,transcriber ,note ,text emphasis is denoted as ,italics and ,bold4 ,whole and fractional parts of numbers a s #ab-c_/d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,hemp ,,farmers' ,,bulletin ,no4 #aice ,u4 ,s4 ,,department ,,of ,,agriculture ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,contents ,page ,caution #b ,,hemp #c ,what it is #c ,it grows well in corn belts #d ,how to grow it #e ,soils and ,fertilizers #e ,seed #f ,when to plant #f ,seeding #f ,culture #g ,varieties to grow #g ,enemies #h ,harvesting #h ,time to ,harvest #h ,machinery #i ,retting #aj ,underretting and ,overretting #aa ,sunburning #aa ,turning ,soils #aa ,testing the ,end ,point of the ,ret #ab ,picking ,up the ,retted ,stalks #ad ,extra ,care ,insures ,extra ,profits #ae ,yeilds #af ,caution ,the ,,hemp ,,plant contains the drug marihuana4 ,any farmer planning to grow hemp must comply with certain regulations of the ,marihuana ,tax ,act of #aicg4 ,this involves registration with the farmer's nearest ,internal ,revenue ,collector and the payment of a fee of #a4 ,although the fee is small1 the registration is mandatory and should not be neglected1 as the penalty provisions for not complying with the regulations are very severe4 ,the registration must be renewed each year beginning ,july #a4 ,this so-called license permits a farmer to obtain viable hempseed from a registered firm dealing in hemp1 to plant and grow the crop1 and to deliver mature1 retted hemp stalks to a hemp mill4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issued ,january #aidc ,slightly ,revised ,april #aieb ,,hemp ,by ,b4 ,b4 ,robinson1 ,senior ,agrononmist ,division of ,cotton and ,other ,fiber ,crops and ,diseases ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering ,agricultural ,research ,administration ,,hemp is a fiber used in making twines and light cordage4 ,it is also used as an extender for imported cordage fibers1 particularly abaca1 sisal1 and henequen1 when supplies of these are not adequate to meet domestic demands4 ,the size of the hemp industry1 therefore1 is greatly influenced by the availability of imported cordage fibers4 ,hemp is not a hard crop to grow4 ,it should be planted on the most productive land on the farm--land that would make #ej to #gj bushels of corn per acre4 ,the crop is planted with a grain drill and harvested with special machinery rented from hemp mills4 ,it is allowed to lie on the ground until the outer part of the stalks has rotted1 freeing the fibers4 ,this process is called dew retting4 ,the most important step in hemp farming is to stop the retting process at the proper time4 7,see pp4 #ab and #ac47 ,this bulletin tells how to grow and harvest hemp4 ,for more information write to the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 ,soils1 and ,agricultural ,engineering1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 or to your ,state experiment station1 or consult your county agent4 ,what it is ,hemp is an annual plant that grows from seed each year1 and therefore it can be brought readily into production4 ,it produces twice as much fiber per acre as flax1 the only other fiber that is its equal in strength and durability and that is known to be suitable for culture and preparation on machinery in this country4 ,when hempseed is sown thickly for fiber production1 the plants usually grow from #e to #h feet tall4 ,however1 when the plants are thinly spaced in rows for seed production1 they may1 under favorable conditions1 reach a height of #ab to #af feet4 ,if the plants are not crowded1 they become much branched and are bushy4 ,uniform stems approximately #c_/h inch in diameter and #e to #h feet long are especially desired for fiber production1 because they can be handled well by the harvesting and processing machinery available in this country4 ,illustration ,hemp is a dioecious plant1 that is1 the staminate 7male7 and pistillate 7female7 flowers are borne on separate plants1 rather than both on one plant4 ,the flowers of the two types of plants are different1 but the male plant is easily distinguished from the female1 as the anthers are about the size of a wheat kernel4 ,the male plants die soon after discharging their pollen2 this is usually about #c to #e weeks before the female plants mature seed and die4 ,the fiber of commerce ranges from #d to #h feet in length and has the appearance of a flat1 fine ribbon4 ,it lies very close to the epidermis or skin of the plant4 ,spinners desire the fiber ribbon #a_/af inch or less in width4 ,the long strands of fiber are called line fiber to distinguish them from tow fiber1 which consists of shorter1 broken1 tangled pieces4 ,it grows well in the ,corn ,belt ,hemp is recommended as a good crop for the ,corn ,belt ,states1 because of their favorable climatic and soil conditions4 ,most fiber-producing varieties of hemp require a frost-free growing season of #e months or longer to produce seed and approximately #d months for fiber production4 ,hemp will endure light frosts in the spring and survive frosts in the fall better than corn4 ,it grows best when well supplied with moisture throughout its growling season and especially in its early stages of growth4 ,drought conditions1 if accompanied by high temperatures1 appear to hasten maturity before the plants are fully grown4 ,the vegetative growth of hemp should be uniform4 ,this growth is noticeably affected if the soil is flooded or saturated with moisture for too long a period4 ,the leaves turn yellow1 and the plants die4 ,rainfall1 well distributed during the growing season1 is1 therefore1 desirable for uniform vegetative growth4 ,hemp should be planted only on well-drained soils and not on flat1 heavy1 impervious soils4 ,climate is important not only in the growth of the plant but also in the preparation of the crop after harvest4 ,it influences the method used in handling the crop and the labor requirements1 which determine the cost of production4 ,in the ,united ,states the common practice 7known as dew retting7 is to cut the crop and let it lie on the ground4 ,exposure to the weather causes the fiber in the outer part of the stem to separate4 ,light snows and alternate freezing and thawing seem to improve or make the retting more uniform4 ,how to grow it ,soils and ,fertilizers ,hemp should not be grown on poor soils4 ,to obtain good yields and fiber of high-quality1 it is necessary to have a growth of uniform stalks #f to #h feet long4 ,short stalks1 from poor nonfertile soils1 seldom produce a high-quality fiber4 ,fiber hemp grows successfully on soils of the ,clarion1 ,tama1 ,carrington1 ,maury1 ,hagerstown1 and ,miami series1 which1 in general1 are deep1 medium-heavy loams1 well-drained1 and high in organic matter4 ,artificially drained areas of the ,webster1 ,brookston1 and ,maumee series also give satisfactory yields4 ,these soils are among the most productive soils of the ,corn ,belt4 ,they produce average yields of #ej to #gj bushels or more of corn per acre4 ,if land will not produce from #ej to #gj bushels of corn per acre1 it should not be planted to hemp for fiber production4 ,muck or peat soils are not recommended for the production of high-quality hemp fiber4 ,the quantity of fiber produced per acre on these soils may be very high1 but experience has demonstrated that the fiber lacks strength1 which is the first requirement of hemp fiber for good cordage4 ,the inexperienced farmer usually gets advice from an experienced hemp-mill superintendent in the selection of the right soil4 ,in fact1 the farmer's contract to grow hemp usually specifies the exact field that it has been mutually agreed should be used for the hemp crop4 ,this type of supervision by the company contracting for hemp has helped to prevent many crop failures4 ,hemp should not be grown continuously on the same soil1 for the same reasons that many other crops are not adapted to such practices4 ,in ,wisconsin1 fields previously used for a cultivated crop are selected for hemp planting in preference to ones upon which small grains have been grown4 ,in ,kentucky1 bluegrass sod1 if obtainable1 is selected4 ,old pastures plowed up are well suited for hemp culture4 ,fields previously cropped to soybeans1 alfalfa1 and clover are excellent for hemp4 ,a good rotation is to follow corn with hemp1 and in ,kentucky a fall cereal may follow the hemp4 ,although hemp requires a rich soil1 it does not remove from the farm an excess of plant-food material4 ,nearly all the leaves on the hemp plants1 containing much of the plant nutrients removed from the soil1 fall off during the growth and maturing of the plant4 ,the remaining leaves may drop off in the field during the process of retting4 ,further1 the plant stems lose about #bj percent in weight of soluble and decomposed materials1 which leach out upon the fields1 and the stubble may be plowed under4 ,the plant in this manner returns to the land a large part of the plant nutrients that it removes during its growth4 ,commercial fertilizers may be used to advantage on soils that are not well supplied with organic matter4 ,ordinarily1 the best fertilizer for hemp is barnyard manure1 but commercial fertilizer can be used to advantage to supplement manure4 ,lime applications may be supplied on acid soils to advantage4 ,consult your county agent for recommendations as to amounts of fertilizer and lime to apply4 ,seed ,the period of flowering of the hemp plant may extend over several weeks1 and as a result the seed does not all mature at one time4 ,hemp seed for sowing frequently contains some immature green to yellowish-green seeds that may not germinate well4 ,good hempseed for sowing should be relatively free of such seeds and should germinate #ij percent or better4 ,as the oil content of hempseed usually ranges between #bi and #cd percent1 the seed should be kept cool and dry1 as it spoils rapidly under warm and damp conditions4 ,hemp seed seldom retains its germinating power well enough to be used for seed after #b-years' storage4 ,when to ,plant ,hemp should be planted in the spring just before corn4 ,in a program calling for small spring grains and corn1 the farmer should plan to plant his hemp between the time he plants his small grains and the corn4 ,seeding ,hemp grown for seed production should be sown in rows or hills4 ,the hills are commonly spaced #e by #e feet1 with #f to #aj seeds to the hill1 planted not more than #a_/b inch deep4 ,the plants are thinned to #c to #e to a hill4 ,if care is taken to save seed1 about #a-a_/b pounds wall sow an acre4 ,most farmers use more seed1 and frequently the crop is replanted because of late floods or failure to obtain good stands4 ,hemp grown for fiber should be sown with a broadcast seeder or with a grain drill4 ,a drill with #d inches between drill tubes is preferred to one with #f inches or more4 ,the seed should not be planted deeper than #a inch1 and a depth of #a_/b inch is preferred4 ,if the seed is planted deep1 the hemp seedling is not capable of pushing its way to the surface of the ground4 ,a slight crust on the ground frequently results in a poor stand4 ,if the seedbed is loose1 disks on a seed drill may cut too deep into the soil and the seed will be sown more than #a inch deep4 ,in such cases1 to make certain that the disks do not cut too deep into the seedbed1 they should be tied to the seed box4 ,a standard bushel of hempseed weighs #dd pounds4 ,the rate of seeding hemp for fiber production ranges between #c and #e pecks of seed per acre4 ,in ,kentucky1 where hemp is hand-broken1 it has been the practice to sow #c pecks 7#cc pounds7 per acre4 ,however1 when the hemp is to go to the mill1 #a bushel per acre gives a product that is better suited to milling4 ,wisconsin and other ,corn ,belt farmers have commonly sown #e pecks per acre4 ,the lighter rate of seeding in ,kentucky produces larger stalks4 ,these stalks are easily broken1 and the fiber is easily prepared by the hand-breaking methods that have been used there since colonial days4 ,machine methods of breaking and scutching to prepare the fiber are used in ,wisconsin1 and recently to some extent in ,kentucky4 ,the machines will handle finer stems1 and the sowing of #e pecks is advisable where hemp is to be prepared by machine4 ,illustration ,a good practice in planting hemp for fiber production is to sow around the edge of the field next to the fence a #af- to #ah-;foot width of small grains1 which may be harvested before the hemp4 ,space is thus provided for the harvester to enter the field and begin cutting without injuring the hemp4 ,it also prevents hemp plants at the edge from growing too rank4 ,uniform plants are necessary for uniform fiber quality4 ,culture ,fall plowing in ,wisconsin gives better results with hemp than spring plowing4 ,hemp for fiber production requires little or no cultivation or care after planting until the harvest2 but if1 after seeding and before the seedlings emerge1 the ground crusts badly it may be advisable to roll the field to break the crust4 ,hemp for seed production should be cultivated the same as corn2 that is1 sufficiently to keep back the weeds4 ,spudding out ,canada thistles where they appear in dense stands in hemp fields should be done when the hemp is only a few inches high4 ,in most cases hemp will compete well with weeds1 if the hemp gets off to a good start4 ,varieties to grow ,the fiber hemp grown in the ,united ,states by the early colonists was of ,european origin2 but our present hemp1 commonly known as ,kentucky or domestic hemp1 is of ,chinese origin4 ,few importations of hempseed have been made in recent years for commercial plantings1 as imported seed has not proved as productive under domestic conditions as ,kentucky hemp4 ,enemies ,in the ,united ,states there are no hemp diseases of economic importance1 and hemp has not been seriously attacked by insects4 ,the ,european corn borer and similar stem-boring insects occasionally kill a hemp stem4 ,however1 they have not proved important1 perhaps because hemp has not been grown to any extent in the sections of the ,united ,states where the ,european corn borer is a serious pest4 ,seedling plants are frequently attacked by cutworms and white grubs after spring plowing of sod land4 ,broom rape is a small weed #f to #ae inches high that is parasitic on the roots of hemp1 tobacco1 and tomatoes1 it usually grows in clumps and has purple flowers1 which produce many very small seeds4 ,these adhere to the waxy flower parts surrounding the hempseed and are distributed in this manner4 ,broom rape can be very serious on hemp if proper control measures are not followed4 ,only well-cleaned hempseed and seed from fields containing no broom rape should be sown4 ,hemp has been recommended as a weed-control crop4 ,its dense1 tall growth helps to kill out many common weeds4 ,the noxious bindweed1 a member of the morning-glory family1 is checked to some extent by hemp4 ,unfortunately1 bindweed and several other species of morning-glory have seeds so near the same size and weight of hempseed that mixtures obtained in producing hempseed are carried to the field planted for fiber production4 ,in growing hemp for seed all vine weeds of this type found on the hemp stalks should be removed before the hemp plants begin to produce seed4 ,illustration ,harvesting ,time to ,harvest ,hemp is harvested for seed production when the plant on being shaken sheds most of its seed4 ,this occurs when the seeds are fully mature on the middle branches4 ,the seeds will mature on the lower branches first and on the top of the plant last4 ,the common method of harvesting hemp for seed production is to cut it by hand and shock it to permit more seed to mature and cure before threshing4 ,the harvesting should be in the early morning or on damp days when the seeds do not shatter so much as they do in the warmer and drier part of the day4 ,threshing of the seed hemp should be done on dry afternoons4 ,in threshing1 the seed shocks should be placed on large canvas cloths #bd by #bd feet and then be beaten with long sticks to remove the seed4 ,hemp is harvested for fiber production when the male plants are in full flower and are shedding pollen4 ,by harvesting before the male plants die1 the retting of both male and female plants is more uniform1 as both types of plants are still green and growing4 ,the harvesting period may extend for #b weeks or longer4 ,very early harvested hemp may produce a finer and softer fiber than that harvested later1 but it is usually weaker4 ,the fiber from hemp that has been harvested so late that many seeds have matured does not possess so good cordage and textile characteristics as fiber from hemp harvested earlier4 ,hemp stalks should be relatively free of leaves except a few at the very top before harvesting4 ,this is important when hemp is shocked after harvest1 as it makes the top of the shock smaller so that less rain can enter the shock4 ,illustration ,machinery ,harvesting methods vary with locality and climate4 ,in ,kentucky1 hemp may grow to a height of #ae feet or more4 ,these long stalks are difficult to handle with machinery4 ,self-rake reapers 7see below7 have been used in harvesting hemp for many years1 and they probably do better work with very tall hemp than any other machine now available4 ,a modified rice binder1 which cuts and binds the hemp into bundles1 is also available1 although difficulty in handling the very tall hemp may be experienced4 ,this latter type of machine can be used for short hemp in areas1 such as ,kentucky1 where hemp must be shocked within a few days after harvest to avoid sunburn4 ,illustration ,in the northern part of the ,corn ,belt the hemp usually does not grow so tall and therefore can be handled more easily with machines4 ,during the first ,world ,war hemp-harvesting machinery was developed4 ,these harvesters 7see above7 in one operation cut an #h- or #i-;foot swath and elevate the stalks to a quarter-circle platform where they are turned automatically and dropped or spread on the ground for retting4 ,the butts of the stems all lie in the same direction and are relatively even4 ,the thickness of the layer of stalks in the swath influences the speed and uniformity of the dew retting4 ,machines of this type1 because of their labor economy1 are recommended for use in the ,northern ,states1 where hemp can be safely spread for retting when harvested4 ,hemp harvesters are usually owned by the hemp mills4 ,they are rented to the individual farmers1 who usually furnish the motive power and the labor to run the harvesters4 ,retting ,retting is the partial rotting of the hemp stalk4 ,it permits the fiber in the stalk to separate easily in long strands from the woody core4 ,the fiber strands break if unretted stems are bent or broken4 ,in this country the usual practice is to ret hemp by allowing it to lie on the ground1 where it is exposed to rain and dew4 ,this method is called dew retting4 ,dew retting is dependent upon dews and rains to furnish the moist conditions necessary for the growth of the molds that cause the retting4 ,in warm1 moist weather the retting may require #a to #b weeks1 but usually #d to #e weeks is required for retting in ,kentucky and ,wisconsin4 ,hemp has remained spread under snow in ,wisconsin until spring without serious injury1 but more often hemp left under snow all winter is overretted and ruined4 ,underretting and ,overretting ,if hemp stalks are lifted from the ground before they are sufficiently retted1 the fiber will not separate easily from the woody hurds 7small pieces of the woody core of the plant7 in milling4 ,however1 if the retting is permitted to go too far1 the fiber separates very readily from the core1 but the adhesive substance between the individual fiber cells in the long strand breaks down and the fiber is weak4 ,hemp further overretted produces mostly short broken strands of fiber called tow fiber1 which is less valuable than the long parallel strands of fiber called line fiber4 ,nowhere in the growing or processing of hemp is good judgment more needed than in determining the time to end the ret4 ,experience and good judgment are necessary to determine just when the hemp stalks should be lifted from the field and bundled4 ,the lifting and shocking stops the retting action4 ,the value of the fiber can be cut in half or entirely lost by several days' overretting in warm weather4 ,sunburning ,in ,kentucky1 hemp spread immediately to ret after harvest is apt to sunburn1 or sunscald4 ,it is common belief that the hot1 bright days in ,august and ,september in some way cause deterioration of the fiber if spread for retting4 ,sunburned fiber is uneven in color1 usually has less strength1 and possibly is drier and more harsh than fiber not sunburned4 ,in order to avoid sunscalding1 the hemp is shocked after being harvested and not spread for retting until the cooler days of ,november4 ,in locations having climatic conditions similar to those prevailing in ,wisconsin1 sunscald of hemp is rare4 ,illustration ,turning ,stalks ,in dew retting the spread stalks should be turned once or more during the retting period4 ,this aids in bleaching the stalks and results in fiber of more uniform color and quality4 ,the turning is done by workmen using bent poles approximately #h to #aj feet in length4 ,the poles are pushed under the head ends of stalks in the swath1 and the stalks are turned over without moving the butt ends4 ,illustration ,in turning the straw the workmen start in the middle of the field1 turning the first swath into vacant center space4 ,the second swath will be turned to lie where the first swath had been1 and so on4 ,care should be exercised in turning to prevent the stalks from tangling4 ,the more hemp is handled1 the more tangled the stalks may become4 ,tangled hemp is more difficult to process and produces a high proportion of tangled1 short1 tow fiber4 ,testing the ,end ,point of the ,ret ,a few days too long in the field may make the difference between retting and rotting4 ,therefore1 it is most important that inexperienced farmers obtain the assistance of the hemp-mill superintendent or an experienced grower in determining when to stop the retting4 ,dry hemp stalks should be tested when possible to determine the degree of retting4 ,three to six stalks are taken in both hands and bent back and forth to perform the break test4 ,if properly retted1 the fiber should not break when the woody core breaks4 ,the hurds should fall free of the fiber in the breaking and shaking between one's hands4 ,if the hemp is only partly retted1 some hurds will adhere to the loosened fiber4 ,unretted hemp fiber is usually green or light yellow4 ,dew-retted hemp is usually slate gray or black4 ,after the fiber is broken free1 its strength should be tested by breaking a small strand between the fingers4 ,a small strand of fiber not twisted and about #c_/cb inch wide should break with great difficulty and with a decided snap4 ,if it is very weak and breaks with little or no snap the hemp is probably badly overretted or may have been grown under unfavorable cultural conditions4 7,see p4 #e47 ,illustration ,all indication that the retting end point is near is that the hemp makes bowstrings4 ,in a small percentage of the stems1 less than #a to #e percent under certain conditions1 the middle of the stalks appears to ret first4 ,the fiber comes free from the middle and forms a string fastened at the top and bottom of the stem1 not unlike a bowstring4 ,if bowstring stems are found1 a sample of the hemp should be taken to the hemp-mill superintendent as soon as possible for verification of the retting end point4 ,the bowstring condition is only a supplementary aid in determining when to stop the retting1 and it may or may not occur in properly dew-retted hemp4 ,some experienced hemp producers use the peeling test for determining the degree of retting4 ,this is accomplished by peeling the fiber away from the butt ends of the stems4 ,if properly retted1 the fiber should peel freely from the woody core of the stem4 ,if the hemp is not sufficiently retted1 the fiber will break after a few inches have been peeled4 ,this free-peeling stage is desirable for breaking hemp on hand breaks4 ,where hemp is to be processed by machinery the retting need not progress quite so far as is necessary for hand breaking4 ,illustration ,picking ,up the ,retted ,stalks ,hemp stalks may be picked up by hand4 ,this method has been used from early times and is satisfactory where labor is plentiful4 ,however1 in this country it is being replaced by machine pick-up binders4 ,in picking up the straw by hand1 small sticks about #c feet long with a single steel or wooden hook on the end are used4 ,the hemp is raked into bunches with these implements1 and usually tied4 ,hemp-fiber bands are used in tying the bundles4 ,an inexpensive buck 7see above7 may be used to bunch the hemp1 or it may be bunched with a pitchfork4 ,illustration ,the most efficient method is to use the pick-up binder4 ,these machines1 drawn by tractors1 cover about an acre an hour4 ,they pick up the retted hemp stalks and tie them into bundles in one operation4 ,the machines are part of the modern hemp-mill equipment and are rented to farmers4 ,dew-retted hemp is usually shocked after being picked up4 ,the hemp remains in the shock until it is transported to the mill4 ,illustration ,extra ,care ,insures ,extra ,profits ,the farmer's job is done when he delivers the hemp to the mill4 ,all further processing to prepare the fiber is part of the milling operation4 ,however1 it is of interest to both farmers and mill operators to attempt to keep the hemp stalks and fiber well butted4 ,this means keeping the butt ends of the stalks or fiber in a bundle all even4 ,every time the hemp stalks are handled1 care should be taken to see that this is done4 ,if the hemp stalks are well butted in the bundle when processed1 the milling operations can be carried out more economically4 ,tangled1 uneven bundles are more difficult and require more time to handle4 ,the yield of high-value long-life fiber is much greater if the stalks are well butted4 ,hemp stalks are considered most desirable if they are less than half an inch in diameter4 ,the thickness of a pencil is frequently used to illustrate the size of desirable stalks4 ,the larger diameter stalks have a lower percentage of fiber than finer stems1 are harder to break1 and produce more tow fiber4 ,hemp stalks grown on unproductive soil usually contain a lower percentage of fiber1 and this fiber may be coarse1 harsh1 and of low strength1 so that it breaks into tow in milling4 ,stalks underretted frequently must be run through the mill breaker a second or third time to remove the remaining hurds4 ,this increases the milling labor costs1 and the resultant fiber may be reduced to a low grade4 ,on the other hand1 overretted hemp must be milled as little as possible1 with less pressure exerted on the rollers and a slower speed of the scutcher wheel to keep from making an excess amount of tow fiber4 ,yields ,hemp yields have been extremely variable when this crop has been planted in new areas by inexperienced farmers4 ,in ,wisconsin and ,kentucky1 where only experienced farmers have grown the crop in recent years1 the yields have not varied a great deal4 ,the crop has been reasonably dependable and has not often been injured by storms or droughts4 ,the average yields per acre for experienced farmers are approximately #b-a_/d to #b-a_/b tons of air-dry retted hemp stalks2 #hej pounds total fiber4 ,under the ,wisconsin machine-milling system the yields may average #dej pounds line fiber and #djj pounds tow fiber2 under the ,kentucky hand-breaking system they may average #gge pounds ,kentucky rough and #ge pounds tow4 ,if hemp is planted for seed production1 the average yields per acre are approximately #ae bushels or #ffj pounds1 on bottom land1 and #ab bushels on uplands4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,government ,,printing ,,office3 #aieb ,for sale by the ,superintendent of ,documents1 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,printing ,office ,washington #be1 ,d4 ,c4 -- ,price #aj cents 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber ,note ,illustrations were moved so as to not split paragraphs4 ,minor errors were corrected4 ,the ,contents was added for ease of locating sections of interest4 ,this file was produced from images generously made available by ,the ,internet ,archive4