,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,issu$ ,augu/ #bc1 #aiab4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture4 ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 #ejc4 ,,comb ,,honey4 ,,by ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,demu?4 ,apicultural ,assi/ant1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton3 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice #aiab4 ,,lett] ,,( ,,transmittal ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,april #af1 #aiab4 ,sir3 ,i h ! honor to transmit h]e) a manuscript entitl$ ,comb ,honey1 by ,geo4 ,s4 ,demu?1 apicultural assi/ant 9 ?is bureau4 ,9 view ( ! increas+ dem& = ! f9e/ grade ( comb honey & a decrease 9 ! am\nt ( comb honey produc$1 x seems timely to pres5t to pr(essional beekeep]s an analysis ( ! be/ practice z well z to po9t out "s ess5tials to ! production ( maximum crops ( ! be/ grade4 ,i recomm5d ! publication ( ?is pap] z a ,f>m]s' ,bullet94 ,respectfully1 ,l4 ,o4 ,h[>d1 ,entomologi/ & ,*ief ( ,bureau4 ,hon4 ,james ,wilson1 ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,introduction #e ,app>atus = comb-honey production #f ,%op & honey h\se #f ,hives #g ,sectional hives #aj ,sections & sup]s #aj ,bee way v4 pla9 sections #aj ,dim5sions ( sections #aa ,sup]s #ab ,! me?od ( support #ab ,protection #ac ,free communication )9 ! sup] #ad ,! use ( sep>ators #ae ,%all[ extract+ sup]s #af ,comb9ation sup]s #af ,o!r app>atus #af ,prep>+ sup]s #ag ,fold+ sections #ag ,fa/5+ f\ndation 9 sections #ag ,manipulation ( ! bees #ah ,secur+ work]s = ! honey fl[ #bj ,build+ up ! colony 9 ! e>ly spr+ #ba ,! production ( ga!r+ bees #bb ,provid+ suffici5t /ores #bc ,provid+ available brood-re>+ space #bc ,summ>y #bd ,us+ available work]s to be/ advantage dur+ ! honey fl[ #be ,sw>m+ #bf ,prev5tive measures #bf ,control measures #bg ,control ( natural sw>ms #bh ,us+ ! remov$ brood to be/ advantage #bi ,:at to use 9 ! brood *amb] :5 hiv+ sw>ms #cb ,extreme contraction ( ! brood *amb] :5 hiv+ sw>ms #cc ,sw>m control by manipulation #cd ,tak+ ! que5 f ! hive #ce ,remov+ ! brood f ! hive #cg ,sep>at+ ! que5 & brood )9 ! hive #dj ,manipulation ( ! sup]s #da ,c>+ = ! crop #dd ,remov+ ! honey f ! hives #dd ,c>e ( comb honey #de ,scrap+ propolis f sections #de ,grad+ comb honey #df ,packages = comb honey #df ,m>ket+ #dg ,,illu/rations4 ,page ,fig4 #a4 ,a #aj-;frame hive ) comb-honey sup] & p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud] #h #b4 ,p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud] #i #c4 ,beeway & pla9 sections1 unfold$ #aj #d4 ,pla9 section 9 sup]1 %[+ me?od ( spac+ #aa #e4 ,beeway section 9 sup]1 %[+ me?od ( spac+ #aa #f4 ,squ>e & oblong sections #ab #g4 ,! ,t sup] #ac #h4 ,sup] ) section hold] = beeway sections #ac #i4 ,sup] ) section hold] = squ>e pla9 section #ad #aj4 ,sup] ) section hold] = oblong pla9 sections #ad #aa4 ,comb9ation sup] ) wide frames = oblong pla9 sections #ae #ab4 ,bee-escape bo>d = remov+ bees f sup]s #ag #ac4 ,drone & que5 trap on hive entrance #bh #ad4 ,colony be=e sw>m+2 sup]s 9 place #bi #ae4 ,brood plac$ 9 hive turn$ #jj degrees f old entrance #bi #af4 ,hive ) brood turn$ back to #de degrees f old entrance #cj #ag4 ,hive ) brood turn$ p>allel to old entrance #cj #ah4 ,hive ) brood plac$ on o!r side ( old entrance #ca #ai4 ,arrangem5t ( sup]s #db #bj4 ,%ipp+ cases = comb honey #dg ,,comb ,,honey4 ,,introduction4 ,! pres5t t5d5cy 9 beekeep+ is decid$ly t[>d ! production ( extract$ honey r ?an ( comb honey4 ,! rec5t activity among beekeep]s t[>d specialization1 :i* necessitates ! e/abli%+ ( out-api>ies1 & ! rapidly increas+ dem& = extract$ honey are among ! factors br++ ab\t ?is condition4 ,enorm\s quantities ( honey are n[ us$ = manufactur+ purposes1 & ?is dem& is1 ( c\rse1 solely = extract$ honey4 ,if ! g5]al public f9ally becomes conv9c$ ( ! purity & :olesom5ess ( extract$ honey1 ?is w become a /aple article ( food4 ,comb honey to comm& ! high] price--proportionate to ! great] co/ ( production--mu/ ju/ify ! extra co/ to ! consum] by its f9] appe>ance4 ,! consum] ( extract$ honey is n conc]n$ z to ! /raightness or f9i% ( ! combs 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally /or$1 b by virtue ( its appe>ance !re w probably always be a good dem& = ! f9e/ grade ( comb honey :]e appe>ance is ! *ief consid]ation4 ,pres5t t5d5cies !re=e emphasize ! desirability ( produc+ comb honey ( ! mo/ attractive appe>ance possible4 ,well-fill$ sections ( comb honey ) delicate :ite comb & p]fect capp+s are obta9able only dur+ a rapid honey fl[ ( suffici5t duration to insure _! completion4 ,! production ( comb honey1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is suffici5t to ju/ify its extra co/1 requires a comb9ation ( conditions t are peculi> to r limit$ areas1 outside ( :i* ! beekeep] w f9d x decid$ly advantage\s to produce extract$ honey4 ,comb-honey production %\ld n be attempt$ 9 localities :]e ! honey fl[ is v sl[ or int]mitt5t1 :]e ! "* ( ! honey is su* t x granulates quickly 9 ! comb :ile x is on ! m>ket1 :]e ! honey is d>k or (f color1 or :]e honeys f v>i\s s\rces are mix$ if ^! diff]5t s\rces produce honey ( diff]5t colors & flavors4 ,local m>ket conditions may ( c\rse 9 "s in/ances be su* z to make x seem advisable to produce comb honey 9 limit$ quantities 9 a locality t is n well suit$ to comb-honey production1 b ! beekeep] :o produces comb honey = ! g5]al m>ket %\ld fir/ be sure t 8 is a comb-honey locality4 ,ev5 9 ! be/ localities dur+ an occasional season conditions are su* t x is n possible to produce comb-honey ( f9e appe>ance4 ,"s comb-honey speciali/s f9d x pr(itable to provide an equipm5t = extract$ honey = su* an em]g5cy4 ,9 "s cases comb honey is produc$ only dur+ ! height ( ! season1 :5 conditions are mo/ favorable1 extract+ sup]s be+ us$ bo? at ! beg9n+ & close ( ! honey fl[4 ,:ile ! pr(essional beekeep] is ?us curtail+ ! production ( indiff]5t grades ( comb honey1 bee diseases are rapidly elim9at+ ! c>eless produc]s4 ,f ! pres5t indications1 !re=e1 x w\ld seem c]ta9 t !re mu/ be a gradual elim9ation f ! m>kets ( all inf]ior & indiff]5t comb honey--grades t mu/ compete directly ) extract$ honey4 ,?is %\ld m>k a new era 9 ! production ( ! beat grades ( comb honey 9 ! localities t are peculi>ly adapt$ to comb-honey production4 ,! beekeep] :o is ?us favorably locat$ w d well to consid] ! possibilities ( future m>ket conditions = a fancy grade ( comb honey4 ,?o foll[+ discussion is necess>ily b a brief outl9e ( mod]n app>atus & me?ods & ( c\rse c n 9 any s5se take ! place ( ! broad exp]i5ce necess>y 9 pr(itable comb-honey production4 ,x is assum$ t ! read] is m or less famili> ) ! m g5]al phases ( beekeep+4 7,see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddg4 ,?is bullet9 also conta9s a complete li/ ( publications ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture on beekeep+47 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,comb-,,honey ,,production4 ,%op & ,honey ,h\se4 ,a build+ conta9+ /orage space = app>atus1 a well-light$ & v5tilat$ work%op z well z a honey room1 is a necessity 9 comb-honey production4 ,! arrangem5t & location ( ! %op & honey h\se w dep5d ^u local conditions & circum/ances4 ,?o usual mi/ake is 9 con/ruct+ ^? too small4 ,9 ! ,nor? ! %op & honey h\se is usually built ov] ! w9t]+ repository or coll>4 ,s9ce rats or mice w\ld d great damage to ! cont5ts ( su* a /oreh\se1 ! con/ruction %\ld be su* z to exclude !m4 ,if a concrete f\ndation is us$ & ! sills are emb$d$ 9 a lay] ( gre5 mort>1 no tr\ble ( ?is k9d %\ld be exp]i5c$4 ,if a s]ies ( out-api>ies are op]at$ = comb honey1 ! sup]s1 extra hives1 etc1 are usually kept 9 "o build+ locat$ ne> ! home ( ! beekeep]4 ,?is s]ves z a c5tral /ation & /oreh\se1 ! supplies be+ haul$ to & f ! api>ies z ne$$4 ,?is build+ may be supplem5t$ by a v small build+ at ea* api>y1 ?\gh 9 comb-honey production ?is is n really necess>y4 ,! honey room %\ld be s locat$ t x w receive ! heat f ! sun1 pref]ably an up/airs room imm$iately "u ! ro(4 ,:5 s locat$ a small h& elevator %\ld be in/all$ = tak+ ! honey up & d[n4 ,! room %\ld be pap]$ or ceil$ inside to keep out insects & to p]mit fumigation if necess>y & %\ld conta9 facilities = artificially heat+ 9 case cont9u$ damp or freez+ wea!r %\ld occur be=e ! honey is m>ket$4 ,! honey room %\ld be provid$ ) ample floor support = ! great weight t may be plac$ ^u x4 ,hives4 ,a beehive mu/ s]ve ! dual purpose ( be+ a home = a colony ( bees & at ! same "t a tool = ! beekeep]4 ,its ma9 requirem5ts are along ! l9e ( its adaptation to ! v>i\s manipulations ( ! api>y 9 s f> z ^! d n mat]ially int]f]e ) ! protection & com=t x af=ds ! colony ( bees4 ,s9ce rapid manipulation is greatly facilitat$ by simple & uni=m app>atus1 "o ( ! fundam5tal requirem5ts ( ! equipm5t 9 hives is t !y be ( ! same /yle & size1 ) all p>ts exactly alike & int]*angeable ?r\gh\t ! api>y4 ,:ile ! hives & equipm5t %\ld be z simple & inexp5sive z possible1 consi/5t ) _! v>i\s functions1 a *eap & poorly con/ruct$ beehive is1 all ?+s consid]$1 an exp5sive piece ( app>atus4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ,lang/ro? 7or ,l7 frame 7#i-a_/h by #ag-e_/h in*es7 7fig4 #a7 is ! /&>d frame & ?r\gh\t ?is pap] frames ( brood w be discuss$ 9 t]ms ( ?is size ( frame4 ,! advantages ( /&>d frames & hives are s great t ! beekeep] c n af=d to ignore !m = ! sake ( "s slight advantage ( ano!r size4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a wide diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! numb] ( frames t %\ld be us$ 9 a s+le hive body4 ,! wide v>iation 9 ! build+ up ( colonies previ\s to ! honey fl[ 9 diff]5t localities & seasons1 ! race ( bees1 & ! skill ( ! beekeep] are all factors ent]+ into ?is problem1 :i* make x improbable t beekeep]s w ev] fully agree on ?is po9t4 ,! races t build up m rapidly 9 ! spr+ are1 ( c\rse1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 able to use to advantage a l>g] brood *amb] ?an ! races t are m cons]vative 9 brood re>+4 ,x is also noticeable t )9 c]ta9 limits z ! beekeep]'s skill 9 build+ up 8 colonies = ! fl[ increases1 s ! size ( ! brood *amb] be/ adapt$ to 8 purpose increases4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! c>eful & skillful beekeep] may succe$ 9 hav+ l>ge brood *amb]s well fill$ ) brood at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 ! less skillful beekeep] "u simil> conditions may be do+ well to approximate ?is condition ) a mu* small] brood *amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,a #aj-;frame hive ) comb-honey sup] & p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud]4 7,f ,phillips47 ,= comb-honey production ! brood *amb] %\ld be ( su* a size t by prop] managem5t x may be well fill$ ) brood at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 s t ! brood & surplus ap>tm5ts maybe def9itely sep>at$4 ,a brood *amb] may be consid]$ too l>ge if by prop] managem5t x is n on an av]age fairly well fill$ ) brood at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 & too small if x provides an av]age ( less room ?an ! colony is able to occupy ) brood previ\s to ! honey fl[4 ,unless ! beekeep] practices fe$+1 a brood *amb] t does n conta9 suffici5t room = bo? w9t] /ores & brood re>+ dur+ late summ] & autumn may also be consid]$ too small4 ,x may be well to note t by ?is /&>d if ! brood *amb] seems to be too l>ge ! fault may lie 9 ! managem5t dur+ ! previ\s autumn1 w9t]1 or spr+4 ,( c\rse ! brood *amb] t is b>ely l>ge en\gh = "o colony w be too l>ge = ano!r 9 ! same api>y or ! "* ( ! season may be su* t all brood *amb]s may be too l>ge = be/ results "o season & too small ! next1 s an av]age mu/ be s\ght4 ,:ile by manipulation good results may be secur$ by ! use ( any ( ! sizes 9 common use1 any great dep>ture 9 ei!r direction f ! size be/ suit$ to conditions ( a giv5 locality necessitates an excessive increase 9 labor to give be/ results4 ,!re is at ! pres5t "t a /rong t5d5cy t[>d ! use ( ! #aj-;frame hive body z a m$ium-siz$ brood *amb] :i* may be us$ z a unit ( a l>g] ela/ic brood *amb] :5 necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,p]=at$ z9c que5 exclud]4 7,f ,phillips47 ,! comb-honey produc] is m exact+ z to c]ta9 details ( con/ruction ( hives ?an is ! produc] ( extract$ honey s9ce x is m necess>y = him to h&le individual brood frames dur+ ! honey fl[4 ,! spaces#a above & betwe5 ! top b>s ( ! brood frames mu/ be accurate or !y w be bridg$ ) burr & brace combs & ^! fill$ ) honey4 ,burr & brace combs make ! removal & readju/m5t ( ! sup] & ! manipulation ( frames a sl[ & disagreeable task1 to say no?+ ( ! wa/e ( mat]ial1 :i* %\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! sections 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! use ( ! slatt$ honey bo>d 7fig4 #b71 :ile prev5t+ brace combs betwe5 itself & ! sup]1 does n prev5t ! build+ ( burr & brace combs betwe5 & above ! top b>s ( ! frames4 ,?is tr\ble is l>gely elim9at$ by prop] spac+4 ,mo/ hive manufactur]s are at pres5t mak+ ! top b>s ( ! brood frames ( su* a wid? t ! spaces betwe5 !m is f "o-f\r? to five-sixte5?s in* ) ! same spac+ above !m4 ,! difficulty1 h[ev]1 is 9 ma9ta9+ ?is spac+ ) any great degree ( accuracy4 ,self-spac+ frames#b are a p>tial solution ( ?is difficulty4 ,9 "s localities1 h[ev]1 ! ord9>y self-spac+ frames are s badly propoliz$ z to r5d] _! removal f ! brood *amb] difficult z well z mat]ially to int]f]e ) ! prop] spac+4 ,! advantages ( su* frames are !n nullifi$1 :ile _! disadvantages are reta9$ or ev5 int5sifi$4 ,9 su* localities metal spac]s hav+ b small surfaces ( contact are sometimes us$4 ,"s beekeep]s pref] omitt+ ! spac]s entirely4 ,h[ev]1 "s ( ! difficulties aris+ f ! use ( self-spac+ frames are ! result ( c>elessness on ! "p ( ! op]ator 9 n cr[d+ ! frames toge!r prop]ly :5 clos+ ! hive aft] hav+ h&l$ ! frames4 #a ,a bee space1 or t space to :i* bees are lea/ incl9$ to put comb or propolis1 is p]haps a scant "o-f\r? in*4 ,9 hive con/ruction "o-f\r? or five-sixte5?s in* is usually us$4 #b ,^! are s con/ruct$ t ! end b>s are "o-f\r? or five-sixte5?s in* wid] ?an ! top b>s ?r\gh\t a portion ( _! l5g? or furni%$ ) projections ( metal fitt$ to ! edges ( ! frame4 ,9 ei!r case ! adju/m5t is su* t :5 ! frames are cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! hive ! spaces betwe5 ! top b>s w be correct4 ,,sectional ,,hives4 ,! sectional hive 9 :i* ! brood *amb] is compos$ ( two or m %all[ hive bodies1 mak+ x horizontally divisible1 (f]s "s advantages1 especially to ! comb-honey speciali/4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y manipulations c be p]=m$ readily ) su* hives )\t remov+ ! frames4 ,"o ( _! greate/ advantages 9 comb-honey production is ! rapidity ) :i* ! api>i/ c exam9e ! colonies = que5 cells if natural sw>m+ is to be controll$ by manipulation4 ,!y are also v ela/ic1 ! units or sections usually be+ ( #e-,l frame capacity1 p]mitt+ a brood *amb] capacity ( #e or any multiple ( #e-,l frames4 ,among ! disadvantages ( ^! hives are ! extra co/ ow+ to ! great] numb] ( p>ts necess>y 9 _! con/ruction & ! difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ prop] spac+ )\t ! use ( top b>s on ! frames heavi] ?an w\ld seem advisable 9 ! middle ( ! brood ne/4 ,sections & ,sup]s4 ,!re is a wide v>iation 9 ! /yle ( sections & ! sup]s design$ to conta9 !m4 ,?is1 :ole to "s ext5t br\ght ab\t by diff]5t local conditions1 is l>gely due m]ely to ! notions ( individual beekeep]s4 ,comb-honey app>atus c\ld probably be /&>diz$ )\t sacrific+ any really vital features4 ,,beeway v4 ,,pla9 ,,sections4 ,!re are two g5]al /yles ( sections 9 common use diff]+ 9 ! me?od ( spac+--! beeway section 9 :i* ! spac] is a "p ( ! section itself 7fig4 #e71 & ! pla9 9 :i* ! spac] is a p]man5t "p ( ! sep>ator 7fig4 #d74 ,ea* /yle has its advocates & ea* (f]s "s advantages4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,beeway & pla9 sections1 unfold$4 7,orig9al47 ,"s ( ! advantages ( ! pla9 7fig4 #c7 ov] ! beeway sections are3 7#a7 ,!y are simpl] 9 con/ruction1 !re=e co/+ less4 7#b7 ,! edges be+ pla9 ) no insets1 ! pla9 sections are m easily clean$ ( propolis :5 be+ prep>$ = m>ket & are especially adapt$ to clean+ by ma*9]y4 7#c7 ,by leav+ ! spac]s 9 ! sup]1 sections ( ! same honey cont5t occupy less space 9 ! %ipp+ case1 ?us r$uc+ ! co/ ( packages4 7#d7 ,! pla9 section is adapt$ to an arrangem5t p]mitt+ fre] communication l5g?wise ( ! r[ ( sections1 especially at ! corn]s 7p4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,pla9 section ,9 sup]1 %[+ me?od ( spac+4 7,orig9al47 ,"s ( ! advantages ( ! beeway sections 7fig4 #c7 are3 7#a7 ,! honey is some:at less liable to injury by h&l+4 7#b7 ,be+ wid] at ! corn]s :]e fold$1 !y are /rong]4 7#c7 ,"s m>kets1 be+ accu/om$ to ! l>g] cases necess>y to conta9 a giv5 numb] ( beeway sections1 object to ! small] package conta9+ ! same numb] ( pla9 sections1 simply because x is small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,beeway section ,9 sup]1 %[+ me?od ( spac+4 7,orig9al47 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,sections4 ,sections ( v>i\s dim5sions are 9 use by beekeep]s1 b ! sizes 9 g5]al use are ! #d-a_/d in*es squ>e & ! #d by #e in*es4 ,"s produc]s pref] ! #d by #e sections because ( ! m pleas+ appe>ance ( ! oblong package 7fig4 #f74 ,! /&>d wid?s ( ! #d-a_/d by #d-a_/d in*es section are #a-g_/h in*es 9 ! beeway /yle & #a-a_/b in*es 9 ! pla9 section4 ,! extra wid? 9 ! beeway /yle is = ! purpose ( spac+ & does n add to ! ?ickness ( ! comb4 ,! #d by #e is #a-c_/h or #a-a_/b in*es wide 9 ! pla9 /yle & n mu* us$ 9 ! beeway /yle4 ,! #a-c_/h wid? ( ! #d by #e section conta9s practically ! same am\nt ( honey :5 fill$ z ! #d-a_/d by #d-a_/d by #a-a_/b pla9 or ! #d-a_/d by #d-a_/d by #a-g_/h beeway1 assum+ ( c\rse t all are us$ ) sep>ators & fill$ "u l conditions4 ,s9ce !re are well-def9$ limits z to ! ?ickness ( ! combs mo/ pr(itable to produce1 ! area ( "o comb surface 9 a section weigh+ ab\t a p\nd is usually f #af to #bj squ>e in*es1 ! exact size & %ape be+ an adaptation to giv5 space 9 ! sup]4 ,! ?9n] combs1 %[+ m comb surface1 h ! appe>ance ( be+ l>g] & a great] numb] c be accommodat$ on a giv5 hive4 ,honey 9 su* combs may also be rip5$ soon] & possibly bett] ?an 9 ?ick] combs4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 require m f\ndation = ea* p\nd ( honey produc$ & a slightly great] am\nt ( wax1 9 proportion to ! honey1 to complete !m4 ,also ! ?9n] ! comb1 ! great] ! difficulty ) ! %eets ( f\ndation sw++ to "o side on acc\nt ( unev5 "w on ! two sides or because ! hives d n /& level4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,squ>e & oblong sections4 7,orig9al47 ,,sup]s4 ,! ma9 po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s types ( comb-honey sup]s are 9 7#a7 ! me?od ( support+ ! sections1 7#b7 ! am\nt ( protection af=d$ to ! outside ( ! section & 7#c7 ! degree ( free communication f section to section )9 ! sup]4 ,! ,me?od ( ,support4 ,sections are support$ ei!r by means ( cross supports "u ! ends ( ! sections or by a slat ( prop] wid? support+ ea* r[ ( sections4 ,! ,t sup] 7fig4 #g71 s call$ f ! %ape ( a cross section ( ! /rip ( t9 us$ to support ! sections is illu/rative ( ! fir/1 :ile ! support+ slats1 section hold]s 7figs4 #h1 #i & #aj71 & wide frames 7fig4 #aa7 are illu/rative ( ! second type ( support4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,! ,t sup]4 7,orig9al47 ,protection4 ,! ,t sup] & o!rs ( ?is type (f] no protection aga9/ propoliz+ to ei!r ! top or bottom ( ! sections1 ! section hold] or slat 7figs4 #h1 #i1 & #aj7 protects ! bottom1 :ile 9 ! wide frame 7fig4 #aa7 ! entire out] surface ( ! sections is protect$ except at ! edges4 ,! great] ! protection af=d$ ! section1 ! m complicat$ & exp5sive ! sup]1 & ! m complicat$ sup]s require m labor 9 clean+ ( propolis & fill+ ) sections4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sections ( honey produc$ 9 prop]ly con/ruct$ wide-frame sup]s are mu* m easily clean$ ( propolis1 & ord9>ily pres5t a neat] appe>ance :5 pack$ = m>ket4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,sup] ) section hold] = beeway sections4 7,orig9al47 ,free ,communication ,)9 ! ,sup]4 ,! use ( clos$-top sections 7#a-;beeway7 & solid sep>ators1 mak+ ea* section a sep>ate comp>tm5t ) op5+s = ! bees at ! bottom only1 illu/rates "o extreme2 :ile ! sections ) op5+s on all f\r sides 7#d-;beeway7 us$ )\t sep>ators illu/rate ! o!r extreme z to free communication2 & betwe5 ^! extremes are v>i\s int]m$iate types4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,sup] ) section hold] = squ>e pla9 sections4 7,orig9al47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,sup] ) section hold] = oblong pla9 sections4 7,orig9al47 ,x w\ld be desirable s to adju/ ! sections t :5 fill$ ) honey a r[ ( !m w\ld1 s f> z ! bees are conc]n$1 be equival5t to a s+le comb1 t ! bees might h ! same free access to ! outside r[ ( cells f all sides z !y d ! o!r cells & might pass up or d[n f any section & ! full l5g? ( ! r[1 z well z ar\nd ! ends4 ,:ile1 "u ! same conditions1 su* free access to ! outside r[ ( cells f all sides w\ld result 9 ! sections be+ slightly bett] fill$ ?an ) ! ord9>y adju/m5ts1 su* an arrangem5t pres5ts "s me*anical difficulties & w\ld add consid]able to ! fir/ co/ ( ! sup]s4 ,if sep>ators 7 n necess>y1 su* an adju/m5t ( sections c\ld be readily accompli%$4 ,9 ,europe a type ( sep>ator hav+ transv]se op5+s correspond+ to ! upright edges ( ! sections is us$ to give free communication l5g?wise ( ! r[ ( sections4 ,9 ?is c\ntry "s su* sep>ators are us$ z well z a sep>ator made ( wire clo? s spac$ betwe5 ! r[s ( sections z to give free communication along ! r[s1 z well z f "o r[ to ano!r4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are n widely us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,comb9ation sup] ) wide frames = oblong pla9 sections4 7,orig9al47 ,! pla9 section1 :5 us$ 9 connection ) ! f5ce sep>ator 7fig4 #d71 hav+ ! upright po/s consid]ably %ort] ?an ! height ( ! section1 (f]s a fair compromise z to free communication )9 ! sup]4 ,mo/ ( ! comb honey produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 is produc$ 9 sections :i* (f] no communication f section to section l5g?wise ( ! sup]1 be+ produc$ 9 ! regul> #b-;beeway section1 hav+ op5+s at ! top & bottom only 7figs4 #g & #h74 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,sep>ators4 ,sep>ators are made ( /rips ( t9 or wood & are us$ betwe5 ! r[s ( sections to compel ! tees to build ! combs /raight & all )9 ! section4 ,! ?ick] ! combs ! great] becomes ! necessity = sep>ators4 ,:ile an exp]t c produce v uni=m comb honey )\t sep>ators dur+ a heavy honey fl[ by us+ v n>r[ sections1 x is usually n advisable to d s on acc\nt ( ! result+ l>ge p]c5tage ( imp]fect combs1 especially dur+ poor & indiff]5t seasons & at ! close ( any season4 ,! use ( sep>ators results 9 a mu* m uni=m product4 ,,%all[ ,,extract+ ,,sup]s4 ,"s comb-honey produc]s add to _! equipm5t "o %all[ extract+ sup] = ea* colony4 ,^! are a great conv5i5ce 9 a comb-honey api>y & may be us$ = ! foll[+ purposes3 7#a7 ,to keep ! brood *amb] free ( honey be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ma9 honey fl[2 7#b7 to use at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[ to induce ! bees to beg9 "w promptly 9 ! sup]s2 7#c7 to use at ! close ( ! honey fl[ in/ead ( ! la/ comb-honey sup]2 7#d7 to use dur+ any fl[ ( inf]ior honey or honeydew2 7#e7 to use dur+ v poor seasons :5 fir/-class comb honey c n be produc$4 ,,comb9ation ,,sup]s4 ,o!r comb-honey produc]s provide ea* comb-honey sup] ) two %all[ extract+ combs4 ,^! are plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! sup] ) ! sections betwe5 !m 7fig4 #aa74 ,! purpose ( ?is arrangem5t is to induce ! bees to beg9 "w 9 ! sup] promptly )\t ! use ( bait sections 7sections conta9+ comb previ\sly drawn7 or an extract+ sup] & also to d away ) ! usual poorly f9i%$ sections 9 ! corn]s & outside r[s4 ,"o great advantage ( ?is sy/em ov] ! use ( an extract+ sup] to />t e>ly sup] "w is t ! combs are n remov$4 ,:5 %all[ extract+ sup]s are us$ = ?is purpose1 !y are remov$ z soon z ! bees h />t$ well 9 !m & a comb-honey sup] sub/itut$4 ,?is br+s back mu* ! same conditions exi/+ be=e giv+ ! extract+ sup]1 & :ile "s colonies w beg9 "w 9 ! sections promptly :5 ! *ange is made1 _m colonies hesitate ab\t beg9n+ ! new "w almo/ z ?\gh ! extract+ sup] _h n be5 us$4 ,su* colonies are ?us ?r[n out ( condition1 7p4 #ai7 & may beg9 prep>ations to sw>m4 ,! use ( ^! combs 9 sup]s t are add$ subsequ5tly all[s ! api>i/ to place ! empty sup] ov] ! "o already on ! hive until ! bees beg9 "w !re9 )\t s]i\sly cr[d+ ! sup] room1 because ea* sup] ?us add$ conta9s room 9 ! =m ( empty comb into :i* ! new nect> may be /or$ at once 7see p4 #db74 ,o!r ,app>atus4 ,among ! o!r app>atus ne$$ 9 comm]cial comb-honey production are a honey extractor1 wax press1 bee-escapes1 & escape bo>ds 7fig4 #ab71 que5-exclud+ honey bo>ds 7fig4 #b71 fe$]s1 tools1 etc4 ,x is n necess>y to provide que5-exclud+ honey bo>ds = ea* colony unless "s special sy/em is foll[$1 yet a few exclud]s are v desirable = v>i\s special manipulations4 ,good fe$]s may be _h by us+ t9 pans 9 connection ) an empty sup]4 ,a h&ful ( grass %\ld be plac$ on ! sirup to prev5t ! bees f dr[n+4 ,9 addition to ^! appliances 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates1 if ! hives are s+le wall$1 "s means ( protection is necess>y if ! colonies are w9t]$ out ( doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,bee-escape bo>d = remov+ bees f sup]s4 7,f ,phillips47 ,prep>+ ,sup]s4 ,,fold+ ,,sections4 ,section presses & f\ndation fa/5]s are sometimes comb9$ 9 "o ma*9e by :i* ! section is press$ toge!r squ>e & ! f\ndation is fa/5$ by a s+le op]ation4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 !y are sep>ate ma*9es requir+ t ea* section be h&l$ twice be=e x is ready to be plac$ into ! sup]4 ,ord9>ily ! "o-piece sections mu/ be damp5$ be=e fold+1 z o!rwise ! breakage is consid]able & ! sections are greatly weak5$ by fold+4 ,a crate ( sections z x comes f ! factory may be damp5$ by remov+ "o side s z to expose ! ,v-%ap$ grooves1 !n direct+ a small /ream ( hot wat] into ^! grooves4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t only ! ?9 portion :]e ! section is fold$ be damp5$4 ,ano!r v satisfactory me?od ( damp5+ sections is to wrap ! crates conta9+ !m 9 a wet blanket ! day be=e !y are to be fold$4 ,,fa/5+ ,,f\ndation ,,9 ,,sections4 ,! use ( comb f\ndation 9 full %eets fill+ ea* section z ne>ly z possible is consid]$ a necessity 9 ! production ( fancy comb honey4 ,?is f\ndation %\ld be z ?9 z c be us$ )\t be+ gnaw$ or torn d[n by ! bees4 ,! %eet ( f\ndation is usually fa/5$ c5trally at ! top ( ! section1 leav+ only en\gh space at ! sides to all[ x to sw+ freely )\t b9d+ & ab\t ?ree-sixte5?s to "o-f\r? in* at ! bottom to all[ = /ret*+ :ile be+ drawn out4 ,to secure bett] atta*m5t ( ! comb to ! bottom ( ! section1 a bottom />t] ab\t five-eigh?s in* wide may be us$4 ,9 ?is case ! top />t] %\ld rea* to )9 ?ree-sixte5?s to "o-f\r? in* ( ! bottom />t]4 ,9 "s localities ! "* ( ! fl[ is su* t b little is ga9$ by ! use ( ! bottom />t]1 :ile 9 o!r localities x is difficult to produce honey t w /& %ipm5t well )\t x4 ,! v>i\s types ( app>atus usually us$ = fa/5+ f\ndation 9 ! sections make use ( a heat$ metal plate :i*1 aft] melt+ ! edge ( ! %eet ( f\ndation1 is )drawn1 all[+ ! melt$ edge to be br\ght quickly 9 contact ) ! section4 ,?is fa/5s "o edge ( ! %eet ( f\ndation firmly to ! wood4 ,f\ndation fa/5]s employ+ ?is pr9ciple may be simply a h& app>atus consi/+ ( a metal plate ( prop] size provid$ ) a h&le1 ! op]ator transf]r+ ! tool f ! s\rce ( heat to ! edge ( ! f\ndation4 ,or ! pr9ciple may be incorporat$ 9 a m or less complex ma*9e :i* provides = ! ma9t5ance ( ! prop] temp]ature ( ! heat$ plate1 its movem5t to melt ! edge ( ! f\ndation & a prop] support = ! section & f\ndation dur+ ! process4 ,= ! purpose ( secur+ bett] fill$ sections ( honey v>i\s me?ods ( atta*+ ! %eet ( f\ndation to ! sides z well z ! top ( ! section h be5 devis$1 b are n ext5sively us$ by produc]s4 ,among ^! me?ods are fitt+ ! %eet ( f\ndation 9 place1 !n direct+ a f9e /ream ( melt$ wax along its edges1 or ! use ( split sections 9 :i* a %eet ( f\ndation is cont9u\s ?r\gh a r[ ( sections1 ext5d+ ?r\gh _! sides & top4 ,"s sup] con/ruction is su* t ! sections may be plac$ directly into ! sup] by ! op]ator :o puts 9 ! f\ndation4 ,?is "w is usually done dur+ ! w9t] mon?s :5 ! bees require no special att5tion4 ,en\gh sup]s %\ld be provid$ to take c>e ( ! l>ge/ possible crop1 ev5 ?\gh x is n (t5 t all are us$ ! same season4 ,! beekeep] :o is op]at+ sev]al api>ies c n af=d to take "t to prep>e sup]s = ! bees dur+ a good honey fl[4 ,sup]s ( sections ?us prep>$ 9 advance %\ld be kept clean by /or+ !m 9 piles & keep+ ! piles cov]$ f du/4 ,,manipulation ,,( ,,! ,,bees4 ,x is important to note t !re are f\r ess5tial factors ent]+ into ! secur+ ( a crop ( honey3 7#a7 ,a suffici5t am\nt ( bloom ( heal?y & well-n\ri%$ nect>-secret+ plants gr[+ 9 s\ to :i* !y are adapt$ & )9 range ( ! api>y4 7#b7 ,wea!r conditions favorable to nect> secretion & bee flight4 7#c7 ,a l>ge numb] ( work]s 9 excess ( ^? ne$$ = ! r\t9e "w ( ! colony4 7#d7 ,conditions ( ! colony mak+ ! /or+ in/9ct dom9ant4 ,if any "o ( ^! factors is abs5t1 ! effect ( ! o!r ?ree is imm$iately nullifi$1 & ! am\nt ( honey secur$ w v>y z ^! factors are pres5t at ! same "t 9 great] or less degree or z ! "t dur+ :i* !y are all pres5t is long] or %ort]4 ,x is !re=e possible to h ea* ( ^! factors pres5t at "s "t dur+ ! season )\t secur+ a crop ( honey & ! p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* !y are all pres5t at ! same "t is usually q %ort4 ,gr\p+ ! fir/ & second factors we h a comb9ation usually spok5 ( z ! locality & season4 ,^! factors are l>gely beyond ! control ( ! beekeep] except z he may *oose a location 9 :i* bo? are usually pres5t at "s "t or times dur+ ! season1 may take advantage ( ! plants ( sev]al locations by practis+ migratory beekeep+1 or may improve a giv5 locality by directly or indirectly increas+ ! am\nt ( nect>-secret+ plants1 su* z buck:eat1 alsike clov]1 sweet clov]1 or alfalfa4 ,gr\p+ ! ?ird & f\r? factors we h conditions capable ( be+ br\ght ab\t by manipulation & = :i* ! beekeep] is m directly responsible4 ,! beekeep]'s skill !re=e lies 9 supply+ & ma9ta9+ ^! factors ?r\gh\t ! %ort p]iod dur+ :i* ! bees may /ore m ?an !y consume4 ,he %\ld "k :i* plants may be expect$ to furni% ! nect> = 8 crop ( honey1 t 8 v>i\s manipulations may be prop]ly tim$4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! %ort] ! duration ( ! honey fl[1 ! great] becomes ! necessity ( hav+ ! colonies 9 prop] condition at its beg9n+ & keep+ !m s until its close4 ,h[ev] lavi% nature may be ) ! secretion ( nect> & f9e wea!r1 x is ( little avail if ! beekeep] fails to secure a l>ge =ce ( work]s to ga!r & /ore 8 crop or1 ev5 hav+ provid$ work]s1 if he fails to keep 8 =ces toge!r & cont5t$1 b5d+ all _! en]gy 9 ! "o direction ( ga!r+ & /or+ honey4 ,x is a common occurr5ce among inexp]i5c$ beekeep]s to h ! colonies become /rong en\gh to "w 9 ! sup]s only aft] ! fl[]s h ceas$ bloom+ or to see /rong colonies dur+ a good honey fl[ do+ no?+ 9 ! sup]s simply because conditions are n su* z to make ! /or+ in/9ct dom9ant4 ,s f> z ! skill ( ! beekeep] is conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ! crop ( honey 9 a giv5 location1 e manipulation ( ! season %\ld be direct$ 7#a7 t[>d secur+ ! greate/ possible numb] ( vigor\s work]s at ! prop] "t1 & 7#b7 keep+ ! entire work+ =ce ( ea* colony toge!r & cont5t$ly at "w ?r\gh\t ! giv5 honey fl[4 ,secur+ ,work]s = ! ,honey ,fl[4 ,( c\rse1 ! %ort] ! p]iod = brood re>+ previ\s to ! honey fl[1 ! m s]i\s ! problem ( gett+ ! colonies /rong en\gh4 ,adv]se wea!r conditions greatly ret>d brood re>+ & ?us h ! effect ( %ort5+ ?is p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "s localities ! ma9 honey fl[ comes s late 9 ! season t ! colonies may ev5 be divid$ & bo? divisions built up4 ,9 mo/ comb-honey localities ! season is %ort & !re is usually dur+ ! season only "o honey fl[ t furni%es any consid]able surplus suitable = comb honey1 ) p]haps o!r honey fl[s ei!r v meag] or furni%+ honey unsuitable 9 color4 ,! e>ly m9or fl[s are 9 su* localities utiliz$ 9 brood re>+ 9 prep>ation = ! ma9 fl[1 & ^? occurr+ aft] ! ma9 fl[ may be utiliz$ = w9t] /ores1 or if suffici5t 9 quantity "s surplus may be secur$4 ,9 localities :]e ! season is made up ( a s]ies ( honey fl[s ( almo/ equal importance & ) sometimes a long int]val betwe51 ! problem ( secur+ work]s = ! h>ve/ is r5d]$ m complex1 s9ce ! process mu/ be repeat$ = ea* crop or ! colonies kept v /rong ?r\gh\t ! season4 ,z a rule su* localities are n ! be/ = comb-honey production4 ,! work]s t ga!r & /ore ! crop ( honey are ^? t em]ge dur+ ! few weeks prec$+ & dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! honey fl[4 ,unless x is ( unusual duration1 ! eggs t produce ^! work]s are all laid be=e ! honey fl[ beg9s1 s9ce ^? :i* develop f eggs laid lat] are n ready = "w until aft] ! close ( ! fl[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! work]s t em]ge six weeks or m be=e ! honey fl[ w h di$ ( old age or be too old to be ( mu* value dur+ ! fl[4 ,_! s]vices1 h[ev]1 are ( great value provid$ !y exp5d _! en]gy to ! be/ possible advantage 9 re>+ brood4 ,if brood re>+ ceases or is greatly re/rict$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 a colony t has be5 /rong e>li] 9 ! season is r5d]$ almo/ wor?less z ga!r]s1 s9ce x beg9s ! h>ve/ ) old & worn-out work]s4 ,?is is exactly :at (t5 happ5s unless ! beekeep] is al]t & provides conditions su* t brood re>+ is n re/rict$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! clov] belt1 = example1 x frequ5tly happ5s t !re is a sc>city ( nect> dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! work]s = ! h>ve/ %\ld be re>$ &1 unless ! colonies are abundantly suppli$ ) /ores1 brood re>+ is greatly re/rict$4 ,?is may to "s ext5t ju/ify ! say+ among beekeep]s t if ! e>ly fl[]s yield well ! season w be good4 ,! progressive beekeep]1 h[ev]1 provides conditions favorable to brood re>+ ev5 ?\gh ! e>ly fl[]s fail to yield nect>4 ,x is !re=e highly important 7#a7 t ea* colony be 9 a normal condition at a p]iod six or eight weeks previ\s to ! honey fl[1 & 7#b7 t brood re>+ be at its maximum = ! entire p]iod ( six or eight weeks dur+ :i* ! brood is re>$ to produce work]s available = ! honey fl[4 ,,build+ ,,up ,,! ,,colony ,,9 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,spr+4 ,! condition ( ! colonies 9 ! e>ly spr+ dep5ds ^u _m factors n all ( :i* are "u ! control ( ! beekeep]4 ,9 ! :ite-clov] belt = in/ance1 :]e ! honey fl[ comes e>ly1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( /rong colonies 9 e>ly spr+ means ( c\rse t !y h w9t]$ well1 :i* 9 turn is l>gely dep5d5t ^u prop] conditions ! previ\s late summ] & autumn4 ,! manipulations hav+ = _! purpose ! rapid upbuild+ ( ! colony may !re=e h _! beg9n+ at or ev5 be=e ! close ( ! honey fl[ ( ! previ\s ye>1 includ+ late summ] & fall managem5t & w9t]+4 ,good que5s1 pref]ably "y1 ) en\gh room = bre$+ purposes & a supply ( /ores dur+ ! previ\s late summ] & autumn are among ! factors favor+ good w9t]+4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ! c5tral idea is ! cons]vation ( ! en]gy ( ! bees1 ! complex details ( :i* c n be pres5t$ 9 ?is pap]4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! colonies build up 9 e>ly spr+ dep5ds ^u a numb] ( conditions1 "s ( :i* are3 7#a7 ,! numb] & vitality ( ! work]s2 7#b7 ! age & fecundity ( ! que52 7#c7 ! supply & location ( /ores )9 ! hive2 7#d7 wea!r conditions2 7#e7 ! supply ( new poll51 nect>1 & wat]2 7#f7 ! cons]vation ( heat )9 ! brood ne/2 7#g7 ! race ( bees2 7#h7 ! "* ( ! brood combs1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ^! conditions are to a great ext5t )9 ! control ( ! beekeep]4 ,by supply+ ea* colony ) a "y que5 ! previ\s autumn1 or at lea/ supplant+ all undesirable ones1 a great] numb] ( "y & vigor\s work]s are re>$ late 9 ! season1 :i* usually means great] vitality & numb]s ! next spr+4 ,"y que5s re>$ ! previ\s summ] or autumn %\ld be 9 prime condition ! next spr+4 ,if to ?is comb9ation is add$ an abundance ( /ores )9 ! hives1 brood re>+ %\ld progress rapidly1 ev5 9 spite ( adv]se wea!r conditions4 ,x is n[ ! g5]al practice among beekeep]s to supply en\gh /ores ! previ\s autumn n only = w9t] /ores b = brood-re>+ purposes ! next spr+4 ,s9ce ! am\nt consum$ dur+ ! w9t] v>ies consid]ably ) diff]5t colonies1 an e>ly exam9ation to det]m9e ! am\nt ( /ores may be necess>y4 ,"u "s conditions x may be f\nd pr(itable to /imulate brood re>+ e>ly 9 ! spr+ by sl[ly fe$+ dilut$ sug> sirup to ea* colony1 by spread+ brood1 or by do+ bo?1 b any v e>ly /imulation ( ?is k9d %\ld be us$ ) caution4 ,among ext5sive beekeep]s ! t5d5cy is decid$ly t[>d lett+ ! bees alone until ! wea!r is m settl$1 simply mak+ sure t !y h suffici5t /ores4 ,! api>y %\ld1 if possible1 be s locat$ t ! bees may h access to wat] )\t ! necessity ( exposure ( a long flight dur+ bad wea!r4 ,9 localities t d n furni% natural poll51 x may be necess>y to fe$ an artificial sub/itute1 su* z rye meal4 ,a good hive t w cons]ve ! heat ( ! clu/] is also a great help 9 e>ly brood re>+4 ,"s beekeep]s :o w9t] _! colonies 9 ! cell> 9 s+le-wall$ hives f9d x pr(itable to give !m "s additional protection aft] !y h be5 remov$ f ! cell>4 ,9 ! nor!rn ,/ates d\ble-wall$ hives are especially advantage\s dur+ ! spr+4 ,a protect$ location = ! api>y 9 "s in/ances makes a great diff]5ce 9 e>ly brood re>+4 ,"s races bre$ up m rapidly 9 ! spr+ ?an o!rs4 ,! ,italians are some:at cons]vative 9 ?is respect1 b h s _m excell5t traits t !y are g5]ally us$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 localities hav+ int]mitt5t honey fl[s ,italian bees may n give ! be/ results because ( _! t5d5cy to re/rict brood re>+ dur+ ! honey fl[ by cr[d+ ! que5 & to curtail ! production ( brood dur+ a sc>city ( nect>4 ,drone comb )9 ! brood ne/ 9 e>ly spr+ is a decid$ b>ri] to rapid brood re>+4 ,_m brood combs consid]$ by ! av]age beekeep] to be p]fect conta91 especially 9 ! upp] portion1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( cells :i* c n be us$ = re>+ work] brood because ( imp]fections 9 %ape & size due to ! /ret*+ ( ?is portion ( ! combs dur+ hot wea!r4 ,?is sugge/s ! advisability ( ! use ( a heavi] grade ( f\ndation or "s me?od ( us+ v]tical wires or wood5 spl9ts 9 ! upp] half ( ! %eet ( f\ndation4 ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,ga!r+ ,,bees4 ,dur+ ! six or eight weeks j prec$+ ! honey fl[ e colony %\ld be enc\rag$ to re> ! greate/ possible am\nt ( brood4 ,brood re>+ dur+ ?is p]iod is (t5 re/rict$ by insuffici5t /ores or by insuffici5t room4 ,x is !re=e ( great importance t bo? /ores & available brood-re>+ space be suppli$ 9 abundance4 ,if /imulative fe$+ or spread+ ! brood is practic$1 ?is is ! "t x %\ld be done4 ,provid+ ,suffici5t ,/ores4 ,if fe$+ is n practic$ dur+ ?is critical p]iod1 ! beekeep] %\ld see t ea* colony is at all times suppli$ ) a res]ve ( /ores1 = surpris+ly l>ge quantities are consum$ :5 brood re>+ is go+ on rapidly4 ,if any colonies %\ld run %ort1 brood re>+ w be c>ri$ on sp>+ly & ! colony s sev]ely crippl$ t x may n recov] its /r5g? until aft] ! honey fl[ is ov]4 ,:e!r /imulative fe$+ or supply+ ea* colony ) an abundance ( res]ve /ores is ! m pr(itable dep5ds ^u circum/ances & mu/ be decid$ by ea* beekeep] = 8 own conditions4 ,/imulative fe$+1 if prop]ly done1 w und\bt$ly result 9 ! re>+ ( m bees = ! h>ve/4 ,:5 ! beekeep] is op]at+ sev]al api>ies & mu/ travel "s di/ance to rea* !m ! labor involv$ is consid]able1 & ! "q to be decid$ is :e!r ?is labor w\ld yield great] returns if exp5d$ 9 /imulative fe$+ or 9 op]at+ a l>g] numb] ( colonies4 ,if ! brood *amb] is l>ge & well provision$ or if ! fl[]s furni% "s nect> 9 e>ly spr+ ! colonies may h suffici5t /ores = ?is p]iod ( heavy brood re>+4 ,"s beekeep]s save combs ( honey ( ! previ\s ye> to supply food = ?is p]iod4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ conv5i5t & satisfactory me?ods ( fe$+4 ,provid+ ,available ,brood-,re>+ ,space4 ,!re %\ld be no re/riction :atev] 9 ! room = brood re>+ up to ! "t ( putt+ on ! sup]s1 j previ\s to ! honey fl[1 = a cr[d$ brood ne/ at ?is "t t5ds to dim9i% ! numb] ( work]s available = ! honey fl[ z well z to enc\rage sw>m+4 ,if ! space = brood re>+ %\ld be re/rict$ by too mu* e>ly honey 9 ! brood *amb] "s ( ! heavie/ combs %\ld be remov$ & empty ones giv5 in/ead1 or an extra brood *amb] conta9+ empty combs may be giv54 ,9 localities :]e consid]able e>ly honey is ga!r$ ! brood *amb] may be kept almo/ free ( honey by plac+ an extract+ sup] ov] ea* colony at ! beg9n+ ( su* a fl[4 ,?is sup] %\ld n be remov$ until ! comb-honey sup]s are giv51 = ! honey may be ne$$ lat] 9 brood re>+4 ,%\ld ! brood ne/ be re/rict$ by a small brood *amb] ! colonies may be equaliz$ by remov+ "s frames ( brood f ! /rong] colonies1 ex*ang+ !m = empty combs tak5 f weak] colonies1 or ano!r brood *amb] fill$ ) empty combs may be giv51 ?us build+ ! colonies up individually4 ,! =m] me?od has ! foll[+ advantages3 7#a7 ,aft] be+ built up to approximately ! same /r5g?1 mo/ ( ! colonies w be ready = a giv5 manipulation at ! same "t1 ?us facilitat+ ! "w4 7#b7 ,x requires a small] /ock ( extra brood *amb]s & combs1 at lea/ previ\s to ! honey fl[4 7#c7 ,! brood is 9 a m compact =m1 :i* is a v desirable condition 9 comb-honey production4 7#d7 ,:5 prop]ly done1 ! total numb] ( "y bees re>$ 9 a giv5 "t is probably consid]ably great]1 ow+ to ! fact t none ( ! colonies is /rong beyond ! capacity ( ! que51 ! work]s ( ! entire api>y be+ s di/ribut$ t all ! que5s are utiliz$ to ! be/ possible advantage4 7#e7 ,:5 ! honey fl[ beg9s ! colonies are ready = ! sup]s )\t additional manipulation1 su* z remov+ extra brood *amb]s1 sort+ combs ( brood1 etc4 ,9 equaliz+ colonies combs ( hat*+ brood ) ! adh]+ work]s1 )\t ! que51 are usually drawn f ! /ronge/ colonies & giv5 to colonies less /rong1 b nev] to v weak colonies4 ,! weake/ colonies are left until ! la/1 !n built up quickly1 provid$ !re is "t en\gh to h all ! hives well fill$ ) brood4 ,if ?is is n possible ! v weak colonies c m pr(itably be us$ = purposes o!r ?an comb-honey production4 ,ano!r plan ( equaliz+ is t ( %ak+ bees f combs tak5 f /rong colonies at ! entrance ( colonies less /rong4 ,! old] bees at once take w+ & return to _! hives1 :ile ! y\ng] bees ent] ! weak] colony4 ,! op]ator mu/1 ( c\rse1 be sure t ! que5 is n on ! comb ?us %ak54 ,"s ( ! advantages ( build+ up ! colonies z individuals are3 7#a7 ,! labor requir$ is consid]ably less1 few] visits be+ requir$1 s t ?is me?od is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to out-api>y conditions4 7#b7 ,x is possible to det]m9e ) mu* great] accuracy :i* colonies %[ ! mo/ desirable traits = bre$+ purposes4 7#c7 ,x c be m safely practic$ if brood diseases are imm95t4 ,,summ>y4 7#a7 ,! work]s t take "p 9 /or+ a crop ( honey f any giv5 honey fl[ are usually ^? re>$ )9 ! p]iod ( six or eight weeks j prec$+ ! honey fl[4 ,! work]s re>$ previ\s to ?is p]iod are too old to be ( mu* value z ga!r]s :ile ^? re>$ aft] ?is p]iod mature aft] ! fl[ has ceas$4 7#b7 ,x is necess>y t ! beekeep] "k :at plants are likely to furni% ! surplus honey & _! approximate p]iod ( bloom s t he c det]m9e ! limits ( ! heavy brood-re>+ p]iod 9 ord] to secure ! l>ge/ possible work+ =ce = ! honey fl[4 7#c7 ,colonies %\ld be 9 a normal condition at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod4 7a7 ,if ! surplus is f an e>ly fl[1 ?is normal condition c be obta9$ only by prop] managem5t ! previ\s late summ] & autumn1 toge!r ) good w9t]+4 ,good que5s1 pref]ably "y1 toge!r ) suffici5t room = brood re>+ & w9t] /ores1 are important conditions dur+ late summ] & autumn4 7b7 ,/ores & protection are important factors 9 e>ly brood re>+4 7c7 ,! "* ( ! brood combs & ! race ( bees ea* h "s influ5ce ^u brood re>+4 7#d7 ,dur+ ! "t t work]s = ! h>ve/ %\ld be re>$ brood re>+ %\ld be con/antly accel]at$4 7#e7 ,brood re>+ is (t5 re/rict$ dur+ ?is p]iod 7a7 because ( limit$ /ores & 7b7 because ( limit$ room 9 ! brood *amb]4 ,us+ ,available ,work]s to ,be/ ,advantage ,dur+ ! ,honey ,fl[4 ,brood re>+1 :i* is ( prim>y importance dur+ ! prec$+ p]iod1 becomes ( second>y consid]ation at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 because ?is is ne>+ ! limit beyond :i* "t ! result+ bees develop too late to take "p 9 ga!r+ & /or+ ! crop ( honey4 ,at ?is "t1 !re=e1 !re is a radical *ange 9 purpose ( ! manipulations4 ,in/ead ( cont9u+ ! expansion ( ! brood *amb]1 ! policy ( ! beekeep] %\ld n[ be r a conc5tration ( ! work]s & brood4 ,!re is p]haps a limit to ! numb] ( work]s t c be pr(itably kept 9 a s+le hive & set ( sup]s1 b ?is limit is seldom rea*$1 ! usual mi/ake be+ 9 hav+ too few4 ,ea* colony %\ld h its brood *amb] well fill$ ) brood 9 a compact =m & be s cr[d$ ) "y & vigor\s work]s t !y w imm$iately occupy ! sup]s :5 ! honey fl[ actually beg9s4 ,! brood *amb] ( colonies occupy+ m ?an "o hive body %\ld at ?is "t be r$uc$ to "o1 any extra brood be+ us$ 9 colonies hav+ less ?an "o brood *amb] full ( brood4 ,aft] ?is op]ation1 %\ld !re /ill be "s colonies left ) ! brood *amb] b p>tly fill$ ) brood1 !y %\ld be fill$ ) combs ( brood & adh]+ bees 7)\t ! que57 drawn f "s colony or colonies too weak to "w well 9 comb-honey sup]s4 ,x may be advisable to unite ! weak] colonies 9 ord] to secure ! prop] /r5g? = ! be/ "w4 ,?is mass+ ( ! work]s 9 /rong colonies1 s ess5tial to ! production ( a fancy grade ( comb honey1 r5d]s necess>y extremely c>eful & skillful managem5t1 s9ce ! ef=ts ( ! beekeep] may /ill be nullifi$ 9 ei!r ( two ways3 7#a7 ,! bees may divide _! =ces by sw>m+ into two or m p>ts1 nei!r ( :i* w\ld be ready to "w 9 ! sup]s until ! season is mu* advanc$ or p]haps clos$ entirely1 or 7#b7 be+ balk$ 9 _! desire to sw>m or f lack ( conv5i5t /orage space1 etc41 !y may d v poor "w ev5 dur+ a good honey fl[ simply because ! conditions ( ! colony are su* t ! /or+ in/9ct is n dom9ant4 ,to br+ ab\t ! be/ results 9 comb honey1 ! entire work+ =ce ( ea* colony mu/ be kept undivid$ & ! means employ$ 9 do+ s mu/ be su* t ! /or+ in/9ct rema9s dom9ant ?r\gh\t any giv5 honey fl[4 ,any increase made be=e or dur+ ! fl[#c is made at ! exp5se ( ! surplus honey unless x be made ) brood t w\ld em]ge too late = ! "y bees to be ( use dur+ ! honey fl[ 7p4 #ca74 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 increase may be made at mu* less exp5se by sett+ aside "s ( ! colonies = t purpose4 ,to keep ! =ces toge!r & satisfi$1 ) ! /or+ in/9ct dom9ant dur+ a good fl[1 is ! mo/ difficult problem ) :i* ! produc] ( comb honey mu/ deal4 #c ,9 localities :]e ! ma9 honey fl[ is s late t colonies may be divid$ long en\gh be=e ! fl[ s t bo? colonies may be built up to prop] /r5g? 9 "t to take advantage ( x1 ( c\rse increase previ\s to ! fl[ w\ld be advisable4 ,?is condition is r>e 9 comb-honey localities4 ,sw>m+4 ,all colonies d n behave alike z to sw>m+4 7#a7 ,!re are c]ta9 colonies t g ?r\gh ! season ) app>5tly no ?\ght ( sw>m+4 ,su* colonies d ! v be/ "w 9 ! sup]s1 & _! numb] c be increas$ by skillful managem5t4 7#b7 ,o!r colonies />t que5 cells prep>atory to sw>m+1 b c be p]suad$ to give x up by su* mild measures z de/roy+ ! que5 cells & p]haps remov+ a few frames ( brood4 7#c7 ,c]ta9 colonies are det]m9$ to sw>m &1 unless ! fl[ ceases1 no?+ %ort ( sw>m+ or "s radical manipulation w satisfy !m4 7#d7 ,a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( que5s fail dur+ ! honey fl[ & sw>m+ may occur 9 connection ) ! sup]s$ure4 ,su* colonies usually d v poor "w 9 comb-honey sup]s4 ,! beekeep] c d mu* 7#a7 t[>d increas+ ! p]c5tage 9 ! fir/ gr\p & disc\rag+ ^? ( ! second--prev5tive measures1 & 7#b7 t[>d mak+ ! mo/ ( ! colonies "u ! ?ird & f\r? gr\ps--control measures4 ,,prev5tive ,,measures4 ,"s ef=t has be5 made t[>d ! f9al elim9ation ( sw>m+ by bre$+ f colonies %[+ ! lea/ disposition to sw>m4 ,al?\gh aft] ye>s ( selection bees cont9ue to sw>m :5 conditions are favorable1 _m practical beekeep]s te/ify to hav+ greatly r$uc$ ! p]c5tage ( sw>m+ colonies by ye>s ( c>eful selection & bre$+4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly seem advisable to replace ! que5s ( all colonies :i* p]si/ 9 sw>m+ ) "y que5s re>$ f colonies less incl9$ to sw>m4 ,! sw>m+ problem has also be5 attack$ f ! /&po9t ( ! hive & me*anical atta*m5ts1 f9ally result+ 9 ! inv5tion ( a nonsw>m+ hive4 ,m att5tion has1 h[ev]1 be5 paid to ! prev5tion & control ( sw>m+ by manipulation ?an along ei!r ( ! o!r f9es1 probably because prop] manipulation gives imm$iate results & is n[ available z a means ( prev5t+ ! losses due to sw>m+4 ,! success 9 sw>m control atta9$ by ! be/ beekeep]s is a result ( "s ef=t along all ?ree ( ! above f9es at ! same "t4 ,among ! manipulations t t5d to disc\rage sw>m+ are 7#a7 ! introduction ( "y que5s 7pref]ably re>$ f select$ /ock72 7#b7 an abundance ( empty comb 9 ! brood *amb] at all times previ\s to ! honey fl[2 7#c7 prompt "w 9 ! sup]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! fl[ induc$ by us+ bait sections or extract+ combs 9 ! fir/ sup] giv51 ?us tid+ ! colony ov] "o ( ! critical p]iods2 7#d7 a judici\s manipulation ( ! sup]s dur+ ! honey fl[ 7p4 #da72 7#e7 ! use ( m ne>ly p]fect work] combs 9 ! brood *amb]1 s9ce drone comb & imp]fect cells 7p4 #bb7 h ! effect ( contract+ ! brood *amb]1 ?us br++ ab\t a cr[d$ condition2 7#f7 an abundance ( v5tilation dur+ ! honey fl[1 obta9$ by means ( a l>ge entrance or by rais+ ! hive above ! bottom bo>d by means ( small blocks2 7#g7 protection ( ! hive f direct rays ( ! sun dur+ ! hotte/ portion ( ! day by "s su* means z a d\ble cov] or %ade bo>d2 7#h7 ! removal ( "o or two frames ( brood & ! sub/itution !re= ( empty combs or %eets ( f\ndation2 7#i7 ! de/ruction ( all que5 cells provid$ !y conta9 only eggs or v small l>v4 ,if que5 cells are well advanc$1 _! de/ruction usually has little or no effect z a sw>m prev5tive measure4 ,:ile de/roy+ que5 cells 9 _! e>ly /ages c n be reli$ ^u z a prev5tive ( sw>m+1 beekeep]s :o practice exam9+ ! brood *amb]s once a week = que5 cells dur+ ! sw>m+ season are usually surpris$ at ! numb] ( colonies t c be induc$ to give up sw>m+ & turn _! att5tion to /or+ 9 ?is way4 ,su* a result at lea/ p>tly comp5sates = ! l>ge am\nt ( labor requir$ = ^! weekly exam9ations4 ,,control ,,measures4 ,aft] hav+ tak5 all precautions z to prev5tive measures !re w9 /ill be "s colonies t w attempt to sw>m :5 produc+ comb honey4 ,dur+ poor seasons ( c\rse ! p]c5tage may be q l[1 b dur+ good seasons ! conditions are sometimes su* t a majority ( ! colonies may make an ef=t to sw>m4 ,sw>m+ colonies1 h[ev]1 may be controll$ 9 su* a mann] t practically z mu* surplus honey is secur$ z if ! colony made no attempt to sw>m4 ,if b a s+le api>y is be+ op]at$ & ! beekeep] is pres5t dur+ ! sw>m+ season1 ! bees may be p]mitt$ to sw>m naturally )\t loss to ! beekeep]2 b if sev]al api>ies are be+ op]at$1 x is m economical to employ "s me?od by :i* sw>m+ may be controll$ by visit+ ea* api>y at giv5 int]vals dur+ ! sw>m+ season1 r ?an to h an att5dant at ea*4 ,control ( ,natural ,sw>ms4 ,natural sw>ms may be manag$ 7#a7 by all[+ !m to clu/] naturally1 !n hiv+ !m 9 ! ord9>y mann]2 7#b7 by ! clipp$ que5 me?od2 7#c7 by ! use ( que5 traps 7fig4 #ac2 see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddg1 pp4 #bi-cj72 or 7#d7 by use ( ! sw>m cat*]4#d #d ,?is is simply a wire-clo? cage l>ge en\gh to be set ov] ! hive or be fitt$ ov] ! entrance4 ,if ! att5dant is provid$ ) a numb] ( ^! cat*]s he c avoid ! usual confusion ord9>ily occurr+ :5 sev]al sw>ms issue at ab\t ! same "t4 ,aft] be+ caught 9 ?is mann] ! sw>ms may be hiv$ at ! conv5i5ce ( ! beekeep]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--;,drone & que5 trap on hive entrance4 7,f ,phillips47 ,to keep ! =ces toge!r 7#a7 ! sw>m )\t ! que5 may be return$ to its hive1 ! que5 cells de/roy$ a week lat]1 & ! colony aft]w>ds reque5$ 7p4 #cf72 or 7#b7 ! brood may be remov$ f ! hive :ile ! sw>m is out1 aft] :i* ! sw>m ) ! que5 is return$4 ,! =m] me?od is useful "u "s conditions 7p4 #cg71 b ! latt] is ! "o usually pref]r$4 ,:5 ! sw>m is hiv$ back )\t ! brood on its old location 9 ?is mann]1 ! colony does n lose any ( its fly+ bees & is back at "w ) r5ew$ en]gy 9 ! same set ( sup]s x 0 b a few m9utes be=e s eag]ly des]t+4 ,in/ead ( remov+ ! combs f ! brood *amb] ! usual practice is ! removal ( ! entire brood *amb] & ! sub/itution ( ano!r ^: ext]nal appe>ance is ! same4 ,?is me?od ( sw>m managem5t keeps ! bees1 que51 & sup]s toge!r & is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory kn[n4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 adapt$ to out-api>ies or any api>ies n hav+ an att5dant1 & requires consid]able "t 9 wat*+ = & hiv+ sw>ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,colony be=e sw>m+2 sup]s 9 place4 7,orig9al47 ,,us+ ,,! ,,remov$ ,,brood ,,to ,,be/ ,,advantage4 ,! disposition ( ! brood t is left :5 a sw>m issues %\ld be su* t 7#a7 no aft]-sw>ms 7sw>ms result+ f ! em]g5ce ( a plurality ( virg9 que5s7 are p]mitt$ to issue & 7#b7 t ! em]g+ work]s may be us$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,aft]-sw>m+ may be prev5t$ by 7#a7 break+ up ! p>5t colony be=e any ( ! "y que5s em]ge1 us+ ! unhat*$ brood else:]e1 7#b7 by de/roy+ all que5 cells b "o be=e any "y que5s em]ge1 or 7#c7 by greatly r$uc+ ! population ( ! p>5t colony#e j be=e ! "y que5s em]ge4 #e ,! t]m p>5t colony applies to ! "o 9 ! hive f :i* ! sw>m issues & is 9 common use1 ?\gh ! correctness ( ! t]m is que/ionable4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,brood plac$ 9 hive turn$ #ij degrees f old entrance4 7,orig9al47 ,if sw>m+ occurs at a "t :5 ! result+ "y bees c take "p 9 ga!r+ & /or+ ! crop ( honey1 ! usual practice is to all[ ! brood to em]ge 9 a sep>ate hive & lat] to add ^! "y bees to ! colony f :i* x 0 tak54 ,"u su* circum/ances ?is re5=cem5t ( ! sw>m is especially desirable1 s9ce o!rwise its =ces are con/antly dim9i%+ dur+ ! #ba days 7! "t requir$ = work] brood to develop7 imm$iately foll[+ ! removal ( all its brood4 ,! brood1 h[ev]1 may be us$ any:]e 9 ! api>y & %\ld be plac$ :]e ! result+ bees w be mo/ ne$$4 ,! plans giv5 bel[ make use ( at lea/ a "p ( ! em]g+ bees 9 re5=c+ ! sw>m f :i* ! brood 0 tak54 ,:5 hiv+ natural sw>ms on ! old location z sugge/$ above1 ! old brood *amb] is provid$ ) a bottom & cov] & set aside1 usually ) its entrance turn$ away ab\t #ij f its =m] position 7figs4 #ad1 #ae74 ,?is is to prev5t any field bees return+ to ! p>5t colony4 ,a day or s lat] x is turn$ ab\t #de t[>d its =m] position 7fig4 #af7 & z soon z ! bees h ?is location ( ! entrance well m>k$ ! hive is plac$ p>allel to ! hive on ! old /& 7fig4 #ag74 ,s f> z ! bees return+ f ! field are conc]n$1 ^! two colonies are n[ on ! same /&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,hive ) brood turn$ back to #de degrees f old entrance4 7,orig9al47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,hive ) brood turn$ p>allel to old entrance4 7,orig9al47 ,! fur!r disposition ( ! remnant ( ! brood & "y bees may be by any "o ( ! foll[+ me?ods3 7#a7 ,"o week aft] ! sw>m issues1 or j be=e ! p>5t colony w\ld ca/ a second or aft]-sw>m1 x may1 :5 ! bees are well at "w 9 ! fields1 be remov$ & giv5 a new location4 ,?is ?r[s ! entire fly+ =ce into ! colony hav+ ! sup]s1 :]e !y are ( greate/ s]vice1 & s depletes ! o!r colony ( its fly+ bees j :5 ! "y que5s are em]g+ t aft]-sw>m+ is usually prev5t$4 7#b7 ,be=e mov+ x1 away ! p>5t colony may be m ?or\ghly deplet$ ( its "y bees by %ak+ mo/ ( !m f _! combs1 add+ !m ( c\rse to ! colony ) ! sup]s4 ,! comb conta9+ ! f9e/ que5 cells %\ld n be %ak51 s9ce to d s w probably injure ! immature que5s4 ,two or ?ree frames %\ld be left ) _! adh]+ bees 9 ord] t ! p>5t colony w /ill conta9 en\gh work]s to c>e = ! rema9+ unem]g$ brood4 7#c7 ,in/ead ( mov+ ! p>5t colony away z 9 7#a7 above1 ! bees may all be add$ to ! sw>m by %ak+ !m f _! combs1 & ! combs !n di/ribut$ among nuclei previ\sly prep>$4 ,by successive additions ( frames ( brood ^! nuclei are f9ally built up into full colonies & aft]-sw>m+ is prev5t$4 7#d7 ,in/ead ( giv+ ! p>5t colony a new location1 z 9 7#a7 above1 x may be %ift$ to ! opposite side ( ! sw>m on ! old /& 7fig4 #ah7 & by ?us %ift+ x f "o side to ! o!r at int]vals ( sev]al days ! "y bees z !y hat* & le>n to fly w f9ally all be add$ to ! colony ) ! sup]s4 ,few beekeep]s1 h[ev]1 g to ?is extreme1 z ! season usually closes be=e ! late/ em]g+ "y bees are ?us transf]r$ to ! colony ) ! sup]s & ^! lat]-em]g+ bees may be us$ = increase at little if any exp5se 9 surplus honey4 7#e7 ,if increase is n desir$1 ! bees may be add$ to ! sw>m on ! old /& z be=e1 & aft] #aj or #ae days ! combs ( ! p>5t colony /ill conta9+ "s unhat*$ brood may be us$ on :i* to hive ano!r sw>m4 ,be=e be+ us$ = ?is purpose ! bees are ( c\rse %ak5 f ^! combs & add$ z be=e to ! sw>m on ! old /&4 7#f7 ,if ! honey fl[ is ( long duration or conditions o!rwise su* t ! /or+ colony may prep>e to sw>m aga91 ! brood *amb] ( ! p>5t colony may be left by ! side ( ! sw>m 7fig4 #ah7 until ! "y que5 beg9s to lay1 !n re/or$ to its orig9al position on ! old /& & ! sup]s transf]r$ to x4 ,! brood *amb] conta9+ ! old que5 is mov$ to "o side1 its fly+ bees ?us induc$ to ent] ! hive conta9+ ! "y que54 ,! two colonies may aft]w>ds be unit$ or ! "o conta9+ ! old que5 may f9ally be mov$ to a new location = increase4 ,if1 :5 us+ ?is plan1 a virg9 que5 or a ripe que5 cell is giv5 ! p>5t colony j aft] ! sw>m issues1 ?is colony is ready to be re/or$ to its orig9al position on ! old /& ab\t a week e>li] ?an if left to reque5 itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,hive ) brood plac$ on o!r side ( old entrance4 7,orig9al47 ,9 case ! em]g+ bees are n to be add$ to ! /or+ colony ! brood & "y bees may be us$ 9 "o ( ! foll[+ ways3 7#a7 ,!y may be us$ imm$iately aft] ! sw>m issues to build up su* colonies z are n /rong en\gh to "w 9 ! sup]s or to build up previ\sly prep>$ nuclei1 z 9 7#c7 above4 ,be=e be+ us$ 9 ^! ways ! adh]+ bees are usually add$ to ! sw>m4 7#b7 ,! p>5t colony may be plac$ at once on a new /& & giv5 a lay+ or virg9 que54 ,to all[ su* a colony to reque5 itself usually results 9 its ca/+ an aft]-sw>m1 s9ce x becomes q popul\s aga9 be=e ! "y que5s em]ge4 ,?is plan does n make imm$iate use ( ! em]g+ bees b may be useful "u "s conditions4 7#c7 ,if ! honey fl[ is ( long duration or is foll[$ closely by a second1 two p>5t colonies1 z 9 7#b7 above1 may be plac$ ^u ! same /&1 "o ( :i* is giv5 a que5 b ) ! que5 cells de/roy$ 9 ! o!r4 ,aft] two or ?ree weeks ! bees may be %ak5 f ! que5less colony 9 ) ! que5-"r "o4 ,su* colonies are 9 excell5t condition = rapid "w 9 ! sup]s4 ,,:at ,,to ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,brood ,,*amb] ,,:5 ,,hiv+ ,,sw>ms4 7#a7 ,! use ( n>r[ /rips ( f\ndation #a in* or less 9 wid? 9 ! brood *amb] (f]s "s advantages4 7a7 ,:5 ! brood *amb] conta9s only ^! n>r[ />t]s & sup]s ( p>tly fill$ sections are transf]r$ f ! p>5t colony to ! new sw>m at ! "t ( hiv+1 !re be+ no cells bel[ 9 :i* to /ore ! honey1 x is tak5 to ! sup]s4 ,"u ^! conditions "w 9 ! brood *amb] goes on sl[ly1 ! "w ( ! colony be+ l>gely 9 ! sup]s4 7b7 ,colonies t are ?us requir$ to con/ruct a set ( new combs 9 ! brood *amb] & t are suppli$ ) suffici5t /orage room seldom attempt to sw>m aga9 dur+ ! same season1 ev5 ?\gh ! fl[ be ( long duration4 7c7 ,! treatm5t ( brood diseases may be comb9$ ) sw>m control4 7,see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddb1 p4 #ad47 ,! greate/ objection to _! use is 9 ! excessive am\nt ( drone comb usually built :5 any?+ less ?an full %eets ( f\ndation are us$1 especially if ! que5 is old or ! brood *amb] l>ge 9 proportion to ! size ( ! sw>m4 7#b7 ,! use ( full %eets ( f\ndation 9 ! brood frames has ! decid$ advantage ( result+ 9 /raight combs hav+ ! maximum numb] ( cells ( ! work] size1 b is m exp5sive ?an ! n>r[ /rips & all[s a m rapid build+ ( comb 9 ! brood *amb]1 :i* "u "s conditions is consid]$ a disadvantage4 7#c7 ,! exclusive use ( ei!r n>r[ /rips or full %eets ( f\ndation 9 ! brood *amb] :5 hiv+ sw>ms necessitates ! use = a %ort "t ( a que5 exclud] 7fig4 #b7 if ! sup]s are transf]r$ f ! p>5t colony to ! sw>m at ! "t ( hiv+1 s9ce o!rwise ! que5 w\ld probably ent] ! sections & a brood ne/ be e/abli%$ !re4 ,to avoid ! use ( que5 exclud]s = ?is purpose1 "o or m empty combs maybe us$ 9 ea* brood *amb]1 ! rema9+ frames conta9+ full %eets ( f\ndation4 ,?is empty comb also s]ves z a /orage place = poll5 t may be ga!r$ be=e ! o!r combs ( ! brood *amb] are con/ruct$4 ,o!rwise ?is poll5 may be /or$ 9 ! sections 7p4 #df74 ,x is also probable t few] colonies w sw>m out or des]t _! hives if hiv$ 9 a brood *amb] conta9+ "o or m empty combs ?an if f\ndation only is us$4 ,a disadvantage ( ?is plan is t ! cells ne> ! top b> ( ! comb may be s elongat$ z to int]f]e ) ! complete draw+ out ( ! f\ndation 9 ! adjac5t frame4 ,empty combs c n well be us$ 9 connection ) n>r[ /rips ( f\ndation1 s9ce _! use favors ! con/ruction ( drone comb4 7#d7 ,empty combs are sometimes us$ ) ! idea ( sav+ ! bees ! "w ( con/ruct+ a new set ( combs4 ,"u same conditions ?is is false economy & gives poor] results ?an />t]s or f\ndation4 ,) v /rong colonies1 or ) ! brood *amb] contract$ to five or six frames1 empty combs 9 ! brood *amb] may give good results4 ,m$ium colonies on a full set ( empty combs are includ$ to /ore ! honey 9 ! brood *amb] & neglect ! sup]s4 7#e7 ,combs ( honey are sometimes us$ on :i* to hive sw>ms4 ,9 "s in/ances ! beekeep] uses frames ( f\ndation or empty combs above ! brood *amb] previ\s to & dur+ ! fir/ few days ( ! honey1 fl[ = ! purpose ( disc\rag+ sw>m+ & aft]w>ds uses ^! p>tly fill$ combs on :i* to hive sw>ms4 ,9 ord] to make room = ! que51 ?is honey is rapidly c>ri$ above1 & /or$ 9 ! sections4 7#f7 ,combs ( seal$ brood 9 :i* no eggs h be5 laid dur+ ! previ\s #aj days or #b weeks may be us$4 ,su* combs are usually available t[>d ! close ( ! sw>m+ season f colonies t h sw>m$ #aj days or #b weeks be=e4 ,?is plan is especially desirable :5 ! beekeep] runs %ort ( hives dur+ ! sw>m+ season4 ,9 "s localities1 h[ev]1 ! "* ( ! fl[ is su* t ! colonies may lat] aga9 prep>e to sw>m :5 hiv$ on ei!r empty combs or combs ( seal$ brood4 ,,extreme ,,contraction ,,( ,,! ,,brood ,,*amb] ,,:5 ,,hiv+ ,,sw>ms4 ,"s beekeep]s contract ! brood *amb]1 :5 hiv+ sw>ms1 to five or six frames1 ! rema9+ space be+ fill$ by means ( division bo>ds or dummies4 ,?is r$uction 9 ! capacity ( ! brood *amb] results 9 practically all ! honey be+ /or$ 9 ! sup]s & also re/ricts brood re>+ at a "t :5 ! result+ bees develop too late to become ga!r]s4 ,?is is especially adaptable to locations furni%+ an e>ly fl[ ( :ite honey foll[$ by a lat] fl[ ( d>k] honey4 ,! :ite or m m>ketable honey is /or$ 9 ! sup]s & lat] ! brood *amb] is exp&$ & provision$ = w9t] ) ! less desirable honey4 ,"s beekeep]s accompli% a some:at simil> result by hiv+ two sw>ms toge!r 9 a s+le hive body4 ,:5 practic+ contraction x is be/ to give ! full am\nt ( room at ! "t ( hiv+ ! sw>m & to r$uce ! space ?ree or f\r days lat]1 z o!rwise ! bees are apt to sw>m out because ( _! cramp$ qu>t]s4 ,s9ce contraction ( ! brood *amb] is b a tempor>y exp$i5t1 x %\ld n be cont9u$ beyond ! "t t its use is ( advantage4 ,if !re %\ld be a lat] honey fl[1 ! brood *amb] %\ld be exp&$ 9 "t to re> ! bees = x4 ,9 any ev5t1 contraction %\ld n cont9ue s long z to int]f]e ) secur+ ! prop] conditions ( ! colonies = w9t] 7p4 #ba74 ,frames ( f\ndation1 empty combs1 frames ( brood or honey may be us$ to complete ! set ( combs :5 exp&+ ! brood *amb]1 & ^! are usually giv5 j be=e or at ! close ( ! honey fl[4 ,contraction ( ! brood *amb] to less ?an "o hive body1 except 9 hiv+ sw>ms1 is n usually advisable4 ,sw>m ,control by ,manipulation4 ,sw>m control by manipulation enables ! beekeep] to op]ate a s]ies ( api>ies by visit+ ea* at c]ta9 int]vals1 ?us elim9at+ ! necessity ( an att5dant 9 ea* api>y dur+ ! sw>m+ season4 ,! fact t bees usually1 by ! con/ruction ( que5 cells1 indicate ab\t a week 9 advance _! int5tion to sw>m1 enables ! beekeep] to control sw>m+ by exam9+ ea* colony once a week dur+ ! sw>m+ p]iod & =e/all+ ! colonies t are mak+ prep>ations to sw>m4 ,x is also possible to manipulate all ! colonies be=e any sw>m+ occurs s t mo/ ( !m g ?r\gh ! honey fl[ )\t sw>m+1 ?us elim9at+ ! weekly exam9ations4 ,any manipulation = sw>m control1 :e!r appli$ aft] ! colony has acquir$ ! sw>m+ fev] or appli$ to all colonies alike previ\s to ! sw>m+ season1 is bas$ ^u ! s+le pr9ciple--a tempor>y di/urbance 9 ! cont9uity ( ! daily em]g5ce ( brood4 ,?is di/urbance %\ld occur j previ\s to or dur+ ! sw>m+ season4 ,9 natural sw>m+ ! brood & ! sw>m are sep>at$1 ! sw>m be+ )\t hat*+ brood dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree weeks4 ,! brood f :i* ! sw>m came may be all[$ to em]ge 9 a sep>ate hive & ! result+ bees may !n be return$ to ! sw>m 7p4 #bi74 ,9 ?is way ! sw>m+ in/9ct is satisfi$1 at lea/ tempor>ily1 )\t mat]ially decreas+ ! population ( ! colony4 ,! beekeep] may anticipate sw>m+ by remov+ ! brood f ! hive1 all[+ x to em]ge 9 a sep>ate hive & f9ally return+ ^! "y bees to ! colony 9 ! same mann] z is done ) ! natural sw>m4 ,"u ! same conditions ! subsequ5t behavior ( a colony treat$ 9 ?is way is simil> to t ( a natural sw>m4 ,9 ei!r case !re has be5 a break 9 ! cont9uity ( ! em]g5ce ( "y bees 9 ! hive dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree weeks4 ,in/ead ( hiv+ a natural sw>m ^u empty combs or frames ( f\ndation1 combs ( em]g+ brood 7)\t que5 cells7 tak5 f a colony t has be5 que5less dur+ a p]iod ( #aj to #ae days may be us$ 7p4 #cc7 & a simil> condition may be _h )\t sw>m+ by remov+ all ( ! brood & sub/itut+ su* combs ( em]g+ brood1 ?us at lea/ tempor>ily avoid+ sw>m+4 ,9 ^! cases !re is a break ( #aj to #ae days 9 ! cont9uity ( ! daily em]g5ce ( bees4 ,a simil> int]ruption ( brood re>+ may be accompli%$ by remov+ ! que5 f ! hive or cag+ h] )9 ! hive dur+ a p]iod ( #aj days or #b weeks1 !n return+ h] to ! combs4 ,9 ?is case no que5 cells mu/ ( c\rse be all[$ to mature4 ,a condition simil> to ?is may be obta9$ )\t remov+ ! que5 by divid+ ! brood *amb] into two p>ts ) que5-exclud+ metal1 = a p]iod ( #aj to #ae days4 ,! brood f ! division conta9+ ! que5 is !n remov$ & ! bees1 toge!r ) ! que51 %ak5 into ! o!r 7que5less7 division1 ! que5 cells if any be+ fir/ de/roy$4 ,! brood ?us remov$ may lat] be return$ to ! colony 9 ! =m ( "y bees 9 ! usual mann] 7p4 #bi74 ,ev5 ! de/ruction ( ! seal$ brood by uncapp+ x has be5 advis$ z a means ( sw>m control4 ,?is gives a p]iod ( ab\t #ab days dur+ :i* few or no "y bees em]ge4 ,^! me?ods are illu/rative ( ! pr9ciple employ$ 9 ! v>i\s me?ods ( control by manipulation1 :i* may be classifi$ "u ?ree g5]al head+s3 7#a7 ,tak+ ! que5 f ! hive4 7#b7 ,tak+ ! brood f ! hive4 7#c7 ,sep>at+ ! que5 & brood )9 ! hive4 ,! foll[+ me?ods ( sw>m control are giv5 = ! purpose ( illu/rat+ ! v>i\s types ( control by manipulation4 ,x is n to be und]/ood t all ! me?ods giv5 are equally adaptable to any locality or season1 b x is hop$ t1 pres5t$ 9 ?is way1 ! beekeep] may m readily see ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ea* plan z well z ! basic pr9ciple und]ly+ all ! plans & !reby be bett] enabl$ to elaborate a sy/em ( control to meet 8 p>ticul> requirem5ts4 ,,tak+ ,,! ,,que5 ,,f ,,! ,,hive4 ,! tempor>y removal ( ! que5 f ! colony = ! requir$ "t 7p4 #cf7 & ! return ( ! same que5 is a me?od :i* has be5 us$ 9 sw>m control4 ,( c\rse1 no que5 cells %\ld be p]mitt$ to develop 9 ! meantime4 ,su* colonies may prep>e to sw>m aga91 especially if ! p]iod ( que5lessness is n m ?an #aj days4 ,! me?od is a valuable "o1 h[ev]1 & may be us$ at any "t dur+ ! season on colonies mak+ prep>ations to sw>m4 ,deque5+ 9 connection ) reque5+4--,reque5+ ea* colony ) a "y que5 e>ly 9 ! season may greatly r$uce ! p]c5tage ( colonies t attempt to sw>m b c n be reli$ ^u z a me?od ( complete control s9ce dur+ a good & prolong$ honey fl[ q a numb] ( su* colonies prep>e to sw>m4 ,if ea* colony is reque5$ ) a "y que5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 aft] hav+ be5 que5less = #aj or #ae days1 !re w probably be v little if any sw>m+ dur+ an ord9>y season4 ,?is me?od is n 9 g5]al use among beekeep]s1 l>gely because ( ! difficulty 9 s tim+ ! op]ation t !re w be no loss4 ,! foll[+ are illu/rative ( ! v>i\s adaptations ( reque5+ 9 connection ) a p]iod ( no brood re>+4 7#a7 ,j previ\s to ! honey fl[ & at ab\t ! "t t heavy brood re>+ is no long] desirable1 remove ! que5 f ea* colony1 7a7 ,eight or t5 days lat] de/roy all que5 cells b "o & all[ ! colony to reque5 itself1 or 7b7 de/roy all que5 cells #h or #aj days aft] remov+ ! que51 !n aft] #c to #f days supply ea* colony ) a ripe que5 cell 7"o 9 :i* ! que5 is ready to em]ge71 a virg9 que51 or a "y lay+ que54 ,x is usually desirable t ! int]val ( que5lessness be z %ort z possible )\t defeat+ its purpose4 ,"s beekeep]s give a "y lay+ que5 #aj days aft] remov+ ! old "o1 or a virg9 or ripe cell consid]ably e>li]1 sometimes ev5 at ! "t ! old que5 is remov$1 :ile o!rs pref] a p]iod ( at lea/ #ad days be=e giv+ ei!r a lay+ or a virg9 que54 ,h[ev]1 colonies ) virg9 que5s sometimes sw>m ev5 ?\gh no o!r que5 cells or l>v f :i* to re> a que5 are pres5t4 ,ano!r objection to ! use ( que5 cells or virg9 que5s = ?is purpose is t "s ( ! que5s fail to em]ge & "s virg9 que5s fail to mate1 ?us leav+ ! colony hopelessly que5less4 ,= ^! reasons1 "s pref] to h ! "y que5s mate & beg9 to lay 9 nuclei 7v small colonies7 be=e introduc+#f !m 9 ! /rong colonies4 ,?is me?od may be us$ = ! entire api>y at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[ or x may be appli$ only to ^? colonies mak+ prep>ations to sw>m4 #f ,! "y lay+ que5s may be introduc$ ,into ! colony by ! ord9>y indirect or cag+ me?od 7,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #ddg1 p4 #dd7 or toge!r ) a comb ( brood & adh]+ f ! nucleus f :i* %e 0 mat$4 7#b7 ,use two hive bodies z a brood *amb] be=e ! honey fl[1 unit+ if necess>y to secure /rong colonies4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[ divide ea* colony1 leav+ ! field bees & mo/ ( ! brood on ! old /& 9 "o hive body1 plac+ ! que51 rema9+ brood1 & en\gh bees to c>e = x 9 ! o!r hive body :i* is set beside ! fir/4 ,! sup]s are ( c\rse giv5 to ! que5less colony on ! old /&1 :i* aft] ! prop] int]val ( que5lessness is all[$ to reque5 itself or is reque5$ by ! beekeep] z 9 7#a7 above4 ,! colony conta9+ ! old que5 may be us$ to /r5g!n ! /or+ colony by %ift+ its position f "o side ( x to ! o!r 7p4 #ca71 or us$ = increase4 7#c7 ,t5 days be=e ! honey fl[ is expect$ to beg91 put mo/ ( ! brood into a s+le hive body1 on ?is a que5 exclud]1 & ov] ?is a second hive body ) a frame ( brood & ! que51 ! o!r combs ( ?is set be+ empty except p]haps a little brood & honey4 ,n9e or t5 days lat] remove ! upp] /ory1 supply x ) a bottom bo>d1 & place x close beside ! orig9al hive4 ,de/roy que5 cells if any are pres5t 9 ! que5less portion :i* rema9s on ! old /&1 give a ripe que5 cell1 virg9 que51 or a "y lay+ que51 & put on ! sup]s4 ,! brood *amb] conta9+ ! old que5 may be us$ to make increase or its fly+ bees may be unit$ ) ! /or+ colony 7p4 #ca74 ,by any ( ^! me?ods !re is a break ( #aj to #ae days 9 ! cont9uity ( brood em]g5ce 9 ! brood *amb] left on ! old /& & ! colonies are reque5$ ) "y que5s--ea* a /rong factor 9 sw>m control & :5 comb9$ %\ld ) r>e exceptions result 9 no sw>m+4 ,,remov+ ,,! ,,brood ,,f ,,! ,,hive4 ,s9ce remov+ ! brood br+s ab\t conditions q simil> to t ( natural sw>m+ 7p4 #bh71 su* a managem5t ( ! colonies is practically id5tical ) t ( natural sw>m+4 ,! use ( ! brood t is remov$ 7p4 #bi71 ! "q ( :at %\ld be us$ 9 ! brood *amb] in/ead ( ! remov$ brood 7p4 #cb71 ! contraction ( ! brood *amb] 7p4 #cc71 etc41 h be5 discuss$ "u natural sw>m+ & ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,:ile "s ( ! plans us+ ?is pr9ciple may be appli$ to all ! colonies 9 ! api>y be=e sw>m+ actually beg9s1 ! usual practice is to apply !m only to su* colonies z are mak+ prep>ations to sw>m4 ,x %\ld n be us$ on weak colonies1 on colonies hav+ a small p]c5tage ( seal$ & em]g+ brood & few "y bees1 on colonies 9 :i* ! que5 is fail+1 or on any colonies dur+ a v poor season4 ,"u any ( ^! conditions x is usually bett] to disc\rage sw>m+ by de/roy+ que5 cells 7p4 #bg71 by remov+ "o or two frames ( brood1 or1 if "s control measure is f9ally necess>y1 by reque5+ su* colonies aft] an int]val ( que5lessness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = /rong colonies hav+ a high p]c5tage ( seal$ & em]g+ brood & a good que5 ! me?od usually gives excell5t results1 s9ce by its use ! work]s1 que51 & sup]s are kept toge!r dur+ ! fl[4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! v>i\s plans employ+ ?is pr9ciple ( sw>m control3 7#a7 ,f9d ! que5 & put ! comb on :i* %e is f\nd to "o side1 !n %ake ! bees f mo/ ( ! o!r combs into or 9 front ( _! hive4 ,z ! combs ( brood are remov$ put frames conta9+ ei!r n>r[ /rips or full %eets ( f\ndation or combs into ! hive & replace ! sup]s4 ,:5 mo/ ( ! %ak5 bees are 9 ! hive1 place ! que5 among !m4 ,put all ! brood & ! few bees rema9+ !reon into ano!r hive close beside ! %ak5 colony 7fig4 #ag74 ,en\gh bees %\ld be left on ! combs ( brood to c>e = x2 usually two combs are n %ak5 at all1 b plac$ 9 ! o!r hive ) all ! adh]+ bees4 ,= fur!r disposition ( ! brood see page #bi4 7#b7 ,9 ord] to avoid ! tr\ble ( f9d+ ! que51 ! above plan may be v>i$ by %ak+ & bru%+ all ! bees f ! combs s z to be sure t ! que5 is among !m4 ,9 ?is case ! brood may be utiliz$ by "o ( ! foll[+ plans3 7a7 ,use x to build up weak] colonies 7p4 #ca7 or 7b7 place x 9 a hive body ov] a que5 exclud] on top ( ! =c$ sw>m or "s colony n be+ us$ = comb-honey production t c sp>e en\gh bees to c>e = x4 ,9 a %ort "t bees w pass ?r\gh ! exclud] & cov] ! brood1 aft] :i* ! hive body conta9+ x is remov$1 suppli$ ) a cov] & bottom bo>d1 & plac$ at "o side ( ! =c$ sw>m s t ! em]g+ bees may lat] be add$ to ! sw>m4 ,or 7c7 aft] ! %ak+ is complete1 remove ! =c$ sw>m & put ! hive body conta9+ ! brood tempor>ily back on ! orig9al /& to induce field bees to ent] x4 ,!n 9 ! ev5+ set x aside & re/ore ! sw>m to its position on ! old /&4 ,^! field bees w be able to prev5t ! brood be+ *ill$ dur+ ! night b 9 return+ f ! fields ! next day w ent] ! hive on ! old /&4 ,9 ! meantime en\gh "y bees w h em]g$ to c>e = ! brood4 7#c7 ,remov+ all ! brood & sub/itut+ frames conta9+ n>r[ /rips or full %eets ( f\ndation sometimes results 9 ! colony sw>m+ out ! next day4 ,?is may be avoid$ by remov+ ! brood 9 two in/allm5ts ) an int]val ( a few days betwe5 ! two op]ations4 ,:5 ! brood is n all remov$1 full %eets ( f\ndation or empty combs %\ld be us$ or an excessive am\nt ( drone comb w be built4 ,) sectional hives1 /& ! brood *amb] on end1 smoke ! bees out ( ! l[] section1 & remove x4 ,de/roy que5 cells 9 ! upp] hive section4 ,^! w almo/ univ]sally be f\nd project+ into ! space betwe5 ! two sections ( ! brood *amb]4 ,sub/itute a new hive section conta9+ empty combs or f\ndation = ! remov$ section4 ,aft]1 a few days remove ! sup]s1 smoke ! bees out ( ! upp] section1 remove x1 & add x to ! section t 0 remov$ be=e1 :i* at ! "t ( its removal 0 giv5 ! usual position beside ! colony 7fig4 #ag74 7#d7 ,use two hive bodies z a brood *amb] ?r\gh\t ! ye> except dur+ ! honey fl[4 ,h bo? z well fill$ ) brood z possible previ\s to ! fl[4 ,ab\t #aj days be=e ! honey fl[ is expect$ to beg91 ins]t a que5-exclud+ honey bo>d 7fig4 #b7 betwe5 ! two hive bodies4 ,! que5 is n[ conf9$ to a s+le "o ( ! hive bodies4 ,aft] #aj days transf] ! que5#g to ! o!r hive body plac$ on ! old /& & put on ! sup]s4 ,remove ! hive body 9 :i* ! que5 has be5 conf9$ to "o side ( ! colony on ! old /& & supply x ) a ripe que5 cell 79 a protector7 or a virg9 que54 ,:5 ! "y que5 beg9s to lay1 ex*ange places ) ! two hive bodies s t ! "o conta9+ ! "y que5 n[ becomes ! /or+ colony1 giv+ x ! sup]s & field bees4 ,%ift ! hive conta9+ ! old que5 f "o side to ! o!r ( ! colony on ! old /& ab\t once a week1 s t ! entire fly+ =ce ( bo? are at "w 9 ! hive ) ! sup]s 7p4 #ca74 ,at ! close ( ! honey fl[ ! old que5 may be kill$ unless %e is especially valuable & ! two divisions may be reunit$4 ,! p]iod ( #aj days dur+ :i* no eggs are laid 9 ! hive body us$ by ! /or+ colony at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[ %\ld delay sw>m+ at lea/ until ! "y que5 beg9s to lay4 ,:5 ! o!r hive body ) ! "y que5 is sub/itut$1 x has _h a simil> p]iod ( no egg lay+ 9 addition to hav+ a "y lay+ que51 mak+ a desirable comb9ation4 #g ,x is n necess>y to f9d ! que51 s9ce ! pres5ce ( unseal$ brood indicates ,9 :i* hive body %e is conf9$4 ,%e may be transf]r$ to ! o!r hive body by %ak+ all ! bees f ! combs %e is kn[n to occupy 9 ) ! bees ( ! o!r hive body4 ,9 ?is case "s bees are return$ to ! %ak5 combs 7p4 #ch7 be=e ?is brood is set aside1 to prev5t its be+ *ill$4 ,me*anical devices4--,a numb] ( me*anical devices h be5 describ$ = %ift+ bees f "o brood *amb] to ano!r4 ,^! p]mit ! bees to leave ! hive :5 go+ to ! fields & are s arrang$ t ! return+ bees are l$ to ent] ! new brood *amb]4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( swit*es 9 ! bottom bo>d or by a *ute or tube s atta*$ t ! entrance to ! old brood *amb] is clos$1 all[+ exit only ?r\gh ! tube :i* op5s ne> ! entrance ( ! new brood *amb]4 ,9 ei!r case ! hives are s arrang$ t ! bees return+ f ! field readily ent] ! new brood *amb]4 ,! que5 is f\nd & toge!r ) a comb ( brood & adh]+ bees is put into ! new brood *amb]1 & ! sup]s are transf]r$ f ! old to ! new brood *amb]4 ,! "y bees z !y le>n to fly are add$ to ! sw>m by ! same device4 ,o!rwise ! manipulation is ! same z ! o!r me?ods describ$4 ,,sep>at+ ,,! ,,que5 ,,& ,,brood ,,)9 ,,! ,,hive4 ,9 "s sw>m-control me?ods nei!r ! que5 nor ! brood is remov$ f ! hive1 b ^! are tempor>ily sep>at$ )9 ! hive4 ,^! me?ods are ord9>ily us$ only on colonies mak+ prep>ations to sw>m & are practically equival5t to ! deque5+ plan4 ,! foll[+ me?ods make use ( ?is pr9ciple ( sw>m control3 7#a7 ,! que5 may be plac$ 9 a wire-clo? cage )9 ! hive or may be conf9$ to a small comb surface )9 ! brood *amb] by means ( que5-exclud+ z9c4 ,no que5 cells are p]mitt$ to mature1 & ! que5 is lib]at$ aft] #aj to #ae days4 7#b7 ,! que5 toge!r ) a comb conta9+ a small am\nt ( brood is plac$ 9 a l[] hive body conta9+ no o!r frames or combs4 ,aft] de/roy+ all que5 cells ! brood is plac$ 9 a second hive body1 ! two hive bodies be+ sep>at$ by a que5-exclud+ honey bo>d & ! sup]s adju/$ above ! brood z be=e4 ,! que51 be+ sep>at$ f ! brood by means ( ! exclud]1 lays few eggs 9 ! comb on :i* %e is conf9$ dur+ ?is p]iod ( sep>ation4 ,aft] a week or #aj days ! que5 cells are aga9 de/roy$1 & ! brood & que5 are put back into a s+le hive body z be=e4 ,?is me?od gives results q simil> to ! deque5+ me?od 7p4 #ce74 ,if e season 7 alike 9 a giv5 locality ! beekeep] c\ld "w out a manipulation to be appli$ to ea* colony j be=e or at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 :i* w\ld result 9 practically no sw>m+4 ,! wide v>iation 9 ! seasons1 h[ev]1 r5d]s x next to impossible to adopt a sw>m-control measure t w prove mo/ pr(itable e ye>4 ,! means ( control adopt$ mu/ be su* z to favor ! dom9ation ( ! /or+ in/9ct4 ,probably ! plan ( mak+ weekly visits is ! mo/ widely us$ sy/em ( sw>m control by manipulation4 ,:5 a colony is f\nd prep>+ to sw>m1 ! brood is remov$ if conditions are su* z to ju/ify do+ s 7p4 #cg74 ,o!rwise ! removal ( ! que5 is resort$ to4 ,) any ( ^! me?ods ( control ! colony may rapidly re/ore =m] conditions1 & ev5 ?\gh x has be5 div]t$ f sw>m+ may lat] aga9 prep>e to sw>m & require a second manipulation4 ,g5]ally speak+1 :5 ! honey fl[ is %ort1 less radical measures are requir$4 ,colonies t h be5 suppli$ ) "y que5s aft] a p]iod ( que5lessness h "o factor 7! que57 *ang$ ) at lea/ "s degree ( p]man5cy4 ,colonies t h be5 compell$ to con/ruct a new set ( brood combs f n>r[ /rips ( f\ndation h ! mo/ radical *ange ( conditions z to brood re>+4 ,ei!r ( ^! *anges alone is usually suffici5t to insure no fur!r prep>ations to sw>m4 ,manipulation ( ! ,sup]s4 ,prop] manipulation ( ! comb-honey sup]s is n only a /rong factor 9 ! prev5tion ( sw>m+ b is also a /imulus to /or+4 ,! am\nt ( room ! colonies %\ld h 9 ! surplus ap>tm5t v>ies s mu* t ! ord9>y /&>d sup] is simply a unit 9 a l>ge & flexible surplus ap>tm5t4 ,if en\gh surplus room is giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! season = ! /orage ( ! entire crop ( honey1 ! space s giv5 is too great = be/ results at ! beg9n+ ( ! honey fl[1 & little ( x is ne$$ at all if ! season is poor4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a s+le sup] is giv5 & no o!r add$ until ! fir/ is complet$1 ! room 9 ! surplus ap>tm5t decreases f ! "t ! sup] is giv5 until ! combs are completely drawn out1 :5 !re is little space left betwe5 ! combs1 ! bees be+ practically cr[d$ out4 ,?us :ile ! population ( ! colony is increas+ _! room is be+ dim9i%$--a condition highly conducive to sw>m+ & less en]getic "w4 ,aft] ! sup] is fill$1 x is "s "t be=e ! honey is rip5$ & seal$1 ready to be remov$4 ,dur+ ?is int]val1 if no o!r sup]s are giv51 !re is no place = /orage ( ! incom+ nect>1 & ! comb build]s mu/ rema9 idle or wa/e _! wax 9 build+ burr & brace combs4 ,to avoid loss 9 ?is way1 empty sup]s are add$ z !y are ne$$1 & ! comb build]s move f "o sup] to ano!r z _! "w 9 ea* is complet$4 ,! surplus ap>tm5t1 :e!r consi/+ ( a s+le sup] or sev]al sup]s1 %\ld at all times conta9 "s space = ! comb build]s4 ,if ! honey fl[ is heavy & promises to cont9ue1 x is desirable to furni% n only suffici5t room b to induce ! bees to beg9 "w 9 z _m sections z possible1 giv+ l>ge comb surface = ! /orage & evaporation ( ! ?9 nect>1 ?us 9 a measure approximat+ extract$ honey conditions4 ,!re is a dang]1 h[ev]1 t if ! bees are induc$ to ext5d _! "w ?r\gh too _m sup]s1 ! sections :5 complet$ w be less well fill$ & !re=e light] 9 weight4 ,also1 if ! honey fl[ %\ld n cont9ue z expect$ a rapid expansion ( ! surplus ap>tm5t results 9 a l>ge numb] ( unf9i%$ sections4 ,! rapidity ( ! expansion ( "w 9 ! sup]s may to "s ext5t be regulat$ by ! position ( ea* newly add$ sup]4 ,if a rapid expansion is desirable1 ! empty sup] is plac$ bel[ ! sup]s already on ! hive1 :ile if x seems be/ to cr[d ! bees some:at ! empty sup] is plac$ above ^? already on ! hive4 ,:5 ! empty sup] is plac$ above ! p>tly f9i%$ ones1 ! bees d n beg9 "w !re9 unless !y ne$ ! room4 ,?is practice is always desirable dur+ a sl[ honey fl[ or t[>d ! close ( any honey fl[1 b :5 nect> is com+ 9 rapidly does n result 9 a rapid expansion ( comb build+ suffici5t to avoid a m or less cr[d$ condition1 :i* 9 turn causes a loss ( honey & increases ! probability ( sw>m+4 ,if ea* sup] is suppli$ ) "o or two extract+ combs 7p4 #af71 ?is disadvantage ( ! practice ( plac+ ! empty sup] on top l>gely disappe>s1 s9ce ! extract+ combs are imm$iately available = ! /orage ( nect>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,arrangem5t ( sup]s4 7,orig9al47 ,:5 ! empty sup]s are plac$ "u ! p>tly fill$ ones1 "w 9 !m is comm5c$ promptly1 b ?is may be at ! exp5se ( ! ne>ly complet$ sections1 :i* by ?is plan are mov$ f>!r f ! brood *amb] z ea* empty sup] is add$4 ,9 ! case ( ! sup] 9 :i* ! honey is be+ seal$ ?is di/ance is an advantage 9 s f> z ! :it5ess ( ! capp+s is conc]n$1 b x may ret>d ! completion ( ! "w4 ,an arrangem5t ( ! sup]s t to "s ext5t avoids ?is difficulty is z foll[s3 ,except t[>d ! close ( ! season1 place ea* newly add$ sup] next to ! brood *amb] & keep ! "o ne>e/ completion j above x ) all o!rs arrang$ above ^! two1 ! "o 9 :i* lea/ progress has be5 made be+ on top 7fig4 #ai74 ,?us sup] ,no4 #a is rais$ up & ,no4 #b plac$ b5ea? x4 ,:5 ,no4 #c is giv51 x is plac$ next to ! brood *amb]1 :ile above x is ,no4 #a ) ,no4 #b on top4 ,if ,no4 #d is giv51 x is plac$ next to ! brood *amb] ) ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #c 9 ord] above x4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 if conditions ju/ify do+ s1 /rong colonies may be induc$ to exp& _! surplus ap>tm5t ) great rapidity1 s9ce z soon z ! f\ndation is well drawn 9 ea* newly add$ sup] x may be transpos$ to ! top & an empty "o put 9 its place4 ,su* rapid expansion ( "w 9 ! sup]s %\ld n be attempt$1 h[ev]1 except dur+ a heavy honey fl[4 ,if e>ly 9 ! honey fl[ ! bees are /or+ rapidly1 /rong colonies %\ld be giv5 a second sup] z soon z "w has be5 fairly begun 9 ! fir/4 ,colonies ( m$ium /r5g? may ( c\rse be all[$ to d consid]able "w 9 ! fir/ sup] be=e ! second is giv51 :ile a weak colony may h suffici5t room = comb build+ until ! fir/ sup] is almo/ complet$4 ,! fir/ sup] %\ld conta9 "s empty comb :5 giv5 to ! colony1 & ea* succe$+ sup] %\ld be giv5 9 advance ( ! "t :5 ! bees w\ld be 9 any way cr[d$ )\t x4 ,at no "t %\ld all ! sections be remov$ & new sup]s conta9+ only f\ndation be giv51 b ! surplus ap>tm5t %\ld conta9 sections 9 all ! v>i\s /ages ( developm5t4 ,9 ?is way !re is no break 9 ! "w 9 ! sup]s1 & ! critical p]iods1 s f> z ! sup] room be>s ^u ! problems ( sw>m+ & en]getic "w1 are l>gely elim9at$4 ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! honey fl[ ! reasons = fur!r expansion ( ! surplus ap>tm5t 9 excess ( ! imm$iate ne$s ( ! colonies 7p4 #da7 no long] exi/4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( a good honey fl[ ! maximum ( new "w consi/5t ) well-fill$ sections is desirable1 :ile t[>d ! close ( ! fl[ ! beekeep] desires ! m9imum ( new "w consi/5t ) suffici5t room4 ,! precise p]iod :5 fur!r expansion ( ! surplus ap>tm5t is no long] desirable & a conc5tration ( ! "w already begun %\ld take place is sometimes difficult to det]m9e1 & to d s requires a ?or\gh k ( ! locality & good judgm5t on ! "p ( ! beekeep]4 ,x is usually desirable to remove ! honey z soon aft] x is f9i%$ z c well be done4 ,if x is left on ! hives too long aft] x is f9i%$1 x is likely to become discolor$ or travel /a9$1 :ile if x is tak5 (f too soon "s ( ! sections are n complet$4 ,x is desirable t ! honey be remov$ by entire sup]s in/ead ( by individual sections1 !re=e conditions %\ld be made z favorable z possible = ! completion ( all ! sections 9 a sup] )\t ! m advanc$ ones becom+ travel /a9$4 ,! bees are m incl9$ to /a9 ! :ite surface ( ! combs t[>d ! close ( ! honey fl[ or dur+ v sl[ fl[s4 ,tr\ble f ?is s\rce is at su* "t int5sifi$ because ( ! unev5 progress ( "w 9 ! diff]5t sections1 ! m advanc$ sections !re=e be+ seal$ "s "t be=e ! sup] is suffici5tly advanc$ to ju/ify its removal4 ,ano!r =m ( discoloration is br\ght ab\t by ! honey be+ seal$ 9 close proximity to old & d>k brood combs1 9 :i* case "s ( ! d>k] wax f ! old combs is sometimes app>5tly us$ = capp+ ! honey4 ,dur+ a good honey fl[ all except ! la/ sup]s may be left ^u ! hives until all or ne>ly all ( ! sections ( honey are seal$1 s9ce 7#a7 !re is little tr\ble f travel /a9 :5 "w is progress+ rapidly1 7#b7 all ! sections 9 ! sup] are ready to be seal$ at ab\t ! same "t1 & 7#c7 :5 !re are sev]al sup]s on ea* hive ! "o 9 :i* ! honey is be+ seal$ is at lea/ "o sup] remov$ f ! brood combs4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! honey fl[ all sup]s hav+ mo/ ( _! sections f9i%$ %\ld be remov$ & ! sections sort$4 ,! unf9i%$ sections %\ld be grad$ accord+ to ! degree ( completion1 ! v>i\s grades plac$ 9 sup]s & giv5 to su* colonies z are mo/ likely to f9i% !m4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made at ?is "t to contract ! surplus ap>tm5t1 conc5trat+ ! "w ^u ! sections ne>e/ completion4 ,all sup]s 9 :i* "w has n yet be5 />t$ %\ld be remov$ & z soon z possible ! surplus ap>tm5t ( ea* colony %\ld be r$uc$ to "o sup]4 ,?\gh little room is necess>y dur+ ! close ( ! honey fl[1 !re %\ld always be "s room = ! /orage ( new nect> until x is rip5$4 ,= su* conditions extract+ combs are valuable1 s9ce1 in/ead ( giv+ ! la/ comb-honey sup] 9 :i* little "w w\ld be done1 a set ( extract+ combs may be plac$ ov] ! sections to af=d room = ! incom+ nect> & comb surface = its rip5+4 ,,c>+ ,,= ,,! ,,crop4 ,remov+ ! ,honey f ! ,hives4 ,if ! honey fl[ is ( consid]able duration ! major portion ( ! crop is remov$ be=e ! fl[ ceases4 ,at ?is "t ! removal ( ! f9i%$ sup]s is comp>atively easy because ! bees c readily be driv5 f !m & also because ! op]ator is n h9d]$ 9 8 "w by robb+ bees4 ,at ! close ( ! honey fl[ all ! sup]s rema9+ ^u ! hives %\ld be remov$ promptly1 s9ce to leave !m on w\ld result n only 9 "s ( ! honey be+ c>ri$ d[n into ! brood *amb] b also 9 badly propoliz$ sections4 ,aft] ! honey fl[ has ceas$1 great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to keep bees f robb+4 ,! use ( bee-escapes 7fig4 #ab7 greatly facilitates ! removal ( ! honey at any "t1 b _! use is especially desirable 9 remov+ ! honey rema9+ on ! hives at ! close ( ! honey fl[4 ,by _! use ! honey may be remov$ & /or$ 9 ! honey h\se ) little di/urbance or excitem5t among ! bees4 ,! sup]s ( honey %\ld ( c\rse be tak5 directly to ! honey h\se or kept well cov]$#h f robb]s4 #h ,honey f out-api>ies %\ld be load$ = transportation 9 su* a mann] t ! bees c n get at x1 !n be=e ! horse is hit*$ to ! wagon ! load ( honey %\ld be drawn by h& "s di/ance f ! api>y if ! slope ( ! gr\nd w p]mit do+ s4 ,if ?is is n possible ! horse may be atta*$ by means ( a long rope & ! load drawn to a safe di/ance be=e ! horse is hit*$ to ! wagon4 ,be=e f9ally /or+ ! sup]s ( honey 9 ! honey room ^? t are b p>tly fill$ may h _! sections remov$ & sort$4 ,! unf9i%$ sections t c n be dispos$ ( at a pr(it locally are usually put back into sup]s & ! honey !y conta9 is f$ to ! bees4 ,?is fe$+ is done by simply expos+ ! sup]s :]e ! fly+ bees c h access to !m4 ,if !re are few sup]s comp>$ ) ! numb] ( colonies !y %\ld be plac$ 9 piles & only a small entrance all[$1 s9ce if free access 7 giv5 to a l>ge numb] ( bees !y w\ld te> ! combs to pieces4 ,:5 ! bees h f9i%$ remov+ ! honey f ^! unf9i%$ sections ! latt] may be /or$ = future use z bait sections4 ,c>e ( ,comb ,honey4 ,9 ! honey room ! sup]s ( honey %\ld be plac$ 9 piles 9 su* a mann] z to all[ a free circulation ( air betwe5 !m4 ,?is may be done by /ick+ !m up z lumb] is pil$ to dry or by plac+ alt]nate sup]s crosswise4 ,! air 9 ! honey room %\ld be kept z dry z possible4 ,?is is usually accompli%$ by means ( a high temp]ature1 ! honey room be+ locat$ on ! sunny side ( ! build+ or directly "u ! ro(4 ,! w9d[s %\ld be op5$ only dur+ dry wea!r4 ,v5tilation ( ! honey room is ( no value except :5 ! air t is admitt$ conta9s less moi/ure ?an t already pres5t4 ,o!rwise v5tilation may be a positive detrim5t4 ,if a protract$ p]iod ( ra9y or damp wea!r %\ld occur :ile ! honey is 9 ?is /orage x may be necess>y to use artificial heat to dry ! air 9 ! honey room4 ,any great v>iation 9 temp]ature %\ld be avoid$1 s9ce x may cause a cond5sation ( moi/ure on ! surface ( ! capp+s :i* w be absorb$ by ! honey4 ,"s beekeep]s f9d x necess>y to fumigate comb honey to prev5t damage by ! l>v ( ! wax mo?4 ,= ?is purpose sulphur fumes or bisulphid ( c>bon may be us$4 ,if bisulphid ( c>bon is us$1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to br+ x ne> a flame1 z x is highly inflammable4 ,scrap+ ,propolis f ,sections4 ,be=e be+ pack$ = m>ket ! sections ( honey %\ld be remov$ f ! sup]s & ! wood scrap$ free ( propolis4 ,a conv5i5t b5* %\ld be provid$ = ?is "w1 ) a l>ge %all[ box or tray to cat* ! propolis z x is scrap$ f ! sections4 ,?is "w is usually done by h&1 ?\gh a few produc]s h design$ & are us+ ma*9es = ?is purpose4 ,grad+ ,comb ,honey4 ,! importance ( prop]ly grad+ & pack+ comb honey does n seem to be well und]/ood by ! av]age beekeep]4 ,"s ext5sive buy]s ( comb honey f9d x pr(itable to regrade & repack practically all ! comb honey !y receive be=e s5d+ x out to _! trade4 ,! produc] ( ?is honey ( c\rse be>s ?is extra exp5se by receiv+ a l[] price = 8 honey4 ,! lack ( uni=mity ( grad+ is to "s ext5t a result ( diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :at %\ld be ! /&>d = ! v>i\s grades4 ,grad+ rules h be5 ( mat]ial aid t[>d great] uni=mity1 b v>i\s produc]s may use ! same set ( grad+ rules ) v diff]5t results4 ,x w\ld be well if a s+le set ( rules 7 9 use1 s9ce honey f v>i\s localities may be s5t to ! same m>ket4 ,! grad+ rules 9 mo/ common use are giv5 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ddg1 page #ci4 ,aft] scrap+ ! propolis f ! wood1 ea* section ( honey may be plac$ 9 a pile ) o!rs ( its grade4 ,"s put ! sections directly into ! %ipp+ cases z fa/ z !y are scrap$1 b bett] grad+ c be done if ea* grade is put 9 a sep>ate pile & ! f9al grad+ all done by "o p]son4 ,by ?us hav+ a l>ge numb] ( sections 9 ea* grade f :i* to select !re is great] opportunity = mak+ ! sections ( honey 9 ea* case m ne>ly uni=m z to weight & ! v>i\s %ades ( f9i%4 ,su* uni=mity is especially desirable f ! /&po9t ( ! retail]4 ,sections conta9+ only a few cells ( poll5 %\ld be plac$ 9 a l[] grade or sold z culls1 :ile ^? conta9+ a consid]able am\nt ( poll5 %\ld n be m>ket$ 9 ! =m ( comb honey4 ,an excessive am\nt ( poll5 9 ! sections is usually caus$ by ! use ( v %all[ brood combs1 extreme contraction ( ! brood *amb]1 or hiv+ sw>ms on n>r[ /rips ( f\ndation 9 ! brood frames ) p>tly drawn comb 9 ! sections 7p4 #cb74 ,packages = ,comb ,honey4 ,comb honey is usually pack$ 9 cases hold+ #bd sections 7fig4 #bj74 ,o!r sizes are sometimes us$ to meet special m>ket requirem5ts4 ,! m>kets h become accu/om$ to cases ) glass fronts1 by means ( :i* ! cont5ts are display$ to advantage4 ,h[ev]1 9 keep+ ) pres5t practice 9 o!r package goods1 consid]able comb honey is n[ plac$ on ! m>ket hav+ ea* section inclos$ 9 a c>ton4 ,?is practice1 :ile los+ ! advantage ( display+ ! honey1 has a decid$ advantage 9 insur+ security f du/ & insects :ile 9 ! m>kets z well z great] safety to ! fragile comb :5 ! package is f9ally deliv]$ to ! consum]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--,%ipp+ cases = comb honey4 7,f ,phillips47 ,m>ket+4 ,_m beekeep]s are able to dispose ( _! entire output ( honey 9 _! local m>kets1 sometimes1 creat+ q a dem& = _! product by adv]tis+ & demon/rat+4 ,comb honey t is to be s5t to a di/ant m>ket %\ld be %ipp$ be=e cold wea!r1 s9ce ! combs become extremely fragile :5 cold4 ,small lots %\ld be crat$ 9 c>ri]s hold+ sev]al cases to prev5t breakage by r\gh h&l+ ( individual cases1 :ile 9 l>g] %ipm5ts ! cases are simply pack$ 9 ! c> 9 su* a mann] t ! individual cases c n be ?r[n ab\t by ! movem5t ( ! c>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,notes ,all illu/rations 7 mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4 ,irregul>ity 9 hyph5ation 7= comb-honey vs4 comb honey & "s o!rs7 has be5 reta9$4