,transcrib] ,note  ,text emphasis is    
d5ot$ z3 ,italics & ,bold4              
,,poison-ivy                            
,,poison-oak                            
&                               ,,poison
 sumac                                  
,,id5tification                         
,,precautions                           
,,eradication                           
,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #aigb             
,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture    
,,poison-,,ivy1 poison-oak1 & poison    
sumac rem9d mo/ p ( pa9ful exp]i5ces to 
be avoid$1 yet _m d n "k any "o ( !     
(f5d+ plants or _! equally poison\s     
relatives4 ,le>n+ to recognize !m on    
sight is relatively easy1 especially by 
exam9+ ! di/9ctive id5tify+ *>act]s     
describ$ 9 ! pictures & leg5ds ( ?is    
bullet94 ,!re is !n a good *ance to     
avoid !m or1 if "o mu/ "w among !m1 to  
take prev5tive measures to escape       
poison+4  ,^! plants are v common       
?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are f\nd 9 
fields & woods1 along f5ce r[s1 rock    

walls1 & h$ges1 9 lawns & g>d5s1 & ev5  
sometimes v9+ on h\ses4 ,usually 9 any  
"o locality x is necess>y to be c]ta9 ( 
! id5tity ( only two or ?ree ( !m4 ,maps
 %[ at a glance :]e !y are likely to be 
f\nd4 ,frequ5t obs]vation & recognition 
( ! plants z !y are enc\nt]$ almo/ daily
 is ! be/ way to become poison-oak or   
poison-ivy consci\s4 ,nonpoison\s sumacs
 are easily di/+ui%$ f ! poison\s       
species by ! se$ heads & leaves4  ,! old
 prov]b1 an ounce ( prev5tion is wor? a 
p\nd ( cure1 is good advice to ev]yone1 
p>ticul>ly z reg>ds ivy-poison+4        
,previ\s escape is n pro( ( immunity :5 
conditions are "r1 & aft] poison+ occurs
 !re is no quick cure kn[n4 ,"s relief  
may be obta9$ & recov]y ha/5$ by use (  
"s ( ! te/$ rem$ies4 ,9 case ( sev]e    
poison+ a physician %\ld be consult$4   
,poison-ivy & o!r poison\s plants gr[+ 9
 gr\nds frequ5t$ by p %\ld be eradicat$4
 ,9 "s places ?is c be done by c>eful   
grubb+4 ,9 o!rs we$-kill+ *emicals may  
be bett] & m c]ta9ly w\ld av]t poison+ =

 mo/ ( u4  ,?is bullet9 sup]s$es ,f>m]s'
 ,bullet9 #aaff1 ,poison ,ivy & ,poison 
,sumac & ,_! ,eradication4    ,wa%+ton1 
,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,augu/ #aide             
,,poison-,,ivy1 ,,poison-,,oak1 ,,&     
,,poison ,,sumac3 ,,id5tification1      
,,precautions1 ,,eradication   ,by      
,donald ,m4 ,crooks1 pr9cipal           
horticulturi/1 ,division ( ,tobacco1    
,m$ic9al1 & ,special ,crops1 & ,leon>d  
,w4 ,keph>t1 s5ior agronomi/1 ,division 
( ,c]eal ,crops & ,diseases1 ,bureau (  
,plant ,indu/ry1 ,soils & ,agricultural 
,eng9e]+1 ,agricultural ,rese>*         
,adm9i/ration    ,cont5ts               
,page    ,a widespread m5ace to heal?   
#a   ,=ms ( poison-ivy & poison-oak     
#b     ,common poison-ivy               
#b     ,oakleaf poison-ivy              
#i     ,we/]n poison-oak                
#i   ,poison sumac                      
#af     ,confusion ( poison\s & h>mless 
sumacs       #ai     ,introduc$ poison\s
 sumac & relat$ species   #ba   ,poison+
                                        

#ba     ,precautions aga9/ poison+      
#bb     ,treatm5t = poison+             
#bc   ,eradication ( plants             
#be     ,*emical we$ kill]s             
#be     ,eradication by me*anical means 
#be     ,a ,,widespread ,,m5ace ,,to    
,,heal?   ,,e ye> sees _m adults1 &     
especially *ildr51 accid5tally poison$ f
 contact ) plants t !y did n "k 7       
h>mful4 ,_h ! suff]]s kn[n h[ to detect 
poison\s plants !y c\ld h avoid$ !m &   
escap$ ! pa9ful exp]i5ce ( sev]e sk9    
inflammations & wat] bli/]s4 ,v few     
p]sons h a suffici5t degree ( immunity  
to protect !m f poison\s plants1 & _m d 
n recognize !m 9 ! v>i\s =ms t !y assume
 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  ,"o or m   
k9ds ( poison-ivy--common poison-ivy1   
oakleaf poison-ivy1 & we/]n             
poison-oak--occur 9 abundance 9 almo/ e 
"p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,poison sumac is (
 m limit$ di/ribution & occurs *iefly   
ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 usually 9   
swampy regions4  ,poison+ by ^! plants  
is l>gely prev5table4 ,a k suffici5t to 

id5tify !m 9 _! v>i\s =ms is easily ga9$
 by anyone :o w make a /udy ( pictures &
 g5]al descriptions & tra9 himself by a 
little dilig5t practice to obs]ve !     
plants 9 8 locality4 ,x is important to 
become poison-oak or poison-ivy         
consci\s4 ,?is c be accompli%$ only by  
le>n+ to "k ! plants by repeat$ exp]i5ce
 9 obs]v+ !m 9 _! v>i\s =ms4 ,p]sons :o 
le>n bo? to "k & to avoid ! plants c    
save !mselves mu* inconv5i5ce &         
discom=t4 ,! simple means ( le>n+ to    
recognize !m w pay big divid5ds4 ,x is !
 fir/ /ep to ! prev5tion ( poison+ & to 
! eradication ( ! pe/s f private gr\nds 
& public places4  ,! mo/ effective me?od
 ( prev5tion is to eradicate ! plants1 &
 :]ev] possible ?is %\ld be done4 ,!y   
%\ld n be all[$ to gr[ 9 lawns or g>d5s1
 ) ornam5tal %rubb]y1 or on h\ses4      
,communities %\ld n c\nt5ance ! gr[? (  
poison-ivy or poison-oak 9 s*ool gr\nds1
 on public roadways1 or 9 p>ks1         
especially ^? frequ5t$ by *ildr54 ,! co/
 ( m$ical aid = "o season 9 treat+      

pupils us+ an ivy-infe/$ s*ooly>d is    
likely to be m ?an t ( eradicat+ !      
plants1 to say no?+ ( ! suff]+ &        
inconv5i5ce !y may cause4     ,,=ms ,,( 
,,poison-,,ivy ,,& ,,poison-,,oak       
,poison-ivy & poison-oak are kn[n by a  
numb] ( local names1 & sev]al diff]5t   
k9ds ( plants are call$ by ^! names4 ,! 
plants exhibit a good deal ( v>iation   
?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 s mu* s t ev5  
te*nical botani/s _c agree on ! numb] ( 
species & names t %\ld be appli$ to !m4 
,!y gr[ 9 ! =m ( 7#a7 woody v9es atta*$ 
to trees or objects = support1 7#b7     
trail+ %rubs mo/ly on ! gr\nd1 or 7#c7  
erect woody %rubs entirely )\t support4 
,!y may fl\ri% 9 ! deep woods1 :]e soil 
moi/ure is pl5tiful1 or !y may be f\nd 9
 v dry soil on ! mo/ expos$ hillsides4  
,! plants are mo/ frequ5tly abundant    
along old f5ce r[s & edges ( pa?s &     
roadways1 & !y ramble ov] rock walls &  
climb po/s or trees to consid]able      
heights4 ,!y (t5 gr[ ) o!r %rubs or v9es
 9 su* ways z to escape notice4  ,! leaf

 =ms among plants or ev5 on ! same plant
 are z v>iable z ! habit ( gr[?2 h[ev]1 
! leaves always consi/ ( ?ree leaflets4 
,! old say+1 ,leaflets ?ree1 let x be1  
is a rem9d] ( ?is consi/5t leaf "* b may
 lead to undue suspicion ( "s h>mless   
plant4 ,only "o ?ree-p>t$ leaf leads (f 
f ea* node on ! /em4 ,! leaves nev]     
occur 9 pairs along ! /em4 ,! wide range
 9 habit ( gr[? ( plants & leaf types   
may be not$ f a glance at ! sev]al      
pictures ( plants & leaves4  ,! fl[]s & 
fruit are always 9 clu/]s on sl5d] /ems 
t orig9ate 9 ! axis ( ! leaves along !  
side ( ! small] bran*es4 ,! fruits      
usually h a :ite1 waxy appe>ance &      
ord9>ily are n hairy1 b may be s 9 "s   
=ms4 ,! plants d n always fl[] & be>    
fruit4 ,! :ite or cream-color$ clu/]s ( 
fruit1 :5 !y occur1 are significant     
id5tify+ *>act]s1 especially at ! season
 aft] ! leaves h fall54  ,= conv5i5ce1  
^! plants are discuss$ 9 ?is bullet9 "u 
?ree divisions3 7#a7 ,common poison-ivy1
 7#b7 oakleaf poison-ivy1 & 7#c7 ,we/]n 

poison-oak4 ,a te*nical botani/ w\ld    
recognize _m species ( plants 9 :at are 
includ$ z ! common poison-ivy1 & anyone 
w recognize t v>i\s =ms occur )9 ?is    
gr\p+4   ,,common ,,poison-,,ivy  ,"s =m
 ( ! common poison-ivy may be f\nd 9    
almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry b ! extreme ,we/4 
,! %ad$ area on ! map 9 figure #a %[s ! 
ext5sive range :]e "s =m ( poison-ivy is
 likely to be f\nd4 ,! plant is kn[n by 
v>i\s local names--poison-ivy1 ?reeleaf 
ivy1 poison creep]1 climb+ sumac1       
poison-oak1 m>kwe$1 pi]y1 & m]cury4 ,!  
mo/ widespread =m is classifi$ by       
botani/s "u ! botanical "n ( ,rhus      
radicans or v>ieties ( x2 h[ev]1 _m ( ! 
v>iations are sometimes giv5 o!r        
botanical names4 ,! common poison-ivy   
may be consid]$ z a v9e 9 its mo/       
typical gr[? habit4  ,figure #a4--,!    
%ad$ "p %[s ! ext5sive area :]e "s =m ( 
! common poison-ivy is likely to be     
f\nd4 ,o!r =ms also may occur 9 p>ts ( !
 same region4  ,figure #b4--,l>ge       
poison-ivy v9e gr[+ on a tree = support4

 ,?is is ! usual =m ( ! common          
poison-ivy 9 wood$ areas4  ,figure      
#c4--;,a1 ,common poison-ivy gr[+ 9 a   
h$ge & on a %ade tree on ! edge ( a     
lawn4 ,b1 ,typical v9e1 %[+ leaves & !  
roots t atta* x to ! tree4  ,! v9+ type 
mo/ (t5 occurs 9 wood$ areas 7fig4 #b71 
:]e x dep5ds ^u trees = support4 ,v9es  
(t5 gr[ = _m ye>s1 becom+ sev]al in*es 9
 diamet] & q woody4 ,sl5d] v9es may run 
along ! gr\nd1 mix$ ) %rubb]y1 or take  
support f a l>ge or small tree4 ,t a    
plant gr[+ along ! edge ( a lawn & into 
! %rubb]y may be q inconspicu\s z comp>$
 ) a v9e climb+ on a lawn tree is %[n 9 
figure #c4 ,! v9e readily develops roots
 :5 9 contact ) ! gr\nd or ) any object 
t w support x4 ,:5 ! v9es gr[ on trees  
^! a]ial roots atta* ! v9e securely 7   
fig4 #c4 ,b74 ,a rank gr[? ( ^! roots   
(t5 causes ! v9es on trees to h ! g5]al 
appe>ance ( a fuzzy rope1 :i* sometimes 
s]ves a good purpose = id5tification4 ,!
 v9es & roots app>5tly d n cause injury 
to ! tree except :]e gr[? may be        

suffici5t to cov] ! support+ plant &    
exclude sunlight or break ! plant f     
excessive weight4 ,! v9+ nature ( !     
plant makes x well adapt$ to climb+ ov] 
/one walls or on brick & /one h\ses4  ,!
 fact t poison-ivy (t5 becomes mix$ 9 ) 
ornam5tal %rubb]y & v9es (t5 results 9  
its cultivation z an ornam5tal v9e by p 
:o d n recognize ! plant4 ,an ivy plant 
gr[+ on a h\se1 z is %[n 9 figure #d1 is
 (t5 priz$ by an unsuspect+ own]4 ,! v9e
 is attractive & q effective z an       
ornam5tal1 b su* use %\ld n be tol]at$1 
z x mo/ c]ta9ly w result 9 cases (      
accid5tal poison+ & s]ve z propagat+    
/ock = m poison-ivy 9 ! vic9ity4        
,figure #d4--;,common poison-ivy gr[+ on
 side ( h\se ) ornam5tal %rubs4 ,?is    
accid5tal or int5tional use ( !         
attractive v9e may lead to _m cases (   
accid5tal poison+4  ,figure             
#e4--;,common poison-ivy gr[+ along f5ce
 r[4 ,9 op5 sunlight & ov] "s l>ge areas
 x is m ( a %rub ?an a v9e4  ,figure    
#d4--;,common poison-ivy gr[+ on side ( 

h\se ) ornam5tal %rubs4 ,?is accid5tal  
or int5tional use ( ! attractive v9e may
 lead to _m cases ( accid5tal poison+4  
,:5 poison-ivy becomes mix$ 9 ) o!r v9es
 x is q difficult to detect except by "o
 :o has c>efully tra9$ himself 9 obs]v+ 
& recogniz+ ! plant4 ,also1 "s o!r v9es 
& "y plants resemble poison-ivy 9 _m    
respects4 ,! ,virg9ia creep] & "s =ms ( 
! ,bo/on ivy are (t5 confus$ ) x4 ,!    
,virg9ia creep] c always be recogniz$ by
 its five leaflets radiat+ f "o po9t (  
atta*m5t1 z comp>$ ) ! ?ree leaflets (  
poison-ivy arrang$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,!   
,bo/on ivy ) ?ree leaflets is sometimes 
difficult to detect2 h[ev]1 z a rule n  
all ! leaves on ! plant w be divid$ into
 ?ree leaflets4 ,by /udy+ a l>ge numb] (
 ! leaves x is usually possible to      
detect on e ,bo/on ivy plant "s leaves t
 h only "o deeply lob$ blade or leaflet1
 :ile ! poison-ivy always has ! ?ree    
leaflets4 ,a numb] ( o!r plants are     
easily confus$ ) poison-ivy4 ,no        
specific rule c be obs]v$ t w easily    

rule out all possibility ( confusion4 ,!
 be/ policy is to le>n ?r\gh practic$   
obs]vation to "k poison-ivy on sight &  
!n to make ! det]m9ation f obs]vation ( 
all p>ts ( ! plant1 & nev] to judge f a 
s+le leaf or "p4  ,figure #f4--,leaves (
 common poison-ivy1 ab\t half natural   
size4 ,^! may occur on ! same or diff]5t
 plants3 ,a1 ,b1 ,c & ,f1 less common2  
,d1 ) ev5 m>g9s1 ! mo/ common & g5]ally 
recogniz$ =m2 ,e1 ) lob$ m>g9s1 ne>ly   
ne>ly z (t5 se5 z ! %ape 9 ,d4  ,figure 
#g4--;,common poison-ivy v9e ) clu/]s ( 
fl[]s 9 ! axis ( ea* leaf4  ,common     
poison-ivy 9 full sunlight along f5ce   
r[s or 9 op5 fields gr[s m 9 ! =m ( a   
%rub ?an a v9e4 ,9 "s localities !      
common =m is a l[-gr[+ %rub f #f to #cj 
in*es 9 height4 ,?is =m1 z well z ! v9+ 
type1 usually has a r ext5sive          
horizontal sy/em ( root/ocks or /ems at 
or j bel[ ! gr\nd level4 ,! v9+ =m "u "s
 conditions lat] becomes a %rub4 ,plants
 ( ?is type are %[n 9 figure #e1 :]e !  
v9e1 support$ on ! f5ce1 has ext5d$     

upright /ems t are %rublike4 ,9 "s      
localities ! gr[? =m ov] a wide range is
 consi/5tly ei!r a v9e or a %rub type1  
:ile 9 o!rs :at seems to be ! same      
species may produce ei!r v9es or %rubs4 
,! leaves ( ! common poison-ivy are     
extremely v>iable1 ! ?ree leaflets be+ !
 only con/ant "*4 ,x is impossible to   
describe ! great range ( v>iation 9 !   
%ape or lob+ ( ! leaflets4 ,a /udy ( !  
leaf patt]ns1 especially ! six %[n 9    
figure #f1 w give a fair range ( types1 
al?\gh o!r =ms may be f\nd4 ,"o plant   
may h a l>ge v>iety ( =ms ( leaves or x 
may h all leaves ( ab\t ! same g5]al "*4
 ,! mo/ common type ( leaf hav+ leaflets
 ) ev5 m>g9s is %[n 9 figure #f1 ,d1 &  
"o ) leaflets hav+ slightly lob$ m>g9s  
is %[n 9 figure #f1 ,e4 ,! o!r =ms %[n 9
 figure #f are n q s widespread1 b may  
be ! usual type ?r\gh\t "s areas4       
,figure #h4--;,common poison-ivy1 ab\t  
natural size3 ,a1 ,fl[]s2 ,b1 mature    
fruit4  ,mo/ ( ! v9es or %rubs (        
poison-ivy produce "s fl[]s t are always

 9 clu/]s aris+ on ! side ( ! /em       
imm$iately above a leaf4 ,! fl[]s are r 
inconspicu\s among ! leaves1 z may be   
not$ 9 figure #g1 b !y are 9 q di/9ct   
clu/]s1 z %[n 9 figure #h1 ,a4          
,frequ5tly ! fl[]s d n develop or are   
abortive & no fruit is produc$4 ,:5     
fruits d develop !y s]ve z a positive   
way ( id5tify+ ! plant4 ,! b]ries are n 
easily confus$ ) ! fruits ( o!r plants4 
,!y are :ite & waxy 9 appe>ance & h r   
di/9ct l9es m>k+ ! out] surface1 z !    
segm5ts appe> 9 a peel$ orange4 ,^! l9es
 may be not$ 9 figure #h1 ,b1 :i* %[s   
d5se clu/]s ( mature fruit ab\t natural 
size4 ,"s =ms ( ! poison-ivy h ! fruit  
cov]$ ) f9e hair1 giv+ x a k9d ( d[ny   
appe>ance2 h[ev]1 9 ! m common =m !     
fruits are entirely smoo?4 ,! fruit is  
especially helpful 9 id5tify+ plants    
late 9 fall1 9 w9t]1 & e>ly 9 spr+1 :5 !
 leaves are n pres5t4  ,figure #i4--,!  
%ad$ area is ! region :]e ! ea/]n       
oakleaf =m ( poison-ivy is likely to    
occur4 ,o!r =ms also may be 9 ! same    

region4   ,,oakleaf ,,poison-,,ivy  ,( !
 sev]al k9ds ( poison-ivy1 ! oakleaf =m 
occurr+ 9 ! ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,/ates is m 
di/9ctive ?an "s o!r types4 ,"s p "k x z
 oakleaf ivy :ile o!rs call x           
poison-oak1 a "n m commonly us$ = !     
we/]n species discuss$ lat]4 ,botani/s h
 n always agre$ ^u ! sci5tific "n to be 
appli$ to ?is =m2 h[ev]1 !y n[ use ! "n 
,rhus toxicod5dron4 ,"s botani/s h us$ !
 ,lat9 names ,r4 qu]cifolia1 :ile o!rs  
us$ ! "n ,toxicod5dron qu]cifolium1 bo? 
( :i* are m descriptive ( ! oakleaf =m1 
z ! g5]ic "n ( ! oak is ,qu]cus4 ,! area
 :]e ! oakleaf =m may occur1 f ,new     
,j]sey to ,texas1 is outl9$ 9 ! map %[n 
9 figure #i4 ,! common poison-ivy also  
occurs 9 "s =m ?r\gh\t _m p>ts ( ?is    
same area4  ,! oakleaf poison-ivy       
usually does n climb z a v9e1 b occurs z
 a l[-gr[+ %rub4 ,/ems are usually      
upright 9 _! g5]al gr[? habit1 z !y     
appe> 9 figure #aj4 ,! %rubs usually h r
 sl5d] bran*es1 (t5 cov]$ ) a f9e       
pubesc5ce t gives ! plant a k9d ( d[ny  

appe>ance4 ,! leaflets occur 9 ?rees1 z 
9 o!r ivy1 b are lob$1 some:at on !     
g5]al plan ( ! leaves ( "s k9ds ( oak4  
,! middle leaflet usually is lob$       
some:at alike on bo? m>g9s & v mu*      
resembles a small oak leaf1 :ile ! two  
lat]al leaflets are (t5 irregul>ly lob$4
 ,! leaves %[n 9 figure #aa are a common
 =m4 ,! light] color on ! "u side ( "o (
 ! leaves 7fig4 #aa1 ,a7 is due to !    
pubesc5ce1 or f9e hairs1 on ! surface4  
,! range 9 size ( leaves v>ies          
consid]ably1 ev5 on ! same plant2 ! leaf
 %[n 9 figure #aa1 ,b1 h[ev]1 is ab\t   
natural size4  ,! fruit ( oakleaf       
poison-ivy has ! same g5]al appe>ance z 
! fruit ( common poison-ivy %[n 9 figure
 #h1 al?\gh ! individual fruits & /ems  
are (t5 pubesc5t1 :ile mo/ ( ! o!r =ms h
 a waxy1 smoo?1 cream-color$ fruit4     
,figure #aj4--;,ea/]n oakleaf poison-ivy
 %rub4 ,! upright gr[? z a l[ %rub is   
common4 ,! ?ree p>ts ( ea* leaf some:at 
resembles an oak leaf4 ,! gall =mations 
t cause w>tlike protub]ances are common 

on all species4  ,figure #aa4--;,ea/]n  
oakleaf poison-ivy3 ,a1 ,leaves1 %[+    
upp] deep gre5 surface & l[] light]     
color$ surface4 ,b1 ,s+le leaf1 ab\t    
natural size4 ,! t]m9al leaflet m ne>ly 
resembles an oak leaf ?an ! two lat]al  
leaflets4   ,,we/]n ,,poison-,,oak  ,!  
we/]n poison-oak 7,rhus div]siloba7 ( ! 
,pacific ,coa/ ,/ates is usually kn[n z 
poison-oak1 b is occasionally ref]r$ to 
z poison-ivy or ye>a4 ,x is likely to be
 f\nd 9 ! region designat$ by %ad+ 9    
figure #ab1 & f c5tral ,oregon nor?w>d  
?r\gh ,wa%+ton may be gr[+ int]mix$ )   
common poison-ivy4 ,! t]m poison-oak is 
a misnom]1 z ?is species is 9 no way    
relat$ to ! oak b is relat$ to          
poison-ivy4 ,anyone famili> ) ei!r ( ^! 
plants 9 _! sev]al =ms w likely         
recognize ! o!r1 bo? z plants to be     
avoid$4  ,figure #ab4--,! %ad$ area is !
 region :]e ! we/]n poison-oak is likely
 to occur4 ,o!r =ms may also be 9 ! same
 region4  ,! mo/ common gr[? habit ( !  
we/]n poison-oak is 9 ! =m ( a rank     

upright %rub ) _m small woody /ems ris+ 
f ! gr\nd4 ,x frequ5tly gr[s 9 great    
abundance along roadsides 7see fig4 #af7
 & 9 uncultivat$ fields or on ab&on$ l&4
  ,sometimes we/]n poison-oak atta*es   
itself to upright objects = support &   
takes m or less ! =m ( a v9e4 ,a plant (
 ?is type is %[n 9 figure #ac1 :]e x is 
gr[+ on a telephone pole by ! roadside4 
,x may be not$ ev5 9 ?is case t ! t5d5cy
 is = individual bran*es to cont9ue an  
upright gr[? r ?an become entirely      
dep5d5t ^u o!r objects = support4 ,9 "s 
areas1 especially 9 woodl&1 poison-oak  
may gr[ pr9cipally z a v9e4 ,areas h be5
 not$ :]e #gj to #hj p]c5t ( ! trees    
leaves & fl[]s4 9 a wood$ area support  
v9es runn+ m ?an #be or #cj feet 9      
height1 al?\gh ! mo/ common =m ( ! plant
 is ! %rub4  ,figure #ac4--,we/]n       
poison-oak on a telephone pole4 ,?is v9e
 =m is n uncommon1 especially on trees 9
 woods4  ,figure #ad4--,we/]n           
poison-oak3 ,upright %rub1 ) fruit1 gr[+
 9 op5 pa/ure field4  ,figure           

#ae4--,we/]n poison-oak1 %[+ common leaf
 types3 ,a1 ,! m common leaves )        
irregul> m>g9s2 ,b1 less typical1 al?\gh
 n uncommon1 leaves ) ev5 m>g9s4        
,figure #af4--,we/]n poison-oak gr[+    
alongside roadside4 ,?is rank %rubby    
gr[? is typical = mo/ localities4       
,figure #ag4--,we/]n poison-oak1 %[+    
common leaf types3 ,a1 ,leaves ) ?ick   
lea!ry appe>ance2 ,b1 leaves irregul> 9 
%ape ) mu*-curl$ or di/ort$ surfaces2   
,c1 bran*1 ) leaves & fl[]s4  ,9 op5    
pa/ure fields we/]n poison-oak usually  
gr[s 9 spread+ clumps f a few feet to   
sev]al feet tall 7figs4 #ad & #af74 ,:]e
 x develops ext5sively x greatly r$uces 
! area = graz+ & becomes a s]i\s m5ace  
to mo/ p :o frequ5t ! area or att5d     
cattle t come 9 contact ) ! plants :ile 
graz+4  ,figure #ah4--,we/]n poison-oak3
 ,a1 ,top ( %rub1 ) leaves & fruit2 ,b1 
clu/]s ( fruit aft] leaves h fall54     
,l[-gr[+ plants1 especially ^? expos$ to
 full sunlight1 are (t5 q woody & %[ no 
t5d5cy = v9+4 ,l[-gr[+ plants ) woody   

/ems are common 9 pa/ure areas or along 
roadsides4 ,live/ock 9 graz+ d n invade 
! poison-ivy %rub1 & z a rule ^! plants 
cont9ue to spread bo? by root-/ock &    
se$4  ,z 9 o!r ivy ! leaves consi/ (    
?ree leaflets ) mu* irregul>ity 9 !     
mann] ( lob+1 especially ( ! two lat]al 
leaflets4 ,! ,lat9 "n dir]siloba ref]s  
to ! irregul>ity occurr+ 9 ! %apes ( !  
leaves on diff]5t plants & on ! same    
plant or ev5 irregul>ity 9 ! lob+ (     
leaflets ( ! same leaf4 ,sometimes lobes
 occur on bo? sides ( a leaflet1 ?us    
giv+ x some:at ! semblance ( an oak     
leaf4 ,! middle or t]m9al leaflet is m  
likely to be lob$ on bo? sides &        
resembles an oak leaf m ?an ! o!r two4  
,a /udy ( ! leaves %[n 9 figures #ae &  
#ag %[s ! v>iation 9 lob+4 ,"s plants   
may h leaflets ) an ev5 m>g9 & no lob+  
:atsoev]1 z ^? 9 figure #ae1 ,b4 ,!     
surface ( ! leaves is usually glossy &  
unev51 s t !y h a ?ick lea!ry appe>ance4
  ,figure #ai4--;,a l>ge poison sumac   
%rub ab\t #ae feet tall1 gr[+ on ! edge 

( a swamp4  ,! fl[]s are borne 9 clu/]s 
on sl5d] /ems div]g+ f ! axis ( ! leaf1 
z may be not$ 9 figure #ag1 ,c4 ,!      
individual fl[]s are gre5i% :ite & ab\t 
"o-f\r? in* across4 ,! clu/] ( fl[]s    
matures into gre5i% or creamy-:ite      
b]rylike fruits ab\t mid-,octob]4 ,^!   
are ab\t ! size ( small currants & are  
mu* l o!r poison-ivy fruits1 hav+ a     
smoo? gre5i%-:ite glossy surface /rip$  
some:at l ! segm5ts ( a peel$ orange4   
,_m plants be> no fruit1 al?\gh o!rs    
produce x 9 abundance1 z %[n 9 figure   
#ah1 ,a4 ,! fruits are n always         
sph]ical1 b sometimes h a some:at       
flatt5$ appe>ance1 z is %[n 9 figure    
#ah1 ,b4 ,!y rema9 on ! plants ?r\gh\t  
fall & w9t] & are q helpful 9 id5tify+  
poison-oak 9 seasons aft] ! leaves h    
fall54  ,figure #bj4--,! %ad$ area %[s !
 region :]e poison sumac is likely to   
occur 9 bogs or swamps1 al?\gh isolat$  
plants are sometimes f\nd 9 dry soil4   
,,poison ,,sumac   ,poison sumac gr[s z 
a co>se woody %rub or small tree 7fig4  

#ai7 & nev] 9 ! v9elike =m ( its        
poison-ivy relatives4 ,?is plant is kn[n
 also z swamp sumac1 poison eld]1 poison
 a%1 poison dogwood1 & ?und]wood4 ,x    
does n h v>iable =ms1 su* z occur 9     
poison-oak or poison-ivy1 & botani/s    
agree to call x ,rhus v]nix4 ,! area 9 !
 ,ea/]n ,/ates :]e x is likely to be    
f\nd is *iefly ea/w>d f ea/]n ,m9nesota1
 nor!a/]n ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 c5tral    
,k5tucky & ,t5nessee1 & s\!a/]n ,texas1 
z %[n on ! %ad$ area ( ! map1 figure    
#bj4 ,?is %rub is usually associat$ )   
swamps & bogs1 & ! mo/ typical gr[?     
occurs along ! m>g9 ( an area ( wet acid
 soil4  ,figure #ba4--,small bran* (    
poison sumac ) six comp\nd leaves4      
,figure #bb4--;,fruit ( poison sumac1   
"o-?ird natural size4 ,^! fruits some:at
 resemble ^? ( poison-ivy4 ,!y are      
always on droop+ sl5d] /ems atta*$ at ! 
side ( ! small bran*es & are nev] t]m9al
 z 9 ! species ( sumac t are n poison\s4
  ,! plants range 9 height f #e or #f   
feet to small trees t may atta9 a height

 ( #be feet4 ,! poison sumac %rub %[n 9 
figure #ai is gr[+ on ! edge ( a swamp &
 is q typical ( ! g5]al appe>ance ( !   
l>g] %rubs1 :i* approa* a treelike =m4  
,z a rule ! %rubs d n h a symmetrical   
upright treelike appe>ance4 ,!y are m or
 less incl9$ to lean & h bran*$ /ems )  
ab\t ! same diamet] f ! gr\nd level to !
 middle height ( ! %rub4  ,occasional   
isolat$ plants are f\nd outside ( swampy
 regions4 ,app>5tly ^! plants are />t$ f
 se$ di/ribut$ by birds4 ,! plants 9 dry
 soil usually d n become m ?an a few    
feet tall4 ,!y are likely to cause      
poison+ to unsuspect+ individuals1 z    
s+le isolat$ plants are n readily       
recogniz$1 especially out ( _! usual    
region4  ,! leaves ( ! poison sumac are 
divid$ into #g to #ac leaflets1 arrang$ 
9 pairs ) a s+le leaflet at ! end ( !   
midrib 7fig4 #ba74  ,figure #bc4--;,a1  
,smoo? sumac & dw>f sumac gr[+ 9 a mix$ 
/&4 ,^! plants are n poison\s4 ,b1      
,t]m9al fruit+ spike ( smoo? sumac1 ab\t
 "o-sev5? natural size4 ,?is =m ( t]m9al

 fruit+ spike is typical ( all ! species
 ( sumac t are n poison\s4  ,! leaflets 
are an elongat$ oval %ape )\t tee? or   
s]rations on ! m>g9s4 ,!y are #c to #d  
in*es long & #a to #b in*es wide1 ) a   
smoo? velvetlike texture & bright orange
 color :5 !y fir/ appe> 9 spr+4 ,lat] !y
 become d>k gre5 & glossy on ! upp]     
surface & pale gre5 on ! l[] & h sc>let 
midribs4 ,e>ly 9 fall !y turn to a      
brilliant r$-orange or russet %ade4  ,! 
small yell[i%-gre5 fl[]s are borne 9    
clu/]s 9 sl5d] /ems aris+ f ! axis (    
leaves along ! small] bran*es4 ,! sl5d] 
clu/]s ( fl[]s h mu* ! g5]al appe>ance (
 ! poison-ivy fl[]1 b hang 9 mu* long]  
clu/]s4 ,! fl[]s mature into ivory-:ite 
or gre5-color$ fruits resembl+ ^? (     
poison-oak or poison-ivy1 except t !y   
are usually less compact & hang 9 loose 
clu/]s t may be #aj to #ab in*es 9 l5g? 
7fig4 #bb74   ,,confusion ,,( ,,poison\s
 ,,& ,,h>mless ,,sumacs  ,because ( !   
same g5]al appe>ance ( sev]al common    
species ( sumac & ! poison sumac1       

consid]able confusion has occurr$ z to  
:i* "o is poison\s4 ,?r\gh\t mo/ ( !    
range :]e poison sumac gr[s1 ?ree o!r   
species are ! only ones t are likely to 
be confus$4 ,^! are ! smoo? sumac 7,rhus
 glabra71 /aghorn sumac 7,r4 typh9a71 & 
dw>f sumac 7,r4 copall9a74 ,all !       
nonpoison\s species h r$ fruits t toge!r
 =m a di/9ctive t]m9al se$ head1 z %[n 9
 figure #bc4 ,^! are easily di/+ui%$ f !
 sl5d] hang+ clu/]s ( :ite fruit ( !    
poison sumac1 z %[n 9 figure #bb4       
,sometimes m ?an "o species ( ! h>mless 
sumac gr[ toge!r1 z %[n 9 figure #bc1   
,a4  ,:5 se$ heads or fl[] heads occur  
on ! plants x is easy to di/+ui% !      
poison\s f ! h>mless plants2 h[ev]1 9 _m
 clumps ( ei!r k9d1 fl[]s or fruit may n
 develop4 ,=tunately1 ! leaves h "s r   
di/9ct *>act]i/ics1 :i* c be easily     
obs]v$4 ,figure #bd %[s leaves ( ! ?ree 
h>mless species z comp>$ ) poison sumac4
  ,! leaves ( ! smoo? sumac 7fig4 #bd1  
,a7 & ( ! /aghorn sumac 7fig4 #bd1 ,b7 h
 _m leaflets1 :i* are sl5d] lance-%ap$ )

 a too!d m>g94 ,9 ^! species !re are    
usually m ?an #ac leaflets4 ,! leaves ( 
! dw>f sumac 7fig4 #bd1 ,c7 & ! poison  
sumac 7fig4 #bd1 ,d7 h few] leaflets1 & 
^! are m oval-%ap$1 ) smoo? or ev5      
m>g9s4  ,! dw>f sumac1 h[ev]1 may be    
readily di/+ui%$ f ! poison\s sumac by !
 w+$ midrib ( ! leaf 7fig4 #bd1 ,e74    
,!re is consid]able v>iation 9 ! size ( 
! w+ m>g9 along ! midrib1 :i* 9 "s cases
 may be r$uc$ almo/ to a l9e betwe5 !   
leaflets4 ,! w+$ midrib is m prom95t ne>
 ! t]m9al leaflet & c always be detect$4
 ,! midrib ( ! poison sumac is nev] w+$4
 ,a little /udy ( ! fruit & ! leaf      
*>act]i/ics ( ! poison\s & h>mless      
species w make x possible to avoid !    
poison\s "o & utilize ! o!r1 :i* has    
consid]able value z an ornam5tal plant1 
z a s\rce ( comm]cial tann91 & =        
controll+ erosion on wa/e hillsides4    
,figure #bd4--,leaves ( species ( sumac 
t are (t5 confus$3 ,a1 ,smoo? sumac2 ,b1
 /aghorn sumac2 ,c1 dw>f sumac2 ,d1     
poison sumac2 ,e1 enl>g$ portion ( dw>f 

sumac leaf f ,c1 %[+ ! w+ m>g9 ( !      
midrib4 ,poison sumac does n h ! w+$    
midrib4   ,,introduc$ ,,poison\s ,,sumac
 ,,& ,,relat$ ,,species  ,! small       
,japanese lacqu]-tree1 al?\gh uncommon 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is an introduc$       
species ( sumac 7,rhus v]niciflua7 t is 
q simil> to ! native poison sumac4 ,x is
 native to ,japan & ,*9a & is ! s\rce ( 
,japanese black lacqu]4 ,cases ( poison+
 h>e be5 trac$ to contact ) lacqu]$     
articles4 ,because ( its poison\s       
prop]ties1 ?is tree %\ld nev] be plant$4
  ,a native %rub or small tree call$    
poison-wood1 doctor gum1 or coral sumac 
is commonly f\nd 9 ! p9el&s & hummocks (
 extreme s\!rn ,florida1 ! ,keys1 & !   
,we/ ,indies4 ,x is mu* l ! poison sumac
 & closely relat$ to x4 ,mo/ botani/s "n
 x ,metopium toxif]um1 al?\gh previ\sly 
x 0 nam$ ,rhus metopium1 & sometimes    
metopium is us$ z its common "n4 ,!     
small tree1 or %rub1 has ! same g5]al   
appe>ance z poison sumac4 ,! leaves h ! 
same g5]al appe>ance1 except t !re are  

usually only ?ree to sev5 leaflets1 :i* 
are m r\nd$4 ,! fruits are borne 9      
clu/]s 9 ! same mann] z ^? ( poison     
sumac 7fig4 #bb71 b individual fruits   
are two or ?ree times z l>ge &          
orange-color$4 ,all p>ts ( ! plant are  
exce$+ly poison\s to ! t\* & cause !    
same k9d ( sk9 irritation z poison-ivy  
or poison sumac4     ,,poison+   ,?r\gh 
exp]i5ce1 _m p "k t !y are susceptible  
to poison+ by poison-ivy1 poison-oak1 or
 poison sumac1 :ile "s o!rs ei!r h      
escap$ contam9ation or h a c]ta9 degree 
( immunity4 ,! ext5t ( immunity appe>s  
only relative1 & absolute immunity to ! 
toxic pr9ciple app>5tly does n exi/4    
,p]sons :o h %[n a degree ( immunity ^u 
repeat$ contact ) ! plants may develop  
poison+ on subsequ5t exposure4  ,! sk9  
irritant ( poison-ivy1 poison-oak1 &    
poison sumac is ! same toxic ag5t4 ,x is
 a nonvolatile ph5olic sub/ance call$   
uru%iol & is f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! plant1 
includ+ roots & fruit4 ,x occurs 9 great
 abundance 9 ! plant sap4 ,! dang] (    

poison+ is greate/ 9 spr+ & summ]1 :5 ! 
sap is abundant1 & lea/ late 9 fall or 9
 w9t]4  ,poison+ is usually caus$ by    
contact ) "s "p ( ! plant4 ,a v small   
quantity ( ! poison\s sub/ance is       
capable ( produc+ sev]e inflammation ( !
 sk9 & c easily be transf]r$ f "o object
 to ano!r4 ,clo?+ may become contam9at$ 
& is (t5 a s\rce ( su* prolong$         
infection t x is likely to be judg$ z a 
case ( poison+ difficult to cure4 ,dogs 
& cats frequ5tly t\* ! plants & transmit
 ! poison to unsuspect+ p]sons4 ,!      
poison may rema9 on ! fur ( animals = a 
consid]able p]iod aft] !y h walk$ or run
 ?r\gh poison-ivy plants4 ,smoke f burn+
 plants w c>ry ! tox9 & has be5 report$ 
to cause sev]e cases ( poison+4 ,cases (
 poison+ ( *ildr5 f eat+ ! fruit h be5  
report$4 ,a local belief t eat+ a few   
leaves ( ^! plants w develop immunity 9 
! individual is unf\nd$4 ,x nev] %\ld be
 attempt$4 ,no "p ( ! plant %\ld ev] be 
tak5 int]nally1 z x is a viol5t irritant
 & poison\s to man4  ,cattle1 horses1   

%eep1 hogs1 & o!r live/ock app>5tly d n 
suff] f sk9 irritation caus$ by ^!      
plants1 al?\gh !y h be5 obs]v$ to graze 
^u ! foliage occasionally4 ,bees collect
 honey f ! fl[]s1 ?\gh no reports are on
 record ( any ill effects f ! use ( !   
honey4  ,! "t betwe5 contam9ation ( !   
sk9 & ! fir/ symptoms v>ies greatly )   
individuals & probably ) conditions4 ,! 
fir/ symptoms ( it*+ or burn+ s5sation  
may develop 9 a few h\rs or aft] #e days
 or ev5 m4 ,! delay 9 developm5t (      
symptoms is (t5 confus+ 9 attempt+ to   
det]m9e ! "t or location :5 contam9ation
 occurr$4 ,! it*+ s5sation & subsequ5t  
inflammation1 :i* usually develops into 
wat] bli/]s "u ! sk91 may cont9ue =     
sev]al days f a s+le contam9ation4      
,p]si/5ce ( symptoms ov] a long p]iod is
 likely to be due to new contacts )     
plants or ) previ\sly contam9at$ clo?+  
or animals4 ,sev]e infection may produce
 m s]i\s symptoms1 :i* result 9 mu* pa9 
?r\gh abscesses1 enl>g$ gl&s1 fev]1 or  
complicat$ con/itutional malfunction4   

,second>y infections are always a       
possibility 9 any break 9 ! sk91 su* z  
is produc$ by break+ vesicles t h =m$ z 
l>ge wat] bli/]s4   ,,precautions       
,,aga9/ ,,poison+  ,! mo/ effective way 
to prev5t poison+ f ! plants is to avoid
 contact ) !m4 ,if x is necess>y to "w  
among !m1 "s measure ( prev5tion c be   
ga9$ by we>+ protective clo?+1 b x is   
necess>y to rememb] t ! active poison\s 
pr9ciple c easily be transf]r$4 ,"s     
protection also may be obta9$ 9 advance 
by ! use ( protective creams or lotions4
 ,!y prev5t ! poison f t\*+ ! sk91 or   
make ! active pr9ciple easily remov$1 or
 neutralize x to a c]ta9 degree4  ,v>i\s
 =mulas conta9+ f]ric *loride & glyc]9 h
 be5 us$ m or less effectively z a      
prev5tive measure1 al?\gh !re may be "s 
dang] ( pigm5tation ( ! sk9 f ! f]ric   
*loride4 ,a common =mula is f]ric       
*loride1 #e p>ts2 glyc]91 #be p>ts2     
alcohol1 #be p>ts2 wat]4 #ej p>ts4  ,a  
lotion ( ?is =mula appli$ to ! expos$   
sk9 prior to contact ) poison\s plants  

gives effective protection = _m p4 ,x is
 especially effective if foll[$ by      
?or\gh wa%+ ) soap & wat]4 ,su* wa%+1   
ev5 if no protective lotion has be5 us$1
 is (t5 effective 9 prev5t+ poison+4    
,prop] precaution %\ld be tak5 by       
repeat$ la!r+ ) a /rong alkali soap1    
foll[$ by ?or\gh r9s+ & repeat+ !       
process sev]al times4 ,! wat] %\ld be   
frequ5tly *ang$1 & a %[] or fl[+ wat]   
ba? is pref]able4 ,! soap probably only 
emulsifies ! active pr9ciple1 & ?or\gh  
r9s+ is necess>y to avoid spread+ !     
poison to o!r p>ts ( ! body4  ,! ,unit$ 
,/ates ,public ,heal? ,s]vice reports   
successful *emical protection aga9/ ivy 
poison+ by use ( an oxidiz+ ag5t--sodium
 p]borate prep>$ & us$ fre% z an o9tm5t4
 ,foll[+ is a =mula giv5 = ! o9tm5t3    
,cetyl alcohol1 #ce4a p]c5t2 /e>yl      
alcohol1 #e4c2 c]es91 #c4e2 ca/or oil4  
#bj4h2 m9]al oil1 #ba4i2 ,duponol ,,wa  
pure1 #a4g2 sodium p]borate4 #aj4j2 &   
boric acid1 #a4g p]c5t4  ,a m rec5t less
 oily =mula recomm5d$ = bo? me*anical & 

*emical protection is giv5 z foll[s3    
,%ellac1 #ac p>ts2 isopropanol1 #ca2    
l9se$ oil1 #d2 titanium oxide1 #ab2     
sodium p]borate1 #ac2 talcum1 #bj2 &    
c>bitol1 #c p>ts4  ,sometimes cottonse$ 
oil1 olive oil1 or petrolatum is appli$ 
z a protective o9tm5t :5 contam9ation is
 anticipat$4 ,lat] ! oil mu/ be         
completely remov$ by repeat$ wa%+4      
,clo?+1 we>+ app>el1 & tools t h be5    
contam9at$ are (t5 difficult to h&le )\t
 fur!r dang] ( poison+4 ,"s :o are m or 
less immune to poison+ (t5 contam9ate   
o!rs by c>elessness4 ,contam9ation on   
automobile door h&les or on a /e]+ :eel 
aft] a trip to ! woods (t5 causes       
prolong$ cases ( poison+ ( p]sons :o h n
 be5 ne> ! plants4 ,"o ( ! mo/ effective
 ways = decontam9at+ articles is by     
?or\gh wa%+ ?r\gh sev]al *anges ( /rong 
soap & wat]4 ,contam9at$ clo?+ %\ld n be
 worn aga9 until ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,x %\ld 
n be wa%$ ) o!r clo!s1 & c>e %\ld be    
tak5 to r9se ?or\ghly any implem5ts us$ 
9 wa%+4  ,dogs & cats c be decontam9at$ 

9 ! same mann]2 precaution %\ld be tak51
 h[ev]1 to avoid be+ poison$ 9 do+ !    
wa%+4 ,x is likely t mo/ dry clean+     
processes w remove any contam9ant2 b !re
 is always dang] t clo?+ s5t to         
comm]cial clean]s may cause poison+ to  
unsuspect+ employees4  ,c]ta9           
prophylactic inoculations = ! prev5tion 
( ivy poison+ h be5 develop$ & us$ )    
limit$ success2 su* treatm5t1 h[ev]1    
%\ld be adm9i/]$ by a physician only4 ,!
 !ory t eat+ a few leaves ( ^! poison\s 
plants w conf] immunity is )\t          
f\ndation2 x %\ld n be attempt$ ev5 z an
 exp]im5t1 because v s]i\s poison+ is   
likely to result4   ,,treatm5t ,,=      
,,poison+#a  #a ,= a full] description (
 treatm5ts = poison+ see3 ,unit$ ,/ates 
,public ,heal? ,s]vice1 ivy & sumac     
poison+4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,rpts4 ,sup4 #afa 
7rev471 #h pp41 #aidc4 ,= sale by !     
,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,gov]nm5t      
,pr9t+ ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4    
,price1 #aj c5ts4  ,!re seems to be no  
absolute quick cure = ivy poison+ = all 

individuals1 ev5 ?\gh _m /udies h be5   
made to devise effective rem$ies4       
,rem$ies may be helpful 9 remov+ !      
poison\s pr9ciple or r5d]+ x inactive & 
= giv+ "s relief f ! irritation4 ,mild  
poison+ usually subsides )9 a few days1 
b if ! inflammation is sev]e or ext5sive
 a physician %\ld be consult$4          
,self-treatm5t also has o!r dang]s1 z ! 
symptoms ( ivy poison+ may be confus$ ) 
^? ( o!r conditions & h>m may be done by
 improp] treatm5t4 ,9 all cases ! safe/ 
proc$ure is to consult a physician4  ,"s
 tri$ rem$ies are effective on c]ta9    
individuals & ineffective on o!rs4      
,sometimes a p]son w f9d "o rem$y       
effective & lat]1 to 8 surprise1 get v  
little relief f x4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pat5t
 m$ic9e rem$ies ( d\btful value are     
commonly (f]$ = sale4 ,! foll[+ are m or
 less /&>d measures t h be5 advocat$ by 
diff]5t individuals & f\nd helpful 9    
c]ta9 cases4  ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,public  
,heal? ,s]vice recomm5ds a #aj p]c5t    
alcoholic solution ( tannic acid appli$ 

z a lotion4 ,x is /at$ t 9 us+ x ! tops 
( ! bli/]s %\ld be rubb$ (f ) /]ile     
gauze saturat$ ) ! solution & t any l>ge
 bli/]s %\ld be op5$ ) a /]ile in/rum5t4
 ,! treatm5t %\ld be repeat$ ?ree or f\r
 times at #f-;h\r int]vals4 ,a modifi$  
=m ( ?is treatm5t recomm5ds vigor\s     
rubb+ ( ! lesions ) alcohol-soak$ gauze 
to remove ! tops ( bli/]s1 foll[$ by    
application ( a #aj p]c5t aque\s        
solution ( tannic acid z a lotion4 ,any 
treatm5t involv+ op5+ ( bli/]s & !      
application ( alcohol is sev]e1 & _m    
cases requir+ su* treatm5t %\ld be h&l$ 
by physicians4  ,"o ( ! olde/           
well-e/abli%$ rem$ies is a fre% solution
 ( "o #e-;gra9 tablet ( potassium       
p]manganate dissolv$ 9 #a qu>t ( wat]2  
conc5trations z mu* z #e p]c5t1 h[ev]1 h
 be5 us$4 ,! potassium p]manganate is   
app>5tly active 9 neutraliz+ any poison 
t may rema9 on ! surface ( ! sk9 & x has
 "s !rapeutic prop]ties4 ,?is solution  
may be appli$ freely to ! irritat$ or   
contam9at$ sk91 b ! sk9 %\ld be r9s$ )  

wat] a few m9utes aft] ! /rong]         
solutions are us$4 ,applications %\ld be
 repeat$ e h\r or two4 ,! br[n /a9 x    
causes on ! sk9 w 9 "t we> (f1 or x may 
be remov$ ) lemon juice4 ,x m or less   
p]man5tly /a9s clo?+4  ,f]ric *loride 9 
comb9ation ) sev]al o!r sub/ances has   
be5 us$ effectively by _m p4 ,"o ( ! mo/
 common =mulas is t giv5 "u ! discussion
 ( precautions aga9/ poison+ 7p4 #bb74  
,to ?is =mula #a to #c p]c5t ( ph5ol is 
frequ5tly add$ to r$uce ! it*+2 h[ev]1 n
 m ?an #a p]c5t ( ph5ol %\ld ev] be us$ 
)\t ! advice ( a physician1 on acc\nt ( 
! dang] ( sy/emic absorption & poison+4 
,! solution %\ld be freely appli$ to !  
irritat$ or contam9at$ sk9 e h\r or two4
 ,"s in/ances ( p]si/5ce ( ! br[n       
discoloration ( ! sk9 h be5 report$4 ,= 
?is reason its use is limit$1 b = mo/   
individuals ! discoloration completely  
disappe>s aft] a few days4 ,/a9 on clo?+
 is usually p]man5t4  ,photograph]'s    
hypo solution has be5 us$ ) good results
 9 _m cases4 ,?is is a #aj-p]c5t        

solution ( sodium ?iosulfate 9 wat]4 ,! 
irritat$ or contam9at$ sk9 %\ld be ba!d 
9 x e h\r or two4 ,x does n /a9 sk9 or  
clo?+4  ,a calam9e lotion ) ! addition (
 ab\t #b p]c5t ( ph5ol is (t5 us$ & 9 _m
 cases is effective4 ,frequ5t           
applications are necess>y4 ,= "s p x is 
effective 9 reliev+ ! it*+4 ,! p9k /a9  
is n p]man5t4  ,x is bett] to leave     
inflam$ areas expos$ to ! air r ?an cov]
 !m ) dress+s4 ,if poison+ is s sev]e t 
dress+s appe> necess>y1 a physician %\ld
 be consult$ be=e any home rem$ies are  
appli$4     ,,eradication ,,( ,,plants  
,poison-ivy#b c be kill$ ei!r by        
me*anical means1 su* z digg+1 or by     
apply+ *emical h]bicides4 ,! be/ mod]n  
h]bicides are s deadly to plants t a    
s+le treatm5t kills all ! leaves & #ij  
p]c5t or m ( ! roots4 ,?is is ! easie/ &
 lea/ dang]\s way to de/roy ^! poison\s 
pe/s4 ,!re are places1 h[ev]1 :]e       
*emicals _c be us$1 z 9 h$ges & %rubb]y 
:]e ! poison-ivy is closely mix$ ) !    
valuable plants4 ,9 su* situations1     

h&-pull+ is ! only satisfactory me?od4  
,at times also *emicals & spray+        
equipm5t are n available1 & !n !        
mattock1 scy!1 or pl[ mu/ be resort$ to4
 ,ev5 ) ^! simple tools "s tim+ & h&l+  
me?ods are bett] ?an o!rs4  #b ,=       
brevity1 ! s+le designation poison-ivy  
is us$ "u ?is head+ to apply equally to 
all poison-ivies & to poison sumac4     
,,*emical ,,we$ ,,kill]s  ,by us+ c>e   
poison-ivy c be de/roy$ ) *emicals )\t  
dang] ( poison+ to ! op]ator4 ,except 9 
v heavy gr[?1 "o may /& at a di/ance f !
 plants & apply ! h]bicide )\t t\*+ !   
leaves4 ,mo/ *emicals are appli$ z a    
spray solution1 & _m spray]s c be       
equipp$ ) ext5sion nozzles #b feet or m 
9 l5g?4 ,! greate/ dang] ( ivy poison+  
occurs f c>eless h&l+ ( gloves1 %oes1 & 
clo?+ aft] f9i%+ ! "w4 ,g>m5ts %\ld be  
worn t c ei!r be de/roy$ aft] use or    
wa%$ ?or\ghly 9 hot soda solution &     
soapsuds4  ,! *emicals ?us f> f\nd mo/  
satisfactory on poison-ivy are1 9       
approximate ord] ( effectiv5ess1        

ammonium sulfamate1 #b1d-;,d            
7#b1d-;di*loroph5oxyacetic acid71       
ammonium ?iocyanate1 borax1 c>bon       
disulfide1 coal-t> creosote oil1 fuel   
oil & simil> petroleum di/illates1      
sodium *lorate1 & sodium ars5ite4 ,less 
effective *emicals include common salt1 
k]os5e1 gasol9e1 calcium cyanamide1     
ammonium sulfate1 & iron sulfate4       
,*emicals o!r ?an borax are be/ appli$ z
 a spray to ! foliage4 ,borax is scatt]$
 dry on ! soil ar\nd ! plants4 ,any     
field or g>d5 spray ma*9e or ev5 a      
spr9kl+ c is useful = apply+ ! liquids1 
b a common knapsack spray] hold+ ab\t #b
 gallons is conv5i5t & does n wa/e !    
solution1 application %\ld be z a f9e   
spray "u mod]ate pressure r ?an a driv+ 
mi/1 s9ce ! object is to wet ! leaves ( 
! poison-ivy & avoid wett+ ! leaves (   
desirable plants4  ,mo/ *emicals us$ on 
poison-ivy are injuri\s to ! foliage (  
all k9ds ( plants & mu/ be appli$ )     
caution if ! surr\nd+ vegetation is     
valuable4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! gr[+      

season ! leaves ( ! poison\s plants     
usually t5d to /& conspicu\sly ap>t f ^?
 ( adjac5t plants & c be treat$         
sep>ately if spray$ ) c>e4 ,lat] !      
leaves become int]m+l$ & injury to      
adjac5t species is unavoidable4         
,*emicals o!r ?an oil are n injuri\s to 
! ?ick b>k ( an old tree1 & poison-ivy  
cl++ to ! trunk c be safely spray$ ) !m4
  ,*emical sprays c be us$ at any "t :5 
poison-ivy is 9 full leaf1 ,june & ,july
 be+ p]haps ! be/ mon?s4 ,ord9>ily      
treatm5ts %\ld beg9 n lat] ?an ,augu/   
#ae1 z poison-ivy !n beg9s to g dormant 
& sprays are ineffective4  ,be/ results 
are obta9$ bo? ) sprays & ) dry *emicals
 :5 ! soil is moi/ b n wet at "t (      
treatm5t4 ,borax c well be appli$ j be=e
 a ra91 b spray$ *emicals are likely to 
be wa%$ (f if ra9 falls )9 #bd h\rs4 ,"o
 gallon ( spray solution is suffici5t to
 cov] all ! leaves on #a squ>e rod 7#bgb
 squ>e feet7 ( d5se poison-ivy1 or #b to
 #d squ>e rods ( a scatt]$ /&4  ,sprays 
give be/ results :5 appli$ 9 e>ly morn+ 

or late aft]noon :5 ! air is cool &     
moi/4 ,spray+ 9 ! middle ( a dry1 hot   
day is likely to be disappo9t+ unless ! 
plants are 9 deep %ade4  ,no me?od (    
*emical eradication c be dep5d$ ^u to   
kill all ! plants 9 a /& ( poison-ivy ) 
"o application4 ,?ree to f\r light      
retreatm5ts made z soon z ! new leaves  
are fully exp&$ are always necess>y 7#a7
 to de/roy plants miss$ ! fir/ "t1 7#b7 
to treat new gr[? f ! old roots1 & 7#c7 
to de/roy se$l+s4 ,at lea/ ?ree &       
sometimes f\r treatm5ts at int]vals ( #b
 to #h weeks are necess>y be=e all      
plants are dead4 ,^! foll[up treatm5ts d
 n require mu* "t or mat]ial1 b neglect 
( !m may easily lead to s]i\s           
re9fe/ation4  ,poison-ivy has an annoy+ 
habit ( play+ possum4 ,plants believ$   
dead sometimes revive aft] _m mon?s4    
,?us an area "u treatm5t mu/ be wat*$   
closely = at lea/ a ye> if complete     
eradication is to be assur$4  ,dead     
foliage & /e9s rema9+ aft] ! plants h   
be5 kill$ ) *emicals are only slightly  

poison\s1 b to avoid difficulty ! dead  
/ems %\ld be cut (f & burn$4  ,ammonium 
sulfamate4--,?is *emical1 "u a          
proprietory "n1 has come on ! m>ket     
rec5tly z a we$ kill] & has prov$       
especially useful aga9/ poison-ivy4     
,ammonium sulfamate is n dang]\s to use 
"u ord9>y conditions1 is n h>mful to !  
soil1 & is n flammable4 ,x is sl[ly     
corrosive to metals1 & spray equipm5t   
%\ld be wa%$ ?or\ghly ) a solution (    
lime or soda imm$iately aft] use4 ,l    
salt1 ammonium sulfamate absorbs moi/ure
 f ! air & mu/ be /or$ 9 a dry place4   
,ammonium sulfamate is dissolv$ 9 wat]  
at ! rate ( #ab ounces p] gallon &      
spray$ on ! leaves until !y are wet b n 
dripp+4 ,! foliage beg9s to wilt )9 #ba 
h\rs1 b ! action is sl[1 & a week or m  
may elapse be=e ! leaves die4 ,"s new   
gr[? may be expect$ aft] #d to #h weeks1
 & ?is %\ld be spray$ z soon z ! new    
leaves are fully exp&$4 ,two or         
occasionally ?ree su* retreatm5ts are   
ne$$ be=e ! kill is complete4  #b1d-;,d 

7#b1d-;di*loroph5oxyacetic acid74--,?is 
*emical "u ! abbreviat$ "n #b1d-;,d1 or 
,,dcp1 is a rec5t addition to ! li/ (   
effective we$ kill]s & may become an    
important weapon = use aga9/ poison-ivy4
 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) ,,ddt or ,,dd1  
two o!r new agricultural *emicals1 !    
fir/ an insecticide & ! second us$ z a  
soil fumigant4 ,"u w>time re/rictions ! 
use ( #b1d-;,d 0 v limit$1 b its        
prospective value is s great t ^?       
int]e/$ 9 ! control ( poison-ivy %\ld be
 in=m$ ab\t x4  ,! *emical #b1d-;,d is  
"o ( ! s-call$ plant hormones1 or gr[?  
regulators4 ,9 m9ute quantities x       
/imulates "s ( ! plant functions1 b 9   
slightly l>g] dosage x is toxic4 ,a     
solution consi/+ ( "o-sev5? ounce 9 #a  
gallon ( wat] spray$ on poison-ivy      
foliage kills all leaves hit & may kill 
! roots4 ,9 ! conc5tration us$ 9 we$    
kill+ #b1d-;,d is n believ$ to be h>mful
 to animal life1 b until ?is po9t c be  
?or\ghly cl>ifi$ ! *emical %\ld be us$ )
 reasonable caution to avoid poison+4   

#b1d-;,d is n flammable & is n corrosive
 to spray ma*9]y4 ,if ! spray] is us$   
also = insecticides & fungicides x mu/  
be wa%$ v ?or\ghly to remove ! slighte/ 
trace ( ! #b1d-;,d4 ,?is is v difficult1
 h[ev]2 x is saf] to use ano!r spray]4  
,to make a spray solution #b1d-;,d mu/  
be comb9$ ) o!r *emicals1 z x is n      
soluble 9 wat]4 ,a numb] ( sub/ances1   
includ+ polye!l5e glycols & naph!nic    
soaps1 h be5 us$ = ?is purpose1 b ! be/ 
solv5t has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,comm]cial
 we$ kill]s conta9+ #b1d-;,d are ( v>y+ 
composition4  ,ammonium                 
?iocyanate4--,?is byproduct ( ! coal-gas
 indu/ry is "o ( ! new] h]bicides4 ,!   
crude comm]cial *emical is a p9k or     
r$di% salt1 v soluble 9 wat]4 ,x does n 
keep well1 t5ds to dis9tegrate into a   
r$1 sludgy mass1 & is difficult &       
disagreeable to h&le4 ,a pur] =m 9 clean
 :ite cry/als is available & is well    
wor? ! slight extra co/4 ,9 ei!r =m     
ammonium ?iocyanate is injuri\s to ! sk9
 & to lea!r articles1 & 9 "t x corrodes 

metals4 ,! spray solution is made by    
dissolv+ #a to #a p\nds ( ammonium      
?iocyanate 9 #a gallon ( wat]4  ,mo/    
annual1 plants & "s p]5nials are kill$  
by a s+le application ( ammonium        
?iocyanate4 ,poison-ivy usually requires
 ?ree or f\r treatm5ts4 ,ammonium       
?iocyanate has a high cont5t ( nitrog51 
mu* ( :i* rema9s 9 ! soil & ev5tually   
becomes a f]tiliz]4 ,?us an area treat$ 
) ?is *emical is likely to produce a    
pr(use gr[? ( annual we$s a mon? or two 
aft] treatm5t4  ,borax4--,common borax  
scatt]$ on ! soil is deadly to ! roots (
 _m plants4 ,spread dry at ! rate ( #aj 
to #ae p\nds p] squ>e rod1 x kills      
poison-ivy sl[ly ov] a p]iod ( #f to #h 
weeks4 ,a second some:at light] treatm5t
 #c to #e mon?s lat] is usually necess>y
 to kill all plants completely4  ,borax 
is easy to h&le1 nonpoison\s1 &         
nonflammable1 readily obta9able1 & n    
exp5sive4 ,x is "o ( ! be/ *emicals to  
use ar\nd /one walls1 rocky l$ges1      
f5ces1 & o!r inaccessible places4       

,plants diff] greatly 9 _! resi/ance to 
borax4 ,"s species1 z ,virg9ia creep] & 
deep-root$ trees1 d n seem to be injur$1
 b o!rs1 notably dogwood1 are v s5sitive
 to x4 ,until m complete in=mation is   
available z to ! effect ( borax on o!r  
plants1 x %\ld be employ$ on poison-ivy 
only :]e possible damage to surr\nd+    
vegetation is n objectionable4  ,c>bon  
disulfide4--,! fumes ( ?is pung5t1      
volatile liquid are v poison\s to       
plants1 & ! *emical is widely us$ 9 !   
,we/ to kill deep-root$ p]5nial we$s4   
,:5 poison-oak1 p>ticul>ly1 is gr[+ 9 a 
mixture ) wild morn+-glory 7b9d-we$7 or 
simil> noxi\s we$s1 bo? plants may (t5  
be kill$ at "o op]ation by treat+ ! soil
 ) c>bon disulfide4 ,holes ord9>ily #f  
in*es deep & #ah in*es ap>t 9 all       
directions are pun*$ 9 ! soil ) a       
#a-;in* iron b>1 & #b ounces ( c>bon    
disulfide are p\r$ 9 ea* hole4 ,! op5+s 
are clos$ imm$iately ) a wood5 club4    
,?is dosage equals #bj p\nds ( ! *emical
 p] squ>e rod4 ,c>bon disulfide is      

likely to be less effective on          
%all[-root$ ?an on deep-root$ plants &  
is !re=e ( limit$ value aga9/           
poison-ivy1 :i* is surface-root$4       
,c>bon disulfide is poison\s1 & z x is  
also highly flammable x   %\ld be h&l$ z
 c>efully z gasol9e4  ,coal-t> creosote 
oil4--,9 ! fractional di/illation (     
coal1 _m oils & oillike sub/ances are   
obta9$1 "s ( :i* are v toxic to plants4 
,! mo/ common & usually ! *eape/ is !   
creosote us$ = wood pres]vation4 ,?is   
sub/ance has great p5etrat+ p[] & is an 
excell5t h]bicide on woody plants l     
poison-ivy4 ,ord9>ily creosote oil is   
too exp5sive to use alone & is !re=e    
mix$ ) "s k9d ( petroleum oil4 ,a       
mixture ( #ge p]c5t fuel oil & #be p]c5t
 creosote oil is almo/ z effective z    
/raight creosote & is made at "o-?ird ! 
co/4 ,two applications ( ?is mixture at 
an int]val ( ab\t #f weeks usually kill 
a high p]c5tage ( poison-ivy4 ,creosote 
is n selective & kills all plants alike4
  ,fuel oil 7,diesel & simil>           

oils74--,crude petroleum is ref9$ into  
_m k9ds ( oil1 & ^? correspond+ to fuel 
oil4 ,diesel oil1 /ovetop oil1 &        
or*>d-heat+ oil are m injuri\s to plants
 ?an crude oil itself or ! high]        
di/illates1 su* z gasol9e & k]os5e4     
,fuel oils are widely us$ = de/roy+     
vegetation1 p>ticul>ly by highway       
dep>tm5ts 9 ,/ates hav+ oil res\rces4   
,:5 spray$ on poison-ivy1 fuel oil br+s 
ab\t a sl[ b fairly sure dea? ( !       
plants4 ,two or ?ree applications may be
 necess>y be=e ! roots are kill$4 ,fuel 
oil1 l creosote1 mu/ be us$ ) c>e ar\nd 
valuable trees & %rubs because x        
p5etrates ! b>k & kills or injures all  
species4 ,z us$ = poison-ivy spray+ !re 
is no injury to ! soil4 ,! oil-soak$    
vegetation is flammable4  ,sodium       
*lorate4--,sodium *lorate is ! /&>d     
h]bicide = kill+ deep-root$ p]5nial we$s
 l b9dwe$1 b :5 us$ z a spray1 x is a   
dang]\s fire haz>d1 & :5 appli$ dry1 x  
/]ilizes ! soil = #b to #d ye>s4 ,:]e   
/]ilization ( ! soil is desirable or n  

objectionable1 "o application ( ! dry   
*emical1 ev5ly at ! rate ( #c to #d     
p\nds p] squ>e rod1 is suffici5t = a    
complete kill4  ,if us$ z a foliage     
spray on poison-ivy1 ! *emical is       
dissolv$ 9 wat] at ! rate ( #h to #ab   
ounces p] gallon4 ,! leaves are kill$ )9
 a few h\rs1 b ! plants are likely to   
make a /rong new gr[? & may require z _m
 z six treatm5ts be=e !y cease to       
produce new leaves4    ,sodium *lorate  
mix$ ) wood1 clo?1 or o!r organic       
mat]ials   is highly combu/ible & easily
 ignit$4 ,%oes & clo?+ on :i*   *lorate 
solution has be5 all[$ to dry are       
especially dang]\s1   = !y w ignite &   
burn ) explosive fury4 ,contam9at$      
clo?+ %\ld be kept wet until ?or\ghly   
wa%$ 9 a l>ge   volume ( wat]4 ,*lorate 
%\ld be /or$ only 9 orig9al metal       
conta9]s1 z any admixture ( *lorate1 wet
 or dry1 ) /raw1   wood1 du/1 clo?1 or  
lea!r has prop]ties simil> to ^? (      
gunp[d] or mat*es4  ,sodium             
ars5ite4--,sodium ars5ite is "o ( ! mo/ 

p[]ful plant poisons kn[n & is widely   
us$ = /]iliz+ soil on railroads1        
roadways1 & o!r places :]e no vegetation
 ( any k9d is desir$4 ,x is relatively  
inexp5sive4 ,9 normal times sodium      
ars5ite is obta9able 9 bo? p[d] & liquid
 =m4 ,9 weak solution 7#d to #f ounces  
p] gallon ( wat]7 ! *emical c be us$ z a
 spray to de/roy poison-ivy4 ,l sodium  
*lorate spray1 x kills ! leaves b n !   
roots1 & five or six treatm5ts may be   
requir$4 ,! solution kills ! leaves (   
all plants imp>tially & w also kill ! "y
 t5d] b>k ( %rubs & trees4 ,?is may be  
ei!r an advantage or a disadvantage1    
dep5d+ ^u circum/ances4    ,all comp\nds
 conta9+ ars5ic are deadly poisons if   
tak5   int]nally4 ,ars5ical sprays &    
*emicals %\ld n be us$ :]e   !re is any 
possibility t mat]ials spray$ ) !m w be 
eat5 by animals or man4 ,9 "s           
communities special p]mission mu/   be  
obta9$ be=e ars5ical we$ kill]s may be  
us$4   ,,eradication ,,by ,,me*anical   
,,means  ,poison-ivy c be grubb$ out by 

h& q readily e>ly 9 spr+ & late 9 fall4 
,:5 ! gr\nd is s(t aft] ra9s ! roots    
come out 9 long pieces4 ,grubb+ :5 !    
soil is dry & h>d is almo/ futile1 s9ce 
! roots break (f 9 ! gr\nd1 leav+ l>ge  
pieces t lat] spr\t vigor\sly4          
,eradication by grubb+ is p]man5t if    
well done4 ,because ( 8 close contact ) 
! plants1 ! p]son do+ ! grubb+ %\ld h a 
high degree ( immunity to ivy-poison+4  
,_m p are n s immune z !y believe1 & x  
is common s5se to we> lea!r gloves )    
gauntlets & a %irt ) long sleeves4 ,if  
c>e is tak5 to prev5t ! poison-ivy f    
t\*+ ! face1 & if ! clo!s1 includ+ !    
gloves1 are burn$ or ?or\ghly wa%$ aft] 
use1 sev]e poison+ may be avoid$4       
,poison-ivy v9es climb+ on trees %\ld be
 sev]$ at ! base & z mu* ( ! v9e z      
possible pull$ away f ! tree4 ,(t5 !    
roots ( ! tree & we$ are s int]tw9$ t   
grubb+ is impossible )\t injury to !    
tree4 ,close m[+ ( ! poison-ivy %oots at
 frequ5t int]vals is ! only rem$y4      
,roots & /ems remov$ 9 grubb+ %\ld be   

burn$ or o!rwise de/roy$1 s9ce ! dry    
mat]ial is almo/ z poison\s z ! fre%4   
,c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep out ( ! smoke4 
,old plants ( poison-ivy produce an     
abundance ( se$s1 & ^! are freely       
dissem9at$1 especially by birds4 ,a     
poison-ivy se$l+ #b mon?s old usually   
has a root t "o m[+ w n kill4 ,se$l+    
plants at ! end ( ! fir/ ye> h          
well-e/abli%$ und]gr\nd runn]s t only   
grubb+ or *emicals w kill4 ,se$l+s are a
 con/ant ?reat z long z old poison-ivy  
is 9 ! neighborhood4  ,pl[+ is ( little 
value 9 combat+ poison-ivy unless foll[$
 by p]si/5t /irr+ ) a cultivator or     
h>r[1 to keep all roots loos5$ f ! soil4
 ,o!rwise pl[+ m]ely propagates ! we$4  
,m[+ ) a scy! or sickle is a common     
me?od ( attack+ poison-ivy1 b x has     
little effect on ! roots unless         
frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! numb] ( cutt+s    
requir$ to kill dep5ds ^u ! age ( !     
plants & ! size ( ! roots1 b is seldom  
less ?an f\r4 ,new %oots %\ld be cut z  
soon z ! fir/ leaf on ea* /em is full   

size4 ,cutt+ ei!r e>li] or lat] delays  
eradication4  ,we$ burn]s are implem5ts 
resembl+ ov]size bl[tor*es4 ,two types  
are manufactur$1 "o produc+ a %ort1 hot1
 blue flame & ! o!r a long smoky-yell[  
flame4 ,bo? are useful = de/roy+        
foliage4 ,nei!r is likely to kill       
p]5nial plants l poison-ivy at "o       
op]ation1 ev5 ?\gh ! flame is held on ! 
we$s = a m9ute or m until leaves & /ems 
are completely inc9]at$4 ,! roots are n 
injur$ by ?is1 & new leafy %oots soon   
develop4 ,a bett] plan is to se> !      
plants by pass+ ! flame sl[ly ov] ! v9es
 j long en\gh to se> or wilt ! leaves1 b
 n long en\gh to burn !m4 ,! roots appe>
 to be injur$ m by se>+ ?an completely  
burn+ ! leaves1 & ! op]ation is quick] &
 *eap]4 ,?ree to f\r se>+s :5 ! leaves  
rea* full size usually kill ! roots4    
,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice3        
#aide--febeab   ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t
 ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+  
,(fice1 ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4           
99       99       99       99       99  

,transcrib] ,notes   ,all illu/rations 7
 mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4