,transcrib] ,note  ,text emphasis d5ot$ 
z ,italic & ,small ,caps4               
,,!                            ,,j\rnal 
,,( ,,geology                           
,,janu>y-,,febru>y1 #ahic4              
99       99       99       99       99  
,,on ,,! ,,pre-,,cambrian ,,rocks ,,(   
,,! ,,briti% ,,isles4   ,dur+ ! la/     
tw5ty ye>s mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t !    
pre-,cambrian rocks ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 
,un=tunately :5 att5tion began to be    
s$ul\sly giv5 to ! /udy ( ^! anci5t     
=mations1 ! problems ( metamorphism 7   
/ill a hundr$ fold m obscure ?an !y h   
s9ce become2 ! aid ( ! microscope _h n  
be5 s]i\sly & sy/ematically adopt$ = !  
inve/igation ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s1 &     
geologi/s g5]ally 7 /ill "u ! belief t !
 broad /ructure ( ^! s*i/s c\ld be      
treat$ l ^? ( ! s$im5t>y rocks1 & be    
det]m9$ by rapid trav]ses ( ! gr\nd4 ,we
 h n[ pa9fully discov]$ t ^! old] me?ods
 ( obs]vation 7 extremely crude1 & t !  
"w p]=m$ 9 accordance ) !m is n[ (      
little int]e/ or value save z a         

hi/orical w>n+ to future g5]ations (    
geologi/s4 ,geological lit]ature has    
mean:ile be5 burd5$ ) num]\s            
contributions :i* rema9 z a p]man5t     
incubus on our libr>y %elves4  ,x may   
s]ve a useful purpose at ! pres5t "t 9  
possibly aid+ ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! /udy 
( ! olde/ rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 if ,i  
place be=e !m1 z briefly z possible1 !  
ma9 facts :i* 9 my op9ion h n[ be5      
satisfactorily prov$ reg>d+ !           
correspond+ rocks ( ,brita91 & if ,i    
indicate at ! same "t "s ( ! m probable 
inf]5ces 9 ^? cases :]e ! facts1 at     
pres5t kn[n1 d n w>rant a def9ite       
conclusion4  ,x is obvi\s t 9 any ef=t  
to e/abli% t a gr\p ( rocks is old] ?an 
! v base ( ! s$im5t>y fossilif]\s       
=mations1 we mu/ some:]e f9d t gr\p     
em]g+ f "u ! bottom ( ^! =mations4      
,until li?ological *>act]s are asc]ta9$ 
to be s di/9ctive & con/ant z to be     
comp>able to fossil evid5ce = purposes (
 /ratigraphical id5tification1 we %\ld n
 assume t deta*$ areas ( old] rocks ris+

 amid ,palozoic1 ,second>y or ,t]ti>y   
=mations are pre-,cambrian4 ,we %\ld1 if
 possible1 beg9 at ! bottom ( !         
,palozoic sy/ems & "w backw>d1 trac+ ea*
 successive sy/em or gr\p z ^! rise f "u
 ea* o!r1 until we arrive at :at appe>s 
to be ! olde/ traceable )9 ! region (   
obs]vation4 ,x is cle> t 9 ! pres5t /ate
 ( k we h no satisfactory means (       
id5tify+ su* successive sy/ems 9 widely 
sep>at$ c\ntries4 ,all t c be attempt$ 9
 ! meantime is to asc]ta9 ! special     
types 9 ea* region1 & to po9t out _!    
g5]al resemblances or contra/s to ^? (  
o!r regions4 ,x is bett] to avoid       
confusion by refra9+ f apply+ !         
/ratigraphical names adopt$ = ! olde/   
rocks ( "o region to ^? ( ano!r         
geographically remote1 ?\gh we may hope 
t ev5tually x may be possible to "w out 
! equival5ce ( ^! local names4  ,9 !    
,briti% ,isles1 by mu* ! mo/ important  
region = ! /udy ( ! olde/ rocks is to be
 f\nd 9 ! nor?-we/ ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4  
,! v basem5t /rata ( ! ,cambrian sy/em  

are !re traceable = a di/ance ( m ?an   
#ajj miles1 repos+ ) a /rong            
uncon=mability ^u all rocks ( old] date4
 ,!y consi/ ( dolomitic %ales )         
,ol5ellus1 re/+ ^u a ?ick gr\p (        
qu>tzites1 full ( annelid tubes4 ,"o ( !
 mo/ rem>kable features ( ^! anci5t     
/rata is ! p]si/5ce ( _! compon5t b&s or
 zones :i*1 ?\gh sometimes only a few   
feet ?ick1 c be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole    
tract ( c\ntry j ref]r$ to4 ,= ! /udy ( 
! pre-,cambrian rocks ?is is an         
important po9t1 = we c be q c]ta9 t ev5 
:]e fossil evid5ce locally fails1 ! same
 basem5t memb]s ( ! ,cambrian sy/em are 
p]si/5t & lie directly ^u !             
pre-,cambrian s]ies4  ,lewisian ,gneiss4
 ,ev] s9ce ! rese>*es ( ,mur*ison &     
,nicol 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,scotl&1 x has be5
 kn[n t two di/9ct sy/ems ( rock und]lie
 ! qu>tzites to :i* ,i h j allud$4      
,mur*ison reg>d$ ! upp] ( ^! z (        
,cambrian age1 :ile he assign$ !        
uncon=mable qu>tzites & lime/ones above 
x to ! ,l[] ,silurian p]iod4 ,b ! rec5t 

discov]y ( ! ,ol5ellus zone int]calat$  
con=mably betwe5 ! qu>tzites & ! ov]ly+ 
lime/ones may be reg>d$ z prov+ t all ! 
rocks :i* und]lie ! qu>tzites & are     
sep>at$ f !m by a /rong uncon=mability  
mu/ be pre-,cambrian4 ,x is ?us e/abli%$
 beyond any reasonable d\bt t two great 
pre-,cambrian sy/ems ( rock exi/ 9 !    
nor?-we/ ( ,scotl&4  ,^! two sy/ems     
diff] s entirely f ea* o!r t _!         
respective areas c be def9$ ) m9ute     
accuracy4 ,! upp]mo/ consi/s *iefly (   
dull r$di% s&/ones ) conglom]ates1 &    
especially t[>ds _! base 9 ,ros%ire1 "s 
b&s ( d>k grey %ale1 ! :ole hav+ a      
?ickness ( at lea/ #h1jjj or #aj1jjj    
feet1 ?\gh z bo? ! base & ! top ( !     
s]ies are m>k$ by /rong                 
uncon=mabilities1 ! :ole orig9al        
?ickness ( deposits is n[h]e se54 ,z ^! 
rocks are well develop$ ar\nd ,lo*      
,torridon1 !y 7 nam$ by ,nicol !        
,torridon ,s&/one--a designation :i* has
 m rec5tly be5 %ort5$ into ,torridonian4
 ,! l[] sy/em is ma9ly compos$ ( v>i\s  

foliat$ rocks :i* may be embrac$ "u !   
g5]al t]m gneiss4 ,^! masses pres5t !   
usual *>act]s ( ! s-call$ fundam5tal    
complex1 ,urgebirge1 or ,ar*an ,s]ies ( 
o!r c\ntries4 ,! contra/ betwe5 !       
?or\ghly cry/all9e1 gn>l$1 anci5t-look+ 
gneisses bel[1 & ! ov]ly+1 ne>ly        
horizontal ,torridonian conglom]ates1   
s&/ones1 & %ales1 :i* are l>gely made   
out ( _! debris1 is s /rik+ t e obs]v]  
feels p]suad$ t 9 any logical sy/em (   
classification !y c n be bo? plac$ 9 !  
same division ( ! geological record4 ,!y
 are c]ta9ly bo? pre-,cambrian1 b !y mu/
 belong to widely sep>at$ eras1 & mu/ h 
be5 produc$ by entirely diff]5t         
processes4 ,if x is propos$ to reg>d !  
gneisses z ,ar*an1 we mu/ refuse to     
include ! ,torridonian /rata 9 ! same   
section ( pre-,cambrian "t4 ,b s mu*    
unc]ta9ty exi/s z to ! application ( ?is
 t]m ,ar*an1 examples are s multiply+   
:]e9 :at 0 suppos$ to be ! olde/ & truly
 ,ar*an rock is f\nd to be intrusive 9  
rocks t 7 tak5 to be ( mu* y\ng] date1 &

 !re are su* sl5d] gr\nds = correlat+ ! 
s-call$ ,ar*an rocks ( "o c\ntry ) ^? ( 
ano!r1 t ,i pref] = ! pres5t1 at lea/1 n
 to use ! t]m at all4 ,let me v briefly 
/ate "s ( ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! two     
%>ply contra/$ rock-sy/ems ( ! nor?-we/ 
( ,scotl&4  ,! olde/ gneiss ( t region 0
 orig9ally call$ ,lewisian by ,mur*ison1
 f its l>ge developm5t 9 ! ,isl& (      
,lewis1 & ,i ?9k x w\ld be1 = ! pres5t  
at lea/1 an advantage to reta9 ?is      
geographical appellation4 ,at fir/ ?is  
fundam5tal gneiss 0 ?\ght to be a       
comp>atively simple =mation1 & ! g5]al  
impression probably 0 t x %\ld be reg>d$
 z a metamorphic mass1 produc$ ma9ly f !
 alt]ations ( v anci5t /ratifi$ rocks4  
,its foliation-planes 7 believ$ to be ^?
 ( orig9al deposit :i* by t]re/rial     
di/urbance _h be5 ?r[n into num]\s      
plications & corrugat$ puck]+s4 ,b a    
detail$ /udy ( ?is primeval rock has    
reveal$ 9 x a f> m complicat$ /ructure4 
,! suppos$ b$d+-planes h be5 asc]ta9$ to
 h no?+ to d ) s$im5t>y /ratification1 &

 ! gneiss has be5 resolv$ into a complex
 s]ies ( eruptive rocks1 v>y+ f a highly
 basic to an acid type1 & manife/ly     
belong+ to diff]5t times ( extrusion4 ,)
 ! exception ( "o di/rict1 to :i* ,i    
%all imm$iately ref]1 no "p ( ! :ole    
region yet exam9$ has reveal$ to ! rigid
 scrut9y ( my colleagues ( ! ,geological
 ,survey1 any trace ( rocks :i* c be    
reg>d$ z probably ( o!r ?an igne\s      
orig94 ,x is true t our rese>*es h be5  
hi!rto conf9$ to ! ma9l& ( ,scotl&1 !   
l>ge area ( ! ,out] ,hebrides1 :i*      
consi/s ( simil> gneisses1 rema9+ to be 
explor$4 ,x is !re=e possible t         
indisputable evid5ce ( an anci5t        
s$im5t>y s]ies ?r\gh :i* ! gneiss 0     
orig9ally protrud$1 may yet be discov]$ 
9 ! unexplor$ isl&s4 ,b tak+ ! gneiss z 
at pres5t kn[n 9 ,su!rl& & ,ros%ire1 we 
f9d x to be g5]ally co>se 9 texture1    
rudely foliat$1 & pass+ sometimes into  
massive types 9 :i* foliation is ei!r   
fa9tly develop$ or entirely abs5t4 ,mu* 
( ?is gneiss is consid]ably m basic ?an 

! m typical rocks to :i* ! t]m gneiss 0 
=m]ly re/rict$4 ,x consi/s ( plagioclase
 felsp> ) pyrox5e1 hornbl5de1 &         
magnetite1 sometimes ) blue opalesc5t   
qu>tz1 & sometimes ) black mica4 ,^!    
pr$om9ant m9]als are segregat$ 9 diff]5t
 proportions 9 ! diff]5t b&s1 "s b&s    
consi/+ ma9ly ( pyrox5e or hornbl5de1 ) 
little or no plagioclase1 o!rs *iefly ( 
plagioclase1 ) small quantities ( !     
f]ro-magnesian m9]als & qu>tz1 o!rs (   
plagioclase & qu>tz1 o!rs ( magnetite4  
,?is sep>ation ( m9]al con/itu5ts c     
h>dly be attribut$ to m]e me*anical     
de=mation4 ,x r resembles ! segregation 
lay]s :i* may be /udi$ 9 intrusive sills
 & o!r deep-seat$ masses ( eruptive     
mat]ial1 & :i* are obvi\sly due to a    
process ( sep>ation t w5t on :ile !     
igne\s magma 0 /ill 9 a liquid or visc\s
 condition4 ,at ! same "t x is manife/ t
 ext5sive dynamical *anges h affect$ !  
rocks s9ce ! appe>ance ( ?is orig9al b&$
 /ructure4  ,!re is fur!r evid5ce t     
beside ! orig9al eruptive masses1 :i* = 

want ( any means ( discrim9at+ _!       
relative dates ( protrusion mu/ 9 !     
meantime be reg>d$ z belong+ to "o      
eruptive p]iod1 o!r portions ( igne\s   
mat]ial h be5 subsequ5tly & at          
successive epo*s1 aft] ! fir/ me*anical 
de=mations1 inject$ into ! body ( !     
orig9al gneiss4 ,^! consi/ ( dykes (    
basalt & dol]ite1 foll[$ by /ill m basic
 p]idotites & picrites1 & la/ly by      
emanations f a di/9ctly acid magma 9 !  
=m ( granites4 ,! olde/ or dol]itic     
dykes =m a wond]ful feature 9 ! gneiss1 
f _! abundance1 p]si/5ce & uni=mity (   
tr5d 9 a we/-nor?we/ direction4 ,!y h no
 p>allel 9 ,briti% ,geology until we    
rea* ! cr[d$ dykes ( old] ,t]ti>y "t4   
,?r\gh\t ?is rem>kable complex (        
eruptive mat]ial1 ?\gh its diff]5t      
portions pres5t _m features t may be    
comp>$ ) ^? ( intrusive bosses & %eets  
belong+ to lat] geological p]iods1 !re  
is no trace ( any sup]ficial volcanic   
manife/ation4 ,no tuffs or agglom]ates  
or slaggy lavas h be5 detect$1 su* z    

might s]ve to indicate ! ejection (     
volcanic mat]ials to ! surface4 ,all !  
ph5om5a ( ! ,lewisian gneiss po9t to !  
consolidation ( successively protrud$   
portions ( eruptive mat]ial at "s dep?  
)9 ! cru/4  ,nev]!less x may yet be     
possible to %[ t ^! deep seat$ masses h 
be5 inject$ into rocks ( old] date & (  
s$im5t>y orig91 & t !y h communicat$ ) !
 surface 9 true volcanic eruptions4 ,i h
 already allud$ to "o limit$ area :]e   
v>i\s rocks exi/1 di/9ctly diff]5t f !  
preval5t types 9 ! ,lewisian gneiss4 ,9 
! area :i* is trav]s$ by ! long valley (
 ,lo* ,m>ee 9 we/]n ,ros%ire1 !re occur 
clay-slates1 f9e mica s*i/s1 graphitic  
s*i/s1 & sac*>oid lime/ones4 ,^! rocks  
rem9d u ( "s ( ! preval5t memb]s ( a    
s]ies ( metamorphos$ s$im5ts4 ,! m9]als 
enclos$ 9 ! m>bles are j su* z might be 
expect$ 9 ! metamorphic aureole ( a     
granite boss1 pi]c+ lime/one4 ,b !      
relations ( ?is gr\p ( rocks to ! ord9>y
 gneiss ( ! region are n q s cle> z c\ld
 be desir$1 ?\gh !y seem to po9t to ^!  

rocks be+ surr\nd$ by & enclos$ )9 !    
gneiss4  ,! detail$ field-"w ( ! (fic]s 
( ! ,geological ,survey has made kn[n ! 
rem>kable am\nt ( me*anical de=mation   
:i* ! v>i\s rock-masses compos+ !       
,lewisian gneiss h und]gone4 ,^! rocks h
 be5 compress$1 cru%$1 & drawn out1     
until :at 7 orig9ally massive cry/all9e 
protrusions h be5 conv]t$ into p]fect   
s*i/s4 ,! dykes ( dol]ite h be5 trans=m$
 into hornbl5de-s*i/s & ! granitic      
pegmatites h be5 r$uc$ to a k9d ( p[d]  
:i* has be5 roll$ out s z to simulate ! 
fl[-/ructure ( a lava4 ,!re is evid5ce t
 mo/1 if n all1 ( ?is dynamical *ange 0 
effect$ long be=e ! deposition ( !      
,torridonian s]ies1 = ! latt] re/s 9    
ne>ly horizontal %eets1 ) a /rong       
uncon=mability ^u ! cru%$ & %e>$ gneiss4
  ,torridon ,s&/one4 ,?is gr\p ( rocks  
cov]s only a limit$ area 9 ! nor?-we/ ( 
,scotl&1 b x mu/ once h spread ov] a f> 
m ext5sive region4 ,x rea*es a ?ickness1
 z ,i h said1 ( #h1jjj or #aj1jjj feet1 
& consi/s almo/ :olly ( dull1 purpli%-r$

 s&/ones1 (t5 pebbly1 & b&s (           
conglom]ate4 ,d>k grey %ales1 already   
allud$ to z occurr+ t[>ds ! base ( !    
s]ies1 are repeat$ also 9 ! highe/      
visible portion1 & h yield$ tracks ( :at
 seem to h be5 annelids & ca/s ( nail-l 
bodies :i* may h be5 organic4 ,i h said 
t ! ,torridonian deposits :i* 7 class$  
by ,mur*ison z ,cambrian1 h be5 prov$ by
 ! discov]y ( ! ,ol5ellus zone 9 an     
uncon=mable position above !m1 to be (  
pre-,cambrian age4 ,except along ! l9e (
 di/urbance to :i* ,i %all imm$iately   
ref]1 ^! /rata are q unalt]$4 ,inde$1 9 
g5]al aspect !y look z "y z ! old r$    
s&/ones ) :i* ,hugh ,mill] id5tifi$ !m4 
,x is at fir/ h>d to believe t su* flat 
undi/urb$ s&/ones are ( high] antiquity 
?an ! v olde/ ,palozoic /rata :i* are s 
g5]ally plicat$ & cleav$4  ,! int]val ( 
"t betwe5 ! deposition ( ! ,torridon    
,s&/one & ( ! ov]ly+ ,cambrian =mations 
mu/ h be5 ( enorm\s duration1 = !       
uncon=mability is s viol5t t ! l[e/     
,cambrian /rata1 n only transgressively 

ov]spread all ! ,torridonian horizons1 b
 ev5 lie "h & !re directly on ! old     
gneiss1 ! :ole ( ! int]v5+ ?ick mass (  
s&/one hav+ be5 !re remov$ by previ\s   
d5udation4 ,at ,durness1 9 ! nor? (     
,su!rl&1 ab\t #bjjj feet ( ,cambrian    
7possibly 9 "p ,l[] ,silurian7 /rata c  
be trac$1 ! l[] portion consi/+ (       
qu>tzites1 ! c5tral & upp] p>ts ( v>i\s 
lime/ones1 sometimes abundantly         
fossilif]\s4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! nor? (     
,scotl& c s ?ick a mass ( e>ly ,palozoic
 rocks be se54 ,else:]e ! lime/ones h   
be5 9 l>ge measure replac$ by a complex 
gr\p ( s*i/ose rocks :i* re/ ^u !       
,cambrian /rata1 & l !m dip1 g5]ally at 
g5tle angles1 t[>ds ! ea/4 ,x 0 ! op9ion
 ( ,mur*ison1 & 0 commonly admitt$ by   
geologi/s1 t ^! ov]ly+ s*i/s repres5t$ a
 ?ick gr\p ( s$im5ts1 :i*1 orig9ally    
deposit$ cont9u\sly aft] ! lime/ones1 _h
 be5 subsequ5tly alt]$ into _! pres5t   
condition by regional metamorphism4 ,!y 
7 v>i\sly nam$ ! ,ea/]n s*i/s1 ! y\ng]  
gneiss1 ! gneissose & qu>tzose          

flag/ones4 ,nicol1 :o at fir/ %>$ !     
g5]al op9ion reg>d+ !m1 aft]w>ds ma9ta9$
 t !y did n belong to a lat] =mation ?an
 ! lime/ones1 b 7 really only ! old     
gneiss1 br\ght up aga9 f b5ea? by       
enorm\s dislocations & ov]-?ru/s4 ,we n[
 "k f ! labors ( ,pr(essor ,lapwor? & ! 
(fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey1 t       
,mur*ison & ,nicol _h ea* seiz$ on an   
ess5tial "p ( ! problem1 b t bo? ( !m _h
 miss$ ! true solution4 ,mur*ison 0 9   
error 9 reg>d+ 8 y\ng] gneiss z a       
cont9u\s sequ5ce ( alt]$ s$im5t>y rocks 
con=mably re/+ on ! ,cambrian 7or to use
 8 t]m9ology1 ,l[]-,silurian7 =mations4 
,b he sagaci\sly obs]v$ ! co9cid5ce (   
dip & /rike betwe5 ! s*i/s & s$im5t>y   
rocks bel[ !m & inf]r$ t ?is co9cid5ce1 
traceable = _m leagues1 prov$ t !       
metamorphism :i* _h giv5 ^! s*i/s _!    
/ructure mu/ h tak5 place aft] !        
deposition ( ! ,durness lime/ones4      
,nicol1 on ! o!r h&1 ) great insight    
recogniz$ t !re 0 no cont9u\s sequ5ce   
above ^? lime/ones1 b t masses ( ! old  

gneiss _h be5 ?ru/ ov] !m by gigantic   
faults4 ,b he fail$ to see t no m]e     
faults w\ld acc\nt = ! co9cid5ce betwe5 
! /ructural l9es j ref]r$ to 9 !        
,cambrian /rata1 & 9 ! ov]ly+ s*i/s1 & t
 ! g5]al tectonic /ructures &           
li?ological *>act]s ( ! ea/]n s*i/s     
diff]$ 9 _m respects f ^? ( ! ,lewisian 
gneiss4  ,! problems 9 tectonic geology 
pres5t$ by ! complicat$ /ructures ( !   
nor?we/ ( ,scotl& h be5 ably work$ out  
by ! (fic]s ( ! ,geological ,survey1 to 
^: report 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( !      
,geological ,society = #ahhh1 ,i w\ld   
ref] = full details4 ,x has be5 %[n t1  
besides /up5d\s dislocations &          
horizontal displacem5ts1 ! rocks h be5  
cut into innum]able slices :i* h be5    
driv5 ov] ea* o!r f ! ea/w>d1 :ile at ! 
same "t !re has be5 su* a g5]al %e>+ ( !
 :ole region t = _m hundr$s ( squ>e     
miles ! orig9al rock-/ructures h be5    
entirely effac$1 & h be5 replac$ by new 
divisional planes1 :i*1 :5 !y approa* ! 
und]ly+ ,cambrian /rata1 are r\ghly     

p>allel ) ! b$d+ planes ( ^! /rata4  ,9 
?is region1 !re=e1 we h /rik+ pro(s ( a 
/up5d\s po/-,cambrian regional          
metamorphism4 ,b !re is /ill mu*        
unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! geological age ( !   
rocks :i* h be5 affect$ by x4 ,!re c be 
no d\bt t l>ge masses ( ! old gneiss1   
torn up f bel[1 h be5 ?ru/ bodily we/w>d
 = _m miles1 & are n[ se5 ) _! dykes &  
pegmatites re/+ on ! ,durness lime/ones 
& qu>tzites4 ,x is equally c]ta9 t 9 o!r
 di/ricts huge slices ( ! ,torridon     
s&/ones h be5 simil>ly treat$4 ,b :]e   
all trace ( orig9al /ructure has        
disappe>$1 we h1 z yet1 no means (      
def9itely det]m9+ f :at =mation ! pres5t
 ea/]n s*i/s h be5 produc$4 ,! ord9>y   
gneissose & qu>tzose flag/ones d n appe>
 to me to be su* rocks z c\ld ev] be    
manufactur$ by any *emical or me*anical 
process out ( ! av]age type ( ,lewisian 
gneiss4 ,i h long held ! belief t !y 7  
orig9ally s$im5ts1 b :e!r !y repres5t   
alt]$ ,torridon ,s&/one1 or "s cla/ic   
=mations :i* may h foll[$ ! ,durness    

lime/ones1 b :i* h be5 ev]y:]e &        
entirely metamorphos$1 rema9s = future  
discov]y4 ,= my pres5t purpose1 x is    
suffici5t to obs]ve t1 9 ! meantime1 z  
we c n be sure ( ! orig9 ( mo/ ( !      
rocks1 :i*1 betwe5 ! ,we/ ,coa/ & ! l9e 
( ! ,great ,gl51 h be5 subject$ to a    
gigantic po/-,cambrian regional         
metamorphism1 x seems safe/ to exclude  
!m f an enum]ation ( ! pre-,cambrian    
rocks ( ,brita94  ,dalradian4 ,ea/ ( !  
l9e ( ,great ,gl51 :i* cuts ! ,scotti%  
,highl&s 9 two1 ano!r gr\p ( cry/all9e  
s*i/ose rocks is l>gely develop$4 ,x    
consi/s ma9ly ( :at 7 und\bt$ly         
orig9ally s$im5t>y deposits1 ?\gh !y are
 n[ f\nd 9 ! =m ( qu>tzites1 phyllites1 
graphitic s*i/s1 mica-s*i/s1 m>bles1 &  
v>i\s o!r foliat$ masses4 ,) !m are     
associat$ num]\s eruptive rocks1 bo?    
acid & basic1 sometimes /ill massive &  
easily recognizable z intrusive1        
sometimes m or less di/9ctly foliat$ &  
pass+ into diff]5t gneisses1            
hornbl5de-s*i/s1 *loritic-s*i/s1 etc4   

,?\gh x is n always possible 9 su* a    
s]ies ( metamorphic rocks to be c]ta9 ( 
any real *ronological ord] ( succession1
 ^? ( ! ,highl& tracts h n[ be5 mapp$ 9 
detail ov] s wide an area1 t we are     
probably ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t a def9ite  
sequ5ce c be e/abli%$ among !m4 ,^!     
masses mu/ be _m ?\s& feet ?ick4 ,_!    
succession & association ( mat]ials are 
s unlike ^? ( any ( ! kn[n old]         
,palozoic rocks ( ,brita91 t !y c h>dly 
be ! metamorphos$ equival5ts ( any /rata
 :i* c be recogniz$ 9 an unalt]$        
condition 9 ^! isl&s4 ,"s traces (      
annelid ca/s h be5 f\nd 9 ! qu>tzites1 b
 o!rwise ! :ole s]ies has rema9$        
entirely b>r5 ( organic rema9s4  ,:at !n
 is ! age ( ?is important s]ies8 ,i mu/ 
confess t 9 ! meantime ,i c give no     
satisfactory answ] to ?is "q4 ,i h      
propos$1 = ! sake ( di/9ction & conv5i5t
 ref]5ce1 to call ^! rocks ,dalradian4  
,mur*ison suppos$ !m to be a cont9uation
 ( 8 ,durness qu>tzites1 lime/ones1 &   
y\ng] gneiss4 ,8 belief may /ill prove  

to be 9 "s measure well f\nd$4 ,b at    
pres5t we h no means ( decid+ :e!r !    
qu>tzites & lime/ones ( ! ,c5tral       
,highl&s are ! m alt]$ equival5ts ( !   
und\bt$ly ,cambrian /rata ( ! nor?-we/4 
,x is possible t 9 ! va/ mass (         
metamorphos$ rocks con/itut+ ! wide     
/ret* ( c\ntry f ! nor!rn headl&s (     
,ab]de5 to ! s\?-we/]n promontories (   
,argyll%ire1 !re may be portions ( ! old
 ,lewisian gneiss1 tracts ( highly alt]$
 ,torridon s&/one1 belts ( true         
c\nt]p>ts ( ! ,cambrian qu>tzites &     
lime/ones ( ,durness1 &1 :at %\ld n be  
=gott51 consid]able portions ( "s lat]  
s$im5t>y s]ies :i* may h foll[$ ^!      
lime/ones1 b :i*1 by ! great            
dislocations already ref]r$ to1 h       
disappe>$ f ! nor?-we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,we   
are gradually le>n+ m ( ^! rocks1 z !   
detail$ mapp+ ( !m by ! ,geological     
,survey advances1 & :5 ! gr\nd on ei!r  
side ( ! ,great ,gl5 is survey$1 x may  
be possible to speak ) m c]ta9ty reg>d+ 
_! true geological relations4  ,a glance

 at a geological map ( ! ,briti% ,isles 
w %[ t ! metamorphic rocks ( ! s\?-we/]n
 ,highl&s ( ,scotl& are prolong$ into ! 
nor? ( ,irel&1 :]e !y spread ov] a      
region _m hundr$ squ>e miles 9 ext5t4   
,!y reta9 !re ! same g5]al "* & pres5t !
 same difficult problems z to _! true   
/ratigraphical relations4 ,q rec5tly1   
h[ev]1 a new light seems to h aris5 ^u  
^! ,iri% rocks4 ,my colleagues on !     
,iri% ,bran* ( ! ,geological ,survey h  
detect$ sev]al deta*$ areas ( co>se     
gneisses1 :i* 9 _m respects resemble    
p>ts ( ! ,lewisian gneiss ( nor?-we/    
,scotl&4 ,9 "s cases ^! areas lie amid/ 
or close to ,dalradian rocks1 b ) t     
ob/9acy1 :i* s tries ! pati5ce ( !      
field-geologi/1 !y h p]si/5tly refus$ to
 disclose _! true orig9al position )    
reg>d to ^!4 ,"s fault1 ?ru/-plane1     
tract ( b\ld]-clay or /ret* ( bog is    
sure to int]v5e along ! v junction-l9e  
:]e ! desir$ sections might h be5 look$ 
=4 ,!re c be little d\bt t a /rong      
uncon=mability exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,a close

 exam9ation ( ! ridge ( old gneiss 9    
,tyrone & ,f]managh %[$ me t ?\gh !     
actual basem5t-b$s ( ?is ,dalradian     
s]ies c\ld n be se5 re/+ on ! co>se     
gneiss1 ! li?ological "*1 & tectonic    
arrangem5t ( ?is s]ies are only         
explicable on ! supposition ( a complete
 discordance betwe5 x & ! gneiss4 ,z ^! 
two gr\ps ( rock h nev] be5 f\nd 9 close
 proximity 9 ,scotl&1 & z ! det]m9ation 
( ! true age ( ! ,dalradian s]ies is a  
"q ( su* great /ratigraphical importance
 9 ! g5]al mapp+ ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ,i  
reque/$ ,mr4 ,a4 ,mc,henry1 ( !         
,geological ,survey ( ,irel&1 to cont9ue
 ! trac+ ( ! mutual b\nd>ies ( ! old    
gneiss ( ! ,ox ,m\nta9s & ! ,dalradian  
s]ies 9 ,c\nty ,mayo4 ,he in=ms me t he 
has f\nd 9 t s]ies a conglom]ate full ( 
blocks ( ! old gneiss1 & re/+ 9 "o      
locality app>5tly uncon=mably ^u x4 ,if 
?is obs]vation is confirm$ x w f9ally   
set at re/ ! relative position ( ! co>se
 massive gneiss & "s portion1 at lea/1 (
 ! ,dalradian s]ies4 ,( c\rse !re is no 

absolute pro( t ! co>se gneisses (      
,irel& are really ! equival5ts ( !      
,lewisian masses :i* !y s closely       
resemble4 ,b !re is a /rong presumption 
9 favor ( _! id5tity4  ,9 ,engl& &      
,wales _m deta*$ areas ( rock h be5     
claim$ z pre-,cambrian1 & successive    
=mations h be5 classifi$ among !m4 ,i h 
already dealt 9 "p ) ?is "q1 & )\t      
attempt+ "h to review ! volum9\s        
lit]ature ( ! subject1 ,i w cont5t      
myself ) /at+ briefly :at seems to me to
 h be5 e/abli%$ on good evid5ce4  ,!re c
 n1 ,i ?9k1 be n[ any d\bt t small      
tracts ( gneiss1 q comp>able 9          
li?ological "* to portions ( ! ,lewisian
 rocks ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,scotl&1 rise to !
 surface 9 a few places 9 ,engl& &      
,wales4 ,9 ! he>t ( ,anglesey1 =        
example1 a tract ( su* rocks pres5ts "s 
/rik+ ext]nal or sc5ic resemblance to ! 
*>act]i/ic types ( gr\nd :]e ! olde/    
gneiss =ms ! surface 9 ,scotl& & ! we/ (
 ,irel&4 ,9 ! ,malv]n ,hills ano!r small
 knob ( some:at simil> mat]ial is       

obvi\sly f> m anci5t ?an ! ,cambrian    
rocks ( t locality4 ,!re may possibly be
 /ill "s fur!r exposures ( simil> rocks 
9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 z = in/ance 9 s\!rn   
,cornwall4 ,9 ,anglesey a s]ies ( s*i/s1
 qu>tzites & lime/ones has be5 includ$  
by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,blake ) ! co>se gneiss 
above ref]r$ to1 & a ?ick high] gr\p (  
slates 9 :at he t]ms ! ,monian sy/em4   
,^! s*i/s1 qu>tzites & lime/ones pres5t 
a close resemblance to ! ,dalradian     
s]ies ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 & ! qu>tzites1
 l ^? ( ! ,highl&s1 conta9 worm-burr[s4 
,! co>se gneiss1 z ,i h said1 may be    
comp>$ 9 g5]al "* ) p>ts ( ! ,lewisian  
rocks1 s t we seem to h "h1 z 9 ,irel&1 
two gr\ps ( s*i/ose rocks1 & bo? ( ^!   
mu/ be mu* old] ?an ! unalt]$ ,cambrian 
/rata :i* lie above !m4  ,along ! ea/]n 
bord]s ( ,wales1 !re is an int]rupt$    
ridge ( igne\s rocks :i* 7 orig9ally    
suppos$ to h brok5 ?r\gh ! old]         
,palozoic =mations1 b :i* n[1 ow+ ma9ly 
to ! labors ( ,dr4 ,callaway & ,pr(essor
 ,lapwor?1 are %[n to be old] ?an ! base

 ( ! ,cambrian sy/em4 ,^! rocks consi/ (
 sph]ulitic & p]litic felsites1 )       
volcanic breccias & tuffs4 ,!y are      
und\bt$ly old] ?an ! ,ol5ellus zone4    
,?\gh ! evid5ce is n q satisfactory1 !y 
may n impossibly lie at ! base ( a va/  
mass ( s$im5t>y rocks =m+ ! ridge ( !   
,longmynd4 ,9 t case ! :ole ( !         
,longmynd succession ) ! volcanic gr\p  
at its base mu/ be pre-,cambrian & lie  
uncon=mably bel[ ! ,ol5ellus zone4 ,dr4 
,callaway has propos$ ! "n ,uriconian = 
?is volcanic gr\p1 :ile ! s$im5t>y s]ies
 has be5 t]m$ ,longmyndian4 ,on !       
supposition t ! uncon=mability is       
e/abli%$1 !re w\ld "h be a va/ mass (   
/ratifi$ & p>tly erupt$ mat]ial =m+ a   
pre-,cambrian =mation4 ,:e!r 9 t case   
any portion ( ?is ,engli% s]ies is !    
equival5t ( ! ,torridonian rocks (      
,scotl& rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,!        
nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,longmynd ridge is made
 ( r$ s&/ones & conglom]ates1 :i*       
c]ta9ly resemble ! ,torridonian rocks ( 
,ross & ,su!rl&4  ,at ! base ( !        

,cambrian rocks 9 ,wales1 ,dr4 ,hicks   
has describ$ a m>k$ volcanic s]ies "u ! 
"n ( ,pebidian1 :i* he claims z         
pre-,cambrian1 alleg+ t x is sep>at$ f !
 ,cambrian sy/em by an uncon=mability1 &
 a b& ( conglom]ates4 ,i h c>efully     
/udi$ ! evid5ce on ?is gr\nd1 & h come  
to ! conclusion t !re is no             
uncon=mability at ! l9e 9 "q1 b t !     
ord9>y ,cambrian /rata graduate d[nw>ds 
into ! volcanic gr\p & c n be disjo9$ f 
x4 ,i !re=e reg>d ! s-call$ ,pebidian z 
m]ely m>k+ ! duration ( a volcanic p]iod
 9 e>ly ,cambrian "t4  ,x w ?us be se5 t
 accord+ to my view ! unmi/akably       
pre-,cambrian rocks ( ,brita9 consi/ (1 
fir/ & olde/1 ! ,lewisian gneiss2       
second1 ! ,torridonian s&/ones &        
conglom]ates4 ,! ,uriconian &           
,longmyndian =mations may prove to be 9 
"p or 9 :ole equival5ts ( !             
,torridonian4 ,! ,dalradian rocks h n   
yet _h _! position det]m9$4 ,!y may     
possibly m>k a di/9ct pre-,cambrian     
s]ies1 b x seems q z probable t !y are  

only a metamorphic complex 9 :i* ,ar*an1
 ,torridonian & ,cambrian1 or ev5 ,l[]  
,silurian rocks are includ$4            
,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1                 
,director-,g5]al ( ! ,geological ,survey
 ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4     ,,are   
,,!re ,,traces ,,( ,,glacial ,,man ,,9  
,,! ,,tr5ton ,,gravels8   ,9 a pap]     
publi%$ 9 ,sci5ce1 ,nov4 #be4 #ahib1 ,i 
und]took to /udy ! evid5ce relat+ to    
paleoli?ic man 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates f
 a new po9t ( view1--t furni%$ by c]ta9 
rec5tly acquir$ k ( ! cont5ts ( qu>ries 
& %ops :]e mod]n aborig9al flak$        
implem5ts 7 made4 ,x 0 %[n t all rudely 
flak$ =ms c\ld be suffici5tly acc\nt$ = 
)\t ! necessity ( assum+ a v rude /ate (
 culture1 & t any p1 paleoli?ic or      
neoli?ic1 w\ld 9 r\gh+ out blades--!    
pr9cipal product ( ! flak+              
process--produce precisely ^! =ms & 9   
great numb]s z refuse4 ,x fur!r appe>$ t
 ! f9d+ ( ^! objects 9 sporadic cases 9 
glacial gravels or 9 any =mation        
:atsoev]1 c\ld n be consid]$ z prov+ or 

t5d+ to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( a p>ticul>  
grade ( /one-age culture = ! region 9   
:i* ! =mation occurs1 s9ce !y may z     
readily p]ta9 to a neoli?ic z to a      
paleoli?ic /atus4 ,x 0 conclusively %[n 
t no work$ /one t c ) reasonable safety 
be call$ an implem5t has be5 report$ f !
 gravels1 & t x is !re=e cle>ly useless1
 n to say unsci5tific1 to g on enl>g+ ^u
 ! evid5ce ( an ,am]ican paleoli?ic     
p]iod & multiply+ !oretic details ( its 
culture4  ,i n[ propose to review       
briefly ! "q ( ! age ( our s-call$      
paleoli?ic implem5ts1 ! que/ions ( !    
grade ( a giv5 feature ( culture & ( !  
age or *ronologic place ( t culture be+ 
v prop]ly treat$ sep>ately1 z !y dep5d =
 _! support ^u di/9ct classes ( evid5ce4
 ,dur+ ! pa/ summ]1 #ahib1 c]ta9        
important items ( new evid5ce h be5     
discov]$ be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! occurr5ce or  
non-occurr5ce ( rudely flak$ /ones or ( 
any artificial objects :atsoev] 9 !     
normal gravels ( ! ,delaw>e ,valley1 & x
 !re=e becomes necess>y to exam9e       

some:at critically su* ( ! publi%$      
evid5ce z seems to be s]i\sly affect$ by
 ^! rec5t obs]vations4  ,x may be /at$ 9
 beg9n+ t no "o disputes ! glacial age (
 ! ,tr5ton gravels4 ,! "q to be discuss$
 is simply ?is1--is ! evid5ce           
satisfactory t works ( art h be5 f\nd 9 
^! gravels8 ,no?+ else ne$ be ask$ or   
answ]$4 ,i d n take up ?is subject      
because ,i love controv]sy2 disputation 
is really mo/ di/a/eful to me4 ,x happ5s
 t "u ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology ( !         
,smi?sonian ,in/itution ,i h be5 assign$
 to ! "w ( mak+ a survey ( ! ar*eology (
 ! ,atlantic coa/ region 9 :i* l>ge     
areas1 especially 9 /ates s\? ( ,mason &
 ,dixon's l9e1 rema9$ almo/ unt\*$ by   
inve/igators1 & two ye>s h be5 consum$  
ma9ly 9 ^! s\!rn areas4 ,b !re are      
que/ions t refuse to be conf9$ to       
def9ite geographic limits1 & evid5ce    
secur$ 9 "o section is sometimes f\nd to
 be> s directly & =cibly ^u problems    
p]ta9+ prim>ily to o!r sections t !     
/ud5t ( ^! problems mu/ p]=ce become a  

free lance1 & unhesitat+ly ent] any     
prov9ce promis+ results ( value1 h[soev]
 fully occupi$ x may be by o!r          
inve/igators4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ &     
important que/ions gr[+ out ( ! /udy (  
,am]ican ar*eology has1 z we h se51     
aris5 9 ! ,delaw>e ,valley1 & ! turn    
tak5 by "s ( my "w 9 ! s\? & we/ is su* 
t ,i _c pass ?is "q by )\t consid]ation4
 ,! necessity ( tak+ up ! subject (     
glacial man became m & m app>5t z ! ye>s
 pass$ on1 & p cont9u$ to say to me1 ,y 
mu/ g to ,tr5ton2 we are n satisfi$ ) ! 
pres5t /atus ( ! "q !re2 ! evid5ce      
array$ 9 favor ( ! !ory ( a paleoli?ic  
gravel man ne$s critical exam9ation4  ,!
 difficulty ( tak+ up & re-exam9+       
evid5ce1 ( :i* ! record only rema9s1 is1
 h[ev]1 v great1 s9ce 9 mo/ cases !     
evid5ce re/s ^u or consi/s ( field      
obs]vations1 & ^! _c be recall$ or      
repeat$1 & !re is absolutely no means ( 
te/+ directly ! value ( :at is record$4 
,"o may seek ei!r to v]ify or to        
discr$it ! promulgat$ !ories1 b ye>s (  

se>* may fail to produce a s+le new item
 ( evid5ce be>+ decisively ^u ! subject4
 ,x is possible t at "o p]iod num]\s    
f9ds ( implem5ts %\ld be report$ f c]ta9
 portions ( ! gravels1 & t aft]w>ds !   
:ole rema9+ body ( ^! =mations %\ld be  
work$ ov] & se>*$ )\t secur+ a trace (  
art2 yet ?is latt] evid5ce1 be+         
negative1 ne$ n necess>ily be consid]$  
suffici5t to ov]turn ! orig9al positive 
evid5ce if t happ5s to be ( a high      
class4 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt1 h[ev]1 t  
positive evid5ce may be s impair$ by    
v>i\s defects & inconsi/5cies1 t1       
unsupport$ by r5ew$ & well v]ifi$       
obs]vations1 x w f9ally yield to !      
negative =ces2 & if ! !ories ( a gravel 
man 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 h[soev]    
=tifi$ by accumulat$ obs]vations1 are n 
really prop]ly support$ 9 e way1 !y are 
b\nd 9 "t to fall to ! gr\nd4 ,all ,i c 
reasonably hope to d n[ is to h !       
evid5ce relat+ to glacial man plac$ on  
trial1 & s fully exam9$ & cross-exam9$ t
 ^? :o accept gravel man ne$ n long] d s

 bl9dly )\t kn[+ t !re are two sides to 
! "q1 & ^? :o d n accept him may "k     
some?+ ( ! reasons = ! belief t is 9 !m4
  ,! evid5ce employ$ to prove ! pres5ce 
( a race ( m5 9 ! ,delaw>e ,valley 9    
glacial times is conf9$ almo/ :olly to !
 alleg$ discov]y ( rude implem5ts 9 !   
glacial gravels4 ,practically all !     
evid5ce has be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4
 ,abbott1 & ^u 8 skill z an obs]v]1 8   
fai?fulness z a record]1 8 correctness (
 judgm5t & 8 integrity ( "*1 ! :ole     
matt] /&s4 ,_m visitors1 m5 ( high      
repute 9 ar*eology & geology1 h visit$ !
 site1 b ! obs]vations made on su*      
occasions appe> n to h be5 ( a nature to
 be ( great value 9 evid5ce1 ! f9ds be+ 
d\btful works ( art or n hav+ prop]ly   
e/abli%$ relation%ips ) ! gravels 9     
place4 ,9 ! discussion ( gravel man 9   
ea/]n ,am]ica a wide range ( objects &  
ph5om5a has be5 consid]$1 b ! real      
evid5ce1 ^u :i* ! !ory ( an anci5t race 
& a peculi> culture mu/ dep5d1 is       
furni%$ by a hundr$ pieces--m or less--(

 rudely flak$ /ones said to h come f !  
gravels 9 place4 ,& n[ :at c be said )  
ref]5ce to ?is s]ies ( flak$ /ones fur!r
 ?an t !y are report$ by ! collector to 
h be5 f\nd 9 ! gravels at def9ite /at$  
dep?s8 ,i h else:]e %[n t !y are n      
demon/rably implem5ts 9 any case1 t !y  
are id5tical 9 e respect ) ! qu>ry-%op  
rejects ( ! ,am]ican ,indian1 t !y d n  
closely resemble any "o ( ! well        
e/abli%$ types ( ,european paleoli?ic   
implem5ts1 & t !y are n a suffici5t     
index ( a p>ticul> /age ( culture4 ,i   
%all n[ pres5t su* reasons z !re may be 
= ! belief1 held by _m1 t !y 7 n really 
f\nd 9 ! undi/urb$ glacial gravels4  ,x 
is g5]ally und]/ood t ! e>lie/ report$  
gravel f9ds ( importance 7 made on !    
banks ( ,assanp9k creek )9 ! city limits
 ( ,tr5ton1 :]e ! gravels to a ?ickness 
( tw5ty feet or m 7 expos$ 9 a railway  
cutt+4 ,lat] ! riv] bluff ne> ! l[] end 
( ! city1 :]e ! gravels 7 expos$ to a   
dep? ( f tw5ty-five to =ty feet1 yield$ 
l>ge numb]s4 ,^! two sites1 s f> z ,i c 

le>n1 furni%$ at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( !    
f9ds 9 place4 ,o!r specim5s 7 f\nd s+ly 
9 slight natural exposures1 & 9         
excavations = cell>s1 sew]s1 etc41 at   
v>i\s po9ts )9 ! city limits4  ,! riv]  
bluff 0 = a consid]able p]iod ! favorite
 hunt+ gr\nd ( ! se>*]s = rudely flak$  
/ones1 & _m specim5s 7 collect$4 ,!     
gravels 7 expos$ 9 a /eep1 ne>ly /raight
 bank1 sev]al hundr$ y>ds 9 l5g?1 ! base
 ( :i* 0 wa%$ by ! riv]4 ,!re c be no "q
 t ,dr4 ,abbott & o!rs h f\nd %ap$      
objects ( v>i\s classes ^u & 9 ! face ( 
?is riv] bluff1 & ! visitor to-day1     
al?\gh ! bluff is n[ buri$ almo/        
completely "u city refuse1 w h>dly fail 
to f9d "s rudely flak$ =m 9 ! deep]     
gullies or ^u ! n>r[ riv] bank or bea*  
at ! base4 ,dr4 ,abbott explicitly      
/ates#a t he obta9$ c]ta9 ( ^! specim5s 
f ! gravel outcrops1 & t !y 7 n 9 talus 
=mations1 b 9 undi/urb$ deposits4 ,h[ !n
 is x possible to d o!rwise ?an accept  
^! /atem5ts z satisfactory & f9al8  #a  
,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,primitive ,indu/ry1   

pp4 #dic-eaj4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4  
,sket* map ( ! ,tr5ton bluff1 %[+ !     
relation ( ! sew] tr5* to ! implem5t    
yield+ slope4444 a-b section l9e1 ,fig4 
#b4  ,v rec5tly1 h[ev]1 =tunate         
circum/ances h br\ght ! evid5ce furni%$ 
by ?is site aga9 )9 our rea*1 ?us enabl+
 u to re-op5 ! discussion "u favorable  
conditions4 ,:at ,i _h = "s "t desir$ to
 d 9 ?is case 01 :at ,i _h already done 
at ,p9y ,bran*1 ,d4 ,c41 & at ,little   
,falls1 ,m9n41 to op5 a tr5* into ! face
 ( ! bluff1 & ?us secure evid5ce = or   
aga9/ ! !ory ( a gravel man4 ,?is       
measure 01 h[ev]1 r5d]$ impracticable by
 ! occupation ( ! bluff m>g9 by a city  
/reet2 b x happ5$ la/ summ] t ! city    
au?orities1 desir+ to improve ! sanit>y 
condition ( ! city1 decid$ to op5 a     
great sew] ?r\gh ?is v bluff to get a   
l[] outlet to ! riv]4 ,a tr5* twelve    
feet wide & "s ?irty feet deep1 ! full  
dep? ( ! expos$ gravels1 0 c>ri$ along !
 bluff j inside ( its m>g91 op5+ out    
into ! riv] at ! po9t :]e ! bluff turns 

t[>d ! nor?-ea/4 ,x 0 a tr5*+ m complete
 & m satisfactory ?an any ( :i* ,i _h   
ev] dream$4 ,at no po9t = ! entire l5g? 
( ! bluff did ! excavation dep>t m ?an  
=ty feet f ! l9e ( ! t]race face--f !   
upp] m>g9 ( ! slope ^u :i* su* pl5tiful 
evid5ce ( a suppos$ gravel man _h be5   
obta9$4 ,! accompany+ map & section1    
,figs4 #a & #b1 w indicate ! location ( 
! tr5*1 & %[ ! exact relations ( !      
natural & artificial exposures ( !      
gravels4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4       
,sections made by ! riv] & by ! sew]1 ! 
=m] yield+ _m implem5ts1 ! latt] yield+ 
none4  ,i made sev]al visits to ! place1
 desc5d$ frequ5tly into ! great cut &   
exam9$ ! gravels & _! cont5ts ) ! utmo/ 
c>e1 b )\t secur+ a trace ( art4        
,recogniz+ ! vital importance ( utiliz+ 
to ! fulle/ ext5t ?is opportunity ( te/+
 ! art-be>+ nature ( ! gravels at ?is   
po9t1 ,i resolv$ to und]take a sy/ematic
 /udy ( ! subject4 ,summon+ my assi/ant1
 ,mr4 ,william ,d9widdie1 f 8 field (   
op]ations 9 ! ,s\?1 ,i _h him sp5d      

upw>ds ( a mon? at ! great tr5*1        
fai?fully wat*+ ! gravels z !y 7 expos$4
 ,mr4 ,d9widdie _h work$ ?ree ye>s "u my
 p]sonal direction1 & _h help$ op5      
upw>ds ( tw5ty tr5*es ?r\gh simil>      
gravel deposits1 & 0 !re=e well qualifi$
 = ! "w4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee1 ,pr(4   
,r4 ,d4 ,salisbury1 ,dr4 ,/ew>t ,cul9 & 
,dr4 ,abbott also visit$ ! place "o or m
 times ea*4 ,relics ( art 7 f\nd ^u !   
surface & 9 su* portions ( ! talus z    
happ5$ to be expos$1 b no?+ :atev] 0    
f\nd 9 ! gravels 9 place1 & ! se>* 0    
clos$ :5 x became fully app>5t t ! case 
0 hopeless4  ,x may be claim$ t !       
conditions "u :i* gravels are expos$ 9  
tr5*+ z x progresses1 are n z favorable 
= ! collection ( enclos$ relics z :]e   
expos$ by natural processes ( wea!r+4   
,?is is true 9 a c]ta9 measure1 z       
specim5s may be obscur$ by ! damp cl++  
s& :i* =ms ! matrix ( ! gravels4 ,?is1  
h[ev]1 w\ld int]f]e b little ) !        
discov]y ( l>ge flak$ /ones1 su* z we 7 
l$ to expect 9 ?is place1 & ?is slight  

disadvantage 9 detect+ %ap$ pieces 9    
fre% exposures is m ?an ov]-balanc$ by !
 trea*]y ( wea!r$ surfaces :i* (t5 give 
to intrusive objects ! appe>ance (      
orig9al inclusion4 ,! opportunity =     
/udy+ ! gravels 9 all _! phases ( b$d+1 
composition & cont5ts1 0 really         
excell5t1 & no "o c\ld wat* ! con/antly 
r5ew$ exposures h\r aft] h\r = a mon?   
)\t =m+ a mo/ decid$ notion z to !      
implem5t be>+ qualities ( ! =mation4 ,n 
! trace ( a flak$ /one1 or ( a flake or 
artificial fragm5t ( any k9d 0 f\nd1 &  
we clos$ ! "w ) ! firm conviction t !   
gravels expos$ by ?is tr5* 7 absolutely 
b>r5 ( art4 ,b ,dr4 ,abbott claims to h 
f\nd num]\s implem5ts 9 ! bluff face a  
few feet away & 9 ! same gravels4 ,if   
?is is true1 ! conditions ( glacial     
occupation ( ?is site mu/ h be5 inde$   
rem>kable4 ,x is impli$ t dur+ ! :ole   
p]iod occupi$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice %eet )9
 ! dra9age ( ! ,delaw>e valley !        
hypo!tical rude race liv$ on a p>ticul> 
l9e or zone aft]w>ds expos$ by ! riv] to

 ! dep? ( #cj feet1 leav+ 8 /range tools
 !re by ! hundr$s1 :ile ano!r l9e or    
zone1 n m ?an =ty feet away at mo/1     
expos$ to ! same dep? by an artificial  
tr5*1 0 s avoid$ by him t x does n      
furni% ! lea/ mem5to ( 8 pres5ce4 ,"o   
v]tical slice ( ! gravels twelve feet   
?ick does n yield ev5 a brok5 /one1 :ile
 ano!r slice n probably "o-half z ?ick1 
cut obliquely ?r\gh ! gravels ne> by1   
has furni%$ subject-matt] = num]\s books
 & sub/antiation = a brace ( !ories4 ,t 
no natural l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! two
 section l9es is possible1 is %[n by !  
fact t ! =mations are cont9u\s1 & t !   
deposits indicate a con/ant %ift+ ( l9es
 & areas ( accumulation2 ?us x 0        
impossible = any race to dwell          
cont9u\sly ^u any spot1 l9e or plane4   
,?is is well %[n 9 ! section1 ,fig4 #c1 
:i* gives ! relations ( ! art-produc+   
section ( ,dr4 ,abbott to !             
non-art-produc+ section ( ! sew]4 ,!    
gravels 7 laid d[n entirely irrespective
 ( subsequ5t cutt+1 natural or          

artificial2 yet we are expect$ to       
believe t a s-call$ gravel man c\ld h   
resort$ = a ?\s& ye>s to ! space a1     
leav+ 8 half %ap$ or incipi5t tools at  
all /ages ( ! gravel build+ f base to   
top1 fail+ entirely to visit a neighbor+
 space b1 or to leave !re a s+le flake  
to rew>d ! mo/ fai?ful se>*4 ,x is mu*  
easi] to believe t "o man %\ld err ?an t
 a guileless race %\ld ?us conspire ) a 
he>tless nature to accompli% su*        
extraord9>y results4 ,! easi]           
explanation ( ! :ole matt] is t !       
objects f\nd by ,dr4 ,abbott 7 n really 
9 ! gravels1 b t !y are ,indian         
%op-refuse settl$ into ! old talus      
deposits ( ! bluff1 & t 8 eag] eyes1    
bl9d$ by a prevail+ belief 9 a          
paleoli?ic man = all ! _w alike1 fail$  
to obs]ve ) _! wont$ ke5ness & p[]4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 a1 ,reput$      
implem5t produc+ zone ( ! riv] front4 b1
 ,b>r5 zone ( sew]4  ,b ?is case does n 
/& alone4 ,! fir/ discov]ies ( suppos$  
gravel implem5ts are said to h be5 made 

:5 ! ,p5nsylvania ,railway op5$ a road  
b$ ?r\gh ! creek t]race on ! site ( !   
pres5t /ation4 ,at fir/ num]\s specim5s 
( rudely flak$ /ones 7 report$1 & !     
locality became widely kn[n to          
ar*eologi/s1 b ! implem5t be>+ portions 
( ! gravels--& ?is is a mo/ significant 
fact--7 limit$ 9 ext5t1 & ! deposit 0   
soon completely remov$1 ! horizontal    
ext5sion conta9+ no?+4 ,at pres5t !re   
are excell5t exposures ( ! full ?ickness
 ( ! gravels at ?is po9t1 b ! mo/       
dilig5t se>* is va91 ! only result (    
days ( exam9ation be+ a deep conviction 
t ^! gravels are & always 7 :olly b>r5 (
 art4  ,x ?us appe>s t "h z well z ^u ! 
riv] front1 ! works ( art 7 conf9$ to   
local deposits1 limit$ horizontally b n 
v]tically1 & a /rong presumption is     
creat$ t ! f9ds 7 conf9$ to r$i/ribut$  
gravels settl$ ^u ! t]race face 9 ! =m (
 talus4 ,dr4 ,abbott /ates t at t po9t  
:]e ,i ga!r$ ! majority ( specim5s !re  
is a want ( /ratification4#b ,x is well 
kn[n t su* re>rang$ deposits are (t5    

difficult to di/+ui% f ! orig9al        
gravels4 ,9 tr5*+ an implem5t produc+   
t]race at ,wa%+ton--:]e ! conditions 7  
probably q simil> to ^? at ! ,tr5ton    
railroad /ation--,i pass$ ?r\gh eighty  
feet ( r$i/ribut$ talus gravels be=e    
enc\nt]+ ! gravels 9 place1 & s         
deceptively 7 portions ( ^! deposits    
re-set t exp]ts 9 gravel ph5om5a 7      
unable to decide :e!r !y 7 or 7 n       
portions ( ! orig9al =mation            
7cretace\s74 ,! "q 0 f9ally settl$ by ! 
discov]y ( artificially %ap$ /ones 9 &  
b5ea? ! deposits4  #b ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4  
#aj? ,annual ,report ( ! ,peabody       
,museum1 p4 #da4  ,aga91 an implem5t    
be>+ deposit ( gravel 0 rec5tly discov]$
 by ! late ,miss ,f4 ,e4 ,babbitt at    
,little ,falls1 ,m9nesota1 & suffici5t  
7a v little7 digg+ 0 done to satisfy !  
discov]]1 & all paleoli?ic ar*eologi/s z
 well1 t ! objects 7 really imb$d$ 9 !  
glacial gravels4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahib ,i  
visit$ ! place & c>ri$ a tr5* tw5ty feet
 horizontally into ! t]race face on !   

implem5t b$ level be=e enc\nt]+ !       
gravels 9 place4 ,! talus deposits 7    
sev]al feet ?ick1 & 7 ( su* a nature t  
_! true "* c\ld n be det]m9$ )\t c>eful 
& ext5sive tr5*+4 ,! :ole talus deposit 
0 "h well /ock$ ) ,indian qu>tz         
qu>ry-%op rejects1 :i* 7 z usual (      
paleoli?ic types1 & x 0 b natural t     
,miss ,babbitt's conclusions1 al?\gh    
bas$ z !y necess>ily 7 ^u inexp]t       
obs]vations1 back$ by su* well kn[n     
types ( implem5ts %\ld be unhesitat+ly  
accept$ by believ]s4  ,! occurr5ce ( ^! 
tell+ examples ( ! deceptive appe>ance (
 re-set gravels w\ld seem to ju/ify &   
emphasize ! conviction creat$ by a      
critical exam9ation ( ! two lead+       
s-call$ paleoli?ic sites at ,tr5ton1 t  
,dr4 ,abbott1 not)/&+ 8 assev]ations to 
! contr>y1 has be5 deceiv$4 ,v /rong    
support1 x seems to me1 is giv5 to ?is  
conclusion by ! rec5tly publi%$ op9ion (
 ! late ,dr4 ,h4 ,c>vill ,lewis1 a      
glaciali/ famili> ) ! ,tr5ton region1 & 
) ! "w ( ,dr4 ,abbott at ! p]iod ( 8    

paleoli?ic ca/le build+4 ,dr4 ,lewis is 
report$ to h ma9ta9$ be=e an op5 meet+ (
 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce 9 ,philadelphia t 
:at ,dr4 ,abbott believ$ to be undi/urb$
 lay]s 7( gravel7 7 ^? ( an anci5t      
talus4#c ,?is rem>k may ref] to bo? !   
ma9 sites--! "o at ! railroad /ation & !
 o!r at ! riv] front--or possibly only  
to ! =m]4 ,i h also he>d x /at$ t t     
em95t s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,leidy1 :o mu/ h _h   
ample opportunities ( =m+ correct       
op9ions ^u ! subject1 held pretty mu* ! 
same views ( ,dr4 ,abbott's f9ds4  #c   
,br9ton1 ,d4 ,g41 ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #bh1 p4
 #bdi4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a      
fre%ly =m$ gravel bluff4  ,illu/ration3 
,fig4 #e4 ,e>ly /age ( talus =mation4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,an anci5t      
talus4  ,to make ! above criticism      
entirely cle>1 a few words ( explanation
 ( talus ph5om5a may be add$4 ,z a riv] 
cuts its *annel deep] & deep] into      
deposits ( gravel a section is gradually
 expos$1 b ! gravels break d[n readily  
"u atmosph]ic influ5ces & ! expos$ face 

does n reta9 a high angle4 ,! upp] "p   
crumbles & desc5ds t[>d ! base1 !re to  
re/ aga9/ ! slope or to be c>ri$ away by
 ! /ream4 ,a supposititi\s case w be    
conv5i5t = illu/ration4 ,a gravel t]race
 tw5ty feet 9 height is encroa*$ ^u by !
 riv] at high wat] & und]m9$1 & ! face  
breaks d[n v]tically1 leav+ an exposure 
z illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,9 a v %ort "t !
 upp] portions become loos5$ & fall     
bel[1 giv+ a /eep slope z se5 9 ,fig4   
#e4 ,! process goes on ) gradually      
decreas+ rapidity1 & if ! riv] does n   
aga9 encroa* s]i\sly1 a practically     
/able slope is rea*$1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 
,su* a talus may be hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s
 ( ye>s old1 b !re is r>ely any means ( 
det]m9+ its exact age4 ,if ! gravels are
 homog5e\s 9 "*1 ! talus w simulate _!  
normal condition s completely t !       
di/9ction _c be made out 9 ord9>y       
gullies or by unsy/ematic digg+4 ,if !  
gravels conta9 v>i$ /rata ! talus w be  
composite1 & w be m readily di/+ui%$ f  
at lea/ portions ( ! mat]ial 9 place4   

,n[ x is important to obs]ve :at may be 
! possible art cont5ts ( su* a talus z t
 %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,x may conta9 all      
objects ( art orig9ally includ$ 9 t     
portion ( ! gravels repres5t$ by a1 b1  
c1 toge!r ) all articles t happ5$ to be 
^u ! surface b1 c1 beside su* objects z 
may h accumulat$ f dwell+ or %op "w ^u  
its own surface1 aft] ! slope became    
suffici5tly r$uc$ to be occupi$ = ^!    
purposes4 ,a talus is !re=e liable to   
conta91 & 9 ! utmo/ confusion1 relics ( 
all p]iods ( occupation1 suppos+ always 
t !re 7 su* p]iods1 f ! beg9n+ ( !      
=mation ( ! gravel deposits d[n to !    
pres5t mom5t4 ,z a rule su* a talus1 if 
art-conta9+1 w h a l>ge p]c5tage ( %op &
 qu>ry-%op refuse1 = ! reason t ! expos$
 gravels1 & ! banks & b$s ( riv]s cutt+ 
!m1 furni%1 z a rule1 a good deal ( !   
raw mat]ial utiliz$ by work]s 9 /one1 & 
! %ops 9 :i* ! "w 0 done are usually    
locat$ ^u ! slopes & out] m>g9s ( !     
t]races4 ,al?\gh !re is ! possibility ( 
v consid]able age = ^! talus deposits1 x

 is unlikely t any ( !m date back z f> z
 ! close ( ! glacial epo* or at all ne> 
x1 = riv]s *ange back & =? con/antly1   
und]m9+ fir/ "o bank & !n ! o!r1 s t a v
 l>ge p]c5tage ( our talus deposits h   
be5 =m$ well )9 ! hi/oric p]iod4  ,at   
,tr5ton ! con/antly expos$ gravel banks 
af=d$ consid]able argillite 9 b[ld]s1   
fragm5ts & heavy masses1 z well z "s o!r
 flakable /ones ( inf]ior quality little
 us$1 & x is inevitable t ! ,indian :o  
dwelt ^u ! %ores ( ! riv] %\ld h s\ght !
 workable pieces along ! bluff1 leav+ ! 
refuse ev]y:]e2 & x is a necess>y       
consequ5ce t ! t]race m>g91 ! bluff     
face1 & ! talus deposits1 places little 
fitt$ = habitation1 %\ld = long di/ances
 conta9 no trace ( any art %apes save   
su* z p]ta9 to manufacture4 ,?us are    
fully & satisfactorily acc\nt$ = all !  
turtle backs & o!r rude =ms t our       
paleoli? hunt]s h be5 s assidu\sly      
ga!r+4 ,no?+ c be m fully app>5t ?an t  
no o!r race ?an ! ,indian 9 8 hi/oric "*
 & condition ne$ be conjur$ up to       

reasonably acc\nt = e phase & e article 
( ! recov]$ art4 ,mi/ak5 int]pretations 
( ! nature ( %op rejects1 & ! common    
association ( ^! objects ) r$i/ribut$   
gravels1 are probably acc\ntable = ! _m 
misconceptions t h aris54 ,talus        
deposits =m exce$+ly trea*]\s records = 
! w\ld-be *ronologi/4 ,!y are ! reef ^u 
:i* m ?an "o paleoli?ic adv5tur] has be5
 wreck$4  ,relics ( art attribut$ to    
gravel man h be5 collect$1 s f> z ,i c  
ga!r f museum labels & f incid5tal      
ref]5ces 9 v>i\s publications1 f a numb]
 ( sites aside f ! two already ref]r$   
to4 ,^! are scatt]$ ov] ! city1 & ! f9ds
 7 made mo/ly 9 exposures ( ! gravels t 
rema9$ visible = a %ort "t only1 z 9    
/reet & cell> excavations & well pits4  
,^! report$ f9ds c nev] be br\ght )9 !  
range ( re-exam9ation1 & ! se>*] aft]   
unimpea*able te/imony mu/ cont5t himself
 ) plac+ !m 9 ! d\btful column on g5]al 
pr9ciples4 ,urban di/ricts are s subject
 to di/urbance ?r\gh cutt+ d[n ( hills1 
fill+ 9 ( depressions1 grad+ ( /reets1  

digg+ ( f\ndations1 cell>s1 sew]s1 wells
 & graves t no man c1 f a limit$        
exposure su* z ^? produc+ ! report$     
tools necess>ily 71 speak ) c]ta9ty ( ! 
undi/urb$ nature ( ! deposits p5etrat$4 
,x is d\btful if any "o is ju/ifi$ 9    
publi%+ su* obs]vations at all )\t s]i\s
 qu]y4 ,su* te/imony is liable to fall (
 its own inh]5t weakness1 be+ absolutely
 valueless if unsupport$ by collat]al   
evid5ce ( real weight4 ,x c only be made
 p]man5tly available to sci5ce by !     
discov]y ( some?+ unusual or unique )   
:i* to c\ple x1 some?+ decid$ly         
un-,indian 9 "* or type1 z = example !  
two skulls n[ 9 ! ,peabody ,museum4 ,^! 
objects & ! antl] knife-h&le exhibit$ ) 
!m may be allud$ to z ! only f9ds s f>  
made at ,tr5ton1 hav+ ( !mselves ! lea/ 
pot5tiality z pro( & ^! skulls & ?is    
knife-h&le mu/ yet be subject$ to !     
rigid exam9ation made necess>y by !     
importance ( ! conclusions to be bas$ ^u
 !m4  ,some?+ may n[ be said conc]n+ !  
art rema9s ^u :i* ?is discussion h+es1 &

 ^u :i* conclusions ( ! greate/         
importance to an?ropology are suppos$ to
 dep5d4 ,let u pass ov] all t has be5   
said ) reg>d to _! mann] ( occurr5ce &  
association ) ! gravels & ask !m simply 
:at /ory !y tell ( !mselves4 ,does ?is  
/ory1 s f> z we are able cle>ly to read 
x1 speak ( a great antiquity & a peculi>
 culture1 or does x h9t r at vital      
weaknesses 9 ! position tak5 by !       
advocates ( ^! ideas8 ,we %all see4 ,!  
hi/ory ( ! utilization ( rudely flak$   
/ones 9 ! attempt to e/abli% a gravel   
man 9 ,am]ica has nev] be5 writt51 b z  
read betwe5 ! l9es ( paleoli?ic         
lit]ature1 x runs ab\t z foll[s3 ,! !ory
 ( a v rude & anci5t p1 hav+ a unique   
culture & c]ta9 peculi> art limitations1
 0 develop$ 9 ,europe _m ye>s ago 9 a   
mann] well kn[n & (t5 rehe>s$4 ,?is p 0 
associat$ ) ! ice age 9 ,europe1 & ?is  
epo*1 ) its mora9es & till & s$im5t$    
gravels1 0 f\nd to h be5 repeat$ 9      
,am]ica4 ,x 0 ! mo/ natural ?+ possible 
t ^! discov]ies %\ld c>ry ) !m !        

sugge/ion t man may h exi/$ "h z 9      
,europe dur+ t epo*1 & t 8 culture 0 (  
closely correspond+ grade4 ,^! 7        
legitimate inf]5ces & w>rant$ ! in/itut+
 ( c>eful rese>*es1 b x 0 a dang]\s     
sugge/ion to put into ! m9ds (          
en?usia/ic novices ) f]tile bra9s &     
ready p5s4 ,! idea 0 h>dly transplant$  
to ,am]ican soil be=e f9ds began to be  
made4 ,! s-call$ types ( ,european      
paleoli?s sugge/$ ! l9es ^u :i* f9ds "h 
%\ld be made1 & ev]y?+ 9 ! way ( flak$  
/ones connect$ directly or indirectly ) 
! glacial gravels :i* _h n yet be5 fully
 cr$it$ to & absorb$ by ! inconv5i5t    
,indian1 0 seiz$ ^u z repres5t+ ! anci5t
 "t & its hypo!tic p & culture4 ,9 !    
e>ly days ( ! inve/igation ! v>i\s rude 
=ms ( flak$ /ones1 result+ f failures 9 
manufacture1 _h n be5 /udi$1 & 7 %r\d$ 9
 conv5i5t my/]y1 & !y ?us became !      
f\ndation ( ! new ar*eologic dyna/y 9   
,am]ica1 ! dyna/y ( ! turtle-back4 ,dr4 
,abbott /ates 9 8 fir/ "w#d t ^! rude   
implem5ts are n especially *>act]i/ic ( 

any "o locality1 b seem to be scatt]$   
uni=mly ov] ! /ate4 ,specim5s ( e type1 
he says1 are f\nd ^u ! surface1 & are   
pl[$ up e spr+ & autumn2 b ?is 9 no way 
militates aga9/ ! op9ion t ^! rud] =ms  
are f> old] ?an ! well-*ipp$ jasp] &    
beautifully-poli%$ porphyry /one-"w4#e  
,at t /age ( ! inve/igation x 0 n at all
 necess>y t a specim5 %\ld come f !     
gravels 9 place or f any giv5 dep?1 s9ce
 ! type 0 suppos$ to be easily recogniz$
 & 0 a suffici5t means ( settl+ ! "q (  
age4  #d ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,! ,/one ,age 
9 ,n4 ,j41 ,sm4 ,rep4 #ahge1 p4 #bdg4   
#e ,ibid1 p4 #beb4  ,rude implem5ts 7   
call$ = & !y 7 f\nd4 ,! only requirem5ts
 7 t !y %\ld n be ( well-kn[n ,indian   
types1 t !y %\ld be rude & h "s sort (  
resemblance to :at 7 kn[n z paleoli?ic  
implem5ts abroad4 ,s9ce mo/ ( ^! s-call$
 gravel implem5ts ( ,europe are also    
d\btless ! rejects ( manufacture        
resemblances 7 readily f\nd4 ,! e>ly    
attempts to utilize ^! rejects 9 support
 ( ! !ory1 & make !m masqu]ade cr$itably

 z implem5ts ) specializ$ features &    
self-evid5t adaptation to def9ite       
ice-age uses1 n[ appe> decid$ly amus+4  
,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! l9es h be5 drawn ^u
 ?is e>ly lic5se1 & x is to-day well    
und]/ood by all c>eful /ud5ts1 t s9ce ! 
rude =ms are s (t5 repeat$ 9 mod]n      
neoli?ic refuse1 ! only reliable te/ ( a
 gravel implem5t is its occurr5ce 9 !   
gravels 9 place4 ,t a p>ticul> implem5t1
 said to h be5 obta9$ f ! gravels1 is ( 
paleoli?ic type1 does n 9 ! lea/ /r5g!n 
its claims to be+ a bona fide gravel    
implem5t2 nor does its easy assignm5t to
 a type give any additional value to !  
collector's claim t ! gravels said to   
conta9 x are implem5t be>+4 ,! v names1 
rude implem5t1 paleoli?ic implem5t1     
etc41 c>ry ) !m a c]ta9 am\nt ( my/]i\s 
sugge/ion2 "o ?9ks ( unique1 significant
 %apes & ( /range1 ar*aic uses4 ,at _!  
m]e m5tion1 ! great ice %eet looms up ) 
/>tl+ realism1 & ! re9de] & ! mighty    
mammo? appe> ^u ! sc5e4 ,! read] ( our  
paleoli?ic lit]ature is l$ to feel t ^! 

antiquat$ objects c>ry volumes ( hi/ory 
9 _! worn & wea!r-beat5 faces1 b ?is is 
all ! figm5t ( f]tile bra9s4 ,^! objects
 h )\t exception ! appe>ance ( ! mo/    
commonplace e-day rejects ( manufacture 
)\t specialization & )\t hidd5 mean+4   
,!y tell ( !mselves no /ory :atsoev]1   
save t ( ! (t-repeat$ failure ( !       
aborig9al blade mak] 9 8 /ruggle )      
refractory /ones4 ,?is w be %[n ) great]
 cle>ness f>!r on4  ,b ! s*eme does n   
end ) ! repetition ( a ,european /ate ( 
affairs4 ,our gravel ar*eologi/s h n be5
 cont5t to adopt t feature ( ! =eign    
s*eme :i* utt]ly de/roys ! paleoli?ic   
race be=e a high] culture is br\ght ^u !
 sc5e4 ,x 0 ?\ght to improve ^u ! borr[$
 plan by all[+ = a gradual developm5t   
upw>d f ! paleoli?ic /age1 repres5t$    
exclusively by a class ( mean+less bits 
( flak$ /one1 ?r\gh a p]iod less rude1  
*>act]iz$ by productions s f> advanc$ z 
to be assign$ to a def9ite use4 ,^!     
latt] productions consi/ ma9ly ( r l>ge 
& (t5 rude blades1 sometimes pla91 b    

g5]ally not*$ or modifi$ at ! broad] end
 z if to be set 9 a h&le1 or atta*$ to a
 spe> or arr[ %aft4 ,^! 7 assign$ to    
po/-glacial times 9 su* a way z to      
bridge or p>tly bridge ! great space    
betwe5 ! glacial epo* & ! pres5t4 ,!y 7 
sep>at$ arbitr>ily f ! body ( !         
collections ( ! region1 & ref]r$ to z   
probably ! "w ( an ,eskimo race4 ,?is   
arrangem5t produc$ a pleas+ symmetry &  
complet5ess1 & br\ght ! hi/ory ( man d[n
 to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,indian epo*1 :i* is   
repres5t$ by all ( ^? =ms ( art ) :i* ! 
r$ man is hi/orically associat$4  ,?ree 
pr9cipal p]iods are ?us ?\ght to be     
repres5t$ by ! f9ds at ,tr5ton2 & 9 !   
arrangem5t ( ! collections ^! gr&       
divisions are illu/rat$ by ?ree great   
gr\ps ( relics1 :i* are look$ ^u by !   
f\nd]s ( ! s*eme z an epitome ( native  
,am]ican art & culture4 ,by o!rs ?is    
gr\p+ is look$ ^u z purely empirical1 z 
an arbitr>y sep>ation ( ! normal art    
rema9s ( ! hi/oric ,indian1 n sugge/$ by
 any?+ 9 ! nature or condition ( !      

objects1 nor 9 ! mann] ( _! discov]y4   
,! ,eskimo feature ( ! s*eme requires a 
m detail$ exam9ation ?an c be giv5 x "h4
 ,x may be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ! sep>ation ( 
! s-call$ ,eskimo spe> po9ts1 or :atev] 
!y may be1 f ! great body ( associat$   
articles ( flak$ /one1 appe>s to be a   
highly arbitr>y proce$+4 ,t !y 7        
ext5sively made by ! ,indians is prov$  
by ! occurr5ce ( refuse result+ f _!    
manufacture on mod]n %op sites1 & t !y 7
 us$ by ! ,indian1 is equally app>5t f  
_! common occurr5ce on mod]n dwell+     
sites4 ,! exceptionally l>ge size ( !   
argellite po9ts is readily acc\nt$ = by 
! nature ( ! mat]ial4 ,x 0 ! only /one (
 ! region well adapt$ to ! manufacture (
 long blades or projectile po9ts4       
,jasp]1 qu>tz & fl9t h su* m9ute        
cleavage t1 save 9 r>e cases1 small     
implem5ts only c\ld be made f !m4 ,_!   
peculi> mann] ( occurr5ce1 describ$ at s
 mu* l5g? by ,dr4 ,abbott1#f has be5    
giv5 undue consid]ation & weight4 ,!    
ph5om5a obs]v$ may all be acc\nt$ = z a 

result ( ! vicissitudes ( aborig9al life
 & occupation )9 ! la/ few hundr$ ye>s z
 fully & satisfactorily z by jump+ ?\s&s
 ( ye>s backw>d into ! unkn[n4  #f      
,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4 ,popul> ,sci5ce        
,mon?ly1 ,dec41 #ahhi4  ,:atsoev] real  
support !re may be = ! ,eskimo !ory1    
ei!r 9 ! publi%$ or ! unpubli%$ evid5ce1
 x is app>5t t "u ! pres5t sy/em (      
solit>y & inexp]t rese>*1 ! sci5tific _w
 w ga9 little t x c utilize )\t di/ru/ &
 dang]4 ,:atsoev] may be ! f9al         
outcome--:i* outcome is b\nd to be !    
tru?--x is cle> t !re is little 9 !     
pres5t evid5ce to w>rant ! sep>ation ( a
 paleoli?ic & an ,eskimo p]iod ( art f t
 ( ! ,indian4  ,t ! art rema9s ( !      
,tr5ton region are ess5tially a unit1   
hav+ no natural sep>ation into "t1      
culture or /ock gr\ps1 is easily        
susceptible ( demon/ration4 ,i h already
 pres5t$ /rong reasons = conclud+ t all 
! f9ds ^u ! ,tr5ton sites are f !       
surface or f rec5t deposits1 & t all may
 reasonably be assign$ to ! ,indian4 ,a 

f9d has rec5tly be5 made :i* furni%es   
full & decisive evid5ce ^u ?is po9t4 ,at
 ,po9t ,pleasant1 on ! ,delaw>e1 "s     
tw5ty-five miles above ,tr5ton1 !re are 
outcrops ( argillite1 & "h h be5        
discov]$ rec5tly ! %op sites ^u :i* ?is 
/one 0 work$4 ,!re are two features ( ^!
 %ops to :i* ! close/ att5tion mu/ be   
giv54 ,! fir/ is t !y are manife/ly     
mod]n2 !y are situat$ on ! pres5t flood 
pla9 ( ! ,delaw>e1 & b a few feet above 
av]age wat] level1 ! glacial t]race "h  
be+ "s =ty or fifty feet 9 height4 ,^!  
%ops1 !re=e1 repres5t ! mo/ mod]n phases
 ( aborig9al indu/ry1 & may h be5       
occupi$ at ! com+ ( ,william ,p5n4 ,!   
second po9t is t e type ( flak$         
argillite f\nd 9 ! ,tr5ton region1      
associat$ ) ! gravels or o!rwise1 is    
f\nd on ?is site4 ,x 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t 
a qu>ry site1 = ! great masses (        
argillite br\ght d[n by ! floods 7 "h   
brok5 up & remov$ f ! riv] banks or b$4 
,x 0 a %op site1 = "h ! articles1 ma9ly 
blades1 7 r\gh$ out1 & x 0 also a dwell+

 place--a village site--:]e all !       
specializ$ =ms ( flak$ /ones made f !   
blades 7 prep>$ = use4 ,"h are f\nd     
great numb]s ( ! rude failures1         
duplicat+ e feature ( ! my/]i\s paleoli?
 ) :i* our museums are /ock$1 & exhibit+
 ! same ma/]ly quitt+ at j ! po9t :]e no
 fur!r %ap+ 0 possible4#g ,"h we see !  
same boldly manipulat$ cutt+ edge1 !    
flat bottom & high peak1 & ! same       
my/]i\sly wea!r$ & dis9tegrat$ surfaces1
 s skillfully made1 by a nice balanc+ ( 
accid5ts1#h to tell ! /ory ( *ronologic 
sequ5ce 9 deposition4  #g ,abbott1 ,c4  
,c4 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahge1 p4 #bdh4
  #h ,ibid4 ,primitive ,indu/ry1 p4     
#dhg4  ,beside ! failures1 we h "h1 z on
 o!r qu>ry %op sites1 ! evid5ce ( m     
advanc$ "w1 ! wide1 ?ick1 defective     
blades1 & _m ( ! long1 ?9 blades brok5  
at or ne> ! f9i%+ po9t4 ,"h1 too1 j back
 ( ! r\gh+-out %ops1 are ! dwell+ sites 
f :i* _m specializ$ =ms are obta9$4 ,!  
,eskimo type is fully repres5t$ z well z
 ! ord9>y spe> po9t1 ! arr[ po9t1 & !   

p]=ator ( our ,indian4 ,!re is n a type 
( flak$ argillite kn[n 9 ! ,delaw>e     
valley t may n be duplicat$ "h on ?is   
mod]n ,indian site1 & ?is has be5 kn[n  
by local ar*eologi/s = ye>s4 ,:y s      
little has be5 said ab\t ! matt] is ?us 
expla9$4 ,dr4 ,abbott1 9 #ahij1 discov]+
 ?is site1 & f9d+ typical paleoli?ic    
implem5ts 7! ord9>y rud] =ms ( rejects7 
among ! refuse1 0 s entirely at a loss  
to expla9 ! occurr5ce t he felt compell$
 to aga9 take up ! exam9ation ( ! gravel
 deposits ( ! valley ( ! ,delaw>e ) !   
hope ( f9ally solv+ ! problem4#i ,! true
 conditions w\ld h be5 at once app>5t to
 any "o n utt]ly bl9d$ by ! prevail+    
misconceptions4  #i ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c4    
,annual ,report ( ! ,curator ( ! ,museum
 ( ,am]ican ,ar*eology1 ,univ]sity (    
,p5nsylvania4 ,no4 #a1 p4 #g4  ,! entire
 simplicity ( ! ar*eologic conditions 9 
! ,delaw>e valley may be fur!r          
illu/rat$4 ,_h ,william ,p5n paus$ 9 8  
ardu\s traffic ) ! tawny ,delaw>es1 &   
glanc$ out ) f>-sight$ eyes f b5ea? !   

p5dant bran*es ( ! great elm at         
,%ackamaxon1 he might h beheld an unc\? 
savage labori\sly fabricat+ rude ice age
 tools1 mak+ ! clumsy turtle-back1 %ap+ 
! my/]i\s paleoli?1 ?us tak+ t fir/ &   
mo/ int]e/+ !oretical /ep 9 human art & 
hi/ory4 ,_h he look$ aga9 a few mom5ts  
lat] he might h beheld ! same tawny     
individual deeply absorb$ 9 ! task (    
trimm+ a long rude spe> po9t ( ,eskimo  
type f ! refractory argillite4 ,if he _h
 aga9 paus$ :5 ano!r h&ful ( baubles _h 
be5 judici\sly ex*ang$1 he w\ld h se5 ! 
famili> r$sk9 c>efully f9i%+ 8 arr[     
po9ts & fitt+ !m to _! %afts prep>atory 
to a hunt+ & fi%+ cruise on ! placid    
,delaw>e4 ,?us 9 a brief space ( "t ,p5n
 might h glean$ ! /ory ( ! ages--!      
hi/ory ( ! turtle-back1 ! long spe> po9t
 & _! allies--z 9 a s+le %eaf4 ,b !     
opportunity 0 wa/$1 & ! heaps ( fl9ty   
refuse left ^u ! riv] bank by ! workm5 7
 ! only record left ( ! nature ( ! "w ( 
t day4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ( aborig9al     
mis=tune & ,quak] inatt5tion & neglect h

 result$ 9 s mix+ up ! simple evid5ce ( 
a day's "w1 t x has tak5 tw5ty-five ye>s
 to collect ! scatt]$ fragm5ts1 to sift1
 sep>ate & classify !m1 & to assign !m  
to !oretic places 9 a s*eme ( culture   
evolution t spans t5 ?\s& ye>s4  ,yet is
 !re really no?+ 9 x all1 9 ! !ories1 ! 
obs]vations1 ! collections & ! books8 ,d
 ,i speak too positively 9 condemnation 
( ! results ( ye>s ( e>ne/ inve/igation8
 ,p]haps s1 b ! volum9\s te/imony is s  
ov]load$ ) inaccuracies1 ! relics (     
unsci5tific me?od & mislead+ hypo!ses1 t
 e item mu/ be %>ply que/ion$2 & !      
conclusions rea*$ s f> ov]/ep ! limits  
w>rant$ by ! evid5ce1 t h]oic measures  
alone c be effectual 9 det]m9+ _! exact 
value4 ,if1 z _m believe1 vital errors h
 be5 embodi$ 9 ! evid5ce pres5t$ by !   
advocates ( ! !ory1 x is impossible to  
/ate ! case too /rongly4 ,error once    
fully absorb$ into ! lit]ature ( sci5ce 
has _m advantages ov] ! t>dy tru?2 x is 
/rongly =tifi$ & mu/ be attack$ & expos$
 )\t fe> or favor4 ,tru? involv$ ) x _c 

p]man5tly suff]4 ,if ! tw9 !ories ( a   
gravel & a paleoli?ic man 9 ea/]n       
,am]ica are to be assail$ z uns\nd or z 
n prop]ly support$1 x %\ld be done n[   
:ile ! orig9ators & uphold]s are alive &
 al]t to su/a9 _! positions or to yield 
to ! advances ( tru?4 ,i d n wi% to     
wrongly *>act]ize or to unduly m9imize !
 evid5ce br\ght to be> 9 favor ( ^!     
!ories4 ,i d int5d1 h[ev]1 to assi/ ! _w
 s f> z possible 9 secur+ an exact      
e/imate ( all t has be5 said & done1 &  
all t is to be done4  ,9 a previ\s      
article ,i h exam9$ ! evid5ce relat+ to 
paleoli?ic art 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 
& h indicat$ its utt] inadequacy &      
unreliability4 ,9 ?is pap] ! te/imony   
relat+ to ! occurr5ce ( gravel art1 9 ! 
locality mo/ fully reli$ ^u by advocates
 ( ! !ory1 has be5 p>tially review$ &   
subject$ to ! /rong light ( rec5t       
obs]vations4 ,x is f\nd t ! :ole fabric1
 s impos+ 9 books & museums1 %r9ks away 
surpris+ly z x is approa*$4 ,! evid5ce  
furni%$ by ! bluff face & by ! railway  

cutt+1 ! two lead+ sites1 is fatally    
weak5$ by ! practical demon/ration ( !  
fact t ! gravels prop] are at ^! po9ts  
b>r5 ( art rema9s4 ,9 endeavor+ to      
naturalize an immigrant hypo!sis1 our   
gravel se>*]s1 unacqua9t$ ) ! true      
nature ( ! objects collect$ & discuss$1 
& little skill$ 9 ! obs]vation ( !      
ph5om5a by means ( :i* all que/ions (   
age mu/ be det]m9$1 h und\bt$ly made    
griev\s mi/akes & h ?us misl$ an        
expectant & cr$ul\s public4  ,! articles
 !mselves1 ! s-call$ gravel f9ds1 :5    
closely /udi$ are f\nd to tell _! own   
/ory mu* m fully & accurately ?an x has 
h]et(ore be5 read by /ud5ts ( ar*eology4
 ,?is /ory is t ! art ( ! ,delaw>e      
valley is to all int5ts & purposes a    
unit1 t !re is no?+ unique or especially
 primitive or anci5t & no?+ un-,indian 9
 x all4 ,all =ms are f\nd on demon/rably
 rec5t sites ( manufacture4 ,! rude =ms 
assign$ by "s to glacial times are all  
app>5tly wa/]s ( ,indian manufacture4 ,!
 l>ge blades ( ,eskimo type are only !  

l>g] blades1 knives & spe> po9ts ( !    
,indian1 sep>at$ arbitr>ily f ! body ( !
 art-rema9s to subs]ve ! ends ( a !ory1 
c]ta9 obscure ph5om5a ( occurr5ce hav+  
be5 f\nd to give color to ! proce$+4 ,to
 place any "p ( ?is art1 rude or        
elaborate1 p]man5tly 9 any o!r ?an !    
ord9>y ,indian category w take /rong]   
pro(s ?an h yet be5 develop$ 9 ! region 
itself4  ,! "q ask$ 9 ! beg9n+1 ,are !re
 traces ( glacial man 9 ! ,tr5ton       
gravels8 if n answ]$ decisively 9 !     
negative1 /&s little *ance1 consid]+    
pres5t evid5ce1 ( be+ answ]$ 9 !        
affirmative4 ,9 view ( ! fact t num]\s  
obs]vations ( app>5t value h be5 made 9 
o!r sections1 !re is yet suffici5t      
reason = lett+ ! qu]y /&1 & we may      
cont9ue to *]i% ! hope t possibly by    
r5ew$ ef=t & improv$ me?ods (           
inve/igation1 some?+ may yet be f\nd 9 !
 ,tr5ton gravels cle>ly demon/rative ( !
 fasc9at+ belief 9 a great antiquity = !
 human race 9 ,am]ica4  ,! evid5ce ^u   
:i* paleoli?ic man 9 ,am]ica dep5ds is s

 intangible t1 unsupport$ by suppos$    
analogies ) ,european conditions &      
ph5om5a1 & by ! sugge/ions ( an ideal   
s*eme ( culture progress1 x w\ld vani% 9
 ?9 air2 & if ! !ory ( a glacial man c  
summon to its aid no bett] te/imony ?an 
t furni%$ by ! examples exam9$ 9 ?is    
pap]1 ! :ole s*eme1 s elaborately m\nt$ 
& s confid5tly proclaim$1 is 9 imm95t   
dang] ( e>ly collapse4                  
,w4 ,h4 ,holmes4     ,,geology ,,z ,a   
,,"p ,,( ,a ,,college ,,curriculum4   ,!
 dem& = sci5tific /udies z a "p ( !     
college curriculum is felt by all ^? :o 
h to d ) ! provision ( high] in/ruction 
= ,am]ican y\?4 ,! reasons = ?is may be 
v>i\s1 b a fundam5tal reason is f\nd 9 !
 t5d5cy among ! ,am]ican p 9 p>ticul>1 &
 9 ?is age 9 g5]al1 t[>d practicality 9 
all ?+s4 ,appli$ to education ?is       
practicality asks = a tra9+ :i* %all h a
 direct be>+ ^u ! bus9ess ( life to be  
foll[$ imm$iately aft] ! tra9+ p]iod is 
end$4 ,x means a diff]5tiation (        
subjects & specialization 9 me?ods to   

adju/ ! education to ! diff]5t functions
 :i* ! /ud5ts tak+ x are prep>+ =4 ,x   
calls = a pr(essional education = ^? :o 
expect to become lawy]s1 doctors1       
m9i/]s1 or tea*]s1--a te*nical education
 = ^? :o are to engage 9 ! arts ( !     
me*anical or civil eng9e]1 or ( !       
ar*itect4 ,x results n only 9 !         
e/abli%m5t ( colleges & univ]sities     
devot$ to ?is k9d ( education1 b x      
affects ! me?ods ( ! high s*ools &      
academies1 & is felt d[n to prim>y      
s*ools1 & on ! o!r h& ! old] in/itutions
 f\nd$ on a diff]5t plan are adapt$ to !
 popul> dem& by ! addition to ! regul>  
/udies ( electives1 *os5 n always = _!  
value or discipl9>y /udies1 b because ( 
! practical applicability ( ! in=mation 
to be d]iv$ f !m1 to ! bus9ess ( !      
/ud5t4  ,)\t discuss+ ! relative m]its (
 ! two ideas ( education1 ! *ief contra/
 betwe5 !m may be f\nd 9 ! "* ( !       
results s\ght4 ,! k ( ?+s & _! uses is (
 *ief importance 9 ! practical          
education2 ! k ( ideas & skill 9 _! use 

is ! aim ( ! lib]al education4 ,geology 
is "o ( ! sci5ces :i* mo/ m5 w at once  
classify z among ! practical sci5ces4 ,x
 deals ) matt]s ( practical importance  
to ev]ybody4 ,coal1 iron1 ! metals1     
silv]1 gold1 t91 lead1 build+ /one1 s&1 
clay1 petroleum1 & natural gas1 & all   
geological products are ess5tial        
mat]ials ( mod]n civilization1 & a k (  
!m & ( _! modes & places ( occurr5ce is 
"o ( ! requisites ( an education1 ei!r f
 ! practical or ! lib]al po9t ( view4 ,s
 too ! dynamics ( atmosph]ic & hydraulic
 erosion1 ! ag5cy ( riv]s & oceans 9    
de/ruction1 removal & recon/ruction (   
geological =mations h _! em95tly        
practical be>+s ^u ! v>i\s arts (       
eng9e]+4 ,:ile ! practical value (      
geology is ?us evid5t & undisput$1 x is 
n on ?is acc\nt t its importance z a "p 
( a college c\rse ( education is urg$4  
,z a practical /udy geology becomes !   
c5tre ( a gr\p ( /udies requir+ ye>s =  
ma/]y4 ,*emi/ry & physics are prim>ily  
ess5tial to a full und]/&+ ( ! mo/      

common ( geological problems4 ,& to use 
geological facts & ph5om5a1 an          
acqua9tance ) ! complex me?ods (        
eng9e]+1 civil & me*anical1 :i* aga9    
call = a ?or\gh ma/]y ( ma!matics1 is   
necess>y4 ,m9]alogy & petrography1      
metallurgy & m9+ eng9e]+ h ea* rea*$ a  
/age ( developm5t entitl+ !m to ! rank (
 sep>ate sci5ces1 b ! practical tra9+ ( 
! geologi/ %\ld include !m all4 ,:5 we  
add ! biological sci5ces connect$ )     
hi/orical geology1 paleontology1 zology 
& botany1 ) all ! laboratory & field "w 
requir$ = _! prop] /udy1 we h a gr\p (  
affiliat$ bran*es ( le>n+ requir+ f\r or
 five ye>s ( cont9u\s /udy aft] ! /ud5t 
has le>n$ h[ to /udy4 ,x is pla9 !re=e t
 only a speciali/1 "o :o is will+ to    
neglect o!r /udies1 or :o has previ\sly 
_h a lib]al tra9+1 c p]fect himself on !
 practical side 9 ! sci5ce ( geology4   
,b irrespective ( its practical uses1 z 
a means ( tra9+ & supplem5t>y to !      
ord9>y /udies ( a college curriculum1   
geology is "o ( ! mo/ useful ( ! sci5ces

 ( obs]vation4 ,x is 9 provid+ t        
p>ticul> tra9+ to :i* ,presid5t ,eliot  
has rec5tly call$ att5tion 9 ! ,=um     
7,dec41 #ahib1 ,:]e9 ,popul> ,education 
,has ,fail$71 t geology c be us$ to su* 
advantage4 ,speak+ p>ticul>ly ( ! l[]   
education1 ,presid5t ,eliot says x is ! 
judgm5t & reason+ p[]s t p>ticul>ly     
require att5tion4 ,_! sy/ematic         
developm5t is to be atta9$ 9 ! f\r      
directions ( obs]v+ accurately1 record+ 
correctly1 comp>+1 gr\p+ & inf]r+ ju/ly1
 & express+ cog5tly ! results ( ^! m5tal
 op]ations4 7p4 #dba47 ,! atta9m5t ( ^! 
ends is "o ( ! purposes ( lib]al        
education1 :e!r x be 9 ! prim>y s*ool or
 9 ! univ]sity4 ,& geology1 or any o!r  
sci5ce1 is ( value 9 a college c\rse 9  
proportion to its fitness = ! ex]cise & 
developm5t ( ^! functions ( ! /ud5t4    
,geology may be taught )\t reg>d to ^!  
ends1 & !n x is valuable f ! practical  
po9t ( view1 b :5 we exam9e x 9 respect 
( its availability z a discipl9>y /udy  
we f9d x (f]+ p>ticul> attractions4     

,us+ ! di/9ction betwe5 !ory & practice1
 :i* is z old z ,ari/otle1 geology 9 its
 !oretical aspect is m easily compreh5d$
 ?an is ! !oretical aspect ( mo/ ( !    
mod]n sci5ces4 ,?is arises fir/ f ! fact
 t ! facts & ph5om5a are ( a simple &   
gr& nature1 mak+ x possible = ! tea*] to
 direct c]ta9 att5tion to ! specific    
facts "u consid]ation4 ,! wat] ( !      
riv]s1 ! mud by ! road side1 ! rocks &  
s&s on ! %ore are famili> objects to    
all1 & x is a simple matt] to call      
att5tion by ord9>y language to !        
specific facts reg>d+ !m1 :i*1 analyz$  
out1 are to =m ! basis ( exact ideas &  
sci5tific def9ition & classification4   
,geology is ! "o sci5ce among ! natural 
sci5ces :i* may beg9 ) ! common language
 ( ! pupil1 & by means ( su* language   
alone may build up ideas ( precise      
ph5om5a 9 sci5tific t]ms4 ,physiography 
or physical geography surpasses geology 
prop] 9 ?is p>ticul>1 z ! admirable "w (
 ,pr(essor ,davis is %[+1 & on ?is      
acc\nt x is ! be/ introduction to       

geology4 ,b ! v l>g5ess & indef9it5ess (
 ! facts are 9 ! way ( ! use ( physical 
geography = ! ex]cise ( ! f9] & m exact 
functions ( obs]vation4 ,! discipl9>y   
value ( classics & ma!matics is to a    
consid]able ext5t d]iv$ f ?is quality1 !
 precision ) :i* ! words or figures     
k9dle l ideas4 ,s long z ! object ( !   
tra9+ is to tea* ! k ( ideas & h[ to use
 !m1 classics & ma!matics are ! simple/ 
& pure/ means ( develop+ a lib]al       
education4 ,! addition ( sci5ces to !   
college c\rse is n because ( !          
usefulness ( ! k ( ?+s ?us to be ga9$1 b
 because ! language ( ! sci5ces is      
ess5tial to call =? ! obs]vation & !    
ex]cise ( ! accompany+ m5tal op]ations4 
,:5 x comes to deal+ ) ! ideas associat$
 ) p>ticul> s5se-obs]vation1 :]e =m or  
motion c n be express$ 9 simple         
ma!matical t]ms1 language c n           
communicate a new idea or k9dle x 9     
ano!r m9d ) precision4 ,x is necess>y by
 "s means to recall or to pres5t !      
object itself to ! /ud5t4 ,9 ! tea*+ (  

sci5ce ?is po9t is ( great importance1 &
 mu* ( ! unsatisfactor9ess (            
sci5ce-tea*+ is d\btless due to failure 
to note x4 ,no circumlocution ( words c 
ar\se 9 ano!r or communicate to him !   
idea appropriate to a s5sation he has   
nev] felt4 ,! bl9d man ^: eyes are op5$ 
sees m5 z trees walk+4  ,9 ! use (      
sci5ce = elem5t>y tra9+ 7& ! tra9+ is   
elem5t>y until ! /ud5t is capable (     
inve/igat+ & int]pret+ ! facts & ph5om5a
 ( a sci5ce directly7 t sci5ce is !     
bett] :i* deals ) objects :i* are       
simple1 common & easily obs]v$4 ,su* is 
geology 9 "s ( its aspects4 ,e "t !     
/ud5t walks 9 ! c\ntry he sees ! facts  
discuss$ 9 ! text-book or by 8 tea*]2 & 
f att5tion to ^? ) :i* he is already    
famili> he c be readily l$ to obs]ve &  
give att5tion to o!rs & to analyze ^?   
already 9 8 m9d by prop]ly direct$      
que/ions4  ,9 ! field ( geology are f\nd
 ! ready means = ! ex]cise & developm5t 
( obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,! le>n] beg9s )  
ideas :i* e intellig5t m9d associates ) 

! objects describ$ or nam$1 & by degrees
 ! m>ks ( 8 k are increas$1 ! relations 
( ?+s are grasp$1 & ! cont5t ( 8 ideas  
associat$ ) ! language ( 8 sci5ce is    
enl>g$4 ,9 ! process ( le>n+ ! sci5ce he
 has be5 build+ up 8 /ock ( k ( facts & 
ph5om5a1 b1 ( m importance ?an t1 he has
 le>n$ ! me?od ( obs]v+ & ( sci5tific   
?9k+4 ,he has _h tra9+ 9 ! me?ods (     
r$uc+ ! h>d facts ( nature to ! laws (  
?\ght & practice1 he has se5 ! me?od by 
:i* !oretical ord] is made out ( !      
int]m9able confusion & complexity (     
natural ?+s4  ,beside ?is prim>y reason 
= ! use ( geology z a discipl9>y        
sci5ce-/udy1 !re is a second reason     
aris+ f ! symbolic nature ( a l>ge gr\p 
( its facts4 ,?is aspect ( ! sci5ce is  
be/ se5 9 ! hi/orical & /ratigraphical  
p>ts ( geology1 9 :i* fossils are ! *ief
 data = /udy4 ,! int]pretation ( a      
fossil into a species ( organism1 hav+  
its def9ite place 9 ! elaborate         
classification ( ! zologi/1 or z an     
indicator ( ! "t & place & mode (       

=mation ( ! /rata 9 :i* x is buri$1 is1 
to be sure1 a mo/ intricate &1 at fir/  
?\ght x w\ld seem1 an unattractive      
process4 ,b no m s1 ,i w\ld say1 ?an !  
int]pretation ( a s]ies ( ,greek        
*>act]s4 ,! int]pretation ( ! ,greek    
reveals to u ! ri*e/ results ( human    
?\ght & mo/ p]fect laws ( human spee*1 &
 we f9d !re=e 9 ! analysis requir$ ! mo/
 p]fect discipl9e ( ! p[]s ( spee* &    
language4 ,! fossil too holds1 ready to 
be reveal$1 ! /ory ( ! hi/ory ( ! _w & !
 laws ( ! evolution ( ! organic life ( !
 globe1 & records an inexhau/ible weal? 
( in=mation reg>d+ ! laws ( nature4 ,b z
 an in/rum5t ( intellectual discipl9e   
its great m]it lies 9 its symbolic      
nature4 ,x is ?is symbolic "* ( !       
classical languages & ( ! ma!matics :i* 
fits !m to be univ]sal means ( lib]al   
tra9+4 ,! symbolic nature ( ! fossil    
fits x to become ! expon5t ( tra9+ 9 !  
pure sci5ce ( nature4 ,! fossil is a m>k
 :i* /&s = some?+1 & ?us1 9 ! nature (  
?+s1 x asks = int]pretation4 ,z a symbol

 x /imulates m9ute & accurate           
obs]vation1 & k9dles close & exhau/ive  
?\ght2 z a symbol x leaves u ! ideas x  
has eng5d]$ aft] x is lo/ to memory z an
 obs]vation4 ,?us ! value ( its /udy    
does n dep5d ^u ! ret5tion 9 ! memory ( 
! facts br\ght be=e ! m9d1 b 9 ! tra9+ (
 ! m5tal processes requir$ 9 its        
int]pretation4 ,! /udy ( ?is bran* (    
geology ex]cises & develops all !       
faculties :i* are specially ex]cis$ 9   
any sci5tific inve/igation4  ,ano!r     
aspect 9 :i* x is an ideal means = su*  
tra9+ comes f ! fact t x is equally     
valuable at e /age ( progress ( ! /ud5t4
 ,:5 fir/ exam9$ x means no?+ to him4   
,he kn[s no?+ ( organism1 ( /rata1 (    
geological "t4 ,! fossil ga9s mean+ only
 z he is able to put mean+ into x4 ,!   
/ud5t mu/ ask que/ions1 & z /ep by /ep  
he answ]s 8 que/ions by m m9ute & wid]  
exam9ation1 ! fossil holds a full]      
int]pretation4 ,8 /udies lead him to    
inve/igation ( ! :ole field ( nature1 ! 
rocks1 ! =mation ( deposits1 ! action ( 

! elem5ts1 ! conditions ( life1 ! =ms ( 
organism1 _! functions & habits1 ! laws 
( gr[?1 _! adaptation to environm5t1 !  
*anges ( ev5ts 9 "t1 ! ef=ts (          
association & /ruggle = life1 !         
pr9ciples ( evolution & developm5t--!   
migration & orig9 & ext9ction (         
organisms on ! globe4 ,no?+ 9 nature is 
)\t int]e/ to him4 ,fur!r ?an ?is !     
am\nt ( good he ga9s is n measur$ by !  
numb] ( fossils he /udies1 b by !       
wid5ess ( 8 rese>*4 ,a h&ful ( fossils f
 "s "o fossilif]\s l$ge may be ! text = 
a ye>'s /udy1 & ! me?ods acquir$ 9 !    
/udy may be ! nucleus ( a life's "w4 ,9 
?is dep>tm5t ( geology ! possibilities =
 new discov]ies1 new developm5ts (      
sci5ce are almo/ endless4 ,z a s+le     
au?or ?or\ghly read develops a weal? ( k
 ( ! laws ( language & ?\ght1 s geology 
may be /udi$ by ! use ( a limit$ set (  
its ph5om5a & become ! introduction to !
 exhau/ive /udy ( natural sci5ce4       
,ano!r advantage atta*+ to geology z a  
sci5ce-/udy = ! college curriculum1     

arises f ! fact t x may be pursu$ deeply
 )\t ! elaborate aid to ! s5ses requir$ 
9 o!r sci5ces = mak+ m9ute record or    
measurem5t ( facts or ph5om5a4 ,z 9     
language & ma!matics1 x is ess5tial to  
acquire a famili>ity ) ! gramm>1 !      
diction>y & ! symbols1 =mulas & rules ( 
_! usage be=e ! f9] tra9+ 9 ! use (     
?\ght beg9s1 s ! vocabul>y & !          
def9itions ( a sci5ce mu/ be acquir$    
be=e mu* use c be made ( ! high]        
discipl9e to be d]iv$ f sci5tific /udy4 
,9 language /udy ?is high] tra9+ comes f
 practice 9 mak+ ! m9ute analysis1 9    
detect+ ! f9e %ades ( mean+ express$ 9 !
 lit]ature itself4 ,s x is important 9  
select+ a sci5ce to be us$ z a          
discipl9>y /udy t ! facts & laws (      
nature ) :i* x is conc]n$ %\ld be       
capable ( cle> & precise def9ition1 &1  
moreov]1 t x %\ld furni% a field = !    
/udy ( ! m9ute & intricate relation%ip  
exi/+ betwe5 ! diff]5t facts :i* are to 
be atta9$ by p]sonal inspection ( !     
objects !mselves4 ,9 mo/ ( ! sci5ces ?is

 deep] ex]cise ( sci5tific ?\ght        
requires = its successful pursuit       
artificial aids to ! common s5ses (     
obs]vation4 ,*emi/ry mu/ h its purifi$  
acids & reag5ts1 te/ tubes1 & delicate  
scales = measurem5t ( weight & volume4  
,m9]alogy mu/ h its *emical analyses1 or
 optical measurem5ts s f9e t microscopes
 ( highe/ p[] are ess5tial tools = !    
inve/igation4 ,physics mu/ h ! mo/      
delicate measurem5ts ( "t & space &     
weight4 ,botany1 = ! e>li] /ages ( /udy1
 is fully equal to geology 9 ^!         
respects1 b its scope is mu* less g5]al4
 ,zology requires dissections call+ =   
skill 9 manipulation1 & 9 o!r respects  
is ill adapt$ to g5]al classes4 ,b      
precision 9 ! intellectual processes (  
obs]vation & reason+ c be cultivat$ 9 ! 
use ( geological facts to _! highe/ &   
wide/ p]fection1 ) sc>cely any aids to !
 normal faculties ( obs]vation4 ,a c\ple
 ( hamm]s1 a pocket l5s1 a *isel & a few
 po9t$ /eel tools = reveal+ fossils1 a  
tape l9e1 compass & cl9omet] are ! few  

equipm5ts t w enable ! geologi/ to c>ry 
8 inve/igations to almo/ any degree (   
?or\ghness4  ,:at has already be5 said  
applies to ! /udy ( ! pure sci5ce (     
geology ei!r 9 ! field or 9 !           
laboratory4 ,!re is /ill ano!r use to   
:i* ?is1 z o!r sci5ces1 may be put 9    
discipl9+ ! college /ud5t 9 directions n
 provid$ = by lit]>y or ma!matical      
/udies1--! /udy ( man z an inve/igator4 
,9 ! pursuit ( ! /udy ( geology1 ! fir/ 
in/ruction mu/ be receiv$ 9 didactic =m1
 b aft] ! text-book & lecture /age is   
pass$1 or :ile x is "u way consultation 
( ! lit]ature ( ! sci5ces is            
appropriate4 ,9 ! use ( sci5tific       
lit]ature ! critical judgm5t is br\ght  
"u tra9+1 & ! v>y+ int]pretations ( well
 kn[n ph5om5a by exp]t sci5ti/s sugge/ !
 prom95t "p :i* ! notions already 9 !   
m9d play 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ext]nal  
facts obs]v$4 ,! exp]i5c$ geologi/ w    
recall _m cases ( hone/ report (        
impossible facts by m5 :o are unable to 
di/+ui% betwe5 :at !y saw & ! false     

int]pretations !y made ( ^! obs]vations4
 ,"o man w report t a live toad jump$   
out ( ! middle ( a solid piece ( coal1  
:5 x 0 heat$ 9 ! /ove2 ano!r w swe> t he
 saw a fossil %>k's too? tak5 out ( a   
l$ge ( ,tr5ton lime/one4 ,x is evid5t t 
our memory ( obs]vation is n ! revival (
 ! object produc+ ! s5sation1 b ( ! idea
 we fram$ ( ! s5sation at ! "t4 ,! /udy 
( orig9al descriptions ( objects (      
nature reveals ! fact t ! describ] uses 
! ideas he already has 9 8 m9d z he does
 ! /&>d foot-rule 9 8 h& = measur+ t :i*
 he describes1 & x is by ! /udy (       
sci5tific lit]ature & ! comp>ison (     
views ( _m sci5ti/s t ?is highe/        
discipl9e ( ! obs]vational faculties is 
atta9$--! p[] to det]m9e ! p]sonal      
equation ( error = ! obs]v]1 & ?us see  
?r\gh 8 descriptions a tru]             
repres5tation ( ! facts ?an ! obs]v]    
himself saw4 ,geological lit]ature is   
admirably adapt$ = ?is high] discipl9e1 
& 9 no field ( sci5ce 7,i ?9k n 9       
a/ronomy itself71 has wid] & m          

compreh5sive ?\ght be5 appli$ ?an 9     
geology4 ,:ile o!r bran*es ( sci5ce h   
be5 develop$ & become m n>r[ & special 9
 _! treatm5t ( ! facts conc]n$1 geology 
/ill /&s z ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all !   
sci5ces ( nature4                       
,h4 ,s4 ,williams4    ,yale ,college1   
,novemb] #cj1 #ahib4     ,,! ,,nature   
,,( ,,! ,,englacial ,,drift ,,( ,,!     
,,mississippi ,,bas94   ,x is ( "s      
importance1 bo? to ! practical "w ( !   
field & ! !oretical d$uctions ( ! /udy1 
to det]m9e ! nature & am\nt ( ! drift t 
0 c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! body ( ! anci5t        
cont95tal glaci]s1 & br\ght out on _!   
t]m9al slopes & at l5g? deposit$ at _!  
frontal edges1 & to di/+ui% x f t :i* 0 
pu%$ or dragg$ or roll$ along at !      
bottom ( ! ice4#aj ,x may be helpful to 
indulge 9 a speculative discussion at ! 
outset to prep>e ! way = ! specific     
evid5ce & ! inf]5ces to :i* x leads4    
#aj ,debris1 :i* may be imb$d$ 9 ! basal
 lay] ( ! ice dur+ "s "p ( its          
transportation1 b :i* is br\ght d[n to !

 bottom & subject$ to basal action 9 !  
latt] "p ( its c\rse1 & ultimately      
becomes a "p ( ! basal deposit1 is n "h 
includ$ 9 ! englacial drift4  ,:5ev] a  
prom95ce ( rock is ov]ridd5 & envelop$  
by a glaci] ( ! free-mov+ cont95tal     
type1 "o ( two ?+s takes place2 ei!r t  
"p ( ! ice :i* passes ov] ! summit ( !  
prom95ce fl[s d[n its lee slope1 c>ry+  
:atev] debris x dislodges d[n to ! re>  
base1 & !nce onw>d along ! bottom ( !   
ice1 or else ! curr5ts :i* pass on ei!r 
side ( ! prom95ce close 9 beh9d x be=e !
 correspond+ curr5t :i* passes ov] !    
summit rea*es ! po9t ( _! junction1 9   
:i* case ! summit curr5t is =c$ to pass 
(f m ne>ly horizontally into ! body ( ! 
ice1 c>ry+ ) x :atsoev] debris x has    
dislodg$ f ! summit ( ! prom95ce &      
embodi$ )9 its base4 ,! law ( ! ph5om5a 
appe>s to be t :5ev] ! height ( !       
prom95ce is less ?an "o-half ! base1    
measur$ transv]sely to ! movem5t ( !    
ice1 ! summit curr5t w foll[ d[n ! lee  
slope2 b :5ev] ! height ( ! prom95ce is 

m ?an "o-half ! transv]se base1 ! lat]al
 curr5ts w close 9 on ! lee1 & ! summit 
curr5t w fl[ (f into ! body ( ! ice4    
,?is simple law is1 h[ev]1 subject to v 
consid]able modifications f sev]al      
diff]5t s\rces :i* may be gr\p$ "u 7#a7 
diff]5ces 9 ! friction aris+ f basal    
contact1 & 7#b7 diff]5ces ( int]nal     
friction & mobility4 ,! lat]al curr5ts w
 expose m surface to ! sides & base ( ! 
hill & ! adjo9+ pla91 & w be m subject  
to conflict+ curr5ts1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1
 be+ deep] curr5ts1 !y w presumably be m
 flu5t4 ,^! & o!r qualify+ conditions w 
g f> to vitiate ! application ( ! law1 b
 its /atem5t may h "s value z repres5t+ 
a g5]al conception ( ! ph5om5a4 ,:5 !   
height ( ! prom95ce becomes great       
relative to ! total ?ickness ( ! ice1 ! 
flu5cy ( ! summit curr5t may be mu*     
r$uc$ relative to t ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! 
lat]al curr5ts4 ,:5 ! prom95ce rea*es ! 
surface1 blocks dislodg$ f x are borne  
away on ! surface ( ! glaci]1 &         
con/itute sup]glacial drift4 ,blocks    

dislodg$ f ne> ! summit1 b bel[ !       
surface ( ! ice1 are presumably c>ri$   
onw>d 9 ! upp] zone ( ! glaci]2 :ile o!r
 blocks deta*$ at v>i\s b suffici5t     
heights on ! side ( ! prom95ce are      
d\btless borne ar\nd into ! lee & c>ri$ 
=w>d 9 ! same v]tical plane z ! summit  
/ream1 s t !re comes to be a v]tical    
zone set ) b\ld]s mov+ on f ! lee side (
 ! nunatak4  ,l(ty l$ges or plateaus1 ) 
v]tical or und]cut faces1 furni% simil> 
means = ! lodgm5t ( debris )9 ! body ( !
 ice4  ,9 ^! & d\btless 9 o!r ways x    
appe>s t !re came to be lodg$ directly  
)9 ! body ( ! ,plei/oc5e glaci]s at "s  
consid]able di/ances above _! bases1    
blocks d]iv$ f rock prom95ces t rose )  
suffici5t /eepness above ! g5]al surface
 ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* ! ice pass$4 ,!     
lodgm5t ( debris on ! lat]al bord]s (   
glaci]s is neglect$ "h because x has    
little or no applicability to ! ph5om5a 
( ! upp] ,mississippi bas94 ,x is also  
d\btful :e!r any prom95ces protrud$     
?r\gh ! ice except ne> ! ?9 edge1 :5    

advanc+ & retreat+1 & ^! are too        
inconsid]able to m]it att5tion4  ,x is  
obvi\s1 ^u consid]ation1 t blocks deta*$
 f summits or f ! %>p angles ( out-jutt+
 l$ges or plateaus might suff] "s       
glacial abrasion 9 ! process ( _!       
dislodgm5t & transposition along ! cre/ 
or project+ angle1 b t 9 g5]al su*      
abrasion w\ld be small1 &1 9 mo/ cases1 
ne>ly or q abs5t4 ,! debris s           
incorporat$ 9 ! body ( ! ice w\ld be1 = 
! mo/ "p1 angul>1 &1 z x 0 br\ght =w>d 9
 ! ice1 x w\ld probably suff] v little  
abrasion4 ,if x cont9u$ to move =w>d 9 !
 plane 9 :i* x />t$1 desc5d+ only s mu* 
z ! bottom wa/age ( ! ice requir$1 x    
w\ld be br\ght out to ! t]m9al slope ( !
 ice %eet by virtue ( ! melt+ away ( !  
ice above1 & !nce x w\ld be c>ri$ on d[n
 ! t]m9al slope z sup]glacial debris1 & 
dropp$ at ! frontal edge4 ,if ?is be !  
true & full hi/ory1 !re w\ld be no      
comm+l+ ( ?is englacial matt] ) !       
subglacial debris4 ,x is evid5t1 t !    
englacial matt] br\ght =w>d f ! cre/ (  

"o prom95ce w\ld be int]m+l$ ) t br\ght 
=w>d f o!r prom95ces ly+ 9 a l9e ) x1 or
 ly+ s ne> x t ! lat]al spread+ ( !     
debris w\ld lead to comm+l+4 ,x is also 
cle> t v>iations 9 ! direction ( curr5ts
 w\ld t5d to ! same result1 s t         
englacial matt] f diff]5t prom95ces ( ! 
same g5]al region might be comm+l$4 ,s  
also englacial mat]ial1 by crevass+ & by
 ! desc5t ( /reams f ! surface to !     
base1 w\ld be c>ri$ d[n to ! bottom &   
m+l$ ) ! subglacial debris4 ,s also     
blocks brok5 away f ! base ( ! prom95ce 
:i* yield$ ! englacial erratics might be
 mov$ =w>d along ! bottom p>allel ) !   
englacial mat]ial above1 & lodg$ at any 
po9t along ! l9e4 ,x is !re=e to be     
expect$ t ! basal deposits w conta9 !   
same rock species z ! englacial1 b if   
!re be no process by :i* ! basal mat]ial
 is c>ri$ upw>d ! rev]se w n be ! case1 
& !re w be a cle> di/9ction betwe5 !    
englacial deposit & ! subglacial        
deposit1 9 composition z well z physical
 /ate4  ,n a few glaciali/s1 h[ev]1     

advocate 9 some:at diff]+ =ms & phases !
 doctr9e t basal mat]ial is c>ri$ upw>d 
into ! body ( ! glaci] & at l5g? rea*es 
! surface1 & t at ! extremity ( ! ice   
?is is comm+l$ ) any erratics t may be  
englacial or sup]glacial by orig9al     
d]ivation4 ,?is doctr9e appe>s to h _h  
its orig9 9 ! endeavor to expla9 ! v    
common fact t glacial drift has be5     
c>ri$ f l[] to high] altitudes4         
,erratics are (t5 f\nd lodg$ sev]al     
hundr$ feet high] ?an ! outcrop f :i* !y
 7 d]iv$4 ,x has nev] seem$ to me1      
h[ev]1 t ?is ph5om5on necess>ily 0      
diff]5t 9 k9d f t :i* takes place 9 !   
bottom ( e /ream2 at lea/ ,i h n come 9 
contact ) any in/ances t seem$ to       
require a diff]5t explanation1 except ^?
 connect$ ) kames & esk]s t require a   
special explanation 9 any case4 ,we are 
s accu/om$ to view /reams f above1 & s  
accu/om$ to /udy ! ext9ct glaci]s f !   
bottom1 t we are liable to ov]look !    
community ( "s ( ! simpl] processes     
involv$ alike 9 bo? ph5om5a4 ,! dictum t

 wat] nev] runs up hill is measurably   
true ( ! surface curr5ts ( ! ice z well 
z wat]1 b x altoge!r fails :5 appli$ to 
! basal curr5ts ( ei!r4 ,x is probable t
 !re is no natural /ream ( any l5g? 9   
:i*1 at "s "p ( its c\rse1 basal debris 
is n c>ri$ f l[] to high] altitudes &   
lodg$ !re4 ,if ! b$ ( any /ream 7 made  
dry & ! debris 9 x critically exam9$1 x 
w\ld be f\nd t at num]\s po9ts ! silts  
or s&s or gravels _h be5 c>ri$ f !      
bottom ( "s bas9 9 its b$ to ! high] rim
 or b> or reef t bord]$ x on ! d[n/ream 
side4 ,s ,i conceive t1 on a gr&] scale1
 ! natural result ( ! fl[ ( ! basal ice 
( a cont95tal glaci] ov] ! inequalities 
( ! c\ntry 0 ! lift+ ( mat]ial f "s ( ! 
l[] horizons & its lodgm5t on ! cre/s ( 
ridges or ! slopes or summits ( m\nta9s 
t lay a?w>t its c\rse4  ,s aga91 x is   
c]ta9 t a consid]able "p ( ! p]iph]al   
dra9age ( glaci]s takes place ?r\gh     
tunnels b5ea? ! ice4 ,x is reasonable to
 suppose t dur+ ! w9t] season1 :5 !     
dra9age is slack1 ^! tunnels t5d to     

collapse 9 great] or less degree1 "u !  
cont9u$ pressure ( ! ice & ! fatt5+ ( ! 
glaci]1 s t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! next melt+  
season ! contract$ tunnels may be       
ov]-flood$ by glacial wat]s4 ,to ! ext5t
 t ^! tunnels become incompet5t ! wat]  
w\ld become pond$ back 9 ! crevasses &  
m\l9s by :i* ! surface-wat] ga9s access 
to !m4 ,!y ?us come to h some?+ ( ! =ce 
( wat] fl[+ 9 tubes1 & may be presum$ to
 be capable ( =c+ r\nd$ mat]ial to "s   
consid]able height1 & ( c>ry+ ice-imb$d$
 b\ld]s to any po9t rea*$ by ! /ream4   
,^! tunnels probably undulate ) !       
bottom1 & lodgm5t along !m takes place  
:]ev] enl>gem5t p]mits4  ,)\t1 !re=e1   
appeal+ to any upw>d cross curr5ts )9 ! 
ice itself1 x is possible to expla9 !   
transportation ( ! drift f l[] to high] 
altitudes4 ,i h nev] se5 ph5om5a ( ?is  
k9d t seem$ to call = any o!r           
explanation ?an ^!4 ,i am n prep>$ to   
say t !re are no su* ph5om5a4 ,"o ( !   
purposes ( ?is article w h be5          
accompli%$1 if x %all call =? a critical

 /atem5t ( ph5om5a t require !          
assumption ( int]nal upw>d movem5ts ( ! 
ice to acc\nt = !m1 & ( ! crit]ia :i*   
di/+ui% su* ph5om5a f ^? t may be ref]r$
 to upw>d basal movem5ts su* z are      
common to all /reams or to !            
exceptionally condition$ subglacial     
/reams4 ,t !re are upw>d int]nal        
movem5ts 9 mo/ /reams is z mu* beyond "q
 z ! exi/5ce ( upw>d basal curr5ts 9    
riv]s & glaci]s1 b !y are dep5d5t *iefly
 ^u ! velocity ( ! curr5t & !           
irregul>ity ( ! bottom4 ,!oretically1 z 
,i und]/&1 a /ream mov+ 9 a /raight     
c\rse on a p]fectly smoo? bottom w\ld n 
develop an upw>d cross curr5t4 ,ea* l[] 
lay] w\ld move sl[] ?an t above x by    
reason ( basal friction1 b !y w\ld move 
on 9 p>allel l9es4 ,b if irregul>ity (  
bottom be introduc$ ! p>allelism is     
obvi\sly de/roy$1 & if ! velocity be    
high s t ! mom5tum ( ! p>ticles becomes 
great relative to _! cohesion1 irregul> 
int]nal movem5ts w result1 & ^! w (t5 be
 ( a rot>y nature 9 v]tical planes br++ 

! basal p>ts ( ! fluid to ! surface or !
 rev]se4 ,= ?is reason rapid /reams     
ab\nd 9 rot>y curr5ts1 :ile sl[ /reams d
 n4  ,n[ x is q obvi\s t a /ream ( wat] 
mov+ at a rate ( ?ree or f\r feet p]    
day1 or ev5 fifty or sixty feet p] day1 
w\ld n develop p]ceptible upw>d curr5ts1
 & c]ta9ly w\ld n lift ! lighte/ silt f 
its bottom4 ,i d n ?9k !re are any      
!oretical gr\nds = believ+ t int]nal    
glacial curr5ts are develop$1 :i* fl[ f 
base to surface1 c>ry+ bottom debris to 
! top4  ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable           
expressions ( ! drift ph5om5a ( ! ,upp] 
,mississippi region consi/s ( belts (   
b\ld]s /ret*+ = great di/ances ov] !    
face ( ! c\ntry1 & dispos+ !mselves 9   
great loops aft] ! fa%ion ( ! t]m9al    
mora9es ( ! region ) :i* !y are         
intimately connect$4 ,besides ?is1 !re  
are num]\s pat*es ( b\ld]s ( m or less  
irregul> =m & unc]ta9 relations4 ,! :ole
 ( ^! h n be5 /udi$ 9 detail1 b a       
suffici5t portion ( !m h receiv$ c>eful 
exam9ation to ju/ify ! draw+ ( c]ta9    

conclusions f !m4 ,^? :i* h be5 mo/     
/udi$ lie 9 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois1  
,mi*igan1 ,wiscons91 ,i[a & ,dakota4 ,^?
 ( ! fir/ ?ree ,/ates h be5 mo/ c>efully
 trac$ & _! con/itution is su* z to give
 !m ! greate/ discrim9ative value4 ,to  
^! our discussion w be limit$ *iefly4#aa
  #aa ,p>ts ( ^! tracts 7 long s9ce     
describ$ by ,bradley ( ! ,ill9ois       
,survey4 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill41 ,vol4    
,,iv4 p4 #bbg74 ,collet ( ! ,indiana    
,survey 7,an4 ,rep4 #ahge1 p4 #djd7 &   
,orton & ,hussey ( ! ,ohio ,survey      
7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 
#dab1 #dad & #dge74 ,! relation%ip ( ^! 
tracts to mora9ic l9es & to ea* o!r ,i  
work$ out "s ye>s s9ce 7,?ird ,an4 ,rep4
 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 pp4 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccd7 b
 ,i owe _m details & "s important       
additions to my associate1 ,mr4         
,lev]ett4  ,em]g+ f ! dunes at a po9t   
nor? ( ! ,iroquois riv] 9 ,jasp] c\nty1 
nor?we/]n ,indiana1 a well *>act]iz$    
belt ( surface b\ld]s /ret*es we/w>d to 
! ,/ate l9e1 j beyond :i* x curves ab\t 

to ! s\? & !n to ! ea/1 & re-ent]s      
,indiana a little s\? ( ! nor?we/ corn] 
( ,b5ton c\nty4 ,x soon turns abruptly  
to ! s\? & rea*es ! ,waba% riv] ne> !   
c5tre ( ,w>r5 c\nty4 ,! imm$iate valley 
( ! ,waba% is ?ickly /rewn ) b\ld]s f ! 
po9t :]e ! belt rea*es x to ! vic9ity ( 
,we/ ,po9t on ! we/]n l9e ( ,tippecanoe 
c\nty4 ,! upl&s1 h[ev]1 d n give any    
cle> indication ( ! cont9uity ( ! belt1 
& ! connection is n altoge!r c]ta94 ,!re
 is an inn] well-m>k$ belt t bran*es    
away f ?is 9 ! c5tral "p ( ,b5ton c\nty 
& runs s\!a/]ly into ! nor?we/]n qu>t] (
 ,tippecanoe c\nty1 beyond :i* only     
scatt]$ b\ld]s occur1 :i* leaves its    
precise connections also 9 d\bt4 ,b />t+
 f ,we/ ,po9t1 :i* is less ?an a doz5   
miles f ! po9t :]e ! two belts cease to 
be traceable ) c]ta9ty1 a well-def9$    
belt1 "o or two miles wide1 runs        
s\!a/]ly across ! s\?we/]n corn] (      
,tippecanoe c\nty & ! nor!a/]n qu>t] (  
,montgom]y c\nty to ! vic9ity (         
,d>l+ton1 beyond :i* its connection is  

aga9 obscure1 al?\gh b\ld]s occur       
frequ5tly betwe5 ?is po9t & ! nor?we/]n 
corn] ( ,br[n c\nty1 :]e b\ld]s are v   
abundant4 ,s also1 pat*es (             
exceptionally abundant b\ld]s occur 9 ! 
we/ c5tral "p ( ,cl9ton c\nty4 ,^! may  
be entitl$ to be reg>d$ z a connect+ l9k
 betwe5 ! tra9 :i* ent]s nor?we/]n      
,tippecanoe c\nty & t ( nor?we/]n ,boone
 c\nty1 z scatt]$ b\ld]s ( ! surface    
type1 b ( n v exceptionally frequ5t     
occurr5ce1 lie betwe5 !m4 ,h[ev] ?is may
 be1 a belt ( mu* m ?an usually frequ5t 
surface b\ld]s /ret*es s\!a/]ly to !    
vic9ity ( ,indianapolis1 & probably     
connects ) a v well-m>k$ belt ly+ ne> ! 
s\? l9e ( ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( ,m>ion c\nty &
 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,johnson c\nty4 ,!re 
is also a well-def9$ tract 9 s\!a/]n    
,h5dricks c\nty1 runn+ ea/ & we/1 )\t   
evid5t connection ) ! =ego+ tracts1 ?\gh
 x may be ! equival5t ( ! ,d>l+ton belt4
 ,!re is also a some:at unusual         
aggregation 9 ! =m ( irregul> belts 9   
s\!a/]n ,johnson c\nty1 9 ! vic9ity (   

,n9eveh1 & 9 s\!rn ,%elby c\nty4 ,! belt
 s\? ( ,indianapolis is probably to be  
correlat$ by scatt]$ b\ld]s only        
slightly m abundant ?an ^? ( ! adjac5t  
region1 b ( ! surface type1 /ret*+      
nor!a/]ly to ne> ! c5t] ( ! we/ half (  
,h5ry c\nty1 :]e a well-m>k$ belt aga9  
sets 94 ,f ?is po9t ! tract runs        
nor!a/]ly ne>ly to ! nor? limit ( !     
c\nty1 :]e x turns ea/]ly & runs 9 !    
vic9ity ( ! l9e betwe5 ,r&olph & ,wayne 
c\nties to ne> ! ,ohio l9e1 :]e x curves
 to ! s\!a/ ent]+ ,ohio ne> ! nor?we/   
corn] ( ,preble c\nty4 ,9 its s\!a/]ly  
c\rse across t c\nty x is ph5om5ally    
develop$ z has be5 well %[n by !        
descriptions ( ,pr(essor ,orton4 ,soon  
aft] ent]+ ,montgom]y c\nty x curves    
ab\t to a nor!a/]ly c\rse1 & cross+ !   
great ,miami riv]1 a few miles above    
,dayton1 holds its nor!a/ c\rse across !
 s\!a/]n "p ( ,miami c\nty1 ! nor?we/]n 
"p ( ,*ampaign c\nty1 & !nce on to ab\t 
! c5t] ( ,logan c\nty1 :]e x curves ab\t
 & runs 9 a direction a little ea/ ( s\?

 to ne> ! s\!a/ corn] ( ,*ampaign c\nty1
 beyond :i* x ceases to be a specially  
notable ph5om5on4  ,9 ! region betwe5 ! 
,waba% & ,kankakee riv]s1 9 nor!rn      
,indiana1 !re are num]\s tracts (       
irregul> =m ov] :i* surface b\ld]s 9    
ph5om5al abundance are scatt]$4 ,^! are 
p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 s\!rn ,jasp]    
c\nty2 9 ! vic9ity ( ,wolcott1 ,monon & 
,*alm]s 9 ,:ite c\nty2 ne> ,/> ,city 9  
,pulaski c\nty2 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ,/>k
 c\nty1 & v g5]ally along ! great       
int]lobate mora9es1 ly+ p>allel ) ! ,eel
 riv]1 & "s o!rs ( ! ,sag9aw glacial    
lobe4 ,^! are s associat$ ) !           
int]-tangl$ mora9ic ph5om5a ( t region z
 n to admit ( conv5i5t & brief          
description 9 _! g5etic relation%ips4   
,! well-def9$ tracts h a mo/ significant
 di/ribution4 ,! fir/ "p describ$ is    
associat$ ) ! t]m9al mora9e t m>k$ !    
m>g9 ( a lobe ( ice t mov$ we/w>d along 
! axis ( ! ,iroquois bas9 to a po9t a   
few miles beyond ! ,indiana-,ill9ois    
l9e4 ,! portion t runs s\?w>d to !      

,waba% is associat$ ) ! mora9e t foll[s 
! same c\rse1 & runs at "r angles ov] ! 
old] mora9es ( ! ,lake ,mi*igan lobe4 ,!
 tract 9 ,tippecanoe & ,montgom]y       
c\nties1 t 9 s\? ,m>ion c\nty1 & t 9    
,h5ry & ,r&olph c\nties1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( 
! /ate1 are associat$ ) ! t]m9al mora9es
 t =m a broad loop ) ! ,we/ ,:ite riv]  
bas9 ly+ 9 its axis4 ,9 we/]n ,ohio !   
belt is intimately associat$ ) a mora9e 
t bord]$ ! ,miami lobe ( ! ice %eet1 & !
 s\?-tr5d+ portion 9 ea/]n ,logan &     
,*ampaign c\nties lies on ! we/]n m>g9 (
 ! ,scioto lobe4  ,! relation%ip ( ^!   
tracts to t]m9al mora9es is v cle> &    
specific4 ,!y con/itute m>g9al ph5om5a (
 ! anci5t ice %eet4 ,_! di/ribution     
completely excludes _! ref]5ce to float+
 ice1 = !y n only undulate ov] ! surface
 utt]ly neglig5t ( any horizontal       
di/ribution1 b !y are dispos$ 9 loops 9 
cross+ ! bas9s ( ! region1 & !          
convexities ( ^! loops are turn$ d[n    
/ream4 ,^! bas9s = ! mo/ "p op5 out 9   
s\!rly or we/]ly directions :i* makes x 

improbable t ice-be>+ bodies ( wat]     
occupi$ !m4 ,b if ?is 7 n fatal1 c]ta9ly
 ! fact t ! convexities ( ! b\ld] belts 
are turn$ d[n /ream & cross ! c5t]s ( ! 
bas9s is precisely contr>y to !         
di/ribution !y mu/ h assum$ if !y 7 due 
to float+ ice 9 bodies ( wat] occupy+ ! 
bas9s4 ,i hold x1 !re=e1 to be beyond   
rational "q t ^! tracts 7 deposit$ z we 
f9d !m by ! m>g9s ( ! glacial lobes t   
invad$ ! region4  ,if ^! b\ld] belts 7 (
 ! same nature z ! av]age b\ld]s ( !    
till-%eets b5ea? !m1 !n ! simple fact ( 
unusual aggregation might be plausibly  
ref]r$ to ! accid5ts ( ga!r+ &          
deposition4 ,b !y are v cle>ly di/+ui%$ 
f ! av]age b\ld]s ( ! till by sev]al    
*>act]i/ics4  #a4 ,!y are sup]ficial4   
,sometimes !y re/ completely on !       
surface1 sometimes !y are v slightly    
imb$d$1 sometimes half buri$1 sometimes 
!y protrude b a slight portion1 &       
sometimes !y are entirely conceal$1 b   
lie imm$iately at ! surface4 ,9 all     
cases ! aggregation is di/9ctly         

sup]ficial4 ,:]e !y are buri$1 ! bury+  
mat]ial is usually ( diff]5t texture &  
composition f ! subjac5t till1 & appe>s 
to be di/9ct 9 orig9 f x4 ,!            
sup]ficiality ( ! tract is v obvi\s     
almo/ ev]y:]e1 & is especially s 9      
regions :]e ! subjac5t till is ( !      
pebble-clay r ?an b\ld]-clay ord]1 = !  
comp>ative abs5ce ( b\ld]s bel[         
emphasizes ! contra/4 ,?r\gh\t mo/ ( !  
region ! subjac5t till is n ( a v b\ld]y
 type1 s t ! di/9ction is g5]ally a m>k$
 "o4  #b4 ,! b\ld]s ( ! belts are almo/ 
)\t exception d]ivatives f ! cry/all9e  
t]ranes ( ,canada4 ,^? ( ! great tract  
especially "u consid]ation 7 d]iv$ f !  
typical ,huronian rocks ( ! region nor? 
( ,lake ,huron1 & f granitic & gneissoid
 rocks ref]able to ! ,laur5tian s]ies ( 
! same region4 ,^! la/1 h[ev]1 _c be    
%>ply di/+ui%$ f ! granitic rocks d]iv$ 
f o!r p>ts ( ! ,laur5tian t]rane4 ,!    
,huronian rocks are v easily id5tifi$   
because ( ! peculi>ities ( "s ( !       
species4 ,among ^! ! "o mo/ conspicu\sly

 *>act]iz$ is a qu>tz-&-jasp]           
conglom]ate4 ,! matrix is usually a     
:iti% qu>tzite4 ,?is is /udd$ ) pebbles 
( typical r$ jasp] & ( dull] rocks (    
jasp]oid nature1 :i* grade !nce into    
typical qu>tzite pebbles4 ,) ^! are m+l$
 cry/all9e pebbles ( o!r v>ieties4      
,ano!r peculi> erratic comes f ! slate  
conglom]ate ( ,logan4 ,x consi/s ( a    
slaty matrix ?r\gh :i* are scatt]$ r    
di/antly pebbles ( granitic1 qu>tzitic &
 o!r cry/all9e rocks4 ,?is is "o ( ! =ms
 ( ! basal conglom]ate ( ,irv+4 ,o!r    
v>ieties ( ?is basal conglom]ate are    
pres5t4 ,9 addition to ^! v peculi>     
rocks1 a qu>tzite ( a v light gre5i%    
semi-transluc5t hue has a wide          
di/ribution along ! tract4 ,x is readily
 di/+ui%able f ! num]\s o!r qu>tzites ( 
! drift ( ! int]ior4 ,"s ye>s s9ce1 on  
return+ f my fir/ field exam9ation ( a  
portion ( ?is belt1 ,i s5t a typical    
s]ies ( *ips f ! *>act]i/ic erratics to 
,pr(essor ,irv+1 :o _h rec5tly return$ f
 ! /udy ( ! orig9al ,huronian region4   

,he return$ a suite ( *ipp+s t mat*$ !m 
p]fectly ?r\gh\t1 all ( :i* 7 tak5 9    
situ 9 ! region nor? ( ,lake ,huron4    
,among ! b\ld]s ( ! belt are            
occasionally f\nd specim5s ( impure     
lime/one or ( limy s&/one t might p]haps
 be ref]r$ d\btfully to "s memb] ( !    
paleozoic s]ies2 b on ! o!r h&1 might ) 
equal or great] probability p]haps be   
ref]r$ to ! simil> rocks ( ! ,huronian  
s]ies4 ,^! are q r>e1 nev] =m+1 s f> z  
my obs]vations g1 z mu* z "o p] c5t4 ( !
 s]ies4 ,9 ! sev]al def9ite enum]ations 
made to det]m9e ! p]c5tage ( ! d\btful  
specim5s1 ! result nev] exce$$ a        
fraction ( "o p] c5t4 ,9 ! mo/ ext5sive 
enum]ation ! result 0 ab\t "o-half ( "o 
p] c5t4 ,aside f ^! d\btful specim5s !re
 are practically no b\ld]s 9 ! belts t c
 be ref]r$ to any ( ! paleozoic rocks t 
int]v5e 9 ! #ejj miles betwe5 ! p>5t    
s]ies nor? ( ,lake ,huron & ! tract ov] 
:i* ! b\ld]s are n[ /rewn4 ,occasionally
 !re may be se5 erratics f ! paleozoic  
s]ies at or ne> ! surface1 b !y are n   

usually s dispos$ on ! surface z to     
appe> to be true memb]s ( ! sup]ficial  
b\ld] tract4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ! ample/   
gr\nd = ! ass]tion t ^! b\ld] tracts are
 ( di/ant d]ivation1 & t !y are         
ess5tially uncomm+l$ ) d]ivatives f !   
int]m$iate region4  #c4 ,! b\ld]s ( ?is 
s]ies are mu* m angul> ?an ^? ( !       
typical till %eets4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 are
 r\nd$1 b ! r\nd+ is g5]ally ( ! type   
:i* b\ld]s d]iv$ by surface degradation 
& exfoliation pres5t4 ,!y r>ely h ! =ms 
t are di/9ctively glacial4 ,q a l>ge    
p]c5tage are notably angul>1 & h nei!r  
suff]$ glacial r\nd+ nor sph]ical       
exfoliation4 ,"s few are glacially worn 
& scrat*$1 b ! p]c5tage ( ^! is small4  
,! tracts !re=e pres5t ^! f\r sali5t    
*>act]i/ics3 7#a7 ! b\ld]s are d]iv$ f  
di/ant cry/all9e t]ranes 7#djj to #ejj  
miles7 & are ess5tially uncomm+l$ ) rock
 f ! int]v5+ paleozoic t]ranes2 7#b7 !y 
are ess5tially sup]ficial1 & ! associat$
 e>?y mat]ial has a texture diff]+ f t (
 ! subglacial tills2 7#c7 !y are notably

 angul> & free f glacial abrasion1      
except 9 m9or degree2 7#d7 ! tracts are 
s associat$ ) t]m9al mora9es & s relat$ 
to ! topography ( ! region1 t !re is no 
rational gr\nd = d\bt t ! b\ld]s 7 borne
 to _! pres5t places by ! glaci]s t     
produc$ ! correlative mora9es4  ,9      
contra/ to ^! sup]ficial b\ld] =mations1
 ! till %eets bel[ are made up ( a v    
l>ge p]c5tage ( glacial clay ^:         
con/itution %[s t x 0 produc$ 9 "p by ! 
gr9d+ d[n ( ! paleozoic s]ies4 ,9 ?is   
are imb$d$ b\ld]s & pebbles t 7 d]iv$ f 
! paleozoic s]ies z indicat$ by _!      
petrological "*1 &1 9 _m in/ances1      
demon/rat$ by conta9$ fossils4 ,:ile a  
small "p ( ! b\ld]s conta9$ 9 ! till are
 angul> or b slightly worn1 ! l>g] "p   
are blunt$1 bruis$1 scrat*$ & poli%$ by 
typical glacial action4 ,?is obvi\s     
gr9d+ ( ! b\ld]s1 tak5 9 connection ) ! 
clay product result+ f ! gr9d+1 af=ds a 
cle> demon/ration t ! deposit 0 produc$ 
at ! base ( ! ice by its pu%+1 dragg+1  
roll+ action4  ,! two =mations1 !re=e1  

/& 9 %>p contra/2 ! "o indicat+ !       
passive transport+ action ( ! ice 9 be>+
 f _! di/ant homes nor? ( ! lakes !     
cry/all9e b\ld]s & dropp+ !m quietly on 
! surface1 ! o!r indicat+ ! active      
dynamic function ( ! ice 9 rubb+1 bruis+
 & scor+ ! mat]ial at its base4 ,! "o   
seems to me a cle> in/ance ( englacial &
 sup]glacial transportation2 ! o!r an   
equally cle> example ( subglacial pu%1  
drag & knead+4  ,n[ if x 7 ! habit ( an 
ice-%eet ( ?is k9d to c>ry mat]ial f its
 bottom to ! surface by int]nal movem5t1
 x w\ld seem t ! di/ance ( #djj to #ejj 
miles :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! s\rce ( !    
cry/all9es & ! place ( _! deposit w\ld h
 furni%$ ample opportunity = its        
ex]cise1 & t !re w\ld h be5 comm+l$ ) ! 
englacial & sup]glacial mat]ial _m      
d]ivatives f ! int]m$iate region1 & ^!  
d]ivatives %\ld h borne ! *>act]i/ic    
m>k+s receiv$ by !m :ile at ! base ( !  
ice4 ,! v conspicu\s abs5ce ( su*       
comm+l+1 & ! abs5ce or ph5om5al r>ity ( 
any?+ t ev5 looks l su* a comm+l+1      

appe>s to me to te/ify 9 q unmi/akable  
t]ms to ! di/9ctness ( ! me?ods (       
transportation4 ,9 view ( ! great       
t]ritory ov] :i* ?is p>ticul> belt is   
spread1 & ! great] t]ritory :i* is      
embrac$ 9 ! o!r tracts n "h specially   
consid]$1 !re is left little gr\nd =    
d\bt t ?is di/9ctness ( englacial f     
basal transportation 0 a prevail+ fact &
 n an exceptional "o4 ,?is is support$  
by concurr5t evid5ce d]iv$ f ! t]ritory 
we/ ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,?is t]ritory     
un=tunately does n be> erratics t h     
equally di/9ct *>act]i/ics1 b1 s f> z my
 obs]vation goes1 ! ph5om5a are alike   
?r\gh\t4 ,i am !re=e br\ght to !        
conclusion t1 9 ! int]ior at lea/1 !re 0
 no habitual lift+ ( b\ld]s f ! base ( !
 ice %eets to ! surface1 nor any        
habitual comm+l+ ( basal ) englacial &  
sup]glacial mat]ial1 except1 ( c\rse1 z 
x took place by virtue ( ! fall+ ( !    
latt] ?r\gh crevasses to ! base1 & by   
me*anical int]mixture ( ! two at ! edge 
( ! ice4  ,! am\nt ( englacial till "u  

?is view is little m ?an t :i* 0 lodg$ 9
 ! body ( ! ice 9 its passage ov] !     
knobs & ridges ( ! hilly & semi-m\nta9\s
 regions ( ! nor?4 ,to ?is is p]haps to 
be add$ occasional d]ivatives f ! m     
abrupt prom95ces ( ! paleozoic region & 
! sup]ficial du/ bl[n ^u ! ice f !      
surr\nd+ l&1 :i* 0 probably ! *ief s\rce
 ( ! silty mat]ial int]m+l$ ) !         
sup]ficial b\ld]s4 ,! total am\nt is ?us
 q small1 ?\gh important 9 its          
significance4  ,! esk]s & kames ( !     
region are made up ( d]ivatives f !     
basal mat]ial z %[n by 7#a7 ! local     
orig9 ( ! mat]ial 9 l>ge "p1 7#b7 !     
me*anical orig9 ( ! s&s & silts1 7#c7 ! 
n infrequ5t glacial m>k+s ( ! pebbles & 
b\ld]s1 & 7#d7 ! di/urb$ /ratification (
 ! b$s4#ab ,if ,i am correct 9 respect  
to ! k9d & am\nt ( ! englacial &        
sup]glacial mat]ial1 x is obvi\s t esk]s
 & kames1 su* z are f\nd 9 ! int]ior1   
c\ld n be d]iv$ f englacial or          
sup]glacial s\rces4 ,! t]m englacial z  
"h us$ does n include su* mat]ials z may

 be lodg$ 9 ! basal /ratum ( ! ice &    
br\ght d[n to ! actual bottom by basal  
melt+4  #ab ,see ,hillocks ( ,angul>    
,gravel & ,di/urb$ ,/ratification1 ,am4 
,j\r4 ,sci4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,may #ahhd1 
pp4 #cgh-cij4  ,! conclusions drawn f ! 
ph5om5a ( ! pla9s ( ! int]ior are n     
necess>ily applicable to m hilly or     
m\nta9\s regions4                       
,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l94     ,/udies = ,/ud5ts4
   ,,di/9ct ,,glacial ,,epo*s1 ,,& ,,!  
,,crit]ia ,,= ,,_! ,,recognition4#ac    
#ac ,read be=e ! ,am]ican ,geological   
,society at ,ottawa1 ,dec41 #ahib4   ,i4
 ,introduction4  ,x has long be5 evid5t 
t writ]s on glacial geology are n at "o 
conc]n+ "s ( ! important que/ions :i*   
und]lie ! int]pretation ( ! hi/ory ( !  
glacial p]iod4 ,c]ta9 rec5t publications
 h s]v$ to emphasize ! diff]5ces betwe5 
!m4 ,!re are two que/ions1 at lea/1     
conc]n+ :i* !re mu/ be agreem5t1 or at  
any rate a common und]/&+1 be=e exi/+   
diff]5ces c be elim9at$ or ju/ly        
evaluat$4 ,:5 ! answ]s to ^! que/ions h 

be5 agre$ ^u1 or :5 ! positions ( !     
cont5d+ p>ties are cle>ly und]/ood1 x   
may be f\nd t "s ( ! app>5t antagonisms 
h no bett] basis ?an diff]5ces 9        
def9ition4 ,/at$ int]rogatively1 ! two  
que/ions ref]r$ to are ^!3 #a4 ,:at     
con/itutes a glacial epo* z di/9ct f o!r
 glacial epo*s8 & #b4 ,:at are ! crit]ia
 = ! recognition ( di/9ct glacial epo*s1
 if su* !re 78   ,,ii4 ,! ,idea ( a     
,glacial ,epo*4  ,x is conceivable t1   
aft] ! developm5t & ext5sion ( a        
cont95tal ice-%eet1 x might be :olly    
wa/$ away4 ,! maximum ext5sion ( su* an 
ice-%eet w\ld m>k ! culm9ation ( a      
glacial epo*4 ,if subsequ5tly ano!r     
ice-%eet ( consid]able dim5sions 7      
accumulat$1 its developm5t & ext5sion   
w\ld con/itute a second glacial epo*4   
,^! successive ice-%eets might be s     
relat$ to ea* o!r 9 "t1 9 position1 & 9 
! sequ5ce ( geological ev5ts1 z to be   
reg>d$ z sep>ate epo*s ( ! same glacial 
p]iod4#ad ,on ! o!r h& !y might be s    
widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r 9 "t1 9        

position1 & 9 ! sequ5ce ( geological    
ev5ts1 z to make _! ref]5ce to sep>ate  
glacial p]iods m appropriate4 ,9 any    
case _! sep>ation w\ld be suffici5tly   
m>k$ to necessitate _! ref]5ce to       
sep>ate ice epo*s4 ,s f> we believe !re 
w\ld be no disagreem5t4  #ad ,! t]ms    
p]iod & epo* are "h us$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i*  
!y h be5 us$ mo/ commonly 9 ! lit]ature 
( glacial geology 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    
,if1 in/ead ( entirely disappe>+1 ! fir/
 ice-%eet suff]$ great r$uction ( volume
 & area1 & if ?is r$uction 7 foll[$ by a
 second great expansion ( ! ice1 might !
 "t ( su* expansion be reg>d$ z a second
 glacial epo* ( ! common glacial p]iod8 
,to ?is "q1 too1 z ?us /at$1 we appreh5d
 !re w\ld be b "o answ]1 & t            
affirmative4  ,x seems c]ta9 t ! edge ( 
! cont95tal ice-%eet 0 subject to m or  
less ext5sive oscillations1 z are ! ends
 ( glaci]s & ! edges ( ice-%eets to-day4
 ,h[ mu* ( an oscillation is necess>y1 &
 "u :at att5dant conditions mu/ x take  
place1 9 ord] t ! recession ( ! ice-edge

 %all m>k an int]glacial & its          
re-advance a di/9ct glacial epo*8 ,:5 ! 
"q takes ?is specific =m1 & :5 inquiry  
is made conc]n+ ! quantitative value ( !
 diff]5t elem5ts ent]+ into ! problem1  
we rea* ! battl$ gr\nd4 ,x is ! battl$  
gr\nd1 p>tly because x is ! gr\nd (     
misund]/&+4 ,x is ! gr\nd ( misund]/&+1 
p>tly because glaciali/s are n agre$ z  
to ! mean+ ( c]ta9 t]ms 9 common use by 
!m4  ,f\r elem5ts seem to ent] into !   
idea ( an ice epo* z di/9ct f o!r ice   
epo*s4 ,^! are 7#a7 ! di/ance to :i* !  
ice retreat$ betwe5 successive advances2
 7#b7 ! duration ( ! retreat1 or ! "t   
:i* elaps$ betwe5 successive ice        
ext5sions2 7#c7 ! temp]ature ( ! region 
fre$ f ice dur+ ! "t betwe5 maxima (    
advance2 & 7#d7 ! int]v5tion betwe5     
successive advances1 ( *anges int]rupt+ 
! cont9uity ( geological processes4     
7#a47 ,x w\ld be arbitr>y to "n any     
def9ite di/ance to :i* ! ice mu/ rec$e 9
 ord] to con/itute its re-advance a     
di/9ct ice epo*4 ,x w\ld be n s mu* a "q

 ( miles z a "q ( proportions4 ,consid]+
 ?is po9t alone1 we presume x w\ld be   
agre$ t an ice-%eet %\ld h suff]$ ! loss
 ( a v consid]able proportion ( its     
mass1 & t x %\ld h dw9dl$ to proportions
 v mu* less ?an ^? subsequ5tly atta9$1  
be=e its re-advance c\ld prop]ly be     
call$ a sep>ate glacial epo*4 ,to be    
specific1 if ! ,nor? ,am]ican ice-%eet1 
aft] its maximum ext5sion1 retreat$ s f>
 z to free ! :ole ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f   
ice1 we %\ld be incl9$ to reg>d a       
re-advance z m>k+ a di/9ct ice epo* ( ! 
same glacial p]iod1 if 9 su* re-advance 
! ice rea*$ an ext5sion comp>able ) t ( 
! e>li] ice-%eet4 ,especially %\ld we be
 incl9$ to ref] ! second ice advance to 
a second glacial epo*1 if x1 z well z ! 
prec$+ retreat1 7 accompani$ by favor+  
phases ( "s or all ! o!r ?ree elem5ts   
ent]+ into ! notion ( a glacial epo*4 ,9
 ?is /atem5t we d n ov]look ! fact t a  
nor!rly region--z ,labrador or          
,gre5l&--might be cont9u\sly cov]$ ) ice
 ?r\gh\t ! "t ( ! two glaciations ( ! m 

s\!rly regions4 ,b ?is is n reg>d$ z a  
suffici5t reason = disc>d+ ! notion (   
duality4 ,gre5l& has v likely be5       
exp]i5c+ cont9u\s glaciation s9ce a "t  
ant$at+ t ( our fir/ glacial deposits4  
,! r5ewal to-day ( glaciation comp>able 
9 ext5t to t ( ! glacial p]iod w\ld     
c]ta9ly be reg>d$ z a di/9ct glacial    
epo*1 if n a di/9ct glacial p]iod1 ev5  
?\gh ,gre5l&'s glaciation may n h be5   
int]rupt$4 ,sc&9avia & ,switz]l& h      
probably n be5 fre$ f ice s9ce ! glacial
 p]iod4 ,_! sn[ & ice fields are        
probably ! direct desc5dants ( ! ice    
fields ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,an expansion 
( ! exi/+ bodies ( ice 9 ^! c\ntries to 
_! =m] dim5sions1 w\ld con/itute a new  
glacial epo*1 if n a new glacial p]iod4 
,analog\s subdivisions 9 pre-,plei/oc5e 
=mations h be5 frequ5tly recogniz$4     
7#b7 ,! application ( ! "t elem5t is    
h>dly susceptible ( quantitative        
/atem5t4 ,we are incl9$ to ?9k t x w\ld 
be g5]ally agre$ t1 ) a giv5 am\nt (    
recession ( ! ice1 its re-advance w\ld  

be m prop]ly reg>d$ z a di/9ct glacial  
epo* if ! int]val :i* _h elaps$ s9ce !  
fir/ advance 7 long4 ,:e!r a long] "t   
betwe5 ! sep>ate advances might r$uce ! 
am\nt ( recession necess>y 9 ord] to    
con/itute ! second advance a second     
epo*1 we are n prep>$ to ass]t2 b we are
 incl9$ to ?9k x might4  7#c7 ,! ?ird   
elem5t is p]haps some:at m tangible ?an 
! second4 ,if1 dur+ ! retreat ( ! ice1 !
 climate ( a region :i* 0 twice glaciat$
 became z temp]ate z t ( ! pres5t day 9 
! same locality1 we %\ld be incl9$ to   
reg>d ! prec$+ & succe$+ glaciations z  
di/9ct ice epo*s1 especially if !       
int]v5+ recession 7 great & its duration
 long4  ,un=tunately = simplicity & ease
 ( det]m9ation1 !re are difficulties 9  
det]m9+ ) precision h[ f> ! ice retreat$
 betwe5 successive maxima ( advance1 h[ 
long ! int]val dur+ :i* x rema9$ 9      
retreat1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! climate 0   
ameliorat$1 z comp>$ ) t :i* w5t be=e & 
t :i* foll[$4  7#d7 ,if *anges ( any    
sort :i* int]rupt ! cont9uity (         

geological processes int]v5$ betwe5     
successive maxima ( advance ( ! ice1 !  
sep>ation ( ! lat] advance f ! e>li]1 z 
a di/9ct ice epo*1 w\ld be favor$4 ,h[  
great ! int]v5+ *anges %\ld be 9 ord] to
 con/itute ! re-advance a di/9ct ice    
epo*1 is a po9t conc]n+ :i* !re might be
 diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,b x is altoge!r    
possible t su* *anges might int]v5e z   
alone to give suffici5t basis = !       
sep>ation4 ,orographic movem5ts1 result+
 ei!r 9 cont95tal *anges ( altitude or  
attitude are among ! ev5ts :i* might    
come 9 to sep>ate "o ice epo* f ano!r4  
,*anges ( ?is sort h (t5 furni%$ ! basis
 = ! major & m9or divisions ( "t 9 o!r  
p>ts ( geological hi/ory1 s t !re c be  
no "q z to _! adequacy1 if !y 7 (       
suffici5t magnitude4 ,we hold t !       
int]v5tion ( orographic or o!r important
 geologic *anges might r$uce to a m9imum
 ! am\nt ( recession1 ! duration ( !    
recession1 & ! w>m? ( ! int]v5+ climate 
necess>y to con/itute ! sep>ate ice     
advances sep>ate ice epo*s4 ,! abs5ce ( 

great orographic or o!r *anges 9        
glaciat$ regions betwe5 successive      
advances ( ! ice w\ld be no pro( t su*  
advances %\ld n be reg>d$ z sep>ate     
epo*s4 ,divisions ( equal importance h  
(t5 be5 made )\t evid5ce ( su* *anges4  
,f ! =ego+ discussion1 brief z x is1 x w
 be se5 t )9 c]ta9 n>r[ limits !        
def9ition ( a glacial epo*1 z di/9ct f  
o!r glacial epo*s1 mu/ be m or less     
arbitr>y4 ,x is less important t an     
arbitr>y def9ition %\ld be accept$1 ?an 
t ! same mean+ %\ld be atta*$ to        
te*nical t]ms 9 common use among        
geologi/s4 ,9 ! int]e/ ( h>mony & ( a   
common und]/&+1 & )\t ! violation ( any 
tru? ( sci5ce1 we believe x w\ld be well
 if ! conception ( a glacial epo*1 z    
fram$ by ^? :o are our lead]s 9 position
 & 9 fact1 7 made ! basis = our usage ( 
! t]m4   ,,iii4 ,! ,crit]ia ( ,di/9ct   
,glacial ,epo*s4  ,if !re h be5         
diff]5ces ( op9ion conc]n+ ! nature (   
ice epo*s1 z di/9ct f ea* o!r & f ice   
p]iods1 !re has be5 a failure to        

adequately appreh5d ! nature1 ! ext5t1 &
 ! mean+ ( ! real crit]ia on :i* ! f9al 
recognition ( sep>ate ice epo*s1 if su* 
!re 71 mu/ be bas$4  ,su* crit]ia are   
sev]al 9 numb]4 ,!y are ( unequal value4
 ,9 "s in/ances a s+le "o ( !m might be 
q suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact ( two ice 
epo*s4 ,9 o!r cases1 s+le crit]ia :i*   
might n be 9 !mselves demon/rative1 h   
great corroborative weight1 :5 f\nd 9   
association ) o!rs4 ,9 all cases1 mu*   
discretion mu/ be us$ 9 ! int]pretation 
( ^! crit]ia4 ,!y may be enum]at$ "u    
sev]al specific heads4  7#a7 ,=e/ ,b$s4 
,b$s ( vegetal deposits or old soils are
 frequ5tly f\nd betwe5 lay]s ( glacial  
drift4 ,?is is "o ( ! crit]ia mo/       
commonly cit$1 because x is ( common    
occurr5ce & easy ( recognition4 ,!      
advocates ( ! unity ( ! glacial p]iod   
ma9ta9 t su* b$s ( organic matt] might  
become int]b$d$ ) mora9ic debris dur+   
m9or oscillations ( ! ice's edge4 ,!    
ph5om5a ( exi/+ glaci]s make x evid5t t 
=e/ b$s or soils might be enclos$ by !  

deposits ( an oscillat+ ice edge4 ,by   
repeat$ oscillations ( ! ice's edge dur+
 ! g5]al retreat ( ! ice1 su* vegetal   
b$s might become int]/ratifi$ ) glacial 
drift m or less frequ5tly ov] all ! area
 once cov]$ by ! ice1 & f :i* x has n[  
disappe>$4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( vegetable   
mat]ial betwe5 b$s ( drift is !re=e no  
pro( ( di/9ct ice epo*s4 ,?is does n    
de/roy ! value ( ! vegetal b$s z a      
crit]ion = ! recognition ( di/9ct ice   
epo*s1 b x makes caution necess>y 9 its 
application4 ,x does n foll[ t1 s9ce "s 
int]-drift =e/-b$s d n prove int]glacial
 epo*s1 none d4 ,! "q is n h[ =e/-b$s   
might orig9ate1 b h[ exi/+ =e/-b$s did  
orig9ate4  ,:]e ! plant-rema9s f\nd 9 ! 
relations indicat$ are s well pres]v$ z 
to make id5tification ( ! species       
possible1 we h a means ( det]m9+1 ) "s  
degree ( accuracy1 ! climatic conditions
 :i* mu/ h obta9$ at ! place :]e !      
plants grew dur+ ! "t ( _! life4 ,if ^! 
int]b$d$ plant-rema9s are ( su* a "* z  
to indicate a temp]ate climate1 we c n  

suppose t !y grew at ! imm$iate edge ( !
 ice1 & !re=e t !y 7 buri$ b5ea? its    
oscillat+ m>g94 ,to be specific1 if !   
int]-drift plant rema9s 9 any giv5      
locality ( ! area once cov]$ by ice are 
su* z to indicate a climate z w>m z !   
pres5t 9 ! same locality1 ! ice mu/ h   
rec$$ s f> to ! nor?w>d t its re-advance
 might1 9 our judgm5t1 appropriately be 
reg>d$ z a sep>ate ice epo*4  ,x has be5
 sugge/$ 9 opposition t temp]ate        
conditions may obta9 ev5 up to ! edge ( 
! ice1 & t int]b$d$ vegetal rema9s      
indicat+ temp]ate climate d n prove any 
consid]able recession ( ! ice4 ,!       
ph5om5a ab\t exi/+ glaci]s h be5 appeal$
 to 9 support ( ?is demurr]4 ,b !       
objection is n well tak54 ,! climatic   
conditions :i* obta9 ab\t ! bord]s (    
small1 local glaci]s1 are n a safe guide
 z to climatic conditions :i* obta9$    
ab\t ! m>g9 ( a cont95tal ice-%eet1 any 
m ?an ! climatic conditions :i* obta9   
ab\t a small inl& lake are a safe       
crit]ion z to ! climatic conditions ab\t

 a sea-coa/4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples (       
climatology1 z well z specific facts    
conc]n+ plant di/ribution1 seem to u to 
indicate t ! climate ab\t ! bord] ( a   
cont95tal ice-%eet mu/ h be5 arctic4  ,x
 is evid5t t ! great] ! di/ance nor? ( !
 ov]ly+ drift rema9s ( temp]ate plants  
are f\nd1 ! m conclusive becomes !      
evid5ce4 ,plant rema9s indicat+ temp]ate
 climate at ! v m>g9 ( ! drift %eet :i* 
ov]lies !m1 w\ld be less conclusive ?an 
simil> evid5ces "o hundr$ miles to !    
nor?w>d4 ,x might be difficult to prove 
9 any giv5 in/ance t ! ice :i* deposit$ 
! drift ov]ly+ plant rema9s advanc$ "o  
hundr$ miles1 or any o!r specific       
di/ance1 s\? ( any p>ticul> und]ly+ =e/ 
b$4 ,if ! =e/ b$ 7 cont9u\s = ! :ole    
di/ance1 ! case w\ld be cle>4 ,x w\ld   
also be conclusive if ! cont9uity ( !   
drift ov]ly+ a =e/ b$ at any po9t ) t ( 
a remote po9t to ! s\?1 c\ld be         
demon/rat$4 ,9 spite ( ^! difficulties 9
 its application1 ! vegetal b$s         
con/itute a valuable crit]ion 9 mak+ !  

discrim9ations "u consid]ation1 :5 !y   
are prop]ly appli$4 ,"u prop]           
circum/ances ! crit]ion may be          
conclusive :5 tak5 alone1 & x may h     
corroborative significance :5 n itself  
conclusive4  ,! abs5ce ( =e/ b$s & ( all
 traces ( vegetal deposits :atsoev]     
betwe5 b$s ( drift1 is no pro( ( !      
abs5ce ( recurr5t ice epo*s1 s9ce !     
second advance ( ! ice might h de/roy$  
all trace ( ! prexi/5t soil & its       
vegetal life4 ,x is always possible1    
too1 t su* b$s exi/1 ev5 if !y h n be5  
discov]$4 ,x w\ld h be5 anticipat$ t !y 
w\ld n be abundant1 or wide spread4 ,!  
abs5ce ( =e/ b$s is !re=e at be/ no m   
?an negative evid5ce4  7#b7 ,rema9s (   
,l& ,animals4 ,bones ( mammalia or      
rema9s ( o!r l& animals1 occurr+ 9      
relations simil> to ^? 9 :i* =e/ b$s    
occur1 may h a l significance4 ,_! value
 z a crit]ion ( sep>ate glacial epo*s is
 subject to ess5tially ! same           
limitations z =e/ b$s4  7#c7 ,inorganic 
,products =m$ dur+ a "t ( ,ice          

,recession4 ,! recession ( ! ice aft] a 
maximum ( advance w\ld leave a l&       
surface m or less affect$ ) m>%es &     
ponds4 ,9 su* situations1 bog iron ore  
might accumulate1 if conditions 7       
favorable4 ,su* ore b$s1 buri$ by !     
drift ( a lat] ice advance1 w\ld h a    
significance comp>able to t ( =e/ b$s1  
except t !y w\ld give less def9ite      
in=mation z to climate1 & w\ld be       
correspond+ly less tru/wor?y4 ,%\ld su* 
ore b$s be f\nd 9 su* relations z to    
prove t ! und]ly+ & ov]ly+ bodies (     
drift 7 deposit$ by ice %eets :i* ext5d$
 great di/ances fur!r s\?1 _!           
significance w\ld be enhanc$4 ,f !      
?ickness ( ! ore b$s "s inf]5ce might be
 drawn z to ! l5g? ( "t conc]n$ 9 _!    
accumulation4 ,b because ( ! v>iable    
rate at :i* bog ore may accumulate1 su* 
inf]5ce %\ld be us$ ) caution4          
,concretions ( iron oxide might be =m$ 9
 ! m>%es or 9 ill-dra9$ drift areas :]e 
accumulations ( great] ext5t 7 n made4  
,a subsequ5t incursion ( ! ice might    

incorporate ^! nodules ) its drift1 we>+
 & /riat+ !m z o!r /ones1 & deposit+ !m 
z con/itu5t p>ts ( ! lat] drift4 ,su*   
iron nodules 9 ! lat] drift w\ld mean a 
recession & re-advance ( ! ice ) "s     
consid]able int]val betwe51 al?\gh n    
necess>ily an int]val suffici5tly w>m or
 long to be reg>d$ z an int]glacial     
epo*4#ae ,calc>e\s concretions1 l ^? ( !
 loess1 w\ld possess a l significance1 9
 l relations4 ,:ile 9 !mselves ^!       
inorganic products ( a "t ( ice         
recession might fail to be conclusive ( 
sep>ate ice epo*s1 !y might h mu*       
corroborative significance :5 associat$ 
) o!r ph5om5a4 ,an int]-till iron ore   
b$1 associat$ ) a =e/ b$ :i* indicat$ a 
w>m climate1 w\ld be mo/ significant4   
#ae ,?is po9t conc]n+ iron nodules 0    
sugge/$ to ! writ] by ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4      
,mc,gee4  ,! abs5ce ( k ( ore b$s betwe5
 %eets ( till1 & ! abs5ce f an upp] b$ (
 till ( concretions ( iron & lime       
c>bonate =m$ dur+ a recession ( ! ice1  
w\ld be no pro( t int]glacial epo*s did 

n occur4 ,^! products 7 probably =m$ 9  
relatively few localities4 ,!y /ood good
 *ance ( de/ruction at ! h&s ( ! return+
 ice1 & !y may exi/1 :]e !y h n be5     
discov]$1 or :]e _! significance has n  
be5 und]/ood4 ,_! abs5ce is at be/ no m 
?an negative evid5ce4  7#d7 ,b$s ( ,m>9e
 & ,lacu/r9e ,orig94 ,if betwe5 b$s (   
glacial drift !re be f\nd b$s ( lacu/r9e
 or ( m>9e orig91 su* b$s w\ld indicate 
a recession ( ! ice dur+ _! "t (        
deposition4 ,_! position w\ld be a      
m9imum measure ( ice recession4 ,if su* 
lacu/r9e b$s conta9 organic rema9s1 !y w
 be> te/imony conc]n+ ! climatic        
conditions :i* exi/$ :]e !y occur1 at ! 
"t ( _! deposition4 ,if ! fossils 9 su* 
b$s d5ote a temp]ate climate1 or a      
climate z mild z t ( ! pres5t day 9 !   
same region1 ! ice mu/ h rec$$ s f> to !
 nor?w>d z1 9 our judgm5t1 to con/itute 
its re-advance a di/9ct ice epo*4 ,?is  
l9e ( argum5t may be ev5 /rong] ?an t   
drawn f rema9s ( t]re/rial life1 s9ce ! 
ice w\ld probably affect ! temp]ature ( 

! sea to great] di/ances ?an t ( ! l&1 &
 affect x to a great] degree )9 a giv5  
di/ance4 ,! argum5t becomes /rong] !    
fur!r nor? ! int]-drift m>9e & lacu/r9e 
deposits occur1 s9ce ! ice mu/ always h 
rec$$ to a position /ill fur!r nor?4 ,if
 m>9e or lacu/r9e b$s ly+ f> nor? ( !   
lat] ice limit conta9 pro( ( temp]ate   
climate1 ! argum5t becomes conclusive4  
,! abs5ce ( m>9e & lacu/r9e deposits    
betwe5 b$s ( drift1 w\ld be no pro( t   
int]glacial epo*s did n occur4 ,lacu/r9e
 b$s c\ld be made only :]e !re 7 lakes1 
& lakes w\ld be ! exception r ?an !     
rule4 ,m>9e b$s 9 simil> positions w\ld 
r>ely be kn[n1 except :]e a def9ite     
succession ( *anges ( level has tak5    
place4 ,bo? classes ( deposits1 if once 
=m$1 w\ld be subject to de/ruction by ! 
ov]-rid+ ice ( a lat] epo*1 if su* !re  
74 ,nei!r w\ld be likely to be pres]v$  
at all po9ts :]e =m$1 & bo? may exi/ at 
_m po9ts :]e _! exi/5ce is n kn[n4 ,!   
abs5ce ( ^! b$s is at be/ no m ?an      
negative evid5ce4  7#e7 ,b$s ( ,subarial

 ,gravel1 ,s& & ,silt4 ,lay]s ( /ratifi$
 drift betwe5 lay]s ( gr\nd mora9e are (
 common occurr5ce 9 _m regions4 ,"u     
ord9>y conditions _! exi/5ce is n reg>d$
 z evid5ce t ! und]ly+ & ov]ly+ tills   
are to be ref]r$ to sep>ate ice epo*s4  
,b x is conceivable t b$s ( /ratifi$    
drift may1 "u ! prop] circum/ances &    
relations1 be /rong evid5ce ( sep>ate   
ice epo*s4 ,! la/ /ages ( ice "w 9 !    
glacial p]iod 7 accompani$1 9 _m        
regions1 by ! deposition ^u adjac5t l&  
surfaces1 ( ext5sive bodies ( gravel &  
s&1 wa%$ on beyond ! ice by wat]s issu+ 
f x4 ,except 9 valleys ?r\gh :i* /rong  
curr5ts c\rs$1 su* deposits 7 app>5tly n
 c>ri$ f> beyond ! edge ( ! ice4 ,b z ! 
edge ( ! ice )drew to ! nor?w>d1 s&     
pla9s may h ext5d$ !mselves 9 ! same    
direction1 by additions to _! ice-w>d   
faces4 ,x is conceivable t ! process (  
subarial pla9 build+ at ! edge ( a rec$+
 phase ( ice1 might be c>ri$ s f> "u    
favorable circum/ances1 z to result 9 ! 
con/ruction ( pla9s ( great ext5t4 ,9   

?is ev5t1 a subsequ5t ice-advance might 
ov]spread su* pla9s 9 su* wise z to     
bury1 )\t de/roy+ !m1 ?\gh su* a c\rse (
 ev5ts w\ld c]ta9ly be exceptional4 ,9  
ord] to con/itute ! int]/ratifi$ gravel 
& s& evid5ce ( sep>ate ice-epo*s1 its   
cont9uity = great di/ances betwe5 b$s ( 
till1 & 9 ! direction ( ice movem5t1    
w\ld ne$ to be demon/rat$4 ,9 !mselves1 
^! b$s1 "u ! conditions indicat$1 w\ld  
simply be a m9imum measure ( ! am\nt (  
ice recession betwe5 ! deposition ( !   
und]ly+ & ov]ly+ bodies ( till4 ,x is   
h>dly likely1 ?\gh possible1 t !        
cont9uity ( int]b$d$ gravel & s& c\ld be
 prov$ = a suffici5t di/ance nor? ( !   
s\!rn limit ( ! less ext5sive b$ ( gr\nd
 mora9e1 to alone con/itute evid5ce ( a 
recession ( ice great en\gh to make x   
necess>y to ref] its re-advance to a new
 epo*4 ,b$s ( silt 9 l relations1       
deposit$ by wat]s beyond ! edge ( ! ice1
 w\ld h a l significance s f> z ! "q "h 
"u consid]ation is conc]n$4 ,su* b$s (  
/ratifi$ drift might sometimes h        

corroborative value :5 _! te/imony1 tak5
 by itself1 is inconclusive4 ,if1 =     
example1 _! surfaces are m>k$ by =e/    
b$s1 & especially by =e/ b$s ^: plants  
d5ote a w>m climate1 ! association      
becomes mo/ significant4  ,9 view ( :at 
has be5 said1 x is evid5t t ! abs5ce (  
b$s ( subarially /ratifi$ silt1 s&1 &   
gravel1 betwe5 b$s ( till c n be br\ght 
9 evid5ce aga9/ sep>ate ice epo*s4 ,x   
w\ld r>ely be true t topographic &      
hydro-99graphic conditions w\ld make    
possible ! con/ruction ( pla9s (        
suffici5t ext5t to s]ve z crit]ia = !   
purpose "h indicat$1 & few ( ^? =m$ w\ld
 escape su* a degree ( de/ruction z to  
leave !m demon/rably cont9u\s4 ,!re is  
also ! fur!r possibility t su* b$s exi/1
 ev5 ?\gh _! cont9uity be n kn[n4 ,to   
prove ! cont9uity ( a buri$ b$ (        
/ratifi$ & incoh]5t drift1 ev5 if x     
exi/$1 w\ld be a mo/ difficult task4    
7#f7 ,diff]5tial ,wea!r+4 ,if1 aft]     
cov]+ a giv5 region1 ! ice retreat$1 !  
drift :i* x left 9 ! area :i* x         

previ\sly cov]$ w\ld be subject to      
oxidation1 lea*+ & dis9tegration4 ,!    
dep? to :i* ?is oxidation1 lea*+ &      
dis9tegration w\ld ext5d1 w\ld be       
dep5d5t ^u ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! drift 
0 expos$1 & ^u ! climate :i* affect$ !  
region dur+ its exposure4 ,! long] !    
exposure & ! w>m] ! climate1 ! deep]    
w\ld ! wea!r+ ext5d4 ,if1 subsequ5tly1 !
 ice ext5d$ ov] ! same region1 x might1 
9 "s places1 ov]ride & bury ! old       
surface )\t de/roy+ x4 ,! e>li] oxidiz$ 
& lea*$ drift w\ld ?us come to be buri$ 
by ! new]1 unoxidiz$1 unlea*$ drift4    
,if1 !re=e1 b5ea? ! new] drift ( any    
giv5 locality !re be f\nd a l[] drift1 !
 surface ( :i* is oxidiz$ & lea*$ to a  
consid]able dep?1 ! evid5ce is /rong t !
 l[] drift 0 expos$ = a long p]iod ( "t 
be=e ! upp] drift 0 deposit$ ^u x4 ,)9  
c]ta9 limits a simil> result might be   
br\ght ab\t1 x is true1 if ! ice1 aft]  
hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 maximum /age (       
advance1 7 to retreat = a %ort di/ance  
only & !re rema9 = a v long p]iod ( "t4 

,a subsequ5t m9or advance might bury !  
oxidiz$ surface ( ! drift beyond !      
position ( ! long ice-halt4 ,"u ^!      
conditions1 ! climate :i* w\ld h obta9$ 
9 ! area ( ! drift expos$ dur+ ! m9or   
retreat w\ld h be5 cold1 & oxidation1   
lea*+1 & dis9tegration w\ld h proce$$   
sl[ly4 ,if !y rea*$ consid]able dep?s1 !
 "t involv$ mu/ h be5 v long4 ,if ?is   
surface ( oxidiz$ & lea*$ & dis9tegrat$ 
drift 7 f\nd to rea* f> to ! nor?w>d    
b5ea? ! lay] ( new] & upp] drift1 x w\ld
 indicate a great recession ( ! ice4 ,we
 ma9ta9 t if x 7 f\nd suffici5tly f>    
nor? ( ! m>g9 ( ! ov]ly+ drift1 & if its
 dep? 7 suffici5tly great1 ext5d+ well  
d[n bel[ any possible accumulation (    
sup]glacial till1 x might be a positive 
crit]ion ( s great a recession ( ! ice1 
protract$ ?r\gh s great an int]val ( "t1
 z to con/itute its new advance a       
sep>ate ice epo*4  ,!re is mu* reason to
 believe t ! soil develop$ "u ! influ5ce
 ( a w>m climate diff]s 9 "s respects f 
"o develop$ f simil> mat]ial "u o!r     

conditions4 ,! well-kn[n fact t r$ &    
r$di% soils are especially *>act]i/ic ( 
l[ latitudes & w>m climates is          
significant4 ,if !re=e a soil develop$  
on ! surface ( "o %eet ( drift & buri$  
by ano!r1 be f\nd to possess1 9 addition
 to unmi/akable m>ks ( long exposure1 ! 
peculi> m>ks :i* seem to be *>act]i/ic (
 soils develop$ "u high temp]atures1 !  
argum5t ga9s 9 /r5g?4  ,?is argum5t f   
oxidation & wea!r+ has ano!r            
application4 ,if 9 a lat] advance1      
foll[+ a protract$ recession1 ! ice-%eet
 fail$ to rea* ! limit ( its e>li]      
advance1 !re w\ld rema9 an area ( drift 
deposit$ by ! fir/ ice-%eet1 outside !  
drift deposit$ by ! lat]4 ,n[ if ! "t   
int]val betwe5 ^! two advances 0 great1 
& especially if dur+ ?is int]val !      
climate 0 mild1 ! oxidation & wea!r+ ( !
 old] drift surface w\ld be m>k$ly      
diff]5t 9 degree f t ( ! new]4 ,if1 "u  
^! circum/ances1 ! surface ( ! old] %eet
 7 f\nd to be wea!r$ & oxidiz$ & r$d5$  
up to ! bord] ( ! new] drift %eet1 & if 

"h !re 7 f\nd to be a sudd5 *ange 9 ! "*
 ( ! surface ( ! drift s f> z dep? &    
degree ( oxidization & wea!r+ is        
conc]n$1 we %\ld h /rong evid5ce t ! "o 
%eet ( drift 0 mu* old] ?an ! o!r4 ,!   
/atem5t sometimes urg$ t ! drift :i* 0  
deposit$ ne> ! edge ( ! greate/ ice     
advance w\ld be l>gely made up ( !      
residual mat]ials :i* occupi$ ! surface 
invad$ by ! ice1 w\ld n meet ! case4 ,= 
if x be grant$ t ?is /atem5t is         
qualitatively good1 we %\ld f9d !       
greate/ degree ( wea!r+ & oxidation at !
 extreme m>g9 ( ! drift1 & x %\ld be    
f\nd to be less & less on rec$+ f ?is   
m>g94 ,!re w\ld 9 ?is case be no sudd5  
transition f a deeply wea!r$ & oxidiz$  
surface1 to "o :i* is fre% & unoxidiz$1 
along a def9ite l9e4 ,we ma9ta9 t if !  
:ole ( ! drift deposits are ref]able to 
"o epo*1 !re %\ld be no sudd5 transition
 9 ! surface ( ! drift f t :i* is deeply
 wea!r$ to t :i* is n1 ! "o surface be+ 
sep>at$ f ! o!r by a def9ite & readily  
traceable l9e4  ,x has be5 urg$ aga9/ ! 

crit]ion ( diff]5tial wea!r+ t          
sup]glacial mat]ial is or may be        
?or\ghly oxidiz$ be=e its deposition1 & 
t a lay] ( oxidiz$ drift betwe5 lay]s ( 
till may be no m ?an sup]glacial debris 
deposit$ dur+ a m9or recession ( !      
ice4#af ,we believe t ?is attempt to    
elim9ate ! value ( ?is crit]ion re/s    
p>tly on an exagg]at$ idea conc]n+ !    
am\nt ( sup]glacial mat]ial1 b m        
especially on a failure to appreh5d !   
real mean+ ( ! argum5t = ! validity ( ! 
crit]ion1 & ^u a failure to note !      
limitations impos$ ^u x by its          
advocates4 ,x is n affirm$ t a lay] (   
oxidiz$ drift betwe5 b$s ( unoxidiz$    
drift is p] se pro( ( two glacial epo*s2
 b x is affirm$ t if su* lay] ( wea!r$  
drift c be %[n to ext5d f> bel[ any     
possible sup]glacial till1 into !       
subglacial till bel[1 9 su* wise z to   
indicate t x is ! result ( subarial     
exposure 9 a w>m climate subsequ5t to   
its deposition & prior to ! deposition (
 ! ov]ly+ till1 x con/itutes ! be/      

possible evid5ce ( an int]glacial epo*1 
especially :5 accompani$ by !           
corroborative te/imony ( o!r crit]ia4 ,x
 is fur!r affirm$ t if ! second %eet (  
drift fail$ to rea* ! limit ( ! fir/1 & 
if ! drift :i* 0 deposit$ by ! fir/ &   
nev] cov]$ by ! second ice-%eet1 is m   
?or\ghly & m deeply wea!r$ ?an t        
deposit$ by ! second1 & especially if ! 
two types ( drift surface meet along a  
def9ite & readily traceable l9e1 !      
argum5t becomes1 9 our judgm5t1         
irrefragable4 ,9 its application1 ?is   
crit]ion w\ld be infallible only 9 ! h&s
 ( "o :o c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 sup]glacial
 & sup]glacially oxidiz$ mat]ial on ! "o
 h&1 & mat]ial subarially wea!r$ aft]   
its deposition1 on ! o!r4  #af ,?is po9t
 0 urg$ at ! read+ ( ! pap] at ,ottawa1 
by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock1 ,mr4 ,upham1
 & o!rs4  ,9 circum/ances & relations   
:]e ! wea!r+ ( ! drift is n 9 itself    
conclusive1 x might /ill h corroborative
 value 9 association ) o!r l9es (       
evid5ce4  ,! abs5ce ( an oxidiz$ &      

dis9tegrat$ zone ( drift bel[ a         
sup]ficial lay] :i* is n oxidiz$1 w\ld  
be no pro( t !re 7 n di/9ct ice epo*s1  
s9ce ! ice ( any lat] epo*1 if su* !re  
71 might h plan$ (f ! surface ( ! drift 
left by its pr$ecessor to ! dep? ( !    
wea!r+4 ,! pres]vation ( su* surfaces   
aft] a second ice invasion mu/ be reg>d$
 z ! exception r ?an z ! rule4 ,!re is  
always ! possibility1 too1 t an oxidiz$ 
& wea!r$ zone m>k+ ! surface ( an old]  
drift %eet exi/s1 :]e excavations h n   
op5$ full sections ( drift to view4 ,!  
abs5ce ( wea!r$ zones ( drift b5ea? !   
surface1 or ! abs5ce ( k ( _! exi/5ce1  
is !re=e at be/ no m ?an negative       
evid5ce4 ,! abs5ce ( great] wea!r+ ( !  
drift outside ! limit ( ! drift suppos$ 
to belong to a lat] epo*1 w\ld be       
positive evid5ce aga9/ ! ref]5ce ( ! two
 %eets ( drift conc]n$ to diff]5t epo*s4
  ,a specific "p ( ! above l9e ( evid5ce
 may be sep>ately m5tion$4 ,"o phase (  
wea!r+ is ! dis9tegration ( b\ld]s1 &   
?is is a po9t :i* c be readily appli$   

ev5 by ^? :o are n geologi/s4 ,if !     
b\ld]s ( "o region are mu* m commonly   
dis9tegrat$ ?an ^? ( ano!r1 & if ! two  
regions are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a      
well-m>k$ b\nd>y l9e1 ! inf]5ce lies    
close at h& t ! b\ld]s 9 ! "o case h be5
 mu* long] expos$ to dis9tegrat+ ag5cies
 ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x is no answ] to ?is     
argum5t to say t ! mat]ials ly+ at ! v  
front ( ! drift deposits conta9 b\ld]s  
:i* 7 d]iv$ f ! dis9tegrat$ rock ov] :i*
 ! ice has pass$1 & t !y 7 !re=e 9 a    
less firm /ate at ! outset4 ,9 _m cases 
^! b\ld]s h come f great di/ances1 &    
com+ f great di/ances !y mu/ h come 9 a 
firm & solid /ate1 else !y c\ld n h     
suff]$ su* ext5sive transportation1     
except inde$ _! position 0 sup]glacial  
?r\gh\t _! :ole j\rney4 ,?is argum5t has
 equal =ce :5 appli$ to ! area cov]$ by 
! two %eets ( drift :]e two exi/4 ,if )9
 ! region ( drift "u inve/igation we f9d
 a surface lay] ( great] or less dep?1 !
 b\ld]s ( :i* are h>d & fre%1 & if b5ea?
 ?is we f9d ano!r lay] ( drift1 ! /ony  

mat]ial ( :i* is l>gely dis9tegrat$1 at 
lea/ 9 its upp] p>ts1 we h good evid5ce 
t ! surface be>+ ! dis9tegrat$ b\ld]s 0 
expos$ = a consid]able l5g? ( "t be=e ! 
deposition ( ! ov]ly+ drift1 :i* c>ries 
fre% b\ld]s4 ,s9ce ! dis9tegration (    
b\ld]s is only "o phase ( wea!r+1 !     
limitations ( ?is argum5t are id5tical )
 ^? already not$ 9 connection ) ! g5]al 
argum5t f diff]5tial wea!r+4  7#g7      
,diff]5tial ,subarial ,erosion4 ,if !   
drift deposit$ by "o ice-%eet 7 to be   
expos$ = a consid]able int]val ( "t1 &  
if ! ice 9 its subsequ5t advance fail$  
to rea* ! limit ( its fir/ invasion1 !  
two areas %\ld %[ diff]5t am\nts (      
subarial erosion1 s9ce ! "o has be5     
expos$ to ! action ( air & wat] mu*     
long] ?an ! o!r4 ,! l9e :i* m>ks ! limit
 ( ! lat] ice invasion %\ld be ! l9e ( m
 or less sudd5 transition f an area )\t1
 :]e /ream erosion has be5 great]1 to an
 area )91 :]e /ream erosion has be5     
less4  ,! po9t "h made c n be met by !  
sugge/ion t ! great] erosion ( ! out]   

area 0 effect$ by ! wat] issu+ f ! ice  
:i* _h retreat$ to ! position n[ m>k$ by
 ! bord] ( ! area ( ! less] erosion4 ,s 
f> z we "k1 su* wat]s w\ld be deposit+1 
n erod+4 ,fur!rmore1 mu* ( ! erosion ( !
 out] area w\ld h su* relation to       
dra9age l9es t wat]s issu+ f ! ice c\ld 
nev] h rea*$ ! localities :]e x is %[n4 
,if ! out] & old] drift be f\nd to h    
suff]$ t5 times z mu* /ream erosion z ! 
inn] & new]1 x is fair to assume t x has
 be5 expos$ some?+ l t5 times z long1 if
 ! conditions = erosion are equally     
favorable 9 ! two regions4 ,! argum5t   
has especial weight if x c be f\nd t    
b5ea? ! new] drift ! surface ( ! old] is
 su* z to indicate t x 0 deeply erod$   
be=e ! new] 0 plac$ ^u x4 ,! argum5t is 
/rong] ! f>!r f ! m>g9 ( ! new] drift   
su* erosion on ! surface ( ! und]ly+    
old] drift c be prov$ to h tak5 place4  
,9 o!r words1 if1 9 addition to ! great]
 surface erosion ( ! old] drift %eet z  
n[ expos$ outside ! limit ( ! new]      
drift1 we f9d a notable uncon=mity      

betwe5 ! new] & ! old] drift1 &         
especially if ?is uncon=mity lie f>     
en\gh nor? ( ! m>g9 ( ! new] drift1 !   
argum5t becomes conclusive4  ,:5        
diff]5tial erosion & drift uncon=mities 
are n 9 !mselves conclusive1 !y may h   
great corroborative value 9 conjunction 
) diff]5tial wea!r+1 =e/ b$s1 or o!r    
indications ( sep>ate ice epo*s4  ,!    
abs5ce ( obs]vable uncon=mity betwe5    
%eets ( drift w\ld be no pro( t !re 7 n 
di/9ct & widely sep>at$ ice epo*s1 s9ce 
! lat] ice invasion might h s f> modifi$
 ! surface :i* x transgress$1 z to      
de/roy all pat5t evid5ces ( uncon=mity4 
,x w\ld h be5 anticipat$ t di/9ct       
uncon=mities 9 ! drift w\ld be r>e1 ev5 
if !re 7 di/9ct ice epo*s1 = ! same     
reason t wea!r$ zones & =e/ b$s w\ld be 
r>e4 ,b if ! drift :i* lies outside a   
l9e suppos$ to m>k ! limit ( a %eet (   
drift belong+ to a lat] ice epo*1 be n m
 erod$ ?an t :i* lies )9 su* l9e1 !     
abs5ce ( great] erosion 9 ! out] drift  
is positive evid5ce aga9/ ! ref]5ce ( ! 

drift ( ! two areas to di/9ct ice epo*s1
 if conditions = erosion 9 ! two areas  
are equally favorable4  7#h7 ,valleys   
,excavat$ ,betwe5 ,successive           
,depositions ( ,drift4 ,a closely       
relat$1 b n id5tical1 po9t may be f\nd 9
 ! ext5t ( ! valley excavations :i* c be
 prov$ to h tak5 place betwe5 !         
deposition ( ! e>li] & lat] drift4 ,we d
 n ref] to valleys excavat$ 9 ! drift   
especially1 b to ^? excavat$ 9 o!r      
=mations z well4 ,if x c be %[n1 =      
example1 t aft] ! deposition ( an e>li] 
drift %eet1 & be=e ! deposition ( a     
lat]1 valleys 7 excavat$ :i* ext5d$ n   
m]ely into ! drift itself1 b f> b5ea? ! 
drift into ! und]ly+ rock1 ^! valleys   
w\ld be conclusive evid5ce ( a long     
int]val betwe5 ! deposition ( ! two     
bodies ( drift4 ,! argum5t is ( especial
 =ce :5 su* excavations 9 ! rock b5ea? !
 drift c be %[n to h tak5 place at great
 di/ances )9 ! m>g9 ( ! new] drift4 ,=  
valleys 9 su* situations imply t ! ice  
_h rec$$ at lea/ z f> to ! nor? z !y    

lie1 dur+ ! int]val betwe5 ! two drift  
depositions1 & may be s situat$ z to %[ 
t ! ice _h :olly left ! dra9age bas9 :]e
 !y occur4  ,! abs5ce ( evid5ces ( deep 
valley excavations 9 any giv5 region    
dur+ a suppos$ int]glacial epo*1 is no  
pro( t su* int]val did n exi/4 ,!       
conditions may n h be5 ev]y:]e favorable
 = erosion )9 ! limits ( any n>r[ly     
circumscrib$ area1 & ! abs5ce (         
int]glacial valleys w\ld be only        
negative evid5ce aga9/ an int]glacial   
epo*4 ,! abs5ce ( su* evid5ce ev]y:]e   
w\ld be> aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( an           
int]glacial epo* ( mu* duration 9 su*   
wise z to be m ?an negative evid5ce4    
7#i7 ,diff]5t ,directions ( ,movem5t4   
,if1 aft] its maximum advance1 ! ice    
suff]$ m]ely a m9or recession & !n      
rema9$ /ation>y1 or ne>ly s1 = a "t1 !  
g5]al direction ( its movem5t 9 a       
subsequ5t advance w\ld probably be      
ess5tially ! same z 9 ! e>li]4 ,b if1   
aft] its maximum advance1 ! ice rec$$ to
 a great di/ance1 & especially if x     

entirely disappe>$1 a subsequ5t ice-%eet
 might h a v diff]5t direction (        
movem5t1 s9ce its c5t] ( accumulation & 
disp]sion might be v diff]5t4 ,x is     
conceivable t ?is c5t] might %ift dur+ !
 hi/ory ( a s+le ice-%eet4 ,9 ?is case  
!re %\ld be a gradual *ange 9 !         
direction ( ice movem5t1 n an abrupt "o4
 ,if1 !re=e1 !re be f\nd "o %eet ( drift
 made by an ice movem5t 9 "o direction1 
ov]laid by ano!r %eet ( drift deposit$  
by ice mov+ 9 a v diff]5t direction1 )  
an abrupt transition betwe5 !m1 su*     
drift %eets w\ld be presumptive evid5ce 
( di/9ct ice epo*s4 ,an exception w\ld  
ne$ to be made 9 ! case ( drift %eets   
along ! m>g9s ( conflu5t or proximate   
ice lobes4 ,9 su* cases1 if ! "o lobe   
tempor>ily secur$ ! advantage ( ! o!r1  
drift b$s =m$ by movem5ts f opposite    
directions might be f\nd 9 v]tical      
succession1 )\t be+ evid5ce ( sep>ate   
ice epo*s4  ,x is no "p ( ! purpose (   
?is essay to po9t out ! difficulties :i*
 might arise 9 ! application ( ?is      

crit]ion ( div]se directions ( ice      
movem5ts4 ,x is possible t gradual      
*anges 9 ! direction ( movem5t might    
leave records :i* w\ld seem to indicate 
abrupt *anges in/ead4 ,?is possibility  
makes c>e necess>y 9 ! application ( !  
crit]ion1 b does n de/roy its value4 ,:5
 n itself conclusive1 ?is crit]ion may  
be s associat$ ) diff]5tial wea!r+1     
diff]5tial erosion1 =e/ b$s1 etc41 t _! 
comb9$ te/imony makes b "o conclusion   
possible4  ,! abs5ce ( evid5ce (        
radically div]se directions ( movem5t   
dur+ ! "t ( deposition ( ! v>i\s %eets (
 drift1 w\ld be no pro( t !re 7 n di/9ct
 epo*s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! movem5ts (   
diff]5t epo*s might be h>moni\s--a      
condition ( ?+s m probable ?an any o!r  
if ! m common views ( ! causes (        
glaciation be correct4 ,9 ! second      
place1 if ! movem5ts 7 div]se1 !        
deposits might /ill be s simil> t _!    
diff]5tiation1 :5 ! "o is buri$1 might n
 be easily made4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! lat]
 ice might h s f> incorporat$ ! old]    

drift mat]ial ) t :i* belong$ m prop]ly 
to x1 z to h de/roy$ all def9ition      
betwe5 !m4  7#aj7 ,! ,sup]position (    
,b$s ( ,till ( ,diff]5t ,physical       
,con/itution4 ,aft] ! retreat ( an      
ice-%eet1 ! surface ( ! c\ntry ?us      
discov]$ w\ld be l>gely mantl$ ) drift4 
,?is drift w\ld s]ve to protect !       
und]ly+ rock f dis9tegration4 ,b :]e !re
 0 little or no drift1 ! rock surface   
w\ld be subject to all ! disrupt+       
ag5cies :i* affect surface rocks4 ,!    
same w\ld be true ( all rock surfaces   
b>$ by subarial erosion aft] !          
disappe>ance ( ! ice4 ,"u ^! conditions1
 if a second %eet ( ice invad$ ! region 
9 "q aft] x _h be5 long expos$1 x w\ld  
f9d a surface prep>$ to yield l>ge      
b[ld]s4 ,! result w\ld be ! deposition (
 a new %eet ( drift conta9+ b[ld]s mu*  
l>g] ?an ^? :i* w\ld h be5 prop] to an  
ice-%eet ov]spread+ a surface b rec5tly 
ab&on$4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! upp] ( two lay]s
 ( subglacial till1 b[ld]s ( great size 
pr$om9ate1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( a l[]        

homolog\s lay]1 !y may be indicative ( a
 great int]val ( "t betwe5 ! deposition 
( ! upp] & l[] b$s ( drift4 ,if ! home (
 ^! b[ld]s be f> nor? ( ! limit ( !     
less] %eet ( drift1 ! di/ance1 z well z 
! duration1 ( ! ice retreat mu/ h be5   
great1 & ! ref]5ce ( ! two b$s ( till to
 di/9ct ice epo*s w\ld be favor$4 ,!    
case might be s /rong z to make no o!r  
int]pretation possible4 ,:]e 9 itself   
inconclusive1 ?is crit]ion w\ld h       
corroborative significance4 ,9 its      
application1 ! discrim9ation (          
subglacial & sup]glacial till w\ld be   
imp]ative4  ,! abs5ce ( physical        
dissimil>ity betwe5 sup]pos$ lay]s (    
subglacial till w\ld n be pro( ( !      
abs5ce ( sep>ate glacial epo*s4 ,!      
ph5om5a con/itut+ ! crit]ion c\ld h>dly 
be expect$ to be ( common occurr5ce4 ,!y
 w\ld nev] be obtrusive1 & may easily h 
escap$ att5tion :]e !y exi/4#ag  #ag ,! 
#aj? crit]ion1 9 ! ord] "h nam$1 0      
sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,mc,gee 9 ! discussion  
:i* foll[$ ! read+ ( ! pap] at ,ottawa4 

7#aa7 ,v>y+ ,altitudes & ,attitudes ( ! 
,l&4 ,ano!r l9e ( argum5t has to d ) !  
altitude & attitude ( ! l& dur+ !       
deposition ( v>i\s memb]s ( ! drift     
complex4 ,if dur+ ! deposition ( "o "p (
 ! drift t "p ( ! cont95t cov]$ by !    
out] "p ( ! ice 0 l[1 ! dra9age f x w\ld
 be sluggi%4 ,if ! deposits ( ?is       
dra9age p]si/ to ! pres5t "t1 we may f9d
 9 _! "* evid5ce ( ! nature ( ! dra9age1
 & !re=e ( ! attitude ( ! l&4 ,if at a  
lat] "t ( drift deposition ! glacial    
dra9age 9 ! same region 0 m vigor\s1 !  
deposits made by ! glacial /reams w\ld  
be correspond+ly co>s]4 ,9 ^! deposits1 
if !y p]si/ to ! pres5t day1 we %\ld f9d
 conclusive evid5ce ( ! swiftness ( !   
/reams4 ,if x c be %[n t dur+ !         
deposition ( "o %eet ( drift dra9age 0  
sluggi%1 & t dur+ ! deposition ( a lat] 
body ( drift ! dra9age 0 vigor\s1 ^!    
facts are evid5ce ( an int]val betwe5 ! 
two times ( drift deposition1           
suffici5tly long to accompli% !         
correspond+ *anges 9 elevation or       

attitude4 ,s9ce su* *anges ( altitude & 
attitude are g5]ally believ$ to h be5   
accompli%$ sl[ly1 ! int]val mu/ be      
believ$ to h be5 ( consid]able duration4
  ,x is true t cont95tal altitudes &    
attitudes might *ange dur+ a s+le epo* (
 glaciation4 ,if ! *ange ?us br\ght ab\t
 result$ 9 increas$ slope1 ! m sluggi%  
dra9age ( ! e>li] "p ( ! epo* w\ld be   
gradually trans=m$ into ! m vigor\s     
dra9age ( ! lat] "p4 ,9 ?is case1 if !  
evid5ce ( bo? ! e>li] sluggi% dra9age & 
( ! lat] vigor\s dra9age rema91 !re %\ld
 also rema9 ! evid5ce ( ! int]m$iate    
/ages4 ,if ! deposits repres5t+ !       
int]m$iate condition ( dra9age d n exi/1
 :ile ^? repres5t+ bo? extremes d1 !re  
w\ld be ! be/ ( reason = believ+ t !    
int]m$iate phases ( dra9age did n exi/  
dur+ a glacial epo*1 b dur+ an          
int]glacial epo*1 :5 /reams 7 n h&l+    
glacial debris1 & :5 !y 7 erod+ r ?an   
deposit+4 ,! deposits ( ! sl[ & ( !     
swift dra9age might occur 9 su*         
relations z to prove1 beyond p]adv5ture1

 t int]m$iate /ages ( glacial dra9age   
nev] exi/$4  ,if ! sluggi% dra9age      
accompani$ ! maximum ice invasion1 :ile 
! vigor\s accompani$ a less]1 ! evid5ce 
( ! swift /reams might be f\nd f> nor? (
 ! s\!rn limit ( ! e>li] drift4 ,! f>!r 
nor? ( ! out] bord] ( ! old] drift !    
gravel repres5t+ ! vigor\s dra9age ( !  
lat] & m9or ice-%eet occurs1 ! fur!r !  
ice mu/ h retreat$ be=e ! *ange f ! "o  
type ( dra9age to ! o!r 0 effect$4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 ! f>!r nor? ( ! limit ( ! lat] 
ice advance ! sluggi% dra9age accompany+
 ! e>li] ice-%eet may be trac$1 ! f>!r  
mu/ ! ice h rec$$ be=e ! *anges result+ 
9 vigor\s dra9age occurr$4 ,"u c]ta9    
relations1 ! retreat ( ! ice might be   
%[n to h be5 great en\gh1 be=e !        
orographic movem5ts :i* alt]$ ! nature (
 ! dra9age1 to con/itute 9 our judgm5t1 
a re-advance a di/9ct ice epo*4 ,if =   
example ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( a long riv] ^:
 bas9 0 l>gely cov]$ ) ice1 !re be      
evid5ce t sluggi% dra9age obta9$ dur+ ! 
maximum ice advance1 & dur+ all /ages ( 

! ice retreat until ! bas9 0 free f ice1
 & if !re be evid5ce ( a vigor\s glacial
 dra9age 9 ! same valley at a lat] "t1 )
 no gradations betwe5 ! two types1 we h 
pro( positive ( at lea/ a great         
recession1 & ( a consid]able elevation (
 ! l& aft] ! ice _h rec$$ beyond !      
limits ( ! dra9age bas9 & be=e x aga9   
rea*$ x 9 its re-advance4 ,we hold t ^! 
phases ( glacial dra9age deposits may be
 s relat$ to ea* o!r1 to ! valleys 9 :i*
 !y occur1 & to m or less di/9ct bodies 
( glaci] drift1 z to prove s great a    
recession ( ice betwe5 ! div]se phases (
 dra9age deposition1 z to con/itute !   
second advance a di/9ct ice epo*4  ,!   
abs5ce ( evid5ce t ! l& /ood at diff]5t 
elevations dur+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! p]iod (
 drift deposition1 does n 9 any way     
militate aga9/ ! !ory ( recurr5t &      
di/9ct ice epo*s4 ,a con/ant attitude ( 
! l& is ! ?+ to be assum$1 until        
positive evid5ce to ! contr>y is adduc$4
  7#ab7 ,vigor & ,sluggi%ness ( ,ice    
,action4 ,if x c be %[n t dur+ "o epo* (

 glaciation1 we w say ! epo* ( maximum  
ice ext5sion1 ! ice action 0 relatively 
sluggi%1 :ile dur+ a lat] & m9or advance
 its action 0 vigor\s1 ! diff]5ce (     
action might be reg>d$ z presumptive    
evid5ce ( di/9ct ice epo*s4 ,evid5ce ( !
 two phases ( ice action "h ref]r$ to   
are difficult ( def9ition1 b !y h be5   
indep5d5tly not$ by m ?an "o glaciali/4 
,x is true t a =w>d oscillation ( ! ice 
edge might be m =ceful ?an an e>li] =w>d
 movem5t :i* might h rea*$ a great]     
ext5sion4 ,9 itself1 !re=e1 ?is l9e (   
evid5ce c n be reg>d$ z possess+ great  
value4  ,x has be5 indicat$ t "u c]ta9  
circum/ances1 & 9 c]ta9 relations1 "s ( 
! =ego+ crit]ia1 tak5 s+ly1 may be      
conclusive ( glaciations s di/9ct f ea* 
o!r1 z to make _! ref]5ce to sep>ate    
epo*s prop]4 ,b :]e ! facts & relations 
:i* con/itute "o ( ! crit]ia are f\nd1 !
 facts & relations con/itut+ "o or m ( !
 o!rs are likely to be f\nd z well4 ,:]e
 two ( ! =ego+ crit]ia are f\nd to be   
coexi/5t1 _! jo9t =ce is great] ?an t ( 

ei!r "o4 ,if nei!r "o be absolutely     
conclusive1 ! two may /ill be1 s9ce ! "o
 may exactly meet ! defici5cy ( ! o!r4  
,if ?ree or m concurr5t l9es ( evid5ce  
exi/ 9 any locality1 ! case is /ill     
fur!r /r5g!n$4 ,we ma9ta9 t sev]al ( !  
=ego+ crit]ia may be s relat$ to ea* o!r
 & to ! =mations conc]n$1 z n only to   
make ! recognition ( sep>ate ice epo*s  
prop]1 b to make ! failure ( su*        
recognition altoge!r unsci5tific4 ,ev5  
:5 a s+le l9e ( evid5ce1 or :5 d\ble1 or
 triple1 or quadruple l9es ( evid5ce are
 n absolutely conclusive 9 rul+ out e   
conceivable te*nical escape f !         
conclusion t !re 7 sep>ate ice epo*s1 _!
 cumulative & corroborative =ce may /ill
 be su* z to c>ry conviction sc>cely    
less positive ?an t :i* ma!matical      
demon/ration w\ld af=d4 ,9 ! nature ( ! 
case n all ( ^! v>i\s l9es ( evid5ce    
c\ld be expect$ to be f\nd 9 any "o     
locality1 or p]haps 9 any "o limit$     
geographic area1 b :]e "o occurs1 "s or 
all ( ! o!rs are liable to be f\nd "u   

favor+ circum/ance4 ,! numb] ( crit]ia1 
& ! great ext5t ( area :]e !y may hope =
 application1 af=d great possibilities4 
,f ! =ego+ discussion1 x w be readily   
se5 t ! nature ( ! crit]ia & !          
limitations impos$ ^u _! application by 
! difficulty ( prov+ /ratigraphic       
cont9uity 9 su* a =mation z ! drift1    
necessitate ! greate/ c>e 9 _! use1 &   
r$uce ! value ( ha/y & inexp]t          
conclusions to a m9imum4   ,,iv4 ,areas 
,:]e ! ,crit]ia f9d ,readie/            
,application4  ,! =ego+ crit]ia f9d _!  
readie/ application 9 regions :]e a lat]
 %eet ( drift1 suspect$ ( belong+ to a  
lat] ice epo*1 fail$ to rea* ! bord] (  
an e>li] %eet ( drift1 suspect$ (       
belong+ to an e>li] ice epo*4 ,! #a/1   
#b;d1 #c;d1 #d?1 #e? & #aj? z enum]at$  
above1 f9d _! application :olly )9 !    
area affect$ by ! drift ( ! sep>ate     
epo*s1 if su* !re 74 ,:ile )9 ?is g5]al 
area !y may be look$ = at any po9t1 !y  
are likely to be ( r>e occurr5ce1 except
 along a some:at n>r[ belt1 say #ej to  

#ajj miles1 adjac5t to ! bord] ( ! less]
 ice advance4 ,! conditions = _!        
occurr5ce & detection are greatly favor$
 if ! less] drift %eet be ! lat]4 ,!    
#f?1 #g?1 #i? & #ab? crit]ia might hope 
= application )9 ! same belt1 b         
especially along a n>r[ zone on ei!r    
side ( ! m>g9 ( ! lat] drift %eet4 ,x is
 along ?is zone t ! types ( surface are 
?r[n into %>pe/ contra/1 bo? z to       
mat]ial & topography4 ,! #h? & #aa?     
crit]ia h /ill wid] limits (            
application1 bo? )9 & )\t ! bord] ( !   
less] ice advance4                      
,roll9 ,d4 ,salisbury4                  
,editorials4   ,x is ! *ief function ( !
 national1 /ate & prov9cial geological  
surveys to br+ =? ! great concrete facts
 relative to ! /ructure & res\rces ( _! 
sev]al fields4 ,)9 _! special doma9s !y 
also d an important "w 9 ! correlation (
 /ructures & =mations1 9 ! sy/ematic    
aggregation ( ! facts1 9 ! organiz+ (   
results1 & 9 ! developm5t ( ! fundam5tal
 pr9ciples ( geological sci5ce4 ,to "s  

ext5t !y are p]mitt$ to d ?is beyond _! 
own fields1 b 9 ! ma9 ! b\nd>ies ( ^!   
fields are ! limits ( _! cord9ations4   
,!y !re=e leave a great function to be  
p]=m$ by "s o!r ag5cy 9 ! cord9ation (  
int]/ate1 int]national1 & int]cont95tal 
factors4 ,!y are also re/ra9$ by _!     
relation%ips to a some:at too n>r[ly    
utilit>ian public f devot+ mu* direct   
att5tion to ! solution ( ! deep] &      
broad] problems t con/itute ! s\l (     
sci5ce1 ?\gh _! contributions be> ^u ^! 
9 ! mo/ radical & important way4 ,9 !   
prim>y "w ( sy/ematic obs]vation1 & !   
developm5t ( ! imm$iate conclusions t   
spr+ !refrom1 ^! surveys surpass all o!r
 ag5cies 9 ! value ( _! contributions to
 ! gr[? ( ! sci5ce1 b 9 ! second>y &    
ult]ior "w ( correlation1 9 ! syn!tic   
aggregation & organization ( results1 & 
9 ! analytical & philosophical treatm5t 
( ! :ole1 !y ne$ to be supplem5t$ by    
ag5cies ^: facilities & limitations lie 
9 o!r l9es1 ag5cies ^: relations &      
dep5d5cies are complem5t>y 9 nature4    

,?is second>y & ult]ior "w1 9 "s degree1
 has be5 done by individual ma/] /ud5ts 
( sy/ematic & philosophical geology1 b  
to a v great ext5t x has n be5 done at  
all4 ,x is a function :i* prop]ly falls 
to univ]sities1 if ! univ]sities c only 
rise to meet x2 = x is ! function (     
univ]sities1 9 ! l>g] mod]n view1 n only
 to rehe>se sci5ce1 nor m]ely ev5 to    
educate "y geologi/s1 important z t is1 
b to develop sci5ce = sci5ce's own sake1
 & = its own inh]5t & p]man5t utilities 
z di/+ui%$ f its imm$iate               
applicabilities4 ,to fulfill ?is        
function !y mu/ n only realize &        
appreciate x1 b !y mu/ be equipp$ =     
field & exp]im5tal "w1 z well z libr>y &
 laboratory /udy4 ,ideal correlations & 
academic sy/ematiz+ are z apt to be     
h9drances z helps to ! progress (       
sci5ce4 ,:ile a few ( ! great           
univ]sities ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe h    
made notable advances 9 ^! directions1 !
 univ]sities are1 on ! :ole1 f> beh9d ! 
great surveys 9 ! p]=mance ( ! "w :i*   

prop]ly falls to !m4 ,?is is due n s mu*
 to a lack ( appreciation ( ! function z
 to ! lack ( facilities4  ,) !          
developm5t ( ?is high] function ( !     
univ]sities !re goes a cord9ate function
 = a univ]sity j\rnal ( geology1 a      
j\rnal ^: special ef=ts %all be devot$  
to promot+ ! gr[? ( sy/ematic1          
philosophical1 & fundam5tal geology1 &  
to ! education ( pr(essional geologi/s4 
,no "p ( ! wide doma9 c wisely be       
neglect$ by any j\rnal1 b !re seems to  
be an op5 field = a p]iodical :i*       
specially invites ! discussion (        
sy/ematic & fundam5tal !mes1 & (        
int]national & int]cont95tal relations1 
& :i* 9 p>ticul> seeks to promote ! /udy
 ( geographic & cont95tal evolution1    
orographic movem5ts1 volcanic           
cord9ations & consangu9ities1 biological
 developm5ts & migrations1 climatic     
*anges1 & simil> que/ions ( wide &      
fundam5tal int]e/4 ,?is field is n      
likely to be successfully cultivat$     
except by a sy/ematic endeavor1 pursu$  

?r\gh a p]iod ( ye>s1 to br+ toge!r !   
late/ & be/ summations ( ! results      
atta9$ 9 ! sev]al national fields 9 a   
common m$ium1 :]e !y c be comp>$ &      
discuss$1 & :]e t5tative correlations w 
sugge/ !mselves1 out ( :i*1 9 turn1     
work+ hypo!ses w naturally spr+1 lead+  
on to su* direct inve/igations z !      
nature ( ea* "q invites4 ,x w\ld be     
presumptu\s to assume t ! ,j\rnal (     
,geology c cultivate ) m ?an v p>tial   
success ?is field1 b x especially       
invites contributions ( ?is class4      
,ano!r phase ( geology :i* is ?\ght to  
/& 9 mu* ne$ ( active cultivation is    
f\nd 9 ! cle> & %>p analysis ( its      
processes1 ! exhau/ive classification ( 
its ph5om5a1 especially on g5etic bases1
 ! developm5t ( crit]ia ( discrim9ation1
 ! m complete evolution & =mulation (   
its pr9ciples & ! developm5t ( its work+
 me?ods4 ,! rec5t op5+ ( new fields (   
rese>* & ! rapid progress ( sev]al new &
 important dep>tm5ts ( ! sci5ce give    
peculi> emphasis to ?is ne$4 ,! ris+    

g5]ation ( geologi/s1 ! hope ( ! sci5ce1
 %\ld be s*ool$ 9 ^! late/ & mo/        
critical aspects ( ! sci5ce4 ,a dep>tm5t
 ( ! ,j\rnal1 entitl$ ,/udies = ,/ud5ts1
 has be5 op5$ = ! special cultivation ( 
?is field & = its adaptation to advanc$ 
/ud5ts & progressive tea*]s ( geology4  
,m]e elem5t>y pres5tations ( processes &
 pr9ciples are n desir$1 b se>*+ &      
critical expositions are solicit$ suit$ 
to ! ne$s ( "y geologi/s :o seek !      
highe/ pr(essional equipm5t1 & to       
progressive tea*]s :o desire ! fulle/   
practicable comm& ( ! newe/ developm5ts 
( ! subject4 ,^! contributions may n be 
)\t _! value to ^? :o h already borne a 
consid]able "p ( ! heat & burd5 ( life's
 pr(essional day4  ,x is our desire to  
op5 ! pages ( ! ,j\rnal z broadly z a   
due reg>d = m]it w p]mit1 & to free x z 
mu* z possible f local & in/itutional   
aspects4 ,x w h ! v important advantage 
( be+ publi%$ "u ! auspices & gu>antee (
 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 & w be free f !
 usual f9ancial emb>rassm5ts att5d+ !   

publication ( a sci5tific magaz9e4 ,?is 
necess>ily imposes ^u ! local editors ! 
imm$iate responsibility = its editor%ip4
 ,beyond ?is1 x is hop$ t its           
in/itutional relation%ip w disappe>     
entirely 9 an e>ne/ ef=t to promote !   
wide/ int]e/s ( ! sci5ce4 ,z an e>ne/ ( 
?is wid] ef=t sev]al em95t geologi/s1   
repres5t+ "s ( ! lead+ univ]sities ( ?is
 c\ntry1 & "s ( ! great geological      
organizations ( ,europe1 h k9dly cons5t$
 to act z associate editors4            
,t4 ,c4 ,c4  ,illu/ration  ,^u          
invitation ( ! ,_w's ,congress ,auxili>y
 ( ! ,_w's ,columbian ,exposition       
committees 7 appo9t$ by ! sev]al        
sections ( ! ,am]ican ,association = !  
,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce at its ,ro*e/]    
meet+ to cop]ate ) x 9 complet+ !       
organization ( sci5tific congresses to  
be held at ,*icago 9 connection ) !     
=?com+ ,_w's ,fair4 ,! committee appo9t$
 by ! geological & geographical section 
consi/$ ( ,?omas ,c4 ,*amb]l91 ,john ,c4
 ,brann]1 ,grove ,k4 ,gilb]t1 ,w4 ,j4   

,mc,gee1 ,roll9 ,d4 ,salisbury1 ,eug5e  
,a4 ,smi?1 ,*>les ,d4 ,walcott1 ,j4 ,f4 
,:iteaves1 ,geo4 ,h4 ,williams1 ,h4 ,s4 
,williams & ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell4  ,x has be5
 arrang$ t ?is committee %\ld und]take !
 "w ( prep>+ ! sci5tific program = !    
,geological ,congress4 ,! committee h   
prep>$ a provisional s*$ule ( topics1   
:i* !y h submitt$ to ! ,advisory ,c\ncil
 = revision4 ,x has seem$ to ! committee
 t all contributions %\ld be su* z to h 
an int]national int]e/4 ,pref]ably1 !y  
%\ld be subjects t c only be treat$ mo/ 
advantage\sly 9 su* a congress1         
especially ^? t involve ! br++ toge!r ( 
data f diff]5t l&s = comp>ison4 ,!      
committee sugge/ ! organization ( !     
subjects "u ! foll[+ g5]al classes3     
,fir/4 ,su* z %all %[ ! pres5t /ate (   
geological progress4 ,x is believ$ t ?is
 c be/ be done by an exhibition (       
geological maps :i* %all %[ ! late/ &   
be/ results ( (ficial & o!r surveys4 ,z 
su* maps w be prep>$1 x is hop$1 = !    
,_w's ,fair1 duplicates c be made at a  

slight exp5se = ! use ( ! ,congress4 ,x 
is hop$ t ea* c\ntry t has made any     
notable progress 9 mapp+ its geological 
=mations w furni% = ! ,congress at lea/ 
a g5]al geological map1 if n also       
special or analytical maps4  ,second4   
,su* subjects z be> ^u cont95tal gr[? & 
int]cont95tal relations4 ,x is propos$  
to make ?is a lead+ l9e ( discussion    
dur+ ! ,congress1 9 ! belief t !re is no
 subject m appropriate1 & t !re is none 
:i* bett] repres5ts ! pres5t ef=ts (    
geologi/s or comm&s a m g5]al int]e/4 ,x
 is hop$ t analytical maps w be prep>$  
by ! geologi/s ( ! sev]al c\ntries      
repres5t+ ! /ages ( gr[? ( ^! regions 9 
ea* ( ! great eras f ! ,ar*ean to !     
,plei/oc5e1 & t su* analytical maps may 
con/itute a lead+ feature ( ! sev]al    
pres5tations4 ,among ! subjects ^u :i*  
contributions are specially invit$ are !
 foll[+3 ,! correlation ( cont95tal &   
int]cont95tal orographic movem5ts &     
geographic accretions by s$im5tation2 ,!
 cord9ation ( p]iods ( vulcanism 9 !    

diff]5t c\ntries2 ,! cord9ation (       
climatic /ates & *anges2 ,! correlation 
( faunal & floral v>iations &           
migrations4 ,x is hop$ t "o session may 
be devot$ to su* cord9ation pap]s be>+  
^u ea* ( ! great subdivisions3 viz41    
,ar*ean1 ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1         
,c5ozoic1 & ,plei/oc5e4  ,?ird4 ,pap]s  
on ,paleontological & ,ar*eological     
,geology ( int]national scope4  ,f\r?4  
,contributions to ,physical1 ,/ructural 
& ,petrological ,geology hav+           
int]national or g5]al be>+s4  ,fif?4    
,contributions to ,economic ,geology    
hav+ g5]al be>+s4  ,six?4 ,miscellane\s 
pap]s ( especial & g5]al int]e/4  ,!    
=ego+ gr\ps are int5d$ to embrace &     
cord9ate ! li/ ( special !mes ann\nc$ 9 
! circul> issu$ by ! local committee "s 
mon?s s9ce1 except su* z may be be/     
suit$ to popul> pres5tation1 = :i*      
special provision is to be made4  ,x w  
be det]m9$ lat]1 :5 ! numb] & nature ( !
 pap]s are asc]ta9$1 :e!r all w be      
arrang$ s z to =m a cont9u\s program1 or

 :e!r sub-sections w be =m$ & two or m  
sessions held simultane\sly4  ,x is !   
desire ( ! ,_w's ,congress ,auxili>y t a
 few addresses ( a popul> nature %all be
 giv51 ) a view to /imulat+ an int]e/ 9 
! developm5t ( ! sci5ce on ! "p ( !     
public4                                 
,t4 ,c4 ,c4  ,illu/ration  ,extra copies
 ( ! articles appe>+ "u ! head ( ,/udies
 = ,/ud5ts w be pr9t$ & kept on sale = !
 use ( tea*]s & advanc$ classes4 ,!     
prices w be fix$ z l[ z practicable1 & a
 /&+ li/ publi%$ 9 ! adv]tis+ columns ( 
! ,j\rnal4                              
,reviews4     ,on ! ,glacial ,succession
 9 ,europe4 ,by ,pr(4 ,james ,geikie4   
,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society (     
,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvii41        ,"p  
,i4 7,no4 #i71 #ahib1 pp4 #abg-adi 7) a 
map74  ,9 ?is timely essay ,pr(4 ,geikie
 rea*es ! foll[+ conclusions3  #a4 ,!   
record ( ! fir/ glacial epo* is f\nd 9 !
 ,weyborn ,crag ( ,brita91 & ! gr\nd    
mora9e b5ea? ! ,l[] ,diluvium ( !       
cont95t4 ,dur+ ?is epo*1 ! direction ( !

 ice movem5t 9 s\!rn ,sw$5 0 f ! s\?-ea/
 to ! nor?we/4 ,?is fir/ glacial epo* ( 
:i* direct evid5ce is adduc$ 0 foll[$ by
 an int]glacial int]val1 dur+ :i* !     
=e/-b$ ( ,crom]1 ! breccia ( ,htt+1 !   
lignites ( ,leffe & ,pianico1 & c]ta9   
b$s 9 c5tral ,france 7 deposit$4 ,dur+  
?is int]glacial epo*1 ! climate is      
believ$ to h be5 v mild4  #b4 ,!re      
foll[$ a second epo* ( glaciation1 :5 ! 
ice %eet ( ,brita9 became conflu5t ) t (
 ! cont95t4 ,?is 0 ! epo* dur+ :i* ! ice
 %eet rea*$ its s\!rnmo/ ext5sion4 ,its 
depositions are f\nd 9 ! l[] b\ld] clays
 ( ,brita91 ! l[] diluvium ( ,sc&9avia &
 nor? ,g]many 79 "p71 ! l[] glacial     
deposits ( s\? ,g]many & c5tral ,russia1
 ! gr\nd mora9es & high level gravel    
t]races ( ,alp9e l&s1 & ! t]m9al mora9es
 ( ! out] zone4 ,dur+ ?is second glacial
 epo*1 ,alp9e glaci]s are believ$ to h  
atta9$ _! greate/ developm5t4 ,?is epo* 
( extreme glaciation 0 foll[$ by an     
int]glacial int]val1 dur+ :i* ,brita9 is
 believ$ to h be5 jo9$ to ! cont95t4    

,dur+ ?is int]val1 ! climate became     
temp]ate4 ,9 ,russia 7ne> ,mosc[7 !re   
seems to be evid5ce t x 0 mild] & m     
humid ?an t ( ! same region at ! pres5t 
day4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! mild epo*1       
subm]g5ce seems to h be5 accompani$ by  
an increas+ degree ( cold1 :i* f9ally   
end$ 9 ano!r glacial epo*4  #c4 ,!      
subsid5ce :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! second   
int]glacial int]val1 m>k$ likewise !    
inauguration ( ! ?ird glacial epo*4 ,its
 "w is repres5t$ 9 ,brita9 by ! upp]    
b\ld] clay1 9 ,sc&9avia & ,g]many by !  
l[] diluvium 79 "p71 9 c5tral ,russia by
 ! upp] glacial s]ies1 9 ,alp9e l&s by  
gr\nd mora9es & gravel t]races4 ,! ice  
%eets ( ,sc&9avia & ,brita9 7 aga9      
conflu5t1 b did n ext5d q s f> s\? z    
dur+ ! second glacial epo*4 ,?is ?ird   
glacial epo* is believ$ to h be5 foll[$ 
by ano!r int]glacial int]val1 dur+ :i*  
fre% wat] alluvia1 lignite & peat       
accumulations 7 made4 ,^! are repres5t$ 
by ! int]glacial b$s ( nor? ,g]many1 &  
by "s ( ! s-call$ po/-glacial alluvia ( 

,brita94 ,!re 7 also m>9e deposits on ! 
coa/s ( ,brita9 & on ! bord]s ( !       
,baltic4 ,dur+ ?is int]glacial int]val1 
,brita9 is believ$ to h be5 cont95tal4  
,! climate 0 temp]ate1 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t 
became m sev]e4 ,?is increas+ sev]ity   
seems to h be5 accompani$ by subm]g5ce1 
:i* am\nt$ to some?+ l #ajj ft4 bel[ !  
pres5t sea-level on ! coa/s ( ,scotl&4  
,! ,baltic prov9ces ( ,g]many 7 also    
invad$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,nor? ,sea4  #d4  
,!re foll[$ a f\r? p]iod ( glaciation1  
dur+ :i* ! major "p ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&
 0 cov]$ by an ice %eet4 ,local ice     
%eets exi/$ 9 ! s\!rn upl&s ( ,scotl& & 
9 m\nta9 di/ricts 9 o!r p>ts ( ,brita91 
& ! great valley glaci]s sometimes      
coalesc$ on ! l[ l&s4 ,iceb]gs float$   
out at ! m\?s ( "s ( ! highl& sea-lo*s4 
,9 "s places1 t]m9al mora9es 7 deposit$ 
^u m>9e b$s :i* 7 !n 9 process (        
=mation4 ,^! b$s are n[ #ajj ft4 above !
 sea level4 ,at ?is "t ,sc&9avia 0 cov]$
 by a great ice %eet1 :i* yield$ iceb]gs
 to ! sea along ! :ole we/ coa/ (       

,norway4 ,! gr\nd mora9es & t]m9al      
mora9es ( ! m\nta9 regions ( ,brita9    
repres5t ! deposits ( ?is ice epo*4 ,!  
upp] diluvium ( ,sc&9avia1 ,f9l&1 & nor?
 ,g]many repres5t ! "w ( !              
contemporane\s1 b n conflu5t1 ice %eet (
 ! cont95t4 ,9 ! ,alps1 t]m9al mora9es 9
 ! l>ge longitud9al valleys 7 made at ! 
same "t4  ,?is f\r? glacial epo* 0      
foll[$ by a f\r? int]glacial int]val1   
dur+ :i* fre% wat] alluvial deposits 7  
made1 & also ! l[] buri$ =e/ & peat (   
,brita9 & nor?we/]n ,europe4 ,at ?is "t1
 ,scotl& seems to h /ood #de to #ej feet
 l[] ?an n[1 & ,c>se clays & rais$      
bea*es repres5t ! "w ( ! sea4 ,dur+ ?is 
int]glacial int]val1 ,brita9 is believ$ 
to h become aga9 cont95tal1 :ile !      
climate became s f> ameliorat$ z to all[
 ! gr[? ( great =e/s4 ,subsequ5tly !    
insulation ( ,brita9 0 effect$1 & ?is 0 
foll[$ by a climate :i* 0 probably cold]
 ?an ! pres5t4  #e4 ,! sev]ity ( !      
climate :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! f\r?       
int]glacial int]val 0 su* z to br+ ab\t 

local glaciation 9 "s ( ! m\nta9 valleys
 ( ,brita94 ,"h & !re ! glaci]s project$
 _! mora9es s f> d[n ! m\nta9s t !y re/ 
on :at is n[ ! #de to #ej feet bea*4 ,9 
! ,alps1 ?is fif? epo* ( glaciation is  
repres5t$ by ! s-call$ po/-glacial      
mora9es 9 ! upp] valleys4 ,?is is       
believ$ to h be5 ! la/ appe>ance (      
glaci]s 9 ,brita94 ,! dissolution ( ^!  
glaci]s 0 aga9 foll[$ by an em]g5ce ( ! 
isl&1 & by m g5ial climatic conditions4 
,9 support ( 8 conclusions1 ,pr(4       
,geikie cites "s /rik+ facts :i* are n s
 widely kn[n z !y %\ld be4 ,= example1  
,sw$i% geologi/s h f\nd evid5ces t !re 0
 an ice %eet ant$at+ t :i* deposit$ !   
l[] diluvium1 & t dur+ ?is e>li]        
glaciation ! direction ( ice movem5t 9  
s\!rn ,sw$5 0 f ! s\?-ea/ to ! nor?-we/4
 ,! gr\nd mora9e deposit$ by ?is ice    
%eet is ov]la9 by ! l[] diluvium :i* 0  
produc$ by an ice movem5t f ! nor?      
nor?-ea/ to ! s\? s\?-we/1 or ne>ly at  
"r angles to ! fir/4 ,aga91 ne> ,mosc[1 
!re exi/ int]glacial b$s ^: plant rema9s

 indicate a climate mild] & m humid ?an 
t ( ! pres5t "t4 ,^! int]glacial b$s1 x 
w be obs]v$1 occur 9 ! region ( ! l[]   
diluvium q beyond ! m>g9 ( ! ice :i*    
produc$ ! upp] diluvium ( ,g]many &     
,sc&9avia4 ,dur+ ?is int]glacial        
int]val1 ,pr(4 ,geikie ma9ta9s t no "p (
 ,russia c\ld h be5 cov]$ ) ice4 ,if1   
!n1 )9 ! limits ( ! area cov]$ by ! l[] 
diluvium1 & n by ! upp]1 di/9ct b$s (   
glacial drift are sep>at$ by su* b$s z  
^? cit$1 !re c be no "q b t su*         
sep>ation m>ks two di/9ct glacial epo*s4
 ,if !re 0 an e>li] glaciation :5 !     
movem5t ( ! ice 9 ,sw$5 0 at "r angles  
to t dur+ :i* ! l[] "p ( ! l[] diluvium 
0 produc$1 ?is also w\ld seem to be good
 evid5ce ( ?ree ice epo*s prior to !    
upp] diluvium4 ,! epo* ( ! upp] diluvium
 w\ld !n con/itute ! f\r? glacial epo*1 
& ?is is ! int]pretation ( ,pr(4        
,geikie4  ,outside ! area ( ! ,european 
cont95tal ice %eet1 facts are adduc$ 9  
/rik+ confirmation ( ! multiple ice epo*
 !ory4 ,^! facts are f\nd 9 ,switz]l&1  

:]e evid5ces ( multiple glaciation h be5
 recogniz$1 & 9 ! ,pyr5ees :]e evid5ces 
( ?ree sep>ate ice epo*s h be5 f\nd4 ,9 
,france1 evid5ces ( an int]glacial      
int]val h be5 f\nd 9 ! region ( ! ,puy  
de ,dme ( su* duration z to all[ !      
excavation ( valleys to a dep? ( #ijj   
feet4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* w\ld be requir$ =
 su* /up5d\s erosion mu/ c]ta9ly be     
reg>d$ z suffici5t to all[ ! prec$+ &   
succe$+ glaciations to be consid]$ z    
belong+ to two di/9ct epo*s4  ,ano!r    
po9t ( great significance & int]e/ :i*  
,pr(4 ,geikie's essay br+s out1 is !    
correlation 9 ,brita9 betwe5 epo*s (    
glaciation & epo*s ( subsid5ce on ! "o  
h&1 & betwe5 int]glacial int]vals &     
epo*s ( elevation on ! o!r4 ,if ,pr(4   
,geikie's int]pretation be well f\nd$1 &
 s f> z we are able to judge f ! facts  
pres5t$ ?is is ! case1 8 conclusions    
w\ld seem to be fatal to ! hypo!sis t   
glacial climate 0 produc$ by nor!rn     
elevation4  ,! map :i* ,pr(4 ,geikie    
gives1 %[+ ! limit ( ice advance dur+ ! 

f\r? glacial epo*1 seems to u op5 to    
criticism4 ,on ! gr\nd ( p]sonal        
obs]vation1 ! writ] believes t ! ice    
%eet ( ! glacial epo* "h repres5t$ did n
 ext5d notably1 if at all1 beyond !     
,baltic ,ridge4#ah  #ah ,see ,am]ican   
,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 ,may1 #ahhg4 ,9 a    
rec5t lett]1 ,pr(4 ,geikie indicates t  
he is conv9c$1 f subsequ5t p]sonal      
obs]vation1 t 8 map is errone\s s f> z !
 limit ( ! ice ( ?is epo* is conc]n$4 ,!
 mapp+ giv5 0 bas$ on ! op9ion ( o!rs4  
,pr(4 ,geikie is an advocate ( ,dr4     
,croll's a/ronomical !ory ( glacial     
climate1 & ?9ks t ev5 five is n ! full  
numb] ( glacial epo*s belong+ to !      
,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,he believes !re may h
 be5 a s]ies ( glacial epo*s increas+ 9 
sev]ity to a maximum repres5t$ by :at is
 n[ designat$ z ! second glacial epo*4  
,?is maximum 0 foll[$ by a s]ies ( epo*s
 ( dim9i%+ sev]ity1 repres5t$ by :at he 
designates ! ?ird1 f\r? & fif? epo*s4 ,!
 essay is a timely contribution to      
glacial geology4                        

,roll9 ,d4 ,salisbury4                  
,analytical ,ab/racts ( ,curr5t         
,lit]ature4#ai  #ai ,ab/racts 9 ?is     
numb] are prep>$ by ,h5ry ,b4 ,kummel1  
,*as4 ,e4 ,peet1 ,j4 ,a4 ,b[nock]4      
,! ,sub-,glacial ,orig9 ( ,c]ta9 ,esk]s4
 ,by ,william ,morris        ,davis1    
,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 7,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on
 ,society        ( ,natural ,hi/ory1    
,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,may #ah1 #ahib74  ,a     
critical discussion ( ! conditions "u   
:i* x is conceiv$ c]ta9 esk]s & s&      
plateaus 7pla9s7 7 =m$4 ,! ,auburndale  
di/rict1 t5 miles ea/ ( ,bo/on1 pres5ts 
?ree classes ( modifi$ drift            
deposits2--s& plateaus1 esk]s1 & kames4 
,^! deposits are well expos$4  ,! s&    
plateaus h ! *>act]i/ics ( delta        
deposits ( glacial /reams1--ev5         
surfaces1 well-b$d$ s&s & gravels1 ! b$s
 slop+ outw>d f ! head at an angle ( #ab
 to #bj1 & 9 close agreem5t ) ! slope ( 
! plateau front1 a lobate m>g91 deposits
 di/9ctly co>s] at ! head ?an ne> !     
front1 & a s]ies ( ne>ly horizontal     

r\ghly cross-b$d$ gravels ov]ly+ ! slop+
 b$s4  ,! esk]s are ess5tially ( ! same 
mat]ial z t ( ! plateau1 (t5 s poorly   
/ratifi$ z to r5d] diff]5tiation ( ! b$s
 difficult4 ,! int]/ices betwe5 !       
pebbles are (t5 unfill$1 al?\gh !re is  
abundance ( f9e mat]ial 9 adjo9+ lay]s4 
,?is op5 "w is tak5 to indicate rapid   
deposition1 & seems to preclude !       
supposition t ! gravels h settl$ d[n f a
 sup]glacial position1 or be5 trav]s$ by
 curr5ts ( any volume4 ,9 sev]al        
in/ances ! esk]s c be foll[$ to direct  
union ) s& plateaus4 ,t[>ds its l[] end 
! esk] frequ5tly gives out bran*es & !  
adjac5t l[l& surface becomes m or less  
encumb]$ ) s& m\nds or kames1 indicat+ a
 decay$ m>g9 ( ! ice4  ,pr(4 ,davis'    
conclusions are3  #a4 ,! esk]s & s&     
plateaus ( ,auburndale & ,newtonville 7 
=m$ by runn+ wat] j inside & outside ( !
 ice m>g9 9 ! clos+ /age ( ! la/ glacial
 epo*4  #b4 ,! ice-%eet 0 a /agnant1    
decay+ mass at ! "t ( _! =mation1 z is  
%[n by ! ragg$ outl9e ( its m>g94  #c4  

,esk]s & s& plateaus are g5etically     
connect$2 ! t]m1 fe$+-esk]1 is fully    
w>rant$ by ! relation ( ! two 9         
position1 /ructure1 & composition4  #d4 
,! s& plateaus 7 made rapidly2 ?is is   
prov$ by ! abs5ce ( disord]$ b$s at _!  
heads1 :]e space w\ld h be5 op5$ by !   
backw>d melt+ ( ! ice _h ! =w>d gr[? ( !
 plateau be5 sl[4 ,! esk]s 7 also made  
rapidly1 z is %[n by _! 'op5-"w         
gravels4'  #e4 ,! div]sion ( ! fe$+     
/reams to o!r outlets left ! plateaus & 
! esk]s )\t fur!r en]getic action z !   
ice melt$ away f !m4  #f4 ,! pres5t =m &
 /ructure ( ! esk]s are m accordant ) ! 
supposition ( a subglacial orig9 ?an ( a
 sup]glacial orig92 b x is n int5d$ to  
imply t o!r esk]s ( m irregul> =m &     
diff]5t /ructure c\ld n h be5 deposit$ 9
 sup]glacial *annels4                   
,h4 ,b4 ,k4                     99      
99       99       99       99           
,/udies 9 ,/ructural ,geology4 ,by      
,bailey ,willis1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4         
,surv4 7,transactions ( ! ,am]ican      

,in/itute ( ,m9+        ,eng9e]s1 ,june1
 #ahib74  ,! pap] aims to pres5t "s ( ! 
results ( obs]vation ( ! geologi/s ( !  
,appala*ian division dur+ ! pa/ ?ree    
ye>s on ! subject ( /ructural geology 9 
! ,appala*ian prov9ce4 ,! /ructural     
features are all ( "o type b ( diff]5t  
phases1 compris$ 9 f\r great di/ricts4  
#a7 ! di/rict ( close fold+1 #b7 a      
di/rict ^: *ief /ructural *>act]i/ic is 
cleavage1 #c7 a di/rict ( op5 fold+1 #d7
 a di/rict ( fault+ & fold+4 ,! answ] to
 ! que/ions1 ,:y did ! /rata b5d 9 !    
di/rict ( op5 fold+1 & :y did !y break 9
 ! di/rict ( fault+1 is t ! ?ru/ affect$
 !m accord+ to _! rigidity "u _!        
respective conditions ( sup]9cumb5t     
load4 ,we "k t load up to a c]ta9 po9t  
re/ra9s fracture 9 mat]ial "u ?ru/4 ,9 !
 di/rict ( op5 fold+ ! ,devonian        
lime/one is ! mo/ rigid ( ! /rata & ! "o
 :i* w\ld mo/ effectively transmit !    
compress+ ?ru/ & w\ld control ! result+ 
/ructure4 ,9 ! di/rict ( op5 fold+ ?is  
lime/one 0 prev5t$ f break+ & fault+ by 

a load ( sup]9cumb5t /rata ex]t+ a      
pressure ( #aj1jjj to #bc1jjj p\nds p]  
squ>e in*1 :ile 9 ! fault$ di/rict a    
load ( #e1jjj to #aj1jjj p\nds p] squ>e 
in* p]mitt$ ! /rata to break & fault4   
,! answ] to ! "q1 ,:y did ! compression 
affect ?is zone1 is giv54 ,x becomes    
app>5t on /udy ( sections t :]e         
compression rais$ a great ar* !re       
previ\sly exi/$ a b5d f a ne>ly         
horizontal to a desc5d+ position 9 !    
pr9cipal /ratum transmitt+ ! ?ru/4      
,great] anticl9es & syncl9es orig9at$ 9 
upw>d & d[nw>d convexity ( initial dips1
 due to unequal deposits ( s$im5ts :i*  
depress und]ly+ /rata 9 proportion to _!
 weight4 ,su* folds may be call$        
orig9al4 ,! ,pottsville1 ,mahanoy1      
,%amok9 & ,wyom+ coal bas9s (           
,p5nsylvania belong to ?is class4       
,exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 c>ri$ on 9 !   
(fice ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological     
,survey reproduc+ ! diff]5t =ms ( fold+4
 ,! exp]im5ts diff]$ f o!r exp]im5ts 9 t
 #a7 ! mat]ials us$ to simulate !       

/ratifi$ rocks v>i$ 9 consi/5cy f       
brittle to pla/ic1 accord+ to ! dep? at 
:i* de=mation is suppos$ to take place2 
#b7 ! compression 0 ex]t$ "u a movable  
load repres5t+ ! weight ( sup]9cumb5t   
/rata2 #c7 ! /rata re/$ on a yield+ base
 to simulate ! condition ( support ( any
 arc ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! foll[+ are !    
conclusions f ! exp]im5ts3  #a4 ,:5 a   
?ru/ tang5tially affects a /ratifi$     
mass1 x is transmitt$ 9 ! direction ( ! 
/rata1 & by ea* /ratum accord+ to its   
inflexibility4 ,at any b5d ! =ce is     
resolv$ into compon5ts1 "o radial1 ! o!r
 tang5tial to ! dip beyond ! b5d2 !     
radial compon5t1 if direct$ d[nw>d1 t5ds
 to depress ! /ratum & displace its     
support4  #b4 ,a ?ru/ s resolv$ c only  
raise an anticl9e or ar* :i* is /rong   
en\gh to su/a9 ! load lift$ by its      
developm5t2 su* an ar* may be call$     
compet5t2 & s9ce /r5g? is a function ( !
 proportions ( a /ructure1 x foll[s t1 =
 a giv5 /ratum1 ! size ( a compet5t     
anticl9e w v>y inv]sely z ! load2 or = a

 giv5 load ! size w v>y z ! ?ickness ( !
 effective /ratum4  #c4 ,! sup]9cumb5t  
load borne by a compet5t anticl9e is    
transf]r$ to ! supports ( ! ar* at !    
po9ts ( inflection ( ! limbs4  #d4 ,:5 a
 compet5t ar* is rais$ by ?ru/ f "o     
side1 ! load transf]r$ may s depress !  
result+ syncl9e fur!r f ! =ce t an      
initial dip w be produc$ 9 o!rwise      
undi/urb$ /rata2 ?is dip w rise to a b5d
 f :i* a new anticl9e may be develop$4  
,?is anticl9e is a result ( ! fir/1 &   
may be call$ 'subsequ5t' 9 di/9ction to 
orig9al folds4 ,s9ce subsequ5t folds are
 simply compet5t /ructures1 _! size w be
 det]m9$ by conditions ( ?ickness &     
load1 & = l conditions !y %\ld be equal2
 & !y mu/1 9 consequ5ce ( conditions (  
developm5t1 be p>allel to ! orig9al fold
 & to ea* o!r4 ,an example ( an orig9al 
fold ) its subsequ5t anticl9es is !     
,nittany ar* & ! gr\p ( p>allel         
anticl9es :i* lie s\!a/ ( x1 ext5d+     
nor!a/ f ! ,broad ,top bas94            
,c4 ,e4 ,p4                     99      

99       99       99       99     ,!    
,catskill ,delta 9 ! ,po/-,glacial      
,hudson ,e/u>y4 ,by ,william            
,morris ,davis4 7,f ! ,proce$+s ( !     
,bo/on ,society (        ,natural       
,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,xxv41 #ahia74  ,!      
po/-,t]ti>y tr5*es ( ! ,hudson & its    
tribut>ies are 9 ! ma9 fill$ ) clay b$s1
 :i*1 cov]$ by a ?9 deposit ( s&1 rise 9
 t]races #acj1 #aej1 or ev5 #ahj feet   
above tide-wat]4 ,^! clays are ! result 
( a late glacial or po/-glacial         
subm]g5ce ( ! valley1 b _! upp] surface 
does n indicate ! am\nt ( _! subm]g5ce1 
z !y are bottom deposits4 ,delta        
deposits made by ! tribut>y /reams1 :]e 
!y ent]$ ! ,hudson e/u>y1 w\ld indicate 
! am\nt ( subm]g5ce4  ,su* deposits are 
f\nd on ! ,catskill a mile nor? (       
,cairo1 & erod$ remnants are traceable =
 ?ree or f\r miles d[n /ream4 ,! surface
 is *>act]iz$ by great numb]s (         
wat]-worn /ones up to fifte5 or eighte5 
in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! lobate m>g91 :]e    
pres5t1 is poorly def9$4 ,^! deposits   

range f #bij feet 7an]oid7 above tide1  
up riv]1 to #bgj feet fur!r d[n4 ,"o-t5?
 ( a cubic mile ( mat]ial seems to h be5
 wa%$ into ! ,catskill tr5* at ! po9t ( 
?is delta betwe5 ! "t ( ! ice dep>ture &
 ! elevation ( ! l&4 ,subsequ5t t]rac+  
has remov$ half t am\nt4  ,! c\rse ( !  
,catskill at ,le$s1 :]e x crosses a l$ge
 ( h>d ,cornif]\s lime/one is probably (
 po/-glacial sup]impos$ orig91 b !      
preglacial valley _c be def9itely fix$4 
,h4 ,b4 ,k4                     99      
99       99       99       99           
,geological ,survey (                   
,alabama4--,bullet9 #d4 ,by ,c4 ,will>d 
,hayes4        7,report ( ! ,geology (  
,nor!a/]n ,alabama & ,adjac5t           
,portions ( ,georgia & ,t5nessee74  ,?is
 report cov]s an area ( #eiej miles1    
two-?irds 9 ,alabama4 ,topographically x
 falls into ?ree divisions3 #a7 !       
,cumb]l& & o!r plateaus ( ! nor?we/2 #b7
 9 ! c5t]1 anticl9al valleys--,br[ns &  
,wills1 ) ! syncl9al m\nta9s--,s& &     
,look\t2 #c7 ! monocl9al m\nta9s1 !     

flatwoods 7,coosa %ales7 & ! *]t hills  
7,knox lime/one7 ( ! s\!a/4 ,! dra9age (
 ! fir/ is radial f ! c5t] ( ! plateau  
to ! ,t5nessee2 t ( ! second1 once      
consequ5t ^u ! fold$ /ructure1 is n[    
adju/$ to ! /rike ( ! s(t b$s4  ,!      
=mations are ,cambrian1 ,silurian1      
,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s4 ,total ?ickness
 is f #ac1jjj to #ah1jjj feet 9 ! ea/1 b
 decreases we/w>d4 ,h>d s&/ones ( !     
,c>bonif]\s =m ! capp+s ( ! plateaus &  
syncl9al m\nta9s4 ,9 ! anticl9al &      
monocl9al valleys ! ,silurian &         
,cambrian appe>4 ,! rocks pass f ! ne>ly
 horizontal b$s ( ! plateau region1 by  
n>r[ unsymmetrical anticl9es ) /eep] dip
 on ! nor?we/ side1 & by broad %all[    
syncl9es1 to ! complicat$ folds ( !     
s\!a/4 ,! axes ( ^! latt] folds dip m or
 less abruptly nor?w>d & s\?w>d1 caus+ !
 ridges to assume zigzag c\rses4        
,syncl9es are (t5 cross$ by anticl9es4  
,?ru/ faults exi/1 "s ( great magnitude1
 & traceable = #bjj to #cjj miles4 ,by !
 ,rome ?ru/ fault ! ,cambrian %ales h   

be5 %ov$ f\r to five miles ov] ^u !     
,c>bonif]\s %ales4 ,mo/ ( ! ov]?ru/     
/rata h be5 worn away1 b tongues (      
,cambrian %ale /ill rema9 to all        
appe>ances ly+ con=mably ^u !           
,c>bonif]\s /rata4 ,transv]se ?ru/      
faults t]m9ate ,gaylor's ridge1 ,dirt   
,sell] ,m\nta91 & ,look\t ,m\nta9 on !  
s\?4                                    
,h4 ,b4 ,k4                     99      
99       99       99       99     ,!    
,correlation ( ,mora9es ) ,rais$ ,bea*es
 ( ,lake ,erie4        ,by ,frank       
,lev]ett1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4         
7,wiscons9 ,academy (        ,sci5ce4   
,vol4 ,,viii41 #ahia74  ,ref]5ces h be5 
made 9 ,geological lit]ature to ! bea*es
 ( ! ea/]n portion ( ! ,lake ,erie bas91
 b up to ! "t ( ,mr4 ,lev]ett's "w none 
( ! bea*es _h be5 completely trac$4 ,mr4
 ,gilb]t _h discov]$ t sev]al ( ! rais$ 
bea*es d n completely encircle ,lake    
,erie1 & suppos$ t _! ea/]n t]m9i       
repres5t ! successive positions ( !     
front ( ! cont95tal glaci] dur+ its     

retreat nor!a/w>d across ! ,lake ,erie  
bas94 ,mr4 ,lev]ett v]ifies ?is !ory by 
demon/rat+ t c]ta9 mora9es are !        
correlatives ( ! bea*es4 ,!y are z      
foll[s3  ,i4 ,! ,van ,w]t or upp] bea* &
 its correlative mora9e1 ! ,blan*>d     
ridge4 ,,ii4 ,! ,leipsic or second bea* 
& its correlative mora9es4 ,,iii4 ,!    
,belmore1 or ?ird bea* & its correlative
 mora9e4  ,i4 ,! ,van ,w]t bea* ext5ds  
ea/w>d f ! =m] s\?we/w>d outlet ( ,lake 
,erie ne> ,=t ,wayne1 ,indiana1 to      
,f9dlay1 ,ohio1 :]e x jo9s ! ,blan*>d   
mora9e4 ,?r\gh ,indiana & ,ohio its     
altitude is q uni=mly #baj feet above   
,lake ,erie4  ,:ile ! ,van ,w]t bea* 0  
=m+1 ! ice front 0 ! nor!a/]n %ore ( !  
lake z f> ea/ z ,f9dlay1 ,ohio1 its     
position be+ m>k$ by ! ,blan*>d mora9e4 
,ea/ ( ,f9dlay1 :]e ! ,van ,w]t bea*    
jo9s x1 ! mora9e is ( ! normal type4 ,b 
we/ ( ,f9dlay1 x pres5ts peculi>ities ( 
topography & /ructure1 result+ f !      
pres5ce ( lake wat] b5ea? ! ice m>g94 ,!
 wat] 0 %all[ & incapable ( buoy+ up !  

ice-%eet1 & produc+ iceb]gs4 ,! motion (
 ! wat] "u ! ice-%eet produc$ a v>iable 
/ructure4 ,?is is ! only in/ance ( a    
mora9e demon/rably =m$ 9 lake wat]4     
,,ii4 ,! ,leipsic1 or second bea*1 0 =m$
 aft] ! ice _h retreat$ f its position  
m>k$ by ! ,blan*>d mora9e4 ,its altitude
 is #aie to #bjj feet above ,lake ,erie4
 ,x has its t]m9us ne> ,clevel&1 :]e x  
connects ) ! we/]n end ( a mora9e4      
,,iii4 ,! ,belmore bea* & its           
correlative mora9e4 ,betwe5 ! ,leipsic  
bea* & ! pres5t %ore ( ,lake ,erie are  
sev]al bea*es4 ,"o ( ^!1 ! ,belmore     
bea*1 t]m9ates ne> ,clevel&1 :ile ! o!rs
 ext5d into s\?we/]n ,new ,york1 &      
probably connect ) mora9es1 ?\gh ?is    
connection has n be5 trac$4 ,! g5]al    
altitude ( ! ,belmore bea* 9 ,ohio is   
#afj to #agj feet above ,lake ,erie4    
,unlike ! ,van ,w]t & ,leipsic bea*es1 x
 does n directly connect ) a mora9e at  
its ea/]n end1 b a gap ( t5 miles       
int]v5es4 ,t]races at ,clevel&1 ,mr4    
,lev]ett ?9ks1 make a connection betwe5 

! ea/]n end ( ! bea* & ! we/]n end ( !  
mora9e at ,euclid1 ,ohio4               
,c4 ,e4 ,p4                     99      
99       99       99       99     ,!    
,climate ( ,europe ,dur+ ! ,glacial     
,epo*4 ,by ,clem5t ,reid4               
7,natural ,sci5ce4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #f1   
#ahib74  ,temp]ature ( ! ,sea4--,!      
temp]ature ( ! ,engli% ,*annel 0 simil> 
to t :]e ! iso!rm ( #cb ,f4 is n[       
situat$4 ,! w9t] temp]ature c sc>cely h 
be5 #bj cold] ?an at pres5t4 ,!         
,m$it]ranean 0 p]haps #e cold] ?an n[4  
,temp]ature ( ! ,l& 7air74--,x does n   
appe> t ! climate ( ! l[l&s ( s\!rn     
,europe c h be5 #bj l[] ?an ! pres5t    
mean2 #aj or p]haps less appe> to h be5 
! refrig]ation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region4 
,! temp]ature at ! s\!rn m>g9 ( !       
ice-%eet 0 ab\t #bj cold] ?an at pres5t4
 ,! temp]ature increas$ rapidly t[>ds ! 
s\?4 ,rec5t obs]vations seem to %[ t    
?r\gh\t c5tral ,europe !re 0 a p]iod (  
dry cold1 caus+ ! c\ntry to resemble !  
arid regions ( c5tral ,asia4            

,j4 ,a4 ,b4                     99      
99       99       99       99     ,on ! 
,glacial ,p]iod & ! ,e>?-,movem5t       
,hypo!sis4 ,by        ,james ,geikie1   
,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&4 7,read be=e !       
,victoria        ,in/itute1 ,london74   
,geologi/s g5]ally admit t !re h be5 at 
lea/ two glacial epo*s1 sep>at$ by "o   
well-m>k$ int]glacial p]iod4 ,! clos+   
/age ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod 0 "o ( cold   
conditions 9 nor?we/]n ,europe1         
accompani$ by l& depressions4 ,aft] ?is 
came a g5ial climate ) a union ( !      
,briti% isl&s among !mselves & also ) ! 
cont95t4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a cold1 humid 
condition4  ,upham ma9ta9s t ! :ole (   
,nor? ,am]ica nor? ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico  
/ood at lea/ ?ree ?\s& feet high] at !  
beg9n+ ( ! glacial epo* ?an at pres5t4  
,fiords 7 =m$ be=e glacial times & s c n
 be cit$ z evid5ce ( high l& dur+ !     
glacial p]iod4 ,an elevation ( l& 9 !   
nor!rn "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe c\ld
 n produce glaciation 9 _! s\!rn p>ts4  
,! deflection ( ! ,gulf ,/ream by ! s9k+

 ( ! ,panama1 ,pr(essor ,geikie argues1 
c\ld n produce ! conditions :i* prevail$
 dur+ ! glacial epo*4 ,! ,e>?-,movem5t  
hypo!sis1 he believes1 acc\nts nei!r = !
 widespread ph5om5a ( ! ice-age1 nor = !
 rem>kable int]glacial climates4 ,"s    
ma9ta9 t ! w>m int]glacial p]iod 0      
produc$ by ! rise ( ! ,panama l&1 ! s9k+
 ( ! l&s to ! nor?1 & ! turn+ ( ! ,gulf 
,/ream f ! ,pacific into ! ,atlantic4   
,:y !n1 asks ,pr(essor ,geikie1 d we n h
 su* a climate n[8                      
,j4 ,a4 ,b4                             
,ackn[l$gm5ts4   ,! foll[+ pap]s h be5  
donat$ to ! libr>y ( ! ,geological      
,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1     
ma9ly by _! au?ors3  ,abbe1 ,clevel&4   
--,on ! ,production ( ,ra94 #h pp4      
#ahib4  ,ami1 ,h5ry ,m41 ,m4,a41        
,f4,g4,s4    --,on ,canadian ,ext9ct    
,v]tebrates4 #d pp4--,ottawa ,naturali/4
    --,on ! ,geology ( ,quebec &        
,environs4 #bf pp41 #a pl4--,bull4      
,geol4        ,soc4 ,am41 vol4 #b1 pp4  
#dgg-ejb4    --,on ! ,geology ( ,quebec 

,city1 ,canada4 #d pp4--,canadian       
,record ,sci41        ,april1 #ahia4    
--,additional ,notes on ,ganiograptus   
,?ureani1 ,mc,coy1 f ! ,levis           
,=mation ,canada4 #b pp4--,canad4       
,record ,sci41 ,oct4 #ahhi4             
--,reviews ( ,reports & ,pap]s on       
,canadian ,geology & ,paleontology4     
#h pp4--,ottawa ,naturali/1 ,oct4-,dec4 
#ahib4    --,notes & ,descriptions ( "s 
new or hi!rto unrecord$ species        (
 ,fossils f ! ,cambro-,silurian         
7,ordovician7 ,rocks ( !        ,prov9ce
 ( ,quebec4 #ae pp4--,canadian ,record (
 ,sci41 ,april1 #ahib4    --,review (   
,catalogue ( ! ,fossil ,cephalopoda ( ! 
,briti%        ,museum1 ,"p #h1         
,nautiloidea4 ,by ,ar?ur ,h4 ,foord1    
,f4,g4,s4 #c        pp4--,canadian      
,record ( ,sci41 ,sept4 #ahia4    --,on 
! ,sequ5ce ( ,/rata =m+ ! ,quebec ,gr\p 
( ,logan &        ,bill+s1 ) ,rem>ks on 
! ,fossil ,rema9s f\nd !re94 #d         
pp4--,ottawa ,naturali/1 ,june1 #ahib4  
,&e1 ,a4 & ,a4 ,osann4    --,beitrge zur

 ,geologie des ,blattes ,heidelb]g4 #ci 
pp41 ,,iii41 #b        pl4--,aus d5     
,mit!ilung5 d] ,gros%4 ,badis*5         
,geologis*5        ,l&esan/alt1 ,,ii    
,bd4 ,,vii-,,xi4  ,baltz]1 ,a4          
--,beitrge zur ,geognosie d]            
,s*weiz]-,alp5 b] die ,frage1        ob 
d] ,granit-,gneiss d] nrdli*5           
,grnzregion d]                          
,f9/]a>horn-,c5tralmass eruptiv sei od] 
ni*t1 und b]        damit zusamm5hng5de 
,probleme4 #da pp41 #b pl4--,neues      
,jahrbu*        fr ,m9]alogie1 #ahgh4   
--,beitrge zur ,geognosie d]            
,s*weiz]-,alp54 ,ueb] die ,m>morlag]    
am ,nordr& des ,f9/]a>horn-massivs4 #bj 
pp41 #b pl4--,aus dem        ,neu5      
,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1 #ahgg4          
--,ueb] d5 ,hauts*ild e9es ,ro*5 aus d] 
m>95 ,molasse4 #d pp41 #a               
pl4--,aus d5 ,mit!ilung5 d] ,natur=s*5d5
 ,gesells*aft 9        ,b]n4    --,ueb] 
d5 natrli*5 ,v]kohlungsprozess4 #bc     
pp4--,aus d]        ,vi]teljahrs-s*rift 
d] zr*]is*5 natur=s*5d5                 

,gesells*aft4    --,r&]s*e9ung5 d]      
c5tralgranitis*5 ,zone 9 ,a>massiv4 #ah 
pp41 #a pl4--,aus dem ,neu5 ,jahrbu*1   
#ahhe4 ,,ii ,b&4    --,beitrge zur      
,geognosie d] ,s*weiz]-,alp54 ,e9       
,beitrag zur        ,k5ntniss d]        
,gl>n]s*l+e4 #bj pp41 #a pl4--,aus dem  
,neu5        ,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1    
,geol4 und ,pal4 #ahgf4    --,geologis*e
 ,skizze des ,wett]horns 9 ,b]n] ,ob]l&4
 #ad pp41 #b        pl41 ,zeit4 d]      
,deut4 geolog4 ,gesell1 #ahgh4          
--,geogno/i*-*emis*e ,mit!ilung5 b] die 
neue/5 ,eruption5        auf ,vulcano   
und die ,producte d]selb54 #bi pp41 #c  
pl4--,zeit4 d4        ,deut4 ,geolog4   
,gesell1 #ahge4    --,ueb] ,b]g/rze 9 d5
 ,alp54 #ej pp41 #a pl4--,aus dem       
,jahrbu* des        ,s4,a4,c4 7,x4      
,jahrgang7 ,zri*1 #ahge4  ,bak]1 ,frank 
,c4    --,notes on a ,collection (      
,%ells f ! ,mauritius2 ) a              
consid]ation ( ! ,g5us ,magilus (       
,mont=t4 #bb pp41 #a        pl4--,proc4 
,ro*e/4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4 #b1 #ahib4  

--,catalogue & ,synonomy ( ! ,rec5t     
,species ( ! ,family (        ,muricid1 
,fir/ ,pap]4 #bj pp4--,proc4 ,ro*e/4    
,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4        ,i1 #ahia4   
--,description ( ,new ,species (        
,muricid ) ,rem>ks on ! ,apices        (
 ,c]ta9 ,=ms4 #i pp41 #a pl4--,proc4    
,ro*e/4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4        ,i1  
#ahia4  ,b>rois1 ,*>les4    --,sur la   
prs5ce de fossiles dans le t]ra9        
azoique4 #d pp4--,comptes        ,r5dus 
des ,sances de ,l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1
 ,aug4 #h1 #ahib4  ,bee*]1 ,c4,e41      
,ph4,d4    --,! ,developm5t ( "s        
,silurian ,bra*iopods4 #h pl41 #if      
pp4--,n4 ,yr        ,/ate ,mus41 ,vol4  
,i1 ,no4 ,i1 ,oct4 #ahib4               
--,bra*iospongid1 a ,memoir on a ,gr\p (
 ,silurian ,sponges4 #bh pp41 #f        
pl4 ,memoirs ( ! ,peabody ,mus41 ,vol4  
,,ii1 ,"p ,i1 #ahhi4    --,insecta by   
,alpheus ,hyatt & ,j4 ,m4 ,arms4--,am4  
,j\r4 ,sci41 ,m>*1        #ahia4        
--,new ,types ( ,c>bonif]\s ,cockroa*es 
f ! ,c>bonif]\s        ,deposits ( !    

,unit$ ,/ates2 7#b7 ,new ,c>bonif]\s    
,myriapoda        f ,ill42 7#c7         
,illu/rations ( ! ,c>bonif]\s ,ara*nida 
( ,n4 ,a41 ( ! ord]s ,an?racom>ti &     
,p$ipalpi2 7#d7 ,!        ,insects ( !  
,triassic ,b$s at ,fairplay1 ,col41     
,samuel ,h4        ,scudd]4 #b pp4--,am4
 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,jan41 #ahia4    --,"s    
,abnormal & ,pa?ologic ,=ms ( ,fre%     
,wat] ,%ells f !        ,vic9ity (      
,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 #b pp41 #b pl4--#cf?   
,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate        ,mus4 ( ,nat4
 ,hi/4    --,! ,developm5t ( a          
,paleozoic ,porif]\s ,coral4            
,symmetrical ,cell        ,developm5t 9 
! ,favositid4 #ab pp41 #g pl4--,trans4  
,conn4 ,acad4        ,sci41 ,vol4 #h1   
#ahia4    --,on ,leptnisca1 a ,new ,g5us
 ( ,bra*iopod f ! ,l4 ,held]b]g         
,gr\p4 ,n4 ,a4 ,species ( ,/rophalosia4 
#h pp41 #a pl4--,am4 ,j\r4        ,sci41
 ,sept41 #ahij4    --,c]atioc>id f !    
,*emung & ,wav]ly ,gr\ps at ,w>r51 ,p5n4
        #bb pp41 #b pl4--,rep4 ( ,prop41
 ,,ppp1 #b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5n41 #ahhd4

    --,a ,spiral ,bivalve f ! ,wav]ly   
,gr\p ( ,p5n4 #d pp41 #a                
pl4--#ci? ,an4 ,rep4 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate      
,mus41 #ahhf4    --,on ! ,l+ual         
,d5tition & ,sy/ematic ,position (      
,pyrgula4 #h pp41        #a pl4 ,j\r4   
,n4 ,y4 ,mic4 ,soc41 ,jan41 #ahij4      
--,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,u4 ,silurian      
,/rata ne> ,p5obscot ,bay1 ,ma9e4       
#f pp41 ,ill4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,may1  
#ahib4    --,kon9ck9a & ,relat$ ,g5]a4  
#i pp41 #a pl4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41       
,sept41        #ahij4    --,developm5t (
 ! ,bra*iopoda1 ,"p ,i1 ,introduction4  
#ad pp41 #a        pl4--,am4 ,j\r4      
,sci41 ,apr41 #ahib4    --,developm5t ( 
! ,bra*iopoda4 ,"p ,,ii1 ,classification
 ( !        ,/ages ( ,gr[? & ,decl9e4   
#bb pp41 #a pl4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41      
,aug41 #ahib4  ,bea*l]1 ,*as4 ,s4       
--,keokuk ,gr\p ( ! ,miss4 ,valley4 #h  
pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,aug41 #ahib4 #c      
copies4    --,! ,rocks at ,/4 ,paul1    
,indiana & ,vic9ity4 #b pp4--,am4       
,geol41        ,m*41 #ahia4 #c copies4  

,bigel[1 ,frank ,h4    --,notes on a new
 ,me?od = ! ,discussion ( ,magnetic     
,obs]vations4        #dj pp41 #b        
pl4--,bull4 ,wea!r ,bureau1 #ahib4      
,boehm1 ,georg4    --,ueb] d5           
,fussmuskele9druck bei ,pa*y]isma4 #b   
pp4--,b]i*te d]        ,natur=s*5d5     
,gesells*aft 9 ,freiburg i4 ,b41 #ahib4 
,,vi4 #c4    --,megalodon1 ,pa*y]isma   
und ,dic]as4 #bd pp4 #i wood cuts4--,aus
 d5        ,b]i*t5 d] ,natur=s*5d5      
,gesells*aft ,,vi4 #b4 zu ,freiburg     
i4 ,b41 #ahia4    --,li?iotis           
,problematica4 #af pp41 #c              
pl4--,natur=s*5d5 ,gesell4 9            
,freiburg1 ,b& ,,ii4 ,heft #c4          
--,ueb] das ,alt] d] ,kalke des col dei 
,s*iosi4 #d pp4--,d] ,deut4             
,geolog4 ,gesell1 #ahhg4    --,e9       
,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,kreide 9 d5  
,v5etian] ,alp54 #af        pp41 #d pl4 
#c cuts4--,aus d5 ,b]i*t5 d]            
,natur=s*5d5        ,gesells*aft zu     
,freiburg i4 ,b4 ,b& ,,vi4 ,heft #d4    
--,die ,bivalv5 d] ,s*i*t5 des ,dic]as  

,mu5/]i 7,dic]askalk7 von               
,kelhe94 #h pp4--,zeit4 ,deut4 ,geol4   
,gesell4 #ahha4    --,ueb] die ,fauna d]
 ,s*i*t5 mit ,durga im ,dep>tem5t d]    
,s>!4        #ab pp41 #a pl4 #b wood    
cuts4--,zeit4 d] ,deut4 geol4 ,gesell4  
,bd4        ,,xl41 #ahhh4    --,die     
,facies d] grau5 ,kalke von ,v5eti5 im  
,dep>tem5t d] ,s>!4        #f pp4--,aus 
d] ,zeit4 d] ,deut4 geol4 ,gesell1      
#ahhg4    --,sdalp9e ,kreideablag]ung54 
#f pp4--,aus d] ,zeit4 d4 ,deut4 geol4  
,gesell1 ,bd41 #cc1 #b ,heft4    --,ueb]
 e9e ,anomalie im ,kel*e von            
,mill]icr9us mespili=mis4 #e        pp41
 ,ill4 ,zeit4 d] ,deut4 ,geol4 ,gesell41
 ,bd4 #dc1 ,heft #c4  ,b[]man1 ,a4      
--,! ,*9ook ,w9ds & o!r ,climatic       
,conditions ( ! ,nor?we/4 #f            
pp4--,hi/4 & ,sci4 ,soc'y ( ,manitoba1  
,apr4 #bb1 #ahhf4  ,blan=d1 ,w4 ,t41    
,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4    --,on ,additional
 ,evid5ce ( ! ,occurr5ce ( ,glacial     
,conditions        9 ! ,paleozoic ,era1 
& 9 ! ,geological ,age ( ! ,b$s         

,conta9+ ,plants ( ! ,mesozoic ,type 9  
,india & ,au/ralia4  ,brigham1 ,alb]t   
,p4    --,a ,*apt] 9 ,glacial ,hi/ory ) 
,illu/rative ,notes f ,c5tral           
,new ,york4--,trans4 ,oneida ,hi/4      
,society1 #ahhi-ia4    --,! ,geology (  
,oneida ,c\nty4 #ah pp4--,trans4 ,oneida
 ,hi/4 ,society1        #ahhg-hh4       
--,riv]s & ! ,evolution ( ,geographic   
,=ms4 #ba pp41 ,ill4--,am4        ,geog4
 ,soc'y1 ,m*41 #ahib4  ,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c4
    --,hillocks ( ,angul> ,gravel &     
,di/urb$ ,/ratification4 #ab pp41       
,ill4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,may1 #ahhd4   
,c>t]1 ,pr(4 ,o4 ,c4 ,s4    --,ores1    
,m9]als & ,geology ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 
,p5nsylvania1 )        map4--,hi/4 (    
,mont4 ,co4    --,artesian ,wells 9 !   
,l[e/ ,trias at ,norri/[n4 #g           
pp4--,proc4 ,am4        ,phil4 ,soc41   
,may #a1 #ahia4  ,c>p5t]1 ,comm&] ,a41  
,r4 ,n4    --,s\nd+s ,rec5tly ,tak5 (f  
,b>r5 ,isl& ,n>condam1 ,pl4--,records   
,geol4 ,sur4 ,ind41 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,"p #a1 
#ahhg4  ,cl>ke1 ,f4 ,w4    --,!         

,meteoric ,collection 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 
,mus4 ,a ,catalogue (        ,meteorites
 ,repres5t$4 ,nov4 #a1 #ahhf4 #ac pp4   
,ill41 #a pl4    --,"s ,nickel ,ores f  
,oregon1 ,ill4 #g pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41
 ,june1        #ahhh4    --,ts*emak's   
,!ory ( ! ,*lorite gr\p & its           
,alt]native4 #aj        pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 
,sci41 ,m>*1 #ahib4    --,on ,nephrite &
 ,jadeite4 #ae pp4 #a pl4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4
 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,,xi1        #ahhh4        
--,/udies 9 ! ,mica ,gr\p4 #f pp4--,am4 
,j\r4 ,sci41 ,aug41 #ahhi4    --,a ,new 
occurr5ce ( ,gyrolite4 #b pp4--,am4     
,j\r4 ,sci41 ,aug41 #ahhg4              
--,exp]im5ts ^u ! ,con/itution ( !      
,natural ,silicates4 #be                
pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,oct41 ,nov41    
,dec41 #ahij4    --,mica4 #f pp4--,m94  
,res\rces ( ! ,u4 ,s41 #ahhc-d4         
--,note on ! ,con/itution ( ,ptilolite &
 ,mord5ite4--,am4 ,j\r4        ,sci41   
,aug41 #ahib4    --,on ,"s ,phosphides (
 ,iridium & ,plat9um on ,cadmium        
,iodide4        ,"s ,sp4 ,gr4           

,det]m9ations4 ,rese>*es on ! ,t>trates 
(        ,antimony4--,am4 ,*em4 ,j\r4   
,vol4 ,v41 ,no4 #d4    --,! ,fractional 
,analysis ( ,silicates4 #g pp4--,j\r4   
,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41        ,vol4 ,,xii1   
,no4 #aj4    --,a ,!ory ( ! ,mica ,gr\p4
 #aj pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,nov4 #ahhi4
  ,cl>ke ,f4 ,w4 7& ,j4 ,s4 ,dill]47    
--,topaz f ,/oneham1 ,ma9e4 #g pp4--,am4
 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,may1 #ahhh4              
--,turquois f ,new ,mexico4 #g pp4--,am4
 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,sept41 #ahhf4  ,cl>ke ,f4
 ,w4 7& ,*>les ,catlett47    --,a       
,plat9if]\s ,nickel ,ore f ,canada4 #c  
pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41        ,may1     
#ahhi4  ,cl>ke ,f4 ,w4 7& ,e4 ,a4       
,s*neid]47    --,on ! ,con/itution (    
,c]ta9 ,micas1 ,v]miculites & ,*lorites4
        #aj pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41      
,sept41 #ahia4  ,coh51 ,e4    --,ueb]   
e9ige eig5?mli*e ,melaphyr-,m&el/e9e aus
 ,sd-,afrika4        #ae pp4 ,map1 #a   
pl4--,aus dem ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m941 #ahge4
 ,m&el/e9e        ,aus ,d5              
,maluti-,b]g51 ,sd-,africa1 #a p4       

,ibid41 #ahhj1 ,bd4 ,i4    --,ueb] ,lav5
 von ,hawaii und e9ig5 &]5 ,inseln des  
,gross5        ,oceans neb/ e9ig5       
,bem]kung5 ueb] glasige ,ge/e9e im      
allgeme954 #cj pp4--,aus dem ,neu5      
,jahrb4 ,m94 ,geol4 und ,pal4           
#ahhj1 ,bd4 ,,ii4    --,goldfhr5de      
,conglom]ate 9 ,sd-,afrika4 #c          
pp4--,mit4 des naturw4        ,v]e9s fr 
,neu-,vorpomm]n und ,rueg51 #ahhg4      
--,ueb] die ,tr5nung von ,?on]de1       
,eis5oxyd und ,titansure4 #b            
pp4--,aus ,neuem ,jahrb4 fr ,m94 #ahhd4 
--,*emis*e ,unt]su*ung des ,meteoreis5s 
von ,s4 ,juliao de ,moreira1            
,portugal1 s[ie e9ig] &]5 hexadris*5    
,eis54 #ab pp4--,aus        dem ,neu5   
,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1 #ahhi1 ,bd4 ,i4 
--,zusamm5/ellung petrographis*]        
,unt]su*ungsme?od5 neb/        ,angabe  
d] ,lit]atur4 #cf pp4--,aus d5 ,mit4 aus
 dem naturw4        ,v]e9 fr            
,neu-,vorpomm]n und ,rueg5 9            
,greifswald4    --,ueb] die ,ent/ehung  
des ,seif5goldes4 #bj pp4--,mit4 des    

naturw4        ,v]e9s fr ,neu-,vorpomm]n
 und ,rueg51 #ahhg4                     
--,geono/is*-petrographis*e ,skizz5 aus 
,sd-,afrika4 #dh pp4 #a        pl4--,aus
 dem ,neu5 ,jahrbu*1 ,m94 #ahgd4        
--,ueb] e9ige ,voges5ge/e9e4 #f         
pp4--,aus dem ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94        
,geol4 und ,pal41 #ahhc1 ,bd4 ,i4       
--,&alusitfhr5de ,granite4 #c pp4--,aus 
dem ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94 #ahhg1           
,bd4 ,,ii4    --,nekrolog von ,jonas    
,gu/af ,osc> ,l9n>sson4 #b pp4--,aus dem
 ,neu5        ,jahrb4 ,m94 #ahhb4 ,bd4  
,i4    --,v]sammlung des ,ob]rhe91      
geologis*5 ,v]e9s zu ,du]kheim1         
bayr4 ,rhe9pfalz1 am #ac1 #ad und #ae   
,april1 #ahhb4 ,ueb] e95                
,av5tur9qu>tz aus ,o/9di54              
--,b]i*tigung bezgli* des               
,oliv9-,diallag-,ge/e9s von             
,s*rie%eim im ,od5wald4 #b pp4--,aus dem
 ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94 #ahhe1        ,bd4  
,i4    --,ueb] ,pleo*roitis*e ,hfe 9    
,biotit4 #e pp4--,aus d5 ,neu5 ,jahrb4  
,m94 #ahhh1 ,bd4 ,i4    --,k]santit von 

,lavel9e4 #b pp4--,aus d5 ,neu5 ,jahrb4 
,m94 #ahgi4    --,das ,labradoritfhr5de 
,ge/e9 d] ,k/e von ,labrador4 #c        
pp4--,aus        d5 ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94  
#ahhe1 ,bd4 ,i4    --,ueb] e9e v]bess]te
 ,me?ode d] ,isolirung von              
,ge/e9sgem5g!il5 v]mittel/ ,flussure4 #c
 pp4--,mit4 des        naturw4 ,v]e9es  
fr ,neu-,vorpomm]n und ,rueg51 #ahhh4   
--,die ,gold production ,transvaal 9    
,jahre #ahhi4    --,ueb] e9e            
,pseudomorphose na* ,m>kasit aus d]     
,kreide von ,arcona        auf ,rueg54  
#d pp4--,aus d5 ,sitzungsb]i*t5 des     
naturw4 ,v]e9s        fr ,neu-,vorpomm]n
 und ,rueg51 #ahhf4    --,das ,ob]e     
,weil]?al und das ,zun*/ ,angr5z5de     
,gebirge4        #aej pp4--,abh&lung5   
zur ,geologis*5 ,speciak>te von         
,elsass--,lo?r+54    --,ueb] d5 ,granat 
d] sd-afrikanis*5 ,diamantfeld] und ueb]
 d5        ,*romgehalt d] ,pyrope4 #d   
pp4--,aus d] ,mit4 des naturw4 ,v]e9s   
fr ,neu-,vorpomm]n und ,rueg51 #ahhh4   
--,ueb] ,speck/e91 ,pseudophit und di*t5

 ,muscovit aus ,sd-,afrika4 #f          
pp4--,aus dem ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94 #ahhg1 
,bd4 ,i4    --,titaneis5 von d5         
,diamantfeld]n 9 ,sd-,afrika4 #b        
pp4--,aus dem        ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94 
#ahgg4    --,ueb] d5 ,meteorit5 von     
,zsadany1 ,temesv> ,comitat1 ,banat4 #aj
        pp4--,aus d5 ,v]h&lung5 des     
,naturhi/-,m$4 ,v]e9s zu                
,heidelb]g4 ,,ii ,bd41 #b ,heft4  ,coh5 
,e4 und ,w4 ,deecke4    --,ueb]         
,ges*iebe aus ,neu-,vorpomm]n und       
,rueg54 #hd pp4--,aus d5        ,mitt4  
des naturwiss4 ,v]e9es fr               
,neu-,vorpomm]n und ,rueg51             
#ahha4    --,s9d die ,/o]ung5 9 d]      
,lag]ung d] ,kreide an de ,o/k/e von    
,jasmund 7,rueg57 dur* ,faltung5 zu     
erklr58 #aj pp4 #c pl4--,aus        d5  
,mit4 des naturwiss4 ,v]e9s fr          
,neu-,vorpomm]n und ,rueg51             
#ahhi4    --,ueb] das ,kry/all9e        
,grundgebirge d] ,inseln ,bornholm4     
,coh5 ,e4 und ,e4 ,we9s*5k4             
--,meteoreis5-,/udi54 #cb pp4--,annal5  

des ,k4 ,k4 ,naturhi/oris*5             
,h(museums4 ,bd4 ,,vi4 ,heft #b1 #ahia4 
,cross1 ,:itman4    --,! ,po/-,l>amie   
,b$s ( ,middle ,p>k1 ,colo4 #bg         
pp4--,proc4 ,colo4        ,sci4 ,soc41  
,oct4 #c1 #ahib4    --,po/-,l>amie      
,deposits ( ,colorado4 #bb pp4--,am4    
,j\r4 ,sci41 ,july1        #ahib4    7& 
,l4 ,g4 ,eak9s74    --,a ,new ,occurr5ce
 ( ,ptilolite4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,aug41
 #ahib4  ,crosskey1 ,h4 ,w4    --,on a  
section ( ,glacial drift rec5tly explor$
 9 ,icknield ,/reet1        ,birm+ham4  
#h pp41 #c pl4--,proc4 ,birm4 ,phil4    
,soc4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4        #bji4      
--,notes on "s ( ! ,glacial ,ph5om5a ( !
 ,vosges ,m\nta91 )        an acc\nt ( !
 ,glaci] ( ,k]t(f4 #ab pp4--,jan4 #i1   
#ahgi4    --,rec5t ,rese>*es into !     
,po/-,t]ti>y ,geology ( ,scotl&4 #ab    
pp4--,phil4 ,soc41 ,glasg[1 ,dec4 #g1   
#ahfh4    --,on ! ,tell9o ,calc>ea ,b$  
at ,*appel ,hall1 ne> ,airdrie4    --,"s
 additions to ! ,fauna ( ! ,bridl+ton   
7po/-,t]ti>y7 ,b$4        #f pp4--,proc4

 ,birm+ham ,phil4 ,soc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 "p  
,,ii1 ,june #i1        #ahia4           
--,report ( ! ,committee ( ! ,b4 ,a4 ,a4
 ,s4 appo9t$ = !        purpose (       
record+ ! position1 height above        
sea-level1        "*1 etc4 ( ,erratic   
blocks ( ,eng4 ,wales & ,ire4--,brit4   
,assoc4 #ahgc1 #ahgh1 #ahhb1 #ahhc1     
#ahhd1 #ahhe1 #ahhf1 #ahhg1 #ahhh1      
#ahia4    7& ,david ,rob]tson74    --,! 
,po/-t]ti>y ,fossilif]\s ,b$s ( ,scotl&4
 #af pp41 #a        pl4--,trans4 ,geol4 
,soc4 ,glasg[1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 ,"p ,,iii1   
page #bda4 #h        pp41 ,vol4 ,v41 ,"p
 ,i1 page #bi4  ,davis ,w4 ,m4    --,!  
,convex ,pr(ile ( ,bad ,l&              
,divides4--,sci41 ,oct4 #bh1 #ahib4     
--,! ,deflective ,effect ( ! ,e>?'s     
,rotation4 #h pp4--,am4 ,met4           
,j\r41 ,april1 #ahhe4    --,!           
,subglacial ,orig9 ( ,c]ta9 ,esk]s4 #bc 
pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc'y        ( ,nat4
 ,hi/4 ,vol4 ,,xxi1 ,may1 #ahib4        
--,outl9e ( a ,c\rse 9 ,elem5t>y        
,descriptive & ,physical                

,geography = ,grades ,,iv4 & ,v4 9 !    
,cambridge ,gramm> ,s*ool1              
#ahib-c4 #d pp4    --,outl9e ( ,elem5t>y
 ,meteorology4 ,a synopsis ( c\rse      
,geology ,i        at ,h>v>d ,college1  
#ahib-c4  ,dawson1 ,geo4 ,m4,d41 ,d4    
,sc41 ,f4,g4,s4    --,rec5t obs]vations 
9 ! ,glaciation ( ,br4 ,columbia &      
,adjac5t        ,regions4 #d pp41 #a    
pl4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,aug41 #ahhh4        
,dawson1 ,sir ,wm4 ,j4    --,!          
,geological ,hi/ory ( ,plants4 #b       
pp4--,botanical ,gazette1 ,vol4         
,,xiii41 ,no4 #f4  ,dee*e1 ,w4    --,d] 
,monte ,vulture 9 d] ,basilicata        
7,unt]itali57 #gh pp4 #a ,map41 #a      
pl4--,aus dem ,neu5 ,jahrb4 ,m94 ,geol4 
und ,pal4 ,beilageb& ,,vii4  ,dewey1    
,fr$]ic ,p4    --,a ,prelim9>y          
,catalogue ( ! ,sy/ematic ,collection 9 
,economic        ,geology & ,metallurgy 
9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #bef     
pp4--,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,no4    
#db4    --,plan to ,illu/rate ,res\rces 
( ! ,u4 ,s4 & _! ,utilizations1         

at ! ,_w's ,indu/rial & ,cotton         
,c5t5nial ,exposition        ( #ahhd-he 
at ,new ,orleans4 #h pp4 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 
,nat4 ,mus4 #ahhd1        ,app5dix4     
--,photograph+ ! ,int]ior ( a ,coal     
,m9e4 #h pp41 #d pl4--,am4 ,in/4        
,m94 ,eng41 ,july1 #ahhg4    --,"s      
,canadian ,iron ,ores4 #ab pp4--,trans4 
,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 ,vol4            
,,xii4 #ahhd4    --,report ( ! ,dep>tm5t
 ( ,metallurgy 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national    
,museum4 #d pp4--,report to ! ,nat4     
,mus41 #ahhh-hi4    --,! ,dep>tm5t (    
,metallurgy & ,economic ,geology 9 ! ,u4
 ,s4 ,nat4        ,mus4 #bf pp4--,am4   
,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 ,sept41 #ahij4        
--,hampe's ,me?od ( ,det]m9ation ,cu#b,o
 9 ,metallic ,copp]4 #f                 
pp4--,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 #ahhh4 
--,porosity ( ,specific ,gravity (      
,coke4 #af pp4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 
,eng41 ,june1 #ahhh4    --,! ,lewis &   
,b>tlett ,bag-,process ( collect+ ,lead 
,fumes at !        ,lone ,elm ,works1   
,jopl91 ,mo4 #cb pp41 ,ill4--,am4 ,in/4 

,m94 ,eng41        ,feb41 #ahij4        
--,note on ! ,nickel-,ore ( ,russell    
,spr+s1 ,logan ,co41 ,kan4--,am4        
,in/4 ,m94 ,eng4    --,note on ! ,fall+ 
,cliff ,z9c ,m9e4 #b pp4--,am4 ,in/4    
,m94 ,eng41        ,may1 #ahia4    --,! 
,h]\lt ,process ( ,smelt+ ,alum9um      
,alloys4 #h pp4--,am4 ,in/4        ,m94 
,eng941 ,feb41 #ahij4    --,pig ,iron ( 
,unusual ,/r5g?4 #ah pp4--,am4 ,in/4    
,m94 ,eng41 ,oct41        #ahhh4        
,dill]1 ,j4 ,s4    --,geology ( !       
,taylorville ,region ( ,cali=nia4 #be   
pp41        ,ill4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4  
,am41 ,vol4 #c4 pp4 #cfi-cid4           
--,p]idotite ( ,elliott ,c\nty1         
,k5tucky4 #cb pp41 ,ill4--,bull4 ,u4 ,s4
        ,g4 ,s41 ,no4 #ch4    --,notes  
on ! ,geology ( ,nor!rn ,cal4 #bbd      
pp4--,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41        ,no4
 #cc4    --,fulgurite f ,mt4 ,?ielson1  
,oregon4 #g pp41 ,ill4--,am4 ,j\r4      
,sci41        ,oct41 #ahhd4    --,notes 
on ! ,p]idotite ( ,elliot ,c\nty1 ,ky4  
#e pp4--,am4 ,j\r4        ,sci41 ,aug41 

#ahhf4    --,a ,late ,volcanic ,eruption
 9 ,nor!rn ,cal4 & its ,peculi> ,lava4  
#cc pp41 ,,xvii pl41 #d cuts4--,bull4   
,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 #gi1 #ahia4  ,emmons1  
,s4 ,f4    --,ab/ract ( a ,report ^u !  
,geology & ,m9+ ,indu/ry (              
,leadville1 ,colorado4 #ij pp41 )       
maps4--,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41     
#ahhj-ha4    --,orographic ,movem5ts 9 !
 ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 #bb pp4--,bull4 ,geol4
        ,soc'y ,am41 ,vol4 ,i41 pp      
#bde-hf4    --,notes on ! ,geology (    
,butte1 ,montana4 #ad pp4--,trans4 ,am4 
,in/4        ,m94 ,eng41 ,july1 #ahhg4  
--,! ,g5esis ( ,c]ta9 ,ore ,deposits4   
#bb pp4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94        
,eng41 ,m>*1 #ahhf4    --,/ructural     
,relations ( ,ore ,deposits4 #cf        
pp4--,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41             
,feb41 #ahhh4    --,notes on ! ,gold    
,deposits ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&4  
#bb        pp4--,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41  
,feb41 #ahij4    --,on ,glaci]s 9 !     
,rocky ,m\nta9s4 #af pp4--,proc4 ,col4  
,sci4 ,soc'y1        #ahhg4             

--,prelim9>y ,notes on ,asp51 ,col4 #bf 
pp4--,proc4 ,col4 ,sci4 ,soc'y1         
#ahhg4    --,fluor-,sp> ,deposits (     
,s\!rn ,ill4 #bd pp1 map4--,am4 ,in/4   
,m94        ,eng41 ,baltimore ,meet+1   
,feb41 #ahib4    --,! ,m9+ ,"w ( ! ,u4  
,s4 ,geol4 ,survey4 #ac pp4--,trans4    
,am4 ,in/4        ,m94 ,eng41 ,wa%+ton  
,meet+1 ,feb41 #ahib4    --,on ! ,orig9 
( ,fissure ,ve9s4 #bj pp4--,proc4 ,col4 
,sci4 ,soc'y1 #ahhg4  ,emmons1 ,s4 ,f4  
7& ,g4 ,e4 ,beck]74    --,geological    
,sket*es ( ! ,preci\s ,metal ,deposits (
 ! ,we/]n        ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) notes 
on ,lead ,smelt+ at ,leadville4 #bif    
pp4--,t5? ,c5sus ,u4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xiii  
,/ati/ics & ,te*nology (        !       
,preci\s ,metals4  ,em]son1 ,george ,h4 
--,obs]vations on ,cry/als &            
,precipitations 9 ,bl[pipe ,beads4 #ah  
pp41 ,ill4--,proc4 ,am4 ,acad4 ( ,arts &
 ,sci41 ,m>*1 #ahfe4  ,fi%]1 ,rev4 ,o4  
--,mr4 ,mallet's ,!ory ( ,volcanic      
,en]gy ,te/$4 #ah pp4--,phil4 ,mag41    
,oct41 #ahge4    --,review ( ,capta9    

,dutton's ,critical ,obs]vations on     
,!ories ( !        ,e>?'s ,physical     
,evolution4 #h pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,aug41
 #ahgf4    --,on ! ,possibility (       
,*anges 9 ! ,latitude ( places on !     
,e>?'s ,surface4 ,be+ an appeal to      
,physici/s4 #g pp4--,geol4        ,mag41
 ,july1 #ahgh4    --,on ,!ories to      
,acc\nt = ,glacial ,subm]g5ce4 #h       
pp4--,phil4 ,mag41        ,oct41 #ahib4 
--,on ,dynamo ,metamorphism4 #b         
pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,july1 #ahij4        
--,on ! ,w>p1 its ,age & ,probable      
,connection ) ! la/        ,geological  
,ev5ts4 #ab pp41 ,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4    
,geol4 ,soc'y1 ,nov41        #ahff4     
--,on ,implem5t-be>+ ,loams 9 ,suffolk4 
#e pp4--,proc4 ,cambridge ,phil4        
,soc'y1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,pt4 ,,vii4        
--,on ! ,brockle%am ,b$s ( ! ,isle (    
,wight ,bas94 #cj pp4--,proc4           
,geol4 ,soc'y1 ,may1 #ahfb4    --,on a  
,mammalif]\s ,deposit at ,b>r+ton1 ne>  
,cambridge4 #aa pp41                    
,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc'y1     

,nov41 #ahgi4    --,on ! ,d5udation (   
,s(t ,/rata4 #d pp4--,qu>t4 ,j\rn4      
,geol4 ,soc'y1        ,feb41 #ahfa4     
--,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,elephas           
,m]idonalis at ,d]vli%1 ,dorset4 #h     
pp41 ,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc'y1
 ,nov41 #ahhh4    --,glacial ,action &  
,rais$ ,sea-,b$s4 #d pp41 ,ill4--,geol4 
,mag41 ,april1        #ahgc4    --,on ! 
,orig9 ( ! ,e/u>y ( ! ,fleet 9          
,dorset%ire4    --,on ! ,brick-pit at   
,lexd51 ne> ,col*e/] 7) notes on !      
,coleopt]a1 by ,t4 ,u4 ,wolla/on74 #i   
pp41 ,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\rn4        ,geol4 
,soc'y ( ,london1 #ahfc4    --,on       
,fault+1 ,jo9t+ & ,cleavage4 #gb pp41   
,ill4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,may1        #ahhd4
    --,rem>ks ^u ,mr4 ,mallet's         
,/rictures on ! ,ma!matical ,te/        
appli$ to 8 ,!ory ( ,volcanic ,en]gy1 by
 ,mr4 ,o4 ,fi%]4 #f        pp4--,phil4  
,mag41 ,feb41 #ahgf4    --,on !         
,phosphatic ,nodules ( ! ,cretace\s     
,rock ( ,cambridge%ire4        #ad pp41 
#a pl4--,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc'y1    

,feb41 #ahgc4    --,on ,faults4 ,reply  
to ,pr(essor ,blake's ,criticisms4 #c   
pp4--,geol4        ,mag41 ,sept41 #ahhd4
    --,uni=mity & ,vulcanicity4 #c      
pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,m>*1 #ahge4    --,! 
,cause ( ,slaty ,cleavage4 #d           
pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,april1 #ahhe4       
--,on ! ,!rmal ,conditions & on !       
,/ratification ( !        ,ant>ctic     
,ice4 #ac pp4--,phil4 ,mag41 ,june1     
#ahgi4    --,on ,cleavage & ,di/ortion4 
#aa pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,sep41 #ahhd4    
--,on ! ,ages ( ! ,trail & ,w>p4 #g     
pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,may1 #ahfg4         
--,review ( ,dutton's ,gr& ,caon1       
,colorado4 #d pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,july1 
#ahhc4    --,on ! ,!ory ( ! ,erosion (  
,lake ,bas9s by ,glaci]s4 #b            
pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,june1 #ahgf4        
--,oblique & ,or?ogonal ,sections ( a   
,fold$ ,plane4 #d pp41                  
,ill4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,jan41 #ahia4      
--,on ! ,crom] ,cliffs4 #d pp41         
,ill4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,april1 #ahhj4     
--,on ,"s ,natural ,pits on ! ,hea?s (  

,dorset%ire4 #b pp4--,qu>t4             
,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc'y1 ,london1 #aheh4   
--,on ,cirques & ,toluses4 #d           
pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,jan41 #ahgb4        
--,on a ,work$ ,fl9t f ! ,buck-,e>? (   
,cray=d1 ,k5t4 #b        pp4--,geol4    
,mag41 ,june1 #ahgb4  ,fraz]1 ,dr4      
,p]si=4    --,g5]al ,notes on ! ,new    
,orleans ,indu/rial & ,cotton           
,exhibition4        #bj pp4--,j\rnal    
,frankl9 ,in/itution1 ,june1 #ahhe4     
--,! ,eozoic & ,l[] ,paleozoic 9 ,s\?   
,wales & _! ,comp>ison        ) _!      
,appala*ian ,analogues4 #ah pp4--,am4   
,in/4 ,m94 ,eng941        ,feb41 #ahhc4 
--,geological & ,m9]al ,/udies 9 ,nuevo 
,leon & ,coahuilla1 ,mexico4        #cf 
pp41 ,,iii1 & maps4--,am4 ,in/4 ,m94    
,eng941 ,feb41 #ahhd4    --,trap ,dykes 
9 ! ,ar*aean ,rocks ( ,s\!a/]n          
,p5nsylvania4 #d        pp4--,am4 ,phil4
 ,soc41 ,oct4 #ag1 #ahhd4               
--,classification ( ,coals4 #bb         
pp4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng941    
,vol4        ,,vi1 #ahgi4               

--,descriptive ,table ( ,elem5ts4 #b    
pp4--#ahia4    --,! late ,int]national  
,geological ,congress at ,b]l94 #d      
pp4--,am4        ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,nov4   
#bj1 #ahhe4    --,report ( ! ,am]ican   
,committee ( ! ,int]national ,congress (
        ,geologi/s4 #e pp4--,proc4 ,a4  
,a4 ,a4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxv1 ,augu/1      
#ahhf4    --,g5]al ,notes on ! ,geology 
( ,york ,c\nty1 ,p5n4 #bj pp4--,color$  
maps4    --,on ! ,physical & ,*emical   
,*>act]i/ics ( a ,trap occurr+ at       
,williamson's ,po9t1 ,p5n4 #h pp41 #a   
color$ plate4 ,read be=e        ,am4    
,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,dec4 #bj1 #ahgh4        
--,an ,hypo!sis ( ! ,/ructure ( ! ,copp]
 ,belt ( ! ,s\?        ,m\nta94 #d pp41 
,ill4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng941  
,june1 #ahhc4        ,read at !         
,roanoke1 ,va41 ,meet+4    --,a ,broad] 
,field = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 
#d pp4--,j\rn4        ,frankl9 ,in/it41 
,sept41 #ahhh4    --,! ,pea* ,bottom    
,slates ( ! ,l[] ,susquehanna1 )        
sections (        ! ,"r & ,left ,banks4 

#e pp41 #c pl4--,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41  
,oct41 #ahhc4    --,reply to a pap]     
entitl$ ,notes on ! ,geology ( ,*e/]    
,valley        & ,vic9ity4 #h           
pp4--,j\rn4 ,frankl9 ,in/41 ,april1     
#ahhd4    --,mr4 ,!odore ,d4 ,r&'s      
,criticism ( ,vol4 ,c#d ,geology ( ,*e/]
        ,c\nty1 ,p5n4 #f pp4--,j\rn4    
,frankl9 ,in/41 ,oct41 #ahhc4           
--,ar*aean ,*>act]s ( ! ,rocks ( !      
,nucleal ,ranges ( !        ,antilles4  
#a p4--,brit4 ,assn41 #ahhh4    --,notes
 on ,fre%-,wat] ,wells ( ! ,atlantic    
,bea*4 #d pp4--,j\rn4        ,frankl9   
,in/41 ,sept41 #ahij4    --,! ,position 
( ! ,am]ican ,new ,r$ ,s&/one4 #h       
pp4--,trans4 ,am4        ,in/4 ,m94     
,eng941 ,vol4 ,v4    --,on ! ,traps ( ! 
,mesozoic ,s&/one 9 ,york & ,adams      
,c\nties1        ,p5n4 #ac pp41 #d      
pl4--,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,april #af1    
#ahge4    --,! ,:opp] ,lode1 ,gunnison  
,c\nty1 ,colo4 #aj pp4--,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 
,eng941 ,aug41 #ahhj4    --,"s ,copp]   
,deposits ( ,c>roll ,c\nty1 ,md4 #h pp41

 #a pl4--,am4 ,in/4        ,m94 ,eng941 
,aug41 #ahhj4    --,a ,conv5i5t ,device 
to be ,appli$ to ! ,h& ,compass4 #a     
p4--,am4        ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,dec4 #e1
 #ahhd4    --,! ,approa*es to a ,!ory ( 
! ,causes ( ,magnetic ,decl9ation4      
#af pp4--,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,apr4 #f1  
#ahgg4    --,on ,improvem5t 9 !         
,con/ruction ( ! ,hypsometric           
,an]oid4--,am4        ,phil4 ,soc'y1    
,m>* #b1 #ahhc4    --,an ,exfoliation ( 
,rocks ne> ,gettysburg4 #b pp4--,am4    
,phil4 ,soc'y1        ,dec4 #d1 #ahgd4  
--,note on ! ,new ,geological ,map (    
,europe4 #f pp4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4     
,m94 ,eng94    --,"s ,suppos$ ,fossils f
 ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 j ,s\? ( !       
,p5nsylvania-,m>yl& ,l9e4 #c pp41 #a    
pl4--,proc4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y          
,,xviii1 ,sept4 #ah1 #ahgi4    --,miss+ 
,ores ( ,iron4 #ab pp41 ,ill4--,trans4  
,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng941        ,vol4    
,,vi1 #ahgi4    --,! ,pea* ,bottom      
,slates ( ,s\!a/]n ,york & ,s\!rn       
,lanca/]        ,c\nties1 ,p5n4 #e pp41 

#a4 pl4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m9+ ,eng941
        #ahhc4    --,a ,speculation on  
,protoplasm4 #g pp4--,am ,nat41 ,july1  
#ahgf4    --,a ,mirror = ,illum9at+     
,opaque ,objects = ! ,project+          
,microscope4 #b pp4--,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1
 ,feb4 #bj1 #ahhj4    --,! ,progress (  
,*emical ,!ory2 ,its ,helps &           
,h9drances4 #cg        pp4--,j\rn4      
,frankl9 ,in/it41 ,apr41 ,may & ,june1  
#ahia4    --,m9]al ,=mul4 #f pp4--,proc4
 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 ,july #g1 
#ahgd4    --,notes f ! ,lit]ature on !  
,geology ( ,egypt1 & ,exam9ation        
( ! ,sy5itic ,granite ( ! ,obelisk :i*  
,lieut4 ,comd'r        ,gorr+e1 ,u4 ,s4 
,n41 br\ght to ,new ,york4 #bg pp41 #d  
pl4--,trans4        ,am4 ,in/4 ,m9+     
,eng941 #ahhc4    --,report ( ,committee
 on ! ,int]national ,congress (         
,geologi/s4 #c        pp4--,proc4 ,a4   
,a4 ,a4 ,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxxix1 #ahij4      
--,on ,c]ta9 ,trap ,rocks f ,brazil4 #c 
pp4--,proc4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,phila41      
#ahgf4    --,an ,unju/ ,attack4 #h      

pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,jan41 #ahhi4    --,! 
,philadelphia ,meet+ ( ! ,int]national  
,congress (        ,geologi/s4 #aj pp41 
,am4 ,geol41 ,june1 #ahij4    --,report 
( ! ,b]l9 ,int]national ,geological     
,congress4 #ac pp4--,am4        ,j\r4   
,sci41 ,,xxx1 ,decemb]1 #ahhe4          
--,mesozoic ,s&/one ( ! ,atlantic       
,slope4 #i pp4--,am4 ,nat41 ,may1       
#ahgi4    --,ar*an-,paleozoic ,contact  
ne> ,philadelphia1 ,p5n4 #f pp41 #a     
pl4--,proc4 ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 ,vol4      
,,xxxiii1 ,sept41 #ahhd4    --,report ( 
! ,sub-,committee ( ! ,b]l9 ,congress ( 
,geologi/s on        ! ,ar*an4 #hj pp4  
--,cry/allization4 #aa pp41             
,ill4--,j\rnal ,frankl9 ,in/41 ,aug41   
#ahhe4    --,orig9 ( ! ,l[] ,silurian   
,limonites ( ,york & ,adams ,c\nties1   
#f pp4--,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,m>* #ai1   
#ahge4    --,! ,nor!rn ,s]p5t9e ,belt 9 
,*e/] ,c\nty1 ,pa4 #h pp4--,trans4      
,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng941 #ahhc4    --,!  
,p]si/5ce ( ,plant & ,animal ,life "u   
,*ang+ ,conditions        ( ,environm5t4

 #ac pp4--,am4 ,nat41 ,june1 #ahij4     
--,int]national ,congress ( ,geologi/s1 
#ahhf4 #aji pp41 #a pl4                 
--,int]national ,congress ( ,geologi/s1 
,reports ( ! ,sub-,committee            
appo9t$ by ! ,am]ican ,committee4 #bci  
pp41 #ahhh4    --,o!r ,%ort ,articles4  
,frisbie1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4    --,glacial    
,mora9es4 #af pp4    --,m\nta9 ,build+ &
 ,m\nta9 ,sculpture4 #ac pp4    --,!    
,franconia ,flume1 ! ,causes t l$ to its
 ,=mation4 #h pp4    --,planet ,build+4 
#aa pp41 #a pl4    --               #ag 
pp41 #b pl4  ,geikie1 ,sir ,ar*ibald1   
,,ll4,d41 ,d4,sc1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41         
,p4,g4,s4    --,address to ! ,geological
 ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association4 #bc 
pp4    --,address by ,sir ,ar*ibald     
,geikie1 ,presid5t ( ,briti%            
,association        = ! ,advancem5t (   
,sci5ce4 #ahib4 #bd pp4    --,progress (
 ! ,geological ,survey 9 ,scotl&4 #aj   
pp4--,proc4 ,royal        ,soc'y1       
,ed9burgh1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,session #ahfd-e4
    --,on ! ,t]ti>y ,volcanic ,rocks ( !

 ,briti% ,isl&s4 #d pp4--,proc4         
,royal ,soc'y1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahff-fg4     
--,! ,hi/ory ( ,volcanic ,action dur+ ! 
,t]ti>y ,p]iod 9 !        ,briti% ,isl&s
 7,ab/ract74 #e pp4--,proc4 ,royal      
,soc'y1 ,ed941        #ahhh4            
--,address deliv]$ at ! #cf? ,anniv]s>y 
,meet+ ( ! ,ed9burgh        ,geological 
,society4 ,also ,notes = a ,comp>ison ( 
! ,volcanic        ,geology ( ,c5tral   
,scotl& ) t ( ,auv]gne & ! ,eifel4      
#af pp4--,trans4 ( ! ,ed9burgh          
,geological ,society1 #ahfi-gj1         
,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,i4    --,on ,mod]n     
,d5udation4 #ch pp4--,trans4 ,geol4     
,soc'y ( ,glasg[1 ,vol4        ,,iii1 p4
 #aec4    --,on ,d5udation n[ 9         
,progress4 #f pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,vol4  
,i1 ,no4 #f1        ,june1 #ahfh4       
--,e>? ,sculpture & ! ,huttonian ,s*ool 
( ,geology4 ,! ,inaugural               
,address ,deliv]$ at ! #dj? ,anniv]s>y  
,meet+ ( !        ,ed9burgh ,geological 
,society1 ,nov4 #f1 #ahgc4    --,rec5t  
,rese>*es into ! ,orig9 & ,age ( !      

,highl&s (        ,scotl& & ! ,we/ (    
,irel&4 #ai pp4    --,royal ,in/itute ( 
,great ,brita91 #ahhi4    --,! ,caons ( 
! ,f> ,we/4--,ibid41 ,april #f1 #ahhc4  
#d pp4    --,rock-,wea!r+1 z illu/rat$ 9
 ,ed9burgh ,*ur*y>ds4 #ae pp41 #a       
pl4--,proc4 ,royal ,soc'y1 ,ed9burgh1   
,vol4 ,x41 ,april #ai1 #ahhj4    --,!   
,anci5t ,glaci]s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 #g
 pp4--,am4 ,nat4 ,jan4        #ahha4    
--,! ,ice ,age 9 ,brita94--,sci5ce      
,lectures = ! ,p4 #ag pp4    --,! ,old  
,man ( ,hoy4 #f pp41 #a pl4--,report    
,brit4 ,assoc41 #ahga4    --,on ! ,old  
,r$ ,s&/one ( ! ,s\? ( ,scotl&4 #ab pp41
 #a        pl4--,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ,geol4 
,soc'y1 ,aug4 #ahfj4    --,on ! ,geology
 ( ,/ra?1 ,skye1 7) descriptions ( "s   
,fossils        f ,skye1 by ,t4 ,wright1
 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e47 #cf pp41 #a pl4  
--,! ,hi/ory ( ,volcanic ,action 9 !    
,area ( ! ,briti% ,isles4        #aai   
pp4--,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological   
,society ( ,london1        ,vol4        
,,xlviii1 #ahib4    --,on ! ,suppos$    

,pre-,cambrian ,rocks ( ,/4 ,david's4   
#ff pp41 #c        pl4--,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal
 ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,aug4 #ahhc4 
--,on ! ,t]ti>y ,volcanic ,rocks ( !    
,briti% ,isl&s4 #ca pp41 #a pl4    --,! 
,geological ,orig9 ( ! ,pres5t ,sc5]y ( 
,scotl&4 #ba pp4        ,ill4--,!       
,j\rnal ( ,travel & ,natural ,hi/ory4   
--,on ! ,age ( ! ,alt]$ ,lime/one (     
,/ra?1 ,skye4--#ac pp4                  
,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\rnal ,geol4 ,soc'y1    
#ahhh4    --,address ( ! ,presid5t ( !  
,geological ,society ( ,london1 ,feb4   
#bj1 #ahia4 #abf pp4    --,! ,orig9 (   
,coral ,reefs4 #ac pp4 ,ill4--,proc4    
,royal ,physical ,soc'y4        ,vol4   
,,viii1 p42 #ahhd4    --,! ,pit*/one (  
,eskdale1 a retrospect & comp>ison (    
,geological ,me?ods4 ,ibid1 ,vol ,v1    
#ahhj4  ,g5?1 ,f4 ,a4    --,ueb]        
,nordam]ikanis*e ,tellur-und            
,wismu?-,m9]ali54 #ad                   
pp4--,j\rnal fr ,praktis*e ,*emie1      
#ahgd4    --,ueb] ,lans=dit1            
,nesquehonit und ,pseudomorphos5 von    

,nesquehonit        na* ,lans=dit4 7,f4 
,a4 ,g5? und ,s4 ,l4 ,p5field74 #ah pp41
 #a        pl4--,zeit4 fr               
,kry/allographie1 #ahij4                
--,contributions to ,m9]alogy4 #ah pp41 
#a pl4 ,read be=e ,am4 ,phil4           
,soc'y1 ,oct4 #b1 #ahhe4    --d4 #ba pp4
 ,read be=e ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,m>*    
#ah1 #ahhg4    --,inve/igation ( ,iron  
,ores & ,lime/ones f ,blair & ,hunt+don 
c\nties1 ,pa4 #bf pp4--,read be=e ! ,am4
 ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,feb4 #f1        #ahgd4 
--,contributions to ,m9]alogy4 #f       
pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,sept4 #ahhi2 #d 
pp4 ,jan41 #ahij4    --d4 )             
,cry/allographic notes by ,s4 ,l4       
,p5field4 #i pp4--,am4 ,j\r4            
,sci41 ,sept41 #ahij2 #aj pp4 ,may1     
#ahia3 #f pp4 ,m>*1 #ahib4    --,on     
,am]ican ,tellurium & ,bismu? ,m9]als4  
#i pp4--,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1        ,aug4
 #ba1 #ahgd4    --,on ,h]d]ite4 #g pp4  
,read be=e ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y1 ,oct4    
#ag1 #ahhd4    --,on ,lans=dite1        
,nesquehonite1 a ,new ,m9]al &          

,pseudomorphs (        ,nesquehonite    
aft] ,lans=dite4 #ag pp41 #a pl4--,am4  
,j\r4 ,sci41        ,feb41 #ahij4       
--,! ,m9]als ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4--,bullet9 
#gd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 #abj pp4    --,!   
,m9]als & ,m9]al ,localities ( ,nor?    
,c>ol9a4 #abb        pp4--,geol4 ( ,nor?
 ,c>ol9a1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahha4    --,fir/ 
,annual ,report ( ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,g5?1    
,*emi/ ( ! ,p5nsylvania        ,bo>d (  
,agriculture4 #cb pp41 #ahgh4           
--,second ,prelim9>y ,report on !       
,m9]alogy ( ,p5nsylvania1 )             
,analyses ( ,m9]al ,spr+ ,wat]s4 #ch pp4
    --,ueb] e9ige ,tellur-und           
,vanad-,m9]ali54 #ac pp4--,zeit4 fr     
,kry/allographie1 etc41 #ahgg4    --,on 
! ,equival5t ( ,c]ium by ! late ,dr4    
,*>les ,wolf4 #aj        pp4--,am4 ,j\r4
 ,sci41 ,may1 #ahfh4    --,contributions
 to ,m9]alogy1 ,no4 #ed2 7)             
,cry/allographic ,notes        by ,s4   
,l4 ,p5field74 #i pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41
 ,nov41 #ahib4    --,on ,p5fieldite1 a  
new species4 #a pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41  

,sept41 #ahib4    --,m9]alogis*e        
,mit!ilung51 by ,f4 ,a4 ,g5? 7)         
,cry/allographic        ,notes by ,s4   
,l4 ,p5field74 #aj pp4 ,ill4--,zeit4 fr 
,kry/allog4        ,,xviii1 #f1 7#ahia74
    --,exam9ation ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a     
,uranium ,m9]als4 #g pp4--,am4          
,*em4 ,j\r4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,nos4 #b & #c4    
--,on "s ,am]ican ,vanadium ,m9]als4 #f 
pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,july1           
#ahgf4    --,on an undescrib$ ,meteoric 
,iron f ,ea/ ,t5nessee4 #d pp41 #b      
pl4--,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 
,dec4 #bh1 #ahhf4    --,lans=dit1 e9    
neues ,m9]al1 #b pp4    --,on !         
,vanadates & ,iodyrite1 f ,lake ,valley1
 ,si]ra ,co41 ,new        ,mexico4 #ac  
pp4 ,read be=e ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc'y ,apr4 
#ag1 #ahhe4    --,contributions to      
,m9]alogy4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,sept4    
#ahei2 ,m>*1        #ahfb1 ,may1 #ahfh4 
--,meteorology4 #f pp4                  
--,meteorology4 #d pp4--,am4 ,j\r4      
,sci41 ,nov41 #ahfa4    --,re-exam9ation
 ( ! ,tetradymite f ,field's ,gold ,m9e1

 ,georgia4    --,on ,pyrophyllite f     
,s*uylkill ,co41 ,p5n4 ,read be=e ,am4  
,phil4        ,soc'y1 ,july #ah1 #ahgh4 
--,m9]alogis*e ,mit!ilung54 #ca pp41 #b 
pl4--,zeit4 fr        ,kry/allographie1 
#ahhe4    --,j>osite f ,utah4 #a        
p4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,jan41 #ahij4     
--,on ,two ,m9]als f ,delaw>e ,co41 ,pa4
 #c pp4--,proc4 ,acad4 ,sci4 (          
,phila41 #ahhi4    --,contributions f ! 
,laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity (            
,p5nsylvania4  ,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k4    --,! 
,colorado ,plateau ,region consid]$ z a 
,field = ,geological        ,/udy4 #bg  
pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,july & ,augu/1  
#ahgf4    --,! ,/r5g? ( ! ,e>?'s ,cru/4 
#e pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am4 ,vol4  
,i1 #ahhi4    --,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,niag>a  
,riv]4 #bd pp41 #h pl4--,six? ,an4      
,rept4 (        ,com4 ( ,/ate           
,res]vation at ,niag>a1 #ahhi4    --,!  
,"w ( ! ,int]national ,congress (       
,geologi/s4 #bb pp4--,am4        ,j\r4  
,sci41 ,dec1 #ahhg4    --,! ,suffici5cy 
( ,t]re/rial ,rotation = ! ,deflection (

        ,/reams4 #f pp4--,nat4 ,acad4   
,sci41 #ahhd4  ,gordon1 ,c4 ,h4         
--,obs]vations on ! ,keokuk ,species (  
,ag>icocr9us4 #g pp41 #a                
pl4--,am4 ,geol41 ,may1 #ahij4    --,on 
! ,brecciat$ ,"* ( ! ,/4 ,l\is          
,lime/one4 #i pp41 #b        pl4--,am4  
,nat41 ,april1 #ahij4    --,proce$+s ( !
 ,i[a ,academy ( ,sci5ces = #ahhg1      
#ahhi1 #ahhi4        #aja pp4           
--,quat]n>y ,geology ( ,keokuk1 ,i[a1 ) 
,notes on ! ,und]ly+        ,rock       
,/ructure4 #h pp41 #b pl4  ,grant1 ,uly4
 ,s4    --,notes on ! ,molluscan ,fauna 
( ,m9nesota4 #d pp4--#af? ,an4 ,rept4   
,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,survey1 ,m9n4     
7#ahhg74    --,acc\nt ( a ,des]t$ ,gorge
 ( ! ,mississippi ne> ,m9nehaha         
,falls4 #f pp41 #a pl4                  
--,con*ological ,notes4 #ab pp4--#ad?   
,an4 ,rept4 ,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4        
,survey1 ,m9n4    --,! ,/ratigraphical  
,position ( ! ,ogi%ke ,conglom]ate (    
,nor!a/]n ,m9nesota4 #h pp4--,am4 ,geol4
 ,vol4 ,x1 ,july1 #ahib4    --,report ( 

,geological ,obs]vations made 9         
,nor!a/]n ,m9nesota        dur+ ! ,summ]
 ( #ahhh4 #fg pp4--,geol4 & ,nat4 ,hi/4 
,survey        ( ,m9n42 "p ,,iv4 #ag?   
,an4 ,rept4  ,hall1 ,c4 ,w4    --,notes 
on a ,geological ,excursion into ,c5tral
 ,wiscons94 #ah pp41 #a        pl4      
,hallock1 ,william4    --,*emical       
,action betwe5 ,solids4 #d pp4--,am4    
,j\r4 ,sci41 ,may1 #ahhi4    --,! ,fl[ (
 ,solids or ! ,behavior ( ,solids "u    
,high ,pressure4 #h        pp4--,bull4  
,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 ,no4 #ee4    --,ueb]   
die ,li*tges*w9digkeit 9 v]s*i$55       
,qu>tzfl*54 #c        pp4--,annal5 d]   
,physik und ,*emie1 #ahha4 ,bd4 ,,xii4  
--,prelim9>y ,report ( ,obs]vations at !
 ,deep ,well at ,:eel+1 ,w4             
,va4--,proc4 ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 #ahia1    
vol4 ,,xl4  ,h>d51 ,john ,hy41 ,m4 ,e4  
--,rock ,salt ,deposit ( ,huron & ,bruce
 ,c\nties1 ,ont>io1 ,canada4 #f         
pp4--,proc4 ,eng9e]'s ,club4 ,phila41   
,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #c4    --,! ,con/ruction 
( ,maps 9 ,relief4 #bc pp41 ,ill41 #a   

pl4--,trans4 ,am4        ,in/4 ,m94     
,eng41 #ahhg4  ,h>pe1 ,phil4 de la4     
--,description des ,nummulites app>t5ant
  la ,zone suprieure des                
,falaises de ,bi>ritz4 #bj pp41 #a      
pl4--,bullet9 de la ,socit de           
,borda1 #ahgi4    --,une *elle des      
,nummulites ou ,tableau de la           
di/ribution        /ratigraphique des   
,espces de ,nummulites4 #e              
pp4--,v]h&lung5 de la ,soc4 ,helv4 des  
,sc4 ,nat41 session de        ,/4 ,gall1
 #ahgi4    --,note sur les ,nummulites  
des ,alpes occid5tales4 #f pp4--,extrait
 des        actes de la ,soc4 ,helv4 des
 ,sc4 ,nat41 #ahgg4    --,note sur les  
,nummulites des environs de ,nice et de 
,m5ton4 #bb pp41        #a pl4--,bullet9
 de la ,socit ,geologique de ,france1   
,octobre1        #ahgg4    --,ossem5ts  
app>t5ant  ,l',an?raco!rium ,magnum     
recueillis dans        les ,lignites des
 environs de ,lausanne4 #ad             
pp4--,bullet9 de la        ,soc4 vaud4  
des ,sc4 ,nat41 #ahed4    --,note sur la

 ,gologie des environs de               
,l\*e-les-,ba9s4 #cb pp41 #a            
pl4--,bullet9 de la ,soc4 vaud4 des ,sc4
 ,nat41 #ahgg4    --tude sur les        
,nummulites du ,comt de ,nice suivie    
d'une *elle des        ,nummulites ou   
,tableau de la di/ribution              
/ratigraphique des        ,espces de ce 
g5re4 #dd pp41 #a pl4--,bullet9 de la   
,soc4 vaud4        des ,sc4 ,nat4       
--,nummulites des ,alpes ,francaises4   
#bf pp4--,bullet9 de la ,soc4 vaud4     
,sc4 ,nat4 ,,xvi1 #hb4    --,description
 des ,nummulites des ,falaises de       
,bi>ritz4 #af pp41 #a                   
pl4--,extrait du ,bullet9 de la ,socit  
de ,borda1 #ahha4    --,description des 
,nummulites app>t5ant  la ,zone         
infrieure des        ,falaises de       
,bi>ritz des environs de la ,villa      
,bruce jusqu'        ,h&ia4 #dd         
pp4--,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,borda1   
#ahha4    --,description des ,nummulites
 app>t5ant  la ,zone moy5ne des         
,falaises de ,bi>ritz4 #h pp41          

,ill4--,bullet9 de la ,socit de         
,borda1 #ahhj4  ,hayes1 ,c4 ,will>d4    
--,! ,ov]?ru/ ,faults ( ! ,s\!rn        
,appala*ians4 #ad pp41 #b               
pl4--,bullet9 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,vol4  
,,ii1 pp4 #ada-aed4    --,report on !   
,geology ( ,nor!a/]n ,alabama & ,adjac5t
 ,portions        ( ,georgia &          
,t5nessee4 #hd pp41 #a pl41 #a          
map4--,bullet9 ,no4 #d1        ,geol4   
,surv4 ( ,alabama4    --,an ,exp$ition  
?r\gh ! ,yukon ,di/rict4 #df pp41 #c    
maps4--,nat4        ,geog4 ,mag4        
,heyes1 ,j4 ,f41 ,m4,a4    --,aspects ( 
,imp]ial ,f$]ation4 #h pp4              
--,sci5tific ,aspects ( ,imp]ial        
,unity4--,european ,mail4    --,!       
,recognition ( ,geography4 #g pp4       
7,fur!r ackn[l$gm5ts ( pamphlets & (    
specim5s w be made 9 ! next issue47     
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib] ,note   ,illu/rations 7 mov$
 s z to n split p>agraphs4 ,m9or errors 
7 correct$4