,,the ,,american ,,agriculturist4 ,illustration ,agriculture is the most healthful1 the most useful1 and the most noble employment of ,man4--,washington4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,new ,,york1 ,,december1 #ahdc4 ,,no4 ,,xi4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,allen1 ,editor4 ,,saxton ,,miles1 ,publishers1 #bje ,broadway4 ,,fattening ,,poultry4 ,as ,thanksgiving1 ,christmas1 and ,new ,years1 are fast approaching1 when the demand for poultry is at its greatest height1 and the quality of it is more curiously considered than at other seasons of the year1 in order to obtain something choice for the festive days1 we have thought a few words upon the fattening and preparation of it for market might now very appropriately be given1 and perhaps interest our readers more than at another time4 ,the fowls being in good condition a fortnight to one month previous to the time they are wanted for killing1 shut them up in a roomy1 dry1 well-ventilated1 and warm building1 with either a ground1 stone1 or plank floor1 as is most convenient4 ,this should be cleaned every day1 and straw several inches thick spread over a part of it1 especially where geese and ducks are shut up1 for the purpose of giving them good beds to sit in4 ,as often as the litter gets soiled1 remove it1 and put clean straw in its place4 ,a constant supply of food and water should now be kept before them1 allowing the fowls to eat and drink as often and as much as they please4 ,gravel is indispensable for their health1 and charcoal1 together with a little lime or ground bones1 is beneficial4 ,fowls fat better when they can get at their food as often as they please1 and are not so apt to gorge themselves and become surfeited4 ,for feed we prefer corn mostly2 a little wheat1 rye1 or barley1 is also very well as a change2 oats have rather too much husk about them4 ,in addition to these1 boiled potatoes1 sweet apples1 pumpkins1 and sugar beet1 are excellent food1 especially when mixed with a due proportion of mush or hasty pudding4 ,where sweet potatoes abound1 they are an excellent substitute for the last4 ,to the above1 add daily a little lean meat1 that which is cooked is preferred2 and the last week of their fattening1 for a finishing process1 rice boiled in milk and sweetened with molasses1 is very excellent4 ,this may be called an expensive method2 but our readers may be assured that the fowls will be enough better to pay for it4 ,meat derives much of its taste from the kind and quality of food that the animals consume2 hence gross1 fatty substances1 fish1 or anything that is disagreeable to the taste should be avoided in the food given to fowls during the fattening process1 as these invariably impart more or less of their disagreeable flavor to the flesh of the poultry fed upon them4 ,it is well known that the celebrated canvass-back duck derives its delicacy of taste from feeding on the bulbous roots of a peculiar grass growing in the ,chesapeake bay1 and that other kinds of ducks are scarcely eatable1 in consequence of their living almost entirely upon fish4 ,these remarks will hold good to most kinds of birds1 both of the water and land1 and1 indeed1 of all animals2 accordingly as their food is good or bad1 so will be the quality of the milk1 meat1 or eggs4 ,we recollect when a boy1 of having occasionally seen geese and ducks nailed through the webs of their feet to planks and floors1 and hens and turkeys tied up and so closely confined to stakes1 that they could not exercise4 ,this was done so that they might fat the faster6 ,how shockingly barbarous1 and any one guilty of such a practice in these days1 ought to be indicted1 and severely punished for their cruelty and cupidity4 ,we are totally opposed to the close confinement of beast or bird4 ,without exercise1 the system can not be in a healthy state2 and the meat of close confined animals is never as good1 to say the least of it1 as when they have plenty of fresh air1 and are allowed to move moderately about4 ,the best method of killing fowls1 is to cut their heads off at a single blow with a sharp axe1 and then hang them up and allow them to bleed freely4 ,by this process they never know what hurts them1 or endure pain for a second4 ,wringing the necks of poultry is almost as shocking as nailing their feet to planks for the purpose of fattening them1 and follows in the same barbarous category4 ,scalding the fowl previous to picking1 injures the feathers1 and makes it troublesome to dry them1 and we think the quality of flesh is somewhat injured by this process1 especially if the weather be not pretty cold at the time4 ,they should be picked as soon as possible after being killed1 and their offal taken from them2 be clean rinsed then in cold water1 and hung up to dry1 and kept as separate as possible till sold2 packing them together in heaps injures the flesh4 ,to be hung up and frozen for a few days1 or even weeks before eating1 makes the flesh more tender4 ,to keep them the same length of time after roasting1 especially if well stuffed1 also adds to their delicacy of taste and tenderness4 ,when the bird is brought on to the table1 it is perfectly shocking to see its head1 legs1 and feet1 left upon it1 though we know in many places this is fashionable1 and considered highly genteel2 but for our own part we detest such offal1 and the sight of them frequently destroys our appetite for the time being4 ,the process of carving also at the table is a dead bore4 ,we like the ,french fashion of cutting up the bird in the kitchen or at a side table1 and having it passed round on the dish1 every one then helping himself to such pieces as he likes best4 ,,fertility ,,of ,,sea-,,mud4 ,,sea-,,mud varies greatly in its composition1 dependant something upon the soil of the neighboring uplands4 ,it is considered a valuable manure in ,europe1 and is sought for with avidity1 and transported not unfrequently considerable distances into the interior4 ,we have seen it used with good effect in the ,united ,states1 from ,massachusetts to ,pennsylvania2 and are told that in ,delaware and ,maryland1 and even farther south1 it is highly prized by those who have tried it4 ,on ,long ,island1 the past summer1 we were occasionally shown the fertilising results1 not only of sea-mud1 but of the marsh soil also1 applied to the uplands a little removed from the borders of the marshes and the seashore4 ,our intelligent correspondent1 ,mr4 ,partridge1 informs us he has used beach-mud in various ways with good effect2 and that the past summer1 two gentlemen whose country seats border his mill1 were allowed to make use of the sediment from the tide mill-pond1 and they found it added greatly to the productiveness of their gardens4 ,sea-mud may be applied in different ways1 according to its constituents4 ,if it abounds with clay1 it should be taken in the fall of the year1 and spread broad-cast upon the land1 and thus lie exposed to the action of the frost all winter4 ,this pulverises it well1 and in the spring of the year the roller should be passed over it in dry weather1 followed by the harrow1 and if any lumps remain after this operation1 let them be beaten fine with the dung-beater4 ,this is considered one of the best top dressings for grass land which can be given2 it also answers well to be plowed in for either grain or root crops4 ,where the mud abounds more with sand1 it is an excellent thing to put into barn yards and pig-styes1 to be incorporated with the litter and manure2 it may likewise be thrown into a heap until it becomes completely pulverised1 and then spread upon the land4 ,as air-slacked lime or small broken lime can be obtained in this city for about half the price of quick lime1 ,mr4 ,partridge suggests that it would be an excellent ingredient to mix with the sea-mud1 for the purpose of forming a compost4 ,a bushel or two of the lime1 to a cart-load of the mud1 he thinks a good mixture4 ,when it abounds with considerable vegetable matter1 we would recommend a greater proportion of lime1 say from one to ten or twenty parts4 ,ashes and charcoal dust are excellent ingredients to mix with sea-mud1 and when either of these or lime is used to form a compost1 they make it much more lasting4 ,it is less labor to transport the sea-mud directly to the place where it is to be used1 and spread it broad-cast at once upon the land2 and as the saving of labor is quite an object in our country1 we have found that this method of applying it is the most generally practised4 ,with the exception of a few of our more intelligent farmers1 sea-mud and marsh-mud as fertilizers1 are not valued as highly as they ought to be in the ,united ,states4 ,they exist in immense quantities all along our seaboard1 and may be had in an unlimited extent for the mere labor of transportation4 ,we hope that some experiments may hereafter be made with them by some of our readers on the different kinds of crops1 and that they will give us the results4 ,the time1 we think1 is approaching1 when sea-mud and marsh-soil will be as highly prized here as they now are in ,europe4 ,,sketches ,,of ,,the ,,west4--,,no4 ,,ii4 ,,plantation ,,of ,,mr4 ,,grey4--,one of the best plantations1 especially for its farm-buildings1 which we visited in ,kentucky1 was that of ,mr4 ,benjamin ,grey of ,versailles4 ,the house1 as is usual in the more southern states1 stands near the centre of the domain on rising ground1 and commands a fine view of the country around4 ,it is in cottage style1 large and roomy1 and flanked by thick1 strong chimneys1 built up outside of the gable ends4 ,a pretty yard of smooth green-sward1 decked with shrubbery and evergreens1 is enclosed around with pointed white palings1 and adjoining this is a noble park1 formed by merely underbrushing and thinning out a few of the trees of the original forest4 ,these are usually termed wood-land pastures in ,kentucky2 yet in most instances1 they better deserve the name of park1 than many of those on noblemen's estates in ,europe4 ,,crops4--,mr4 ,grey's farm being principally devoted to stock1 and what is rather unusual here1 dairy products1 the crops are but a secondary consideration4 ,hemp is the main one to which he gives his attention2 and in addition to this1 he raises a sufficiency of corn and the smaller grains for his own consumption4 ,the rotation is much like that described in our first volume1 under head of ,tours in ,kentucky4 ,,stock4--,this is very fine indeed1 ,mr4 ,grey having been highly spirited in this matter4 ,his ,short-,horns are choice1 and quite numerous4 ,we particularly admired the cow ,mary ,ann1 with the calf at her foot4 ,she has a fashionable and airy form2 an up-head1 and deer-like action2 handles well1 and in addition to all these1 we were informed that she is an excellent milker4 ,three heifers of her produce we also admired2 the two youngest were strikingly like their dam4 ,after the ,short-,horns1 we were shown a few good ,cotswold1 and ,south-,down sheep1 imported direct from ,england by ,messrs4 ,bagg ,wait of ,orange ,co41 in this state4 ,the stock-hogs are a cross of the ,berkshire upon the ,thin-,rinds1 7a grade ,chinese71 and they make excellent porkers4 ,,farm ,,buildings4--,these are among the most complete we have seen in any place1 and we speak of them with the more pleasure1 because they are blameably deficient in farm buildings throughout the whole southwest4 ,the climate here1 it is true1 is warmer and much more open than at the north2 but it is in this very openness1 that consists the principal suffering of the stock4 ,the ground during this time is muddy1 cold1 and damp2 and worse1 consequently1 for animals to repose upon1 than when frozen dry1 or covered with snow4 ,sudden changes are continually taking place4 ,mild weather prevails for a few days1 relaxing the system2 this is then followed not unfrequently by intense cold2 the thermometer sinking in #dh hours from #ee or #fj above1 to zero1 and sometimes #h to #aj below it4 ,these sudden changes are very injurious to man and beast1 and far more to be dreaded than the steady cold of northern latitudes2 and for this reason1 more attention should be paid to the warmth of their dress on the part of the people here1 and to the housing of stock1 than is generally done4 ,it would lessen disease1 add to their longevity1 and give a handsomer1 fuller1 and more healthful physical appearance4 ,but to return more immediately to our subject4 ,with the exception of the usually reserved gangway on the barn-floor1 the lower story is devoted to stables4 ,these are planked1 and each animal is accommodated with a separate stall4 ,behind them is a shallow gutter1 running the whole length of the stable1 which conducts the liquid falling from the animals into a cess-pool in the yard1 and is there absorbed by muck4 ,the solid manure is also equally carefully saved and applied to the land1 and notwithstanding the proverbial fertility of the soil of ,kentucky1 ,mr4 ,grey assured us that he considered himself well paid in the increase of his crops1 for the labor employed in thus saving and applying his manure4 ,over-head in the barn are lofts for hay and straw2 a straw-cutter to prepare them for feeding2 cribs and bins for grain2 and a large square box with heavy wooden pounders1 for the hands to pound up corn and cob into meal on rainy days1 when they can do nothing else4 ,this cob-meal is usually mixed up with water1 and allowed to stand till it ferments1 and is then fed to the stock4 ,,the ,,dairy4--,this is a sufficiently roomy building1 of one story1 situated in a little dell a short distance from the mansion4 ,one of the gable ends abuts against a nearly perpendicular cliff1 out of which bursts a clear gurgling spring1 that takes its course through the centre of the rocky floor of the dairy1 and then finds its way into the valley below4 ,here is every convenience for making butter and cheese1 in which ,mr4 ,grey excels4 ,we have dwelt thus minutely on the plantation1 stock1 and buildings of ,mr4 ,grey1 because we consider them an excellent example to follow in ,kentucky2 and also for the purpose of giving our northern readers a general idea of the husbandry at the west1 of which the great majority entertain the most indefinite notions imaginable4 ,,mr4 ,,hart',s ,,plantation4--,after taking an early dinner1 ,mr4 ,grey ordered up his buggy1 and we started for ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,hart's4 ,this was some few miles off1 yet in order to get there we paid no attention to the public roads1 but took our way over gentle hill and dale1 through woodland-pastures1 and among fields containing a hundred acres or more in each1 under a single fence4 ,for the purpose of opening and shutting the field-gates as we passed1 we were accompanied by an ebony urchin1 as out-rider1 mounted on the bare back of a high-spirited gray nag1 which he rode with no little address4 ,this seemed quite a gala business for him2 and bare-headed1 with his thick woolly locks fluttering in the wind1 and his shirt-collar wide open1 he went grinning along1 now advancing at a hard gallop1 and anon closing up at a fast trot1 swinging open and shutting to the gates1 shaking his pate1 and hallooing to every animal that he thought did not move with sufficient alacrity from our destined path4 ,yo6 ho6 ,so you no move1 ,misser ,cow--then ,pompey make you1 and at her he charged1 brandishing a long stick1 like a ,cossack of the ,don with his spear1 the gray nag at the same time laying back his ears1 and opening his mouth1 and showing his teeth1 as if grinning in fiery sympathy with his redoubtable rider1 and ready to devour the animal that so sluggishly obstructed the path4 ,but one look from the cow1 or whatever beast it might be1 at the horse and boy1 seemed quite enough2 and without waiting further hints1 they would shake their tails1 then give them a slight curl1 and set off at a round scamper1 the triumphant ,pompey following up their career a short distance1 singing with high satisfaction3-- ,i tell you so1 now ,misser ,cow2 ,yo1 ho1 you go1 bow wow1 bow wow4 ,mr4 ,hart's plantation is a very fine one1 and he is one of the largest hemp-growers in ,kentucky4 ,he has done much to introduce a system of water-rotting hemp in ponds1 which we think is the best and most simple of the kind yet tried4 ,he has promised us a description of this1 with his late improvements1 and we trust that we shall be favored with it soon1 for the benefit of those desirous of preparing their hemp for market by the pond-water-rotting process4 ,there is so much in common with ,kentucky plantations1 that it is unnecessary to dwell further upon particulars4 ,mr4 ,hart's stock of cattle is principally derived from the first importation of the ,short-,horns into ,kentucky1 in #ahag4 ,he keeps a flock of about #hjj ,merino sheep1 which1 low as wool is1 he thinks make him as good1 if not a better return1 than anything else which his plantation produces4 ,sheep-husbandry is attracting much attention at present in ,kentucky4 ,it is a very superior region indeed1 for sheep1 and if the planters would go judiciously into the fine-woolled breeds1 wool would soon become an article of large export with them1 and a source of considerable profit4 ,let it be remembered1 that the cheaper and better wool can be produced1 the more there will be consumed of it2 and the cheaper and better1 woollen cloths will be furnished in return4 ,we need not fear overstocking the country in our generation4 ,mr4 ,hart keeps quite a herd of deer in his park1 and several head of elk4 ,these last1 with their large branching horns1 and lofty1 erect heads1 have a noble appearance4 ,he formerly had a few buffaloes1 but they became so troublesome in breaking down fences1 and sallying out whenever they pleased1 to the great terror of the country round1 that he was at last obliged to kill them4 ,buffalo bulls get somewhat ferocious as they grow old1 and are rather dangerous animals on the plantation4 ,while in ,kentucky1 we picked up some comic anecdotes of their doings as they turned out2 but a feather's weight in the other scale might have made them equally tragical2 and upon the whole1 unless enclosed within a fence that they could not break down1 we should advise our friends to eschew keeping buffaloes4 ,,breeds ,,of ,,fowls4 ,,in perusing the ,american ,poultry ,book1 which we noticed in our ,october ,no41 we find the following recommendation for selecting a stock for the poultry-yard3-- ,the better practice would seem to be1 in order to make the poultry-yard most profitable1 to select no particular breed4 ,commence with pullets and cocks of the first year1 of all the breeds mentioned above1 except bantams1 and without any regard to color excepting those of a pure white4 ,it would be well1 if possible1 to select the cocks from the same yard4 ,every year exchange a nest-full of eggs with your neighbors1 or such as have good fowls4 ,by pursuing steadily this practice of exchanging eggs1 you will yearly infuse new blood into your stock1 and avoid the inconvenience of breeding in and in4 ,without being aware of this fact1 many farmers find their stock running out1 c4 ,now the above plan for forming a stock for the poultry-yard we hold to be perfectly absurd1 and one might with just the same propriety1 advise mingling all the different breeds of horses or cattle together1 for the purpose of forming a good stock1 as the different varieties of fowls2 and we need only consider for one moment1 the incongruity of the materials which form them1 to be convinced of this4 ,there is the pugnacious ,gamecock2 the pheasant-shaped ,top-knot2 the coarse ,malay2 the thick-skinned ,negro-fowl2 the tender ,chinese or ,merino2 the tailless ,rumpless2 the ,friesland1 with reversed feathers2 the short-legged ,creeper2 the five-toed ,dorking2 c41 c42 all thrown into one helter-skelter mass1 the progeny of which would prove as contemptible a race of mongrels as ever graced a dung-hill1 and beyond the precincts of a dung-hill they would scarcely be worth removing4 ,those who have most eminently succeeded in breeding fowls1 have adopted the same course in doing so1 which is followed by judicious breeders of animals2 and that is1 by sticking to the breed1 when it is a good one1 in its utmost purity2 choosing the best of the flock from which to propagate1 and thus continuing4 ,in-and-in breeding1 to a certain extent1 when pursued by those who thoroughly understand their business1 has been productive of the best results4 ,the finest1 the largest1 and the most indomitable game-cocks have thus been bred2 and if we possessed a good breed of poultry of any kind1 we should be very careful how we exchanged eggs with our neighbors for the purpose of improving them4 ,if they had a superior stock to our own1 of the same breed1 we would select from among them grown birds only2 we should then know what we got1 and be able to make improvements upon those we already possessed4 ,it is by mingling all sorts of breeds together1 without any definite notion as to the results1 that many farmers find their stock running out2 and if every one were to follow this course1 we should soon be without a single good fowl in our poultry-yards4 ,we really regret to see a book like this on ,american ,poultry1 which in the main is a good little work1 recommend such a course of breeding2 for in our humble judgment it is the very worst which could be pursued4 ,we can not say that we much like the author's advice either1 as to the choice of a cock4 ,why he should be restless1 not very large1 with a thick and stout bill1 long spurs1 c41 we can not divine4 ,the best cocks we ever kept1 and those of the most indomitable courage1 when fighting was necessary1 were the most quiet1 attentive1 and polite in their seraglio3 they were also of rather large size for their breed2 with fine heads1 bills1 feet1 and legs4 ,,new ,,york ,,farmers' ,,club4 ,,the ,,farmers' ,club resumed their meetings1 on ,tuesday1 ,nov4 #acth1 at the ,repository of the ,american ,institute4 ,the meeting commenced by reading a communication from the ,president of the ,manhattan ,gas ,light ,company1 ,david ,c4 ,colden1 ,esq41 inviting the attention of farmers1 and all interested in agriculture1 to the value of the refuse of gas-works as manure4 ,extracts from the works of ,liebig1 and ,johnston were then read1 setting forth the powerful fertilizing properties of ammoniacal liquor1 with which the refuse of gas-works is found to be strongly impregnated4 ,after some conversation on the subject1 in which ,mr4 ,stevens1 ,commodore ,de ,kay1 ,mr4 ,meigs1 and ,mr4 ,wakeman1 took part1 as to the best method of disposing of this communication1 it was resolved that it be referred to a committee consisting of ,gen4 ,tallmadge1 ,mr4 ,prince1 ,gen4 ,johnson1 ,col4 ,clarke1 and ,mr4 ,townsend1 to report at the next meeting of the club4 ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,prince1 of ,flushing1 presented to the meeting1 specimens of nineteen different varieties of apples1 among which were several of very large size and superior quality4 ,mr4 ,meigs presented seeds of a new variety of squash1 the ,cucurbitur bicolor4 ,mr4 ,ward1 cuttings from a vine which produced ripe ,isabella grapes on the #eth ,september4 ,a desultory conversation then ensued as to the future proceedings of the club4 ,much diversity of opinion appeared to exist as to the propriety of holding the meetings weekly1 fortnightly1 or monthly1 when a committee was appointed to report upon the subject4 ,dr4 ,field next called the attention of the club to a subject which he considered deserving their serious attention1 viz3 the present condition of the children now in the alms-house on ,long ,island4 ,he thought they might be employed advantageously to themselves and the public1 either in the cultivation of the mulberry1 and general management of silk1 or in horticultural occupations4 ,he then proceeded to describe with feeling eloquence1 their present deplorable condition1 both morally and physically1 arising from the system of idleness they are now allowed to pursue4 ,he was followed by ,mr4 ,stevens1 and ,mr4 ,carter1 who both agreed that it was high time some steps should be taken to ameliorate the condition of the poor children1 and it was finally resolved3 ,that a committee consisting of ,dr4 ,field1 ,mr4 ,stevens1 and ,mr4 ,carter1 be appointed to investigate the subject1 and petition the corporation that the pauper children of this city1 now on the ,long ,island farm1 be employed in horticultural pursuits generally1 and also in the raising and manufacture of silk4 ,mr4 ,stevens then made some remarks on the subject of wax-flowers and fruits1 a specimen of which was exhibited by ,mr4 ,lane4 ,mr4 ,stevens thought that a model of every new variety of fruit ought to be taken in wax1 and preserved at the ,repository of the ,institute4 ,a motion was made and carried that the executive committee be instructed to consider the subject4 ,gen4 ,tallmadge suggested that a list of donors of fruits1 c41 be kept by the secretary1 and placed on the records of the club at every meeting1 which was unanimously agreed to4 ,the meeting then adjourned to ,tuesday1 the #bhth ,november4 ,the following are the extracts on refuse gas1 sent to the club by the ,president of the ,manhattan ,gas-,light ,company3-- ,if the properties of manure1 and its agency upon the growth of the vegetable world1 can be explained by chemistry1 we shall find the ammoniacal liquor produced in gas-works1 to be a valuable substitute for those manures1 by the application of which it is intended to supply the soil with nitrogen4 ,one of the most valuable manures is urine1 and its excellence depends almost entirely upon the ammoniacal salts which it holds in solution4 ,the relative value of urine as manure1 depends upon the quantity of nitrogen the different kinds yield4 ,thus human urine is the most esteemed1 and that of horned animals the least4--,clegg's ,treatise on ,gas-,making4 ,according to ,liebig1 #edg pounds of human excrement contain #af4da pounds of nitrogen2 a quantity sufficient to yield the nitrogen of #hjj pounds of wheat1 rye1 oats1 or of #ijj pounds of barley4 ,how much more1 then1 will be supplied from an equal weight of ammoniacal liquor6 ,mr4 ,j4 ,watson1 the manager of the gas-works at ,kirriemuir1 has favored me with the following facts3-- ,the ammoniacal liquor on the surface of the tar-well has been found a very great improvement as a manure for raising crops of grass in this quarter1 by being sprinkled on the field in the same way as water is put on public streets in large towns1 to keep down dust in dry weather4 ,i have myself seen an experiment of this tried1 and can say that part of a field of grass sprinkled in this way1 after the first cutting1 was far superior to any other part of the field receiving manure of any other kind1 and that the part so sprinkled1 or showered over1 was ready to be cut down a second time in the course of between fourteen days and three weeks2 whereas1 the other part of the field cut at the same time1 was only beginning to spring or rise from the roots in that time4 ,it must be mixed up before use with four parts of common water4 ,in particular1 the said experiment of the gas-water has been used by ,david ,nairn1 ,esq41 ,doumkilba1 near ,meigle1 in this neighborhood1 with success2 and ,i am informed that he has purchased and taken a lease of the ammoniacal liquor from different gas-companies in this country4 ,i am convinced much good might be derived from different qualities of the refuse products of gas-works as manure4 ,an inquiry into this subject would remunerate the engineer or agriculturist to the full1 and would besides confer a considerable benefit upon his fellows1 and give that practical proof of the correctness of a theory so welcome to the man of science4 ,the fertilizing power of gypsum has been explained by its supposed action on the ammonia which is presumed to exist in the atmosphere4 ,if this be the true explanation1 a substance containing ammonia should act at least as energetically4 ,at all events1 the action of foldyard manure and of putrid urine1 is supposed to depend chiefly on the ammonia they contain or give off4 ,now among the substances containing ammonia in large quantity1 the ammoniacal liquor of the gas-works is one which can easily be obtained1 and can be applied in a liquid state at very little cost4 ,it must be previously diluted with water till its taste and smell become scarcely perceptible4 ,i would propose therefore1 as a further experiment1 that along with one or more of the substances above mentioned1 the ammoniacal liquor of the gas-works should be tried1 on a measured portion of ground1 and1 if possible1 in the same field4 ,soot as a manure is supposed to act partly1 if not chiefly in consequence of the ammonia it contains4 ,in ,gloucestershire1 it is applied to potatoes and to wheat1 chiefly to the latter1 and with great success4 ,in the wolds of ,yorkshire it is also applied largely to the wheat-crop4 ,in this country it is frequently used on grass land4 ,i am not aware that it is extensively used on clover4 ,i am inclined to anticipate that the sulphur it contains1 in addition to ammonia1 would render it useful to this plant4 ,at all events comparative experiments in the same field with the gypsum and the ammoniacal liquor1 are likely to lead to interesting results4 99 99 99 ,of ammoniacal liquor #ajj or #bjj gallons per acre1 according to its strength1 for this is constantly varying4 ,it must also be diluted with so large a quantity of water as will render it perfectly tasteless1 and is likely to prove most beneficial if laid on at several successive periods4--,johnston's ,agricultural ,chemistry1 part #a4 ,sal ammoniac is probably too expensive an article to be employed2 but sulphate of ammonia may be had of the wholesale chemist at a price considerably more reasonable1 and the ammoniacal liquor of the gas-manufactories1 through the distillation of coal1 is a still cheaper commodity4--,liebig's ,agricultural ,chemistry4 ,its efficacy as a manure is vouched for by many who have made trial of it upon their land4 ,see a communication by ,mr4 ,paynter on gas-water as a manure4--,journal ,royal ,ag4 ,soc41 ,no4 #a4 ,,the ,,next ,,annual ,,show ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,agricultural ,,society4 ,as the annual show of the ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,society is now sure to bring fifteen to twenty thousand strangers into the place where it may be held1 to pass three or four days there1 and spend their money pretty freely1 it has become quite an object with the different towns situated on the great thoroughfares1 to have the exhibitions within their boundaries as often as possible4 ,strong movements will be made for these hereafter2 but we trust that the ,society will weigh well the different claims preferred for its favor1 and that no other consideration than the public good1 and the spread of its influence1 will have weight in its decisions4 ,albany1 ,syracuse1 and ,rochester1 each having had the advantage of one of these meetings1 other towns now are soliciting the like favor2 and among those which are preferring their claims for the show of #ahdd1 we understand that ,buffalo1 ,utica1 and ,poughkeepsie1 are the most prominent4 ,perhaps as the northern and western parts of the ,state have now had the benefit of three of the exhibitions of the ,society1 it is no more than fair that some attention be paid to the southern and eastern portions4 ,we have heard this city named as a very suitable place for the show of next year1 and the only objection we can anticipate to it is1 that it is an extreme end of the ,state4 ,granted2 and is not ,buffalo the same8 ,yet1 notwithstanding this1 we contend that ,new ,york or ,buffalo is just as fairly entitled in their turn to one of the exhibitions of the ,society1 as ,albany1 ,syracuse1 or ,rochester4 ,however1 as our own interests might be somewhat served by a meeting of the ,state ,society in this city1 we shall waive advocating its claims to one for the present1 and content ourselves with stating those of ,poughkeepsie4 #a4 ,this town is #baj miles by the usual travelled route1 northwest from ,montauk ,point1 the southeast end of the ,state4 ,this is as great a distance as from ,poughkeepsie to ,syracuse1 and #da miles further than the railroad route1 though a circuitous one1 from ,syracuse to ,buffalo2 so that it may fairly be said to be the hither-end of a third-part of the limits of the ,state4 #b4 ,the population1 from ,dutchess county1 south and east1 includes about one fourth of that of the whole ,state4 #c4 ,poughkeepsie is easy of access by land or water1 and being situated on the ,hudson1 hundreds of strangers from the neighboring ,states1 especially the southern ones1 would visit a show here1 when they could hardly be induced to go farther north or west1 and as these visiters are always purchasers to a greater or less extent1 it is quite an object to get them to attend4 #d4 ,this town is the capital of one of the oldest1 wealthiest1 and most populous counties of the ,state1 and the one whose general system of agriculture is probably more highly advanced than any other4 ,dutchess1 and the neighboring counties1 have also considerable improved stock--much more than we had any idea of till our recent excursions in these parts4 ,durham1 ,devon1 and ,ayrshire cattle abound2 superior road and blood horses2 ,cotswold1 ,leicester1 ,south ,down1 and numerous flocks of ,merino sheep2 the products of the dairy2 agricultural implements1 and roots1 seeds1 fruits1 flowers1 and domestic fabrics4 #e4 ,poughkeepsie is ready at her own expense1 to build pens for the stock1 and furnish all other needful accommodation for the ,society1 which will be a saving of expense to it of at least #a1jjj4 ,lastly1 there is more accumulated wealth in the southern1 than other parts of the ,state1 and the ,society1 by holding a fair proportion of its shows in this quarter1 will make itself many staunch friends1 and be introduced to thousands1 who would otherwise be ignorant of its great public merits4 ,the ,agricultural ,society of the ,state of ,new ,york is looked up to as an example throughout the country1 and it should be careful to avoid even the appearance of being partial or local in its proceedings4 ,the national societies of ,great ,britain and ,ireland1 adopt the course of holding their shows in1 not only the central1 but the extreme parts of the kingdom2 and this is one great reason of their popularity among all classes4 ,tour in ,england4 ,no4 #ae4 ,,thinking that our readers had become somewhat satiated with so much upon foreign matters as have hitherto found place in this journal1 we had desisted for several months past1 giving sketches of the agriculture of ,england2 but having recently received so many solicitations to continue them1 we again take up the subject1 and shall pursue it pretty regularly through the whole of our third volume1 if such seems to be the pleasure of a majority of our subscribers4 ,perhaps1 to these1 we may also add sketches of some things we saw in ,russia1 the recollections of which are very pleasant1 at least to us1 yet whether we shall make them equally so in relating them to others1 remains to be seen4 ,,chatsworth1 ,,seat ,,of ,,the ,,duke ,,of ,,devonshire4--,in returning from ,yorkshire to ,london on the ,north ,midland railroad1 we stopped at the ,chesterfield station1 for the purpose of making an excursion to ,chatsworth1 to view the celebrated gardens and immense conservatory of this superb place4 ,it was a raw morning in ,august1 and as we jumped from a confined seat in the rail-coach1 we were glad to be on our feet once more1 and have an opportunity of rousing our blood by a smart walk from the station into the town4 ,we stopped at the ,angel inn1 took a hearty breakfast1 and while waiting a gig being made ready to convey us to ,chatsworth1 stepped out for a stroll over the place4 ,chesterfield is a dingy old town1 of about #f1jjj inhabitants1 and has little to recommend it to the notice of strangers1 save the spire of ,all ,saints' ,church4 ,this rises to the height of #bcj feet1 is curiously channeled1 and covered with lead1 and is so much out of perpendicular1 as to attract marked attention in passing it1 even when at a considerable distance4 ,it being market-day1 the town was thronged with farmers from the country1 exposing stock and agricultural products in the square for sale4 ,there was little in these1 however1 deserving particular attention1 and after giving them a hasty look1 we returned to the inn4 ,as we came up1 a dapper waiter announced the oss and gig as hall ready2 when in we jumped1 and set out for ,chatsworth at a round pace1 distant1 if we recollect right1 about #h miles4 ,derbyshire possesses the wildest and most broken scenery of any county in ,england1 and after passing over the flat surface of ,yorkshire1 it was quite a relief to find ourselves trotting up and down along a road winding picturesquely around high hills1 and over deep narrow dales4 ,an hour's drive or so1 brought us to the pretty little village of ,edensor1 close by the inn of which1 is the entrance to ,chatsworth4 ,the village is situated within the park1 and is the property of the ,duke1 and certainly it is the most charming one we ever saw4 ,every cottage is of stone1 and no two alike in their architecture4 ,one is a mimic ,gothic castle2 another a cottage orne2 a third in the ,elizabethan1 a fourth in the ,swiss1 and perhaps a fifth in the ,tudor style4 ,everything then was so complete about them--the pretty gardens full of flowers--the hedges so neatly trimmed--the yards1 laid down with the greenest and softest of turf1 and the shrubbery so tastefully planted6 ,these were the residences of the laborers on the estate1 the possession of which any one might envy them1 and desire to be able to call his home4 ,attached to the village is a fine old church1 and around it an ample yard1 handsomely walled in with strong mason-work4 ,altogether1 this village is quite a gem in its way1 and we were going to add1 an epitome of its owner's heart2 for on all his estates1 whether in ,england or ,ireland1 the ,duke of ,devonshire has made it a point to protect and bountifully provide for his people4 ,there is no want1 or suffering1 or seeking the poor-house1 by the tenantry1 allowed by this kind-hearted1 benevolent man4 ,turning from ,edensor1 and ascending a mound-like hill to the left of the carriage-road1 the palace and the grounds of ,chatsworth appear to the greatest advantage4 ,immediately below is the river ,derwent1 tracing its sparkling course through a rich vale1 where were perhaps #a1ejj deer browsing or taking their gambols4 ,a handsome stone bridge spans the river1 and just beyond1 the ground rises in terraces to a narrow plain1 where stand the noble palace1 with its out-buildings1 and the immense conservatory1 in magnificent grandeur4 ,back of these rises a lofty hill1 the steep sides of which are thickly planted with forest-trees1 and the summit is crowned with a high tower of octagonal shape1 built of stone4 ,we were received at the palace-gate by a servant in handsome livery1 and passing into the gallery of the court1 a fine hearty girl made her appearance to conduct us over the building4 ,the front of the palace is #cej feet1 and one of the side wings about #djj feet long1 and this whole area contains a series of apartments called the drawing-room suite4 ,an entire number of this paper would hardly suffice to give the reader a complete description of these magnificent rooms1 and the treasures of art they contain1 we therefore pass them over in silence4 ,from these we strolled into the orangery1 which is about #cj feet wide1 and #bjj feet long4 ,it is full of beautiful exotics1 and among them were several specimens of the ,rhododendron ,arboreum1 which bore1 the preceding summer1 over #b1jjj flowers4 ,we now walked out to the lawn in front of the palace1 where one of the under-gardeners appeared to conduct us over the grounds4 ,these are extremely beautiful1 with walled terraces in the ,italian style1 and fountains4 ,one jet d'eau throws up a column #ij feet high4 ,but the great show here in the way of water-works1 is the cascade4 ,it is entirely artificial1 and must have been made at a great expense4 ,the water rushes out from a series of lakes on top of the hill1 and comes pouring down its side1 taking a leap of about #hj feet from one of the arches1 and then falls for a length of #cjj yards over a series of #bd ledges1 and disappears amidst masses of rock1 on the edge of the lawn4 ,here it finds a subterranean passage to the river ,derwent4 ,these water-works are looked upon by some critics with affected contempt2 not so with us1 however1 we greatly admired them in their way2 and yet we have seen ,niagara a thousand times1 and had a peep at most of the other water-falls worth looking at in the ,united ,states4 ,we have no sympathy with such hypercritics as profess a distaste to the cascade at ,chatsworth3 as a work of art1 it is a magnificent thing1 and to our eye1 in keeping with the palace and grounds2 and we viewed it with interest4 ,a bronze tree a little farther on1 excited still greater curiosity with us than the cascade1 for it was made to act the part of a fountain1 by throwing water from a thousand sprigs and leaves all around in a shower of spray4 ,but leaving this and the exquisite scenery of the lawn1 we passed on by a winding carriage-road to a short distance to the conservatory4 ,this was #cej feet long1 #aej feet wide1 and nearly #gj feet high2 and when fully completed1 is to have an additional length of #aej feet4 ,the roof is an arch1 and is covered with plate glass of the best kind1 and so thick as to resist the heaviest hail4 ,it is heated by iron tubes of hot water1 and to these are added others for cold water1 and the whole1 if stretched out to a single length1 we were informed would extend nearly six miles4 ,the plants and trees here are distributed in open borders1 each class being placed in the soil most proper for it1 and the temperature so regulated as to suit their natural state as nearly as possible4 ,not far from the centre is an immense rockery rising about #ej feet high1 and from the fissures of the thick slabs of stone that compose it1 the cactus and other plants grow out as in their natural state4 ,half way up this huge precipice is a little lake with islets1 and in this1 water-lilies and other aquatic plants of the rarest and most beautiful kinds4 ,a wild goat path leads to the top of the rockery1 and beneath it is a wide1 deep cave4 ,the variety of shrubs and plants in this immense conservatory is very great2 some of the trees already reach nearly to the top of the roof1 and others presented dimensions gigantic in the extreme for those within a green-house4 ,there are wide folding-doors at each end of the conservatory1 and any time he pleases1 the ,duke can have a drive with his coach and four horses through it4 ,taking it altogether1 it is by far the most magnificent thing of the kind we have ever seen4 ,the whole cost of it is not less than half a million of dollars1 which is but a little over the present annual income of its wealthy possessor4 ,after leaving the conservatory1 we took a zig-zag road1 and ascended through the forest to the crown of the hill by the octagonal tower4 ,a peasant family was residing here1 who permitted us to ascend it to the top4 ,the view from this is no less extensive than beautiful1 of ,chatsworth and the wild broken country around4 ,descending from this high perch we had quite a chat with the peasant's wife4 ,she informed us that the tower was built by a predecessor of the present ,duke1 for the purpose of giving the ladies at the palace an opportunity of seeing the fox-hunting which formerly took place at ,chatsworth4 ,upon taking leave1 the good woman directed a little rosy-faced daughter to show us the lakes on the hill1 the sources of the cascade and fountains below4 ,after something of a stroll through the woods1 we found two large expanses of water belted in by thick rows of the larch and fir1 and apparently as isolated as if in a wild forest of our own country4 ,the white swan and the black are kept here1 and most other kinds of curious water-fowl4 ,our pretty guide answered all our inquiries with intelligence1 and at parting we gave her a small guerdon1 for which she returned a grateful thank'e zur and a low courtesy1 and then1 with the lightness of a young fawn1 skipped into the woods1 and immediately disappeared4 ,descending the hill toward the palace we came to the stables4 ,these are very extensive1 of quadrangular shape1 and large courtyards within4 ,at a distance1 with their imposing architecture1 they might almost pass for the palace itself4 ,we now bent our steps to the house of the celebrated ,mr4 ,paxton1 the head gardener of the ,duke of ,devonshire1 editor of the ,magazine of ,botany which bears his name1 and one of the first botanists of ,england4 ,his residence is within the park1 about a quarter of a mile from the palace1 and is a roomy1 beautiful cottage1 completely enveloped in flowers and flowering shrubbery1 with a handsome little conservatory at the end4 ,much to our regret1 he was not at home2 but a sub-gardener1 quite an intelligent man1 volunteered to show us the gardens4 ,they occupy #ab acres1 and are enclosed by a thick1 brick wall1 about twelve feet high4 ,here are the experimental and kitchen gardens1 and hundreds of fruit-bearing espaliers1 trained up the walls4 ,in addition to these there are forcing pits in abundance1 and upward of #bj hot-houses1 about #cjj feet long each1 devoted to different purposes1 one of the most extensive of which is the growing of pine apples4 ,all these things may be considered very extravagant1 but in supporting them1 the ,duke of ,devonshire has done much for the cause of science1 and has conferred a lasting benefit on his country4 ,we left ,chatsworth with regret2 the day we spent there we would have gladly prolonged to a week1 and then we should have gained but an imperfect knowledge of the treasures of nature and art which are stored up here for the admiration of thousands of visiters4 ,mary ,queen of ,scots was some time a prisoner here2 so also was ,marshal ,tallard1 who was captured at the battle of ,blenheim4 ,what were the thoughts of the beautiful ,queen upon taking leave of it1 history does not record2 but the ,marshal1 no less gracefully than happily1 said3 ,when ,i return to ,france and reckon up the days of my captivity in ,england1 ,i shall leave out all those ,i have spent at ,chatsworth4 ,and so thought we1 pausing on the mound-like hill again1 as we retraced our steps to ,edensor1 and cast a last lingering look upon the park1 and palace1 and forest hills in the background1 lit up by the clear1 glorious sun just sinking beneath the horizon4 ,,agricultural ,,shows4 ,,the ,,philadelphia ,,society held its annual show at the ,lamb tavern1 ,october #d1 #e1 and #f4 ,the ,germantown ,telegraph states1 in the ,report of the ,committee of ,arrangements1 that the display of horses was unusually attractive1 exhibiting the various breeds for the turf1 road1 and farm1 in considerable numbers4 ,the ,durham cattle seem at last to be getting the better of prejudice in that quarter1 and in their superior forms and deep milking qualities1 have shamed nearly everything else from the ground1 save a few fine ,devons and capital grade ,durham milkers4 ,of sheep and swine1 there were very few present1 which is the more to be regretted1 as these animals exist in considerable numbers and of superior breeds throughout the neighboring counties of ,montgomery1 ,delaware1 ,chester1 and ,lancaster4 ,of ,agricultural ,implements and ,products there was a good show1 and the ,plowing-,match proved an interesting affair4 ,peter ,a4 ,browne1 ,esq41 delivered the address1 which we find at length in the ,farmers' ,cabinet4 ,among other things1 he contends no less strenuously than justly for the establishment of ,agricultural schools and ,professorships4 ,from another part of the address we subjoin a few suggestions4 ,first1 then1 it is feared that our agricultural friends have not yet paid all the attention that the subject demands1 to a judicious rotation of crops1 adapted to our climate2 particularly in regard to roots4 ,second4 ,much has been done1 that is beyond all praise1 in insuring the best breeds of cattle4 ,while we hear pronounced with gratitude1 the names of ,mease1 ,powell1 ,brantz1 ,clay1 ,gowen1 and ,kelley1 let us not forget that the task is not finished4 ,third4 ,soiling1 it is apprehended1 has been too much neglected by most ,american husbandmen4 ,fourth4 ,irrigation has also been too little attended to in the ,united ,states4 ,fifth4 ,proper care and precaution have not been sufficiently bestowed upon the selection of seeds4 ,this is a subject of the greatest importance4 ,sixth4 ,much is yet to be learned in regard to the preservation and economical use of manure4 ,seventh4 ,the introduction1 more generally1 of labor-saving machinery1 and particularly of the itinerant thrashing-machine1 deserves to be mentioned4 ,eighth4 ,gardening and raising fruit are much neglected by our farmers4 ,it is respectfully suggested that special committees might1 with advantage1 be raised upon these and other useful topics1 to report at the next annual meeting4 ,pennsylvania contains nearly thirty millions of acres4 ,according to the census of #ahdj1 she had a population of one million seven hundred and odd thousands1 which is nineteen acres and a fraction for each inhabitant4 ,in #ahdb1 she raised1 of grains of all kinds1 upward of sixty millions of bushels2 of potatoes1 nearly thirteen millions of bushels2 of hay1 upward of two millions and a quarter of tons2 of flax and hemp1 upward of three thousand three hundred tons2 of tobacco1 four hundred and eighty thousand tons2 of silk1 upward of twenty-one thousand pounds2 of sugar1 nearly three millions and a half of pounds2 and of wines1 nearly eighteen thousand gallons4 ,,the ,,henrico ,,society held its third annual show at ,richmond1 ,virginia1 ,november #ast4 ,the proceedings are published in the ,richmond ,enquirer4 ,the ,executive ,committee reports1 that although there is a falling off in its receipts1 there is an increased interest and attention to its proceedings by the planters4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,t4 ,botts1 ,editor of the ,southern ,planter1 made the address1 from which we subjoin an extract4 ,this society was organized and has been chiefly supported by a few public-spirited gentlemen in the neighborhood4 ,its beneficial effects are felt and seen by all of you4 ,to form a proper appreciation of them1 you have only to ride in any direction about the suburbs of the city4 ,rude grounds have been converted into productive gardens1 and barren wastes into smiling fields4 ,i recollect a lady's saying to me last summer1 that she meant to make her husband become a member of this society1 because it had done so much to beautify the rides and walks about the city4 ,she declared the time had been when it gave her a fit of the horrors1 7she was a nervous lady17 to order her carriage for an evening drive2 but that now1 there was nothing that she and her children enjoyed so much4 ,but this is not all4 ,let him who has been familiar with your market for the last eight or ten years1 compare its present abundant supplies of the finest fruits and vegetables1 with the meager exhibition of former days2 and1 after all1 let us be as sentimental as we will1 a good market plays a very important part in the comedy of human happiness4 ,our merchants and mechanics too should remember1 that these exhibitions are annually becoming more and more attractive1 and that they are by no means inefficient in increasing the trade of the city4 ,but1 over and above all considerations of dollars and cents1 let us1 one and all1 come forward and enrol our names as members of this association1 which represents the great agricultural interest of the state1 and which should be the pride and ornament of its metropolis4 ,,lake ,,county ,,society4--,the show of this society took place at ,medina1 ,ohio1 and a complete account of its proceedings may be found in the ,painsville ,telegraph4 ,in addition to the usual show of stock1 c41 an extensive procession was got up of wagons and carriages1 preceded by bands of music4 ,one of these held no less than #ce ladies1 engaged in the laudable occupations of knitting1 sewing1 spinning1 and various other domestic employments4 ,we wish we could chronicle more such industrial displays1 for we consider them an excellent feature in agricultural shows4 ,,bourbon ,,county ,,society ,,of ,,kentucky4--,we learn from the ,paris ,citizen1 that the ,eighth ,annual show of this ,society took place near ,paris1 and continued three days1 and is said to be the largest and most varied ever held in ,kentucky4 ,the first two days were devoted to the exhibition of domestic animals1 agricultural products1 and farming implements2 the third day1 to that of domestic manufactures4 ,the show of horses present was considered very superior2 they were of all varieties1 from the mettlesome thorough-bred1 to the enormous cart-horse4 ,the ,durhams and other horned stock were well represented1 and gave evidence in their splendid proportions of the superiority of ,kentucky pastures4 ,the descendants are said to be an improvement over the original importations from ,england4 ,mr4 ,clay was present1 and had a superb pair of blankets presented him by ,mrs4 ,james ,hutchcraft4 ,these were made from the wool of ,leicester sheep1 and were of uncommon size and thickness1 weighing #bc lbs4 the pair4 ,on the presentation of these blankets1 ,mr4 ,clay was addressed by the ,hon4 ,garrett ,davis1 ,m4 ,c41 and he replied in his usual elegant and happy manner4 ,,hampshire1 ,,hampden1 ,,and ,,franklin ,,society1 ,,massachusetts4--,the united show for the three wealthy and populous counties above1 came off at the beautiful town of ,northampton1 on the #ahth and #aith ,october1 and we much regret on more accounts than one1 that we could not1 be present4 ,the ,boston ,cultivator furnishes a full report4 ,a large number of working-oxen of course were present1 and to these were added some superb fat oxen1 exhibited by ,mr4 ,sumner ,chapin4 ,the committee who reported upon this subject1 attributes the superiority of the cattle to the large infusion of ,short-,horn blood in their veins1 and hence their fine symmetry1 light offal1 and increased weight of flesh on the more valuable parts1 as compared with native stock when fattened for the shambles4 ,mr4 ,paoli ,lathrop exhibited some choice ,short-,horns4 ,of native cows the committee thus speak3-- ,of the ten cows entered for the premium as native animals1 nearly or all have an intermixture of ,short-,horn or other foreign blood4 ,we awarded to ,mr4 ,minor ,hitchcock the first premium in this class4 ,in his written statement to us it appears that her average product in milk for the six months1 ending #ast ,october1 was #di lbs4 per day1 and in the months of ,june and ,july1 #eh lbs4 per day4 ,in butter1 her average product in the same time was more than #aa lbs4 per week1 and in the month of ,july alone1 nearly #ad lbs4 per week2 yet in the same time he used the necessary milk and cream for his family of four persons4 ,your committee have entire confidence in the statement of ,mr4 ,hitchcock2 yet it is proper here to remark1 that from his account of her1 and though awarded1 a premium as a native animal1 she partakes highly of the blood of the ,short-,horns4 ,in the two classes of animals entered as of native and foreign origin it is obvious that a proper discrimination was not made2 for in some of the former there is evidently more of the blood of distinct imported races than the latter4 ,yet your committee deemed it their duty to award the premiums of the society to the two classes as they found them4 ,now here it is1 most everywhere that our native cows are found excelling as milkers1 we can trace a portion of their blood1 7usually the greatest share17 to the ,durhams1 and yet there are those who are constantly decrying the ,short-,horns for not being milkers4 ,verily a few particular people are very hard to be convinced4 ,it is our intention hereafter to make up a table of the milking qualities of the ,short-,horns and their grades1 and any one possessing information upon this subject1 we shall be glad by their communicating the same to us4 ,mr4 ,paoli ,lathrop of ,south ,hadley took the first premiums on ,durham bulls and heifers4 ,mr4 ,ira ,fenton of ,belchertown on ,durham cows4 ,mr4 ,sumner ,chapin of ,springfield1 the first premiums on ,fat ,cattle and ,working-,oxen4 ,,sale ,,of ,,rambouillet ,,merinos4 --,mr4 ,nathaniel ,hart1 ,jr41 of ,kentucky1 has just passed through this city on his way home1 having in company with him three ,rambouillet ,merino bucks1 purchased of ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,collins of ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,mr4 ,hart has kept a large flock of the old-fashioned ,merinos for some time1 on his plantation at ,versailles1 ,woodford county1 and has purchased these fine bucks1 as the best animals which could be found1 for the purpose of making improvements upon them4 ,kentucky will have in these ,rambouillets a valuable addition to her sheep stock1 and we recommend their produce in advance1 to the breeders of the western country4 ,we understand ,mr4 ,collins has recently met with a great demand for his sheep1 and that he has now disposed of all he has to spare this year4 ,we congratulate him upon it1 and take some credit to ourselves1 for calling public attention to his very valuable imported flock4 ,,sheep-,,dogs4 --,the price of a well-broke sheep-dog is #be to #cj4 ,they ought always to be accompanied by their shepherds1 as they are taught to manage sheep in a peculiar way1 which none but regularly-bred shepherds understand4 ,,annual ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,n4 ,y4 ,,state ,,agricultural ,,society4 --,the annual meeting of the ,new ,york ,state ,agricultural ,society1 will be held at the ,society's room in the ,old ,state ,hall1 ,albany1 on the #c;d ,wednesday1 7the #agth17 of ,january1 #ahdd1 at #aj o'clock1 ,a4 ,m4 ,persons intending to compete for the ,society's premiums on field-crops1 essays1 c41 are reminded that their statements and essays must be sent to the ,recording ,secretary1 ,albany1 before the first of ,january4 ,presidents of ,county ,agricultural ,societies are also requested to transmit the reports required by the statute1 to the ,recording ,secretary1 previous to the annual meeting4 ,,luther ,,tucker1 ,rec4 ,sec'y4 ,,list ,,of ,,premiums ,of the ,american ,institute4--,continued4 ,,flowers4 ,william ,kent1 ,brooklyn1 ,l4 ,i41 for superior dahlias1 including some extra-fine ,american seedlings--gold medal4 ,george ,c4 ,thorburn1 #ae ,john street1 ,n4 ,y41 for a rich display of dahlias--gold medal4 ,daniel ,boll1 ,bloomingdale1 ,n4 ,y41 for a fine assortment of dahlias1 including some fine ,american seedlings--silver medal4 ,thomas ,hogg ,sons1 #gith street1 ,n4 ,y41 for a good assortment of dahlias--,mrs4 ,loudon's ,flower ,garden4 ,william ,r4 ,prince1 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 for numerous varieties of dahlias--,downing's ,rural ,architecture4 ,thomas ,addis ,emmet1 ,mount ,vernon1 ,n4 ,y4--,t4 ,cremmins1 gardener--for a superior display of dahlias--,downing's ,cottage ,architecture4 ,william ,phelan ,sons1 #eth street1 ,n4 ,y41 for a fine display of dahlias--,hovey's ,magazine4 ,william ,reid1 #cdth street and #dth avenue1 ,n4 ,y41 for an excellent assortment of dahlias--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,william ,laird1 #agth street1 ,n4 ,y41 for an ornamental frame1 decorated with flowers--,hovey's ,magazine4 ,james ,l4 ,l4 ,f4 ,warren1 ,brighton1 ,mass41 for a beautiful bouquet of flowers--silver medal4 ,mrs4 ,jeremiah ,brown1 ,brooklyn1 ,l4 ,i41 for a beautiful vase of flowers--,mrs4 ,loudon's ,flower ,garden4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mantel1 #dfth street1 ,n4 ,y41 for an ornamental frame1 decorated with flowers--,american ,flower-,garden ,directory4 ,daniel ,boll1 ,bloomingdale1 ,n4 ,y41 for numerous varieties of the rose1 and other rare flowers--,mrs4 ,loudon's ,flower ,garden4 ,samuel ,m4 ,cox1 ,bloomingdale road1 ,n4 ,y41 for a beautiful stand of flowers--,american ,flower-,garden ,directory4 ,william ,beekman1 #aaj ,ninth street1 ,n4 ,y41 for a fine supply of dahlias--,hovey's ,magazine4 ,isaac ,buchanan1 #bith street1 ,n4 ,y41 for two vases of rare flowers--#a ,vol4 of ,american ,agriculturist4 ,to ,alfred ,bridgeman1 ,j4 ,boyce1 ,a4 ,p4 ,cummings1 ,william ,davison1 ,j4 ,ettringham1 ,william ,v4 ,legget1 ,mrs4 ,mc,farlane1 ,george ,maine1 ,william ,ross1 ,samuel ,ruth1 ,grant ,thorburn1 ,jr41 ,l4 ,van ,wyck1 ,edward ,white1 and ,john ,w4 ,wood1 for supplies of flowers for ornamenting the ,horticultural room1 to each a copy of the ,report of the ,american ,institute1 on the subject of ,agriculture4 ,,vegetables4 ,robert ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,ulster co41 ,n4 ,y41 for the choicest assortment of culinary vegetables--silver medal4 ,john ,beekman1 #fast street1 ,n4 ,y41 for the best and greatest variety of vegetable roots for cattle--silver medal4 ,joseph ,clowes1 ,harsimus1 ,n4 ,j41 for twelve superior blood beets--,united ,states ,farmer4 ,robert ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,ulster co41 ,n4 ,y41 for twelve superior sugar beets--#a vol4 ,american ,agriculturist4 ,john ,beekman1 #fast street1 ,n4 ,y41 for twelve superior mangel-wurtzel beets--#a vol4 of the ,cultivator4 ,christopher ,allen1 ,staten ,island1 ,n4 ,y41 for six fine heads of cauliflower--,buel's ,farmers' ,companion4 ,peter ,hulst1 gardener to ,lambert ,wyckoff1 ,bushwick1 ,l4 ,i41 for the best field of cabbage--silver medal4 ,l4 ,wyckoff1 ,bushwick1 for twelve large heads of the drum-head cabbage--,transactions of the ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,thomas ,bridgeman1 ,jr41 ,dutch ,kills1 ,l4 ,i41 for twelve fine heads of ,savoy cabbage--,faulkner's ,farmers' ,manual4 ,thomas ,prosser1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 for twelve superior carrots for the table--,united ,states ,farmer4 ,j4 ,clowes1 ,harsimus1 ,n4 ,j4 for twelve fine roots of white celery--,transactions of ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,frederick ,bonnicamp1 ,harsimus1 ,n4 ,j41 for twelve fine roots of red celery--,dana's ,muck ,manual4 ,robert ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,ulster co41 ,n4 ,y41 for six large egg-plants--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,john ,brill1 ,jersey city1 ,n4 ,j41 for a peck of superior yellow onions--,faulkner's ,farmers' ,manual4 ,william ,ross1 ,ravenswood1 ,queens co41 ,n4 ,y41 for a peck of superior red onions--,smith's ,productive ,farming4 ,joseph ,clowes1 ,harsimus1 ,n4 ,j41 for twelve fine parsneps for the table--,american ,agriculturist4 ,j4 ,beekman1 #fast street1 ,n4 ,y41 for twelve large parsneps for cattle--,united ,states ,farmer4 ,alexander ,walsh1 ,lansingburgh1 for superior seedling potatoes--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,t4 ,b4 ,wakeman1 ,bergen1 ,n4 ,j41 for superior ,mercer potatoes--silver medal4 ,william ,j4 ,townsend1 ,newtown1 ,queens co41 for a superior lot of table potatoes--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,s4 ,b4 ,townsend1 ,newtown1 ,l4 ,i41 for three large cattle pumpkins--,buel's ,farmers' ,companion4 ,r4 ,l4 ,colt1 ,paterson1 ,n4 ,j41 for a peck of superior potatoes for cattle--#a vol4 of ,cultivator4 ,john ,p4 ,haff1 ,yorkville1 ,n4 ,y41 for a peck of superior white flat turneps--#a vol4 of ,cultivator4 ,peter ,wyckoff1 ,bushwick1 ,kings co41 for twelve superior roots of long white turneps--,bridgeman's ,gardener's ,assistant4 ,s4 ,pabor1 ,harlem1 ,n4 ,y41 for superior cream pumpkins--,smith's ,productive ,farming4 ,f4 ,o4 ,wakeman1 ,bergen1 ,n4 ,j41 for twelve superior roots of salsify--,american ,agriculturist4 ,john ,brill1 ,harsimus1 ,n4 ,j41 for three fine winter squashes--,faulkner's ,farmers' ,manual4 ,john ,a4 ,miller1 ,little ,falls1 ,n4 ,j41 for a fine large ,valparaiso squash--,dana's ,muck ,manual4 ,h4 ,w4 ,tibbets1 ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y41 for half a peck of large tomatoes--,united ,states ,farmer4 ,robert ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,ulster co41 for a fine sample of hops--,american ,agriculturist4 ,robert ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,n4 ,y41 for superior specimens of sweet potatoes--diploma4 ,p4 ,hegone1 #bjf ,greenwich street1 for superior specimens of pickles and catsup--diploma4 ,,fruits4 ,r4 ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,ulster co41 ,n4 ,y41 for the best fruit farm--gold medal4 ,r4 ,t4 ,underhill1 ,croton ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 for successful vineyard-culture of the native grape--silver medal4 ,j4 ,l4 ,l4 ,f4 ,warren1 ,brighton1 ,mass41 for twelve superior table apples--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,r4 ,l4 ,pell1 ,pelham1 ,ulster co41 ,n4 ,y41 for twelve superior winter apples--,kenrick's ,american ,orchardist4 ,t4 ,h4 ,perkins1 ,brookline1 ,mass41 for twelve superior varieties of house-grapes--gold medal4 ,r4 ,s4 ,field1 ,princeton1 ,n4 ,j41 for three superior varieties of house-grapes--silver medal4 ,j4 ,f4 ,allen1 ,salem1 ,mass41 for six varieties of superior house-grapes--,downing's ,cottage ,architecture4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wm4 ,patton1 #aaj ,sullivan street1 ,n4 ,y41 for fifty-two superior bunches of ,isabella grapes--,downing's ,rural ,architecture4 ,r4 ,t4 ,underhill1 ,croton ,point1 ,n4 ,y41 for superior specimens of ,catawba grapes--,kenrick's ,american ,orchardist4 ,j4 ,l4 ,l4 ,f4 ,warren1 ,brighton1 ,mass41 for twelve superior peaches 7freestone7--,kenrick's ,american ,orchardist4 ,john ,j4 ,van ,wyck1 #adj ,twenty-first street1 ,n4 ,y41 for twelve superior peaches 7clingstones7--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,m4 ,p4 ,wilder1 ,dorchester1 ,mass41 for sixty-five choice varieties of pears--silver medal4 ,george ,c4 ,de,kay1 #beth street1 ,seventh avenue1 ,n4 ,y41 for a superior lot of table pears--,kenrick's ,american ,orchardist4 ,d4 ,henderson1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 for twelve fine magnum-bonum plums--,buel's ,farmers' ,companion4 ,c4 ,m4 ,graham1 ,jr41 ,content1 ,harlem lane1 ,n4 ,y41 for fifty-five quinces gathered from one tree--,kenrick's ,american ,orchardist4 ,jacob ,hendrer1 ,glenham1 ,dutchess co41 ,n4 ,y41 for fine specimens of grapes--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,j4 ,w4 ,hayes1 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41 for a lot of grapes and fine pears--,farmers' ,companion4 ,john ,couzens1 ,dobb's ,ferry1 ,westchester co41 ,n4 ,y41 for superior specimen of grapes--,united ,states ,farmer4 ,wm4 ,r4 ,prince1 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 for two bunches of native grapes1 and fine specimen of apples--,hovey's ,magazine4 ,william ,reid1 #cgth street1 #dth avenue1 for a fine collection of pears and apples--,american ,agriculturist4 ,charles ,m4 ,graham1 ,jr41 ,content1 ,harlem lane1 for a fine lot of ,isabella grapes--,transactions of ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,j4 ,j4 ,morris1 ,batavia1 ,n4 ,y41 for fine specimen of pears--,farmers' ,manual4 ,nicholas ,wyckoff1 ,jr41 ,bushwick1 for fine specimens ,isabella grapes--,the ,planters' ,guide4 ,j4 ,b4 ,mantel1 #dfth street1 ,n4 ,y41 for #ec varieties of pears and other fruit--two vols4 of the ,transactions of the ,state ,agricultural ,society4 ,joseph ,l4 ,franklin1 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 for twelve extra large apples--,dana's ,muck ,manual4 ,h4 ,l4 ,hotchkiss1 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 for one pear weighing #cc oz4--#a vol4 of the ,cultivator4 ,samuel ,walker1 ,roxbury1 ,mass41 for superior varieties of pears--silver medal4 ,henry ,steel1 ,jersey ,city1 ,n4 ,j41 for a lot of extra-fine early grapes--,bridgeman's ,gardeners' ,assistant4 ,miss ,louisa ,bennett1 ,l4 ,i41 for a basket of native strawberries--,bridgeman's ,florist's ,guide4 ,,making ,,capons4 ,,the following article on making capons1 is the best within our recollection4 ,it is taken from the directions accompanying the sets of instruments for caponising1 made by ,mr4 ,john ,mendenhall1 ,philadelphia3-- ,,fowls intended to be cut1 must be kept at least twenty-four hours without food1 otherwise the entrails will fill the cavity of the belly and render it almost impossible to complete the operation2 besides1 when they have been starved the proper length of time1 they are less liable to bleed4 ,the chicken is taken at any age1 from five days old until it begins to crow1 or even after4 ,lay the fowl on its left side on the floor1 draw the wings back1 and keep it firm by resting the right foot on its legs1 and the other foot or knee on its wings4 7,the table with the apparatus does away with the necessity of this stooping position47 ,be careful that the head of the fowl is not held down1 or even touched during the operation1 as it would be sure to cause it to bleed4 ,pluck the feathers off from its right side near the hip joint1 in a line between that and the shoulder joint2 the space uncovered should be a little more than an inch square4 ,make an incision between the two last ribs1 having first drawn the skin of the part backward1 so that when left to itself it will cover the wound in the flesh4 ,in some fowls the thigh is so far forward that it covers the two last ribs2 in which case1 care must be taken to draw the flesh of the thigh well back1 so as not to cut through it1 or else it would lame the fowl1 and perhaps cause its death in a few days after the operation1 by inflaming4 ,the ribs are to be kept open by the hooks--the opening must be enlarged each way by the knife1 if necessary1 until the testicles1 which are attached to the back bone1 are entirely exposed to view1 together with the intestines in contact with them4 ,the testicles are enclosed in a thin skin1 connecting them with the back and sides--this must be laid hold of with the pliers1 and then torn away with the pointed instrument2 doing it first on the upper testicle1 then on the lower4 7,the lower testicle will generally be found a little behind the other--that is1 a little nearer the rump47 ,next introduce the loop2 7which is made of a horse-hair or a fibre of cocoa-nut27 it must be put round the testicle which is uppermost1 in doing which the spoon is serviceable to raise up the testicle and push the loop under it1 so that it shall be brought to act upon the part which holds the testicle to the back2 then tear it off by pushing the tube toward the rump of the fowl1 at the same time drawing the loop4 ,then scoop it and the blood out with the spoon1 and perform the same operation on the other testicle4 ,take away the hooks1 draw the skin over and close the wound2 stick the feathers that you pulled off before on the wound1 and let the bird go4 ,,remarks4--,if the operation be performed without sufficient skill1 many of the fowls will prove not to be capons2 these may be killed for use as soon as the head begins to grow large and get red1 and they begin to chase the hens4 ,the real capon will make itself known by the head remaining small1 and the comb small and withered2 the feathers of the neck or mane will also get longer1 and the tail will be handsomer and longer3 they should be kept to the age of fifteen or eighteen months1 which will bring them in the spring and summer1 when poultry is scarce and brings a high price4 ,take care1 however1 not to kill them near moulting time1 as all poultry then is very inferior4 ,the operation fails1 principally1 by bursting the testicle1 so that the skin which encloses the soft matter1 remains in the bird1 and the testicle grows again4 ,birds of five or six months are less liable to have the testicles burst in the operation than younger fowls1 but they are also more apt to bleed to death than those of from two to four months old4 ,a skilful operator will always choose fowls of from two to three months2--he will prefer also1 to take off the lower testicle first1 as then the blood will not prevent him from proceeding with the other2 whereas1 when the upper one is taken off the first1 if there should be any bleeding1 he has to wait before he can take off the lower testicle4 ,the large vein that supplies the entrails with blood passes in the neighborhood of the testicles2 there is danger that a young beginner may pierce it with the pointed instrument in taking off the skin of the lower testicle1 in which case the chicken would die instantly1 for all the blood in its body would issue out4 ,there are one or two smaller veins which must be avoided1 which is very easy1 as they are not difficult to see4 ,if properly managed1 no blood ever appears until a testicle is taken off3 so that should any appear before that1 the operator will know that he has done something wrong4 ,if a chicken die1 it is during the operation by bleeding2 7of course it is as proper for use as if bled to death by having its throat cut27 they very seldom die after1 unless they have received some internal injury1 or the flesh of the thigh has been cut through1 from not being drawn back from off the last two ribs1 where the incision is made2 all of which are apt to be the case with young practitioners4 ,if the testicles be found to be large1 the bamboo tube should be used1 and it should have a strong cocoa-nut string in it1--for small ones the silver tube with a horse-hair in it1 is best4 ,when a chicken has been cut1 it is necessary before letting it run1 to put a permanent mark upon it2 otherwise it would be impossible to distinguish it from others not cut4 ,i have been accustomed to cut off the outside or the inside toe of the left foot1--by this means ,i can distinguish them at a distance4 ,another mode is to cut off the comb1 then shave off the spurs close to the leg1 and stick them upon the bleeding head1 where they will grow and become ornamental in the shape of a pair of horns4 ,this last mode is perhaps the best1 but it is not so simple and ready as the first4 ,which ever mode is adopted1 the fowl should be marked before performing the operation1 because the loss of blood occasioned by cutting off the comb or a toe1 makes the fowl less likely to bleed internally during the operation4 ,it is very common1 soon after the operation1 for the chicken to get wind in the side1 when the wound is healing1 between the flesh and the skin2 it must be relieved by making a small incision in the skin1 which will let the wind escape4 ,those fowls make the finest capons which are hatched early in the spring2 they can be cut before the hot weather comes1 which is a great advantage4 ,never attempt to cut a full-grown cock2 it is a useless and cruel piece of curiosity4 ,i have never known one to live4 ,be not discouraged with the first difficulties2 with practice they will disappear2 every season you will find yourself more expert1 until the cutting of a dozen fowls before breakfast will be a small matter4 ,it may be well to give a warning against becoming dissatisfied with the tools4 ,a raw hand1 when he meets with difficulties1 is apt to think the tools are in fault1 and sets about to improve them and invent others2 but it is only himself that lacks skill1 which practice alone can give4 ,i have spent money1 besides wasting my time in this foolish notion1 but have always found that the old1 original tools1 which came from ,china1 and where this mode of operating was invented1 are the best4 ,take care that the tools are not abused by ignorant persons attempting to use them2 they will last a person's life-time if properly used2 but if put out of order1 none but a surgical instrument maker can repair them properly4 ,the object in giving publicity to this1 is to have the markets of ,philadelphia well supplied with capons3 they have ever been esteemed one of the greatest delicacies1 preserving the flavor and tenderness of the chicken1 with the juicy maturity of age4 ,in the ,paris and ,london markets1 double the price of common poultry is obtained for capons4 ,considering the abundance and excellence of poultry in the ,united ,states1 it seems surprising that the art of making capons should be almost entirely unknown--it is hoped that this deficiency will now be supplied4 ,,grafting ,,and ,,budding4 ,for what follows on grafting and budding1 we are indebted to that excellent family paper1 the ,new ,world4 ,the article was prepared for it by ,j4 ,s4 ,skinner1 ,esq41 of the ,post ,office ,department1 ,washington1 from an ,english work1 which1 he adds1 is not published or much known in this country4 ,,grafting4--,the process of grafting consists in taking off a shoot from one tree1 and inserting it into another1 in such a manner as that both may unite closely1 and become one tree2 the shoot or cutting thus employed is called a scion1 and the tree on which it is inserted or grafted1 a stock4 ,the process of budding has precisely the same object in view as that of grafting1 differing from the latter process only in the insertion of a bud1 instead of a shoot or cutting1 into the bark of another tree4 ,to execute either process with adroitness and success1 considerable practice is required4 ,to excel in either1 instructions should be received from some competent person1 who is both willing and able to impart the necessary information4 ,more knowledge can be acquired in a short time in this manner than can possibly be attained by the most attentive perusal of any treatise expressly written upon the subject4 ,impressed with the difficulty of the task1 many writers have indeed asserted1 that description alone must ever fail to convey an adequate knowledge of the process2 but the intelligent author of the ,english ,gardener has1 with his usual ability1 treated the subject in so clear and comprehensive a manner that we are induced to give the details of the process in the author's own language4 ,before entering upon the subject of grafting and budding1 there is one thing which is equally applicable to both processes1 and that is1 that the stock ought to stand the whole summer upon the spot where it is grafted1 before that operation is performed upon it4 ,if stocks be planted out in the fall1 the sap does not rise vigorously enough in the spring to afford a fair chance to the growing of the graft2 another remark of equal importance is1 that fruit-trees stand only one summer on the spot whence they are to be removed to their final destination2 because1 if they stand longer than this1 they will have large and long roots1 great amputation must take place1 and the trees suffer exceedingly4 ,the ,time of ,grafting is generally from the beginning of ,february to the end of ,march1#a beginning with the earliest sorts of trees1 as plums1 cherries1 and pears2 and ending with the latest1 as apples4 ,but seasons are different1 and in a backward season1 the season for grafting will be backward2 and in such case1 the fulness and bursting appearance of the buds of the stocks1 and the mildness of the weather must be our guides4 ,however1 it is certain that the mild weather1 with occasional showers1 is the best time for grafting4 #a ,in this climate1 ,april and ,may are the best months4--,,ed4 ,,am4 ,,ag4 ,the ,mode of ,preparing the ,scion comes next4 ,take from the tree from which you mean to propagate1 as many branches of last year's wood as will cut into the quantity of scions that you want2 but in choosing what branches to take1 let the vigor of the tree guide you1 in some measure4 ,if it be a healthy1 flourishing1 and young tree1 take your branches from the outside shoots1 for the upright ones at the top1 or those near the middle1 are more likely to produce wood than fruit4 ,yet do not take branches from the very lowest part of the tree1 if you can avoid it1 as these are sure to be more puling in their nature4 ,in case the tree be old or weakly1 then choose the most vigorous of its last year's shoots1 no matter where they grow4 ,keep these branches uncut until you arrive at the season for grafting1 keeping them1 in the meanwhile1 buried in dry mould2 and when that season arrives1 take them up and cut them into the proper lengths for grafting4 ,the middle part of each branch will generally be found to be the best2 but your branches may be scarce and few in number1 and then make use of every part4 ,each scion should have from three to six eyes on it1 but six will1 in all cases1 be quite enough1 as there is no use in an extraordinary length of scion2 but1 on the contrary1 it may be productive of much mischief1 by overloading the head with young shoots and leaves as summer advances1 and thereby making it more subject to accident from high winds or heavy rains4 ,the ,operation of ,grafting is performed many ways1 though none of them differs from any of the others in the main principle1 which is that of bringing the under or inner bark of the scion to bear upon the same bark of the stock4 ,the sap of the stock flows upward toward the scion1 and it will flow on into the scion1 provided it find no interruption4 ,here1 therefore1 is the nicety--to fit those two barks so closely1 the one upon the other1 that the sap shall proceed onward into the scion1 just as it would have done into the amputated branch1 causing the scion to supplant the branch4 ,i shall only mention and illustrate two modes of grafting1 viz41 tongue-grafting and cleft-grafting4 ,these two it is necessary for me to speak of separately1 and thoroughly to describe1 for they are not both of them applicable in all cases2 the former being used in grafting on small-sized stocks and small branches of trees1 and the latter on large stocks and large branches4 ,illustration3 ,,tongue-,,grafting4--7,,fig4 #eh47 ,tongue-,grafting4--,suppose you have your stock of the proper age for grafting1 you cut it off at three or four inches from the ground1 and with a very sharp1 straight1 and narrow-bladed grafting-knife1 cut a thin strip of bark and wood upward1 from about two inches below your already shortened stock4 ,make this cut at one pull of the knife1 inserting the edge rather horizontally1 and when it has gone through the bark and into the wood a little short of the middle1 pull straight upward1 7#b1 a1 b27 then at rather less than half way down this cut1 and with the blade of your knife across the cut1 and downward1 cut a very thin tongue of not more than three eighths of an inch long1 7#b1 c47 ,proceed nearly in the same way with the bottom part of the scion2 cut first a narrow strip of wood and bark out1 but not putting the knife in horizontally1 as you have done with regard to the stock1 7at #b1 a17 nor bringing it out straight to the end1 to make a shoulder or angle1 as you have done at 7#b1 a b27 but make a sloping cut 7#a1 a b17 of about the same length as the cut in the stock1 or rather a little less if anything2 then make a tongue 7#a1 c7 to correspond with that of the stock1 but recollect that this must be cut upward instead of downward2 then place the scion upon the stock1 inserting the tongue of the scion into the tongue of the stock4 ,bring the four edges of bark1 that is1 the two edges of the cut in the top of the stock1 and the two corresponding edges of the cut in the bottom of the scion1 to meet precisely2 or1 if the scion be1 in diameter1 a smaller piece of wood than the stock1 so that its two edges of bark can not both meet those of the stock1 then let only one meet1 but be sure that one meets precisely4 ,but observe1 that this can never be unless the first cut in the stock and that in the scion 7#b1 a b17 and 7#a1 a b17 be as even as a die1 and performed with a knife scarcely less sharp than a razor4 ,take a common pruning-knife1 and attempt to make a cut of this kind1 and you will find when you come to fit the scion on1 that1 squeeze them together as you may1 you will1 in most cases1 see light between the parts of the stock and the scion that you are trying to join1 so effectually1 as that the sap shall flow out of the one into the other1 unconscious of any division at all6 ,but ,i will not suppose anybody so ungain 7as it is called in ,hampshire7 as to go about so nice an operation as this without being prepared with the proper instruments for performing it2 and therefore1 ,i now suppose the scion put on properly1 and presenting the appearance as in 7#c1 a47 ,but this is not all2 the operation is not yet complete4 ,the two parts thus joined must be bound closely to one another with matting1 or bass1 as the gardeners call it1 7#d47 ,a single piece tied on to the stock1 will1 if well done1 almost insure the junction2 but lest parching winds should come and rip up all vegetation1 it is usual to put on besides the bandage of matting1 a ball of well-beaten clay sprinkled over with a little wood-ashes or the fine siftings of cinders1 to cover completely the parts grafted1 that is1 from an inch below them to an inch or so above them1 7#e27 and1 even to prevent this ball of clay from being washed off by heavy rains1 it is well to tie around it a covering of coarse canvass1 or else to earth up the whole plant as you do beans or peas1 drawing a little mound around it so as to reach nearly the top of the clay4 ,mr4 ,harrison prepares his grafting clay in the following manner3 ,take two parts of clay and one of horse-dung1 free from straw1 mix them together1 and beat the mass until the whole is thoroughly incorporated1 then temper it with a little water till it is reduced to the consistence of stiff paste4 ,this composition never cracks on drying6 ,future ,treatment4--,something now remains to be said on the future treatment of the grafted plant4 ,in a month's time at least1 you will see whether the scion has taken2 it will then be either bursting forth into leaf or be irrecoverably dead4 ,in this latter case1 take off immediately the canvass1 clay1 bandage1 and dead scion1 and let the stock push forth what shoots it pleases1 and recover itself4 ,in the former case1 however1 you must1 as soon as the scion is putting forth shoots1 cut off1 or rub off1 all shoots proceeding from the stock between the ground and the clay1 as these1 if suffered to push on1 would divert the sap away from the scion1 and probably starve it2 then carefully stake the plant1 that is1 put a small stick into the ground at within three inches1 or thereabouts1 of the root1 and long enough to reach a few inches above the scion1 which you will tie to it slightly with a piece of wetted matting4 ,this is really necessary1 for when the shoots proceeding from the scion become half a foot long1 they1 with the aid of their leaves1 become so heavy as1 when blown to and fro by the wind1 to break off immediately above the clay1 or become loosened down at the part joined to the stock4 ,the staking being done1 you need do nothing more till near the end of ,june1 when you should take off the whole mass of canvass1 clay1 and bandage1 but be careful in taking off the clay not to break off the plant at the junction4 ,it should be done by a careful hand1 and after a day or two of rainy weather1 as then the clay is moist and comes off without so much danger to the plant as when it is not4 ,on taking off the clay1 there is found a little sharp angle1 left at the top of the stock2 this should now be cut smooth off4 ,the bark of the stock and that of the scion will heal over this1 and the union is then complete4 ,lastly1 it is frequently found that mould1 and sometimes small vermin1 have collected around the heretofore covered parts of the plant1 according as the clay has been cracked by the sun4 ,rub off all mould with your fingers1 7no instrument does it so well17 and kill all vermin in the same way2 and it is not amiss to finish this work by washing the joined parts with a little soap and water1 using a small paint-brush for the operation4 ,all these things done1 you have only to guard against high winds1 which1 if the plant be not staked1 as is above described1 will very likely be broken off by them2 and1 in this work of destruction1 you will have the mortification of seeing the finest of your plants go first4 ,illustration3 ,,cleft-,,grafting4--7,,fig4 #ei47 ,cleft-,grafting4--,this is a species of grafting adopted in cases where the stock is large1 or where it consists of a branch or branches of a tree headed down4 ,in either of these cases1 saw off horizontally1 the part you wish to graft1 and smooth the wound over with a carpenter's plane1 or a sharp1 long-blade knife1 7#a47 ,prepare your scion in this manner3 ,at about1 an inch and a half from the bottom1 cut it in the form of the blade of a razor2 that is1 make it sharp on one side1 and let it be blunt at the back1 where you will also take care to leave the bark whole1 7#b1 a47 ,having thus prepared the scion1 make a split 7#a7 in the crown of the saw-cut downward for about two inches1 taking care that the two sides of this be perfectly even4 ,hold it then open1 by means of a chisel or a wedge1 7or when the stock is but a small one1 your knife17 and insert the scion1 the sharp edge going inward1 and the bark side or razor-back remaining outward1 so that1 on taking out the wedge or chisel1 the cleft closes firmly on the scion1 7#c17 the two edges of bark formed by the cleft1 squeezing exactly upon the two edges of bark formed by the blunt razor-back4 ,to make the two barks meet precisely is the only nicety in this operation2 but this is so essential1 that the slightest deviation will defeat the purpose4 ,in this sort of grafting1 the stock on which you graft is generally strong enough to hold the scion close enough within its cleft1 without the aid of binding1 and then it is better not to bind2 but as it is also necessary to prevent air circulating within the wounded parts both of the stock and the scion1 use grafting-clay to cover them over so as to effectually exclude the air2 and cover the clay with a piece of coarse canvass1 wetting it first1 and then binding it on securely4 ,in this way1 the stock being strong1 you may insert several scions on the same head1 by making several different clefts1 and putting one scion in each2 but this can only be to insure your having two to succeed1 for if all the scions that you put on one head take1 you must choose the two most eligible1 and sacrifice the rest1 as more than two leading limbs from such head ought not to be encouraged4 ,the season for performing this sort of grafting1 and the mode of preparing the scion1 and the future treatment of the tree1 are precisely the same as in tongue-grafting4 ,crown1 or ,bark-,grafting is a very ready method of grafting upon large1 uneven1 old stocks and branches4 ,it is practised somewhat later than the methods above described1 that is1 from the end of ,march to the third week in ,april1 because1 in that period1 the separation of the bark from the wood is more easily affected2 a circumstance of primary importance in this case4 ,the tree is to be headed down1 the cut being made horizontally1 and the section bored quite even and smooth2 then make a slit in the bark two inches in length1 next with the handle of a budding-knife1 carefully open the bark for about a quarter of an inch2 then cut the scion about two inches in a sloping direction1 in the form of a tongue1 leaving the bark entire on the outside4 ,the scion thus prepared1 is pressed downward between the bark and the wood as far as the incision in the stock extends2 the bark of the stock readily yields to the pressure employed1 and the scion is supported in its situation by a few coils of bass-matting1 the whole being surrounded by clay4 ,dove-,tail ,grafting4--,this is a very neat and successful mode of grafting1 originating with ,mr4 ,malone1 who gives the following directions for its performance4 ,the scion is to be selected so as to have two or three buds above where the knife is to be inserted to prepare it for the operation2 a slip is cut off the end of the scion1 sloping it to the bottom as long as it may be decided to insert it into the stock4 ,on each side of the cut1 as far as it extends1 a part of the bark is to be taken off1 leaving the under part broader than the upper1 on which upper or back part always contrive to leave a bud4 ,the stock or branch to be worked is thus prepared3 ,being first cut off smooth and straight1 two parallel slits1 distant from each other nearly the width of the scion and the length of its cut part1 are then made in the bark of the branch1 observing particularly to slope the knife1 so that the under edge of the cut next the wood may be wider than the outer edge4 ,the piece of bark between the slits must then be taken out1 separating at the bottom by a horizontal cut4 ,the scion will then slide into the dove-tail groove thus formed1 and1 if the work is well performed1 will fit neatly and tightly4 ,a small quantity of the grafting-clay must then be carefully applied1 securing it on with list1 or any other convenient bandage1 fastening it at the end with two small nails4 ,the top of the stock should be entirely covered with clay1 sloping it well up to the grafts1 and should be examined often to see if any cracks or openings appear1 which should be immediately filled up with some very soft clay4 ,the proper time for performing the operation is from the beginning of ,april till the middle of ,may1 or earlier if the sap is in motion4 7,gardener's ,magazine1 ,vol4 ,,vii47 ,illustration3 ,,budding4--7,,fig4 #fj47 ,,budding4--,budding is performed for precisely the same purpose as grafting1 and1 like grafting1 it is performed in many different ways2 and as long experience has ascertained the best method1 namely1 that of ,t budding1 7#a17 so called from the form of the two cuts that are made in the bark of the stock to receive the bud1 or shield-budding1 as it is sometimes called from the form of the piece of bark 7#b7 on which the bud is seated1 assuming the shape of a shield when it is prepared to be inserted within the ,t cut in the stock4 ,the only solid difference between budding and grafting is this1 that whereas in grafting you insert on the stock a branch already produced1 in budding1 you insert only the bud4 ,i shall proceed1 in treating of this matter1 in the same way that ,i did in the preceding article1 namely1 as to the season proper for budding1 the choosing and preparing of the bud1 the operation of budding1 and the future treatment of the plant budded4 ,the ,season for ,budding is generally from the latter end of ,july to the latter end of ,august1 the criterions being a plump appearance of the buds formed on the spring shoot of the same year1 seated in the angle of a leaf1 and a readiness in the bark of the stock to separate from the wood4 ,in ,choosing and ,preparing the ,bud1 fix on one seated at about the middle of a healthy shoot of the mid-summer growth--these are1 generally speaking1 the most inclined to fruitfulness4 ,choose a cloudy day1 if you have a choice of days at this season1 and if not1 perform your work early in the morning1 or in the evening4 ,the time being proper1 you sever the branch on which you find the buds to your liking4 ,take this with you to the stock that you are going to bud1 holding the branch in your left hand1 the largest end downward2 make a sloping cut from about an inch and a half below the bud to about an inch above it1 suffering your knife to go through the bark1 and about half way into the wood1 cutting out wood and all4 ,this keeping of the wood prevents the bud and its bark from drying while you are preparing the incision in the stock1 and if you wish to carry buds of scarce sorts to any distance1 you may do so safely by putting their ends in water1 or in damp moss1 but it is always safer1 as well in grafting as in budding1 to perform the operation with as much expedition as possible1 but particularly it is so in budding4 ,operation of ,budding4--,cut off the leaf under which the bud is situated1 but leave its foot-stalk1 7#b1 a17 and by this hold it between your lips1 while with your budding-knife you cut two straight lines in the stock at the place where you wish to insert the bud1 and this should be where the bark is smooth1 free from any bruises or knots1 and on the side rather from the mid-day suns4 ,of these lines let the first be horizontal1 7#a17 and let the next be longitudinal1 beginning at the middle of the first cut and coming downward4 ,let them1 in short1 describe the two principal bars of the ,roman letter ,t4 ,you have now to take out from the bark on which the bud is1 the piece of wood on which the bark is1 and which has served you1 up to this time1 to preserve the bud and bark from drying and shrinking4 ,but this is a nice matter4 ,in doing it you must be careful not to endanger the root of the bud1 as it is called1 because in that is its existence4 ,the bark1 7if the season be proper for budding17 will easily detach itself from this piece of wood1 but still it requires a very careful handling to get it out without endangering the root of the bud4 ,hold the bud on your fore-finger1 and keep your thumb on the wood opposite2 then with the fore-finger and thumb of the other hand1 bend backward and forward the lower end of the shield1 and thus coax the wood to disengage itself from the bark2 and when you find it decidedly doing so1 remove your thumb from it1 and the whole piece of wood will come out1 leaving you nothing but a piece of bark of about two and a half inches long1 with a bud and foot-stalk of a leaf on it4 ,if the root of the bud be carried away with the piece of wood1 you will perceive a small cavity where it ought to be4 ,in this case1 throw away the bud and try another4 ,having succeeded in the second attempt1 now open the two sides of the longitudinal bar of the ,t with the ivory haft of your budding-knife1 but in doing this1 raise the bark clearly down to the wood1 for the inside of the piece of bark belonging to the bud must be placed directly against this4 ,having opened these sides wide enough to receive the longest end of the bark1 insert it nicely1 taking especial care that its inner side be flatly against the wood of the stock4 ,then cut the upper end of the bark off1 so that its edge shall meet precisely the edge of the horizontal bar of the ,t 7#c1 a474 ,with your finger and thumb bring the two sides of the longitudinal bar over the bark of the bud1 or rather the shield1 and with a piece of well-soaked matting1 begin an inch below this bar and bind firmly all the way up to an inch above the horizontal bar1 taking good care to leave the bud peeping out4 ,bind in such a way as to exclude the air1 for that is the intent of binding in this case4 ,tie your piece of matting on first1 and wind it round and round the stock as you would a riband1 taking care not to twist the matting2 wind it slowly1 and every time you have gone completely round1 give a gentle pull to make it firm4 ,future ,treatment4--,in a fortnight's time from the operation1 you will discover whether the bud has taken1 by its roundness and healthy look2 and1 in a fortnight after that1 loosen the bandage to allow the plant to swell1 and in about five weeks from the time of budding1 take away the bandage altogether4 ,in this state1 the plant passes the winter1 and just as the sap begins to be in motion in the following spring1 you head down the stock at about an inch above the bud1 beginning behind it1 and making a sloping cut upward to end above its point4 ,some gardeners leave a piece of the stock about six inches long for the first year1 in order to tie the first summer's shoot to it to prevent its being broken off by the wind4 ,this may be well when the plant is exposed to high winds1 but even then1 if you see danger1 you may tie a short stick on the top part of the stock1 and to this tie the young shoot1 and then the sap all goes into the shoot from the bud1 instead of being divided between it and six inches of stock left in the other way4 ,there are some advantages which budding has over grafting1 and these ,i think it right to mention4 ,in the first place1 universal experience has proved that certain trees succeed much better when budded1 than the same trees do when grafted1 such are the peach1 nectarine1 apricot1 plum1 and cherry2 indeed1 the rule is1 that all stone-fruits do better budded than grafted1 that they are1 when budded1 less given to gum1 a disease peculiar to stone-fruits1 and often very pernicious to them4 ,you may also1 by budding1 put two more branches upon a stock that would be too weak to take so many grafts1 and you may bud in ,july when grafting has failed in ,march and ,april4 ,the disadvantage of budding is that the trees are rendered one year later in coming into bearing than when you graft4 ,mr4 ,knight has recommended a mode of budding1 7,hort4 ,trans41 vol4 ,i474 ,he thus describes the process3 ,in the month of ,june1 as the luxuriant shoots of my peach-trees were grown sufficiently firm to permit the operation1 ,i inserted buds of other varieties into them1 employing two distinct ligatures to bind the buds in their places4 ,one ligature was first placed above the bud inserted1 and upon the transverse section through the bark2 the other which had no further office than that of securing the bud1 was applied in the usual way4 ,as soon as the buds had attached themselves1 the ligatures last applied were taken off1 but the others were suffered to remain4 ,the passage of the sap upward1 was in consequence much obstructed1 and the inserted bud began to vegetate strongly in ,july1 and when these had afforded shoots about four inches long1 the remaining ligatures were taken off to admit the excess of sap to pass on1 and the young shoots were nailed to the wall1 being there properly exposed to light1 their wood ripened well1 and afforded blossoms in the succeeding spring4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we should be pleased if any of our readers could give us further information about the shrub described below4 ,from the ,yankee ,blade4 ,,high ,,cranberry4 ,a gentleman of this place having occasion some twenty years ago1 to make an excursion into the northern part of the state1 near ,lake ,umbagog1 where the ,magalloway empties into the ,androscoggin1 passed through a large piece of low land1 comprising many acres1 which was covered with the high cranberry as far as the eye could see1 exhibiting the most beautiful and splendid appearance1 perhaps1 ever displayed from any of the spontaneous productions of the forests of ,new ,england4 ,he says that some shrubs which had acquired the magnitude of trees of several inches diameter1 were literally bent to the ground1 under the weight of their luxuriant fruit2 and such was their abundance1 that a single individual might have gathered more than thirty bushels in a day4 ,the high cranberry in dense forests1 sometimes acquires the respectable altitude of #ae or #bj feet2 but in more open places1 its height is generally from #f to #h or #aj feet4 ,its stem and leaf very much resemble those of the snow-ball2 and the flower1 while it lasts1 is but little inferior in elegance and beauty to the flower of that highly ornamented and much esteemed shrub4 ,the fruit is smaller than that of the running cranberry1 of a bright red color when ripe1 and grows in large1 flat clusters on the ends of the branches4 ,its taste is very acid1 and rather austere4 ,it contains a large1 hard1 flat seed1 which is an objection to the use of it without sifting or straining2 but being sifted or strained after stewing1 it is excellent for sauce1 pies1 and tarts4 ,prepared with sugar1 in the usual way1 it makes a most delicious jelly4 ,,original ,,correspondence4 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,fine ,,wool ,,sheep4 ,buskirk's ,bridge1 ,october1 #ahdc4 ,i ,,have read the article headed ,sheep1 ,paular ,merinos1 over the signature of ,examiner1 in the ,may number1 page #eb of your paper1 purporting to give us plain farmers an insight into sheep breeding1 c42 and what fine flocks used to be1 when the old fashioned ,merino sheep were in their glory4 ,what they were a quarter of a century ago1 ,i cannot say1 that was before ,i had any thing to do with sheep in this country2 but ,i presume that fine flocks were then not so numerous as they are now4 ,i can not agree with the writer1 that the fine flocks of the ,united ,states are sadly deteriorated1 indeed1 nearly run out4 ,since #ahbe1 ,i have been acquainted with fine sheep in this country1 and ,i venture to say1 that there are three1 four1 or five1 and in this section1 ten1 fine flocks1 where there was but one #ah years ago4 ,if ,examiner will honor me with a visit1 an invitation ,i herewith cordially tender to him1 ,i will show him fine flocks1 consisting of more than a few individuals--a dozen or two1 or may be a few scores1 of picked sheep together1 and kept in the very highest possible condition2 no1 but flocks from #ejj to #a1jjj--;even more--which might alter his judgment1 if that is not swayed by prejudice4 ,many of these large flocks shear on an average #c lbs4 and over1 of wool1 well washed on the sheep's back1 the quality of which is superior to the ,paular1 and old-fashioned ,merinos2 and ,i doubt not1 should ,examiner make a comparison between the two kinds himself1 he would pronounce it superfine2 and besides the quality1 he would also discover a great difference in the condition and cleanliness of the wool4 ,these flocks are high-grade ,saxons1 and show a result not quite so unfortunate as ,examiner would make us believe4 ,my own flock of #bdj ewes and lambs and a few bucks1 pure1 unmixed ,saxons1 whose pedigree can be traced back to the importations of the ,elector of ,saxony1 from the royal flocks of ,spain1 sheared this year #b lbs4 #ac oz4 per head2 last year #b lbs4 #ad oz4 clean wool4 ,if ,i had had a proportionate number of weathers among them1 the average would have been at least #c lbs4 ,i repeat then1 that the wool of the ,paular1 or old fashioned ,merinos1 does not compare with the ,saxons and their crosses in quality and condition4 ,if the fleeces from the former are heavier than from the latter1 let it be borne in mind that they contain more gum1 and yolk1 dirt1 c412 are not so fine1 and that the sheep consume a greater quantity of feed4 ,these are facts well known to every good judge of wool1 and to every experienced1 practical shepherd4 ,i would ask whether ,examiner had his eyes closed against them when he was examining the fine-wooled flocks of the ,united ,states1 and declared them sadly deteriorated1 indeed1 nearly run out4 ,i do not pretend1 ,mr4 ,editor1 that ,i am acquainted with all the fine flocks of the ,united ,states1 but allow me to say1 that my acquaintance among the wool-growers is pretty extensive4 ,i am a purchaser1 as well as a grower of wool1 and handle no inconsiderable quantities yearly4 ,my purchases this year amount to over #acj1jjj lbs41 and ,i have examined at least #cjj1jjj lbs41 and a great variety of flocks of different grades and character1 have come under my observation--sheep kept in the very lowest up to the very highest condition4 ,i have always found1 that where the blood of the old fashioned ,merinos1 ,paulars1 or whatever their possessors are pleased to call them1 predominated1 there also ,i found gum1 yolk1 dirt1 and other substances adhering to the wool1 in great abundance1 unfit to make cloth of1 which goes far to make up the greater weight of fleece over the ,saxony4 ,indeed1 sir1 when gentlemen talk of fine fleeces weighing #h1 #i1 or #aj lbs4 they forget to mention including gum1 yolk1 dirt1 and other substances adhering to the fleece4 ,some years since1 ,i saw a lot of old fashioned ,merino wool at a factory in ,massachusetts1 which the manufacturer assured me would lose #ee per cent4 in cleansing4 ,indeed1 said he1 we can never estimate the dirt in such wool correctly2 it always exceeds our estimate1 and we invariably suffer loss4 ,and recently1 a gentleman1 a dealer in wool1 told me that he sent this season1 a large quantity to ,boston to be sold1 and that on making sale of some #cf1jjj lbs41 the manufacturer who bought it1 rejected all gummy1 dirty fleeces1 declaring that he would not have them1 as such wool would lose more than #ej per cent4 in cleansing4 ,and to use the gentleman's own words1 there it lies1 in a corner of the wool room1 and ,i do not know what to do with it2 observing at the same time1 that the manufacturers were getting more cunning4 ,there was a time when the supply fell short of the demand1 and almost any wool1 however gummy and dirty1 found ready purchasers2 for manufacturers were often compelled to buy it1 in order to keep their machinery in operation2 but that time has gone by1 and they are now more choice in their selections1 and when they come across a lot of such wool they pass it by1 with observations like these3 ,i do not want it1 it is too dirty1 let him keep it for some body else6 ,in your ,july number1 page #acj and #aca1 ,mr4 ,editor1 you have made a calculation of the number of sheep1 and the quantity of wool obtained therefrom4 ,the census of #ahdj shows1 say #bj1jjj1jjj in the ,united ,states4 ,of this number you estimate only #aa1jjj1jjj shorn sheep1 yielding #bd1ejj1jjj lbs4 of wool1 and the lambs at #i1jjj1jjj4--,with due deference to your superior opportunities for information1 ,i beg leave to say that you are over estimating the number of lambs1 for every practical wool-grower knows1 that that proportion is too large--if you had said one third1 you would have come nearer the truth4 ,i think you are mistaken also that the census of #ahdj included lambs1 it was exclusive of lambs47a7 ,you are1 however1 perfectly safe in estimating the average weight of fleece in the ,united ,states at #b lbs4 ,this is certainly too low by one fourth of a pound47b7 ,in this region it exceeds #b lbs4 ,then you say1 that by producing a superior quality of wool1 its value would be increased nine cents per pound2 this certainly is attainable2 but the way in which you propose to bring it about1 namely1 by crossing with the ,paular1 or old-fashioned ,merinos1 you would not obtain that end1 thousands of fine flocks would be reduced in quality47c7 ,in this section it would reduce the quality as much as you wish to improve it4 ,coarse sheep would be improved by the cross2 but to apply it to all the sheep in the ,united ,states1 as ,i understand you to say1 you would find yourself very much mistaken in the result4 ,i venture to say1 that on the same quantity of feed1 you can not increase the heft of fleece of a fine flock shearing from #b to #c lbs41 by your cross up to #c to #d lbs4 per head1 and have the wool in equally good condition47d7 ,an increase of feed will do much toward increasing the heft of fleece4 ,a few words more and ,i have done4 ,examiner1 page #eb1 says3 ,as to ,paular ,bucks1 it strikes me that you might1 for any practical purpose1 just as well have advised a cross of the fabulous ,unicorn1 for it would be just as easy to find the one as the other at the present time in the ,united ,states2 for depend upon it1 there is no such thing now existing1 as a ,paular ,buck1 nor any thing deserving the name in the whole country4 ,and you say that there are still large and valuable flocks scattered over the country47e7 ,h4 ,d4 ,,grove4 7a7 ,immediately upon the receipt of this letter of ,mr4 ,grove's we wrote on to ,washington to ascertain the facts in the case1 but were answered that the census bureau was abolished1 and they could not tell4 ,we know that when the person for taking the census in the district in which we were then residing1 called upon us1 he required the number of colts1 calves1 lambs1 and pigs1 although some of them were only three days old at the time2 and to our objection of rendering an account of such young stock1 he remarked1 never mind1 they will be grown when the census appears1 and it is the law4 ,most of those to whom we have put the question about rendering an account of the lambs in their flocks1 say they did so2 others do not recollect4 ,if there has been irregularity with sheep-owners in giving an account of their lambs1 of course we are incorrect2 and we think1 upon reflection1 we may have estimated the number of lambs too high2 though1 on the other hand1 we are quite certain ,mr4 ,grove has set them down as entirely too few2 for we know flocks that produce within a fraction as many lambs annually as there are breeding ewes4 7b7 ,perhaps when ,mr4 ,grove has travelled south and west more extensively1 and seen in the months of ,march and ,april1 as many half-bare sheep as we have1 which shed their wool from disease1 want of care1 c41 he may come to a different conclusion4 ,we have often seen flocks in the same condition at the north too1 leaving many of our farmers little to boast of in this respect4 7c7 ,we have turned to the article to which ,mr4 ,grove alludes1 but really1 we do not find that we used the expressions attributed to us4 ,we said ,spanish ,merino1 also1 unadulterated ,merino2 meaning thereby1 the ,rambouillets more particularly4 ,we also spoke in general terms1 in recommending the use of these4 ,such a flock of ,saxons as ,mr4 ,grove's we would especially except2 and if the accounts which we hear of them be correct1 and we have no doubt they are1 we would not cross them with anything less fine than themselves4 ,they are unquestionably superior animals1 as is proved by their superior weights of fleece1 and the high price the wool commands2 and we wish1 since the name of ,saxon has been so basely misused in this country by miserable counterfeits1 that ,mr4 ,grove would give his flock the name of ,electoral2 for they and their descendants are probably the only ones entitled to it in the ,united ,states4 ,with this name1 they would then fairly stand aloof from the common herd1 as they deserve1 and not be associated in idea hereafter1 with the miserable riff-raff of the country1 passing under the general name of ,saxons4 ,it is our intention next season to call and see ,mr4 ,grove's flock4 7d7 ,we meant to be understood as alluding to a cross on the coarser and more restiff sheep of the country1 when we spoke of obtaining an increase of weight of wool on the same food1 and we know that this can be done4 7e7 ,true enough1 but we did not say these valuable flocks were ,paulars2 nor did we go so far as to assert that they were pure ,merinos of any distinct name4 ,we wish it understood1 that we do not endorse all the opinions of ,examiner any more than we do other correspondents--he speaks for himself1 and we for ourselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,sea-,,mud ,,as ,a ,,fertilizer4 ,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 ,november #hth1 #ahdc4 ,,can you inform me whether the sea-mud which is found on the shore1 below high-water mark1 is of any value to the farmer2 and if it is1 in what way would you advise that it should be applied8 ,do you think that it would answer in a compost heap1 or would it be preferable to put it into the cattle-yard or hog-pen8 ,i have thought that the only objection to using it would be on account of the great quantity of salt1 which it contains2 although ,leibig and other celebrated writers1 speak in very favorable terms upon the application of salt4 ,and here arises another question4 ,are not those farms which are situated upon the sea-shore sufficiently supplied with salt by the winds which are constantly sweeping over them8 ,johnson remarks that this is the case1 and if this is so1 would not the application of this sea-mud be too strong8 although ,i am inclined to believe that by drying the mud1 much of the virtue of the salt would necessarily be destroyed1 and as sea-water contains1 as ,leibig states1 many very fertilizing qualities1 this mud which perhaps has been accumulating for ages1 must have imbibed a large quantity of all those properties1 of which sea-water is composed4 ,by answering these questions you will greatly oblige one of your subscribers4 ,r4 ,b4 ,c4 ,for an answer to the above see page #cbb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following communication was read before the ,new ,york ,farmers' ,club by the ,hon4 ,henry ,meigs at its meeting ,august #bi1 and is obligingly furnished us for publication4 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,farm ,,of ,,hugh ,,maxwell1 ,esq4 ,,good ,,effects ,,of ,,marl4--,in a conversation with ,hugh ,maxwell1 ,esq41 some short time since1 he stated some facts in relation to the fertilising power of a red marl abundantly existing at ,nyack1 which induced me to visit the spot4 ,i found ,mr4 ,maxwell's farm of #aaj acres bounded by the ,hudson1 well worth a visit4 ,the whole was in excellent fence1 made of the loose stones found on the land1 neatly piled about #d feet high1 forming fields of from #d to #h acres4 ,the formation of these fences has used nearly all the stones which were on the surface of the lands4 ,and in this it would seem as if ,divine ,providence had caused the rocks to be distributed of the proper size for fencing4 ,had the pieces been much larger or smaller they would not have answered the purpose so well as they now do4 ,if they had been planted two feet under ground1 or had been piled in larger masses1 the labor of fencing would have been very greatly increased4 ,this farm1 as well as all those about ,nyack1 lies on the singular mass of sandstone included by a front of about five miles on the river4 ,all the surrounding rocks are of other materials4 ,this sandstone1 when quarried1 exhibits strata of a kind of red marl of many feet in thickness1 lying between strata of the sandstone4 ,the quarry-men throw it out of their way1 and millions of loads are lying near the water's edge1 so that in many places vessels can lie alongside a bed of it1 and slide it on board4 ,on ,mr4 ,maxwell's farm1 the former proprietor1 desirous of making extensive hard walks through his garden1 caused this marl to be put upon them about one foot deep4 ,soon after this was finished1 the walks began to produce clover2 the white in such profusion and persevering succession1 that all prospect of using the paths in that condition was abandoned3 they could not be kept in order by the hoe4 ,mr4 ,maxwell being strongly impressed by this occurrence1 determined on applying it to the surface of his farm4 ,i saw a field of corn of several acres which had been top-dressed this year with the red marl1 now bearing not less than #hj bushels of shelled corn to the acre--as great a product as is obtained from the best city manure1 costing at ,nyack nearly #cg cents per load4 ,i saw an upland field of wheat1 on which1 as an experiment1 ,mr4 ,maxwell had top-dressed with this marl a space of three rods by two1 from which ,i pulled an average bunch of straw-stubble1 that is more than double the size and weight of any like parcel of stubble1 to be found in the whole field of several acres4 ,unfortunately the husbandman had cradled all the wheat indiscriminately1 which prevented ,mr4 ,maxwell from examining the separate product of the wheat4 ,i should not hesitate to pronounce it a double product4 ,mr4 ,m4 top-dressed a field of oats with this marl1 and the yield was #gj bushels per acre4 ,he top-dressed a field of clover with it the third year from the seeding1 and the product is heavier than the crop of the second year4 ,this field was dressed with ten loads of marl per acre4 ,the corn is large #ab-row yellow1 and the stalks are about #aj feet high4 ,the corn-blades never curled during the late drought1 while other fields all curled4 ,the corn was worked with the hand-harrow once1 with the cultivator twice1 and was hoed twice4 ,no plowing between the hills4 ,mr4 ,m4 thinks that in dry weather it is very injurious to run the plow through1 for it cuts the smaller roots of the corn4 ,he has tried #be bushels of hickory ashes1 against #be of anthracite coal ashes1 and found no perceptible difference in the result4 ,the general effect of this red marl is perceptible in almost every plant and tree in that vicinity4 ,fruit-trees are especially vigorous and free from disease4 ,flowering shrubs1 roses particularly1 seem not to have been touched by any insect4 ,i pulled up a mullein stalk growing on a naked mound of this marl1 which measures nine feet in height1 and the flower stem1 which is covered with buds1 is four feet in extent4 ,the trees1 excepting peach alone1 are more thriving than those ,i have anywhere seen4 ,the peach-trees have the yellows4 ,moss roses growing in rich grass are remarkably strong2 ,mr4 ,m4 finds that they do better closely surrounded by grass than in clear ground4 ,he has ten kinds of healthy cherry-trees1 including the red and white ox-heart1 and the bull's eye4 ,he has freely given1 and wishes to distribute buds and grafts to all those who ask for them4 ,mr4 ,m4 has very healthy apricots1 which have yielded fine fruit4 ,he smoked the blossoms with sulphur and pitch1 and all the fruit was perfect4 ,this smoking was done in the evening4 ,some of the fields had never been but partially cultivated1 on account of being so swamped that cattle mired in them4 ,he made in one four-acre field a drain ten rods long1 and three feet deep1 filled in with coarse stone4 ,this drain formed a perpetual spring for his cattle1 and this barren field has now buckwheat of at least thirty bushels per acre4 ,one and a half bushels of seed was sowed per acre4 ,no manure needed4 ,this drain cost #a4ge4 ,twelve acres were drained in the same style at a cost of #aej2 this field is now fine1 and asks for no manure from ,new ,york1 or ,nyack marl4 ,he prefers the same amount of marl to best ,new ,york city manure for all grains and grapes4 ,mr4 ,m4 has the old ,english yew thriving in open air in winter4 ,the ,european mountain ash1 white and red linden1 red maple1 weeping ash1 weeping beech1 weeping elm1 ,madeira nut1 7one five years old bearing fruit17 ,spanish chestnut now in fruit1 7this tree has also some blossoms on it at this time47 ,apricots grafted on plum stock are very thrifty4 ,a ,,remarkable ,,horse4--,in passing through ,mr4 ,maxwell's barn-yard1 ,i noticed a couple of horses1 one of which was hoppled with a strong iron chain4 ,what mischievous young horse have you there8 ,he replied1 it is my old family mare ,kate1 who has carried me1 and my wife and children1 safely for the last one and twenty years6 ,i bought her when she was about four years old1 but she will break fences now 7wooden ones7 with her irons on1 she is so active and cunning4 ,,locust ,,eggs4--,i remarked at ,nyack the work of the locust1 and ,mr4 ,m4 and ,thomas ,addis ,emmet1 ,esq41 examined with a good microscope1 a twig worked by the little insect4 ,the twig being split in the line of the work1 exhibited the whole process of the egg deposite4 ,the twig is pierced nearly to its centre at every three quarters of an inch1 or nearly so2 the wood is rendered fibrous1 it is then lifted up1 and the eggs1 which are of a long1 oval form1 are deposited side by side at an angle of about #de degrees to the grain of the twig1 and the fibrous tuft of wood placed over them1 with its end sticking out2 these incisions being repeated every inch on a line for some few inches in each twig4 ,with the microscope1 we saw the eyes of the young locusts always heads to the centre4 ,the general outline of the young animal was perceptible through its delicate membranous cover4 ,they moved slightly on being disturbed4 ,almost every twig so operated on by the locust was entirely dead4 ,the magnifying power of the microscope was perhaps #dj or #ej4 ,,value ,,of ,,an ,,orchard4--,i visited an apple orchard at ,nyack1 which arrested my attention by its regular and healthy appearance4 ,i found young ,van ,houton at home1 who1 with perfect good feeling and true politeness1 gave me the account of the orchard which ,i desired4 ,when his father was about fifty years of age1 he undertook to plant #aej winter pippin-trees on that spot4 ,his neighbors thought him an old fool to plant twigs of apple at his time of day4 ,young ,van ,houton1 then about #af years of age1 held the little nurslings in the holes while his father filled in the soil4 ,the old gentleman continued to prune them1 so that they are widely branched and open for air and sun within the mass of branches4 ,for twenty or twenty-two years past1 the old gentleman has often received #a1jjj a year for his apples4 ,sometimes #f per barrel2 sometimes sold in the orchard for #a per barrel4 ,that old gentleman and his wife are now1 between them1 #agd years old4 ,let no man be afraid to plant winter pippins because he is fifty or sixty years of age4 ,i have been highly pleased with my excursion4 ,when gentlemen of high rank in learned professions are found turning that intellectual force which has influenced the most wealthy and intelligent portion of mankind1 from law1 politics1 c41 to that greatest1 best of all arts--agriculture1 ,i look for good results and ,i find them4 ,the old world is hard at work in this direction1 and ,i hope that we shall watch her operations with the eye of our own bird1 and see to it1 that we be not excelled in any good thing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,mediterranean ,,wheat4 ,wheatland1 ,va41 ,november #b1 #ahdc4 ,i have noticed your remarks in the ,october ,no4 of your paper1 on the ,mediterranean wheat4 ,your views coincided with mine when ,i first sowed this variety of wheat2 but ,i have sown it now for two seasons1 and the change has been so great in the color1 as to convince me that by cultivating it here1 it will lose its dark color1 and become as good in that respect1 and yield as much flour as any wheat we have4 ,the two seasons ,i have raised it1 it has been the best wheat ,i had4 ,i have doubts whether it will tiller as much as some other varieties1 and therefore sow it much thicker4 ,,robert ,l4 ,,wright4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,topping ,,cotton--,,marl4 ,sumpter ,district1 ,s4 ,c41 ,nov4 #dth1 #ahdc4 ,,in those excellent matter-of-fact articles on the cultivation of cotton1 which have appeared in the late numbers of your paper1 by ,dr4 ,philips of ,miss41 and which1 by the way1 are the best ,i have ever seen on the subject1 ,i do not recollect that he has touched upon the subject of topping cotton4 ,i have made one experiment in this1 and was pleased with the result4 ,some planters north of us1 ,i understand1 have also tried this method1 and find the cotton is not so apt to shed1 as when it is not topped1 especially in wet seasons4 ,ordinarily we reckon the first week in ,august the best time for topping2 but this1 of course1 will depend upon the season1 and the forwardness of the crop--for sometimes it must be earlier1 and sometimes later4 ,i tried the effects of what ,i suppose to be marl1 on a small spot in one of my fields1 say about one acre4 ,the marl ,i judge to be of poor quality1 yet can not say1 positively1 as ,i have no analysis of it4 ,i dug it out in ,january last1 and spread it broad-cast1 at the rate of #cj loads to the acre1 as large as an ordinary pair of mules would carry4 ,it seemed to pulverize well1 exposed to the severe frost of last winter1 and ,i plowed it in deeper than ,i usually plow1 and harrowed the land well4 ,the result is1 ,i shall get full one third if not one half more cotton off of this piece than any other part of the field1 which more than pays me for the trouble4 ,i need not say that we read the articles on manures in the ,agriculturist with much interest2 for many of us are beginning to learn that it is not only easier and better1 but even cheaper to renovate our old lands1 than emigrate to a new country and bring new lands into cultivation4 ,c4 ,,mcd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,hints ,,on ,,the ,,cultivation ,,of ,,wheat4 ,buffalo1 ,october #beth1 #ahdc4 ,,there are four conditions that modify the value of a wheat crop4 ,one may not only be larger in measure than another1 but heavier for the same measure2 yielding more flour from a given weight2 and lastly1 affording a greater proportion of gluten from the same quantity of flour4 ,it is necessary for the farmer to have each of these considerations in view1 if he would attain the utmost success in the cultivation of this invaluable grain4 ,my object1 in this brief article1 will be1 to afford some helps to the agriculturist in increasing the ultimate value of his crop4 ,as a starting point1 it will1 perhaps1 be most instructive to inquire1 what are the constituent elements of wheat8 ,sprengel has analyzed both grain and straw1 and the following is the result3--#ajjj lbs4 of wheat afford #aagg lbs4 and of wheat straw1 #ceah lbs4 of ash1 consisting of ,grain of wheat4 ,straw of wheat4 ,potash #bbe lbs4 #jbj lbs4 ,soda #bdj #bi ,lime #if #bdj ,magnesia #ij #cb ,alumina with a trace of iron #bf #ij ,silica #djj #bhgj ,sulphuric acid #ej #cg ,phosphoric acid #dj #agj ,chlorine #aj #jcj ----- ----- #aagg #ceah ,this analysis shows an amount of ash far below the average4 ,davy found #aee lbs4 of ash in #ajj lbs4 of ripe wheat straw2 and ,johnstone1 in one variety1 grown on a soil abounding in limestone1 #afe per cent4 of ash4 ,thus it will be seen1 according to the above analysis of ,sprengel1 that of the total of grain1 less than #a per cent41 and of straw1 rather more than #c per cent4 is earthy or inorganic matter2 while all the remainder is composed of the organic materials1 carbon1 oxygen1 hydrogen1 and nitrogen1 of which carbon alone constitutes about one half4 ,all these constituents are absolutely essential to the perfection of the crop4 ,in the natural condition of a fertile soil when first reclaimed1 these materials are usually found in sufficient abundance to produce wheat4 ,such was the condition of nearly all the land in ,new ,england1 and the eastern portion of our own state2 but a few years of careless1 unscientific cropping1 has exhausted one or more of those constituents which may have existed in an available form2 and much of it1 after a very few of the first years of its cultivation1 has been of little or no value for wheat1 under the system of tillage there adopted4 ,it has been asserted by ,dr4 ,dana1 that in a soil purely granitic 7and much of the land in that region partakes of this character71 there is potash enough for successive crops of wheat for #c1jjj years1 and lime enough to last more than twice that period4 ,but the result is the same for the growing vegetation1 whether the materials do not exist at all1 or are locked up beyond the reach of it4 ,it is absolutely certain1 if wheat will not grow with care and industry1 and all the usual appliances of good husbandry1 where it once nourished successfully1 there is one or more ingredients wanted1 in such a condition1 that the plants can appropriate them to their own nourishment4 ,and first of the inorganic matters4 ,the proportion of straw will vary from #b to #c times the weight of the grain4 ,suppose the quantity taken off the land be estimated at #b times the weight of the grain4 ,in a series of crops averaging #bj bushels of wheat per acre1 for #cj years1 we shall have as the result #cf1jjj lbs4 of grain1 and #ij1jjj lbs4 of straw carried off the soil1 charged with all the materials above enumerated1 and probably sufficient to reduce the land to a very small capacity for production4 ,some limited portions of the earth1 as the plains of ,babylon1 when under skilful cultivation1 the valleys of the ,indus and the ,nile1 and the fields of ,sicily1 almost since the days of the flood1 have produced luxuriantly1 without the aid of manure to any extent2 but it must be remembered the former have their fertility annually renewed by the rich overflowings of the rivers1 which are charged with all the materials necessary to restore exhausted nature2 while the soil of the last1 being wholly of basaltic origin1 is rich in the alkalies1 which a year or two of rest1 is sufficient to replenish in a soluble state1 to be again taken up by the luxuriant crop4 ,hence1 we have witnessed a drainage of nearly all the products from these fertile regions1 for thousands of years1 with impunity4 ,but they are exceptions which only go to prove the general rule4 ,the farmer must look to it1 that all the ingredients that enter into his crops1 are supplied by the materials in his soil1 or a deficiency1 or entire failure1 will be the inevitable result4 ,although all the constituents entering into the straw and grain1 are absolutely essential to their perfection1 they are not all equally essential to be contained in the soil4 ,it is indispensable1 however1 that the earthy or inorganic portion of them be there1 for these can not be obtained elsewhere4 ,how shall they be best supplied8 ,ashes1 it is believed1 afford the cheapest1 as well as one of the most effectual applications that can be made for grain4 ,of the ten fixed ingredients enumerated as entering into wheat1 ashes yield potash1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 sulphuric and phosphoric acids1 in large proportions1 and silica and iron in smaller4 ,the chemical operation of the potash1 and carbonate and sulphate of lime1 however1 when added to the soil1 is to supply the silica1 in a soluble state1 from its natural condition1 7it being found in abundance for this object in every soil1 except in such as are formed almost exclusively of peat17 for the demands of the crop4 ,an increased supply of lime and gypsum1 beyond what is found in the ashes1 is frequently advantageous2 and when the latter is beneficial1 as it generally is1 it should never be withheld to an extent in the highest degree useful4 ,of the operation of this last material1 beyond yielding a portion of its sulphur to the gluten1 we have as yet no satisfactory explanation4 ,in respect to the theory of its concentrating ammonia in the soil from the atmosphere1 we have very contradictory authority4 ,liebig asserts it1 ,johnstone questions it1 and ,dana denies it2 yet the increasing fertility its application produces1 would seem to give the weight of experience in favor of ,liebig's views4 ,the chlorine and soda1 if not furnished by the ashes in proportions sufficiently large1 may be procured by the application of common salt1 which yields both4 ,the phosphoric acid may be obtained in any required quantity1 by the addition of bones1 which1 dry or calcined1 yield both that acid and lime1 phosphate of lime constituting #hf per cent4 of bones4 ,most soils contain alumina in abundance to furnish the food requisite for wheat2 yet as it is one of the most valuable soils for this grain1 both as seizing upon and retaining ammonia1 and furnishing a firm foothold for the roots of the plants1 it is important that lands intended for this purpose1 should be adequately supplied with alumina as a top-dressing1 if naturally deficient in it4 ,we have1 then1 above1 all the inorganic materials for the purpose required4 ,but there is about #ig per cent4 of the crop yet to be made up of the organic constituents1 carbon1 oxygen1 nitrogen1 and hydrogen4 ,how shall they be provided for8 ,first1 by the selection of a calcareous or clay soil1 which will furnish a proper bed for the roots of the plant1 and by their peculiar mechanical texture and chemical composition1 will not only hold the manures incorporated with them1 but also draw some of the requisite constituents largely from the air2 the former absorbing carbonic acid1 and the latter ammonia4 ,second1 by the liberal application of common farm-yard manure1 to a crop preceding that of wheat1 which will leave a rich mould highly conducive to an abundant yield of perfect grain4 ,an instance has been recently given1 of a ,maryland farmer raising large successive crops of wheat1 by the application of putrescent manure directly upon the grain1 and all injurious effects were obviated by the use of a moderate quantity of lime4 ,this is a practice1 however1 which has not been found generally to be successful1 causing either blight1 or such rapid and luxuriant growth1 as to crinkle and lodge4 ,this effect is also produced in peaty and rich alluvial soils1 where the silicate of potash1 so essential to the formation of a strong1 upright stalk1 is not furnished in a quantity large enough for the object4 ,third1 the liberal use of charcoal scattered through the soil4 ,it is claimed from its use1 that the wheat crop of ,france has been largely augmented within the few past years4 ,several instances of its greatly beneficial effects1 have been noticed in this country2 though its influence has not hitherto been felt on wheat1 by an extensive ,virginia planter1 in two or three recent experiments4 ,the great power of condensing gases peculiar to charcoal1 was noticed by some of the early chemists4 ,murray mentions it1 and ,saussure gives a table of results1 in which he shows that perfectly dry charcoal from boxwood1 will absorb #ij volumes of ammonia2 #he of muriatic acid2 #fe of sulphurous acid2 #ee of sulphuretted hydrogen2 #ce of carbonic acid1 c4 ,this condensation takes place in its pores1 and does not produce any alteration1 or new chemical compounds of the gases thus stored up2 but their use in an agricultural point of view1 is invaluable2 for while the coal yields no fertilizing matter from its own substance1 being nearly indestructible1 it takes from the atmosphere in great abundance1 and hoards up for the future use of the plants1 one of the most evanescent1 as well as most useful materials for their perfection1 viz41 the nitrogen contained in the ammonia4 ,a fourth means for procuring a good yield of wheat1 is by alternating with clover1 and turning in a liberal share of it as a preparation for the wheat4 ,this is practised extensively throughout the wheat districts of the ,united ,states1 and has resulted in great benefit2 for besides yielding a portion of food to the grain1 it keeps the ground in the best possible mechanical condition4 ,a fifth means1 is to return all the straw and chaff to the soil1 as they contain a large quantity of the identical materials required for a succeeding crop4 ,with the foregoing causes in full action1 and an adequate supply of moisture1 whether from rains1 dews1 or artificial irrigation1 the crop will draw largely from the atmosphere for the supply of its required organic constituents4 ,carbon will be furnished from its carbonic acid2 nitrogen from its ammonia2 hydrogen from its vapor1 dews1 and ammonia2 and oxygen from air1 water1 and soil4 ,the use of all these materials1 together with the selection of the best varieties of seed1 will give the first three requisites of a wheat crop2 large measure1 heavy weight1 and much flour4 ,manures peculiarly adapted to the object1 will tend in the highest degree to produce the greatest quantity of gluten1 the most valuable portion of the flour4 ,it is true1 that climate has much to do in condensing1 and of course1 improving the value of wheat4 ,it is a general principle1 that the warmer and drier the climate where it is grown1 the more valuable the grain4 ,wheat from the south of ,europe1 is worth more than when grown in the north2 and that from any portion of the ,united ,states1 owing to our superior dryness of climate1 is more nutritive than what is produced in ,great ,britain4 ,this difference is increased from #h to #ad per cent4 in favor of the ,american4 ,gluten varies in wheat from #h to #ce per cent42 in rye1 #i to #ac2 barley1 #c to #f2 and oats #b to #e4 ,the quality of wheat with regard to the quantity of gluten it contains1 is nicely estimated and fully regarded by accomplished bakers4 ,the nitrates of potash1 or soda1 are frequently used in ,england to increase not only the quantity1 but especially the quality of their flour1 a practice the high prices of land and produce may render profitable there1 though it is hardly to be expected they could generally be used in this country to a profit4 ,in an experiment lately tried in ,england1 one acre of wheat dressed with one cwt4 of nitrate of soda1 gave #db bushels1 weighing #fj lbs4 per bushel2 another acre dressed with two cwt4 yielded #dg-c_/h bushels1 weighing #fj lbs42 while an undressed acre1 in every other respect similar to the others1 yielded only #bg-g_/h bushels1 weighing #fa lbs4 ,numerous other instances could be given equally conclusive4 ,although we may not be justified in using these somewhat expensive salts1 so highly charged with nitrogen1 there are sources of supply within our reach1 especially rich in this material1 and abounding in many of the other ingredients of fertility4 ,these are animal manures of all kinds1 but more particularly urine1 human excrements1 and the offal of animals1 such as uncalcined bones1 horns1 hair1 hides1 flesh1 blood1 c4 ,all of these contain large proportions of nitrogen1 and if carefully incorporated into the soil1 would tend largely to the increased production and value of the wheat crops throughout the country4 ,an experiment was made in manuring wheat with cow dung1 which contains the smallest proportion of nitrogen1 and this yielded #aaie per cent4 of gluten4 ,another parcel1 grown on land manured with human urine1 gave #cea per cent4 ,thus it will be seen1 that the maximum of value in wheat1 may be reached1 by the application of an article1 almost everywhere wasted in the ,united ,states4 ,it is by skilfully feeding the wheat plant with all the nourishment that it can take up1 that the crops may be indefinitely increased4 ,lord ,hardwicke stated1 in a speech before the ,royal ,ag4 ,soc4 of ,england1 that the fine ,suffolk wheat had produced #gf bushels per acre2 and another and more improved variety had yielded the astonishing quantity1 of #hb bushels per acre4 ,there is no comparison between the capacity of an animal and seeds1 to produce results2 for while the former is limited to a definite growth1 which no effort of science or skill can augment1 a seed may multiply beyond almost any assignable limit4 ,we have been shown a stool of wheat1 originating from a single seed1 the growth of the present season1 with #cj stalks1 averaging from #ajj to #aaj grains on each head4 ,over #c1jjj perfect grains1 is thus the product of a single parent in one season4 ,it requires1 then1 but the proper pabulum to produce good wheat1 within the wheat latitudes1 in every portion of the ,union4 ,some of our worn-out eastern lands may be so totally unsuited to its growth1 as not to justify the efforts of reclaiming or fitting them for this object1 especially1 while we have a region in the west1 every way adapted by nature1 to its most successful cultivation4 ,but we can not for a moment doubt1 that when those western fields become comparatively full1 industry and science will combine to clothe again those hills and valleys 7now but partially robed with a scanty herbage71 with teeming crops of wheat1 such as gave to them1 in their pristine days1 a fame for fertility seldom exceeded4 ,r4 ,l4 ,,allen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,a ,,pennsylvania ,,dairy4 ,philadelphia1 ,nov4 #fth1 #ahdc4 ,,noticing in your ,october number an account of a dairy on ,long ,island1 ,i am induced to give you a description of one in this vicinity4 ,mr4 ,henry ,charley has a dairy farm near ,laurel ,hill1 where he keeps from #dj to #ej cows1 consisting of ,ayrshire1 ,holderness1 ,alderny1 ,durham1 and a few natives2 but mostly crossed with a fine1 thorough-bred ,short-,horn bull1 and is raising full bloods1 and high grades of this breed as fast as possible4 ,he makes veal of his bull-calves1 and raises all his best heifer-calves from his best cows for his own use4 ,i found the cows luxuriating in a rich clover pasture when ,i visited them last summer between #b and #c o'clock1 the hour for afternoon milking1 from which they were taken by the herdsman1 and driven half a mile to the barn4 ,this is a stone building #ajj feet long1 #df feet wide1 with a wing of #fj feet1 the same width as the barn1 high walls1 and steep roof1 which make it capable of holding a great quantity of fodder1 consisting last year mostly of cornstalks1 7some of which he bought very cheap of his neighbors1 while others let theirs stand in the field and this spring raked them up and burned them17 rye straw1 and oats unthrashed1 all of which he cuts and steams--sometimes with a little hay cut also and mixed with the above articles4 ,these are all steamed together1 or each separately1 7as best suits the appetites of the cows7 in a large vat1 connected with a pipe through which the steam passes from the boiler1 which stands in a room adjoining with stone or ground floor4 ,the chimney is of sheet-iron running up through the roof1 and coal used for fuel1 renders the risk for insurance at a very low rate4 ,the water is supplied from a spring running into the yard1 and thence through a pipe into the boiler4 ,the cows are also watered from the same when the weather is stormy in winter1 and they are not allowed to go out4 ,but to return from this digression4 ,after the fodder is sufficiently cooked1 which takes but a short time1 it is taken out into other larger vats or troughs1 with scoop shovels1 and there left to cool2 then a suitable portion of ,indian meal or ground rye1 buck-wheat1 or oats1 or any two or all four mixed and ground together1 7which in my opinion would be better17 adding a portion of ship-stuffs1 shorts1 or even bran4 ,this is the food for the cows at all seasons1 except when there is a full supply of grass4 ,they are driven to a woods pasture for exercise and air when there is little or no grass4 ,air and exercise are indispensably necessary for the health of cows1 and without these1 the milk will always be more or less unhealthy1 according to the nature of their confinement4 ,when the cows were brought into the yard1 ,i was puzzled to know how they were to be handled2 but the stable doors being thrown open1 each cow entered the door nearest her stall1 and went to it with as much regularity as a young miss goes to her seat in a boarding-school4 ,there is a drop in the floor immediately behind the cows1 #ad inches wide and #d inches deep2 into this all the excrements fall1 the water running off immediately to a reservoir prepared for the purpose of receiving it2 this1 together with all the manure1 was taken away daily1 and put upon the land or crops or in a heap to make compost2 so that the premises were kept perfectly clean and sweet4 ,the floor was covered with a thin bed of cut straw1 which was passed off with the manure as it became soiled1 and by being cut1 worked immediately into and incorporated itself with the manure1 without vexing the husbandman or gardener as long green manure so frequently does4 ,the floor behind the cows1 between the trough to catch the liquid and the wall1 is six feet wide1 with strong plank platforms or tables on which to set the vessels containing the milk4 ,there is an open space directly over the vat for steaming1 where all the feed is cut and passed down through a hopper into the vat2 also1 hoppers or spouts leading from the meal room over head directly into the vats1 which contain the steamed feed for cooking4 ,the mangers in which the cows are fed are broad1 so that the food may be thrown into them with scoop shovels without waste1 of which ,i found nothing of the kind about the whole premises4 ,if a little too much feed is given to one animal1 and consequently left1 it is carefully scraped out and fed to one having a better appetite2 thus the mangers were kept clean and sweet4 ,mr4 ,charley feeds roots1 but to what extent ,i did not learn4 ,i hope he may be induced to write you a letter1 giving a description of his cutting machine1 which does its work better than any one ,i have ever seen2 having two blades coming together like shears1 cutting corn-stalks through their joints with as much apparent ease as a pair of tailor's shears would cut a thread4 ,there is a stable for dried cows which were feeding for the butcher4 ,box stalls are provided for cows about to calve2 the young cattle are kept by themselves1 as are also the calves4 ,mr4 ,charley was not at home when ,i visited his dairy2 but this disappointment to me was made up by the kind ,mrs4 ,c41 who1 with justifiable pride1 showed me her spring house with its large copper caldron for scalding her milk tubs1 pans1 pails1 churns1 c4 c41 in the best of order1 all of which she personally superintends and looks after2 and whenever there is an overstock of milk for city customers1 it is here converted into butter of the choicest quality1 and each market-day finds her at her stand with her butter and lots of garden vegetables1 the raising of which she also superintends and takes into the city at the dawn of day4 ,that some families are sick and others miserably poor1 is not strange1 to one who looks behind the curtain and sees what can never otherwise be described4 ,s4 ,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the ,american ,agriculturist4 ,,reply ,,to ,,the ,,gardener',s ,,chronicle4 ,new-,york1 #adth ,november1 #ahdc4 ,,the ,gardeners' ,chronicle1 published in ,england1 has the following criticism on my essay of dock-mud1 inserted in your ,april number of this year1 page #ac3-- ,we trust the editor is more correct in his other statements than in this1 concerning the percentage of sea-salt in guano1 which contains little more than a trace of it4 ,i have never analysed the guano1 but depended on one or two analyses given by ,professor ,johnston1 reader of chemistry in the ,university of ,durham1 ,england1 in the appendix to his ,lectures on ,agricultural ,chemistry4 ,he gives tables of contents of two parcels1 the first containing #cj4c per cent41 the second rather more than #aa per cent4 of sea-salt4 ,i took the larger quantity1 to prove that if dock-mud contained sea-salt1 it could be no objection to it as a fertilizer4 ,it is highly important that the tables of analysis of celebrated manures should be correctly given1 and if the editor of the ,chronicle can furnish correct tables1 he will be conferring an important boon on the agricultural community of the whole world4 ,,wm4 ,,partridge4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the ,american ,agriculturist ,almanac4 ,,southern ,,calendar ,,for ,,december4 ,,the closing month of the year is one in which every agriculturist should take an interest1 and for many useful hints we will refer the reader to the ,northern ,calendar for this month4 ,cotton-picking will probably occupy this month until ,christmas1 when this business will have been completed1 if the culture has been well managed1 and the season favorable4 ,it would be well to start your plows and break up ground for corn2 let nothing but cotton prevent--not even cleaning2 for plowing is only one job2 yet1 if done soon1 it is generally advantageous1 and if bad weather should set in when it must be done1 time will be lost1 and a drawback ensue1 whereas by plowing in time1 cleaning can be done later4 ,in weather not employed about other labor more important1 manure and trim all kinds of vines and fruit-trees1 except the orange tribe4 ,transplant evergreens and other trees1 sweet briers1 honeysuckles1 jasmines1 c42 sow late peas and beans1 and set out onions for seed2 set all hands at work in cleaning up for other crops1 picking up limbs1 grubbing1 cleaning up hollows1 sides of bayous1 cutting down corn-stalks with hoes1 gathering materials for making manure1 c41 c4 ,if you do not live in the immediate vicinity1 say five or six miles1 from a sugar-plantation1 by all means keep bees4 ,this can be rendered one of the most productive branches of business of the day4 ,procure a few swarms at first1 and they will soon multiply to any extent required4 ,use sections of hollow logs1 four or five feet long1 for hives1 if you have no other more convenient materials to make them of1 and allow the bees to work over the honey a second time1 that you may avoid the injurious effects in eating honey which may have been gathered from poisonous flowers4 ,if the above-named class of hives be used1 there will be no necessity for killing the bees2 for when the hives are filled with honey1 they can be removed without harm from the end opposite to that in which the bees are at work1 and they will immediately go to work and fill the vacancy4 ,in most parts of the ,southern ,states bees maybe kept at work during the winter4 ,if there are not flowers for them1 they can be made to work over the bad honey collected the season before4 ,this is also a busy month for the sugar-planter4 ,he will be active in cutting and carting his cane with all possible despatch2 and he should employ one or more practical and intelligent men to conduct the operations of the mill4 ,in the manufacture of sugar1 we know of no better method than that given by ,professor ,mapes in a letter to ,hon4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ellsworth1 from which we make the following extract3-- #a4 ,to cut the cane as ripe as possible1 but before any acetic acid is formed2 litmus paper1 touched to the fresh-cut cane1 will turn red if acid4 #b4 ,express the juice without loss of time1 as every moment after cutting will deteriorate its quality4 #c4 ,a small quantity of clear lime-water1 say one quart to a hundred gallons of juice1 should be added the moment it is expressed1 unless the juice shows acidity with litmus paper2 in that case1 no lime should be used1 but a solution of sal-soda or soda ash should be added1 until it is precisely neutral4 #d4 ,when the juice is neutral1 free from excess of acid or alkali1 it should be evaporated in such an apparatus as would finish its charge in #cj minutes2 if the boiling power is too small1 good crystallization can not possibly be obtained4 ,the whole time occupied1 from the cutting of the cane to finishing its boiling1 should not exceed one hour4 #e4 ,to know when the boiling is finished1 place a thermometer in the kettle1 and continue to evaporate until it stands at #bci ,fahrenheit4 ,if1 when placed to run off after cooling1 it should be found too freely boiled1 the next time boil to #bdj1 or1 if too light to run off1 to #bch1 and so on4 #f4 ,the kettle or boiler should be so arranged1 that the moment it is done its charge should be thrown into a cooler1 capable of holding a number of charges4 ,the first charge should be left in the cooler with stirring1 until the second charge is thrown in2 then with an oar scrape the crystals found on the side and bottom of the cooler loose1 and gently stir the whole mass together3 the less stirred the better2 so continue at the letting in of each charge1 to stir gently2 and when all is in the cooler1 let the whole stand until it cools down to #age2 then fill out into sugar-moulds of a capacity not less than #ad gallons4 ,when cooled in the mould sufficiently1 say fourteen hours1 pull the plug out of the bottom of the mould1 and insert a sharp point1 nearly as large as the hole1 some six inches2 withdraw the point1 and stand the mould on a pot to drip4 #g4 ,if the sugar is intended to be brown1 leaving it standing on the pot for a sufficient length of time1 in a temperature of #hj1 will run off its molasses1 and leave it in a merchantable shape2 it will probably require twenty days4 ,it can then be thrown out of the moulds1 and will be fit for use4 ,when moulds can not be obtained1 conical vessels of wood or metal1 with a hole at the apex1 will answer equally well4 ,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,from the ,american ,agriculturist ,almanac4 ,,northern ,,calendar ,,for ,,december4 ,,settle all your accounts1 collect what is due you1 and pay what you owe4 ,short settlements make long friends4 ,examine your farm statistics1 and see what have been the results of your experiments with the different kinds of manures1 seeds1 modes of tillage1 c41 c42 and note them well for future use4 ,no farmer ought to be without such a book1 in which all experiments should be carefully recorded at the time1 and the results carried into a separate book for his own use hereafter2 and if new and valuable discoveries are obtained1 communicate them to some agricultural periodical for the benefit of the world4 ,recollect1 you have the experience of thousands to guide your operations1 and1 by contributing to the general stock whatever may be useful1 you are but returning to mankind a part of the benefits you have derived from them4 ,but avoid twaddle and humbuggery1 and oft-published statements1 and prolix or tedious narration1 and give all the circumstances material to the subjects in the briefest1 plainest1 simplest language possible4 ,above all things1 send in your subscription to one or more valuable agricultural papers1 and get as many of your neighbors to subscribe as possible2 and consider1 in so doing1 you are benefiting yourself by it ten times as much as you are the publishers4 ,summer is peculiarly the time for making observations and experiments1 and winter the time for communicating them4 ,remember the poor1 not only in this month1 but every month through the year1 and especially during the inclemency of winter4 ,you need not give so much to them outright1 but endeavor to put them in a way of making themselves comfortable1 by affording them employment1 by which1 you may be benefited1 while doing them good4 ,you thus confer on them a triple benefit1 by furnishing them the means of comfortable subsistence1 teaching them to help themselves1 and avoiding the habit of receiving charity1 which insensibly weakens their sense of self-dependance4 ,stock now requires increased attention3 they must be well housed1 or at least protected against wind1 with a shelter to which they can resort in storms1 well supplied with salt1 and abundance of water1 if possible1 in the yard1 where they can get it when they want1 and without wearying themselves in looking for it1 and wasting their manure by dropping it in the road1 or by a running stream or pond1 where it will all be lost4 ,their feed should be regular1 and given to them as near stated times as possible4 ,they look for their food then at certain hours1 and are not uneasy and fretful till the customary period arrives1 when they again fill themselves1 and rest quietly1 digesting their food till it is time to look for another supply4 ,if brought up in regular habits1 brutes are much better time-keepers than many are disposed to consider them who have not observed closely their intelligence4 ,now is a good time to break steers and colts1 while the roads are smooth and hard4 ,they ought to be early accustomed to handling and the halter1 and be gently treated1 by which they are more disposed to yield to the wishes of their master4 ,if they have been always used to good treatment1 they will acquire a confidence in their keepers1 and the more readily submit to their guidance4 ',tis always better to train them with strong1 well-broken animals4 ,sympathy has more to do with the brute creation than they have credit for generally2 and the good habits and orderly behavior of the older animals1 they have been accustomed to treat with deference1 will not be without their wholesome effect on them4 ,this is the best month for spreading out hemp for dew-rotting1 in the latitudes below #dj1 as it gets a whiter and better rot than if spread earlier4 ,,kitchen-,,garden4--,every fine day uncover the frames in which are lettuce and cauliflower plants2 otherwise they will become spindling1 from want of air4 ,hot-beds can now be made1 for forcing asparagus for the table in ,january4 ,if the ground is open1 continue trenching for spring crops4 ,when the ground is frozen1 cart manure1 repair fences1 clean seeds1 prepare tools for spring4 ,provide pea-sticks1 bean-poles1 c41 and finish all that will be required in the spring1 and which can be done when the ground is frozen4 ,,fruit-,,garden ,,and ,,orchard4--,finish those things which may have been omitted the previous month4 ,if the weather continues open1 digging and plowing may be done advantageously4 ,perform any work that may tend to forward your business in the spring4 ,,flower-,,garden ,,and ,,pleasure-,,grounds4--,continue to protect your beds of bulbs1 and also flower-beds and shrubs as directed in last month4 ,should the weather continue open in the early part of this month1 bulbs may still be planted4 ,they should not be left as late as this1 but if such has been the case1 they had better be planted now than left until spring4 ,now carefully protect seedling bulbs4 ,the more tender kinds of trees can have their roots protected from frost by laying manure or long litter about them4 ,,foreign ,,agricultural ,,news4 ,,by the steamship ,caledonia1 we are favored by the receipt of our ,european journals up to the #dth ,november4 ,,markets4--,ashes1 both pots and pearls1 have advanced1 and were brisk of sale4 ,cotton had declined #a_/h;d4 per lb4 ,the recent advices from ,bombay and ,calcutta of the ,east ,india crop1 were not quite so favorable4 ,the stock of ,cotton on hand at ,liverpool on the #ast ,november1 was #gbj1jjj bales1 against #ebj1jjj at same period last season4 ,flour was flat1 and little doing in it4 ,naval ,stores1 declining4 ,provisions were about the same as by our last advices1 with the exception of ,cheese1 the finer qualities of which were of quick sale4 ,tobacco1 steady and firm4 ,money still plenty1 and the low rates of interest prevail4 ,american ,stocks continue nearly the same as at our last4 ,very few recent transactions4 ,agricultural ,school4--,we see by the ,berwick ,warder1 that an ,agricultural ,school is established in ,aberdeenshire1 by the practical farmers of that county1 which promises to be a very useful institution4 ,it is superintended by ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,young1 and we like its arrangements better than anything of the kind we have yet seen4 ,to explain these1 we make a few quotations from the prospectus4 ,the young gentlemen who may be intrusted to ,mr4 ,young's charge for the purpose of being instructed in the principles and practice of ,scottish agriculture1 will have daily opportunities of witnessing the regular routine of farming operations going on at the farm1 and of taking an active part in these operations4 ,they will be required to keep1 in a farm-book1 a daily record of what has been done on the farm4 ,explanations will be given of the principles upon which the different operations are conducted1 and upon which they will be examined at stated times4 ,regular minutes will be kept by the pupils of all such explanations1 as well as of any facts that may come to their knowledge through their occasional intercourse with the farmers of the country4 ,there will be stated times set apart for reading1 as text-books1 the most approved agricultural works of the day2 and on the subjects of their reading ,mr4 ,y4 will minutely examine the young gentlemen1 and will also require them to write exercises upon given agricultural topics--particularly those that bear on practice4 ,while it will be ,mr4 ,y4's care to direct the attention of the pupils to chemistry and geology in their application to practical agriculture1 a branch of study until lately very little attended to1 he will make arrangements for procuring the services of the professor of agriculture in the ,university of ,aberdeen1 for a few weeks every summer1 to give lectures and conduct experiments on the analysis of soils1 manures1 c4--thus securing to the pupils more than a mere theoretical knowledge of this important branch of agricultural education4 ,as nothing is so much calculated to impress any subject upon the youthful mind1 as to invest it with a personal interest1 ,mr4 ,y4 proposes to devote to the exclusive use of his pupils1 a small farm1 of about #ej acres in extent1 adjoining to his other farm4 ,this small farm contains a variety of soils1 upon which experiments of different kinds may be conducted1 on a small scale4 ,it will be possessed and managed by the pupils1 under ,mr4 ,y4's direction1 and upon certain equitable rules as to each pupil's share of the concern4 ,each pupil will be required to keep regular books1 exhibiting all disbursements and receipts1 and the results of all experiments tried1 with every particular connected with such experiments4 ,each pupil will be required to take his share of management1 c41 and the profits of the concern1 after paying a certain moderate rent1 will1 at each term1 be divided among the young gentlemen1 in proportion to their respective interests4 ,it is conceived that such a plan will have a strong tendency to promote exactness1 regularity1 and business habits2 but1 without the consent of their parents or guardians1 pupils will not be asked to join in this scheme4 ,,farmers' ,,magazine4--,meat-,salting ,instrument4--,the instrument resembles a common syringe of more than ordinary dimensions1 and1 although not quite so simple in its construction1 it is intended to be used in the same way as the syringe1 provided the point or tube be not exposed to the air4 ,the advantages to be derived from the use of the instrument are explained by the fact that a joint of meat may1 in the simplest manner1 be properly salted in less than ten minutes4 ,the brine is made of the usual ingredients1 and after the salt and other substances are completely dissolved1 the liquid is poured into the machine1 and the nipple or tube 7the circumference of which is perforated with three small holes7 is inserted into the most solid part of a joint of meat1 and the contents are1 by a very strong pressure1 forced through the fibres until the brine is seen to escape on the surface4 ,for this purpose a smaller quantity of pickle is used than is employed in the ordinary method of curing meat1 and the bone 7if there be any17 in the centre becomes thoroughly impregnated with the fluid4 ,by the present mode of salting meat1 it is a matter of some difficulty to inject the brine into the innermost part of a large joint1 whereas by the process which is adopted in the use of ,mr4 ,carson's instrument1 the size or substance of the meat presents no additional trouble to the operator4 ,prince ,albert's ,annual ,sale of ,live ,stock4--,since ,prince ,albert has turned farmer1 he has an annual sale of his fat stock1 and is said to realize from #ej to #fj per cent4 profit on it4 ,the last took place in ,october1 at which time #dag sheep1 #ee oxen1 and #i cows and heifers1 were disposed of1 realising him #a1gdc1 7about #h1jjj27 a clever sum for fat sheep and cattle4 ,produce of ,ewes4--,count de ,gourcey states in that part of his ,agricultural ,tour in ,europe1 just received1 that ,mr4 ,walker1 manager of the late ,duke of ,gordon's estates1 in ,scotland1 informed him that from #bjj ,leicester ewes1 and as many ,southdowns1 they bring up on an average1 #dej lambs4 ,we wish we had possessed this information when writing our notes to ,mr4 ,grove's letter in this paper1 as it would have been something of an argument in our favor1 regarding the difference of opinion existing between us about the number of lambs bred in the ,united ,states4 ,,new ,,farmers' ,,journal4--,exportation of ,cattle to ,prussia4--,one bull and eight heifers have been recently purchased in ,england1 for the ,royal ,agricultural ,society of ,prussia4 ,,netting ,,for ,,sheep-,,folds4--,the fibre of the cocoa-nut is said to make the most durable netting for sheep-folds2 it out-wearing several sets of tarred-hemp netting1 and is so light1 that a herdsman can with ease carry #bjj yards of it4 ,soiling4--,feeding animals in the summer-season with green food1 cut daily1 and given them in stalls or yards1 is far preferable to grazing--,first1 because the food is consumed with less waste2 secondly1 because rest is an equivalent for food4 ,the bodies of animals do not remain stationary1 but are constantly wasting in proportion to the amount of exercise they undergo--hence1 while they rove at large1 they must receive from time to time new supplies in the shape of food1 to make up for this waste1 which are not needed when they are at rest1 and consequently1 by the system of soiling1 less food will be required to fatten them4 ,thirdly1 because by soiling there is an increase of valuable manure1 which1 by the old method of grazing1 was nearly altogether lost4 ,american ,provisions4--,within the last few days1 #bjd boxes of ,american cheese have been received in ,liverpool4 ,every year the quality of the ,american cheese improves4 ,another article1 which is arriving in very large quantities1 is ,american lard1 which is coming into use for many purposes for which salt and even fresh butter has been employed4 ,very excellent salted beef has come from the ,united ,states in considerable quantities4 ,epidemic among ,cattle4--,this has broken out again in a most virulent shape in the north of ,england4 ,,journal ,,of ,,agriculture4--,miller's ,safety ,reins4--,these consist of gut covered with leather1 and are1 therefore1 proof against fracture2 and being round1 and of neat light appearance1 form a rather ornamental and sporting-like appendage to harness or saddle4 ,they are mounted in this way3--,they pass through a hook placed on the head of the harness-bridle1 and through a leather loop on the head of the riding-bridle1 and come down on each side of the neck4 ,about middle-way down the neck is a coupling with two swivels1 which receive the reins from the head1 and they then pass through the dees of the harness1 and through the turrets of the harness-saddle1 and along to the front of the splashboard to a rein-holder1 by which they are held always ready for use4 ,the head of the horse and the turrets of the saddle being both higher than the throat1 and the coupling being short1 and having leave to traverse the reins on each side of the neck1 it settles on that part of the throat at which the reins1 on being pulled1 exert the greatest force1 when1 the windpipe being forcibly compressed1 the horse becomes affected in his respiration1 and1 therefore1 stands still1 or slackens his pace for breath1 which he immediately obtains on the reins being slackened4 ,thus1 feeling he is mastered1 the horse shows no farther inclination to run off again2 but in case he should renew symptoms of starting off1 a few firm grips of the coupling on the throat will let him feel the futility of his attempts4 ,in explanation of the origin of the invention1 ,mr4 ,miller stated that he was a farmer's son1 and that1 in his youth1 he used to be employed at times to assist in catching horses at grass1 by means of surrounding them with a rope1 borne by a person at each end of it4 ,he remarked that1 in this service1 although no restraint was laid upon the horses when the rope rested on their chests1 yet1 whenever it could be got upon their throats1 they instantly stood still and allowed themselves to be taken4 ,the idea which this recollection suggested1 of the probable effect of pressure on the throat in stopping a runaway horse1 led ,mr4 ,miller to the contrivance of his safety-reins4 ,in his first experiment1 the band which connects the reins under the neck was attached to the headstall by hooks and straps2 but it has been considered an improvement to allow it to move freely upon the reins1 on which it settles in contact with the throat1 in a proper position for use when required4 ,our communications with ,mr4 ,miller impressed us favorably in regard to his contrivance2 but1 wishing to see it in practice we availed ourselves of an offer by him to afford us an opportunity of judging of it in operation4 ,we1 accordingly1 on a day appointed1 accompanied him in a carriage drawn by one horse1 for the purpose of trial2 and we witnessed as spectators1 as well as made ourselves1 repeated tests of the reins1 with the horse going at a smart canter1 both on a level road and on a descent1 and we invariably observed that the tightening of the reins caused the horse immediately to stop4 ,no injurious effect seemed to be produced on the horse by the interruption of his respiration4 ,he always appeared to breathe freely1 and to be ready to resume his work1 as soon as the tension of the reins was relaxed4 ,upon the whole1 therefore1 we consider ,mr4 ,miller's invention to be a neat and simple1 as well as1 to appearance1 an effective contrivance for the accomplishment of its important object1 in the prevention of the disastrous accidents which not unfrequently occur from horses running away2 and we think it reflects much credit on the ingenuity of its inventor4 ,,gardeners' ,,chronicle4--,rhododendron4--,there is a variety of the ,rhododendron ponticum growing here1 which appears to be different from any of the others4 ,it comes into flower about the same time as the others1 but instead of unfolding its blossoms at the same rate as its neighbors1 it only opens a few at a time1 and continues long in flower4 ,it did not cease flowering this season the whole month of ,august2 consequently was nearly a month longer in bloom than the others4 ,it has a southern exposure1 and is sheltered from the north and east4 ,blight on ,grain from the ,barberry4--,in the ,chronicle of ,august #ai1 under the head of ,vulgar ,errors1 we read as follows3 ,people still maintain that the barberry blights their grain4 ,this is1 nevertheless1 a matter deserving attention2 for in this1 as in many other instances1 a popular prejudice has been founded on truth1 although the real cause has been often overlooked4 ,some writers have treated this subject with respect1 and among them is ,dr4 ,thornton4 ,the latter says that the leaves are very subject to the rubigo1 which will infect the grain in the neighborhood4 ,here the secret is at once explained1 and the aversion of farmers to the barberry-bush at once justified4 ,the vulgar notion is1 that the barberry exercises some evil agency upon grain within a certain distance1 and accordingly farmers will never suffer it to grow near their fields4 ,they are right as to the effect1 but they attribute it to a wrong cause4 ,i have seen some remarkable instances of grain perishing in a semicircle1 in front of a barberry-bush1 and extending a good way into a field4 ,any one who has but superficially noticed the barberry1 must have observed that the leaves and young shoots of the shrub were covered with a peculiar kind of blight or mildew4 ,now it is by no means extraordinary that this should be carried by the wind into grain-fields1 and infect the grain so as to cause its destruction4 ,this is the true explanation of the mischief caused by the barberry to grain in its neighborhood4 ,this is the common explanation1 but if any one will take the trouble to examine the parasitical plant which attacks the barberry1 and that of grain1 he will find that they are totally different things4 ,one is the cidium ,berberidis1 and the other some species of ,uredo or ,puccinia1 for it is sometimes one and sometimes the other4 ,we should as soon believe that a hen's egg would be hatched into toads1 as that the seed of an cidium would produce an ,uredo or ,puccinia4 ,we are aware of the facts mentioned by ,mr4 ,wighton1 for we have seen them ourselves1 and they form a curious problem yet to solve4 ,,review ,,of ,,the ,,market4 ,,prices ,,current ,,in ,,new ,,york1 ,,november #bh1 #ahdc4 ,,ashes1 ,pots1 per #ajj lbs4 #d #fb to #d #fh ,pearls1 do4 #e #ab #e #ah ,,bacon ,,sides1 ,smoked1 per lb4 #c #d ,in pickle do4 #c #d ,,bale ,,rope do4 #f #i ,,bark1 ,quercitron per ton #bc #jj #bd #ej ,,barley per bush4 #eb #ef ,,beans1 ,white do4 #a #ab #a #be ,,beef1 ,mess per bbl4 #f #jj #g #jj ,prime do4 #d #jj #e #jj ,smoked per lb4 #f #g ,rounds1 in pickle do4 #d #e ,,beeswax1 ,am4 ,yellow do4 #bh #cj ,,bolt ,,rope do4 #ab #ac ,,bristles1 ,american do4 #be #fe ,,butter1 ,table do4 #ab #ae ,shipping do4 #f #aj ,,candles1 ,mould1 ,tallow do4 #i #ab ,sperm do4 #cb #ch ,stearic do4 #bj #be ,,cheese do4 #d #g ,,cider ,,brandy1 ,eastern per gal4 #ce #dj ,western do4 #bh #ce ,,clover ,,seed per lb4 #h #i ,,coal1 ,anthracite #bjjj lbs4 #e #jj #f #jj ,sidney and ,pictou per chal4 #g #jj #g #ej ,,cordage1 ,american per lb4 #aa #ab ,,corn1 ,northern per bush4 #ef #eh ,southern do4 #ed #ef ,,cotton per lb4 #f #aa ,,cotton ,,bagging1 ,amer4 hemp per yard4 #af #ah ,american ,flax do4 #ae #af ,,feathers per lb4 #bg #ca ,,flax1 ,american do4 #h #h ,,flax ,,seed1 rough per #g bush4 #h #ge #i #jj clean do4 -- -- -- -- ,,flour1 ,northern and ,western per bbl4 #d #ef #d #ge ,fancy do4 #e #ej #e #fb ,southern per bbl4 #d #ej #d #ge ,richmond ,city ,mills do4 #e #ej #e #fb ,rye do4 #c #jj #c #ab ,,hams1 ,smoked per lb4 #e #g ,pickled do4 #d #e ,,hay per #ajj lbs4 #dj #de ,,hides1 ,dry ,southern per lb4 #i #aa ,,hemp1 ,russia1 clean per ton4 #ahe #jj #aij #jj ,american1 water-rotted do4 #adj #jj #ahj #jj do dew-rotted do4 #ij #jj #adj #jj ,,hops per lb4 #f #h ,,horns per #ajj #a #be #e #jj ,,lard per lb4 #e #g ,,lead do4 #c #d ,sheet and bar do4 #d #d ,,meal1 ,corn per bbl4 #b #ge #c #jj ,corn per hhd4 #ab #ej #ac #jj ,,molasses1 ,new ,orleans per gal4 #bc #be ,,mustard1 ,american per lb4 #af #ca ,,oats1 ,northern per bush4 #cj #cb ,southern do4 #bf #bh ,,oil1 ,linseed1 ,american per gal4 #ge #hj ,castor do4 #ij #a #jj ,lard do4 #ee #fe ,,oil ,,cake per #ajj lbs4 #a #jj -- -- ,,peas1 ,field per bush4 #a #be -- -- ,,pitch per bbl4 #a #ab #a #cg ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris per ton4 #b #jj #b #be ,ground1 in bbls4 per cwt4 #ej -- -- ,,pork1 ,mess per bbl4 #aj #ej #aa #ch ,prime do4 #i #be #aj #ab ,,rice per #ajj lbs4 #b #ge #c #ab ,,rosin per bbl4 #fe #ie ,,rye per bush4 #fe #ff ,,salt per sack #a #ce #a #ej ,,shoulders1 ,smoked per lb4 #c #d ,pickled do4 #c #d ,,spirits ,,turpentine1 ,southern per gal4 #ch #dj ,,sugar1 ,new ,orleans per lb4 #f #g ,,sumac1 ,american per ton #be #jj #bg #ej ,,tallow per lb4 #g #g ,,tar per bbl4 #a #be #a #ej ,,timothy ,,seed per #g bush4 #ac #jj #ad #jj ,,tobacco per lb4 #c #f ,,turpentine per bbl4 #b #fb #b #hg ,,wheat1 ,western per bush4 #a #jj #a #je ,southern do4 #ij #a #jj ,,whiskey1 ,american per gal4 #bc #be ,,wool1 ,saxony per lb4 #ce #ej ,merino do4 #cj #ce ,half-blood do4 #be #bg ,common do4 #ah #bb ,,advertisements ,new ,york ,cattle ,market--,november #bg4 ,at market1 #a1aej beef ,cattle1 7#aaj from the south71 #ce ,cows and ,calves1 and #b1cej ,sheep and ,lambs4 ,,prices4--,beef ,cattle have slightly improved1 and we quote #d4be a #e to #e4be a #e4ej for the best4 #a1aja unsold4 ,cows and ,calves4--,all taken at #ah a #bg4 ,sheep and ,lambs4--,sales of ,lambs at #a a #b1 and of ,sheep at #a4cg a #c4ej4 #ajj unsold4 ,hay4--,sales at #fb a #ge cents per cwt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,remarks4--,ashes1 since the late news from ,europe1 have been in good request4 ,candles1 especially those made of stearic1 are brisk4 ,cotton4 ,the day after the arrival of the ,caledonia with advices of a fall in ,england1 this article receded nearly of a cent per lb42 but a brisk demand springing up for export1 it has recovered1 and is about the same now as before the reception of the late news4 ,we hear nothing particularly new from the south regarding the picking1 the weather upon the whole supposed to be more favorable4 ,export from the ,united ,states since #ast ,september last1 #fb1dej bales2 same time last year1 #aac1cja2 same time year before1 #ii1ijd4 ,flour4 ,the continued navigation on the canals1 has brought us an unprecedented supply1 and a large quantity has gone into store2 a good business1 however1 continues to be done in it4 ,the total arrivals this season have been #a1ddj1jjj brls4 ,rye-flour is dull4 ,buckwheat1 very scarce and advancing4 ,cornmeal1 dull4 ,wheat is in good demand1 and prices stiff4 ,rye1 declining4 ,barley1 ,oats1 and ,corn1 in fair demand4 ,hemp1 dull4 ,hops1 improving4 ,molasses1 not much inquired for4 ,beef and ,pork1 quiet1 and little doing at present in them4 ,lard1 much wanted4 ,hogs4 ,extreme rates now in ,cincinnati are from #b4be to #b4ge2 we are free to repeat1 however1 that we believe the first quality of hogs will be worth #c by ,christmas4 ,rice1 of the better qualities1 scarce4 ,seeds1 especially ,timothy1 in good request4 ,sugar1 quite inactive4 ,tobacco1 fine ,kentucky1 scarce and wanted2 stems1 none in market4 ,wool seems to have taken a fresh start again1 and prices have an upward tendency4 ,stocks4 ,a large business continues to be done in these1 and they are still gradually advancing4 ,money plenty1 and seeking investment at the usual low rates4 ,real ,estate seems at last to have come into demand1 and considerable sales in this species of property have recently taken place at good prices4 ,it must henceforth advance4 ,our population and wealth have increased in an unprecedented ratio within the past four years1 and there is no reason why real estate should remain at its late low prices1 and transactions in it any longer stagnant4 ,business generally1 the past season1 has been extremely good2 and we do not hesitate to say1 few years can show a greater amount of substantial profits4 ,we consider the days of darkness as passed1 and we may now look forward to the future with the brightest anticipations4 ,packing ,pork4--,on this subject we quote from the ,cincinnati ,chronicle of #bb;d ,november4 ,for the benefit of our distant readers1 who may be disposed to send their orders here for pork1 we give below the pork-merchant's prices for packing this season1 based upon #fj cents per bushel for ,turk-,island salt1 #hg cents for bbls41 #bh cents per bushel for ,kenhawa fine salt1 and #ge cents to #a4ej per day1 for laborers4 ,for receiving1 weighing1 and cutting the hogs1 a block-fee of #e cents each4 ,for packing per bbl41 including all charges1 #a4fj a #a4ge4 ,for salting #ajj lbs4 in bulk1 including saltpetre for the joints1 #a4fb a #a4ge4 ,smoking per #a4jjj lbs41 including washing1 #a4be4 ,rendering lard1 #cg a #ej cents per #ajj lbs41 which does not include the price of the keg or barrel--#b to #e cents is also charged on each keg or barrel1 for nailing the hoops1 boring1 weighing1 and marking4 ,the cooperage is charged at cost4 ,,to ,,correspondents4 --,a4 ,b4 ,your package of ,essays is sent to ,t4 ,c4 ,r4 of ,p41 as directed1 and we have written you in full in it4 ,the sheep-articles shall be condensed as you suggest1 if we can possibly find room1 and papers in any event sent to the gentlemen whose names are given4 ,good ,south-,downs1 or ,merinos1 can be had from #aj to #bj each4 ,it is not worth while to transport lower-priced animals such a distance4 ,for ,rambouillets1 #cj to #ej each4 ,see ,mr4 ,collins' letter1 ,sept4 ,no41 page #aff4 ,henry ,a4 ,field1 ,j4 ,w4 ,stuart1 ,s4 ,b4 ,parsons1 ,james ,bates1 and ,d4 ,k4 ,minor1 in our next4 ,,acknowledgment4 --,from some unknown friend1 we have received a tin case containing two fine paintings of cattle1 sheep1 c4 ,we should be pleased to know to whom we are indebted for these1 for no note accompanied them1 and we can hardly guess4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,black ,,galloway ,,cattle4 ,a pure-bred imported cow1 and a bull of the ,galloway or ,kyloe breed of ,scotch ,highland cattle1 are for sale in this vicinity4 ,these animals are very fine of their kind1 and were chosen from one of the most celebrated breeders of this stock in ,scotland4 ,the cow took several prizes at the agricultural shows before being shipped to this country1 and gives a superior quality of milk4 ,the bull is quite equal to the cow1 and they will be sold at a reasonable price4 ,apply1 post paid1 to the ,editor of this paper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,farming ,,lands ,,for ,,sale4 ,for sale1 about #ejj acres of choice farming lands1 lying on the ,erie canal and ,niagara river1 #e miles from ,buffalo1 and one mile below the ,hydraulic ,works in ,black ,rock4 ,there is a due proportion of cleared and timber land1 and the soil is equally adapted for grain1 grass1 and roots4 ,its proximity to an extensive and growing market1 as well as the convenience1 beauty1 and healthfulness of the location1 render this one of the most desirable situations in western ,new ,york4 ,the most liberal credit will be given to purchasers4 ,address1 post paid1 ,r4 ,l4 ,,allen1 #aef ,main st41 ,buffalo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,linn,,an ,,botanic ,,garden ,,and ,,nursery--,,late ,,prince',s4 ,,flushing1 ,l4 ,i41 ,,near ,,new ,,york4 ,the ,new ,descriptive ,catalogue1 not only of ,fruit1 but also of ,ornamental ,trees1 ,shrubs1 and ,plants1 cultivated and for sale at this ancient and celebrated ,nursery 7known as ,prince's1 and by the above title for nearly fifty years71 with directions for their culture1 may be had gratis on application to the new proprietors by mail1 post paid4 ,the collection at this establishment is unrivalled1 and prices generally very much reduced2 and the proprietors flatter themselves that the catalogue will be found to surpass in extent of information and usefulness1 anything of the kind ever before presented to the public1 and to be worthy of a permanent place in the library of the horticulturist4 ,orders will be promptly executed4 ,,winter ,co41 ,proprietors4 ,flushing1 ,oct4 #bdth1 #ahdc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,stock ,,man ,,wanted ,,to ,,go ,,south4 ,a planter1 in the state of ,georgia1 wishes to engage a faithful competent man to take charge of his stock4 ,if he be married1 and his wife be a good dairywoman1 she will also find employment4 ,the situation is in the interior of the country1 and quite healthy4 ,none need apply if above middle age1 or who have not had some experience in their business in this country1 and can bring the best of references4 ,address the ,editor of this paper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,business ,,agency4 ,the ,subscriber will attend promptly to the execution of all orders for the purchase of stock1 agricultural implements1 or merchandise of any kind2 also the negotiation of loans1 sales of lands1 payment of taxes1 c4 ,he has been more or less engaged in mercantile pursuits in this city for ten years1 and has an extensive acquaintance with moneyed men1 and a thorough knowledge of business in general4 ,cash or produce must invariably be in hand1 before orders for purchases can be executed4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,allen4 #bje ,broadway1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cheap ,,cash ,,bookstore1 #bje ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york4 ,saxton ,miles1 ,publishers1 and dealers in ,books in every department of ,literature1 at very reduced prices for cash4 ,s4 ,m4 publish the following ,book1 which should be in every family in the ,united ,states3 ,,gunn',s ,,domestic ,,medicine1 or the ,poor ,man's ,friend4 ,among the many publications of more than doubtful utility1 with which our presses groan1 it is pleasant to offer to the public one which1 while it can not injure the mental and moral powers1 is capable of improving our health and prolonging our days4 ,it is now about ten years since this work was first published1 since which time it has passed through many large editions1 and the astonishing number of one hundred thousand copies has been sold in the southern and western states1 and the demand is increasing4 ,it has just been revised and corrected1 containing #ijj pages1 and executed in superior style4 ,people may be disposed to smile when we tell them that they can save money by purchasing this book1 but we think we can satisfy them that such is the fact1 ,in every family more or less is paid yearly for doctor's bills4 ,a child is taken with a fever1 or some other complaint1 and from ignorance nothing is or can be done effectually to check it4 ,the physician is called1 and a large bill is contracted2 whereas1 had ,,gunn',s ,,domestic ,,medicine been on hand1 a remedy could easily have been found which would have checked the disease in its first stage1 and not only have saved the purse1 but perhaps the life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,american ,agriculturist ,almanac for #ahdd4 ,this work comprises #fd pages1 double columns octavo1 with numerous wood cuts1 price #h per hundred1 #ab cents each4 ,in the contents will be found--,agricultural ,statistics of the ,united ,states--,aspects and ,nodes--,astronomical ,calendars for ,montreal1 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,charleston1 and ,new ,orleans--,characters and ,names of the ,planets1 c4--,farmers' ,northern ,calendars1 with particular directions for the management of the ,farm1 ,cattle1 ,fruit and ,flower ,garden1 c4--,southern ,calendars for the ,planter and ,farmer1 with explicit directions for the culture and harvesting of ,cotton1 ,rice1 ,tobacco1 c41 c4 ,,the ,,american ,,agriculturist4 ,published ,monthly1 each number containing #cb pages1 royal octavo4 ,,terms--,one ,dollar per year in advance2 single numbers1 ,ten ,cents2 three copies for ,two ,dollars2 eight copies for ,five ,dollars4 ,each number of the ,agriculturist contains but ,one sheet1 subject to newspaper postage only1 which is one cent in the ,state1 or within #ajj miles of its publication1 and one and a half cents1 if over #ajj miles1 without the ,state4 ,,advertisements will be inserted at ,one ,dollar1 if not exceeding twelve lines1 and in the same proportion1 if exceeding that number4 ,symbol ,remit through ,postmasters1 as the law allows4 ,editors of ,newspapers noticing the numbers of this work monthly1 or advertising it1 will be furnished a copy gratis1 upon sending such notice to this ,office4 ,volume ,i of ,,the ,,american ,,agriculturist1 with table of contents complete1 for sale at #a2 handsomely bound in cloth1 #a #be4 ,it is a neat and tasteful book1 and makes a handsome premium for distribution with ,agricultural ,societies2 to which1 when several copies are ordered1 a liberal discount will be made4 ,symbol ,to prevent confusion1 all letters merely ordering this work1 or enclosing money for subscriptions1 should be addressed to ,saxton ,miles1 #bje ,broadway1 post-paid or franked by the ,postmaster4 ,communications for publication1 to be directed to the ,editor2 and all private letters1 or those on business disconnected with the paper1 should be addressed1 simply1 ,a4 ,b4 ,allen1 #bje ,broadway4 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,stock ,,for ,,sale4 ,r4 ,h4 ,hendrickson ,co41 of ,middletown1 ,butler county1 ,ohio1 will promptly attend to orders for ,short-,horn ,cattle1 ,bakewell1 ,merino1 ,south-,down1 and ,saxon ,sheep2 also for ,berkshire pigs from ,windsor ,castle1 imported from ,england1 and twenty choice ,berkshire sows1 a part of which were also imported4 ,windsor ,castle stands #c feet high1 and is estimated by competent judges to weigh #ajjj lbs4 ,pigs of crosses with the imported ,kenilworth1 the large ,miami1 ,byfield1 and ,grazier stocks1 will likewise be furnished4 ,none but choice specimens of any of the above stock will be supplied1 and at prices corresponding with the times4 ,address1 post paid1 as above4 ,oct4 #abth1 #ahdc4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,hendrickson ,co4 ,,agents ,,for ,,the ,,american ,,agriculturist4 ,john ,halsall1 ,bookseller1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4 ,g4 ,s4 ,taintor1 ,bookseller1 ,natchez1 ,miss4 ,s4 ,f4 ,gale ,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,john ,j4 ,herrick1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,j4 ,b4 ,steele1 ,new ,orleans4 ,c4 ,m4 ,hovey1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,saxton1 ,peirce1 ,co41 ,boston4 ,arthur ,d4 ,phelps1 ,boston4 ,r4 ,h4 ,hendrickson1 ,middletown1 ,ohio ,andrew ,campbell4 ,e4 ,cornell1 ,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h4 ,kirkland1 ,northampton1 ,mass4 ,john ,bonner1 ,white ,plains1 ,georgia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,contents ,,of ,,december ,,number4 ,,editorial4 ,page4 ,fattening ,poultry1 #cba ,fertility of ,sea-,mud1 #cbb ,sketches of the ,west1 ,no4 #b1 #cbc ,breeds of ,fowls1 #cbe ,new ,york ,farmers' ,club1 ,next ,annual ,show of the ,state ,ag4 ,society1 #cbg ,tour in ,england1 ,no4 #ae1 #cbh ,agricultural ,shows1 #ccj ,sale of ,rambouillet ,merinos1 ,price of ,sheep ,dogs1 ,annual ,meeting of the ,new ,york ,state ,ag4 ,society1 #ccb ,list of ,premiums of the ,american ,institute 7continued71 ,foreign ,agricultural ,news1 #cdi ,review of the ,market1 ,to ,correspondents1 #cea ,acknowledgment1 ,terms and list of ,agents1 #ceb ,,extracts4 ,making ,capons1 #ccd ,grafting and ,budding1 #cce ,high ,cranberry1 #cci ,,original ,,correspondence4 ,h4 ,d4 ,grove1 ,fine-,wool ,sheep1 #cdj ,r4 ,b4 ,c1 ,sea-,mud as a ,fertilizer1 #cda ,henry ,meigs1 ,farm of ,hugh ,maxwell1 ,esq41 #cdb ,robert ,l4 ,wright1 ,mediterranean ,wheat1 ,c4 ,mc,d41 ,topping ,cotton-,marl1 #cdc ,r4 ,l4 ,allen1 ,hints on the ,cultivation of ,wheat1 #cdd ,s4 ,a41 ,a ,pennsylvania ,dairy1 #cdf ,wm4 ,partridge1 ,reply to the ,gardeners' ,chronicle1 #cdg ,amer4 ,ag4 ,almanac1 ,southern ,calendar for ,december1 do4 do4 ,northern do4 do4 #cdh ,transcribers notes3 ,a mixture of archaic and modern spelling is used4 ,for example2 visiters and visitors4 ,this is retained4 ,inconsistent hyphenation is retained4 ,italics are shown thus3 sloping4 ,small capitals have been capitalised4