertebra #e mm4 ,length of rib #c cm4 ,length of humerus #a4e cm4 ,length of femur 787 #a4b cm4 ,length of tibia #h mm4 ,length of mandibular teeth #c mm4 #f to #g teeth in #a cm4 ,hylerpeton intermedium ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,,xii1 p4 #ge1 #ahie4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-e1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,this species is known only by the mandibles and portions of the skull1 which are rather shorter than those of adult individuals of the last species4 ,the extremity of the mandible and the cranial bones have the same slightly waved surface as in the other species4 ,mandibles #c cm4 long and the teeth1 which are about #ae in each ramus of the lower jaw1 are simple1 with large pulp cavities1 those of the maxillary bone slightly enlarging upwards1 and intermediate in form between the long1 slender teeth of ,h4 longidentatum and the thick1 obtuse teeth of ,h4 dawsoni4 ,coal formations1 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia1 in erect tree1 discovered by ,p4 ,w4 ,mc,naughton1 #ahic4 ,genus ,,fritschia ,dawson1 #ahhb4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fcd4 ,lydekker1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbe1 #ahhi4 ,type3 ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson4 ,body lizard-like2 limbs large and well-ossified1 mandibular and maxillary teeth conical1 grooved at the apex4 ,abdominal scales slender and rod-like4 ,fritschia curtidentata ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahhb1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fda1 pl4 #dc1 figs4 #aaj-abh4 ,dawson1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#c71 ,,xii1 p4 #ddd1 #ahgf4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-g1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,there is also specimen ,no4 ,r #ddi1 in the ,british ,museum 7#cic1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbe74 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,represented by #b specimens 7plate #h74 ,bones of the head very smooth1 only a few microscopic punctures4 ,teeth conical1 somewhat obtuse1 striated at the inner side of the apices2 there are about #cj in each ramus of the mandible1 and about #bg in the maxillary bone4 ,teeth implanted in a furrow4 ,vertebr short and well ossified1 #c in #a cm4 ,ribs strong1 curved1 about #a cm4 in length4 ,limbs robust1 the bones better ossified than in any other known species from ,nova ,scotia4 ,toes of foot probably #e1 central ones long and slender4 ,interclavicle of moderate size and somewhat rounded4 ,ventral scutell needle-like4 ,length of mandible 7imperfect7 #b4a cm4 ,length of maxilla #b cm4 ,length of rib #a cm4 ,length of humerus #b cm4 ,length of femur #b4d cm4 ,length of radius and ulna #a cm4 ,length of toe in foot #g mm4 #h teeth in #e mm4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,tuditanid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio ,,and ,,pennsylvania4 ,family ,,tuditanid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceg1 #ahge4 ,lizard-like microsaurians2 cranial elements strongly sculptured with pits or grooves or almost smooth1 with weak punctulations4 ,orbits usually well forward2 squamosal sometimes excluded from the parietal2 skull hornless2 teeth pleurodont1 conical and sharp1 smooth or slightly plicate2 clavicle of a triangular shape1 which is characteristic of all the species2 vertebr well developed and phyllospondylous1 the osseous portion being merely a hollow cylinder1 hour-glass-shaped2 ribs curved1 long1 attenuated and intercentral2 digits clawed2 ventral armature absent in all but a single species and the association of the species is doubtful2 tail moderate in length4 ,three genera with #ac species included in the family4 ,these species are3 ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 brevirostris ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 longipes ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 minimus ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 walcotti ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 obtusus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 tabulatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 minutus ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 sculptilis ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 acutirostris ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 tuberculatus ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,the association of these species in the one family is provisional and will need revision on the acquisition of new and more complete material4 ,genus ,,tuditanus ,cope1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bga1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cia1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope4 ,the genus as here defined is a somewhat composite group and it is quite probable that some of the species here included will have to be removed to another genus when the anatomy of the forms is better known4 ,the species of the genus are all moderately small1 the largest barely attaining a length of #h inches4 ,there are #e species of ,tuditanus thus far known4 ,all of the species are characterized by the possession of a peculiar triangular-shaped clavicle with radiating grooves1 and this has been taken as one of the distinctive characters of the genus1 as well as of the family4 ,the structure of the cranium where known is quite uniform among the different species4 ,the squamosal is quite large and the supratemporal is not always closely joined to the parietal4 ,the species are3 ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 brevirostris ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 longipes ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 minimus ,moodie1 ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 walcotti ,moodie1 ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bga1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cib1 pl4 xxxiv1 fig4 ,i1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #aaj1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 where there is also specimen ,no4 #aaa4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this species1 together with the form1 ,t4 brevirostris1 described on p4 #hh1 was used by ,cope as the type of the genus ,tuditanus4 ,cope subsequently associated some reptilian remains from the ,linton mines with the type of ,t4 punctulatus and changed the generic term to ,isodectes1 which was known by another species1 ,i4 megalops ,cope1 from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,the remains associated by ,cope with ,i4 megalops undoubtedly represent a reptilian species and which has been described elsewhere under the name ,eosauravus copei ,williston4 ,the species is of exceeding interest because it is the oldest known reptile and places the range of the ,reptilia down towards the base of the ,pennsylvanian4 ,the species ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope was founded on well-preserved remains of nearly the entire skeleton of a single individual4 ,the bones are represented by shining carbonaceous matter1 and since both of the slabs containing the impression were preserved1 a great many characters have been determined4 ,the head1 #a fore-limb1 and #bc consecutive vertebr with ribs are well defined1 but of the pelvis and hind limbs nothing is visible4 ,the cranium 7fig4 #ai7 is very similar to that of ,t4 minimus1 from the ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania1 slates4 ,it is triangular in shape1 with a narrowed obtuse muzzle4 ,the orbit of the left side is well defined and lies well forward4 ,it is oval in outline and its width is about two-thirds of its length4 ,the nostrils are small and are located well toward the tip of the muzzle4 ,the parietal foramen lies behind the median transverse line which divides the skull equally4 ,the cranial elements are for the most part destroyed1 but the outlines of a few can be determined4 ,those elements which are preserved are ornamented with a sculpturing of minute punctulations which1 on the postfrontal1 assumes a radiating arrangement4 ,the ornamentation of the other elements consists of inosculating pits1 but they seldom assume the form of ridges or grooves4 ,the bones of the premaxillary region of the cranium are lacking4 ,the first element which can be detected is the pref rental1 which occupies a position in front of the orbit4 ,there seems to be space for a lacrimal1 but its outline is not distinct4 ,the frontal can be readily separated and is seen to be an elongate element occupying the median region of the skull between the orbits4 ,the parietal is apparently the largest element of the cranial roof and the pineal foramen is located in the anterior fourth of the median suture separating the parietal elements4 ,the form of the postparietal and the tabulare can not be determined1 as the greater part of this region is lacking4 ,the squamosal seems to be located well forward and is rather small1 but has the usual relation of this element4 ,only fragments of the other elements remain and nothing can be said of their form4 ,the mandibles of both sides are represented by depressions1 and they are ornamented with longitudinal grooves and ridges4 ,the teeth are not preserved1 but there are evidences of the maxillary teeth4 ,these are minute and sharply conical4 ,just posterior to the skull there is preserved the impression of a short1 round rod which is not definitely determined4 ,it may be an element of the hyoid apparatus1 although it is rather stout for such4 ,it does not have the relations indicated by ,cope in his figure 7#abc1 pl4 ,,xxxiv1 fig4 #a74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,drawing of skull and skeletal elements of ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4e4 fr1 frontal2 ic1 interclavicle2 cl1 clavicle2 h1 humerus2 ph1 phalanges2 par1 parietal2 pp1 postparietal2 tab1 tabulare1 supratemporal and squamosal2 u1 ulna2 r1 radius4 ,there are three elements of the pectoral girdle preserved4 ,these undoubtedly represent the interclavicle and the clavicles4 ,the interclavicle is rhomboid in shape and is attenuated posteriorly4 ,the attenuation is abruptly truncate posteriorly and it is thus of quite a different character from the acutely pointed interclavicle of ,t4 minimus4 ,the clavicle has a somewhat semicircular form1 but is not attenuated at either end4 ,it seems to be uniformly broad4 ,the forearm of the right side is preserved in part4 ,the humerus is seen to be a heavy1 somewhat expanded element lying displaced with relation to the pectoral girdle4 ,it is greatly expanded at the ends4 ,the ulna presents characters similar to the humerus and only differs from it in being shorter and less stout4 ,the radius is not preserved4 ,the carpus is unossified and its position is occupied by a blank space4 ,the digits are represented by #d metacarpals1 and this may have constituted the entire number of the fingers4 ,the phalangeal bones preserved are a little scattered4 ,they are elongate with expanded ends4 ,evidences of #bc consecutive osseous vertebr are preserved4 ,their character can not be determined1 although ,cope 7#abc7 describes them as amphiclous4 ,this may be inferred to be the case1 but ,i am unable to verify his observation4 ,in form the vertebra are subquadrate4 ,the neural spines are not evident4 ,the osseous ribs articulate1 apparently1 between the bodies of the vertebra4 ,cope figured them as intercentral4 ,there are #bb or #bc pairs preserved4 ,they are single-headed and the extremities are attenuated4 ,no traces of ventral scutell are present4 ,the entire length of the animal probably did not exceed #e or #f inches4 ,its form was quite lizard-like and it was probably of an ambulatory type1 though it may have spent a part of its time in the old lagoon in which its remains were finally buried4 ,no traces of external gills have been detected in this or any other ,linton species4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,tuditanus punctulatus ,cope4 mm4 ,length of entire specimen #id ,median length of skull #bb ,width of skull at occiput #ai ,depth of mandibular ramus #d ,length of the #bc vertebr #fa ,length of interclavicle #f4e ,width of interclavicle #d4e ,width of the three pectoral plates #aj ,length of humerus #h ,width of humerus at proximal end #b4e ,length of ulna #f ,width of ulna at proximal end #b ,length of phalanx 7metacarpal87 #b ,expanse of longest ribs #af ,length of rib #aj4e ,width of rib 4#e ,length of a vertebra #b4e ,tuditanus brevirostris ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bgb1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cic1 pl4 xxvi1 figs4 #c1 #d1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,museum ,natl4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 art4 ,,xxv1 pl4 lxiv1 fig4 #d1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfji ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this species was associated by ,cope with the type ,t4 punctulatus in the description of the genus4 ,represented by a portion of the skeleton of one individual1 the skull is preserved on one block1 with a considerable part of the anterior ribs1 pectoral girdle1 and vertebral column1 although this last is not clearly represented1 but as in so many of the coal specimens the bones are covered with a thin layer of carbonaceous matter which makes it impossible to definitely determine the form4 ,the cranium is large in proportion to the size of the body4 ,the skull is in the form of a wide oval and is wider than it is long4 ,the elements of the skull were ornamented with a coarse sculpturing which partakes of the nature of incomplete radiations on the squamosal region4 ,the different elements of the cranium can not be distinguished1 although ,i think the outlines of the parietal are indicated4 ,the position of the nostrils is well forward and they are slightly elongate transversely4 ,the pineal foramen can not be determined4 ,the orbits are oval in shape and their width is about equal to two-thirds of their length4 ,the interorbital space is greater than the length of the orbit4 ,cope's figure of this specimen is not accurate1 since he has the orbits drawn too far to the side4 ,they are located near the central line of the skull and resemble in some respect those of the preceding species4 ,cope has described teeth in the maxillary region1 but ,i am unable to detect them4 ,there are portions of two pectoral elements which may represent a clavicle and a portion of the interclavicle4 ,the clavicle has much the same shape and practically the same ornamentations as has the clavicle in ,tuditanus minimus4 ,the clavicle preserved shows a somewhat triangular shape and is slightly acuminate at the anterior end1 as preserved1 and obtuse at the posterior end4 ,the nature of the interclavicle can not be determined4 ,the vertebral column is represented by a line which ,cope suggests 7#abc7 may be the chorda dorsalis 7notochord74 ,osseous vertebr were probably present1 but their nature is obscured by the carbonaceous matter covering them4 ,the ribs as preserved are long and curved4 ,they are slender and attenuated at the distal ends4 ,they were probably single-headed1 but whether their articulation was intercentral or not can not be determined4 ,the other specimens which are referred to this species show nothing of importance in the way of structure4 ,they consist for the most part of fragments which may or may not represent the species4 ,the species differs from the type of the genus 7,t4 punctulatus7 in the possession of a broadly rounded muzzle4 ,this character will also separate it from other species of the genus4 ,the sculpturing of the bones of the cranium is coarser in the present species than in the type4 ,the form of the clavicle is different in the two species4 ,the above-described species seems to be more closely allied to the form described as ,tuditanus walcotti than to other species of the genus4 ,i have been unable to detect the presence of limbs1 although ,cope says they are present4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,tuditanus brevirostris ,cope4 mm4 ,median length of skull #ae ,width of skull at posterior border #ah ,width of skull across orbits #aa4e ,length of orbit #c ,width of orbit #b ,interorbital space #d4e ,length of clavicle #g ,width of clavicle #c ,length of longest rib preserved #i ,length of entire specimen #ed ,the material consists of the type specimen with counterpart and two fragments which probably are to be associated with this species4 ,collected by ,doctor ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,tuditanus longipes ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #baj1 #ahgd 7,sauropleura74 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #cih1 pl4 ,,xxvi1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ajii ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the cranium of this species is quite unknown4 ,the only genus with which the specimen can be compared in the structure of the skeleton is ,tuditanus4 ,from the other species of the genus the present form differs in the presence of ventral chevron rods and the elongate character of the limbs1 as well as in the possession of large iliac bones1 which1 in the only other species in which the ilia are known1 are small and slender4 ,it seems best to locate the species in this genus for the present1 although it may eventually have to be removed to another group4 ,very little is known of the main portion of the skeleton of the species of ,tuditanus1 other than in ,t4 longipes1 so an exact comparison is impossible4 ,from all the species of ,tuditanus thus far known the present species differs in the elongate character of the limbs and in the presence of ventral scutellation4 ,there are three other species of ,tuditanus in which the limbs are known4 ,these are3 ,t4 walcotti ,moodie1 ,t4 minimus ,moodie1 and ,t4 punctulatus ,cope4 ,in these three species the limbs are short and weakly developed4 ,from the other species of ,tuditanus the present species maybe separated by its size principally1 since nothing of the bodies of the other species is known4 ,the body of the present species is elongate and slender1 with a long neck and probably a long tail4 ,ribs1 as preserved1 are #ai to #bb1 though there may possibly have been more4 ,they are moderately curved backwards1 have intercentral articulation1 are attenuated at the distal extremity1 and are single-headed4 ,the anterior ribs are stouter1 with a widened upper portion and attenuated distal part4 ,the posterior ribs are more slender4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,cope's drawing of ,tuditanus longipes1 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 #a4 ,there are evidences of #bh vertebr present4 ,all regions of the vertebral column are present and the dorsal region is preserved entire4 ,the cervical series is represented by the posterior vertebr only4 ,these are very indistinctly preserved4 ,the dorsal vertebr are elongate and were probably amphiclous1 although this has not been definitely determined4 ,they are expanded at each end1 thus ending in a slightly raised rim4 ,the single-headed ribs articulate between the vertebr4 ,the exact number of the dorsal series can not be ascertained1 although this may have been #be4 ,the spines of the vertebr are not determinable1 since the animal is preserved on its back4 ,the caudal vertebr are represented by two patches of the remains of what was once probably the entire series4 ,cope ascribes #gj mm4 to the tail1 but ,i do not find that much4 ,the specimen may have been mutilated since he studied it4 ,the caudals are slender and1 like the dorsals1 are expanded at the extremities4 ,the scapular arch is not preserved1 but the pelvic arch is represented by the two iliac bones in good state of preservation4 ,these are short1 flat bones expanded at the anterior extremity1 as preserved4 ,they lie turned a little to each side of the vertebral column and partially obscure the femora4 ,the iliac bones are quite characteristic of this form1 since similar-shaped elements have not been observed in any of the other ,carboniferous forms from the same deposit4 ,the greater part of the forelimb is preserved1 although much of the hand is missing4 ,the humerus is an unusually elongate bone and lies somewhat across the vertebral column4 ,it is crushed flat and the ends are partly destroyed4 ,it shows evidences of expansion at the ends1 although not a great deal4 ,it is much longer than the radius and ulna1 which are of about equal length4 ,the ulna is larger than the radius and has expanded ends1 with the upper end more expanded than the lower and both ends slightly truncate4 ,the radius is a simple rod of bone and is but slightly expanded4 ,the carpus was evidently cartilaginous1 since there is no evidence of osseous material in its place4 ,there is but one phalangeal bone preserved1 and1 since this is displaced with reference to the ulna and radius1 its position can not be determined4 ,it may have been a metacarpal4 ,it is short and expanded at the ends4 ,the hind limbs are represented by the two femora and the upper portion of the tibia4 ,the femur is almost as elongate as the humerus and is more slender4 ,it is not so much expanded as the humerus4 ,its ends appear to have been cartilaginous and do not represent the well-formed articular surfaces preserved in the ,t4 minimus4 ,the upper part of the tibia is preserved1 and appears to have been truncate4 ,if this species belongs with ,tuditanus it is of interest in that the ventral chevrons are present4 ,the species is particularly characterized by the elongate limbs4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,tuditanus longipes ,cope4 mm4 ,length of vertebral column between pelvis and end of humerus #g ,length of vertebral column anterior to humerus #ah ,length of caudals present #db ,length of humerus #ai ,width of humerus #b ,length of radius and ulna #ab ,length of a vertebra #c ,length of ilium #g ,length of femur1 estimated #ah #g chevrons in #d mm4 ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #ef1 fig4 #aj1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bc1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #b1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #deee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,cannelton slates of ,pennsylvania 7,upper ,freeport74 ,the species is represented by a nearly complete skeleton preserved on a slab of slate from the ,cannelton shales of ,pennsylvania4 ,the obverse slab has been lost1 which is very unfortunate1 since there is no doubt that the entire skeleton was originally present4 ,the species is placed in the genus ,tuditanus on account of the close resemblance to the type form ,t4 punctulatus ,cope1 although it is much smaller than that species4 ,the type specimen of the species did not attain a length of more than #c4e inches4 ,its form is very lizard-like1 but its structure is typically amphibian4 ,the form of the skull is especially similar to that of the type species ,t4 punctulatus1 which it resembles in the narrow posterior truncation of the skull1 as well as in the anterior position of the orbits4 ,the skull is in the form of a narrow oval1 sharply narrowed posteriorly and truncate4 ,the orbits are located well forward and their posterior border lies in front of the line dividing the skull transversely into equal parts4 ,the interorbital space is greater than the diameter of the orbit4 ,impressions of teeth are preserved on the premaxill and maxill2 there are #h of them in a distance of #c mm4 ,the teeth appear to be mere blunt denticles and were possibly pleurodont4 ,the elements of the cranium are very poorly preserved4 ,it has been impossible to determine all of the sutures4 ,the bones of the premaxillary region have been destroyed1 but the arrangement of them was probably not far different from that which obtains in other members of the genus4 ,the posterior boundaries of the nasals are preserved and prove this element to have had an obtuse posterior border4 ,the sutures bounding the frontals are clear and show that they were small and that they formed a part of the inner boundary of the orbits4 ,the parietal is recognized as a large element1 apparently the largest in the skull4 ,together the parietals form a wide oval inclosing1 on the median suture1 the circular pineal foramen4 ,the parietals are sculptured with coarse radiating grooves and ridges1 much after the manner of ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope4 ,the pittings present on that form are1 however1 absent in ,t4 minimus4 ,the sutures bounding the postparietal are tolerably well defined and these show that element to have been rather large and quadrate1 with the usual relations4 ,the tabulare is distinct1 triangular1 and small4 ,it is produced into an angle on the posterior border strongly recalling a similar condition in ,t4 punctulatus4 ,the boundaries of the prefrontals and the upper borders of the maxill are not clearly ascertained4 ,the lacrimal has not been detected4 ,the post-frontal and postorbital form the posterior boundary of the orbit1 although all of the limits of the latter element have not been definitely determined4 ,the position of the supratemporal is well assured1 although its entire boundaries are not determined4 ,it has the usual relations and joins the parietal broadly4 ,the jugal is broad and widens posteriorly to join the squamosal1 which1 as usual1 forms the quadrate angle of the skull4 ,the sutures bounding the quadratojugal and the posterior end of the maxilla are not determined4 ,there are but two fragmentary vertebr preserved and an estimate based on the length of these remains gives about #cj presacral vertebr4 ,the structure of the vertebr preserved can not be ascertained1 but the neural spines appear to have been low and stout4 ,there are six elements of the pectoral girdle preserved4 ,these are3 the six clavicles1 the interclavicle1 the coracoid of one side1 and the two scapul4 ,the interclavicle is rhomboid in form and acuminate posteriorly4 ,it is sculptured with radiating grooves and ridges4 ,it is quite different from the same element in ,t4 punctulatus1 in that the base is acuminate1 not truncate4 ,the clavicle presents much the same shape as does that element in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus4 ,it is ornamented by a sculpturing of radiating lines which take their origin from the lower external angle as the bone lies in the matrix4 ,the clavicle is somewhat triangular in shape and lies close to the skull1 but this close approximation of the pectoral elements to the cranium is due probably to post-mortem shifting1 since the scapul are shifted backward4 ,there can be little doubt1 however1 that the pectoral arch was close to the cranium4 ,there is an oval fragment preserved on the left of the specimen which ,i take to be a portion of the coracoid4 ,the scapula is preserved entire on the left side and is represented by fragments on the right side4 ,it is almost semicircular in form and narrows externally until it is somewhat fan-shaped4 ,there appears to be an ornamentation of lines on the surface of the bone4 ,these lines follow the contour of the anterior border4 ,the arm is preserved nearly complete on the left side1 and the right side shows the humerus and the forearm4 ,the humeri are unusual in having well-developed articular ends as though the endochondral tissue was well developed4 ,the humerus is expanded at the ends and it is larger at the upper than at the lower end4 ,the ulna is expanded at the proximal extremity1 but is more attenuated at the distal portion4 ,it is shorter than the humerus by about one-third of its own length4 ,the radius is a mere slender rod of bone and presents well-developed articular ends4 ,it is slightly shorter than the ulna4 ,the carpus is unossified and its position is represented by a blank space4 ,there are phalanges of #d digits preserved and they are #d in number4 ,the phalangeal elements1 like the other bones of the extremity1 have the articular surfaces prominent1 with the terminal phalanx claw-like4 ,there are no ribs nor traces of them preserved1 and a conjecture as to their character can not be hazarded1 since they are known in but two other species1 in which they are slender and curved4 ,there is no evidence of a ventral scutellation1 and so far as is at present known this structure is absent from all of the species of the genus1 or at least it is weakly developed4 ,the ilium is all that is preserved of the pelvis4 ,the bone itself has disappeared and has left a depression which shows this element to have been an elongate rod very similar to that described for ,micrerpeton4 ,the sacral vertebra seems to be indicated by a depression between the iliac depressions4 ,one hind limb is preserved nearly entire and the greater part of the other is also preserved1 although some of the phalanges are disturbed4 ,the femur is slender and more elongate than the humerus4 ,it has well-formed1 rounded1 articular ends4 ,the tibia presents unusual characters in that its ends are truncate1 as though the cartilage composing its articular surfaces was not so highly calcified as in the other limb bones4 ,it is somewhat expanded at the ends and is throughout its length broader than the femur4 ,the fibula1 like the tibia1 is a slender rod of bone1 although it is somewhat shorter than the tibia4 ,the tarsus is unossified and its position is occupied by a blank space4 ,portions of both feet are preserved1 but only one digit in the right foot is complete4 ,the metatarsals are elongate and slightly expanded at the ends4 ,there are #d phalanges present in the complete digit1 which possibly represents the fourth4 ,the first digit is wanting1 with the only terminal phalanx preserved claw-like4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie4 mm4 ,median length of skull #ae ,width of skull at posterior border #af ,length of orbit #c4e ,width of orbit #b ,interorbital width #b4e ,length of clavicle #f ,width of clavicle1 maximum #c4e ,length of interclavicle1 estimated #e ,width of interclavicle #c4e ,length of scapula #c4e ,width of scapula1 maximum #b4e ,length of coracoid 787 #b ,length of humerus #d ,length of radius and ulna #c ,length of metacarpal #a ,length of ilium #b4e ,length of femur #d4e ,length of tibia and fibula #c ,length of foot #c4e ,length of metatarsal 4#ge ,tuditanus walcotti ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #af1 pl4 #f1 figs4 #a1 #b2 pl4 #g2 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ddgd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,a small species of ,microsauria is preserved as a smooth impression on a block of soft coal from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,nearly the entire form of the body is discernible4 ,the specimen is especially interesting and valuable as exhibiting for the first time among the ,linton forms the shape of the body of the small microsaurians of the ,tuditanus type4 ,it differs so markedly in the form of the skull from other species of the genus that it is regarded as a distinct form1 and the name ,tuditanus walcotti was proposed for it as an expression of the writer's indebtedness to the ,secretary of the ,smithsonian ,institution for the vise of the material among which the present form was included4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,a4 ,outline drawing of type of ,tuditanus walcotti ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio1 showing impression of body and muscle at ,m4 #be4 cl1 clavicle2 fr1 frontal2 f1 femur2 h1 humerus2 nos1 nostril2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 rb1 rib2 pp1 postparietal2 v1 vertebra2 pfo1 pineal foramen4 ,b4 ,left leg of second specimen of ,tuditanus walcotti4 #c4 ,the specimen includes1 besides the body impression1 the complete skull1 a right clavicle1 with portions of the left1 a left humerus1 #ab cervical and dorsal vertebr1 #aj pairs of ribs somewhat disturbed as to position1 and a portion of the mandible4 ,there are no traces of ventral scutell nor body scales in the smooth impression of the carbonized skin4 ,one would expect to find impressions of the ventral scut in this specimen if they were present4 ,cope remarked on the apparent absence of scutell from members of the genus ,tuditanus as they were known to him1 and no contrary evidence has since been brought to light4 ,until such evidence is forthcoming the absence of scutes will be taken as one of the generic characters of the genus ,tuditanus4 ,under a magnification of #ej diameters the carbonized skin shows as folds and wrinkles1 like muscle fibers1 in some places2 in others no traces of the muscular structure can be detected4 ,the wrinkles may be impressions of the internal musculature of the body-wall of the abdomen4 ,it is especially well preserved in the pelvic and pygal regions4 ,sections of the coal were made1 but nothing definite could be determined as to the character of the impressions1 as they were too poorly preserved and the coal was too soft to bear much handling4 ,the specimen is preserved on the belly1 with the dorsum of the skull uppermost4 ,it has been practically impossible to determine the arrangement of any of the cranial elements except the f rentals1 parietals1 and postparietals1 which have the relations indicated in figure #ba1 ,a4 ,a median suture is clearly evident1 with the pineal foramen well back in this suture4 ,the bones of the skull are marked with faint radiating lines4 ,it is in the form of the skull and the position of the orbits that the specific characters are found1 as follows3 the backward position of the eyes and the oval1 pointed shape of the skull4 ,the species is closely related to ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton slates of ,pennsylvania1 and serves further to connect the forms from the ,ohio and ,pennsylvania localities4 ,it differs from the last-named species in the position and form of the orbits1 these structures being more oval in the present form and placed further back4 ,the shape of the skull differs also in the almost entire absence of the posterior table4 ,the median points of the orbits occupy the line which bisects the skull1 and the interorbital width is less than the width of the orbit4 ,the mandible is heavy and appears to have borne sharp1 pleurodont teeth4 ,the vertebral column is represented by little more than a mold of the form of the vertebr1 so that little can be said of its character4 ,the individual vertebr are short and hour-glass-shaped4 ,the ribs are borne intercentrally1 as in all the microsaurians which have been studied from the ,linton deposits4 ,the ribs are rather long and somewhat heavy1 slightly curved and expanded at the proximal end1 as though an incipient bicipital condition were present4 ,the right clavicle1 which is preserved as an impression1 is entire4 ,its impression shows this element to have been ornamented on its ventral surface with radiating grooves and ridges which started at the lower angle of the bone4 ,the element is distinctly triangular1 which is characteristic of the genus ,tuditanus1 so far as known4 ,the fragment of the left clavicle adds nothing to our knowledge of the element4 ,the left humerus recalls in a striking way that of ,tuditanus longipes ,cope1 and it was once entertained as a possibility that the present form might be a member of that species1 since the skull is lacking in ,t4 longipes4 ,sufficient specific differences were found1 however1 in the ribs1 which1 in ,t4 longipes1 are very long1 slightly curved1 and delicate1 but which1 in the present form1 are comparatively heavy4 ,other characters sufficiently diagnostic are found in the form assumed by the vertebr in the two forms4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,tuditanus walcotti ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of specimen #gj ,length of skull #bj ,posterior width of skull #ad ,width of skull1 anterior to orbits #aj ,length of orbit #d ,width of orbit #b ,interorbital width #c ,length of clavicle #i ,greatest width of clavicle #d ,length of vertebral column1 as preserved #ej ,length of a vertebra #a4ge ,width of a vertebra #ej ,width of body impression #ae ,length of humerus #f ,median width of humerus #ej ,width at end of humerus #b ,length of rib #h ,width of rib #be ,the above-described specimen was collected by ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,lacoe1 of ,pittston1 ,pennsylvania1 from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,a second individual 7,no4 #ddha1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum7 of this species is indicated by a rather poorly preserved specimen on a slab of soft coal from the ,linton mines4 ,the following portions of the animal have been detected and will be discussed3 partial impression of the skull1 with a fragment of a minute jaw1 in which are minute teeth2 right clavicle2 part of the impression of the body2 nearly entire left hind limb2 impressions of about a dozen vertebr1 very indistinct4 ,the impression of the skull is distinct only in a favorable light1 and even then the boundaries of the cranium are a little uncertain4 ,for this reason no representation of the form will be attempted4 ,the sculpturing on the parietals is1 however1 distinct enough to show relationship with the previously described specimen1 and the form of the body impression1 the absence of abdominal scutes1 the shape of the clavicle and its sculpture1 and the proportions of the hind limbs all agree with the characters which have been assigned to the genus ,tuditanus4 ,the fragment of the jaw is interesting as giving the first information as to the character of the mandible in the genus ,tuditanus4 ,it is very slender and of uniform width as far as preserved4 ,the teeth are short1 blunt cones1 apparently pleurodont4 ,the clavicle is of the typical ,tuditanus form1 with the sculpturing lines radiating out from the angle4 ,the impression of the body adds nothing to that already described for the type specimen4 ,the nearly entire hind limb is of great interest as adding another example of the phalangeal formula4 ,the foot is almost perfectly preserved1 and the formula was probably #b-b-c-c-b4 ,the endochondrium of the limb bones is not highly developed4 ,about a dozen vertebr are represented by molds in the soft coal1 but nothing of their structure can be determined4 ,the sharp1 reptile-like claws in which the toes end 7fig4 #ba1 ,b7 recall those of ,eosauravus and of ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie4 ,it is another link in the chain of the suggested relationship between the microsaurians and the early reptiles4 ,measurements of the ,second ,specimen of ,tuditanus walcotti ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of entire body impression #ge ,width across belly1 maximum #af ,length of skull 8#ag ,posterior width of skull 8#ad ,length of fragment of jaw #d ,width of fragment of jaw #a4e ,length of tooth in jaw 4#be ,length of clavicle #h ,width of clavicle1 maximum #d ,length of hind limb #bb ,length of femur #h ,length of tibia 787 #f ,length of metatarsal #b ,length of first digit #f ,genus ,,erpetosaurus ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cdh1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #ba1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope4 ,skull stout1 elements sculptured with radiating grooves1 ridges1 and pits2 orbits large and usually placed far forward2 occiput sometimes with posterior table2 skull more or less rounded2 lateral-line canals consisting of supraorbital1 suborbital1 jugal1 and temporal canals1 the last two uniting to form a circular canal in one species2 clavicle triangular1 sculptured like the skull4 ,our knowledge of the genus is confined to the skull4 ,the genus was established for certain members of the genus ,tuditanus and other forms which have been recently described4 ,the species of the genus are3 ,e4 radiatus ,cope type1 ,e4 tabulatus ,cope1 ,e4 tuberculatus ,moodie1 ,e4 obtusus ,cope1 ,e4 minutus ,moodie1 ,e4 acutirostris ,moodie1 ,e4 sculptilis ,moodie4 ,all of the species are from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures1 with the exception of ,e4 sculptilis and ,e4 minutus1 which are from the ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania1 slates4 ,the position of the genus as to family is a little uncertain1 since family characters are not yet well understood among the ,carboniferous forms on account of the lack of information as to the structure of the animals4 ,if we take the absence of the ventral scutell as a family character1 the genus will be in the family ,tuditanid1 but the evidence on this point is negative4 ,for the present we may place the genus only provisionally in the family ,tuditanid4 ,the arrangement will undoubtedly require revision later4 ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bgc1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cid-cie1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #a2 pl4 xxxiv1 fig4 #c2 text-fig4 #aj1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cdh1 pl4 lxii1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfjj ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,locality and horizon3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #be1 fig4 #a47 ,cope originally described this species from a portion of a skull4 ,he 7#abc7 characterized the form as follows3 ,the marked character of this form is seen in the very anterior position of the orbits and the contraction of the muzzle4 ,the orbits are large and are separated by a little more than their own diameter2 their posterior border is in front of a line measuring the anterior third of the length to the supraoccipital crest1 and nearly to the line marking the fourth of the length to the quadrate region4 ,the posterior outline of the skull is deeply concave1 the quadrate angle projecting beyond the occipital condyles4 ,the base of the specimen is broken and there is no place for the occipital condyles4 ,unless the specimen has been mutilated since ,cope studied it1 the occipital condyles are not present4 ,the restoration of the skull given in figure #bb1 ,b varies but little from that given by ,cope in #ahge4 ,the elements are practically as he represented them4 ,the premaxill are small and lie in the usual relations to the other elements4 ,minute conical teeth are present as impressions4 ,they are quite similar to the teeth found in other ,microsauria4 ,the nasals are nearly square and form the inner boundary of the somewhat oval nostril1 which is represented by a depression in the coal4 ,the frontal is elongate4 ,it is about twice as long as wide4 ,it forms a portion of the inner border of the orbit1 the remainder being made up by the prefrontals and the postfrontal4 ,the parietals are the largest elements of the skull1 but they do not greatly exceed the jugals4 ,together the parietals form a somewhat obtuse oval in the median region of the skull and they contain between them1 in their posterior third1 the small circular pineal foramen4 ,the postparietal forms the posterior boundary of the skull4 ,the pref rental forms the anterior border of the orbit and is triangular in shape4 ,the lacrimal is not identified4 ,the maxilla is an elongate element the boundaries of which are uncertain1 though probably somewhat as given4 ,the postfrontal and the postorbital form the posterior boundary of the orbit1 inclosing between them the anterior projection of the squamosal4 ,the squamosal is an elongate element and is acuminate at each end4 ,the tabulare is a large element lying lateral to the postparietal4 ,the jugal is a very elongate element1 apparently acuminate anteriorly4 ,the quadratojugal is small and elongate4 ,the supratemporal is definitely bounded and its limits are as indicated 7fig4 #bb1 ,b71 being a large element which forms the quadrate angle4 ,there are two other specimens of this species in the collections and a fragment of a fourth which it is difficult to make out4 ,cope identified and figured one of these as ,e4 radiatus 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pl4 #cd1 fig4 #c71 but the identification is doubtful and the figure shows structures which ,i am unable to identify in the specimen4 ,nothing of importance is to be learned from the other two specimens1 except that they show a diversity of size4 ,they consist of incomplete skulls1 concerning which ,cope 7#abc7 remarks3 ,there are no mucous canals4 ,the sculpture consists of strong ridges radiating and inosculating4 ,radiation is more uninterrupted on both jugal1 supratemporal1 and anterior part of the tabulare2 on the first they originate in front of the middle exteriorly2 on the supratemporal near the anterior part4 ,the inosculation is honeycomb-like on the parietal1 postfrontal1 and posterior parts of the tabulare4 ,measurement of the ,type ,specimen4 mm4 ,length of the skull along median line 7estimated7 #fj ,length from muzzle to quadrate angle #ga ,width at posterior border #fi ,width at orbits #dj ,length of orbit #i ,width of orbit #h ,interorbital width #h ,length of nostrils #b ,measurements of ,another ,specimen of the ,species4 7,no4 #heih ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history47 mm4 ,median length of skull #ef ,length to quadrate angle #fa ,width at posterior border #ej ,length of orbit #g ,width of orbit #f ,interorbital width #d4e ,the specimens of this species were collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,erpetosaurus obtusus ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfh1 p4 #bac4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #ab1 fig4 #a1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cif1 fig4 #aa1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahhe1 ,,xxii1 p4 #djg 7,pal4 ,bull4 #dj74 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cej1 pl4 lx1 fig4 #b4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfja ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species1 ,tuditanus obtusus1 was first described by ,professor ,cope as ,dendrerpeton obtusum1 but he subsequently referred the species to the genus ,tuditanus4 ,it was removed by the writer to the genus ,erpetosaurus in #aiji4 ,the species is known from two partially preserved crania4 ,the skull elements seem to have disappeared and left only the impressions4 ,the sutures are1 for the most part1 clearly represented1 but the skull shows no sculpturing4 ,on the posterior third of one cranium there is a small space which seems to be slightly sculptured1 as ,cope indicated in his drawing4 ,the general form of the skull is that of a broad oval1 truncate posteriorly4 ,the orbits lie in the anterior third of the skull1 and the pineal foramen in the posterior third4 ,cope compared the skull to that of ,huxley's ,erpetocephalus1 to which it has some resemblance4 ,the nostrils are elongate and are situated at an obtuse angle with relation to the main axis of the skull4 ,the premaxilla is small and forms the inner border of the nostril4 ,there seem to be impressions of small teeth1 but no large ones are evident4 ,the nasals are separated by a zigzag suture1 and are nearly square4 ,they have the usual relations4 ,the frontals form a portion of the inner boundary of the orbits and unite behind with the parietals1 the anterior extensions of which they inclose4 ,the parietals are large elements and together form a broad oval1 truncate posteriorly4 ,they inclose between them the pineal foramen in the median suture4 ,it lies in the posterior fourth of the parietals4 ,the postparietals are elongate transversely1 and have the usual relations4 ,the pref rental is somewhat triangular and forms the anterior boundary of the orbit4 ,the lacrimal has not been detected4 ,the maxilla is elongate1 and with the quadrate jugal forms the exterior border of the cranium4 ,no teeth are observed on the maxilla4 ,the postfrontal and the postorbital form the posterior border of the orbit1 and between them inclose the anterior extension of the squamosal4 ,the supratemporal is pointed anteriorly and has the usual relations of that element1 joining the postorbital1 the postfrontal1 the parietal1 the tabulare1 and the squamosal4 ,the tabulare is larger than the postparietal and is acuminate1 the point being inclosed by the squamosal and the supratemporal4 ,the jugal widens fan-shaped posteriorly4 ,it forms a portion of the border of the orbit4 ,the supratemporal1 as usual1 forms the quadrate angle of the skull4 ,in front of it lies the elongate quadrate jugal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,a4 ,outline of skull and cranial elements of ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton slates of ,pennsylvania4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #b4 fr1 frontal2 mx1 maxilla2 par1 parietal2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 pr1 postfrontal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,b4 ,outline of skull and cranial elements of ,erpetosaurus radiatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio2 partially restored4 #j4ge4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 fr1 frontal2 j1 jugal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 pf1 postfrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pr1 pref rental2 pp1 postparietal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 qj1 quadratojugal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,c4 ,palate of ,erpetosaurus 7tabulatus871 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ex1 exoccipital2 m1 mandible2 mx1 maxilla2 pal1 palatine2 pt1 pterygoid2 prv1 prevomer2 pd1 parasphenoid2 x1 anterior and posterior palatine vacuities4 ,d4 ,outline of skull and cranial elements of ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #a4 ex1 exoccipital2 fr1 frontal2 j1 jugal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 or1 orbit2 po1 postorbital2 par1 parietal2 pp1 postparietal2 pf1 postfrontal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,e4 ,outline of larger part of skeleton of ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #d4 h1 humerus2 il1 ilium82 v1 vertebr1 all of which are not represented4 ,f4 ,right mandible of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #b4 art1 articular2 cor1 coronoid2 d1 dentary2 ang1 angular2 sa1 surangular4 ,g4 ,skull elements and lateral-line canals of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4e4 fr1 frontal2 j1 jugal2 jl1 jugal lateral-line canal2 mx1 maxilla3 n1 nasal2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 po1 postorbital2 pf1 lacrimal or prefrontal2 so1 suborbital lateral-line canal2 pp1 postparietal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 qj1 quadratojugal2 spo1 supraorbital lateral-line canal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tm1 temporal lateral-line canal2 tab1 tabulare2 so1 supraoccipital cross-commissure of lateral-line canal4 ,dendrerpeton is not well enough known for an exact comparison with ,erpetosaurus obtusus1 but ,cope separated the latter from ,dendrerpeton on the position of the orbits and the broadly rounded muzzle4 ,this species differs from the other species of the genus in the form of the cranium1 as well as in the characters which separate it from ,dendrerpeton4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,erpetosaurus obtusus ,cope4 mm4 ,median length of the skull #dh ,width of skull at posterior border #ef ,width across orbits #cg ,length of orbit #ab4e ,width of orbit #g ,interorbital space #ae ,diameter of nostril #a4e ,diameter of pineal foramen #a4ge ,two other specimens1 ,nos4 #hfjb ,g and #hfjh ,g of the ,american ,museum1 are associated in this species4 ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 p4 #egg 7,tuditanus tabulatus74 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 #ag1 p4 #eb1 figs4 #h1 #i1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cdg1 #cea1 pl4 #ei1 fig4 #b2 pl4 #fb1 fig4 #b1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,zoological ,collection of ,columbia ,university4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #be1 fig4 #b47 ,the species is known from a single well-preserved skull and its obverse in the collection of ,columbia ,university in ,new ,york ,city4 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,bashford ,dean for the privilege of studying this interesting form4 ,it is from the ,linton deposits of ,ohio4 ,the remains include a nearly complete cranium and a complete clavicle of the right side4 ,the species agrees in all essential respects with the characters of the genus ,erpetosaurus1 presenting a broad1 flat head and a triangular clavicle4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ac ,dendrerpeton oweni ,dawson4 ,above3 ,skull1 mandible1 and bones of anterior limbs4 ,below3 ,posterior limb1 pelvis1 and bony scales4 ,nearly natural size4 ,erect tree1 ,south ,joggins1 ,coal formation1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,photograph by ,dawson1 published through the courtesy of ,dr4 ,arthur ,willey4 ,original specimen in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university4 ,the cranium is wider than long1 the muzzle broadly rounded4 ,the orbits are wide ovals1 and their posterior borders fall little behind the transverse line dividing the skull equally4 ,the interorbital width equals the long diameter of the orbit4 ,the posterior outline of the cranium is truncate in a straight transverse line between the prominent tabulare angles4 ,the composition of the cranium is different from that of any other species of ,erpetosaurus in the large size of the tabulare and the fact that the supratemporal is excluded from the parietal by the extension of the postorbitals and the tabulare4 ,this may be a generic character and entitles the species to be placed in a new genus1 but it will be retained here until more of the anatomy of the species is known4 ,the elements of the anterior part of the skull are not preserved1 but they are indicated by the broken lines in the drawing 7fig4 #bb1 ,g74 ,the nostrils are1 however1 clearly indicated as bosses of shale4 ,there is a mere fragment of the nasal preserved posterior to the crack indicated by the transverse line in the drawing4 ,the frontal is elongate as in other species of the genus and forms the inner border of the orbit4 ,the parietal1 as usual1 is one of the larger bones of the skull roof and the pineal foramen is inclosed in the median suture by the two parietal elements4 ,the pineal opening lies in the posterior half of the parietal4 ,the postparietal is almost square1 being slightly elongate transversely1 uniting laterally with the tabulare1 with which it forms the truncate table of the skull4 ,the suture separating the tabulare from the supratemporal is clearly distinct4 ,although such a position for the supratemporal is unusual it is not unique1 since the same character has been observed in ,diceratosaurus lvis ,moodie1 described elsewhere 7p4 #abj7 in this paper4 ,the postfrontal is rather small and it1 together with the postorbital1 forms the posterior boundary of the orbit4 ,the postorbital is truncate posteriorly and joins the tabulare broadly4 ,the supratemporal lies posterior to the postorbital and jugal and borders the quadratojugal1 which is an unusual condition1 but what significance the condition has remains to be determined4 ,posterior to the supratemporal lies the squamosal1 which forms the quadrate angle of the skull4 ,the quadratojugal is a small element and forms part of the lateral boundary of the skull4 ,the jugal is a large element and forms the entire lateral border of the orbit4 ,there are no teeth preserved on the fragment of the maxilla1 but there are some impressions farther forward which resemble the pleurodont denticles of the modern ,amphibia4 ,the sculpture of the surface of the cranial bones consists of parallel ridges which are separated by grooves equal to them in width4 ,the ridges radiate inward on the squamosals and f rentals and outward on the supratemporals4 ,they are somewhat interrupted on the other skull elements4 ,the right clavicle is ornamented with a sculpture of similar radiating grooves and ridges4 ,cope described an atlas in connection with this skull1 but ,i do not find it4 ,the slender impressions to the right of the clavicle may possibly represent ribs4 ,they are gently curved and truncate at the inner end4 ,a nearly complete system of lateral-line canals has been detected on this skull4 ,the canals preserved are3 the temporal1 the jugal1 the infraorbital1 the occipital cross-commissure1 and the supraorbital4 ,these terms were used for the first time for the ,amphibia by the writer 7#deh7 in a discussion of the organs and their significance in the correlation of the skull elements4 ,the occipital cross-commissure in the present skull is represented by a row of elongate pits1 such as ,andrews 7#h7 has described for ,ceraterpeton galvani ,huxley from the ,coal ,measures of ,england4 ,the cross-commissure is contained within the tabulare4 ,the jugal and temporal canals form a complete ring1 much as the same canals do in ,trematosaurus4 ,the supratemporal in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope is excluded from the parietal by the extension of the tabulare and the postorbital1 and it is to be noticed that the temporal canal has a changed position to correspond with the changed condition of the squamosal4 ,this is of considerable interest in connection with the correlation of the supratemporal in fishes and amphibians4 ,this subject has been fully treated in another place 7#deh7 and it will only be necessary to state here that on the basis of the lateral-line canals and their arrangement in fishes and the ,amphibia the true correlation of the supratemporal elements in amphibians and fishes has been made4 ,the temporal canal in the present specimen has1 apparently1 an indication of a connection with the supraorbital canal1 but of this ,i am not sure4 ,the jugal canal occurs on the supratemporal and quadratojugal1 and it joins the infraorbital on the jugal4 ,the infraorbital is indicated by a short portion a few millimeters long under the orbit and the remainder1 i4e41 its connection with the jugal canal1 is restored 7fig4 #bb1 ,g74 ,there is1 nothing unusual to be observed in that portion of the infraorbital canal which is preserved4 ,the supraorbital canal is indicated by a curved1 broad1 shallow groove on the inner side of each orbit4 ,as stated above1 there seems to be a connection between this canal and the temporal1 but ,i am not sure4 ,the primitive conditions shown in the lateral-line canals in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope are the presence of the occipital cross-commissure and the ring-like formation of the temporal and jugal canals1 which is too clearly indicated to be overlooked4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 mm4 ,median length of skull #bi ,width of skull1 posterior border1 estimated #cg ,width between tabulare angles #ah ,length of orbit #h ,width of orbit #f4e ,diameter of nostril #a ,diameter of pineal foramen #a ,length of right clavicle #ac ,width of right clavicle #e4e ,mandible ,provisionally ,associated ,with ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cea-ceb1 pl4 lix1 fig4 #b2 pl4 lxiv1 fig4 #c1 #aiji4 ,this specimen is preserved almost completely on a slab of soft coal4 ,it is impossible to determine positively to what microsaurian species the mandible belongs1 but it may1 for the present1 be associated with ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope on account of its size and the character of its sculpture4 ,this is the first and almost the only known example of a mandible of an ,american microsaurian4 ,the form of the jaw is perfectly preserved1 although the condition of the articular surface can not be determined4 ,the proportions of the mandible1 as maybe judged from the table of measurements1 are rather stout and the teeth are strong and numerous4 ,there are evidences of #ai teeth preserved4 ,the sutures separating the articular 7art71 angular 7ang71 surangular 7sa71 coronoid 7cor71 and the dentary 7d7 7fig4 #bb1 ,f7 are clear for at least the greater part of their length and they may be easily restored for the remainder of their course4 ,the surangular is thus seen to rival the dentary in size and on it occurs the peculiar sculpturing which approximates so closely that on the skull of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 ,the presence of the long anterior tooth is strikingly characteristic of many ,microsauria4 ,it is well developed in ,sauropleura longidentata ,moodie and ,sauropleura 7,anisodexis7 enchodus ,cope4 ,it is also present in well-developed form in the later labyrinthodonts4 ,the teeth are all1 with the exception of the fourth from the anterior end1 rather short1 curved1 and sharply pointed1 with an indication of longitudinal fluting4 ,the arrangement of the mandibular elements recalls in a striking way the mandible of ,eryops megacephalus ,cope as figured by ,branson 7#di74 ,measurements of the ,mandible ,provisionally ,associated ,with ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 7,no4 #hedb ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history47 mm4 ,length of mandible #cb ,posterior width across surangular #f ,width of dentary #c ,width of jaw at tip #a4e ,length of one of the posterior teeth #a4be ,width across base of same tooth 4#ej ,length of long anterior tooth #b ,width of same tooth at base 4#ge ,another specimen of this same species is #heej ,g1 of the ,american ,museum4 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,,palate ,,of ,,erpetosaurus ,,tabulatus ,,cope4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #ceb-ced1 pl4 lxi1 fig4 #b1 #aiji4 ,the specimen is half a cranium with its impression4 ,it is referred to ,erpetosaurus on the basis of the sculpturing of the mandible and the posterior table of the skull4 ,on the surangular there is seen the rugosity which is common to other members of the genus4 ,the characters presented are those of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 but the reference is rather uncertain4 ,the specimen is unique among the known ,american material in showing the structure of the palate4 ,jaekel 7#cdg7 has figured and described the palate of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope from the ,linton beds4 ,the present palate differs from that species only in the enlarged ectopterygoid and the smaller palatine4 ,the parasphenoid1 in the present form1 does not differ from that element in other ,paleozoic ,amphibia4 ,its form is slender1 arising from an enlarged base and separating the pterygoids by its own width4 ,the exoccipitals are probably represented in the specimen and they have been indicated in the drawing 7fig4 #bb ,c74 ,they are rather large and extend some distance under the base of the skull to unite anteriorly with the pterygoids1 a very unusual arrangement4 ,the pterygoids are elongate elements and are bounded anteriorly by the vomer and laterally by the ectopterygoid4 ,the vomer shows no evidence of being toothed1 although it may have been so anteriorly4 ,the same may also be said for the palatines4 ,the relations of the ectopterygoids are rather unusual for the ,amphibia1 especially in the posterior extension of the element4 ,the bone lies all along the side of the pterygoid and anteriorly projects forward between the pterygoid and the palatine4 ,in this unusual posterior projection the ectopterygoid has almost obliterated the infratemporal foramen1 which possibly may be still represented by the triangular space between the bases of the pterygoid and the ectopterygoid4 ,the anterior palatine foramen 7internal nares7 lies between the anterior ends of the palatine and the vomer1 its usual relations in the labyrinthodonts4 ,the foramen may be recognized as the rounded depression slightly anterior to the palatine4 ,the mandible is rather heavy and is coarsely sculptured with radiating grooves and ridges4 ,the character of the teeth can not be determined1 save to say that they were present4 ,the posterior end of the mandible projects somewhat beyond the quadrate angle of the skull4 ,the interest in the present specimen is heightened by the light it throws on the characters for the separation of the ,amphibia and ,reptilia4 ,the wide separation of the pterygoids by the parasphenoid is an amphibian character of undoubted value4 ,the reduction of the parasphenoid in this specimen is noteworthy4 ,measurements of the ,skull of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 7,no4 #hfjg ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history47 mm4 ,length of skull in median line #de ,estimated posterior width of skull #ej ,estimated width of parasphenoid #f ,width of pterygoid #e ,length of ectopterygoid #ag ,posterior width of mandible #ab ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 pp4 #ba-bc1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #dede1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,cannelton slates1 ,pennsylvania 7,upper ,freeport74 7,plate #bj ,d47 ,the specimen on which the species is based is composed of the greater portion of a small skull preserved in the hard shale from ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania1 and was collected by ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,lacoe1 of ,pittston1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the characters of the specimen had not previously been determined1 since the museum label and number had partially obscured the snout of the skull4 ,the skull is very small1 but has the form assumed by other members of the genus4 ,the specimen may belong to a young individual1 but even though it does1 it is1 nevertheless1 quite distinct from the other species of ,erpetosaurus4 ,at first sight the specimen looks like a broken scute of some larger form4 ,close inspection1 however1 revealed the two impressions representing the orbits1 and a ,zeiss binocular revealed the characters4 ,the large size and anterior position of the orbits1 the character of the sculpturing1 the presence of the posterior table of the skull1 as in ,erpetosaurus 7,tuditanus7 tabulatus ,cope1 are the characters on which a specific diagnosis is possible4 ,the specific characters which distinguish this form from ,e4 tabulatus ,cope1 its nearest ally1 are the slight development of the posterior table1 the more delicate form of the sculpturing1 the more posterior position of the orbits1 and the varying shape assumed by the parietals in the two species4 ,any one of these characters would be valid as a specific character4 ,the pineal eye is indistinct1 but is observed to lie in the broken tract in the median line of the skull1 in the middle of the portion posterior to the orbits4 ,the interorbital space is equal to the width of the orbit4 ,the orbits themselves are slightly oval and not round1 as in the case of ,e4 tabulatus ,cope4 ,the skull elements are sculptured with radiating grooves and ridges1 and on the postparietals and tabulare the grooves take the form of pits in a row1 which undoubtedly represent the occipital cross-commissure of the lateral-line system first observed in a microsaurian by ,andrews 7#h7 in the skull of ,ceraterpeton galvani ,huxley4 ,the supraorbital canal is represented by a slight elongate depression observable over each orbit and extending1 in one case1 for about #e mm4 ,the presence of the circular arrangement of the lateral-line canals in the jugal region is suggested by a depression on the posterior edge of the squamosal4 ,the portion of the skull anterior to the orbits is wanting1 curiously enough1 just as in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope4 ,in the remainder of the skull1 the post-parietals1 the tabulare1 the parietals1 the supratemporal1 and a portion of the right frontal can be detected1 although the boundaries of but three can be accurately defined4 ,the depression bounding the anterior outline of the skull is taken to be the impress of the mandible1 in which case this structure would be of some depth1 as in the case of the mandible associated with ,e4 tabulatus ,cope1 described below4 ,this specimen is of interest in respect to the presence of the lateral-line canals1 its small size1 and its generic identity with forms from ,ohio4 ,there is still another form known from the ,cannelton slates1 described below as ,erpetosaurus 7,tuditanus7 sculptilis ,moodie4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of skull #ah ,posterior width of skull #ag ,width of skull across orbits #ad ,length of orbit #d4e ,width of orbit #c4e ,interorbital width #c4e ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 #ag1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #fa1 figs4 #aa1 #ab1 #aiji 7,tuditanus sculptilis74 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cdg1 #aiji 7,erpetosaurus sculptilis74 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bb1 #aiji 7describes pectoral girdle74 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ab1cae1 ,university of ,chicago1 ,walker ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,cannelton slates1 ,pennsylvania 7,upper ,freeport74 7,plate #ah47 ,there is preserved in the collections of ,walker ,museum of the ,university of ,chicago a small amphibian skull pressed flat on a slab of slate from ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 ,it formed part of the ,hall collection acquired by the ,university of ,chicago in #aijh4 ,the specimen presents only a portion of the skull and fragmentary pectoral plates4 ,the skull is wider than long and the muzzle is broadly rounded4 ,the orbits are narrow ovals and their posterior border falls on the transverse line dividing the skull equally4 ,the interorbital width is slightly greater than the width of the orbits and about equal to their length4 ,the posterior outline of the skull is somewhat truncate1 as in ,e4 tabulatus ,cope and other species of the genus4 ,the distal extremities of the quadrates do not project as far backward as do the supraoccipitals4 ,the skull roof is formed of the regular elements1 except that a quadrate seems to be indicated by a scale of bone on the posterior angle4 ,the nostrils are oval and the pineal opening is small4 ,the premaxill are apparently relatively large elements1 though their boundaries are not definite4 ,the nasal is of an oblong shape and borders the frontal anteriorly4 ,the frontal forms the whole of the interior border of the orbit and borders the parietal broadly behind4 ,the parietal is a large element and the pineal foramen is inclosed in the median suture about midway of the parietals4 ,the postparietal is wider than long and with the tabulare forms the greater part of the posterior border of the skull4 ,the prefrontal 7plate #ah1 fig4 #a7 apparently forms the entire anterior border of the orbit and sends an acuminate projection to the side of it4 ,the maxilla is excluded from the orbit and is an elongate element with sharp conical teeth1 of which there are #d preserved4 ,these measure about #a mm4 in length4 ,the jugal lies along the lateral border of the orbit and it is acuminate both anteriorly and posteriorly4 ,it borders the supratemporal broadly4 ,the postfrontal forms the greater part of the posterior boundary of the orbit4 ,it is triangular and acuminate behind1 and is bordered broadly by the parietal and supratemporal4 ,the supratemporal is also triangular and it borders the parietal broadly4 ,the squamosal is evidently the largest element in the skull and on its posterior corner there is a flake of bone which may represent the quadrate1 though this is by no means certain4 ,the quadrate has not been detected in any of the ,carboniferous ,microsauria so far studied4 ,the tabulare is an elongate element in the transverse line of the skull4 ,its entire boundary is uncertain1 though part of the sutures are present4 ,the quadratojugal is elongate and lies posterior to the maxilla and with that element forms the lateral boundary of the skull4 ,the canals of the lateral-line system have not been detected on the skull4 ,the sculpturing of the cranial elements consists of grooves and ridges which radiate from a center4 ,they are more prominent on the parietals than elsewhere1 although the other skull elements present a strong sculpturing4 ,there are also preserved on the slab of slate1 about #aj mm4 posterior to the skull1 fragments of the pectoral plates1 probably representing the clavicles and the interclavicle4 ,they are so badly fractured that their form can not be determined4 ,no limbs or vertebr have been observed4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of skull in median line #bj ,width of skull at posterior border 7estimated7 #bd ,diameter of orbit #c ,length of orbit #d ,interorbital space #d ,diameter of nostril - #a ,pineal foramen1 diameter 4#ej ,pectoral ,girdle ,provisionally ,associated ,with ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bb1 #aiji4 ,the present specimen is preserved on a block of slate from ,cannelton1 ,pennsylvania4 ,it is associated with the previously described ,erpetosaurus sculptilis ,moodie on account of its size1 the geological and geographical distribution1 and the character of the sculpture4 ,it may pertain to an unknown species4 ,other remains besides the #c elements of the pectoral girdle are preserved on the block of slate1 but they are1 for the most part1 too imperfectly preserved for recognition4 ,some of them are phalanges1 and ,i believe ,i detect a scapula in the rounded curved plate lying near the right clavicle4 ,the #c pectoral elements1 the interclavicle and the #b clavicles1 are preserved intact1 with the ventral surface uppermost4 ,the specimen is particularly important in that it furnishes further evidence of the simplicity of the microsaurian pectoral girdle1 which ,jaekel regarded 7#cdg7 as being extremely complex1 in one species at least1 ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope4 ,the #c elements are broken1 but either the elements or their impressions are present1 so that identification is possible4 ,the elements are sculptured with radiating grooves and ridges1 as in so many of the ,microsauria4 ,the interclavicle is spatulate and bears a general resemblance to the same element of ,metoposaurus fraasi ,lucas from the ,triassic 7#chc7 of ,arizona4 ,the clavicles are triangular1 with rounded angles and the hypothenuse on the interior border4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ad #a and #b4 ,photograph of the specimen of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 from the ,mazon ,creek shales4 #a4e4 ,original in possession of ,mr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,daniels1 ,rolling ,prairie1 ,indiana4 #c4 ,specimen of ,sauropleura 7,colosteus7 scutellata ,newberry1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures4 ,the species was the first known of the ,ohio ,coal ,measures ,amphibia2 at first ascribed by ,newberry to the fishes1 but later correctly identified by ,cope4 #a4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #d4 ,the type of ,diceratosaurus 7,ceraterpeton7 punctolineatus ,cope1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures4 #a4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,measurements of ,pectoral ,girdle of ,specimen ,no4 #deci1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 mm4 ,width across the entire girdle #ag ,length of interclavicle #ae ,width of interclavicle #aj ,length of clavicle #aa ,width of clavicle1 maximum #f ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cdi-cea1 pl4 lxi1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #heih ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the present species adds another form to the diversity of structure presented by the ,carboniferous ,microsauria4 ,it is closely allied to ,erpetosaurus 7,tuditanus7 obtusus ,cope1 from the same beds 7,linton1 ,ohio71 but differs from it especially in the position and shape of the orbits and the acute form of the skull4 ,other characters which amount almost to generic significance are found in the posterior prolongation of the frontal and in the triangular form of the skull4 ,only the skull of the animal is preserved4 ,the character which is common to all members of the genus ,erpetosaurus1 the cranial rugosity1 is present in this species on the squamosal and supratemporal4 ,this character alone would not1 however1 suffice to separate the form generically1 but the general morphology and arrangement of the cranial elements is such that reference to any other genus save ,erpetosaurus would not be possible4 ,the skull of ,e4 acutirostris takes the form of a rounded triangle4 ,its base is some #ej mm4 in extent1 and this width gradually narrows to #ca mm4 across the orbits and still more towards the snout4 ,the form of the skull is not widely different from that of the type species1 ,e4 radiatus ,cope1 but the differences are sufficiently apparent4 ,nearly all the elements of the cranium can be detected 7fig4 #bb1 ,d74 ,the bony portion of the cranium has nearly all been lost1 leaving only the impression2 and the matrix in which the skull was embedded has been forced up into the sutures between the cranial elements1 thus forming ragged ridges where the bones of the skull joined4 ,the position of the nostrils can not be determined accurately4 ,the orbits are placed well forward1 a character common to several species of the genus4 ,the interorbital space is equal to the long diameter of the eye4 ,the orbits are separated by narrow prolongations of the postfrontals and by the anterior portion of the frontals4 ,the frontals are remarkable in their great backward extension4 ,in ,e4 obtusus the frontals are nearly confined to the interorbital space4 ,the parietals1 which1 on the median suture1 inclose the parietal foramen1 lie well posterior1 and the parietals and the tabulare are small4 ,a portion of the sculpturing of these elements has been preserved and it is seen to be made up of pits and elevations much as we find in the skull of ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope4 ,the left squamosal also shows sculpturing1 which here tends to take the form of grooves and ridges1 and also of pits and elevations4 ,it is quite probable that the anterior portion of the skull was ornamented with grooves and ridges and undoubtedly the lateral-line canals were well developed4 ,the postfrontals and the postorbitals are both large and elongated4 ,the postorbital is especially large4 ,the supratemporal apparently separates the tabulare and the squamosal in their posterior extremities4 ,the squamosal projects posteriorly to the tabulare and apparently even goes beyond the limits of the exoccipital4 ,the outlines of the jugal are fairly definite1 as are also the limits of the maxilla4 ,measurements of the ,type of the ,skull of ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of skull #ej ,interorbital space #i ,width of orbit #g ,length of orbit #aj ,width across orbits #ca ,posterior width of skull #ej ,diameter of pineal foramen #a ,length from tip of snout to posterior angle of skull #fe ,an additional specimen shows that the skull1 of which the anterior half is preserved1 is practically of the same size as the type and shows much the same characters1 though more extensively4 ,the sculpture of the squamosal region is not confined to that portion of the skull1 but extends throughout the cranial elements1 apparently including the premaxill4 ,the sutures1 which are clearly distinct1 are of the same type as has been described for the type specimen4 ,perhaps one of the most interesting characters discovered on the present specimen is that of the greater part of the left supraorbital lateral-line canal1 which is exhibited as a rather deep and broad canal running in a slight curve across the lower edges of the postorbital and the parietals and partly cutting the jugal4 ,on the left of the fossil1 as it is preserved1 there is an indistinct impression of the clavicle1 with the sculpture in radiating lines from the apex as a center1 such as have been found in other species of the ,tuditanid4 ,measurements of ,additional ,specimen4 7,no4 #hfjg1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history47 mm4 ,length of skull as preserved #dj ,anterior width across orbital region #bb ,greatest width of the skull #cc ,length of clavicle #ah ,greatest width of clavicle #i ,still a third specimen of this species is possibly represented by a nearly complete skull of a small individual which exposes the mandible and the ventral portion of the skull4 ,the remains are crushed flat1 though not at all distorted4 ,it is quite possible that the present specimen represents a distinct species1 but only a small portion of the dorsum is present and the shape of the cranium is indistinct1 so it is retained in this species4 ,the portion of the skull shows the sculpture to be quite similar to that of ,erpetosaurus acutirostris1 so far as the species is known2 and the skull apparently tapers to a point anteriorly4 ,it may be a dwarfed or immature form4 ,the sculpturing of the jaw is such as we would expect of this species4 ,the specimen is about half the size of the type4 ,the palate of the skull is well preserved and is extremely interesting4 ,the sutures separating the various palatal elements are not distinct4 ,the parasphenoid is especially large and the exoccipitals are partly ossified1 if we may judge by the projecting condyles4 ,anteriorly the parasphenoid contracts and then expands and on each side of the expanded part lie fragments of the palatines4 ,to the right of the posterior end of the parasphenoid lies a portion of the dorsal element showing the cranial sculpture4 ,the left mandible is somewhat displaced to the right of the skull1 and crushed and weathered to such an extent that the sutures are entirely obliterated4 ,there are #c teeth1 with indications of others4 ,they are typically pleurodont and sharp and slender4 ,the mandible tapers somewhat anteriorly and at the tip bears an elongate enlarged tooth4 ,measurements of the ,third ,specimen of ,erpetosaurus acutirostris ,moodie in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 mm4 ,length of skull1 as preserved #be ,posterior width of skull #ae ,anterior width of skull #aj ,width across occipital condyles #d ,length of mandible #be ,anterior width of mandible #b ,length of large tooth #a ,erpetosaurus tuberculatus ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #cdh-cdi1 pl4 lviii1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,nos4 #hfic ,g and #hfaj ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this species is based on a fragmentary cranium 7plate #bf1 fig4 #a7 consisting of the posterior part of the right side of the skull4 ,its association in the genus is solely on the character of the sculpturing of the cranial elements4 ,it is most closely related1 in the characters preserved1 to the form described by ,cope as ,tuditanus radiatus1 from which it differs especially in the character of the sculpture and in the position of the orbits1 as well as the arrangement and size of the various cranial elements1 so far as these elements can be detected in the present specimen4 ,in ,erpetosaurus radiatus the skull is sculptured by radiating grooves and ridges which did not arise from a definite center4 ,in ,e4 tuberculatus this center of radiation is marked by an elevation or tubercle on each cranial element exposed1 from which the grooves and ridges radiate outward4 ,these tubercles have an elevation of #d mm4 above the cranial element proper4 ,the orbit is located near the median line of the skull1 so far as can be determined4 ,in ,e4 radiatus ,cope the orbits are located well forward4 ,in that species also the postparietal is smaller than in the present species and the squamosal is longer and more slender4 7,plate #be1 fig4 #a47 ,the fragment of a skull on which the above comparison has been made consists of the right postparietal1 a portion of the tabulare1 the parietal1 the frontal1 and a portion of the squamosal4 ,the other elements are not clear4 ,the elements in the median line are elongate1 as in ,erpetosaurus radiatus4 ,the pineal foramen is located well back on the median line and lies posterior to two-thirds of the length of the parietals4 ,the sutures separating the frontal and parietal elements from each other in the median line are of the zigzag form so characteristic of the labyrinthodonts4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,erpetosaurus tuberculatus ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of portion of skull preserved #eb ,width across tabulare 7estimated7 #fj ,length of parietal #ae ,maximum width of parietal #aa ,length of frontal #bb ,width of frontal #ab ,genus ,,odonterpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #ai1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie4 ,the generic characters may be found in the triangular shape of the skull1 the large size of the teeth1 the shape of the vertebr1 the small size of the orbits1 and their anterior position as shown in the type specimen 7fig4 #bb1 ,e74 ,the name of the genus is derived from the remarkable size of the teeth as compared with the size of the skull4 ,odonterpeton triangularis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #ai1 pl4 #f1 fig4 #c1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ddfe1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the specimen described under the above name is a representative of the smallest species of the ,microsauria so far described from ,north ,america4 ,orthocosta microscopica ,fritsch1 from the ,carboniferous of ,bohemia1 is a rival of the present form in size1 but the form described by ,fritsch is an entirely different animal and was formerly included among the so-called ,aistopoda1 which are regarded by the writer as merely specialized microsaurians4 ,the present form shows clear affinities with the ,microsauria4 ,as may be seen by referring to the list of measurements1 the skull of this form measures only #f4e mm4 in length4 ,the form may possibly be larval1 though ,i do not think so1 if ,i may judge from the well-developed condition of the skull bones and the complete ossification of the vertebr4 ,the sides of the skull are equal and the occiput is a straight table1 so that the skull forms almost an exact equilateral triangle4 ,the orbits are very small and are placed well forward4 ,the interorbital space is four times that of the diameter of the orbit1 a very unusual character and in itself worthy of ranking as a generic character4 ,the median suture of the skull is zigzag and incloses the minute parietal foramen near the posterior end of the skull4 ,the relations of the elements of the skull1 with the exceptions of those of the frontals and parietals1 can not be determined with accuracy1 although there are here and there indications of sutures4 ,the characters of the cranial elements1 so far as they can be determined1 are those of the family ,tuditanid1 and the form may1 for the present1 be regarded as a member of that group4 ,the teeth are very long1 slender1 and sharp1 and are placed close together4 ,there is no indication of fluting on the teeth4 ,they are slightly curved inward4 ,there are #ac vertebr present4 ,the centra are hour-glass shaped1 and are apparently phyllospondylous1 with the notochord largely persistent4 ,the vertebral centra are unusually long and slender1 with the ends rounded4 ,the humerus of the right side is preserved4 ,it is a long1 slender bone with expanded extremities4 ,there is no evidence of abdominal armature nor of ribs 7fig4 #bb1 ,e74 ,the discovery of this form in the ,linton deposits is of considerable interest in that it indicates a wide range in size and character of the fauna of the time4 ,the forms now known from the ,linton beds range from ,odonterpeton1 which possibly had a total length of #b inches in life1 to the form designated ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope1 with a skull of at least #h inches in length and whose body may have attained a length of some feet4 ,the large rib described below undoubtedly indicates a large form of the ancient ,amphibia from ,linton1 as do also the vertebr described by ,marsh in #ahfc from ,nova ,scotia4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of animal1 as preserved #ah ,length of skull #f4e ,posterior width of skull #e4e ,length of side of skull #f4e ,diameter of orbit #fe ,interorbital width #b ,length of tooth #j4be ,length of vertebra #a4de ,width of vertebra #ce ,length of humerus #b4be ,distal width of humerus #ce ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,stegopid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio4 ,family ,,stegopid ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 #gi1 #aiji4 ,the chief family characters are the large lacrimal1 unknown in other species of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia1 the central position of the orbits1 the general form of the skull1 and the peculiar1 short1 divaricate horns from the squamosal4 ,if an intertemporal element is present in the skull1 which is suggested as a possibility1 the family is further distinct4 ,the type species is ,stegops divaricata ,cope from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the group seems to be distinct and has no immediate allies1 being confined to the ,american ,coal ,measures4 ,genus ,,stegops ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 #gi1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,stegops divaricata ,cope4 ,this genus has been erected for the reception of the peculiar form described by ,cope as ,ceraterpeton divaricatum1 but there are good reasons why the form can not be retained in the genus4 ,the position of the orbits in ,stegops 7plate #be1 fig4 #c7 is different from ,ceraterpeton and the muzzle is rounded1 not truncate as in the latter form4 ,the horns are of a different type and there is no indication of the tabulare protuberance which is present in ,ceraterpeton4 ,the sculpturing of the cranial elements is also distinctive in the present form1 consisting of radiating grooves and ridges2 the cranium of ,ceraterpeton appears to be but slightly sculptured4 ,there is no lateral projection from the border of the skull in ,stegops1 as there is in the other genus4 ,the structure of the skull of ,ceraterpeton is practically unknown1 except in a very general way1 although ,andrews 7#h7 was able to make out some of the elements and to trace the lateral-line canals4 ,a structural comparison is thus impossible1 but on the basis of form alone there are good generic distinctions4 ,the present genus is apparently distinct from other genera in the presence of an intertemporal1 but additional material will be required before a satisfactory determination is possible4 ,the genus ,diceratosaurus of ,jaekel 7#cdg7 is distinct in the arrangement of the elements of the cranium1 the general form of the skull1 and in the two known species of ,diceratosaurus the orbits are located well anteriorly1 but in ,stegops they are in the median transverse line of the cranium4 ,the genus ,stegops is distinct from ,eoserpeton in the smaller size of the prosquamosal1 in the broadly rounded muzzle1 in the larger and more posteriorly placed orbits1 and in the presence of an intertemporal bone1 or at least in the elongate character of the postorbital if the intertemporal is not present4 ,the species on which the genus ,eoserpeton is based was first described by ,cope as ,ceraterpeton ten n iconic4 ,the form is quite distinct1 in spite of ,jacket's protestations to the contrary4 ,the genus ,stegops stands alone among the ,carboniferous ,amphibia of ,north ,america1 so far as ,i am aware1 in the possession of a well-defined lacrimal of the labyrinthodont type4 ,stegops divaricata ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxii1 p4 #djf1 #ahhe 7,keraterpeton divaricatum74 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #gi1 fig4 #bb1 #aiji 7,stegops74 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #beei ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the obverse of this is ,no4 #ab1caa1 ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the skull on which this species is based consists of the impressions on two slabs of coal1 one belonging to the ,newberry ,collection of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,no4 #beei ,g1 and the other to the ,gurley ,collection of the ,university of ,chicago1 ,no4 #ab1caa4 ,the slab belonging to the ,university of ,chicago contains the better-preserved remains1 so that the description is based largely on that portion 7plate #be1 fig4 #c74 ,nearly all of the elements of the skull are determined with considerable certainty and many important characters in the morphology of the ,microsauria are thus brought out4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,skull elements of ,stegops divaricata ,cope41 fr1 frontal2 it1 intertemporal2 j1 jugal2 la1 lacrimal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 par1 parietal2 pf1 prefrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pof1 postfrontal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 qj1 quadratojugal2 tab1 tabulare2 pp1 postparietal4 #a4c4 ,the skull is oval1 elongate1 truncate behind1 and the quadrate angles project into sharp horns4 ,the orbits are elongate ovals and their center lies in the median line which divides the skull transversely4 ,the nostrils are elongate and have an oblique position4 ,the pineal foramen lies in the posterior third of the skull4 ,teeth are preserved on both maxill and premaxill4 ,they are simply sharp pleurodont denticles1 and seem to have been fairly abundant4 ,the bones have been completely carbonized and nothing of the original texture is preserved1 although the details of the structure are beautifully preserved4 7,plate #be1 fig4 #c47 ,the skull is somewhat triangular in its general form4 ,the premaxilla lies on the anterior border of the cranium1 and forms the median border of the nostril4 ,the suture which separates the maxilla and the premaxilla is not evident1 and it may not be correctly defined in the figure 7fig4 #bc74 ,the nasal is a very large element and is elongate4 ,it unites with the premaxilla1 the lacrimal1 the prefrontal1 and the parietal4 ,it is acuminate behind and the point is inclosed by the pref rental and the parietal4 ,the frontal is quite narrow and elongate1 and does not border the orbit2 its posterior boundary is not accurately represented4 ,the radiations on the surface indicate the extent of the element4 ,the parietals are remarkable in being smaller than the frontal and nasal4 ,the pineal foramen is inclosed in the median suture in the anterior third of the parietals4 ,the parietal has the usual relations of that element4 ,the postparietal lies posterior to the parietal1 but a portion of its bounding sutures are destroyed4 ,the prefrontal forms the antero-interior border of the orbit and borders the postfrontal posteriorly1 in an unusual manner4 ,the lacrimal is a large element and is clearly separable from the other cranial elements4 ,it1 with the prefrontal1 forms the anterior border of the orbit4 ,the maxilla is very elongate and forms the larger part of the lateral border of the skull4 ,sharp-pointed teeth are present on it and they may have been pleurodont4 ,the lateral border of the orbit probably received a portion of the maxilla4 ,the postfrontal and the postorbital form the greater part of the posterior boundary of the orbit4 ,the postorbital seems to be divided by a median suture which would indicate an intertemporal bone1 but this is not certain4 ,the appearance may be due to a fracture4 ,the supratemporal is a large element bordering the parietal and lies in front of the tabulare4 ,the squamosal is elongate to form the posterior horn-like extension of the skull4 ,the tabulare is transversely elongate and has the usual relations4 ,the jugal widens to a fan-shape backwards1 and helps to form the lateral border of the orbit4 ,its lateral and anterior boundaries are not assured4 ,the quadratojugal seems to lie as indicated1 although the anterior part of the suture is not distinct4 ,it is apparently an elongate element and with the maxilla forms the lateral border of the skull4 ,the base of the skull as restored 7fig4 #bc7 is irregular and may have had a slightly different form4 ,the genus ,stegops is exceptional in the elongate character of the cranial elements of the single species known4 ,in this respect it recalls the species ,diceratosaurus lvis described below4 ,the large size of the nasals1 frontals1 and lacrimals and the small size of the parietals are1 so far as ,i am aware1 unparalleled among the other ,coal ,measures ,amphibia of ,north ,america4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,median length of the skull #ef ,width across tips of horns #df ,width at base of horns #dj ,width across orbits #dd ,diameter of the orbit #h ,length of the orbit #ae ,interorbital space #af ,length of the nostril #b ,diameter of the pineal foramen #a ,length of the teeth #a4e ,length of the horn from base #g4e ,width of horn at base #d ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ae #a4 ,dorsum of skull of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton4 ,ohio4 ,original in the ,museum at ,berlin ,university4 #b4 ,after ,jaekel4 popostorbital3 fr frontal2 pofpostfrontal2 jjugal2 lalacrimal2 mx maxilla2 psperisquamosal2 pppost-parietal2 pmx premaxilla4 #b4 ,ventral surface of the skull of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope 71 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #b4 ,after ,jaekel4 aanterior palatine vacuity2 exexoccipital2 jjugal2 mxmaxilla2 trtransverse2 palpalatine2 ptpterygoid2 prprevomer2 psperisquamosal2 pvposterior or suborbital palatine vacuity2 phparasphenoid4 #c4 ,pectoral girdle of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,original in the paleontological ,museum at ,berlin4 #b4 ,after ,jaekel4 cliinner side of clavicle2 icinterclavicle2 clclavicle 7lower side72 clecleithrum4 #d4 7e7 ,cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus 7,cope71 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 cvcaudal vertebra shown with its cap of dermal bone2 dvdorsal vertebra with ribs2 xdermal plate on neural spine2 hhumerus2 uulna2 rradius4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,urocordylid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio4 ,family ,,urocordylid ,lydekker1 #ahij4 ,lydekker1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #aif1 #ahij4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 art4 ,,xxv1 p4 #ceg1 #aiji4 ,type of the family3 ,urocordylus wandesfordii ,huxley4 ,locality and horizon3 ,coal ,measures of ,kilkenny1 ,ireland4 ,stout and long-tailed forms1 with the tabulare cornua frequently much produced and pitted cranial bones2 lateral lines well-developed2 palate with teeth on palatines1 vomers1 premaxill1 and maxill1 the two latter elements bearing conical teeth and the others bearing short1 stumpy cones1 at least in one species2 pineal foramen well forward2 nostrils and orbits in the anterior part of skull2 scapula peculiarly curved and pointed2 other pectoral elements sculptured2 neural spines and chevrons of caudal vertebr much dilated at their extremities1 and pectinated2 no caudal ribs2 vertebr in one genus apparently capped with a sculptured plate as in ,zatrachys2 tail very long and tapering to a point1 #ej to ,so caudal vertebr2 dorsal region short2 limbs well developed1 with clawed digits2 carpus and tarsus cartilaginous2 endochondrium well formed4 ,there are #d genera which constitute this family3 ,urocordylus1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ireland2 ,ceraterpeton1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ireland and ,england2 ,diceratosaurus1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio2 ,eoserpeton1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,these may be distinguished by the following characters3 ,i4 ,skull triangular1 truncated behind1 with rounded muzzle and aborted tabulare cornua1 neural spines of caudal vertebr long1 slender1 and expanded in a fan-like manner2 tail with about #hj vertebr2 ventral scutes oat-like ,urocordylus4 ,,ii4 ,skull parabolic and of great width1 with short cornua projecting from the supratemporal2 tabulare cornua nearly twice as long2 neural spines of caudal vertebr low and wide2 ventral scutes oblong2 caudal vertebr about #ej ,ceraterpeton4 ,,iii4 ,skull broad with obtuse snout1 tabulare cornua absent1 large1 pointed posterior expansions from supratemporal1 posterior table within the cornua truncate2 vertebr with an apical sculptured plate2 caudal vertebr numerous1 over #ge2 ventral scutell bristle-like1 arranged en chevron ,diceratosaurus4 ,,iv4 ,skull a broad oval1 with large posterior projecting supratemporal horns1 posterior table of skull between cornua truncate without the small lateral projection from the supratemporal1 orbits a long oval1 ribs long1 curved and slender1 tail unknown1 possibly shorter than in other members of the family2 it is restored as short in ,journal of ,geology1 ,,xvii1 p4 #gg1 fig4 #bj1 #aiji1 but this is uncertain2 the skull has all the characters of the family ,eoserpeton4 ,the relationships of the family are not far to seek4 ,they fall in immediately with the ,amphibamid and ,hylonomid in being among the most reptile-like of the ,paleozoic ,amphibia4 ,the group is1 however1 distinctly amphibian in the possession of #d fingers1 with the usual microsaurian phalangeal formula4 ,genus ,,diceratosaurus ,jaekel1 #aijc4 ,jaekel1 ,neues ,jahrbuch f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,bd4 #a1 p4 #aab1 #aijc4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 pp4 #fc-fi1 figs4 #ac-ae1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,jaekel4 ,orbits in the anterior two-thirds of the axial skull length1 nostrils near to the anterior end of the skull2 pineal foramen in the center of the skull roof2 skull provided with tabulate cornua and a broad backwardly directed process2 quadrate angle does not project on the border of the skull2 sculpture of the cranial elements impressed as radial grooves2 #ab presacral vertebr1 #a sacral with expanded neural spine which is sculptured at the top1 with simple long1 apparently separately ossified transverse processes2 extremities small2 foot with #e digits2 phalangeal formula #b-c-c-d-c4 ,the most important differences between ,diceratosaurus and ,ceraterpeton1 the most nearly allied genus1 is 7in ,diceratosaurus7 in the more anterior position and small size of the orbits1 the backward extension of the quadrate region1 and the dorsal expansion of the vertebral spines4 ,a further1 and more important1 difference between the genera is in the location of the backwardly directed processes from the skull4 ,in ,ceraterpeton they project backward from and are a portion of the tabulare element1 while in ,diceratosaurus the projection consists almost entirely of squamosal and supratemporal4 ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahge1 p4 #af4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgb1 pl4 xli1 fig4 #d1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 art4 ,,xxv1 p4 #cef1 pl4 lxv1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfjf1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species was first described by ,cope as ,ceraterpeton punctolineatum 7#abb74 ,it was redescribed on more abundant material 7plate #ai7 by ,jaekel 7#cdg71 and the following is taken from the discussions of these two authors1 checked by my own observations on the type specimen4 ,this shows a portion of the skull1 consisting of the squamosal and supratemporal with a projecting1 convergent horn4 ,the sculpturing on the skull is similar to that on the pectoral plates1 of which there are three preserved 7plate #ad1 fig4 #d74 ,the bones of the fore limbs are stout and short4 ,the ribs are only slightly curved4 ,the character of the vertebr can not be ascertained4 ,the sculpturing of the bones consists of radiating ridges1 grooves1 and pittings4 ,jaekel 7#cdg7 described from the museum collection at ,berlin #c specimens of this species1 among which were #b skulls4 ,there were associated with these remains some pectoral plates and limb bones with a nearly complete series of vertebr4 ,a modified translation of ,jaekel's description follows3 ,the skull of the largest specimen has1 including the horns1 a length of #ce mm4 and a width of #cj mm4 on the occipital border4 ,from the anterior end to the posterior border of the skull 7exclusive of the horns7 there is a length of #be mm4 ,the pineal foramen lies about midway of this length4 ,the orbits are rather large1 almost circular1 and lie about midway between the pineal foramen and the anterior border of the skull4 ,the nostrils1 which lie anterior to the orbits1 are a rather oblique oval and narrowed on the lateral ends4 ,the distance between them is about the same as that between the orbits1 which measures #g mm4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #af #a4 ,type specimen of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope1 from ,linton1 ,ohio1 beds4 #a4 ,drawn from photograph4 clclavicle2 hhumerus2 icinterclavicle2 mcmetacarpals2 r-uradius-ulna2 rbrib2 scscapula2 sqsquamosal2 vsventral scutell4 #b4 ,skull of ,sauropleura longidentata1 ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4 ,drawn from photograph4 frfrontal2 mmaxilla2 nnasal2 ororbit2 parparietal2 pppostparietal2 tabtabulare4 #c4 ,mandible of ,sauropleura longidentata1 ,moodie1 from ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4e4 ,drawn from photograph4 #d4 ,type specimen of ,sauropleura enchodus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4 #e4 ,additional specimen of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton ,ohio4 #a4 ffemur2 ililium2 mcmetacarpal2 mtmetatarsal2 phphalanx2 rradius2 ttibia4 ,the skull roof is sculptured with pits much like those of ,archegosaurus4 ,the larger the bones1 the rougher the sculpture4 ,the bones of the middle of the skull 7that is1 the parietals1 frontals1 premaxill1 nasals1 and postparietals7 are of the normal form and only show an unusual difference in that they are large in the inverse order4 ,the pineal foramen lies in the anterior third of the parietals2 that is the primitive condition which occurs in the young forms of the ,branchiosaurid4 ,the nostrils are inclosed by the premaxill in front1 in the median line by the nasals and laterally by the maxill4 ,the jugals1 by their backward prolongation1 form1 behind the maxill1 the border of the skull1 and only attain to some size on the upper side of the cranium4 ,jaekel's perisquamosal 7see plate #ae71 which is of a doubtful nature1 is not indicated in the type specimen nor in the specimens of the other two species 7#dfb7 assigned to this genus4 ,in ,d4 robustus and ,d4 lvis the perisquamosal region is easily separable into its component elements4 ,the sutures between the elements may have been indistinct in his specimen1 but it is hardly conceivable that a union of the skull bones would occur in one species and not in another of the same genus4 ,jaekel's suggestion 7#cdg7 that ,etwas mehr ,wahrscheinlichkeit mchte ich der ,vorstellung beimessen1 dass diese ,ausbreitungen zum ,schutz freier ,kiemen dienten1 wie sie z4 ,b4 bei den ,perennibranchiaten als baumfrmige ,organe weit am ,halse herausragen can hardly find acceptance with students of the ,paleozoic ,amphibia1 since there is not the slightest evidence that the ,microsauria ever possessed external gills and considerable presumptive evidence that they did not4 ,his comparison of the perisquamosal to the ,kiemendeckel of the fishes is also very unhappy on morphological grounds1 since the elements of his perisquamosal form constituent parts of the skull roof1 which the operculum never does4 ,the palate of the skull 7plate #ae1 fig4 #b7 has been determined by removing the skull bones of one specimen4 ,anteriorly the premaxill and maxill are clearly recognizable as large dentiferous elements4 ,the premaxill have #d to #g teeth1 the short maxilla has #c to #d4 ,all the teeth are of nearly equal size4 ,smaller teeth seem to be indicated by impressions found between the larger ones4 ,the vomers1 which are tolerably large1 unite with the premaxill behind and inclose at least half of the palatine foramen on the inner side4 ,they are furnished with small teeth1 which in the anterior part are very irregularly placed1 but they are more regular posteriorly4 ,the palatines and transverse bones are questionably identified4 ,they seem to lie posterior and lateral to the vomers1 but the sutures are indistinct4 ,the large parasphenoid seems well displayed and is more or less heart-shaped4 ,there would seem to be a slight indication of double occipital condyles4 ,the pterygoids are broad plates which inclose the parasphenoid and form the lateral boundary of the palate4 ,the cotyli are very indistinct1 but appear as elongate grooves4 ,the pectoral girdle 7plate #ae1 fig4 #c7 consists1 apparently1 of seven elements1 three paired and one unpaired4 ,the unpaired element 7the interclavicle7 is truncate posteriorly and acuminate in front1 with its surface radially grooved and the anterior borders beveled for articulation with the clavicles4 ,the clavicles are triangular1 as is usual with the ,microsauria4 ,they are sculptured with radiate grooves and ridges1 with decided inosculations at the ossific center4 ,the coracoids have only part of their surface ornamented2 most of their surface is smooth for articulation with the interclavicle and scapula4 ,a long spine projects from the inner surface of the coracoid4 ,a pair of small elements lie one on either side of the clavicles and ,jaekel 7#cdg7 interprets them as the cleithra4 ,if they are cleithra they are unique among the ,microsauria4 ,the pectoral girdle does not1 however1 indicate that ,diceratosaurus is unique among all known quadrupeds4 ,jaekel regards the limb which is preserved with the material as an arm 7plate #ae1 fig4 #d71 but there is no reason stated for his conclusion4 ,it has all of the characters of the leg and may be regarded as such4 ,only a part of the lower end of the femur is preserved4 ,the tibia and fibula are preserved as separate rod-like elements with one of the bones longer and larger1 probably the tibia4 ,there are #e toes which have the customary phalangeal formula for a microsaurian foot of #b-c-c-d787-c4 ,the tarsals are unossified4 ,the vertebr 7plate #ae7 were perforated for the notochord1 and are hour-glass-shaped1 with the neural arch thickened to support a heavy spine which bore a sculptured plate4 ,these apical plates occur in the dorsal region1 but diminish toward the caudal vertebr4 ,the number of the vertebr in the dorsal region is very small and in the tail very large4 ,there are possibly #b vertebr in the cervical1 #aa in the dorsal series2 the thirteenth carries the pelvis4 ,there are over #ajj vertebr in the tail4 ,the ribs have an expanded head and the transverse processes of the vertebr are long4 ,the following account is based on the writer's study of the type specimen and he is able to add several points of interest to a knowledge of the anatomy of the type of this interesting microsaurian4 ,the type specimen consists of #aa consecutive vertebr with a portion of the skull1 the greater portion of the pectoral girdle1 parts of both fore limbs1 ribs1 and ventral scutell 7plate #ad1 fig4 #d74 ,the species is represented in the collection by yet another specimen1 on which ,cope based his ,tuditanus mordax 7plate #bb1 fig4 #e71 of which he himself says3 ,further examination of the specimen on which the latter 7,t4 mordax7 was founded leads to the belief that it is an imperfect cranium of ,ceraterpeton 7,diceratosaurus7 punctolineatum ,cope4 ,the plates referred to are rather to be regarded as elements of the pectoral girdle and ,i believe they represent the clavicle and a portion of the interclavicle4 ,the skull of the present species is fully described by ,jaekel4 ,the type specimen does not offer any evidence in support of ,jaekel's perisquamosal1 but rather tends to the idea that he is incorrect in his assumption of the fusion of these elements of the skull4 ,the direction taken by the ridges and grooves on the elements preserved indicate a separation between the supratemporal and the squamosal4 ,i do not find that the grooves have the tendency to arise from a common center of ossification in the squamosal1 as suggested in the figures of ,jaekel4 ,the horn which projects backward from the squamosal is rather large and heavy for the size of the skull1 and after curving slightly inward ends in a blunt point and not sharply1 as ,jaekel figures in his specimens4 ,the vertebral column is indistinctly preserved and ,i have nothing to add to ,jaekel's account given above4 ,in the structure of the pectoral girdle my results are greatly at variance with those of ,jaekel4 ,i do not find the remarkable elements which ,jaekel has figured 7#cdg7 in his specimens4 ,on the other hand1 ,i find a normal microsaurian pectoral arch 7#dfd71 such as has been described for numerous other forms4 ,there are present1 distinctly preserved in the type specimen1 the scapul1 the clavicles1 and the interclavicle1 with the possibility of the coracoid4 ,the peculiar element referred to by ,cope as resembling a lacertilian pubis is without doubt the left scapula of the animal 7plate #af1 fig4 #a74 ,its form compares very favorably with that of ,ceraterpeton as figured by ,woodward 7#fcj74 ,the coracoid may be represented by the fragment which lies close to the scapula4 ,the sculptured element lying next to the supratemporal horn of the skull is the right clavicle preserved bottom side up4 ,of the other two sculptured elements1 one is the interclavicle1 only a portion of which is preserved4 ,the left clavicle lies beside it4 ,the clavicles in this species have a tendency to assume the triangular shape so common in other species of ,microsauria1 and the interclavicle1 so far as can be determined1 was shield-shaped4 ,the upper surfaces of the pectoral elements are marked by grooves for the attachment of the pectoral muscles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,a4 ,skull of ,diceratosaurus lvis ,moodie1 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures4 #a4 f1 frontal2 j1 jugal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 pof1 postfrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pf1 prefrontal2 pp1 postparietal2 sq1 squamosal2 spt1 supratemporal2 qj1 quadratojugal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 tab1 tabulare4 ,b4 ,reconstruction of skull outlines of ,diceratosaurus robustus ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 #j4ge4 fr1 frontal2 f1 jugal2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 pof1 postfrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 qj1 quadratojugal2 spt1 supratemporal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,the ventral scutellation is present in a small patch 7plate #af1 fig4 #a7 near the horn of the skull4 ,the scut are oat-shaped and take the usual form4 ,the ribs are not long1 are rather stout1 and beyond the proximal curve are nearly straight to the obtuse tips4 ,the heads of the ribs are so obscure that it is impossible to determine whether they were two-headed or not4 ,they are expanded proximally and there is a slight tendency to a division of the head4 ,portions of both fore limbs are preserved4 ,the right limb possesses the humerus1 separate radius and ulna1 and #b metacarpals4 ,the other possesses only the radius1 #c metacarpals1 and a portion of a phalanx4 ,the humerus is a very stout bone and at once recalls that of ,amblyrhynchus4 ,the ends are expanded and there are roughnesses on the bone for the attachment of muscles4 ,the radius and ulna are subequal in size4 ,they are both expanded more proximally than distally4 ,the carpus was cartilaginous4 ,an additional specimen of this species is figured on plate #af1 fig4 #e4 ,this adds to our knowledge of the pelvis especially4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of entire specimen #hj ,length of tabulate horn of skull #bj ,width at base #d ,width at tip #b4e ,length of right humerus #af ,width at middle of shaft #c ,width at proximal end #e ,width at distal end #e4e ,length of radius #i ,length of ulna #i ,width of radius at proximal end #b4e ,width at middle #a4e ,width at distal end #b ,width of various portions of ulna same as radius4 ,length of the only phalanx preserved #e ,length of vertebra #e ,width of vertebra #d ,length of longest rib #ag ,width of rib at widest part #a4e ,width of clavicle #ah ,length of clavicle #bj ,length of interclavicle #be ,width of interclavicle #af ,length of single side of chevron scute #g ,width of same 4#be ,the specimen 7,no4 #beff1 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist47 on which ,cope based his ,tuditanus mordax is composed of two plates of the above-described species4 ,diceratosaurus lvis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #fc1 figs4 #ac1 #ad1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ajb 7#hfhj ,g71 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 where it forms part of the ,newberry collection4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species is represented by an almost complete skull1 which had been identified previously by ,cope as ,tuditanus radiatus4 ,the specimen consists of the impressions of the bones of the cranial roof1 the bones themselves having disappeared4 ,it is not probable that the dorsum of the skull was smooth4 ,the details in the structure of the skull have been ascertained quite definitely4 ,there can be no doubt that the arrangement of the elements is accurate1 as shown in figure #bd ,a4 ,the supratemporal1 as in ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 is excluded from the parietal4 ,the form of the skull at once recalls that of the species ,d4 punctolineatus1 as figured by ,jaekel 7see plate #ae74 ,the orbits are located in nearly the same region of the skull and the sutures separating the cranial elements are quite similar in the anterior portions4 ,the species ,d4 lvis is based on the divergent character of the horn-like protuberances which project from the squamosals4 ,the horns of ,d4 punctolineatus are convergent4 ,the present skull is also smaller and the parietals in ,d4 lvis are much larger than in the type species4 ,in the type species1 also1 the pineal foramen is located well forward in the parietal1 while in the present form the foramen is located well posterior4 ,the skull is almost rectangular4 ,the nostrils are elongate ovals4 ,the orbits are circular and the distance between them is equal to two-thirds of the dimensions of the orbit4 ,they are located well forward in the skull and are bounded laterally by the maxillaries4 ,the nostrils have much the same character as in the type form1 being broadly oval4 ,the premaxill are elongate transversely1 being about twice as long as wide4 ,they are identical in shape and relations with the same elements in ,d4 punctolineatus ,cope4 ,the nasal is nearly square and forms the interior boundary of the nostril4 ,the frontal is elongate in the median length of the skull and it is acuminate posteriorly1 where the acumination is inclosed by the parietal and postfrontal4 ,the parietals are by far the largest elements in the cranium4 ,they form together an oval which is elongate in the longitudinal diameter of the skull4 ,they inclose between them1 in the median suture1 the small pineal foramen4 ,they are acuminate in front1 with a broad truncate posterior base1 where they are bounded by the postparietals4 ,the postparietal is nearly square1 being somewhat wider than long4 ,it joins the tabulare and the parietal4 ,the tabulare is elongate in the long diameter of the skull4 ,it ends anteriorly in a point which is inserted between the postorbital and the parietal1 and bears a short protuberance posteriorly1 much as does the same element in the type species4 ,there are four elements which take part in the formation of the posterior border of the skull4 ,these are the postparietal1 the tabulare1 the squamosal1 and the supratemporal4 ,it is very unusual for the supratemporal to reach the posterior edge of the cranium4 ,the pref rental lies anterior to the orbit1 of which it forms the anterior border4 ,the lacrimal has not been detected1 although ,jaekel 7#cdg7 has indicated it in his drawings of the skull of the type species4 ,the maxilla is elongate and forms the lateral border of the skull4 ,no teeth have been detected1 although they were doubtless the same as ,jaekel has figured in ,d4 punctolineatus4 ,the jugal is an elongate element joining the maxilla posteriorly4 ,jaekel included this element in his perisquamosal1 but the sutures are clearly evident in the present specimen and there is no evidence of a structure at all similar to a perisquamosal4 ,the postorbital is fully as large as the jugal which it joins1 forming a part of the posterior border of the orbit and ending posteriorly in a point which is inclosed by the tabulare and the squamosal4 ,the postfrontal with the foregoing element forms the entire posterior border of the orbit and it likewise ends in a point inclosed by the parietal and the postorbital4 ,the quadratojugal has much the same shape and relations as in ,d4 punctolineatus1 although it is located further back4 ,the squamosal is also elongate1 as are most of the posterior cranial elements1 and it also has an acumination which is directed forward and is inclosed by the postorbital and jugal4 ,the anterior suture of this element is rather indistinct1 but it is1 ,i believe1 as represented 7fig4 #bd74 ,the element is elongate and is prolonged posteriorly to form the horn1 which ends in a blunt point and is not sharp1 as in the type species4 ,jaekel 7#cdg7 regards the species ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus ,cope as being unparalleled among known vertebrates in the possession of a perisquamosal element4 ,in closely allied species the perisquamosal is easily separated into its component elements1 and the morphology of the present skull would throw considerable doubt on ,jaekel's interpretation of the skull of the type species4 ,another specimen1 described below as another species of this genus1 shows no evidence of this fusion4 ,so far as ,i can learn1 there have been no cases of true fusion of cranial elements correctly reported1 unless it be that which possibly exists between the two frontals in the skull of ,diplocaulus4 ,it was on the basis of such fusions that ,maggi 7#cig7 proposed to derive the interparietals of the primates from the tabulare of the stegocephalians4 ,the posterior outline of the skull in the present specimen is not well preserved and the outline as given may be slightly inaccurate4 ,the indentation figured by ,jaekel in the posterior border of the skull of the type form is not present in the species under discussion4 ,measurements of the ,type ,skull of ,diceratosaurus lvis ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of skull along median suture #cg ,length from muzzle to tip of horn #ej ,width between tips of horns1 estimated #dj ,width of orbit #g ,length of orbit #aj ,width of skull across the orbits #cj ,interorbital width #f ,length of nostril opening #b ,width of nostril #a ,diameter of the pineal foramen - #a ,diceratosaurus robustus ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #fg1 fig4 #ae1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 art4 ,,xxv1 p4 #cee1 pl4 lxiii1 fig4 #b1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfaa ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the present species is indicated by the left portion of a cranium representing a large individual4 ,the characters of the skull are so clearly marked that it seems worthy of description4 ,the presence of horns as given in the restoration of the skull 7fig4 #bd1 ,b7 is based on the analogy with the other two species of this genus1 in both of which horns are present4 ,the generic determination of the species is based on the large size of the postorbital1 which is essentially characteristic of the other species of ,diceratosaurus4 ,the characters which distinguish the species from others of the genus are the large postorbitals and the small parietals1 which are excluded from union with the postfrontals on account of the large size of the frontal4 ,in the other two known species the frontal is small and the parietal comes forward to join the postfrontal4 ,the present species exhibits a skull which is nearly twice as large as that of ,d4 lvis and nearly three times the size of the skull of ,d4 punctolineatus4 ,the portion of the skull preserved shows the cranium to have had a rather acuminate snout1 not blunt as in the type species4 ,the orbit is an elongate oval1 although it has the same relative position in the skull as in the other species4 ,the nostril is indicated by an oval depression near the anterior edge of the skull4 ,the frontals1 as indicated by the sutures present on the portion of the skull which is preserved1 are fully as long as the parietals4 ,whether they were as wide as is represented is uncertain4 ,the postfrontals are very small bones1 the sutures of which are somewhat uncertain1 although they can not be far from what is represented 7fig4 #bd1 ,b74 ,the postorbital is large and elongate1 and is distinctive of this species on account of its unusual size1 although it does not attain the same proportions as in other members of the genus4 ,the parietals are elongate and narrow4 ,the pineal foramen is represented by its lateral edge and its position is about midway of the longitudinal diameter of the parietals4 ,the narrow postparietal is represented by its anterior border2 as restored 7fig4 #bd1 ,b7 it may be too long4 ,the tabulare1 also1 is represented by an anterior portion and it shows this element to have the position and form which is typical of the form ,diceratosaurus lvis4 ,such other of the cranial elements as are indicated are based on the relations discovered in ,d4 lvis4 ,the heavy line on the left of the drawing 7fig4 #bd1 ,b7 represents the outline of the preserved portion4 ,the skull1 as restored1 may be a little too long1 and the shape of the horns is conjectural4 ,in the orbit there are preserved #b misplaced teeth showing longitudinal fluting4 ,the longest tooth is about #c mm4 ,measurements of the ,type ,skull of ,diceratosaurus robustus ,moodie4 mm4 ,median length of skull1 estimated #fg ,posterior width of skull1 estimated #gh ,length of orbit #ah ,width of orbit #ab ,length of longest tooth #c ,width of same tooth at base #a4e ,length of postorbital #bg ,width of postorbital #ad ,genus ,,eoserpeton ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 pp4 #gf-gi1 fig4 #bj1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cee1 pl4 lxiii1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,eoserpeton tenuicorne ,cope4 ,the genus was proposed for the reception of a single species originally referred by ,cope to ,ceraterpeton 7,c4 tenuicorne74 ,the species can not be placed in the genus ,ceraterpeton on account of the form and structure of the skull1 which varies widely from that of the type species1 ,ceraterpeton galvani ,huxley1 from the ,kilkenny ,coal ,measures of ,ireland4 ,the most important character in which the present species differs from ,c4 galvani is the peculiar form taken by the squamosal and by the position of the horn4 ,these characters will be evident on referring to figure #be4 ,no undoubted remains of ,ceraterpeton have been found outside the ,british ,isles4 ,fritsch referred 7#bea7 a species1 previously described as ,scincosaurus crassus1 to this genus1 but ,andrews 7#h71 ,jaekel 7#cdg7 and ,woodward 7#fcj7 all unite in placing the species in the genus where it was formerly described4 ,jaekel even says that the ,scincosaurus has no horns1 so far as he can determine4 ,cope referred #c species 7#abc7 from the ,linton ,coal ,measures of ,ohio to the genus ,ceraterpeton1 but it has been shown elsewhere 7#cdg7 that no one of them belongs in the genus1 nor in fact do they all belong in one genus4 ,eoserpeton tenuicorne ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgb-cgc1 pl4 xlii1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxii1 p4 #djg1 #ahhe4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #he1 pl4 iii1 fig4 #b1 #ahig4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 #cg1 p4 #bc1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,there are also specimens ,nos4 #ddgb and #ddgc in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,locality and horizon3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species was founded on a complete skull preserved on obverse sides of a block of coal4 ,cope 7#abc1 pl4 ,,xlii1 fig4 #b7 figured this skull4 ,the figure is poorly executed and does not do justice to the specimen1 which is really well preserved4 ,in general the skull is oval1 with the orbits located well towards the acuminate snout4 ,the interorbital space is equal to twice the width of the orbit4 ,the pineal foramen lies near the center of the skull4 ,the quadrate angles are drawn out into slender acuminate1 longitudinally striate horns1 processes from the squamosal4 ,the horn arises from an expanded base1 which is a portion of the cranial element at the postero-lateral angle of the skull4 ,this character is taken as the distinctive one of the genus4 ,it is possessed by no other form of ,carboniferous air-breathing vertebrate1 in association with the other characters of the form4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,eoserpeton tenuicorne4 mm4 ,median length of skull #bf ,width across squamosal enlargement #cj ,width across base of horns #be ,length from muzzle to tip of horn #dj ,length of horn #aj ,width of horn at base #d ,length of orbit #d ,width of orbit #c ,interorbital span #f ,nos4 #ddgb and #ddgc1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 from ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 mm4 ,median length of skull #af ,maximum width of skull #bj ,length of horn from base #g ,length of orbit #c ,interorbital width #c4e ,length of vertebral column to sacrum #cc ,length of femur #e4e ,length of tibia and fibula #c ,length of second digit 7incomplete7 #g ,length of metatarsal #a4e ,length of clavicle #f ,width of clavicle #c4e ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,restoration of skeleton of ,eoserpeton tenuicorne ,cope4 #a 4#e4 ,skull3 pmx1 premaxilla2 n1 nasal2 fr1 frontal2 par1 parietal2 pf1 prefrontal2 mx1 maxilla2 pof1 postfrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 j1 jugal2 qj1 quadratojugal2 spt1 supratemporal2 sq1 squamosal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,skeleton3 ic1 interclavicle2 cl1 clavicle2 sc1 scapula2 h1 humerus2 r1 radius2 u1 ulna2 c1 carpus2 sr1 sacral rib 7uncertain872 il1 ilium2 f1 femur2 fb1 fibula2 t1 tibia2 ts1 tarsus4 ,the boundaries of the premaxill are indefinite1 but what remains of the sutures indicates that the elements were small4 ,no teeth have been detected4 ,the nasal is likewise not clearly defined1 but the frontal is an elongate element which occupies the space between the orbits and joins the parietal posteriorly4 ,the parietals form a large oval space1 so characteristic of many of the ,carboniferous ,microsauria1 in the anterior third of which occurs the median parietal foramen4 ,the postparietal is almost square1 and forms part of the posterior boundary of the skull4 ,the tabulare has the usual position and relations4 ,the prefrontal is ill defined4 ,the postfrontal is small and forms a slender rod on the postero-inner boundary of the orbit4 ,the postorbital is small and its bounding suture with the postfrontal is indefinite4 ,the jugal is only partially represented in the specimen1 and that part forms the outer boundary of the orbit4 ,the maxillary sutures are not defined4 ,there are no evidences of teeth1 since the skull is compressed dorso-ventrally4 ,the quadratojugal is1 apparently1 a larger element than usual1 with the visual relations4 ,the supratemporal lies in great part in front of the squamosal1 but still has the normal relations of that element4 ,the squamosal is the characteristic feature of the skull4 ,it is very tumid at its base and projects into a long1 slender1 acuminate horn1 the tumid portion being ornamented by radiating stri4 ,another specimen of this species presents the greater part of the skeleton4 ,however1 very little can be added to our knowledge of the skull structure4 ,it is barely possible that the second specimen may be distinct from the type4 ,the horns are curved inward1 but otherwise there is little or no difference4 ,one of the most interesting and important features of the complete specimen is the unusual preservation of a leg1 with impressions of #ae or more vertebra21 and traces of curved ribs which are intercentral in position4 ,the femur is slender and expanded at the ends1 with the articular surfaces well formed4 ,the tibia and fibula are mere rods of bone1 although the tibia has slightly expanded extremities4 ,there is no osseous tarsus4 ,there are #e digits in the foot2 the second one is entire and contains #d phalanges2 the other digits are incomplete4 ,the foot is remarkably long and slender1 and is fully as long as the tarsal space plus the tibia1 with the terminal phalanx clawed4 ,there are impressions of #b oval and elongate clavicles in the pectoral region4 ,the outer end is not expanded as is usual1 and the surface is ornamented with grooves and ridges which radiate from a common center4 ,the entire remains measure scarcely #c inches in length and it is to be doubted if the creature attained a length of more than #d inches4 ,it is probably a young form1 but there are no evidences of external gills4 ,the chevron armature is but poorly preserved1 but so far as can be determined it is not different from that of other ,microsauria1 such as ,amphibamus4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ag ,type of ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope4 #a4e4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,amphibamid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,mazon ,,creek1 ,,illinois4 ,family ,,amphibamid new family4 ,small1 lizard-like1 terrestrial or semi-aquatic1 megacephalic microsaurians1 known from #c species4 ,the family characters are the huge size of the head as compared to the body1 the short1 stumpy body with about #be short dorsal vertebr1 a very short tail1 phalanges clawed1 pubis of calcified cartilage1 sclerotic plates in the orbit to the number of #bi or #cj in each1 ventral armature well developed4 ,teeth anisodont1 sharp1 conical1 non-striate4 ,two genera are associated in this family3 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 known from three nearly complete skeletons2 ,a4 thoracatus ,moodie1 known from a single incomplete skeleton2 ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie1 anterior portion of body and skull4 ,the species are all from the ,mazon ,creek shales and the family seems unrepresented elsewhere4 ,it may be necessary to compare the ,amphibamid with the ,hylonomid when the latter group is better known1 but in the light of our present knowledge the two families are distinct4 ,the genera may be distinguished as follows3 ,i4 ,size small1 less than #c inches in total length1 skull with deeply incised tympanic notches 7ear-slits7 ,amphibamus ,,ii4 ,size relatively large1 body-length #f inches or more1 teeth distinctly anisodont1 skull with nearly even posterior table1 limbs very long1 ventral armature highly developed ,cephalerpeton ,genus ,,amphibamus ,cope1 #ahfe4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfe1 pp4 #acd-acg4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ills41 #aa1 pp4 #ace-ada1 pl4 xxxii1 #a text-fig4 ,hay1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxix1 p4 #abj1 #aijj4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 p4 #ha1 fig4 #bd1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 ,the publication of the type species of this genus began the researches of ,professor ,cope on the extinct ,amphibia of ,north ,america1 which he continued for so many years with such excellent results 7#aje-agg74 ,the description was based on a single specimen 7plate #c1 fig4 #g7 belonging to ,mr4 ,joseph ,evans1 of ,morris1 ,illinois1 who loaned it to ,dr4 ,worthen for the ,illinois ,geological ,state ,survey 7#ajg71 in order that it might be described4 ,the type has been destroyed by fire2 so ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,daniels1 of ,rolling ,prairie1 ,indiana4 ,there are two other known specimens of the species4 ,one is in the collection of ,mr4 ,daniels and the other ,no4 #gid1 of ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,this genus may be clearly separated from all the other microsaurians by characters which are peculiar to the form4 ,among these may be mentioned the possession of sclerotic plates in the eyes2 the large size of the orbits in comparison with the dimensions of the skull2 the short1 broad form of the body2 the very short tail2 the possession of a calcified cartilaginous pubis2 clawed phalanges2 presacrals #bb4 ,the character which places the genus distinctly in the ,microsauria is the possession of long1 slender1 curved ribs1 first detected on ,mr4 ,daniels's specimen 7plate #ad1 figs4 #a1 #b71 by ,dr4 ,hay 7#caf74 ,its stegocephalian characters are evident in every particular of its anatomy the roofed skull1 the arrangement of the cranial elements1 the presence of a well-developed ventral armature1 and the digital formula 7#d for the hand and #e for the foot74 ,the genus ,amphibamus was regarded by ,cope as a representative of a new order of vertebrates which he called 7#aje7 ,xenorachia4 ,he later 7#abc7 abandoned this1 however4 ,fritsch 7#bea71 ,zittel 7#fdb71 and others regarded ,amphibamus as a branchiosaurian4 ,the exact position of the form was uncertain until #aijj1 when ,dr4 ,hay 7#caf7 described the long1 curved ribs and suggested its place among the ,microsauria4 ,he1 however 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,vert41 p4 #daj71 made the mistake of including the branchiosaurian family ,protritonid1 under ,microsauria1 thus confusing the subject further4 ,the genus 7#dfb7 has not the slightest relationship with the ,branchiosauria4 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 pp4 #acd-acg1 #ahfe2 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ills41 #aa1 pp4 #ace-ada1 pl4 xxxii1 and #a woodcut1 #ahff4 ,hay1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxix1 p4 #abj1 #aijj4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #hb1 fig4 #bd1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,kan4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cdc-cdi1 pl4 #a1 figs4 #a and #b2 pl4 #e1 fig4 #c2 pl4 #g1 fig4 #a2 pl4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen has been destroyed4 ,there is an excellent specimen 7plate #d1 figs4 #e4 #f71 ,no4 #gid 7#abcd71 in ,yale ,university ,museum1 and another nearly as good in the possession of ,mr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,daniels1 of ,rolling ,prairie1 ,indiana4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the form of the skull of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope is not unlike that of ,tuditanus minimus ,moodie 7#dfb7 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 beds1 but it is less acuminate than in that form4 ,the large size of the orbits is especially striking4 ,the shape of the skull is triangular1 with concavities in the posterior table which correspond to the ear-slits so characteristic of ,metoposaurus 7#bdb7 from the ,keuper of ,germany4 ,the narrowed posterior table of the skull is truncate1 as in several other genera of ,microsauria1 notably ,tuditanus and ,saurerpeton4 ,in structure the skull differs but little from many of the other ,carboniferous forms1 but the arrangement of the elements of the skull is more regular than in other genera4 ,the premaxillaries are very small elements in the anterior tip of the skull4 ,they border the nares4 ,the skull is rather peculiar among the ,microsauria in the possession of a distinct lacrimal4 ,i have detected this element in the cranium of ,stegops divaricata ,cope4 ,as here defined the lacrimal is triangular1 with its posterior border formed exclusively by the prefrontal4 ,its other relations are the normal ones4 ,the nasal is elongate1 with the usual relations of that element4 ,the frontal is slightly longer and broader than the nasal4 ,it apparently forms a portion of the inner border of the orbit4 ,the parietal foramen lies in the anterior fourth of the parietal1 a rather unusual position for this structure4 ,the parietals1 as in so many of the ,microsauria1 together form the largest element of the skull and are roughly a triangular area in the postero-median portion of the skull4 ,the postparietal and the tabulare are clearly distinguishable and they have the usual relations for those elements4 ,the maxillary1 jugal1 and quadratojugal together form the greater part of the maxillary border4 ,the postero-lateral angle of the skull is1 as visual1 formed by the squamosal4 ,the orbit is bounded posteriorly by the postorbital and the postfrontal1 which include in the angle between them the quadrangular squamosal4 ,the orbit is especially remarkable for its size as compared with the dimensions of the skull1 being without a parallel among other known ,microsauria4 ,around the border of the orbit in the specimen ,cope studied 7#aje7 there were found #ad quadrangular plates which he called superciliary plates4 ,hay 7#caf7 was inclined to regard them as sclerotic plates4 ,in the ,yale ,museum specimen 7plate #d1 figs4 #e1 #f7 there are #bj of these plates1 and there seems to be no doubt that they are sclerotic elements4 ,in the restoration 7fig4 #bf7 #bi sclerotic plates are given1 but there is no assurance that this number is the exact one4 ,they may also have been slightly larger1 but not as large as in ,branchiosaurus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,restoration of body outline and skeleton of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 from ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 shales4 ,restoration is based on complete specimens of the species and on ,cope's drawing4 ,form of body is indicated in one specimen1 that in possession of ,mr4 ,daniels4 #a4e4 ,skull3 pmx1 premaxilla2 n1 nasal2 fr1 frontal2 par1 parietal2 la1 lacrimal2 pf1 prefrontal2 pof1 postfrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 spt1 supratemporal2 mx1 maxilla2 j1 jugal2 qj1 quadratojugal2 sq1 squamosal2 tab1 tabulare4 ,skeleton3 ic1 interclavicle2 cl1 clavicle2 sc1 scapula2 h1 humerus2 r-u1 radius1 ulna2 r1 carpus2 pu1 pubis2 il1 ilium2 f1 femur2 t1 tibia2 fb1 fibula2 ts1 tarsus2 x1 ischium4 ,the vertebral column is preserved nearly entire in the ,daniels specimen and quite entire 7#dgh7 in the ,yale specimen4 ,cope1 in his study of the type 7#aje1 #ajg71 thought there could be no more than #ac presacrals1 but the specimen was poorly preserved and indecisive on this point4 ,dr4 ,hay 7#caf7 was inclined to the opinion that there were less than #bj4 ,the ,yale specimen shows #bb centra1 which are elongate1 hour-glass-shaped bodies1 with the neural spine a long1 low crest running the entire length of the centrum1 with a median elevation1 so that in lateral view the spine would be triangular in form4 ,the body of the centrum is expanded laterally into a diapophysis which extends anteriorly4 ,the posterior vertebr1 at least1 had the notochord largely persistent4 ,the osseous part of the vertebra seems to have been but a thin shell1 and the structure of the zygapophyses can not be determined4 ,that they were dorsal in position is1 however1 evident from several vertebr4 ,the points of these structures project laterally4 ,the tail is short and the caudal vertebr weakly developed4 ,there are distinct impressions of at least #ab pairs of ribs in the ,daniels specimen4 ,they are long1 slender1 and curved1 and there is no definite assurance that there were as many ribs as are indicated 7fig4 #bf7 in the restoration 7#dfb74 ,the ribs are intercentral 7#dfi7 and probably occupied the full length of the vertebral column4 ,there may have been as many as indicated in the restoration4 ,one of the most interesting features of the ,yale specimen is the preservation of a small patch of skin1 evidently from the back1 lying to one side near the head1 measuring #e mm4 in length by #c mm4 in width4 ,the fragment shows the skin to be of tuberculated scales1 #d of which occupy the length of #a mm4 ,the scales are somewhat hexagonal1 almost rounded1 and were relatively quite thick4 ,they lie in a close mosaic 7fig4 #bg74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,skeleton of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 #a4d4 c1 carpus2 cl1 clavicle2 cr1 caudal rib2 cv1 caudal vertebra2 f1 femur2 h1 humerus3 il1 ilium2 s1 skin3 or1 orbit3 r1 radius2 ul1 ulna2 sc1 scapula2 sp1 sclerotic plates2 t1 tibia and fibula2 ts1 tarsus2 vs1 ventral scutell4 ,specimen ,no4 #gid1 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,the ,yale specimen has1 very well preserved1 a portion of the ventral scutell1 of the throat1 chest1 and belly4 ,the arrangement of the plates on the throat and chest is almost exactly the reverse of what ,credner has described 7#aij7 for ,branchiosaurus amblystomus ,cred4 ,on the throat1 in the present form1 the chevron points anteriorly1 and it is the anterior prolongation of the belly scutes with the postero-lateral projection of the gular scutes which form the chest and arm scutellation4 ,the belly chevrons point anteriorly1 as in ,branchiosaurus1 the rods formed by the scutes being straight and not curved as in ,branchiosaurus4 ,the entire ventral armature preserved is displaced to the left of the animal and only the anterior portion is preserved4 ,the pectoral girdle is only partially known4 ,the scapula is crescent-shaped4 ,the other elements are indicated only by fragments and nothing is known of their form4 ,the arm elements are nearly all known4 ,the humerus is slender and expanded at the ends1 with its articular surfaces well developed4 ,the separate radius and ulna are of approximately the same size and length4 ,the carpus is unossified4 ,the complete phalangeal formula for the hand of ,amphibamus is unknown4 ,the third digit seems to have #d elements4 ,the formula #b-b-c-b has been suggested 7#dfb74 ,the pelvis is very satisfactorily known4 ,the ilium is a long1 slender1 straight rod1 with expanded ends4 ,the ischium is shown on both sides of the vertebral column in the ,yale specimen4 ,its form is almost identical with that of ,paleohatteria longicaudata ,credner1 from the ,rothliegenden of ,saxony4 ,the ischia are apparently approximate in the median line1 though this character is somewhat obscured by the impression of the caudal vertebr4 ,their relation with the ilium1 other than that they were posterior to it1 is uncertain4 ,the pubis is1 apparently1 calcified cartilage4 ,it is a squarish plate1 somewhat corrugated1 lying anterior to the ilium in the ,daniels specimen4 ,the elements of the pelvis were undoubtedly hung loosely in the flesh1 as in modern salamanders1 since there is no indication of articular surfaces4 ,the hind limb is well known1 the type having a nearly complete leg with the foot4 ,the ,daniels and the ,yale specimens supplement and substantiate the type4 ,the femur is longer than the humerus1 but more slender1 with its articular surfaces about as well developed as in the humerus4 ,the element is a simple rod of bone without muscular crests of any kind4 ,the tibia and fibula are1 likewise1 slender separate rods of bone4 ,the tarsus is unossified4 ,the phalangeal formula is #b-b-c-d-c1 and is fairly definite4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,restoration of probable appearance of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope on the basis of the material described herewith4 #a4e4 ,in the type specimen the matrix in the orbit was blackened as if by the pigmentum nigrum of the choroid4 ,the same has been noticed in other specimens4 ,professor ,cope thought this indicated that the animal was nocturnal4 ,there are many characters in ,amphibamus which seem to approximate the reptilian type of structure4 ,among these may be mentioned the character of the articular surfaces of the limb bones1 the intercentral position of the ribs1 the incipient double-headedness and the curvature of the ribs1 the presence of a cartilaginous calcified pubis1 the length of the limbs1 and the clawed character of the phalanges4 ,amphibamus was a low1 flat1 short1 and undoubtedly a creeping1 crawling animal1 possibly spending a portion of its time in the water2 but it could not have been a swimmer4 ,it was one of nature's first attempts at constructing a land vertebrate4 ,measurements of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope4 ,collection of ,mr4 ,l4 ,e4 ,daniels1 of ,rolling ,prairie1 ,indiana3 mm4 ,entire length of specimen #fb ,posterior width of head #ae ,length of head #ae ,posterior height of skull #c ,length of orbit #e ,width of orbit #c4e ,interorbital width #d ,width of skull in front of orbits #aa ,width of skull just back of orbits #af ,length of presacral region of the vertebral column #cj ,length of tail #ac ,length of fore limb #ac4e ,length of humerus #d ,length of radius and ulna #c ,length of right hand as preserved #c4e ,length of rib along curve #e4e ,length of hind limb #ag ,length of ilium #d ,length of vertebral centrum #a4ge ,length of portion of scapula 787 preserved #d4e ,length of foot #f4e ,width of impression of body midway #af ,no4 #gid 7#abcd71 ,yale ,university ,museum3 mm4 ,length of skeleton #fg ,length of skull #ae ,posterior width of skull #ae ,depth of tympanic notch #d ,width of tympanic notch #f ,long diameter of the orbit #g ,transverse diameter of the orbit #e4e ,interorbital width #d4e ,diameter of pineal foramen 4#ge ,length of cervical series of vertebr #i ,length of dorsal series #ce ,length of caudal series #ac ,length of a centrum of the dorsal series #a4e ,length of dorsal rib #c4e ,length of arm #bj ,length of humerus #g ,length of radius and ulna #d ,width of carpal space #c ,length of third digit #e ,length of leg #be ,length of ilium #c ,length of femur #i ,length of tibia and fibula #e ,length of carpal space #d ,length of #ast digit #c ,length of #b;d digit #d4e ,length of #dth digit #g #c ventral scutell in #a mm4 ,amphibamus thoracatus ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #dj1 pp4 #dca-dcc1 fig4 #b1 #aiaa4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cdg-cdi1 pl4 #e1 fig4 #b1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #dcjf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the type is a part of the collection of ,mr4 ,r4 ,d4 ,lacoe1 in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,the fossil is very poorly preserved1 but the remains are to be seen on both halves of the nodule1 so that considerable can be made out as to its structure4 ,the chief diagnostic characters which will at once distinguish the species are the elongate arm1 large interclavicle1 shape of the vertebra1 and triangular skull4 ,the portions of the animal which are preserved are the impression of the skull with one orbit1 the right humerus and radius with portions of others1 and traces of ventral scutell4 ,these remains are so intermingled with the remains of plants that it has been quite difficult to distinguish bone impression from plants4 ,this1 however1 has been done by whitening the fossils with ammonium chloride1 when the texture of the fossils serves to distinguish the one from the other4 ,parts of the plants have been converted into galena and kaolin1 as have also parts of the bones1 so the task has been rendered doubly difficult4 ,there can be no doubt1 however1 that the observations recorded below are correct4 ,the position of the arm in relation to the pectoral girdle and the position of the girdle in relation to the skull impression first called attention to the possible presence of a fossil amphibian4 ,there is little to be said of the skull4 ,it is merely an impression in the nodule4 ,it is triangular in form1 with the snout an acute angle4 ,the angle is1 however1 exaggerated by the compression to which the fossil has been subjected4 ,the right side of the skull lies over a portion of some plant4 ,the animal is preserved on its back1 so that this gives a good opportunity for the study of the pectoral girdle1 which is partially preserved4 ,the interclavicle is very large and from it the species has been given its specific name 7thoracatus--armed with a breast plate74 ,it is an exaggerated ,t1 with the stem very short with its anterior margin curved1 and ending in a rather sharp1 elongate point4 ,the interclavicle recalls1 in a measure1 the same element of the ,branchiosauria1 although it is much more expanded anteriorly and has a shorter spine4 ,in these respects it resembles more nearly a reptilian interclavicle 7fig4 #ad ,b74 ,the clavicle is of the simple triangular shape so characteristic of the ,microsauria4 ,it is somewhat displaced backward and its inner margin is slightly obscured4 ,the humerus is elongate1 apparently cylindrical1 and with expanded ends1 resembling very closely the humerus of ,amphibamus grandiceps1 although its proportions are much greater than in that species4 ,its length is almost equal to the length of the skull1 while in ,a4 grandiceps the length of the humerus is only half that of the skull4 ,the radius 7ulna87 resembles in its general proportions those of the humerus4 ,it is a more elongate1 slender1 lighter bone4 ,the impression of the other bone of the forearm is obscured4 ,a portion of a single vertebral centrum from the posterior part of the dorsal series is preserved4 ,it is apparently amphiclous2 its width is nearly half greater than its length4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,amphibamus thoracatus ,moodie4 7,no4 #dcjf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum47 mm4 ,length of entire specimen1 as preserved #fj ,length of skull impression #ah ,greatest width of same #ae4e ,long diameter of right orbit #d ,transverse diameter of same #c ,transverse width of interclavicle #ad ,long diameter of same #g787 ,long diameter of clavicle #i ,greatest transverse diameter #c ,length of humerus #aj ,greatest diameter of same #d ,least diameter of same #a4e ,length of radius 7ulna87 #aa ,length of vertebral centrum #b ,width of same #c ,genus ,,cephalerpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cdj1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie4 ,this genus is founded on remains of a nearly entire individual of a relatively large microsaurian from the ,mazon ,creek shales4 ,the genus is most immediately related to the ,amphibamid1 of which two species are already known1 ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope and ,a4 thoracatus ,moodie4 ,the present genus differs from these species in many respects1 notably in size4 ,the skull in ,cephalerpeton is nearly as long as half the entire body of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope1 inclusive of the tail4 ,other structural differences are the anisodont teeth1 the large size and the more median position of the orbits1 and the absence of the posterior tympanic notch in ,cephalerpeton4 ,the form of the skull recalls that of ,melanerpeton and ,pelosaurus 7#aij7 of ,europe1 but those genera are branchiosaurian1 while the present form1 from the structure of the vertebr and the long1 curved ribs1 is an undoubted microsaurian4 ,nothing like it occurs in any of the amphibian faunas thus far made known4 ,it is most nearly approached by a member of the genus ,erpetosaurus1 but from this genus the present form is readily distinguished by the smooth skull bones1 the absence of a posterior table to the skull1 and the presence of a highly developed ventral armature4 ,the interorbital width is less than the transverse diameter of the orbit4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ah #a4 ,type specimen of ,erpelosaurus sculptilis ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton ,shales of ,pennsylvania4 ,original in the ,university of ,chicago1 ,walker ,museum4 #b4 ,skeletal elements of ,eryops sp4 indet41 from the ,pittsburgh ,red ,shale at ,pitcairn1 ,pennsylvania4 anearly complete vertebra2 b and cribs2 dpleurocentrum2 fneural arch and spine4 ,originals in the ,carnegie ,museum at ,pittsburgh4 ,after ,case4 #c4 ,photograph of amphibian footprints1 ,dromopus aduncus ,branson1 from the ,mississippian shales of ,giles ,county1 ,virginia4 #a_/c4 ,courtesy of ,dr4 ,branson4 ,original in the ,museum at ,oberlin ,college4 #d4 ,photograph of type of ,thinopus antiquus ,marsh1 the amphibian footprint from the ,devonian of ,pennsylvania4 #a_/d4 ,courtesy of ,dr4 ,lull4 ,original ,no4 #ghd1 ,vale ,university ,museum4 ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vii1 ,no4 #b1 pp1 #cej-ceb1 pl4 #a1 fig4 #d2 pl4 #g1 fig4 #b1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #gif1 of ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,collected at ,mazon ,creek in #ahga1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the remains on which the present species is based consist of an almost entire skull1 #bf consecutive vertebr1 both fore limbs1 #bj ribs preserved on the right side of the body1 and a portion of the ventral armature 7plate #d1 fig4 #d74 ,the skull is very broad posteriorly1 its width being one-third greater than its length1 with due allowance for crushing4 ,a pineal foramen is not preserved4 ,the sutures bounding the premaxillaries1 the maxill1 the nasals1 the prefrontals1 the frontals1 a portion of the parietals1 the squamosal1 the supratemporal1 the quadratojugal1 and the quadrate 787 are fairly well preserved4 ,the arrangement of these elements can be discerned by reference to figure #bi4 ,the prefrontals are unusually large and are triangular in shape4 ,the supratemporal is also quite large4 ,the surface of the skull bones is smooth and there is nowhere an indication of sculpture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,skeleton of ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum ,moodie4 #a4 pf1 prefrontal2 cl1 clavicle2 m1 mandible2 h1 humerus2 j1 jugal2 mx1 maxilla2 or1 orbit2 ph1 phalanges of hand2 par2 parietal2 po1 postorbital2 r1 radius2 sp1 sclerotic plates2 u1 ulna2 vs1 ventral scutell4 ,portions of #d sclerotic plates are preserved in the right orbit4 ,these measure #j4e by #j4ge mm4 ,the orbits are large and the interorbital space is less than the transverse diameter of the orbit4 ,thirteen teeth1 apparently pleurodont1 are preserved on the left maxilla4 ,they are short1 sharply pointed1 smooth1 and unequal4 ,the first #b left maxillary teeth from the anterior end are short2 then follows a tooth which is one-third longer than these two2 the fourth tooth is somewhat shorter than the third2 the fifth and sixth are still shorter and are practically equal in size1 though somewhat larger than the first two4 ,the right mandible is preserved almost entire1 though so badly eroded that little can be said of its structure4 ,impressions of #ab teeth are present on the mandible and all are1 apparently1 equal4 ,the cotylus seems to have been far posterior and an angle of the mandible projected slightly back of the skull4 ,there remain only a few indefinite impressions of the cervical vertebr4 ,the union of the skull with the vertebral column is obscured and lost4 ,impressions of the dorsal vertebr are well preserved1 and wax molds made from these show the structure of the dorsal vertebr surprisingly well4 ,they are long and cylindrical1 with the median portions slightly constricted by a deep pit on each side of the low neural ridge1 which takes the form observed in ,thyrsidium1 ,molgophis1 ,phlegethontia1 ,dolichosoma 7fig4 #h7 and other genera4 ,the vertebr are strongly amphiclous and the notochord was probably persistent4 ,the sides of the vertebr are smooth4 ,the ribs are all intercentral in position2 the anterior ones very broad near the base1 recalling the broadly expanded ribs described by ,schwarz 7#edj7 for ,scincosaurus1 ,ptyonius1 ,thyrsidium1 and other genera4 ,posteriorly the ribs become slender and cylindrical4 ,they are all rather long and distinctly curved1 with probably a cartilaginous tip4 ,there is preserved a single element of the right side of the pectoral girdle4 ,this is1 ,i think1 the coracoid1 an element which has hitherto escaped observation among the ,american ,microsauria4 ,it is long and spatulate at both ends1 with the median portion apparently almost cylindrical1 not unlike that described by ,credner 7#aha7 for the coracoid of ,branchiosaurus1 save that the lower end of the branchiosaurian coracoid is acuminate4 ,in the present form it is spatulate4 ,its relations with the other elements of the pectoral girdle have never been satisfactorily determined4 ,the fore limbs are both partially preserved4 ,the humerus of the right side is complete4 ,it is greatly elongated for a microsaurian4 ,the form of the element is not unlike that of a lizard1 with the lower end of the bone spatulate and endochondrium well developed4 ,very little difference can be seen between the form of the arm bones1 which represent the radius and ulna4 ,they are both elongated1 with constricted median portion and expanded truncate ends4 ,the carpus is unossified and the cartilage has left no trace of the elements4 ,the right hand has two metacarpals preserved1 which are fully half as long as the radius and ulna4 ,they are separated some little distance from the ends of these elements1 though this may be due to post-mortem shifting4 ,the carpus may1 however1 have been broad4 ,on the left side are preserved portions of the humerus1 radius1 ulna1 and #c metacarpals1 lying close to the vertebral column4 ,the carpal space is not so large on the left as on the right4 ,the ventral armature is well preserved in a narrow patch about an inch in length4 ,the chevron-shaped rods are quite large1 there being #b of them in #a mm4 ,measurements4 mm4 ,entire length of fossil #ih ,length of skull #bb ,width across base of skull #bh ,long diameter of eye #aj4e ,transverse diameter of eye #h ,interorbital space #d ,length of mandible #bf ,depth of mandible at coronoidal region #c4e ,depth of dentary #b ,length of long tooth #b ,diameter of long tooth at base 4#e ,length of preserved portion of vertebral column #fd ,length of a centrum #c ,median width of a centrum #a4e ,length of rib #f4e ,width of rib at base 4#cc ,length of coracoid #e ,width of coracoid at anterior end #b4e ,length of carpal space #e ,length of humerus #ah ,width of shaft #a ,distal width of humerus #d ,length of radius and ulna #aj4e ,length of metacarpal #f ,length of ventral armature preserved #bd ,number of rods in length of #e mm #aj ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ai ,type specimen of ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 #a4cc4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #bj #a4 ,skull of ,erpetosaurus minutus ,moodie1 from the ,cannelton slates of ,pennsylvania4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,enlarged #c4c4 #b4 ,skull and anterior part of body of ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #a4 #c4 ,skeleton of ,eosauravus copei ,williston1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton4 ,ohio4 ,the oldest known reptile from ,north ,america and closely related structurally to the ,microsauria4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #a4 #d4 ,part of the ventral scutellation and ribs of ,sauropleura digitata ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton4 ,ohio4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #a4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,nyraniid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio4 ,family ,,nyraniid ,lydekker1 #ahij4 ,lydekker1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 p4 #aff1 #ahij4 ,skull with the palatines situated near the middle line1 internally to the vomers and pterygoids1 and the palatine vacuities small and placed far back4 ,vertebr 7,ichthyerpeton7 discoidal4 ,teeth less complex than in the ,anthracosaurid4 ,a ventral armor present and the entire body covered with small cycloid imbriated scales4 ,the type genus of this family was placed by ,fritsch 7#bea7 with the ,archegosaurid1 although its resemblance to ,anthracosaurus was pointed out2 it was subsequently made the type of a family by ,lydekker 7#cic7 in #ahij1 and placed next the ,archegosaurid4 ,known from the ,coal ,measures of ,bohemia1 ,ireland1 and ,ohio4 ,two genera from ,north ,america1 ,ichthyerpeton and ,cercariomorphis1 are assigned tentatively to this family1 both known from the ,coal ,measures 7#dfb7 of ,linton1 ,ohio1 and both with the body completely scaled4 ,the distinguishing characters are found chiefly in the shape and arrangement of the scales1 the structure1 form1 and size of the body1 all of which are given full treatment in the discussion below4 ,genus ,,ichthyerpeton ,huxley1 #ahff4 ,huxley1 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,irish ,acad41 ,,xxiv1 p4 #aie1 pl4 xxiii1 fig4 #a2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,iii1 p4 #aie1 pl4 #bc1 fig4 #a1 #ahff4 ,the genus was founded by ,huxley 7#ccd7 for the reception of the species ,ichthyerpeton bradley from the ,kilkenny ,coal ,measures of ,ireland4 ,the remains of the type specimen represent the hinder moiety of the trunk1 with the greater part of the tail1 of an animal whose scaly integument and laterally compressed1 fin-like tail might easily lead one to take it for a fish1 were not its true position among higher vertebrata settled at once by the digitate hind limb2 while its alliance with the labyrinthodonts is indicated by the delicate spicular ossicles1 which form a rudimentary dermal shield along the belly4 7,huxley47 ,ichthyerpeton squamosum ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #fi1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bd1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimens ,nos4 #ddgf and #ddei1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,locality and horizon3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the present species is based on well-preserved remains from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 beds4 ,there are two specimens of the species preserved on blocks of coal and together they represent the greater part of the length of the animal4 ,the species is located in the genus ,ichthyerpeton1 which was founded by ,huxley 7#ccd1 p4 #cea7 on remains from the ,coal ,measures of ,ireland1 on account of the character of the dermal covering1 which consists of small scales such as ,huxley described in the form from ,ireland4 ,the specific characters of this form are the small size of the rounded scales1 the attenuated tail1 the apparent absence of limbs1 the character of the ventral scutellation1 and the slightly curved condition of the ribs4 ,it is estimated1 from the portions preserved1 that the animal attained a length of not less than #c feet and its body was long and slender4 ,it may have had an appearance similar to the modern caudate genus ,siren1 though there were doubtless #d limbs present instead of #b4 ,the slenderness of the body is at variance with the condition found in the type species ,ichthyerpeton bradley ,huxley1 in which the trunk was rather stoutly built4 ,the character of the anterior portion of the body in the present species can not be determined and the skull is wanting4 ,there are no evidences of anterior limbs1 although the ventral scutellation preserved would seem to include the pectoral region4 ,no pectoral shields are preserved1 nor are there any traces of pelvic girdle or limbs4 ,the preserved portions on one block include nearly the entire tail and the posterior region of the body1 and on the other block the dorsal region of the body and the anterior portion of the tail1 so that the two specimens supplement each other in an interesting manner4 ,there are impressions of several vertebr preserved4 ,they are much the same in character as ,huxley has described for the type species 7,i4 bradley74 ,they are short and thick and were probably amphiclous4 ,there are likewise preserved the remains of rather slender recurved ribs mingled in with the remains of the ventral scutellation and distinguished from the elements of the abdominal shield by their size and curvature4 ,they are1 apparently1 single-headed1 but the character of their articulation can not be determined4 ,the ventral scutellation consists of fine continuous rods arranged in the regular chevron pattern4 ,they do not seem to be divided into oat-shaped scutes1 as is the case with the form described by ,huxley4 ,the ventral rods are closely packed for a distance of more than #f inches1 but as they are scattered their exact arrangement can not be determined4 ,they seem to have extended to the cloacal region1 but there are no evidences of the specialized clasping organs such as ,fritsch 7#bea7 has described in the ventral scutell of ,ophiderpeton4 ,the scales1 which are well preserved on the tail1 may have covered the entire body1 since there are many scattered scales in the dorsal region of one of the specimens4 ,they are slightly oval1 tuberculate1 and measure scarcely #a mm4 in their longest diameter4 ,they show but slight evidences of having been imbricated1 though it is likewise possible that they were simply inclosed within the integument1 and somewhat separated from one another4 ,the most posterior part of the tail preserved seems to indicate that the tip was attenuated4 ,it was probably flattened from side to side4 ,we may thus regard ,ichthyerpeton squamosum as an elongate aquatic animal with a long1 flattened tail1 and since there were possibly no limbs or very small ones1 it would be an animal highly adapted for life in the water4 ,the present species is of interest because it represents an additional discovery of the scaled ,amphibia in ,north ,america4 ,the species previously known from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 deposits is ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope4 ,dermal scales have also been observed in specimens of ,amphibamus grandiceps ,cope and ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie 7#dfb1 #dgh7 from the ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 beds1 and ,sir ,william ,dawson 7#bjh7 described scales accompanying several forms from the ,joggins deposits of western ,nova ,scotia4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #ba #a4 ,mandible of ,micrerpeton deani ,moodie1 from the ,linton4 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,no4 #bicd4 #j4f4 #b4 ,portion of the skull of ,micrerpeton deani ,moodie1 possibly of the same individual as the mandible4 ,from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,no4 #cece ,g4 #j4d4 #c4 ,type of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #a4 #d4 ,an additional specimen of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #a4 #e4 ,skull of ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry4 ,from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 #a4 #f4 ,tooth of ,mastodonsaurus sp4 indet4 of the ,carboniferous of ,kansas4 ,original in ,university of ,kansas ,museum4 #a4 #g4 ,tooth of ,mastodonsaurus giganteus ,jaeger1 from the ,triassic of ,germany4 ,introduced for comparison with the tooth from the ,kansas ,carboniferous4 #a4 ,measurements of the ,types of ,ichthyerpeton squamosum ,moodie4 ,length of animal as estimated from two impressions #c ft4 ,length of longest impression #ba in4 ,length of specimen containing tail impression #i in4 ,width of tail impression3 ,maximum #ej mm4 ,minimum #f mm4 ,width of a single scale #a mm4 ,distance from base of tail to tip #abe mm4 ,length of specimen as preserved #bbe mm4 ,width of chevron rod space #cj mm4 ,length of rib #be mm4 #h chevrons in a distance of #c mm4 ,genus ,,cercariomorphus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahhe1 p4 #dje4 ,type3 ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope4 ,the type specimen of this genus is supplemented by a portion of the body of another specimen which adds a little to our knowledge of the animal's form1 but nothing as to structure4 ,cope's original description is as follows3 ,represented by a fusiform body which terminates in a long1 slender1 cylindrical tail1 and which is covered with small subquadrate scales quincuncially arranged4 ,no fins or limbs are preserved1 and the form of the head can not be made out4 ,probably a portion of the skull is preserved4 ,there are some scattered bodies in the body portion1 which look like deeply concave vertebr with the zygapophyses of batrachians4 ,there are some linear impressions at one point1 which resemble the bristle-like rods on many ,stegocephali4 ,they are so few as to be of little importance4 ,the scales are like those of fishes4 ,there are traces of segmentation in the axis of the long tail4 ,the position of this curious form is quite uncertain4 ,it is quite different from anything observed hitherto in the ,american ,coal ,measures4 ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahhe1 p4 #dje4 ,moodie1 ,science1 n4s41 ,,xli1 ,no4 #ajef1 p4 #dfc1 #aiae4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #befj1 ,newberry ,collection1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,discovered by ,samuel ,huston at the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,mines4 7,plate #ba1 figs4 #c1 #d2 #bd1 figs4 #b1 #c47 ,the scales 7,plate #bd1 fig4 #b7 in their present condition are entirely smooth4 ,at a distance of #bj mm4 from the base of the tail they are in #bj longitudinal series4 ,at that point the transverse diameter of the body is #adj mm4 ,the outline contracts rather abruptly to the tail1 of which #ff mm4 are preserved4 ,the surface of the tail is obscured by a thin layer of carbonaceous matter not sufficiently thick to obscure scales1 which are evident at distances of #af mm41 #dc mm41 and #eb mm4 from the tip4 ,the scales on the tail are smaller than those on the body and are without markings of any kind4 ,the anterior half of the body is depressed and distorted1 but the remainder is well preserved and shows a fairly good outline of an apparently limbless body4 ,an additional specimen 7,no4 #hfhc ,g1 of the ,newberry ,collection1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history7 reveals no new facts as to structure1 but serves to show that the body of the animal was long and slender 7plate #ba1 fig4 #d74 ,the portion studied comes undoubtedly from the middle of the body4 ,no limb elements are preserved4 ,the scales are somewhat larger1 especially toward the sides of the body1 than in the type4 ,the fragment measures #gj mm4 in length by #ah mm4 and #bf mm4 in width4 ,one of the largest scales measures #a mm4 in diameter4 ,measurements of ,type4 mm4 ,length of entire remains #ahj ,greatest width #bb ,greatest width of undisturbed portion #ae ,length of an individual scale 4#ge ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,aistopodous ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,ptyoniid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio4 ,family ,,ptyoniid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceg1 #ahge4 ,elongate1 slender1 weak-limbed1 aquatic microsaurians4 ,neural and hmal spines of vertebr elongated1 expanded and sculptured4 ,ventral armature weakly developed or absent4 ,skull lanceolate1 with long1 slender teeth4 ,three genera are assigned to this family3 ,ptyonius1 stocephalus1 and ,thyrsidium4 ,the forms are very closely related1 and when additional material is secured the three genera may be found to be identical4 ,the species included in this family are3 ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope1 ,p4 vinchellianus ,cope1 ,p4 marshii ,cope1 ,p4 nummifer ,cope1 ,p4 serrula ,cope1 stocephalus remex ,cope1 ,o4 rectidens ,cope1 ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 ,the species are all exclusively from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures1 and most of them are known from abundant material4 ,genus ,,ptyonius ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgc1 #ahge4 ,cope designated no species as the type1 but we may regard ,ptyonius pectinatus as typical4 ,form elongate1 with long tail and lanceolate cranium4 ,limbs weak1 a posterior pair only discovered4 ,three clavicular elements2 abdomen protected by packed osseous rods1 which are arranged en chevron1 the angle directed forward4 ,neural and hmal spines of caudal vertebr expanded and fan-like4 ,ribs well developed4 ,the various species vary in length from #c to #aj inches4 ,they are the most abundant amphibian in the ,linton beds4 ,the present genus resembles ,lepterpeton ,huxley 7#ccd71 of the ,kilkenny1 ,ireland1 ,coal ,measures4 ,but that genus possesses divided abdominal rods1 or oat-shaped scales1 and the form of the cranium and proportions of the body are different4 ,the genus is closely related to1 possibly identical with1 stocephalus1 but additional material will be required to settle this point4 ,cope 7#abc7 gives the following key for the separation of the #e species3 x4 ,abdominal rods coarser1 not more than #aj in #e mm4 ,median pectoral shield discoid1 radiate-ridged2 muzzle short ,p4 nummifer ,median pectoral shield oval1 pitted and ridged ,p4 marshii xx4 ,abdominal rods hair-like1 #ae or more in #e mm4 ,median pectoral shield with radii from the center1 the principal forming a cross2 form wider ,p4 vinchellianus ,middle pectoral with pits at the center and few or no radii2 form narrow ,p4 pectinatus ,middle pectoral shield narrow1 closely reticulate medially1 and radiate towards the circumference2 size half that of last ,p4 serrula ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfh1 p4 #baf4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #bj1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bff1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgg1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #g2 xxviii1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #f2 pl4 xxix1 fig4 #b2 pl4 xxx1 fig4 #b2 pl4 xxxv1 figs4 #a-c2 pl4 xli1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bd1 pl4 #h1 fig4 #c1 #aiji4 ,schwarz1 ,beitrge zur ,paleontologie und ,geologie ,osterreich-,ungarns und des ,orients1 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 p4 #hc1 figs4 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #aijh4 ,type3 ,it is impossible to determine which one of the specimens is the type4 ,there are numerous representatives of the species1 as follows3 ,nos4 #adj1 #ajif ,g1 #hcde ,g1 #heee ,g1 #ajhi ,g1 #b1 #acb1 #acc1 no number1 #ajid ,g1 #hede ,g1 #hfgg ,g1 #aaei ,g1 #aje1 no number1 #ajia ,g1 #g;a1 #ajib ,g1 #ajic ,g1 #ajie ,g1 #aec1 and others unnumbered in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history2 in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are the following3 ,nos4 #ddeh1 #ddfc1 #ddfd1 #dead4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #b47 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the most abundant species of the ,linton ,coal ,measures4 ,there are over three dozen specimens preserved in the ,newberry collection4 ,the species is a clearly marked one1 as a rule1 though there is great variation in the size of the body and the form of the vertebr4 ,though there are several apparently complete skulls preserved in the collection1 it is impossible to make out the morphology of the elements on account of the amount of crushing to which the skulls have been subjected4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,restoration of ,ptyonius4 #a4 ,the head is lancet-shaped1 and the muzzle very elongate1 slender1 and acute at the extremity4 ,the head is in fact a miniature of an ichthyosaur cranium4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #b47 ,the orbits are large and posterior to the median line4 ,the anterior portion of the skull is narrow1 posteriorly truncate1 and the mandibular angle is projecting4 ,the posterior portion of the mandible is sculptured4 ,possibly the entire cranium was also1 and this has been lost2 in fact1 this sculpturing is indicated in one or two specimens4 ,the teeth are conical and sharp1 longitudinally striate1 and anisodont4 ,there seems to be evidence of palatine or pterygoid teeth1 though this needs confirmation4 ,the pectoral plates are well preserved1 with the interclavicle a narrow oval1 with anterior and posterior prolongations4 ,in one specimen it is sculptured4 ,the clavicles are narrow and slightly sculptured4 ,the abdominal scutell are bristle-like4 ,the vertebr are short1 with expanded neural and hmal spines4 ,the expanded condition of the neural spines begins over the thoracic region1 where they are low4 ,they become well developed in the posterior dorsal region4 ,the caudal fan-shaped spines are larger4 ,the dilated portions form equilateral triangles which stand on moderately short pedicels4 ,they are weakly ridged1 and each ridge is prolonged into a narrow acute tooth beyond the margin1 #aa of which may be counted on one of the best preserved spines4 ,the longitudinal stri are terminated near the pedicel by two others which cross obliquely from each side1 and1 meeting1 present the appearance of the margin of a cup sculptured in relief1 from which the stri arise4 ,pedicels smooth4 ,the spines are in contact at their angles1 thus forming a continuous line4 ,in a typical specimen there are #f in half an inch1 in another #g1 and in a third #h4 ,the ribs are well-developed and slender4 ,no traces of fore limbs have been detected in the numerous specimens1 but elements of hind limbs are preserved4 ,in one of these the femur is a small bone1 contracted at the middle4 ,the form of the body is snake-like4 ,there were probably from #ge to #ajj vertebr in a single animal4 ,the form may be well compared to the modern ,amphiuma so far as appearances are concerned2 structurally they are widely separate4 ,this species is one which is peculiarly characteristic of the ,linton fauna4 ,measurements of ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope4 ,nos4 #ajg and #ajid ,g1 ,american ,museum4 mm4 ,length of specimen #acg ,length of skull #bf ,posterior width of skull #h ,interorbital width #c ,diameter of orbit #a4e ,vertical expanse of vertebra #f ,width of neural fan #b ,diameter of pedicel #a ,measurements of a small jaw1 ,no4 #heee ,g1 ,american ,museum4 mm4 ,length of jaw #ae ,greatest width #a4e ,length of tooth #a ,measurements of specimen ,no4 #ddch1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 mm4 ,length of specimen #fe ,length of skull #bb ,width of skull #f ,ptyonius vinchellianus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #agg1 #ahga4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgf1 pl4 xxviii1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species is represented by the opposite halves of a single specimen1 which includes only the cranium and anterior half of the body4 ,the fan-shaped neural spines commence but a short distance behind the line of the pectoral shields4 ,they are low1 with a few coarse ridges1 the margin being entire4 ,the abdominal rods are delicate and hair-like4 ,the interclavicle is oval1 with a few radiating crests1 which originate at the center2 in the areas behind there are a few scattered tubercles4 ,the clavicles are ridged near the margin4 ,the cranium is lanceolate in form1 and the bones of the dorsum are marked with a few raised points and ridges4 ,the species is about the size of ,ptyonius pectinatus ,cope1 and differs1 apparently1 from that species in the rather insignificant character of a narrower interclavicle and in the ornamentation of the same4 ,dedicated to ,professor ,alexander ,winchell1 of the ,university of ,michigan4 ,measurements of ,ptyonius vinchellianus ,cope4 mm4 ,length of cranium #bj ,width of same #h ,length of interclavicle #d-b ,ptyonius marshii ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #bd1 #ahfi 7,colosteus marshii74 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cge1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #f2 pl4 xxviii1 fig4 #c1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 p4 #agg1 #ahga4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #aaeg ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the head is elongate lanceolate4 ,the upper surface of the frontal bones is punctate-rugose in relief1 with short radii toward the margin4 ,the distal two-thirds of the mandible is narrow wedge-shaped2 the external surface is coarsely pitted4 ,there are no teeth preserved4 ,the pectoral elements are displaced1 but the clavicles are subtriangular1 and are strongly ridged toward the inner margin4 ,the interclavicle is short spatulate1 the narrow portion directed anteriorly2 the posterior rounded4 ,it is coarsely pitted medially1 and coarsely and strongly radiate-ridged to the margin4 ,the abdominal armature commences immediately behind the pectoral girdle4 ,it consists of elongate1 narrow1 subcylindric scales1 which meet on the median line1 converging anteriorly4 ,small limbs are present4 ,measurements of ,ptyonius marshii ,cope4 ,type specimen3 mm4 ,length of fragmentary skull #g ,width of skull as preserved #e ,length of entire specimen #fh ,width across pectoral plates #h ,width across belly #g ,specimen ,no4 #ajih ,g1 ,american ,museum3 ,length of specimen #cb ,width of specimen #g #d scutes of abdominal armature in #a mm4 ,ptyonius nummifer ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgd1 #cge1 pl4 xli1 figs4 #b and #c1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cef1 pl4 #fc1 fig4 #c1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hedf ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,no4 #hfad ,g1 same museum1 is associated with the type specimen4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,two well-preserved individuals display peculiarities which indicate specific distinctness from the previously known species of ,ptyonius4 ,the abdominal rods are of the coarse type of those of ,p4 marshii4 ,the caudal fans are well developed1 and not so wide as in ,p4 pectinatus4 ,the interclavicle is a discoid body of different form from that of ,p4 marshii and ,i can not detect the clavicles4 ,the sculpture consists of strong ridges1 which radiate from the center to near the border4 ,immediately in front of this interclavicle is the head1 which has a different form from that of the other known species4 ,the interorbital width is two-thirds the long diameter of the orbit4 ,the structure of the skull can not be made out4 ,a slender1 elongate hind limb is present in the second specimen1 and a humerus is well preserved in the type4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,ptyonius nummifer ,cope4 7,no4 #hedf ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,no4 #hfad ,g is associated in the same species47 mm4 ,length to beginning of caudal fans #fe ,length of head #ae ,length from muzzle to orbits #f ,length of interclavicle #g ,width of interclavicle #h ,width of abdominal armature #h ,length of a caudal fan #b4e ,length of femur #e ,proximal width of femur #a4e ,ptyonius serrula ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahga1 p4 #agg4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgi1 pl4 xxviii1 fig4 #e2 pl4 xxx1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfae ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the specimens of this species indicate that the form was only about half the size of ,ptyonius pectinatus4 ,the interclavicle is narrower and more reticulately sculptured4 ,the tail is relatively longer4 ,abdominal rods hair-like4 ,ribs distinct4 ,small limbs are present in one specimen4 ,measurements of ,cope's ,type of ,ptyonius serrula4 mm4 ,length of specimen #ie ,length of portion of skull preserved #c ,length of interclavicle #d4e ,width of interclavicle #b ,length of clavicle #d ,width of clavicle #a4e ,length of vertebra #a ,width of vertebra from tip of neural spine to tip of hmal spine #d ,another specimen 7#def ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history7 shows some of the same characters4 ,there is not the slightest basis for the support of this species1 so far as ,i can observe4 ,the ones mentioned by ,cope are insufficient4 ,it is in all probability a mutant or variety of ,ptyonius pectinatus4 ,genus ,,stocephalus ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #bah1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 #af4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfh1 #bag4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahga1 #da4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,survey ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #chj1 #ahge4 ,type3 stocephalus remex ,cope4 ,form slender and snake-like2 caudal vertebr with elongated1 dilated1 sculptured neural and hmal spines4 ,cranium lanceolate4 ,teeth numerous1 of nearly equal size4 ,no pectoral shields known2 abdomen protected by very numerous bristle-like rods1 which converge forwards4 ,a pair of weak posterior limbs2 branchihyal bones present4 ,in the only well-preserved species the cranial bones exhibit no sculpture from the parietal region forward4 ,the genus is not very distinct from ,ptyonius1 but it can not be united with that genus until more complete material is available4 ,the species of the genus share with ,ceraterpeton1 ,urocordylus 7#ccd71 and ,ptyonius1 as well as ,crossotelos 7#ih71 from the ,permian of ,oklahoma1 the elongation1 sculpture1 and expansion of the neural and hmal spines4 ,there are but #b species1 which ,cope distinguishes by the following characters3 ,i4 ,vertebr elongate2 fan-like caudal processes narrowed4 ,size large2 mandibular teeth of unequal lengths1 with the apices turned backward stocephalus remex ,,ii4 ,species only known from cranial bones with teeth4 ,teeth equal1 erect1 with acute conic apices1 #aa in #e mm stocephalus rectidens stocephalus remex ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #bag1 #ahfh 7,sauropleura remex74 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #bah1 #ahfh 7stocephalus amphiumianus74 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #ag4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cha1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #e2 pl4 xxxi1 fig4 #a2 pl4 xxxii1 fig4 #a2 pl4 xxxiii1 fig4 #b2 pl4 xxxiv4 fig4 #d1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bg1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen undetermined4 ,the following specimens are to be found3 ,specimens of stocephalus remex ,cope in the ,national ,museum1 ,nos4 #deaa1 #ddfj1 #dd_/h4 ,there is one specimen of stocephalus remex in the ,university of ,chicago4 ,specimens of the species in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history3 ,nos4 #aba1 #hcbb ,g1 #hfid ,g1 no number1 #hfef ,g1 #hehc ,g1 #hfei ,g1 #ai1 #abj1 #hfee ,g1 #hffb ,g1 #hgjh ,g1 #hffe ,g1 #aab1 #hffc ,g1 #heha ,g1 #hfeh ,g1 #hffj ,g1 #hgjj ,g1 #hdfi ,g1 #aajb ,g1 #aaeb ,g #adb1 #hcha ,g1 and obverse1 #ba1 #hffd ,g1 #hfgb ,g1 #heib ,g1 #hfhd ,g4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this species is one of the most abundant of the ,linton ,amphibia4 ,cope based his description of the species on #i specimens4 ,there are more than two dozen available at the present time1 the majority of them being in the possession of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,there is a single specimen in ,walker ,museum of the ,university of ,chicago and #c in the ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,the numbers of all of these specimens are given above4 ,the material consists1 for the most part1 of fragmentary portions of the vertebral column1 but there are a few skulls more or less complete1 though none are sufficiently well preserved for a complete analysis of the characters4 ,the specimens indicate an animal slightly smaller than the modern ,amphiuma means of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,restoration of stocephalus4 #a4 ,it will not be necessary here to enter into a detailed account of each specimen1 since this has been done by ,cope1 and a careful comparison of his descriptions with the originals indicates that his observations are correct4 ,the species1 as suggested in the discussion of the genus1 is not clearly distinct from those of ,ptyonius1 and it has largely the characters of that genus4 ,the cranium is long1 slender1 and wedge-shaped4 ,the teeth are numerous both in the maxillary and in the mandible1 one specimen indicating about #cj in a single series4 ,they are all uniformly cylindrical1 except at the extremity1 where they are flattened and expanded so as to produce a longitudinal edge1 which is carried backward on a recurvature of the apex4 ,the bases are anchylosed equally and without enlargement1 and no part of the shaft is striate or grooved4 ,the upper surface of the cranium is narrow1 with the median suture distinct4 ,the skull surface1 with that of the mandible1 is smooth4 ,characteristic of the species are the remarkable length and slenderness of the fan-shaped neural and hmal spines1 and the absence of an acute serration on their margins4 ,in this species the spines have a laminiform expansion at the base in their plane4 ,one specimen exhibits the pelvic region1 including a portion of the tail4 ,the ilium has an expanded anterior extremity and is directed backwards and somewhat inwards on either side of the vertebral column4 ,the femur is nearly straight1 short1 contracted medially1 and expanded distally4 ,the tibia is shorter and is subcylindrical4 ,beneath the ilium the last chevron of the abdominal rods appears1 the outer extremities rising on the base of the tail4 ,the pectoral arch is almost unknown1 and ,cope based the distinction of ,ptyonius1 and stocephalus on the absence of these plates in the latter genus an uncertain characterization4 ,the fore limbs are indicated by a humerus4 ,there were possibly from #ge to #ajj vertebr in the entire column4 ,the animal was exclusively adapted to life in the water and was1 without doubt1 an excellent swimmer4 ,there are preserved in one specimen portions of what seem to be hyobranchial elements4 ,measurements of stocephalus remex ,cope4 mm4 ,length of entire caudal series #aie ,width at ninth vertebra #ba ,width at thirty-sixth vertebra #b ,length of four phalanges in place #ad ,expanse of fan of proximal caudal #ah4e ,length of ilium #aa4e ,length of femur #aa4e ,length of tibia #g ,length of mandibular dental series #bd ,depth of mandible at middle #e ,nine teeth in #e ,length of longer teeth #b ,length of first hmal branchial #f ,length of sixth vertebra from skull #g ,width of centrum #c stocephalus rectidens ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #bfh1 ,apr41 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #chf1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #c1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ijcc1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 collection of ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species is indicated by a left dentary bone1 with its teeth and external surface preserved4 ,the latter is nearly smooth and without sculpture4 ,the outer face is convex1 and the general form is slender1 but not curved upward at the extremity4 ,the extremity of the dentary does not show any evidences of teeth4 ,teeth straight and conic1 apex acute1 non-plicated4 ,cope also associated with this species a portion of a caudal series1 consisting of #be vertebr4 ,the centra are elongate and expanded at the extremities4 ,the neural arches have a close union4 ,the neural and hmal spines are fan-shaped and striated4 ,the bases are quite narrow4 ,measurements of stocephalus rectidens ,cope4 mm4 ,length of dentary #bb ,length of tooth line #ae4b ,depth of dentary at last tooth #b4g ,length of #c centra of the caudal series #h4f ,extent of neural and hmal spines #h4g ,genus ,,thyrsidium ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfe1 pl4 xxxi1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 ,established on a species which presents its principal peculiarities in the structure of the vertebr4 ,two specimens present inferior views of the spinal column1 showing that the genus possesses1 like ,siren1 enlarged diapophyses1 but they are peculiar in their fan-like form4 ,they resemble slightly the neural spines of the caudals of ,ptyonius1 but are present on the dorsal vertebr4 ,whether the caudals of the present species possess ornamented neural spines the specimens do not indicate4 ,the abdomen is protected by the usual hair-like rods arranged en chevron1 the angle directed forwards4 ,no indications of limbs can be discovered on the blocks4 ,without the cranial bones the affinities of this genus can not be determined2 while it may be allied to ,cocytinus1 the vertebr of that form are without peculiar diapophyses4 ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfe1 pl4 xxxi1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #heeb ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the best preserved example of this species includes #i vertebr and the corresponding ventral armature4 ,the centra1 seen from below1 are much contracted in their form1 presenting an obtuse median rib1 which expands to the articular extremities4 ,in one or two instances the latter are divided by fracture1 and the moderately concave form of the adjacent surfaces is displayed4 ,the diapophyses are of complex form1 but the details are concealed by the prevalent thin layer of coal which invests them4 ,an inferior prominence runs parallel to the centrum2 outside of this the process is obscurely trilobate and thickened1 not flattened1 as in the caudal vertebr of ,ptyonius4 ,several ribs 7fig4 #h7 of moderate thickness appear by the side of the diapophyses4 ,eleven abdominal ribs in #e mm4 ,the second specimen was originally referred to stocephalus remex1 as a posterior portion of its vertebral column1 immediately preceding the caudal series4 ,this reference appears to be incorrect1 although the resemblance between the corresponding parts in the two genera is no doubt considerable1 and the alternative of proposing a new genus and species was not at that time advisable4 ,the neural spines are longer than high1 and are nearly in contact at their margins2 each is marked by about #e obtuse vertical ribs4 ,a fractured section of the abdominal spines in place displayed at least six layers of them4 ,the material on which the above account is based is imperfect4 ,the specimen figured by ,cope 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pl4 xxxi1 fig4 #b1 #ahge7 is undoubtedly a portion of the vertebral column of stocephalus remex4 ,nos4 #ddfb and #ddhj of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum may be representatives of ,thyrsidium fasciculare1 but they are more probably stocephalus remex2 if they are the latter this leaves the type as the only known specimen of the species4 ,measurements of ,type of ,thyrsidium fasciculare ,cope4 mm4 ,length of portion of vertebral column preserved #g ,width of ventral armature #ah ,length of a vertebra #i ,width of same vertebra #d ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,molgophid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio ,,and ,,mazon ,,creek1 ,,illinois4 ,family ,,molgophid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #aeg1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #a1 p4 ,,ii1 #ahge4 ,type of family3 ,molgophis4 ,body long1 serpentine1 a few species apparently limbless1 ribless1 and with abdominal armature lacking4 ,vertebr elongate1 neural and hmal spines short or absent4 ,ribs long1 heavy1 and broad4 ,the vertebr seem to bear the characteristic marks of the family4 ,one species has the skeleton reduced to a lanceolate skull and a string of about #ej slender vertebr1 all the rest of the skeleton being absent4 ,the family is very poorly known1 but was apparently of wide distribution in ,north ,america and confined to this continent4 ,the representatives of the group are known from ,iowa1 ,illinois1 and ,ohio4 ,four genera are assigned to the family1 but future discoveries will undoubtedly demand revision of the present classification4 ,the genera are ,molgophis1 ,pleuroptyx1 ,phlegethontia1 and ,erpetobrachium4 ,the distinguishing characters of these genera are apparent from the descriptions of the various forms4 ,the skeletons of the species are too incompletely known to allow the establishment of a tabular key to the genera4 ,genus ,,molgophis ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #bbj1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #bj1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfh1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bfc1 #ahgd4 ,type3 ,molgophis macrurus ,cope4 ,cope 7#abc7 gives the following3 ,the characters of this genus are3 body long1 serpentine1 without dermal armature1 so far as known2 vertebr long and broad1 with very prominent zygapophyses and moderate neural spines2 ribs large1 curved4 ,no limbs or cranium can be ascribed to the type of the genus4 ,the ribs are long1 and though the head is not bifurcate1 there appears to be both tubercle and head on the dilated extremity4 ,where crushed they display a large median vacuity4 ,this genus differs from ,ophiderpeton ,huxley 7#ccd7 in the characters of the dorsal vertebr1 which1 in their projecting zygapophyses1 resemble those of ,amphiuma4 ,the lack of ventral armature distinguishes it from stocephalus1 while its well-developed ribs separate it from ,phlegethontia4 ,molgophis macrurus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #bbj1 #ahfh4 ,wyman1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 p4 ,,ii1 fig4 #a1 #aheh 7refers to a batrachian reptile74 ,cope4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #bj1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bfc1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfh1 pl4 xliii1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfag ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 collection of ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this species is established by remains of #b individuals1 one embracing #af and the other #ad vertebr1 with ribs4 ,the neural arches1 viewed from above1 have a ,v-shaped outline posteriorly1 from the fact that the broad zygapophyses meet on the median line and spread out distally over the broad anterior ones adjoining4 ,the latter appear to be somewhat concave and to border the former exteriorly as well as inferiorly4 ,the base of the neural spine extends to the posterior emargination1 but not quite to the anterior4 ,the breadth of the dorsal vertebr above is equal from the emargination behind to the anterior margin of the anterior zygapophyses4 ,the ribs are long for an amphibian1 but not long for a reptile4 ,they are well curved1 chiefly near the proximal extremity4 ,the longest found1 measured by a cord1 equals two and two-fifths vertebr4 ,these vertebr1 measured along the median line above1 equal #aa lines2 one of these is #c4f lines in width above4 ,this animal has been1 like ,amphiuma1 a snake-like amphibian1 but was probably still larger4 ,how near the affinities to this genus may be can not now be determined1 owing to the want of many important parts of the skeleton1 but it differs in the important feature of large1 well-developed ribs4 ,the size of the vertebr would indicate a body of the size of the common rattlesnake 7,crotalus horridus7 and too large for ,brachydectes newberryi1 which is only known from jaws4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4--;,drawing from ,cope's figure of ,molgophis brevicostatus ,cope1 #j4e ,molgophis brevicostatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfi1 pl4 xliv1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bg1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hcda ,g1 ,amer4 ,mus4 of ,nat4 ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,represented by portions of the vertebral column of several individuals4 ,one of these includes #i pairs of ribs1 with vertebr1 and another #ac pairs4 ,the vertebr are subquadrate in section1 and the concavity of the two articular faces is not deep4 ,they support strong lateral ridges separated by deep concavities4 ,the heads of the ribs are somewhat contracted1 and the shafts present outward a tubercular angle at a distance of one-fourth the length from the head4 ,the remaining part of the shaft is stout1 nearly straight1 and gradually contracts to an obtuse extremity4 ,it possesses a narrow medullary cavity4 ,in none of the specimens is there any trace of abdominal armature1 but abundant remains of the contents of the abdominal cavity1 in proper position1 are preserved on the blocks4 ,this species is more massive than ,molgophis macrurus1 and the ribs are shorter1 thicker1 and less curved4 ,ventral scutell are present in one specimen of this species4 ,there are a number of specimens4 ,they have the following numbers at the ,american ,museum3 #aeh1 #aajj ,g1 no number1 #hcda ,g 7type71 no number1 #hdff ,g2 and #ddgg in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,measurements of ,type ,specimen of ,molgophis brevicostatus ,cope4 mm4 ,length of #g vertebr #aje ,length of #a centrum #af ,diameter of same vertically #aa ,length of a rib on a curve #bd ,greatest thickness of same #b4e ,molgophis wheatleyi ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cfi1 #cgj1 pl4 xlv1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,trans ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bfc1 #ahgd4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #aaja ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,a critical study of the type specimen of this species does not reveal anything essentially different from the description of ,cope4 ,the following is taken from his report 7#abc73 ,established on a specimen which exhibits about twenty-five vertebr with ribs1 and the posterior portion of the cranium4 ,no traces of abdominal scales or rods1 thoracic shields1 or limbs are visible4 ,by such negative characters it is referable to the genus ,molgophis1 although the definition of this genus is incomplete4 ,the present batrachian may1 indeed1 be ultimately found to be an ,ophiderpeton1 to which it also bears some resemblance4 ,the specimen is that of an animal of very much smaller size than the ,m4 macrurus4 ,the vertebr are of moderate length1 with a low neural spine1 and centrum angular at the sides and truncate at the articular extremities when in place4 ,the ribs are rather short1 slightly curved1 apparently hollow and intercentral in position4 ,although the vertebral centra are ossified1 the elements of the cranium have a larval appearance4 ,these consist of two parallel bony plates1 which resemble the fronto-parietal bones of the frog2 they are slightly separated from each other1 but do not inclose a fontanelle4 ,a wedge-shaped bone extends from the outside of the front of each of these1 acuminate behind1 and widening anteriorly in the position of a postfrontal bone4 ,in front of the posterior border of each parietal1 on its outer side1 a bony enlargement arises which contracts outward and forward into a narrow element which curves forward beneath the postfrontal4 ,these look like an anteriorly directed quadrate with articular bone1 such as seen in the larv and some adults of existing batrachians4 ,these determinations will require confirmation from additional material4 ,in the meantime it is evident that the present specimen can not be referred to any of the other species herein described4 ,the elements of the cranium are entirely smooth with no sign of sculpture1 and in this respect the present species is unlike any of the other known from the ,carboniferous4 ,the vertebr are not so clearly marked as one is led to believe from ,cope's figure4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,molgophis wheatleyi ,cope4 mm4 ,length of entire specimen #fc ,length of portion of skull preserved #i ,posterior width of same #h4e ,length of a vertebra #a4e ,width of a vertebra #a4e ,length of a posterior rib #e ,width of rib #e ,the species is dedicated to ,charles ,m4 ,wheatley1 of ,phnixville1 ,pennsylvania1 one of the original investigators of the ,linton deposits4 ,it is a part of the ,newberry ,collection4 ,additional material of this species is represented by specimens ,nos4 #g and #hfii ,g of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,they are both very unsatisfactory4 ,they consist of molds of the vertebral column1 with in one case an enlargement at one end which may represent the head1 and if such1 the specimen probably represents a distinct species4 ,the impression1 ,no4 #g1 contains molds of about #cj vertebr which are very similar in form to those exhibited by the type of the species4 ,to the vertebr are articulated short1 curved ribs of a slender nature4 ,the vertebr themselves are short and somewhat constricted in the middle4 ,the other impression1 #hfii ,g1 contains impressions of about #bj vertebr1 apparently immature1 though one can not be entirely sure as to the nature of the structures4 ,they are covered over with a thin layer of carbonaceous material which is impossible to remove satisfactorily4 ,the two specimens remind one of what ,huxley has written in regard to the forms of ,microsauria 7#ccd7 from ,kilkenny1 ,ireland4 ,measurements of ,nos4 #g and #hfii ,g 7,molgophis wheatleyi74 mm4 ,length of ,no4 #g #hg ,length of head mold #ah ,posterior width of head #f ,length of vertebra #b ,length of rib #c ,length of specimen ,no4 #hfii ,g #ec ,genus ,,erpetobrachium ,moodie1 #aiab4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cec1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,erpetobrachium mazonensis ,moodie4 ,the generic characters are apparent in the greatly elongated fore limb1 in the exceptionally broad scapula1 the long radius and ulna1 which slightly exceed the humerus in length1 a character hitherto unknown among ,carboniferous ,amphibia4 ,erpetobrachium mazonensis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cec-ced1 pl4 #b1 fig4 #b2 pl4 #h1 fig4 #c1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #gii 7#bbb71 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek shales1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the scapula of the present form is exceptional in its shape4 ,it resembles an asymmetrical pyramid1 the anterior side of the lower edge of the bone being contracted so that the anterior edge of the element is arcuate4 ,its top is very thin and possibly terminated in a broad cartilage4 ,the lower end is thick and heavy and the articular surface is1 apparently1 well formed1 though somewhat obscured4 ,the element identified as a clavicle is lying on its edge and has the proportions of the clavicle of ,mazonerpeton costatum4 ,the exterior edge is somewhat rounded and small4 ,a portion of another element which ,i suppose to represent the coracoid lies alongside the humerus1 although its form is quite obscured4 7,plate #c1 fig4 #c47 ,the humerus has a remarkably well-formed head4 ,in perfection of formation it corresponds well with that of the higher reptiles4 ,this surface can even be divided into an anterior and a posterior articulation4 ,the element projects posteriorly for the distance of #a mm4 from the surface of the shaft4 ,the shaft immediately below the head is somewhat flattened and has an ovoid section4 ,further on it becomes flattened1 a part of which is probably due to pressure during fossilization4 ,the elements of the forearm are both preserved and are approximately equal in size4 ,they are remarkable in that they exceed the humerus in length1 although they are not so heavy as that element4 ,they are greatly elongate and slender1 with the middle of the shaft only moderately contracted4 ,the articular surfaces are well formed and both bones were hollow1 as was also1 apparently1 the humerus4 ,the ulna may be represented by the most posterior of the two elements1 though the relations of the elements may have been reversed 7fig4 #ae1 ,d74 ,the base of the left wing of an orthopterous insect possibly allied to ,paolia gurleyi ,scudder lies between the radius and ulna4 ,the nodule also contains impressions of plants1 a portion of a frond of a ,neuropteris and the impression of one of the ,cordaites4 ,lying next the radius is a slender elongate element which may be a rib or a portion of a metacarpal4 ,if a rib1 it indicates that the animal belongs among the ,branchiosauria4 ,the fragment is only half as long as the radius and is entirely too obscure to base any conclusions4 ,the other characters of the specimen point quite strongly to its microsaurian affinities4 ,the structure of the articular surfaces of the limb bones alone would indicate the microsaurian relationship of ,erpetobrachium4 ,it may be provisionally associated in the family ,molgophid with such forms as ,molgophis brevicostatus ,cope1 ,molgophis 7,pleuroptyx7 clavatus ,cope1 and ,molgophis macrurus ,cope from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of scapula #ad ,distal width #f ,proximal diameter #c ,length of clavicle 787 #bd ,length of humerus #be ,length of ulna #bd ,proximal width #d ,diameter of shaft #b ,distal width #c ,length of radius #be ,proximal width #d ,diameter of shaft #c ,width of distal end #d ,genus ,,pleuroptyx ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgj1 pl4 xlii1 fig4 #a2 pl4 xliv1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #af1 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bg1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 ,the specimens on which the species of this genus repose do not exhibit crania4 ,the #e1 probably #f1 specimens which represent them offer various views of the vertebral column1 and in none is there any trace of ventral or thoracic armature4 ,limbs can be ascribed to them with probability only4 ,the vertebr are of moderate length1 with well-developed zygapophyses1 and a short and not very elevated neural spine in the dorsal region1 which is not sculptured in any way4 ,the generic character is seen in the ribs4 ,these are rather short and very stout and support an ala on the posterior or convex border1 which expands downwards1 and then suddenly contracts to the shaft4 ,the extremity of the latter is broad and truncate1 and includes a medullary cavity1 which is only partially fitted with cancellated tissue4 ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cgj1 pl4 xlii1 fig4 #a2 pl4 xliv1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #af4 #ahge4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bg1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfag ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the general appearance of the species of ,pleuroptyx is that of the ,molgophis1 so far as known1 but nothing resembling the peculiar structure of the ribs is seen in any other4 ,there is no assurance that the genus is distinct from ,molgophis4 ,parts of two individuals express the typical characters of this species1 while a third only differs in being considerably smaller4 ,a fourth may very probably be referred here1 and another1 bearing several elements of a leg1 should be most likely associated with the last mentioned4 ,the ribs are considerably narrowed near the head1 and appear to possess a low tubercular process some distance below it4 ,the shaft is curved throughout2 the laminar expansion is quite thin2 while the distal end is expanded and concave1 perhaps for the attachment of cartilage1 although no trace of this remains on the shale4 ,the neural spines have short bases1 oblique anterior and nearly straight posterior borders1 with obtuse extremity4 ,i perceive no essential difference in the smaller specimen1 which is one-third less than the types4 ,the limb is appropriate in its proportions to the present species1 and may be described in this place4 ,the first segment is one-third longer than the second1 and has a transversely expanded head4 ,the shaft is stout1 the distal extremity not expanded and concave4 ,the second segment is stout1 more expanded proximally than distally1 the proximal end truncate and slightly concave4 ,a bone1 much displaced1 lies near it1 and is probably ulna or radius2 it is as stout as the first1 the end not expanded4 ,of metatarsals there are #b1 three-fifths the length of the second bone of the leg1 and of phalanges #b1 of #b digits each4 ,the proximal are three-fourths the length of the metatarsals1 and indicate elongate toes4 ,the obverse of the specimen is preserved1 and contains no additional toes or phalanges4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,forelimb of a member of the ,molgophid1 possibly ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 #j4ge4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 mm4 ,length of vertebral centrum #ad ,depth of a vertebral centrum #i ,depth of entire vertebra #bb ,length of neural spine #h ,height of a neural spine #f ,length of a rib on the curve #db ,width of a rib at ala #i ,width of a rib at extremity #e ,length of first segment of leg #ch ,length of second segment of leg #bd ,length of metapodial bone #aj ,length of first phalanx #g ,hitherto only two portions of the dorsal series and a left limb have been assigned to this species4 ,the present specimen 7,no4 #ddgi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus47 thus proves of interest in determining that the creature was long-tailed1 like stocephalus1 ,ptyonius1 and ,phlegethontia1 but unlike the first two genera the neural and hmal spines are not elongate nor marked with radiating lines4 ,the neural spines are indistinct and if developed at all were very low and short4 ,the centra are short1 cylindrical1 and thick4 ,they gradually decrease in size to where they are lost1 since the portion preserved does not represent the entire length of the tail4 ,there may have been #ae more vertebr distally and #e more proximally1 thus making about #ge caudal vertebr1 as ,woodward 7#fcj7 has determined obtains in ,ceraterpeton galvani ,huxley4 ,the ribs are continuous throughout the length of the tail preserved and have precisely the same structure as is found in the dorsal region with the possible exception that the posterior alar expansion is not so well developed in the caudal ribs4 ,the ribs are decidedly fan-shaped and articulate by a single head with a short transverse process4 ,they are distinctly curved like all microsaurian ribs4 ,measurements of ,specimen of ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 7,no4 #deji1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures47 mm4 ,length of tail as preserved #aje ,length of anterior vertebra #a4e ,diameter of anterior vertebra #a ,length of rib #e ,width of rib #a ,the above-described specimen represents what ,i suppose to be the posterior part of the body of ,pleuroptyx clavatus ,cope4 ,the characters of the ribs and vertebr are the same4 ,the fragment is interesting1 since it gives an insight into the form of the body1 which was slender1 conforming thus to other long-tailed microsaurs4 ,length of specimen1 #fe mm42 width of specimen1 #cj mm4 ,there is still a third example of this species among the collections belonging to the ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ddhd74 ,the specimen includes a badly crushed posterior portion of a skull and a series of about #af crushed vertebr1 with several pairs of ribs and ventral scutes4 ,very little can be said of the skull save that the maxilla of the right side was long and bore from #ae to #bj teeth1 of which #i are preserved more or less completely4 ,the mandible is likewise crushed and one can not determine its elements4 ,portions of #b or #c teeth are preserved4 ,the form of the mandible is long and slender4 ,the ventral scutes are of the pectoral region4 ,they are long1 slender1 and thread-like4 ,they are not closely packed1 but ,i count #ab in a distance of a millimeter4 ,so far as can be determined the vertebr are the same as has been described for other specimens4 ,they are short and heavy4 ,the ribs show1 for the most part1 the same characters as the type specimen4 ,measurements of ,third ,specimen 7,no4 #ddhd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus474 mm4 ,length of specimen #fj ,length of preserved portion of skull #ae ,length of tooth #be ,posterior width of mandible #c ,length of anterior ,vertebra #b ,length of rib #d ,width of rib #a ,genus ,,phlegethontia ,cope1 #ahga4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #agg1 #ahga4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cff1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope4 ,this is one of the most interesting genera of the present series4 ,it rests chiefly on a single specimen of one species1 which is not perfect1 but which displays the following characters3 ,head elongate-triangular2 body and tail extremely elongate1 the dorsal vertebr without ribs1 and the caudals without dilated spines2 no ventral armature nor limbs4 ,as a great portion of the length is presented1 and no ventral rods or scales are visible1 and as this character is confirmed by a second specimen1 it probably belongs to the genus4 ,the pectoral shields are also wanting in the specimen1 but as there is a considerable vacuity behind the skull of the specimen1 it may be that these were lost with other parts4 ,chevron bones are not observable on the caudal vertebr4 ,this form is a true amphibian snake4 ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfg1 pl4 xliii1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,in the only specimen the dorsal vertebr are much involved anteriorly1 so that the length is not readily ascertained4 ,there is an outline of a triangular object which may represent the skull of this specimen1 although it is so far removed from the vertebr that there is some doubt as to whether it belongs with the vertebr or not4 ,indeed1 there is even doubt whether it is a skull4 ,the vertebr have longitudinal diapophysial keels1 and have a zigzag interlocking of neural arches4 ,the latter are distinctly turned outward4 ,the vertebr are very numerous1 and the tail very attenuated4 ,the number preserved is about #fj4 ,the total length of the coils unwound is about #bie mm41 or #aa coils in #h lines2 but there are interruptions not measured and confusions not unraveled4 ,this is the most elongate and slender of all the species of the ,carboniferous ,amphibia4 ,the vertebr are apparently ribless and there are no evidences of limbs or pectoral plates4 ,it may be said that the body consists entirely of skull and vertebr4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,phlegethontia linearis ,cope4 ,entire length of skull 787 #ah mm4 ,width of same #h mm4 ,length of vertebral column as preserved #bie mm4 ,length of single vertebra #b4ej mm4 ,height of vertebra #a4ej mm4 ,estimated length of body #ae in4 ,no4 #hcgj ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 shows a few vertebr4 ,phlegethontia serpens ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfg1 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #aajb ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this amphibian is much larger than the last1 approaching nearly in its dimensions the ,molgophis macrurus4 ,it is represented by a series of #bb vertebr1 which1 like those of ,phlegethontia linearis1 are devoid of ribs1 abdominal armature1 dilated neural spines1 etc4 ,the series when complete must have been very long1 as there is little difference in size between the first and the last of the #bb4 ,they are marginate fore and aft1 and much contracted medially1 owing to the transverse expanse of the diapophyses4 ,there may be1 indeed1 a diapophysial element beneath these1 but1 if so1 the two are indistinguishable4 ,they are connected by longitudinal impressions1 indicating the existence of the tendinous bands in the longitudinal muscles seen in ,amphiuma1 or the osseous spicules seen in the same situation in birds4 ,the neural spines1 as indicated by their narrow bases1 occupy the length of the neural arch1 and remind one of ,amphiuma4 ,width of one of the vertebr1 #c lines4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,sauropleurid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio4 ,family ,,sauropleurid ,hay1 #aijb4 ,hay1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #agi1 p4 #dai1 #aijb4 ,the present family is an association of related forms due to similar structure of vertebr1 ribs1 ventral scutellation1 and limbs4 ,there is no character in the skull which would indicate a separation of the genera here included1 at least in the light of present knowledge4 ,the family may be characterized as3 ,subaquatic or terrestrial vertebrates with a typically amphibian development of the ventral armature2 ribs intercentral1 as in all members of the order2 skull elongate and slender or broad and obtuse2 cranial and dermal elements of the pectoral girdle sculptured2 lateral-line canals indicated in one genus1 ,saurerpeton2 limbs well developed1 with well-developed digits and ungual phalanges claw-like2 body usually slender1 broad in ,saurerpeton2 the ribs broad and heavy2 the vertebr relatively stout2 ventral armature highly developed1 reaching the height of specialization among the ,microsauria2 scutell consisting of rods1 plates1 or stout bristles4 ,the family is represented by #e genera3 ,sauropleura1 ,saurerpeton1 ,ctenerpeton1 ,leptophractus1 and ,eurythorax1 the association of the last two genera being provisional4 ,the genera may be distinguished as follows3 ,i4 ,pectoral elements sculptured1 clavicles triangular1 interclavicle diamond-shaped1 ventral scutell rods1 arranged en chevron with anterior angle ,sauropleura ,,ii4 ,pectoral elements slightly sculptured1 cranium broad1 obtuse and sculptured1 ventral armature broad imbricated plates extending on to the throat ,saurerpeton ,,iii4 ,limbs1 skull1 arches and dorsal vertebr unknown1 caudal vertebr with fan-shaped neural and hmal spines which may indicate relationship with ,ptyonius and stocephalus1 but in those genera the ventral armature is weakly developed2 ventral scutell curved rod-like plates arranged en chevron with anterior angle1 marked in abdominal region by distinct rounded pits ,ctenerpeton ,,iv4 ,known only from fragments of the skull1 teeth large and fluted2 association in family provisional ,leptophractus ,v4 ,known only from a single interclavicle of peculiar form which resembles that of ,saurerpeton2 association in the family provisional ,eurythorax ,the members of this family are confined to the deposits of the ,coal ,measures at ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,ctenerpeton1 and possibly ,sauropleura1 were highly developed swimmers1 but the strength of the limbs as exhibited1 especially by ,sauropleura and ,saurerpeton1 indicates that they had not entirely forsaken the land4 ,genus ,,sauropleura ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,newberry1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,,viii1 p4 #ih1 #ahef 7,pygopterus scutellatus74 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #bb1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #djb1 #ahge4 ,hay1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #agi1 p4 #dai1 #aijb4 ,type3 ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry4 ,vertebra and ribs well developed2 limbs #d1 rather large2 #e digits in the forefoot2 carpus cartilaginous4 ,ventral armature of closely arranged rhomboidal scuta1 arranged in lines1 which are closely placed in chevrons1 with the angle anterior4 ,in none of the species of this genus have the usual #c thoracic shields 7clavicles and interclavicles7 been observed4 ,the abdominal scut1 on the other hand1 are much like those of ,saurerpeton1 being1 however1 smaller4 ,the species formerly described by ,cope in the genus ,colosteus are included in ,sauropleura1 where they find their closest allies4 ,there are #g species belonging in this genus3 ,sauropleura digitata ,cope1 ,s4 newberryi ,cope1 ,s4 foveata ,cope 7,colosteus71 ,s4 scutellata ,newberry 7,colosteus7 7type of genus71 ,s4 pauciradiata ,cope 7,colosteus71 ,s4 longidentata ,moodie1 ,s4 enchodus ,cope 7,anisodexis74 ,the species described by ,cope as ,sauropleura latithorax is regarded as belonging to a distinct genus1 ,saurerpeton4 ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry4 ,newberry1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #ih1 #ahef 7,pygopterus scutellatus74 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #bae1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #bb1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #djb1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hffi ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #ad1 fig4 #c47 ,this species was first described by ,newberry as a fish belonging to the genus ,pygopterus4 ,cope later placed it under the genus ,colosteus and clearly showed its amphibian characters4 ,the genus ,colosteus was1 however1 based on a misconception4 ,cope in #ahig and ,hay 7#cag7 referred the species to ,sauropleura1 where it is retained4 ,the species is represented by a single individual preserved on a block of coal from ,linton1 and is also indicated by an interclavicle and its obverse2 this element is of larger size than that of the type and was referred by ,cope to ,colosteus pauciradiatus4 ,the characters of the plate are1 however1 so identical with those of the interclavicle in the type specimen that it is unhesitatingly referred to the present form4 ,the type specimen consists of the supero-lateral view of a crushed cranium with the anterior part of the body1 exhibiting the interclavicle and the ventral scutellation4 ,no limbs have been observed in this species4 ,the mandibles are crushed across the cranium in such a way as to obscure its structure4 ,the boundary of the left orbit is doubtfully determined as being a little back of the median line of the skull4 ,there are small teeth present on the mandibles1 but their number can not be determined4 ,the cranial elements are sculptured with radiating grooves and ridges1 but these are weakly developed4 ,the snout is broad and but little narrower than the base of the skull4 7,plate #ba1 fig4 #e47 ,the interclavicle1 somewhat displaced1 is the only element of the pectoral girdle preserved4 ,it is peculiar in the possession of a backward extension which shows a beveled edge4 ,the plate is ornamented by radiating grooves and ridges which are strongly developed4 ,the larger specimen of an interclavicle shows the same characters as the one described1 and it differs only in being about twice as large4 ,there are no traces of limbs4 ,the ventral armature of the body is rather weak as compared to that of ,sauropleura pauciradiatus1 but it is still composed of closely packed scutes arranged en chevron4 ,the character of the ventral armature and the sculpturing of the interclavicle are taken as the principal specific characters4 ,from the other species of the genus the present form differs in its more slender elements of the ventral armor and in the form of the skull4 ,the ribs are not clearly defined4 ,measurements4 mm4 ,median length of skull #gj ,posterior width of skull #dj ,anterior width of skull #bj ,length of jaw #ej ,anterior width of jaw #g ,posterior width of jaw #ab ,length of mandibular tooth #a4e ,length of entire specimen #aej ,width across belly1 maximum #dg ,length of interclavicle #bg ,width of interclavicle #ac ,width across posterior extension #d ,sauropleura digitata ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #baf1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #ae1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #djc1 pl4 xxxvii1 fig4 #a1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hjjd ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #bj1 fig4 #d47 ,this species is represented by a single individual which is quite distinct from other members of the genus4 ,the specimen has been spread over a surface of the coal1 and exhibits ventral armature1 dorsal region with ribs1 and anterior and posterior limbs4 ,skull and caudal region not present4 ,the ventral armature is arranged in parallel lines directed obliquely forwards and continuous on the median line1 forming there a chevron4 ,the individual elements are oat-shaped1 and acuminate at both ends4 ,they are moderately imbricate in an antero-posterior section4 ,on the pectoral region between the fore limbs the series of scutell assume different directions1 forming chevrons directed backwards1 and forming with those of the belly a complete ,x4 ,the humerus1 ulna1 and radius are rather stout1 and of a size relative to the body1 as in common types of existing lizards2 the ulna and radius separate4 ,the carpus is cartilaginous2 the digits are #e well-developed fingers having phalanges in the following numbers1 commencing on the inside3 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #e4 ,the last phalanx of the second is obscured1 and it is not positive that the number is as given2 it is more probable that it was #d than #c4 ,the outer toe was more slender than the others2 the distal phalanges of all the toes are stout1 as in modern ,caudata4 ,the ribs are long and curved as in reptiles1 and judging by their distances the vertebr are short2 the latter are not well-defined1 but there is no indication of prominent spines of any kind4 ,the pelvic bones and portions of the hind limbs are present1 but so obscured and confused as not to be easily made out4 ,enough remains to show that the hind limbs were longer than the fore4 ,thirteen ribs on one side and twelve on the other are preserved1 with short ribs in the sacral region4 ,the specimen is very indistinct and it is difficult for one to be sure of all the characters described by ,cope4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,sauropleura digitata ,cope4 mm4 ,length of specimen #aae ,greatest width #hj ,diameter of ventral scute 4#ge ,length of rib #ae ,width of rib #a ,length of humerus #bj ,length of radius #aj ,length of ulna #i ,length of metacarpal #d ,length of fourth digit of hand #bb ,length of interclavicle #bj ,width of interclavicle #aa ,the interclavicle is diamond-,shaped1 with surface punctate and edges radiately grooved at a distance of #a4e mm4 from the edge4 ,the hand on the right side of the specimen contains #c1 #c1 #c1 #f1 #c phalanges4 ,the vertebr are all imperfectly preserved4 ,other specimens of this species are #befg 7#dh71 #hcgf ,g1 #hgjd ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,sauropleura newberryi ,cope4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #djd1 pl4 xxxvii1 figs4 #b and #c2 pl4 xli1 fig4 #e1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfab ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the type specimen of the species exhibits a portion of the posterior part of the skull1 a considerable part of the body1 with the fore limbs and abdominal scutell4 ,no vertebr can be definitely discovered and the ribs are not distinctly visible4 ,the cranial fragment is the upper surface of the tabulare and adjacent elements1 and a broad band of the posterior parts of these is seen to be smooth1 and is preceded by a slightly roughened surface4 ,the abdominal scut are diamond-shaped1 and are thin and light1 not massive1 as in ,s4 scutellata1 and are sometimes marked with a median longitudinal keel4 ,the fore limb is large1 especially the humerus1 which is much dilated distally1 and has a strong crest on the outer side from near the proximal end4 ,the ulna and radius are much shorter1 and more dilated proximally than distally2 they are well separated4 ,no phalanges are preserved4 ,the species is represented by other specimens1 all of which are unsatisfactory in determining the structure of the form4 ,a skull1 apparently complete1 is crushed out flat1 so that little can be said of structure4 ,the teeth are rather long1 straight1 acute1 and striate at the base4 ,the orbits are long and narrowed in front4 ,measurements of ,sauropleura newberryi ,cope4 7,no4 #hfab ,g1 and two unnumbered specimens1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history47 mm4 ,length of humerus #ce ,proximal width of humerus #h ,distal width of humerus #ad ,length of ulna #ai ,proximal width of ulna #h ,posterior width of skull #fg ,width at anterior angle of orbits #dj ,interorbital space #ac ,width of orbit #ac ,length of orbit #bg ,length of a maxillary tooth #d ,diameter of same at base #b ,sauropleura pauciradiata ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bge1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #djh1 pl4 xl1 figs4 #a-b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfga ,g1 and obverse1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species was founded on a median and a lateral plate of #b individuals4 ,the clavicle is here associated with ,s4 scutellata and the interclavicle thus remains as the type specimen4 ,there are other remains associated by ,cope with ,s4 scutellata which are here shown to have closer affinities with the ,s4 pauciradiata4 ,the clavicle is a right-angled triangle1 the inner and thin edge concave posteriorly1 the posterior convex4 ,the ridges and grooves are well developed on the specimen4 ,the visceral side of the element is smooth4 ,cope referred to ,s4 scutellata the larger part of an individual with strongly developed ventral scutellation4 ,this he figured on plate ,,xxxvi1 fig4 #b 7#abc74 ,even a cursory glance will1 however1 suffice to show that the sculpturing of the clavicle just described and that exhibited by the specimen there figured are identical4 ,closer examination shows important differences between the species1 the principal distinctions being the strongly developed ventral scutell in ,sauropleura scutellata1 the difference in form and sculpture of the interclavicles1 and the posterior extension of the interclavicle in ,s4 scutellata which is wanting in ,s4 pauciradiata4 ,the sculpturing of the interclavicle in the form figured by ,cope as ,s4 scutellata1 just referred to1 is identical with the sculpture of the clavicles1 as would be expected4 ,the ridges on all of the pectoral elements of ,s4 pauciradiata are strong and are rather few in number1 while in ,s4 scutellata the sculpturing is more in the form of interrupted grooves4 ,the specimen 7plate #ad1 fig4 #c7 exhibits the great part of the body with one fore limb4 ,the skull is wanting4 ,the belly was very broad and strongly protected by broad1 long scutes arranged en chevron4 ,the scutes are close together and form a compact ventral armor for the animal4 ,the fore limb is very weak4 ,the humerus is represented by its distal end only4 ,the radius and ulna are very short and weakly developed in comparison to the size of the animal4 ,the limbs could not have supported the animal on land and served1 probably1 merely as organs of equilibration1 for the animal was undoubtedly aquatic4 ,the fingers are not all preserved and there is no carpus4 ,numerous other remains formerly associated with ,s4 scutellata are here referred to ,s4 pauciradiata1 on account of the strongly developed ventral armor1 which is different from that of the type of ,s4 scutellata4 ,the remains do not1 however1 add to our knowledge of the anatomy of the forms1 as they are very fragmentary4 ,two skulls are provisionally associated with this species4 ,one of these skulls is figured by ,cope 7#abc7 on plate ,,xxxiii1 fig4 #a4 ,it is there referred to ,s4 scutellata4 ,that it can not1 however1 be referred to that species is manifest when the teeth are observed4 ,in the type of ,s4 scutellata the teeth are very small1 sharp denticles1 while in the skull under discussion the teeth are well developed and their bases are longitudinally grooved4 ,the teeth are elongate in the anterior part of the skull and are shorter posteriorly4 ,they are1 however1 all strong4 ,the skull is acuminate and the orbit is located about midway of its length4 ,the jaw is slightly longer than the cranium4 ,the structure of the cranium can not be determined in either skull1 and in one only the position of the orbits and the teeth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,a4 ,interclavicle of ,sauropleura pauciradiata ,cope4 #a4 7,after ,cope47 ,b4 ,left clavicle of ,sauropleura pauciradiata ,cope4 #a4 7,after ,cope47 ,measurements of the ,specimens of ,sauropleura pauciradiata ,cope4 mm4 ,length of clavicle1 left #dc ,width of clavicle #be ,space between ridges #b ,large specimen ,no4 #hfeg ,g and obverse 7#ac7 described us ,colosteus scutellatus ,newb4 mm4 ,length of specimen1 as preserved #aag ,width of specimen1 maximum #fa ,length of forearm #i ,length of hand #aj ,length of metacarpus #e ,length of clavicle #d ,width of clavicle #ah ,length of interclavicle #dj ,width of interclavicle #bc ,width of a ventral scute #a4e ,length of scute from angle to end #ce ,skull ,no4 #hfff ,c1 plate xxiii1 fig4 #a 7,cope1 #abc71 ,colosteus scutellatus4 mm4 ,length of skull1 as preserved #fe ,width of skull #dj ,diameter of orbit #f ,length of mandible #g ,width of mandible1 maximum #aj ,length of longest tooth #e ,width of tooth at base #a4e ,skull ,nos4 #hfjb ,g and #hfjh ,g4 mm4 ,length of skull1 as preserved #ej ,width of skull #fj ,diameter of orbit #ae ,length of mandibular tooth #d4e ,other specimens associated with this species3 ,nos4 #hffh ,g1 #hfgdf1 #heedj1 #hffa ,g4 ,all specimens in the ,american ,museum and all from ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,scutes of ,sauropleura4 ,there are found associated with the remains of the genus ,sauropleura a number of heavy scutes or scales4 ,there are three of them on the same block as the specimen of ,s4 longidentata and are provisionally referred to the genus4 ,there are a number of scutes preserved separately1 but they agree in their characters with those discovered on the specimens4 ,the scutes are elongate and usually acuminate at one end and having a broad base at the other4 ,the acuminate end is slightly bent to one side so as to present the appearance of a hook4 ,others are shield-shaped and are quite large1 while the majority of the hook-shaped ones are small4 ,the shield-shaped elements have a rounded boss near the center of the plate and the edges are imbricated4 ,their nature and their proper location on the animal are a puzzle4 ,they may not belong to the genus1 but have been noticed with the remains of at least #c species4 ,measurements 7in ,millimeters7 of ,scutes ,associated with the ,specimens of ,sauropleura4 ,no4 #deac ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum3 ,length #bg ,width1 maximum #ad ,width1 minimum #c ,scutes associated with the specimen of ,sauropleura longidentata3 ,width across base #c ,width across tip #a ,additional specimens are3 ,nos4 #c1 #hfgc ,g and #hdgj ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,sauropleura longidentata ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 #ag1 ,no4 ,i1 pp4 #gd-gf1 figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfai ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #bb #a4 ,type of ,leptophractus lineolatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,portions of maxilla and mandible of left side with teeth4 #a4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #b4 ,type of ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,illinois1 near ,danville4 ,cervical of an otherwise unknown vertebrate4 ,neural spine to the right4 ,original in ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago #b4 #c4 ,amphibian phalanx from the ,coal ,measures near ,breeze1 ,illinois1 of an unknown species4 ,the probable form of the element is represented4 #c4 #d4 ,large rib of a stereospondylous stegocephalan otherwise unknown4 ,the rib may represent a species of ,macrerpeton or may even belong with ,macrerpeton deani ,moodie1 but exact identification will have to wait for future discoveries4 ,from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #a4 #e4 ,type of ,cope's species ,tuditanus mordax referred by him to the cranium1 on account of the sculpturing of the elements4 ,we now know the specimen to be portions of the interclavicle and clavicles of ,diceratosaurus punctolineatus1 as ,cope suggested they might be4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #a4 #f4 ,skull of ,baphetes planiceps ,owen from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 #j4de4 ,original in the ,british ,museum4 ,south ,kensington4 ,after ,owen4 ,this species may be distinguished from other members of the genus by the large size and shape of the cranium 7#dfb7 and the broad mandible 7plate #af1 figs4 #b1 #c7 with its very long teeth4 ,the skull of ,sauropleura digitata ,cope is not known1 but the body of that animal as preserved represents far too small a form for the skull to be referred to that species4 ,the skull is fully half as long as the dorsal region of ,s4 digitata ,cope1 so that an association of the remains would be incongruous4 ,it differs from the skull of ,s4 scutellata ,newberry in size and proportions4 ,the skull of ,s4 scutellata is narrow1 while in ,s4 longidentata it is quite broad4 ,the teeth of the latter are also characteristic of the species1 since in all other known species of this genus in which the skull is preserved the large anterior tooth is wanting4 ,the bones of the skull show the coarse sculpturing of the larger species of ,microsauria4 ,it consists more of radiating grooves than of pits4 ,the skull1 as restored 7#dfb71 is broadly ovate1 with the posterior border truncate4 ,the muzzle is broad and the nostrils are1 apparently1 located near the anterior margin4 ,the posterior border of the orbits lies near the median transverse line of the skull4 ,they are circular and are removed some distance from the margin of the cranium4 ,only the frontal and parietal can be determined with certainty4 ,the mandible is heavy and is provided with pleurodont1 heterodont teeth4 ,near the anterior end of the mandible there is a very long fang-like tooth1 longitudinally striated and slightly recurved1 which arises from a broad base and attains to considerable prominence4 ,the other teeth are smaller1 though the next succeeding one is still of considerable size4 ,all of the teeth preserved are longitudinally striated1 but only the two anterior ones are recurved to any extent4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of the skull in median line #ge ,width of skull at posterior border1 estimated #hj ,width of skull across orbits #fj ,width of orbit #aj4f ,length of orbit #ab ,interorbital space #af ,length of jaw1 as preserved #dh ,width of jaw1 maximum #af ,width of jaw1 minimum #e ,length of largest tooth #aa ,width of longest tooth at base #d4e ,length of shortest tooth #c ,width of shortest tooth at base #a ,sauropleura foveata ,cope4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 p4 #bd1 #ahfi4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #djf1 pl4 xxxvi1 fig4 ,i1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfgf ,g and obverse ,no4 #hfge ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this species is represented by an interclavicle and its impression1 which show a beautiful sculpturing entirely distinct from that of the other species of this genus4 ,in size it is intermediate between the largest of the interclavicles of ,s4 scutellata and ,s4 pauciradiata4 ,the pattern of the sculpturing is1 however1 its main distinction4 ,the plate is finely pitted and there are few evidences of grooves4 ,near the posterior border of the plate the pits become somewhat defined by ridges which take on a radiating pattern with the center of the plate as the center4 ,the beveled margins are rugose1 except at the edges4 ,measurements of the ,type ,specimen of ,sauropleura foveata ,cope4 mm4 ,median length of interclavicle #dc ,width of interclavicle1 maximum #bc ,sauropleura enchodus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #djf1 #ahhe 7,anisodexis74 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 7#ea7 #beeh1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,newberry ,collection4 ,horizon and locality3 ,discovered by ,sam ,huston at the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,an examination of the type specimen 7plate #af1 fig4 #d7 of this form resulted in no new facts4 ,the reference of the species to the ,permian genus ,anisodexis by ,cope is probably incorrect4 ,our knowledge of the two known species of this genus is not sufficient to separate them1 but for the sake of convenience the ,linton species is placed in the genus ,sauropleura4 ,it is located here principally on account of the form and structure of the teeth4 ,cope's original description is given below3 ,the generic characters are apparent in the very unequally sized teeth with round section4 ,the portion upon which the species is based is a part of the right ramus of the mandible1 which is in the specimen viewed from the inner side4 ,the jaw is obliquely and smoothly truncated from below1 for the symphysis and surface of the bone is smooth4 ,there is a very large tooth near the extremity of the dentary bone4 ,behind it is an interval equal to three times the diameter of its base1 which is followed by a tooth of about one-third the length of the first tooth4 ,posterior to this one are two teeth of the same size as the second1 all being separated from each other by about a tooth's diameter4 ,these are followed by three subequal teeth of about two-thirds the length of the first tooth1 and separated by about their own diameter from each other4 ,they are all perfectly straight1 very acute1 and without the trace of a cutting-edge4 ,the inflection-grooves extend to or a little beyond the middle of the length4 ,the present species is smaller than the type of ,anisodexis imbrecarius from the ,texas ,permian1 to which genus ,cope originally referred the present species1 and the apices of the teeth do not display the opposite cutting-edges seen in the ,texas form4 ,measurements of the ,type ,specimen4 mm4 ,length of jaw1 including #g teeth #ca ,depth of ramus at second tooth #aj ,length of first tooth #aj4e ,length of third tooth #c4e ,length of sixth tooth #g4e ,skin of ,sauropleura ,sp4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 p4 #cee1 pl4 lx1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,the present specimen is interesting on account of the presence of what ,i take to be a portion of the skin1 which is preserved as a smooth mold over the ribs and ventral scutell4 ,the skin was undoubtedly that of the back1 since the creature is preserved on its belly1 and is interesting in not showing the slightest trace of scales or other hard plates4 ,the ventral scutell are characteristic of the species of the genus ,sauropleura4 ,with one species of this genus1 ,sauropleura scutellata ,newberry1 the writer has found associated scutes of some size1 and the same fact has been noted by ,cope4 ,genus ,,saurerpeton ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #hj1 fig4 #bc1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope4 ,this generic name is erected for the reception of a single species described by ,cope in #ahig4 ,the name is made necessary by the wide divergence of the characters exhibited by the present species from those of the species of the genus 7,sauropleura7 to which ,cope 7#agf7 referred this species4 ,the form is not a member of the genus ,sauropleura1 for reasons given below4 ,the species of the genus ,sauropleura have a lanceolate head with homodont dentition or nearly so4 ,the orbits are located well back in the skull4 ,the form of the body is elongate and slender and the limbs where known are long and attenuated4 ,the ventral scutellation consists of oat-shaped scutes arranged in a chevron series4 ,the form here described as ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope has nearly the opposite of all of these characters1 and it is incongruous to locate the form under the former genus4 ,the skull of ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope is broad and heavy4 ,the teeth are heterodont4 ,the body is broad and stout and the limbs are of unusually strong proportions4 ,the character of the ventral armature is also of a very different type4 ,in ,saurerpeton it consists of very broad imbricating scutes which form a single piece across the abdomen and are angulated to form the chevron pattern which is so common among the ,stegocephalia4 ,saurerpeton latithorax ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #hf1 pl4 iii1 fig4 #d1 #ahig4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #hj1 fig4 #bc1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ddga1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,collected by ,r4 ,d4 ,lacoe4 ,this species is indicated by remains of the anterior half of a large amphibian 7plate #ag7 preserved on a block of bituminous coal from the ,linton mine4 ,the form is unusual in the proportions of the head and the width of the thoracic region4 ,in these characters it stands alone among the ,amphibia from this locality1 where the forms are for the most part of rather slender build and tapering1 pointed head4 ,the skull is represented in a fairly complete condition and shows the usual stegocephalian arrangement of the skull elements1 as well as the sculpturing of the bones1 which is similar to that found in other members of the ,microsauria4 ,the skull is broadly rounded1 with the posterior border incised1 the broad tympanic notches thus rendering the shape of the skull somewhat like that of the branchiosaurs4 ,the orbits are broad ovals and lie well forward in the skull4 ,they are separated by a space which is greater than the greatest diameter of the orbit4 ,the pineal foramen lies well back and is clearly indicated as a circular opening which lies in the median suture in the posterior half of the parietals4 ,the nostrils seem to be elongate and have an oblique position1 as is represented in the diagram 7fig4 #ce71 but this character is not ascertained definitely4 ,the borders of the premaxill and the anterior suture of the nasal can not be determined1 though they may have had some such arrangement as suggested4 ,the nasal is represented1 so far as is determinable1 by an oblong element lying between the frontal and the anterior border of the skull4 ,the f rentals are very large and form a portion of the inner border of the orbit4 ,the parietal is probably the largest bone in the cranium and together the two elements form a large quadrangular space in the posterior half of the skull4 ,they inclose the circular pineal foramen4 ,the postparietal is a small element lying on the posterior border of the skull and with the tabulare and a part of the supratemporal forms the projection4 ,the prefrontal is probably a small element1 especially if the lacrimal is present4 ,there seems to be an indication of a suture separating the lacrimal from the prefrontal1 but this character is not assured4 ,the boundaries of the maxill are clear anteriorly4 ,they indicate that this element was elongate1 as is usual1 and impressions of teeth borne on the mandible would indicate the probability that the teeth were heterodont4 ,in the premaxillary region there is a long1 strong tooth preserved1 and on the maxillary near the posterior extremity of this bone there are impressions of teeth which are no more than one-fourth as large as the premaxillary one4 ,the borders of the jugal can not be ascertained1 since the skull is injured on both sides in this region4 ,likewise the quadratojugal is conjectural4 ,the boundaries of the postfrontal and the postorbital are clearly ascertained4 ,they together form the entire posterior border of the orbit and send prolongations along the lateral borders of these openings4 ,they are both acuminate posteriorly and these points are inclosed by the tabulare and supratemporal for the postfrontal and by the squamosal and prosquamosal space for the postorbital4 ,the boundaries of the tabulare show this element to be quite large and extending forward into an acumination which is inclosed by the parietal and the postfrontal4 ,the sutures bounding the squamosal have been obscured by injury in removing the specimen and are indeterminable4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,outline drawing of the skull and skeleton1 as preserved1 of ,saurerpeton latithorax 7,cope71 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #j4ge4 ,skull3 fr1 frontal2 j1 jugal2 mx1 maxilla2 n1 nasal2 no1 nostril2 or1 orbit2 par1 parietal2 pof1 postfrontal2 po1 postorbital2 pp1 postparietal2 pf1 prefrontal2 pmx1 premaxilla2 qj1 quadratojugal2 m1 mandible2 spa1 supraorbital lateral-line canal2 spt1 supratemporal2 sq1 squamosal2 tab1 tabulare2 y1 pineal foramen4 ,skeleton3 cl1 clavicle3 c1 carpus2 rb1 ribs2 h1 humerus2 ic1 interclavicle2 met1 metacarpals2 psc1 pectoral scutell2 r1 radius2 vs1 ventral scutell2 u1 ulna4 ,the vertebral column is represented by a ridge showing along the median plane of the specimen4 ,its characters can not be ascertained4 ,there are a few evidences of ribs4 ,they represent long1 slender1 non-alate elements1 their mode of articulation with the vertebr being obscured by the plate-like ventral armature which covered the abdomen of the animal4 ,the pectoral girdle is represented by the remains of three elements which are interpreted as being the interclavicle and the two clavicles4 ,the interclavicle is broad and is rounded posteriorly4 ,there is no evidence of the usual acumination posteriorly4 ,the element is nearly as wide as long4 ,there is a prominent longitudinal keel on the ventral surface of the interclavicle and radiating lines which may indicate the courses of blood-vessels or nerves or may be the ornamentations of the element1 probably the latter4 ,the clavicle has the usual microsaurian form4 ,it has three points and is truncate exteriorly4 ,it is ornamented with radiating grooves of a shallow and not strongly pronounced character4 ,there is no evidence of the coarse sculpture of the later forms4 ,if the scapula is represented it is merely by an indeterminate fragment insufficient for description4 ,the pectoral limbs are preserved nearly entire4 ,the left fore limb lacks only a few phalangeal bones1 and these were preserved with the remainder of the skeleton but were lost in the mining process4 ,the humerus is an extraordinary element on account of its robust dimensions4 ,it is very stoutly built and represents a powerful limb4 ,it is expanded at each extremity and the width of its shaft is about equal to one-fourth of its length4 ,the ulna and radius present the same characters as the humerus1 i4e41 in being robust1 with stout shaft and expanded ends4 ,the ulna is slightly longer than the radius and has an expanded upper end4 ,the radius is short and does not have the proximal expansion4 ,the carpus was cartilaginous4 ,its position is represented by a blank space on the coal4 ,there are #d digits preserved and in all probability this was the entire number4 ,the metacarpals are elongate and expanded at the extremities4 ,the first and second digits are represented nearly complete4 ,the first digit is extremely interesting in the possession of a claw-like terminal phalanx which much resembles that of some lizards4 ,there are #c phalanges in the first digit and #d in the second4 ,the phalangeal formula may have been #c-d-d84 ,the ventral scutellation of this species is of an unusual character4 ,it consists of broad1 imbricated scutes which are in a single piece and which are arranged in the usual chevron pattern4 ,the scutes were1 apparently1 broadest in the middle and tapered somewhat at the extremities4 ,this character alone is sufficient for separating the genus from that of any other known form4 ,the genus finds its nearest allies in the forms of the species of the genus ,sauropleura1 in which ,cope formerly located the present species4 ,the skull of the form described as ,tuditanus radiatus ,cope is quite similar to the present form1 both in the sculpturing and arrangement of the elements4 ,the characters wherein the present form resembles the species of ,sauropleura are the possession of broad pectoral plates and strong1 digitate limbs4 ,the general form of the body and skull is different in the two groups4 ,it is slender in ,sauropleura and decidedly stout1 short1 and heavy in ,saurerpeton4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of specimen #acj ,median length of skull #ea ,width of skull at posterior border #fb ,width of skull across orbits #dh ,length of orbit #ad ,width of orbit #aj ,interorbital space #af ,length of longest tooth preserve #ad ,length of shortest tooth preserved #a ,length of the interclavicle #bf ,width of interclavicle1 maximum #bc ,length of clavicle #bb ,width of clavicle #ah ,length of abdominal scutes #bh ,length of humerus #ai ,width of humerus at upper end #f4e ,length of ulna #aa ,length of radius #i ,length of metacarpal #c ,length of first digit #ab ,length of terminal phalanx #c4e ,length of lower jaw on the curve #gj ,width of lower jaw1 maximum #h ,length of rib #cj ,genus ,,ctenerpeton ,cope1 #ahig4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #hc1 pl4 iii1 fig4 #a1 #ahig4 ,type3 ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope4 ,the genus ,ctenerpeton was founded by ,cope for the reception of a single species which presents some very unusual characters4 ,the form shows close relationships to the genera ,urocordylus 7#ccd71 stocephalus1 and ,ptyonius4 ,these genera agree with the present one in the possession of very characteristic vertebr which are signalized by the elongate and ornamented characters of the neural and hmal spines4 ,these project prominently from the body of the vertebra and have the ends of the projections truncate and divided into fine points1 thus causing the spine to have much the appearance of a comb4 ,the surface of the neural spine is sometimes marked with a shallow groove4 ,the spines are longer and more slender in the genera stocephalus1 ,urocordylus1 and ,ctenerpeton than they are in the species of the genus ,ptyonius1 where they are short1 although the usual pectinations are present4 ,the character on which this genus rests is the shelf-like extension 7plate #bc1 fig4 #b7 of the abdominal plates4 ,this is of a very unusual character and entirely unknown in any other species of ,carboniferous ,amphibia4 ,the term ,ctenerpeton has reference to the fact that the ends of these shelf-like plates project in a pectination along the side of the abdomen4 ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #hc1 pl4 iii1 fig4 #a1 #ahig4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 p4 #bd1 pl4 #aj1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ddge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,lacoe ,collection4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species rests on a single specimen 7plate #ai7 from ,linton1 ,ohio1 and is preserved on a block of bituminous coal4 ,it is in a very good state of preservation4 ,there are present on the block of coal a part of the right fore limb1 the greater part of the dorsal portion of the animal1 and the anterior part of the tail4 ,there are no evidences of hind limbs1 although this may not be taken as evidence that they were not present on the animal4 ,no thoracic plates have been observed4 ,the chevron armature is present beyond the cloacal region1 but there are no evidences of the specialized clasping organs which are apparently developed from the abdominal armature in some forms 7#bea74 ,each dermosseous rod of the abdominal scutellation consists of three pieces a median angulated portion and the two lateral parts which form the shelf-like projection along the side of the abdomen 7plate #bc1 fig4 #b74 ,the marginal chevron differs in form from the other plate1 aside from the fact that it is not angulated4 ,the lateral shelf is composed of flattened plates which articulate with the median piece1 and at the place of articulation there is a ridge present in the specimen4 ,the exterior plates are curved backwards and are somewhat attenuated distally4 ,they are broader than the median piece and differ also in the absence of the characteristic alveoli4 ,the median plate is angulated and is of more slender proportions than the lateral pieces4 ,its ventral surface is ornamented with a single row of closely placed alveoli which resemble in a great degree the alveoli of the jaw of some small animal4 ,the ventral scutellation is broad anteriorly1 but becomes more slender posteriorly and shortly posterior to the cloacal region disappears4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #bc #a4 ,left leg and pelvis of ,ichthycanthus platypus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 #a4g4 ,original the property of the ,department of ,geology of ,columbia ,university4 ccentrale2 ,ffibula2 fifibulare2 ,fefemur2 iintermedium2 ,ililium2 ,ttibia2 t1 #a-e;distal tarsalia2 titibiale2 ,vcaudal vertebr2 ,i-,vdigits4 #b4 ,ventral scutell of ,ctenerpeton alveolatum ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 #c4e4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,the fore limb is represented by the upper portions of the ulna and radius and #b digits of the right hand4 ,the digits are long and slender and seem to represent digits ,i and ,,ii1 since they show evidences of #c and #d phalanges respectively4 ,the portions of the forearm preserved are too meager for description4 ,the vertebr have already been characterized as of the type first described in ,urocordylus4 ,the neural fans are not much1 if any1 wider than the hmal fans4 ,they are both situated on an elongate spine with a slender base4 ,the edges of the two fans are pectinated and the dorsal spine is distinguished by the presence of a longitudinal groove in the center of the spine4 ,the length of the tail may have been considerable1 judging from the character of the vertebr preserved ,measurements4 mm4 ,length of specimen #aej ,width of belly1 maximum #bh ,length of lateral chevron plate #g ,width of lateral chevron plate #a4ge ,length from tip of lateral chevron to median angle #aj ,length of a caudal vertebra #aj ,width of the same vertebra with spines #bj ,height of neural spine #h ,height of hmal spine #h ,width at distal end of hmal spine #c ,width at distal end of neural spine #c4e ,length of foot1 as preserved #ab ,genus ,,leptophractus ,cope1 #ahgc4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #cdj1 #ahgc4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cii1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xx1 p4 #dfa1 #ahhb4 ,type3 ,leptophractus obsoletus ,cope4 ,the genus was established on various parts of the cranium of a large amphibian4 ,the only parts which can with certainty be referred to the genus are the upper and lower jaws of #c specimens4 ,these bear large teeth1 round in section at the base1 but with acute compressed apex1 with a cutting-edge on the anterior face2 the enamel is delicately grooved1 as an external indication of the labyrinthic structure4 ,a characteristic feature is seen in the presence of a large elongate tooth in the upper jaw1 in the position of a canine which much exceeds in length any of the others4 ,the sculpture of the cranium is but little marked in the known specimens4 ,in the type the lower jaw is marked with inosculating grooves4 ,three species are known1 which are among the largest of the ,linton ,amphibia4 ,leptophractus obsoletus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #cdj1 #ahgc4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cii1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xx1 p4 #dfa1 #ahhb4 ,type3 ,specimen ,nos4 #ee ,g and #eg ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the species was about as large as an adult ,florida alligator1 and probably exceeded or at least equaled in size any of the ,carboniferous ,amphibia4 ,the following account is taken directly from ,professor ,cope's ,batrachia of the ,ohio ,coal ,measures 7#abc74 ,the description has been verified from an examination of the type material4 ,the teeth are rather distantly grooved for some distance above the base4 ,they are of different sizes2 the smaller are compressed1 and with fore and aft cutting edges4 ,the external surface of the dentary bone is marked with short oblique grooves along its middle region2 above these are grooves which inosculate1 forming a figure like an open net dragged in the long direction4 ,excepting the grooves the teeth are smooth4 ,the smaller ones are close together and their crowns are curved backwards2 the larger ones are at more remote intervals2 both have enlarged bases4 ,whether both forms are in the same series ,i can not determine4 ,there are from four to five of the smaller to an inch4 ,measurements of ,type of ,leptophractus obsoletus ,cope4 mm4 ,depth of fragment of jaw #ge ,length of smaller teeth #ai ,length of longer tooth #bc ,width of vertex at middle scuta #agf ,width of paired median scuta #ef ,width of single scute #cf ,length of single scute #dh ,some vertebr were found at the same locality1 but there is no evidence as to the species to which they may have pertained4 ,they are short1 concave on one end1 and probably so on the other4 ,the centrum of one is #ab mm4 in diameter2 neural spines injured4 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 pl4 #ci1 fig4 #c47 ,a third and larger specimen was found by ,professor ,newberry during the field season of #ahgd4 ,it includes an oblique view of one side1 and the top of the cranium from the posterior part of the orbits to the end of the muzzle1 with the corresponding part of the alveolar region of the dentary bone1 with teeth4 ,the bones of the skull appear to have been rather light1 and though the surface is irregular1 the sculpture consists only of shallow impressions of varying size and intervals4 ,the orbits are also badly defined1 but appear to have been large1 and separated by a narrow frontal bone4 ,the premaxillary bone is preserved1 and shows clearly the sutures that separate it from its fellow and from the maxillary4 ,a large foramen--perhaps the nostril--separates it from the maxillary1 so that it forms an irregular crescent4 ,it supports two teeth1 of which the anterior is the larger1 but there were perhaps others in advance1 as the alveolar border is imperfect towards the end of the muzzle4 ,the anterior two teeth of the maxillary bone are followed by a strong groove which rises towards the sides of the muzzle4 ,at first sight this gives the impression of the maxillo-premaxillary suture1 and makes it appear that both the premaxillary bones are preserved1 and that the foramen above described separates the premaxillary spines1 instead of representing the nostril4 ,the cutting edges of the teeth of these bones have1 however1 one direction1 whence they represent one side of the cranium only2 were both sides represented1 the directions of the tooth axes would be reversed4 ,the premaxillary and maxillary teeth exhibit a cutting edge on the outer posterior margin of the distal half2 the base of the crown is subround in section4 ,the line-like grooves are distinct but not numerous1 their intervals measuring #ge mm4 ,beyond them the enamel is smooth4 ,the second maxillary tooth is larger than the first1 which is equal to the last premaxillary4 ,the third and fourth maxillaries are equal to the second1 but the fifth is larger and longer1 exceeding all the others4 ,the teeth of the dentary bone differ from those of the upper jaw in having the cutting edge of the crown on the anterior aspect1 while the posterior border is obtuse4 ,there is an obtuse cutting edge on the posterior margin of the anterior mandibular teeth4 ,this description is derived from an adult animal1 as the maxillary teeth in some instances are partially worn away by friction on their anterior and outer faces4 ,measurements4 mm4 ,length of maxillary bone preserved #adf ,length of same supporting five teeth #gc ,length of first maxillary tooth #ae ,diameter of same at base #f ,diameter of second at base #h ,length of basis of fifteen teeth of the dentary #ade ,leptophractus dentatus new species4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ajhej1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,mandible of ,leptophractus dentatus new species1 from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 #a4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the type is a single right mandible1 nearly entire1 of a rather large animal4 ,the specific characters for the separation of the new form from the previously described ,l4 obsoletus and ,l4 lineolatus are the smaller size and slenderness of the mandible1 associated with uniform teeth1 which are slender and delicately fluted4 ,there are #ag teeth preserved1 the largest of which is #h mm4 in length4 ,from the posterior tooth the series gradually descends to half this length #j4e inch from the anterior end of the mandible4 ,the exact form of the mandible can not be determined1 but so far as can be seen it is very slender1 coming almost to a point at the anterior end4 ,the posterior portion is wide1 but apparently not very heavy4 ,there is a fragment associated with the specimen which discloses a few teeth1 but its position in the cranium can not be determined4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,leptophractus dentatus ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of mandible1 as preserved #hj ,anterior width of mandible #c ,posterior width #bh ,length of most anterior tooth #d ,length of tenth posterior tooth #g ,width of this tooth at base #c ,leptophractus lineolatus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 p4 #egf1 #ahgg4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ajhh ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #bb1 fig4 #a47 ,cope's description of this species1 to which ,i have nothing to add1 is as follows3 ,this species is based on portions of the skull of two individuals of large size4 ,both upper and lower jaw with teeth are represented and the teeth are of very large size4 ,the deepest element preserved has been provisionally referred to the mandible and will be so described4 ,this element bears two types of teeth in very heterodont fashion4 ,the teeth in the back portion of the jaw are rather short and slender4 ,the teeth more anteriorly are1 some of them1 very long1 rather stout1 with their bases longitudinally fluted1 as are they all v ,the longest tooth in the jaw measures slightly less than an inch4 ,the bone is not well preserved1 but seems to have been ornamented with grooves of no great depth4 ,the most anterior teeth of the jaw are smaller than the posterior ones4 ,the upper jaw is set with teeth which are more uniform in size and there is but little tendency to heterodonty4 ,these teeth are also striated at their base and all end in a sharp point4 ,they are all1 apparently1 straight4 ,there is no tendency to curve as there is in the genus ,macrerpeton4 ,the upper teeth are more closely set than are those of the lower jaw1 which are rather distantly placed4 ,another specimen of a smaller individual presents the same portions of the skeleton and the same characters4 ,it is possible that this skull will be found to belong to ,ichthycanthus ohiensis ,cope1 which is based on very large vertebr and limb bones4 ,the remains described as ,leptophractus lineolatus are1 however1 unlike any other skull remains which are thus far known4 ,this species represents one of the largest types of the ,carboniferous ,amphibia of ,ohio4 ,it probably attained a length of several feet4 ,it was also the most carnivorous of any of the forms4 ,measurements of the ,type ,specimen of ,leptophractus lineolatus ,cope4 mm4 ,length of specimen1 as preserved #ih ,depth of dentary bone at the middle #cj ,anteroposterior diameter of mandibular tooth at base #c4e ,length of a posterior mandibular tooth #i ,length of longest tooth in jaw #bb ,anteroposterior diameter of the same at base #f ,length of small maxillary tooth #g ,anteroposterior diameter of same at base #b ,collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,other specimens of the species are ,nos4 #ajhf ,g and #ajhg ,g1 ,american ,museum4 ,eurythorax sublvis ,cope4,c ,footnote ,c3 ,dr4 ,hussakof now regards 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 #ce1 p4 #abh1 #aiaf7 the type specimen of this species as an opercular element of one of the dipnoan fishes ,sagenodus sublvis 7,cope74 ,the discussion is left here1 however1 as a matter of historical interest4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #agg1 #ahga4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #dja1 pl4 xl1 fig4 #d1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfje ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,collection of ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,the genus and species were established on a single1 large1 almost perfect interclavicle of peculiar form4 ,it may or may not be distinct1 but it can not be associated definitely with any known genus1 so that it will be designated as ,cope described it4 ,it exhibits on its outer or lateral borders broad1 smooth surfaces for the contact of the overlapping margins of the lateral plates4 ,the form is subround1 with a large excavation from the posterior margin on each side4 ,the narrowed portion left in the middle behind has a convex outline4 ,some delicate radiating grooves occur on the exposed surface1 but they are very shallow4 ,measurements of ,type4 mm4 ,length of interclavicle #ga4e ,greatest width #gh ,width of lateral concavity #ci ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,so-called interclavicle of ,eurythorax sublvis ,cope4 7,sagenodus47 ,no4 #ge4 7,after ,cope47 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,microsaurian ,,family ,,ichthycanthid1 ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,ohio4 ,family ,,ichthycanthid new family4 ,this family is the most recently recognized group of the ,linton fauna4 ,its members1 of which there are two known species1 are distinct from all other ,coal ,measures ,amphibia in the possession of an osseous tarsus 7#dhc1 #dhd71 with its associated reptile-like limb bones4 ,there are preserved fine scutell in a large patch near the vertebral column4 ,the vertebral spines are broad and heavy1 with the vertebral centra amphiclous4 ,genus ,,ichthycanthus ,cope1 #ahgg4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 p4 #egc1 ,feb4 #c1 #ahgg 7,pal4 ,bull4 #bd74 ,baur1 ,beitrge zur ,morphogenie des ,carpus und ,tarsus der ,vertebraten1 ,i ,theil1 p4 #af1 #ahhh4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 p4 #bhi1 fig4 #a1 #ahhh4 ,moodie1 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xli1 ,no4 #ajdd1 p4 #cd1 #aiae4 ,moodie1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxix1 pp4 #eji-eab1 fig4 #b1 ,may1 #aiae4 ,type3 ,ichthycanthus ohiensis ,cope4 ,the generic characters are derived from the characters presented by the posterior dorsal and caudal vertebr1 with adjacent parts4 ,the posterior limbs are well developed1 with distinct tibia and fibula1 osseous tarsus1 and #e digits4 ,ribs elongate1 simple1 curved4 ,abdominal armature consisting of bristle-like rods in anteriorly directed chevrons4 ,dorsal vertebr not elongate1 with simple neural spines4 ,tail large1 its vertebr ossified1 and furnished with slender chevron bones which terminate in a hmal spine4 ,neural spines broad and directed backwards2 the caudal series somewhat resembling that of a fish4 ,all the centra are amphiclous4 ,this genus differs from all those with enlarged and sculptured neural spines1 and from those with abdominal scutes4 ,it is equally distinct from those without ribs1 abdominal rods1 or limbs4 ,it is possible that some of the species referred to ,tuditanus1 in which these parts are unknown1 may belong to it1 or that it may be established on a small species of ,leptophractus1 a genus known only as yet from the skull4 ,with our present imperfect knowledge of the ,linton forms it seems best to refer ,i4 ohiensis and ,i4 platypus to this distinct genus1 ,ichthycanthus4 ,ichthycanthus ohiensis ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahgg1 p4 #egc 7,pal4 ,bull4 #bd74 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry1 in the summer of #ahgf4 ,the centra of the dorsal vertebr are about as long as deep1 and their sides are deeply concave2 there are #d anterior to the pelvis which are without ribs4 ,the caudal vertebr are robust1 and #g1 from the first1 support a small tubercle-like diapophysis4 ,the chevron bones are short and acuminate2 the neural spines are a little shorter1 narrow1 and truncate1 and directed backwards at the same angle as the chevron bones4 ,they are much reduced on the eighteenth caudal vertebra1 where the chevron bones are considerably longer4 ,the abdominal rods are quite slender4 ,the hind limb is quite stout for this order4 ,the femur is regularly expanded at both extremities1 but the distal is deeply and openly grooved1 distinguishing the condyles1 while the proximal end is plane4 ,there is no trochanter visible4 ,the ulna and radius are well separated1 and are three-fifths the length of the femur4 ,there is a large fibular tarsal bone of a subquadrate outline4 ,in immediate contact with it is probably the external digit with #e phalanges or segments2 the ungual is simply conic4 ,the femur is as long as #e dorsal vertebr4 ,the ribs have expanded1 undivided heads1 and extend to the abdominal armature4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,ichthycanthus ohiensis ,cope4 mm4 ,length of last #aj dorsal vertebr #dg ,length of first #bc caudal vertebr #aag ,length of a posterior rib #bi ,length of a posterior dorsal vertebra #e ,length of twenty-second caudal vertebra #e ,length of femur #be ,proximal diameter of femur #h ,width of lower leg #i ,length of fibula #ae ,length of tarsal bone #f ,length of digit #bg ,ichthycanthus platypus ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 pp4 #egd1 #ege1 #ahgg4 ,cope1 ,trans ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 p4 #bhi1 fig4 #a1 #ahhh4 ,baur1 ,beitrge zur ,morphogenie des ,carpus und ,tarsus der ,vertebraten1 ,i ,theil1 p4 #af1 #ahhh4 ,moodie1 ,science1 n4s41 ,,xli1 ,no4 #ajdd1 p4 #cd1 #aiae4 ,moodie1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxix1 pp4 #eji-eab1 fig4 #b1 #aiae4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #giedj1 and obverse1 ,department of ,geology1 ,columbia ,university4 7,plate #bc1 fig4 #a47 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,this amphibian is represented by the same portions of the skeleton as the preceding species1 furnishing a good basis for comparison4 ,it is very well preserved1 displaying the characters1 especially of the hind foot1 which is almost entirely represented4 ,several features distinguish it from the ,i4 ohiensis1 one of which is of more than usual value if correctly indicated by the fossil4 ,there are #aj vertebr from the anterior end to the sacrum preserved in place1 and none of them supports a rib1 nor are there any ribs visible anywhere on the block of shale4 ,i suspect that they exist on more anterior vertebr1 or may have been displaced to a more anterior position than they normally occupy4 ,the abdominal chevrons are more anterior in position than are those of the ,i4 ohiensis4 ,the hind legs are longer than in that species2 in this one the femur equals #g4e vertebral centra in length4 ,the external digit1 on the other hand1 while bearing #e phalanges1 is distinctly shorter4 ,the fibular tarsal is of a transverse oval1 not quadrate1 form4 ,the dorsal centra are shorter and deeper than long2 the neural arches are elevated1 with short but distinct zygapophyses1 and a flat1 subquadrate1 superiorly truncate1 neural spine4 ,they bear short1 vertically compressed diapophyses near the base of the arches4 ,the neural spines of the caudal vertebr become rapidly more slender1 and also diminish in length1 while the zygapophyses are continued to the fifteenth vertebra4 ,the chevron bones are slender1 and inclose a moderate hmal opening4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #bd #a4 ,photograph of the type specimen of ,pelion lyelli ,wyman1 from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures4 ,supposed to represent the ancestral form of the ,salientia4 #b4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #b4 ,scales of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 a microsaur from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures4 #aj4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #c4 ,type specimen of ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis ,cope1 from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #j4ge4 ,the femur is gradually expanded to the extremities4 ,proximally there is a trochanteric ala1 besides the obtuse head4 ,distally the condyles are well distinguished1 the external or fibular being truncate4 ,the fibula is less than three-fifths the length of the femur1 and is expanded at both extremities4 ,two proximal tarsals are distinct2 the one next the fibula is larger than the other and transverse suboval in form4 ,it has a median dividing ridge as though composed of fibulare and intermedium cossified4 ,the tibiale is subtriangular4 ,there are five distinct phalangeal tarsals4 ,the toes are1 in the order of their lengths1 beginning with the shortest1 #a-b-e-c-d4 ,their phalanges 7including metatarsals7 are1 in the proper order1 commencing with the hallux1 #c-c-d-e8-e1 the distal end of the fourth finger being lost4 ,these bones are rather stout1 and the unguals are simply conic4 ,the form of the foot is short and wide4 ,the number of the phalanges is nearly similar to that found in ,amphibamus grandiceps1 excepting that in that species the fifth digit has but #d4 ,they are more numerous on most of the digits in ,sauropleura digitata4 ,cope 7,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #bhi1 fig4 #a1 #ahhh7 contributed the following note on ,ichthycanthus platypus3 ,a rexamination of the type specimen of this species from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio1 preserved in the ,museum of ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york1 enables me to refer this species to the ,rachitomi4 ,the neural spines are distinct1 showing that it belongs1 probably1 to the ,eryopid4 ,as the skull is not preserved1 ,i can not determine the genus positively1 but refer it for the present to ,eryops4 ,i append a figure of the posterior foot1 which displays the characters of the tarsus of this group for the first time4 ,the number of tarsals is as in a ,theromorph reptile1 except that two elements represent the cuboid bone as in the reptile1 ,stereosternum tumidum ,cope2 giving five elements in the distal tarsal row4 ,there is but one centrale and no intermedium4 ,two fragments of caudal vertebr adhere to the specimen4 ,measurements of ,ichthycanthus platypus ,cope4 mm4 ,length of #aj dorsal vertebr #de ,length of #ae caudal vertebr #ee ,length of centrum of a dorsal #c4h ,total elevation of a posterior dorsal #ad ,length of femur #cb ,length of first digit #aj ,diameter of femur medially #d4e ,diameter of femur distally #h4c ,length of fibula #ah ,diameter of fibula proximally #g ,width of sole at second row of tarsal bones #ag ,length of foot to end of third digit #ca ,length of third digit #bb ,length of fifth digit #bj ,the writer has had the privilege of restudying this interesting specimen and has already 7#dhd7 described the foot and tarsus1 as follows3 ,the only known specimen of this anomalous amphibian is incomplete1 representing the posterior half of the skeleton1 and an abundance of ventral scutell or calcified myocommata4 ,the block of coal containing these interesting remains is from ,linton1 ,ohio1 and is preserved in the geological collections of ,columbia ,university1 from which institution ,professor ,grabau very courteously forwarded it for study4 ,ichthycanthus platypus was described by ,cope from the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures1 locating it doubtfully in the ,permian genus ,eryops on account of the unusual condition of the tarsus and reconsidering a former decision in favor of a ,coal ,measures genus ,ichthycanthus4 ,in this disposition of the species into the ,permian genus he is followed by ,hay 7#cag72 but ,baur 7#bh7 regarded the form as a member of the ,coal ,measures genus ,ichthycanthus1 after commenting on the later definition by ,cope4 ,the type of the genus1 ,ichthycanthus1 to which ,cope first allied the species under consideration1 is ,i4 ohiensis1 a supposed amphibian from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio1 founded on incomplete material4 ,the form combines in an unusual and remarkable degree reptilian and amphibian characteristics4 ,the leg bones1 pelvis1 and tarsus are all strikingly reptilian1 but the phalanges in the arrangement of elements are so typically amphibian that if we had no other means of diagnosis we would incline to locate this ,coal ,measures species among the ,amphibia4 ,the leg 7plate #bc1 fig4 #a7 recalls in its structure that of another ,coal ,measures species1 ,eosauravus copei ,williston1 which is1 however1 clearly a reptile4 ,while there is a general degree of similarity between the foot structure of ,eosauravus copei and ,ichthycanthus platypus1 yet there are very great differences in the phalangeal formula and the arrangement of the tarsal elements4 ,these differences are clear and indicate a separation of the two species into distinct classes4 ,the phalangeal formula in the ,eosauravus1 #b-c-d-e-d1 is typically reptilian2 while in the ,ichthycanthus1 #b-b-c-c-c1 it is amphibian4 ,the tarsus of the ,ichthycanthus is amphibian in the presence of an intermedium1 but this is very small and the remaining tarsal structures have nothing which might not be found in an early reptile4 ,there may be a single or even two centralia in the reptilian tarsus among the early forms4 ,the amphibian nature of the species having thus been established1 it remains to give a detailed account of its skeletal anatomy1 with comparative references to such other ancient forms as are available4 ,little can be said of the vertebral column1 since only the molds of a few vertebr remain1 and these are so obscured by a closely adherent pellicle of carbonaceous material that their form can not be distinctly discerned4 ,they are high1 with relatively broad neural spines4 ,there are no ribs preserved4 ,the pelvis is obscured1 but it is possible to determine the presence of an elongate ilium and an ischium4 ,the leg of the left side is the best preserved of all the elements1 and it is to this that our attention will be confined4 ,the opposite leg is not so complete1 yet all the long bones and a part of the tarsus are preserved with sufficient clearness to corroborate the findings of the left side4 ,the femur1 as has been stated1 is reptilian in appearance4 ,this is due to the well-rounded articular surfaces1 as though the endochondrium were well developed1 and to the large development of the greater and lesser trochanters1 which are quite prominent1 though these are distorted and depressed in fossilization4 ,the bone is stout and well built and its form suggests an active habit of life4 ,the tibia and fibula are separate1 and do not otherwise have sufficiently noteworthy characters to call for a special description in this place1 except to note an unusual anterior crest on the tibia4 ,to the lower ends of these bones articulate the first row of tarsal elements1 the tibiale1 intermedium1 and fibulare4 ,the tarsus is composed of #i elements arranged in #c rows4 ,the proximal row is composed of the tibiale1 the intermedium1 and the fibulare4 ,on the edge of the tibiale there lies a portion of one of the caudal vertebr1 so that the form of this tarsal element is slightly obscured4 ,the intermedium is a small1 rounded element lying between the larger elements4 ,the fibulare is rectangular and projects a considerable distance out from the tibia1 but articulates directly with the large lateral distal tarsal4 ,the centrale is triangular in form and is opposed directly by the tibiale and tarsalia #a to #c4 ,the phalanges are robust in appearance4 ,the entire foot gives one the impression of a very broad structure4 ,the ungual phalanges were apparently bluntly clawed4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,supposed ,,microsaurian ,,species ,,of ,,uncertain ,,relationship4 ,the following three species are so unusual and so incompletely known that they can not be considered with any of the above families3 ,brachydectes newberryi ,cope1 ,linton1 ,ohio2 ,amblyodon problematicum ,dawson1 ,nova ,scotia2 ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie1 ,danville1 ,illinois4 ,genus ,,brachydectes ,cope1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfh1 p4 #bad4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahfh1 p4 #ad4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #chh1 #ahge1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #b4 ,type3 ,brachydectes newberryi ,cope4 ,cope 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #chh1 #ahge71 says3 ,this genus is indicated by two rami of a mandible and a portion of a premaxillary only4 ,these1 when compared with those of stocephalus and ,tuditanus1 from the same locality1 and with others described by authors1 are so much stouter1 i4e41 shorter and more elevated1 that they evidently belong to a genus unlike either4 ,the genus further differs from stocephalus in having the teeth of equal size to the posterior part of the series2 that is1 to the base of the elevated coronoid process4 ,the teeth are elongate cylindrical cones1 with their acute tips turned a little posteriorly4 ,the fractured ones display a large pulp cavity4 ,the three premaxillaries preserved are similar1 but without curvature at the tips4 ,they do not exhibit stri or any other sculpture4 ,so far as the remains known go1 the genus is nearer ,hylerpeton than any other4 ,according to ,dawson1 that genus is provided with a large canine-like tooth1 at the anterior extremity of the maxillary1 on the inner row1 which is inserted into a distinct socket4 ,no such tooth appears among those of this genus4 ,the latter does not give any indication of the very elevated coronoid process of ,brachydectes1 though the external portion of the dentary bone in that region being lost1 little can be said about it4 ,brachydectes newberryi ,cope4 ,cope1 ,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 p4 #bad1 #ahfh4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahfh1 p4 #ad4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #chh1 pl4 xxvii1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #hfjd ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,cope 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt ,,ii1 p4 #chh1 #ahge7 says of this form3 ,the species is represented by one nearly perfect ramus mandibuli1 one dentary bone and one premaxillary1 probably not complete4 ,the dentary bone appears to have been attached by suture to the articular and angular1 as its free margin has very much of the outline of that suture in ,amphiuma and lizards4 ,the coronoid process would also seem to be a part of the same bone as in ,amphiuma and ,menopema1 and not composed of the coronoid bone as in lizards4 ,it rises immediately behind the last tooth1 and displays no suture4 ,the lower portion of the dentary is prolonged into an acute angle4 ,this is separated by a deep and wide concavity from the superior posterior prolongation1 which is obtuse1 and rises at once into the coronoid process4 ,teeth on this dentary1 seven2 the same number is on the preserved ramus2 this number is suspected to be complete1 or nearly so4 ,the teeth terminate at the obvious termination of each ramus1 which is1 it is true1 slightly obscured4 ,these teeth are the longest in the ,microsauria in relation to the depth of the ramus1 equaling the largest in stocephalus4 ,they are doubtless exposed1 as are some of those of the last-named genus1 by the splitting away of the outer parapet of the dentary bone4 ,as no traces of alveoli have been thus rendered visible ,i suspect the dentition to have been acrodont1 as in some existing ,batrachia4 ,no external surface of the mandible remains1 but there are no impressions of sculpture on the matrix4 ,a little external face of the premaxillary displays none4 ,the species is dedicated to ,professor ,john ,s4 ,newberry1 the able director of the ,geological ,survey of ,ohio1 and discoverer of most of the ,batrachia herein described4 ,measurements of the ,type4 mm4 ,length of ramus of mandible 7imperfect7 #bb ,depth at last tooth #e ,length of exposed tooth #c4e ,length of dentary #af ,depth at coronoid process #g4e ,depth at first tooth #c ,genus ,,proterpeton new genus4 ,type3 ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie4 ,known from a single vertebra4 ,spine very high and heavy1 the neural canal large4 ,proterpeton gurleyi new species4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ac1bif1 ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal ,measures near ,danville1 ,illinois4 ,the vertebra1 as preserved1 is well characterized by the figure 7plate #bb1 fig4 #b74 ,the spine is high and heavy1 the neural canal is large1 and the centrum reduced4 ,the form is very unusual4 ,it is apparently from the cervical region1 as there are no indications of zygapophyses1 transverse processes1 or hmal arches1 although they may have been abraded2 apparently not1 however4 ,the type specimen was discovered near ,danville1 ,illinois1 about the horizon of the ,danville coal1 so that it is quite high in the ,allegheny series of the ,pennsylvanian and of about the same horizon as the phalangeal bone from ,breeze1 ,illinois1 which may be provisionally associated with this form4 ,there is no assurance that ,proterpeton gurleyi is an amphibian4 ,the vertebra may have belonged to a fish4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,proterpeton gurleyi ,moodie4 mm4 ,entire height of vertebra #bd ,width at side of neural canal #ba4e ,width of neural canal #ac ,height of neural canal 7crushed87 #f4e ,width of vertebral centrum anteroposteriorly #e4e ,height of neural spine from top of neural canal #i ,genus ,,amblyodon ,dawson1 #ahhb4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 pt4 #aa1 p4 #fdd1 pl4 #dj1 figs4 #eg-fa1 #ahhb4 ,type3 ,amblyodon problematicum ,dawson4 ,this genus was described by ,dawson in #ahhb from very imperfect remains4 ,he says that it is characterized by stout cylindrical teeth1 blunt at the apices2 but otherwise imperfectly known4 ,amblyodon problematicum ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdd1 pl4 #dj1 figs4 #eg to #fa1 #ahhb4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #cjfa-aj1 ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,skeletal elements of ,amblyodon sp4 from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 a1 tooth1 #be2 b1 section of tooth1 #be2 d1 fragment of thoracic plate2 f1 shaft of limb bone2 e1 rib4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 ,a fragment of a jaw #a cm4 in length has #aj cylindrical teeth1 simple and smooth1 with large pulp cavities and rounded regularly at the apices4 ,with these are #d vertebr of the usual type1 measuring together #a cm4 ,fragments of cranial bones also occur and are obscurely pitted4 ,there is also what seems to be the shaft of a limb bone and a few oval scales4 ,a flat and somewhat rhombic bone1 with a style at one side1 may possibly be a thoracic plate or possibly a parasphenoid4 ,the material is too scanty for any satisfactory description of this animal1 but it is provisionally named ,amblyodon problematicum4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,temnospondylous ,,amphibia ,,of ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,,definition ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,temnospondylia1 ,,zittel4 #ahhg4 ,zittel1 ,handbuch der ,paleontologie1 ,abth4 #a1 ,bd4 #c1 p4 #chd1 #ahhg4 ,terrestrial or semi-aquatic vertebrata2 skull bones pitted and grooved2 lateral-line canals present in well-developed form2 pineal foramen sometimes absent2 sclerotic plates present2 vertebr rachitomous or embolomerous2 notochord partly persistent2 one or two sacral vertebr2 tail present1 long or short2 limbs and girdles well developed2 limb bones well ossified and bones of arm and leg separate2 pectoral and pelvic girdles composed of the usual stegocephalian elements2 an osseous pubis present2 a cleithrum present on the scapula2 carpus and tarsus ossified1 carpals n and tarsals #ab in one form2 phalangeal formula1 #b1 #c1 #c1 #d1 #b for the hand and #b1 #c1 #c1 #c1 #b for the foot2 fore and hind limbs pentadactyl in a few forms2 venter covered with an armature of osseous scutes1 sometimes overlapping2 skin of back bare or armored with heavy plates2 ribs heavy1 double-headed1 curved and moderately long1 or short2 body short and heavy1 as compared to skull about #b to #a4 ,range3 ,coal ,measures to upper ,permian4 ,distribution3 ,north ,america3 ,illinois1 ,kansas1 ,oklahoma1 ,texas1 and ,pennsylvania2 ,europe3 ,germany1 ,bohemia2 ,france2 ,asia3 ,india4 ,family ,,cricotid ,cope1 #ahhd4 ,cope1 ,am4 ,nat41 ,,xviii1 p4 #ch1 #ahhd4 ,general form of the body elongate1 with triangular skull and short1 stout limbs4 ,snout narrow1 orbits large1 elongated oval1 situated near the middle of the skull4 ,external bones faintly sculptured1 sensory canals conspicuous1 parietal foramen large4 ,teeth conical1 of unequal size4 ,presacral vertebr composed of horseshoe-shaped pleurocentra and hypocentra1 the former alone supporting the neural arch4 ,in the caudals the pleurocentra and hypocentra form complete rings1 and both elements take part in the support of the neural arch1 but the hmal arch is borne exclusively by the hypocentra4 ,a close abdominal armor of imbricate scales1 arranged in a chevron pattern4 ,caudal vertebr numerous4 ,chevrons cossified with the intercentra4 ,genus ,,spondylerpeton ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 vi4 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cee1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie4 ,the genus is based on a specimen consisting of #i imperfect vertebr1 from the caudal region of a relatively large amphibian4 ,the present genus exceeds ,diplospondylus from the ,gaskohle of ,bohemia 7#bea7 by twice its size and is about two-thirds the size of ,cricotus heteroclitus ,cope 7#ih7 from the ,permian of ,kansas4 ,the vertebr are twice as high as wide1 differing thus from ,cricotus1 in which the vertebr are nearly circular4 ,a character which is of great importance is the large size of the intercentrum1 which almost equals the pleurocentrum in size4 ,it is similar to the pleurocentrum in shape1 except for the attached neurocentrum and chevron on the latter4 ,the present genus differs from ,diplospondylus in the greater length of the intercentrum and pleurocentrum1 in the greater size1 in the larger proportions of the neurocentrum1 and the greater proportionate size of the intercentra4 ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cee-ceg1 pl4 #h1 figs4 #a and #b2 pl4 #i1 fig4 #a1 #aiab4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #gic 7#bf7 and obverse1 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,mazon ,creek1 near ,morris1 ,illinois4 ,the species is very imperfectly known4 ,sufficient is present1 however1 to show its wide generic differences from other forms of the ,cricotid4 ,these characters are of a phylogenetic nature and indicate the more primitive nature of the present form1 as we would expect from its geological position4 ,the sutures separating the four vertebral elements are clearly apparent4 ,the pleurocentral-neurocentral suture is apparent in #d vertebr4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,the vertebr of ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie1 the only known temnospondyle from the the ,mazon ,creek shales4 #a4 hy1 hypocentrum2 inc1 intercentrum2 pc1 pleurocentrum2 nc1 neurocentrum4 ,there is but a single pleurocentrum preserved complete4 ,this shows the form of the attached neurocentrum and chevron1 which corresponds to the hypocentrum pleurale according to ,fritsch4 ,the pleurocentrum is flattened laterally1 with a rather large canal for the notochord4 ,its sides are marked with #d longitudinal grooves4 ,surfaces for the attachment of the ribs are not present1 and for this reason1 as well as the presence of chevrons1 the vertebr are supposed to be caudals4 ,as such they represent an animal of some #c or #d feet in length4 ,it was the giant of the ,mazon ,creek ,amphibia4 7,plate #d1 figs4 #a1 #b47 ,attached to the upper side of pleurocentrum by a sutural union occurs the neurocentrum4 ,the neural arch is quite large and is oval in outline1 although somewhat constricted at the tip4 ,the spine of the neurocentrum is rather long and broad at the base1 measuring #ab mm4 across the anterior zygapophysis4 ,the neurocentrum is laterally flattened and ends in a rather acute and somewhat rugose point4 ,it was probably tipped with cartilage4 ,the anterior zygapophysis occurs well down on the neurocentrum1 its lower edge being #e mm4 from the suture separating the pleurocentrum and the neurocentrum4 ,the posterior zygapophysis occurs quite high up on the neurocentrum and lies at a distance of #ae mm4 from the pleuro-neurocentral suture1 thus indicating an extreme posterior inclination of the neural spine4 ,the posterior zygapophysis of the best preserved vertebra is separated from its mate1 the anterior zygapophysis1 in the next succeeding vertebra by a space of #e mm4 ,the ventral surface of the pleurocentrum bears a structure1 which is1 without doubt1 a chevron1 although the character of its opening can not be determined4 ,it is elongated and is united by a broad base to the pleurocentrum4 ,its union is by a clearly defined suture1 which is apparent in #c vertebr4 ,the condition represented by the specimen duplicates almost exactly the condition figured by ,cope for the caudal region of ,cricotus ,cope4,d ,footnote ,d3 ,,cope1 ,e4 ,d41 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 p4 #bdf1 #ahij4 ,the intercentrum of the present form is fully as large as the pleurocentrum4 ,the significance of this has already been mentioned4 ,the body of the centrum is pierced by a large notochordal canal4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,spondylerpeton spinatum ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of specimen #fj ,length of pleurocentrum #aa4e ,height of pleurocentrum to base of neurocentrum #bj ,length of neurocentrum #cc ,width of neurocentrum at base #i ,width across anterior zygapophysis #ab ,width across posterior zygapophysis #aj ,length of intercentrum #aj ,height of intercentrum #aj4e ,height of chevron #c ,length of chevron #ah ,width of notochordal opening in centrum #e ,height of same #d4e ,height of neural canal #ab ,greatest width of neural canal #f ,family ,,eryopid ,cope1 #ahhb4 ,cope1 ,am4 ,nat41 ,,xvi1 p4 #ccd1 #ahhb4 ,large1 terrestrial or amphibious vertebrata2 skull bones deeply marked with pits and grooves which take the form of lateral-line canals2 infra- and supraorbital canals1 antorbital commissure1 jugal canal1 and occipital cross-commissure of the lateral-line system present in ,eryops megacephalus ,cope2 carpus and tarsus osseous2 pubis an osseous plate1 surrounded in life by a large amount of cartilage2 fore and hind limbs pentadactyl2 orbits1 in the typical genus1 located far back on the skull and near the median line2 cleithrum present on the scapula2 vertebr rachitomous1 the intercentrum supporting the arch in the dorsal region2 parasphenoid well-developed or reduced2 teeth on pterygoids1 palatines1 prevomers1 and parasphenoid4 ,range3 ,upper ,pennsylvanian to ,permian4 ,distribution3 ,america1 ,europe1 ,asia4 ,genus ,,eryops ,cope1 #ahgg4 ,type3 ,eryops megacephalus ,cope4 ,skull long1 comparatively narrow2 proportion of length to breadth about #i to #g4 ,roof bones coarsely sculptured posteriorly1 finely sculptured anteriorly4 ,nasals and premaxill very large2 frontals excluded from the orbits by junction of pre- and post-frontals4 ,pterygoids not meeting in the median line2 parasphenoid dagger-shaped1 tapering gradually to a point just in front of the palatine foramen2 prevomers large4 ,orbits subcircular1 situated in the posterior half of the skull2 nares subovate1 remote1 at a considerable distance from the tip of the skull4 ,many minute denticles1 on pterygoids1 palatines1 prevomers1 and parasphenoid4 ,teeth circular in cross-section1 strongly ribbed near the base1 dentine strongly infolded4 ,three large teeth on each palatine4 ,mandible without postcotyloid process4 ,vertebr rachitomous4 ,ribs double-headed4 ,pubis osseous4 ,three species 7,permian71 ,e4 megacephalus1 ,e4 latus1 and ,e4 willistoni1 are assigned to the genus4 ,eryops is represented in the ,carboniferous deposits of ,north ,america by incomplete vertebral remains described by ,case 7#id7 from near ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #be #a4 ,photograph of type specimen of ,erpetosaurus 7,tuditanus7 radiatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #a4c4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #b4 ,photograph of type specimen of ,erpetosaurus tabulatus ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #b4 ,original in the ,zoological ,collections of ,columbia ,university4 #c4 ,photograph of the impression of ,stegops divaricata ,cope1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 #b4 ,the specimen figured is in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,its obverse is in the collections at ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 #d4 ,type and only known specimen of ,micrerpeton caudatum ,moodie1 a branchiosaur from the ,coal ,measures shales of ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois4 #b4 ,original in collections at ,walker ,museum1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,eryops sp4 indet4 ,case1 #aijh4 ,case1 ,annals ,carnegie ,mus41 ,,iv1 p4 #bcd1 pl4 #ei1 #aijh4 ,a dorsal vertebra is very probably from this genus4 ,the specimen consists of a nearly perfect vertebra1 lacking only the anterior zygapophysis and the upper portion of the neural spine 7plate #ah1 fig4 #b74 ,it shows no character that would warrant its separation from the genus1 and indicates a medium-sized individual4 ,the zygapophyses have clean-cut articular faces4 ,the pleurocentra are thickened above1 with just well-defined articular faces1 which were applied to faces on the neural arch posterior to the origin of the transverse process4 ,the intercentrum is of the familiar halfmoon-shape1 thick and heavy below1 and thinner toward the extremities2 the anterior edge is marked near the top by the indentation found on the intercentra of ,eryops4 ,height of the vertebra from the middle of the lower face of the intercentrum to the middle of the neural canal1 #j4jce m42 width of intercentrum #j4jbf m4 ,the second recognizable specimen is a neural spine from the caudal series4 ,this is without question a portion of the skeleton of an ,eryops4 ,similar spines were described by ,cope as ,eryops 7,epicordylus7 erythrolithicus1 but later discoveries seem to show that similar characters occur in other species of the genus as well4 ,the apex of the spine is bifurcate2 the space between extremities is concave and perfectly smooth2 below the sides of the spine are rather rugose and marked with ridges4 ,the lower portion of the spine is elongated anteroposteriorly and the edges are marked with sharp1 double ridges4 ,three ribs also belong1 in all probability1 to the genus ,eryops4 ,the head of each rib is broad and the articular edge is divided between two faces which meet at an angle somewhat greater than a right angle2 the two faces are continuous4 ,the shaft is somewhat flattened and in the undistorted specimens is gently curved4 ,the length of the largest rib is about #j4jg m4 ,other than these specimens there are several small intercentra 7#id7 and the neural spine of a caudal vertebra from some undetermined amphibian4 ,family ,,macrerpetid ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 art4 ,,xxv1 p4 #ced1 pl4 lix1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,it has seemed necessary to propose a new family for the reception of the single species ,macrerpeton 7,tuditanus7 huxleyi ,cope4 ,the characters exhibited by this species are so different from those offered by other members of the ,carboniferous ,microsauria that it is clearly distinct4 ,in its cranial characters and the position of the orbits it approaches most nearly to ,eryops megacephalus ,cope from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,in some of its characters the present form shows a similarity to ,dasyceps bucklandi ,lloyd 7#cbd71 from the ,permian of ,kenilworth1 ,england2 more especially is this similarity found in the form of the skull1 the size and shape of the teeth1 and the posterior position of the orbits1 and their wide removal from the border of the skull4 ,only a fragment of the skull has hitherto been known1 but repeated study of this fragment 7#abc7 has disclosed the wide diversity 7#dfb7 of its characters4 ,an almost complete skull1 described below1 substantiates the characters based on the fragment4 ,another species is here added to the genus1 based on a portion of a mandible and a portion of the skull4 ,the family1 ,macrerpetid1 may be defined 7#dfe7 as follows3 ,skull larger than in any other known microsaurian1 unless ,baphetes proves to be microsaurian2 cranial elements sculptured with pits and coarse grooves2 lacrimal element present1 teeth large1 curved inwards and fluted2 mandible heavy2 orbits located far back on the skull and near the median line so that the interorbital space is about half the space from the outer edge of the orbit to the border of the skull1 thus approaching the condition known in ,eryops2 the ribs 787 are strong1 heavy1 and curved1 with an incipient tubercle4 ,genus ,,macrerpeton ,moodie1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 pp4 #gb-gd1 fig4 #ag1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope4 ,the genus ,macrerpeton was proposed for the reception of the amphibian species described by ,cope as ,tuditanus huxleyi 7#abc74 ,this form he placed provisionally in genus ,tuditanus1 since it seemed to present the same type of sculpturing of the cranial elements similar to that found in ,t4 radiatus ,cope4 ,but this species has been removed from ,tuditanus and placed in a new genus1 ,erpetosaurus 7#dfb74 ,a close study of the type specimen of ,tuditanus huxleyi ,cope shows 7#dfe7 great variation and distinction from any of the species described from ,linton1 ,ohio1 or indeed from any ,carboniferous form thus far known4 ,the specimen represents the left side of the face1 and the characters exhibited by the fragment are supported by more complete material 7,no4 #bicc1 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist474 ,the skull shows a close approach to the higher labyrinthodonts in its shape4 ,the orbits are far removed from the border of the skull4 ,the arrangement of the bones of the skull resembles that of ,capitosaurus from the ,keuper of ,europe4 ,the jaw is for the most part slender1 with a pronounced downward inflection at the coronoidal part4 ,the teeth are heavy and strong and are curved backwards4 ,they have the strong longitudinal fluting which is characteristic of the labyrinthodonts4 ,another character which is distinctive is the pattern of cranial sculpture4 ,this consists of inosculating pits and grooves of a coarse character and compares favorably with the sculpturing of ,triassic labyrinthodonts4 ,if ,macrerpeton really represents a labyrinthodont form of ,amphibia it is the oldest of the known ,labyrinthodontid1 since it seems probable that the ,eosaurus vertebr came from a higher horizon4 ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 p4 #bgd1 #ahgd4 ,cope1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #cig1 pl4 xxxiv1 fig4 #b1 #ahge4 ,lesley1 ,dictionary of ,fossils1 p4 #abcg1 #ahij4 ,moodie1 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #gb1 fig4 #ag1 #aiji4 ,moodie1 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxvi1 art4 ,,xxv1 p4 #ced1 pl4 lix1 fig4 #a1 #aiji4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #aai1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,collection of ,dr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry4 7,plate #bf1 fig4 #b47 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 ,illustration3 ,,moodie ,,plate #bf #a4 ,photograph of type specimen of ,erpetosaurus tuberculatus ,moodie1 from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures4 #a4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #b4 ,photograph of type of ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope1 from the ,ohio ,coal ,measures4 #a4 ,original in ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,the first part of the following account of the species1 ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope1 is a quotation of ,cope's description 7#abc7 of the type specimen1 and the second part deals with the description of the new material4 ,cope says the species is ,represented by a considerable portion of the face and muzzle of a single individual4 ,a portion of the left mandible1 supporting three teeth1 remains in place1 and almost the entire boundary of the right orbit is preserved4 ,the fragment indicates a much larger species than any other referred to the genus1 and1 next to the ,leptophractus obsoletus1 the largest of the ,batrachians of the ,ohio ,coal ,measures4 ,without more complete remains1 it is not easy to determine its generic relations finally4 ,the form of the head is probably elongate1 and the muzzle neither very obtuse nor elongate4 ,the orbit is rather small1 and near the middle of the length of the specimen1 which is1 however1 incomplete at both ends4 ,the sculpture of the surface of the head posterior to the orbits1 as well as round their borders and for some distance in front of them1 consists of a rather coarse pitting4 ,on the middle line1 between the orbits and on the muzzle1 the intervals become narrower1 and are confluent into transverse ridges or a delicate reticulation4 ,the surface of the mandible displays a coarse reticulation4 ,the teeth are stoutly conic1 and with delicately striate grooved cementum4 ,they are slightly recurved4 ,this species differs from the ,t4 radiatus and ,t4 obtusus in the absence of the area into which the sculpture is thrown4 ,longitudinal diameter of orbit1 #ai mm42 length of alveolar border supporting three teeth1 #ac mm42 diameter of base of tooth1 #c mm42 eight pits in #aj mm4 ,dedicated to ,professor ,t4 ,h4 ,huxley1 facile princeps among ,english systematists1 and an important contributor to the knowledge of the extinct ,batrachia4 ,the following discussion of the cranial elements1 based on the writer's studies 7#dfb1 #dfe7 of the type1 may be appended to ,professor ,cope's original description4 ,the sutures bounding a few of the elements have been made out in part4 ,the prefrontal element seems well assured4 ,it lies well in front of the orbit1 much as in the skull of ,capitosaurus from the ,keuper of ,europe4 ,the lacrimal is1 apparently1 a very large bone1 though its entire extent is not assured4 ,the maxilla is a long1 narrow element on the border of the skull4 ,the suture separating this from the lacrimal and jugal is quite clear4 ,the teeth which the maxilla undoubtedly bore are hidden by the remains of the mandible1 which lies partly on the edge of the skull4 ,the jugal is a very large element and its boundaries seem well assured4 ,its size and relations recall the condition in ,capitosaurus4 ,it forms a part of the external boundary of the orbit4 ,the lateral suture of the postorbital is evident and is1 as shown in the figure1 somewhat curved4 ,the remaining elements preserved on the fragmentary skull can not be accurately determined1 though their probable position is indicated in plate #cj1 fig4 #b1 the lettering being based on the arrangement of these elements in ,capitosaurus4 ,the lower jaw is poorly preserved1 but what remains shows evidence of being sculptured somewhat after the manner of the cranial elements4 ,it bore strong recurved teeth which are longitudinally striate4 ,measurements of the ,type ,specimen of ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope4 mm4 ,length of portion preserved #abj ,maximum width of specimen #eh ,length of orbit #bj ,width of orbit #ad ,length of jaw1 as preserved #ge ,width of jaw at widest part #aa ,length of longest tooth #h ,width of tooth at base #d ,description of ,additional ,material of ,macrerpeton huxleyi4 ,the additional material of this species which has come to hand consists of an almost complete skull 7,american ,museum ,no4 #bicc1 two portions72 another fragmentary skull 7,american ,museum ,no4 #hegb ,g and #hecb ,g72 a portion of an interclavicle 7,american ,museum ,no4 #hjjf72 two incomplete vertebr 7,american ,museum ,no4 #hjjg72 and another fragmentary element possibly representing a scapula of this species 7,american ,museum ,no4 #hjjh74 ,the skull has essentially the shape outlined 7#dfb7 from a study of the fragmentary type specimen4 ,the muzzle was drawn slightly too broad1 but otherwise the restoration is fairly accurate4 ,the specimen is distorted and imperfect1 but enough is preserved to give a good idea of the shape and something of the structure of the skull4 ,a portion of the obverse is preserved4 ,the back part of the skull is broken1 so that the occiput can not be studied4 ,the length of the skull is one and two-fifths the greatest breadth 7across the orbits74 ,the cranial elements are deeply marked with pits and short1 shallow grooves4 ,on the left mandible these pits are in a very distinct row1 the operculo-mandibular lateral-line4 ,macrerpeton deani new species4 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #bicd1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures4 7,plate #ba1 figs4 #a1 #b47 ,the material for this species consists of the posterior half of the left mandible and a portion of the right antero-lateral surface of the skull1 both incomplete4 ,the reasons for regarding the species as distinct are the large size of the specimens and the manner of the sculpture1 as well as the shape of the posterior end of the mandible4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,mandible of ,macrerpeton deani new species1 from ,linton1 ,ohio4 #j4ge4 ,the present species is the largest amphibian of the ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures1 exceeding in skull length that of ,macrerpeton huxleyi by twice4 ,the largest skull of ,macrerpeton huxleyi which has so far come under my notice is #abj mm4 in median length4 ,there are #c skulls of this species known1 all of approximately the same size4 ,the skull of ,macrerpeton deani must have reached or exceeded a foot in median length4 ,the only species with which it can at all be compared are ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie and ,baphetes planiceps ,owen1 but it is clearly distinct from all other genera of ,linton ,amphibia4 ,it is possible that when better known ,macrerpeton1 ,eobaphetes1 ,baphetes1 ,erpetosaurus1 and possibly ,dendrerpeton will form a natural group of early labyrinthodont-like ,amphibia4 ,the mandible is similar in structure to that of the labyrinthodonts1 with the elements marked by radiate flutings4 ,i can detect no evidences of a lateral-line canal1 such as is clearly marked in ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope by a series of rounded pits1 occupying the usual position of the operculo-mandibular lateral-line canal ,the teeth1 of which #f are preserved1 are minutely striate1 with smooth apices4 ,they are dissimilar in size1 showing a variation of #b or #c mm4 in length4 ,the sculpture is a coarse fluting1 with no indications of the sharply marked pits of ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope4 ,the fragment of a skull preserved shows characters of the sculpture which are identical with those of the mandible4 ,the bones are so crushed that it is impossible to tell the limits of the elements4 ,i believe a portion of one orbit is represented on one corner of the block4 ,the cranium appears to have been broad1 and the fragment preserved1 which is only about one-sixth of the skull1 is larger than the entire cranium and mandibles of ,macrerpeton huxleyi4 ,the specific distinctness of the form can not be doubted1 although it is a matter of regret that it is founded on so small a portion of the osteology of the animal4 ,the species is proposed in honor of ,dr4 ,bashford ,dean1 to whom ,i am greatly indebted for many kindnesses during the past #e years in connection with my studies on ,carboniferous ,amphibia1 particularly in the loan of the entire ,newberry collection of ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,amphibia4 ,measurements of the ,type of ,macrerpeton deani ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of portion preserved #aae ,greatest width #ej ,length of tooth #i ,width at base #d ,length of angular #ie ,diameter of angular #be ,measurements of specimen ,no4 #hece ,g1 ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 associated with the above in the type description3 ,length of preserved portion #adj ,diameter of orbit #bb ,family ,,anthracosaurid ,cope1 #ahge4 ,cope1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,i1 p4 #aj1 #ahge4 ,lydekker1 ,r41 #ahij1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia and ,amphibia1 p4 #aeg4 ,skull usually triangular and more or less angulated1 with the cranial sculpture well marked1 the occipital condyles ossified1 and the palatine foramina very small and placed far back2 dentine of the teeth more or less complexly plicated4 ,a ventral armor of elongated dermal scutes1 and probably a sclerotic ring4 ,bodies of vertebr fully ossified in the adult2 intercentra present or absent4 ,according to ,atthey's figure 7#aa7 of the skull of the type genus1 the palatine bears teeth which are situated immediately on the inner side of the maxilla1 as in ,mastodonsaurus 7#bdb74 ,in the typical forms there is no postarticular process to the mandible4 ,the ,north ,american species of this family are3 ,eosaurus acadianus ,marsh1 ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie1 ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen1 ,dendrerpeton oweni ,dawson1 ,platystegos loricatum ,dawson1 ,baphetes planiceps ,owen1 ,baphetes minor ,dawson4 ,there is but little assurance that any of these species belong in this family4 ,they are put there provisionally1 pending future discoveries4 ,huxley suggests the relationship of ,eosaurus and ,anthracosaurus 7,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xix1 #ahfc1 p4 #fe2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,ii1 p4 #eff74 ,genus ,,baphetes ,owen1 #ahed4 ,owen1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,x1 p4 #bjg1 pl4 ix1 #ahed4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 pp4 #aj-af1 pl4 ii1 #ahfc4 ,type3 ,baphetes planiceps ,owen4 ,known only from an incomplete skull1 which is large1 broader than long2 squamosals prolonged into obtuse horns4 ,teeth rather large1 heterodont1 arranged in a single row4 ,orbits placed well forward1 frontals small1 surface bones sculptured4 ,baphetes planiceps ,owen4 ,owen1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,x1 p4 #bjg1 pl4 ix1 #ahed4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 pp4 #aj-af1 pl4 ii1 #ahfc4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,near ,pictou1 ,nova ,scotia 7,coal ,measures74 ,the parts preserved include the premaxillaries1 nasals1 and portions of the frontal1 prefrontal1 and maxillary bones4 ,the fossil is embedded in a mass of ,pictou ,coal from ,nova ,scotia and consists of the anterior extremity of the cranium 7plate #bb1 fig4 #f7 and with the exterior surface of the bone embedded in the matrix1 and its substance1 for the most part1 reduced to a thin layer by abrasion of the exposed inner layer4 ,it displays accurately the contour of the fore part of the upper jaw1 which was broad1 obtuse1 and rounded4 ,the premaxillaries1 which show some obscure traces of a symphysial suture at the median line1 anterior to the nasal or naso-palatine vacuities1 extend outwards1 on each side1 for an extent of #b4e lines and there join the maxillaries4 ,traces of round alveoli for teeth1 some of which are #b lines in diameter1 are visible on the alveolar border of the premaxillaries4 ,the alveolar border is continued by the maxillary bone for an extent of #d4e inches beyond the premaxillary border1 and this border shows still more distinct traces of alveoli1 of a circular form1 about a line in diameter and rather close set in a single series4 ,the fore part of the orbit is very unequivocally displayed1 the smooth inner or under surface of the bone forming that part being entire2 and this shows the fore part of the orbit to be formed1 partly by the maxillary1 partly by the lacrimal or prefrontal bone in close sutural union therewith1 a structure which does not exist in any recent or fossil fish with a dentigerous superior maxillary bone4 ,where the substance of the bone has been detached so far as to expose the external layer in contact with the coal1 as1 e4g41 on the frontal and part of the prefrontal bones1 the external surface of those bones is shown to have been impressed by subhemispherical or elliptical pits1 from #a line to #a4e lines in diameter1 and with intervals of half of that extent4 ,this coarsely pitted character agrees with that presented by the other surface of the similarly broad and flat cranium of the labyrinthodonts4 ,from the characters above specified1 therefore1 ,i conclude that this fossil is the fore part of the skull of an extinct family of the labyrinthodonts4 ,it agrees with them in the number1 size1 and disposition of teeth2 in the proportions and mode of connection of the premaxillaries1 maxillaries1 nasals1 prefrontals1 and frontals1 and in the resultant peculiarly broad and depressed character of the skull4 ,the traces of the nostrils are less definite and satisfactory than the remains of the orbits1 but the latter appear to be decisive against the piscine nature of the fossil4 ,the fossil also presents the same well-marked external sculpturing as in the labyrinthodonts2 and among the genera that have been established in that family1 the form of the end of the muzzle1 or upper jaw1 in the ,pictou coal specimen best accords with that in the ,capitosaurus and ,metopias of von ,meyer and ,burmeister 7#hj74 ,measurements of the ,skull of ,baphetes planiceps ,owen4 7,type in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,london47 mm4 ,approximate median length of skull #acf ,width of skull across base of horns #aej ,estimated width across tips of horns #ahf ,width of horn at base #ca ,estimated length of horn from base #hj ,width of skull across orbits #ig ,diameter of orbit #ba ,diameter of large tooth alveolus #g ,diameter of small tooth alveolus #b ,pictou ,coal1 near ,pictou1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,canada1 collected by ,dr4 ,j4 ,william ,dawson1 #ahej1 and presented by him to the ,geological ,society of ,london4 ,baphetes minor ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,canadian ,nat4 and ,jour4 ,sci41 n4 s41 #ahgj1 ,v1 pp4 #ih1 #ii4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation of ,nova ,scotia4 ,the species was based on a lower jaw of an amphibian1 of which a cast had occurred in the coarse sandstone of the coal formation between ,ragged ,reef and the ,joggins ,coal ,mine4 ,it measured #f inches in length2 its surface was marked on the lower and posterior part with a network of ridges inclosing rounded depressions4 ,the anterior part of the jaw contained about #af teeth1 some of which remained in the matrix4 ,these were stout1 conical and blunt1 with large pulp cavities1 and about #cb longitudinal stri1 corresponding to the folds of the dentine4 ,dawson states that this jaw resembles most closely those of ,baphetes and ,dendrerpeton1 but more especially the former4 ,he regarded it as distinct from ,baphetes planiceps1 and proposed for it the name ,baphetes minor4 ,eosaurus acadianus ,marsh4 ,marsh1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#b71 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #a-af1 pls4 i1 ii1 #ahfb4 ,agassiz1 ,am4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #ach1 #ahfb4 ,marsh1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xix1 pp4 #eb-ef4 ,hay1 ,cat4 ,fossil ,vertebrates 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #agi1 p4 #dba1 #aijb74 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #afdh1 ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia 7,coal ,measures74 ,the genus and species are founded on two vertebral bodies of the stereospondylous type from the ,coal ,measures of the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,marsh's description 7#djd7 is as follows3 ,the general form of the vertebr is cylindrical1 but their sides are compressed obliquely1 which gives to the contour of the centra a subhexagonal appearance4 ,they are much flattened in the direction of the antero-posterior diameter1 which has to the transverse diameter the proportion of #a to #c4 ,both the articular terminal facets are deeply and equally concave2 but from the center to the margin the surfaces are convex1 and this convexity is greatest near the center4 99 99 99 ,the cavities for the reception of the intervertebral matter begin immediately from the margin1 and are considerably deeper than the corresponding parts of the ,ichthyosaurus1 indicating a greater degree of flexibility in the vertebral column4 ,the margins of the vertebra2 are somewhat raised1 as if they had yielded to a forcible compression applied longitudinally2 and hence the lateral surfaces of the centers are concave in an antero-posterior direction4 ,this concavity is greater in the upper half of the vertebra and was undoubtedly more marked originally than at present1 since the appearance of the margins indicates considerable abrasion4 ,the non-articular surfaces of the centra are smooth and regular2 and the external fibres of the osseous tissue are singularly reticulated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,nova ,scotian ,amphibia4 ,a4 ,oblique lateral view of vertebra3 of ,eosaurus acadianus ,marsh1 a1 pits for articulation of neuropophyses2 b1 rudimentary transverse process on right lateral surface of centrum4 ,b4 ,oblique view of vertebr1 a1 pits for articulation of neuropophyses2 b1 rudimentary process on lateral surface4 ,c4 ,posterior view of nearly perfect centrum4 ,d4 ,transverse section of same vertebra1 showing deep concavities of articular terminal facets4 ,e and ,f4 ,microscopic sections near surface1 showing lacun arranged around an ,haversian canal4 ,magnified #bjj diameters4 7,all figures after ,marsh4 #j4ge47 ,the neuropophyses are not anchylosed to the centrum1 as in the mammalia1 nor connected to it by sutures1 as in the crocodiles2 but their union with the vertebra is indicated by two pits1 which served for their articulating surfaces4 ,these depressions are situated on the superior surface of the centrum intermediate between the anterior and posterior margins of the extremities4 ,they are circular in form and sink directly into the body of the vertebra2 instead of being elongated longitudinally and raised by ridges1 as in ,ichthyosaurus4 ,the pits are about a line in depth1 and in the more perfect of the fossils are not in their original position4 ,the floor of the spinal canal is narrow1 being but #e lines in breadth4 ,a rudimentary transverse process1 or exogenous tubercle1 is sent off from each lateral surface of the centrum1 at points equidistant from the extremities of the vertical diameter4 ,their position is near the margin of the anterior articular surface1 and the edges of these parapophyses make the transverse diameter of this extremity somewhat greater than that of the corresponding posterior facet4 ,measurements of the ,more ,perfect ,vertebra of ,eosaurus acadianus 7after ,marsh74 mm4 ,transverse diameter of centrum on anterior surface #ei ,same on posterior surface #eg ,same including the parapophyses #fc ,vertical diameter of anterior surface #ed ,anteroposterior diameter on superior surface #ba ,same on inferior surface #ai ,same between centers of articular facets #b4e ,length of pits for articulation of neural arch #g ,breadth of same #g ,depth of same #b ,distance between centers of same #aa ,same at centers of parapophyses #cf ,collected by ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh at the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,marsh regarded 7#djd7 the vertebr as representing a new type of ichthyosaurian 7#b71 but there can be no doubt that the vertebr belong to some form of the ,amphibia1 since the description applies equally well to them4 ,in this connection mention must be made of a large rib from the ,linton beds preserved in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,only the proximal third of the rib is preserved1 but it represents some large form of the ,stegocephala4 ,the rib is strongly curved backward1 is heavy1 and has an incipient tubercle4 ,a cross-section shows that a longitudinal groove occupies the median line on the exposed surface of the rib4 ,this may1 however1 be due to compression and thus indicate that the rib was hollow4 ,the rib as preserved measures3 length1 #ajb mm42 maximum width1 #bb mm42 minimum width1 #ad mm4 7,nos4 #ddij1 #ddhi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum47 ,genus ,,eobaphetes new name4 ,type3 ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie4 ,the new name is proposed to replace the generic term ,erpetosaurus used for the species ,e4 kansensis described by the writer 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #ci1 p4 #dia1 #aiaa71 and which later was found to be preoccupied by ,newton 7,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ahe1 p4 #egc1 #ahid ,b74 ,the genus is very readily distinguished by two prominent characters the short1 uniform dentition and the presence of two elongate1 oval1 internal mandibular foramina on the inner side of the jaw4 ,the genus may be further distinguished by the great depth of the posterior portion of the jaw and the slender anterior part1 as well as by the ornamentation1 which is typically the rough tuberculated labyrinthodont sculpture on the anterior end of the mandible4 ,this changes gradually to longitudinal grooves and ridges of a rather small size on the posterior portion1 a very unusual arrangement for a labyrinthodont4 ,these characters are sustained by those of the skull fragment1 in which the dentition is uniform and the sculpture very similar to that of the mandible4 ,the ribs are long1 curved1 and solid1 as in other labyrinthodonts4 ,the internal surface of the mandible shows much similarity to that of the crocodiles and alligators of the present day4 ,the resemblance is not due to homology of structures1 but must be regarded as a parallel development of similar characters4 ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie4 ,moodie1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #ci1 pp4 #dia-did1 figs4 #a to #c1 #aiaa 7,erpetosuchus74 ,type3 ,specimen ,no4 #ffii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal ,measures of ,washington ,county1 ,kansas4 ,the species is represented in the collections of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by a fragment of the skull1 with portions of two ribs 7,cat4 ,no4 #ffii1 ,vert4 ,pal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus47 and the larger part of the left ramus of the mandible 7,cat4 ,no4 #ffhj1 ,vert4 ,pal4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus474 ,the mandible was preserved in a large block of coal which contained the impression of the back portion of the mandible from which the bone had been weathered4 ,it was possible to remove the bone and make a plaster cast of the impression4 ,this shows in a very satisfactory manner all of the characters of the external surface4 ,skull4--,only a portion of the left maxilla1 with #ad teeth1 and a part of the nasal are preserved4 ,the skull seems to have been laterally crushed and the right side of the skull has been crushed flat under the left4 ,it has not seemed feasible to remove the skull from the matrix4 ,the teeth are uniform1 rather short1 bluntly conical1 curved backward1 and coarsely striate4 ,they are somewhat crowded1 the bases being separated from each other by only a fraction of a millimeter4 ,the maxilla and portion of the nasal are coarsely sculptured with elongate pits and ridges4 ,a portion of the infraorbital lateral-line canal is preserved4 ,it is simply a rounded groove with three short branches4 ,it lies near the middle of the maxilla4 ,mandible4--,it has been possible to study both sides of the mandible4 ,the left ramus was preserved in the coal1 with its inner face exposed4 ,this face is broken by two large oval openings1 the internal mandibular foramina4 ,this is the term used by ,reynolds for the openings on the inner surface of the alligator jaw4 ,so far as ,i can ascertain1 no other known labyrinthodont mandible displays this character in such a marked degree4 ,dr4 ,branson has figured in ,anaschisma browni ,branson from the ,triassic 7#di7 of ,wyoming the inner surface of the left ramus1 on which there are likewise two openings but differently situated4 ,a similarity between the two mandibles is observed in that the suture separating the prearticular and angular touches the posterior edge of the posterior foramen4 ,several of the sutures are well preserved and they have been indicated in the drawing 7fig4 #db74 ,the pillar separating the two foramina is cut by the suture separating the angular and prearticular very much as in ,anaschisma1 with the difference that in the latter form the angular and prearticular are not approximated4 ,i believe ,i detect the suture as represented separating the anterior end of the angular from the dentary and splenial4 ,i am assured of the portion near the anterior foramen and also of the part near the tip of the ramus4 ,this shows the angular to be a very elongate element1 running very nearly the entire length of the mandible1 much as in ,anaschisma and other labyrinthodont genera4 ,the splenial is a small1 slender element located farther forward1 where it has been shoved by the large-sized internal mandibular foramina4 ,the prearticular is a rather long1 broad element1 of which only a portion is preserved4 ,i am not sure as to the location of the suture for the dentary1 unless it is represented by the line bounding the roughened area near the teeth4 ,if this is true1 the dentary is a large element1 since it extends well down upon the outer side of the jaw4 ,the dentary possesses evidences of #bf teeth1 a few of which are completely preserved4 ,most of them are1 however1 represented either by bases or by impressions in the coal4 ,the teeth are very similar to those of the maxilla1 though slightly larger4 ,the characters given for the maxillary teeth will suffice for those of the dentary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,a4 ,outer view of mandible of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,washington ,county1 ,kansas4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #j4cc4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ffhj4 a1 angular2 r1 articular2 d1 dentary4 ,b4 ,portion of skull of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,washington ,county1 ,kansas4 ,original in ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,cat4 ,no4 #ffii4 #j4cc4 ,lateral-line canal represented by heavy broken line1 n1 nasal2 m1 maxilla4 ,c4 ,inner surface of mandible of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,washington ,county1 ,kansas4 #j4cc4 a1 angular2 p1 prearticular2 r1 articular2 s1 splenial4 ,the markings of the inner surface are as indicated in the drawing4 ,the back portion of the angular shows a few radiating lines4 ,the dentary is roughened in two portions3 one near the teeth1 the other at the tip1 where there is a cartilaginous roughening for union with its mate4 ,the remainder of the inner surface is relatively smooth4 ,the outer surface shows at the anterior end the typical labyrinthodont sculpturing1 which becomes slight grooves and ridges posteriorly4 ,i detect evidences of the operculo-mandibular lateral-line canal throughout the entire length of the mandible4 ,its location is indicated by the heavy broken line4 ,the suture between the dentary and angular is quite clear4 ,the suture separating the dentary and splenial joins the angular suture about midway of the length of the jaw4 ,measurements of ,skull ,fragment of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie4 7,cat4 ,no4 #ffii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus47 mm4 ,total length of portion preserved #aji ,maximum width of maxilla #de ,thickness of maxilla #g ,length of tooth #aj ,width of tooth at base #d ,measurements of ,left ,ramus of ,mandible of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie4 7,cat4 ,no4 #ffhj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mas47 mm4 ,total length of jaw1 as preserved #cje ,greatest width #gi ,least width #bd ,length of angular #acb ,width of angular #de ,length of largest tooth #aj ,width of largest tooth at base #f ,length of most posterior tooth #f ,width of most posterior tooth at base #d ,length of anterior internal mandibular foramen #ef ,greatest width #ae ,least width #g ,length of posterior internal mandibular foramen #gg ,greatest width #bh ,least width #ad ,length of bridge #af ,width of bridge #h ,ribs4--,there are portions of two dorsal ribs preserved on the block of coal with the skull4 ,these show characters very similar to those exhibited by the rib ascribed to ,macrerpeton huxleyi ,cope1 and also those of ,metoposaurus diagnosticus von ,meyer 7#bdb7 and ,anaschisma4 ,the ribs are solid1 heavy1 curved1 and have a longitudinal groove on the middle of each side4 ,the heads of the ribs in the present specimen are obscured and nothing can be said of them except that they appear to be large4 ,measurements of ,ribs of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie4 mm4 ,length of preserved portion #acj ,width at distal end #ah ,thickness of rib #e ,genus ,,dendrerpeton ,owen1 #ahec4 ,owen1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,ix1 p4 #ff1 #ahec4 ,type3 ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen4 ,the genus is characterized by ,dawson as follows 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahhb1 p4 #fce73 ,lizard-like1 with anterior and posterior extremities nearly equal2 the skull somewhat elongate with small orbits1 and the nostrils placed at the front4 ,the cranial bones sculptured4 ,the teeth plicated at the base1 more especially on their inner sides4 ,a series of large teeth on the palate4 ,the body was covered above with imbricated horny scales and had lappets or pendants at the sides4 ,the abdomen was protected by thin bony scales semi-elliptical or oat-shaped in form1 and arranged in a chevron pattern4 ,there was probably also a thoracic plate4 ,two species3 ,d4 acadianum and ,d4 oweni4 ,type3 ,d4 acadianum ,owen4 ,dendrerpeton acadianum ,owen4 ,owen1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,ix1 p4 #ff1 #ahec4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #ag1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,acadian ,geology1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cfb4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdb1 pl4 #dj1 figs4 #df to #ea2 pl4 #dd1 figs4 #abi to #acg4 #ahhb4 ,type3 ,specimens ,nos4 #dcd-dch1 ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,horizon and locality3 ,coal formation at ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 7,plate #f47 ,this species has been fully described and figured by ,dawson 7,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 pp4 #ag-cj1 pl4 ,,iii1 figs4 #a to #cj1 #ahfc71 who gives a detailed account of the discovery of the material of this species by himself and ,sir ,charles ,lyell4 ,he says1 in part3 ,in form1 ,dendrerpeton acadianum was probably lizard-like2 with a broad flat head1 short1 stout limbs and an elongated tail2 and having its skin1 and more particularly that of the belly1 protected by small bony plates closely overlapping each other4 ,it may have attained the length of #b feet4 ,the form of the head is not unlike that of ,baphetes1 but longer in proportion2 and much resembles that of the labyrinthodont reptiles of the ,trias4 ,the bones of the skull are sculptured as in ,baphetes1 but in a smaller pattern4 ,the nostrils are small1 and near the muzzle2 the orbits are circular1 and separated by a space of more than their own diameter4 ,in the upper jaw there is a series of conical teeth on the maxillary and intermaxillary bones4 ,those on the intermaxillaries are much larger than the others1 and have the aspect of canines or tusks4 ,within this outer series of teeth1 but implanted apparently in the same bones1 there is as in ,archegosaurus a second series of teeth1 closely placed1 or with intervals equal to the diameter of one tooth4 ,these inner teeth are longer than the others1 implanted in shallow sockets1 to which they are anchylosed1 and have the dentine plicated1 except toward the point4 ,a third group of teeth1 blunt at the points1 largely hollow in the interior1 and with the dentine quite simple1 appears in detached bones1 which may represent the vomer4 ,only a part of this formidable armature of the teeth appears in the skull1 as the bones of the roof of the mouth have been removed1 adhering to the opposite side of the matrix2 but the fact of the occurrence of two sets of teeth was ascertained by ,professor ,wyman1 from the original specimens1 and is manifest in the fragment 99 99 99 while the other teeth1 supposed to be vomerine1 appear in fragments which must1 from their size and collocation1 have belonged to ,dendrerpeton4 ,it will be observed that all of these teeth are anchylosed to the bone2 and that those of the vomer are thinly walled and simple1 the outer series on the maxillaries and intermaxillaries simple and flattened1 while the inner series of teeth are conical and plicated4 ,in the lower jaw there was a uniform series of conical teeth1 not perceptibly enlarged toward the front2 at least this is the case in the only specimen at present in my collection2 which is1 however1 merely an imperfect cast in hard sandstone4 ,the scapular and sternal bones seem to have been well developed and strong1 but only portions of them are known4 ,the fore limb of the adult animal1 including the toes1 must have been #d or #e inches in length1 and is of massive proportions4 ,the bones are hollow1 and in the case of the phalanges the bony walls were thin1 so that they are often found crushed flat4 ,the humerus1 however1 was a strong bone1 with thick walls and a cancellated structure toward its extremities2 still1 even these have sometimes yielded to the great pressure to which they have been subjected4 ,the cavity of the interior of the limb-bones is usually filled with calc-spar stained with organic matter1 but showing no structure2 and the inner side of the bony wall is smooth1 without any indications of cartilaginous matter lining it4 ,the vertebr1 in the external aspect of their bodies1 remind one of those of fishes1 expanding toward the extremities1 and being deeply hollowed by conical cavities1 which appear even to meet in the center4 ,there is1 however1 a large and flattened neural spine4 ,the vertebr are usually much crushed1 and it is almost impossible to disengage them from the stone4 99 99 99 in its long neural and hmal spines1 reminds us of the caudal vertebr of those batrachians and reptiles which have tails flattened for swimming1 and probably indicates that this was the case with ,dendrerpeton4 ,the ribs are long and curved1 with an expanded head1 near to which they are solid1 but become hollow toward the middle2 and the distal extremities are flattened and thin-walled4 ,the posterior seems to have been not larger than the anterior1 perhaps smaller4 ,the tibia is much flattened at the extremity1 as in some labyrinthodonts1 and the foot must have been broad1 and probably suited for swimming or walking on soft mud1 or both4 ,that the hind limb was adapted for walking is shown not merely by the form of the bones1 but also by that of the pelvis1 the best preserved specimen of which ,i have represented 7#bjh1 pl4 ,,iii1 fig4 #bh74 ,the external scales are thin1 oblique-rhomboidal or elongated-oval1 marked with slight concentric lines1 but otherwise smooth1 and having a thickened ridge or margin2 in which they resemble those of ,archegosaurus1 and also those of ,pholidogaster4 99 99 99 ,the microscopic structure of the scales is quite similar to that of the other bones1 and different from that of the scales of ganoid fishes 99 99 99 4 _/ ,dendrerpeton oweni ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xviii1 p4 #dfj4 ,dawson1 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #cb1 #ahfc4 ,dawson1 ,acadian ,geology1 #c;d ed41 p4 #cfh4 ,dawson1 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 pt4 ,,ii1 p4 #fdc1 pl4 #dd1 figs4 #aca1 #ach1 #aci1 #ahhb4 ,a smaller species than the preceding4 ,the form 7plate #ac7 is fully described by ,dawson 7,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period1 p4 #cb1 pl4 ,,iv1 #ahfc7 as follows3 ,among the reptilian remains found in erect trees at the ,south ,joggins1 there have occurred several portions of skeletons which1 from their sculptural cranial bones1 plicated teeth1 and the forms of their scales and limb-bones1 ,i have referred to the genus ,dendrerpeton1 but to individuals of much smaller size than the full-grown specimens of ,d4 acadianum4 ,it did not occur to me to suppose that these were specifically distinct from the larger individuals1 until ,i observed that bones of this kind1 contained in the collections sent by me to the ,geological ,society1 or represented in the figures drawn to illustrate one of my papers1 were referred by ,professor ,owen1 in his notes on these specimens and figures1 in the ,journal of the ,geological ,society1 to the genus ,hylonomus2 which is quite distinct from ,dendrerpeton1 as will be explained in sequel4 ,i was thus induced to reexamine all the specimens in my collection and the result has been to establish a strong probability that there is in reality a second species of ,dendrerpeton1 smaller than ,d4 acadianum1 and differing from it in several points4 ,this species ,i propose to name ,d4 oweni4 ,it differs from ,d4 acadianum in the following particulars3 7i7 its much smaller size2 7#b7 its long and hooked teeth 7it will be seen that these teeth differ very markedly in their proportions and form from those of the larger species727#c7 the greater plication of the ivory in the intermaxillary teeth 7in ,d4 acadianum these teeth are1 on the outside1 simple almost to the base1 and plicated on the inner side1 while in this species they are plicated all around like the inner maxillary teeth727#d7 the form of the skull1 which has the orbits larger in proportion1 and is also shorter and broader4 ,on the other hand1 when we have described the species ,hylonomus1 it will be seen that this animal1 except in size1 differs from them quite as widely as does ,d4 acadianum4 ,the distinctness of ,d4 oweni is further confirmed by the fact that ,i possess small jaw-bones of ,dendrerpeton1 about the size of those of this species1 but having the teeth similar in form to those of the larger species2 these ,i suppose to have belonged to young individuals4 ,on examining the figures 7#bjh1 pl4 ,,iv7 it will be seen that the bones of the skull were corrugated as in the large ,dendrerpeton1 but with a smaller pattern4 ,the forms of the jaw-bones also1 and of the vertebr1 ribs1 scapular bone1 bones of the limbs1 and bony scales1 are very similar1 and indicate that in general form this creature was not far removed from its larger relative4 ,the bones of the foot especially deserve attention4 ,this is the most perfect foot of ,dendrerpeton hitherto found2 and ,i have enlarged it in the figure 7#bjh7 in order more distinctly to show its parts4 ,it presents three long toes with traces of a smaller one at each side1 so that there were probably five in all4 ,if these toes be compared with the footprints on the slab discovered by ,dr4 ,harding1 it will be seen that they very closely correspond1 though the toes of the present species are much smaller4 ,the footprints are precisely those which we may suppose an animal of the size of ,dendrerpeton acadianum would have made if1 as the bones found render in every way probable1 this larger species had a foot similar to that of ,d4 oweni4 ,i suppose1 for this reason1 that these footprints are really those of ,dendrerpeton acadianum and that this species continued to exist from the time of the lower ,coal ,measures to the period when those higher beds of the series1 in which its bones are found at the ,joggins1 were deposited4 ,the present species must have lived in the same places with its larger relative1 but may have differed somewhat in its habits4 ,its longer and sharper teeth may have been better suited for devouring worms1 larv1 or soft-skinned fishes1 while those of the larger ,dendrerpeton were better adapted to deal with the mailed ganoids of the period1 or with those smaller reptiles which were more or less protected with bony or horny scales4 ,,remains ,,of ,,skin ,,and ,,horny ,,scales4 ,in one of my earliest explorations of the reptile-bearing stumps of the ,joggins1 ,i observed on some of the surfaces patches of a shining black substance1 which on minute examination proved to be the remains of cuticle1 with horny scales and other appendages4 ,the fragments were preserved2 but ,i found it impossible to determine with certainty to which of the species whose bones occur with them they belonged1 or even to ascertain the precise relations of the several fragments to each other4 ,i therefore merely mentioned them in general terms1 and stated my belief that they may have belonged to the species of ,hylonomus4,e ,more recently other specimens have been obtained1 and ,i have undertaken the detailed examination of the whole4 ,i shall now endeavor to describe the principal or most continuous fragments1 and afterward to consider the probabilities of their having belonged to certain of the reptiles entombed with them4 ,i do this here1 rather than under the titles of these several animals1 on account of the uncertainty which still rests on the assignment of certain portions of this cuticle to the species in question1 and which renders it more convenient to consider these peculiar remains in one place and to compare the different portions with each other4 ,footnote ,e3 ,journal of ,geological ,society1 vol4 ,,xvi4 7#a7 ,one of my specimens is a flattened portion of cuticle #b4be inches in length4 ,the greater part of the surface is smooth and shining to the naked eye1 and under the microscope shows only a minute granulation4 ,a limited portion of the upper and1 ,i suppose1 anterior part is covered with imbricated scales1 which must have been membranous or horny and generally have a small spot or pore near the outer margin1 some having in addition smaller scales or points on their surfaces4 ,in contact with the upper part of this specimen there were many fragments of the skull of ,dendrerpeton oweni4 7#b7 ,another portion of the cuticle1 similarly marked1 appears to preserve the form of the posterior part of the body and tail of the animal1 and also a mark representing the point of attachment of the hind leg2 near to which1 and along the dorsal ridge1 is a portion of the skin covered with much smaller scales4 ,this was found in close proximity to a mass of bones of ,dendrerpeton oweni1 mingled with some of ,hylonomus lyelli4 7#c7 ,a third and still larger surface of integument with similar markings has upon it a number of vertebr and detached bones of the small reptile ,hylonomus wymani1 to be described in the sequel2 for which species1 however1 it would be much too large a covering4 7#d7 ,another well-preserved fragment1 less than #b inches in length1 exhibits very different markings4 ,it is nearly covered with very small imbricated scales1 thicker than those on the specimens previously described4 ,on either side of what seems to have been the middle line of the back1 there is a series of pointed flat horny processes1 which probably formed a double spinous crest4 ,without these there are tufts of strong bristles1 and exteriorly to these last are rows of flat1 thick1 horny plates1 transversely wrinkled4 ,near to these was a row of conical truncated tubercles4 ,sections of these appendages show them to have been horny and attached to the cuticle4 ,none of them have bony structure4 7#e7 ,near this last portion of cuticle1 and possibly belonging to it1 are pointed and probably membranous appendages1 marked on each side with rows of scales not overlapping and each with a pore in its center4 ,the manner in which these appendages are bent and wrinkled shows that they must have been soft1 except at the tips1 which seem to have been hard and horny1 and they are arranged in series1 as if originally placed along the sides of the neck or abdomen1 or both4 ,the use of these appendages is not easy to conjecture4 ,they remind us of the gular pouches of iguana1 and of the lateral expansions of some geckos and of the ,draco volans4 ,possibly they formed lateral parachutes1 aiding the animal in moving over soft mud1 or perhaps in leaping and swimming4 7#f7 ,some other fragments appear to have belonged to a different species from either of the foregoing4 ,the best preserved specimen1 which is about #a inch in length and half an inch in breadth1 is covered with very small imbricated scales4 ,it is crossed by #f or #g obscure ridges1 which both at the bottom and along a mesial line project into points covered with larger scales4 ,a row of large scales with round pores connects these along the lower side4 ,if1 as seems probable1 this fragment belonged to the side of the trunk or tail1 it would perhaps indicate a division of the subcutaneous muscles into an upper and lower band1 as in the newts4 ,a separate fragment with transverse horny ridges and another with a longer lobe1 similar in structure to those above mentioned1 may perhaps be referred to the same animal4 ,a larger patch of skin presents similar imbricated scales1 but without a mesial line1 and with an edging of larger scales4 ,six species of reptiles have left their bones in the repositories containing these remnants of cuticle4 ,of these1 ,dendrerpeton acadianum1 was an animal of too great size to have been clothed with integument of this character and of such dimensions4 ,hylonomus aciedentatus and ,hylerpeton dawsoni are each represented by only a single specimen1 and these did not occur in proximity to any of the portions of cuticle1 except that the appendages were found near a specimen of the former4 ,of the three remaining species1 ,dendrerpeton oweni1 from its size1 the number of specimens found1 and the juxtaposition of their bones to the fragments of cuticle1 appears to have the best claim to the integument included under ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c2 and in this case1 while the creature had its throat1 and perhaps its abdomen1 armed with bony scales1 its upper parts and tail1 as well as its limbs1 had a uniform covering of small1 thin imbricated horny scales1 in the manner of many modern reptiles4 ,if the remaining portions of integument1 ,nos4 #d and #e1 as would seem likely1 belonged to two species1 both of smaller dimensions1 there would seem little reason to doubt that these were ,hylonomus lyelli and ,h4 wymani4 ,in this case1 both of these species must have possessed a highly ornate covering of horny scales and appendages1 comparable with that of many of the modern lizards1 while there seems good reason to believe1 as stated in a previous paper1 that they were in part protected by bony scales somewhat like those of ,dendrerpeton4 ,these points1 however1 we shall consider more in detail under the sections which refer to the species of ,hylonomus4 ,before leaving these curious specimens of ancient skin1 the most ancient ,i suppose known to exist1 it is of interest to observe that the thicker portions1 when broken across1 have the aspect of jet1 or of pure shining coal1 and thin slices1 under the microscope1 have the same rich brown colour with that material1 though rather more translucent4 ,when burned1 fragments of the substance give a strong flame1 and a bituminous and ammoniacal odour4 ,we have thus an example of the production of coal from animal membrane1 no doubt gelatinous and horny in the first instance1 but which has proved itself capable of the same chemical changes that have been experienced by the vegetable matter buried with it4 ,in order that this substance should be preserved in this way1 it would be necessary that it should either be kept dry and hard1 or that it should be immediately buried in matter impervious to air and kept moist4 ,the latter conditions are the more probable4 ,the preservative qualities of the peaty vegetable matter imbedded with it must be considered2 and it is possible that these hollow stumps1 partly filled with fragments of ,sigillaria bark1 may have formed natural tan-pits1 in which animal membranes would be preserved in a manner impossible in ordinary sediments4 ,if this were the case1 we may yet find an entire reptile1 preserved as a flattened mummy1 in one of these strange repositories4 ,genus ,,platystegos ,dawson1 #ahie4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 #ahie1 ,,xii1 p4 #gg 7sec4 ,,iv74 ,type3 ,platystegos loricatum ,dawson4 ,dawson's description is as follows3 ,head broad and short1 orbits very large1 cranial bones deeply sculptured2 teeth strongly plicated and curved1 with sharp edges at apices1 especially the inner palatal teeth1 which are very large4 ,many minute teeth on the vomerine bones2 vertebr ossified1 biconcave2 limb bones imperfectly ossified1 short2 lower surface protected with a thoracic plate and thick1 densely imbricated bony scales in transverse rows2 body above with thin1 round scales1 concentrically marked4 ,platystegos loricatum ,dawson4 ,dawson1 ,proc4 and ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,,xii1 p4 #gg1 #ahie4 ,dawson describes the species3 ,head about #h cm4 long2 when flattened #i cm4 broad across parietal foramen2 squamosal and temporal bones projecting backwards in points much behind the condyles2 parietal foramen small1 orbits large2 length of longest tooth seen #g mm42 cranial bones closely and deeply pitted2 humerus with very thin bony walls1 cartilaginous within1 #c4e cm4 long4 ,erect tree1 coal formation1 at the ,south ,joggins2 collected by ,p4 ,w4 ,mc,naughton4 ,type in ,peter ,redpath ,museum at ,mc,gill ,university4 ,dawson regarded the form as of uncertain relationship4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,stereospondylous ,,amphibia ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,,definition ,,of ,,the ,,order ,,stereospondylia ,,zittel1 #ahhg4 ,zittel1 ,handbuch der ,paleontologie1 ,bd4 ,,iii1 ,abth4 #a1 p4 #cig1 #ahhg4 ,large terrestrial vertebrates2 largest of the class4 ,skull equal to one-fourth or one-third of the entire body in at least one species1 ,metoposaurus diagnosticus von ,meyer 7#bdb74 ,lateral-line canals always present 7#deh7 on the skulls as deeply impressed grooves which1 in life1 were possibly roofed-over by a cartilaginous or other connective-tissue membrane4 ,the sensory organs undoubtedly being supplied by the superficial ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve1 branches of which pierced the cranial elements near the grooves1 no evidence of such openings in the bottoms of the grooves2 the condition probably being analogous to ,hydrolagus colei and other chimroids4 ,vertebr stereospondylous1 with well-developed neural arches from which projected the well-developed zygapophyses1 sometimes slightly amphiclous and pierced for the notochord1 such forms being uncertainly placed in the group4 ,tail unknown1 possibly short4 ,limbs and girdles well developed 7#bdc71 phalangeal formula unknown2 carpus osseous and tarsus unknown4 ,pectoral girdle composed of osseous scapul1 clavicles1 interclavicle1 coracoid 7872 clavicles and interclavicle ventrally sculptured4 ,pelvic girdle composed of osseous pubis1 ischium1 and ilium 7#bdb71 the pubis a small plate1 in life largely cartilaginous1 the three uniting by cartilaginous union to form the acetabulum4 ,ventral armature unknown1 possibly wanting4 ,range3 ,pennsylvanian to ,upper ,triassic4 ,distribution3 ,north ,america1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,australia4 ,family ,,mastodonsaurid ,huxley1 #ahfc4 ,huxley1 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xix1 p4 #fe1 #ahfc4 ,lydekker1 ,r41 ,cat4 ,fossil ,reptilia ,amphibia1 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #ada1 #ahij4 ,skull triangular1 and more or less elongated1 with the cranial bones very strongly sculptured1 the occipital condyles ossified 7#di71 and large palatal vacuities2 dentine of teeth with very complex plications 7#ejb72 no bony rings 7#bdb7 in sclerotic2 and no ventral scutes4 ,bodies of vertebr 7#di7 fully ossified in the adult4 ,there are large palato-vomerine tusks on the inner side of the maxillary teeth2 and the palatines run parallel to the maxilla4 ,the mandible has a large postarticular process2 and there is a small inner series of mandibular teeth4 ,in the type genus the pubes are separate from the ischia1 and do not enter into the formation of the acetabulum2 and the sacral ribs form kidney-shaped disks 7#cic74 ,represented in ,north ,america by a single tooth from the ,carboniferous of ,kansas4 ,described by ,williston as ,mastodonsaurus sp4 7,kans4 ,univ4 ,quart41 ,,vi1 pp4 #bji-baj1 pl4 ,,xxi74 ,represented in the ,triassic of ,wyoming by ,anaschisma browni1 ,branson 7#di74 ,mastodonsaurus sp4 indet4 ,williston1 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,quart41 ,,vi1 p4 #bji1 #ahig4 ,the specimen preserved comprises the entire crown of a single vomerine 787 tooth1 #ch mm4 in length by #ad mm4 in diameter at base 7pl4 #ba1 fig4 #f74 ,the immediate tip had been partly worn away in life1 but was acuminate4 ,it is composed of a dense blackish material1 with the exterior smooth1 shining black4 ,it has about #bj narrow flutings1 nearly straight1 running from the base to the tip1 separating shallow grooves4 ,a transverse section of the base shows a narrow pulp-cavity not more than #e mm4 in diameter which extends in about the same proportional width to beyond the middle of the tooth1 and in all probability to near the apex4 ,the cross-section of the tooth throughout is nearly or quite circular4 ,a hemisection of the tooth was made near the middle1 showing a structure most remarkably like that of ,mastodonsaurus2 so nearly alike1 in fact1 that there is no difference from the large figure given by ,owen of a section of ,mastodonsaurus 7#ejb74 ,the discovery of this tooth in the ,kansas ,coal ,measures is of great interest1 proving1 as it does1 the presence of true labyrinthodonts from a lower horizon than elsewhere recorded4 ,the discovery of ,eobaphetes kansensis ,moodie in the ,carboniferous of ,washington ,county 7#dgc7 would seem to indicate another labyrinthodont4 ,the tooth from ,louisville was possibly not the first evidence of labyrinthodonts in ,north ,america1 since the discovery by ,marsh of ,eosaurus acadianus from the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia1 possibly a member of the ,stereospondylia1 antedates this discovery #cj years4 ,the specimen is preserved in the ,museum at the ,university of ,kansas4 ,,amphibian ,,footprints ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures4 ,footprints may be said to be fairly common in the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america4 ,especial attention has been given to the classification of these objects by ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew 7#djh-dac71 ,dawson 7#bjh-baj7 and others4 ,hay 7#cag1 pp4 #ech-eec7 has given a catalogue of all the species described from the ,coal ,measures of ,north ,america1 to which the reader is referred for further information in regard to these interesting evidences of former animal activities4 ,the writer has not been interested in the taxonomy of footprints1 but has studied such as have come to his notice 7#dfe74 ,a description of the species ,dromopus agilis ,marsh 7fig4 #dc7 is given here1 because there is a large slab in the ,university of ,kansas ,museum which has not been figured4 ,since the chief interest in the present contribution is morphology1 footprints are thus scantily dealt with4 ,leidy 7#cgd71 ,dawson 7#bjg71 ,moodie 7#dfe1 pl4 ,,lxiv1 fig4 #a7 and others have given various brief descriptions of ,coal ,measures footprints1 probably all of which are evidences of ,amphibia which are otherwise unknown4 ,dromopus agilis ,marsh4 ,marsh1 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#c71 ,,xlviii1 p4 #hb1 pl4 ii1 fig4 #c2 pl4 iii1 fig4 #c1 #ahid4 ,hay1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #agi1 p4 #edc1 #aijb4 ,type3 ,specimen in the ,yale ,university ,museum4 ,horizon and locality3 ,osage limestone 7,coal ,measures71 near ,osage ,city1 ,kansas4 ,in #ahid ,professor ,marsh described a collection of footprints which he had secured from ,professor ,b4 ,f4 ,mudge1 of ,manhattan1 ,kansas1 who had collected them in ,osage ,county1 ,kansas1 in a rock quarry1 having purchased a large quantity of rock from the quarrymen for that purpose4 ,a preliminary note by ,mudge 7#dij7 was published in the ,transactions of the ,kansas ,academy of ,science and later copied in the ,american ,journal of ,science4 ,professor ,marsh's description 7#djf7 of the remains is as follows3 ,the impressions are well preserved in a calcareous shale1 which separates readily into thin slabs1 each representing a surface of the beach at the time the footprints were made upon it4 ,a few shells in the shale are sufficient to prove that the formation is marine 7no shells are evident in the slab at the ,museum of the ,university of ,kansas1 but the slab is quite arenaceous74 ,trails of annelids1 or perhaps of other invertebrates1 are seen on some of the surfaces4 ,the footprints of vertebrate animals1 however1 are of paramount importance1 and the large number and variety of these here recorded on a single surface1 if they could be rightly interpreted1 would form an interesting chapter of land vertebrate life in the ,carboniferous1 about which so little is at present known4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4--;,footprints of ,dromopus agilis ,marsh1 from the ,coal ,measures of ,osage ,county1 ,kansas4 ,original slab in ,university of ,kansas ,museum4 ,greatly reduced4 ,professor ,marsh's description of ,dromopus agilis is as follows3 ,the third series of footprints is of special interest1 and indicates an animal very distinct from the two already described4 ,the diagram represents the impression of the phalanges sufficiently in detail to indicate 7#djf7 their number and general form4 ,a striking feature in the fore and hind feet of this animal was the long1 slender digits terminated by sharp claws4 ,another point of interest1 as recorded in the footprints1 is that the animal in walking swung the hind feet outward1 and so near the ground that the ends of the longer toes sometimes made trails in the mud1 marking accurately the sweep of the foot4 ,this would seem to indicate a comparatively short hind leg1 rather than the long1 slender one which the footprints themselves naturally suggest4 ,the animal which made these interesting footprints was probably a ,lacertilian rather than an ,amphibian1 but there is also a possibility that it was a primitive ,dinosaur4 ,further on ,professor ,marsh remarks 7p4 #hd73 ,so far as at present known1 land vertebrate life began in the ,carboniferous age1 no footprints of other remains of this kind having been detected below the ,subcarboniferous4 ,that such remains will eventually be found in the ,devonian1 there can be no reasonable doubt1 and perhaps even in the ,silurian1 if the land surfaces then existing can be explored4 ,this last statement of ,marsh's was1 of course1 partly demonstrated by the discovery of footprints in the ,devonian rocks of ,pennsylvania1 which he described in #ahif as ,thinopus antiquus4 ,the footprints of ,dromopus agilis ,marsh which are preserved in obverse in the ,university of ,kansas ,museum are of considerably greater length than those described by ,professor ,marsh4 ,the measurements of one of the larger impressions are appended4 ,there appear to be series of footprints of two different animals preserved on the large slab 7#e by #g feet71 but their nature is essentially the same4 ,measurements of ,large ,footprint4 mm4 ,greatest length #bjj ,greatest width #ij ,length of longest toe #abj ,length of shortest toe #fe ,width across heel #ej ,the slab is ,no4 #e of the ,university of ,kansas ,museum of ,natural ,history1 collected in #ahgc by ,professor ,b4 ,f4 ,mudge at ,osage1 ,kansas1 and presented by him to the museum in #ahge4 ,the following list of ,carboniferous amphibian 787 footprints is compiled from ,hay's ,catalogue of ,fossil ,vertebrates of ,north ,america4 ,it is given here for the sake of completeness4 ,three types of amphibian footprints are described in the body of this work and they constitute the kind of material which an ichnologist has for the basis of his conclusions4 ,the material is not very satisfactory for the morphologist1 though much can be determined as to the foot structure4 ,genus and species4 ,author4 ,horizon4 ,locality4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,allopus littoralis ,marsh ,,cm ,osage ,county1 ,,ks4 ,anompus 8 culbertsonii ,king ,pennsylvania4 ---- gallinuloides ,king ,anthracopus ellangowensis ,leidy ,baropus lentus ,marsh ,osage ,county1 ,,ks4 ,batrachichnus plainvillensis ,woodworth ,massachusetts4 ,cheirotherium 8 heterodactylum 44444 ,pennsylvania4 ---- reiteri ,moore ,collettosaurus indiannsis ,cox ,indiana4 ,crucipes parvus ,butts ,missouri4 ,dromopus agilis ,marsh ,osage ,county1 ,,ks4 ,hylopus caudifer ,dawson ,nova ,scotia4 ---- hardingi ,dawson ---- logani ,dawson ---- minor ,dawson ---- trifidus ,dawson ---- sp4 indet 44444 ,limnopus vagus ,marsh ,osage ,county1 ,,ks4 ,nanopus candatus ,marsh ,notalacerta missouriensis ,butts ,missouri4 ,notamphibia magna ,butts ,palosauropus antiquior ,dawson ,,sc ,nova ,scotia4 ---- primvus ,lea ,,cm ,pennsylvania4 ---- sydenensis ,dawson ,cape ,breton ,isl4 ---- unguifer ,dawson ,cmg ,nova ,scotia4 ,thenaropus leplodactylus ,king ,,cm ,pennsylvania4 ---- ovoidactylus ,king ---- pachydactylus ,king ---- sphrodactylus ,king ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,horizon abbreviations --------------------- ,,cm ,coal ,measures4 ,,sc ,subcarboniferous4 ,cmg ,carboniferous 7millstone grit74 ,,bibliography ,,of ,,the ,,fossil ,,amphibia1 ,,with ,,especial ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,amphibia ,,from ,,the ,,coal ,,measures ,,of ,,north ,,america4 ,the following literature list1 containing more than six hundred titles 7#ahbd-aiaf71 is believed to be fairly complete4 ,it certainly includes all of the important contributions to the subject of the fossil ,amphibia4 ,a few brief bibliographies of fossil ,amphibia have appeared from time to time1 in special memoirs on various faunas1 such as3 ,broili 7#eh71 ,schwarz 7#eda71 ,fraas 7#bdb71 von ,ammon 7#g71 and ,case 7#ih74 ,none of these have attempted a complete survey of the field4 ,the references given below have all1 or nearly all1 been compiled from the original sources and every effort has been made to have them complete and accurate4 #a4 ,abel1 ,o4 #aiab4 ,grundzge der ,paleobiologie der ,wirbelthiere4 #baa-bbj1 figs4 #add-aej4 #b4 ,agassiz1 ,l4 #ahfb4 ,highly interesting discovery of new ,sauroid remains4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 ,jan41 ,,xxxiii1 #ach4 #c4 ,alberti1 ,fr4 v4 #ahcd4 ,beitrag zu einer ,monographic des bunten ,sandsteins1 ,muschelkalks und ,keuper4 #d4 ----4 #ahfd4 ,ueberblick ueber die ,trias4 #bce-bda4 #e4 ,albrecht1 ,p4 #ahhc4 ,note sur le ,basioccipital des ,batraciens ,anoures4 ,bull1 de ,musee ,roy4 d',hist4 ,nat4 de ,belgique1 ,,ii1 #aie-aih1 with figs1 and a plate4 #f4 ,american ,naturalist4 #ahgh4 ,a new fauna1 ,,xii1 #cbg-cbh 7,ed474 #g4 ,ammon1 ,ludwig ,von4 #ahhi4 ,die permischen ,amphibien der ,rheinpfalz1 ,munich4 #a-aag1 pls4 #a-e1 with extensive bibliography4 #h4 ,andrews1 ,c4 ,w4 #ahie4 ,note on a specimen of ,keraterpeton galvani ,huxley1 from ,staffordshire4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec41 ,,iv1 ,,ii1 #ha-hd1 fig4 #i4 ,arldt1 ,theodor4 #aijg4 ,die ,entwicklung der ,kontinente und ihre ,lebewelt4 #ccc1 ,karte #aj4 #aj4 ----4 #aiji4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ihre ,stellung unter den ,wirbelthieren4 ,naturw4 ,rundschau1 ,,xxiv1 #cec-cee4 #aa4 ,atthey1 ,t4 #ahgf4 ,on ,anthracosaurus russelli4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,ser4 #d1 ,,xviii1 #adf-afg1 pls4 #h-aa4 #ab4 ,bailey1 ,w4 ,h4 #ahff4 ,on the new discovery of fossil reptiles in the ,carboniferous of southern ,ireland4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,,ii1 ,no4 #bj1 #hd4 #ac4 ----4 #ahge4 ,description of a new species of ,labyrinthodont ,amphibian from the ,coal at ,jarrow ,colliery near ,castlecomer1 ,kilkenny4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #fb4 7,describes ,anthracosaurus edgei47 #ad4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,some additional notes on ,anthracosaurus edgei ,bailey4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #if-ig 7#ahhc74 #ae4 ,barkas1 ,t4 ,p4 #ahfh4 ,on the fauna of the low main ,coal ,seam1 ,northumberland4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,v1 #ehj4 #af4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,unusual forms of ,ctenoptychius4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,jan41 ,,vi1 #dc1 #b woodcuts4 #ag4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,on a supposed mammalian tooth from the ,coal ,measures4 ,monthly ,micros4 ,jour41 ,,ii1 #ajd1 figs4 #a-e4 #ah4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,on the discovery of a molar of a large reptile in the ,northumberland ,coal ,measures4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,iii1 #dai4 7,pteroplax cornuta47 #ai4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,reptile ,remains and ,climadoxus4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,iv1 #dch-ddj4 #bj4 ----4 #ahgc4 ,a manual of ,coal ,measure paleontology4 ,london4 #ba4 ,barrell1 ,joseph4 #aijf4 ,origin and significance of ,mauch ,chunk shale4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 ,,xviii1 #dfj4 #bb4 ,baur1 ,george4 #ahhf4 ,die lteste ,tarsus 7,archegosaurus74 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,no4 #baf1 #i ,jahrg41 #ajd-ajf4 #bc4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,the oldest ,tarsus 7,archegosaurus74 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xx1 #agc-agd4 #bd4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,ueber die ,homologien einiger ,schdelknochen der ,stegocephalen und ,reptilien4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,i1 ,no4 #ac1 #cdh-cej4 #be4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,ueber die ,morphologic der ,wirbelsule der ,amnioten4 ,biol4 ,centralb41 ,,vi1 ,nr4 #aa-ab1 #cbb-cdb1 #cec-cfc4 #bf4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,on the morphology of ribs4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,oct41 #idb-ide 7,archegosaurus74 #bg4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,nachtrgliche ,notiz zu meinen ,bemerkungen ueber die ,homologie der ,schdelknochen der ,stegocephalen und ,reptilien4 ,anat4 ,anz41 #b1 ,no4 #ba1 #feg-feh4 #bh4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,morphogenie der ,carpus und ,tarsus der ,wirbelthiere4 ,pt4 ,i1 ,batrachia4 ,jena1 ,verlag von ,gustav ,fischer1 #a-hh1 pls4 #a-c1 figs4 #bi4 ----4 #ahid4 ,bemerkungen ber die ,osteologie der ,schlfengegend der hherer ,wirbelthiere4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,x1 #cae-ccj4 #cj4 ----4 #ahif4 ,bemerkungen ber die ,phylogenie der ,schildkrten4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,,xii1 #efa-egj4 7,dissorophus47 #ca4 ----4 #ahif4 ,the ,stegocephali4 ,a phylogenetic study4 ,anat4 ,anz41 #bjten ,mrz1 ,,xi1 ,no4 #bb1 #feg-fgc1 with bibliography and eight figures4 #cb4 ----4 #ahig4 ,archegosaurus4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxxi1 #ige-ihj4 #cb;a4 ----4 #ahig4 ,ueber die systematische ,stellung der ,microsaurier4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,,xiv1 #adh-aea4 #cc4 ,bayer1 ,franz4 #ahhj4 ,palobatrachus bohemicus von ,meyer1 aus der ,braunkohle von ,freudenhain4 ,sitzber4 d4 k4 bhm4 ,ges4 ,prag41 #bia-bih1 ,i taf4 #cd4 ,beasley1 ,h4 ,c4 #aijj4 ,notes on the type specimen of ,cheirotherium herculis ,egerton4 ,proc4 ,liverpool ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xlii1 #ha1 pl4 v4 #ce4 ,bernard1 ,felix4 #ahie4 ,elements de ,paleontologie4 ,batraciens1 #gdj-gfj1 with figs4 #cf4 ,beyrich1 ,ernst4 #ahej4 ,ueber einige organische ,reste der ,lettenkohlenbildung in ,thueringen4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,ii1 #afe4 #cg4 ,bieber1 ,v4 #ahhj4 ,ueber zwei neue ,batrachier der ,bhm4 ,braunkohlenformation4 ,sitz4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wissen41 ,wien41 ,,lxxxii1 ,abth4 ,i1 #aag1 taf4 iii1 fig4 #a4 #ch4 ,binney1 ,e4 ,w4 #ahhc4 ,trans4 ,manchester ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,vi1 p4 #db4 #ci4 ,blanchard1 ,r4 #ahha4 ,sur les ,glandes cloacale et ,pelvien et sur la ,papille cloacale des ,batraciens urodeles4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,,iv1 #i1 #cd4 #dj4 ,blanford1 ,w4 ,t4 #ahhd4 ,address to the geological section of the ,british ,association at ,montreal1 #ba pp42 also ,nature1 ,,xxx4 #da4 ,bolkay1 ,s4 ,j4 de4 #aiaa4 ,on a ,pleistocene predecessor of ,rana fusca ,rs4 ,mittheil4 aus d4 ,jahrb4 k4 ,ung4 ,geol4 ,r41 ,,xix1 ,h4 #c1 #aee-afj1 figs4 #a-g4 #db4 ,bolton1 ,h4 #ahif4 ,the animal life of the ,lancashire ,coal ,measures4 ,trans4 ,manchester ,micros4 ,soc41 #abc-ace 7#ahie74 #dc4 ----4 #aijd4 ,the paleontology of the ,lancashire ,coal ,measures4 ,trans4 ,manchester ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xxviii1 #cgh-dbj1 #egh-fej1 #ffh-fhi4 #dd4 ,boulenger1 ,g4 ,a4 #ahij4 ,on the presence of pterygoid teeth in a tailless batrachian 7,pelobates cultripes71 with remarks on the localization of teeth on the palate in batrachians and reptiles4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ffd-fff4 #de4 ----4 #aijd4 ,on the characters and affinities of the ,triassic reptile ,telerpeton eligense4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #dgj-dhj1 pl4 xxx4 #df4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,les ,batraciens et principalement ceux d',europe4 ,i4 ,paris4 #dg4 ,bradley1 ,frank ,h4 #ahgj4 ,geology of ,grundy ,county4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 ,,iv1 #aif4 #dh4 ,branco1 ,w4 #ahhg4 ,weissia bavarica1 nov4 gen4 et sp4 von ,stegocephalia1 ein neuer ,stegocephale aus dem unteren ,rothliegenden4 ,jahrb4 d4 k4 ,preuss4 ,geol4 ,landesanstalt f4 #ahhf1 #bb-ci1 taf4 #a2 also ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ahhh1 #aag4 #di4 ,branson1 ,e4 ,b4 #aije4 ,structure and relationships of ,american ,labyrinthodontid4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #g1 #efh-faj1 figs4 #a-ai4 #ej4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,amphibian footprints from the ,mississippian of ,virginia4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #f1 #cef-ceh1 #a fig #ea4 ,braun1 ,m4 von4 #ahda4 ,bericht ber die ,versammlung deutscher ,naturforscher und ,aertze4 ,braunschweig1 #gd-ge4 7,trematosaurus47 #eb4 ,braun1 ,m4 #ahgh4 ,ueber ussere ,hilfsorgane bei der ,begattung von ,triton viridescens4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,i1 #abd4 #ec4 ,british ,museum4 #aije4 ,a guide to the fossil reptiles1 amphibians and fishes in the department of geology and paleontology in the ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history74 #h plates1 #aaf figs41 #hth ed4 #ed4 ,brodie1 ,p4 ,b4 #ahei4 ,on the occurrence of footsteps of ,cheirotherium in the ,upper ,keuper of ,warwickshire4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #bgh4 #ee4 ,broili1 ,f4 #ahii4 ,ein ,beitrag zur ,kenntniss von ,eryops megacephalus ,cope4 ,paleontographica1 ,,xlvi1 #fa-hd1 pls4 #h-aj4 #ef4 ,broili1 ,f4 #aijb4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss von ,diplocaulus ,cope 7,d4 magnicornis74 7,paleontographica1 ,,li1 ,s47 ,vorlufige ,mittheilung1 ,centralb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ecf-eda1 with figs4 #eg4 ----4 #aijd4 ,stammreptilien4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,,xxv1 ,no4 #bc1 #egg-ehg4 #eh4 ----4 #aijd4 ,permische ,stegocephalen und ,reptilien4 ,paleontographica1 ,,li1 #a-abj1 #e pls4 #ei4 ----4 #aije4 ,beobachtungen an ,cochleosaurus bohemicus4 ,paleontographica1 ,l1 #a-af1 pls4 #ab4 #fj4 ----4 #aijf4 ,ein ,stegocephalen ,rest aus den ,bayrischen ,alpen4 ,centralb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,no4 #ah1 #efh-ega4 #fa4 ----4 #aijh4 ,ueber die ,rachitomen ,wirbel der ,stegocephalen4 ,monatsberichten d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 #fj1 ,nr4 #h_/aj1 #bce-bdj1 figs4 #a-g4 #fb4 ----4 #aijh4 ,ueber ,sclerocephalus aus der ,gaskohle von ,nrschan und das ,alter dieser ,ablagerungen4 ,jahrb4 d4 k4 k4 ,geol4 ,reichsanstalt1 ,,lviii1 ,heft ,i1 #di-fi1 ,taf4 ,i4 #fc4 ----4 #aijh4 ,systematische und ,biologische ,bemerkungen zu der permischen ,gattung ,lysorophus4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,,xxxiii1 ,nr4 #aa_/ab1 #bij-bih4 #fd4 ----4 #aiji4 ,reviews of ,literature4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,bd4 ,,ii4 ,heft ,i1 #acb-ach4 #fe4 ----4 #aiac4 ,ueber zwei ,stegocephalenreste aus dem texanischen ,perm4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,bd4 ,i1 ,heft #b1 #if-ajj1 ,taf4 ,,ix4 #ff4 ----4 #aiac4 ,unser ,wissen ber die ltesten ,tetrapoden4 ,fortschr4 d4 naturwissenschaftlichen ,forschung1 ,halle1 ,bd4 ,,viii1 #ea-ic1 figs4 #ad-fb4 #fg4 ,bronn1 ,h4 ,g4 #aheb-ed4 ,lethea ,geognostica1 mit ,atlas4 ,bd4 ,i 7#b71 ,kohlen ,periode1 von ,f4 ,roemer4 #fh4 ,broom1 ,r4 #aijc4 ,on a new ,stegocephalian 7,batrachosuchus browni7 from the ,karoo ,beds of ,aliwal ,north1 ,south ,africa4 ,geol4 ,mag41 n4 s41 ,dec41 ,,iv1 ,x1 ,no4 #dgc-dii1 #a-b1 figs4 #fi4 ----4 #aijd4 ,on a new ,south ,african ,labyrinthodont 7,cyclosaurus albertyni74 ,records of the ,albany ,museum1 ,i1 ,no4 #c4 #gj4 ----4 #aijg4 ,on the geological horizons of the vertebrate genera of the ,karoo ,formation4 ,records of the ,albany ,museum1 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a4 #ga4 ----4 #aijh4 ,on a new ,labyrinthodont 7,rhinesuchus whaitsi7 from the ,permian beds of ,south ,africa4 ,ann4 ,so4 ,african ,museum1 ,,iv1 pt4 ,,viii1 ,may #aijh1 #cgc4 #gb4 ----4 ,on the nomenclature of the elements of the amphibian shoulder girdle4 #gc4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,a comparison of the ,permian reptiles of ,north ,america with those of ,south ,africa4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxviii1 art4 ,,xx1 #aig-bcd4 #gd4 ----4 #aiac4 ,on the structure of the mandible in the ,stegocephalia4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,bd4 #de1 ,no4 #b_/c1 #gc-gh1 figs4 #ge4 ----4 #aiac4 ,studies on the ,permian temnospondylous ,stegocephalians of ,north ,america4 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxxii1 #efc-eie1 #ba figs4 #gf4 ,brown1 ,barnum4 #aijh4 ,the ,conard fissure1 a ,pleistocene bone deposit in northern ,arkansas1 with description of two new genera and twenty new species of mammals4 ,mem4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,ix1 pt4 ,,iv1 #bjf1 pl4 ,,xxii4 #gg4 ,browne1 ,m4 #ahic4 ,on some vertebrate remains not hitherto recorded from the ,rhtic beds of ,britain4 ,kept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #gdh4 #gh4 ,brownrigg1 ,w4 ,b4 #ahfe4 ,jour4 ,roy4 ,geog4 ,soc4 ,ireland1 ,i1 pt4 #b1 #ade4 #gi4 ,budgett1 ,j4 ,s4 #aijb4 ,on the structure of the larval ,polypterus4 ,trans4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xvi1 pt4 ,,vii1 ,oct42 also ,works1 #aed-agf1 pls4 x-xii1 #aijg4 #hj4 ,burmeister1 ,h4 #ahdj4 ,die ,labyrinthodonten aus dem bunten ,sandstein von ,bernburg4 #d plates 7same #ahdi7 7874 #ha4 ----4 #ahej4 ,die ,labyrinthodonten aus dem ,saarbrcken ,steinkohlengebirge4 ,quarto1 pls4 #a-d4 #hb4 ,butts1 ,edward4 #ahia4 ,recently discovered footprints of the amphibian age in the ,upper ,coal ,measure ,group of ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri4 ,kans4 ,city ,scientist1 ,v1 ,no4 #b1 #ag-ai1 figs4 #hc4 ----4 #ahia4 ,footprints of new species of amphibians in the ,upper ,coal ,measure ,group of ,kansas ,city1 ,missouri4 ,kans4 ,city ,scientist1 ,v1 #dd1 figs4 #hd4 ,carus1 ,j4 ,victor4 #ahge4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,handbuch der ,zoologie1 ,bd4 ,i1 #dhe-dhf4 #he4 ,case1 ,e4 ,c4 #ahih4 ,the significance of certain changes in the temporal region of the primitive reptilia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxxii4 ,no4 #cgd1 #fi4 #hf4 ----4 #aijj4 ,the vertebrates from the ,permian bone bed of ,vermilion ,county1 ,illinois4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,viii1 #fih-gbi1 #e plates4 #hg4 ----4 #aijb4 ,on some vertebrate fossils from the ,permian beds of ,oklahoma4 #b;d ,biennial ,rpt4 ,dept4 ,geol4 and ,nat4 ,hist4 ,territory ,oklahoma1 #aija-aijb1 #fb-fh4 #hh4 ----4 #aijb4 ,paleontological notes4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,x1 #bef-bfa4 #hi4 ----4 #aijc4 ,new or little-known vertebrates from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xi1 #cid-djb4 #ij4 ----4 #aijg4 ,additional description of the genus ,zatrachys ,cope4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxiii1 art4 ,,xxix1 #ffe-ffh4 #ia4 ----4 #aijg4 ,revision of the ,pelyeosauria of ,north ,america4 ,pub4 ,no4 #ee1 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,washington1 ,stegocephalia1 #aei4 #ib4 ----4 #aijh4 ,on the value of the evidence furnished by vertebrate fossils of the age of certain so-called ,permian beds in ,america4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvi1 ,no4 #f1 #egb-ehj4 #ic4 ----4 #aijh4 ,notes on the skull of ,lysorophus tricarinatus ,cope4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxiv1 #eca-ecc1 fig4 #a4 #id4 ----4 #aijh4 ,description of vertebrate fossils from the vicinity of ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,annals of the ,carnegie ,museum1 ,,iv1 ,nos4 ,,iii-,,iv1 #bcd-bda1 pl4 lix1 ,apr4 #ie4 ----4 #aijh4 ,a great ,permian delta and its vertebrate life1 with restorations by the author4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,month41 ,,lxxiii1 ,no4 #f1 #eeg-efh4 #if4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,new or little-known reptiles and amphibians from the ,permian8 of ,texas4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxviii1 art4 ,,xvii1 #afc-aha4 #ig4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,a revision of the ,cotylosauria of ,north ,america4 ,pub4 ,no4 #ade1 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,washington4 #ih4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,revision of the ,amphibia and ,pisces of the ,permian of ,north ,america4 ,pub4 ,no4 #adf1 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,washington1 #a-adh1 pls4 #a-be1 #ea text-figs4 #ii4 ----4 #aiab4 ,paleozoic ,reptilia and ,amphibia4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 #bc1 #bjj-bjd4 #ajj4 ----4 #aiae4 ,the ,permo-carboniferous beds of ,north ,america and their vertebrate fauna4 ,pub4 ,no4 #bjg1 ,carnegie ,inst4 ,washington1 #a-agf1 pls4 #a-bd4 #aja4 ,chamberlin1 ,t4 ,c4 #aijj4 ,on the habitat of the early vertebrates4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,viii1 #djj-dab4 #ajb4 ----1 and ,r4 ,d4 ,salisbury4 #aijf4 ,geology1 earth history4 ,amphibia1 ,,ii1 #fjf-faj4 #ajc4 ,clark1 ,c4 ,t4 #ahdg4 ,on the neighborhood of ,bombay and certain beds containing fossil frogs4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,iii1 #bba-bbd4 7,see ,owen1 #ahdg47 #ajd4 ,colliery ,guardian4 ,description of claspers of ,amphibia4 ,mar4 #aj1 #ahga4 7,barkas47 #aje4 ,cope1 ,e4 ,d4 #ahfe4 ,on ,amphibamus grandiceps1 a new ,batrachian from the ,coal ,measures4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #acd-acg4 ,sec also ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill41 ,,ii1 #ace1 fig41 pl4 #cb1 #ahff4 #ajf4 ----4 #ahff4 ,remarks on extinct vertebrates of the ,mesozoic ,red ,sandstone4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #bdi4 7,mastodonsaurus durus47 #ajg4 ----4 #ahff4 ,supplement to the description of vertebrates4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill41 ,,ii1 #ace-ada1 fig41 pl4 #cb1 fig4 #h4 7,amphibamus47 #ajh4 ----4 #ahff4 ,on the structure and distribution of the genera of the arciferous ,anura4 ,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #b;d ser41 ,v1 #fg-aab4 #aji4 ----4 #ahff4 ,on the families of ,raniform ,anura4 ,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahi4 #aaj4 ----4 #ahfh4 ,synopsis of the extinct ,batrachia of ,north ,america4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #bjh-bba4 #aaa4 ----4 #ahfh4 ,two ,batrachians from ,north ,carolina4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,xx1 #baa-bab4 7,pariostegus myops47 #aab4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,synopsis of the extinct ,batrachia1 ,reptilia1 and ,aves of ,north ,america4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xiv1 #a-beb1 pls4 #a-ad4 #aac4 ----4 #ahga4 ,observations on extinct ,batrachia4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ec4 #aad4 ----4 #ahga4 ,supplement to the synopsis of the extinct ,batrachia and ,reptilia of ,north ,america4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 #da-eb4 #aae4 ----4 #ahga4 ,observations on the extinct ,batrachian fauna of the ,carboniferous of ,ohio 7,linton74 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 #agg4 #aaf4 ----4 #ahgb4 ,carboniferous reptiles of ,ohio4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,vi1 #df4 #aag4 ----4 #ahgc4 ,observations on the distribution of certain extinct ,vertebrata in ,north ,carolina4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 #baj-baf4 #aah4 ----4 #ahgc4 ,on some new ,batrachia and ,fishes from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #cdj-cdc4 #aai4 ----4 #ahgd4 ,supplement to the extinct ,batrachia1 ,reptilia and ,aves of ,north ,america4 ,i4 ,catalogue of the air-breathing ,vertebrata from the ,coal ,measures of ,linton1 ,ohio4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 #bfa-bgh4 #abj4 ----4 #ahge4 ,check-list of ,north ,american ,batrachia and ,reptilia1 with a systematic list of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution based on the specimens contained in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,i1 #g-ab4 #aba4 ----4 #ahge4 ,synopsis of the ,vertebrata whose remains have been preserved in the formations of ,north ,carolina4 ,appendix b by ,kerr1 ,w4 ,c4 ,rept4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4 ,c11 ,raleigh1 #bi-eb1 pls4 v-viii4 #abb4 ----4 #ahge4 ,the extinct ,batrachia of ,ohio4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #af4 #abc4 ,cope1 ,e4,d4 #ahge4 ,synopsis of the extinct ,batrachia from the ,coal ,measures4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,ii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #cea-daj1 pls4 xxvi-xlv4 #abd4 ----4 #ahgf4 ,on some extinct reptiles and ,batrachia from the ,judith ,river and ,fox ,hills ,beds of ,montana4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ceg2 ,pal4 ,bull4 #bc4 #abe4 ----4 #ahgf4 ,description of some vertebrate remains from the ,fort ,union ,beds of ,montana4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #bfj4 7,ceratodus hieroglyphus1 an amphibian clasper847 #abf4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,on the fossil remains of ,reptilia and fishes from ,illinois4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #dje4 #abg4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,on the ,vertebrata of the ,bone ,bed of eastern ,illinois4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvii1 #ec-fd4 #abh4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,report on the geology of the region of the ,judith ,river1 ,montana1 and on vertebrate fossils obtained on or near the ,missouri ,river4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 and ,geog4 ,surv4 of ,territories1 in1 art4 ,,xix1 ,batrachia1 #egc1 #egf4 #abi4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,descriptions of ,vertebrata from the ,permian and ,triassic ,formations4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvii1 #ahb-aic4 #acj4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,extinct ,vertebrata from ,north ,carolina4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ag1 #ahb4 #aca4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,a continuation of researches among the ,batrachia of the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #egc-egh4 #acb4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,description of extinct ,batrachia and ,reptilia from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvii1 #ebb-ebf4 #acc4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,the vertebra3 of ,rachitomus4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xii1 #fcc4 7,eryops47 #acd4 ----4 #ahgi4 ,the relations of the horizons of extinct ,vertebrata of ,europe and ,north ,america4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 and ,geog4 ,surv4 of the ,territories1 ,v1 ,no4 ,i1 #cc-cd4 #ace4 ----4 #ahhj4 ,extinct ,batrachia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xiv1 #fji-faj4 ,reviews ,fritsch's and ,wiedersheim's papers4 #acf4 ----4 #ahhj4 ,the structure of the ,permian ,ganocephala4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xiv1 #chc-chd4 7,eryops47 #acg4 ----4 #ahha4 ,the ,permian ,formation of ,new ,mexico4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xv1 #ajbj-ajba4 7,eryops and ,zatrachys47 #ach4 ----4 #ahha4 ,catalogue of ,vertebrata of the ,permian ,formation of the ,united ,states4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xv1 #afb-afd4 #aci4 ----4 #ahha4 ,ein ,uebergangsglied von den ,amphibien zu den ,reptilien 7,cricotus74 ,auszug in ,kosmos von ,krause1 ,bd4 #i1 #bcj-bca4 #adj4 ----4 #ahha4 ,on some new ,batrachia and ,reptilia from the ,permian ,beds of ,texas4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,terr41 ,,vi1 art4 ,,ii1 #gi-hb4 #ada4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,third contribution to the history of the ,vertebrata of the ,permian ,formation of ,texas4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xx1 #ddg-dfa2 ,pal4 ,bull4 #ce1 #dea4 #adb4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,the ,rachitomous ,stegocephalia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xvi1 #cce4 #adc4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,permian ,vertebrata4 ,amer4 ,nat41 xvi1 #ibe4 #add4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,fourth contribution to the history of the ,permian ,formation of ,texas4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xx1 #fbh-fcf4 #ade4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,on some ,vertebrata from the ,permian of ,illinois4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ajh-aaj4 #adf4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,the ,batrachia of the ,permian ,period of ,north ,america4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xviii1 #bf-ci1 pls4 ii-v1 #g figs4 #adg4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,fifth contribution to the fauna of the ,permian of ,texas and ,indian ,territory4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxii1 #bh-cj1 pl4 ,i2 ,pal4 ,bull4 #ci4 #adh4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,note on the phylogeny of the ,vertebrata4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xviii1 #abee-abef4 #adi4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,the ,batrachia of the ,permian ,beds of ,bohemia and the ,labyrinthodon from the ,bijori ,group1 ,india4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xix1 #eib-eid4 #aej4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,paleontological nomenclature4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,london 7#c71 ,,ii1 #ege4 7,batrachia for ,amphibia47 #aea4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,the ,batrachia of the ,permian ,beds of ,bohemia4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,london 7#c71 ,,ii1 #ebg4 #aeb4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,second continuation of researches among the ,batrachia of the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxii1 #dje-djh4 #aec4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,on the evolution of the ,vertebrata1 progressive and retrogressive4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xix1 #bdd1 ,mar4 #aed4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,on the structure and affinities of the ,amphiumid4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #abc1 #ddb-dde1 ,july4 #aee4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,the ,batrachian intercentrum4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xx1 #gf1 #age4 #aef4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,systematic catalogue of the species of vertebrates found in the ,beds of the ,permian ,epoch of ,north ,america4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #bhe-bif1 pls4 ii-iii4 #aeg4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,a contribution to the history of the ,vertebrata of the ,trias of ,north ,america4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxiv1 #bji4 7,eupelor durus47 #aeh4 ---4 #ahhh4 ,on the intercentrum of terrestrial vertebrates4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #bdc-bec1 pl4 ,i1 #f figs4 #aei4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,the ,ossicula ,auditus of the ,batrachia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxii1 #dfd-dfg1 pl4 vi4 #afj4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,the pineal eye in extinct vertebrates4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxii1 #iad-iag1 pls4 xv-xviii4 #afa4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,on the shoulder girdle and extremities of ,eryops4 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #cfb-cfg1 with plate4 #afb4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,on the relation of the hyoid and otic elements of the skeleton in the ,batrachia4 ,jour4 ,morphol41 ,,ii1 #big-caj4 #afc4 ----4 #ahhi4 ,the ,batrachia of ,north ,america4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #cd1 ,i-,,vi1 #g-ead1 pls4 i-lxxxvi4 #afd4 ----4 #ahhi4 ,synopsis of the families of ,vertebrata4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxiii1 #hdi-hgg4 7,published in #ahih as ,syllabus of ,lectures47 #afe4 ----4 #ahib4 ,a preliminary report on the vertebrate paleontology of the ,llano ,estacado4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,texas1 #dth ,ann4 ,rept41 #ab-ag4 #aff4 ----4 #ahib4 ,on the phylogeny of ,vertebrata4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxx1 #bgh-bhj4 #afg4 ----4 #ahib4 ,on some new and little-known ,paleozoic vertebrates4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxx1 #bba-bbi1 pls4 vii-viii4 #afh4 ----4 #ahic4 ,fritsch's ,fauna of the ,gaskohle of ,bohemia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxvii1 #gji4 #afi4 ----4 #ahie4 ,some new ,batrachia from the ,permian ,beds of ,texas4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxiv1 #deb-deg1 plate ix1 ,nov4 #ae4 #agj4 ----4 #ahie4 ,a ,batra chianarmadillo4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxix1 #iih1 ,nov4 #aga4 ----4 #ahif4 ,the ,paleozoic reptilian order ,cotylosauria4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxx1 #cjc4 7,describes ,eosauravus copei ,williston1 oldest known reptile47 #agb4 ----4 #ahif4 ,permian land vertebrates with carapaces4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxx1 #icf1 pl4 xxi4 #agc4 ----4 #ahif4 ,the ancestry of the ,testudinata4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxx1 #cii4 #agd4 ----4 #ahif4 ,appendix on a species of ,trimerorhachis4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxv1 #acg4 #age4 ----4 #ahif4 ,the reptilian order ,cotylosauria4 ,supplement3 ,some new ,batrachia from the ,permian beds of ,texas4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxiv1 #dee4 #agf4 ----4 #ahig4 ,on new ,paleozoic ,vertebrata from ,illinois1 ,ohio1 and ,pennsylvania4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxvi1 #ga-ij1 three plates4 #agg4 ----4 #ahih4 ,syllabus of ,lectures on the ,vertebrata4 ,batrachia1 #dc-ea4 ,published for ,university of ,pennsylvania4 #agh4 ,cox1 ,e4 ,t4 #ahgd4 ,colettosaurus indiannsis4 #eth ,ann4 ,rept4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 #bdg1 pl4 #a4 #agi4 ,credner1 ,hermann4 #ahha4 ,ueber ,branchiosaurus amblystomus1 einen neuen ,stegocephalen aus den ,rothliegenden-,kalke von ,niederhsslich im ,plauen'schen ,grnde4 ,sitzungsb4 naturf4 ,gesell4 zu ,leipzig1 #dc4 #ahj4 ----4 #ahha4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier aus dem ,rothliegenden des ,plauen'schen ,grundes bei ,dresden4 ,i ,theil3 ,einleitung und ,branchiosaurus gracilis4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxiii1 #bih-cbi1 taf4 xv-xviii4 #aha4 ----4 #ahha4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier1 etc4 ,,ii ,theil3 ,branchiosaurus amblystomus4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxiii1 #egd-fjc1 taf4 xxii-xxiv4 #ahb4 ----4 #ahha4 ,ueber einige ,stegocephalen 7,labyrinthodonten7 aus dem schsischen ,rothliegenden4 ,sitzungsb4 naturf4 ,gesell4 ,leipzig1 ,i-,,ii4 7,note on ,branchiosaurus and ,melanerpeton1 #dc1 #de47 #ahc4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,ueber ,melanerpeton ,fritsch aus dem ,rothliegenden-,kalk von ,niederhsslich im ,plauen'schen ,grundes4 ,sitzungsb4 naturf4 ,gesell4 ,leipzig1 #de-dg4 #ahd4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier1 etc4 ,,iii ,theil3 ,pelosaurus laticeps1 ,archegosaurus decheni1 ,a4 latirostris4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxiv1 #bac-bcg1 tafeln xii-xiii4 #ahe4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier1 etc4 ,,iv ,theil3 ,branchiosaurus gracilis1 ,acanthostoma vorax1 ,melanerpeton1 ,discosaurus permianus4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxv1 #bge-cjj1 tafeln xi-xii4 #ahf4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,die ,stegocephalen aus dem ,rothliegenden des ,plauen'schen ,grundes bei ,dresden4 ,v ,theil3 ,melanerpeton pulcherrimum1 ,pelosaurus laticeps1 ,archegosaurus2 ,sparagmites arciger1 ,hylonomus fritschii1 ,hyloplesion4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxvii1 #fid-gcf1 tafeln xxvii-xxix4 #ahg4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,die ,stegocephalen aus dem ,rothliegenden des ,plauen'schen ,grundes bei ,dresden4 ,,vi ,theil3 ,die ,entwickelungsgeschichte von ,branchiosaurus amblystomus ,cred4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxviii1 #egf-fcc1 tafeln #ahh4 ,credner1 ,hermann4 #ahhf4 ,archegosaurus ,reste aus dem ,rothliegenden v4 ,offenbach4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxviii1 #fif4 #ahi4 ----4 #ahij4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier aus dem ,rothliegenden des ,plauen'schen ,grundes bei ,dresden4 ,,ix ,theil3 ,hylonomus geinitzi1 ,petrobates truncatus1 ,discosaurus permianus4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xlii1 #bdj-bgg1 tafeln ix-xi1 figs4 #aij4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,stegocephalen des ,rothliegenden4 ,wandtafeln mit ,erluterungen1 ,leipzig4 ,folio4 ,tafel i1 ,branchiosaurus amblystomus2 ,tafel ii1 ,pelosaurus laticeps and ,melanerpeton pulcherrimum4 #aia4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,wandtafeln mit ,stegocephalen des ,rothliegenden4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 ,,ii4 ,paleon41 ,bd4 ,i1 #fg-fi4 #aib4 ----4 #ahia4 ,die ,urvierfssler 7,eotetrapoda7 des ,schsischen ,rothliegenden4 ,allgemein-verstndliche naturwiss4 ,abhandl41 ,heft #ae4 ,sonder-,abdruck aus der ,naturwissenschaftlichen ,wochenschrift1 #d-eb1 #ec figs4 #aic4 ----4 #ahic4 ,die ,stegocephalen und ,saurier aus dem ,rothliegenden des ,plauen'schen ,grundes bei ,dresden4 ,x ,theil3 ,sclerocephalus labyrinthicus ,h4 ,b4 ,geinitz4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xlv1 #fci-gjd1 tafeln xxx-xxxii4 #aid4 ----4 #ahic4 ,zur ,histologie der ,faltenzhne ,paleozoischer ,stegocephalen4 ,abhandl4 ,schs4 ,gesell4 ,wiss41 ,,xx1 #ede-eea4 #aie4 ----4 #ahig4 ,elemente der ,geologic4 ,amphibia1 #dhi-did4 #aif4 ,cummins1 ,w4 ,f4 #aijh4 ,the localities and horizons of ,permian vertebrate fossils in ,texas4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvi1 #gcg-gde4 #aig4 ,cuvier1 ,georg4 #ahbe4 ,des ,batrachiens fossiles4 ,recherches sur les ,ossemens ,fossiles1 #c;d ed41 #dca-ddd1 ,v1 pt4 ,,ii4 7,homo diluvii testis et theoskopos47 #aih4 ,davison1 ,alvin4 #ahie4 ,a contribution to the anatomy and phylogeny of ,amphiuma means4 ,jour4 ,morphol41 ,,xi1 #cge-daj1 #b pls4 7,see ,kingsley1 ,tufts ,college ,studies1 ,no4 #g47 #aii4 ,davis1 ,james ,w4 #ahhc4 ,on the occurrence of remains of ,labyrinthodonts in the ,yorkdale rocks of ,wensleydale 7,carboniferous74 ,rept4 #ec;d ,meeting ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,southport1 ,sept41 #dib2 see also ,nature1 ,,xxviii1 #egh4 #bjj4 ,dawson1 ,j4 ,w4 #ahec4 ,on the ,coal ,measures of the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,x1 #a-da1 with bibliography of papers on the coal fields of ,nova ,scotia4 #bja4 ----4 #ahee4 ,acadian geology4 ,edinburgh1 #ahee1 ,amphibia1 #afj4 #bjb4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,carboniferous quadrupeds4 ,the ,story of the ,earth and ,man1 #adc-aej4 #ith ed4 #bjc4 ----4 #ahee4 ,notice of the discovery of a reptilian skull in the ,coal ,measures of ,pictou 7,nova ,scotia74 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 xi1 #h-i4 #bjd4 ----4 #ahei4 ,new species of reptiles from the ,coal ,formation of ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 xvi1 #bgc4 7,describes ,hylonomus47 #bje4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,on the terrestrial ,molluska1 a chilognathus ,myriapod and some new species from the ,coal ,formation of ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 xvi1 #bfh4 #bjf4 ----4 #ahfb4 ,additional remains of land animals in the ,coal ,measures of ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xviii1 #e-g4 #bjf;a4 ----4 #ahfb4 ,descriptions of specimens of fossil ,reptilia discovered in the ,coal ,measures of the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xviii1 #bch-bdd1 pls4 ix1 x4 #bjg4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,note on the footprint of a reptile from the coal of ,cape ,breton4 ,canadian ,naturalist and ,geologist1 ,,viii1 #dcj-dca1 #a fig42 review in ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,min41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #fd1 #geb4 #bjh4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period4 ,montreal1 ,i-,,iv1 #a-ha1 pls4 #a-f4 ,a descriptive account of the remains of land animals found in the ,coal ,formation of ,nova ,scotia1 with remarks on their bearing on the theories of the formation of coal and of the origin of species4 ,see also ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xvi1 #bgc2 ,,xviii1 #e-ai1 #dgj2 also ,neues ,jahrb4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ahfd1 #ejg4 #bji4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,notice of a new species of ,dendrerpeton and of the dermal covering of certain ,carboniferous reptiles4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xix1 #dfi-dgc4 #baj4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period4 ,canadian ,naturalist and ,geologist1 ,,viii1 #a-ab1 #ha-ib1 #afa-age1 #bfh-bie1 with pls4 #a-f4 #baa4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,the ,air-breathers of the ,coal ,period4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#b71 ,,xxxvi1 #dcj-dcb4 #bab4 ----4 #ahfh4 ,land animals of the ,coal ,period4 ,acadian ,geology1 #ahfh1 #b;d ed41 chap1 ,,xviii1 #cec-chb4 #bac4 ----4 #ahgj4 ,note on some new animal remains from the ,carboniferous and ,devonian of ,canada4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,,vii1 #hg2 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xxvi1 #aff-afg2 ,canadian ,naturalist 7#b71 ,v1 #ih-ii4 7,same paper in all3 ,baphetes minor47 #bad4 ----4 #ahgf4 ,on a recent discovery of ,carboniferous ,batrachians in ,nova ,scotia4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#c71 ,,xii1 #ddj-ddg4 #bae4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,acadian geology4 ,supplement to #c;d edition1 ,london1 ,amphibia1 #eg-fe4 #baf4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,on the results of the recent explorations of the erect trees containing animal remains in the ,coal ,formation of ,nova ,scotia4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,clxxiii1 pt4 n1 #fba-fed4 pls4 #ci-dg4 #bag4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,on the results of recent explorations of the erect trees 7,batrachia74 ,canadian ,naturalist 7#b71 ,x1 #beb-bed4 7,abstract47 #bah4 ----4 #ahia4 ,on new specimens of ,dendrerpeton acadianum1 with remarks on other ,carboniferous ,amphibians4 ,geol4 ,mag4 7#c71 ,,viii1 #ade-aef1 #d figs4 #bai4 ----4 #ahia4 ,note on ,hylonomous lyelli1 with photographic reproduction of skeleton4 ,geol4 ,mag41 n4 s41 ,dec41 ,,iii1 ,,viii1 #beh-bei1 pl4 #h4 #bbj4 ----4 #ahia4 ,on the mode of occurrence of remains of land animals in erect trees of ,nova ,scotia4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,,ix1 sec4 ,,iv1 #abg-abh4 #bba4 ----4 #ahid4 ,some salient points in the science of the earth4 ,the ,oldest ,air-breathers1 chap4 ,x1 #bei-cjg1 with restorations and figures4 #bbb4 ----4 #ahid4 ,preliminary note on the recent discoveries of ,batrachians and other air-breathers in the ,coal ,formation of ,nova ,scotia4 ,canadian ,record of ,science1 ,,vi1 #a-g1 #a fig4 #bbc4 ----4 #ahie4 ,synopsis of the air-breathing animals of the ,paleozoic of ,canada 7up to #ahid74 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,,xii1 sec4 ,,iv1 #ga-gh4 #bbd4 ,deichmueller1 ,j4 ,v4 #ahhb4 ,ueber ,die ,stegocephalen aus dem ,rothliegenden des ,plauen'schen ,grundes bei ,dresden4 ,,iii ,theil3 von ,h4 ,credner4 ,sitzungsb4 ,isis1 ,dresden1 #ga4 #bbe4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,ueber ,branchiosaurus petrolei1 ,nachtrge zur ,dyas ,,iii4 ,mittheilungen des kgl4 mineral1 geol4 u4 praehist4 ,museum in ,dresden1 ,heft #f1 ,paleontol4 ,abhandl4 aus dem ,dresdener ,museum1 #e-ag1 ,taf4 ,i4 #bbf4 ,dollo1 ,louis4 #ahhd4 ,note sur le ,batracien de ,bernissart4 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,roy4 ,hist4 ,nat4 ,belg41 ,,iii1 #he-ic1 pl4 iii4 7,hylobatrachus croyii from the ,wealden47 #bbg4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,les ,labyrinthodontes4 ,rev4 ,quest4 ,scientif4 ,bruxelles1 ,,xvii1 #cje-cab4 #bbh4 ----4 #ahie4 ,sur la ,phylogenie des ,dipneustes4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,beige de ,geol4 ,paleont4 ,hydrol41 ,,ix1 #gi-agh1 pls4 v-x4 7,discusses relations to the ,amphibia47 #bbi4 ,dunlop1 ,robert4 #aiaj4 ,the fossil ,amphibia in the ,kilmarnock ,museum previous to the fire of ,november #bf1 #aiji4 ,annals ,kilmarnock ,glenfield ,ramblers ,society1 ,no4 #f1 #aj1 #b pls4 #bcj4 ,eastman1 ,chas4 ,r4 #aijb4 ,the ,carboniferous fish fauna of ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,x1 #ece-eda1 with list of fossil vertebrates4 #bca4 ----4 #aijb4 ,translation of ,zittel's ,text-book of ,paleontology1 vol4 ,,ii1 #aad-aci1 figs4 #aic-bce4 #bcb4 ----4 #aijg4 ,devonic fishes of the ,new ,york ,formations4 ,memoir ,no4 #aj1 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 #ahj-ahc4 #bcc4 ,eichwald1 ,e4 #ahdh4 ,on ,zygosaurus lucius from the ,permian of ,russia4 ,bull1 de la ,soc4 imp4 des ,natl4 de ,moscou1 xxi1 #aei4 #bcd4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,letha rossica ou ,paleontologie de la ,russie1 ,i1 ,stuttgart4 #afbj-afcc1 tafeln #eg-ei1 ,labyrinthodonten4 #bce4 ,embleton and ,atthey4 #ahgd4 ,on the skull and other bones of ,loxomma4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 xiv1 #ch-fc1 pls4 iv-vii4 #bcf4 ,emery1 ,c4 #ahig4 ,die fossilen ,reste von ,archegosaurus und ,eryops und ihre ,bedeutung fr die ,morphologic des ,gliedmassenskelets4 ,anat4 ,anz41 xiv1 ,no4 #h1 #bja-bjh1 figs4 #a-g4 #bcg4 ,emmons1 ,e4 #aheg4 ,perm und ,trias ,system in ,nord ,carolina4 ,edinb4 n4 ,phil4 ,jour41 ,v1 #cgj4 #bch4 ----4 #aheg4 ,dictyocephalus elegans ,leidy4 ,american ,geology1 pt4 vi1 ,labyrinthodonts1 #ei1 figs4 #ca-cb4 #bci4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,dictyocephalus elegans ,leidy4 ,manual of ,geology1 ,new ,york4 ,labyrinthodonts1 #ahj1 #ahd4 #bdj4 ,emmrich1 ,a4 #aheb4 ,bericht ueber die ,naturforscherversammlung in ,gotha im ,jahre #ahea4 ,jahrb4 d4 k4 k4 geol4 ,reichsanstalt1 p4 #aee1 ,wien4 #bda4 ,etheridge1 ,robert4 #ahff4 ,on the discovery of several new ,labyrinthodont reptiles in the ,coal ,measures of ,ireland4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ill1 #d4 7,see ,huxley1 #ahfg47 #bdb4 ,fraas1 ,e4 #ahhi4 ,die ,labyrinthodonten der ,schwbischen ,trias4 ,paleontographica1 xxxvi1 #a-aeh1 with bibliography4 #bdc4 ----4 #ahif4 ,die ,schwbischen ,trias-,saurier4 ,festgabe des kniglichen naturalien ,cabinets in ,stuttgart zur #db ,versammlung der deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,stuttgart1 #a-h1 pls4 i-ii4 #bdd4 ,fraas1 ,e4 #aija4 ,labyrinthodon aus dem ,buntsandstein von ,teinach4 ,jahreshefte des ,vereins f4 vaterlandische ,naturkunde in ,wrtemberg1 ,jahr41 ,,lvii1 #cah-cbj4 #bde4 ----4 #aijc4 ,die geognostische ,sammlung ,wrtembergs im ,parterre-,saal zugleich ein ,leitfaden fr die geologischen ,verhltnisse und die vorweltlichen ,bewohner unseres ,landes4 #b;d ,auflage4 #bdf4 ----4 #aijc4 ,rana danubina ,h4 von ,meyer var4 rara1 ,o4 ,fraas aus dem ,obermiocn von ,steinheim4 ,jahreshefte des ,vereins f4 vaterl4 ,naturkunde in ,wrtemberg1 ,jahr4 #aijc1 #aje-aaj1 with fig4 #bdg4 ----4 #aiji4 ,rana hauffiana n4 sp4 aus den ,dysodilschiefern des ,randecker ,maares4 ,jahreshefte des ,vereins f4 vaterl4 ,naturk4 in ,wrtemberg1 ,jahr4 #aiji1 #g1 with #a fig4 #bdg;a4 ----4 #aiac4 ,neue ,labyrinthodonten aus der schwbischen ,trias4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,lx1 #bge-bid1 pls4 xvi xxii1 with text-figs4 #a-e4 #bdh4 ,frech1 ,fritz4 #aija4 ,letha geognostica oder ,beschreibung und ,abbildung der fr die ,gebirgsformation bezeichnendsten ,versteinerungen4 ,i ,theil1 ,letha2 a palozoica1 #b band4 ,die ,dyas1 #dei-dga1 #bb figs41 pl4 #ef4 #bdi4 ,fritsch1 ,anton4 #ahgj4 ,sitzungsberichte der k4 ,gesell4 d4 ,wissen41 ,april #bg1 #ahgj4 7,describes #b new species of ,amphibia47 #bej4 ----4 #ahge4 ,ueber die ,fauna des ,pilsner und ,rakonitzer ,beckens4 ,sitzungsb4 d4 k4 ,boehmischen ,gesell4 d4 ,wissenschft41 ,march4 #bea4 ----4 #ahhc-ahii4 ,fauna der ,gaskohle und der ,kalksteine der ,permformation ,boehmens4 ,bd4 ,i1 #a-ahb1 #aaf figs4 ,tafeln i-xlviii2 ,bd4 ,,ii1 #a-fd1 figs4 #aag-adb1 ,tafeln xlix-lxx2 ,bd4 iv1 supplement #he-ih1 figs4 #chc-cid1 ,tafeln clxiii-clxiv4 ,this is the chief work on extinct ,amphibia4 #beb4 ----4 #ahie4 ,ueber neue ,wirbelthiere aus der ,permformation ,boehmens1 nebst einer ,uebersicht der aus derselben bekannt gewordenen ,arten4 ,sitzungsber4 d4 k4 ,boehmisch4 ,gesell4 der ,wissenschaften1 ,prag1 ,i4 #bec4 ----4 #aije4 ,vorlufige ,notiz ueber ,miscellanea ,paleontologica aus ,boehmen und ,america4 ,sitzungsber4 d4 k4 ,boehm4 ,gesell4 der ,wissenschaften1 ,prag1 ,kammplatten1 #c4 #bed4 ,fritsch1 ,karl ,freiherr4 #ahgi4 ,referat ueber ,gaudry's ,sur les ,reptiles des ,temps primier2 ,nachweis von ,protriton petrolei bei ,oberhof in ,thueringen4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #gbj4 #bee4 ,fuchs1 ,hugo4 #aiji4 ,betrachtungen ueber die ,schlfengegend am ,schdel der ,quadrupeda4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,,xxxv1 ,no4 #e_/g1 #aac-afg1 #be figs4 #bef4 ,gadow1 ,hans4 #ahif4 ,on the evolution of the vertebral column of ,amphibia and ,amniota4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 ser4 ,b1 ,,clxxxvii1 #a-eg1 #ef figs41 and bibliography4 #beg4 ----4 #aija4 ,amphibia and reptiles4 ,cambridge ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,viii1 ,stegocephala1 ,so4 ,london4 #beh4 ,gaudry1 ,albert4 #ahff4 ,note sur le ,reptile dcouvert ,muse4 ,comptes ,rendus de l',academie de ,science1 ,august1 #cda4 #bei4 ----4 #ahfg4 ,mmoire sur le ,reptile dcouvert par ,m4 ,frossard ,muse4 ,nouv4 ,archiv du ,musee d',hist4 ,nat41 ,,iii1 #bb-dj1 pl4 iii4 #bfj4 ----4 #ahfh4 ,note sur ,l',actinodon frossardi4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 ,ser4 #b1 ,,xxv1 #egf4 #bfa4 ----4 #ahgd4 ,les tres de ,temps primaire4 ,revue ,scientifique1 ser4 #b1 ,,xiii1 #iic4 #bfb4 ----4 #ahge4 ,les ,reptiles des ,schistes bitumineux d',autun4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 #c;d ser41 ,,iv1 #gbj4 #bfc4 ----4 #ahge4 ,sur la ,dcouverte de ,batraciens proprement dits dans le ,terrain primaire4 ,comptes ,rendus1 ,,lxxx1 #dda-ddc4 #bfd4 ----4 #ahge4 ,sur la ,dcouverte de ,batraciens dans le ,terrain primaire4 ,bull1 de la ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 ser4 #c1 in1 #cjj-cjf1 pls4 vii-viii4 7,sec also #bfc above2 ,jour4 ,zool41 iv1 #ch-da1 #cdb47 #bfe4 ----4 #ahgf4 ,les ,reptiles des ,schistes bitumineux d',autun4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 ser4 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 #gbj-gbc1 pl4 xxii2 #ahgi1 ,,vii1 #fb2 #ahhe1 #c;d ser41 ,,xiii1 #dd4 #bff4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,sur les ,reptiles de ,temps primaires4 ,comptes ,rendus1 ,,lxxxvii1 #ief4 #bfg4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,les ,vertbrs fossiles des environs d',autun4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 ,france1 ,,vii1 #fb4 #bfh4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,les ,reptiles d4 l'poque ,permienne aux ,environs d',autun4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 ser4 #c1 ,,vii1 #fb-gf1 pls4 iii-iv4 #bfi4 ----4 #ahhj4 ,sur un ,reptile trs perfectionn trouv dans le terraine ,permien4 ,comptes ,rendus1 ,,xci1 #ffi-fga4 #bgj4 ----4 #ahha4 ,sur les plus anciens ,reptiles trouvs en ,france4 ,comptes ,rendus ,acad4 ,sci4 ,paris ,,xcii1 #aadc-aade4 #bga4 ----4 #ahha4 ,on a highly organized reptile from the ,permian ,formation4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,vii1 #fg-ga4 #bgb4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,les ,reptiles primaires4 ,arch4 ,zool4 ,exper41 #b;d ser41 ,i1 #e-cj1 pls4 #a-g4 with figs4 #bgc4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,les ,enchainements du ,monde animal dans les ,temps gologiques4 ,fossiles ,primaires1 with #d figs4 ,paris4 #bgd4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,nouvelle ,note sur les ,reptiles ,permiens4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 #c ser41 ,,xiii1 #dd-ea1 pls4 iv-v4 ,paris4 #bge4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,nouvelle ,note sur les ,reptiles ,permiens4 ,comptes ,rendus ,acad4 ,sci4 ,paris1 ,,xcix1 #gcg-gch4 #bgf4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,paleontology in ,germany and ,america4 ,revue ,sci41 #g1 ,paris2 ,geol4 ,mag4 7#c71 ,,ii1 ,london4 #bgg4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,sur un nouveau ,genre de ,reptile du ,permien d',autun4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 ser4 in1 ,,xiv1 #dcj-dcc1 taf4 #bc4 #bgh4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,l',actinodon4 ,nouvelles ,archives ,mus4 ,hist4 ,nat41 ,paris1 #b;d ser41 ,x1 #cj pp41 #c pls4 #bgi4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,les ,vertbrs fossiles des environs d',autun4 ,mm4 ,soc4 d',hist4 nat4 d',autun1 #ij pp4 et #f planches4 #bhj4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,sur les ,similitudes que plusiers ,reptiles ont eues dans divers ,pays de ,monde ver la ,fin des ,temps primaires4 ,compte ,rendus de la #c;d session ,congrs gologique international a ,berlin1 #a-d4 #bha4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,les ,vertbrs fossiles des environs d',autun4 ,autun4 #bhb4 ----4 #ahij4 ,les ,enchainement du ,monde ,animal dans les ,temps ,gologiques1 ,fossiles ,secondaires4 ,amphibia1 #afi4 #bhc4 ,gaupp1 ,ernst4 #ahie4 ,beitrge zur ,morphologie des ,schdels4 ,ill3 ,zur vergleichenden ,anatomie der ,schlfengegend am knchernen ,wirbelthier-,schdel4 ,morphologische ,arbeiten herausgegeben von ,g4 ,schwalbe1 ,,iv1 ,i1 #gg-abh4 #bhd4 ,gegenbaur1 ,carl4 #ahfb4 ,untersuchungen zur vergleichen4 ,anatomie der ,wirbelsule bei ,amphibien und ,reptilien4 ,leipzig4 #bhe4 ----4 #ahie4 ,clavicula und ,cleithrum4 ,morphol4 ,jahrb41 ,,xxiii1 #a-bj4 #bhf4 ,geikie1 ,archibald4 #aije4 ,scheuchzer's ,fossil ,man4 ,founders of ,geology1 #b;d ed41 #ih-ii4 ,london4 #bhg4 ,geinitz1 ,h4 ,b4 #ahfd4 ,palosiren beinertii ,gein4 ein neues ,reptile aus der unteren ,dyas von ,oelberg bei ,braman4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #eac-eaf4 #bhh4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,ueber ,thierfhrten in der ,steinkohlenformation von ,zwickau4 ,festschrift ,natur4 ,gesell4 ,isis1 #fc-ff1 pl4 #b4 #bhi4 ---- und ,deichmueller4 #ahhb4 ,ueber die fossilen ,saurier in dem ,kalke des ,rothliegenden bei ,dresden4 ,sitzungsber4 ,isis1 #f-i4 #bij4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,die ,saurier des unterer ,dyas von ,schsen4 ,paleontographica1 ,,xxix1 #i-df1 pls4 #a-i4 #bia4 ,gergens1 ,dr4 #ahdd4 ,letter to ,professor ,bronn announcing the discovery of the ,apatheon described by von ,meyer as an amphibian4 ,the first announcement of ,amphibia from ,carboniferous4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #di4 #bib4 ,giebel1 ,c4 ,g4 #ahdg4 ,fauna der ,vorwelt mit steter ,bercksichtigung der lebenden ,thiere4 ,amphibia in ,bd4 i1 ,abth4 #b1 #afe-bac4 #bic4 ----4 #ahed4 ,odontography1 ,leipsic4 #bid4 ,goldenburg1 ,fr4 #ahgc4 ,fauna ,sarpontana fossilis--,die fossilen ,thiere aus der ,steinkohlenformation von ,saarbrcken4 ,heft ,i1 p4 #d1 ,taf4 r1 fig4 i4 7,anthracosaurus raniceps47 #bie4 ,goldfuss1 ,dr4 ,a4 #ahca4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss verschiedener ,reptilien der ,vorwelt4 ,reptilien aus der schieferigen ,braunkohle4 ,verhandlungen der k4 leop4 ,carol4 ,akad4 d4 ,naturf41 ,,xv1 ,abth4 #a1 #aag-abf1 pls4 xii-xiii4 #bif4 ----4 #ahdg4 ,ueber das lteste der mit ,bestimmtheiterkannten ,reptilien4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #djj1 taf4 #f4 7,archegosaurus47 #big4 ----4 #ahdg4 ,beitrge zur vorweltlichen ,fauna des ,steinkohlengebirgen4 ,bonn1 quarto1 taf4 #a-c4 #bih4 ,goodrich1 ,e4 ,s4 #aiaa4 ,on the segmentation of the occipital region of the head in the ,batrachia ,urodela4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #aja-abj1 figs4 #bii4 ,gregory1 ,w4 ,k4 #aiaa4 ,the limbs of ,eryops and the origin of paired limbs from fins4 ,science1 n4s41 ,,xxxiii1 ,no4 #hdh1 #ejh-eji4 #cjj4 ----4 #aiac4 ,crossopterygian ancestry of the ,amphibia4 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xxxvii1 ,no4 #ifj1 #hjf-hjh4 #cjj;a4 ----4 #aiae4 ,present status of the problem of the origin of the ,tetrapoda1 with special reference to the skull and paired limbs4 ,ann4 ,new ,york ,academy of ,science1 ,,xxvi1 #cag-chc1 pl4 iv4 7,stegocephali1 p4 #cfe47 #cja4 ,gnther1 ,albert4 #ahhi4 ,on sexual differences found in bones of some recent and fossil species of frogs and fishes4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #c1 ,,iv1 #cgg4 #cjb4 ,grich1 ,g4 #ahhd4 ,ueber einige ,saurier des oberschles4 ,muschelkalkes4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxvi1 #ada4 #cjc4 ,hancock1 ,a4 #ahfi4 ,note on ,anthracosaurus4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #dth ser41 ,,iv1 #bgj4 #cjd4 ,hancock and ,atthey4 #ahfh4 ,notes on the remains of some reptiles and fishes from the shales of the ,northumberland ,coal ,field4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #dth ,ser41 ,i1 #bff-bgh1 pls4 xiv-xvi4 #cje4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,on a new ,labyrinthodont ,amphibian from the ,northumberland ,coal ,field and on the occurrence in the same locality of ,anthracosaurus4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 ,,iv1 #ahb-ahi2 also ,nat4 ,hist4 ,trans4 ,northumberland and ,durham1 in1 #ahfi1 #ccj4 7,urocordylus reticulatus47 #cjf4 ----4 #ahgj4 ,on ,urocordylus1 ,pteroplax4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,trans4 ,northumberland and ,durham1 ,,iii4 #cjg4 ----4 #ahgj4 ,on the occurrence of ,loxomma allmanni in the ,northumberland ,coal ,field4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 ,v1 #cgd-cgi4 #cjh4 ----4 #ahgj4 ,description of a ,labyrinthodont ,amphibian2 a new generic form obtained in the ,coal ,shales at ,newsham4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 ,,iv1 ,,vi1 #ef-fe1 pl4 i4 7,batrachiderpeton lineatum47 #cji4 ----4 #ahga4 ,description of a considerable portion of a mandibular ramus of ,anthracosaurus russelli1 with notes on ,loxomma and ,archichthys4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #dth ser41 ,,vii1 #gc1 pl4 vi4 #caj4 ----4 #ahga4 ,batrachiderpeton4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,trans4 ,northumberland and ,durham1 ,,iv1 #bjh4 #caa4 ,hancock and ,howse4 #ahgj4 ,on a new ,labyrinthodont ,amphibian from the magnesium limestone of ,midderidge1 ,durham4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xxvi1 #eef-efd1 pl4 #ch4 ,permian of ,england1 ,lepidotosaurus duffii1 a ,labyrinthodont of some #c to #d feet in length4 #cab4 ,haeckel1 ,ernst4 #ahie4 ,systematische ,phylogenie der ,wirbelthiere 7,vertebrata74 ,amphibia1 #bff-bhc4 ,also ,history of ,creation1 ,trans41 #eth ed41 #aiji1 n1 #bie-cjj4 #cac4 ,hatch and ,corstorphine4 #aije4 ,the geology of ,south ,africa4 ,the ,karoo ,system1 #aid4 #cad4 ,hatcher1 ,j4 ,b4 #aije4 ,the vertebrate fauna of the ,judith ,river ,beds4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol44 ,surv41 ,no4 #beg1 #fg-ajc4 7,scapherpeton and ,hemitrypus47 #cae4 ,hay1 ,o4 ,p4 #ahij4 ,the skeletal anatomy of ,amphiuma during its early stages4 ,jour4 ,morphol41 ,,iv1 #aa-cd1 with pls4 #caf4 ----4 #aijj4 ,description of some vertebrates of ,carboniferous ,age4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,,xxxix1 ,no4 #afa1 #if-abc4 7,amphibamus grandiceps47 #cag4 ----4 #aijb4 ,catalogue and bibliography of fossil ,vertebrata of ,north ,america4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #agi1 ,batrachia1 #dji-dbe4 #cah4 ,hickling1 ,g4 #aiji4 ,british ,permian footprints4 ,mem4 and ,proc4 ,manchester ,lit4 and ,phil4 ,soc41 #ec1 #cj1 pl4 #c4 #cai4 ,hilton1 ,wm4 ,a4 #aijb4 ,a structural feature connected with the mating of ,diemyctylus viridescens4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xxxvi1 #fdc4 #cbj4 ,hoepen1 ,e4 ,c4 ,n4 van4 #aiae4 ,stegocephalia of ,senekal4 ,ann4 of the ,transvaal ,mus41 ,v1 ,no4 #b1 #abe-adi1 pls4 xvi-xxiv4 #cba4 ,hoernes1 ,rud4 #ahhd4 ,elemente der ,paleontologie1 #dde-dec4 ,leipzig4 #cbb4 ,hoffman1 ,a4 ,h4 #ahgc-gh4 ,amphibien4 ,bd4 ,,vi1 #b;d ,abth41 ,bronn's ,classen und ,ordnungen des ,thierreiches4 #cbc4 ,huene1 ,friedrich von4 #aijb4 ,uebersicht ueber die ,reptilien der ,trias4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon4 ,abhandl41 ,n4 ,p41 ,,vi1 ,h4 #a1 #bj1 #ba1 #ha4 #cbd4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,neubeschreibung des ,permischen ,stegocephalen-,dasyceps bucklandi aus ,kenilworth4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon4 ,abhandl4 herausgegeben v4 ,e4 ,koken1 ,n4 ,p41 ,,viii1 ,h4 #f1 #cc-df1 fig4 pl4 i1 ii4 #cbe4 ----4 #aiab4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss des ,schdels von ,eryops4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,bd4 #da1 pp4 #ih-ajd1 figs4 #cbf4 ----4 #aiac4 ,ueber ,lysorophus aus dem ,perm von ,texas4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,bd4 #dc1 #chi-cif4 #cbg4 ----4 #aiac4 ,the skull elements of the ,permian ,tetrapoda in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,bull4 ,am4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xxxii1 #cae-chf1 #eg figs4 #cbh4 ,huxley1 ,thomas ,henry4 #ahei4 ,on ,dasyceps bucklandi 7,labyrinthodon bucklandi ,lloyd74 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,united ,kingdom1 #eb-ef1 figs4 #a-b2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 n1 #bfc1 figs4 #a-b4 #cbi4 ----4 #ahei4 ,on a fragment of a lower jaw of a large ,labyrinthodont from ,cubbington4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,united ,kingdom1 #ef-eg2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,ii1 #bfi4 #ccj4 ----4 #ahei4 ,on some ,amphibian and reptilian remains from ,south ,africa and ,australia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xv1 #fdb-fdi1 pls4 xxi-xxii2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,ii1 #abj-abi1 pls4 #g-h4 #cca4 ----4 #ahfb4 ,on new ,labyrinthodonts from the ,edinburgh ,coal ,field4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xviii1 #bia-bif1 pl4 xi2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,ii1 #ecj-ece4 pl4 #cg4 #ccb4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,description of ,anthracosaurus russelli1 a new ,labyrinthodont from the ,lanarkshire ,coal-,field4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xix1 #ef-fh1 figs42 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,ii1 #eeh-egb1 figs4 #a-b4 #ccc4 ----4 #ahfe4 ,on a collection of vertebrate fossils from the ,panchet ,rocks4 ,ranigunj4 ,bengal4 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 of ,india3 ,paleontologia ,indica4 ser4 iv2 ,indian ,pretertiary ,vertebrata1 ,i1 ,amphibia1 #c-h1 pls4 vi1 and figs42 ,scientific ,memoirs1 in1 #ij-abj1 figs41 pl4 #af4 #ccd4 ----4 #ahfg4 ,on a collection of fossil ,vertebrata from the ,jarrow ,colliery1 ,county of ,kilkenny1 ,ireland4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,irish ,acad41 #ahga1 ,,xxiv1 #cea-cfi 7,read ,jan4 #f1 #ahff71 pls4 xix-xxiii2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 in1 #ahj-aig1 pls4 #ag-ba4 #cce4 ----4 #ahfi4 ,on a new ,labyrinthodont from ,bradford4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xxv1 #cji-caa1 pl4 xi2 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,iii1 #cia-cic1 pl4 #bf4 #ccf4 ----4 #ahge4 ,amphibia4 ,art4 in ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 #ith ed41 ,i1 #gej-gga4 #ccg4 ----4 #ahgi4 ,on the characters of the pelvis in the ,mammalia and the conclusions respecting the origin of mammals which may be based on them4 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ,,xxviii1 #cie-dje1 figs42 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,iv1 #cde-cef1 figs4 #cch4 ,jaeger1 ,dr4 ,georg ,friedrick4 #ahbd4 ,de ,ichthyosauri sive ,proteosauri ,fossilis ,specimenibus in ,agro ,bollensi in ,wrtembergia4 ,folio1 ,,ii4 7,first mention of the discovery of ,labyrinthodonts1 a tooth and occipital region of a cranium1 which in #ahcc ,jaeger designated ,mastodonsaurus giganteus4 ,this was and still is the largest known amphibian47 #cci4 ----4 #ahbh4 ,ueber die fossilen ,reptilien welche im ,wrtemburg aufgefunden worden sind4 ,quarto1 #ce-ch1 pls4 iv-v4 #cdj4 ----4 #ahcc4 ,mastodonsaurus giganteus4 ,bull1 de la ,soc4 ,geol4 de ,france1 ,,iii1 #hf4 #cda4 ----4 #ahej4 ,ueber die ,uebereinstimmung des ,pygopterus lucius ,agassiz mit dem ,archegosaurus decheni4 ,abh4 ,math-phys4 ,classe d4 ,bayr4 ,akad41 ,v1 #hgg1 pl4 #cdb4 ,jaekel1 ,otto4 #ahid4 ,ueber die sogennante ,faltenzhne und complicirte ,zahnbildung ueberhaupt4 ,sitzb4 d4 ,gesell4 naturf4 ,freunde zu ,berlin1 ,no4 #e1 #adf4 #cdc4 ----4 #ahif4 ,ueber die ,krperform und ,haut ,bedeckung von ,stegocephalen4 ,sitzungsber4 d4 ,gesell4 naturf4 ,freunde zu ,berlin1 #a-h1 #a fig4 #cdd4 ----4 #ahif4 ,die ,organization von ,archegosaurus4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xlviii1 #eje-eba1 figs4 #a-aj4 #cde4 ----4 #aijb4 ,gephyrostegus bohemicus4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,liv1 ,heft #c1 #abg-acb4 #cdf4 ----4 #aijc4 ,ueber die ,epiphyse und ,hypophyse4 ,sitzungsb4 d4 ,gesell4 naturf4 ,freunde1 ,no4 #b1 #bg-eh4 #cdg4 ----4 #aijc4 ,ueber ,ceraterpeton1 ,diceratosaurus und ,diplocaulus4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,bd4 ,i1 #aji-acd1 pls4 ii-v4 #cdh4 ----#aijd4 ,ueber die ,bildung der ersten ,halswirbel und die ,wirbelbildung im ,allgemeinen4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,lvi1 #aji-aai1 figs4 #cdi4 ----4 #aije4 ,ueber die primare ,gliederung des ,unterkiefers4 ,sitzungsber4 d4 ,gesell4 naturf4 ,freunde1 ,no4 #d1 #acd4 #cej4 ----4 #aiji4 ,ueber die ,klassen der ,tetrapoden4 ,zool4 ,anz41 ,,xxxiv1 ,nr4 #g_/h1 ,apr4 #bj1 #aic-bab1 figs4 #a-ae4 #cea4 ----4 #aiji4 ,ueber die ,beurtheilung der paarigen ,extremitten4 ,sitzungsb4 d4 knig4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 d4 ,wissen41 ,,xxvi1 #gjg-gbd4 #ceb4 ----4 #aiac4 ,ueber den ,ban des ,schaedels4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,ergnzungsheft1 ,bd4 #dd4 #gg-id1 mit figuren4 #cec4 ,jordan1 ,h4 #ahdi4 ,ergnzende ,bemerkungen zu der ,abhandlung von ,goldfuss ueber die ,gattung ,archegosaurus4 ,verhandl4 d4 naturhist4 ,vereines f4 ,rheinlande u4 ,westphalen1 ,,vi1 #gf-ha1 taf4 #d4 #ced4 ,kayser1 ,friedrich4 #aijb4 ,geologie von ,boehmen4 ,verlag von ,i4 ,taussig1 #ajgd-abaj4 7,formations of ,bohemia where ,amphibia have been found47 #cee4 ,kinahan1 ,g4 ,h4 #ahgh4 ,geology of ,ireland1 ,london2 ,the ,jarrow ,colliery4 #aaf-aai4 #cef4 ,king1 ,alfred ,t4 #ahdd4 ,description of fossil footmarks supposed to be referable1 to the classes ,birds1 ,reptilia4 and ,mammalia found in the ,carboniferous series in ,westmoreland ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #age-agi4 #ceg4 ----4 #ahde4 ,description of a fossil footmark of the quadruped ,thenaropus4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xlviii1 #cdc-ceb1 #ab figs42 also #a 7n4 s471 #bfh4 #ceh4 ,kingsley1 ,t4 ,s4 ,systematic position of ,ccilians4 ,tufts ,college ,studies ,no4 #g 7,,xxx72 also ,no4 #g 7,,xxviii71 ,amphiuma4 #cei4 ,klaatsch1 ,hermann4 #ahif4 ,die ,brustflosse der ,crossopterygier4 ,festschrift fr ,gegenbaur1 ,bd4 ,i1 #bei-cia1 ,taf4 i-iv4 #cfj4 ,knipe1 ,henry ,r4 #aiab4 ,amphibians of the ,carboniferous4 ,evolution in the ,past1 #ei4 and plate4 #cfa4 ,kunisch1 ,hermann4 #ahhe4 ,ueber die ,unterkiefer von ,mastodonsaurus silesiacus ,hun4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxxvii1 #ebh-ecc1 with figs4 #a-b4 #cfb4 ----4 #ahij4 ,labyrinthodonten1 ,reste d4 oberschles4 ,muschelkalkes4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xlii1 #cgg-che1 ,taf4 ,,xx4 #cfc4 ,kutorga1 ,steph4 #ahch4 ,beitrag zur ,kenntniss der organ4 ,ueberreste des ,kupfersandsteines am westlichen ,abhange des ,urals4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 mit tafeln4 #cfd4 ,lake1 ,j4 ,j4 #ahgh4 ,reptiles of the primary period4 ,english ,mechanic1 ,,xxviii1 #dch-dci4 #cfe4 ,lambe1 ,l4 ,m4 #aijb4 ,scapherpeton tectum--a batrachian from the ,cretaceous4 ,contr4 ,canadian ,paleontology1 ,,iii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #ca4 #cff4 ----4 #aijd4 ,progress of vertebrate paleontology in ,canada4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,x1 sec4 ,,iv1 #ac-ef4 #cfg4 ,laube1 ,gustav ,c4 #ahih4 ,andriasreste aus der ,boehmischen ,braunkohlenformation4 ,abhandl4 d4 deutsch4 naturw4-med4 ,vereines f4 ,boehmen ,lotos1 ,i1 heft #b1 #be4 #cfh4 ----4 #ahih4 ,amphibienreste aus dem ,diatomaceenschiefer von ,sulloditz4 ,abhandl4 d4 deutsch4 naturw4-med4 ,vereines f4 ,boehmen ,lotos1 ,i1 heft #c1 #aj1 taf4 ,i1 fig4 #f4 #cfi4 ----4 #aija4 ,synopsis der ,wirbelthierfauna der bhm-,braunkohlenformation und ,beschreibung neuer oder bisher unvollstndig bekannter ,arten4 ,abhandl4 d4 deutsch4 naturw4-med4 ,vereines f4 ,boehmen ,lotos1 ,,ii1 heft #d1 #eb-eh4 #cgj4 ----4 #aiji4 ,neue ,andrias-reste aus dem ,tonen von ,preschen bei ,bilin4 ,lotos1 ,,lvii1 #f4 #cga4 ,lea1 ,isaac4 #ahdi4 ,on traces of a fossil reptile 7,sauropus primvus7 found in the old ,red ,sandstone 7,pennsylvania74 ,rep4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ef1 #b;d part2 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ia-id4 #cgb4 ----4 #ahee4 ,fossil footmarks in the ,red ,sandstone of ,pottsville4 #a-af1 with a large plate4 ,large folio2 ,trans4 ,amer4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,x1 #aheb1 ,apr4 #a-ac1 ,pls4 #ca-cc4 #cgc4 ,leidy1 ,joseph4 #ahef4 ,notices of remains of extinct vertebrated animals discovered by ,professor ,e4 ,emmons4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #bef4 7,dictyocephalus elegans47 #cgd4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,fossil foot-tracks of the ,anthracite ,coal ,measures4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 xxxi1 #afd-afe4 #cge4 ,le ,roy1 ,j4 ,j4 #ahgd4 ,notiz ueber ,archegosaurus decheni ,goldfuss und ,a4 latirostris ,jordan4 ,niederl4 ,archiv4 f4 ,zoologie4 ,,ii1 #hi-ih4 #cgf4 ,lesley1 ,j4 ,p4 #ahhi4 ,a dictionary of the fossils of ,pennsylvania and neighboring states4 ,in three volumes4 ,published by the ,penn4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #cgg4 ,leunis1 ,johannes4 #ahhc4 ,synopsis der ,thierkunde4 #c;d ,auflage1 ,bd4 ,i1 #eii-fca4 7,amphibia47 #cgh4 ,lillie1 ,frank ,r4 #aijh4 ,the development of the chick4 ,the ,vertebr1 #dab-dbd1 figs4 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej4 #cgi4 ,lloyd1 ,g4 #ahdi4 ,on a new species of ,labyrinthodon from the ,new ,red ,sandstone of ,warwickshire4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,science1 #ef4 ,see ,huxley 7#cbh7 and ,f4 von ,huene 7#cbd74 #chj4 ,logan1 ,william4 #ahdb4 ,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,london1 ,,iii1 pt4 ,,ii1 #gjg4 #cha4 ,lohest1 ,maximin4 #ahhh4 ,dcouverte de plus ancien ,amphibien connu et de quelques ,fossiles remarquables de ,famennien suprieur de ,modave4 ,notice preliminaire4 ,ann4 de la ,soc4 ,geol4 ,belgique1 ,,xv1 p4 ,,cxx1 fig4 #a4 #chb4 ,lortet1 ,dr4 ,l4 #ahib4 ,les ,reptiles fossiles du ,bassin du ,rhone4 ,ordre des ,amphibiens1 #abe-abg1 pl4 xii2 ,archives du ,museum d',hist4 ,natur4 de ,lyon1 ,v4 #chc4 ,lucas1 ,f4 ,a4 #aijd4 ,a new ,batrachian and a new reptile from the ,trias of ,arizona4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xxvii1 #aic-aie1 pl4 7,heterodontosuchus1 a belodont2 ,metoposaurus fraasii1 a labyrinthodont47 #chd4 ,lydekker1 ,richard4 #ahgi4 ,reptilia and ,batrachia 7,amphibia74 ,paleontologia ,indica1 ser4 ,,iv1 ,i1 #a-cf1 pls4 i-vi2 ,amphibia1 #ag-bj1 pls4 iii-vi4 7,pachygonia1 ,gonioglyptus1 ,mastodonsaurus47 #che4 ----4 #ahhj4 ,a sketch of the history of the fossil ,vertebrata of ,india4 ,jour4 ,asiatic ,society ,bengal1 ,,xlix1 pt4 ,,ii1 #h-dj2 ,fossil ,batrachians1 #af1 list of species1 #ch-ci4 #chf4 ----4 #ahha4 ,note on some ,gondwana vertebrates4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,,xiv1 #agd4 7,gonioglyptus1 ,pachygonia1 ,glyptognathus47 #chg4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,note on the ,bijori ,labyrinthodont4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,,xvi1 #ic4 #chh4 ----4 #ahhc4 ,synopsis of the fossil ,vertebrata of ,india4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,,xvi1 #fa2 ,amphibia1 #fd1 #hh4 #chi4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,the ,reptilia and ,amphibia of the ,maleri and ,denwa ,groups4 ,paleontologia ,indica1 ser4 ,,iv1 ,i1 pt4 #e1 #f pls4 #cij4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,the ,bijori ,labyrinthodont4 ,paleontologia ,indica1 ser4 ,,iv1 ,i1 #a-ad1 pt4 #d2 also1 ,cope1 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xix1 #eib4 #cia4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,the fossil ,vertebrata of ,india4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,india1 ,,xx1 p4 #fh4 #cib4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,dr4 ,hermann ,credner on the development of ,branchiosaurus4 ,geol4 ,mag41 n4s41 ,dec4 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 #bgf-bgh4 #cic4 ----4 #ahij4 ,catalogue of fossil ,amphibia and ,reptilia in the ,british ,museum 7,natural ,history74 ,amphibia1 part ,,iv1 #aba-bbe4 #cid4 ----4 #ahia4 ,on a ,labyrinthodont skull from the ,kilkenny ,coal ,measures 7,ireland74 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xlvii1 #cdc-cdg1 #a fig4 #cie4 ----4 ,the new natural history1 ,v1 ,amphibia1 #beg-caj2 ,labyrinthodontia1 #caa4 7,see also ,nicholson and ,lydekker 7#dii747 #cif4 ,lyell1 ,chas41 and ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson4 #ahec4 ,on the remains of the reptile 7,dendrerpeton acadianum7 and a land shell 7,coal ,measures74 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,ix1 #eh-fc1 with pls4 #cig4 ,maggi1 ,leopoldo4 #ahih4 ,placche osteodermiche interparietali ,stegocephali e rispondenti ,centri ,ossificazione interparietali dell ',uomo4 ,reale ,inst4 ,lombard1 di ,sci4 ,lett4 7#b71 ,,xxxi1 #baa1 #bbh1 pl4 #a4 #cih4 ----4 #ahig4 ,requitals de ,recherches morphologiques sur des ,os et des ,fontanelles du ,crne humain4 ,arch4 ,ital4 d4 ,biol41 ,t4 #bg1 #bcj-bch4 #cii4 ,makowsky1 ,alex4 #ahgf4 ,ueber einen neuen ,labyrinthodonten ,archegosaurus austricus4 ,sitzungsb4 d4 k4 ,akad4 wiss4 ,wien4 ,math4 ,natur4 ,classe1 ,abth4 #a1 ,,lxxiii1 ,heft #c1 #aee-aff4 #djj4 ----4 und ,a4 ,rzehak4 #ahhd4 ,die geologischen ,verhltnisse der ,umgebung von ,brnen4 ,verhandlgn4 d4 ,nat4 ,verein zu ,brnn1 ,,xxii4 7,die frhere ,archegosaurus austricus wird zu ,melanerpeton gestellt47 #dja4 ,malbranc1 ,m4 #ahge4 ,von der ,seitenlinie und ihre ,sinnesorganen bei ,amphibien4 ,leipzig4 ,zeit4 f4 wiss4 ,zool41 ,,xxvi1 #bd1 pls4 #a-d4 #djb4 ,mantell1 ,g4 ,a4 #ahea4 ,petrifactions and their teachings4 ,fossil ,batrachians1 #ahc4 #djc4 ----4 #ahff4 ,wonders of geology4 ,labyrinthodonts1 #eea4 #djd4 ,marsh1 ,o4 ,c4 #ahfb4 ,discovery of new ,enaliosaurian remains in the ,coal ,formation of ,nova ,scotia4 ,on the saurian vertebr from ,nova ,scotia4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 and ,arts1 ,,xxxiv1 ,mar4 #a1 pl4 i1 figs4 #a-b4 ,see also ,neues ,jahrb4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ahfc1 #bdg2 ,canad4 ,nat4 and ,geol41 ,,vii1 #bje-bac2 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xix1 #eb-ef2 ,huxley1 ,scientific ,memoirs1 ,,ii1 #eff4 #dje4 ----4 #ahhg4 ,eobatrachus agilis in the 7,como ,beds7 ,jura of ,north ,america4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxiii1 #cbh2 ,vertebrate fossils of the ,denver ,basin1 ,monograph ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxvii1 #ejh1 #ahig4 #djf4 ----4 #ahid4 ,footprints of vertebrates in the ,coal ,measures of ,kansas4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xlviii1 #b;d ser41 ,july-,dec41 #ha-hd1 pls4 ii-iii4 #djg4 ----4 #ahif4 ,amphibian footprints from the ,devonian4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#d71 ,,ii1 #cgd-cge1 with #djh4 ,matthew1 ,g4 ,f4 #aijc4 ,new genera of ,batrachian footprints of the ,carboniferous system of eastern ,canada4 ,canadian ,record of ,science1 ,,ix1 ,no4 #b1 #ii-aaa1 with figs4 #dji4 ----4 #aijc4 ,an attempt to classify ,paleozoic ,batrachian footprints4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada 7#b71 ,,ix 7,,iii71 #aijc1 #aji-aba4 #daj4 ----4 #aijc4 ,on ,batrachian and other footprints from the ,coal ,measures of ,joggins1 ,n4 ,s4 ,bull4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,v1 ,no4 ,,xxi1 #ajc-ajh1 with plate of excellent photos2 ,no4 ,,xxii1 #bdg4 #daa4 ----4 #aije4 ,note in reference to ,batrachian footprints4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,,xxi1 #ajb4 #dab4 ----4 #aije4 ,note on the genus ,hylopus of ,dawson4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,,xxii1 #bdg-beb1 figs4 #dac4 ----4 #aijd4 ,new species and a new genus of ,batrachian footprints of the ,carboniferous system in ,eastern ,canada4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,x 7,,iv71 #gg-aaj1 pls4 #a-f4 #dad4 ,matthew1 ,w4 ,d4 #aiji4 ,the oldest land reptiles of ,north ,america4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,jour41 ,,ix1 ,no4 #d1 #ia-ie4 photos of ,eryops and ,diplocaulus4 #dae4 ----4#aiaa4 ,the ,amphibians of the great ,coal ,swamp4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,jour41 ,,xi1 ,no4 #f1 #aig-bjj4 7,restoration of ,eryops47 #daf4 ,merrill1 ,geo4 ,p4 #aijg4 ,catalogue of the type and figured specimens of fossils1 minerals1 rocks1 and ores4 ,part ,,ii3 ,fossil ,vertebrates1 #i-ab4 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,no4 #ec1 pt4 ,,ii4 ,two species of ,amphibia are listed as fishes1 #gd1 #gg4 #dag4 ,metcalfe1 ,a4 ,t4 #ahhd4 ,on further discoveries of vertebrate remains in the ,triassic strata of the ,south ,coast of ,devonshire11 between ,budleigh1 ,salterton and ,lidmouth4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xl1 #beg4 #dah4 ,meyer1 ,hermann von4 #ahch4 ,recherches sur les ,ossem4 foss4 du gres bigarre de ,soultz les ,bains4 #dai4 ----4 #ahcd4 ,odontosaurus voltzii4 ,mem4 de la ,soc4 d'hist4 nat4 de ,strasbourg4 #dbj4 ----4 #ahdb4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #cja-cjd4 7,proposes system of classification47 #dba4 ----4 #ahdd4 ,beitrge zur ,paleontologie ,wrtembergs1 #a-da1 mit #ab tafeln4 ,enthaltend die fossilen ,wirbelthierereste aus den ,triasgebilden mit besonderer ,rcksicht auf die ,labyrinthodonten des ,keupers4 #dbb4 ----4 #ahdd4 ,apatheon pedestris4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ccf4 7,he regarded ,apatheon as a salamander-like form1 a ,branchiosaurian47 #dbc4 ----4 #ahde4 ,system der fossilen ,saurier4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #bgh-bhe4 #dbd4 ----4 #ahdg4 ,die ,steinbrcke von ,oeningen4 ,fossile ,batrachier4 ,fauna der ,vorwelt1 ,bd4 ,i1 #ah-dj1 pls4 #i-aj4 #dbe4 ----4 #ahdg-ahee4 ,die ,saurier des ,muschelkalkes mit ,rcksicht auf die ,saurier aus ,bunten ,sandstein und ,keuper4 ,fauna der ,vorwelt1 ,bd4 ,,ii1 #a-afd1 ,pls4 #eh-fd4 ,large folio4 7,mastodonsaurus1 ,metopias1 ,capitosaurus47 #dbf4 ----4 #ahdh4 ,apateon pedestris aus der ,steinkohlenformation von ,mnsterappel4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,i1 #aec-aed1 pl4 xx1 fig4 #a4 #dbg4 ----4 #ahdh4 ,mittheilung an ,professor ,bronn4 ,labyrinthodontia4 ,neues4 ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #dfi4 7,labyrinthodon ocella47 #dbh4 ----4 #ahdi4 ,ueber den ,archegosaurus der ,steinkohlenformation4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,i1 #bji1 ,dec4 7#ahea71 pl4 #cc4 #dbi4 ----4 #ahea4 ,mittheilung an ,professor ,bronn1 ,rana jaegeri4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #gh4 #dcj4 ----4 #ahea4 ,beschreibung der fossilen ,decapoden1 ,fische1 ,batrachier1 und ,sugethiere aus dem ,tertiren ,ssswassergebilden des nrdlichen ,boehmens4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,ii1 #dc4 #dca4 ----4 #aheb4 ,mittheilungen an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon43 ,palobatrachus gigas1 #dfe2 ,rana nggerathi1 #eh2 ,r4 troscheli1 #dff2 ,r4 salzhauserensis1 #dfg4 #dcb4 ----4 #ahec4 ,mittheilungen an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon43 ,rana meriani1 #afc1 #ahe2 ,palobatrachus gigas1 #afb4 #dcc4 ----4 #ahed4 ,mittheilung ueber ,archegosaurus4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #dbd4 #dcd4 ----4 #ahef4 ,ueber ,osteophorus roemeri1 ,briefl4 ,mittheil4 an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #hbd4 #dce4 ----4 #aheg4 ,mittheilung an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon43 ,palobatrachus gracilis1 #eee4 #dcf4 ----4 #aheg4 ,reptilien aus der ,steinkohlenformation in ,deutschland4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vi1 #bai-bbj1 text-fig4 7,archegosaurus 7 #dcg4 ----4 #aheg4 ,osteophorus roemeri1 ,beschreibung derselben in ,roemer3 ,ueber ,fisch- und ,pflanzenfhrende ,mergelschiefer des ,rothliegenden bei ,neundorf4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,ix1 #fa4 #dch4 ----4 #aheh4 ,reptilien aus der ,kohlsteinformation in ,deutschland4 ,cassel1 ,folio2 also ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vi1 #ei-bah1 ,tafeln viii-xxiii4 7,archegosaurus4 7 #dci4 ----4 #aheh4 ,labyrinthodonten aus dem bunten ,sandstein von ,bernburg4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vi4 #bba-bde1 ,tafeln xxiv-xxvii4 #ddj4 ----4 #aheh4 ,mittheilung an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon43 ,rana danubina1 #bjc4 #dda4 ----4 #ahei4 ,mittheilung an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon43 ,triton basalticus1 #dcj2 ,andrias tschudii1 #gbc4 #ddb4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,ueber ,archegosaurus4 ,erwiderung auf die ,ausfhrungen von ,quenstedt in ,epochen der ,natur1 p4 #daj4 ,briefl4 ,mittheil4 an ,professor ,bronn4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ga-gb4 #ddc4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,osteophorus roemeri aus dem ,rothliegenden von klein ,neundorf in ,schliesen4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vii1 #ii-ajd1 pl4 xi4 #ddd4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,froesche aus ,tertiar ,gebilden ,deutschlands4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vii1 #abc-ahb1 pls4 #af-bb4 #dde4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,melosaurus uralensis aus der ,permische ,system des westlichen ,urals4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vii1 #ij-ih1 pl4 x4 #ddf4 ----4 #ahfj4 ,salamandrinen aus der ,braunkohle am ,rhein und in ,boehmen4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,vii1 #dg-gc1 pls4 viii1 ix4 #ddg4 ----4 #ahfc4 ,heliarchon furcillatus1 ein ,batrachier aus der ,braunkohle von ,rott in ,siebengebirge4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,x1 #bib-bih1 ,taf4 #ej1 figs4 #e-f4 #ddh4 ----4 #ahff4 ,reptilien aus dem ,kupfersandstein ,russlands4 ,paleontographica1 ,bd4 ,,xv1 #ig-acj4 #ddi4 ,miall1 ,l4 ,c4 #ahgc4 ,report on the ,labyrinthodonts of the ,coal ,measures4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #bbe1 pls4 #a-c4 #dej4 ----4 #ahgd4 ,on the classification of the ,labyrinthodontia4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #adi-aib1 with #b plates4 #dea4 ----4 #ahgd4 ,the classification of the ,labyrinthodonts4 ,geol4 ,mag41 #b;d ser41 ,i1 #eac4 #deb4 ----4 #ahgd4 ,on the occurrence of a ,labyrinthodont in the ,yorkdale ,rocks of ,wensleydale4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xxx1 #gge4 #dec4 ----4 #ahgd4 ,on the remains of ,labyrinthodontia from the ,keuper ,sandstone of ,warwick1 preserved in the ,warwick ,museum4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xxx1 #dag-dce1 pls4 #bf-bh4 7,mastodonsaurus pachygnathus2 ,labyrinthodon leptognathus2 ,diadetognathus varvicensis47 #ded4 ----4 #ahge4 ,sur les ,labyrinthodontes du ,terrain houiller4 ,deuxieme partie4 ,jour1 de ,zool41 iv1 #ai-cg4 #dee4 ,miller1 ,s4 ,a4 #ahhi4 ,north ,american geology and paleontology4 ,amphibia1 #fad4 #def4 ,mivart1 ,geo4 #ahgj4 ,on the axial skeleton of the ,urodela4 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #bfj-bgh4 #deg4 ,moodie1 ,roy ,l4 #aijh4 ,dissorophus ,a correction4 ,science1 n4s41 ,,xxvii1 ,no4 #fgi1 #cj4 #deh4 ----4 #aijh4 ,the lateral line system in extinct ,amphibia4 ,jour4 ,morphol41 ,,xix1 ,no4 #b1 #eaa-edj1 #ag figs4 #dei4 ----4 #aijh4 ,the ancestry of the caudate ,amphibia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 #db1 #cfa-cgc1 figs4 #a-aj4 #dfj4 ----4 #aijh4 ,the dawn of quadrupeds in ,north ,america4 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,monthly1 ,,lxxii1 ,june1 #eeh-eff1 #e figs4 #dfa4 ----4 #aijh4 ,the clasping organs of extinct and recent ,amphibia4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #d1 ,mar41 #bdi-bei1 with #e figs4 #dfb4 ----4 #aiji4 ,new forms 7extinct ,amphibia7 from the ,carboniferous4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 ,i1 ,jan4-,feb41 #ch-hb1 #bd figs4 #dfc4 ----4 #aiji4 ,the ,carboniferous quadrupeds of ,kansas1 ,ohio1 ,illinois1 and ,pennsylvania in their relation to the classification of the so-called ,amphibia and ,stegocephalia4 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,,xxii1 #bci-bdc1 pls4 #a-c4 #dfd4 ----4 #aiji4 ,carboniferous air-breathing vertebrates of the ,united ,states ,national ,museum4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #cg1 #aa-bh1 pls4 #d-aj4 #dfe4 ----4 #aiji4 ,new or little-known forms of ,carboniferous ,amphibia in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 xxvi1 art4 xxv1 #cdg-ceg1 pls4 lviii-lxv4 #dff4 ----4 #aiji4 ,the ,lysorophid4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xliii1 #aaf4 7,review47 #dfg4 ----4 #aiji4 ,the ,stegocephala4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xliii1 #aai4 7,a review of paper by ,hugo ,schwarz47 #dfh4 ----4 #aiji4 ,the morphology of the vertebrate sacral rib4 ,anat4 ,anz41 xxxiv1 ,no4 #ae1 #cfa-cfd4 #dfi4 ----4 #aiji4 ,the ,microsauria1 ancestors of the ,reptilia4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,v1 ,,vi1 ,no4 #eci1 #baf-bbj1 #a fig4 #dgj4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,the ,amphibia of the ,mazon ,creek ,shales4 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xxxi1 ,no4 #ghi1 p4 #bcc4 #dga4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,the alimentary canal of a ,carboniferous salamander4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xliv1 ,no4 #ebb1 #cfg-cge4 #d s4 #dgb4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,a new ,labyrinthodont from ,kansas4 ,science1 n4s44 ,,xxxii1 ,no4 #hbi1 ,nov4 #ah4 #dgc4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,a new ,labyrinthodont from the ,kansas ,coal ,measures4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xxxix1 #dhi-die1 #d figs4 #dgd4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,two ,amphibians1 one of them new1 from the ,carboniferous of ,illinois4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xl1 #dbi-dcc1 figs4 #a-b4 #dge4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,recent contributions to a knowledge of the extinct ,amphibia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xlv1 ,june1 #cge-chd4 #dgf4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,the temnospondylous ,amphibia1 and a new species of ,eryops from the ,permian of ,oklahoma4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,v1 ,no4 #ac1 #bce-bec4 ,pls4 xlix-liv4 #dgg4 ----4 #aiab4 ,the skull structure of ,diplocaulus magnicornis and the amphibian order1 ,diplocaulia4 ,jour4 ,morphol41 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #a1 #ca-ci1 pls4 #a-b4 #dgh4 ----4 #aiab4 ,the ,pennsylvanic ,amphibia of the ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 ,shales4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci1 ,bull41 vi1 ,no4 #b1 #cbc-cei4 ,pls4 #a-ad4 #dgi4 ----4 #aiab4 ,the ,mazon ,creek1 ,illinois1 ,shales and their amphibian fauna4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxiv1 ,sept41 #bgg-bhe1 figs4 #a-b4 #dhj4 ----4 #aiab4 ,an ,american ,jurassic frog4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxiv1 ,sept41 #bhf-bhh4 #dha4 ----4 #aiad4 ,the fossil frogs of ,north ,america4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxviii1 ,dec41 #eca-ecf1 figs4 #a-b4 #dhb4 ----4 #aiad4 ,a list of the described species of fossil ,amphibia4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 #i1 ,no4 #b1 #ac-bh4 #dhc4 ----4 #aiae4 ,a remarkable ,microsaur from the ,coal ,measures of ,ohio4 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xli1 ,no4 #ajdd1 #cd-ce4 #dhd4 ----4 #aiae4 ,coal ,measures ,amphibian with an osseous tarsus4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xxxix1 ,may1 #eji-eab1 figs4 ,i1 #b4 #dhe4 ----4 #aiae4 ,the scaled ,amphibia of the ,coal ,measures4 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xli1 ,no4 #ajef1 #dfc-dfd4 #dhf4 ----4 #aiae4 ,some recent studies on fossil ,amphibia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xlix1 ,june1 #cfi-cgf4 #dhg4 ----4 #aiae4 ,a new fish brain from the ,coal ,measures of ,kansas1 with a review of other fossil brains4 ,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol41 ,,xxv1 ,no4 #b1 #afd4 #dhh4 ----4 #aiae4 ,a further contribution to a knowledge of the lateral line system in extinct ,amphibia4 ,jour4 ,comp4 ,neurol41 ,,xxv1 ,no4 #d1 #cag-cbh1 figs4 #a-i4 #dhi4 ----4 #aiae4 ,some methods of studying fossils embedded in coal4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 ,,ix1 ,no4 #af1 #ahg-aic1 figs4 #a-c1 pl4 ,l4 #dhi;a4 ----4 ,the migrations and geographic distribution of the fossil ,amphibia4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ,,xl1 #ahf-aij1 i map4 #dhi;b4 ----4 ,the ,coal ,measures ,amphibia and the ,crossopterygia4 ,amer4 ,nat41 ,,xlix1 #fcg-fdd4 #dij4 ,mudge1 ,b4 ,f4 #ahgc4 ,recent discoveries of fossil footprints in ,kansas4 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,,ii1 #g-i4 #dia4 ,mnster1 ,georg1 ,graf ,zu4 #ahcd4 ,vorlufige ,nachricht ueber einige neuen ,reptilien im ,muschelkalk von ,baiern4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ebg4 7,mastodonsaurus47 #dib4 ----4 #ahcf4 ,capitosaurus arenaceus4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ehj4 #dic4 ----4 #ahci4 ,mastodonsaurus adriani4 ,beitrge zur ,petrefactionkunde1 #ajb4 #did4 ,murchison1 ,roderick ,i4 #ahgb4 ,siluria ,a history of the oldest rocks in the ,british ,isles and other countries4 #eth ed41 #cjb1 #cdc4 #die4 ,newberry1 ,j4 ,s4 #ahef4 ,description of several new genera and species of fossil fishes from the ,carboniferous strata of ,ohio4 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ,,viii1 #ih4 #dif4 ----4 #ahfg4 ,on some fossil reptiles and fishes from the coal strata of ,ohio1 ,kentucky1 and ,illinois4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #add-adf4 #dig4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,geology of ,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,iii1 #gcf-gcg4 #dih4 ----4 #ahhi4 ,palozoic fishes of ,north ,america4 ,monograph ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 xvi1 #bbh4 7,discusses ,kammplatten2 ,amphibia of ,linton1 ,ohio1 #baa-bad2 ,fauna of ,mazon ,creek1 #bad4 ,see also ,hodge1 #ahgh1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,,iii1 #eib47 #dii4 ,nicholson and ,lydekker4 #ahhi4 ,manual of paleontology4 ,amphibia1 ,,ii1 #ajah-ajde4 #ejj4 ,oldham1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,d4 #ahge4 ,on a salamandriform ,labyrinthodont from the ,coal ,measures near ,castlecomer1 ,ireland4 ,rept4 ,rugby ,school ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 #gd-gf1 pl4 vii4 #eja4 ----4 #ahic4 ,geology of ,india4 #b;d ed4 ,the ,gondwana ,system1 #adi4 #ejb4 ,owen1 ,sir ,richard4 #ahdj-ahde4 ,batrachians4 ,odontography1 #ahg-bah1 pls4 #fb1 #fc1 #fd4 #ejc4 ----4 #ahdb4 ,on the teeth of the species of the genus ,labyrinthodon of ,jaeger from the ,german ,keuper and the sandstone of ,warwick and ,leamington4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,viii1 #eh2 also1 ,geol4 ,trans4 ,,ii1 ser4 ,,vi1 #ejc4 #ejd4 ----4 #ahdb4 ,description of parts of the skeleton and teeth of the genus ,labyrinthodon4 with remarks on ,cheirotherium4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,vi1 pt4 #b1 #eae-edc1 pls4 xliii-xlvii4 #eje4 ----4 #ahdb4 ,on the teeth of species of the genus ,labyrinthodon4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,vi1 pt4 #b1 #ejc-eac1 pl4 #dc1 fig4 #a4 7,discusses validity of term ,mastodonsaurus4 ,read ,jan4 #aa1 #ahda47 #ejf4 ----4 #ahdg4 ,on the ,batracholites indicative of a small species of frog 7,rana pusilla74 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,iii1 #bbd4 7,see ,clark1 #ajc1 p4 #bba47 #ejg4 ----4 #ahec4 ,notice of a batrachoid fossil in the ,british ,coal ,shale4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,ix1 #fg-gj1 pl4 iii4 #ejh4 ----4 #ahec4 ,notice of a batrachoid fossil ,parabatrachus colei in the ,british ,coal ,shale4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,x1 #bjg4 #eji4 ----4 #ahec4 ,baphetes planiceps a fossil embedded in a mass of coal from ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,x1 #bjg-bjh1 pl4 ix4 #eaj4 ----4 #ahed4 ,description of the cranium of a ,labyrinthodont reptile 7,brachyops7 from the ,triassic of ,central ,india4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,x1 #dgc4 7,abstract47 #eaa4 ----4 #ahee4 ,description of the cranium of a ,lubyrinthodont reptile from ,mangala1 ,central ,india4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xi1 #cg1 pl4 #eab4 ----4 #ahei4 ,on the orders of fossil and recent ,reptilia and their distribution in time4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #aec-aff4 #eac4 ----4 #ahfa4 ,paleontology1 #b;d ed41 ,amphibia1 #aic4 #ead4 ----4 #ahfb4 ,descriptions of specimens of fossil ,reptilia discovered in the ,coal ,measures of the ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xviii1 #bch-bdd1 pls4 #i-aj4 #eae4 ----4 #ahfe4 ,description of some remains of an air-breathing vertebrate 7,anthrakerpeton crassosteum7 from the ,coal ,shale of ,glamorganshire4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,,ii1 #f-h1 pls4 i-ii4 #eaf4 ----4 #ahff4 ,on the anatomy of the ,vertebrata4 ,amphibia1 ,i1 #h4 #eag4 ----4 #ahgf4 ,on ,petrophryne granulata ,ow41 a ,labyrinthodont reptile from the ,trias of ,south ,africa4 ,bull1 de la ,soc4 ,imp4 de ,nat4 de ,moscou4 7,review47 #eah4 ----4 #ahgf4 ,catalogue of the fossil ,reptilia of ,south ,africa in the collection of the ,british ,museum4 ,labyrinthodontia1 #fg-gj1 pl4 xx1 figs4 #ac-bj2 pl4 lxx1 fig4 #c4 #eai4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,on a ,labyrinthodont ,amphibian from the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,xl1 #ccc1 #b pls4 #ebj4 ----4 #ahhd4 ,on ,rhytidosteus capensis ,ow41 a ,labyrinthodont from the ,trias of ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist4 7#e71 ,,xiii1 #dha4 #eba4 ,pabst1 ,wm4 #ahif-aije4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der ,thierfhrten in dem ,rothliegenden ,deutschlands4 ,zeit4 der deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 #ahif1 ,,xlviii1 #fch1 #hjh2 #aijj1 ,,lii1 #dh2 ,,lvii1 #a-ad1 #cfa-cgi1 with pls4 7,some of the tracks described may be amphibian47 #ebb4 ,pander1 ,chr4 ,h4 #aheh4 ,ueber die ,ctenodipterinen des devonischen ,systems4 #ebc4 ,pictet1 ,f4 ,j4 #ahec4 ,trait de palontologie1 #b;d ed41 tome premier4 #ebd4 ,pollard1 ,h4 ,b4 #ahia4 ,on the anatomy and phylogenetic position of ,polypterus4 ,anat4 ,anz41 ,,vi1 #cch2 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 7,morphol4 ,abth471 ,v1 #ahic1 #chg-dbh1 with pls4 #ebe4 ,portis1 ,a4 #ahhe4 ,resti di ,batraci fossili ,italiani3 appunti paleontologi1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cj4 #ebf4 ,pusch1 ,bergrath4 #ahdb4 ,fossile ,batrachier und ,ophidier ,reste aus ,podolien4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #agi-ahj4 #ebg4 ,quenstedt1 ,f4 ,a4 von4 #ahej4 ,die ,mastodonsaurier im gruenen ,keupersandstein ,wrtembergs sind ,batrachier1 #daj1 #a-cd1 #d ,tafeln4 #ebh4 ,qualen1 ,wangenheim von4 #ahde and #aheb4 ,two papers on the skull of ,zygosaurus lucius4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 ,nat4 ,moscou1 ,,xviii1 #chi 7#aheb71 #dgb4 #ebi4 ----4 #ahfa4 ,bemerkungen zum ,archegosaurus4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #bid-cjj1 with pl4 iii4 7,see also ,baur1 #ahhf1 ,amer4 ,nat41 #agc1 and ,zool4 ,anz41 #ahhf1 ,nr4 #baf47 #ecj4 ----4 #ahhe4 ,atlas zum ,handbuch der ,petrifactionskunde4 ,amphibia1 pl4 #ah4 #eca4 ,raymond1 ,percy ,e4 #aijg4 ,on the discovery of reptilian remains in the ,pennsylvanian near ,pittsburgh1 ,pa4 ,science1 n4 s41 ,,xxvi1 #fgf1 #hce4 #ecb4 ,rjabinin1 ,m4 ,a4 #aiaa4 ,dbris de ,stegocephales trouvs aux ,mines de ,kargala ,gouvernement d',orembourg4 ,bull1 du ,comm4 ,geol4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,,xxx1 ,no4 #ahe1 pls4 #a-b4 #ecc4 ----4 #aiab4 ,ueber die ,ueberreste der ,stegocephalen aus den ,kargalinokischen ,bergwerken des ,gouvernments ,orenberg1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #cg pages1 pls4 #a-b4 #ecd4 ,roemer1 ,ferdinand4 #aheg4 ,ueber ,fische und ,pflanzenfhrende ,mergelschiefer des ,rothliegenden bei ,klein-,neundorf und ueber ,acanthodes gracilis4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,ix1 #fa4 #ece4 ,scheuchzer1 ,j4 ,j4 #agbf4 ,part of two human skeletons petrified4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #agbf1 abridged edition1 ,,vii 7#agbd-agcd71 #abi4 7,translated from the ,latin of a letter to ,sir ,hans ,sloan1 a member of the ,royal ,society47 #ecf4 ,schmid1 ,e4 #ahec4 ,die organischen ,reste des ,muschelkalks4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ae4 #ecg4 ,schmidt1 ,m4 #aijg4 ,labyrinthodontenreste aus dem ,hauptkonglomerat von ,altensteig im wrtembergischen ,schwarzwald4 ,stuttgart4 ,mittheil4 d4 ,geol4 ,abth41 d4 ,k4 ,wrtemb4 ,stalest4 ,landesamts1 ,jahrg4 #fc1 ,no4 #b1 #a-aj1 with plate4 #ech4 ,schnfeld1 ,g4 #aiaa4 ,branchiosaurus tener ,schnf4 ,ein neuer ,stegocephal aus dem rothl4 des ,nordwest ,schsens4 ,isis1 #ai-dc1 with plate4 #eci4 ,schrder1 ,henry4 #aiac4 ,ein ,stegocephalen ,schdel von ,helgoland4 ,jahresb4 d4 k4 preuss4 geol4 ,landesanstalt fr #aiab1 #cc1 ,theil ,,ii1 ,heft #b1 ,taf4 #ae-ba4 #edj4 ,schwarz1 ,hugo4 #aijh4 ,ueber die ,morphologic der ,wirbelsule der ,tetrapoden4 ,sitzungsb4 d4 ,gesell4 naturf4 ,freunde zu ,berlin1 #cae-cbi4 #eda4 ----4 #aijh4 ,ueber die ,wirbelsule und die ,rippen holospondyler ,stegocephalen 7,lepospondyli1 ,zittel74 ,beitrge zur ,geol4 u4 ,paleon4 ,oesterreichs-,ungarns u4 des ,orients1 ,bd4 ,,xxi1 ,heft #a-b1 #fc-aje1 #cf figs1 and ,bibliography4 #edb4 ,scott1 ,w4 ,b4 #aijh4 ,an introduction to geology4 #b;d revised edition4 ,amphibia1 #fjh1 #fcf1 #feb1 #fgd1 #fib4 #edc4 ,sedgwick1 ,adam4 #aije4 ,stegocephali in ,student's ,text-book of ,zoology1 ,,ii1 #cac4 #edd4 ,seeley1 ,h4 ,g4 #ahge4 ,on the posterior portion of a lower jaw of ,labyrinthodon 7,l4 lavisi7 from the ,trias of ,lidmouth4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,,xxxii1 #bgh-bhd1 pl4 xix4 #ede4 ----4 #ahgi4 ,amphibians from the ,permian ,rocks of ,bohemia4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,ii1 ,,vi1 #eba-ebh1 #d woodcuts2 #ahhe1 #hj-hg4 7,a review of ,fritsch's work47 #edf4 ----#ahib4 ,further observation on ,pareiasaurus4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,clxxxiii1 #cfg4 #edg4 ,seeley1 ,h4 ,g4 #aijg4 ,a new ,labyrinthodont from the ,karoo ,beds1 ,cape ,colony4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,v1 ,,iv1 ,no4 ,x1 #dcc-dcd4 pl4 #a4 #edh4 ----4 #aijh4 ,a ,labyrinthodont tooth from the upper ,karoo ,beds1 ,south ,africa4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,v1 ,v1 ,no4 vi1 #bda-bdc1 pl4 x4 #edi4 ,smith1 ,john4 ,footprints in red calciferous sandstones in a railway cutting #b-a_/d miles ,n4 of ,west ,kilbride4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 of ,glasgow1 ,,ix1 #bja4 #eej4 ,stejneger1 ,leonhard4 #aijd4 ,amphibia versus ,batrachia4 ,science1 n4s41 ,,xx1 #ibd4 #eea4 ----4 #aijg4 ,herpetology of ,japan and adjacent territory4 ,bull4 ,no4 #eh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #a-egf1 pls4 i-xxxv1 and figs4 #eeb4 ,steinmann-,dderlein4 #ahij4 ,elemente der ,paleontologie4 ,amphibia1 #fja4 #eec4 ,steinmann1 ,gustav4 #aijg4 ,einfhrung in die ,paleontologie4 ,zweite ,auflage4 #b ,klasse3 ,amphibia1 ,lurche1 #dba-dbg1 figs4 #eed4 ,stephens1 ,a4 ,t4 #ahhf4 ,on the ,biloela ,labyrinthodont4 ,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,,ii ser41 ,i1 #aaac4 #eee4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,on some additional ,labyrinthodont fossils from the ,hawksbury sandstone of ,new ,south ,wales4 ,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,i 7#b71 #aage-aaib4 #eef4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,note on a ,labyrinthodont fossil from ,cockatoo ,island 7,mastodonsaurus74 ,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,new ,south ,wales 7#b71 ,i1 #ica-idj4 #eeg4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,second note on ,platyceps wilkinsoni4 ,proc4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,new ,south ,wales1 ,,ii 7#b71 #aef-aeh1 pl4 i4 #eeh4 ,sternberg1 ,c4 ,h4 #aija4 ,the ,permian life of ,texas4 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #id-ih4 #eei4 ,stevenson1 ,j4 ,j4 #aijg4 ,carboniferous of the ,appalachian basin4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 ,,xviii1 #bi-agh4 #efj4 ,storrie1 ,j4 #ahic-d4 ,notes on a tooth of a species of ,mastodonsaurus4 ,trans4 ,cardif4 ,nat4 ,soc41 ,,xxvi1 pt4 ,,ii1 #aje1 pl4 #efa4 ,stock1 ,thomas4 #ahha4 ,on some ,british specimens of the ,kammplatten or ,kammleisten of ,professor ,fritsch4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #eth ser41 ,,viii1 #ij-ie1 pl4 vi4 #efb4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,notice of some discoveries recently made in ,carboniferous vertebrate paleontology4 ,nature1 ,,xxvii1 ,nov4 #b;d1 #bb4 ,describes new species of ,ophiderpeton 7nanum7 and ,pteroplax 7cornuta74 #efc4 ----4 #ahhb4 ,further observations on ,kammplatten and ,note on ,ctenopthychius pectinatus4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist4 7#e71 ,,ix1 #bec-beg1 pl4 viii4 #efd4 ,strickler1 ,ludwig4 #ahii4 ,ueber den microscopischen ,bau der ,fltenzhne von ,eryops megacephalus4 ,paleontographica1 ,,xlvi1 #he-id1 #a fig41 ,tafeln xi-xii4 #efe4 ,thevenin1 ,armand4 #aije4 ,sur le ,dcouverte d',amphibiens dans le ,terrain houiller de ,commentry4 ,comptes ,rendus ,acad4 ,sci41 ,,cxli 7#bf71 #abfh-abfi4 #eff4 ----4 #aijf4 ,amphibiens et ,reptile du ,terrain ,houiller de ,france4 ,annales de ,palontologie1 ,tome ,i1 fas4 in1 #a-ai1 #b pls4 #efg4 ----4 #aiji4 ,les ,stades d',evolution des plus anciens ,quadrupdes trouvs en ,france4 ,comptes rendus des ,acad4 ,sci41 ,,cxlix1 #abbb1 ,dec4 #bj4 #efh4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,les plus anciens ,quadrupdes de ,france4 ,annales de ,palontologie1 ,tome ,v1 #a-fd1 pls4 i-ix2 ,v1 fas4 ,i1 #a-d4j1 pls4 #a-f4 #efi4 ,thompson1 ,james1 and ,professor ,young4 #ahfi4 ,on new forms of ,pteroplax and other ,carboniferous ,labyrinthodonts and other ,megalichthys with notes4 ,rept4 ,brit4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 pt4 ,,ii1 #aja4 #egj4 ,thyng1 ,f4 ,w4 #aijf4 ,the squamosal bone in ,tetrapodous ,vertebrata4 ,tufts ,college ,studies1 ,,ii1 ,no4 #b1 scientific series1 #ce-gd4 #ega4 ,tomes1 ,chas4 ,s4 #ahgh4 ,a manual of dental ,anatomy1 human and comparative4 #eth ed41 #fe4 #egb4 ,tomes1 ,john4 #ahej4 ,on the structure of the dental tissues of the order ,rodentia4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,london1 #ecb4 7,remarks on the structure of the teeth of ,labyrinthodon jaegeri47 #egc4 ,trautschold1 ,h4 #ahhd4 ,die ,reste permischen ,reptilien des ,paleontologischen ,cabinets der ,universitt ,kasan4 ,nouv4 ,mem4 de la ,soc4 ,imp4 ,nat4 ,moscou1 ,,xv1 #e-ci1 ,taf4 #a-h4 #egd4 ,tschudi1 ,johannes ,j4 von4 #ahci4 ,classification der ,batrachier mit ,bercksichtigung der fossilen ,thiere dieser ,abtheilung der ,reptilien4 ,mem4 de la ,soc4 ,scientif4 ,nat4 de ,neuchatel1 #dto1 ,,ii4 ,review3 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral4 ,geol4 ,paleon41 #ahda1 #hce-hdj4 #ege4 ----4 #ahcg4 ,ueber den ,homo diluvii ,testis ,a4 ,scheuchzer4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #ede-edg4 #egf4 ,twelvetrees1 ,w4 ,h4 #ahhj4 ,on a ,labyrinthodont skull 7,platyops ricardi ,twel47 from the upper ,permian cupriferous strata of ,kargalinsk1 near ,orenburg4 ,bull1 de la ,soc4 ,imp4 des ,natl4 de ,moscou1 ,,lv1 ,no4 ,i1 #aag-abb1 with figs4 #egg4 ,udden1 ,j4 ,a4 #aija4 ,geology of ,jefferson ,co41 ,iowa4 ,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xii1 ,ann4 ,rept41 #djf4 #egh4 ,versluys1 ,j4 #aiji4 ,die ,salamander und die ursprnglichsten vierbeinigen ,landwirbelthiere4 ,naturwissenschaftliche ,wochenschrift1 ,neue ,folge1 ,bd4 ,,viii1 ,no4 #c1 #a-bh1 figs4 #a-e4 #egi4 ,vidal1 ,louis ,mariano4 #aijb4 ,sobre la presencia del tramo ,kimeridgense en el ,montseih y hallazgo de un ,batracio en sus hiladas4 ,memorias ,real ,academ4 ,cienc4 y ,artes de ,barcelona1 ,,iv1 ,no4 #ah4 #ehj4 ----4 #aijb4 ,sur le presence de l'etage ,kimeridgien an ,montseih 7,province de ,lerida1 ,espagne7 et dcouverte d'un ,batracien dans ces assises4 ,memorias ,real ,academ4 ,cienc4 y ,artes de ,barcelona1 iv1 ,no4 #ah4 #eha4 ,vogt1 ,carl4 #ahed4 ,archegosaurus und all ,labyrinthodonten sind ,amphibien nicht ,reptilien4 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #fgf-fgg4 #ehb4 ,wagner1 ,a4 #ahfa4 ,neue ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss der vorweltlichen ,fauna des lithograph4--,schiefers4 ,abhandl4 der k4 ,bayer ,akad4 der ,wissen4 ,classe1 ,bd4 ,,ii1 ,abth4 ,,ix1 #c-fj and #dae-ebh4 #ehc4 ,waldheim1 ,fischer von4 #ahdj4 ,nachtrag zu ,herrn ,major von ,qualen's geognostischen ,beitrgen zur ,kenntniss des westlicher ,urals4 ,bull1 de la ,soc4 imp4 des ,natl4 de ,moscou1 #dhh4 #ehd4 ----4 #ahdg4 ,notice sur quelques ,sauriens de l',oolithe du ,government de ,simborsk4 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,nat4 de ,moscou1 xx1 pt4 i1 #cfd1 pl4 v4 #ehe4 ,walterstorff1 ,w4 #ahhg4 ,ueber fossile ,froesche insbesondere das ,gattung ,palobatrachus4 ,theil ,i1 ,theil ,,ii1 #hvo4 ,jahresbericht d4 naturw4 ,vereins zu ,magdeburg1 #a-ha4 #ehf4 ----4 #aija4 ,ueber ein ,exemplar von ,rana meriani von ,meyer in ,senkenbergischen ,museum zu ,frankfurt4 ,bericht ,senkenb4 naturf4 ,gesell41 #ci-ea1 pl4 #ehg4 ,ward1 ,j4 #ahij4 ,on the geological features of the ,north ,staffordshire ,coal-,field4 ,trans4 ,north ,staffordshire ,inst4 of ,mining and ,mechanical ,engineers1 ,x1 pl4 ix4 #ehh4 ----4 #aijj4 ,on the occurrence of ,labyrinthodont remains in the ,keuper sandstone of ,stanton4 ,trans4 ,north ,staffordshire ,field ,club1 ,,xxxiv1 #ajh-aab1 pls4 iv-v4 #ehi4 ----4 ,paleontology of the ,patty ,coal ,field4 ,mem4 ,geol ,surv4 ,united ,kingdom1 pt4 ,,iii1 #bhe-ceg4 #eij4 ,watson1 ,d4 ,m4 ,s4 #aiad4 ,the ,cheirotherium4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,,vi1 ,i1 ,no4 #fjc1 #cie-cih4 #eia4 ----4 #aiab4 ,the larger ,coal ,measure ,amphibia4 ,mem4 and ,proc4 ,manchester ,lit4 and ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,lvii1 pt4 ,i1 ,no4 ,i1 #a-d1 #a pt4 #eib4 ----4 #aiac4 ,batrachiderpeton lineatum1 ,hancock and ,atthey1 a ,coal-,measure ,stegocephalian4 ,proc4 ,lond4 ,zool4 ,soc41 pt4 ,,iv1 #idi-ifb1 with #b plates and figures in text4 #eic4 ----4 #aiac4 ,the early evolution of the ,amphibia4 ,rept4 #hc;d ,meeting ,british ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ecb4 #eid4 ----4 #aiab4 ,on some ,reptilian lower jaws4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #hth series1 vol4 #aj1 ,july-,dec41 #egc-ehg4 with figures4 #eie4 ----4 #aiac4 ,micropholis ,stowi ,huxley1 a temnospondylous amphibian from ,south ,africa4 ,geol4 ,mag41 #eth ,dec41 #aj1 #cdj-cdf1 with figures4 #eif4 ,weiss1 ,ch4 ,ernst4 #ahga4 ,paleontologisch geognostische ,untersuchungen aus dem ,gebirge auf der ,sdseite der rheinischen ,devons4 ,bonn4 ,sitzungsb4 ,niederrhein ,gesell41 #cc-ce4 7,archegosaurus extremity47 #eig4 ----4 #ahgg4 ,ueber ,protriton petrolei von ,friedrichroda in ,thringen4 ,zeit4 d4 deutsch4 geol4 ,gesell41 ,,xxix1 #bjb4 #eih4 ,wheatley1 ,chas4 ,m4 #ahga4 ,the bone cave of eastern ,pennsylvania4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sc4 7#c71 ,i1 #chd-che4 #eii4 ,white1 ,david4 #aijf4 ,geological position of the principal insect-bearing localities of the ,american ,paleozoic1 in ,handlirsch's ,revision of ,american ,paleozoic ,insects4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 ,,xxix1 ,no4 #adda1 #ffd-ffg4 #fjj4 ----4 #aijg4 ,report of the field work in the coal districts of the state4 ,bull4 ,no4 #d1 ,illinois ,state ,geol4 ,surv41 #bja4 7,gives correlation of the ,mazon ,creek ,beds47 #fja4 ,wiedersheim1 ,robert4 #ahgf4 ,die ltesten ,formen des ,carpus und ,tarsus der heutigen ,amphibien4 ,morphol4 ,jahrb41 ,bd4 #b1 #dba-dbc1 ,taf4 ,,xxix1 fig4 #b4 #fjb4 ----4 #ahgh4 ,ueber ,labyrinthodon ruetemeyeri--,anatomie der ,gehirn4 ,abhandl4 d4 schweizer paleontol4 ,gesell41 ,v1 #a-ef1 mit #c tafeln4 #fjc4 ----4 #ahgi4 ,die ,anatomie der ,gymnophionen1 pp4 #a-aja1 ,tafeln i-ix4 7,refers to extinct ,amphibia in connection with phylogeny47 #fjd4 ----4 #ahhf4 ,lehrbuch der vergleichenden ,anatomie der ,wirbelthiere4 #b ,auflage4 #fje4 ---- and ,w4 ,n4 ,parker4 #ahig4 ,elements of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates4 ,translated by ,w4 ,n4 ,parker4 ,labyrinthodontia1 #bdb1 fig4 #aicj4 #fjf4 ,wilder1 ,h4 ,h4 #aiji4 ,history of the human body4 ,amphibia1 #eda-edb4 #fjg4 ,williston1 ,s4 ,w4 #ahig4 ,some vertebrates from the ,kansas ,permian4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,quart41 ser4 ,a1 ,,vi1 ,no4 ,i1 #ec1 fig4 ,cricotus4 #fjh4 ----4 #ahig4 ,a new ,labyrinthodont from the ,kansas ,carboniferous4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,quart41 ,,vi1 ,no4 #d1 ser4 ,a1 #cji1 fig4 and pl4 7,refers tooth and skull fragments to ,mastodonsaurus47 #fji4 ----4 #ahii4 ,the ,red-,beds of ,kansas4 ,science 7#b71 ,,ix1 #bba4 #faj4 ----4 #ahii4 ,notes on the coraco-scapula of ,eryops ,cope4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,quart41 ,,viii1 ,no4 #d1 #ahe-ahf1 pls4 xxvii-xxx4 7,see ,moodie 7#dgf747 #faa4 ----4 #aijj4 ,some fish teeth from the ,kansas ,cretaceous4 ,kans4 ,univ4 ,quart41 ser4 ,a1 ,,ix1 ,no4 #a1 ,jan41 pl4 vi1 figs4 #ac1 #acc4 #fab4 ----4#aijd4 ,the temporal arches of the ,reptilia4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,,vii1 ,no4 #d1 #age-aib4 #fac4 ----4 #aijh4 ,the faunal relations of the early vertebrates4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #e1 #chi-djb4 ,also1 ,outlines of geologic history1 ,willis and ,salisbury1 #aiaj1 #afc-age4 #fad4 ----4 #aijh4 ,lysorophus1 a ,permian ,urodele4 ,biol4 ,bull41 ,,xv1 ,no4 #e1 #bbi-bdj4 ,review in ,rev4 crit4 de ,paleozoologie #acth ,annee1 ,no4 #b1 #hb4 #fae4 ----4 #aiji4 ,the skull and extremities of ,diplocaulus4 ,trans4 ,kans4 ,acad4 ,science1 ,,xxii1 #abb-ac #a1 pls4 #a-e4 #faf4 ----4 #aiji4 ,new or little-known ,permian vertebrates1 ,trematops1 new genus4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #g1 ,nov41 #fcf-feh1 #g figs4 #fag4 ----4 #aiji4 ,principal characters of the ,chelydosauria1 a suborder of temnospondylous ,amphibians from the ,texas ,permian4 ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s4 ,soc4 ,vert4 ,paleon4 #fah4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,dissorophus4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,viii1 ,no4 #f1 #ebf-ece1 pls4 i-iii4 #fai4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,cacops1 ,desmospondylus1 new genera of ,permian ,vertebrates4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 ,,xxi1 #bdi-bhd1 pls4 #f-ag4 #fbj4 ----4 #aiaj4 ,new ,permian ,reptiles3 ,rachitomous vertebr4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #g1 #ehe-fjj1 with figs4 #fba4 ----4 #aiaa4 ,american ,permian vertebrates4 ,amphibia1 #i-ad1 pls4 xxxii1 xxxviii4 #fbb4 ----4 #aiac4 ,the primitive structure of the mandible in amphibians and reptiles4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xxi1 #fbe-fbg1 #aa fig4 #fbc4 ----4 #aiad4 ,the osteology of some ,american ,permian vertebrates4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #d1daf1 figs4 #fbd4 ----4 #aiad4 ,water reptiles of the past and present4 ,amphibia1 #ce1 #dg1 and figures4 #fbd;a4 ----4 #aiad4 ,broiliellus1 a new genus of amphibians from the ,permian of ,texas4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #a1 #di-ef1 figs4 #a-b4 #fbd;b4 ----4 #aiad4 ,restorations of some ,american ,permocarboniferous amphibians and reptiles4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xxii1 ,no4 #a1 #eg-gj1 figs4 #a-aa4 #fbd;c4 ----4 #aiae4 ,trimerorhachis1 a ,permian temnospondyl amphibian4 ,jour4 ,geol41 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #c1 #bdf-bee1 figs4 #a-f4 #fbd;d4 ----4 #aiaf4 ,synopsis of the ,amer4 ,permocarboniferous ,tetrapoda4 ,contrib4 from ,walker ,museum1 vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #i1 pp4 #bjj-baa1 figs4 #ch-ec4 #fbe4 ,wiman1 ,carl4 #aijh4 ,ein ,paar ,labyrinthodontenreste aus der ,trias ,spitzbergens4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,inst4 ,univ4 of ,upsala1 ,,ix1 #cd-dj1 ,tafeln ,,ii1 ,nos4 #ag1 #ah4 #fbf4 ----4 #aiac4 ,ueber das ,hinterhaupt der ,labyrinthodonten4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,inst4 of ,upsala1 ,,xii1 #a-g1 figs4 #a-h4 #fbg4 ,wiman1 ,carl4 #aiad4 ,ueber die ,stegocephalen aus der ,trias ,spitzbergens4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,inst4 of ,upsala1 ,,xiii1 #a-cj1 pls4 i-ix1 figs4 #a-aj1 bibliography4 #fbh4 ,woodward1 ,a4 ,smith4 #ahia4 ,catalogue of the fossil fishes in the ,british ,museum1 pt4 ,,ii1 #dgd4 7,note on the synonymy of ,pygopterus1 ,colosteus1 and ,archegosaurus47 #fbi4 ----4 #ahia4 ,on a ,microsaurian 7,hylonomus wildii7 from the ,lancashire ,coal ,field4 ,geol4 ,mag41 n4 s41 ,dec4 ,,iii1 ,,viii1 #baa-bac1 with figs4 #fcj4 ----4 #ahig4 ,on a new specimen of the ,stegocephalian ,ceraterpeton galvani ,huxley4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 ,,iv1 ,,iv1 ,no4 #cig1 #bic1 with plate4 #fca4 ----4 #aijd4 ,on two new ,labyrinthodont skulls of the genera ,capitosaurus and ,aphaneramma 7from the ,trias of ,spitzbergen74 ,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc4 ,london1 #agj-agf1 with #b pls4 #fcb4 ----4 #aijf4 ,the relations of paleontology to biology4 ,ann4 and ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,,xviii1 ,no4 #ajf1 #cab-cah4 #fcc4 ----4 #aije4 ,fishes and ,labyrinthodonts4 ,paleontologica ,indica1 n4 s41 ,,ii1 ,memoir ,no4 #b1 #aj1 #b pls4 #fcd4 ----4 #aiji4 ,on a new ,labyrinthodont from ,oil ,shale1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4 ,rec4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,n4 ,s4 ,w41 ,,viii1 pt4 ,,iv1 #cag-cai4 ,pl4 #ea4 #fce4 ,woodward1 ,h4 ,b4 #ahhg4 ,the geology of ,england and ,wales4 ,the ,northumberland ,coal ,field1 #ahj4 #fcf4 ,woodworth1 ,j4 ,b4 #aijj4 ,vertebrate footprints on ,carboniferous shales of ,plainville1 ,mass4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 ,,xi1 #ddi-ded1 pl4 #dj1 fig4 #a4 #fcg4 ,wyman1 ,jeffries4 #ahdc4 ,analogies which exist between the structure of the teeth of the ,lepidostei 7,gars and ,gar-pikes7 and those of the ,labyrinthodonts 7extinct ,amphibia74 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,i1 #aca-acb2 also ,silliman's ,journal1 #hdc4 #fch4 ----4 #ahec4 ,notes on the ,reptilian remains 7,dendrerpeton74 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 ,,ix1 #fd-ff4 #fci4 ----4 #ahef4 ,on a batrachian reptile from the ,coal ,formation4 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,assn4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ajth ,meeting at ,albany1 #agb-agc4 ,reviews3 ,edinb4 n4 ,philos4 ,jour4 #aheg1 ,v1 #cfj-cfa2 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,i4 #heg1 #cdj4 #fdj4 ----4 #aheh4 ,on some remains of batrachian reptiles discovered in the ,coal ,formation of ,ohio4 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,science1 ,,xxv 7#b71 ,mar41 #aeh-afd1 fig4 ,review3 ,zeit4 f4 gesammt ,naturwissensch41 ,,xiii1 #ga2 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 #aheh1 #cdj4 #fda4 ,yakowlew1 ,n4 #aijb4 ,neue ,funde von ,trias--,saurier auf ,spitzbergen4 ,verhandl4 ,russ4 k4 ,min4 ,gesell41 ,,xl1 #ahj2 ,nachtrag1 ,,xli1 #afe4 #fdb4 ,zittel1 ,karl ,von4 #ahhg-ahij4 ,handbuch der ,paleontologie1 ,i ,abth41 ,bd4 in1 #ccg-dcg1 ,amphibia4 ,mnchen u4 ,leipsic1 ,r4 ,oldenbourg1 also ,eastman's translation of above1 #b1 #aad-aci1 figs4 #fdc4 ----4 #ahhh4 ,ueber ,labyrinthodon ruetimeyeri 7,wiedersheim74 ,neues ,jahrb4 f4 ,mineral41 ,geol4 u4 ,paleon41 ,bd4 ,,ii1 #ag4 7,regards the form as a reptile47 #fdd4 ----4 #ahii4 ,amphibien4 ,geschichte der ,geologie und ,paleontologie4 ,muenchen u4 ,leipzig1 #ahii1 #hbg4 #fde4 ,zwick1 ,w4 #ahig4 ,beitrge zur ,kenntniss des ,baues und der ,entwickelung der ,amphibiengliedmassen1 besonders des ,carpus und ,tarsus4 ,zeitschr4 wissen4 ,zool41 ,bd4 #fc1 #fb-add1 ,taf4 #d-e4 ,,an ,,index ,,to ,,the ,,bibliography ,,of ,,fossil ,,amphibia4 ,the following will be of assistance to those wishing aid in finding the literature on special phases1 whether anatomical or geological1 of the fossil ,amphibia4 ,the author's name and the number of his paper in the preceding bibliography are given in groups of classified subjects1 beginning with distribution and ending with anatomy4 ,the various anatomical notes of interest are especially widely scattered in papers which often deal with a variety of other subjects4 ,i4 ,geological and ,geographical ,distribution4 ,devonian3 ,north ,america3 ,marsh1 #djg4 ,europe3 ,lohest1 #cha2 ,weiss1 #eif2 ,thevenin1 #eff4 ,mississippian3 ,north ,america3 ,branson1 #ej2 ,barrell1 #ba2 ,lea1 #cga-cgb4 ,scotland3 ,huxley1 #cca-ccd2 ,atthey1 n2 ,hancock and ,atthey1 #cje4 ,coal ,measures 7,pennsylvanian73 ,north ,america3 ,agassiz1 #b2 ,butts1 #hb1 #hc2 ,case1 #hf1 #id2 ,cope1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #abb1 #abc1 #abf1 #abg1 #aca1 #ade1 #aeb1 #afg1 #agf2 ,dawson1 #bjj-bbe2 ,eastman1 #bcj2 ,hay1 #caf2 ,jaekel1 #cdg2 ,king1 #cef1 #ceg2 ,marsh1 #djd1 #djf2 ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew1 #djh-dac2 ,moodie1 #deh-dfe4 #dfi-dge1 #dgh1 #dgi1 #dhb-dhf2 ,mudge1 #dij2 ,newberry1 #die-dih2 ,raymond1 #eca2 ,schwarz1 #edj1 #eda2 ,williston1 #fjh2 ,wyman1 #fci1 #fdj4 ,europe3 ,andrews1 #h2 ,atthey1 n2 ,bailey1 #ab-ac2 ,barkas1 #ae-bj2 ,bolton1 #db-dc2 ,credner1 #agi-aid 7see also under ,permian72 ,davis1 #aii2 ,dunlop1 #bbi2 ,embleton and ,atthey1 #bce2 ,etheridge1 #bda2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,gaudry1 #bfc-bfh1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhb2 ,gergens1 #bia2 ,goldfuss1 #big2 ,hancock and ,atthey1 #cjd-caj2 ,lydekker1 #cid2 von ,meyer1 #dbb1 #dbf1 #dcf2 ,oldham1 #ejj2 ,owen1 #ejg-eji1 #ead1 #eae2 ,schwarz1 #edj2 ,thevenin1 #efe-efh2 ,weiss1 #eig2 ,woodward1 #fbi1 #fcj2 ,woodworth1 #fcf4 ,australia3 ,stephens1 #eeg2 ,woodward1 #fcd4 ,permian3 ,north ,america3 ,broili1 #ee1 #ef1 #eh1 #fc1 #fe2 ,case1 #hf-ic1 #ie-ajj2 ,cope1 #abi1 #acb-acc1 #acg1 #ach1 #adj-add1 #aef1 #afi1 #agj-age2 ,emmons1 #bcg2 ,gregory1 #bii2 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew1 #dad1 #dae2 ,moodie1 #deg1 #deh1 #dgf1 #dgg2 ,sternberg1 #eeh2 ,strickler1 #efd2 ,williston1 #fjg1 #fji1 #faj1 #fad1 #fae1 #faf1 #fag-fbd4 ,europe3 ,ammon1 #g2 ,branco1 #dh2 ,broili1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #ff2 ,credner1 #agi-aie2 ,deichmueller1 #bbd1 #bbe2 ,eichwald1 #bcc2 ,emery1 #bcf2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,gaudry1 #beh-bfa1 #bfi-bhb2 ,geinitz1 #bhg2 ,geinitz und ,deichmueller1 #bhi1 #bij2 ,goldfuss1 #bie1 #bif2 von ,huene1 #cbd-cbg2 ,huxley1 #cbh2 ,jaekel1 #cdd1 #cde2 ,le ,roy1 #cge2 ,lloyd1 #cgi2 ,lortet1 #chb2 von ,meyer1 #dbh1 #dcf1 #ddb2 ,roemer1 #ecd2 ,trautschold1 #egc2 ,twelvetrees1 #egf4 ,africa3 ,broom1 #fh-ga-gc1 #gd4 ,asia3 ,lydekker1 #chd1 #chf2 ,huxley1 #ccc2 ,woodward1 #fcc4 ,triassic3 ,north ,america3 ,branson1 #di2 ,cope1 #ajf1 in1 #aba1 #aeg2 ,emmons1 #bcg2 ,leidy1 #cgc2 ,lucas1 #chc4 ,europe3 ,alberti1 #d2 ,burmeister1 #hj1 #ha2 ,fraas1 #bdb-bde1 #bdg;a2 von ,huene1 #cbc2 ,huxley1 #cbi2 ,jaeger1 #cch-cda2 ,metcalfe1 #dag2 von ,meyer1 #dba1 #dbe1 #dci2 ,miall1 #dec2 ,owen1 #eje2 ,quenstedt1 #ebg2 ,seeley1 #edd2 ,storrie1 #efj2 ,ward1 #ehh2 ,wiedersheim1 #fjb2 ,woodward1 #fca4 ,spitzbergen3 ,wiman1 #fbe-fbg2 ,woodward1 #fca2 ,yakowlew1 #fda2 ,seeley1 #edg4 ,africa3 ,broom1 #fi2 ,huxley1 #ccj2 ,owen1 #eag1 #eai-ebj4 ,asia3 ,lydekker1 #chd-cia2 ,owen1 #eaj1 #eaa4 ,australia3 ,huxley1 #ccj2 ,stephens1 #eed1 #eee4 ,jurassic3 ,europe3 ,dollo1 #bbf4 ,comanchean3 ,north ,america3 ,marsh1 #dje2 ,moodie1 #dhj1 #dha4 ,europe3 ,vidal1 #egi1 #ehj4 ,cretaceous3 ,north ,america3 ,cope1 #abh2 ,hatcher1 #cad2 ,lambe1 #cfe1 #cff2 ,williston1 #faa4 ,tertiary3 ,europe3 ,beyrich1 #cf2 ,bieber1 #cg2 ,cuvier1 #aig2 ,fraas1 #bdf1 #bdg2 ,gnther1 #cja2 ,laube1 #cfg-cgj2 von ,meyer1 #dbd1 #dcj1 #ddd1 #ddf1 #ddg2 ,portis1 #ebe2 ,scheuchzer1 #ece2 ,tschudi1 #egd-ege2 ,walterstorff1 #ehe-ehf4 ,pleistocene3 ,north ,america3 ,brown1 #gf2 ,wheatley1 #eih4 ,south ,america3 ,lydekker1 #cic4 ,asia3 ,clark1 #ajc2 ,lydekker1 #cic2 ,owen1 #ejf4 ,europe3 ,lydekker1 #cic4 ,,ii4 ,phylogeny of ,amphibia4 ,arldt1 #aj2 ,baur1 #bb-be1 #ca2 ,boulenger1 #dd2 ,branson1 #di2 ,budgett1 #gi2 ,cope1 #aec1 #aff1 #agc2 ,davison1 #aih2 ,dollo1 #bbh2 ,gadow1 #bef2 ,gaudry1 #bhj1 #bhb2 ,gregory1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjj;a2 ,haeckel1 #cab2 ,huxley1 #ccg2 ,kingsley1 #ceh2 ,moodie1 #dhi;b2 ,owen1 #eab2 ,pollard1 #ebd2 ,quenstedt1 #ebg2 ,thevenin1 #efg-efh2 ,versluys1 #egh2 ,vogt1 #eha2 ,wiedersheim1 #fja4 ,,iii4 ,ontogeny of ,amphibia4 ,ammon1 #g2 ,credner1 #ahg2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,hay1 #cae2 von ,meyer1 #dbb2 ,thevenin1 #eff4 ,,iv4 ,structure and ,morphology of ,amphibia4 ,lateral-line ,system of ,sensory ,organs3 ,andrews1 #h2 ,baur1 #ca2 ,branson1 #di2 ,fraas1 #bdb1 #bdgj2 ,huxley1 #ccc2 ,malbranc1 #dja2 ,miall1 #dej2 von ,meyer1 #dcf2 ,moodie1 #deh1 #dfe1 #dgh1 #dhh2 ,thevenin1 #efh4 ,pineal ,eye3 ,cope1 #afj2 ,credner1 #ahg2 ,jaekel1 #cdf4 ,morphology of the ,skull3 ,albrecht1 #e2 ,baur1 #bd1 #bg1 #bi1 #ca2 ,boulenger1 #dd2 ,branson1 #di2 ,broili1 #ee1 #ef1 #ff2 ,case1 #he1 #ic1 #ih2 ,cope1 #acf1 #agg2 ,credner1 #ahg-aia2 ,fraas1 #bdb1 #bdg;a2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,fuchs1 #bee2 ,gaupp1 #bhc2 ,goodrich1 #bih2 ,jaekel1 #cdg2 ,maggi1 #cig1 #cih2 von ,meyer1 #dbh1 #dcf1 #dci2 ,moodie1 #deh1 #dgh2 ,owen1 #eaa2 ,seeley1 #edf2 ,thevenin1 #efh2 ,thyng1 #egj2 ,williston1 #fab1 #fad1 #fae1 #faf1 #fai2 ,wiman1 #fbf2 ,woodward1 #fca4 ,brain3 ,wiedersheim1 #fjb2 ,moodie1 #dhg4 ,ear3 ,cope1 #aei2 ,broom1 #ge4 ,eye3 ,cope1 #aje1 #ajg2 ,moodie1 #dgh4 ,teeth3 ,broili1 #eh2 ,credner1 #aid2 ,fraas1 #bdb2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,jaekel1 #cdb2 ,owen1 #ejb1 #ejc1 #ejd1 #eje2 ,seeley1 #edh2 ,strickler1 #efd2 ,tomes1 #ega-egb2 ,williston1 #fjh2 ,wyman1 #fcg4 ,gills3 ,budgett1 #gi2 ,credner1 #ahg2 ,cope1 #abc2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,gaudry1 #bfh2 ,thevenin1 #eff-efh2 von ,meyer1 #dcf4 ,vertebr and ,ribs3 ,baur1 #be1 #bf2 ,broili1 #fa2 ,case1 #ih2 ,cope1 #acc1 #acf1 #adb1 #adh1 #aec2 ,credner1 #agi-aic2 ,fraas1 #bdb2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,gadow1 #bef2 ,gegenbaur1 #bhd2 ,jaekel1 #cdd1 #cdh2 ,lillie1 #cgh2 ,marsh1 #djd2 von ,meyer1 #dcf2 ,mivart1 #def2 ,moodie1 #dfh2 ,schwarz1 #edj1 #eda2 ,thevenin1 #efe-efh2 ,williston1 #fbj4 ,pectoral and ,pelvic ,arches3 ,broili1 #fb2 ,broom1 #gb2 ,cope1 #afa2 ,credner1 #ahj-ahe2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,gregory1 #bii1 #cjj;a2 ,gegenbaur1 #bhe2 ,jaekel1 #cdg2 ,moodie1 #dgh2 ,williston1 #faj1 #faf4 ,limbs1 ,carpus1 and ,tarsus3 ,baur1 #bb1 #bc1 #bh2 ,cope1 #afa2 ,credner1 #ahj-ahe2 ,emery1 #bcf2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,gregory1 #bii-cjjc2 ,jaekel1 #cdg2 ,wiedersheim1 #fja2 ,zwick1 #fde4 ,clasping ,organs3 ,barkas1 #af2 ,blanchard1 #ci2 ,braun1 #eb2 ,hilton1 #cai2 ,moodie1 #dfa2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,stock1 #efa2 ,newberry1 #dih4 ,muscles3 ,moodie1 #dfd4 ,alimentary ,canal3 ,moodie1 #dga1 #dgd1 #dgh4 ,integument1 ,scales1 and ,structure of ,bone3 ,jaekel1 #cdc2 ,moodie1 #dfd1 #dfe1 #dgh2 ,broili1 #fb2 ,dawson1 #bjh4 ,footprints3 ,barrell1 #ba2 ,branson1 #ej2 ,brodie1 #ed2 ,bulls1 #hb-hc2 ,dawson1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ,fritsch1 #bea2 ,geinitz1 #bhh2 ,hickling1 #cah2 ,king1 #cef-ceg2 ,lea1 #cga1 #cgb2 ,leidy1 #cgd2 ,marsh1 #djf2 ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew1 #djh-dac2 ,owen1 #ejd2 ,moodie1 #dfe2 ,pabst1 #eba2 ,smith1 #edi2 ,woodworth1 #fcf4 ,,index4 ,,page4 ,aistopoda #e1 #gg ,alimentary ,canal #be1 #eh ,amblyodon #agh ,a4 problematicum #agi ,american ,museum #a1 #h ,ames ,limestone #ab ,amphibamus #abg ,a4 grandiceps #b1 #g1 #ae1 #abh ,a4 thoracatus #acb ,amphibamid #abg ,amphibia #c ,classification #df ,definition #di ,discovery in ,carboniferous #f ,geographic and ,geologic ,distribution #i ,history of ,classification #ci ,anaschisma1 ,lateral ,line ,system of #ce ,anisodexis #afd ,anthracosaurid #ahg ,apoda #cc ,archegosaurus #a1 #g1 #ce ,arm #bi ,atlas #bg ,axis #bg ,baphetes #ahh ,b4 minor #ahi ,b4 planiceps #f1 #ahh ,baur1 ,george #ci ,brachydectes newberryi #agg ,branchiosauria #d1 #ej ,branchiosaurid #ea ,branchiosaurus #ec ,branson1 ,e4 ,b4 #ch1 #aib ,brown1 ,n4 ,h4 #ab ,budgett1 ,j4 ,s4 #gh ,cannelton ,slates #aj1 #ae ,carr1 ,j4 ,c4 #ac1 #ad1 #bb ,case1 ,e4 ,c4 #i1 #ahb ,caudata #fg ,cephalerpeton ventriarmatum #acc ,cercariomorphus parvisquamis #aci ,clepsydrops ,shales #i ,cocytinid #fg ,cocytinus gyrinoides #fh ,cope1 ,e4 ,d4 #a1 #g1 #i1 #cd1 #db1 #dc1 #aca1 #bjg ,credner1 ,hermann #a1 #bd1 #eb ,cricotid #ahj ,ctenerpeton alveolatum #afh ,dawson1 ,sir ,j4 ,w4 #g1 #h1 #ai1 #bj1 #cb1 #ff1 #aid1 #aig ,dean1 ,bashford #a1 #cb1 #ahg ,dendrerpeton #ai1 #aid ,d4 acadianum #aid ,d4 oweni #aif ,dermal ,appendages #aig ,devonian #aj1 #cg ,diceratosaurus #h1 #aaf ,d4 lvis #aba ,d4 punctolineatus #aag ,d4 robustus #abc ,diplocaulia #cd ,dromopus #cg1 #bja ,d4 aduncus #cg ,d4 agilis #bja ,eobaphetes #aia ,e4 kansensis #aib ,eosauravus #a1 #hg1 #agf ,eosaurus acadianus #g1 #ahi ,eoserpeton tenuicorne #abd ,erierpeton branchialis #fi ,erpetobrachium mazonensis #aeb ,erpetosaurus #ig ,e4 acutirostris #ajh ,e4 minutus #aje ,e4 obtusus #ii ,e4 radiatus #ih ,e4 sculptilis #ajf ,e4 tabulatus #aja ,e4 tuberculatus #aaj ,eryopid #ahb ,eryops #bc1 #cd1 #ahb ,euamphibia #df1 #di ,eumicrerpeton parvum #eg ,eurythorax sublvis #agb ,eye #be1 #aca ,footprints #ae1 #bja ,fritsch1 ,anaton #e1 #ed1 #gg1 #gh ,fritschia curtidentata #he ,gergens1 ,dr4 #f ,gurley1 ,w4 ,f4 ,e4 #i1 #ab ,hay1 ,o4 ,p4 #h1 #abi ,hussakof1 ,louis #a1 #af1 #agb ,huxley1 ,thomas ,h4 #c1 #acg ,hylerpeton #hc ,h4 dawsonii #hc ,h4 intermedium #hd ,h4 longidentatum #hd ,hylonomid #gi ,hylonomus #gi ,h4 latidens #ha ,h4 lyelli #hj ,h4 multidens #ha ,h4 wymani #ha ,hylopus logani #f ,hyoid #be ,hyphasma lvis #g ,ichthycanthid #agc ,ichthycanthus #agc ,i4 ohiensis #agc ,i4 platypus #agd ,ichthyerpeton squamosum #acg ,jaekel1 ,otto #h1 #aah ,joggins1 ,the ,south 7,nova ,scotia7 #ai ,kammplatten #e ,kittanning ,coal #ae1 #af ,lacoe1 ,r4 ,d4 7,collection of7 #a ,lateral ,line ,system #cb ,leg #c1 #ie ,lepospondylia #gf ,leptophractus #afi ,l4 dentatus #aga ,l4 lineolatus #aga ,l4 obsoletus #afi ,linton1 ,ohio1 ,coal ,measures #af ,amphibia of #ah ,logan1 ,william #f ,louisville1 ,kansas #aj ,lydekker1 ,richard #dd1 #gg ,lyell1 ,charles #ai1 #bj ,macrerpetid #ahc ,macrerpeton #ahd ,m4 deani #ahf ,m4 huxleyi #ahd ,mandible #be1 #ajc ,marsh1 ,o4 ,c4 #aj1 #cg1 #ahi1 #bjb ,mastodonsaurid #bj ,mastodonsaurus sp4 indet #bjj ,matthew1 ,g4 ,f4 #h1 #bb ,mauch ,chunk #cg ,mazon ,creek ,shales #g1 #ab ,amphibia of #ac ,mazonerpeton #fa ,m4 costatum #fc ,m4 longicaudatum #fa ,meyer1 ,hermann von #f ,micrerpeton #ea ,m4 caudatum #eb ,microsauria #d1 #cd #gf ,relation to ,reptilia #gg ,mississippian ,amphibia #cg ,molgophid #adi ,molgophis #adi ,m4 brevicostatus #aej ,m4 macrurus #adi ,m4 wheatleyi #aea ,morphology of ,coal ,measures ,amphibia #bc ,muscle #cb ,myocommata #cj ,necturus #cc1 #ef ,newberry1 ,j4 ,s4 7,collections of7 #a1 #h1 #ag1 #ah ,nyraniid #acg ,occiput #be ,odonterpeton triangularis #aaa stocephalus #ade ,o4 rectidens #adg ,o4 remex #ade ,operculum #agb ,osage ,city1 ,kansas #aj ,palate #bd1 #ajd ,parabatrachus #g ,pectoral ,girdle #bi1 #ajg ,pelion #g1 #gb ,p4 lyelli #gc ,peliontid #gb ,pelvic ,girdle #bi ,phlegethontia #aee ,p4 linearis #aef ,p4 serpens #aef ,phoenix ,tunnel1 ,pennsylvania #aj ,pholidogaster #c ,pitcairn1 ,pennsylvania #ab ,platystegos loricatum #aii ,pleuroptyx clavatus #ab1 #ai1 #aec ,proteida #fg ,proterpeton gurleyi #ab1 #agh ,ptyoniid #ada ,ptyonius #ada ,p4 marshii #adc ,p4 nummifer #add ,p4 pectinatus #ada ,p4 serrula #add ,p4 vinchellianus #adc ,raniceps #g ,ribs #bg ,salientia #gb ,saurerpeton latithorax #afe ,sauropleura #aeg ,s4 digitata #aei ,s4 7,anisodexis7 enchodus #afd ,s4 foveata #afc ,s4 longidentata #afb ,s4 newberryi #afj ,s4 pauciradiata #afj ,s4 scutellata #aeh ,sauropleurid #cj1 #aeg ,scales #ca1 #aig ,schwarz1 ,hugo #h1 #bh ,sclerotic plates #bd ,scutes #afb ,skin #afd1 #aig ,skull #bc ,smilerpeton aciedentatum #hb ,south ,joggins1 ,nova ,scotia #g1 #ai ,sparodus sp4 #ff ,spondylerpeton spinatum #aha ,stegopid #aac ,stegops #aac ,s4 divaricata #aad ,stereospondylia #e1 #cd1 #bjj ,sternum #cj ,tarsus #agf ,teeth #be ,temnospondylia #e1 #cd1 #ahj ,thinopus antiquus #aj1 #cg ,thyrsidium fasciculare #adg ,traquair1 ,r4 ,h4 #e ,triton walthi #ej ,tuditanid #hf ,tuditanus #hf ,t4 brevirostris #hi ,t4 longipes #ij ,t4 minimus #ib ,t4 punctulatus #hg ,t4 walcotti #id ,twin ,mounds1 ,kansas #bb ,udden1 ,j4 ,a4 #aa ,urocordylid #aaf ,ventral ,scutell #cj ,vertebr #bg1 #aha ,vertebral ,column #bg ,wiedersheim1 ,robert #cj ,williston1 ,s4 ,w4 #b1 #aj1 #bjj ,wyman1 ,jeffries #g ,zamenis flagellum #e 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,images were moved to prevent splitting paragraphs4 ,hyphenation was standardized to the most prevalent form4 ,the table on page #bja was modified 7,horizon names and ,kansas were abbreviated7 to reduce the width4