,transcriber's ,notes ,texts between underscores and between equal signs are transcriptions of texts printed in italics and boldface1 respectively4 ,small capitals have been transcribed as ,,all ,,capitals4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,,animal ,,castration4 ,,by ,a4 ,,liautard1 ,m4,d41 ,h4,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,professor of ,anatomy1 ,operative ,surgery and ,sanitary ,medicine to the ,american ,veterinary ,college1 ,new ,york1 ,foreign ,corresponding ,member of the ,socit ,centrale de ,mdecine ,vtrinaire1 ,paris1 ,member of the ,socit ,vtrinaire d',alsace-,lorraine1 ,member of the ,socit ,vtrinaire ,pratique1 ,paris1 ,member of the ,u4 ,s4 ,veterinary ,medical ,association1 ,etc41 etc4 ,with ,forty-four ,plates embodied in the ,text4 ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,william ,r4 ,,jenkins ,,veterinary ,,publisher ,,and ,,bookseller #hej ,,sixth ,,avenue ,,london3 ,,balli,,re1 ,,tindall ,,cox #ahhd ,copyright1 #ahhd4 ,w4 ,r4 ,,jenkins4 ,,press ,,of ,w4 ,r4 ,,jenkins1 #hfj ,,sixth ,,ave41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,to ,,henry ,,bouley1 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,institute ,,of ,,paris1 ,this little practical work is respectfully dedicated in testimony of the continued esteem and respectful remembrance of one who was fortunate in being numbered among his former students1 by ,,the ,,author4 ,,introduction4 ,in presenting this concise treatise upon castration of the domestic animals1 it is not intended to offer new modes of operation1 but merely to collect together the various methods in use and leave the reader to appreciate them at their value4 ,it is a work which1 it is believed1 has not yet been done in ,english veterinary literature1 and on this account it is hoped will prove of interest and use to those engaged in that specialty of veterinary surgery4 ,in gathering the material1 advantage has been taken of several of the most recent works of ,french and ,german writers on the subject1 and plates have been obtained from the original and excellent wood cuts of ,zundel1 and ,peuch1 and ,toussaint4 ,in presenting this volume to the indulgence of veterinarians1 it is with pleasure that the author acknowledges and offers his sincere thanks to ,dr4 ,holt for the great assistance he has kindly given in revising the manuscript4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,animal ,,castration4 ,,animal ,,castration4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,definition -- ,,its ,,various ,,purposes -- ,,an ,,old ,,operation -- ,,its ,,history -- ,,castration ,,of ,,necessity -- ,,castration ,,of ,,fashion ,,and ,,convenience -- ,,its ,,effects -- ,,upon ,,the ,,general ,,organism -- ,,upon ,,some ,,special ,,function -- ,,upon ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,animal -- ,,age ,,at ,,which ,,it ,,ought ,,to ,,be ,,performed -- ,,season ,,most ,,favorable -- ,,preparation ,,of ,,the ,,patient -- ,,modes ,,of ,,restraint -- ,,casting -- ,,standing ,,up -- ,,anatomy ,,of ,,the ,,parts4 ,of all the operations pertaining to the domain of ,veterinary ,surgery1 without doubt the practitioner is most frequently called upon to perform--more especially in breeding districts--that of castration1 the destruction or removal of the essential organs of generation in our domesticated animals4 ,it is1 however1 not nearly so often resorted to for purely surgical reasons as for purposes closely related to questions of agricultural and industrial economy1 by reason of its effect upon the individuals of the various species of animals subjected to it1 in order to improve their value and increase their usefulness to mankind4 ,and that this is its practical effect is no modern discovery4 ,as far back in antiquity as seven centuries preceding the ,christian era1 it was known and practised upon various animals4 ,of this we may find ample historical proof in the writings of ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,oriental authors1 where specific mention appears of the various methods employed1 including the processes of excision1 of crushing and of tearing4 ,even the castration of females was known to our less remote ancestors1 the ,danes having in the sixteenth century performed it on sheep1 swine1 cows1 and even mares4 ,the spaying of cows1 however1 seems to have been forgotten about the beginning of the present century1 and it was not until the year #ahca that ,thomas ,winn1 of ,natchez 7,louisiana71 and afterwards ,levrat 7of ,lausanne71 brought it to the attention of veterinarians1 as a means for the improvement of the milky secretion in cows4 ,the operation may be considered under two distinct heads4 ,under the first it is to be considered as one of necessity1 as when performed with a therapeutic object in view2 as1 for example1 when it constitutes one of the first steps involved in the surgical treatment of strangulated hernia1 or of diseased conditions of the testicles or ovaries1 such as orchitis1 epididymitis1 sarcocele1 hydrocele1 cyst1 etc4 ,in the other case it is resorted to for reasons of mere fashion and convenience1 and has for its object the production of such a modification of the general organism as shall increase the adaptedness of the animals subjected to it to the uses to which they are applied2 when1 of course1 the economic becomes the paramount and exclusive reason for thus interfering with the obvious creative purpose4 ,it is the operation as performed under this general heading that we shall now principally consider4 ,in relation to this latter object it must be borne in mind that the operation is followed by certain peculiar effects1 which may either manifest themselves upon the entire organism1 or upon some special functions only4 ,in the first instance it is quite evident that the primary and most obvious effect of the mutilation is to be discovered in the character and disposition of the animal1 which at once becomes in a double sense an 8altered0 creature1 docile and submissive1 and entirely willing to become the obedient and useful servant of his human master4 ,but it is not alone that we find the vicious stallion1 the uncontrollable bull1 the kicking jackass1 the dangerous boar1 and even the hysteric mare and cow transformed into the useful gelding1 the quiet ox1 the patient donkey1 and the 8fatherly0 barrow1 the quiet working mare and the productive cow1 as the result of the change which the character--the nervous system1 in fact--has undergone4 ,besides this1 other marked changes are to be observed of a more distinctly physical character1 such as a modification of the entire organism1 manifested in the external symmetry1 and the expressive physiognomy of the creature1 when deprived of its virility4 ,the animal becomes more quiet1 and its general form is modified4 ,if altered at an early age1 the skeleton will be arrested in its growth1 and the mass of muscles attached to it will participate in the defective development2 the head will become elongated1 the legs will continue to be lighter1 and the body will show a corresponding lack of development4 ,in other words1 the male animal will tend to assume the characters of the female1 in form and feature1 the gelding1 indeed1 resembling the mare1 not only in the ensemble of his appearance1 but in his voice1 which loses the resonance of the stallion's1 and his physiognomy1 which becomes milder and less expressive2 while his neck is lighter and his mane more scanty1 with the hairs which compose it more fine and silky4 ,a like tendency exists in other male animals to acquire a resemblance to the female as an effect of the operation of castration4 ,the altered bull has a weak and feminine voice2 his head is narrower and elongated2 his horns become lengthened and more curved2 he has exchanged his wild and threatening aspect for a mild and gentle visage2 his neck also is lighter and his chest narrower2 his bony structure is less massive2 and he has1 besides all the rest1 acquired a quality of essential importance to mankind in a dietetic view1 that of accumulating fat4 ,this last phenomenon shows us that besides the other changes referred to1 there is an important modification of the nutritive forces of the animal1 or at least a change in the direction of their action4 ,when thus deprived of his virile functions the animal ceases1 in effect1 to exist as one of a species1 but maintains an essentially individual life1 in which the assimilable nutriment which he absorbs1 instead of being in part appropriated to the office of reproduction of his kind1 is all devoted to his own individual conservation4 ,in animals not used for draught purposes1 or in other labor1 when the food received is nearly always in excess of the amount required for the support of the organism1 the result follows that the surplus of nutritive substances 7found sometimes in great abundance7 becomes stored in the connective tissue and intermuscular structure1 and that in this way the flesh assumes superior and more nutritious qualities than that of the unaltered animal1 while1 at the same time1 it loses the strong and peculiar odor frequently communicated to it by the presence of the testicular apparatus and secretion in the entire animal4 ,this property of modification of function is probably still better illustrated in the effect of the operation upon cows1 where we shall find not only the power of accumulation of fat increased by castration1 but1 above all1 the milky secretion improved both in quality and quantity1 and also in the duration of the flow4 ,,age4 ,the question1 8at what age can an entire animal be altered80 admits of a simple answer1 to wit1 8as soon as the testicles can be easily reached--as soon as they appear outside of the abdominal cavity1 and are found in the inguinal canal40 ,but although it can be performed at that epoch1 or deferred to any period of after life1 it must be remembered that it is easier and less dangerous in young than in older animals1 and that with the former it is a simple operation1 producing1 ordinarily1 no noticeable alteration in the other functions1 and but rarely followed by accidents4 ,a period between eighteen months and two years is generally preferred for horses1 though1 according to some authors1 even a much earlier date may be chosen1 some ,english veterinarians being accustomed to operate at as early a date as ten days from birth4 ,it is immaterial1 however1 at what precise time the operation may be performed1 since it is a conceded point that the earlier it is done the better4 ,,season4 ,when it is possible to choose the season most favorable for the operation1 and for securing the best chances of recovery1 the spring1 or the early stages of the fall1 are those to which the operator should give the preference1 provided the atmospheric temperature is moderate and not susceptible to sudden variations4 ,it is to be remembered that at some periods of the year1 without any known or apparent cause1 a tendency appears in wounds to take on gangrenous or septicemic complications which are not so generally observed in the mild weather of spring and early fall4 ,another essential condition which surgeons will do well to take into consideration is the general health of the subject1 as in all cases of surgical interference1 any diseased tendency already existing 7perhaps latent7 in the patient1 such as an anmic condition1 a gourmy predisposition1 or typhoid susceptibility are likely to give rise to the development of serious and perhaps fatal sequel to an operation which1 simple as it may be in itself1 is nevertheless not without danger1 or of possible complications of its own4 ,,preparations4 ,the preparations to which the animal is to be subjected previous to undergoing the operation are the same as those which are required in other cases of surgical manipulation4 ,some portions of the preparations are1 perhaps1 of even greater importance1 and may not1 on any account1 be overlooked1 when we take into consideration the peculiar position in which the animal must frequently be secured in order effectually to control his movements4 ,hence1 a low diet for twenty-four hours preceding that appointed for the operation1 and an empty stomach at the time of castration1 with a thorough washing of the sheath1 are precautions which no surgeon entitled to the name will overlook or neglect1 especially when a soliped is to be subjected to the knife4 ,we shall discuss hereafter the indications in the case of the castration of large females4 ,,restraint4 ,two modes of restraint are employed in securing the animals during the manipulations for the removal of the testicles1 one which is applied to all the various methods yet to be described1 and the other applicable principally to the method of amputation of the cord by the use of the craseur4 ,in the former1 the animal is thrown down and secured with one of his hind legs fixed in a position in which the inguinal region is fully exposed4 ,in the latter he is allowed to remain in a standing posture1 and is kept quiet by the application of a twitch upon his upper lip4 ,as the first mode of securing the patient is the safest for all parties engaged in the undertaking1 and from the further fact of its applicability in all methods of operating1 we shall first consider it somewhat in detail4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,condition of the horse in lying posture4 ,steps to bring one of the hind legs upon the corresponding front one4 ,by veterinarians who employ the old method of casting with four hobbles1 the animal1 being properly prepared1 is thrown upon whichever side corresponds with the operator's habit of manipulation1 whether with the right hand or the left1 and the leg opposite to that on which he is lying being released from the hobble1 is carried forward upon the corresponding shoulder1 as far as it can be safely done4 ,to effect this a loop of rope or platelonge is passed around the coronet1 below the fetlock1 the free end being carried forward over the dorsal border of the neck1 under the neck1 towards its anterior border1 and is then carried back under the same hind leg1 between the hinder extremities and over the hock1 from the posterior border1 where an assistant1 stationed at the back of the animal1 is ready to receive it 7,fig4 #a74 ,by careful1 gradual and steady pulling upon the rope the foot is brought forward upon the external surface of the shoulder1 and there secured by two or three turns of the rope around the coronet4 ,but it often occurs that in this position the inguinal region is not sufficiently exposed1 and some of the steps of the operation may thus be rendered difficult1 even when the surgeon has taken the precaution to pose the body of the patient and place him partly on his back1 by means of bundles of straw pressed under the side upon which he lies4 ,many operators prefer the use of the double side line1 with which1 when the animal is thrown1 both hind legs are brought forward together1 and he is fixed squarely upon his back1 and the inguinal region thus brought distinctly into view4 ,the manipulation is thereby made easier for the surgeon1 and1 it is claimed1 safer for the patient4 ,the possibility of danger attending these methods has led many veterinarians in ,europe1 and in the ,united ,states as well1 to prefer the operation with the animal in the standing posture4 ,but it is to be considered that the same complications may rise in all instances1 with the exception of apprehended injury to the vertebral column1 which1 though possible1 is almost unknown1 in fact1 at the usual age of the castrated animal4 ,it is to be considered1 likewise1 that the animal1 on his feet1 is free to struggle as violently as he wishes1 and is thus exposed to the risk of the pulling and laceration of the spermatic cord1 and a resulting predisposition to enlargements of that body and the formation of champignons4 ,when it is considered1 again1 that by the traction of the cord the superior opening of the inguinal canal is necessarily dilated1 and the formation of a hernia of castration is liable to take place1 we submit the point to the intelligent judgment1 whether1 in the presence of these possibilities of extremely dangerous accidents1 it does not become the duty of the veterinarian to prefer the mode of securing his patient in the supine position1 both in his own behalf and that of his employer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 #a4 ,testicular envelope4 #b4 ,posterior serous septum4 #b4 ,white muscular fibres of ,bouley4 #c4 ,serous membrane--portion of the tunica vaginalis4 #c4 #c4 ,visceral layers of the tunica covering the cord and the testicles4 #d4 ,the testicle with its peritoneal covering4 #e4 ,the epididymis4 #e4 ,globus major4 #e4 ,globus minor1 the tail4 #f4 ,deferent canal4 #g4 ,spermatic blood vessels and nerves4 ,,anatomy4 ,we now pass rapidly in review the anatomical structure of the inguinal region and of the testicular organs4 ,a knowledge of these is of course essential to a proper understanding of the description of the various modes of operation1 and of some of their sequel1 upon which we shall soon enter4 ,the testicular envelopes1 passing from the surface inwards1 are represented by the scrotum1 the dartos1 the cellular coat1 the tunica erythroida1 formed by the cremaster1 and the fibrous and serous or vaginal sac 7,fig4 #b74 ,the scrotum is a continuation of the skin1 and forms a complete bag1 common to both testicles1 which it contains and covers2 the skin being here thin1 vascular and nervous1 usually black in color1 almost hairless1 and soft and unctuous to the touch4 ,it is divided into two lateral halves by a raph or median line4 ,it is very elastic1 and easily yields to the efforts of distention1 to which it is subjected1 and when stretched over the organs it contains1 presents a shining aspect1 due to the sebaceous secretion which covers it4 ,it easily contracts to its shrunken condition1 and may be closely drawn up into the inguinal canal1 when it assumes a thickly wrinkled surface4 ,the second envelope1 the dartos1 is a prolongation of the tunica abdominalis1 and is a yellow1 fibrous structure1 forming two distinct sacs resting upon each other1 and lying on the inside of the scrotum1 to which it is intimately adherent4 ,in the lateral and superior parts the adhesions are looser1 and in front it becomes continuous with the suspensory ligament of the sheath1 which1 like itself1 forms a portion of the abdominal tunic4 ,under the dartos is a layer of very loose cellular tissue1 the lamell of which are so formed that it may be divided into several superimposed layers4 ,this formation endows the testicle with great mobility in the dartoid sac2 and these layers may be easily separated with the finger from the external surface of the fibrous coat beneath1 except posteriorly1 where it forms a strong band which sometimes requires even the aid of an instrument to divide4 ,the next envelope is represented by the tunica erythroida which is the cremaster muscle1 and from the lumbar region extends itself downwards into the inguinal canal along the outside of the cord1 and terminates towards the superior part of the testicle in fibres spreading only over its external face4 ,this muscle1 by its deep surface1 rests upon the fibrous coat--another envelope of the testicle and of the cord--and to which it is closely adherent4 ,to the powerful contraction of this muscle is due the retraction of the testicle into the depth of the groin1 which condition sometimes it is so difficult to overcome in the first stages of the operation4 ,the fibrous testicular envelope which we have just seen giving attachment to the cremaster1 is a thin membranous bag1 elongated like the neck of a bottle around the spermatic cord1 which it envelopes1 and dilated below1 in order to enclose the testicle4 ,lined internally by the serous coat1 to which it intimately adheres1 this last membrane is a duplicature of the peritoneum1 drawn downwards by the testicle when it descends from the abdominal cavity into the inguinal canal4 ,this serous envelope has1 therefore1 two coats1 one lying on the inside of the fibrous tunic1 and called the parietal1 and that which covers the cord and the testicle and is known as the visceral4 ,these two layers approximate towards the posterior border of the cord1 and1 as they unite1 form a sort of fold1 band1 or septum which divides into two parts the posterior portion of the vaginal cavity1 and becomes a means of solid adhesion between the tail of the epididymis and the bottom of the sac4 ,the testicles1 thus covered by the visceral layer of the serous coat1 are suspended at the end of the spermatic cord1 and surmounted upon their superior border by the epididymis1 the first part of the deferent canal1 which is folded upon itself1 while at its posterior extremity--the 8tail10 so called--it continues in a straight course1 and conveys the product of the secretion of the testicles into the vesicul seminales1 lodged in the pelvic cavity4 ,the spermatic cord is formed anteriorly by the spermatic or great testicular artery1 which forms1 in that portion1 a large number of flexuosities1 causing its length greatly to exceed that of the cord to which it belongs4 ,it contains a network of veins1 and lymphatic vessels in abundance1 which are united to the curves of the artery by a somewhat loose cellular tissue4 ,a large number of nervous branches1 given off by the solar plexus1 surrounds the whole4 ,between the lamell of peritoneal structure which forms the posterior septum1 and which unites the parietal with the visceral layer1 there is found a band of grey muscular fibres--first discovered1 ,i believe1 by ,h4 ,bouley--which exerts a powerful agency in the retraction of the testicle towards the inguinal ring4 ,behind this muscle1 and situated on the internal face of the septum1 are found the deferent canal and the circumvolutions of the small testicular artery4 ,having thus considered the essential points of the anatomical structure of these organs1 we shall next seek to enforce the importance of their careful study in reference to the intelligent and skilful performance of the important operation which we are discussing4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,methods -- ,,three ,,classes -- ,,first1 ,,immediate ,,amputation -- ,,second1 ,,amputation ,,after ,,application ,,of ,,hemostatic ,,means ,,upon ,,the ,,cord -- ,,third1 ,,without ,,amputation1 ,,but ,,destruction ,,of ,,secreting ,,power ,,of ,,the ,,organ -- ,,simple ,,excision -- ,,scraping -- ,,tearing ,,and ,,torsion -- ,,torsion -- ,,free ,,and ,,limited -- ,,above ,,or ,,below ,,the ,,epididymis -- ,,linear ,,crushing -- ,,firing4 ,the methods of performing the operation of castration may be variously classified1 though in each class a varying number of modes will come under our notice4 ,the first class will include the operations by which1 the envelopes having been cut through1 the vaginal sac opened and the testicle exposed1 the organ is separated by an immediate section of the cord4 ,a number of different processes are included under this head1 among which are those of scraping1 of tearing1 of torsion1 of linear crushing1 or by the ecraseur1 and of firing1 or the actual cautery4 ,the second class has also for its first or preliminary step1 that of the first1 viz41 the incision of the bags1 the opening of the vaginal sac1 and the exposure of the testicle4 ,but instead of removing the organ by the division of the cord1 we proceed as a second step1 to the application of an apparatus designed to operate by producing compression along the length of the cord1 and in this are included but two modes of operating1 that by the ligature and that by the clamps4 ,the third class1 according to our category1 presents to our view two further operations1 both of which are essentially bloodless and dispense with the incision of the bags1 consisting of certain peculiar manipulations which insure the destruction of the testicular structure1 and consequently of its secreting power4 ,they comprehend the process of the crushing of the spermatic cord1 and that of subcutaneous double twisting--the bistournage of the ,french4 ,we now enter upon the consideration of each of the separate modes we have thus enumerated4 ,,simple ,,excision4 ,this is claimed to be one of the oldest modes of operating1 and though to a great extent discarded by practitioners of the present day1 still finds its application in the treatment of the smaller animals4 ,with larger patients1 however1 though still strongly recommended by some practitioners1 it is not generally employed on account of the profuse hemorrhage which necessarily follows the amputation of the cord4 ,still it is conceded that this hemorrhage1 as in many cases of the clean1 transverse section of arterial blood vessels1 will cease spontaneously by the contraction of the vessels on themselves1 and the formation of a clot at the divided end1 as well as in the surrounding cellular tissue4 ,however1 there is a possibility of the continuance of the hemorrhage for some length of time1 and the bad effects of excessive depletion are not to be overlooked1 especially in an animal whose general constitution has from any cause suffered impairment4 ,if there is any one of the various modes of operating in which the standing position is allowable1 this1 in our opinion1 is the one1 the steps of the process being so few and so short1 and admitting such simplicity and rapidity4 ,these consist in making a free opening in the bag1 reaching with a single stroke of the knife into the vaginal cavity2 grasping the testicle and pulling it gently downwards2 and cutting the cord right across1 from the front backwards1 above the epididymis1 the cord returning of itself into the vaginal sac--the division being made1 of course1 on both sides4 ,the animal is then kept quiet in his stall and left alone until the hemorrhage subsides4 ,,scraping4 ,this operation1 which is said to have originated in ,india1 is but a modification of the preceding4 ,instead1 however1 of using a sharp edged instrument to divide the cord1 the surgeon1 on the contrary1 employs a dull knife1 with which the coats of the artery and portions of the cord are scraped until the separation takes place4 ,they are thus placed in good condition for their temporary closure4 ,this method is probably attended with a diminished amount of hemorrhage1 and if carefully performed1 it may be entirely absent1 the clot closing the artery1 and the condition of the lacerated threads of the vessel acting favorably1 as well1 in preventing it4 ,the manipulations are similar to those accompanying the simple excision1 though it is better and more safely effected when the animal is on his back4 ,the testicles being exposed by the incision through the envelopes1 the posterior septum of the cord is cut through by a transverse section1 and the scraping of the anterior fasciculus of the cord then performed1 by a slow movement from above downwards1 along a certain extent1 in order to effect a solution of continuity by a sort of wearing through the tissues4 ,this operation is slow and requires a careful hand for its execution4 ,but as it may in some cases be followed by severe hemorrhage1 it cannot1 for that reason1 be recommended for large animals1 for solipeds especially4 ,,tearing ,,and ,,torsion4 ,these two modes of operation may1 to a great extent1 be considered as identical4 ,indeed1 the mode of torsion may be said to have arisen principally as a modification of that of tearing1 which is the older4 ,in tearing1 the cord was subjected to a certain amount of torsion by the hand1 and then torn apart at a given point in its length2 while in the process of simple torsion1 as properly performed1 we obtain a division of the cord by twisting it with instruments1 which enables the operator to effect the separation at a definitely determined spot4 ,tearing differs1 then1 from torsion only in the fact that after giving several twists to the cord in order to gather its fibres into a more compact mass1 and to diminish the resistance of the more superficial layers1 it is divided in its continuity by a violent traction upon its fibres in the direction of its length4 ,in this process1 especially applied to ruminants1 the testicle being exposed1 the operator secures the cord firmly with the thumb and index finger of one hand1 to prevent the traction from taking effect too far upwards when being made by the other hand1 after the cord has been twisted a few times on itself4 ,,torsion4 ,in this method of castration the cord is twisted with sufficient force to cause it to break of itself at the point of the greatest violence4 ,its design is to accomplish the removal of the testicle without dragging or excessive traction upon the cord1 and thus to avoid the hemorrhage following the torsion of the spermatic artery1 as a mode of hemostasis sufficient to prevent the flow of blood attendant upon the rupture of the cord4 ,the operation may be performed either above or below the epididymis1 or may consist simply in the torsion of the artery alone4 ,at first the hands only were called upon to act in the manipulations1 and the operation was from this cause known as free torsion1 until about fifty years ago1 when instruments were introduced into general practice1 and gave rise to the plan of limited torsion4 ,,free ,,torsion4 ,free torsion1 or that in which the hands alone are employed in the operation1 may be performed1 as before stated1 either above or below the epididymis4 ,above the ,epididymis4--,the first is one of the oldest modes of castration known2 one which must have been practiced contemporaneously with the use of clamps1 or in the first age of surgery4 ,the first steps of the operation required for the exposure of the testicles are the same as have already been detailed4 ,when this is accomplished the steps of torsion and rupture are then performed in the following manner3 ,the operator1 grasping the testicle1 carefully draws out the spermatic cord1 and with a pointed bistoury makes a transverse incision1 above the tail of the epididymis1 through the posterior septum of the cord1 involving what we know as the white muscle of ,bouley1 the efferent canal1 and the small testicular artery4 ,he then seizes the anterior fasciculus of the cord between the thumb and index finger of the left hand1 squeezing it as tightly as possible1 and having with the other hand secured the cord at a short distance below the point where the left hand has already been placed1 performs the torsion by a rotatory movement given to the testicle itself1 the motion having for its result the twisting and tearing of the cord when long enough continued to overcome the tenacity of its fibres4 ,fifteen or twenty turns of the organ will usually be found sufficient to effect the rupture4 ,a considerable degree of strength in the fingers is required in this movement1 and for this reason the torsion may take effect further up than may be desired1 and beyond the point designed1 which may result in an unnecessary amount of irritation and injury4 ,when the torsion has gone so far that the rupture of the cord has been effected1 the stump is released1 and retracts in the inguinal canal to a certain height limited by the presence of the posterior septum1 which holds it in place1 and to a great extent prevents its return through the superior orifice of the inguinal canal4 ,below the ,epididymis4--,this1 the fourth step of the operation1 consists in the separation of the testicle from the epididymis and the torsion of one upon the other4 ,the testicle being exposed1 the operator1 taking hold of its appendix1 the epididymis1 with the left hand1 and of the gland with the right1 their cellular serous attachment is divided by the thumbs from the posterior to the anterior extremity1 from the tail to the head of the twisted efferent canal4 ,if this cannot be done with the hand1 the convex bistoury must be called into action4 ,this accomplished1 the head of the epididymis is firmly secured with the fingers of the left hand1 and the right hand1 left free1 gives to the testicle the number of rotatory motions necessary to separate it from its excretory canal--that is1 from eight to ten4 ,when the testicle is thus severed1 the stump of the end1 with the epididymis1 is pushed back into the vaginal sac1 where it is confined by the application of a suture upon the middle of the edge of the scrotal wound4 ,,limited ,,torsion4 ,limited ,torsion ,above the ,epididymis4--,as we have seen1 this is the operation by which the division of the spermatic cord is effected by torsion made upon a given point in its length1 and limited by the use of special instruments4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,fixing ,,forceps ,,for ,,torsion4 ,a4--,renault and ,delafond pattern4 ,b4--,perier4 ,c4--,reynal4 ,we have already called attention to the difficulty of the operation of free torsion1 which requires a great deal of strength1 and which1 besides1 may be accompanied by a serious inflammatory condition of the parts1 through rough manipulations of the cord4 ,it is for this reason that this mode of procedure must have been reserved for small animals1 as1 if performed upon the larger kinds1 it can only be by men whose muscular force is sufficient to enable them to overcome and bring into subjection the struggling subjects of their operations4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,moving ,,forceps ,,for ,,castration ,,by ,,torsion4 ,renault and ,delafond pattern4 ,reynal pattern4 ,it was in #ahhc that two ,french veterinarians1 ,renault and ,delafond1 of the ,alfort school1 introduced the use of instruments in the operation1 as an improvement upon the manual methods and their effects on the sequel1 though it is said to have been already practiced in ,germany as far back as the last century4 ,the instruments employed are two forceps of peculiar construction1 and which were more or less modified1 one of which 7fixing forceps1 ,fig4 #c17 is to be applied upon a fixed point of the cord1 where it is suffered to remain1 and the other 7moving forceps1 ,fig4 #d17 is employed to accomplish the rotation of the testicle and the lower end of the cord4 ,those of ,renault and ,delafond or of ,reynal are now in general use4 ,those of ,beaufils 7,fig4 #e7 are1 we believe1 too complicated for general use4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,combined ,,forceps ,,of ,m4 ,,beaufils4 ,modus ,operandi4--,in the first step of the operation1 the ordinary manipulations of the division of the envelopes1 the opening of the sac and exposure of the testicle being accomplished1 and the envelopes being carefully pushed upwards1 the torsion and excision of the cord are effected in the following manner3 ,the entire cord is embraced by the fixing forceps 7see ,fig4 #f71 or only its anterior fasciculus if the posterior septum has been cut1 as in the process by free torsion above the epididymis4 ,an assistant1 seizing it from before backwards between its open branches and strongly closing them1 holds it firmly1 without pulling upon the cord4 ,the operator then grasps the cord with the moving forceps above the testicle1 and a little below the point held by the assistant1 leaving a small space between the instruments1 and closing his own tightly1 begins the movement of torsion1 which he directs from left to right4 ,for this he sometimes requires both hands1 one of them keeping the instrument in place1 while the other continues the rotation as described4 ,ten or fifteen turns of the forceps are usually sufficient to complete the rupture of the cord1 the artery1 owing to its facility of elongation1 being the last part to give way4 ,the testicle then separates1 being held in the branches of the moving forceps2 the fixing forceps are removed1 and the cord is drawn upwards into the vaginal sac4 ,it is important in this operation to caution the assistant against drawing on the cord during the struggles of the animal1 consequent upon the pain caused by the first application of the instruments1 and the pressure upon the parts when held between their inflexible iron jaws2 but on the contrary1 to maintain it as closely as possible against the inguinal region4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,operation ,,of ,,limited ,,torsion4 ,this process of castration is one of the most rapid of all the forms of operating4 ,the only hemorrhage likely to occur is merely that of the small testicular artery1 if it should happen to be divided when the torsion is confined to the front portion of the cord4 ,below the ,epididymis4--,this process differs from the preceding only in the fact that instead of holding the cord between the fingers1 it is held by the fixed forceps1 the use of the moving instrument being rendered unnecessary by the slightness of the adhesion of the seminal gland to its appendix4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,various ,,kinds ,,of ,,ecraseurs4 ,,linear ,,crushing4 ,the originator of the use of that peculiar instrument1 the ecraseur 7,fig4 #g71 so valuable an adjunct in the operation of castration1 is ,mr4 ,h4 ,bouley1 who brought it into use at a date as early as the year #aheg4 ,it is not1 therefore1 an ,american invention1 as has sometimes been claimed4 ,the function of this instrument is to effect the division of living parts without hemorrhage4 ,the original ecraseur of ,chassaignac has received many modifications1 all of which1 however1 operate upon the same principle ,the essential design of all is to produce a general constriction of the blood vessels1 by which their internal and middle coats being first divided1 may contract within the cavity of the vessel in such a manner as to close their cavity and form a sort of stopper to the artery1 while the external cellular covering1 the last to undergo division1 is so stretched1 under the action of the instrument1 and so closely adapts itself by its ends1 that insufflation through the free ends of the vessels fails to remove the closing arrangement of the two coats first divided4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,house ,,clamps4 ,modus ,operandi4--,the operation is comparatively a very simple one4 ,the testicle being exposed1 as in all the other methods1 the chain of the instrument is so placed around the cord that the pressure takes place upon the greater mass of tissue1 in order that it may continue the longer2 which being done1 the lever of the instrument is brought into action1 and the constriction caused by the chain slowly kept up until the definite division of the tissue is accomplished4 ,the essential condition of success in the operation1 having in view the desired hemostatic effect1 is to act slowly4 ,according to ,prof4 ,bouley1 an interval of several seconds should be suffered to elapse after each rotation of the wheel which moves the chain4 ,if the tissues are divided too rapidly1 the section of the artery is apt to be too clean1 and a hemorrhage is likely to be the result4 ,this objection1 however1 though made by one of the highest authorities in veterinary surgery1 does not seem to be justified by the results obtained by ,american operators1 most of whom both recommend and practice its execution as rapidly as possible2 and according to their own statements1 a serious hemorrhage is seldom encountered4 ,the fact that it has been observed in any case1 however1 confirms the wisdom of the recommendation of ,prof4 ,bouley1 and as most of our ,american confrres prefer the operation with the animal in the standing posture1 the reason of their neglect of the prudent and more truly surgical process can be readily appreciated4 ,to avoid the hemorrhage ,dr4 ,house invented a clamp which he applied upon the cord previous to the amputation with the ecraseur 7,fig4 #h74 ,this mode of castration is not very extensively practiced by ,european practitioners4 ,the reason of this is probably to be looked for in the essential necessity of safety which so protracts its performance4 ,,firing4 ,this mode of castration consists in the application to the cut end of the testicular cord--previously divided with the bistoury1 or by the cautery--as a means of hemostasis1 of an iron heated to a white heat--the actual cautery4 ,this is claimed to be one of the oldest modes of operating1 ,vegetius and ,absyrtus describing it as a common process of castration4 ,it is much in favor in ,england1 and in some parts of ,germany1 though less practiced in some other parts of ,europe4 ,the instruments essentially needed for the operation of castration by firing are two2 the first1 a peculiar forceps for holding the cord and securing it while the application of the cautery is being made2 and the second1 the iron or cautery itself4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,single ,,forceps ,,for ,,castration ,,by ,,firing4 ,illustration3 ,,double ,,forceps ,,for ,,castration ,,by ,,firing4 ,these forceps1 or nippers1 are either single or double 7,fig4 #i71 and may be made either of wood or of iron1 and more or less modified in form1 according to the fancies of the different operators4 ,but they all work on the same principle1 and effect the same object4 ,with the single forceps but one cord can be treated at a time1 but with the double instrument both cords may be secured at once1 and may be divided and cauterized at one step4 ,in this way the possibility of disturbing the eschar caused by the cauterization of one cord while manipulating the second1 is quite obviated4 ,when the testicles1 either or both1 have been exposed1 the mass of the cord is fixed between the jaws of the forceps1 from before backwards1 at about one inch above the tail of the epididymis1 and firmly secured4 ,this may be effected either by tying it tightly with a string wound about the handles1 or by means of a spring crank with which some instruments are furnished4 ,the testicle is then amputated1 either by a stroke of the bistoury1 or with the sharp edge of the cautery carried across and at a right angle with the direction of the cord4 ,this done1 the operator applies the broad portion of the iron over the entire surface of the stump of the spermatic cord1 and cauterizes 7or sears7 the part thoroughly4 ,it must be remembered that to insure the safety of the cauterization1 the iron must be very hot4 ,otherwise1 when it is removed1 if it has cooled off1 it may adhere to the carbonized surface1 and the scab formed at the end of the blood vessel may accompany the instrument4 ,the application of pulverized rosin to the end of the cord1 previous to the cauterization1 is recommended by some practitioners4 ,a very proper precaution1 and one on no account to be omitted1 is the protection of the surrounding parts from the radiating heat by covering them with wet cloths4 ,when the operation is completed1 the forceps should be opened with great care1 in order to ascertain whether all hemorrhage has ceased1 and the cord may be allowed to retract4 ,if any oozing of blood appears at the point of the operation1 the cauterization must be repeated at the point indicated4 ,a free application of cold water1 in the form of a douche1 after the operation1 will contribute to the formation of a clot in the cauterized artery4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,methods ,,of ,,the ,,second ,,class -- ,,clamps -- ,,covered ,,and ,,uncovered ,,operation -- ,,instruments -- ,,four ,,various ,,steps -- ,,objection ,,to ,,this ,,method -- ,,time ,,to ,,remove ,,the ,,clamps -- ,,ligature -- ,,of ,,the ,,cord ,,and ,,its ,,envelopes -- ,,of ,,the ,,cord ,,only -- ,,of ,,the ,,spermatic ,,artery -- ,,of ,,the ,,efferent ,,canal -- ,,subcutaneous ,,operation4 ,having completed the consideration of the various methods included in the first class1 we propose next to examine those entering into the second1 which embrace those in which certain means of pressure are applied and suffered to remain upon the cord previous to the amputation of the testicle4 ,these are two in number1 and consist of the process known as that of the clamps1 and that which involves the use of the ligature4 ,,the ,,method ,,by ,,the ,,clamps4 ,this is an ancient mode of operating1 having been transmitted to us through many ages4 ,it has received the sanction of long practice1 and1 if not absolutely superior to all others1 is possessed of qualities and advantages which all who have employed it will freely acknowledge4 ,it is performed in two ways4 ,one is the process of the covered1 the other of the uncovered testicle4 ,the covered operation is that in which only a portion of the testicular envelopes are divided1 the scrotum and the dartos1 the gland being left covered with the other envelopes4 ,on the other hand1 in the uncovered operation1 all the enveloping membranes are divided1 and the testicle is made to protrude outside of the vaginal sac4 ,the first three steps of this mode of operating are understood to have been performed in the methods which we have already considered as generally preliminary in all cases1 in order to obtain access to the cord4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,ordinary ,,clamp4 ,illustration3 ,,internal ,,face ,,of ,,clamps4 ,the instruments necessary to operate in this case are a very sharp convex bistoury1 a pair of clamps1 some strong twine1 a castrating forceps and a pair of scissors4 ,the clamps are wooden or metallic pincers1 formed to embrace the cord and to be applied firmly upon it1 in order to hold it securely1 and to confine the artery tightly enough to prevent the occurrence of hemorrhage4 ,the form most ordinarily used1 and probably most convenient1 is made of wood1 and consists of two semi-cylindrical pieces 7,fig4 #aj7 joined at one end and resting together by a flat and sometimes grooved surface1 and measuring about six inches in length4 ,the material is a light but strong wood4 ,they are rounded at the extremities1 in order to avoid chafing the soft tissues4 ,a groove at each end is designed to receive the twine1 which is part of the appliance4 ,before being used they are tightly tied together at one end1 in such a manner that they spring open if closed4 ,this point is one of the first importance4 ,it requires considerable exercise of strength to place them tightly enough on the cord they are to hold1 but this firm juxtaposition1 so obtained1 facilitates their removal1 when that is required4 ,the groove which they carry on their flat surface is sometimes filled with some merely lubricating greasy substance1 usually simple ointment1 fresh lard1 butter1 or cream1 though some veterinarians use a caustic paste4 ,this last mode of proceeding is strongly opposed by some authorities1 as likely to induce unnecessary inflammatory action1 through the formation of a scab1 which may require for its removal a process of sloughing1 which may in some cases give rise to serious complications4 ,as ,i have stated1 the clamps are not always made of wood1 and very many alterations and improvements1 so called1 have been from time to time brought forward4 ,in ,fig4 #aa a few of these clamps are presented4 ,the oldest form is the simplest1 and possesses the further advantage of being always easy to be obtained1 while the more complicated contrivances are not always easy of access4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,various ,,shapes ,,of ,,clamps4 ,screwed ,clamp4 ,spring ,clamp of ,brandt4 ,hinge ,clamp4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,forceps ,,to ,,hold ,,the ,,clamp ,,together4 ,,vise ,,for ,,the ,,same4 ,the castrating forceps 7,fig4 #ab7 are used for bringing the clamps together while they hold the spermatic cord between their branches4 ,there are several kinds of these1 but in default of obtaining them readily1 the operator may find an eligible substitute in the blacksmith's nippers or the gasfitter's tongs4 ,we have used this latter for a good many years1 and have found it very well adapted to the purpose required1 by the presence of its set of double curved and grooved jaws4 ,the twine which it is necessary to use to keep the clamps closed when they have been brought into perfect contact with the castrating forceps1 must be soft and strong4 ,a piece of fishing line1 previously waxed1 will answer the purpose very well4 ,in order to facilitate the traction which may be necessary to keep the clamps in place1 it is a good precaution to attach the ends of the twine to small wooden handles to protect the hands from cutting by the string4 ,it is well1 also1 to prepare a reserve of clamps and twine against accidents from breakage or the mislaying of these articles4 ,,covered ,,operation4 ,modus ,operandi4--,the animal being thrown on either side1 as already described1 and kept as nearly as possible on his back by bundles of straw packed under him on the lower side1 and the right hind leg secured in its proper position1 and the instruments placed within easy reach1 the surgeon proceeds with the fourfold steps of the operation1 consisting first1 in the prehension of the left testicle1 or lowest in position2 second1 the incision through the envelopes2 third1 the enucleation of the testicle2 and fourth1 the application and constriction of the clamps4 ,first step4--,the operation must always begin with the prehension of the gland which corresponds with the side--the lower--upon which the animal is lying4 ,this obviates any danger of interference by any little hemorrhage which might occur1 and so facilitates the application of the clamps4 ,then1 placing himself toward the back of the patient1 the operator reaches over and grasps the lower testicle with both hands1 bringing it downwards in such a manner as to stretch the scrotum over its surface4 ,this manipulation is not always of easy performance1 the contraction of the cremaster muscle being sometimes so powerful that the gland successfully resists all the operator's efforts of traction4 ,it is sometimes necessary to divert the attention of the animal1 in order to facilitate this part of the process1 by pricking him with a pin on the lips or about the anus1 the effect of the new sensation being such that his opposition is withdrawn1 and the contraction ceasing1 he suffers passively the traction of the envelopes over the organ4 ,or1 the same advantage may be obtained by the inhalation of a little ether or chloroform4 ,then grasping the cord with the left hand and bringing the organ well forward1 the surgeon proceeds to the ,second step1 or that of the incision of the envelope4 ,holding the sharp convex bistoury in his right hand1 he takes1 with the thumb1 a point d'appui upon the prominent organ1 and carries it carefully over the surface of the scrotum in a direction parallel with the median raph 7described in the first chapter71 and following the great curvature of the testicle1 and being careful with the first movement of the instrument to divide only the scrotal skin and the dartos1 until the most superficial layers of the cellular tissue of the third testicular envelope are reached4 ,the skin and the dartos being divided1 the edges of the wound separate1 and the testicle1 still pressed downwards and outwards with the left hand1 protrudes more or less1 still included1 as it is1 within its fibrous covering4 ,a careful dissection1 with a few light strokes of the bistoury1 or laceration with the thumb nail of the hand1 now suffices for the separation of the fibrous envelope from its external covering1 an entire separation of both of which can thus be easily obtained by pressing the most external layer upwards through the laceration of the cellular coat which unites them4 ,third step4--,the operator now relieves himself of his instrument--not1 we may venture to suggest1 by placing it between his teeth1 as some careless surgeons are apt to do1 but by handing it to an assistant--and1 changing his position1 places himself in front of the inguinal region1 and facing it4 ,he then proceeds to the enucleation of the testicle1 by separating the adhesion which exists between the internal face of the dartos and the external surface of the cremaster muscle and of the fibrous tunic4 ,the separation being completed1 and the scrotum and dartos being carefully pushed upwards1 the patient is now ready for the last step of the operation4 ,fourth step4--,the testicle1 well enucleated from its superficial envelopes1 but still covered by the fibrous coat1 and the vaginal sac still remaining intact1 the operator1 facing1 as before1 the inguinal region1 proceeds to the application of the clamps4 ,the cutaneous covering and the dartos being pushed well upwards1 the clamp is placed upon the cord above the epididymis1 from before backwards1 the assistant1 armed with the castrating forceps1 taking both of its branches between the jaws of that instrument1 carefully bringing them together1 and closing them as tightly as possible4 ,the instant of the pressure of the clamp upon the cord is marked by very severe pain1 and the suffering animal is excited to powerful struggling4 ,it is important that the assistant should be aware of this1 and he should be forewarned to refrain from pulling on the cord1 and reminded1 in order to avoid injury from this accident1 to keep the clamps and the forceps steadily in contact with the inguinal canal4 ,it is probably with a view to the avoidance of this possible injury that the use of a peculiarly constructed vise or forceps has been recommended4 ,the forceps being in place1 and tightly confining the branches of the clamps1 well adjusted1 the operator now applies the twine1 and after taking several turns around the grooves of the free ends of the clamps1 secures it carefully with a double knot4 ,the operation is then repeated on the right or uppermost testicle in the same manner1 and with the same precautions4 ,,uncovered ,,operation4 ,the four steps of this operation are the same as those of the previous method1 the first requiring the same manipulations and observing the same order1 but the second involving some variations4 ,in this the same careful dissection is dispensed with1 and one free incision suffices1 including all the various envelopes1 in order to expose the testicle freely and at once4 ,the incision is made with one free stroke of the bistoury extending from the posterior to the anterior extremity of the testicle1 and dividing at once scrotum1 dartos1 and the fibrous and serous coats4 ,though this is to be done without hesitation1 it is by no means necessary to adopt the practice of some operators1 who not only divide the envelopes1 but even make a large incision in the testicular structure itself1 inflicting thus an unnecessary amount of pain from which the animal might1 with a little care1 have been spared4 ,when the surgeon reaches the third step of the operation1 and seizes the testicle with the right hand1 in order to draw it downward and outside of the vaginal sac1 he may encounter great resistance to his traction1 from the powerful opposition of the white muscular tissue running along the posterior septum of the cord4 ,he must then slowly and steadily draw the testicle down1 and at a given moment1 with a single stroke with a sharp pointed bistoury1 divide the serous band of the posterior septum1 cutting at once the muscular fibres1 the efferent canal and the small testicular artery4 ,this being effected1 the resistance will terminate1 and the testicle may be drawn down without further difficulty4 ,the division of the septum is not always resorted to4 ,still1 the verdict of experience is strongly in favor of the measure4 ,the application of the clamps 7,fig4 #ac7 is effected in the same manner as in the covered operation1 but in this instance the clamp is placed higher on the cord4 ,for this reason the assistant must be especially careful during the struggles of the patient when the clamps are tightened1 the danger of inguinal hernia at this point being too serious to be overlooked4 ,the clamps being in place1 and properly secured1 the testicles are either left in place and allowed to slough away1 or are amputated a short distance below the clamps1 as the case may be4 ,the parts being carefully washed out1 the animal is allowed to rise1 and is returned to his stall4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,castration ,,with ,,uncovered ,,testicle4 ,an objection frequently urged against this mode of operation is that it requires a second visit of the surgeon when the time has arrived for the removal of the clamps4 ,estimating this objection at its proper value1 we consider that it is more than balanced by the advantages attendant upon this special mode of castration1 and while we fully appreciate the difficulty and inconvenience to which the surgeon may be subjected by this second visit1 we cannot approve of its omission1 either from a surgical point of view or in that of the interests of the employers1 in whose behalf all care and responsibility should be exercised1 until the patient is at least enjoying a fair prospect of recovery4 ,the question now arises1 at what time can the clamp be removed with safety8 ,it must be understood that there may sometimes be peculiar surgical conditions under which their removal is contra-indicated1 and when they must be allowed to slough off without further interference on our part4 ,but even in ordinary cases and under favorable circumstances1 this time appears to vary4 ,by some they are removed after thirty-six hours1 while others allow them to remain for a period of four or five days4 ,taking a fair average1 we are of opinion that it may be safely done on about the third day1 and that at that period the closing of the artery is sufficiently assured to remove all further pressure4 ,if the clamps have been secured with twine1 and especially if they were properly prepared previously to their application1 the process of removal is a very simple one4 ,the assistant1 raising one of the patient's hind legs1 the operator places himself directly behind the animal1 and bending down1 with a sharp sage-knife1 cuts the twine where it has secured the posterior ends of the clamp4 ,if it retains the springiness it ought to have possessed at the time of its original application1 the branches readily spring open1 and it falls to the ground4 ,if this does not occur1 or if they should be held by adhesions with some dried parts of the cords which have been pressed between the branches of the clamps1 they must be carefully separated by moving from below upwards1 when they will easily become detached4 ,but this last manipulation must be very carefully performed1 if we would escape a hemorrhage which might require serious measures to control4 ,when clamps of another make are used1 the process of removal will vary according to existing peculiarities in the construction of the instrument4 ,the clamp having been removed from one side1 the separation from the other will1 of course1 be managed in a similar manner4 ,,the ,,ligature4 ,this method of castration consists in the application of a circular ligature upon the entire cord1 or a portion of it1 for the purpose of completely closing it1 with the various parts entering into its formation4 ,it was in practice so long ago as #agcd4 ,the operation is divided into several varieties1 viz41 that of the cord with its envelopes2 that of the cord only1 either by the covered or uncovered method2 that of the spermatic artery alone2 that of the efferent canal2 and that by the subcutaneous process4 ,the ligature used in these various modes of operation is formed of waxed silk2 sometimes of strong twine1 as fishing line1 for example2 or1 as more recently introduced in surgery in the removal of living growths and tumors1 an elastic cord4 ,ligation of the cord and its envelopes4--,this process is principally used upon small animals1 although1 since the elastic cord has been brought into use1 a few attempts have been made to make it applicable to the larger kinds4 ,the experiments1 however1 have been as yet so few1 and the results so unsatisfactory1 and in so many cases fatal1 that it can scarcely be recommended1 except for small subjects4 ,the application of this is very simple4 ,it consists1 after securing the patient1 in bringing the testicles as far down into the scrotum as may be thought needful1 and after applying the ligature two or three times around the cord1 a short distance above them 7,fig4 #ad71 slowly and steadily tightening it until a sufficient amount of force has been employed to close the calibre of the blood vessel and cut off the circulation from the parts situated below the point of ligation4 ,this mode of operating has1 in our hands1 proved very successful in small animals1 and when the elastic ligature has been used4 ,mortification has taken place in a few days1 the testicles slowly detaching themselves at the point of ligature1 and when falling off leaving but a very small superficial1 cutaneous scab1 and healing in a short time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,castration ,,by ,,ligation ,,of ,,the ,,cord ,,and ,,envelopes4 ,ligature of the cord only2 covered operation4--,the first three steps of the operation having been accomplished1 and the testicle enucleated1 the ligature is placed around the cord1 still covered by its fibrous envelopes and the cremaster muscle4 ,a piece of twine or an elastic ligature may be employed for this purpose4 ,in this operation the testicles are allowed to remain not less than twenty-four hours1 before amputation is performed1 in order that if the pressure has been insufficient1 and the parts should fail to exhibit symptoms of loss of vitality after that time1 another ligature may be applied4 ,uncovered operation4--,the only variation between this method and the one last considered is found in the fact that in this1 the testicle and cord being exposed as in the process of castration with the clamp1 the ligature is applied either on the cord as a whole1 or only on its anterior fasciculus4 ,in this case the testicle is amputated immediately after the application of the ligature4 ,but as there is a possibility of the slipping off of the ligature1 great care must be taken lest the amputation be performed too near the point where the constriction is made4 ,and again1 as there is a possibility of the truncated cord being drawn too far up1 even up into the abdominal cavity1 it becomes a precaution of prudence1 as recommended by ,mr4 ,bouley1 to leave a sufficient length of the ligature hanging outside of the scrotal wound1 and even to secure it on the edges of the skin4 ,legation of the spermatic artery4--,this is a mode of castration which1 if we are not mistaken1 was held in high estimation by certain practitioners in the city of ,boston4 ,it consists simply in the application of a ligature of silk to the spermatic artery4 ,the cord being exposed1 and the posterior septum being divided1 a curved needle armed with the ligature is made to pass around the whole mass of the anterior fasciculus1 and the entire vascular cord is surrounded by the ligature and firmly tightened4 ,the fact of the various and irregular flexuosities peculiar to the spermatic artery1 with both ascending and descending portions1 explains the necessity of including the entire arterial mass under the ligature1 since1 if only the simple cord of the artery were ligated1 it might be an ascending portion only1 and the amputation of the testicle might be followed by a troublesome hemorrhage from one of the descending loops4 ,ligation of the efferent canal and the subcutaneous ligation of the cord4--,these two modes of operating have not yet yielded sufficient evidence in the form of satisfactory results to be entitled to more than passing mention at the present time4 ,we may say further1 moreover1 that among all the methods of castration by ligation1 none of them have been subjected to a sufficient amount of practical test to be accepted as a process which will justify a strong recommendation or unqualified approval4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,third ,,method ,,of ,,castration -- ,,crushing ,,of ,,the ,,testicular ,,cord -- ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion -- ,,bistournage -- ,,four ,,steps ,,of ,,the ,,operation -- ,,symptoms ,,following -- ,,castration ,,of ,,cryptorchids -- ,,inguinal ,,cryptorchidy -- ,,abdominal ,,cryptorchidy -- ,,modus ,,operandi -- ,,five ,,steps ,,in ,,the ,,operation -- ,,effects ,,following ,,the ,,operation ,,of ,,castration -- ,,mode ,,of ,,cicatrization -- ,,hygienic ,,and ,,subsequent ,,attentions ,,or ,,after ,,cares4 ,as ,i have before stated1 the third method of castration embraces the processes in which the testicular envelopes are left intact1 while it is the gland or cord which is submitted to the peculiar manipulations by which their structure1 and therefore the secreting powers of the testicle1 are so essentially modified4 ,in treating of this method1 two special operations present themselves for our consideration1 to wit3 the crushing of the testicular support1 and the double subcutaneous twisting1 or bistournage of the ,french4 ,these are employed principally in the castration of ruminants1 though efforts have been made to apply the latter in the case of solipeds4 ,the modes of operating which we have already described are1 however1 also applicable to the ruminants4 ,,crushing ,,of ,,the ,,testicular ,,cord4 ,this consists in crushing the spermatic cord with a hammer1 the vessel continuing1 meanwhile1 to be covered with its envelopes4 ,it was first described in the year #ahbf1 and is most commonly practised in some ,french districts4 ,the instruments used are two cylindrical pieces of wood1 each about one yard in length and two inches in diameter2 and a hammer or mallet formed of hard and heavy wood4 ,the animal being properly secured in the standing position1 the testicles being drawn well down into the bottom of the envelopes1 the sticks are placed1 one behind and one in front of the cord1 close to the upper extremity of the gland4 ,when in that position they are moved in such a manner that instead of remaining1 one in front of the other1 one becomes so superimposed upon the other that the spermatic cord becomes twisted in the form of the letter ,s 7,fig4 #ae74 ,while held together in this position by an assistant1 the operator1 placing himself in front of one side of the hind quarter1 with repeated blows of the hammer or mallet1 crushes the cord at the point where it rests upon the wood which occupies the inferior position1 of course guaging the force and frequency of the blows by the effect observed1 until the crushing of the organ is satisfactorily accomplished4 ,as a measure of caution1 it will be well1 upon the completion of the process of crushing1 to surround the cord with a ligature moderately tightened1 in order to guard against the drawing up of the cord into the inguinal canal1 an accident not likely to occur1 however1 if the operation has been well performed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,castration ,,by ,,crushing ,,of ,,the ,,cord4 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion2 ,,bistournage4 ,in this mode of operating1 principally in vogue in the southern parts of ,france1 the position of the testicle is so changed that its lower extremity is made to take the place of the upper1 the cord is subjected to a certain degree of torsion1 and then the testicle is restored to its normal position1 to undergo a process of atrophy which destroys its power of secretion by a physiological action4 ,the great length of the cord and the greater laxity of the cellular tissue situated between the dartos and the fibrous coat1 render this operation much easier in the ruminants than in the solipeds4 ,simple in its manipulations1 although still involving a certain degree of dexterity1 and followed by comparatively no symptoms of reactive fever1 the only instrument necessary for its performance is a piece of cord1 twine1 or rubber1 sufficiently strong to secure the testicular envelopes when the gland has been subjected to the double displacement1 and the cord to the torsion it has undergone4 ,in this operation1 no special preparation being demanded1 the animal is usually treated on his feet4 ,the late ,mr4 ,serres1 of the veterinary school of ,toulouse1 divides the operation into four steps1 viz41 first1 the softening of the bags and separation of the dartos from the fibrous tissue2 second1 the displacement 7dislocation7 of the testicle2 third1 the torsion of the cord2 and fourth1 the pushing up of the testicles into the inguinal region1 with the application of the ligature to keep them in place4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af 7,a74 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,softening the bags--first position of the hands4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af 7,b74 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,softening of the bags--second position of the hands4 ,the first step is the most difficult for the surgeon as well as the most painful to the horse1 though the contrary is the fact where the subject is an ox4 ,the operator1 stationing himself behind the animal1 grasps the testicles with both hands 7,fig4 #af7 and quickly draws them down into the scrotum4 ,holding them there with the right hand1 with the left he raises the scrotum by the lower part1 firmly pulling upon it downwards and slightly from before backwards4 ,the testicles are then moved upward and downward in the sac1 carrying with them the fibrous covering4 ,during this time a peculiar crackling sound is heard1 which is caused by the tearing apart of the fibres of the cellular tissue lying between the dartos and the fibrous coat4 ,this laceration is sometimes difficult to effect1 especially in aged animals1 in which case the up and down motion of the testicles will require a greater number of repetitions before the adhesions are torn4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,position of the left hand at the beginning of the second step4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,second step4 ,the second step consists in the displacement or dislocation of the testicle1 which is accomplished in the manner following3 ,the testicles being pushed well upwards in the vaginal sac1 one of them1 the left1 for example1 is drawn well downwards with the left hand1 which grasps the cord above the epididymis 7,fig4 #ag71 the thumb resting on the back of the cord1 and the remaining fingers in front of it1 while the right hand1 placed in pronation1 pinches the inferior part of the scrotum4 ,maintaining these dispositions1 the testicles are displaced by the simultaneous action of both hands1 the left pushing the cord from above downwards and from before backwards1 in such a manner as to depress as much as possible the superior extremity of the gland1 while with the fingers of the right hand1 resting by their dorsal face against the posterior part of the testicle 7,fig4 #ah71 the inferior extremity of that organ is pushed upwards4 ,without losing hold of the envelope1 the movement of this hand gives way to these opposite and simultaneous pressures1 that of the left hand tending to lower the head of the testicle1 and that of the right elevating its tail1 and the gland is being flexed upon the cord from which it is suspended1 backwards and upwards4 ,at the moment when the testicle forms an acute angle with the cord1 the thumb of the left hand1 resting upon the cord1 comes into action to aid in the displacement by making a point d'appui upon the inferior extremity of the organ1 which now occupies the superior position1 in such a manner that the spermatic gland is placed parallel with the cord4 ,the manipulations are completed by pushing the testicles upwards towards the inguinal ring1 to break up whatever adhesions of cellular tissue may remain4 ,this second step of the operation being completed1 the two organs are found to be so placed that they are parallel one with the other1 the testicle being posterior to the cord4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,third step4 ,position of the hands when the torsion is about being made4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,third step4 ,position of the hands during the torsion4 ,the third step1 or that of the torsion of the cord1 now presents itself to our notice4 ,to effect this1 the testicle must be firmly held at the bottom of the envelopes 7,fig4 #ai71 the left hand placed forward upon the cord1 and the right behind and upon the testicle4 ,the operator then gives to the organ a twist with the right hand by a motion of rotation from left to right and from without inwards1 while with the other he draws upon the cord in the opposite direction4 ,the result of this manipulation is to give to the gland half a turn around the cord 7,fig4 #bj71 which thus becomes displaced and takes a posterior position4 ,by a change in the action of the hands1 but a repetition of the same movement1 the right hand now acting on the cord1 while the left is applied to the testicle1 the remaining portion of the motion of rotation is performed1 and a complete torsion of the spermatic support accomplished4 ,by repeating this action1 of course as many turns of the cord as may be thought necessary1 can be secured1 two1 however1 being generally found sufficient1 although1 in a few instances as many as four or five may be required--never more than that4 ,the length of the cord is the principal controlling circumstance4 ,when these several steps have been completed with one testicle1 their repetition is1 of course1 in order with the other4 ,and when both have been treated1 the consummation of the operation is called for by entering upon the fourth step1 or that of the application of the ligature4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,double ,,subcutaneous ,,torsion ,,in ,,cattle4 ,position of the testicles and ligature en masse of the bags when the operation is finished4 ,to accomplish this both testicles are firmly seized with both hands1 and pressed upwards as far as possible against the inguinal ring 7,fig4 #ba74 ,it is necessary to be very careful to ascertain that they rest on the same level1 in order to be secure against the possibility of untwisting4 ,the ligature is then applied by passing three or four turns of it around the scrotal envelopes1 immediately below the testicles1 with not more than a sufficient degree of tightness to assure it against slipping off4 ,the symptoms which succeed the operation are not commonly of a very serious nature1 and subside within a period of time varying from two to six hours4 ,following the operation an inflammatory swelling takes place in the bags1 and after one or two days assumes large dimensions4 ,the ligature can now be removed1 and the animal left to himself1 without further treatment1 the testicles undergoing a slow process of atrophy readily recognized by their appearance and the position they always thereafter occupy in the vaginal sac4 ,,castration ,,of ,,criptorchids4 ,the abnormal development of animals in which the testicles have failed to make their appearance by descending through the inguinal canal into the bags1 is quite commonly met with in solipeds1 the animal being then known by the designation of ridglings or originals4 ,the position assumed by the organ in relation to its normal situation being so altered that it may be found either partly engaged in the inguinal canal 7,fig4 #bb71 or only remaining close to its superior opening 7,fig4 #bc71 is one of these inequalities1 constituting what is called inguinal criptorchidy2 another being when it remains floating in or adherent to some parts of the abdominal cavity--a condition known as abdominal criptorchidy 7,fig4 #bd74 ,as this condition has usually a peculiar effect on the temper of the animal so affected1 often rendering him unfit for general use1 it necessitates1 on that account1 the act of castration1 with some changes in the manipulations described for the operation upon animals exempt from such an infirmity4 ,in these cases the operation presents more difficulties1 and is of a more serious character than the former1 demanding on the part of the operator all the skill and knowledge which can be acquired from its frequent performance and extensive study4 ,that the operation is one which is largely performed on the ,continent there is no doubt1 and many ,european operators have made for themselves an extensive reputation in connection with it4 ,among these the name of ,professor ,degives1 of the ,brussels school1 merits mention4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,testicle ,,engaged ,,in ,,the ,,inguinal ,,ring4 ,b--,testicle4 ,c--,gubernaculum testis4 ,d--,inguinal ring4 ,but there is probably1 on this ,continent at least1 no better accredited authority1 in this branch of surgery1 than a gentleman1 a layman1 of ,illinois1 known very widely as ,,farmer ,,miles1 who has for many years not only sustained an eminent repute in his specialty as a gelder1 but ,i believe1 has devoted a large share of study specially to the castration of ridglings4 ,he has not only traversed large portions of the ,united ,states in the practice of this interesting branch of veterinary surgery1 but has likewise achieved much renown and appreciative criticism from foreign sources1 having travelled extensively in various ,european countries1 and earned much honor from those who have watched his methods1 and received ocular proof of his dexterity and success within the sphere of his special field of usefulness4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,testicle ,,close ,,to ,,the ,,ring4 ,c--,internal portion of the gubernaculum testis4 ,c--,its external portion4 ,b--,testicle4 ,d--,inguinal ring4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,testicle ,,floating ,,in ,,the ,,abdomen4 ,a--,peritoneal ligament attached to the lumbar region4 ,b--,testicle4 ,c--,gubernaculum testis4 ,d--,inguinal ring4 ,the method of procedure1 which has in his hands proved so exceptionally successful1 though no doubt essentially original with him1 is still1 we believe1 based upon the same principles which govern the operation as we find it described and illustrated in the works of the classical writers who have given their attention to the subject4 ,we now turn to the consideration of the modus operandi1 as observed in the two forms of cryptorchidy1 the inguinal and the abdominal4 ,,inguinal ,,cryptorchidy4 ,the preliminary steps in this case are the same as those which are necessary in the castration of animals under normal conditions4 ,the instruments required are a convex bistoury1 one or two clamps1 or a ligature1 and an actual cautery1 or the ecraseur most commonly in use4 ,to these is sometimes added a pair of long forceps of peculiar construction1 with jaws terminating in two spoon-shaped extremities1 designed to grasp the testicle when placed high in the inguinal canal1 or if only partly engaged in the ring4 ,prof4 ,degives divides the operation into five steps4 ,first2 the incision of the scrotum and the dartos4--,the operator1 with or without the aid of an assistant1 makes a straight longitudinal incision upon the scrotum at the place where the testicle is nominally situated1 carefully dividing1 also1 the yellow fibrous layer which represents the dartos1 being especially careful at this point to avoid the large venous branches which abound in the region involved4 ,a sort of hooked bistoury is1 we understand1 preferred by some veterinarians for this incision1 on the score of the additional safety secured by the use of an instrument of that form4 ,second step2 exposure of the external inguinal ring4--,to accomplish this the loose cellular tissue which lies under the dartos is torn and divided by the fingers until the ring is felt4 ,the ,third step is the dissection of the vaginal sheath4--,the sheath being situated at varying depths1 the dissection is effected by carefully introducing the hand into the inguinal canal1 and separating it as much as possible by passing the fingers around its external surface4 ,fourth step2 opening the sheath4--,the opening is made lengthwise1 and of sufficient width to allow of the passage of the testicle4 ,when this organ is situated high up in the ring1 it is frequently difficult to grasp it and keep it sufficiently steady in position to permit the free use of the bistoury4 ,the sheath being opened and all the testicular envelopes divided1 we complete the operation by perfecting the ,fifth stage1 or the removal of the testicle4--,there are two ways of accomplishing this1 viz43 the direct and the indirect division of the cord4 ,in the former case the amputation is effected either by the process of cauterization1 by limited torsion1 or with the ecraseur4 ,in the latter the testicle is removed either by a ligature or by the process of the clamps4 ,the process by the ecraseur is at once that which is most generally preferred and the easiest of application4 ,,abdominal ,,cryptorchidy4 ,in this severe form of the trouble under consideration1 the various steps of the operation demand careful study4 ,indeed1 so common1 so serious1 and so frequently fatal are the complications which the surgeon may expect to encounter1 that many operators habitually discourage the interference with this peculiar violation of normal conditions4 ,the first two steps of the operation are similar to those which belong to castration in inguinal cryptorchidy4 ,following on we have for the ,third step1 the perforation of the inguinal canal1 or the establishment1 by the operator1 of an artificial communication from without1 with the abdominal cavity within4 ,to effect this the surgeon introduces his hand1 with the fingers united in the form of a cone1 into the external inguinal ring1 and carefully forces them upward towards the external angle of the ilium1 resting them upon the crural arch4 ,he soon reaches the closed superior inguinal ring1 feeling only the peritoneal membrane1 where it is readily torn4 ,then tearing it sufficiently to permit the passage of the entire hand1 or as large a portion of it as is necessary1 he has reached the ,fourth step1 or the seizure and removal of the testicle4--,the hand1 or three fingers1 are then passed into the abdominal cavity1 in order to feel for the organ or its appendages1 until the location is determined1 whether of testicle1 epididymis1 vas deferens1 or blood vessels4 ,these are usually found floating not far from the torn opening of the peritoneum4 ,but if not so readily discovered1 the hand must be carried above the neck of the bladder1 towards the end of the deferent canal1 which must be followed until the epididymis or testicle is found4 ,it is then carefully brought outwards by a slow and steady traction upon the testicle itself1 or upon a portion of the epididymis1 or even upon the extremity of some of the testicular blood vessels4 ,fifth step4--,the removal of the organ is always much more safely effected with the ecraseur than by other means4 ,the operation is completed by the application of a suture upon the external wound1 in order to guard effectually against the possibility of ventral hernia occurring subsequently4 ,abdominal cryptorchids are sometimes treated by removal through the flank--an operation intrinsically more dangerous1 as well as less promising of success than that in the inguinal region4 ,,effects ,,following ,,the ,,operation ,,of ,,castration4 ,these will vary more or less in extent and severity1 according to the method employed in its performance1 and in any case they may be considered in two divisions2 as primary or immediate1 and secondary or consecutive4 ,amongst the first phenomena most commonly observed is1 of course1 a manifestation of pain1 characterized by symptoms of colic1 exhibited by the animal in a more or less marked degree1 being the result of the unavoidable irritation arising from the manipulations practised upon the organs of generation1 whose nerves rise from the sympathetic as well as from the cerebro-spinal nervous system2 and from the pain excited in the spermatic cord by the pressure of the clamps1 for example4 ,these colicky pains1 which are more severe under the bloodless method than in those of the other mode1 usually subside after the first hour following the operation1 and as a rule require but little treatment more than that of the walking exercise4 ,this sort of pain having subsided1 the only further trouble likely to be noticed is the local trouble resulting from the lesion to which the testicular region has been subjected4 ,resulting from this local lesion1 as well as from the rough manipulations attending the various steps of the different procedures1 a peculiar stiffness will be observed in the motion of the animal4 ,this may be referred either to the local pain proper1 to the dragging to which the cord has been subjected1 or to the presence of the clamps1 which1 resting closely in the groin1 necessarily more or less impede the action of locomotion4 ,hemorrhage may also occur immediately after the operation1 either while the patient is still on the ground or as soon as he regains his feet4 ,this may be due either to the solution of continuity at the edges of the wound of the envelopes1 or may proceed from the small testicular or the spermatic artery4 ,the first two causes of hemorrhage need not engage our attention1 usually ceasing spontaneously1 and never being attended with serious inconvenience4 ,it is not so1 however1 in the case of hemorrhage proceeding from the spermatic blood vessel proper1 occurring after those methods of operating which dispense with the closing of the artery by artificial appliances1 as is done with the clamp or the ligature1 or which may be observed in castration by torsion1 cauterization1 the use of the ecraseur1 or especially by the process of simple excision4 ,though not necessarily fatal1 the hemorrhage in these instances may require prompt and effectual interference by the surgeon for its suppression4 ,it is not rare for castrated animals to become more or less tympanitic1 a condition which may be due1 more or less1 to the introduction of atmospheric air into the abdominal cavity during the performance of the operation4 ,this condition of things is usually remedied by the unaided action of natural causes4 ,the secondary effects also vary according to the manipulations of the method which they follow4 ,the development of reactive fever is an event which in many cases requires close watching1 and while it is true that many castrated horses will manifest no subsequent illness1 even to the extent of a slight elevation of temperature1 others1 on the contrary1 show unmistakable signs of a general inflammatory condition and this is the more marked and definite as the condition of the wound has been left in a more or less complicated state4 ,the presence of the ligature or of a portion of the cord which has yet to complete the sloughing action1 following the method by cauterization and by the clamps1 are sufficient to encourage the inflammatory tendency4 ,,modes ,,of ,,cicatrization4 ,the cicatrization of the wound of castration takes place in two ways4 ,while the upper part heals by adhesive inflammation at and above the point where the amputation has been performed1 it is below that point in a process of cicatrization by the second intention1 the parts filling up by the development of granulations1 and being accused by an abundant suppurative process4 ,the first fact observed is that the parts become more or less swollen4 ,the swelling is at first limited to the edges of the wound1 but increases and spreads to the scrotum1 then to the sheath1 or even extends forwards and backwards to the perineal region4 ,a flow of serosity will be observed almost immediately following the operation1 at first thin and yellowish1 but will1 before the second or third day1 become thicker and more purulent in character1 so progressing that after that period it will become a laudable1 creamy pus1 in evidence of the process going forward towards the establishment of sound and healthy cicatrization4 ,this cicatrization will proceed until the healing is complete--that is1 for a period varying between thirty and forty days--the swelling slowly subsiding from the moment when the suppuration becomes established4 ,,the ,,hygiene ,,and ,,the ,,subsequent ,,attention4 ,the moment the patient has risen from his bed and has been thoroughly cleansed from the blood that has soiled his legs1 it becomes necessary1 if the clamps have been used1 to apply the necessary means to prevent their removal by the action of the tail4 ,this is done by braiding the hairs shortly1 and sometimes tying it up on the side4 ,even when this is not necessary1 from the clamps not having been used1 it is better to have the tail tightened up short1 in order1 when the suppurative process is established1 the more easily to preserve the cleanliness of that part of the body4 ,it is recommended by some veterinarians1 also1 as soon as the animal is on his feet1 to have him thoroughly rubbed and dried1 lest1 as is not uncommon1 he should have perspired excessively during the operation4 ,he may be warmly blanketed if he has been accustomed to a covering1 or in any case1 placed in a quiet stall and tied up4 ,if quiet and unexcited1 and exhibiting no immediate ill consequences of the operation1 he may1 after an interval1 be allowed to go loose in a box stall4 ,if there are any manifestations of pain1 or colicky symptoms1 walking exercise may be given4 ,quietness1 protection from changes of the weather1 moderate diet1 varying according to his condition1 are included in the only general instructions that can be given4 ,the wound simply requires to be kept clean4 ,washing with cool water and soap when the discharge is well established1 will fulfil this indication4 ,the closing of the edges of the wound is to be carefully prevented by the introduction of the finger between them1 care being taken to avoid the laceration of any points where union has already taken place in the upper part of the wound4 ,it is not an unusual thing to find even these simple measures of caution overlooked by gelders1 some of them even recommending that the animal should1 immediately after the operation1 be violently exercised--even put in harness and made to draw a wagon4 ,it is true that a little and gentle exercise may be beneficial1 with a view to the removal of the soreness and pain of the newly castrated animal2 it must be admitted even that ,professor ,bouley recommends slow exercise to be carried to the extent of fatiguing the animal4 ,but when we take into consideration how seriously some animals1 at least1 are affected by the operation1 and the serious complications which may follow it--even laying aside the humanitarian view of the question--we must necessarily conclude that such directions and such a practice is in violation of all the laws of true surgery1 and even if justified by the strongest statistics1 is condemned if confronted by a single fatal case4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,complications ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,the ,,operation -- ,,colics -- ,,tearing ,,of ,,the ,,clamps -- ,,hemorrhage -- ,,swelling ,,of ,,the ,,scrotal ,,region -- ,,gangrene -- ,,abscesses -- ,,champignon -- ,,extra ,,scrotal -- ,,intra ,,scrotal -- ,,intra ,,abdominal -- ,,various ,,treatments -- ,,fistula ,,of ,,the ,,scrotum -- ,,inguinal ,,hernia -- ,,peritonitis -- ,,tetanus -- ,,amaurosis -- ,,comparative ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,modes ,,of ,,castration4 ,,complications ,,and ,,their ,,treatment4 ,though the operation of castration is comparatively simple in its various methods and is generally successful in its results1 still it is not entirely free from accidents or complications4 ,indeed1 among those likely to meet our notice1 there are some of quite a serious character1 which will develop themselves independently of the skill and care with which the operation may have been performed or whatsoever attention may have been bestowed upon the patient4 ,among these may be enumerated colics1 hemorrhage1 swelling of the scrotum1 gangrene1 abscesses1 champignon1 fistula1 hernia1 peritonitis1 tetanus1 and amaurosis4 ,,colics4 ,this1 we have already seen1 usually appears a short time after the completion of the operation1 the suffering animal becoming uneasy1 restless in his stall1 pawing the ground with his fore feet1 and sometimes lying down and rolling4 ,as ,i have before stated1 these symptoms1 as a rule1 are of short duration1 and subside without other treatment than a little walking exercise4 ,it is rarely the case that they fail to yield to an anodyne1 or a dose of chloral may be demanded before the symptoms are subdued4 ,,tearing ,,of ,,the ,,clamps4 ,when this accident occurs it is commonly attributable to the omission of a careless operator to secure the tail of the animal in such a manner as to prevent its interference with those implements by its entanglement1 and tearing them from the end of the cord1 as a consequence4 ,the result of this is the appearance of a hemorrhage from the spermatic artery1 which can only be controlled by either a reapplication of the clamps to the end of the cord--if it can be thus secured--or by other means1 which will be considered when we reach the subject of bleeding in general as connected with other causes4 ,,hemorrhage ,may be primary or secondary4 ,in the first instance it occurs in consequence of the insufficiency of the means of hemostasis applied to the end of the cord1 as in the case of the operation by simple excision1 by cauterization1 the too rapid crushing of the cord1 torsion1 or the accident before referred to--when the clamps have been torn off and the cord lacerated about the point of their application4 ,secondary hemorrhage manifests itself after a longer interval following the operation4 ,it may occur1 for example1 after the removal of the clamps1 or when1 during their removal1 the mortified end of the cord is too much interfered with by the sharp end of the instrument used in cutting the string which confines them together1 or from too forcibly pulling upon the cord itself2 and in some instances without any assignable cause other than a diseased condition of the coats of the artery4 ,this secondary hemorrhage is usually1 by reason of the inflammatory condition of the blood vessels1 of more threatening aspect and more difficult to control than the primary variety4 ,the treatment indicated varies4 ,when caused by the tearing of the clamps1 or at the time of their removal1 it may be checked by the reapplication of the instrument4 ,but if the cord is retracted within the inguinal canal and cannot be reached1 and if it is already adherent to the surrounding tissues1 by granulations recently formed1 the checking of the flow may be very difficult4 ,in many cases the application of cold water1 either in the shape of the cold douche over the part1 or iced sponges1 may prove sufficient4 ,but in other cases the cavity of the wound must be packed with balls of oakum1 wet either with water alone or any styptic agent1 such as a solution of perchloride of iron1 the whole being kept in place by a suspensory bandage1 or if necessary1 a few points of suture4 ,these measures may be put in practice while the animal is on his feet2 but if they fail in their effect1 the surgeon must at once proceed to cast his patient and ligate the artery--an operation of delicate execution1 and not always easy to perform1 by reason of the deep seated position of the vessel4 ,the use of the actual cautery has also been recommended1 but even when successful there are many objections to this1 one of which is the complication such an operation may bring on by the introduction into the wound of a scab which must necessitate for its expulsion a serious amount of inflammatory action4 ,as a rule1 however1 the operation of packing is all that is required1 the oakum being left undisturbed for twenty-four or even thirty-six hours4 ,its removal must be undertaken with great caution4 ,,swelling ,,of ,,the ,,scrotal ,,region4 ,this1 as we have seen1 is an almost necessary consequence of the operation1 the swelling making its appearance a short time after the alteration is accomplished4 ,it usually first affects the parts immediately around the edges of the wound1 and spreads forwards and upwards in such a manner that the entire scrotum and sheath become the seat of it4 ,it is somewhat warm1 tense1 and slightly painful4 ,if there is no increase beyond these limits1 there is no occasion for alarm1 as by exercise1 fomentations1 and scarifications1 with the administration of diuretics1 it ordinarily subsides4 ,but if it continues to increase1 and extends upwards and backwards1 involving the inside of the thighs and the perineum1 loses its character of heat and soreness1 to become cold and painless1 crepitating under pressure1 we must prepare to encounter the most severe of all complications1 that of gangrene1 requiring the most prompt and vigorous treatment1 as we shall presently see4 ,it may also happen that even while retaining the characteristics of healthy dema1 it may assume such dimensions that the penis becomes so involved that phymosis and paraphymosis may supervene1 to add to the other complications4 ,these1 however1 are not serious sequel1 as by proper care1 with fomentations or scarifications1 and the use of a suspensory bandage1 they may be readily overcome4 ,,gangrene4 ,this accident may be looked for from the fourth to the eighth day1 manifesting itself not only by the extent which the dema of the scrotal region assumes1 and by its characteristics of coldness1 loss of sensibility1 and crepitant feeling1 but by the ftid odor proceeding from the wound1 and by a change in the character1 or the disappearance of the suppuration1 which is succeeded by a sanious1 bloody and offensive discharge4 ,to this series of symptoms are to be added a marked increase of the general disturbance1 manifested by increased thirst1 anorexia1 ftid mouth1 change of color in the mucous membrane to a livid hue1 increase of pulse1 with weakening1 increased respiration1 temperature at first elevated and then diminished1 and after five or six days a final termination in the death of the patient4 ,the progress of this complication is so rapid1 and the chances of recovery are so few1 that the necessity for prompt treatment becomes at once obvious4 ,all the diseased and mortified parts must be removed at once1 and means instantly employed to prevent the absorption of gangrenous matter4 ,friction with ammoniacal and turpentine liniments must be used over the swelling2 the parts must be subjected to the actual cautery at white heat1 and disinfecting agents of all kinds must be freely used1 as chloride of lime1 carbolic acid1 and permanganate of potash1 while internal treatment must immediately be instituted by the administration of stimulants and antiseptics in the form of ammonia and phenic acid1 or its preparations4 ,,abscesses4 ,when these are likely to result from a too rapid closure of the edges of the scrotal envelope1 the premature union may be readily prevented1 as we have before stated1 by the careful introduction of the finger into the wound while it is still suppurating4 ,but notwithstanding this precaution they will sometimes occur as the result of the infiltration and accumulation of the suppurative matter4 ,a free incision and proper attention to the cavity of the abscess1 is all that this accident requires4 ,a careful examination of the parts will1 however1 reveal another cause for the formation of these abscesses4 ,it is then against these causes that the therapeutic treatment must be directed4 ,we refer now to the complication known as the formation of a ,,champignon4 ,this name is applied to an indurated condition of the end of the cord1 or in its thickness1 of a tumefied character1 varying in size and extent1 and slow in its growth4 ,it results from an excess of inflammatory action1 attributable to the manipulations which become necessary during the performance of the operation4 ,the name 8champignon0 7or mushroom7 is applied to it by the ,french1 on account of the pedunculated appearance which it sometimes assumes1 and which causes it to greatly resemble that fungus in its outward figure4 ,it is also known as schirrous or indurated cord4 ,the tumor is sometimes situated on the outside of the envelopes1 when it is known as extra-scrotal1 but more commonly it is found covered by the skin1 in which case it is better known as intra-scrotal4 ,in this latter condition it may be merely a growth at the end of the cord1 becoming1 as determined by its location1 of an extra-inguinal character1 or if the diseased process extends as far as the upper inguinal opening1 or beyond it1 it becomes1 and is so denominated1 intra-abdominal4 ,there is also an extra-intra-scrotal growth1 when it is partly within and partly external to the scrotum4 ,this tumor will vary greatly in size1 being sometimes very small in dimensions1 and at others having those of a man's fist4 ,we have ourselves observed it equalling a child's head in size4 ,the causes from which it originates are obscure1 and cannot be very well defined4 ,still1 they may be arranged under the heading of any of the morbific causes which may excite an excess of inflammatory action at the end of the cord4 ,amongst these may be enumerated all violent tractions upon the cord at the time of the operation2 all unnecessary manipulations during the process of cicatrization1 such as the too frequent introduction of the finger into the wound with destruction of the granulations already adherent to the cord1 and the application of the appliances for its division too low down upon it1 leaving that organ hanging too much1 and the retraction of the organ being insufficient to retain it in the inguinal sac4 ,still1 as a champignon may be developed in the absence of all these causes1 it would seem that their growth may be attributed also to some specific idiosyncrasy in the animal affected1 the true nature of which cannot be very accurately or easily understood4 ,it is held1 however1 by certain ,german and ,russian authors that exposure to cold exercises a great deal of influence in the development of this affection1 and observation has largely established the fact of its greater prevalence during cold seasons4 ,symptoms of extra-scrotal champignon4--,this is otherwise known in the terminology of some pathologists as true or superficial champignon4 ,it develops itself at the cut extremity of the cord as a granulating mass1 of a red color1 varying in size1 its growth1 nevertheless1 allowing the cicatrization of the skin to progress in such a manner that it forms a point of attachment from which the tumor seems to proceed4 ,this form of it is usually of little account1 as it may easily be removed before it has attained to troublesome dimensions4 ,when of considerable proportions1 however1 it may interfere materially with the act of locomotion by causing pain in the cord1 upon which it drags more or less4 ,it is not often or necessarily accompanied by constitutional disturbance1 excepting in cases of excessive suppuration1 which may sooner or later undermine the general health by exhausting the stamina of the patient4 ,if instead of showing its greatest development on the surface of the scrotum1 it occurs beneath it1 a greater or less degree of swelling will appear on one or both sides of the inguinal region1 the swelling being somewhat hard1 possibly the seat of one or more fistulous tracks resulting from abscesses which have at times opened1 discharged1 and closed2 the animal showing a certain amount of stiffness in the action of the hind legs4 ,in this case we shall have to adapt our treatment to the deep champignon of ,zundel1 under one of its three forms of extra-inguinal1 intra-inguinal1 and intra-abdominal4 ,under the first head we shall often discover1 upon inquiring into the history of the case1 that for a length of time1 varying from months1 perhaps1 to years1 the animal had been affected with a swelling which would gather1 break1 and slowly heal1 leaving no mark as an apparent indication of a diseased condition1 excepting that a certain degree of lameness would have been observed to be present4 ,upon exploring the testicular region it would then be observed to be the seat of a tumor1 either spherical or pysiform1 seldom painful1 and more or less adherent to the envelope that covered it4 ,above this the end may be felt free from diseased process1 and this is the champignon in its chronic form4 ,in this condition it is not incompatible with the general health of the animal affected1 and forms no hindrance to his usefulness4 ,this condition of extra-inguinal growth will sometimes dissolve away by an abscess-formation1 and quite disappear4 ,but if the induration of the spermatic cord extends to the upper portion1 or that which is enclosed in the inguinal canal1 in such a manner as to interfere with locomotion1 the leg corresponding with the diseased side being carried in abduction1 with numerous fistulous tracks existing on the surface of the scrotum1 the intensity of the symptoms varying with the extent of the diseased process1 the condition of the cord will be easily discovered by an examination of the parts1 and the presence of an intra-inguinal champignon established4 ,if1 besides these symptoms1 we discover by rectal examination that there is in front of and above the pubes a tumor more or less ovoid1 or giving the sensation of a cylindrical mass1 of size varying to the touch--which is the diseased indurated cord--the case is judged at once to be one of intra-abdominal nature4 ,at times the inflammation may extend to the sub-lumbar region1 when the hand introduced into the rectum may discover in that locality an ovoid tumor or abscess which may be of great size4 ,this form of champignon is incomparably the most serious of them all2 an intense and persistent reactive fever is always present1 and this at length terminates together the life and suffering of the animal4 ,the abscess may sometimes open externally1 and in some cases it may accumulate within the thickness of the cord and form large collections2 or1 again1 it may find its way into the abdominal cavity1 where it may excite a fatal peritonitis4 ,this rapid examination of the various forms of deep champignon will enable us easily to realize the difficulty of the progress in the case4 ,while the pedunculated form1 exterior to the scrotum1 is not1 comparatively1 a very serious matter1 it becomes1 on the contrary1 a very grave occurrence when it assumes the characters of the intra-abdominal variety1 and must in a majority of cases be recognized as an incurable disorder4 ,treatment4--,while champignon is an affection in which surgical interference cannot usually be dispensed with1 it is still essential that the surgeon should avoid being over hasty in determining in favor of an operation1 and he should give the case a very careful consideration before deciding upon his course4 ,at first emollient applications1 appropriate topical treatment1 and a few points of cauterization1 may be followed by a process of resolution4 ,but in the event of their failure four modes of operation present themselves4 ,these are1 in their order1 the application of the clamps2 the ligature2 the linear crushing or ecraseur2 and cauterization4 ,when the case is one of the extra-scrotal variety1 the application of a ligature around the base of the peduncle1 or removal by ecraseur1 will be the simplest mode of treatment1 unless there should exist a tendency to infiltration of the cord1 in which case the manipulations to be followed become the same as those which are adapted to that of the deep or intra-scrotal form4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,curved ,,clamps4 ,by the clamps4--,when the application of the clamps is resorted to1 they may be similar to those used in ordinary castration1 or may be curved in form 7,fig4 #be74 ,the animal to be operated on is to be thrown on either side according to which cord is affected1 and an incision made through the envelopes as nearly parallel with the median line of the body as the case permits1 when the tumor and the cord are carefully dissected and separated from their adhesions4 ,if the tumor is suspended from the end of the cord there will be no difficulty in applying the clamp above it and upon a healthy portion of the cord4 ,but if the diseased process extends within the inguinal canal1 there will be need of great caution in dissecting the cord up to the healthy structure4 ,in doing this the safer mode will be for the operator to treat the adhesions with the fingers or the blunt end of the scissors1 rather than to employ the sharp edge of the bistoury with the accompanying danger of causing hemorrhage4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the cord is diseased to an extent that renders it difficult to reach a healthy portion1 other modes of operation--as by the ligature--become the wiser and more practicable indication4 ,when the clamps are used it is necessary to leave them in place for several days1 and sometimes they are allowed to slough off1 while the growth is usually suffered to remain for a few days after the operation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,ligature-,,carrier4 ,ligature4--,when this mode of procedure is adopted1 the tumor having been dissected and the cord well freed from its adhesions with surrounding parts1 and the ligature being applied1 the tumor may either be amputated immediately or be left to slough off in its own time4 ,the ligature may be either of twine1 silk1 or elastic cord4 ,we have ourselves operated by this method in the successful removal of growths of very considerable size4 ,so long as the upper portion of the cord1 which retains its healthy structure1 can be reached1 the application of the ligature is attended with no difficulty1 the manipulations required being similar to those which attend the removal of all growths by the process of ligation4 ,but if the diseased process extends so far that the ligature cannot be applied at the proper point1 as in the case of intra-inguinal champignon1 it will be necessary to have resort to the ligature-carrier recommended by ,serres 7,fig4 #bf74 ,in using this instrument the loop of the ligature being passed over the tumor around the cord1 is carried into the inguinal canal as high up as possible1 pressure being made by holding the instrument against the cord1 while strong traction is made on the ends of the ligature1 which is then secured by a knot upon a small stick placed across the opening of the instrument1 with a view to the prevention of slipping4 ,if an increase of pressure is found to be necessary1 it can easily be obtained by tightening the ligature from day to day as required4 ,if the size of the cord should be such as to prevent a proper application of a single ligature1 it may become necessary to divide it in applying a double1 triple1 or multiple ligatures1 in accordance with the rules for such ligating4 ,in whatsoever manner the ligature may be applied1 even when it is of the elastic kind1 the process of sloughing of the tissues is always a slow one4 ,it is for this reason that we agree with ,prof4 ,bouley in considering the treatment of champignon by the linear crushing very much to be preferred4 ,ecraseur4--,the steps of the operation with this instrument are similar to those required in the other methods already considered4 ,the champignon is isolated from its surrounding parts1 the chain is placed on the cord above the base of the tumor1 and the amputation is completed by a slow pressure upon the cord1 which1 crushing it by degrees1 permits its immediate removal4 ,it must be done slowly1 occupying from ten to twenty minutes for the complete separation of the champignon1 according to the size of the tumor4 ,the operation being finished1 the parts are left in the condition of a simple wound1 where no cause exists to interfere with its rapid cicatrization4 ,cauterization4--,this is a mode of treatment which we have never had occasion to submit to trial1 having always given the preference to the process we have just referred to4 ,it is recommended1 however1 by ,european authorities4 ,some of these advocate the 8melting0 process1 or the introduction of sharp points deeply into the thickest parts of the enlargement1 while others advise a removal of a portion of the growth and deep cauterization afterwards4 ,if cauterization can be advantageously employed1 the best method1 in our judgment1 would be the process of amputation with ,paccalin1 or with the galvanic cautery4 ,we may here1 while referring to the application of electricity in this connection1 appropriately refer to our own experience of a number of years ago1 in treating an animal suffering with intra-scrotal champignon1 by electrolysis1 and succeeding after two applications1 in obtaining the complete removal of the tumor4 ,this method1 however1 consumes too much time to justify its employment in general practice4 ,,fistula ,,of ,,the ,,scrotum4 ,being already aware of several causes of this complication of the operation of castration1 we may readily appreciate the treatment they require4 ,it must be remembered that in a majority of cases1 the cause of this lesion is the presence of a foreign body in the wound1 and that until it is removed1 it is in vain to look for a cure4 ,prof4 ,bouley has reported a case in which the fistula was due to the presence of a pair of clamps over which the skin had almost entirely cicatrized4 ,,inguinal ,,hernia2 ,,hernia ,,of ,,castration4 ,by this is understood the protrusion of some portion of the contents of the abdominal cavity through the inguinal ring1 either a portion of the omentum or of some part of the small intestines1 creating either an epiplocele or an enterocele4 ,this complication may take place either during the operation1 or shortly afterwards1 or at the period of the removal of the clamps4 ,it proceeds from the violent struggling of the animal during the operation2 to the colics which are so apt to supervene2 to his position when placed in a stall of which the floor is too much inclined2 or it may result from some of the various modes of castration1 as1 for example1 the uncovered operation4 ,at times the two forms of hernia may present themselves together1 constituting a case of entero-epiplocele4 ,when the epiploan alone protrudes1 it need not give rise to any unnecessary anxiety1 as it may easily be either reduced and returned to its place1 or ligated with the clamps1 or torn apart4 ,if1 on the contrary1 it is a portion of the small intestines which becomes involved1 the first indication is to restore it to its place by the proper taxis without delay1 which may be readily done1 the animal being yet down and placed under an anesthetic1 by the rectal taxis combined with the necessary inguinal manipulations4 ,when this has been accomplished the intestine is kept in place by the application of a clamp over the cord1 upon which the fibrous coat of the cremaster has been carefully drawn4 ,,peritonitis4 ,this complication1 considered as one of the most frequent following castration1 is also1 beyond doubt1 one of the most serious4 ,it is generally the result of exposure to cold1 especially when its occurrence accompanies the suppurative fever4 ,but it also develops itself in animals which have received the best hygienic care1 its appearance being attributed to an excessive dragging of the cord1 or to the extension of the local inflammation by continuity of tissues4 ,it manifests itself generally between the second and third day following the operation1 except when it becomes symptomatic1 as of gangrene of the cord1 when we have seen it making its appearance towards the tenth day4 ,the symptoms of this traumatic peritonitis differ somewhat from those of the acute inflammatory type4 ,according to ,gourdon1 8the animal is dull and refuses all food--the suppuration of the wound of the scrotum has ceased1 the bags and surrounding parts become the seat of a warm1 hard and painful swelling4 ,the animal stands with his four legs brought close together1 the back is stiff and arched1 the flanks are cordy1 the abdomen painful1 the pulse hard1 small and increased4 ,as the disease progresses1 the symptoms are more marked1 the enlargement of the envelopes increases and is more diffuse1 it extends down to the abdomen1 and even under the chest1 passes along the thighs1 is less warm1 less hard1 less painful1 and pits under pressure4 ,there are slight colics1 the pulse gets smaller1 intermittent1 the respiration is increased1 and the animal dies towards the fifth or sixth day40 ,the treatment to be recommended varies according to different authors4 ,while some prescribe depletive and sedative treatment1 laxatives and diuretics1 many prefer tonics and stimulants4 ,the ,germans claim great results from the use of tincture of arnica 7in small doses7 administered internally4 ,the external treatment consists in sinapisms1 warm fomentations1 poultices1 or fumigations under the abdomen4 ,,tetanus4 ,as with most cases of traumatic tetanus1 this complication is generally fatal1 and it is1 without doubt1 the most dangerous of all and marked by the greatest mortality4 ,it is generally admitted that exposure to cold and dampness is one of the most prolific causes1 especially in animals which1 having but recently recovered1 are too soon put to work4 ,the various modes of operation have also been considered to have some influence upon its development1 though there is probably no ground upon which this theory can find a support4 ,whether the nature of the soil of a district1 or its atmospheric condition1 may have any connection with it1 is also a question4 ,we know that in some portions of ,long ,island1 cases of tetanus are commonly met with1 at some seasons of the year1 after surgical operations of every kind4 ,it may appear within a few days following the castration1 or it may defer its visitation for a period of twenty days1 or longer4 ,the treatment adopted for the tetanus of castration is that which is applied to all cases of that traumatic affection4 ,,amaurosis4 ,this disease may also be included among those classed as the sequel of castration1 having been known to follow cases where hemorrhage of the small testicular artery had occurred4 ,tonic treatment internally and local stimulating applications may sometimes relieve this complication1 but it will generally be admitted to be incurable4 ,,comparative ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,various ,,modes ,,of ,,castration4 ,the process by simple excision1 by reason of the hemorrhage which necessarily accompanies it1 though not inevitably dangerous1 must be excluded from the domain of general practice4 ,that of scraping the cord has not1 so far as our knowledge extends1 been sufficiently tested1 either in ,european or ,american practice1 to justify its recommendation4 ,the process of torsion below the epididymis is too much subject to the development of champignon1 as well as that of free torsion with the hands1 to be admitted by judicious operators1 while the limited torsion is a method which has taken rank amongst safe operators1 notwithstanding the enormous swelling of the parts by which it is commonly accompanied1 and the necessity it involves of the introduction of the fingers into the wound to prevent its premature closing4 ,the method by the ecraseur1 though occupying a longer time in its completion than some others1 has secured very favorable results1 especially in the hands of ,american operators4 ,the operation by cauterization is highly recommended by ,english veterinarians4 ,we believe1 contrary to the statements of ,french authors1 that it is not widely in use on this ,continent4 ,the objections urged against it are that the hemostatic effect upon the cord is less reliable than in the method by the clamps or the ligature2 that there is more or less danger of cauterizing the surrounding parts by the effect of the radiant heat from the cautery2 and that the swelling which follows the operation is always excessively great4 ,castration by the clamps is the best known and most extensively practised4 ,it is easy and quick in its performance2 performs the most certain hemostasis upon the artery1 and notwithstanding some slight objections1 merits a preference over all others4 ,the principal objection alleged against it is that it is attended with great pain to the suffering patient when the pressure of the instrument upon the soft tissues is first felt4 ,this is a doubtful question1 and if this excessive amount of pain really exists1 it certainly cannot be of long continuance1 merely on account of the effect produced by the clamps themselves4 ,of the various methods by ligature1 that of the ligation of the cord with its envelopes is applicable to small animals only4 ,that upon the cord alone is liable to be followed by hemorrhage1 or by the excessive retraction of the cord into the abdominal cavity1 drawing the ligature with it4 ,that of the efferent canal1 and of the cord by the subcutaneous mode are not admitted in general practice1 while that of the artery alone has not been extensively performed on large animals1 so far as we are informed1 except by certain ,massachusetts veterinarians4 ,the castration by double subcutaneous twisting1 when extensively applied to solipeds1 will probably prove to be the safest mode of all1 and least likely to be followed by complications4 ,we are not informed as to the extent to which it has been practised in this country1 even amongst ruminants4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,castration ,,of ,,females -- ,,history -- ,,indications -- ,,effects ,,upon ,,the ,,organism ,,and ,,special ,,functions -- ,,advantages ,,in ,,cows -- ,,conditions ,,favorable ,,to ,,the ,,operation -- ,,anatomy -- ,,modus ,,operandi -- ,,by ,,the ,,flanks -- ,,charlier',s ,,process -- ,,instruments -- ,,various ,,steps -- ,,division ,,of ,,the ,,vagina -- ,,seizing ,,the ,,ovary -- ,,twisting ,,it ,,off -- ,,complications -- ,,hemorrhage -- ,,peritonitis -- ,,abscess ,,of ,,the ,,pelvic ,,cavity -- ,,constipation -- ,,subcutaneous ,,emphysema -- ,,castration ,,of ,,the ,,small ,,animals -- ,,of ,,swine -- ,,of ,,sluts -- ,,of ,,fowls4 ,as ,i have stated before1 the revival of the operation of castration upon large females is due to a ,louisiana farmer1 ,thomas ,winn1 who1 in the year #ahca1 castrated several of his cows4 ,without entering upon the history which includes a record of the failures and successes attendant upon the introduction of the operation1 it may suffice to say that until the improvements made by ,charlier in the manipulations involved in the operation1 it encountered considerable opposition1 and it is within a comparatively recent period that it has become established in the domains of veterinary surgery4 ,the indications by which this operation commend itself to agriculturists1 and others who find profit or pleasure in the use or ownership of these domestic animals1 are several4 ,among them are the influence which it exercises upon the secretion of milk in cows1 and upon the power of accumulating fat1 and its effects upon the character and temper of all the large females1 in which relation it obviously acts as a therapeutic agent1 in overcoming certain peculiar conditions by which they are distinguished4 ,in respect to the effect of the operation of spaying the cow upon the milk secretion1 it is a fact well established that it not only increases the amount and duration of the flow1 but also improves the quality of that valuable fluid1 the spayed cow not only continuing the production from eighteen to twenty-four months1 but giving a product far richer in the elements of nutrition4 ,this is shown by the enhanced proportions of the cream1 the caseine and the sugar1 which determine its richness and value1 both economically and commercially1 after alteration4 ,but even this argument in favor of spaying the cow is rendered more weighty by the fact that besides its influence on the milky secretion1 there is also that which is furnished by the consideration of its effect in augmenting the deposit of fat throughout the frame1 for it is through this tendency that the flesh of the animal becomes so greatly improved in its nutritive quality as compared with that of the same species when in the entire condition1 becoming so noticeably more tender1 juicy and palatable1 retaining more of the oily element1 digesting more easily1 and so1 of course1 acquiring a pecuniary value in the market not before possessed4 ,these remarks apply to the dry equally with the milch cow1 and leaving out the reference to the milk secretion1 to the ox as well4 ,with respect to the effect of the operation upon the character and disposition of the cow1 these are easily illustrated in the movements of the nymphomaniac animal1 which may be said to be constantly in a state of hysterical excitement4 ,they seem to be in continual conditions of heat1 running after and mounting other animals with which they may be in company1 while never producing and giving no milk4 ,they are always in a lean condition1 and must remain a pecuniary loss to the dairyman4 ,this manifestation of nymphomania is also met with in the mare1 which1 continually exhibiting signs of heat1 becomes more or less dangerous on that account4 ,in these cases the advantage of the operation of spaying cannot be overlooked4 ,we have personal knowledge of several cases of this character1 in which worthless and troublesome mares have been transformed into docile and valuable animals4 ,,conditions ,,favorable ,,to ,,the ,,operation4 ,charlier expresses the opinion that the best time for the performance of the operation upon cows is from the sixth to the eighth year1 or after they have had their second or third calf4 ,if performed at an earlier period the great objection originally urged against castration1 that its performance would tend to the diminution of the stock in numbers or 8population10 might find more or less confirmation4 ,but by an observance of this condition all danger of the annihilation of stock would be obviated4 ,the cow to be operated on ought to be in fair condition1 not in heat or pregnant1 and the time selected should be from forty to sixty days after calving4 ,,anatomy4 ,the vagina is situated within the pelvic cavity1 between the rectum and the bladder4 ,its internal face presents numerous longitudinal folds1 the purpose of which is to permit the free dilatation of the parts4 ,at the bottom of the passage is situated the neck of the uterus1 giving to the finger the sensation of a projection1 hard towards the cavity of the vagina1 and in the centre of which is felt a closed opening1 from which radiate the folds of the mucous membrane4 ,the uterus 7,figs4 #bg and #bh71 continued forward to the neck1 is situated in the abdominal cavity1 occupying the sub-lumbar region1 with its posterior extremity resting at the end of the pelvic cavity4 ,it is somewhat pyriform in shape1 and larger at its base1 where it divides into two lateral halves1 continued by the horns4 ,the concave curvature of these horns look downward in the cow1 but face upwards in the mare4 ,in both they give attachment to the broad ligaments4 ,these are folds of the peritoneum1 more developed forward than behind1 rising from the sub-lumbar region1 and descending towards the uterus1 to fix themselves upon the sides of the superior face of the body of this organ1 and1 as before stated1 upon the curvature of the horns4 ,their anterior border is free1 and gives support to the oviducts and the ovaries4 ,between the serous layers are found the utero-ovarian artery and veins1 largely developed4 ,the ovaries are situated on the internal face of the broad ligament1 forming a small ovoid mass1 which receives a special serous lamella1 a sort of ligament1 having between its layers a few grayish muscular fibres1 which may be strong enough to offer serious resistance when the extirpation of the organ is attempted4 ,,modus ,,operandi4 ,there are two modes of operation4 ,the original method was that of removal through the flanks1 which1 however1 has fallen into disuse since the introduction of the process of ,charlier1 of removal through the vagina4 ,this process is altogether to be preferred1 as being safer1 more consistent with scientific surgery1 and in a word is the only one which it is proper to perform1 so long as the capacity of the vagina permits the necessary manipulations to be performed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,right ,,ovary ,,of ,,the ,,cow ,,with ,,its ,,attachments4 ,u4--,right horn of the uterus4 ,l4--,broad ligament4 ,l--,its anterior border4 ,o4--,ovary4 ,r4--,peritoneal fold where it is suspended4 ,s4--,superior ovarian ligament4 ,t4--,inferior ovarian ligament4 ,a4--,ovarian artery4 ,v4--,ovarian vein4 ,i4--,oviduct4 ,p4--,its pavilion4 ,x4--,its superior or fimbriated opening4 ,z4--,its inferior opening4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,longitudinal ,,section ,,of ,,the ,,pelvis ,,of ,,the ,,mare ,,showing ,,the ,,position ,,and ,,connection ,,of ,,the ,,genital ,,organs4 #a--,uterus4 #b--;,horn of the uterus4 #c--,vagina4 #d--;,bladder4 #e--,rectum4 #g #h--,vulva4 #i--,ovary4 #aj--,oviduct4 #aa--,kidney4 #ab--;,broad ligament4 ,,method ,,by ,,the ,,flanks4 ,four steps are necessary to be followed in this method4 ,the first is securing the animal4 ,the cow is usually kept on her feet1 pressed firmly against a wall1 the legs secured with hobbles1 and her head controlled1 as much as possible1 by a strong assistant4 ,the second step is the incision of the flank4 ,this is made on the left side1 with a sharp1 convex bistoury1 in the middle of the superior portion of that region1 dividing the skin and muscles vertically1 care being taken that the incision is not carried too low down1 in order to avoid the division of the circumflex artery1 which passes along in that vicinity4 ,an opening is then made in the peritoneum1 either with the knife or with the fingers1 sufficiently large to permit the introduction of the fingers4 ,in the third step of the operation1 which comprehends the removal of the ovary1 the surgeon introduces his hand into the abdomen1 and turning it towards the pelvis1 feels for the horns of the uterus4 ,upon finding these the ovaries are easily discovered4 ,he carefully draws them outwards1 and their removal is effected either with the ecraseur or the forceps of ,charlier4 ,the operation is concluded by the application of a quill suture4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,charlier',s ,,vaginal ,,speculum4 7,closed47 7,open47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,modified ,,vaginal ,,speculum4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,bistoury ,,cach4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,colin',s ,,bistoury ,,cach4 ,,charlier',s ,,method--,,instruments4 ,for this operation special instruments are required4 ,these consist of1 first1 a vaginal dilator 7,fig4 #bi71 or speculum1 of peculiar and somewhat complicated construction1 to be modified subsequently by another 7,fig #cj71 of superior form and easier of application1 and now in general use2 second1 a bistoury cach 7,fig4 #ca71 sliding on its handles1 which is a true embryotomy knife1 modified by ,colin 7,fig4 #cb72 third1 a pair of long1 sharp scissors 7,fig4 #cc71 with guarded blades1 curved on its flat surface2 fourth1 a torsion forceps 7,fig4 #cd71 closed by a peculiar thread arrangement1 moved by the handle2 and fifth1 a steel thimble 7,fig4 #ce71 which has been modified by the instrument shown in ,fig4 #cf1 and which is used in applying the limited torsion on the broad ligaments4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,,scissors ,,to ,,divide ,,the ,,broad ,,ligament4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,forceps ,,for ,,castration ,,of ,,cows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,thimble ,,for ,,castration4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,colin',s ,,nippers1 to take the place of the thimble4 ,preparation of the animal4--,no general preparation is required1 except one1 which may be regarded as of local effect1 but is not to be overlooked4 ,this consists in the evacuation of the bowels by means of a rectal injection1 in order that the arms of the surgeon may not become unnecessarily soiled during the operation4 ,the animal is secured on her feet by being placed in a narrow stall to prevent her from moving from side to side1 the floor of the stall having an inclination forwards1 in order to prevent the pressure by gravitation of the intestinal mass towards the posterior parts of the abdomen4 ,the operation is completed in two steps1 of which the first is the incision of the vagina1 and the second the extirpation of the ovaries4 ,,the ,,incision ,,in ,,the ,,vagina4 ,this is made in the following manner4 ,the operator introduces the speculum with his right hand1 through the vulva1 into the vaginal cavity1 and carefully passing in his left hand1 well oiled1 directs and introduces the little prolongation ,a of the speculum into the centre of the neck of the uterus1 gently pressing upon it in order to keep it in place4 ,in using the original dilator1 the opening of the branches must be so regulated as to put the walls of the vagina upon the stretch4 ,or1 if he uses the modified speculum1 he pushes the instrument downwards and forwards1 and by this motion distends the upper wall of the cavity1 keeping the instrument in that position by a hold of the left hand1 which has been withdrawn from the vagina4 ,he then arms himself with the bistoury cach1 which he holds closed in his full hand and introduces with the right hand into the vagina4 ,carefully feeling the condition of the upper wall of this cavity1 and assuring himself of its being well stretched1 he rests his hand1 still holding the bistoury1 upon the opening or 8window0 at the end of the speculum 7,figs4 #cg and #ch71 and by firmly pushing the blade 7the sharp edge being turned backwards7 out of its handle1 pierces with it the vaginal walls1 about two inches above the neck of the uterus1 and with a motion from below upwards and from before backwards1 makes an incision on the median line1 from three to three and a half inches in length4 ,the introduction of the instrument must be made in such a manner that it will pass at once through the walls of the vagina proper1 as well as through the peritoneal cap which it presents at its anterior portion4 ,the incision being completed1 the speculum is carefully withdrawn2 and if a slight hemorrhage should occur1 the blood should be removed before the surgeon proceeds to the second step of the operation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,castration ,,of ,,cows4 7,charlier's process74 ,incision of the vagina4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,castration ,,of ,,cows4 7,charlier's process74 #ast step4 ,incision of the vagina4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,scissors ,,dividing ,,the ,,broad ,,ligaments4 ,,removal ,,of ,,the ,,ovaries4 ,then1 again introducing his hand into the vagina1 and passing his finger through the opening made by the incision1 he feels for the ovaries1 which he finds floating at the extremity of their ligaments1 towards the entrance of the pelvis1 below1 on each side1 and at a short distance from the incision1 between the base of the uterine horns1 near and inside of the free border of the ligaments1 and a little above the anterior border of the pubis4 ,then1 grasping the ovarian body1 he draws it carefully into the vagina1 through the incision1 and introduces the long scissors1 with the guarded blade of which he divides the thick border of the broad ligament 7,fig4 #ci71 replacing the ovaries into the abdomen without releasing his hold4 ,the torsion forceps is then passed into the vagina and through the incision1 and is made to take hold with its open jaws of the broad ligament 7,fig4 #dj71 above the ovary1 and is firmly closed by the movement of the spiral crank of the handle 7,d74 ,both hands being now outside of the vaginal cavity1 and the forceps being secured on the broad ligament1 held by the right hand1 the left thumb is protected by the thimble 7,e71 and the hand once more inserted1 to grasp the broad ligament above the point where the jaws of the torsion forceps are placed4 ,in this position the torsion is made with the forceps1 the twisting of the ligament being limited by the firm pressure made by the thimble on the thumb with the index finger1 or by a pair of crushing pincers4 ,after several turns of the instrument1 the ovary is separated from its attachment1 and may be brought out of the cavity1 still held securely between the oval jaws of the torsion forceps4 ,the same method is applicable to the ovaries of both sides4 ,these rules are subject to more or less modification by indications which may occasionally present themselves1 arising from the age of the animal or the structure or other conditions of the ovaries4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,torsion ,,of ,,the ,,ovary4 ,a ,b--,forceps closed4 ,b ,c--,forceps open4 ,e--,thimble4 ,this method of castration has been modified in many ways1 both as to the forms of the instruments used1 and the mode of using them1 a majority of operators1 at the present time even1 discarding the dilator1 and making the incision simply by stretching the walls of the vagina and pushing against the neck of the uterus with the hand4 ,the manner in which the removal of the ovaries is effected has also been subjected to many changes4 ,for more than twenty years1 during which we have been performing the operation1 we have been accustomed to use the ecraseur in the last step1 and with excellent and satisfactory results4 ,the subsequent attention required by the spayed cow is usually a very simple matter1 and involves little beyond careful dieting1 the patient recovering from the general effects upon the system usually in a few days4 ,,complications4 ,it may properly be said that there are no complications likely to follow the process in the castration of cows1 which may be denominated serious4 ,in the statistics which record the mortality attending it1 the fatal cases are represented at the very trifling rate of two per cent4 ,a light colic may sometimes follow it1 but it usually subsides without medical treatment4 ,still1 however1 spaying may at times be accompanied by accidents of a serious character1 though these have considerably diminished in frequency since the introduction of the method of ,charlier4 ,one of these is ,,hemorrhage1 which may occur when the torsion or the crushing of the artery has not been sufficiently complete4 ,but though it is likely to give rise to peritonitis1 it is not necessarily a fatal complication4 ,we have ourselves known of cases of its occurrence in mares which had survived it a number of days1 and when destroyed exhibited none of the lesions of that affection4 ,,peritonitis4 ,we have several times met with this sequel to the operation1 especially in mares4 ,but in these cases1 as revealed by post mortem investigation1 the disease seemed generally to have remained localized4 ,less common than prior to the practice of castration per vagina1 it still is followed by fatal consequences when the entire peritoneum becomes diseased4 ,its appearance usually occurs from the third to the sixth day4 ,there is suspension of the milky secretion1 general dullness1 chills1 anorexia1 suspension of rumination1 rapid1 small and thready pulse1 sometimes painful respiration1 rapid loss of flesh1 and speedily--death4 ,the indications of treatment are similar to those which are applicable to peritonitis in the solipeds1 but the prognosis is always serious4 ,,abscess ,,in ,,the ,,pelvic ,,cavity4 ,this is a complication we have quite often encountered4 ,besides the general symptoms1 there are those of a local character1 which are detected by rectal examination1 by which discovery is made of the presence of a tumor on one side or the other of the vagina1 varying in size1 fluctuating1 and easily identified4 ,this abscess may be opened in the cavity of the vagina1 and should be attended to as soon as discovery is made of the fluctuating character of the growth1 without waiting for the process of natural resolution4 ,,subcutaneous ,,emphysema4 ,emphysema of the subcutaneous connective tissue is said to be a common sequel to the flank operation4 ,its appearance need not excite any special uneasiness1 as its termination is usually by spontaneous disappearance4 ,it is an accident we have never encountered in our practice4 ,,constipation4 ,this complication1 which is often met with in mares1 is to be carefully looked for1 and must be relieved by laxative food and rectal injections4 ,it is due to the pain which accompanies defecation while the wound of the vagina is healing1 and which the animal tries to avoid by keeping the rectum full4 ,,castration ,,of ,,the ,,small ,,animals4 ,,small ,,ruminants4 ,for these subjects1 two modes of operation are to be principally recommended4 ,the first is the double subcutaneous torsion2 the other the ligature en masse of the cord and its envelopes4 ,having already considered these operations1 a passing reference will suffice here4 ,,for ,,swine4 ,in males1 the varying modes employed are the ligature1 limited torsion1 and the clamps4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,genital ,,organs ,,of ,a ,,young ,,sow4 7,median and antero-posterior section74 #a--,ovary4 #b--;,horn of the uterus4 #c--;,body of the uterus4 #d--,rectum4 #e--,vagina4 #f--;,bladder4 #g--,kidney4 #i--;,intestines4 #aj--,stump of one of the horns of the uterus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,bistoury ,,for ,,the ,,castration ,,of ,,sow4 7,division of the flank74 ,in females1 it must be remembered that the horns of the uterus are very long and flexuous 7,fig4 #da71 and that the very small ovaries are situated on the inside of the broad ligaments1 which are very large1 and allow the horns to float freely amongst the circumvolutions of the intestines4 ,the animal must be prepared by being secured upon the right side in order to expose the left flank4 ,the incision is made with a knife of peculiar form 7,fig4 #db71 the coarse bristles having been previously closely clipped off4 ,care should be taken to carry the left leg in extension backwards1 in such a manner that the edges of the various tissues divided shall not meet each other when the operation is completed4 ,the incision may be made either vertically1 horizontally1 or obliquely4 ,when vertical it should be immediately below the lumbar vertebra next to the last rib2 if horizontal it should be parallel with the vertebral column4 ,the vertical incision should be preferred1 because it brings the ovaries within easy reach of the fingers4 ,it should be from two to three inches in length1 and should be made by a single stroke of the knife1 and without dividing the peritoneum1 which should1 afterwards1 be either torn with the finger or carefully cut while raised with the forceps4 ,to find the ovaries the operator introduces the index finger of the right hand between the vertebral column and the intestines1 and explores the lumbar region4 ,upon finding the ovarian sac1 he presses it against the abdominal wall and causes it to slide by pushing towards the opening through which it is extruded and grasped4 ,while it is held there the left horn is carefully drawn out after it1 until arriving at the bifurcation of the horns at the uterus1 the right horn also is brought out and the ovary on that side secured4 ,both glands being now outside1 they are torn or scraped off from their attachment1 and the horns are returned to the abdomen4 ,while this process is readily applicable to young sows1 and requires a certain amount of practice to be performed expertly and with success1 it is slightly modified when applied to older animals4 ,in that case the two horns must not be exposed outside together1 but each must be returned when the removal of the ovary connected with it has been effected4 ,the simple tearing of the ovaries is not always sufficient1 and may be sometimes followed by serious hemorrhage4 ,the scraping and the torsion are safer1 and in some instances the ligature has been applied4 ,the incision is closed with the interrupted or1 which is preferable1 the continued suture4 ,no special after-treatment is required beyond low diet for a few days1 with a little extra attention to cleanliness4 ,the operation may at times be rendered difficult by exceptional and accidental conditions1 as1 for example1 the shortness of the fingers of the operator4 ,this difficulty1 however1 can be overcome by placing a bundle of straw or other substance under the right flank1 which1 by raising the body displaces the intestines upwards and crowds the ovary towards the left flank4 ,it may also happen1 as sometimes with old sows1 that the ovary has become the seat of large cysts1 or that its size is increased in consequence of pathological changes in its structure4 ,in the first case1 the cyst may be punctured and emptied with a trochar before attempting the obliteration of the organ4 ,in the second1 the opening into the abdomen must be enlarged sufficiently to permit the exit of the extra bulk4 ,if through inadvertence the operation has been begun while the animal is in a state of pregnancy1 the proceeding must be discontinued1 the patient kept quiet and the matter indefinitely postponed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,genital ,,organs ,,of ,,the ,,bitch4 #a--,ovary4 #b--;,fold of the broad ligament1 displaced to expose the ovary4 #c--;,internal fold of the same4 #d--;,broad ligaments4 #e--;,horn of the uterus4 #f--;,its body4 #g--,rectum4 #h--,vagina4 #i--,kidney4 #aj--;,bladder4 #aa--;,descending colon4 ,,dogs4 ,the male is altered by either the process of excision1 torsion1 or ligature1 according to the age and size of the animal4 ,in the female1 when1 as is sometimes supposed1 it becomes a preventive measure in respect to hydrophobia--though if it be so1 it can only be from the fact that a castrated bitch will usually remain at home while others are running abroad in heat1 and thus being more exposed to contagion--the operation is only justifiable in the case of house dogs1 domestic pets1 in order to obviate the annoyance caused to their owners by their demonstrations while in heat4 ,in the bitch the broad ligaments are very long 7,fig4 #dc71 extending as far as the hypochondriac region1 where they divide into an external layer1 which reaches to the last rib1 while the other extends to the sub-lumbar region behind the diaphragm4 ,the broad ligaments diminish in height as they run forward in such a way that the anterior border of the external layer where the ovary is found1 shorter in its median part1 gives a certain amount of fixity to the anterior extremity of the horns which it keeps elevated in each hypochondriac region2 on that account both horns cannot be at one time brought through the incision1 and it becomes generally necessary in the bitch to operate on each side4 ,the manipulations are similar to those followed in spaying sows1 with the exception that the incision is made lower1 more forward and nearer to the last rib4 ,,castration ,,of ,,fowls4 ,the effect of this operation upon the quality of the flesh and the power of accumulating fat1 in the domestic fowl is a fact too familiar to those who have learned to appreciate the exquisite juicy quality of the meat of the capon to need any comment at our hands4 ,the operation upon these animals is one of considerable difficulty and requires skill and experience to perform with nicety and success4 ,in birds the testicles are situated in the abdominal cavity1 immediately behind the lungs1 under the vertebral column and in front of the kidneys 7,fig4 #dd74 ,they correspond exactly to the articulation of the last three ribs with the spinal column1 where they lie close together and in contact with the blood vessels which separate them from the kidneys4 ,they are held in position by the peritoneum spread above them1 and by minute blood vessels1 branches of the aorta or of the vena cava4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,genital ,,organ ,,of ,,the ,,rooster4 #a4--,testicle4 #b;a1 #b;d4--,deferent canals4 #c4--,ureters4 #d4--;,cloacum4 #e4--,posterior aorta4 #g4--,posterior vena cava4 #h1 #i1 #aj4--,three last ribs4 #aa4--,pelvic bones4 ,in the operation the fowl is placed on his side1 the tail being towards the operator1 with the hind leg carried backwards1 in order to expose the flank of the side selected for the incision4 ,the first step of the operation consists in plucking the feathers from a sufficient extent of surface1 and making an incision a little behind the lateral internal processes of the sternum1 from within outwards1 and from before backwards1 and slightly oblique1 through the skin and the thin muscles of the abdomen1 and when reaching the peritoneum carefully opening it with a puncture1 having it raised with a pair of forceps4 ,the second step1 or that which involves the extirpation of the gland1 is performed by the introduction of the index finger of the right hand into the abdomen1 passing it above the intestinal mass and turning towards the dorsal region near the articulation of the last two ribs1 where the testicles are felt1 prominent at the sub-lumbar region4 ,then1 with the fingers half flexed1 the adhesions of the organ are broken off1 and the organ1 held in the bend of the finger1 is brought outside4 ,the second testicle is removed by the same process4 ,if the testicles should slip from the grasp of the finger1 the accident is of little account1 as they will graft themselves upon the walls of the abdomen1 and in time disappear by resolution4 ,the operation is concluded by the closing of the wound by stitches of interrupted suture1 and the healing usually takes place by first intention4 ,the operation is performed in the hen in the same manner as with the male bird1 the ovaries being found in the lumbar region1 from which they are removed by the same manipulations that are employed in caponing4 ,young fowls about in their third month1 are usually selected as the victims of this epicurean barbarity4 ,,contents4 ,abdominal ,cryptorchidy #gg ,abscesses in ,scrotal region #hi ,abscesses in ,pelvic cavity #acj ,advantages of ,castration in cows #ajh ,age at which ,castration ought to be performed #h ,amaurosis #ajc ,anatomy of the male parts #ae ,anatomy of the female parts #aji ,bistournage #eh ,bistoury ,cach #aag ,castration of ,cryptorchids #fg ,castration of ,dogs #acf ,castration of ,fashion and convenience #e ,castration of ,females #ajf ,castration of ,fowls #aci ,castration of ,necessity #d ,castration of ,small ruminants #aca ,castration of ,swine #acb ,champignon #ij ,champignon1 ,superficial #ib ,champignon1 ,deep #ic ,charlier's ,instruments #aae1 #aaf ,charlier's ,method #aae ,charlier's ,scissors #aah ,clamps #da1 #db ,clamps1 ,house #ce ,classification of ,methods #ai ,colics #he ,combined ,forceps of ,m4 ,beaufils #cj ,comparative ,view of the ,various ,modes #ajc ,complications and their ,treatment #hd1 #abi ,conditions favorable to the operation #ajh ,constipation #aca ,covered ,operation #dd ,crushing of the ,testicular ,cord #eg ,curved ,clamps #ie ,dangers of ,operation ,standing ,up #ab ,definition of ,castration #c ,dogs #acf ,double ,subcutaneous ,torsion #eh ,ecraseurs #cc ,effects of ,castration #e1 #gh1 #ajh ,emphysema1 subcutaneous #aca ,excision #bj ,farmer ,miles #fh ,firing #ce ,firing1 ,forceps for ,castration by #fi ,fistula of the ,scrotum #ii ,forceps for ,holding the ,ovary #aah ,fowls #aci ,free ,torsion #bd ,gangrene #hh ,hemorrhage #hf1 #acj ,hernia of ,castration #ii ,history of ,castration #d ,hygiene and subsequent attention #hb ,incision in the ,vagina #aai ,inguinal ,cryptorchidy #ge ,inguinal ,hernia #ii ,ligature #ea ,ligature ,carrier #ig ,ligature of the ,cord and its envelopes #eb ,ligature of the ,cord only #eb ,ligature of the ,efferent ,canal #ee ,ligature of the ,spermatic ,artery #ed ,limited ,torsion #bf ,linear ,crushing #cb ,method by the ,clamps #ci ,method by the ,ecraseur #cd ,method by the ,flanks #aaj ,methods1 ,classification of #ai ,modes of ,cicatrization #ha ,modus operandi of ,bistournage #ei ,modus operandi of ,bistournage1 #ast ,step of #fj1 #fa ,modus operandi of ,bistournage1 #b;d ,step of #fb1 #fc ,modus operandi of ,bistournage1 #c;d ,step of #fd1 #fe ,modus operandi of ,bistournage1 #dth ,step of #ff ,modus operandi of ,castration of ,females #aaj ,modus operandi of ,covered ,operation #dd ,modus operandi of ,limited ,torsion #bh ,modus operandi of ,uncovered ,operation #dg ,peritonitis #ajj1 #acj ,preparations of the ,patient #i ,purposes of ,castration #d ,removal of the ,ovaries #abj ,restraint1 ,modes of #aj ,season most favorable #h ,scraping #ba ,second ,method of ,castration #ci ,securing the ,animal ,down #aj ,softening of the ,bags #fj1 #fa ,standing ,up ,operation #aj ,standing ,up ,operation1 ,dangers of #ab ,subcutaneous ,twisting #eh ,swelling of the ,scrotal ,region #hg ,swine #acb ,tearing and ,torsion #bb ,tearing of the ,clamps #he ,tetanus #ajb ,thimble for ,castration #aah ,third ,method of ,castration #ef ,torsion #bc ,torsion above the ,epididimis #bd ,torsion below the ,epididimis #be ,torsion ,forceps #bf1 #bg ,torsion1 ,free #bd ,torsion1 ,limited #bf ,uncovered ,operation #dg ,vaginal ,speculum #aaf1 #aag ,william ,r4 ,jenkins's ,,veterinary ,,books4 #hej ,,sixth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york4 ,any of the following books will be sent post paid on receipt of the price2 full ,catalogue on application4 ,,price ,animal ,castration4 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,liautard4 #abmo1 illustrated4 #b #jj ,american ,veterinary ,review4 ,edited by ,prof4 ,a4 ,liautard1 ,h4,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,issued monthly4 ,subscription1 #d per year2 single copy4 #ej ,armatage4 8,every ,man ,his ,own ,horse ,doctor40 ,in which is embodied ,blaine's 8,veterinary ,art10 with #ccj original illustrations1 colored plates1 anatomical drawings1 etc4 #hvo1 half leather4 #g #ej ,armatage's ,veterinarian's ,pocket ,remembrancer4 ,by ,george ,armatage1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 with concise directions and memoranda for the treatment in urgent or rare cases4 #cbmo1 cloth4 #ge ,armatage4 ,horse owners' and ,stable-men's ,guide4 ,crown #hvo1 cloth4 #b #jj ,baucher4 ,new ,method of ,horsemanship4 ,including the ,breaking and ,training of ,horses4 #abmo1 cloth1 illustrated4 #a #jj ,chauveau4 ,the ,comparative ,anatomy of the ,domesticated ,animals4 ,by ,a4 ,chauveau1 ,professor at ,lyons ,veterinary ,school1 ,france4 ,new edition1 translated1 enlarged1 and revised4 ,by ,george ,fleming1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1 cloth1 with #dej illustrations4 #f #jj ,clok4 8,the ,diseases of ,sheep40 ,with proper ,remedies to ,prevent and ,cure the same4 ,by ,henry ,clok1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #be ,clarke4 ,horse's ,teeth4 ,a ,treatise on their ,mode of ,development1 ,physiological ,relations1 ,anatomy1 ,pathology1 ,dentistry1 etc4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,clarke4 ,revised1 enlarged1 and illustrated edition4 #abmo1 cloth4 #b #jj ,clater's 8,every ,man ,his ,own ,cattle ,doctor40 ,by ,francis ,clater4 ,new edition1 entirely rewritten by ,george ,armatage1 with numerous plain and colored plates4 #hvo1 half leather4 #g #ej ,cobbold4 8,the ,internal ,parasites of our ,domesticated ,animals40 ,a manual of the entozoa of the ox1 sheep1 dog1 horse1 pig1 and cat4 ,by ,t4 ,spencer ,cobbold1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 #abmo1 cloth1 illustrated4 #b #jj ,dalziel4 8,british ,dogs40 ,their ,varieties1 ,history1 ,characteristics1 ,breeding1 ,management1 and ,exhibition4 ,illustrated with full page portraits4 #abmo1 cloth4 #d #jj ,dalziel4 ,diseases of ,dogs4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #jj ,dana4 8,tables in ,comparative ,physiology40 ,giving ,comparative ,weight1 ,temperature1 ,circulation of the ,blood1 ,respiration1 ,digestion1 ,nervous ,force and ,action between ,man and the ,lower ,animals and ,birds4 ,by ,prof4 ,c4 ,l4 ,dana1 ,m4,d4 ,chart on paper4 #be ,day4 ,the ,race horse in ,training4 ,with some hints on ,racing and ,racing ,reform4 ,by ,wm4 ,day4 ,demy #hvo4 #f #dj ,dun4 ,veterinary ,medicines4 ,their ,actions and ,uses4 ,by ,finlay ,dun1 ,v4,s4 ,new ,american edition from the latest ,english one4 #hvo1 cloth4 #c #ej ,new ,revised ,english edition1 #hvo1 cloth4 #e #jj ,fearnley4 ,lessons in ,horse ,judging1 and on the ,summering of ,hunters4 #abmo1 cloth1 illustrated4 #a #fj ,fearnley4 ,lecture on the ,examination of ,horses as to ,soundness1 ,sale1 and ,warranty4 ,by ,w4 ,fearnley1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #c #jj ,fitzwygram4 ,horses and ,stables4 ,by ,col4 ,f4 ,fitzwygram of the #aeth ,hussars4 ,new edition4 ,with #bd illustrations4 ,cloth4 #d #jj ,fleming4 8,human and ,animal ,variol40 ,a study in ,comparative ,pathology4 ,paper4 #be ,fleming4 8,the ,contagious ,diseases of ,animals40 ,their ,influence on the ,wealth and ,health of ,nations4 #abmo1 paper4 #be ,fleming4 8,actinomykosis40 ,a ,new ,infectious ,disease of ,man and ,animals4 ,by ,george ,fleming1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,paper4 7,just published47 #be ,fleming4 ,on ,horseshoeing4 ,by ,geo4 ,fleming4 ,cloth4 #ge ,fleming4 ,operative ,veterinary ,surgery4 ,by ,george ,fleming4 7,in ,preparation47 ,part #a now ready4 ,fleming4 ,propagation of ,tuberculosis4 ,by ,george ,fleming4 ,cloth #b #be ,fleming4 ,manual of ,veterinary ,science and ,sanitary ,police4 ,embracing the ,nature1 ,causes1 ,symptoms1 etc41 and the ,prevention1 ,suppression1 ,therapeutic ,treatment1 and the ,relation to the ,public ,health of the ,epizootic and ,contagious ,diseases of the ,domesticated ,animals2 with a scheme for ,veterinary and ,sanitary ,organization2 ,observations on the ,duties of ,veterinary ,inspectors1 ,legislative ,measures1 ,inspection of ,meat and ,milk1 ,slaughter ,houses1 etc4 ,by ,george ,fleming1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #b vols41 #hvo1 cloth1 illustrated4 #i #jj ,fleming4 8,animal ,plagues40 ,their ,history1 ,nature1 and ,prevention4 ,by ,george ,fleming1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s41 etc4 ,being a ,chronological ,history from the earliest times to #ahdd4 ,first ,series1 comprising a ,history of ,animal ,plagues from ,b4,c4 #adij to ,a4,d4 #ahjj4 #hvo1 cloth4 #f #jj ,second ,series1 containing the ,history from ,a4 ,d4 #ahjj to #ahdd4 #hvo1 cloth1 7recently published7 #d #hj ,fleming4 ,veterinary ,obstetrics4 ,including the ,accidents and ,diseases incident to ,pregnancy1 ,parturition1 and the ,early ,age in ,domesticated ,animals4 ,by ,geo4 ,fleming1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,with #bab illustrations4 #hvo1 cl4 #f #jj ,fleming's ,rabies and ,hydrophobia4 ,history4 ,natural ,causes1 ,symptoms1 and ,prevention4 ,by ,george ,fleming1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1 cloth4 #f #jj ,going4 ,veterinary ,dictionary4 ,compiled by ,prof4 ,j4 ,a4 ,going4 #b #jj ,hayes4 ,veterinary ,notes for ,horse ,owners4 ,an ,every-day ,horse ,book4 ,revised edition1 illustrated4 ,by ,m4 ,h4 ,hayes4 #abmo1 cloth4 #e #jj ,heatley4 ,the ,horse-owners' ,safeguard4 ,a handy ,medical ,guide for every ,horse-owner4 ,by ,george ,s4 ,heatley1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #b #jj ,hill4 ,the ,management and ,diseases of the ,dog4 ,containing full instructions for ,breeding1 ,rearing1 and ,kennelling ,dogs4 ,their different ,diseases1 embracing ,distemper1 ,mouth1 ,teeth1 ,tongue1 ,gullet1 ,respiratory ,organs1 ,hepatitis1 ,indigestions1 ,gastritis1 ,st4 ,vitus' ,dance1 ,bowel ,diseases1 ,paralysis1 ,rheumatism1 ,fits1 ,rabies1 ,skin ,diseases1 ,canker1 ,diseases of the ,limbs1 ,fractures1 ,operations1 etc4 ,how to detect and how to cure them4 ,their ,medicines1 and the ,doses in which they can be safely administered4 ,by ,j4 ,woodroffe ,hill1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth extra1 fully illustrated4 #b #jj ,hill4 8,the ,principles and ,practice of ,bovine ,medicine and ,surgery40 ,by ,j4 ,woodroffe ,hill1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,octavo1 #ffd pages1 with #aec illustrations on wood and #ai full page colored plates4 ,cloth4 #aj #jj octavo1 #ffd pages1 sheep4 #aa #ej ,holcombe4 8,laminitis40 ,a ,contribution to ,veterinary ,pathology4 ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,holcombe1 ,v4,s4 ,pamphlet4 #ej ,horses and ,roads2 or1 ,how to ,keep a ,horse ,sound on his ,legs4 ,by 8,free ,lance0 #b #ej ,howden4 8,how to ,buy and ,sell the ,horse40 ,the object of this book is to explain in the simplest manner what constitutes a sound horse from an unsound one4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #jj ,jennings4 ,horse ,training ,made ,easy4 ,a ,practical ,system of ,educating the ,horse4 ,by ,robert ,jennings1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #be ,jennings4 ,swine1 ,sheep1 and ,poultry4 ,embracing a ,history and ,varieties of each2 ,breeding1 ,management1 ,disease1 etc4 ,by ,robert ,jennings1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #be ,jennings4 ,cattle and their ,diseases2 with the best ,remedies adapted to their ,cure4 ,by ,robert ,jennings1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #be ,jennings4 ,on the ,horse and his ,diseases4 ,by ,robert ,jennings1 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #be ,journal of ,comparative ,medicine and ,surgery4 ,a ,quarterly ,journal devoted to the ,diseases of ,animals1 particularly of the ,horse4 ,published in ,january1 ,april1 ,july1 and ,october4 ,subscriptions1 #b per annum4 ,single copies1 postpaid4 #fj ,laverack4 ,the ,setter4 ,by ,e4 ,laverack4 ,with instructions how to ,breed1 ,rear1 ,break1 etc4 ,colored illustrations4 #c #jj ,liautard4 ,vade ,mecum of ,equine ,anatomy4 ,by ,a4 ,liautard1 ,m4,d41 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #ge ,liautard4 8,animal ,castration40 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,liautard1 ,d4,v4,s4 #abmo1 illus4 #b #jj ,liautard4 ,translation of ,zundel on the ,horse's ,foot1 ,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,liautard1 ,d4,v4,s4 #hvo1 cloth4 #a #ej ,law4 ,the ,lung ,plague of ,cattle2 ,contagious ,pleuro-,pneumonia4 ,illustrated4 ,by ,james ,law1 ,professor of ,veterinary ,medicine in ,cornell ,university4 ,paper1 #ajj pp4 #cj ,law4 ,farmers' ,veterinary ,adviser4 ,a ,guide to the ,prevention and ,treatment of ,disease in ,domestic ,animals4 ,by ,james ,law1 ,professor of ,veterinary ,medicine in ,cornell ,university4 ,illustrated4 #hvo1 cloth4 #c #jj ,lehndorff4 ,horsebreeding ,recollections4 ,by ,g4 ,lehndorff4 #hvo1 cloth4 #d #bj ,martin4 ,cattle4 ,their ,various ,breeds1 ,management1 and ,diseases4 ,by ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,martin4 ,revised by ,w4 ,raynbird4 #afmo1 boards4 #ej ,mc,alpine4 ,biological ,atlas4 ,containing #bd plates of #dbc colored illustrations4 ,oblong quarto cloth4 ,by ,d4 ,mc,alpine1 ,f4,c4,s4 #c #jj ,mc,bride4 ,anatomical ,outlines of the ,horse4 ,revised and ,enlarged by ,t4 ,m4 ,mayer1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,with colored illustrations4 #abmo1 cloth4 #c #dj ,mc,clure4 ,diseases of ,american ,horses1 ,cattle1 and ,sheep4 ,their ,treatment2 with full description of the ,medicines employed4 ,by ,r4 ,mc,clure1 ,m4,d41 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cl41 illus4 #b #jj ,mc,clure4 ,american ,gentlemen's ,stable ,guide2 with the most ,approved ,methods of ,feeding1 ,grooming1 and ,managing the ,horse4 ,by ,robert ,mc,clure1 ,m4,d41 ,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #jj ,meyrick4 ,stable ,management and the ,prevention of ,diseases among ,horses in ,india4 ,by ,j4 ,j4 ,meyrick1 ,f4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #a #jj ,miles4 ,remarks on ,horses' ,teeth4 ,addressed to ,purchasers4 ,by ,w4 ,miles4 #fj ,moreton4 8,on ,horsebreaking40 ,by ,robert ,moreton4 #abmo1 cloth4 #ej ,moreton's ,manual of ,pharmacy for the ,veterinary ,student4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,morton4 #abmo1 cloth4 #d #jj ,navin4 8,the ,explanatory ,stock ,doctor10 for the use of the ,farmer1 ,breeder1 and ,owner of the ,horse4 ,with numerous illustrations4 ,by ,john ,nicholson ,navin1 ,v4,s4 #hvo1 sheep4 #d #ge ,percival4 ,hyppo-pathology4 ,a ,systematic ,treatise on the ,disorders and ,lameness of the ,horse4 ,by ,w4 ,percival4 ,with many illustrations4 #f vols41 boards4 #cd #bj ,percival4 ,lectures on ,horses2 ,their ,form and ,action4 ,by ,w4 ,percival4 ,with eight outline plates4 #hvo1 cloth4 #d #jj ,percival's ,anatomy of the ,horse4 ,by ,w4 ,percival4 #hvo1 cloth4 #h #jj ,peck4 8,classifications of the ,muscles of the ,horse40 ,this is a large chart1 printed on heavy paper1 #bdx#ch inches1 showing at a glance the ,classifications of the ,muscles of the ,horse1 with ,origin1 ,insertion1 ,nervous ,supply1 and the ,function of each4 #ej ,reynolds4 8,breeding and ,management of ,draught ,horses40 ,by ,richard ,s4 ,reynolds1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,crown #hvo1 cl4 #a #dj ,riley4 ,the ,mule4 ,a ,treatise on the ,breeding1 ,training1 and ,uses to which he may be put4 #abmo1 cloth1 illus4 #a #ej ,robertson4 ,the ,practice of ,equine ,medicine4 ,by ,w4 ,robertson4 #f #jj ,steel4 ,a ,treatise on the ,diseases of the ,ox4 ,being a ,manual of ,bovine ,pathology1 especially adapted to ,veterinary ,practitioners and ,students4 ,by ,john ,henry ,steel1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,f4,z4,s4 #hvo1 with #aah illus41 cl4 #f #jj ,steel4 8,outlines of ,equine ,anatomy40 ,a ,manual for the use of ,veterinary ,students in the ,dissecting ,room4 ,by ,john ,h4 ,steel1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #abmo1 cloth4 #c #jj ,strangeway4 8,veterinary ,anatomy40 ,new edition1 revised and edited by ,i4 ,vaughn1 ,f4,l4,s41 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 with several hundred illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth4 #h #jj ,stornmouth's ,manual of ,scientific ,terms4 ,especially referring to those in ,botany1 ,natural ,history1 ,medical and ,veterinary ,science4 ,by ,rev4 ,jas4 ,stornmouth4 #c #jj ,tellor4 8,diseases of ,live ,stock10 and their most ,efficient ,remedies4 ,by ,lloyd ,v4 ,tellor4 #hvo1 cloth1 illustrated1 #b4ej2 sheep4 #c #jj ,tuson4 ,pharmacopia1 including ,outlines of ,materia ,medica and ,therapeutics in ,veterinary ,medicine4 ,by ,r4 ,v4 ,tuson4 #abmo1 cloth4 #b #ej ,veterinary ,diagrams4 ,five ,charts1 each #bbx#bh inches in size1 on stout paper1 as follows1 sold separately3 ,no4 #a1 with eight colored illustrations4 ,external ,form and ,elementary ,anatomy of the ,horse4 #a #ej ,no4 #b4 ,unsoundness and ,defects of the ,horse1 with #ej woodcuts4 #ge ,no4 #c4 ,the ,age of the ,domestic ,animals1 with #db woodcuts4 #ge ,no4 #d4 ,the ,shoeing of the ,horse1 ,mule1 and ,ox1 with #ei woodcuts4 #ge ,no4 #e4 ,the ,elementary ,anatomy1 ,points1 and ,butcher's ,joints of the ,ox1 with #ag colored illustrations4 ,with explanatory text4 #a #ej ,price per set of five4 #e #jj ,walley4 8,four ,bovine ,scourges40 7,pleuro-,pneumonia1 ,foot and ,mouth ,disease1 ,cattle ,plague1 and ,tubercle47 ,with an ,appendix on the ,inspection of ,live ,animals and ,meat4 ,by ,thos4 ,walley1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 ,with #di colored illus4 and numerous woodcuts4 #dto1 cl4 #f #dj ,webb4 8,on the ,dog40 ,its ,points1 ,peculiarities1 ,instincts1 and ,whims4 ,illustrated with photographs4 #c #jj ,williams4 ,principles and ,practice of ,veterinary ,medicine4 ,new edition1 entirely revised1 and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates4 ,by ,w4 ,williams1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1 cloth4 #e #jj ,williams4 ,principles and ,practice of ,veterinary ,surgery4 ,new edition1 entirely revised1 and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates4 ,by ,w4 ,williams1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s4 #hvo1 cloth4 #g #ej ,williams4 ,chart of the ,contagious1 ,infectious1 and ,specific ,fevers of the ,domesticated ,animals4 #a #jj ,zundel4 8,on the ,horse's ,foot40 ,translated by ,a4 ,liautard1 ,m4,d41 ,d4,v4,s4 #a #ej ,,veterinary ,,books ,,in ,,french4 ,benion4 ,trait de l'levage et des ,maladies des ,animaux et des ,oiseaux de ,basse-,cour4 #b #hj ,benion4 ,trait de l'levage et des ,maladies du ,mouton4 #c #fj ,benion4 ,trait de l'levage et des ,maladies du ,porc4 #b #fj ,beugnot4 ,dictionnaire usuel de ,chirurgie et de ,mdecine ,vtrinaire4 #b forts volumes in-#h1 avec planches4 #g #bj ,bouley4 ,la ,rage1 moyen d'en viter les ,dangers et de prvenir sa ,propagation4 #dj ,bouley-,reynal4 ,nouveau ,dictionnaire ,pratique de ,mdecine1 de ,chirurgie et ,hygine ,vtrinaire 7to be completed in #ah volumes71 chaque volume4 #c #jj ,colin4 ,trait de ,physiologie ,compare des ,animaux2 ,par ,g4 ,colin1 ,professeur l'cole ,vtrinaire d',alfort2 avec ,figures intercales dans le texte4 #b vols4 in-#h4 #aj #dj ,cruzel4 ,des ,maladies de l',espce ,bovine4 ,par ,j4 ,cruzel4 #e #fj ,dictionnaire4 ,lexicographique et ,descriptif des ,sciences ,mdicales et ,vtrinaires4 ,un trs-fort vol4 de plus de #aejj pages4 #h #jj ,gourdon4 ,trait de la ,castration des ,animaux ,domestiques4 #c #fj ,hertwig4 ,les ,maladies des ,chiens et leur ,traitement4 #a #dj ,lecoq4 ,trait de l',extrieur du ,cheval et des ,principaux ,animaux ,domestiques4 #c #fj ,leyh4 ,anatomie des ,animaux ,domestiques4 #c #fj ,magne4 ,races ,chevalines et leur ,amlioration1 ,entretien1 ,multiplication1 levage et ducation du ,cheval1 de l',ane et du ,mulet4 ,par ,j4 ,h4 ,magne4 #c #bj ,magne4 ,races ,bovines et leur ,amlioration1 ,entretien1 ,multiplication1 levage et ,engraissement du ,buf4 ,par ,j4 ,h4 ,magne4 #b #jj ,magne4 ,races ,porcines et leur ,amlioration1 ,entretien1 ,multiplication1 levage et ,engraissement du ,porc4 ,par ,j4 ,h4 ,magne4 #hj ,magne4 ,nourriture des ,chevaux de ,travail--brochure4 #dj ,magne4 ,choix du ,cheval4 #hj ,magne4 ,choix et ,nourriture du ,cheval4 ,par ,j4 ,h4 ,magne4 ,avec ,vignettes4 #a #dj ,mourod4 ,matire ,mdicale2 ou la ,pharmacologie ,vtrinaire4 #b #dj ,saint-,cyr4 ,trait d',obsttrique ,vtrinaire4 ,avec cent vignettes4 #e #fj ,signol4 ,aide ,mmoire du ,vtrinaire1 ,mdecine1 ,chirurgie et ,obsttrique2 ,par ,jules ,signol2 avec #cie ,figures4 #b #dj ,tabourin4 ,nouveau ,trait de ,matire ,mdicale ,thrapeutique et de ,pharmacie ,vtrinaires1 #b fort volumes1 in-#h1 avec plus de #ajj figures4 #h #jj ,transcriber's ,notes ,some minor typographical errors have been corrected silently2 spelling inconsistencies have been retained 7craseur _/ ecraseur1 cryptorchids_/ criptorchids1 etc474 ,illustrations have been moved outside text paragraphs4 ,ditto characters 77 in the table of contents have been replaced with the dittoed text4 ,advertisement page #h3 ,lecocq has been replaced with ,lecoq4