,transcrib]'s ,notes    ,texts betwe5   
und]scores & betwe5 equal signs are     
transcriptions ( texts pr9t$ 9 italics &
 boldface1 respectively4   ,small       
capitals h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all       
,,capitals4    ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes  
may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4        
,,animal   ,,ca/ration4    ,,by   ,a4   
,,liaut>d1 ,m4,d41 ,h4,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41  
,pr(essor ( ,anatomy1 ,op]ative ,surg]y 
& ,sanit>y ,m$ic9e to !   ,am]ican      
,vet]9>y ,college1 ,new ,york1   ,=eign 
,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,socit ,c5trale 
de ,mdec9e   ,vtr9aire1 ,p>is1   ,memb] 
( ! ,socit ,vtr9aire d',alsace-,lorra9e1
   ,memb] ( ! ,socit ,vtr9aire          
,pratique1 ,p>is1   ,memb] ( ! ,u4 ,s4  
,vet]9>y ,m$ical ,association1   ,etc41 
etc4    ,) ,=ty-f\r ,plates embodi$ 9 ! 
,text4    ,illu/ration    ,,new ,,york  
,,william ,r4 ,,j5k9s   ,,vet]9>y       
,,publi%] ,,& ,,booksell]   #hej ,,six? 
,,av5ue   ,,london3 ,,balli,,re1        
,,t9dall  ,,cox   #ahhd     ,copyright1 
#ahhd4   ,w4 ,r4 ,,j5k9s4    ,,press ,,(

 ,w4 ,r4 ,,j5k9s1   #hfj ,,six? ,,ave41 
,n4 ,y4     ,,to   ,,h5ry ,,b\ley1      
,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,p>is1  
,?is little practical "w is respectfully
 d$icat$ 9 te/imony ( ! cont9u$ e/eem & 
respectful remembrance ( "o :o 0 =tunate
 9 be+ numb]$ among 8 =m] /ud5ts1 by    
,,! ,,au?or4     ,,introduction4   ,9   
pres5t+ ?is concise treatise ^u         
ca/ration ( ! dome/ic animals1 x is n   
int5d$ to (f] new modes ( op]ation1 b   
m]ely to collect toge!r ! v>i\s me?ods 9
 use & leave ! read] to appreciate !m at
 _! value4 ,x is a "w :i*1 x is believ$1
 has n yet be5 done 9 ,engli% vet]9>y   
lit]ature1 & on ?is acc\nt x is hop$ w  
prove ( int]e/ & use to ^? engag$ 9 t   
specialty ( vet]9>y surg]y4  ,9 ga!r+ ! 
mat]ial1 advantage has be5 tak5 ( sev]al
 ( ! mo/ rec5t works ( ,fr5* & ,g]man   
writ]s on ! subject1 & plates h be5     
obta9$ f ! orig9al & excell5t wood cuts 
( ,zundel1 & ,peu*1 & ,t\ssa9t4  ,9     
pres5t+ ?is volume to ! indulg5ce (     
vet]9>ians1 x is ) pleasure t ! au?or   

ackn[l$ges & (f]s 8 s9c]e ?anks to ,dr4 
,holt = ! great assi/ance he has k9dly  
giv5 9 revis+ ! manuscript4    ,,!      
,,au?or4     ,,animal ,,ca/ration4      
,,animal ,,ca/ration4     ,,*apt] ,i4   
,,def9ition -- ,,its ,,v>i\s ,,purposes 
-- ,,an ,,old ,,op]ation -- ,,its       
,,hi/ory   -- ,,ca/ration ,,(           
,,necessity -- ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,fa%ion 
,,& ,,conv5i5ce --   ,,its ,,effects -- 
,,^u ,,! ,,g5]al ,,organism -- ,,^u ,,"s
 ,,special ,,function   -- ,,^u ,,!     
,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,animal -- ,,age  
,,at ,,:i* ,,x ,,ought ,,to ,,be        
,,p]=m$ -- ,,season ,,mo/ ,,favorable --
 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,pati5t --       
,,modes ,,( ,,re/ra9t -- ,,ca/+ -- ,,/&+
 ,,up -- ,,anatomy ,,( ,,! ,,p>ts4   ,( 
all ! op]ations p]ta9+ to ! doma9 (     
,vet]9>y ,surg]y1 )\t d\bt ! practition]
 is mo/ frequ5tly call$ ^u to p]=m--m   
especially 9 bre$+ di/ricts--t (        
ca/ration1 ! de/ruction or removal ( !  
ess5tial organs ( g5]ation 9 our        
dome/icat$ animals4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n     

ne>ly s (t5 resort$ to = purely surgical
 reasons z = purposes closely relat$ to 
que/ions ( agricultural & indu/rial     
economy1 by reason ( its effect ^u !    
individuals ( ! v>i\s species ( animals 
subject$ to x1 9 ord] to improve _!     
value & increase _! usefulness to       
mank9d4 ,& t ?is is its practical effect
 is no mod]n discov]y4 ,z f> back 9     
antiquity z sev5 c5turies prec$+ !      
,*ri/ian era1 x 0 kn[n & practis$ ^u    
v>i\s animals4 ,( ?is we may f9d ample  
hi/orical pro( 9 ! writ+s ( ,roman1     
,greek1 & ,ori5tal au?ors1 :]e specific 
m5tion appe>s ( ! v>i\s me?ods employ$1 
includ+ ! processes ( excision1 ( cru%+ 
& ( te>+4 ,ev5 ! ca/ration ( females 0  
kn[n to our less remote ance/ors1 !     
,danes hav+ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury p]=m$ x  
on %eep1 sw9e1 c[s1 & ev5 m>es4 ,! spay+
 ( c[s1 h[ev]1 seems to h be5 =gott5    
ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & x 0 n
 until ! ye> #ahca t ,?omas ,w9n1 (     
,nat*ez 7,l\isiana71 & aft]w>ds ,levrat 
7( ,lausanne71 br\ght x to ! att5tion ( 

vet]9>ians1 z a means = ! improvem5t ( !
 milky secretion 9 c[s4  ,! op]ation may
 be consid]$ "u two di/9ct heads4 ,"u ! 
fir/ x is to be consid]$ z "o (         
necessity1 z :5 p]=m$ ) a !rapeutic     
object 9 view2 z1 = example1 :5 x       
con/itutes "o ( ! fir/ /eps involv$ 9 ! 
surgical treatm5t ( /rangulat$ h]nia1 or
 ( diseas$ conditions ( ! te/icles or   
ov>ies1 su* z or*itis1 epididymitis1    
s>cocele1 hydrocele1 cy/1 etc4 ,9 ! o!r 
case x is resort$ to = reasons ( m]e    
fa%ion & conv5i5ce1 & has = its object !
 production ( su* a modification ( !    
g5]al organism z %all increase !        
adapt$ness ( ! animals subject$ to x to 
! uses to :i* !y are appli$2 :51 (      
c\rse1 ! economic becomes ! p>am\nt &   
exclusive reason = ?us int]f]+ ) !      
obvi\s creative purpose4 ,x is !        
op]ation z p]=m$ "u ?is g5]al head+ t we
 %all n[ pr9cipally consid]4  ,9        
relation to ?is latt] object x mu/ be   
borne 9 m9d t ! op]ation is foll[$ by   
c]ta9 peculi> effects1 :i* may ei!r     

manife/ !mselves ^u ! entire organism1  
or ^u "s special functions only4 ,9 !   
fir/ in/ance x is q evid5t t ! prim>y & 
mo/ obvi\s effect ( ! mutilation is to  
be discov]$ 9 ! "* & disposition ( !    
animal1 :i* at once becomes 9 a d\ble   
s5se an 8alt]$0 creature1 docile &      
submissive1 & entirely will+ to become !
 ob$i5t & useful s]vant ( 8 human ma/]4 
,b x is n alone t we f9d ! vici\s       
/allion1 ! uncontrollable bull1 ! kick+ 
jackass1 ! dang]\s bo>1 & ev5 ! hy/]ic  
m>e & c[ trans=m$ into ! useful geld+1 !
 quiet ox1 ! pati5t donkey1 & ! 8fa!rly0
 b>r[1 ! quiet work+ m>e & ! productive 
c[1 z ! result ( ! *ange :i* ! "*--!    
n]v\s sy/em1 9 fact--has und]gone4      
,besides ?is1 o!r m>k$ *anges are to be 
obs]v$ ( a m di/9ctly physical "*1 su* z
 a modification ( ! entire organism1    
manife/$ 9 ! ext]nal symmetry1 & !      
expressive physiognomy ( ! creature1 :5 
depriv$ ( its virility4  ,! animal      
becomes m quiet1 & its g5]al =m is      
modifi$4 ,if alt]$ at an e>ly age1 !    

skeleton w be arre/$ 9 its gr[?1 & !    
mass ( muscles atta*$ to x w p>ticipate 
9 ! defective developm5t2 ! head w      
become elongat$1 ! legs w cont9ue to be 
light]1 & ! body w %[ a correspond+ lack
 ( developm5t4 ,9 o!r words1 ! male     
animal w t5d to assume ! *>act]s ( !    
female1 9 =m & feature1 ! geld+1 inde$1 
resembl+ ! m>e1 n only 9 ! ensemble ( 8 
appe>ance1 b 9 8 voice1 :i* loses !     
resonance ( ! /allion's1 & 8            
physiognomy1 :i* becomes mild] & less   
expressive2 :ile 8 neck is light] & 8   
mane m scanty1 ) ! hairs :i* compose x m
 f9e & silky4  ,a l t5d5cy exi/s 9 o!r  
male animals to acquire a resemblance to
 ! female z an effect ( ! op]ation (    
ca/ration4 ,! alt]$ bull has a weak &   
fem99e voice2 8 head is n>r[] &         
elongat$2 8 horns become l5g!n$ & m     
curv$2 he has ex*ang$ 8 wild & ?reat5+  
aspect = a mild & g5tle visage2 8 neck  
also is light] & 8 *e/ n>r[]2 8 bony    
/ructure is less massive2 & he has1     
besides all ! re/1 acquir$ a quality (  

ess5tial importance to mank9d 9 a       
dietetic view1 t ( accumulat+ fat4 ,?is 
la/ ph5om5on %[s u t besides ! o!r      
*anges ref]r$ to1 !re is an important   
modification ( ! nutritive =ces ( !     
animal1 or at lea/ a *ange 9 ! direction
 ( _! action4  ,:5 ?us depriv$ ( 8      
virile functions ! animal ceases1 9     
effect1 to exi/ z "o ( a species1 b     
ma9ta9s an ess5tially individual life1 9
 :i* ! assimilable nutrim5t :i* he      
absorbs1 in/ead ( be+ 9 "p appropriat$  
to ! (fice ( reproduction ( 8 k9d1 is   
all devot$ to 8 own individual          
cons]vation4 ,9 animals n us$ = draught 
purposes1 or 9 o!r labor1 :5 ! food     
receiv$ is ne>ly always 9 excess ( !    
am\nt requir$ = ! support ( ! organism1 
! result foll[s t ! surplus ( nutritive 
sub/ances 7f\nd sometimes 9 great       
abundance7 becomes /or$ 9 ! connective  
tissue & int]muscul> /ructure1 & t 9 ?is
 way ! fle% assumes sup]ior & m         
nutriti\s qualities ?an t ( ! unalt]$   
animal1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x loses !   

/rong & peculi> odor frequ5tly          
communicat$ to x by ! pres5ce ( !       
te/icul> app>atus & secretion 9 ! entire
 animal4  ,?is prop]ty ( modification ( 
function is probably /ill bett]         
illu/rat$ 9 ! effect ( ! op]ation ^u    
c[s1 :]e we %all f9d n only ! p[] (     
accumulation ( fat increas$ by          
ca/ration1 b1 above all1 ! milky        
secretion improv$ bo? 9 quality &       
quantity1 & also 9 ! duration ( ! fl[4  
,,age4  ,! "q1 8at :at age c an entire  
animal be alt]$80 admits ( a simple     
answ]1 to wit1 8z soon z ! te/icles c be
 easily rea*$--z soon z !y appe> outside
 ( ! abdom9al cavity1 & are f\nd 9 !    
+u9al canal40 ,b al?\gh x c be p]=m$ at 
t epo*1 or def]r$ to any p]iod ( aft]   
life1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t x is easi] &  
less dang]\s 9 "y ?an 9 old] animals1 & 
t ) ! =m] x is a simple op]ation1       
produc+1 ord9>ily1 no noticeable        
alt]ation 9 ! o!r functions1 & b r>ely  
foll[$ by accid5ts4  ,a p]iod betwe5    
eighte5 mon?s & two ye>s is g5]ally     

pref]r$ = horses1 ?\gh1 accord+ to "s   
au?ors1 ev5 a mu* e>li] date may be     
*os51 "s ,engli% vet]9>ians be+ accu/om$
 to op]ate at z e>ly a date z t5 days f 
bir?4 ,x is immat]ial1 h[ev]1 at :at    
precise "t ! op]ation may be p]=m$1 s9ce
 x is a conc$$ po9t t ! e>li] x is done 
! bett]4   ,,season4  ,:5 x is possible 
to *oose ! season mo/ favorable = !     
op]ation1 & = secur+ ! be/ *ances (     
recov]y1 ! spr+1 or ! e>ly /ages ( !    
fall1 are ^? to :i* ! op]ator %\ld give 
! pref]5ce1 provid$ ! atmosph]ic        
temp]ature is mod]ate & n susceptible to
 sudd5 v>iations4 ,x is to be rememb]$ t
 at "s p]iods ( ! ye>1 )\t any kn[n or  
app>5t cause1 a t5d5cy appe>s 9 w\nds to
 take on gangr5\s or septicemic         
complications :i* are n s g5]ally obs]v$
 9 ! mild wea!r ( spr+ & e>ly fall4     
,ano!r ess5tial condition :i* surgeons w
 d well to take into consid]ation is !  
g5]al heal? ( ! subject1 z 9 all cases (
 surgical int]f]5ce1 any diseas$ t5d5cy 
already exi/+ 7p]haps lat5t7 9 ! pati5t1

 su* z an anmic condition1 a g\rmy      
pr$isposition1 or typhoid susceptibility
 are likely to give rise to ! developm5t
 ( s]i\s & p]haps fatal sequel to an    
op]ation :i*1 simple z x may be 9       
itself1 is nev]!less n )\t dang]1 or (  
possible complications ( its own4       
,,prep>ations4  ,! prep>ations to :i* ! 
animal is to be subject$ previ\s to     
und]go+ ! op]ation are ! same z ^? :i*  
are requir$ 9 o!r cases ( surgical      
manipulation4 ,"s portions ( !          
prep>ations are1 p]haps1 ( ev5 great]   
importance1 & may n1 on any acc\nt1 be  
ov]look$1 :5 we take into consid]ation !
 peculi> position 9 :i* ! animal mu/    
frequ5tly be secur$ 9 ord] effectually  
to control 8 movem5ts4 ,h5ce1 a l[ diet 
= tw5ty-f\r h\rs prec$+ t appo9t$ = !   
op]ation1 & an empty /oma* at ! "t (    
ca/ration1 ) a ?or\gh wa%+ ( ! %ea?1 are
 precautions :i* no surgeon entitl$ to !
 "n w ov]look or neglect1 especially :5 
a solip$ is to be subject$ to ! knife4  
,we %all discuss h]eaft] ! indications 9

 ! case ( ! ca/ration ( l>ge females4   
,,re/ra9t4  ,two modes ( re/ra9t are    
employ$ 9 secur+ ! animals dur+ !       
manipulations = ! removal ( ! te/icles1 
"o :i* is appli$ to all ! v>i\s me?ods  
yet to be describ$1 & ! o!r applicable  
pr9cipally to ! me?od ( amputation ( !  
cord by ! use ( ! craseur4 ,9 ! =m]1 !  
animal is ?r[n d[n & secur$ ) "o ( 8 h9d
 legs fix$ 9 a position 9 :i* ! +u9al   
region is fully expos$4 ,9 ! latt] he is
 all[$ to rema9 9 a /&+ po/ure1 & is    
kept quiet by ! application ( a twit* ^u
 8 upp] lip4 ,z ! fir/ mode ( secur+ !  
pati5t is ! safe/ = all p>ties engag$ 9 
! und]tak+1 & f ! fur!r fact ( its      
applicability 9 all me?ods ( op]at+1 we 
%all fir/ consid] x some:at 9 detail4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4  ,condition ( !
 horse 9 ly+ po/ure4 ,/eps to br+ "o ( !
 h9d legs ^u ! correspond+ front "o4    
,by vet]9>ians :o employ ! old me?od (  
ca/+ ) f\r hobbles1 ! animal1 be+       
prop]ly prep>$1 is ?r[n ^u :i*ev] side  
corresponds ) ! op]ator's habit (       

manipulation1 :e!r ) ! "r h& or ! left1 
& ! leg opposite to t on :i* he is ly+  
be+ releas$ f ! hobble1 is c>ri$ =w>d ^u
 ! correspond+ %\ld]1 z f> z x c be     
safely done4 ,to effect ?is a loop (    
rope or platelonge is pass$ ar\nd !     
coronet1 bel[ ! fetlock1 ! free end be+ 
c>ri$ =w>d ov] ! dorsal bord] ( ! neck1 
"u ! neck1 t[>ds its ant]ior bord]1 & is
 !n c>ri$ back "u ! same h9d leg1 betwe5
 ! h9d] extremities & ov] ! hock1 f !   
po/]ior bord]1 :]e an assi/ant1 /ation$ 
at ! back ( ! animal1 is ready to       
receive x 7,fig4 #a74 ,by c>eful1       
gradual & /eady pull+ ^u ! rope ! foot  
is br\ght =w>d ^u ! ext]nal surface ( ! 
%\ld]1 & !re secur$ by two or ?ree turns
 ( ! rope ar\nd ! coronet4  ,b x (t5    
occurs t 9 ?is position ! +u9al region  
is n suffici5tly expos$1 & "s ( ! /eps (
 ! op]ation may ?us be r5d]$ difficult1 
ev5 :5 ! surgeon has tak5 ! precaution  
to pose ! body ( ! pati5t & place him   
p>tly on 8 back1 by means ( bundles (   
/raw press$ "u ! side ^u :i* he lies4   

,_m op]ators pref] ! use ( ! d\ble side 
l9e1 ) :i*1 :5 ! animal is ?r[n1 bo? h9d
 legs are br\ght =w>d toge!r1 & he is   
fix$ squ>ely ^u 8 back1 & ! +u9al region
 ?us br\ght di/9ctly into view4 ,!      
manipulation is !reby made easi] = !    
surgeon1 &1 x is claim$1 saf] = !       
pati5t4 ,! possibility ( dang] att5d+ ^!
 me?ods has l$ _m vet]9>ians 9 ,europe1 
& 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well1 to pref] !  
op]ation ) ! animal 9 ! /&+ po/ure4 ,b x
 is to be consid]$ t ! same             
complications may rise 9 all in/ances1 )
 ! exception ( appreh5d$ injury to !    
v]tebral column1 :i*1 ?\gh possible1 is 
almo/ unkn[n1 9 fact1 at ! usual age ( !
 ca/rat$ animal4 ,x is to be consid]$1  
likewise1 t ! animal1 on 8 feet1 is free
 to /ruggle z viol5tly z he wi%es1 & is 
?us expos$ to ! risk ( ! pull+ &        
lac]ation ( ! sp]matic cord1 & a result+
 pr$isposition to enl>gem5ts ( t body & 
! =mation ( *ampignons4 ,:5 x is        
consid]$1 aga91 t by ! traction ( ! cord
 ! sup]ior op5+ ( ! +u9al canal is      

necess>ily dilat$1 & ! =mation ( a h]nia
 ( ca/ration is liable to take place1 we
 submit ! po9t to ! intellig5t judgm5t1 
:e!r1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! possibilities (  
extremely dang]\s accid5ts1 x does n    
become ! duty ( ! vet]9>ian to pref] !  
mode ( secur+ 8 pati5t 9 ! sup9e        
position1 bo? 9 8 own behalf & t ( 8    
employ]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4  #a4 
,te/icul> envelope4 #b4 ,po/]ior s]\s   
septum4 #b4 ,:ite muscul> fibres (      
,b\ley4 #c4 ,s]\s membrane--portion ( ! 
tunica vag9alis4 #c4 #c4 ,visc]al lay]s 
( ! tunica cov]+ ! cord & ! te/icles4   
#d4 ,! te/icle ) its p]itoneal cov]+4   
#e4 ,! epididymis4 #e4 ,globus major4   
#e4 ,globus m9or1 ! tail4 #f4 ,def]5t   
canal4 #g4 ,sp]matic blood vessels &    
n]ves4   ,,anatomy4  ,we n[ pass rapidly
 9 review ! anatomical /ructure ( !     
+u9al region & ( ! te/icul> organs4 ,a k
 ( ^! is ( c\rse ess5tial to a prop]    
und]/&+ ( ! description ( ! v>i\s modes 
( op]ation1 & ( "s ( _! sequel1 ^u :i*  
we %all soon ent]4  ,! te/icul>         

envelopes1 pass+ f ! surface inw>ds1 are
 repres5t$ by ! scrotum1 ! d>tos1 !     
cellul> coat1 ! tunica ery?roida1 =m$ by
 ! crema/]1 & ! fibr\s & s]\s or vag9al 
sac 7,fig4 #b74 ,! scrotum is a         
cont9uation ( ! sk91 & =ms a complete   
bag1 common to bo? te/icles1 :i* x      
conta9s & cov]s2 ! sk9 be+ "h ?91       
vascul> & n]v\s1 usually black 9 color1 
almo/ hairless1 & s(t & unctu\s to !    
t\*4 ,x is divid$ into two lat]al halves
 by a raph or m$ian l9e4 ,x is v ela/ic1
 & easily yields to ! ef=ts ( di/5tion1 
to :i* x is subject$1 & :5 /ret*$ ov] ! 
organs x conta9s1 pres5ts a %9+ aspect1 
due to ! sebace\s secretion :i* cov]s x4
 ,x easily contracts to its %runk5      
condition1 & may be closely drawn up    
into ! +u9al canal1 :5 x assumes a      
?ickly wr9kl$ surface4  ,! second       
envelope1 ! d>tos1 is a prolongation ( !
 tunica abdom9alis1 & is a yell[1 fibr\s
 /ructure1 =m+ two di/9ct sacs re/+ ^u  
ea* o!r1 & ly+ on ! inside ( ! scrotum1 
to :i* x is intimately adh]5t4  ,9 !    

lat]al & sup]ior p>ts ! adhesions are   
loos]1 & 9 front x becomes cont9u\s ) ! 
susp5sory ligam5t ( ! %ea?1 :i*1 l      
itself1 =ms a portion ( ! abdom9al      
tunic4 ,"u ! d>tos is a lay] ( v loose  
cellul> tissue1 ! lamell ( :i* are s =m$
 t x may be divid$ into sev]al          
sup]impos$ lay]s4 ,?is =mation end[s !  
te/icle ) great mobility 9 ! d>toid sac2
 & ^! lay]s may be easily sep>at$ ) !   
f+] f ! ext]nal surface ( ! fibr\s coat 
b5ea?1 except po/]iorly1 :]e x =ms a    
/rong b& :i* sometimes requires ev5 !   
aid ( an in/rum5t to divide4  ,! next   
envelope is repres5t$ by ! tunica       
ery?roida :i* is ! crema/] muscle1 & f !
 lumb> region ext5ds itself d[nw>ds into
 ! +u9al canal along ! outside ( ! cord1
 & t]m9ates t[>ds ! sup]ior "p ( !      
te/icle 9 fibres spread+ only ov] its   
ext]nal face4 ,?is muscle1 by its deep  
surface1 re/s ^u ! fibr\s coat--ano!r   
envelope ( ! te/icle & ( ! cord--& to   
:i* x is closely adh]5t4 ,to ! p[]ful   
contraction ( ?is muscle is due !       

retraction ( ! te/icle into ! dep? ( !  
gro91 :i* condition sometimes x is s    
difficult to ov]come 9 ! fir/ /ages ( ! 
op]ation4  ,! fibr\s te/icul> envelope  
:i* we h j se5 giv+ atta*m5t to !       
crema/]1 is a ?9 membran\s bag1 elongat$
 l ! neck ( a bottle ar\nd ! sp]matic   
cord1 :i* x envelopes1 & dilat$ bel[1 9 
ord] to enclose ! te/icle4 ,l9$         
int]nally by ! s]\s coat1 to :i* x      
intimately adh]es1 ?is la/ membrane is a
 duplicature ( ! p]itoneum1 drawn       
d[nw>ds by ! te/icle :5 x desc5ds f !   
abdom9al cavity into ! +u9al canal4 ,?is
 s]\s envelope has1 !re=e1 two coats1 "o
 ly+ on ! inside ( ! fibr\s tunic1 &    
call$ ! p>ietal1 & t :i* cov]s ! cord & 
! te/icle & is kn[n z ! visc]al4 ,^! two
 lay]s approximate t[>ds ! po/]ior bord]
 ( ! cord1 &1 z !y unite1 =m a sort (   
fold1 b&1 or septum :i* divides into two
 p>ts ! po/]ior portion ( ! vag9al      
cavity1 & becomes a means ( solid       
adhesion betwe5 ! tail ( ! epididymis & 
! bottom ( ! sac4  ,! te/icles1 ?us     

cov]$ by ! visc]al lay] ( ! s]\s coat1  
are susp5d$ at ! end ( ! sp]matic cord1 
& surm\nt$ ^u _! sup]ior bord] by !     
epididymis1 ! fir/ "p ( ! def]5t canal1 
:i* is fold$ ^u itself1 :ile at its     
po/]ior extremity--! 8tail10 s call$--x 
cont9ues 9 a /raight c\rse1 & conveys ! 
product ( ! secretion ( ! te/icles into 
! vesicul sem9ales1 lodg$ 9 ! pelvic    
cavity4  ,! sp]matic cord is =m$        
ant]iorly by ! sp]matic or great        
te/icul> art]y1 :i* =ms1 9 t portion1 a 
l>ge numb] ( flexuosities1 caus+ its    
l5g? greatly to exce$ t ( ! cord to :i* 
x belongs4 ,x conta9s a network ( ve9s1 
& lymphatic vessels 9 abundance1 :i* are
 unit$ to ! curves ( ! art]y by a       
some:at loose cellul> tissue4 ,a l>ge   
numb] ( n]v\s bran*es1 giv5 (f by ! sol>
 plexus1 surr\nds ! :ole4  ,betwe5 !    
lamell ( p]itoneal /ructure :i* =ms !   
po/]ior septum1 & :i* unites ! p>ietal )
 ! visc]al lay]1 !re is f\nd a b& ( grey
 muscul> fibres--fir/ discov]$1 ,i      
believe1 by ,h4 ,b\ley--:i* ex]ts a     

p[]ful ag5cy 9 ! retraction ( ! te/icle 
t[>ds ! +u9al r+4 ,beh9d ?is muscle1 &  
situat$ on ! int]nal face ( ! septum1   
are f\nd ! def]5t canal & !             
circumvolutions ( ! small te/icul>      
art]y4  ,hav+ ?us consid]$ ! ess5tial   
po9ts ( ! anatomical /ructure ( ^!      
organs1 we %all next seek to en=ce !    
importance ( _! c>eful /udy 9 ref]5ce to
 ! intellig5t & skilful p]=mance ( !    
important op]ation :i* we are discuss+4 
,,*apt] ,,ii4    ,,classification ,,(   
,,! ,,me?ods -- ,,?ree ,,classes --     
,,fir/1 ,,imm$iate   ,,amputation --    
,,second1 ,,amputation ,,aft]           
,,application ,,( ,,hemo/atic ,,means   
,,^u ,,! ,,cord -- ,,?ird1 ,,)\t        
,,amputation1 ,,b ,,de/ruction ,,(      
,,secret+ ,,p[] ,,( ,,! ,,organ --      
,,simple ,,excision -- ,,scrap+ --      
,,te>+   ,,& ,,torsion -- ,,torsion --  
,,free ,,& ,,limit$ -- ,,above ,,or     
,,bel[ ,,!   ,,epididymis -- ,,l9e>     
,,cru%+ -- ,,fir+4   ,! me?ods ( p]=m+ !
 op]ation ( ca/ration may be v>i\sly    

classifi$1 ?\gh 9 ea* class a v>y+ numb]
 ( modes w come "u our notice4  ,! fir/ 
class w include ! op]ations by :i*1 !   
envelopes hav+ be5 cut ?r\gh1 ! vag9al  
sac op5$ & ! te/icle expos$1 ! organ is 
sep>at$ by an imm$iate section ( ! cord4
 ,a numb] ( diff]5t processes are       
includ$ "u ?is head1 among :i* are ^? ( 
scrap+1 ( te>+1 ( torsion1 ( l9e> cru%+1
 or by ! ecraseur1 & ( fir+1 or ! actual
 caut]y4  ,! second class has also = its
 fir/ or prelim9>y /ep1 t ( ! fir/1     
viz41 ! incision ( ! bags1 ! op5+ ( !   
vag9al sac1 & ! exposure ( ! te/icle4 ,b
 in/ead ( remov+ ! organ by ! division (
 ! cord1 we proce$ z a second /ep1 to ! 
application ( an app>atus design$ to    
op]ate by produc+ compression along !   
l5g? ( ! cord1 & 9 ?is are includ$ b two
 modes ( op]at+1 t by ! ligature & t by 
! clamps4  ,! ?ird class1 accord+ to our
 category1 pres5ts to our view two fur!r
 op]ations1 bo? ( :i* are ess5tially    
bloodless & disp5se ) ! incision ( !    
bags1 consi/+ ( c]ta9 peculi>           

manipulations :i* insure ! de/ruction ( 
! te/icul> /ructure1 & consequ5tly ( its
 secret+ p[]4 ,!y compreh5d ! process ( 
! cru%+ ( ! sp]matic cord1 & t (        
subcutane\s d\ble twi/+--! bi/\rnage ( !
 ,fr5*4  ,we n[ ent] ^u ! consid]ation (
 ea* ( ! sep>ate modes we h ?us         
enum]at$4   ,,simple ,,excision4  ,?is  
is claim$ to be "o ( ! olde/ modes (    
op]at+1 & ?\gh to a great ext5t disc>d$ 
by practition]s ( ! pres5t day1 /ill    
f9ds its application 9 ! treatm5t ( !   
small] animals4 ,) l>g] pati5ts1 h[ev]1 
?\gh /ill /rongly recomm5d$ by "s       
practition]s1 x is n g5]ally employ$ on 
acc\nt ( ! pr(use hemorrhage :i*        
necess>ily foll[s ! amputation ( ! cord4
 ,/ill x is conc$$ t ?is hemorrhage1 z 9
 _m cases ( ! clean1 transv]se section (
 art]ial blood vessels1 w cease         
spontane\sly by ! contraction ( !       
vessels on !mselves1 & ! =mation ( a    
clot at ! divid$ end1 z well z 9 !      
surr\nd+ cellul> tissue4 ,h[ev]1 !re is 
a possibility ( ! cont9uance ( !        

hemorrhage = "s l5g? ( "t1 & ! bad      
effects ( excessive depletion are n to  
be ov]look$1 especially 9 an animal ^:  
g5]al con/itution has f any cause suff]$
 impairm5t4 ,if !re is any "o ( ! v>i\s 
modes ( op]at+ 9 :i* ! /&+ position is  
all[able1 ?is1 9 our op9ion1 is ! "o1 ! 
/eps ( ! process be+ s few & s %ort1 &  
admitt+ su* simplicity & rapidity4 ,^!  
consi/ 9 mak+ a free op5+ 9 ! bag1 rea*+
 ) a s+le /roke ( ! knife into ! vag9al 
cavity2 grasp+ ! te/icle & pull+ x g5tly
 d[nw>ds2 & cutt+ ! cord "r across1 f ! 
front backw>ds1 above ! epididymis1 !   
cord return+ ( itself into ! vag9al     
sac--! division be+ made1 ( c\rse1 on   
bo? sides4 ,! animal is !n kept quiet 9 
8 /all & left alone until ! hemorrhage  
subsides4   ,,scrap+4  ,?is op]ation1   
:i* is said to h orig9at$ 9 ,india1 is b
 a modification ( ! prec$+4 ,in/ead1    
h[ev]1 ( us+ a %>p edg$ in/rum5t to     
divide ! cord1 ! surgeon1 on ! contr>y1 
employs a dull knife1 ) :i* ! coats ( ! 
art]y & portions ( ! cord are scrap$    

until ! sep>ation takes place4 ,!y are  
?us plac$ 9 good condition = _! tempor>y
 closure4 ,?is me?od is probably att5d$ 
) a dim9i%$ am\nt ( hemorrhage1 & if    
c>efully p]=m$1 x may be entirely abs5t1
 ! clot clos+ ! art]y1 & ! condition ( !
 lac]at$ ?reads ( ! vessel act+         
favorably1 z well1 9 prev5t+ x4 ,!      
manipulations are simil> to ^?          
accompany+ ! simple excision1 ?\gh x is 
bett] & m safely effect$ :5 ! animal is 
on 8 back4 ,! te/icles be+ expos$ by !  
incision ?r\gh ! envelopes1 ! po/]ior   
septum ( ! cord is cut ?r\gh by a       
transv]se section1 & ! scrap+ ( !       
ant]ior fasciculus ( ! cord !n p]=m$1 by
 a sl[ movem5t f above d[nw>ds1 along a 
c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ord] to effect a solution
 ( cont9uity by a sort ( we>+ ?r\gh !   
tissues4 ,?is op]ation is sl[ & requires
 a c>eful h& = its execution4 ,b z x may
 9 "s cases be foll[$ by sev]e          
hemorrhage1 x _c1 = t reason1 be        
recomm5d$ = l>ge animals1 = solip$s     
especially4   ,,te>+ ,,& ,,torsion4  ,^!

 two modes ( op]ation may1 to a great   
ext5t1 be consid]$ z id5tical4 ,inde$1 !
 mode ( torsion may be said to h aris5  
pr9cipally z a modification ( t ( te>+1 
:i* is ! old]4 ,9 te>+1 ! cord 0        
subject$ to a c]ta9 am\nt ( torsion by !
 h&1 & !n torn ap>t at a giv5 po9t 9 its
 l5g?2 :ile 9 ! process ( simple        
torsion1 z prop]ly p]=m$1 we obta9 a    
division ( ! cord by twi/+ x )          
in/rum5ts1 :i* enables ! op]ator to     
effect ! sep>ation at a def9itely       
det]m9$ spot4 ,te>+ diff]s1 !n1 f       
torsion only 9 ! fact t aft] giv+ sev]al
 twi/s to ! cord 9 ord] to ga!r its     
fibres into a m compact mass1 & to      
dim9i% ! resi/ance ( ! m sup]ficial     
lay]s1 x is divid$ 9 its cont9uity by a 
viol5t traction ^u its fibres 9 !       
direction ( its l5g?4  ,9 ?is process1  
especially appli$ to rum9ants1 ! te/icle
 be+ expos$1 ! op]ator secures ! cord   
firmly ) ! ?umb & index f+] ( "o h&1 to 
prev5t ! traction f tak+ effect too f>  
upw>ds :5 be+ made by ! o!r h&1 aft] !  

cord has be5 twi/$ a few times on       
itself4   ,,torsion4  ,9 ?is me?od (    
ca/ration ! cord is twi/$ ) suffici5t   
=ce to cause x to break ( itself at !   
po9t ( ! greate/ viol5ce4 ,its design is
 to accompli% ! removal ( ! te/icle )\t 
dragg+ or excessive traction ^u ! cord1 
& ?us to avoid ! hemorrhage foll[+ !    
torsion ( ! sp]matic art]y1 z a mode (  
hemo/asis suffici5t to prev5t ! fl[ (   
blood att5dant ^u ! rupture ( ! cord4 ,!
 op]ation may be p]=m$ ei!r above or    
bel[ ! epididymis1 or may consi/ simply 
9 ! torsion ( ! art]y alone4 ,at fir/ ! 
h&s only 7 call$ ^u to act 9 !          
manipulations1 & ! op]ation 0 f ?is     
cause kn[n z free torsion1 until ab\t   
fifty ye>s ago1 :5 in/rum5ts 7 introduc$
 into g5]al practice1 & gave rise to !  
plan ( limit$ torsion4   ,,free         
,,torsion4  ,free torsion1 or t 9 :i* ! 
h&s alone are employ$ 9 ! op]ation1 may 
be p]=m$1 z be=e /at$1 ei!r above or    
bel[ ! epididymis4  ,above !            
,epididymis4--,! fir/ is "o ( ! olde/   

modes ( ca/ration kn[n2 "o :i* mu/ h be5
 practic$ contemporane\sly ) ! use (    
clamps1 or 9 ! fir/ age ( surg]y4 ,!    
fir/ /eps ( ! op]ation requir$ = !      
exposure ( ! te/icles are ! same z h    
already be5 detail$4 ,:5 ?is is         
accompli%$ ! /eps ( torsion & rupture   
are !n p]=m$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!       
op]ator1 grasp+ ! te/icle1 c>efully     
draws out ! sp]matic cord1 & ) a po9t$  
bi/\ry makes a transv]se incision1 above
 ! tail ( ! epididymis1 ?r\gh ! po/]ior 
septum ( ! cord1 involv+ :at we "k z !  
:ite muscle ( ,b\ley1 ! eff]5t canal1 & 
! small te/icul> art]y4 ,he !n seizes ! 
ant]ior fasciculus ( ! cord betwe5 !    
?umb & index f+] ( ! left h&1 squeez+ x 
z tightly z possible1 & hav+ ) ! o!r h& 
secur$ ! cord at a %ort di/ance bel[ !  
po9t :]e ! left h& has already be5      
plac$1 p]=ms ! torsion by a rotatory    
movem5t giv5 to ! te/icle itself1 !     
motion hav+ = its result ! twi/+ & te>+ 
( ! cord :5 long en\gh cont9u$ to       
ov]come ! t5acity ( its fibres4 ,fifte5 

or tw5ty turns ( ! organ w usually be   
f\nd suffici5t to effect ! rupture4 ,a  
consid]able degree ( /r5g? 9 ! f+]s is  
requir$ 9 ?is movem5t1 & = ?is reason ! 
torsion may take effect fur!r up ?an may
 be desir$1 & beyond ! po9t design$1 :i*
 may result 9 an unnecess>y am\nt (     
irritation & injury4 ,:5 ! torsion has  
gone s f> t ! rupture ( ! cord has be5  
effect$1 ! /ump is releas$1 & retracts 9
 ! +u9al canal to a c]ta9 height limit$ 
by ! pres5ce ( ! po/]ior septum1 :i*    
holds x 9 place1 & to a great ext5t     
prev5ts its return ?r\gh ! sup]ior      
orifice ( ! +u9al canal4  ,bel[ !       
,epididymis4--,?is1 ! f\r? /ep ( !      
op]ation1 consi/s 9 ! sep>ation ( !     
te/icle f ! epididymis & ! torsion ( "o 
^u ! o!r4 ,! te/icle be+ expos$1 !      
op]ator1 tak+ hold ( its app5dix1 !     
epididymis1 ) ! left h&1 & ( ! gl& ) !  
"r1 _! cellul> s]\s atta*m5t is divid$  
by ! ?umbs f ! po/]ior to ! ant]ior     
extremity1 f ! tail to ! head ( ! twi/$ 
eff]5t canal4 ,if ?is _c be done ) ! h&1

 ! convex bi/\ry mu/ be call$ into      
action4 ,?is accompli%$1 ! head ( !     
epididymis is firmly secur$ ) ! f+]s ( !
 left h&1 & ! "r h&1 left free1 gives to
 ! te/icle ! numb] ( rotatory motions   
necess>y to sep>ate x f its excretory   
canal--t is1 f eight to t54 ,:5 !       
te/icle is ?us sev]$1 ! /ump ( ! end1 ) 
! epididymis1 is pu%$ back into ! vag9al
 sac1 :]e x is conf9$ by ! application (
 a suture ^u ! middle ( ! edge ( !      
scrotal w\nd4   ,,limit$ ,,torsion4     
,limit$ ,torsion ,above !               
,epididymis4--,z we h se51 ?is is !     
op]ation by :i* ! division ( ! sp]matic 
cord is effect$ by torsion made ^u a    
giv5 po9t 9 its l5g?1 & limit$ by ! use 
( special in/rum5ts4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #c4  ,,fix+ ,,=ceps ,,=          
,,torsion4    ,a4--,r5ault & ,delafond  
patt]n4   ,b4--,p]i]4   ,c4--,reynal4   
,we h already call$ att5tion to !       
difficulty ( ! op]ation ( free torsion1 
:i* requires a great deal ( /r5g?1 &    
:i*1 besides1 may be accompani$ by a    

s]i\s inflammatory condition ( ! p>ts1  
?r\gh r\gh manipulations ( ! cord4 ,x is
 = ?is reason t ?is mode ( proc$ure mu/ 
h be5 res]v$ = small animals1 z1 if     
p]=m$ ^u ! l>g] k9ds1 x c only be by m5 
^: muscul> =ce is suffici5t to enable !m
 to ov]come & br+ into subjection !     
/ruggl+ subjects ( _! op]ations4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4  ,,mov+ ,,=ceps
 ,,= ,,ca/ration ,,by ,,torsion4        
,r5ault & ,delafond patt]n4 ,reynal     
patt]n4  ,x 0 9 #ahhc t two ,fr5*       
vet]9>ians1 ,r5ault & ,delafond1 ( !    
,al=t s*ool1 introduc$ ! use ( in/rum5ts
 9 ! op]ation1 z an improvem5t ^u !     
manual me?ods & _! effects on ! sequel1 
?\gh x is said to h be5 already practic$
 9 ,g]many z f> back z ! la/ c5tury4 ,! 
in/rum5ts employ$ are two =ceps (       
peculi> con/ruction1 & :i* 7 m or less  
modifi$1 "o ( :i* 7fix+ =ceps1 ,fig4    
#c17 is to be appli$ ^u a fix$ po9t ( ! 
cord1 :]e x is suff]$ to rema91 & ! o!r 
7mov+ =ceps1 ,fig4 #d17 is employ$ to   
accompli% ! rotation ( ! te/icle & ! l[]

 end ( ! cord4 ,^? ( ,r5ault & ,delafond
 or ( ,reynal are n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,^? ( 
,beaufils 7,fig4 #e7 are1 we believe1   
too complicat$ = g5]al use4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4  ,,comb9$      
,,=ceps ,,( ,m4 ,,beaufils4  ,modus     
,op]&i4--,9 ! fir/ /ep ( ! op]ation1 !  
ord9>y manipulations ( ! division ( !   
envelopes1 ! op5+ ( ! sac & exposure ( !
 te/icle be+ accompli%$1 & ! envelopes  
be+ c>efully pu%$ upw>ds1 ! torsion &   
excision ( ! cord are effect$ 9 ! foll[+
 mann]3 ,! entire cord is embrac$ by !  
fix+ =ceps 7see ,fig4 #f71 or only its  
ant]ior fasciculus if ! po/]ior septum  
has be5 cut1 z 9 ! process by free      
torsion above ! epididymis4 ,an         
assi/ant1 seiz+ x f be=e backw>ds betwe5
 its op5 bran*es & /rongly clos+ !m1    
holds x firmly1 )\t pull+ ^u ! cord4 ,! 
op]ator !n grasps ! cord ) ! mov+ =ceps 
above ! te/icle1 & a little bel[ ! po9t 
held by ! assi/ant1 leav+ a small space 
betwe5 ! in/rum5ts1 & clos+ 8 own       
tightly1 beg9s ! movem5t ( torsion1 :i* 

he directs f left to "r4 ,= ?is he      
sometimes requires bo? h&s1 "o ( !m     
keep+ ! in/rum5t 9 place1 :ile ! o!r    
cont9ues ! rotation z describ$4 ,t5 or  
fifte5 turns ( ! =ceps are usually      
suffici5t to complete ! rupture ( !     
cord1 ! art]y1 ow+ to its facility (    
elongation1 be+ ! la/ "p to give way4 ,!
 te/icle !n sep>ates1 be+ held 9 !      
bran*es ( ! mov+ =ceps2 ! fix+ =ceps are
 remov$1 & ! cord is drawn upw>ds into !
 vag9al sac4 ,x is important 9 ?is      
op]ation to caution ! assi/ant aga9/    
draw+ on ! cord dur+ ! /ruggles ( !     
animal1 consequ5t ^u ! pa9 caus$ by !   
fir/ application ( ! in/rum5ts1 & !     
pressure ^u ! p>ts :5 held betwe5 _!    
inflexible iron jaws2 b on ! contr>y1 to
 ma9ta9 x z closely z possible aga9/ !  
+u9al region4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 
,,op]ation ,,( ,,limit$ ,,torsion4  ,?is
 process ( ca/ration is "o ( ! mo/ rapid
 ( all ! =ms ( op]at+4 ,! only          
hemorrhage likely to occur is m]ely t ( 
! small te/icul> art]y1 if x %\ld happ5 

to be divid$ :5 ! torsion is conf9$ to !
 front portion ( ! cord4  ,bel[ !       
,epididymis4--,?is process diff]s f !   
prec$+ only 9 ! fact t in/ead ( hold+ ! 
cord betwe5 ! f+]s1 x is held by ! fix$ 
=ceps1 ! use ( ! mov+ in/rum5t be+ r5d]$
 unnecess>y by ! slightness ( ! adhesion
 ( ! sem9al gl& to its app5dix4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4  ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds
 ,,( ,,ecraseurs4   ,,l9e> ,,cru%+4  ,! 
orig9ator ( ! use ( t peculi> in/rum5t1 
! ecraseur 7,fig4 #g71 s valuable an    
adjunct 9 ! op]ation ( ca/ration1 is    
,mr4 ,h4 ,b\ley1 :o br\ght x into use at
 a date z e>ly z ! ye> #aheg4 ,x is n1  
!re=e1 an ,am]ican inv5tion1 z has      
sometimes be5 claim$4 ,! function ( ?is 
in/rum5t is to effect ! division ( liv+ 
p>ts )\t hemorrhage4 ,! orig9al ecraseur
 ( ,*assaignac has receiv$ _m           
modifications1 all ( :i*1 h[ev]1 op]ate 
^u ! same pr9ciple ,! ess5tial design ( 
all is to produce a g5]al con/riction ( 
! blood vessels1 by :i* _! int]nal &    
middle coats be+ fir/ divid$1 may       

contract )9 ! cavity ( ! vessel 9 su* a 
mann] z to close _! cavity & =m a sort (
 /opp] to ! art]y1 :ile ! ext]nal       
cellul> cov]+1 ! la/ to und]go division1
 is s /ret*$1 "u ! action ( ! in/rum5t1 
& s closely adapts itself by its ends1 t
 insufflation ?r\gh ! free ends ( !     
vessels fails to remove ! clos+         
arrangem5t ( ! two coats fir/ divid$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4  ,,h\se        
,,clamps4  ,modus ,op]&i4--,! op]ation  
is comp>atively a v simple "o4 ,!       
te/icle be+ expos$1 z 9 all ! o!r       
me?ods1 ! *a9 ( ! in/rum5t is s plac$   
ar\nd ! cord t ! pressure takes place ^u
 ! great] mass ( tissue1 9 ord] t x may 
cont9ue ! long]2 :i* be+ done1 ! lev] ( 
! in/rum5t is br\ght into action1 & !   
con/riction caus$ by ! *a9 sl[ly kept up
 until ! def9ite division ( ! tissue is 
accompli%$4 ,! ess5tial condition (     
success 9 ! op]ation1 hav+ 9 view !     
desir$ hemo/atic effect1 is to act      
sl[ly4 ,accord+ to ,pr(4 ,b\ley1 an     
int]val ( sev]al seconds %\ld be suff]$ 

to elapse aft] ea* rotation ( ! :eel :i*
 moves ! *a94 ,if ! tissues are divid$  
too rapidly1 ! section ( ! art]y is apt 
to be too clean1 & a hemorrhage is      
likely to be ! result4 ,?is objection1  
h[ev]1 ?\gh made by "o ( ! highe/       
au?orities 9 vet]9>y surg]y1 does n seem
 to be ju/ifi$ by ! results obta9$ by   
,am]ican op]ators1 mo/ ( :om bo?        
recomm5d & practice its execution z     
rapidly z possible2 & accord+ to _! own 
/atem5ts1 a s]i\s hemorrhage is seldom  
enc\nt]$4 ,! fact t x has be5 obs]v$ 9  
any case1 h[ev]1 confirms ! wisdom ( !  
recomm5dation ( ,pr(4 ,b\ley1 & z mo/ ( 
our ,am]ican confrres pref] ! op]ation )
 ! animal 9 ! /&+ po/ure1 ! reason ( _! 
neglect ( ! prud5t & m truly surgical   
process c be readily appreciat$4 ,to    
avoid ! hemorrhage ,dr4 ,h\se inv5t$ a  
clamp :i* he appli$ ^u ! cord previ\s to
 ! amputation ) ! ecraseur 7,fig4 #h74  
,?is mode ( ca/ration is n v ext5sively 
practic$ by ,european practition]s4 ,!  
reason ( ?is is probably to be look$ = 9

 ! ess5tial necessity ( safety :i* s    
protracts its p]=mance4   ,,fir+4  ,?is 
mode ( ca/ration consi/s 9 ! application
 to ! cut end ( ! te/icul>              
cord--previ\sly divid$ ) ! bi/\ry1 or by
 ! caut]y--z a means ( hemo/asis1 ( an  
iron heat$ to a :ite heat--! actual     
caut]y4 ,?is is claim$ to be "o ( !     
olde/ modes ( op]at+1 ,vegetius &       
,absyrtus describ+ x z a common process 
( ca/ration4 ,x is mu* 9 favor 9 ,engl&1
 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,g]many1 ?\gh less       
practic$ 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,!    
in/rum5ts ess5tially ne$$ = ! op]ation (
 ca/ration by fir+ are two2 ! fir/1 a   
peculi> =ceps = hold+ ! cord & secur+ x 
:ile ! application ( ! caut]y is be+    
made2 & ! second1 ! iron or caut]y      
itself4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4       
,,s+le ,,=ceps ,,= ,,ca/ration ,,by     
,,fir+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,=ceps  
,,= ,,ca/ration ,,by ,,fir+4  ,^! =ceps1
 or nipp]s1 are ei!r s+le or d\ble      
7,fig4 #i71 & may be made ei!r ( wood or
 ( iron1 & m or less modifi$ 9 =m1      

accord+ to ! fancies ( ! diff]5t        
op]ators4 ,b !y all "w on ! same        
pr9ciple1 & effect ! same object4 ,) !  
s+le =ceps b "o cord c be treat$ at a   
"t1 b ) ! d\ble in/rum5t bo? cords may  
be secur$ at once1 & may be divid$ &    
caut]iz$ at "o /ep4 ,9 ?is way !        
possibility ( di/urb+ ! es*> caus$ by ! 
caut]ization ( "o cord :ile manipulat+ !
 second1 is q obviat$4  ,:5 ! te/icles1 
ei!r or bo?1 h be5 expos$1 ! mass ( !   
cord is fix$ betwe5 ! jaws ( ! =ceps1 f 
be=e backw>ds1 at ab\t "o in* above !   
tail ( ! epididymis1 & firmly secur$4   
,?is may be effect$ ei!r by ty+ x       
tightly ) a /r+ w\nd ab\t ! h&les1 or by
 means ( a spr+ crank ) :i* "s in/rum5ts
 are furni%$4 ,! te/icle is !n amputat$1
 ei!r by a /roke ( ! bi/\ry1 or ) ! %>p 
edge ( ! caut]y c>ri$ across & at a "r  
angle ) ! direction ( ! cord4 ,?is done1
 ! op]ator applies ! broad portion ( !  
iron ov] ! entire surface ( ! /ump ( !  
sp]matic cord1 & caut]izes 7or se>s7 !  
"p ?or\ghly4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t to    

insure ! safety ( ! caut]ization1 ! iron
 mu/ be v hot4 ,o!rwise1 :5 x is remov$1
 if x has cool$ (f1 x may adh]e to !    
c>boniz$ surface1 & ! scab =m$ at ! end 
( ! blood vessel may accompany !        
in/rum5t4 ,! application ( pulv]iz$ ros9
 to ! end ( ! cord1 previ\s to !        
caut]ization1 is recomm5d$ by "s        
practition]s4  ,a v prop] precaution1 & 
"o on no acc\nt to be omitt$1 is !      
protection ( ! surr\nd+ p>ts f ! radiat+
 heat by cov]+ !m ) wet clo?s4  ,:5 !   
op]ation is complet$1 ! =ceps %\ld be   
op5$ ) great c>e1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r
 all hemorrhage has ceas$1 & ! cord may 
be all[$ to retract4 ,if any ooz+ (     
blood appe>s at ! po9t ( ! op]ation1 !  
caut]ization mu/ be repeat$ at ! po9t   
indicat$4  ,a free application ( cold   
wat]1 9 ! =m ( a d\*e1 aft] ! op]ation1 
w contribute to ! =mation ( a clot 9 !  
caut]iz$ art]y4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4      
,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,class --    
,,clamps -- ,,cov]$ ,,& ,,uncov]$       
,,op]ation -- ,,in/rum5ts -- ,,f\r      

,,v>i\s ,,/eps -- ,,objection ,,to ,,?is
   ,,me?od -- ,,"t ,,to ,,remove ,,!    
,,clamps -- ,,ligature -- ,,( ,,! ,,cord
 ,,& ,,its   ,,envelopes -- ,,( ,,!     
,,cord ,,only -- ,,( ,,! ,,sp]matic     
,,art]y -- ,,( ,,!   ,,eff]5t ,,canal --
 ,,subcutane\s ,,op]ation4   ,hav+      
complet$ ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s me?ods
 includ$ 9 ! fir/ class1 we propose next
 to exam9e ^? ent]+ into ! second1 :i*  
embrace ^? 9 :i* c]ta9 means ( pressure 
are appli$ & suff]$ to rema9 ^u ! cord  
previ\s to ! amputation ( ! te/icle4 ,^!
 are two 9 numb]1 & consi/ ( ! process  
kn[n z t ( ! clamps1 & t :i* involves ! 
use ( ! ligature4   ,,! ,,me?od ,,by ,,!
 ,,clamps4  ,?is is an anci5t mode (    
op]at+1 hav+ be5 transmitt$ to u ?r\gh  
_m ages4 ,x has receiv$ ! sanction (    
long practice1 &1 if n absolutely       
sup]ior to all o!rs1 is possess$ (      
qualities & advantages :i* all :o h     
employ$ x w freely ackn[l$ge4  ,x is    
p]=m$ 9 two ways4 ,"o is ! process ( !  
cov]$1 ! o!r ( ! uncov]$ te/icle4 ,!    

cov]$ op]ation is t 9 :i* only a portion
 ( ! te/icul> envelopes are divid$1 !   
scrotum & ! d>tos1 ! gl& be+ left cov]$ 
) ! o!r envelopes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 !    
uncov]$ op]ation1 all ! envelop+        
membranes are divid$1 & ! te/icle is    
made to protrude outside ( ! vag9al sac4
 ,! fir/ ?ree /eps ( ?is mode ( op]at+  
are und]/ood to h be5 p]=m$ 9 ! me?ods  
:i* we h already consid]$ z g5]ally     
prelim9>y 9 all cases1 9 ord] to obta9  
access to ! cord4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#aj4  ,,ord9>y ,,clamp4  ,illu/ration3  
,,int]nal ,,face ,,( ,,clamps4  ,!      
in/rum5ts necess>y to op]ate 9 ?is case 
are a v %>p convex bi/\ry1 a pair (     
clamps1 "s /rong tw9e1 a ca/rat+ =ceps &
 a pair ( scissors4 ,! clamps are wood5 
or metallic p9c]s1 =m$ to embrace ! cord
 & to be appli$ firmly ^u x1 9 ord] to  
hold x securely1 & to conf9e ! art]y    
tightly en\gh to prev5t ! occurr5ce (   
hemorrhage4 ,! =m mo/ ord9>ily us$1 &   
probably mo/ conv5i5t1 is made ( wood1 &
 consi/s ( two semi-cyl9drical pieces   

7,fig4 #aj7 jo9$ at "o end & re/+ toge!r
 by a flat & sometimes groov$ surface1 &
 measur+ ab\t six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!      
mat]ial is a light b /rong wood4 ,!y are
 r\nd$ at ! extremities1 9 ord] to avoid
 *af+ ! s(t tissues4 ,a groove at ea*   
end is design$ to receive ! tw9e1 :i* is
 "p ( ! appliance4 ,be=e be+ us$ !y are 
tightly ti$ toge!r at "o end1 9 su* a   
mann] t !y spr+ op5 if clos$4 ,?is po9t 
is "o ( ! fir/ importance4 ,x requires  
consid]able ex]cise ( /r5g? to place !m 
tightly en\gh on ! cord !y are to hold1 
b ?is firm juxtaposition1 s obta9$1     
facilitates _! removal1 :5 t is requir$4
 ,! groove :i* !y c>ry on _! flat       
surface is sometimes fill$ ) "s m]ely   
lubricat+ greasy sub/ance1 usually      
simple o9tm5t1 fre% l>d1 butt]1 or      
cream1 ?\gh "s vet]9>ians use a cau/ic  
pa/e4 ,?is la/ mode ( proce$+ is /rongly
 oppos$ by "s au?orities1 z likely to   
induce unnecess>y inflammatory action1  
?r\gh ! =mation ( a scab1 :i* may       
require = its removal a process (       

sl\gh+1 :i* may 9 "s cases give rise to 
s]i\s complications4 ,z ,i h /at$1 !    
clamps are n always made ( wood1 & v _m 
alt]ations & improvem5ts1 s call$1 h be5
 f "t to "t br\ght =w>d4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa a 
few ( ^! clamps are pres5t$4 ,! olde/ =m
 is ! simple/1 & possesses ! fur!r      
advantage ( be+ always easy to be       
obta9$1 :ile ! m complicat$ contrivances
 are n always easy ( access4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4  ,,v>i\s      
,,%apes ,,( ,,clamps4  ,screw$ ,clamp4  
,spr+ ,clamp ( ,br&t4 ,h+e ,clamp4      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4  ,,=ceps ,,to 
,,hold ,,! ,,clamp ,,toge!r4 ,,vise ,,= 
,,! ,,same4  ,! ca/rat+ =ceps 7,fig4    
#ab7 are us$ = br++ ! clamps toge!r :ile
 !y hold ! sp]matic cord betwe5 _!      
bran*es4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( ^!1 b 9 
default ( obta9+ !m readily1 ! op]ator  
may f9d an eligible sub/itute 9 !       
blacksmi?'s nipp]s or ! gasfitt]'s      
tongs4 ,we h us$ ?is latt] = a good _m  
ye>s1 & h f\nd x v well adapt$ to !     
purpose requir$1 by ! pres5ce ( its set 

( d\ble curv$ & groov$ jaws4 ,! tw9e :i*
 x is necess>y to use to keep ! clamps  
clos$ :5 !y h be5 br\ght into p]fect    
contact ) ! ca/rat+ =ceps1 mu/ be s(t & 
/rong4 ,a piece ( fi%+ l9e1 previ\sly   
wax$1 w answ] ! purpose v well4 ,9 ord] 
to facilitate ! traction :i* may be     
necess>y to keep ! clamps 9 place1 x is 
a good precaution to atta* ! ends ( !   
tw9e to small wood5 h&les to protect !  
h&s f cutt+ by ! /r+4 ,x is well1 also1 
to prep>e a res]ve ( clamps & tw9e aga9/
 accid5ts f breakage or ! mislay+ ( ^!  
articles4   ,,cov]$ ,,op]ation4  ,modus 
,op]&i4--,! animal be+ ?r[n on ei!r     
side1 z already describ$1 & kept z ne>ly
 z possible on 8 back by bundles ( /raw 
pack$ "u him on ! l[] side1 & ! "r h9d  
leg secur$ 9 its prop] position1 & !    
in/rum5ts plac$ )9 easy rea*1 ! surgeon 
proce$s ) ! f\rfold /eps ( ! op]ation1  
consi/+ fir/1 9 ! preh5sion ( ! left    
te/icle1 or l[e/ 9 position2 second1 !  
incision ?r\gh ! envelopes2 ?ird1 !     
enucleation ( ! te/icle2 & f\r?1 !      

application & con/riction ( ! clamps4   
,fir/ /ep4--,! op]ation mu/ always beg9 
) ! preh5sion ( ! gl& :i* corresponds ) 
! side--! l[]--^u :i* ! animal is ly+4  
,?is obviates any dang] ( int]f]5ce by  
any little hemorrhage :i* might occur1 &
 s facilitates ! application ( ! clamps4
 ,!n1 plac+ himself t[>d ! back ( !     
pati5t1 ! op]ator rea*es ov] & grasps ! 
l[] te/icle ) bo? h&s1 br++ x d[nw>ds 9 
su* a mann] z to /ret* ! scrotum ov] its
 surface4 ,?is manipulation is n always 
( easy p]=mance1 ! contraction ( !      
crema/] muscle be+ sometimes s p[]ful t 
! gl& successfully resi/s all !         
op]ator's ef=ts ( traction4 ,x is       
sometimes necess>y to div]t ! att5tion (
 ! animal1 9 ord] to facilitate ?is "p (
 ! process1 by prick+ him ) a p9 on !   
lips or ab\t ! anus1 ! effect ( ! new   
s5sation be+ su* t 8 opposition is      
)drawn1 & ! contraction ceas+1 he suff]s
 passively ! traction ( ! envelopes ov] 
! organ4 ,or1 ! same advantage may be   
obta9$ by ! inhalation ( a little e!r or

 *lor(orm4 ,!n grasp+ ! cord ) ! left h&
 & br++ ! organ well =w>d1 ! surgeon    
proce$s to !  ,second /ep1 or t ( !     
incision ( ! envelope4 ,hold+ ! %>p     
convex bi/\ry 9 8 "r h&1 he takes1 ) !  
?umb1 a po9t d'appui ^u ! prom95t organ1
 & c>ries x c>efully ov] ! surface ( !  
scrotum 9 a direction p>allel ) ! m$ian 
raph 7describ$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]71 & foll[+
 ! great curvature ( ! te/icle1 & be+   
c>eful ) ! fir/ movem5t ( ! in/rum5t to 
divide only ! scrotal sk9 & ! d>tos1    
until ! mo/ sup]ficial lay]s ( ! cellul>
 tissue ( ! ?ird te/icul> envelope are  
rea*$4 ,! sk9 & ! d>tos be+ divid$1 !   
edges ( ! w\nd sep>ate1 & ! te/icle1    
/ill press$ d[nw>ds & outw>ds ) ! left  
h&1 protrudes m or less1 /ill includ$1 z
 x is1 )9 its fibr\s cov]+4 ,a c>eful   
dissection1 ) a few light /rokes ( !    
bi/\ry1 or lac]ation ) ! ?umb nail ( !  
h&1 n[ suffices = ! sep>ation ( ! fibr\s
 envelope f its ext]nal cov]+1 an entire
 sep>ation ( bo? ( :i* c ?us be easily  
obta9$ by press+ ! mo/ ext]nal lay]     

upw>ds ?r\gh ! lac]ation ( ! cellul>    
coat :i* unites !m4  ,?ird /ep4--,!     
op]ator n[ relieves himself ( 8         
in/rum5t--n1 we may v5ture to sugge/1 by
 plac+ x betwe5 8 tee?1 z "s c>eless    
surgeons are apt to d1 b by h&+ x to an 
assi/ant--&1 *ang+ 8 position1 places   
himself 9 front ( ! +u9al region1 & fac+
 x4 ,he !n proce$s to ! enucleation ( ! 
te/icle1 by sep>at+ ! adhesion :i* exi/s
 betwe5 ! int]nal face ( ! d>tos & !    
ext]nal surface ( ! crema/] muscle & ( !
 fibr\s tunic4 ,! sep>ation be+         
complet$1 & ! scrotum & d>tos be+       
c>efully pu%$ upw>ds1 ! pati5t is n[    
ready = ! la/ /ep ( ! op]ation4  ,f\r?  
/ep4--,! te/icle1 well enucleat$ f its  
sup]ficial envelopes1 b /ill cov]$ by ! 
fibr\s coat1 & ! vag9al sac /ill rema9+ 
intact1 ! op]ator1 fac+1 z be=e1 ! +u9al
 region1 proce$s to ! application ( !   
clamps4 ,! cutane\s cov]+ & ! d>tos be+ 
pu%$ well upw>ds1 ! clamp is plac$ ^u ! 
cord above ! epididymis1 f be=e         
backw>ds1 ! assi/ant1 arm$ ) ! ca/rat+  

=ceps1 tak+ bo? ( its bran*es betwe5 !  
jaws ( t in/rum5t1 c>efully br++ !m     
toge!r1 & clos+ !m z tightly z possible4
 ,! in/ant ( ! pressure ( ! clamp ^u !  
cord is m>k$ by v sev]e pa91 & ! suff]+ 
animal is excit$ to p[]ful /ruggl+4 ,x  
is important t ! assi/ant %\ld be aw>e (
 ?is1 & he %\ld be =ew>n$ to refra9 f   
pull+ on ! cord1 & rem9d$1 9 ord] to    
avoid injury f ?is accid5t1 to keep !   
clamps & ! =ceps /eadily 9 contact ) !  
+u9al canal4 ,x is probably ) a view to 
! avoidance ( ?is possible injury t !   
use ( a peculi>ly con/ruct$ vise or     
=ceps has be5 recomm5d$4 ,! =ceps be+ 9 
place1 & tightly conf9+ ! bran*es ( !   
clamps1 well adju/$1 ! op]ator n[       
applies ! tw9e1 & aft] tak+ sev]al turns
 ar\nd ! grooves ( ! free ends ( !      
clamps1 secures x c>efully ) a d\ble    
knot4  ,! op]ation is !n repeat$ on ! "r
 or upp]mo/ te/icle 9 ! same mann]1 & ) 
! same precautions4   ,,uncov]$         
,,op]ation4  ,! f\r /eps ( ?is op]ation 
are ! same z ^? ( ! previ\s me?od1 !    

fir/ requir+ ! same manipulations &     
obs]v+ ! same ord]1 b ! second involv+  
"s v>iations4 ,9 ?is ! same c>eful      
dissection is disp5s$ )1 & "o free      
incision suffices1 includ+ all ! v>i\s  
envelopes1 9 ord] to expose ! te/icle   
freely & at once4 ,! incision is made ) 
"o free /roke ( ! bi/\ry ext5d+ f !     
po/]ior to ! ant]ior extremity ( !      
te/icle1 & divid+ at once scrotum1      
d>tos1 & ! fibr\s & s]\s coats4 ,?\gh   
?is is to be done )\t hesitation1 x is  
by no means necess>y to adopt ! practice
 ( "s op]ators1 :o n only divide !      
envelopes1 b ev5 make a l>ge incision 9 
! te/icul> /ructure itself1 inflict+ ?us
 an unnecess>y am\nt ( pa9 f :i* !      
animal might1 ) a little c>e1 h be5     
sp>$4  ,:5 ! surgeon rea*es ! ?ird /ep (
 ! op]ation1 & seizes ! te/icle ) ! "r  
h&1 9 ord] to draw x d[nw>d & outside ( 
! vag9al sac1 he may enc\nt] great      
resi/ance to 8 traction1 f ! p[]ful     
opposition ( ! :ite muscul> tissue runn+
 along ! po/]ior septum ( ! cord4 ,he   

mu/ !n sl[ly & /eadily draw ! te/icle   
d[n1 & at a giv5 mom5t1 ) a s+le /roke )
 a %>p po9t$ bi/\ry1 divide ! s]\s b& ( 
! po/]ior septum1 cutt+ at once !       
muscul> fibres1 ! eff]5t canal & ! small
 te/icul> art]y4 ,?is be+ effect$1 !    
resi/ance w t]m9ate1 & ! te/icle may be 
drawn d[n )\t fur!r difficulty4 ,!      
division ( ! septum is n always resort$ 
to4 ,/ill1 ! v]dict ( exp]i5ce is       
/rongly 9 favor ( ! measure4 ,!         
application ( ! clamps 7,fig4 #ac7 is   
effect$ 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! cov]$      
op]ation1 b 9 ?is in/ance ! clamp is    
plac$ high] on ! cord4 ,= ?is reason !  
assi/ant mu/ be especially c>eful dur+ !
 /ruggles ( ! pati5t :5 ! clamps are    
tight5$1 ! dang] ( +u9al h]nia at ?is   
po9t be+ too s]i\s to be ov]look$4 ,!   
clamps be+ 9 place1 & prop]ly secur$1 ! 
te/icles are ei!r left 9 place & all[$  
to sl\gh away1 or are amputat$ a %ort   
di/ance bel[ ! clamps1 z ! case may be4 
,! p>ts be+ c>efully wa%$ out1 ! animal 
is all[$ to rise1 & is return$ to 8     

/all4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4        
,,ca/ration ,,) ,,uncov]$ ,,te/icle4    
,an objection frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ ?is  
mode ( op]ation is t x requires a second
 visit ( ! surgeon :5 ! "t has arriv$ = 
! removal ( ! clamps4 ,e/imat+ ?is      
objection at its prop] value1 we consid]
 t x is m ?an balanc$ by ! advantages   
att5dant ^u ?is special mode (          
ca/ration1 & :ile we fully appreciate ! 
difficulty & inconv5i5ce to :i* !       
surgeon may be subject$ by ?is second   
visit1 we _c approve ( its omission1    
ei!r f a surgical po9t ( view or 9 t ( !
 int]e/s ( ! employ]s1 9 ^: behalf all  
c>e & responsibility %\ld be ex]cis$1   
until ! pati5t is at lea/ enjoy+ a fair 
prospect ( recov]y4  ,! "q n[ arises1 at
 :at "t c ! clamp be remov$ ) safety8 ,x
 mu/ be und]/ood t !re may sometimes be 
peculi> surgical conditions "u :i* _!   
removal is contra-indicat$1 & :5 !y mu/ 
be all[$ to sl\gh (f )\t fur!r int]f]5ce
 on our "p4 ,b ev5 9 ord9>y cases & "u  
favorable circum/ances1 ?is "t appe>s to

 v>y4 ,by "s !y are remov$ aft]         
?irty-six h\rs1 :ile o!rs all[ !m to    
rema9 = a p]iod ( f\r or five days4     
,tak+ a fair av]age1 we are ( op9ion t x
 may be safely done on ab\t ! ?ird day1 
& t at t p]iod ! clos+ ( ! art]y is     
suffici5tly assur$ to remove all fur!r  
pressure4  ,if ! clamps h be5 secur$ )  
tw9e1 & especially if !y 7 prop]ly      
prep>$ previ\sly to _! application1 !   
process ( removal is a v simple "o4 ,!  
assi/ant1 rais+ "o ( ! pati5t's h9d     
legs1 ! op]ator places himself directly 
beh9d ! animal1 & b5d+ d[n1 ) a %>p     
sage-knife1 cuts ! tw9e :]e x has secur$
 ! po/]ior ends ( ! clamp4 ,if x reta9s 
! spr+9ess x ought to h possess$ at ! "t
 ( its orig9al application1 ! bran*es   
readily spr+ op51 & x falls to ! gr\nd4 
,if ?is does n occur1 or if !y %\ld be  
held by adhesions ) "s dri$ p>ts ( !    
cords :i* h be5 press$ betwe5 ! bran*es 
( ! clamps1 !y mu/ be c>efully sep>at$  
by mov+ f bel[ upw>ds1 :5 !y w easily   
become deta*$4 ,b ?is la/ manipulation  

mu/ be v c>efully p]=m$1 if we w\ld     
escape a hemorrhage :i* might require   
s]i\s measures to control4 ,:5 clamps ( 
ano!r make are us$1 ! process ( removal 
w v>y accord+ to exi/+ peculi>ities 9 ! 
con/ruction ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! clamp hav+ 
be5 remov$ f "o side1 ! sep>ation f !   
o!r w1 ( c\rse1 be manag$ 9 a simil>    
mann]4   ,,! ,,ligature4  ,?is me?od (  
ca/ration consi/s 9 ! application ( a   
circul> ligature ^u ! entire cord1 or a 
portion ( x1 = ! purpose ( completely   
clos+ x1 ) ! v>i\s p>ts ent]+ into its  
=mation4 ,x 0 9 practice s long ago z   
#agcd4 ,! op]ation is divid$ into sev]al
 v>ieties1 viz41 t ( ! cord ) its       
envelopes2 t ( ! cord only1 ei!r by !   
cov]$ or uncov]$ me?od2 t ( ! sp]matic  
art]y alone2 t ( ! eff]5t canal2 & t by 
! subcutane\s process4  ,! ligature us$ 
9 ^! v>i\s modes ( op]ation is =m$ (    
wax$ silk2 sometimes ( /rong tw9e1 z    
fi%+ l9e1 = example2 or1 z m rec5tly    
introduc$ 9 surg]y 9 ! removal ( liv+   
gr[?s & tumors1 an ela/ic cord4         

,ligation ( ! cord & its                
envelopes4--,?is process is pr9cipally  
us$ ^u small animals1 al?\gh1 s9ce !    
ela/ic cord has be5 br\ght into use1 a  
few attempts h be5 made to make x       
applicable to ! l>g] k9ds4 ,! exp]im5ts1
 h[ev]1 h be5 z yet s few1 & ! results s
 unsatisfactory1 & 9 s _m cases fatal1 t
 x c sc>cely be recomm5d$1 except =     
small subjects4 ,! application ( ?is is 
v simple4 ,x consi/s1 aft] secur+ !     
pati5t1 9 br++ ! te/icles z f> d[n into 
! scrotum z may be ?\ght ne$ful1 & aft] 
apply+ ! ligature two or ?ree times     
ar\nd ! cord1 a %ort di/ance above !m   
7,fig4 #ad71 sl[ly & /eadily tight5+ x  
until a suffici5t am\nt ( =ce has be5   
employ$ to close ! calibre ( ! blood    
vessel & cut (f ! circulation f ! p>ts  
situat$ bel[ ! po9t ( ligation4 ,?is    
mode ( op]at+ has1 9 our h&s1 prov$ v   
successful 9 small animals1 & :5 !      
ela/ic ligature has be5 us$4            
,mortification has tak5 place 9 a few   
days1 ! te/icles sl[ly deta*+ !mselves  

at ! po9t ( ligature1 & :5 fall+ (f     
leav+ b a v small sup]ficial1 cutane\s  
scab1 & heal+ 9 a %ort "t4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4  ,,ca/ration  
,,by ,,ligation ,,( ,,! ,,cord ,,&      
,,envelopes4  ,ligature ( ! cord only2  
cov]$ op]ation4--,! fir/ ?ree /eps ( !  
op]ation hav+ be5 accompli%$1 & !       
te/icle enucleat$1 ! ligature is plac$  
ar\nd ! cord1 /ill cov]$ by its fibr\s  
envelopes & ! crema/] muscle4 ,a piece (
 tw9e or an ela/ic ligature may be      
employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 ?is op]ation !
 te/icles are all[$ to rema9 n less ?an 
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 be=e amputation is      
p]=m$1 9 ord] t if ! pressure has be5   
insuffici5t1 & ! p>ts %\ld fail to      
exhibit symptoms ( loss ( vitality aft] 
t "t1 ano!r ligature may be appli$4     
,uncov]$ op]ation4--,! only v>iation    
betwe5 ?is me?od & ! "o la/ consid]$ is 
f\nd 9 ! fact t 9 ?is1 ! te/icle & cord 
be+ expos$ z 9 ! process ( ca/ration ) !
 clamp1 ! ligature is appli$ ei!r on !  
cord z a :ole1 or only on its ant]ior   

fasciculus4 ,9 ?is case ! te/icle is    
amputat$ imm$iately aft] ! application (
 ! ligature4 ,b z !re is a possibility (
 ! slipp+ (f ( ! ligature1 great c>e mu/
 be tak5 le/ ! amputation be p]=m$ too  
ne> ! po9t :]e ! con/riction is made4 ,&
 aga91 z !re is a possibility ( !       
truncat$ cord be+ drawn too f> up1 ev5  
up into ! abdom9al cavity1 x becomes a  
precaution ( prud5ce1 z recomm5d$ by    
,mr4 ,b\ley1 to leave a suffici5t l5g? (
 ! ligature hang+ outside ( ! scrotal   
w\nd1 & ev5 to secure x on ! edges ( !  
sk94  ,legation ( ! sp]matic            
art]y4--,?is is a mode ( ca/ration :i*1 
if we are n mi/ak51 0 held 9 high       
e/imation by c]ta9 practition]s 9 ! city
 ( ,bo/on4 ,x consi/s simply 9 !        
application ( a ligature ( silk to !    
sp]matic art]y4 ,! cord be+ expos$1 & ! 
po/]ior septum be+ divid$1 a curv$ ne$le
 arm$ ) ! ligature is made to pass ar\nd
 ! :ole mass ( ! ant]ior fasciculus1 & !
 entire vascul> cord is surr\nd$ by !   
ligature & firmly tight5$4 ,! fact ( !  

v>i\s & irregul> flexuosities peculi> to
 ! sp]matic art]y1 ) bo? asc5d+ &       
desc5d+ portions1 expla9s ! necessity ( 
includ+ ! entire art]ial mass "u !      
ligature1 s9ce1 if only ! simple cord ( 
! art]y 7 ligat$1 x might be an asc5d+  
portion only1 & ! amputation ( ! te/icle
 might be foll[$ by a tr\blesome        
hemorrhage f "o ( ! desc5d+ loops4      
,ligation ( ! eff]5t canal & !          
subcutane\s ligation ( ! cord4--,^! two 
modes ( op]at+ h n yet yield$ suffici5t 
evid5ce 9 ! =m ( satisfactory results to
 be entitl$ to m ?an pass+ m5tion at !  
pres5t "t4 ,we may say fur!r1 moreov]1 t
 among all ! me?ods ( ca/ration by      
ligation1 none ( !m h be5 subject$ to a 
suffici5t am\nt ( practical te/ to be   
accept$ z a process :i* w ju/ify a /rong
 recomm5dation or unqualifi$ approval4  
,,*apt] ,,iv4    ,,?ird ,,me?od ,,(     
,,ca/ration -- ,,cru%+ ,,( ,,!          
,,te/icul> ,,cord --   ,,d\ble          
,,subcutane\s ,,torsion -- ,,bi/\rnage  
-- ,,f\r ,,/eps ,,( ,,!   ,,op]ation -- 

,,symptoms ,,foll[+ -- ,,ca/ration ,,(  
,,cryptor*ids --   ,,+u9al ,,cryptor*idy
 -- ,,abdom9al ,,cryptor*idy -- ,,modus 
,,op]&i --   ,,five ,,/eps ,,9 ,,!      
,,op]ation -- ,,effects ,,foll[+ ,,!    
,,op]ation ,,(   ,,ca/ration -- ,,mode  
,,( ,,cicatrization -- ,,hygi5ic ,,&    
,,subsequ5t   ,,att5tions ,,or ,,aft]   
,,c>es4   ,z ,i h be=e /at$1 ! ?ird     
me?od ( ca/ration embraces ! processes 9
 :i* ! te/icul> envelopes are left      
intact1 :ile x is ! gl& or cord :i* is  
submitt$ to ! peculi> manipulations by  
:i* _! /ructure1 & !re=e ! secret+ p[]s 
( ! te/icle1 are s ess5tially modifi$4  
,9 treat+ ( ?is me?od1 two special      
op]ations pres5t !mselves = our         
consid]ation1 to wit3 ! cru%+ ( !       
te/icul> support1 & ! d\ble subcutane\s 
twi/+1 or bi/\rnage ( ! ,fr5*4 ,^! are  
employ$ pr9cipally 9 ! ca/ration (      
rum9ants1 ?\gh ef=ts h be5 made to apply
 ! latt] 9 ! case ( solip$s4 ,! modes ( 
op]at+ :i* we h already describ$ are1   
h[ev]1 also applicable to ! rum9ants4   

,,cru%+ ,,( ,,! ,,te/icul> ,,cord4  ,?is
 consi/s 9 cru%+ ! sp]matic cord ) a    
hamm]1 ! vessel cont9u+1 mean:ile1 to be
 cov]$ ) its envelopes4 ,x 0 fir/       
describ$ 9 ! ye> #ahbf1 & is mo/        
commonly practis$ 9 "s ,fr5* di/ricts4  
,! in/rum5ts us$ are two cyl9drical     
pieces ( wood1 ea* ab\t "o y>d 9 l5g? & 
two in*es 9 diamet]2 & a hamm] or mallet
 =m$ ( h>d & heavy wood4 ,! animal be+  
prop]ly secur$ 9 ! /&+ position1 !      
te/icles be+ drawn well d[n into !      
bottom ( ! envelopes1 ! /icks are plac$1
 "o beh9d & "o 9 front ( ! cord1 close  
to ! upp] extremity ( ! gl&4 ,:5 9 t    
position !y are mov$ 9 su* a mann] t    
in/ead ( rema9+1 "o 9 front ( ! o!r1 "o 
becomes s sup]impos$ ^u ! o!r t !       
sp]matic cord becomes twi/$ 9 ! =m ( !  
lett] ,s 7,fig4 #ae74 ,:ile held toge!r 
9 ?is position by an assi/ant1 !        
op]ator1 plac+ himself 9 front ( "o side
 ( ! h9d qu>t]1 ) repeat$ bl[s ( ! hamm]
 or mallet1 cru%es ! cord at ! po9t :]e 
x re/s ^u ! wood :i* occupies ! inf]ior 

position1 ( c\rse guag+ ! =ce & frequ5cy
 ( ! bl[s by ! effect obs]v$1 until !   
cru%+ ( ! organ is satisfactorily       
accompli%$4 ,z a measure ( caution1 x w 
be well1 ^u ! completion ( ! process (  
cru%+1 to surr\nd ! cord ) a ligature   
mod]ately tight5$1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ 
! draw+ up ( ! cord into ! +u9al canal1 
an accid5t n likely to occur1 h[ev]1 if 
! op]ation has be5 well p]=m$4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4  ,,ca/ration  
,,by ,,cru%+ ,,( ,,! ,,cord4   ,,d\ble  
,,subcutane\s ,,torsion2 ,,bi/\rnage4   
,9 ?is mode ( op]at+1 pr9cipally 9 vogue
 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,france1 ! position ( 
! te/icle is s *ang$ t its l[] extremity
 is made to take ! place ( ! upp]1 !    
cord is subject$ to a c]ta9 degree (    
torsion1 & !n ! te/icle is re/or$ to its
 normal position1 to und]go a process ( 
atrophy :i* de/roys its p[] ( secretion 
by a physiological action4 ,! great l5g?
 ( ! cord & ! great] laxity ( ! cellul> 
tissue situat$ betwe5 ! d>tos & ! fibr\s
 coat1 r5d] ?is op]ation mu* easi] 9 !  

rum9ants ?an 9 ! solip$s4 ,simple 9 its 
manipulations1 al?\gh /ill involv+ a    
c]ta9 degree ( dext]ity1 & foll[$ by    
comp>atively no symptoms ( reactive     
fev]1 ! only in/rum5t necess>y = its    
p]=mance is a piece ( cord1 tw9e1 or    
rubb]1 suffici5tly /rong to secure !    
te/icul> envelopes :5 ! gl& has be5     
subject$ to ! d\ble displacem5t1 & !    
cord to ! torsion x has und]gone4 ,9 ?is
 op]ation1 no special prep>ation be+    
dem&$1 ! animal is usually treat$ on 8  
feet4  ,! late ,mr4 ,s]res1 ( ! vet]9>y 
s*ool ( ,t\l\se1 divides ! op]ation into
 f\r /eps1 viz41 fir/1 ! s(t5+ ( ! bags 
& sep>ation ( ! d>tos f ! fibr\s tissue2
 second1 ! displacem5t 7dislocation7 ( !
 te/icle2 ?ird1 ! torsion ( ! cord2 &   
f\r?1 ! pu%+ up ( ! te/icles into !     
+u9al region1 ) ! application ( !       
ligature to keep !m 9 place4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af 7,a74  ,,d\ble 
,,subcutane\s ,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4   
,s(t5+ ! bags--fir/ position ( ! h&s4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af 7,b74  ,,d\ble 

,,subcutane\s ,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4   
,s(t5+ ( ! bags--second position ( !    
h&s4  ,! fir/ /ep is ! mo/ difficult = !
 surgeon z well z ! mo/ pa9ful to !     
horse1 ?\gh ! contr>y is ! fact :]e !   
subject is an ox4 ,! op]ator1 /ation+   
himself beh9d ! animal1 grasps !        
te/icles ) bo? h&s 7,fig4 #af7 & quickly
 draws !m d[n into ! scrotum4 ,hold+ !m 
!re ) ! "r h&1 ) ! left he raises !     
scrotum by ! l[] "p1 firmly pull+ ^u x  
d[nw>ds & slightly f be=e backw>ds4 ,!  
te/icles are !n mov$ upw>d & d[nw>d 9 ! 
sac1 c>ry+ ) !m ! fibr\s cov]+4 ,dur+   
?is "t a peculi> crackl+ s\nd is he>d1  
:i* is caus$ by ! te>+ ap>t ( ! fibres (
 ! cellul> tissue ly+ betwe5 ! d>tos & !
 fibr\s coat4 ,?is lac]ation is         
sometimes difficult to effect1          
especially 9 ag$ animals1 9 :i* case !  
up & d[n motion ( ! te/icles w require a
 great] numb] ( repetitions be=e !      
adhesions are torn4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #ag4  ,,d\ble ,,subcutane\s      
,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4  ,position ( !  

left h& at ! beg9n+ ( ! second /ep4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4  ,,d\ble      
,,subcutane\s ,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4   
,second /ep4  ,! second /ep consi/s 9 ! 
displacem5t or dislocation ( ! te/icle1 
:i* is accompli%$ 9 ! mann] foll[+3 ,!  
te/icles be+ pu%$ well upw>ds 9 ! vag9al
 sac1 "o ( !m1 ! left1 = example1 is    
drawn well d[nw>ds ) ! left h&1 :i*     
grasps ! cord above ! epididymis 7,fig4 
#ag71 ! ?umb re/+ on ! back ( ! cord1 & 
! rema9+ f+]s 9 front ( x1 :ile ! "r h&1
 plac$ 9 pronation1 p9*es ! inf]ior "p (
 ! scrotum4 ,ma9ta9+ ^! dispositions1 ! 
te/icles are displac$ by ! simultane\s  
action ( bo? h&s1 ! left pu%+ ! cord f  
above d[nw>ds & f be=e backw>ds1 9 su* a
 mann] z to depress z mu* z possible !  
sup]ior extremity ( ! gl&1 :ile ) ! f+]s
 ( ! "r h&1 re/+ by _! dorsal face aga9/
 ! po/]ior "p ( ! te/icle 7,fig4 #ah71 !
 inf]ior extremity ( t organ is pu%$    
upw>ds4 ,)\t los+ hold ( ! envelope1 !  
movem5t ( ?is h& gives way to ^!        
opposite & simultane\s pressures1 t ( ! 

left h& t5d+ to l[] ! head ( ! te/icle1 
& t ( ! "r elevat+ its tail1 & ! gl& is 
be+ flex$ ^u ! cord f :i* x is susp5d$1 
backw>ds & upw>ds4 ,at ! mom5t :5 !     
te/icle =ms an acute angle ) ! cord1 !  
?umb ( ! left h&1 re/+ ^u ! cord1 comes 
into action to aid 9 ! displacem5t by   
mak+ a po9t d'appui ^u ! inf]ior        
extremity ( ! organ1 :i* n[ occupies !  
sup]ior position1 9 su* a mann] t !     
sp]matic gl& is plac$ p>allel ) ! cord4 
,! manipulations are complet$ by pu%+ ! 
te/icles upw>ds t[>ds ! +u9al r+1 to    
break up :atev] adhesions ( cellul>     
tissue may rema94 ,?is second /ep ( !   
op]ation be+ complet$1 ! two organs are 
f\nd to be s plac$ t !y are p>allel "o )
 ! o!r1 ! te/icle be+ po/]ior to ! cord4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4  ,,d\ble    
,,subcutane\s ,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4   
,?ird /ep4 ,position ( ! h&s :5 !       
torsion is ab\t be+ made4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #bj4  ,,d\ble ,,subcutane\s     
,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4  ,?ird /ep4     
,position ( ! h&s dur+ ! torsion4  ,!   

?ird /ep1 or t ( ! torsion ( ! cord1 n[ 
pres5ts itself to our notice4 ,to effect
 ?is1 ! te/icle mu/ be firmly held at ! 
bottom ( ! envelopes 7,fig4 #ai71 ! left
 h& plac$ =w>d ^u ! cord1 & ! "r beh9d &
 ^u ! te/icle4 ,! op]ator !n gives to ! 
organ a twi/ ) ! "r h& by a motion (    
rotation f left to "r & f )\t inw>ds1   
:ile ) ! o!r he draws ^u ! cord 9 !     
opposite direction4 ,! result ( ?is     
manipulation is to give to ! gl& half a 
turn ar\nd ! cord 7,fig4 #bj71 :i* ?us  
becomes displac$ & takes a po/]ior      
position4 ,by a *ange 9 ! action ( !    
h&s1 b a repetition ( ! same movem5t1 ! 
"r h& n[ act+ on ! cord1 :ile ! left is 
appli$ to ! te/icle1 ! rema9+ portion ( 
! motion ( rotation is p]=m$1 & a       
complete torsion ( ! sp]matic support   
accompli%$4 ,by repeat+ ?is action1 (   
c\rse z _m turns ( ! cord z may be ?\ght
 necess>y1 c be secur$1 two1 h[ev]1 be+ 
g5]ally f\nd suffici5t1 al?\gh1 9 a few 
in/ances z _m z f\r or five may be      
requir$--nev] m ?an t4 ,! l5g? ( ! cord 

is ! pr9cipal controll+ circum/ance4 ,:5
 ^! sev]al /eps h be5 complet$ ) "o     
te/icle1 _! repetition is1 ( c\rse1 9   
ord] ) ! o!r4 ,& :5 bo? h be5 treat$1 ! 
consummation ( ! op]ation is call$ = by 
ent]+ ^u ! f\r? /ep1 or t ( !           
application ( ! ligature4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #ba4  ,,d\ble ,,subcutane\s     
,,torsion ,,9 ,,cattle4  ,position ( !  
te/icles & ligature en masse ( ! bags :5
 ! op]ation is f9i%$4  ,to accompli% ?is
 bo? te/icles are firmly seiz$ ) bo?    
h&s1 & press$ upw>ds z f> z possible    
aga9/ ! +u9al r+ 7,fig4 #ba74 ,x is     
necess>y to be v c>eful to asc]ta9 t !y 
re/ on ! same level1 9 ord] to be secure
 aga9/ ! possibility ( untwi/+4 ,!      
ligature is !n appli$ by pass+ ?ree or  
f\r turns ( x ar\nd ! scrotal envelopes1
 imm$iately bel[ ! te/icles1 ) n m ?an a
 suffici5t degree ( tightness to assure 
x aga9/ slipp+ (f4  ,! symptoms :i*     
succe$ ! op]ation are n commonly ( a v  
s]i\s nature1 & subside )9 a p]iod ( "t 
v>y+ f two to six h\rs4 ,foll[+ !       

op]ation an inflammatory swell+ takes   
place 9 ! bags1 & aft] "o or two days   
assumes l>ge dim5sions4 ,! ligature c n[
 be remov$1 & ! animal left to himself1 
)\t fur!r treatm5t1 ! te/icles und]go+ a
 sl[ process ( atrophy readily recogniz$
 by _! appe>ance & ! position !y always 
!reaft] occupy 9 ! vag9al sac4          
,,ca/ration ,,( ,,criptor*ids4  ,!      
abnormal developm5t ( animals 9 :i* !   
te/icles h fail$ to make _! appe>ance by
 desc5d+ ?r\gh ! +u9al canal into !     
bags1 is q commonly met ) 9 solip$s1 !  
animal be+ !n kn[n by ! designation (   
ridgl+s or orig9als4 ,! position assum$ 
by ! organ 9 relation to its normal     
situation be+ s alt]$ t x may be f\nd   
ei!r p>tly engag$ 9 ! +u9al canal 7,fig4
 #bb71 or only rema9+ close to its      
sup]ior op5+ 7,fig4 #bc71 is "o ( ^!    
inequalities1 con/itut+ :at is call$    
+u9al criptor*idy2 ano!r be+ :5 x rema9s
 float+ 9 or adh]5t to "s p>ts ( !      
abdom9al cavity--a condition kn[n z     
abdom9al criptor*idy 7,fig4 #bd74 ,z ?is

 condition has usually a peculi> effect 
on ! temp] ( ! animal s affect$1 (t5    
r5d]+ him unfit = g5]al use1 x          
necessitates1 on t acc\nt1 ! act (      
ca/ration1 ) "s *anges 9 ! manipulations
 describ$ = ! op]ation ^u animals exempt
 f su* an infirmity4 ,9 ^! cases !      
op]ation pres5ts m difficulties1 & is ( 
a m s]i\s "* ?an ! =m]1 dem&+ on ! "p ( 
! op]ator all ! skill & k :i* c be      
acquir$ f its frequ5t p]=mance &        
ext5sive /udy4 ,t ! op]ation is "o :i*  
is l>gely p]=m$ on ! ,cont95t !re is no 
d\bt1 & _m ,european op]ators h made =  
!mselves an ext5sive reputation 9       
connection ) x4 ,among ^! ! "n (        
,pr(essor ,degives1 ( ! ,brussels s*ool1
 m]its m5tion4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#bb4  ,,te/icle ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,! ,,+u9al
 ,,r+4  ,b--,te/icle4 ,c--,gub]naculum  
te/is4 ,d--,+u9al r+4  ,b !re is        
probably1 on ?is ,cont95t at lea/1 no   
bett] accr$it$ au?ority1 9 ?is bran* (  
surg]y1 ?an a g5tleman1 a layman1 (     
,ill9ois1 kn[n v widely z ,,f>m]        

,,miles1 :o has = _m ye>s n only su/a9$ 
an em95t repute 9 8 specialty z a geld]1
 b ,i believe1 has devot$ a l>ge %>e (  
/udy specially to ! ca/ration ( ridgl+s4
 ,he has n only trav]s$ l>ge portions ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! practice ( ?is      
int]e/+ bran* ( vet]9>y surg]y1 b has   
likewise a*iev$ mu* r5[n & appreciative 
criticism f =eign s\rces1 hav+ travell$ 
ext5sively 9 v>i\s ,european c\ntries1 &
 e>n$ mu* honor f ^? :o h wat*$ 8       
me?ods1 & receiv$ ocul> pro( ( 8        
dext]ity & success )9 ! sph]e ( 8       
special field ( usefulness4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4  ,,te/icle    
,,close ,,to ,,! ,,r+4    ,c--,int]nal  
portion ( ! gub]naculum te/is4          
,c--,its ext]nal portion4               
,b--,te/icle4   ,d--,+u9al r+4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4  ,,te/icle    
,,float+ ,,9 ,,! ,,abdom54              
,a--,p]itoneal ligam5t atta*$ to ! lumb>
 region4   ,b--,te/icle4                
,c--,gub]naculum te/is4   ,d--,+u9al r+4
  ,! me?od ( proc$ure1 :i* has 9 8 h&s  

prov$ s exceptionally successful1 ?\gh  
no d\bt ess5tially orig9al ) him1 is    
/ill1 we believe1 bas$ ^u ! same        
pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! op]ation z we f9d 
x describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ! works ( !    
classical writ]s :o h giv5 _! att5tion  
to ! subject4  ,we n[ turn to !         
consid]ation ( ! modus op]&i1 z obs]v$ 9
 ! two =ms ( cryptor*idy1 ! +u9al & !   
abdom9al4   ,,+u9al ,,cryptor*idy4  ,!  
prelim9>y /eps 9 ?is case are ! same z  
^? :i* are necess>y 9 ! ca/ration (     
animals "u normal conditions4 ,!        
in/rum5ts requir$ are a convex bi/\ry1  
"o or two clamps1 or a ligature1 & an   
actual caut]y1 or ! ecraseur mo/        
commonly 9 use4 ,to ^! is sometimes add$
 a pair ( long =ceps ( peculi>          
con/ruction1 ) jaws t]m9at+ 9 two       
spoon-%ap$ extremities1 design$ to grasp
 ! te/icle :5 plac$ high 9 ! +u9al      
canal1 or if only p>tly engag$ 9 ! r+4  
,pr(4 ,degives divides ! op]ation into  
five /eps4  ,fir/2 ! incision ( !       
scrotum & ! d>tos4--,! op]ator1 ) or )\t

 ! aid ( an assi/ant1 makes a /raight   
longitud9al incision ^u ! scrotum at !  
place :]e ! te/icle is nom9ally situat$1
 c>efully divid+1 also1 ! yell[ fibr\s  
lay] :i* repres5ts ! d>tos1 be+         
especially c>eful at ?is po9t to avoid !
 l>ge v5\s bran*es :i* ab\nd 9 ! region 
involv$4 ,a sort ( hook$ bi/\ry is1 we  
und]/&1 pref]r$ by "s vet]9>ians = ?is  
incision1 on ! score ( ! additional     
safety secur$ by ! use ( an in/rum5t ( t
 =m4  ,second /ep2 exposure ( ! ext]nal 
+u9al r+4--,to accompli% ?is ! loose    
cellul> tissue :i* lies "u ! d>tos is   
torn & divid$ by ! f+]s until ! r+ is   
felt4 ,!  ,?ird /ep is ! dissection ( ! 
vag9al %ea?4--,! %ea? be+ situat$ at    
v>y+ dep?s1 ! dissection is effect$ by  
c>efully introduc+ ! h& into ! +u9al    
canal1 & sep>at+ x z mu* z possible by  
pass+ ! f+]s ar\nd its ext]nal surface4 
,f\r? /ep2 op5+ ! %ea?4--,! op5+ is made
 l5g?wise1 & ( suffici5t wid? to all[ ( 
! passage ( ! te/icle4 ,:5 ?is organ is 
situat$ high up 9 ! r+1 x is frequ5tly  

difficult to grasp x & keep x           
suffici5tly /eady 9 position to p]mit ! 
free use ( ! bi/\ry4 ,! %ea? be+ op5$ & 
all ! te/icul> envelopes divid$1 we     
complete ! op]ation by p]fect+ !  ,fif? 
/age1 or ! removal ( ! te/icle4--,!re   
are two ways ( accompli%+ ?is1 viz43 !  
direct & ! indirect division ( ! cord4  
,9 ! =m] case ! amputation is effect$   
ei!r by ! process ( caut]ization1 by    
limit$ torsion1 or ) ! ecraseur4 ,9 !   
latt] ! te/icle is remov$ ei!r by a     
ligature or by ! process ( ! clamps4 ,! 
process by ! ecraseur is at once t :i*  
is mo/ g5]ally pref]r$ & ! easie/ (     
application4   ,,abdom9al ,,cryptor*idy4
  ,9 ?is sev]e =m ( ! tr\ble "u         
consid]ation1 ! v>i\s /eps ( ! op]ation 
dem& c>eful /udy4 ,inde$1 s common1 s   
s]i\s1 & s frequ5tly fatal are !        
complications :i* ! surgeon may expect  
to enc\nt]1 t _m op]ators habitually    
disc\rage ! int]f]5ce ) ?is peculi>     
violation ( normal conditions4  ,! fir/ 
two /eps ( ! op]ation are simil> to ^?  

:i* belong to ca/ration 9 +u9al         
cryptor*idy4 ,foll[+ on we h = !  ,?ird 
/ep1 ! p]=ation ( ! +u9al canal1 or !   
e/abli%m5t1 by ! op]ator1 ( an          
artificial communication f )\t1 ) !     
abdom9al cavity )94 ,to effect ?is !    
surgeon introduces 8 h&1 ) ! f+]s unit$ 
9 ! =m ( a cone1 into ! ext]nal +u9al   
r+1 & c>efully =ces !m upw>d t[>ds !    
ext]nal angle ( ! ilium1 re/+ !m ^u !   
crural ar*4 ,he soon rea*es ! clos$     
sup]ior +u9al r+1 feel+ only ! p]itoneal
 membrane1 :]e x is readily torn4 ,!n   
te>+ x suffici5tly to p]mit ! passage ( 
! entire h&1 or z l>ge a portion ( x z  
is necess>y1 he has rea*$ !  ,f\r? /ep1 
or ! seizure & removal ( ! te/icle4--,! 
h&1 or ?ree f+]s1 are !n pass$ into !   
abdom9al cavity1 9 ord] to feel = !     
organ or its app5dages1 until ! location
 is det]m9$1 :e!r ( te/icle1 epididymis1
 vas def]5s1 or blood vessels4 ,^! are  
usually f\nd float+ n f> f ! torn op5+ (
 ! p]itoneum4 ,b if n s readily         
discov]$1 ! h& mu/ be c>ri$ above ! neck

 ( ! bladd]1 t[>ds ! end ( ! def]5t     
canal1 :i* mu/ be foll[$ until !        
epididymis or te/icle is f\nd4 ,x is !n 
c>efully br\ght outw>ds by a sl[ & /eady
 traction ^u ! te/icle itself1 or ^u a  
portion ( ! epididymis1 or ev5 ^u !     
extremity ( "s ( ! te/icul> blood       
vessels4  ,fif? /ep4--,! removal ( !    
organ is always mu* m safely effect$ ) !
 ecraseur ?an by o!r means4 ,! op]ation 
is complet$ by ! application ( a suture 
^u ! ext]nal w\nd1 9 ord] to gu>d       
effectually aga9/ ! possibility ( v5tral
 h]nia occurr+ subsequ5tly4  ,abdom9al  
cryptor*ids are sometimes treat$ by     
removal ?r\gh ! flank--an op]ation      
intr9sically m dang]\s1 z well z less   
promis+ ( success ?an t 9 ! +u9al       
region4   ,,effects ,,foll[+ ,,!        
,,op]ation ,,( ,,ca/ration4  ,^! w v>y m
 or less 9 ext5t & sev]ity1 accord+ to !
 me?od employ$ 9 its p]=mance1 & 9 any  
case !y may be consid]$ 9 two divisions2
 z prim>y or imm$iate1 & second>y or    
consecutive4  ,among/ ! fir/ ph5om5a mo/

 commonly obs]v$ is1 ( c\rse1 a         
manife/ation ( pa91 *>act]iz$ by        
symptoms ( colic1 exhibit$ by ! animal 9
 a m or less m>k$ degree1 be+ ! result (
 ! unavoidable irritation aris+ f !     
manipulations practis$ ^u ! organs (    
g5]ation1 ^: n]ves rise f ! sympa!tic z 
well z f ! c]ebro-sp9al n]v\s sy/em2 & f
 ! pa9 excit$ 9 ! sp]matic cord by !    
pressure ( ! clamps1 = example4 ,^!     
colicky pa9s1 :i* are m sev]e "u !      
bloodless me?od ?an 9 ^? ( ! o!r mode1  
usually subside aft] ! fir/ h\r foll[+ !
 op]ation1 & z a rule require b little  
treatm5t m ?an t ( ! walk+ ex]cise4 ,?is
 sort ( pa9 hav+ subsid$1 ! only fur!r  
tr\ble likely to be notic$ is ! local   
tr\ble result+ f ! lesion to :i* !      
te/icul> region has be5 subject$4       
,result+ f ?is local lesion1 z well z f 
! r\gh manipulations att5d+ ! v>i\s /eps
 ( ! diff]5t proc$ures1 a peculi>       
/iffness w be obs]v$ 9 ! motion ( !     
animal4 ,?is may be ref]r$ ei!r to !    
local pa9 prop]1 to ! dragg+ to :i* !   

cord has be5 subject$1 or to ! pres5ce (
 ! clamps1 :i*1 re/+ closely 9 ! gro91  
necess>ily m or less imp$e ! action (   
locomotion4  ,hemorrhage may also occur 
imm$iately aft] ! op]ation1 ei!r :ile ! 
pati5t is /ill on ! gr\nd or z soon z he
 rega9s 8 feet4 ,?is may be due ei!r to 
! solution ( cont9uity at ! edges ( !   
w\nd ( ! envelopes1 or may proce$ f !   
small te/icul> or ! sp]matic art]y4 ,!  
fir/ two causes ( hemorrhage ne$ n      
engage our att5tion1 usually ceas+      
spontane\sly1 & nev] be+ att5d$ ) s]i\s 
inconv5i5ce4 ,x is n s1 h[ev]1 9 ! case 
( hemorrhage proce$+ f ! sp]matic blood 
vessel prop]1 occurr+ aft] ^? me?ods (  
op]at+ :i* disp5se ) ! clos+ ( ! art]y  
by artificial appliances1 z is done ) ! 
clamp or ! ligature1 or :i* may be      
obs]v$ 9 ca/ration by torsion1          
caut]ization1 ! use ( ! ecraseur1 or    
especially by ! process ( simple        
excision4 ,?\gh n necess>ily fatal1 !   
hemorrhage 9 ^! in/ances may require    
prompt & effectual int]f]5ce by !       

surgeon = its suppression4  ,x is n r>e 
= ca/rat$ animals to become m or less   
tympanitic1 a condition :i* may be due1 
m or less1 to ! introduction (          
atmosph]ic air into ! abdom9al cavity   
dur+ ! p]=mance ( ! op]ation4 ,?is      
condition ( ?+s is usually rem$i$ by !  
unaid$ action ( natural causes4  ,!     
second>y effects also v>y accord+ to !  
manipulations ( ! me?od :i* !y foll[4 ,!
 developm5t ( reactive fev] is an ev5t  
:i* 9 _m cases requires close wat*+1 &  
:ile x is true t _m ca/rat$ horses w    
manife/ no subsequ5t illness1 ev5 to !  
ext5t ( a slight elevation ( temp]ature1
 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 %[ unmi/akable     
signs ( a g5]al inflammatory condition &
 ?is is ! m m>k$ & def9ite z ! condition
 ( ! w\nd has be5 left 9 a m or less    
complicat$ /ate4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ligature
 or ( a portion ( ! cord :i* has yet to 
complete ! sl\gh+ action1 foll[+ ! me?od
 by caut]ization & by ! clamps1 are     
suffici5t to enc\rage ! inflammatory    
t5d5cy4   ,,modes ,,( ,,cicatrization4  

,! cicatrization ( ! w\nd ( ca/ration   
takes place 9 two ways4 ,:ile ! upp] "p 
heals by adhesive inflammation at &     
above ! po9t :]e ! amputation has be5   
p]=m$1 x is bel[ t po9t 9 a process (   
cicatrization by ! second int5tion1 !   
p>ts fill+ up by ! developm5t (         
granulations1 & be+ accus$ by an        
abundant suppurative process4 ,! fir/   
fact obs]v$ is t ! p>ts become m or less
 swoll54 ,! swell+ is at fir/ limit$ to 
! edges ( ! w\nd1 b increases & spreads 
to ! scrotum1 !n to ! %ea?1 or ev5      
ext5ds =w>ds & backw>ds to ! p]9eal     
region4 ,a fl[ ( s]osity w be obs]v$    
almo/ imm$iately foll[+ ! op]ation1 at  
fir/ ?9 & yell[i%1 b w1 be=e ! second or
 ?ird day1 become ?ick] & m purul5t 9   
"*1 s progress+ t aft] t p]iod x w      
become a laudable1 creamy pus1 9 evid5ce
 ( ! process go+ =w>d t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t
 ( s\nd & heal?y cicatrization4 ,?is    
cicatrization w proce$ until ! heal+ is 
complete--t is1 = a p]iod v>y+ betwe5   
?irty & =ty days--! swell+ sl[ly subsid+

 f ! mom5t :5 ! suppuration becomes     
e/abli%$4   ,,! ,,hygi5e ,,& ,,!        
,,subsequ5t ,,att5tion4  ,! mom5t !     
pati5t has ris5 f 8 b$ & has be5        
?or\ghly cleans$ f ! blood t has soil$ 8
 legs1 x becomes necess>y1 if ! clamps h
 be5 us$1 to apply ! necess>y means to  
prev5t _! removal by ! action ( ! tail4 
,?is is done by braid+ ! hairs %ortly1 &
 sometimes ty+ x up on ! side4 ,ev5 :5  
?is is n necess>y1 f ! clamps n hav+ be5
 us$1 x is bett] to h ! tail tight5$ up 
%ort1 9 ord]1 :5 ! suppurative process  
is e/abli%$1 ! m easily to pres]ve !    
cleanl9ess ( t "p ( ! body4 ,x is       
recomm5d$ by "s vet]9>ians1 also1 z soon
 z ! animal is on 8 feet1 to h him      
?or\ghly rubb$ & dri$1 le/1 z is n      
uncommon1 he %\ld h p]spir$ excessively 
dur+ ! op]ation4 ,he may be w>mly       
blanket$ if he has be5 accu/om$ to a    
cov]+1 or 9 any case1 plac$ 9 a quiet   
/all & ti$ up4 ,if quiet & unexcit$1 &  
exhibit+ no imm$iate ill consequ5ces ( !
 op]ation1 he may1 aft] an int]val1 be  

all[$ to g loose 9 a box /all4 ,if !re  
are any manife/ations ( pa91 or colicky 
symptoms1 walk+ ex]cise may be giv54    
,quietness1 protection f *anges ( !     
wea!r1 mod]ate diet1 v>y+ accord+ to 8  
condition1 are includ$ 9 ! only g5]al   
in/ructions t c be giv54  ,! w\nd simply
 requires to be kept clean4 ,wa%+ ) cool
 wat] & soap :5 ! dis*>ge is well       
e/abli%$1 w fulfil ?is indication4 ,!   
clos+ ( ! edges ( ! w\nd is to be       
c>efully prev5t$ by ! introduction ( !  
f+] betwe5 !m1 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid !  
lac]ation ( any po9ts :]e union has     
already tak5 place 9 ! upp] "p ( ! w\nd4
  ,x is n an unusual ?+ to f9d ev5 ^!   
simple measures ( caution ov]look$ by   
geld]s1 "s ( !m ev5 recomm5d+ t ! animal
 %\ld1 imm$iately aft] ! op]ation1 be   
viol5tly ex]cis$--ev5 put 9 h>ness &    
made to draw a wagon4 ,x is true t a    
little & g5tle ex]cise may be b5eficial1
 ) a view to ! removal ( ! sor5ess & pa9
 ( ! newly ca/rat$ animal2 x mu/ be     
admitt$ ev5 t ,pr(essor ,b\ley recomm5ds

 sl[ ex]cise to be c>ri$ to ! ext5t (   
fatigu+ ! animal4 ,b :5 we take into    
consid]ation h[ s]i\sly "s animals1 at  
lea/1 are affect$ by ! op]ation1 & !    
s]i\s complications :i* may foll[ x--ev5
 lay+ aside ! humanit>ian view ( !      
"q--we mu/ necess>ily conclude t su*    
directions & su* a practice is 9        
violation ( all ! laws ( true surg]y1 & 
ev5 if ju/ifi$ by ! /ronge/ /ati/ics1 is
 condemn$ if confront$ by a s+le fatal  
case4     ,,*apt] ,v4    ,,complications
 ,,& ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,! ,,op]ation --   
,,colics -- ,,te>+ ,,(   ,,! ,,clamps --
 ,,hemorrhage -- ,,swell+ ,,( ,,!       
,,scrotal ,,region -- ,,gangr5e   --    
,,abscesses -- ,,*ampignon -- ,,extra   
,,scrotal -- ,,intra ,,scrotal --       
,,intra   ,,abdom9al -- ,,v>i\s         
,,treatm5ts -- ,,fi/ula ,,( ,,!         
,,scrotum -- ,,+u9al   ,,h]nia --       
,,p]itonitis -- ,,tetanus -- ,,amaurosis
 -- ,,comp>ative ,,view ,,(   ,,!       
,,v>i\s ,,modes ,,( ,,ca/ration4        
,,complications ,,& ,,_! ,,treatm5t4    

,?\gh ! op]ation ( ca/ration is         
comp>atively simple 9 its v>i\s me?ods &
 is g5]ally successful 9 its results1   
/ill x is n entirely free f accid5ts or 
complications4 ,inde$1 among ^? likely  
to meet our notice1 !re are "s ( q a    
s]i\s "*1 :i* w develop !mselves        
indep5d5tly ( ! skill & c>e ) :i* !     
op]ation may h be5 p]=m$ or :atsoev]    
att5tion may h be5 be/[$ ^u ! pati5t4   
,among ^! may be enum]at$ colics1       
hemorrhage1 swell+ ( ! scrotum1 gangr5e1
 abscesses1 *ampignon1 fi/ula1 h]nia1   
p]itonitis1 tetanus1 & amaurosis4       
,,colics4  ,?is1 we h already se51      
usually appe>s a %ort "t aft] !         
completion ( ! op]ation1 ! suff]+ animal
 becom+ uneasy1 re/less 9 8 /all1 paw+ !
 gr\nd ) 8 =e feet1 & sometimes ly+ d[n 
& roll+4 ,z ,i h be=e /at$1 ^! symptoms1
 z a rule1 are ( %ort duration1 &       
subside )\t o!r treatm5t ?an a little   
walk+ ex]cise4 ,x is r>ely ! case t !y  
fail to yield to an anodyne1 or a dose (
 *loral may be dem&$ be=e ! symptoms are

 subdu$4   ,,te>+ ,,( ,,! ,,clamps4  ,:5
 ?is accid5t occurs x is commonly       
attributable to ! omission ( a c>eless  
op]ator to secure ! tail ( ! animal 9   
su* a mann] z to prev5t its int]f]5ce ) 
^? implem5ts by its entanglem5t1 & te>+ 
!m f ! end ( ! cord1 z a consequ5ce4 ,! 
result ( ?is is ! appe>ance ( a         
hemorrhage f ! sp]matic art]y1 :i* c    
only be controll$ by ei!r a             
reapplication ( ! clamps to ! end ( !   
cord--if x c be ?us secur$--or by o!r   
means1 :i* w be consid]$ :5 we rea* !   
subject ( ble$+ 9 g5]al z connect$ ) o!r
 causes4   ,,hemorrhage  ,may be prim>y 
or second>y4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance x occurs 
9 consequ5ce ( ! insuffici5cy ( ! means 
( hemo/asis appli$ to ! end ( ! cord1 z 
9 ! case ( ! op]ation by simple         
excision1 by caut]ization1 ! too rapid  
cru%+ ( ! cord1 torsion1 or ! accid5t   
be=e ref]r$ to--:5 ! clamps h be5 torn  
(f & ! cord lac]at$ ab\t ! po9t ( _!    
application4  ,second>y hemorrhage      
manife/s itself aft] a long] int]val    

foll[+ ! op]ation4 ,x may occur1 =      
example1 aft] ! removal ( ! clamps1 or  
:51 dur+ _! removal1 ! mortifi$ end ( ! 
cord is too mu* int]f]$ ) by ! %>p end (
 ! in/rum5t us$ 9 cutt+ ! /r+ :i*       
conf9es !m toge!r1 or f too =cibly pull+
 ^u ! cord itself2 & 9 "s in/ances )\t  
any assignable cause o!r ?an a diseas$  
condition ( ! coats ( ! art]y4 ,?is     
second>y hemorrhage is usually1 by      
reason ( ! inflammatory condition ( !   
blood vessels1 ( m ?reat5+ aspect & m   
difficult to control ?an ! prim>y       
v>iety4 ,! treatm5t indicat$ v>ies4 ,:5 
caus$ by ! te>+ ( ! clamps1 or at ! "t (
 _! removal1 x may be *eck$ by !        
reapplication ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b if ! cord
 is retract$ )9 ! +u9al canal & _c be   
rea*$1 & if x is already adh]5t to !    
surr\nd+ tissues1 by granulations       
rec5tly =m$1 ! *eck+ ( ! fl[ may be v   
difficult4 ,9 _m cases ! application (  
cold wat]1 ei!r 9 ! %ape ( ! cold d\*e  
ov] ! "p1 or ic$ sponges1 may prove     
suffici5t4 ,b 9 o!r cases ! cavity ( !  

w\nd mu/ be pack$ ) balls ( oakum1 wet  
ei!r ) wat] alone or any /yptic ag5t1   
su* z a solution ( p]*loride ( iron1 !  
:ole be+ kept 9 place by a susp5sory    
b&age1 or if necess>y1 a few po9ts (    
suture4  ,^! measures may be put 9      
practice :ile ! animal is on 8 feet2 b  
if !y fail 9 _! effect1 ! surgeon mu/ at
 once proce$ to ca/ 8 pati5t & ligate ! 
art]y--an op]ation ( delicate execution1
 & n always easy to p]=m1 by reason ( ! 
deep seat$ position ( ! vessel4 ,! use (
 ! actual caut]y has also be5 recomm5d$1
 b ev5 :5 successful !re are _m         
objections to ?is1 "o ( :i* is !        
complication su* an op]ation may br+ on 
by ! introduction into ! w\nd ( a scab  
:i* mu/ necessitate = its expulsion a   
s]i\s am\nt ( inflammatory action4 ,z a 
rule1 h[ev]1 ! op]ation ( pack+ is all t
 is requir$1 ! oakum be+ left undi/urb$ 
= tw5ty-f\r or ev5 ?irty-six h\rs4 ,its 
removal mu/ be und]tak5 ) great caution4
   ,,swell+ ,,( ,,! ,,scrotal ,,region4 
,?is1 z we h se51 is an almo/ necess>y  

consequ5ce ( ! op]ation1 ! swell+ mak+  
its appe>ance a %ort "t aft] ! alt]ation
 is accompli%$4 ,x usually fir/ affects 
! p>ts imm$iately ar\nd ! edges ( !     
w\nd1 & spreads =w>ds & upw>ds 9 su* a  
mann] t ! entire scrotum & %ea? become !
 seat ( x4 ,x is some:at w>m1 t5se1 &   
slightly pa9ful4 ,if !re is no increase 
beyond ^! limits1 !re is no occasion =  
al>m1 z by ex]cise1 fom5tations1 &      
sc>ifications1 ) ! adm9i/ration (       
diuretics1 x ord9>ily subsides4 ,b if x 
cont9ues to increase1 & ext5ds upw>ds & 
backw>ds1 involv+ ! inside ( ! ?ighs & !
 p]9eum1 loses its "* ( heat & sor5ess1 
to become cold & pa9less1 crepitat+ "u  
pressure1 we mu/ prep>e to enc\nt] ! mo/
 sev]e ( all complications1 t ( gangr5e1
 requir+ ! mo/ prompt & vigor\s         
treatm5t1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,x may
 also happ5 t ev5 :ile reta9+ !         
*>act]i/ics ( heal?y dema1 x may assume 
su* dim5sions t ! p5is becomes s involv$
 t phymosis & p>aphymosis may sup]v5e1  
to add to ! o!r complications4 ,^!1     

h[ev]1 are n s]i\s sequel1 z by prop]   
c>e1 ) fom5tations or sc>ifications1 & !
 use ( a susp5sory b&age1 !y may be     
readily ov]come4   ,,gangr5e4  ,?is     
accid5t may be look$ = f ! f\r? to !    
eigh? day1 manife/+ itself n only by !  
ext5t :i* ! dema ( ! scrotal region     
assumes1 & by its *>act]i/ics (         
coldness1 loss ( s5sibility1 & crepitant
 feel+1 b by ! ftid odor proce$+ f !    
w\nd1 & by a *ange 9 ! "*1 or !         
disappe>ance ( ! suppuration1 :i* is    
succe$$ by a sani\s1 bloody & (f5sive   
dis*>ge4 ,to ?is s]ies ( symptoms are to
 be add$ a m>k$ increase ( ! g5]al      
di/urbance1 manife/$ by increas$ ?ir/1  
anorexia1 ftid m\?1 *ange ( color 9 !   
muc\s membrane to a livid hue1 increase 
( pulse1 ) weak5+1 increas$ respiration1
 temp]ature at fir/ elevat$ & !n        
dim9i%$1 & aft] five or six days a f9al 
t]m9ation 9 ! dea? ( ! pati5t4  ,!      
progress ( ?is complication is s rapid1 
& ! *ances ( recov]y are s few1 t !     
necessity = prompt treatm5t becomes at  

once obvi\s4 ,all ! diseas$ & mortifi$  
p>ts mu/ be remov$ at once1 & means     
in/antly employ$ to prev5t ! absorption 
( gangr5\s matt]4 ,friction ) ammoniacal
 & turp5t9e l9im5ts mu/ be us$ ov] !    
swell+2 ! p>ts mu/ be subject$ to !     
actual caut]y at :ite heat1 & dis9fect+ 
ag5ts ( all k9ds mu/ be freely us$1 z   
*loride ( lime1 c>bolic acid1 &         
p]manganate ( pota%1 :ile int]nal       
treatm5t mu/ imm$iately be in/itut$ by !
 adm9i/ration ( /imulants & antiseptics 
9 ! =m ( ammonia & ph5ic acid1 or its   
prep>ations4   ,,abscesses4  ,:5 ^! are 
likely to result f a too rapid closure (
 ! edges ( ! scrotal envelope1 !        
premature union may be readily prev5t$1 
z we h be=e /at$1 by ! c>eful           
introduction ( ! f+] into ! w\nd :ile x 
is /ill suppurat+4 ,b not)/&+ ?is       
precaution !y w sometimes occur z !     
result ( ! infiltration & accumulation (
 ! suppurative matt]4 ,a free incision &
 prop] att5tion to ! cavity ( ! abscess1
 is all t ?is accid5t requires4 ,a      

c>eful exam9ation ( ! p>ts w1 h[ev]1    
reveal ano!r cause = ! =mation ( ^!     
abscesses4 ,x is !n aga9/ ^! causes t ! 
!rapeutic treatm5t mu/ be direct$4 ,we  
ref] n[ to ! complication kn[n z !      
=mation ( a   ,,*ampignon4  ,?is "n is  
appli$ to an indurat$ condition ( ! end 
( ! cord1 or 9 its ?ickness1 ( a tumefi$
 "*1 v>y+ 9 size & ext5t1 & sl[ 9 its   
gr[?4 ,x results f an excess (          
inflammatory action1 attributable to !  
manipulations :i* become necess>y dur+ !
 p]=mance ( ! op]ation4 ,! "n           
8*ampignon0 7or mu%room7 is appli$ to x 
by ! ,fr5*1 on acc\nt ( ! p$unculat$    
appe>ance :i* x sometimes assumes1 & :i*
 causes x to greatly resemble t fungus 9
 its outw>d figure4 ,x is also kn[n z   
s*irr\s or indurat$ cord4 ,! tumor is   
sometimes situat$ on ! outside ( !      
envelopes1 :5 x is kn[n z extra-scrotal1
 b m commonly x is f\nd cov]$ by ! sk91 
9 :i* case x is bett] kn[n z            
intra-scrotal4 ,9 ?is latt] condition x 
may be m]ely a gr[? at ! end ( ! cord1  

becom+1 z det]m9$ by its location1 ( an 
extra-+u9al "*1 or if ! diseas$ process 
ext5ds z f> z ! upp] +u9al op5+1 or     
beyond x1 x becomes1 & is s d5om9at$1   
intra-abdom9al4 ,!re is also an         
extra-intra-scrotal gr[?1 :5 x is p>tly 
)9 & p>tly ext]nal to ! scrotum4 ,?is   
tumor w v>y greatly 9 size1 be+         
sometimes v small 9 dim5sions1 & at o!rs
 hav+ ^? ( a man's fi/4 ,we h ourselves 
obs]v$ x equall+ a *ild's head 9 size4  
,! causes f :i* x orig9ates are obscure1
 & _c be v well def9$4 ,/ill1 !y may be 
arrang$ "u ! head+ ( any ( ! morbific   
causes :i* may excite an excess (       
inflammatory action at ! end ( ! cord4  
,among/ ^! may be enum]at$ all viol5t   
tractions ^u ! cord at ! "t ( !         
op]ation2 all unnecess>y manipulations  
dur+ ! process ( cicatrization1 su* z ! 
too frequ5t introduction ( ! f+] into ! 
w\nd ) de/ruction ( ! granulations      
already adh]5t to ! cord1 & !           
application ( ! appliances = its        
division too l[ d[n ^u x1 leav+ t organ 

hang+ too mu*1 & ! retraction ( ! organ 
be+ insuffici5t to reta9 x 9 ! +u9al    
sac4 ,/ill1 z a *ampignon may be        
develop$ 9 ! abs5ce ( all ^! causes1 x  
w\ld seem t _! gr[? may be attribut$    
also to "s specific idiosyncrasy 9 !    
animal affect$1 ! true nature ( :i* _c  
be v accurately or easily und]/ood4 ,x  
is held1 h[ev]1 by c]ta9 ,g]man &       
,russian au?ors t exposure to cold      
ex]cises a great deal ( influ5ce 9 !    
developm5t ( ?is affection1 & obs]vation
 has l>gely e/abli%$ ! fact ( its great]
 preval5ce dur+ cold seasons4  ,symptoms
 ( extra-scrotal *ampignon4--,?is is    
o!rwise kn[n 9 ! t]m9ology ( "s         
pa?ologi/s z true or sup]ficial         
*ampignon4 ,x develops itself at ! cut  
extremity ( ! cord z a granulat+ mass1 (
 a r$ color1 v>y+ 9 size1 its gr[?1     
nev]!less1 all[+ ! cicatrization ( ! sk9
 to progress 9 su* a mann] t x =ms a    
po9t ( atta*m5t f :i* ! tumor seems to  
proce$4 ,?is =m ( x is usually ( little 
acc\nt1 z x may easily be remov$ be=e x 

has atta9$ to tr\blesome dim5sions4 ,:5 
( consid]able proportions1 h[ev]1 x may 
int]f]e mat]ially ) ! act ( locomotion  
by caus+ pa9 9 ! cord1 ^u :i* x drags m 
or less4 ,x is n (t5 or necess>ily      
accompani$ by con/itutional di/urbance1 
except+ 9 cases ( excessive suppuration1
 :i* may soon] or lat] und]m9e ! g5]al  
heal? by exhau/+ ! /am9a ( ! pati5t4    
,if in/ead ( %[+ its greate/ developm5t 
on ! surface ( ! scrotum1 x occurs b5ea?
 x1 a great] or less degree ( swell+ w  
appe> on "o or bo? sides ( ! +u9al      
region1 ! swell+ be+ some:at h>d1       
possibly ! seat ( "o or m fi/ul\s tracks
 result+ f abscesses :i* h at times     
op5$1 dis*>g$1 & clos$2 ! animal %[+ a  
c]ta9 am\nt ( /iffness 9 ! action ( !   
h9d legs4 ,9 ?is case we %all h to adapt
 our treatm5t to ! deep *ampignon (     
,zundel1 "u "o ( its ?ree =ms (         
extra-+u9al1 intra-+u9al1 &             
intra-abdom9al4  ,"u ! fir/ head we %all
 (t5 discov]1 ^u inquir+ into ! hi/ory (
 ! case1 t = a l5g? ( "t1 v>y+ f mon?s1 

p]haps1 to ye>s1 ! animal _h be5 affect$
 ) a swell+ :i* w\ld ga!r1 break1 &     
sl[ly heal1 leav+ no m>k z an app>5t    
indication ( a diseas$ condition1       
except+ t a c]ta9 degree ( lam5ess w\ld 
h be5 obs]v$ to be pres5t4 ,^u explor+ !
 te/icul> region x w\ld !n be obs]v$ to 
be ! seat ( a tumor1 ei!r sph]ical or   
pysi=m1 seldom pa9ful1 & m or less      
adh]5t to ! envelope t cov]$ x4 ,above  
?is ! end may be felt free f diseas$    
process1 & ?is is ! *ampignon 9 its     
*ronic =m4 ,9 ?is condition x is n      
incompatible ) ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal 
affect$1 & =ms no h9drance to 8         
usefulness4 ,?is condition ( extra-+u9al
 gr[? w sometimes dissolve away by an   
abscess-=mation1 & q disappe>4 ,b if !  
induration ( ! sp]matic cord ext5ds to !
 upp] portion1 or t :i* is enclos$ 9 !  
+u9al canal1 9 su* a mann] z to int]f]e 
) locomotion1 ! leg correspond+ ) !     
diseas$ side be+ c>ri$ 9 abduction1 )   
num]\s fi/ul\s tracks exi/+ on ! surface
 ( ! scrotum1 ! int5sity ( ! symptoms   

v>y+ ) ! ext5t ( ! diseas$ process1 !   
condition ( ! cord w be easily discov]$ 
by an exam9ation ( ! p>ts1 & ! pres5ce (
 an intra-+u9al *ampignon e/abli%$4 ,if1
 besides ^! symptoms1 we discov] by     
rectal exam9ation t !re is 9 front ( &  
above ! pubes a tumor m or less ovoid1  
or giv+ ! s5sation ( a cyl9drical mass1 
( size v>y+ to ! t\*--:i* is ! diseas$  
indurat$ cord--! case is judg$ at once  
to be "o ( intra-abdom9al nature4 ,at   
times ! inflammation may ext5d to !     
sub-lumb> region1 :5 ! h& introduc$ into
 ! rectum may discov] 9 t locality an   
ovoid tumor or abscess :i* may be (     
great size4 ,?is =m ( *ampignon is      
incomp>ably ! mo/ s]i\s ( !m all2 an    
int5se & p]si/5t reactive fev] is always
 pres5t1 & ?is at l5g? t]m9ates toge!r !
 life & suff]+ ( ! animal4 ,! abscess   
may sometimes op5 ext]nally1 & 9 "s     
cases x may accumulate )9 ! ?ickness ( !
 cord & =m l>ge collections2 or1 aga91 x
 may f9d its way into ! abdom9al cavity1
 :]e x may excite a fatal p]itonitis4   

,?is rapid exam9ation ( ! v>i\s =ms (   
deep *ampignon w enable u easily to     
realize ! difficulty ( ! progress 9 !   
case4 ,:ile ! p$unculat$ =m1 ext]ior to 
! scrotum1 is n1 comp>atively1 a v s]i\s
 matt]1 x becomes1 on ! contr>y1 a v    
grave occurr5ce :5 x assumes ! *>act]s (
 ! intra-abdom9al v>iety1 & mu/ 9 a     
majority ( cases be recogniz$ z an      
incurable disord]4  ,treatm5t4--,:ile   
*ampignon is an affection 9 :i* surgical
 int]f]5ce _c usually be disp5s$ )1 x is
 /ill ess5tial t ! surgeon %\ld avoid   
be+ ov] ha/y 9 det]m9+ 9 favor ( an     
op]ation1 & he %\ld give ! case a v     
c>eful consid]ation be=e decid+ ^u 8    
c\rse4 ,at fir/ emolli5t applications1  
appropriate topical treatm5t1 & a few   
po9ts ( caut]ization1 may be foll[$ by a
 process ( resolution4 ,b 9 ! ev5t ( _! 
failure f\r modes ( op]ation pres5t     
!mselves4 ,^! are1 9 _! ord]1 !         
application ( ! clamps2 ! ligature2 !   
l9e> cru%+ or ecraseur2 & caut]ization4 
,:5 ! case is "o ( ! extra-scrotal      

v>iety1 ! application ( a ligature ar\nd
 ! base ( ! p$uncle1 or removal by      
ecraseur1 w be ! simple/ mode (         
treatm5t1 unless !re %\ld exi/ a t5d5cy 
to infiltration ( ! cord1 9 :i* case !  
manipulations to be foll[$ become ! same
 z ^? :i* are adapt$ to t ( ! deep or   
intra-scrotal =m4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#be4  ,,curv$ ,,clamps4  ,by !          
clamps4--,:5 ! application ( ! clamps is
 resort$ to1 !y may be simil> to ^? us$ 
9 ord9>y ca/ration1 or may be curv$ 9 =m
 7,fig4 #be74 ,! animal to be op]at$ on 
is to be ?r[n on ei!r side accord+ to   
:i* cord is affect$1 & an incision made 
?r\gh ! envelopes z ne>ly p>allel ) !   
m$ian l9e ( ! body z ! case p]mits1 :5 !
 tumor & ! cord are c>efully dissect$ & 
sep>at$ f _! adhesions4 ,if ! tumor is  
susp5d$ f ! end ( ! cord !re w be no    
difficulty 9 apply+ ! clamp above x & ^u
 a heal?y portion ( ! cord4 ,b if !     
diseas$ process ext5ds )9 ! +u9al canal1
 !re w be ne$ ( great caution 9 dissect+
 ! cord up to ! heal?y /ructure4 ,9 do+ 

?is ! saf] mode w be = ! op]ator to     
treat ! adhesions ) ! f+]s or ! blunt   
end ( ! scissors1 r ?an to employ ! %>p 
edge ( ! bi/\ry ) ! accompany+ dang] (  
caus+ hemorrhage4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !  
cord is diseas$ to an ext5t t r5d]s x   
difficult to rea* a heal?y portion1 o!r 
modes ( op]ation--z by !                
ligature--become ! wis] & m practicable 
indication4 ,:5 ! clamps are us$ x is   
necess>y to leave !m 9 place = sev]al   
days1 & sometimes !y are all[$ to sl\gh 
(f1 :ile ! gr[? is usually suff]$ to    
rema9 = a few days aft] ! op]ation4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4               
,,ligature-,,c>ri]4  ,ligature4--,:5 ?is
 mode ( proc$ure is adopt$1 ! tumor hav+
 be5 dissect$ & ! cord well fre$ f its  
adhesions ) surr\nd+ p>ts1 & ! ligature 
be+ appli$1 ! tumor may ei!r be amputat$
 imm$iately or be left to sl\gh (f 9 its
 own "t4 ,! ligature may be ei!r ( tw9e1
 silk1 or ela/ic cord4 ,we h ourselves  
op]at$ by ?is me?od 9 ! successful      
removal ( gr[?s ( v consid]able size4 ,s

 long z ! upp] portion ( ! cord1 :i*    
reta9s its heal?y /ructure1 c be rea*$1 
! application ( ! ligature is att5d$ )  
no difficulty1 ! manipulations requir$  
be+ simil> to ^? :i* att5d ! removal (  
all gr[?s by ! process ( ligation4 ,b if
 ! diseas$ process ext5ds s f> t !      
ligature _c be appli$ at ! prop] po9t1 z
 9 ! case ( intra-+u9al *ampignon1 x w  
be necess>y to h resort to !            
ligature-c>ri] recomm5d$ by ,s]res      
7,fig4 #bf74 ,9 us+ ?is in/rum5t ! loop 
( ! ligature be+ pass$ ov] ! tumor ar\nd
 ! cord1 is c>ri$ into ! +u9al canal z  
high up z possible1 pressure be+ made by
 hold+ ! in/rum5t aga9/ ! cord1 :ile    
/rong traction is made on ! ends ( !    
ligature1 :i* is !n secur$ by a knot ^u 
a small /ick plac$ across ! op5+ ( !    
in/rum5t1 ) a view to ! prev5tion (     
slipp+4 ,if an increase ( pressure is   
f\nd to be necess>y1 x c easily be      
obta9$ by tight5+ ! ligature f day to   
day z requir$4 ,if ! size ( ! cord %\ld 
be su* z to prev5t a prop] application (

 a s+le ligature1 x may become necess>y 
to divide x 9 apply+ a d\ble1 triple1 or
 multiple ligatures1 9 accordance ) !   
rules = su* ligat+4  ,9 :atsoev] mann] !
 ligature may be appli$1 ev5 :5 x is ( !
 ela/ic k9d1 ! process ( sl\gh+ ( !     
tissues is always a sl[ "o4 ,x is = ?is 
reason t we agree ) ,pr(4 ,b\ley 9      
consid]+ ! treatm5t ( *ampignon by !    
l9e> cru%+ v mu* to be pref]r$4         
,ecraseur4--,! /eps ( ! op]ation ) ?is  
in/rum5t are simil> to ^? requir$ 9 !   
o!r me?ods already consid]$4 ,!         
*ampignon is isolat$ f its surr\nd+     
p>ts1 ! *a9 is plac$ on ! cord above !  
base ( ! tumor1 & ! amputation is       
complet$ by a sl[ pressure ^u ! cord1   
:i*1 cru%+ x by degrees1 p]mits its     
imm$iate removal4 ,x mu/ be done sl[ly1 
occupy+ f t5 to tw5ty m9utes = !        
complete sep>ation ( ! *ampignon1       
accord+ to ! size ( ! tumor4 ,! op]ation
 be+ f9i%$1 ! p>ts are left 9 !         
condition ( a simple w\nd1 :]e no cause 
exi/s to int]f]e ) its rapid            

cicatrization4  ,caut]ization4--,?is is 
a mode ( treatm5t :i* we h nev] _h      
occasion to submit to trial1 hav+ always
 giv5 ! pref]5ce to ! process we h j    
ref]r$ to4 ,x is recomm5d$1 h[ev]1 by   
,european au?orities4 ,"s ( ^! advocate 
! 8melt+0 process1 or ! introduction (  
%>p po9ts deeply into ! ?icke/ p>ts ( ! 
enl>gem5t1 :ile o!rs advise a removal ( 
a portion ( ! gr[? & deep caut]ization  
aft]w>ds4 ,if caut]ization c be         
advantage\sly employ$1 ! be/ me?od1 9   
our judgm5t1 w\ld be ! process (        
amputation ) ,paccal91 or ) ! galvanic  
caut]y4 ,we may "h1 :ile ref]r+ to !    
application ( electricity 9 ?is         
connection1 appropriately ref] to our   
own exp]i5ce ( a numb] ( ye>s ago1 9    
treat+ an animal suff]+ ) intra-scrotal 
*ampignon1 by electrolysis1 & succe$+   
aft] two applications1 9 obta9+ !       
complete removal ( ! tumor4 ,?is me?od1 
h[ev]1 consumes too mu* "t to ju/ify its
 employm5t 9 g5]al practice4   ,,fi/ula 
,,( ,,! ,,scrotum4  ,be+ already aw>e ( 

sev]al causes ( ?is complication ( !    
op]ation ( ca/ration1 we may readily    
appreciate ! treatm5t !y require4 ,x mu/
 be rememb]$ t 9 a majority ( cases1 !  
cause ( ?is lesion is ! pres5ce ( a     
=eign body 9 ! w\nd1 & t until x is     
remov$1 x is 9 va9 to look = a cure4    
,pr(4 ,b\ley has report$ a case 9 :i* ! 
fi/ula 0 due to ! pres5ce ( a pair (    
clamps ov] :i* ! sk9 _h almo/ entirely  
cicatriz$4   ,,+u9al ,,h]nia2 ,,h]nia   
,,( ,,ca/ration4  ,by ?is is und]/ood ! 
protrusion ( "s portion ( ! cont5ts ( ! 
abdom9al cavity ?r\gh ! +u9al r+1 ei!r a
 portion ( ! om5tum or ( "s "p ( ! small
 inte/9es1 creat+ ei!r an epiplocele or 
an ent]ocele4 ,?is complication may take
 place ei!r dur+ ! op]ation1 or %ortly  
aft]w>ds1 or at ! p]iod ( ! removal ( ! 
clamps4 ,x proce$s f ! viol5t /ruggl+ ( 
! animal dur+ ! op]ation2 to ! colics   
:i* are s apt to sup]v5e2 to 8 position 
:5 plac$ 9 a /all ( :i* ! floor is too  
mu* incl9$2 or x may result f "s ( !    
v>i\s modes ( ca/ration1 z1 = example1 !

 uncov]$ op]ation4  ,at times ! two =ms 
( h]nia may pres5t !mselves toge!r1     
con/itut+ a case ( ent]o-epiplocele4 ,:5
 ! epiploan alone protrudes1 x ne$ n    
give rise to any unnecess>y anxiety1 z x
 may easily be ei!r r$uc$ & return$ to  
its place1 or ligat$ ) ! clamps1 or torn
 ap>t4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is a portion
 ( ! small inte/9es :i* becomes involv$1
 ! fir/ indication is to re/ore x to its
 place by ! prop] taxis )\t delay1 :i*  
may be readily done1 ! animal be+ yet   
d[n & plac$ "u an ane/hetic1 by ! rectal
 taxis comb9$ ) ! necess>y +u9al        
manipulations4 ,:5 ?is has be5          
accompli%$ ! inte/9e is kept 9 place by 
! application ( a clamp ov] ! cord1 ^u  
:i* ! fibr\s coat ( ! crema/] has be5   
c>efully drawn4   ,,p]itonitis4  ,?is   
complication1 consid]$ z "o ( ! mo/     
frequ5t foll[+ ca/ration1 is also1      
beyond d\bt1 "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s4 ,x is    
g5]ally ! result ( exposure to cold1    
especially :5 its occurr5ce accompanies 
! suppurative fev]4 ,b x also develops  

itself 9 animals :i* h receiv$ ! be/    
hygi5ic c>e1 its appe>ance be+ attribut$
 to an excessive dragg+ ( ! cord1 or to 
! ext5sion ( ! local inflammation by    
cont9uity ( tissues4 ,x manife/s itself 
g5]ally betwe5 ! second & ?ird day      
foll[+ ! op]ation1 except :5 x becomes  
symptomatic1 z ( gangr5e ( ! cord1 :5 we
 h se5 x mak+ its appe>ance t[>ds ! t5? 
day4  ,! symptoms ( ?is traumatic       
p]itonitis diff] some:at f ^? ( ! acute 
inflammatory type4 ,accord+ to ,g\rdon1 
8! animal is dull & refuses all food--! 
suppuration ( ! w\nd ( ! scrotum has    
ceas$1 ! bags & surr\nd+ p>ts become !  
seat ( a w>m1 h>d & pa9ful swell+4 ,!   
animal /&s ) 8 f\r legs br\ght close    
toge!r1 ! back is /iff & ar*$1 ! flanks 
are cordy1 ! abdom5 pa9ful1 ! pulse h>d1
 small & increas$4 ,z ! disease         
progresses1 ! symptoms are m m>k$1 !    
enl>gem5t ( ! envelopes increases & is m
 diffuse1 x ext5ds d[n to ! abdom51 &   
ev5 "u ! *e/1 passes along ! ?ighs1 is  
less w>m1 less h>d1 less pa9ful1 & pits 

"u pressure4 ,!re are slight colics1 !  
pulse gets small]1 int]mitt5t1 !        
respiration is increas$1 & ! animal dies
 t[>ds ! fif? or six? day40  ,! treatm5t
 to be recomm5d$ v>ies accord+ to       
diff]5t au?ors4 ,:ile "s prescribe      
depletive & s$ative treatm5t1 laxatives 
& diuretics1 _m pref] tonics &          
/imulants4 ,! ,g]mans claim great       
results f ! use ( t9cture ( arnica 79   
small doses7 adm9i/]$ int]nally4 ,!     
ext]nal treatm5t consi/s 9 s9apisms1 w>m
 fom5tations1 p\ltices1 or fumigations  
"u ! abdom54   ,,tetanus4  ,z ) mo/     
cases ( traumatic tetanus1 ?is          
complication is g5]ally fatal1 & x is1  
)\t d\bt1 ! mo/ dang]\s ( all & m>k$ by 
! greate/ mortality4 ,x is g5]ally      
admitt$ t exposure to cold & dampness is
 "o ( ! mo/ prolific causes1 especially 
9 animals :i*1 hav+ b rec5tly recov]$1  
are too soon put to "w4 ,! v>i\s modes (
 op]ation h also be5 consid]$ to h "s   
influ5ce ^u its developm5t1 ?\gh !re is 
probably no gr\nd ^u :i* ?is !ory c f9d 

a support4 ,:e!r ! nature ( ! soil ( a  
di/rict1 or its atmosph]ic condition1   
may h any connection ) x1 is also a "q4 
,we "k t 9 "s portions ( ,long ,isl&1   
cases ( tetanus are commonly met )1 at  
"s seasons ( ! ye>1 aft] surgical       
op]ations ( e k9d4 ,x may appe> )9 a few
 days foll[+ ! ca/ration1 or x may def] 
its visitation = a p]iod ( tw5ty days1  
or long]4  ,! treatm5t adopt$ = !       
tetanus ( ca/ration is t :i* is appli$  
to all cases ( t traumatic affection4   
,,amaurosis4  ,?is disease may also be  
includ$ among ^? class$ z ! sequel (    
ca/ration1 hav+ be5 kn[n to foll[ cases 
:]e hemorrhage ( ! small te/icul> art]y 
_h occurr$4 ,tonic treatm5t int]nally & 
local /imulat+ applications may         
sometimes relieve ?is complication1 b x 
w g5]ally be admitt$ to be incurable4   
,,comp>ative ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s     
,,modes ,,( ,,ca/ration4  ,! process by 
simple excision1 by reason ( !          
hemorrhage :i* necess>ily accompanies x1
 ?\gh n inevitably dang]\s1 mu/ be      

exclud$ f ! doma9 ( g5]al practice4  ,t 
( scrap+ ! cord has n1 s f> z our k     
ext5ds1 be5 suffici5tly te/$1 ei!r 9    
,european or ,am]ican practice1 to      
ju/ify its recomm5dation4  ,! process ( 
torsion bel[ ! epididymis is too mu*    
subject to ! developm5t ( *ampignon1 z  
well z t ( free torsion ) ! h&s1 to be  
admitt$ by judici\s op]ators1 :ile !    
limit$ torsion is a me?od :i* has tak5  
rank among/ safe op]ators1 not)/&+ !    
enorm\s swell+ ( ! p>ts by :i* x is     
commonly accompani$1 & ! necessity x    
involves ( ! introduction ( ! f+]s into 
! w\nd to prev5t its premature clos+4   
,! me?od by ! ecraseur1 ?\gh occupy+ a  
long] "t 9 its completion ?an "s o!rs1  
has secur$ v favorable results1         
especially 9 ! h&s ( ,am]ican op]ators4 
,! op]ation by caut]ization is highly   
recomm5d$ by ,engli% vet]9>ians4 ,we    
believe1 contr>y to ! /atem5ts ( ,fr5*  
au?ors1 t x is n widely 9 use on ?is    
,cont95t4 ,! objections urg$ aga9/ x are
 t ! hemo/atic effect ^u ! cord is less 

reliable ?an 9 ! me?od by ! clamps or ! 
ligature2 t !re is m or less dang] (    
caut]iz+ ! surr\nd+ p>ts by ! effect ( !
 radiant heat f ! caut]y2 & t ! swell+  
:i* foll[s ! op]ation is always         
excessively great4  ,ca/ration by !     
clamps is ! be/ kn[n & mo/ ext5sively   
practis$4 ,x is easy & quick 9 its      
p]=mance2 p]=ms ! mo/ c]ta9 hemo/asis ^u
 ! art]y1 & not)/&+ "s slight           
objections1 m]its a pref]5ce ov] all    
o!rs4 ,! pr9cipal objection alleg$ aga9/
 x is t x is att5d$ ) great pa9 to !    
suff]+ pati5t :5 ! pressure ( ! in/rum5t
 ^u ! s(t tissues is fir/ felt4 ,?is is 
a d\btful "q1 & if ?is excessive am\nt (
 pa9 really exi/s1 x c]ta9ly _c be (    
long cont9uance1 m]ely on acc\nt ( !    
effect produc$ by ! clamps !mselves4  ,(
 ! v>i\s me?ods by ligature1 t ( !      
ligation ( ! cord ) its envelopes is    
applicable to small animals only4 ,t ^u 
! cord alone is liable to be foll[$ by  
hemorrhage1 or by ! excessive retraction
 ( ! cord into ! abdom9al cavity1 draw+ 

! ligature ) x4 ,t ( ! eff]5t canal1 & (
 ! cord by ! subcutane\s mode are n     
admitt$ 9 g5]al practice1 :ile t ( !    
art]y alone has n be5 ext5sively p]=m$  
on l>ge animals1 s f> z we are in=m$1   
except by c]ta9 ,massa*usetts           
vet]9>ians4  ,! ca/ration by d\ble      
subcutane\s twi/+1 :5 ext5sively appli$ 
to solip$s1 w probably prove to be !    
safe/ mode ( all1 & lea/ likely to be   
foll[$ by complications4 ,we are n in=m$
 z to ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 practis$ 
9 ?is c\ntry1 ev5 among/ rum9ants4      
,,*apt] ,,vi4    ,,ca/ration ,,(        
,,females -- ,,hi/ory -- ,,indications  
-- ,,effects ,,^u ,,!   ,,organism ,,&  
,,special ,,functions -- ,,advantages   
,,9 ,,c[s -- ,,conditions   ,,favorable 
,,to ,,! ,,op]ation -- ,,anatomy --     
,,modus ,,op]&i -- ,,by ,,!   ,,flanks  
-- ,,*>li]',s ,,process -- ,,in/rum5ts  
-- ,,v>i\s ,,/eps --   ,,division ,,(   
,,! ,,vag9a -- ,,seiz+ ,,! ,,ov>y --    
,,twi/+ ,,x ,,(f --   ,,complications --
 ,,hemorrhage -- ,,p]itonitis --        

,,abscess ,,( ,,! ,,pelvic   ,,cavity --
 ,,con/ipation -- ,,subcutane\s         
,,emphysema -- ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,!      
,,small ,,animals -- ,,( ,,sw9e -- ,,(  
,,sluts -- ,,( ,,f[ls4   ,z ,i h /at$   
be=e1 ! revival ( ! op]ation ( ca/ration
 ^u l>ge females is due to a ,l\isiana  
f>m]1 ,?omas ,w9n1 :o1 9 ! ye> #ahca1   
ca/rat$ sev]al ( 8 c[s4  ,)\t ent]+ ^u !
 hi/ory :i* includes a record ( !       
failures & successes att5dant ^u !      
introduction ( ! op]ation1 x may suffice
 to say t until ! improvem5ts made by   
,*>li] 9 ! manipulations involv$ 9 !    
op]ation1 x enc\nt]$ consid]able        
opposition1 & x is )9 a comp>atively    
rec5t p]iod t x has become e/abli%$ 9 ! 
doma9s ( vet]9>y surg]y4  ,! indications
 by :i* ?is op]ation comm5d itself to   
agriculturi/s1 & o!rs :o f9d pr(it or   
pleasure 9 ! use or own]%ip ( ^! dome/ic
 animals1 are sev]al4 ,among !m are !   
influ5ce :i* x ex]cises ^u ! secretion (
 milk 9 c[s1 & ^u ! p[] ( accumulat+    
fat1 & its effects ^u ! "* & temp] ( all

 ! l>ge females1 9 :i* relation x       
obvi\sly acts z a !rapeutic ag5t1 9     
ov]com+ c]ta9 peculi> conditions by :i* 
!y are di/+ui%$4 ,9 respect to ! effect 
( ! op]ation ( spay+ ! c[ ^u ! milk     
secretion1 x is a fact well e/abli%$ t x
 n only increases ! am\nt & duration ( !
 fl[1 b also improves ! quality ( t     
valuable fluid1 ! spay$ c[ n only       
cont9u+ ! production f eighte5 to       
tw5ty-f\r mon?s1 b giv+ a product f>    
ri*] 9 ! elem5ts ( nutrition4 ,?is is   
%[n by ! enhanc$ proportions ( ! cream1 
! case9e & ! sug>1 :i* det]m9e its      
ri*ness & value1 bo? economically &     
comm]cially1 aft] alt]ation4  ,b ev5 ?is
 argum5t 9 favor ( spay+ ! c[ is r5d]$ m
 weighty by ! fact t besides its        
influ5ce on ! milky secretion1 !re is   
also t :i* is furni%$ by ! consid]ation 
( its effect 9 augm5t+ ! deposit ( fat  
?r\gh\t ! frame1 = x is ?r\gh ?is t5d5cy
 t ! fle% ( ! animal becomes s greatly  
improv$ 9 its nutritive quality z comp>$
 ) t ( ! same species :5 9 ! entire     

condition1 becom+ s noticeably m t5d]1  
juicy & palatable1 reta9+ m ( ! oily    
elem5t1 dige/+ m easily1 & s1 ( c\rse1  
acquir+ a pecuni>y value 9 ! m>ket n    
be=e possess$4 ,^! rem>ks apply to ! dry
 equally ) ! mil* c[1 & leav+ out !     
ref]5ce to ! milk secretion1 to ! ox z  
well4  ,) respect to ! effect ( !       
op]ation ^u ! "* & disposition ( ! c[1  
^! are easily illu/rat$ 9 ! movem5ts ( !
 nymphomaniac animal1 :i* may be said to
 be con/antly 9 a /ate ( hy/]ical       
excitem5t4 ,!y seem to be 9 cont9ual    
conditions ( heat1 runn+ aft] & m\nt+   
o!r animals ) :i* !y may be 9 company1  
:ile nev] produc+ & giv+ no milk4 ,!y   
are always 9 a lean condition1 & mu/    
rema9 a pecuni>y loss to ! dairyman4    
,?is manife/ation ( nymphomania is also 
met ) 9 ! m>e1 :i*1 cont9ually exhibit+ 
signs ( heat1 becomes m or less dang]\s 
on t acc\nt4 ,9 ^! cases ! advantage ( !
 op]ation ( spay+ _c be ov]look$4 ,we h 
p]sonal k ( sev]al cases ( ?is "*1 9 :i*
 wor?less & tr\blesome m>es h be5       

trans=m$ into docile & valuable animals4
   ,,conditions ,,favorable ,,to ,,!    
,,op]ation4  ,*>li] expresses ! op9ion t
 ! be/ "t = ! p]=mance ( ! op]ation ^u  
c[s is f ! six? to ! eigh? ye>1 or aft] 
!y h _h _! second or ?ird calf4 ,if     
p]=m$ at an e>li] p]iod ! great         
objection orig9ally urg$ aga9/          
ca/ration1 t its p]=mance w\ld t5d to ! 
dim9ution ( ! /ock 9 numb]s or          
8population10 might f9d m or less       
confirmation4 ,b by an obs]vance ( ?is  
condition all dang] ( ! annihilation (  
/ock w\ld be obviat$4 ,! c[ to be op]at$
 on ought to be 9 fair condition1 n 9   
heat or pregnant1 & ! "t select$ %\ld be
 f =ty to sixty days aft] calv+4        
,,anatomy4  ,! vag9a is situat$ )9 !    
pelvic cavity1 betwe5 ! rectum & !      
bladd]4 ,its int]nal face pres5ts num]\s
 longitud9al folds1 ! purpose ( :i* is  
to p]mit ! free dilatation ( ! p>ts4 ,at
 ! bottom ( ! passage is situat$ ! neck 
( ! ut]us1 giv+ to ! f+] ! s5sation ( a 
projection1 h>d t[>ds ! cavity ( !      

vag9a1 & 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is felt a clos$
 op5+1 f :i* radiate ! folds ( ! muc\s  
membrane4 ,! ut]us 7,figs4 #bg & #bh71  
cont9u$ =w>d to ! neck1 is situat$ 9 !  
abdom9al cavity1 occupy+ ! sub-lumb>    
region1 ) its po/]ior extremity re/+ at 
! end ( ! pelvic cavity4 ,x is some:at  
pyri=m 9 %ape1 & l>g] at its base1 :]e x
 divides into two lat]al halves1 cont9u$
 by ! horns4 ,! concave curvature ( ^!  
horns look d[nw>d 9 ! c[1 b face upw>ds 
9 ! m>e4 ,9 bo? !y give atta*m5t to !   
broad ligam5ts4 ,^! are folds ( !       
p]itoneum1 m develop$ =w>d ?an beh9d1   
ris+ f ! sub-lumb> region1 & desc5d+    
t[>ds ! ut]us1 to fix !mselves ^u !     
sides ( ! sup]ior face ( ! body ( ?is   
organ1 &1 z be=e /at$1 ^u ! curvature ( 
! horns4 ,_! ant]ior bord] is free1 &   
gives support to ! oviducts & ! ov>ies4 
,betwe5 ! s]\s lay]s are f\nd !         
ut]o-ov>ian art]y & ve9s1 l>gely        
develop$4 ,! ov>ies are situat$ on !    
int]nal face ( ! broad ligam5t1 =m+ a   
small ovoid mass1 :i* receives a special

 s]\s lamella1 a sort ( ligam5t1 hav+   
betwe5 its lay]s a few grayi% muscul>   
fibres1 :i* may be /rong en\gh to (f]   
s]i\s resi/ance :5 ! extirpation ( !    
organ is attempt$4   ,,modus ,,op]&i4   
,!re are two modes ( op]ation4 ,!       
orig9al me?od 0 t ( removal ?r\gh !     
flanks1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has fall5 into      
disuse s9ce ! introduction ( ! process (
 ,*>li]1 ( removal ?r\gh ! vag9a4 ,?is  
process is altoge!r to be pref]r$1 z be+
 saf]1 m consi/5t ) sci5tific surg]y1 & 
9 a ^w is ! only "o :i* x is prop] to   
p]=m1 s long z ! capacity ( ! vag9a     
p]mits ! necess>y manipulations to be   
p]=m$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4  ,,"r 
,,ov>y ,,( ,,! ,,c[ ,,) ,,its           
,,atta*m5ts4  ,u4--,"r horn ( ! ut]us4  
,l4--,broad ligam5t4 ,l--,its ant]ior   
bord]4 ,o4--,ov>y4 ,r4--,p]itoneal fold 
:]e x is susp5d$4 ,s4--,sup]ior ov>ian  
ligam5t4 ,t4--,inf]ior ov>ian ligam5t4  
,a4--,ov>ian art]y4 ,v4--,ov>ian ve94   
,i4--,oviduct4 ,p4--,its pavilion4      
,x4--,its sup]ior or fimbriat$ op5+4    

,z4--,its inf]ior op5+4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #bh4  ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,(
 ,,! ,,pelvis ,,( ,,! ,,m>e ,,%[+ ,,!   
,,position ,,& ,,connection ,,( ,,!     
,,g5ital ,,organs4  #a--,ut]us4         
#b--;,horn ( ! ut]us4 #c--,vag9a4       
#d--;,bladd]4 #e--,rectum4 #g           
#h--,vulva4 #i--,ov>y4 #aj--,oviduct4   
#aa--,kidney4 #ab--;,broad ligam5t4     
,,me?od ,,by ,,! ,,flanks4  ,f\r /eps   
are necess>y to be foll[$ 9 ?is me?od4  
,! fir/ is secur+ ! animal4 ,! c[ is    
usually kept on h] feet1 press$ firmly  
aga9/ a wall1 ! legs secur$ ) hobbles1 &
 h] head controll$1 z mu* z possible1 by
 a /rong assi/ant4 ,! second /ep is !   
incision ( ! flank4 ,?is is made on !   
left side1 ) a %>p1 convex bi/\ry1 9 !  
middle ( ! sup]ior portion ( t region1  
divid+ ! sk9 & muscles v]tically1 c>e   
be+ tak5 t ! incision is n c>ri$ too l[ 
d[n1 9 ord] to avoid ! division ( !     
circumflex art]y1 :i* passes along 9 t  
vic9ity4 ,an op5+ is !n made 9 !        
p]itoneum1 ei!r ) ! knife or ) ! f+]s1  

suffici5tly l>ge to p]mit ! introduction
 ( ! f+]s4 ,9 ! ?ird /ep ( ! op]ation1  
:i* compreh5ds ! removal ( ! ov>y1 !    
surgeon introduces 8 h& into ! abdom51 &
 turn+ x t[>ds ! pelvis1 feels = ! horns
 ( ! ut]us4 ,^u f9d+ ^! ! ov>ies are    
easily discov]$4 ,he c>efully draws !m  
outw>ds1 & _! removal is effect$ ei!r ) 
! ecraseur or ! =ceps ( ,*>li]4 ,!      
op]ation is conclud$ by ! application ( 
a quill suture4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#bi4--;,,*>li]',s ,,vag9al ,,speculum4  
7,clos$47 7,op547  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#cj4  ,,modifi$ ,,vag9al ,,speculum4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4  ,,bi/\ry     
,,ca*4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4       
,,col9',s ,,bi/\ry ,,ca*4   ,,*>li]',s  
,,me?od--,,in/rum5ts4  ,= ?is op]ation  
special in/rum5ts are requir$4 ,^!      
consi/ (1 fir/1 a vag9al dilator 7,fig4 
#bi71 or speculum1 ( peculi> & some:at  
complicat$ con/ruction1 to be modifi$   
subsequ5tly by ano!r 7,fig #cj71 (      
sup]ior =m & easi] ( application1 & n[ 9
 g5]al use2 second1 a bi/\ry ca* 7,fig4 

#ca71 slid+ on its h&les1 :i* is a true 
embryotomy knife1 modifi$ by ,col9      
7,fig4 #cb72 ?ird1 a pair ( long1 %>p   
scissors 7,fig4 #cc71 ) gu>d$ blades1   
curv$ on its flat surface2 f\r?1 a      
torsion =ceps 7,fig4 #cd71 clos$ by a   
peculi> ?read arrangem5t1 mov$ by !     
h&le2 & fif?1 a /eel ?imble 7,fig4 #ce71
 :i* has be5 modifi$ by ! in/rum5t %[n 9
 ,fig4 #cf1 & :i* is us$ 9 apply+ !     
limit$ torsion on ! broad ligam5ts4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4  ,,scissors   
,,to ,,divide ,,! ,,broad ,,ligam5t4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4  ,,=ceps ,,=  
,,ca/ration ,,( ,,c[s4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #ce4--,,?imble ,,= ,,ca/ration4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,col9',s   
,,nipp]s1 to take ! place ( ! ?imble4   
,prep>ation ( ! animal4--,no g5]al      
prep>ation is requir$1 except "o1 :i*   
may be reg>d$ z ( local effect1 b is n  
to be ov]look$4 ,?is consi/s 9 !        
evacuation ( ! b[els by means ( a rectal
 injection1 9 ord] t ! arms ( ! surgeon 
may n become unnecess>ily soil$ dur+ !  

op]ation4 ,! animal is secur$ on h] feet
 by be+ plac$ 9 a n>r[ /all to prev5t h]
 f mov+ f side to side1 ! floor ( ! /all
 hav+ an incl9ation =w>ds1 9 ord] to    
prev5t ! pressure by gravitation ( !    
inte/9al mass t[>ds ! po/]ior p>ts ( !  
abdom54  ,! op]ation is complet$ 9 two  
/eps1 ( :i* ! fir/ is ! incision ( !    
vag9a1 & ! second ! extirpation ( !     
ov>ies4   ,,! ,,incision ,,9 ,,!        
,,vag9a4  ,?is is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]4
 ,! op]ator introduces ! speculum ) 8 "r
 h&1 ?r\gh ! vulva1 into ! vag9al       
cavity1 & c>efully pass+ 9 8 left h&1   
well oil$1 directs & introduces ! little
 prolongation ,a ( ! speculum into !    
c5tre ( ! neck ( ! ut]us1 g5tly press+  
^u x 9 ord] to keep x 9 place4 ,9 us+ ! 
orig9al dilator1 ! op5+ ( ! bran*es mu/ 
be s regulat$ z to put ! walls ( ! vag9a
 ^u ! /ret*4 ,or1 if he uses ! modifi$  
speculum1 he pu%es ! in/rum5t d[nw>ds & 
=w>ds1 & by ?is motion di/5ds ! upp]    
wall ( ! cavity1 keep+ ! in/rum5t 9 t   
position by a hold ( ! left h&1 :i* has 

be5 )drawn f ! vag9a4 ,he !n arms       
himself ) ! bi/\ry ca*1 :i* he holds    
clos$ 9 8 full h& & introduces ) ! "r h&
 into ! vag9a4 ,c>efully feel+ !        
condition ( ! upp] wall ( ?is cavity1 & 
assur+ himself ( its be+ well /ret*$1 he
 re/s 8 h&1 /ill hold+ ! bi/\ry1 ^u !   
op5+ or 8w9d[0 at ! end ( ! speculum    
7,figs4 #cg & #ch71 & by firmly pu%+ !  
blade 7! %>p edge be+ turn$ backw>ds7   
out ( its h&le1 pi]ces ) x ! vag9al     
walls1 ab\t two in*es above ! neck ( !  
ut]us1 & ) a motion f bel[ upw>ds & f   
be=e backw>ds1 makes an incision on !   
m$ian l9e1 f ?ree to ?ree & a half in*es
 9 l5g?4 ,! introduction ( ! in/rum5t   
mu/ be made 9 su* a mann] t x w pass at 
once ?r\gh ! walls ( ! vag9a prop]1 z   
well z ?r\gh ! p]itoneal cap :i* x      
pres5ts at its ant]ior portion4  ,!     
incision be+ complet$1 ! speculum is    
c>efully )drawn2 & if a slight          
hemorrhage %\ld occur1 ! blood %\ld be  
remov$ be=e ! surgeon proce$s to !      
second /ep ( ! op]ation4  ,illu/ration3 

,,fig4 #cg4  ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,c[s4     
7,*>li]'s process74  ,incision ( !      
vag9a4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4       
,,ca/ration ,,( ,,c[s4 7,*>li]'s        
process74  #a/ /ep4 ,incision ( ! vag9a4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4  ,,scissors 
,,divid+ ,,! ,,broad ,,ligam5ts4        
,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,ov>ies4  ,!n1 aga9  
introduc+ 8 h& into ! vag9a1 & pass+ 8  
f+] ?r\gh ! op5+ made by ! incision1 he 
feels = ! ov>ies1 :i* he f9ds float+ at 
! extremity ( _! ligam5ts1 t[>ds !      
entrance ( ! pelvis1 bel[1 on ea* side1 
& at a %ort di/ance f ! incision1 betwe5
 ! base ( ! ut]9e horns1 ne> & inside ( 
! free bord] ( ! ligam5ts1 & a little   
above ! ant]ior bord] ( ! pubis4 ,!n1   
grasp+ ! ov>ian body1 he draws x        
c>efully into ! vag9a1 ?r\gh ! incision1
 & introduces ! long scissors1 ) ! gu>d$
 blade ( :i* he divides ! ?ick bord] ( !
 broad ligam5t 7,fig4 #ci71 replac+ !   
ov>ies into ! abdom5 )\t releas+ 8 hold4
 ,! torsion =ceps is !n pass$ into !    
vag9a & ?r\gh ! incision1 & is made to  

take hold ) its op5 jaws ( ! broad      
ligam5t 7,fig4 #dj71 above ! ov>y1 & is 
firmly clos$ by ! movem5t ( ! spiral    
crank ( ! h&le 7,d74 ,bo? h&s be+ n[    
outside ( ! vag9al cavity1 & ! =ceps be+
 secur$ on ! broad ligam5t1 held by ! "r
 h&1 ! left ?umb is protect$ by ! ?imble
 7,e71 & ! h& once m ins]t$1 to grasp ! 
broad ligam5t above ! po9t :]e ! jaws ( 
! torsion =ceps are plac$4 ,9 ?is       
position ! torsion is made ) ! =ceps1 ! 
twi/+ ( ! ligam5t be+ limit$ by ! firm  
pressure made by ! ?imble on ! ?umb ) ! 
index f+]1 or by a pair ( cru%+ p9c]s4  
,aft] sev]al turns ( ! in/rum5t1 ! ov>y 
is sep>at$ f its atta*m5t1 & may be     
br\ght out ( ! cavity1 /ill held        
securely betwe5 ! oval jaws ( ! torsion 
=ceps4 ,! same me?od is applicable to ! 
ov>ies ( bo? sides4 ,^! rules are       
subject to m or less modification by    
indications :i* may occasionally pres5t 
!mselves1 aris+ f ! age ( ! animal or ! 
/ructure or o!r conditions ( ! ov>ies4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,torsion ,,(

 ,,! ,,ov>y4  ,a ,b--,=ceps clos$4 ,b   
,c--,=ceps op54 ,e--,?imble4  ,?is me?od
 ( ca/ration has be5 modifi$ 9 _m ways1 
bo? z to ! =ms ( ! in/rum5ts us$1 & !   
mode ( us+ !m1 a majority ( op]ators1 at
 ! pres5t "t ev51 disc>d+ ! dilator1 &  
mak+ ! incision simply by /ret*+ ! walls
 ( ! vag9a & pu%+ aga9/ ! neck ( ! ut]us
 ) ! h&4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! removal ( !   
ov>ies is effect$ has also be5 subject$ 
to _m *anges4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 dur+ 
:i* we h be5 p]=m+ ! op]ation1 we h be5 
accu/om$ to use ! ecraseur 9 ! la/ /ep1 
& ) excell5t & satisfactory results4  ,!
 subsequ5t att5tion requir$ by ! spay$  
c[ is usually a v simple matt]1 &       
involves little beyond c>eful diet+1 !  
pati5t recov]+ f ! g5]al effects ^u !   
sy/em usually 9 a few days4             
,,complications4  ,x may prop]ly be said
 t !re are no complications likely to   
foll[ ! process 9 ! ca/ration ( c[s1 :i*
 may be d5om9at$ s]i\s4 ,9 ! /ati/ics   
:i* record ! mortality att5d+ x1 ! fatal
 cases are repres5t$ at ! v trifl+ rate 

( two p] c5t4 ,a light colic may        
sometimes foll[ x1 b x usually subsides 
)\t m$ical treatm5t4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 spay+
 may at times be accompani$ by accid5ts 
( a s]i\s "*1 ?\gh ^! h consid]ably     
dim9i%$ 9 frequ5cy s9ce ! introduction (
 ! me?od ( ,*>li]4 ,"o ( ^! is          
,,hemorrhage1  :i* may occur :5 !       
torsion or ! cru%+ ( ! art]y has n be5  
suffici5tly complete4 ,b ?\gh x is      
likely to give rise to p]itonitis1 x is 
n necess>ily a fatal complication4 ,we h
 ourselves kn[n ( cases ( its occurr5ce 
9 m>es :i* _h surviv$ x a numb] ( days1 
& :5 de/roy$ exhibit$ none ( ! lesions (
 t affection4   ,,p]itonitis4  ,we h    
sev]al times met ) ?is sequel to !      
op]ation1 especially 9 m>es4 ,b 9 ^!    
cases1 z reveal$ by po/ mortem          
inve/igation1 ! disease seem$ g5]ally to
 h rema9$ localiz$4 ,less common ?an    
prior to ! practice ( ca/ration p]      
vag9a1 x /ill is foll[$ by fatal        
consequ5ces :5 ! entire p]itoneum       
becomes diseas$4 ,its appe>ance usually 

occurs f ! ?ird to ! six? day4 ,!re is  
susp5sion ( ! milky secretion1 g5]al    
dullness1 *ills1 anorexia1 susp5sion (  
rum9ation1 rapid1 small & ?ready pulse1 
sometimes pa9ful respiration1 rapid loss
 ( fle%1 & spe$ily--dea?4 ,! indications
 ( treatm5t are simil> to ^? :i* are    
applicable to p]itonitis 9 ! solip$s1 b 
! prognosis is always s]i\s4   ,,abscess
 ,,9 ,,! ,,pelvic ,,cavity4  ,?is is a  
complication we h q (t5 enc\nt]$4       
,besides ! g5]al symptoms1 !re are ^? ( 
a local "*1 :i* are detect$ by rectal   
exam9ation1 by :i* discov]y is made ( ! 
pres5ce ( a tumor on "o side or ! o!r ( 
! vag9a1 v>y+ 9 size1 fluctuat+1 &      
easily id5tifi$4 ,?is abscess may be    
op5$ 9 ! cavity ( ! vag9a1 & %\ld be    
att5d$ to z soon z discov]y is made ( ! 
fluctuat+ "* ( ! gr[?1 )\t wait+ = !    
process ( natural resolution4           
,,subcutane\s ,,emphysema4  ,emphysema (
 ! subcutane\s connective tissue is said
 to be a common sequel to ! flank       
op]ation4 ,its appe>ance ne$ n excite   

any special uneas9ess1 z its t]m9ation  
is usually by spontane\s disappe>ance4  
,x is an accid5t we h nev] enc\nt]$ 9   
our practice4   ,,con/ipation4  ,?is    
complication1 :i* is (t5 met ) 9 m>es1  
is to be c>efully look$ =1 & mu/ be     
reliev$ by laxative food & rectal       
injections4 ,x is due to ! pa9 :i*      
accompanies defecation :ile ! w\nd ( !  
vag9a is heal+1 & :i* ! animal tries to 
avoid by keep+ ! rectum full4           
,,ca/ration ,,( ,,! ,,small ,,animals4  
,,small ,,rum9ants4  ,= ^! subjects1 two
 modes ( op]ation are to be pr9cipally  
recomm5d$4 ,! fir/ is ! d\ble           
subcutane\s torsion2 ! o!r ! ligature en
 masse ( ! cord & its envelopes4 ,hav+  
already consid]$ ^! op]ations1 a pass+  
ref]5ce w suffice "h4   ,,= ,,sw9e4  ,9 
males1 ! v>y+ modes employ$ are !       
ligature1 limit$ torsion1 & ! clamps4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4  ,,g5ital     
,,organs ,,( ,a ,,"y ,,s[4  7,m$ian &   
ant]o-po/]ior section74 #a--,ov>y4      
#b--;,horn ( ! ut]us4 #c--;,body ( !    

ut]us4 #d--,rectum4 #e--,vag9a4         
#f--;,bladd]4 #g--,kidney4              
#i--;,inte/9es4 #aj--,/ump ( "o ( !     
horns ( ! ut]us4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#db4  ,,bi/\ry ,,= ,,! ,,ca/ration ,,(  
,,s[4  7,division ( ! flank74  ,9       
females1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! horns ( !
 ut]us are v long & flexu\s 7,fig4 #da71
 & t ! v small ov>ies are situat$ on !  
inside ( ! broad ligam5ts1 :i* are v    
l>ge1 & all[ ! horns to float freely    
among/ ! circumvolutions ( ! inte/9es4  
,! animal mu/ be prep>$ by be+ secur$ ^u
 ! "r side 9 ord] to expose ! left      
flank4 ,! incision is made ) a knife (  
peculi> =m 7,fig4 #db71 ! co>se bri/les 
hav+ be5 previ\sly closely clipp$ (f4   
,c>e %\ld be tak5 to c>ry ! left leg 9  
ext5sion backw>ds1 9 su* a mann] t !    
edges ( ! v>i\s tissues divid$ %all n   
meet ea* o!r :5 ! op]ation is complet$4 
,! incision may be made ei!r v]tically1 
horizontally1 or obliquely4 ,:5 v]tical 
x %\ld be imm$iately bel[ ! lumb>       
v]tebra next to ! la/ rib2 if horizontal

 x %\ld be p>allel ) ! v]tebral column4 
,! v]tical incision %\ld be pref]r$1    
because x br+s ! ov>ies )9 easy rea* ( !
 f+]s4 ,x %\ld be f two to ?ree in*es 9 
l5g?1 & %\ld be made by a s+le /roke ( !
 knife1 & )\t divid+ ! p]itoneum1 :i*   
%\ld1 aft]w>ds1 be ei!r torn ) ! f+] or 
c>efully cut :ile rais$ ) ! =ceps4 ,to  
f9d ! ov>ies ! op]ator introduces !     
index f+] ( ! "r h& betwe5 ! v]tebral   
column & ! inte/9es1 & explores ! lumb> 
region4 ,^u f9d+ ! ov>ian sac1 he       
presses x aga9/ ! abdom9al wall & causes
 x to slide by pu%+ t[>ds ! op5+ ?r\gh  
:i* x is extrud$ & grasp$4 ,:ile x is   
held !re ! left horn is c>efully drawn  
out aft] x1 until arriv+ at !           
bifurcation ( ! horns at ! ut]us1 ! "r  
horn also is br\ght out & ! ov>y on t   
side secur$4 ,bo? gl&s be+ n[ outside1  
!y are torn or scrap$ (f f _! atta*m5t1 
& ! horns are return$ to ! abdom54      
,:ile ?is process is readily applicable 
to "y s[s1 & requires a c]ta9 am\nt (   
practice to be p]=m$ exp]tly & )        

success1 x is slightly modifi$ :5 appli$
 to old] animals4 ,9 t case ! two horns 
mu/ n be expos$ outside toge!r1 b ea*   
mu/ be return$ :5 ! removal ( ! ov>y    
connect$ ) x has be5 effect$4  ,! simple
 te>+ ( ! ov>ies is n always suffici5t1 
& may be sometimes foll[$ by s]i\s      
hemorrhage4 ,! scrap+ & ! torsion are   
saf]1 & 9 "s in/ances ! ligature has be5
 appli$4 ,! incision is clos$ ) !       
int]rupt$ or1 :i* is pref]able1 !       
cont9u$ suture4 ,no special             
aft]-treatm5t is requir$ beyond l[ diet 
= a few days1 ) a little extra att5tion 
to cleanl9ess4  ,! op]ation may at times
 be r5d]$ difficult by exceptional &    
accid5tal conditions1 z1 = example1 !   
%ortness ( ! f+]s ( ! op]ator4 ,?is     
difficulty1 h[ev]1 c be ov]come by plac+
 a bundle ( /raw or o!r sub/ance "u ! "r
 flank1 :i*1 by rais+ ! body displaces !
 inte/9es upw>ds & cr[ds ! ov>y t[>ds ! 
left flank4  ,x may also happ51 z       
sometimes ) old s[s1 t ! ov>y has become
 ! seat ( l>ge cy/s1 or t its size is   

increas$ 9 consequ5ce ( pa?ological     
*anges 9 its /ructure4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !
 cy/ may be punctur$ & empti$ ) a tro*> 
be=e attempt+ ! oblit]ation ( ! organ4  
,9 ! second1 ! op5+ into ! abdom5 mu/ be
 enl>g$ suffici5tly to p]mit ! exit ( ! 
extra bulk4  ,if ?r\gh inadv]t5ce !     
op]ation has be5 begun :ile ! animal is 
9 a /ate ( pregnancy1 ! proce$+ mu/ be  
discont9u$1 ! pati5t kept quiet & !     
matt] indef9itely po/pon$4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4  ,,g5ital     
,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,bit*4  #a--,ov>y4    
#b--;,fold ( ! broad ligam5t1 displac$  
to expose ! ov>y4 #c--;,int]nal fold ( !
 same4 #d--;,broad ligam5ts4 #e--;,horn 
( ! ut]us4 #f--;,its body4 #g--,rectum4 
#h--,vag9a4 #i--,kidney4 #aj--;,bladd]4 
#aa--;,desc5d+ colon4   ,,dogs4  ,! male
 is alt]$ by ei!r ! process ( excision1 
torsion1 or ligature1 accord+ to ! age &
 size ( ! animal4  ,9 ! female1 :51 z is
 sometimes suppos$1 x becomes a         
prev5tive measure 9 respect to          
hydrophobia--?\gh if x be s1 x c only be

 f ! fact t a ca/rat$ bit* w usually    
rema9 at home :ile o!rs are runn+ abroad
 9 heat1 & ?us be+ m expos$ to          
contagion--! op]ation is only ju/ifiable
 9 ! case ( h\se dogs1 dome/ic pets1 9  
ord] to obviate ! annoyance caus$ to _! 
own]s by _! demon/rations :ile 9 heat4  
,9 ! bit* ! broad ligam5ts are v long   
7,fig4 #dc71 ext5d+ z f> z !            
hypo*ondriac region1 :]e !y divide into 
an ext]nal lay]1 :i* rea*es to ! la/    
rib1 :ile ! o!r ext5ds to ! sub-lumb>   
region beh9d ! diaphragm4 ,! broad      
ligam5ts dim9i% 9 height z !y run =w>d 9
 su* a way t ! ant]ior bord] ( ! ext]nal
 lay] :]e ! ov>y is f\nd1 %ort] 9 its   
m$ian "p1 gives a c]ta9 am\nt ( fixity  
to ! ant]ior extremity ( ! horns :i* x  
keeps elevat$ 9 ea* hypo*ondriac region2
 on t acc\nt bo? horns _c be at "o "t   
br\ght ?r\gh ! incision1 & x becomes    
g5]ally necess>y 9 ! bit* to op]ate on  
ea* side4  ,! manipulations are simil>  
to ^? foll[$ 9 spay+ s[s1 ) ! exception 
t ! incision is made l[]1 m =w>d & ne>] 

to ! la/ rib4   ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,f[ls4 
,! effect ( ?is op]ation ^u ! quality ( 
! fle% & ! p[] ( accumulat+ fat1 9 !    
dome/ic f[l is a fact too famili> to ^? 
:o h le>n$ to appreciate ! exquisite    
juicy quality ( ! meat ( ! capon to ne$ 
any comm5t at our h&s4 ,! op]ation ^u ^!
 animals is "o ( consid]able difficulty 
& requires skill & exp]i5ce to p]=m )   
nicety & success4  ,9 birds ! te/icles  
are situat$ 9 ! abdom9al cavity1        
imm$iately beh9d ! lungs1 "u ! v]tebral 
column & 9 front ( ! kidneys 7,fig4     
#dd74 ,!y correspond exactly to !       
articulation ( ! la/ ?ree ribs ) ! sp9al
 column1 :]e !y lie close toge!r & 9    
contact ) ! blood vessels :i* sep>ate !m
 f ! kidneys4 ,!y are held 9 position by
 ! p]itoneum spread above !m1 & by m9ute
 blood vessels1 bran*es ( ! aorta or ( !
 v5a cava4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4   
,,g5ital ,,organ ,,( ,,! ,,roo/]4       
#a4--,te/icle4 #b;a1 #b;d4--,def]5t     
canals4 #c4--,uret]s4 #d4--;,cloacum4   
#e4--,po/]ior aorta4 #g4--,po/]ior v5a  

cava4 #h1 #i1 #aj4--,?ree la/ ribs4     
#aa4--,pelvic bones4  ,9 ! op]ation !   
f[l is plac$ on 8 side1 ! tail be+ t[>ds
 ! op]ator1 ) ! h9d leg c>ri$ backw>ds1 
9 ord] to expose ! flank ( ! side       
select$ = ! incision4 ,! fir/ /ep ( !   
op]ation consi/s 9 pluck+ ! fea!rs f a  
suffici5t ext5t ( surface1 & mak+ an    
incision a little beh9d ! lat]al int]nal
 processes ( ! /]num1 f )9 outw>ds1 & f 
be=e backw>ds1 & slightly oblique1 ?r\gh
 ! sk9 & ! ?9 muscles ( ! abdom51 & :5  
rea*+ ! p]itoneum c>efully op5+ x ) a   
puncture1 hav+ x rais$ ) a pair ( =ceps4
 ,! second /ep1 or t :i* involves !     
extirpation ( ! gl&1 is p]=m$ by !      
introduction ( ! index f+] ( ! "r h&    
into ! abdom51 pass+ x above ! inte/9al 
mass & turn+ t[>ds ! dorsal region ne> !
 articulation ( ! la/ two ribs1 :]e !   
te/icles are felt1 prom95t at !         
sub-lumb> region4 ,!n1 ) ! f+]s half    
flex$1 ! adhesions ( ! organ are brok5  
(f1 & ! organ1 held 9 ! b5d ( ! f+]1 is 
br\ght outside4 ,! second te/icle is    

remov$ by ! same process4 ,if ! te/icles
 %\ld slip f ! grasp ( ! f+]1 ! accid5t 
is ( little acc\nt1 z !y w graft        
!mselves ^u ! walls ( ! abdom51 & 9 "t  
disappe> by resolution4 ,! op]ation is  
conclud$ by ! clos+ ( ! w\nd by /it*es (
 int]rupt$ suture1 & ! heal+ usually    
takes place by fir/ int5tion4  ,!       
op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! h5 9 ! same mann] 
z ) ! male bird1 ! ov>ies be+ f\nd 9 !  
lumb> region1 f :i* !y are remov$ by !  
same manipulations t are employ$ 9      
capon+4  ,"y f[ls ab\t 9 _! ?ird mon?1  
are usually select$ z ! victims ( ?is   
epicurean b>b>ity4     ,,cont5ts4       
,abdom9al ,cryptor*idy                  
#gg   ,abscesses 9 ,scrotal region      
#hi   ,abscesses 9 ,pelvic cavity       
#acj   ,advantages ( ,ca/ration 9 c[s   
#ajh   ,age at :i* ,ca/ration ought to  
be p]=m$                        #h      
,amaurosis                              
#ajc   ,anatomy ( ! male p>ts           
#ae   ,anatomy ( ! female p>ts          
#aji    ,bi/\rnage                      

#eh   ,bi/\ry ,ca*                      
#aag    ,ca/ration ( ,cryptor*ids       
#fg   ,ca/ration ( ,dogs                
#acf   ,ca/ration ( ,fa%ion & conv5i5ce 
#e   ,ca/ration ( ,females              
#ajf   ,ca/ration ( ,f[ls               
#aci   ,ca/ration ( ,necessity          
#d   ,ca/ration ( ,small rum9ants       
#aca   ,ca/ration ( ,sw9e               
#acb   ,*ampignon                       
#ij   ,*ampignon1 ,sup]ficial           
#ib   ,*ampignon1 ,deep                 
#ic   ,*>li]'s ,in/rum5ts               
#aae1 #aaf   ,*>li]'s ,me?od            
#aae   ,*>li]'s ,scissors               
#aah   ,clamps                          
#da1 #db   ,clamps1 ,h\se               
#ce   ,classification ( ,me?ods         
#ai   ,colics                           
#he   ,comb9$ ,=ceps ( ,m4 ,beaufils    
#cj   ,comp>ative ,view ( ! ,v>i\s      
,modes                              #ajc
   ,complications & _! ,treatm5t        
#hd1 #abi   ,conditions favorable to !  
op]ation                                

#ajh   ,con/ipation                     
#aca   ,cov]$ ,op]ation                 
#dd   ,cru%+ ( ! ,te/icul> ,cord        
#eg   ,curv$ ,clamps                    
#ie    ,dang]s ( ,op]ation ,/&+ ,up     
#ab   ,def9ition ( ,ca/ration           
#c   ,dogs                              
#acf   ,d\ble ,subcutane\s ,torsion     
#eh    ,ecraseurs                       
#cc   ,effects ( ,ca/ration             
#e1 #gh1 #ajh   ,emphysema1 subcutane\s 
#aca   ,excision                        
#bj    ,f>m] ,miles                     
#fh   ,fir+                             
#ce   ,fir+1 ,=ceps = ,ca/ration by     
#fi   ,fi/ula ( ! ,scrotum              
#ii   ,=ceps = ,hold+ ! ,ov>y           
#aah   ,f[ls                            
#aci   ,free ,torsion                   
#bd    ,gangr5e                         
#hh    ,hemorrhage                      
#hf1 #acj   ,h]nia ( ,ca/ration         
#ii   ,hi/ory ( ,ca/ration              
#d   ,hygi5e & subsequ5t att5tion       
#hb    ,incision 9 ! ,vag9a             

#aai   ,+u9al ,cryptor*idy              
#ge   ,+u9al ,h]nia                     
#ii    ,ligature                        
#ea   ,ligature ,c>ri]                  
#ig   ,ligature ( ! ,cord & its         
envelopes                               
#eb   ,ligature ( ! ,cord only          
#eb   ,ligature ( ! ,eff]5t ,canal      
#ee   ,ligature ( ! ,sp]matic ,art]y    
#ed   ,limit$ ,torsion                  
#bf   ,l9e> ,cru%+                      
#cb    ,me?od by ! ,clamps              
#ci   ,me?od by ! ,ecraseur             
#cd   ,me?od by ! ,flanks               
#aaj   ,me?ods1 ,classification (       
#ai   ,modes ( ,cicatrization           
#ha   ,modus op]&i ( ,bi/\rnage         
#ei   ,modus op]&i ( ,bi/\rnage1 #a/    
,/ep (                      #fj1 #fa    
,modus op]&i ( ,bi/\rnage1 #b;d ,/ep (  
#fb1 #fc   ,modus op]&i ( ,bi/\rnage1   
#c;d ,/ep (                       #fd1  
#fe   ,modus op]&i ( ,bi/\rnage1 #d?    
,/ep (                          #ff     
,modus op]&i ( ,ca/ration ( ,females    

#aaj   ,modus op]&i ( ,cov]$ ,op]ation  
#dd   ,modus op]&i ( ,limit$ ,torsion   
#bh   ,modus op]&i ( ,uncov]$ ,op]ation 
#dg    ,p]itonitis                      
#ajj1 #acj   ,prep>ations ( ! ,pati5t   
#i   ,purposes ( ,ca/ration             
#d    ,removal ( ! ,ov>ies              
#abj   ,re/ra9t1 ,modes (               
#aj    ,season mo/ favorable            
#h   ,scrap+                            
#ba   ,second ,me?od ( ,ca/ration       
#ci   ,secur+ ! ,animal ,d[n            
#aj   ,s(t5+ ( ! ,bags                  
#fj1 #fa   ,/&+ ,up ,op]ation           
#aj   ,/&+ ,up ,op]ation1 ,dang]s (     
#ab   ,subcutane\s ,twi/+               
#eh   ,swell+ ( ! ,scrotal ,region      
#hg   ,sw9e                             
#acb    ,te>+ & ,torsion                
#bb   ,te>+ ( ! ,clamps                 
#he   ,tetanus                          
#ajb   ,?imble = ,ca/ration             
#aah   ,?ird ,me?od ( ,ca/ration        
#ef   ,torsion                          
#bc   ,torsion above ! ,epididimis      

#bd   ,torsion bel[ ! ,epididimis       
#be   ,torsion ,=ceps                   
#bf1 #bg   ,torsion1 ,free              
#bd   ,torsion1 ,limit$                 
#bf    ,uncov]$ ,op]ation               
#dg    ,vag9al ,speculum                
#aaf1 #aag     ,william ,r4 ,j5k9s's    
,,vet]9>y ,,books4  #hej ,,six? ,,av5ue1
 ,,new ,,york4  ,any ( ! foll[+ books w 
be s5t po/ paid on receipt ( ! price2   
full ,catalogue on application4         
,,price    ,animal ,ca/ration4 ,by ,dr4 
,a4 ,liaut>d4 #abmo1 illu/rat$4      #b 
#jj    ,am]ican ,vet]9>y ,review4 ,edit$
 by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,liaut>d1                 
,h4,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,issu$ mon?ly4       
,subscription1 #d p] ye>2 s+le   copy4  
#ej    ,armatage4 8,e ,man ,8 ,own      
,horse ,doctor40 ,9 :i* is   embodi$    
,bla9e's 8,vet]9>y ,art10 ) #ccj orig9al
   illu/rations1 color$ plates1         
anatomical draw+s1 etc4 #hvo1   half    
lea!r4                                  
#g #ej    ,armatage's ,vet]9>ian's      
,pocket ,remembranc]4 ,by ,george       

,armatage1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ) concise   
directions & memor&a =   ! treatm5t 9   
urg5t or r>e cases4 #cbmo1 clo?4        
#ge    ,armatage4 ,horse own]s' &       
,/able-m5's ,guide4 ,cr[n #hvo1   clo?4 
#b #jj    ,bau*]4 ,new ,me?od (         
,horseman%ip4 ,includ+ ! ,break+   &    
,tra9+ ( ,horses4 #abmo1 clo?1          
illu/rat$4                 #a #jj       
,*auveau4 ,! ,comp>ative ,anatomy ( !   
,dome/icat$   ,animals4 ,by ,a4         
,*auveau1 ,pr(essor at ,lyons ,vet]9>y  
,s*ool1   ,france4 ,new edition1        
translat$1 enl>g$1 & revis$4 ,by        
,george ,flem+1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1   
clo?1 ) #dej illu/rations4    #f #jj    
,clok4 8,! ,diseases ( ,%eep40 ,) prop] 
,rem$ies to   ,prev5t & ,cure ! same4   
,by ,h5ry ,clok1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4    
#a #be    ,cl>ke4 ,horse's ,tee?4 ,a    
,treatise on _! ,mode (   ,developm5t1  
,physiological ,relations1 ,anatomy1    
,pa?ology1   ,d5ti/ry1 etc4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 
,cl>ke4 ,revis$1 enl>g$1 &   illu/rat$  
edition4 #abmo1 clo?4                   

#b #jj    ,clat]'s 8,e ,man ,8 ,own     
,cattle ,doctor40 ,by ,francis ,clat]4  
,new edition1 entirely rewritt5 by      
,george ,armatage1 )   num]\s pla9 &    
color$ plates4 #hvo1 half lea!r4        
#g #ej    ,cobbold4 8,! ,int]nal        
,p>asites ( our ,dome/icat$ ,animals40  
,a manual ( ! entozoa ( ! ox1 %eep1 dog1
 horse1 pig1 &   cat4 ,by ,t4 ,sp5c]    
,cobbold1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 #abmo1 clo?1
   illu/rat$4                           
#b #jj    ,dalziel4 8,briti% ,dogs40 ,_!
 ,v>ieties1 ,hi/ory1   ,*>act]i/ics1    
,bre$+1 ,managem5t1 & ,exhibition4      
,illu/rat$ ) full page portraits4 #abmo1
 clo?4                #d #jj            
,dalziel4 ,diseases ( ,dogs4 #abmo1     
clo?4                         #a #jj    
,dana4 8,tables 9 ,comp>ative           
,physiology40 ,giv+ ,comp>ative         
,weight1 ,temp]ature1 ,circulation ( !  
,blood1 ,respiration1   ,dige/ion1      
,n]v\s ,=ce & ,action betwe5 ,man & !   
,l[]   ,animals & ,birds4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 
,l4 ,dana1 ,m4,d4 ,*>t on pap]4         

#be    ,day4 ,! ,race horse 9 ,tra9+4 ,)
 "s h9ts on ,rac+   & ,rac+ ,re=m4 ,by  
,wm4 ,day4 ,demy #hvo4                  
#f #dj    ,dun4 ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9es4 ,_!  
,actions & ,uses4 ,by ,f9lay   ,dun1    
,v4,s4 ,new ,am]ican edition f ! late/  
,engli% "o4   #hvo1 clo?4               
#c #ej    ,new ,revis$ ,engli% edition1 
#hvo1 clo?4                          #e 
#jj    ,fe>nley4 ,lessons 9 ,horse      
,judg+1 & on ! ,summ]+ (   ,hunt]s4     
#abmo1 clo?1 illu/rat$4                 
#a #fj    ,fe>nley4 ,lecture on !       
,exam9ation ( ,horses z to   ,s\ndness1 
,sale1 & ,w>ranty4 ,by ,w4 ,fe>nley1    
,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1   clo?4          
#c #jj    ,fitzwygram4 ,horses &        
,/ables4 ,by ,col4 ,f4 ,fitzwygram ( !  
#ae? ,huss>s4 ,new edition4 ,) #bd      
illu/rations4 ,clo?4          #d #jj    
,flem+4 8,human & ,animal ,v>iol40 ,a   
/udy 9 ,comp>ative   ,pa?ology4 ,pap]4  
#be    ,flem+4 8,! ,contagi\s ,diseases 
( ,animals40 ,_!   ,influ5ce on ! ,weal?
 & ,heal? ( ,nations4 #abmo1 pap]4      

#be    ,flem+4 8,act9omykosis40 ,a ,new 
,infecti\s ,disease ( ,man &   ,animals4
 ,by ,george ,flem+1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4    
,pap]4 7,j publi%$47     #be    ,flem+4 
,on ,horse%oe+4 ,by ,geo4 ,flem+4 ,clo?4
                 #ge    ,flem+4         
,op]ative ,vet]9>y ,surg]y4 ,by ,george 
,flem+4 7,9   ,prep>ation47 ,"p #a n[   
ready4    ,flem+4 ,propagation (        
,tub]culosis4 ,by ,george ,flem+4 ,clo? 
#b #be    ,flem+4 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y    
,sci5ce & ,sanit>y ,police4   ,embrac+ !
 ,nature1 ,causes1 ,symptoms1 etc41 & ! 
,prev5tion1 ,suppression1 ,!rapeutic    
,treatm5t1 & ! ,relation   to ! ,public 
,heal? ( ! ,epizootic & ,contagi\s      
,diseases   ( ! ,dome/icat$ ,animals2 ) 
a s*eme = ,vet]9>y &   ,sanit>y         
,organization2 ,obs]vations on ! ,duties
 ( ,vet]9>y   ,inspectors1 ,legislative 
,measures1 ,inspection ( ,meat & ,milk1 
,slaught] ,h\ses1 etc4 ,by ,george      
,flem+1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #b vols41   #hvo1  
clo?1 illu/rat$4                        
#i #jj    ,flem+4 8,animal ,plagues40   

,_! ,hi/ory1 ,nature1 &   ,prev5tion4   
,by ,george ,flem+1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41    
etc4 ,be+ a   ,*ronological ,hi/ory f ! 
e>lie/ times to #ahdd4 ,fir/   ,s]ies1  
compris+ a ,hi/ory ( ,animal ,plagues f 
,b4,c4 #adij   to ,a4,d4 #ahjj4 #hvo1   
clo?4                                   
#f #jj    ,second ,s]ies1 conta9+ !     
,hi/ory f ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj to #ahdd4       
#hvo1 clo?1 7rec5tly publi%$7           
#d #hj    ,flem+4 ,vet]9>y ,ob/etrics4  
,includ+ ! ,accid5ts &   ,diseases      
incid5t to ,pregnancy1 ,p>turition1 & ! 
,e>ly ,age   9 ,dome/icat$ ,animals4 ,by
 ,geo4 ,flem+1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,) #bab  
illu/rations4 #hvo1 cl4                 
#f #jj    ,flem+'s ,rabies &            
,hydrophobia4 ,hi/ory4 ,natural ,causes1
   ,symptoms1 & ,prev5tion4 ,by ,george 
,flem+1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1   clo?4   
#f #jj    ,go+4 ,vet]9>y ,diction>y4    
,compil$ by ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a4 ,go+4    #b   
#jj    ,hayes4 ,vet]9>y ,notes = ,horse 
,own]s4 ,an ,e-day ,horse   ,book4      
,revis$ edition1 illu/rat$4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 

,hayes4 #abmo1 clo?4  #e #jj            
,heatley4 ,! ,horse-own]s' ,safegu>d4 ,a
 h&y ,m$ical ,guide =   e ,horse-own]4  
,by ,george ,s4 ,heatley1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 
clo?4        #b #jj    ,hill4 ,!        
,managem5t & ,diseases ( ! ,dog4        
,conta9+ full   in/ructions = ,bre$+1   
,re>+1 & ,k5nell+ ,dogs4 ,_!   diff]5t  
,diseases1 embrac+ ,di/emp]1 ,m\?1      
,tee?1 ,tongue1   ,gullet1 ,respiratory 
,organs1 ,hepatitis1 ,indige/ions1      
,ga/ritis1   ,/4 ,vitus' ,dance1 ,b[el  
,diseases1 ,p>alysis1 ,rheumatism1      
,fits1   ,rabies1 ,sk9 ,diseases1       
,cank]1 ,diseases ( ! ,limbs1           
,fractures1   ,op]ations1 etc4 ,h[ to   
detect & h[ to cure !m4 ,_!   ,m$ic9es1 
& ! ,doses 9 :i* !y c be safely         
adm9i/]$4 ,by ,j4 ,woodr(fe ,hill1      
,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?   extra1    
fully illu/rat$4                        
#b #jj    ,hill4 8,! ,pr9ciples &       
,practice ( ,bov9e ,m$ic9e &   ,surg]y40
 ,by ,j4 ,woodr(fe ,hill1               
,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,octavo1 #ffd pages1   )

 #aec illu/rations on wood & #ai full   
page color$ plates4   ,clo?4            
#aj #jj   octavo1 #ffd pages1 %eep4     
#aa #ej    ,holcombe4 8,lam9itis40 ,a   
,contribution to ,vet]9>y ,pa?ology4    
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,holcombe1 ,v4,s4 ,pamphlet4
                                   #ej  
,horses & ,roads2 or1 ,h[ to ,keep a    
,horse ,s\nd on 8 ,legs4   ,by 8,free   
,lance0                                 
#b #ej    ,h[d54 8,h[ to ,buy & ,sell ! 
,horse40 ,! object ( ?is   book is to   
expla9 9 ! simple/ mann] :at con/itutes 
a   s\nd horse f an uns\nd "o4 #abmo1   
clo?4                     #a #jj        
,j5n+s4 ,horse ,tra9+ ,made ,easy4 ,a   
,practical ,sy/em (   ,educat+ ! ,horse4
 ,by ,rob]t ,j5n+s1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4 
#a #be    ,j5n+s4 ,sw9e1 ,%eep1 &       
,p\ltry4 ,embrac+ a ,hi/ory &           
,v>ieties ( ea*2 ,bre$+1 ,managem5t1    
,disease1 etc4 ,by ,rob]t   ,j5n+s1     
,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4                     
#a #be    ,j5n+s4 ,cattle & _!          
,diseases2 ) ! be/ ,rem$ies   adapt$ to 

_! ,cure4 ,by ,rob]t ,j5n+s1 ,v4,s4     
#abmo1 clo?4      #a #be    ,j5n+s4 ,on 
! ,horse & 8 ,diseases4 ,by ,rob]t      
,j5n+s1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4             
#a #be    ,j\rnal ( ,comp>ative ,m$ic9e 
& ,surg]y4 ,a ,qu>t]ly   ,j\rnal devot$ 
to ! ,diseases ( ,animals1 p>ticul>ly ( 
!   ,horse4 ,publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 ,april1 
,july1 & ,octob]4   ,subscriptions1 #b  
p] annum4 ,s+le copies1 po/paid4        
#fj    ,lav]ack4 ,! ,sett]4 ,by ,e4     
,lav]ack4 ,) in/ructions h[   to ,bre$1 
,re>1 ,break1 etc4 ,color$ illu/rations4
                #c #jj    ,liaut>d4     
,vade ,mecum ( ,equ9e ,anatomy4 ,by ,a4 
,liaut>d1 ,m4,d41   ,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4 
#a #ge    ,liaut>d4 8,animal            
,ca/ration40 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,liaut>d1     
,d4,v4,s4   #abmo1 illus4               
#b #jj    ,liaut>d4 ,translation (      
,zundel on ! ,horse's ,foot1 ,by ,dr4   
,a4   ,liaut>d1 ,d4,v4,s4 #hvo1 clo?4   
#a #ej    ,law4 ,! ,lung ,plague (      
,cattle2 ,contagi\s ,pleuro-,pneumonia4 
,illu/rat$4 ,by ,james ,law1 ,pr(essor (

 ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e 9   ,cornell          
,univ]sity4 ,pap]1 #ajj pp4             
#cj    ,law4 ,f>m]s' ,vet]9>y ,advis]4  
,a ,guide to ! ,prev5tion   & ,treatm5t 
( ,disease 9 ,dome/ic ,animals4 ,by     
,james ,law1   ,pr(essor ( ,vet]9>y     
,m$ic9e 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity4          
,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo?4                 
#c #jj    ,lehndorff4 ,horsebre$+       
,recollections4 ,by ,g4 ,lehndorff4     
#hvo1   clo?4                           
#d #bj    ,m>t94 ,cattle4 ,_! ,v>i\s    
,bre$s1 ,managem5t1 &   ,diseases4 ,by  
,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t94 ,revis$ by ,w4       
,raynbird4 #afmo1   bo>ds4              
#ej    ,mc,alpine4 ,biological ,atlas4  
,conta9+ #bd plates ( #dbc   color$     
illu/rations4 ,oblong qu>to clo?4 ,by   
,d4 ,mc,alpine1   ,f4,c4,s4             
#c #jj    ,mc,bride4 ,anatomical        
,outl9es ( ! ,horse4 ,revis$ &   ,enl>g$
 by ,t4 ,m4 ,may]1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,)   
color$ illu/rations4   #abmo1 clo?4     
#c #dj    ,mc,clure4 ,diseases (        
,am]ican ,horses1 ,cattle1 & ,%eep4 ,_! 

,treatm5t2 ) full description ( !       
,m$ic9es employ$4 ,by   ,r4 ,mc,clure1  
,m4,d41 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cl41 illus4       
#b #jj    ,mc,clure4 ,am]ican ,g5tlem5's
 ,/able ,guide2 ) ! mo/   ,approv$      
,me?ods ( ,fe$+1 ,groom+1 & ,manag+ !   
,horse4   ,by ,rob]t ,mc,clure1 ,m4,d41 
,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4                     
#a #jj    ,meyrick4 ,/able ,managem5t & 
! ,prev5tion ( ,diseases   among ,horses
 9 ,india4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,meyrick1        
,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1 clo?4  #a #jj    
,miles4 ,rem>ks on ,horses' ,tee?4      
,address$ to ,pur*as]s4 ,by   ,w4       
,miles4                                 
#fj    ,moreton4 8,on ,horsebreak+40 ,by
 ,rob]t ,moreton4 #abmo1 clo?4      #ej 
,moreton's ,manual ( ,ph>macy = !       
,vet]9>y ,/ud5t4 ,by   ,j4 ,w4 ,morton4 
#abmo1 clo?4                            
#d #jj    ,nav94 8,! ,explanatory ,/ock 
,doctor10 = ! use ( !   ,f>m]1 ,bre$]1 &
 ,own] ( ! ,horse4 ,) num]\s            
illu/rations4 ,by ,john ,ni*olson ,nav91
 ,v4,s4 #hvo1 %eep4          #d #ge     

,p]cival4 ,hyppo-pa?ology4 ,a ,sy/ematic
 ,treatise on !   ,disord]s & ,lam5ess (
 ! ,horse4 ,by ,w4 ,p]cival4 ,) _m      
illu/rations4 #f vols41 bo>ds4          
#cd #bj    ,p]cival4 ,lectures on       
,horses2 ,_! ,=m & ,action4 ,by ,w4     
,p]cival4 ,) eight outl9e plates4 #hvo1 
clo?4                  #d #jj           
,p]cival's ,anatomy ( ! ,horse4 ,by ,w4 
,p]cival4 #hvo1 clo?4    #h #jj         
,peck4 8,classifications ( ! ,muscles ( 
! ,horse40 ,?is is   a l>ge *>t1 pr9t$  
on heavy pap]1 #bdx#ch in*es1 %[+ at   a
 glance ! ,classifications ( ! ,muscles 
( ! ,horse1 )   ,orig91 ,ins]tion1      
,n]v\s ,supply1 & ! ,function ( ea*4    
#ej    ,reynolds4 8,bre$+ & ,managem5t (
 ,draught ,horses40 ,by   ,ri*>d ,s4    
,reynolds1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo1  
cl4                    #a #dj    ,riley4
 ,! ,mule4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,bre$+1    
,tra9+1 &   ,uses to :i* he may be put4 
#abmo1 clo?1 illus4                  #a 
#ej    ,rob]tson4 ,! ,practice ( ,equ9e 
,m$ic9e4 ,by ,w4 ,rob]tson4    #f #jj   

,/eel4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,diseases ( !  
,ox4 ,be+ a ,manual (   ,bov9e          
,pa?ology1 especially adapt$ to ,vet]9>y
 ,practition]s   & ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,john   
,h5ry ,/eel1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 
#hvo1 )   #aah illus41 cl4              
#f #jj    ,/eel4 8,outl9es ( ,equ9e     
,anatomy40 ,a ,manual = ! use (         
,vet]9>y ,/ud5ts 9 ! ,dissect+ ,room4   
,by ,john ,h4 ,/eel1   ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4  
#abmo1 clo?4                            
#c #jj    ,/rangeway4 8,vet]9>y         
,anatomy40 ,new edition1 revis$ &       
edit$ by ,i4 ,vaughn1 ,f4,l4,s41        
,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ) sev]al hundr$        
illu/rations4 #hvo1 clo?4               
#h #jj    ,/ornm\?'s ,manual (          
,sci5tific ,t]ms4 ,especially ref]r+    
to ^? 9 ,botany1 ,natural ,hi/ory1      
,m$ical & ,vet]9>y   ,sci5ce4 ,by ,rev4 
,jas4 ,/ornm\?4                         
#c #jj    ,tellor4 8,diseases ( ,live   
,/ock10 & _! mo/ ,effici5t   ,rem$ies4  
,by ,lloyd ,v4 ,tellor4 #hvo1 clo?1     
illu/rat$1 #b4ej2   %eep4               

#c #jj    ,tuson4 ,ph>macopia1 includ+  
,outl9es ( ,mat]ia ,m$ica &             
,!rapeutics 9 ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4 ,by ,r4 
,v4 ,tuson4 #abmo1   clo?4              
#b #ej    ,vet]9>y ,diagrams4 ,five     
,*>ts1 ea* #bbx#bh in*es 9 size1   on   
/\t pap]1 z foll[s1 sold sep>ately3     
,no4 #a1 ) eight color$ illu/rations4   
,ext]nal ,=m &   ,elem5t>y ,anatomy ( ! 
,horse4                                 
#a #ej    ,no4 #b4 ,uns\ndness &        
,defects ( ! ,horse1 ) #ej woodcuts4    
#ge    ,no4 #c4 ,! ,age ( ! ,dome/ic    
,animals1 ) #db woodcuts4           #ge 
,no4 #d4 ,! ,%oe+ ( ! ,horse1 ,mule1 &  
,ox1 ) #ei woodcuts4    #ge    ,no4 #e4 
,! ,elem5t>y ,anatomy1 ,po9ts1 &        
,but*]'s ,jo9ts (   ! ,ox1 ) #ag color$ 
illu/rations4 ,) explanatory text4      
#a #ej    ,price p] set ( five4         
#e #jj    ,walley4 8,f\r ,bov9e         
,sc\rges40 7,pleuro-,pneumonia1 ,foot & 
,m\? ,disease1 ,cattle ,plague1 &       
,tub]cle47 ,) an ,app5dix on   !        
,inspection ( ,live ,animals & ,meat4   

,by ,?os4 ,walley1   ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,) 
#di color$ illus4 & num]\s woodcuts4    
#dto1   cl4                             
#f #dj    ,webb4 8,on ! ,dog40 ,its     
,po9ts1 ,peculi>ities1 ,in/9cts1 &      
,:ims4 ,illu/rat$ ) photographs4        
#c #jj    ,williams4 ,pr9ciples &       
,practice ( ,vet]9>y ,m$ic9e4 ,new      
edition1 entirely revis$1 & illu/rat$ ) 
num]\s pla9   & color$ plates4 ,by ,w4  
,williams1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1 clo?4  
#e #jj    ,williams4 ,pr9ciples &       
,practice ( ,vet]9>y ,surg]y4 ,new      
edition1 entirely revis$1 & illu/rat$ ) 
num]\s pla9   & color$ plates4 ,by ,w4  
,williams1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1 clo?4  
#g #ej    ,williams4 ,*>t ( !           
,contagi\s1 ,infecti\s1 & ,specific     
,fev]s ( ! ,dome/icat$ ,animals4        
#a #jj    ,zundel4 8,on ! ,horse's      
,foot40 ,translat$ by ,a4 ,liaut>d1     
,m4,d41 ,d4,v4,s4                       
#a #ej   ,,vet]9>y ,,books ,,9 ,,fr5*4  
,b5ion4 ,trait de l'levage et des       
,maladies des ,animaux et des   ,oiseaux

 de ,basse-,c\r4                        
#b #hj    ,b5ion4 ,trait de l'levage et 
des ,maladies du ,m\ton4          #c #fj
    ,b5ion4 ,trait de l'levage et des   
,maladies du ,porc4            #b #fj   
,beugnot4 ,dictionnaire usuel de        
,*irurgie et de ,mdec9e   ,vtr9aire4 #b 
=ts volumes 9-#h1 avec plan*es4         
#g #bj    ,b\ley4 ,la ,rage1 moy5 d'en  
vit] les ,dang]s et de prv5ir   sa      
,propagation4                           
#dj    ,b\ley-,reynal4 ,n\veau          
,dictionnaire ,pratique de ,mdec9e1 de  
,*irurgie et ,hygine ,vtr9aire 7to be   
complet$ 9 #ah   volumes71 *aque volume4
                                        
#c #jj    ,col94 ,trait de ,physiologie 
,comp>e des ,animaux2 ,p> ,g4   ,col91  
,pr(esseur  l'cole ,vtr9aire d',al=t2   
avec ,figures   int]cales dans le texte4
 #b vols4 9-#h4                         
#aj #dj    ,cruzel4 ,des ,maladies de   
l',espce ,bov9e4 ,p> ,j4 ,cruzel4       
#e #fj    ,dictionnaire4                
,lexicographique et ,descriptif des     

,sci5ces   ,mdicales et ,vtr9aires4 ,un 
trs-=t vol4 de plus de #aejj   pages4   
#h #jj    ,g\rdon4 ,trait de la         
,ca/ration des ,animaux ,dome/iques4    
#c #fj    ,h]twig4 ,les ,maladies des   
,*i5s et leur ,traitem5t4            #a 
#dj    ,lecoq4 ,trait de l',extrieur du 
,*eval et des ,pr9cipaux   ,animaux     
,dome/iques4                            
#c #fj    ,leyh4 ,anatomie des ,animaux 
,dome/iques4                         #c 
#fj    ,magne4 ,races ,*eval9es et leur 
,amlioration1 ,entreti51                
,multiplication1 levage et ducation du  
,*eval1 de l',ane et du   ,mulet4 ,p>   
,j4 ,h4 ,magne4                         
#c #bj    ,magne4 ,races ,bov9es et leur
 ,amlioration1 ,entreti51               
,multiplication1 levage et ,engraissem5t
 du ,buf4 ,p> ,j4 ,h4   ,magne4         
#b #jj    ,magne4 ,races ,porc9es et    
leur ,amlioration1 ,entreti51           
,multiplication1 levage et ,engraissem5t
 du ,porc4 ,p> ,j4 ,h4   ,magne4        
#hj    ,magne4 ,n\rriture des ,*evaux de

 ,travail--bro*ure4               #dj   
,magne4 ,*oix du ,*eval4                
#hj    ,magne4 ,*oix et ,n\rriture du   
,*eval4 ,p> ,j4 ,h4 ,magne4 ,avec       
,vignettes4                             
#a #dj    ,m\rod4 ,matire ,mdicale2 ou  
la ,ph>macologie ,vtr9aire4      #b #dj 
,sa9t-,cyr4 ,trait d',ob/trique         
,vtr9aire4 ,avec c5t   vignettes4       
#e #fj    ,signol4 ,aide ,mmoire du     
,vtr9aire1 ,mdec9e1 ,*irurgie et        
,ob/trique2 ,p> ,jules ,signol2 avec    
#cie ,figures4                  #b #dj  
,tab\r94 ,n\veau ,trait de ,matire      
,mdicale ,?rapeutique et   de ,ph>macie 
,vtr9aires1 #b =t volumes1 9-#h1 avec   
plus de   #ajj figures4                 
#h #jj       ,transcrib]'s ,notes       
,"s m9or typographical errors h be5     
correct$ sil5tly2 spell+   inconsi/5cies
 h be5 reta9$ 7craseur _/ ecraseur1     
cryptor*ids_/   criptor*ids1 etc474     
,illu/rations h be5 mov$ outside text   
p>agraphs4    ,ditto *>act]s 77 9 !     
table ( cont5ts h be5 replac$ )   !     

ditto$ text4    ,adv]tisem5t page #h3   
,lecocq has be5 replac$ ) ,lecoq4