,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole numb]s & fractional p>ts d5ot$ z #ab-c_/d4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #adji ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,turkey ,,rais+ ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,turkey rais+ is usually c>ri$ on z a side l9e on g5]al f>ms1 ?\gh 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates x con/itutes ! *ief s\rce ( rev5ue f f>m+4 ,! numb] ( turkeys 9 ?is c\ntry decreas$ = a "t aft] ! #ahij c5sus1 b dur+ rec5t ye>s ! indu/ry has be5 gr[+1 l>gely because ( improv$ me?ods ( controll+ turkey diseases & bett] me?ods ( managem5t4 ,?is bullet9 has be5 prep>$ prim>ily to in=m ^? int]e/$ 9 turkey rais+ on mod]n me?ods ( managem5t4 ,mo/ ( ! recomm5dations are adaptable to bo? small & l>ge scale production4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,april #aibd ,slightly revis$ ,febru>y #aici ,,turkey ,,rais+ ,by ,/anley ,j4 ,m>sd5 & ,alfr$ ,r4 ,lee1 associate p\ltry husb&m51 ,animal ,husb&ry ,division1 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry#a #a ,?is publication is a revision ( =m] editions prep>$ by ,m4 ,a4 ,jull1 s5ior p\ltry husb&man1 & ,a4 ,r4 ,lee4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,! turkey indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #a ,v>ieties #b ,! ,bronze #c ,! ,:ite ,holl& #d ,! ,b\rbon ,r$ #d ,! ,n>ragansett #d ,! ,black #e ,! ,slate #f ,/&>d weights ( turkeys #f ,select+ bre$+ /ock #f ,manag+ bre$+ /ock #h ,bre$+ p5s or enclosures #h ,mat+ #i ,egg production #aj ,c>e ( hat*+ eggs #aa ,fe$+ #ab ,combat+ diseases & pe/s #ad ,incubat+ turkey eggs #af ,natural incubation #ag ,artificial incubation #ag ,rais+ p\lts #ah ,brood+ #ai ,sanitation #ba ,litt] #bb ,e>ly developm5t #bc ,m>k+ #bc ,fe$+ gr[+ turkeys #bc ,fe$ consumption & co/ ( gr[+ #bh ,equipm5t = rais+ turkeys #cj ,conta9]s = fe$ & wat] #cj ,h\ses & f5ces #cc ,protection aga9/ dogs #cf ,devices t prev5t tail-fea!r pick+ #cf ,range managem5t ( gr[+ turkeys #cg ,fatt5+ turkeys = m>ket #ch ,m>ket+ turkeys #ci ,:5 to m>ket #ci ,select+ birds = m>ket #dj ,)hold+ fe$ be=e slaught] #dj ,kill+ & pick+ #dj ,cool+ #db ,pack+ #dc ,dress$-turkey grades #dc ,,! ,,turkey ,,indu/ry ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,turkey ,,rais+ has long be5 an important ent]prise 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates because great quantities ( turkey meat are requir$ annually & its use ?r\gh\t ! ye> is becom+ m popul>4 ,produc]s %\ld endeavor to make turkey rais+ m pr(itable by ov]com+ heavy losses f diseases t h]et(ore h be5 a s]i\s h&icap4 ,! ent]prise is v adaptable1 ext5d+ to practically all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! m important areas ( production are ! ,middle ,we/]n1 ,nor?we/]n1 & ,s\?we/]n ,/ates1 :]e l>ge numb]s ( small flocks are rais$ annually on f>ms & ran*es & :]e !re are also _m l>ge comm]cial flocks4 ,! numb] ( turkeys 9 ?is c\ntry began to decrease ab\t #ahij1 b by #aiaj int]e/ 9 turkey rais+ reviv$1 & 9 rec5t ye>s ! indu/ry has be5 gr[+1 l>gely because ( increas$ k ( blackhead disease & its control4 ,accord+ to ! c5sus !re 7 #c1fhh1jjj turkeys on f>ms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aiaj & ab\t ! same numb] 9 #aibj4 ,! #aicj c5sus %[$ #af1gid1jjj turkeys1 b ?is 0 ! numb] rais$ to m>ket age in/ead ( ! numb] ( bre$+ turkeys kept4 ,?is new c5sus figure provides a mu* bett] measure ( ! indu/ry's actual size4 ,! #aicj figure indicates a mod]ate increase betwe5 #aibj & #aicj 9 ! numb] ( bre$+ turkeys kept4 ,! n9e ,/ates lead+ 9 turkey production1 z %[n by ! #aicj c5sus1 are ,texas1 ,nor? ,dakota1 ,m9nesota1 ,cali=nia1 ,oklahoma1 ,oregon1 ,colorado1 ,virg9ia1 & ,idaho4 ,:]e conditions are suitable & prop] me?ods ( managem5t are foll[$ turkeys c be rais$ successfully ) v simple equipm5t2 !re=e ! capital outlay 9 ! ent]prise may be q small4 ,except dur+ ! gr[+ season manag+ ! flock is fairly simple4 ,( c\rse1 con/itutional vigor mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! bre$+ /ock2 ! flock mu/ be kept relatively free f disease2 & ! soil1 especially :]e ! p\lts are f$1 mu/ be kept sanit>y4 ,moreov]1 turkeys1 ev5 :5 veil f$1 w make good use ( at lea/ a limit$ range & 9 do+ s w de/roy _m injuri\s insects1 eat great quantities ( succul5t gre5 fe$1 & pick up mu* wa/e gra91 we$ se$s1 & o!r s\rces ( nutrim5t4 ,?is fact r$uces ! co/ ( production & increases ! pr(its4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,bronze turkey1 male4 ,,v>ieties ,all dome/ic v>ieties ( turkeys h desc5d$ f ! ,nor? ,am]ican wild /ock1 compris+ ! ea/]n wild turkey1 :i* rang$ ov] ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ,ma9e to ,florida2 ! ,florida wild turkey1 :i* rang$ ov] s\!rn ,florida2 ! ,rio ,gr&e wild turkey1 :i* rang$ ov] s\!rn ,texas & nor?we/]n ,mexico2 & ! ,mexican wild turkey1 :i* rang$ ov] ,arizona1 we/]n ,new ,mexico1 s\!rn ,colorado1 & ,mexico4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! f\r wild turkeys 7 ( common orig9 & t mo/ ( our dome/icat$ v>ieties1 especially ! ,bronze1 h desc5d$ f ! ,mexican wild turkey4 ,six /&>d v>ieties ( dome/ic turkeys are recogniz$ by ! ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,association1 an organization hav+ z its prim>y function ! promotion ( /&>d qualities 9 all bre$s & v>ieties ( p\ltry 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! association publi%es ! ,/&>d ( ,p]fection1 :i* conta9s concise descriptions ( bre$s & v>ieties ( p\ltry1 ) illu/rations ( ! mo/ important ones4 ,! foll[+ is a brief description ( ea* ( ! six v>ieties1 namely1 ! ,bronze1 ,:ite ,holl&1 ,b\rbon ,r$1 ,n>ragansett1 ,black1 & ,slate4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,bronze turkey1 female4 ,,! ,,bronze ,! ,bronze1 (t5 call$ ! ,mammo? ,bronze1 is ! heavie/ & also ! mo/ popul> v>iety4 ,! male 7fig4 #a7 is di/+ui%$ by 7#a7 ! ri*1 iridesc5t1 r$-gre5 %e5 ( ! plumage on ! neck1 w+ b[s1 w+ fronts1 w+ cov]ts1 brea/1 front half ( ! back1 & l[] ?ighs2 & 7#b7 ! light]1 brilliant1 copp]-color$ bronz+ ( ! re> half ( ! back1 tail cov]ts1 tail itself1 & body4 ,! bronz+ 9 ! tail1 tail cov]ts1 & body is bord]$ by a di/9ct n>r[ black b&1 :i* 9 turn is bord]$ by a wide edg+ ( pure :ite4 ,! re> portion ( ! back has ! broad bronze b> ) ! n>r[ edg+ ( black b does n h ! :ite tips4 ,! plumage ( ! female 7fig4 #b7 is simil> to t ( ! male1 except = an edg+ ( :ite on ! black b>s on ! back1 w+ b[s1 w+ cov]ts1 brea/1 & body4 ,?is :ite edg+ is n>r[ 9 ! front ( ! body & gradually wid5s t[>d ! re>4 ,bo? sexes h ! same color patt]n 9 ! l>ge w+ fea!rs & 9 ! ma9 tail fea!rs & cov]ts4 ,! ma9 tail fea!rs & cov]ts h br[n p5cil+ 7n>r[ b>s7 on a dull black backgr\nd2 ! l>ge w+ fea!rs are ev5ly b>r$ ) black & :ite1 ! b>s ( ! second>ies becom+ indi/9ct z ! back is approa*$4 ,cream9ess1 yell[1 or yell[i% br[n 9 ! pure :ite edg+ ( ! ma9 tail fea!rs & cov]ts ( ! ,bronze indicates an admixture ( wild-turkey blood & is a s]i\s defect 9 ! /&>dbr$ ,bronze4 ,lack ( ! copp]-color$ bronz+ or a t5d5cy = x to be gre5i% is also a s]i\s color defect4 ,,! ,,:ite ,,holl& ,! ,:ite ,holl& 7fig4 #c7 probably orig9at$ z a sport f ! ,bronze or ! wild turkey4 ,its plumage %\ld be pure :ite 9 color & free 9 all sections f black fleck+ or tick+4 ,! %anks & toes 9 ?is v>iety %\ld be p9ki% :ite4 ,,! ,,b\rbon ,,r$ ,! ,b\rbon ,r$ male 7fig4 #d7 is ( a ri*1 deep br[ni%-r$ color 9 all sections except ! w+s1 tail1 & brea/4 ,! prim>ies & second>ies ( ! w+s are pure :ite1 & ! ma9 tail fea!rs are pure :ite except = an indi/9ct b> ( r$ cross+ ea* fea!r ne> ! end4 ,! brea/ fea!rs are r$ ) a v n>r[ edg+ ( black4 ,! color ( ! female is simil> to t ( ! male1 b !re is a v n>r[ edg+ ( :ite on ! tips ( ! brea/ fea!rs4 ,m ?an "o-?ird ( any o!r color except :ite %[+ 9 ! l>ge fea!rs ( ! w+ or tail con/itutes a /&>d disqualification 9 ?is v>iety4 ,! ri* r$di% color1 )\t "s black1 is r difficult to obta9 & ?is black tick+ or fleck+ is a r common fault4 ,a fad$ r$1 approa*+ buff1 is also undesirable4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,:ite ,holl& turkey1 male4 ,,! ,,n>ragansett ,! ,n>ragansett 7fig4 #e7 g5]ally resembles ! ,bronze 9 color patt]n1 b has no iridesc5t r$-gre5 %e5 & no bronz+4 ,! ,n>ragansett colors are metallic black ) light /eel-gray edg+ & b>r+ bord]$1 9 c]ta9 sections1 by a n>r[ black b& on ! end ( ! fea!rs4 ,! plumage1 z a :ole1 has a d>k backgr\nd ( metallic black ) a broad1 light /eel-gray edg+1 %[+ m ( ! light color 9 ?is edg+ z ! body is approa*$4 ,9 ! male1 ! colors ( ! w+ fronts1 w+ b[s1 & w+ cov]ts are ! rev]se ( ! colors f\nd else:]e1 be+ light /eel gray1 end+ 9 a n>r[ b& ( black4 ,! w+ cov]ts =m a broad silv]y b> across ! fold$ w+s4 ,! neck & saddle are black1 end+ 9 a broad /eel-gray b&4 ,! back is ri* metallic black1 free f bronz+4 ,! brea/1 body1 & fluff are black1 ! fea!rs end+ 9 a broad silv]y-gray b& edg$ ) black4 ,! l>ge w+ & tail fea!rs & ! prim>y cov]ts are b>r$ ) black & :ite simil>ly to ^? ( ! ,bronze1 ! b>r+ ( ! upp] second>ies becom+ indi/9ct z ! back is approa*$4 ,! plumage ( ! female is simil> to t ( ! male 9 ?is v>iety1 except t an extra edg+ ( silv]y gray is add$ to ! ends ( ! fea!rs on ! back1 w+ b[s1 w+ cov]ts1 brea/1 & body4 ,! light edg+ %\ld be n>r[ t[>d ! front ( ! bird & broad] t[>d ! re>4 ,! female 9 g5]al pres5ts a light] appe>ance ?an ! male4 ,!re %\ld be a ri* metallic black b no bronze b>r+ 9 ei!r sex4 ,! (fspr+ ( a ,n>ragansett mat+ sometimes h a bronze color1 b su* birds %\ld n be kept = bre$]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--;,b\rbon ,r$ turkey1 male4 ,,! ,,black ,! ,black 7fig4 #f71 kn[n 9 ,engl& z ! ,norfolk turkey1 is lu/r\s gre5i% black 9 all sections ( ! plumage4 ,objectionable :ite tipp+ 9 ! fea!rs ( "y turkeys ( ?is v>iety (t5 disappe>s aft] ! fir/ molt4 ,any v>iation f ! solid black color %\ld be c>efully avoid$ 9 bre$+ ?is v>iety4 ,! %anks & toes %\ld be p9k 9 mature birds & almo/ black 9 "y birds4 ,,! ,,slate ,! ,slate 7fig4 #g7 has an a%y-blue or slate-color$ plumage1 sometimes dott$ ) t9y black spots1 :i* are undesirable4 ,fea!rs ( any o!r color1 su* z :ite1 buff1 or r$1 con/itute a /&>d disqualification4 ,?is v>iety does n bre$ true to color1 & _m ( ! (fspr+ h bo? solid :ite & solid black z well z black-&-:ite tick+ & spla%+4 ,! %anks & toes %\ld be p9k4 ,,/&>d ,,weights ,,( ,,turkeys ,! /&>d weights ( ! diff]5t v>ieties ( turkeys z giv5 9 ! ,/&>d ( ,p]fection are giv5 9 table #a4 ,table #a4--,/&>d weights ( turkeys at v>i\s ages ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ye>l+ ,adult cock 7#a ,cock]el ,h5 ,pullet ,v>iety cock 7#b ye> old 7less 7#a ye> 7less ye>s old & less ?an #a old or ?an #a or ov]7 ?an #b7 ye> old7 ov]7 ye> old7 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,bronze #cf #cc #be #bj #af ,:ite ,holl& #cc #cj #bc #ah #ad ,b\rbon ,r$ #cc #cj #bc #ah #ad ,n>ragansett #cc #cj #bc #ah #ad ,black #cc #cj #bc #ah #ad ,slate #cc #cj #bc #ah #ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,n>ragansett turkey1 female4 ,,select+ ,,bre$+ ,,/ock ,! bre$+ /ock is ! f\ndation ( ! turkey indu/ry1 & ! greate/ c>e mu/ be us$ 9 select+ bo? male & female bre$]s4 ,failure 9 ?is respect has und\bt$ly be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal reasons :y satisfactory results h n be5 obta9$ on _m f>ms & comm]cial plants4 ,"o ( ! fir/ /eps 9 improv+ conditions1 !re=e1 is m c>eful selection ( ! bre$+ /ock4 ,! mo/ satisfactory "t ( ! ye> to select bre$+ /ock is 9 ,novemb] or ,decemb]1 especially be=e l>ge numb]s ( turkeys are sold = ! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas m>kets4 ,select+ birds e>ly 9 ! season makes possible a *oice f a l>g] numb] &1 :at is m important1 saves ! be/-develop$ & mo/ vigor\s birds = bre$+ in/ead ( m>ket+ !m4 ,new blood may be introduc$ into ! flock or a beg9n+ ) turkeys may be made by obta9+ hat*+ eggs1 day-old p\lts1 or bre$+ /ock1 b ! pur*ase ( eggs or p\lts is recomm5d$4 ,new bre$+ /ock %\ld be treat$ = worms & lice & %\ld be qu>ant9$ = #b or #c weeks to detect any disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,black turkey1 male4 ,turkeys are rais$ = meat r ?an = egg production4 ,! bre$]s1 !re=e1 %\ld h compact1 meaty bodies4 ,! brea/bone %\ld be /raight1 ! back broad1 especially at ! %\ld]s1 & ! bread? c>ri$ well back t[>d ! tail4 ,! body %\ld be deep1 ) ! brea/ s broad1 full1 & well r\nd$ t ! brea/bone does n protrude prom95tly4 ,o!r important po9ts are full1 bright eyes1 a broad head1 & /\t legs set well ap>t & r %ort4 ,above all else1 ! birds %\ld be vigor\s4 ,:51 p$igrees & p]=mance records ( ! birds' ance/ors are available1 selection %\ld be bas$ on f]tility1 hat*ability1 livability1 e>ly maturity1 & o!r desirable factors1 z well z on ! physical po9ts m5tion$ above4 ,x is wise to select or build up a flock ( purebr$ turkeys4 ,x co/s no m to raise purebr$ /ock ?an mongrels & ! purebr$s are usually heavi] & comm& high] m>ket prices4 ,also1 if good /&>d qualities ( %ape & color are ma9ta9$1 "s ( ! birds c be sold = bre$+ purposes at increas$ prices4 ,,manag+ ,,bre$+ ,,/ock ,results 9 turkey rais+ dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! k9d ( bre$+ /ock us$ ea* ye> & ! mann] 9 :i* x is manag$4 ,,bre$+ ,,p5s ,,or ,,enclosures ,until a few ye>s ago bre$+ flocks 7 ord9>ily all[$ free range ?r\gh\t ! bre$+ & lay+ season 7fig4 #h74 ,?is practice (t5 gives unsatisfactory results because ! ne/s _c be f\nd readily & !re=e ! eggs _c be ga!r$ daily4 ,_m bre$+ flocks are n[ kept 9 good-siz$ bre$+ p5s or enclosures ) ne/s conv5i5tly locat$ inside or outside ! roo/+ %$ 7fig4 #i74 ,= a p5 ( #ab to #ah birds a y>d ( #aj to #ae squ>e rods is l>ge en\gh4 ,frequ5tly an or*>d is v satisfactory4 ,a hog-pro( f5ce ab\t #f feet high w conf9e ! turkeys2 !y are n likely to fly ov] ! f5ce1 because !y _c re/ on ! top wire4 ,f5ces %\ld be tightly /ret*$ & %\ld be dog-pro(1 because dogs & coyotes are v de/ructive 9 turkey flocks4 ,solid-top f5ces1 gates1 & build+s less ?an #i feet high %\ld be topp$ ) /rips ( p\ltry f5ce #c feet wide to prev5t turkeys f p]*+ on !m4 ,if turkey h5s p]si/ 9 fly+ ov] ! f5ce ! flight fea!rs ( "o w+ may be cut1 b ! w+ ( a bre$+ male %\ld nev] be clipp$1 z ! clipp+ may int]f]e ) mat+4 ,sanitation 9 ! bre$+ y>ds mu/ n be neglect$4 ,ei!r ! f5ces & %elt]s %\ld be made portable & mov$ ea* ye> to clean gr\nd1 or d\ble y>ds %\ld be con/ruct$ = use only 9 ! bre$+ season1 dur+ :i* "t "o y>d is occupi$ = #b successive weeks & !n ! o!r1 :i* 9 ! meantime has be5 kept free ( all p\ltry4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,slate turkey1 male4 ,if two or m bre$+ p5s are ma9ta9$1 !y mu/ be isolat$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is c be done ) d\ble f5ces1 #ab feet or m ap>t1 or ) s+le f5ces built solid = ab\t #c feet above ! gr\nd1 s t ! turkeys _c see ^? 9 o!r p5s4 ,,mat+ ,be/ results 9 mat+ are obta9$ :5 f #aj to #ae females are mat$ to #a male1 al?\gh z _m z #ah h5s c be mat$ to #a "y tom "u favorable conditions4 ,z a rule good f]tility w result :5 sev]al toms are kept ) a flock ( h5s4 ,h[ev]1 if ! toms are qu>relsome & mat+ is s]i\sly int]f]$ ) ! males mu/ be alt]nat$1 #a tom be+ all[$ to run ) ! h5s #a day & ano!r tom ! next day4 ,surplus toms %\ld be p5n$ out ( sight ( ! bre$+ birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,bre$+ flock ( ,bronze turkeys on free range4 ,! s\nde/ bre$+ program is "o ( us+ ye>l+s & #b-ye>-old h5s :i* h be5 select$ z bre$]s alt] !y h pass$ ?r\gh "o full bre$+ season successfully4 ,h[ev]1 if p$igree+ c be done1 x is practicable to use well-matur$ pullets select$ f p>5ts t liv$ ?r\gh _! fir/ bre$+ season & %[$ good production1 f]tility1 hat*ability1 & p\lt livability4 ,! bre$+ males may be "y or old b1 9 g5]al1 well-matur$ "y toms give bett] results4 ,prov$ sires1 ( c\rse1 are valuable & c well be us$ s long z !y w bre$4 ,res]ve bre$+ toms %\ld always be kept1 especially :5 old] toms are us$1 z ! latt] are sometimes /]ile4 ,! spurs ( a ye>l+ or old] tom %\ld be trimm$ smoo?1 z %\ld ! toe-nails ( all bre$+ males1 reg>dless ( age1 to avoid ne$less te>+ ( ! backs ( ! females4 ,all bre$+ h5s & toms t are n to be us$ = ano!r bre$+ season %\ld be m>ket$ ab\t ,june #a4 ,if old] h5s are us$ 9 bre$+1 x is advisable to replace #c-ye>-old females ) "y birds1 s9ce egg production decreases rapidly aft] t age4 ,immature /ock %\ld nev] be us$ b1 z m5tion$ be=e1 well-matur$ "y toms & pullets make good bre$]s especially if trap ne/+ & p$igree+ c be c>ri$ on1 ?us enabl+ ! bre$] to cull prop]ly & sell z m>ket birds ! (fspr+ ( all h5s t die dur+ _! fir/ lay+ season4 ,x is n advisable = ! av]age produc] to inbre$ turkeys1 z ?is practice has be5 f\nd to l[] ! vitality ( ! /ock4 ,:5 only "o bre$+ p5 or flock is kept1 x is advisable to obta9 new blood e season f a reliable outside s\rce4 ,,egg ,,production ,! "t ( ye> at :i* turkeys naturally lay dep5ds l>gely on ! climate ( ! region 9 :i* !y are rais$1 be+ e>lie/ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,h[ev]1 climate ne$ n be p]mitt$ to hold back egg production z artificial light c be us$ to obta9 e>ly eggs1 z ) *ick5s4 ,soon aft] mat+ beg9s1 ! female looks = a ne/+ place1 & ab\t #aj days aft] ! fir/ mat+ %e beg9s to lay4 ,"o ne/ %\ld be provid$ = e #c or #d h5s4 ,! numb] ( eggs produc$ p] bird dep5ds on ! bre$+ ( ! /ock z well z on managem5t4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 "y turkey h5s %\ld av]age #ce to #dj eggs & ye>l+ h5s #be to #cj eggs ea* dur+ ! normal bre$+ season if !y are brok5 up :5ev] brood9ess occurs4 ,by normal bre$+ season is meant ! "t betwe5 ! date ! fir/ egg is laid 7late 9 ! w9t] or e>ly 9 ! spr+7 & ,june #a4 ,if artificial lights are us$1 />t+ ab\t ,febru>y #e1 ! bre$]s %\ld av]age #ej to #ee eggs ea*1 or an increase ( ab\t #ae eggs by ,june #a1 due to ! light+4 ,a few turkey rais]s h us$ lights 9 ,decemb] or ,janu>y1 !reby secur+ v e>ly hat*$ turkeys & fur!r increas+ turkey-egg production4 ,turkeys are n ext5sively trap-ne/$1 b ! practice is c>ri$ on by produc]s :o wi% to p$igree ! p\lts & c>ry on selective bre$+4 ,"o trap ne/ is ne$$ = ea* two h5s4 ,! h5s %\ld h free access to ! trap ne/s be=e !y />t to lay1 & !y %\ld be c>efully wat*$ to see t !y d n lay _! eggs any:]e except 9 ! trap ne/s4 ,seclud$ places 9 ! h\se or y>d %\ld be elim9at$4 ,a simple =m ( trap ne/ is illu/rat$ 9 figure #i4 ,! turkey ent]s at ! front1 ?r\gh ! trap door1 :i* closes automatically :5 ! turkey is inside4 ,! door at ! top ( ! coop is op5$ to release ! bird f ! ne/4 ,:5 incubators or *ick5 h5s are us$ to hat* ! eggs1 ! turkey h5s may be brok5 ( _! brood9ess s t !y w cont9ue lay+4 ,break+ ! h5s ( brood9ess by conf9+ !m to a wire-floor$ coop is v desirable because x p]mits ! hat*+ ( a relatively l>ge numb] ( e>ly turkeys & a l>g] numb] f ea* h54 ,! birds hat*$ no lat] ?an ,june are ! ones t gr[ & mature mo/ satisfactorily & !re=e atta9 ! be/ size = ! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas m>kets4 ,e>ly hat*$ birds %\ld be m>ket$ at ,?anksgiv+ or be=e1 & ^? ( lat] hat*es c be us$ to supply ! ,*ri/mas & ,new ,ye> dem&4 ,!re is "s dem& = fre%ly dress$ turkeys at all times ( ! ye>4 ,to meet ?is dem& turkeys may be hat*$ f eggs laid dur+ summ] & fall4 ,by ! use ( artificial light & prop] fe$s1 hat*able eggs c be produc$ 9 ! w9t] & e>ly 9 ! spr+4 ,x is natural = turkey h5s to seek seclud$ places to lay _! eggs4 ,y>ds t h comp>atively %ort vegetation & are free f bu%es or o!r places ( concealm5t are be/1 because su* conditions disc\rage ! birds f lay+ outside ! ne/s provid$ = !m4 ,a look\t = hidd5 ne/s mu/ be ma9ta9$1 o!rwise eggs may n be collect$ regul>ly & may be froz51 p>tly incubat$1 or de/roy$ by animals4 ,sometimes ! hidd5 ne/s c be f\nd by wat*+ ! turkey h5s c>efully z !y make _! way to !m1 b an easi] & quick] me?od is to conf9e ! h5s e>ly "s morn+ soon aft] !y come f ! roo/s & !n let !m out ab\t #b p4 m42 ! lay+ h5s w make /raight = _! ne/s 9 ord] to lay ! eggs !y h be5 hold+4 ,ne/s are easily made ( boxes or b>rels plac$ inside ! %elt] or outside 9 ! y>ds4 ,"s turkey gr[]s pref] to build ne/+ batt]ies ) ne/s ab\t #ab by #bd in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--,turkey trap ne/s4 ,! dim5sions ( ?is ne/ are z foll[s3 ,wid?1 #ad in*es2 dep?1 #bd in*es2 height 9 front1 #ai in*es2 & height 9 hack1 #de ,in*es4 ,! trap-ne/ fronts may be home-made1 or comm]cial fronts may be us$4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,hat*+ ,,eggs ,hat*ability c be s]i\sly damag$ by hold+ eggs at temp]atures above #fe or bel[ #ce ,f4 ,x is mo/ important to hold eggs 9 a room t c be kept bel[ #fe1 pref]ably betwe5 #ej & #fj4 ,eggs %\ld be collect$ sev]al times daily & held on _! sides or on ! small end4 ,x is be/ to turn eggs g5tly once daily :ile !y are be+ held = hat*+1 b ?is is probably n necess>y unless !y are to be kept long] ?an a week4 ,= be/ results !y %\ld n be held long] ?an #aj days b if !y are held at a suitable temp]ature & are turn$ once a day1 fair hat*ability w be reta9$ = z long z #c weeks4 ,,fe$+ ,fe$+ "y bre$+ turkeys is a matt] ( supply+ a gr[+ ration 9 ! fall & e>ly 9 ! w9t]1 a lay+ ration late 9 ! w9t] & 9 ! spr+1 & a ma9t5ance ration dur+ ! summ]4 ,unless bre$]s are to be kept ov] = ano!r ye>1 !y %\ld be m>ket$1 if possible1 ab\t ,june #a 9 ord] to r$uce fe$ co/s & to aid 9 prev5t+ ! spread ( blackhead & o!r diseases t may affect adult turkeys dur+ ! summ]4 ,if bre$]s are to be held ov] = ! next season or until fall & if a good summ] & fall range is available well away f ! gr[+ /ock1 ! bre$]s are be/ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! summ] on a daily fe$+ ( :ole gra9 su* z a mixture ( equal p>ts ( corn1 oats1 & :eat4 ,?is mixture %\ld be f$ at ! rate ( "o-fif? p\nd p] h5 daily z a supplem5t to fe$ obta9$ f ! range4 ,! toms1 if rang$ ) ! h5s1 %\ld h access to gra9 9 a fe$] too high = ! h5s to rea*4 ,a bett] me?od is to p5 ! toms 9 a sep>ate range lot & give !m ea* "o-half p\nd ( gra9 daily 9 tr\ghs4 ,bre$+ /ock s manag$ dur+ ! summ] respond economically to a fatt5+ diet (f]$ 9 ! fall4 ,beg9n+ ab\t #d weeks be=e !y are to be m>ket$1 usually e>ly 9 ,octob]1 ! birds may be (f]$ all !y w eat daily ( ! gra9 mixture4 ,)9 #d weeks !y w acquire a f9e f9i% & make a ga9 9 weight ( #b-a_/b p\nds or m p] h5 & #d p\nds or m p] tom4 ,ab\t #e-c_/d p\nds ( gra9 p] p\nd ( ga9 is requir$ = ! #d-week fatt5+ p]iod4 ,a little bett] f9i% is acquir$ 9 #f weeks2 b ! grade is n improv$1 & ! ga9s are m exp5sive4 ,bre$+ /ock t are to be kept ov] %\ld be held 9 ! range lots z long z possible & %\ld also be f$ lib]ally 9 ! fall1 9 ord] to put !m 9 good condition = ! w9t]4 ,lat] 9 ! fall & ?r\gh ! w9t] ! rations = bre$]s1 especially "y bre$]s1 may be ! same z ! gr[+ rations normally f$ to "y /ock4 ,scrat* gra9 & a simple ma%1 su* z t sugge/$ = gr[+ p\lts1 make a good fe$ = c>ry+ ! bre$]s ?r\gh ! w9t]1 s9ce !y meet ! dem&s ( ! birds = cont9u$ gr[? or = ma9t5ance4 ,if ! climate is su* t gre5 fe$ & sun%9e are n available1 z 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 add #e p]c5t ( alfalfa-leaf meal & #a p]c5t ( cod-liv] oil to ! ma%4 ,! birds %\ld h all ! ma% & scrat* !y w eat dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,bre$]s w n become too fat if f$ 9 accordance ) ?is me?od4 ,!y w be fat1 b ?is is desirable if heavy egg production is expect$4 ,= ! production ( l>ge numb]s ( hat*able eggs turkeys require a ration conta9+ ! v>i\s nutri5ts & vitam9s4 ,good results c be obta9$ ) a simple lay+ ration1 su* z lay+ mixture ,no4 #a1 if ! birds get an abundance ( fre% gre5 fe$ & h range4 ,:5 gr\nd oats or gr\nd b>ley is includ$ 9 any mixture x %\ld be f9ely gr\nd4 ,alfalfa leaf meal %\ld be bright gre5 9 color4 ,! cod-liv] oil %\ld be a /&>d good-quality product1 or ! equival5t 9 =tifi$ cod-liv] oil may be us$ if ?or\ghly mix$4 ,lay+ ,mixture ,no4 #a ,,ma% ,p>ts by ,,scrat* weight ,yell[ corn or b>ley 7gr\nd7 #bj ,mixture ( equal p>ts ( ,:eat middl+s or gr\nd :eat #ae yell[ corn1 :eat1 & ,oats or b>ley 7gr\nd7 #bj heavy oats4 7,gra9 sorghum ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t may be us$ 9 place ( ! prote97 #aj corn47 ,fi% meal 7#fj- to #gj-p]c5t prote97 #aj ,:eat bran #ab ,gr\nd oy/]%ell or lime/one #g ,dri$ milk #e ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a --- ,total #ajj ,lay+ ma% %\ld be kept be=e ! birds at all times beg9n+ ab\t a mon? be=e eggs are expect$4 ,scrat* mixture %\ld be f$ 9 tr\ghs1 at ! rate ( "o-fif? ( a p\nd p] day p] bird1 s t ! consumption dur+ lay+ w be ab\t equal p>ts ( ! ma% & scrat*4 ,! birds mu/ h access to gr[+ gre5 fe$1 direct sun%9e1 & wat]4 ,if ! birds _c obta9 fre% succul5t gre5 fe$ & direct sun%9e 9 abundance1 z 9 ! case ( ^? kept 9 conf9em5t or 9 cold climates1 ! ration mu/ be m inclusive4 ,su* a ration may be comp\nd$ z foll[s3 ,lay+ ,mixture ,no4 #b ,,ma% ,p>ts by ,,scrat* ,p>ts by weight weight ,yell[ corn or b>ley 7gr\nd7 #bf ,yell[ corn or gra9 ,:eat middl+s or gr\nd :eat #bj sorghum #dj ,:eat bran #ab ,heavy oats #cg-a_/b ,alfalfa leaf meal #aj ,:eat #bj ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t ,cod-liv] oil #b-a_/b prote97 #h ------- ,dri$ milk #h ,total #ajj ,fi% meal 7#fj- to #gj-p]c5t prote97 #h ,gr\nd oy/]%ell or lime/one #g ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a --- ,total #ajj ,z ) ! simpl] ration1 ! ma% %\ld be kept be=e ! birds at all times1 & ! scrat* c be h&-f$ 9 tr\ghs at ! rate ( "o-fif? ( a p\nd p] bird p] day4 ,clean wat] %\ld be provid$ at all times4 ,! same +r$i5ts c be mix$ & f$ z an all-ma% ration ) good results4 ,! all-ma% =mula is z foll[s3 ,lay+ ,mixture ,no4 #c 7,all-ma% fe$7 ,p>ts by ,p>ts by weight weight ,yell[ corn 7co>sely gr\nd7 #cj ,dri$ milk #e ,oats 7f9ely gr\nd7 #bj ,fi% meal 7#fj- to ,:eat middl+s 7/&>d or br[n7 #ba #gj-p]c5t prote97 #c ,:eat bran #f ,gr\nd oy/]%ell or ,alfalfa leaf meal #e lime/one #d ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t ,cod-liv] oil #a-a_/d prote97 #d ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #c_/d ------- ,total #ajj ,?is all-ma% mixture is kept be=e ! bre$]s at all times4 ,j en\gh to c>ry ! birds ?r\gh ea* day %\ld be giv54 ,9 ?is way its fre%ness is assur$1 an important consid]ation 9 all-ma% fe$+4 ,if desir$1 ! oy/] %ell or lime/one may be f$ sep>ately 9 hopp]s1 b mix+ x 9 ! ma% saves labor & prev5ts excessive consumption4 ,gravel or granite grit %\ld be provid$ to furni% gr9d+ mat]ial4 ,clean wat]1 plac$ 9 contam9ation-pro( vessels1 %\ld be provid$ at all times4 ,alfalfa hay probably _c be dep5d$ ^u to supply adequate am\nts ( gre5-fe$ sub/itute = hat*+-egg production4 ,only by fre% gre5 fe$ or gre5-fe$ sub/itutes & fi% oils c ^? requirem5ts be met4 ,! oil %\ld be fre%ly mix$ 9 ! fe$ e week or two4 ,all fe$ %\ld be f$ 9 fe$]s1 nev] on ! gr\nd or 9 ! litt]4 ,fe$]s %\ld be con/ruct$ s z to prev5t wa/e & contam9ation ) dropp+s4 ,turkey h5s consume a little less ?an "o-half p\nd ( ma% & scrat* gra9 p] day :5 practically all ( _! fe$ is furni%$4 ,toms consume ab\t #j4g p\nd daily2 eat+ mo/ly scrat* gra9s4 ,,combat+ ,,diseases ,,& ,,pe/s ,turkey rais]s1 to be p]man5tly successful1 mu/ foll[ "s sy/em ( sanitation4 ,_m gr[]s h prev5t$ disease & ! attacks ( p>asites 9 _! flocks by provid+ range on clean soil2 t is1 soil on :i* no p\ltry manure has be5 spread2 fe$+ _! birds f fe$]s t _c be contam9at$ by dropp+s2 & keep+ ! qu>t]s sanit>y at all times4 ,sep>ation ( ! turkeys f *ick5s & o!r p\ltry at all times is ess5tial4 ,diseases & p>asites ( turkeys are discuss$ 9 detail 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #afeb1 ,diseases & ,p>asites ( ,p\ltry4 ,coccidiosis (t5 causes heavy losses 9 "y turkeys4 ,x is be/ combat$ by c>efully clean+ ! brood] h\se & *ang+ ! litt] once a week dur+ ! brood+ p]iod1 keep+ ! litt] dry1 & us+ wire-cov]$ fe$+ plat=ms4 ,turkeys are subject also to ! attacks ( v>i\s species ( worms1 b treatm5t = worms %\ld n be und]tak5 until ! pres5ce ( worms has be5 det]m9$ by exam9+ ! dropp+s or by po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,,blackhead ,al?\gh o!r infecti\s diseases sometimes affect turkeys1 blackhead is by f> ! mo/ de/ructive ailm5t4 ,x is caus$ by "o ( ! ,protozoa & is prim>ily a disease ( ! caeca 7! bl9d p\*es ( ! inte/9es7 & ! liv]1 b ! fact t ! head ( ! affect$ bird (t5 becomes discolor$ has giv5 ! disease its common "n1 blackhead4 ,x attacks turkeys mo/ frequ5tly1 b *icks are (t5 affect$ by x )\t %[+ symptoms2 ?us ! *ick5s c>ry & spread ! infection to turkeys :5 all[$ to range ) !m4 ,a comb9ation ( spott$ liv] & ulc]at$ caeca indicates t ! birds h blackhead infection4 ,al?\gh blackhead affects adult turkeys1 x occurs pr9cipally among p\lts betwe5 ! ages ( #f weeks & #f mon?s4 ,x is f\nd to a great] or less] ext5t ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! turkeys affect$ by blackhead1 l all birds hav+ infecti\s diseases1 %\ld be remov$ imm$iately f ! flock to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease4 ,! be/ proc$ure is to kill ! sick birds & burn or bury ! bodies1 z no treatm5t has be5 f\nd satisfactory4 ,move ! flock to clean gr\nd1 if possible2 b if ?is _c be done1 clean out & dis9fect ! roo/+ place1 pl[ ! gr\nd 9 ! y>ds1 & in/all a sy/em ( y>d sanitation4 ,keep *ick5s & all o!r p\ltry away f turkey y>ds at all times 9 ord] to prev5t infection f ?is s\rce4 ,! organisms :i* cause ! disease may be c>ri$ by flies1 bl[n ) du/1 convey$ 9 contam9at$ soil on ! feet ( ! c>etak]1 or spread = consid]able di/ances 9 o!r ways4 ,sev]al measures = prev5t+ blackhead are practic$1 ! *ief ( :i* are3 7#a7 ,obta9+ eggs or /ock f flocks kn[n to be heal?y2 7#b7 qu>ant9+ & worm+ all new /ock2 7#c7 clean+ & *ang+ ! litt] at lea/ weekly dur+ ! brood+ p]iod2 7#d7 keep+ bo? "y & mature turkeys on clean gr\nd at a consid]able di/ance f *ick5s2 7#e7 exclud+1 s f> z possible1 pigeons1 sp>r[s1 & p]sons f ! turkey h\ses & y>ds2 7#f7 frequ5tly clean+ & occasionally dis9fect+ gr[+ h\ses1 fe$ tr\ghs1 & all o!r equipm5t2 7#g7 fe$+ only 9 clean fe$]s1 nev] on ! gr\nd2 7#h7 imm$iately kill+ & deeply bury+ or completely burn+ all diseas$ birds2 & 7#i7 elim9at+ all /agnant wat] pools :]e ! turkeys range4 ,clean range1 clean qu>t]s1 clean fe$1 & clean wat] are mo/ important4 ,,lice ,,& ,,mites ,lice may cause high mortality among "y p\lts1 ^? badly infe/$ gradually becom+ weak] until !y die4 ,head lice are ! mo/ tr\blesome & are f\nd close to ! sk9 ne> ! top ( ! head1 above & 9 front ( ! eyes1 & "u ! ?roat4 ,apply+ an insect p[d]1 pref]ably sodium fluoride1 :5 ! h5 is set1 is an easy me?od ( prev5t+ lice f gett+ a />t among p\lts4 ,apply ! sodium fluoride among ! lea!rs1 work+ x well d[n next to ! sk91 #a p9* on ! head1 #a on ! neck1 #b on ! back1 #a on ! brea/1 #a bel[ ! v5t1 #a at ! base ( ! tail1 #a on ea* ?igh1 & #a scatt]$ on ! und]side ( ea* w+ :5 spread4 ,if ?is treatm5t is n appli$1 h5-hat*$ p\lts are almo/ c]ta9 to h lice4 ,if ! h5 has be5 treat$ 9 ?is mann] be=e be+ set & ! p\lts are n expos$ to infe/$ /ock or premises1 !y w rema9 free f lice indef9itely4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to exam9e ! p\lts occasionally &1 if lice are f\nd1 to apply sodium fluoride sp>+ly4 ,x %\ld n be appli$ until ! p\lts are at lea/ a week old1 & !n only two v small p9*es %\ld be us$4 ,di/ribute "o ( ^! on ! neck1 ! top ( ! head1 & ! ?roat1 & ! o!r on ! back & bel[ ! v5t4 ,aft] ! p\lts are old en\gh to roo/1 control lice by apply+ nicot9e sulphate solution 9 a ?9 l9e on ! top surface ( ! roo/s4 ,repeat z (t5 z necess>y to keep d[n ! lice & be sure t ea* bird is expos$ to ! treatm5t4 ,sodium fluoride appli$ z direct$ = del\s+ sett+ h5s or z a dip w completely elim9ate all species ( lice f mature /ock4 ,! dipp+ me?od consi/s 9 imm]s+ mature f[ls 9 a l>ge tub ( solution made by mix+ #a ounce or sodium fluoride to ea* gallon ( tepid wat]4 ,imm]se ! birds = only a few seconds1 rais+ ! fea!rs at ! same "t to all[ ! dip to p5etrate to ! sk94 ,dip ! birds on a w>m day1 pref]ably 9 ! morn+1 s z to give !m "t to dry be=e night4 ,de/roy r$ mites 9 ! roo/+ qu>t]s by pa9t+ ! "u side ( ! roo/s & ! roo/ supports ) an?rac5e oil1 crude oil1 crank-case oil1 or any coal-t> dis9fectant4 ,make ! application light b ?or\gh1 & d x pref]ably 9 ! morn+4 ,! f[l tick or blue bug is "o ( ! wor/ pe/s ( turkeys 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,x c be controll$ by ! me?ods advis$ = controll+ r$ mites4 ,,protection ,,f ,,cold1 ,,dampness1 ,,& ,,enemies ,protection f adv]se wea!r conditions & enemies is requir$ if turkeys are to be rais$ successfully4 ,an op5-front %$ ) a reasonably tight ro( & dry floor1 s arrang$ t ! nor?1 we/1 & ea/ sides c be clos$ aga9/ /orms1 w give ample protection = full-gr[n turkeys4 ,boo/s may be made f good-siz$ poles or #b by #d's nail$ flat to supports :i* %\ld be slightly high] at ! re> ?an at ! front1 :]e !y %\ld be ab\t #b-a_/b feet above ! floor4 ,! space betwe5 ! roo/s %\ld be ab\t #b feet & ! space und]nea? enclos$ ) p\ltry wire4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re is little ne$ = well-built turkey h\ses1 b dur+ damp1 cold1 or /ormy wea!r ! turkeys %\ld h protection ( "s k9d4 ,!y %\ld n be expos$ to dampness1 b !y c /& a consid]able am\nt ( dry cold4 ,9 _m localities protection f dogs mu/ be provid$ 9 "s way4 ,high roo/s or well-built %elt]s provide ?is at night4 ,keep+ ! birds conf9$ to high roo/s or 9 dog-pro( %elt]s at night & dur+ ! e>ly morn+ h\rs gives a good protection4 ,an att5dant or a good wat*dog is ne$$ to protect ! turkeys :5 !y are (f _! roo/s or out ( _! %elt]s4 ,,incubat+ ,,turkey ,,eggs ,! vigor ( ! bre$+ /ock1 ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 f$ & manag$1 & ! c>e giv5 ! eggs w det]m9e to a high degree ! hat*ability ( ! eggs4 ,an important measure ( success 9 turkey rais+ is ! numb] ( fully matur$ turkeys rais$ 9 proportion to ! numb] ( h5s 9 ! bre$+ flock4 ,an av]age ( #be mature birds rais$ p] h5 is consid]$ v good 9 well-manag$ turkey flocks1 :]eas 9 mo/ g5]al-f>m flocks #aj to #ae mature birds p] h5 w\ld be a good av]age4 ,! p]iod ( incubation ( turkey eggs is #bh days1 & ! me?od is mu* ! same z t us$ ) *ick5 eggs4 ,turkey eggs c be successfully hat*$ by turkey h5s or *ick5 h5s1 or 9 incubators4 ,hat*+ 9 incubators is be/ & is com+ into m g5]al use1 especially on f>ms & ran*es :]e turkeys are rais$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,turkeys hat*$ & re>$ by h5s1 especially *ick5 h5s1 are likely to contract disease & become infe/$ ) p>asites at an e>ly age4 ,sitt+ turkey h5s c cov] f #ae to #ah eggs2 *ick5 h5s1 f #g to #aj eggs4 ,,natural ,,incubation ,hat*+ ! eggs "u turkey h5s is widely practic$ & is (t5 ! mo/ practical me?od4 ,:5 ! turkey h5 becomes broody & has rema9$ consi/5tly on ! ne/ = #b or #c days1 %e %\ld be giv5 h] eggs4 ,if sev]al turkey h5s are sitt+ at ! same "t1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ea* gets back into h] own ne/4 ,ne/s are mo/ conv5i5tly arrang$ on ! gr\nd1 9 boxes ab\t #b feet squ>e or 9 b>rels4 ,if rats are a m5ace1 ! ne/ %\ld furni% protection aga9/ !m & %\ld always be made pro( aga9/ l>g] animals s t ! turkey h5s w n be di/urb$ or ! eggs de/roy$4 ,! ne/s %\ld be flat & %all[1 z deep ne/s may result 9 cru%$ eggs or cru%$ baby p\lts4 ,ne/s ) damp sod bottoms & only a little /raw to keep ! eggs f roll+ into ! corn]s are g5]ally satisfactory4 ,ne/+ batt]ies 9 :i* ea* h5 is provid$ ) a small individual run s t %e c get (f & on ! ne/ at w are v good4 ,) ?is me?od ! only c>e necess>y is to see t fe$ & wat] are always be=e ! h5s & t ea* "o rema9s broody4 ,if individual runs are n provid$1 ! h5s %\ld be tak5 (f daily1 all[$ to ex]cise & eat1 & !n return$ to _! own ne/s4 ,pl5ty ( wat] to dr9k & clean1 :olesome gra9 fe$1 su* z a mixture ( :eat1 oats1 & corn1 %\ld be provid$1 & fre% gre5 fe$ or good alfalfa hay %\ld be made available4 ,turkey or *ick5 h5s1 be=e be+ set on turkey eggs1 %\ld be treat$ ) sodium fluoride1 z previ\sly direct$4 ,,artificial ,,incubation ,correct incubator temp]atures are mu* ! same = turkey eggs z = *ick5 eggs1 b ! great] size ( ! turkey eggs may necessitate "s adju/m5t ( ! app>atus us$ 9 measur+ ! temp]ature4 ,?is is true 9 ne>ly all k9ds ( incubators except ^? ( ! =c$-draft type4 ,! relative position ( ! !rmomet] 9 ! egg *amb] is important 9 ! accuracy ) :i* x records ! temp]ature4 ,= hat*+ turkey eggs ! prop] position ( ! !rmomet] is usually indicat$ 9 ! directions t are furni%$ by ! manufactur] ( ! incubator4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ) ! bottom ( ! bulb #a-g_/h in*es above ! egg tray1 ! !rmomet] %\ld read #ajj4e ,f4 = ! fir/ week1 #aja4e ! second1 #ajb4e ! ?ird1 & #ajc ! la/ week4 ,=c$-draft incubators are usually run at ab\t #ii4e4 ,temp]ature c be/ be regulat$1 h[ev]1 by us+ ! !rmomet] t goes ) ! ma*9e1 plac+ x 9 ! position recomm5d$ by ! manufactur]1 & !n foll[+ ! manufactur]'s in/ructions = hat*+ turkey eggs1 mak+ sure t ! egg trays d n sag4 ,turkey eggs lose ab\t #c4e p]c5t less moi/ure dur+ incubation ?an d *ick5 eggs1 not)/&+ ! fact t turkey eggs require ab\t #g days long] to hat*4 ,excell5t hat*es h be5 obta9$ :5 ! loss ( moi/ure bas$ on ! weight ( ! eggs j be=e !y 7 set1 rang$ )9 ! foll[+ limits3 ,aft] #f days ( incubation1 #b to #h p]c5t2 aft] #ab days ( incubation4 #d4a to #f p]c5t2 aft] #ah days ( incubation1 #f4b to #i p]c5t2 & aft] #bd days ( incubation1 #i to #ab p]c5t4 ,on ?is basis1 a doz5 turkey eggs ( normal size %\ld lose ab\t #a ounce = e #f days ( incubation4 ,! air cells ( turkey eggs are small] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! eggs ?an are ^? ( *ick5 eggs because normal evaporation 9 turkey eggs dur+ incubation is consid]ably less ?an t 9 *ick5 eggs4 ,:5 m moi/ure is ne$$ 9 ! incubator x c be provid$ by putt+ 9 wat] pans1 or by plac+ burlap wicks 9 ! pans4 ,:5 less moi/ure is ne$$ ! wat] pans may be remov$ or ! v5tilation increas$4 ,z a rule ! eggs %\ld be turn$ at lea/ #c & pref]ably #d to #f times daily4 ,f\r times daily1 e #f h\rs1 day & night1 is an excell5t plan4 ,!y %\ld be te/$ pref]ably on ! eigh? or n9? & aga9 on ! tw5tie? to tw5ty-second days1 & all inf]tile eggs & ^? hav+ dead g]ms %\ld be remov$4 ,cool+ ! eggs once or twice a day until !y feel slightly cool to ! face may be ( value 9 small incubators4 ,turn+ & cool+ %\ld be discont9u$ ab\t ! tw5ty-?ird day1 & ! incubator door %\ld be d>k5$ & kept clos$ until hat*+ is complet$4 ,! p\lts may !n be left 9 ! incubators = ab\t #bd h\rs or else put 9 ! brood] & f$ z soon z hat*+ is complet$ & ! p\lts ?or\ghly dri$ (f4 ,p\lts held 9 ! incubator %\ld be kept at ab\t #ie ,f4 & %\ld h a r\gh surface su* z #a_/d-;in*-me% h>dw>e clo? to /& on4 ,keep+ ! incubator d>k helps to keep ! p\lts quiet & t5ds to prev5t spraddle legs4 ,!re is no good reason = )hold+ fe$ long] ?an #bd h\rs4 ,if fe$ is )held = a mu* long] p]iod :5 ! p\lts are 9 ! brood]1 !y may eat ! litt]4 ,!re=e1 p\lts %\ld be f$ :5 !y are put 9 ! brood] h\se4 ,%ipp+ day-old p\lts 9 specially built /rawbo>d boxes has be5 f\nd to be satisfactory4 ,! conta9] is l>g] ?an t ord9>ily us$ = baby *icks1 #fj p\lts commonly be+ plac$ 9 ea* box4 ,,rais+ ,,p\lts ,!re are few turkey-rais+ problems s important z brood+ & re>+ ! p\lts1 because ! greate/ losses 9 turkey rais+ usually occur 9 ! fir/ few weeks ( ! birds' lives4 ,heavy mortality among ! p\lts may indicate t ! bre$+ /ock us$ 0 l[ 9 vitality or 0 poorly manag$1 b x m (t5 indicates poor fe$+ or managem5t ( ! p\lts4 ,! importance ( keep+ bo? ! p\lts & ! bre$+ turkeys on gr\nd free f infection & away f *ick5s _c be ov]emphasiz$4 ,improp] brood+ me?ods cause great losses1 because turkey p\lts are v susceptible to cold1 dampness1 ov]cr[d+1 ov]heat+1 unsuitable fe$s1 & unsuitable litt]1 & !y succumb readily to attacks ( diseases & p>asites4 ,,brood+ ,! p\lts may be brood$ naturally by turkey h5s or artificially by brood]s4 ,brood+ by turkey h5s provides a nev]-fail+ s\rce ( heat1 all[s ! p\lts to be rais$ 9 small flocks1 & p]mits tak+ advantage ( free-range conditions4 ,its disadvantages are t ! "y turkeys may contract disease or become infect$ ) p>asites f ! h5s & !y may w&] too f> & be kill$ by /orms or pr$atory animals4 ,artificial brood+ makes x easi] to ma9ta9 prop] sanitation1 keeps d[n co/s1 puts ! p\lts m directly "u ! control ( ! op]ator1 & is m adaptable to l>ge-scale production4 ,,natural ,,brood+ ,brood+ p\lts by turkey h5s is n difficult1 al?\gh sev]al details %\ld receive c>eful att5tion4 ,z soon z ! hat* is complet$ & ! p\lts beg9 to run out f "u ! sitt+ h51 transf] ! h5 & h] brood to a coop4 ,a coop ( simple design1 su* z ! ,a-%ap$ type 7fig4 #aj71 l>ge en\gh to accommodate a turkey h5 com=tably1 & well built to protect ! brood f ra9s & natural enemies1 is all t is requir$4 ,x %\ld be ab\t #e feet long1 #c feet wide1 & #c feet high1 ) a rais$1 rat-pro( floor4 ,provide good-siz$ scre5$ op5+s = v5tilation 9 hot wea!r4 ,^! op5+s %\ld be s fix$ t ra9 w n beat into ! coop4 ,h a sep>ate coop = ea* h51 & if !re are sev]al broods1 place ! coops "s di/ance ap>t on well-dra9$ soil :]e ! grass is fairly %ort4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,a well-built brood coop :i* c be us$ ei!r = sett+ a turkey h5 or = rais+ a brood ( p\lts4 ,= ! fir/ day or s x is well to conf9e ! p\lts 9 ! coop ) ! "m h54 ,!n make a small y>d1 us+ bo>ds or wire ar\nd ! front ( ! coop1 & all[ ! p\lts to run 9 & out at w4 ,h[ev]1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to run 9 long1 wet grass1 & dur+ heavy ra9s !y %\ld be conf9$ to ! coop4 ,move ! coop & y>d to fre% gr\nd e few days1 clean x once a week or m frequ5tly1 & dis9fect x occasionally4 ,:5 ! p\lts are ab\t a week old ! "m h5 may be all[$ to roam ) h] brood1 b c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! entire brood returns 9 ! ev5+ & is protect$ at night f pr$atory animals4 ,good results may be obta9$ by keep+ ! "m h5s conf9$ & all[+ ! p\lts to range1 b ! brood %\ld be prop]ly %elt]$ dur+ ra9/orms or damp wea!r1 :i* are likely to cause high mortality4 ,! p\lts may be kept ) ! "m h5 = #c mon?s or m1 b bett] results are usually obta9$ by mov+ !m to a sep>ate re>+ field on clean gr\nd :5 !y are f #h to #aj weeks old4 ,if !y h %elt] & w roo/1 !y are bett] (f )\t ! h5s aft] t age4 ,a turkey h5 w raise up to #bj p\lts successfully1 b m ?an #bj c sometimes be plac$ ) a h5 9 w>m wea!r4 ,,artificial ,,brood+ ,! practice ( brood+ p\lts artificially is becom+ m popul> & is usually m successful ?an brood+ ) turkey h5s4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 artificial brood+ are v simil> to ^? us$ 9 rais+ *icks1 :i* are discuss$ 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #aech1 ,incubation & ,brood+ ( ,*ick5s4 ,h[ev]1 "o po9t ( great importance 9 brood+ p\lts artificially is to make sure t !y d n cr[d toge!r :ile 9 ! brood] h\se4 ,?is c be avoid$ by frequ5t att5tion1 by provid+ an ev5 temp]ature1 & by hav+ good v5tilation 9 ! brood] h\se4 ,a colony h\se or p]man5t brood] h\se t is suitable = brood+ *icks is equally suitable = turkeys1 b few] birds %\ld be put 9 ! h\se1 z turkey p\lts are l>g] ?an *icks4 ,betwe5 #ge & #abe p\lts %\ld be plac$ "u "o #eb-;in* hov] 9 ! av]age colony brood] ,h\se4 ,l>g] hov]s & l>g] brood+ rooms w accommodate #bbe p\lts or m1 b only an exp]i5c$ op]ator %\ld attempt2 to raise gr\ps l>g] ?an #aej4 ,! prevail+ cu/om is to use brood] /oves 9 portable colony h\ses or p]man5t brood+ qu>t]s4 ,! colony h\ses may be mov$ sev]al times ea* season1 !reby giv+ ! p\lts pl5ty ( free range on clean soil4 ,s9ce blackhead is closely associat$ ) insanit>y conditions1 special ef=t mu/ be made to keep ! h\ses1 runs1 & y>ds clean4 ,if p]man5t brood] h\ses are us$1 a floor ( concrete f #ab to #ad feet wide or a small gravel or c9d]-floor$ y>d is (t5 us$ 9 front ( ! h\se4 ,a skeleton framework cov]$ ) to #a-;in*-me% wire may also be us$ to floor ! outside run ei!r ) ! p]man5t brood] h\ses or ) ! colony h\ses 7fig4 #aa74 ,p\lts are regul>ly conf9$ to ?is small y>d = ! fir/ #h weeks & 9 "s cases h be5 successfully re>$ to m>ket age 9 x4 ,h[ev]1 a clean y>d conta9+ gr[+ gre5 fe$ is an advantage 9 brood+4 ,if x is us$ only = ab\t #h weeks ea* ye>1 !re seems little dang] ( contam9ation4 ,! brood] & brood] h\se %\ld be op]at$ to keep ! "y turkeys com=table4 ,a dim light "u or above ! hov] at night has a quiet+ effect on ! p\lts4 ,! temp]ature %\ld be high en\gh to keep ! p\lts com=table b n high en\gh to be detrim5tal to _! heal?4 ,:5 ! p\lts are fir/ put into ! colony h\se ) ! brood] /ove1 ! temp]ature #c in*es above ! floor "u ! hov] %\ld be f1 #ie to #aaj ,f4 ,?is temp]ature %\ld be l[]$ gradually z ! p\lts get l>g] until !y are #f or #h weeks old1 :5 !y require little or no heat1 especially 9 ! daytime4 ,x is a common practice 9 cold wea!r to keep ! g5]al room temp]ature at ! floor r high1 ab\t #ge1 to prev5t cr[d+4 ,! exact temp]ature1 h[ev]1 is ( m9or importance provid$ ! p\lts are kept com=table & good v5tilation is ma9ta9$4 ,! p\lts1 if com=table1 w be active & cont5t$4 ,?is is ! real te/ ( temp]ature4 ,all w>m po9ts & surfaces except ^? at ! brood] itself %\ld be elim9at$4 ,free access f all p>ts ( ! brood] room to ! hov] mu/ be provid$4 ,all corn]s 9 ! brood+ room1 especially back ( ! hov]1 %\ld be r\nd$1 pref]ably by us+ #a_/b-;in*-me% p\ltry wire4 ,a f5ce ( ! same mat]ial %\ld be set up ar\nd ! hov] = ! fir/ #b or #c days until ! p\lts become accu/om$ to _! surr\nd+s & le>n to return to ! s\rce ( heat4 ,flat roo/s #b to #b-a_/b in*es wide & slightly tilt$ up at ! re> may be plac$ at graduat$ levels 9 ! brood] h\se :5 ! p\lts are f #b to #c weeks old1 to enc\rage !m to beg9 roo/+ at an e>ly age4 ,?is provision less5s ! dang] ( night cr[d+4 ,! front roo/ %\ld be #f in*es above ! floor & ea* ( ! o!rs a few in*es high] ?an ! "o 9 front ( x & ab\t #h-a_/b in*es ap>t1 c5t] to c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,"y turkeys 9 a colony h\se equipp$ ) wire-floor$ sun por*4 ,,sanitation ,! brood] h\se %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & ! litt] *ang$ once e #g days1 or (t5] if disease occurs1 reg>dless ( ! type ( litt] us$4 ,?is clean+ s*$ule mu/ be adh]$ to rigidly if blackhead1 coccidiosis1 & o!r diseases are to be prev5t$4 ,?or\ghly clean & dis9fect brood] h\ses & equipm5t us$ = turkeys at ! end ( ea* brood+ season or (t5] if disease occurs4 ,fir/ clean ! h\se ?or\ghly & burn all litt] & dropp+s or haul !m to l& t is n to be us$ = p\ltry & f :i* !re w be no dra9age into ! turkey range4 ,!n scrub ! floor & sides ( ! h\se1 if x is ( bo>d con/ruction1 ) boil+ hot lye solution 7"o-?ird ( a c to a pail ( wat]7 & all[ !m to dry out4 ,next1 ?or\ghly spray ! entire inside ( ! build+ ) a #c- or #d-p]c5t solution ( cresol comp\nd or any o!r approv$ dis9fectant4 ,give ! same treatm5t once a ye> to ! qu>t]s occupi$ by ! bre$+ /ock4 ,! fire gun1 a l>ge k]os5e tor* :i* involves ! bl[-tor* pr9ciple1 has prov$ to be valuable 9 dis9fect+1 if x is prop]ly us$ & ! h\se has be5 ?or\ghly clean$4 ,,litt] ,s& or gravel is recomm5d$ = litt] = ! fir/ #b or #c weeks2 aft] t1 clean :eat /raw is advis$ z a means ( sav+ labor4 ,gravel or s& makes ! be/ litt]2 b ) l>ge flocks1 us+ x = m ?an #b or #c weeks may require too mu* labor4 ,/raw or hay1 if us$ dur+ ! fir/ #b weeks1 may cause a /unt+ ( gr[? & a high mortality4 ,_m gr[]s h be5 successful 9 us+1 z a sub/itute = litt]1 #a_/b-;in* wire me% /ret*$ tightly a few in*es above ! floor ( ! h\se1 b x requires mu* labor to clean ?is1 & x seems to h no advantage ov] clean litt]4 ,a wire-floor$ sun por* makes a good sub/itute1 = an outside y>d dur+ ! brood+ p]iod al?\gh1 z previ\sly /at$1 a clean y>d 9 grass is pref]able4 ,,e>ly ,,developm5t ,! p\lts1 :5 fir/ hat*$1 are cov]$ ) s(t d[n4 ,:5 !y are ab\t #aj days old1 fea!rs beg9 to appe> :]e ! w+s jo9 ! body1 & 9 ab\t #c weeks ! tail fea!rs beg9 to appe>4 ,f !n on fea!r gr[? is rapid1 & :5 ! p\lts are #b mon?s old !y are well fea!r$4 ,ab\t ! fif? week fle%y protub]ances call$ c>uncles beg9 to appe>1 & by ! sev5? week !y beg9 to ext5d d[n ! neck4 ,! appe>ance ( c>uncles 9 ! p\lts is t]m$ %oot+ ! r$4 ,on ! top ( ! head ( bo? males & females a fle%y protub]ance develops into :at is call$ ! dew bill or snood2 on males x is l>g] & m ela/ic ?an on females4 ,! sex ( "y turkeys c be di/+ui%$ by ! appe>ance ( a tuft ( hairs on ! brea/ ( males betwe5 #c & #d mon?s old4 ,! tuft usually does n appe> on ! brea/s ( ! females until !y are mu* old]1 & ! hairs ( ! tuft are %ort] & f9] ?an ^? on males4 ,! hock jo9ts on ! males are mu* broad] & heavi] ?an on ! females4 ,! sex ( well-gr[n ,bronze turkey p\lts c be di/+ui%$ by exam9+ ! mature brea/ fea!rs :i* appe> at #ab to #ad weeks4 ,^? ( ! males are bronze black ) no :ite1 :]eas ! tip ( ^? ( ! females h a n>r[ :ite edge4 ,day-old p\lts may be sex$ z is done ) baby *icks by exam9+ t "p ( ! sex organs t c be se5 at ! v5t4 ,,m>k+ ,:5 l>ge numb]s ( turkeys are rais$ x is advisable to adopt "s sy/em ( m>k+ ! p\lts t enables ! gr[] to keep a record ( ! age & bre$+ ( ! diff]5t broods1 z ?is is ( assi/ance 9 select+ e>ly hat*$ birds = bre$+ & slaught] purposes4 ,su* a sy/em also makes x possible to sep>ate ! p\lts out ( special mat+s f ! re/ ( ! flock or f neighbor+ flocks4 ,! p\lts may be m>k$ by pun*+ holes 9 ! webs betwe5 ! toes or slitt+ ^! webs4 ,diff]5t webs may be pun*$ or slit = diff]5t broods1 & ?us provide a record ( all turkeys rais$4 ,heavy1 alum9um1 cl9* pigeon-w+ b&s are well adapt$ = m>k+ "y turkeys4 ,! b&s c be appli$ 9 two ways3 ,accord+ to ! fir/1 ! b& is fir/ made r\nd & cl9*$1 !n slipp$ ov] ! baby p\lt's toes & flatt5$ s t x w n come (f b at ! same "t w all[ = "s gr[? ( ! leg4 ,:5 ! p\lt is ab\t #d weeks old ! b& is transf]r$ to ! w+ by uncl9*+ & ins]t+ x 9 a hole made 9 ! middle ( ! web betwe5 ! fir/ & second jo9ts ( ! w+ & ab\t "o-f\r? in* f ! edge4 ,! b& is aga9 cl9*$ & made r\nd s t x is n easily flatt5$ & its lett]+ c be read easily4 ,accord+ to ! second me?od ( application ! b& is put directly into ! w+ at hat*+ "t1 a ?9 knife blade be+ us$ to make ! hole = ! b&1 ne> ! edge ( ! web & midway betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! w+4 ,turkey p\lts1 :5 good siz$1 may be tattoo$ on ! w+ = id5tification4 ,:5 ! bre$+ turkeys are select$ z !y approa* maturity1 heavy w+ b&s or heavy p]man5t leg b&s may be us$ if ! birds 7 n m>k$ at an e>li] age4 ,,fe$+ ,,gr[+ ,,turkeys ,success 9 turkey rais+ dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! comb9ation ( fe$s giv5 ! "y p\lts4 ,poor-quality fe$s1 lack ( vitam9s1 & %ortage ( prote9s1 especially if ! p\lts are closely conf9$1 are ! m common causes or failures4 ,"s difficulty may be exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ artificially brood$ p\lts to eat1 z a "y p\lt is mu* less active ?an a *ick2 b if sev]al small tr\ghs are provid$ !re %\ld be no s]i\s tr\ble f ?is cause4 ,dipp+ ! beaks ( backw>d p\lts 9 milk or wat]1 or fe$+ oatmeal flakes may induce !m to eat4 ,p\lts brood$ ) h5s1 ( c\rse1 d n ne$ ?is special att5tion4 ,aft] ! p\lts are f #f to #h weeks old !y may get "s ( _! liv+ f a good range1 b ! use ( additional fe$1 pref]ably a balanc$ ration ( ma% & scrat* gra91 w give bett] gr[? & result 9 e>ly maturity & great] returns above fe$ co/4 ,9 natural brood+ ! turkey h51 :ile conf9$ to ! coop1 %\ld be f$ ma% & giv5 "s t5d] gre5 fe$4 ,wat] & gravel or grit %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be kept be=e h] all ! "t4 ,9 fe$+ ! h5 & h] brood x is advisable to fe$ ! p\lts outside ! coop & ! h5 inside 9 ord] to prev5t ! h5 f wa/+ ! fe$ int5d$ = ! p\lts4 ,= ! fir/ #bd to #gb h\rs aft] hat*+1 p\lts c live )\t fe$1 ! yolk ( ! egg :i* !y absorb be=e hat*+ be+ suffici5t to ma9ta9 !m = t l5g? ( "t4 ,z soon z !y are put into ! brood] h\se or ) ! h5 !y %\ld be f$4 ,if !y are n f$ = ! fir/ day or two !y %\ld be kept 9 a d>k5$ coop or incubator4 ,h[ev]1 leav+ ! p\lts 9 a d>k5$ incubator = only #ab to #bd h\rs & fe$+ !m z soon z !y are remov$ to ! brood] seems to be bett] & is n[ becom+ a g5]al practice4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--;,cross section ( tr\gh fe$]s = turkey p\lts ( v>i\s ages2 ,a1 ,la? fe$] = fir/ week2 ,b1 fe$] = second to f\r? weeks2 ,c1 fe$] = fif? to twelf? weeks4 ,fe$] ,c w give bett] results if equipp$ ) a reel1 at ! top1 simil> to t %[n 9 figure #ad4 ,! fir/ fe$ may be a mixture ( f9ely *opp$1 t5d] gre5 fe$1 & dry />t+ ma%4 ,h>d-boil$ eggs1 gr\nd or crumbl$1 may also be add$ if desir$4 ,?is fe$ %\ld be plac$ on clean bo>ds or 9 little fe$]s made ( la?s z illu/rat$ 9 figure #ab4 ,x is a good plan to keep ! fe$ be=e ! p\lts at all times f ! v beg9n+ s t ! backw>d p\lts w le>n to eat & _! gr[? rate w n be ret>d$4 ,milk1 if n too high pric$1 may be kept be=e !m 9 easily clean$ crock]y1 t91 wood51 or granitew>e receptacles :i* ! p\lts _c get into or contam9ate4 ,aft] ! fir/ few days ! gre5 fe$1 unless x is available 9 ! y>ds1 may be spread on top ( ! ma% 9 ! fe$]s4 ,turkey p\lts appe> to be easily h>m$ by eat+ l>ge quantities ( t\gh1 fibr\s litt] or gre5 fe$2 h5ce ! selection ( a t5d] gre5 fe$ is mo/ important4 ,,fe$+ ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ #f ,,to #h ,,weeks ,! use ( a well-balanc$1 all-ma% ration is ! simple/ & mo/ practical me?od ( fe$+ p\lts dur+ ! fir/ few weeks ( _! lives4 ,_m comm]cial />t+ ma%es are available or good home-mix$ ma%es may be us$ ) excell5t success4 ,! prote91 m9]al1 & vitam9 cont5ts are ! ma9 po9ts to be consid]$4 ,milk 9 "s =m is v desirable1 dri$ milk be+ pref]able4 ,liquid milk is a fair fe$1 b ! dri$ =m is pref]able at lea/ = />t+ rations4 ,! foll[+ />t+ ma%es are recomm5d$ = fe$+ turkey p\lts dur+ ! fir/ #f to #h weeks4 ,ma% ,no4 #a1 f$ )\t liquid milk1 is pref]able4 ,,/>t+ ,,ma% ,,no4 #a ,p>ts by weight ,yell[ corn 7gr\nd7 #ag ,:ole oats 7pulv]iz$7 #ae ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t prote97 #ab ,:eat bran #ab ,:eat middl+s or %orts #ab ,dri$ milk #aj ,alfalfa leaf meal #aj ,fi% meal 7#fj-p]c5t prote97 #aj ,cod-liv] oil #a-a_/b ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a_/b ------- ,total 7crude prote9 #be p]c5t2 crude fib] #f p]c5t7 #ajj ,,/>t+ ,,ma% ,,no4 #b ,p>ts by weight ,yell[ corn 7gr\nd7 #cc ,:eat middl+s or %orts #bj ,:eat bran #aj ,:ole oats 7pulv]iz$7 #aj ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t prote97 #aj ,alfalfa leaf meal #aj ,fi% meal 7#fj-p]c5t prote97 #e ,cod-liv] oil #a-a_/b ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a_/b ------- ,total 7crude prote9 #ai p]c5t2 crude fib] #f p]c5t7 #ajj ,/>t+ ma% ,no4 #b is advis$ = fe$+ :5 liquid skim milk or butt]milk is kept be=e ! p\lts at all times4 ,"s wat] is furni%$1 all[+ "o di% ( wat] to sev]al ( milk4 ,^! />t+ ma%es are f$ )\t scrat* gra92 b wat]1 gre5 fe$1 & h>d grit su* z f9e gravel1 co>se s&1 or comm]cial granite grit %\ld be suppli$4 ,! gre5 fe$ %\ld be *opp$ f9e & scatt]$ on top ( ! ma% 9 ! fe$]s once or twice daily1 all[+ all ! p\lts w consume 9 ab\t half an h\r4 ,t5d] alfalfa tops1 onion tops1 lettuce1 & t5d]1 %ort lawn clipp+s1 pref]ably ^? conta9+ clov]1 are all good fe$s4 ,t\gh gre5 fe$ %\ld be avoid$ z x may cause impaction4 ,gre5 fe$ z pick$ by ! birds f ! y>ds is mo/ desirable4 ,9 t case h& fe$+ is n necess>y4 ,! ma% 9 dry =m %\ld be kept be=e ! p\lts at all times1 b only en\gh ma% to la/ = a day or two %\ld be suppli$ at "o "t4 ,ab\t #a in* ( fe$] space p] p\lt 7includ+ bo? sides ( ! fe$]s7 is desirable4 ,?is %\ld be increas$ to #b or #c in*es aft] ab\t #b or #c weeks4 ,plans = fe$]s are %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,,fe$+ ,,f #f ,,to #h ,,weeks ,,to ,,m>ket+ ,,"t ,rations = gr[+ ! p\lts aft] ! age ( #f to #h weeks may include ma% & :ole gra9 or liquid milk & :ole gra94 ,_m turkeys are gr[n & fatt5$ on gra9 supplem5t$ ) :atev] insects & gre5 fe$ c be obta9$ f ! range4 ,a bett] plan is to provide suffici5t prote9 & m9]als to give normal gr[?4 ,! m9imum fe$+ advis$ is to all[ ea* day "o lib]al fe$+ ( a #bj-p]c5t prote9 ma%1 or to furni% all ! milk ! birds w dr9k ) a fe$+ ( :ole gra94 ,ei!r ! ma% or ! liquid milk %\ld be us$ ) lib]al fe$+s ( :ole gra9 = fatt5+ 9 ! fall4 ,good gr[+ ma%es suitable = diff]5t conditions may be made z foll[s3 ,,gr[+ ,,ma% ,,no4 #a ,p>ts by weight ,yell[ corn or b>ley 7gr\nd7 #be ,oats or gra9 sorghum 7gr\nd7 #be ,:eat middl+s or %orts #bj ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t prote97 #ai ,:eat bran #aj ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a ------- ,total 7crude prote9 #ai to #ba p]c5t7 #ajj ,,gr[+ ,,ma% ,,no4 #b ,p>ts by weight ,yell[ corn or b>ley 7gr\nd7 #cb ,soybean oil meal #bf ,:eat middl+s or %orts #ae ,:eat bran #aj ,oats or gra9 sorghum 7gr\nd7 #aj ,/eam$ bonemeal #d ,gr\nd oy/]%ell or lime/one #b ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a ------- ,total 7crude prote9 #ai-a_/b p]c5t7 #ajj ,,gr[+ ,,ma% ,,no4 #c ,p>ts by weight ,yell[ corn 7gr\nd7 #ce ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t prote97 #ae ,:eat bran #aj ,:eat middl+s or %orts #aj ,oats or b>ley 7gr\nd7 #aj ,alfalfa leaf meal #aj ,dri$ milk #i ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a ------- ,total 7crude prote9 #bj to #ba p]c5t7 #ajj ,,gr[+ ,,ma% ,,no4 #d ,p>ts by weight ,yell[ corn 7gr\nd7 #bj ,:eat middl+s 7/&>d or br[n7 #ae ,oats 7f9ely gr\nd7 #ae ,:eat bran #aj ,alfalfa leaf meal #aj ,yell[ corn glut5 meal #aj ,dri$ milk #aj ,meat scrap 7#ej- to #ee-p]c5t prote97 #e ,/eam$ bonemeal #b ,gr\nd oy/]%ell or lime/one #b ,salt 7f9e1 sift$7 #a ------- ,total 7crude prote9 #bj p]c5t2 crude fib] #f p]c5t7 #ajj ,^! gr[+ ma%es are all f$ ) scrat* gra9s consi/+ ( su* gra9s z corn1 :eat1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,corn1 :eat1 or b>ley may be us$ z ! only scrat* gra9 except ) gr[+ ma% ,no4 #d1 :i* %\ld conta9 f #ej to #ge p]c5t ( oats4 ,a good gra9 mixture may be made ( #dj p>ts ( corn1 #dj p>ts ( :eat1 & #bj p>ts ( oats4 ,ma%es #a & #b are = flocks hav+ access to a good gre5 range4 ,9 ma% ,no4 #b soybean oil meal1 :i* has prov$ to be a good s\rce ( prote9 & is also good = fatt5+1 is sub/itut$ = meat scrap4 ,ma% ,no4 #c is a m complete ration & is advis$ = all conditions :]e ! turkeys d n h an abundance ( gr[+ gre5 fe$4 ,o!r comb9ations ( gra9s & byproducts may be us$ successfully1 ! exact selection dep5d+ l>gely on availability & co/ ( fe$s4 ,x is be/ to use at lea/ two gra9s1 & pref]ably ?ree or f\r1 9 ! ration4 ,corn is ! gra9 mo/ commonly us$ 9 fe$+ turkeys4 ,n m ?an #fj p]c5t ( ! entire gr[+ ration %\ld consi/ ( oats or b>ley or a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,yell[ corn t5ds to produce a deep-yell[ sk9 color :ile :ite corn1 b>ley1 & :eat produce turkeys ) light-color$ sk9s4 ,if ! birds h all ! milk !y w dr9k along ) :ole gra9s1 !y w consume en\gh milk to make good gr[?1 if no wat] is f$4 ,a mixture ( #cj p]c5t ( corn1 #cj p]c5t ( oats1 #bj p]c5t ( :eat1 & #bj p]c5t ( b>ley is satisfactory2 s is a free *oice ( sev]al gra9s4 ,h[ev]1 ! :ole-gra9 & liquid-milk me?od works well only :5 ! birds are on a good1 gre5 range & is practical to use only :5 milk products are *eap4 ,"s loss f p5dul\s crops is to be expect$ :5 liquid milk is consum$ lib]ally & ?is is "o ( ! *ief objections to its use4 ,! milk receptacles %\ld be set on a wire scre5 & cov]$ to protect !m f ! wea!r & f contam9ation ) dropp+s4 ,sanitation is especially important :5 milk is us$4 ,,g5]al ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,fe$+ ,fe$ %\ld be kept be=e ! birds con/antly f hat*+ to m>ket age4 ,dur+ ! fir/ #f weeks fe$ />t+ ma%4 ,dur+ ! sev5? & eigh? weeks fe$ a mixture ( equal p>ts ( ! />t+ & gr[+ ma%es4 ,f #i to #ab weeks fe$ ! gr[+ ma%4 ,f #ac weeks to m>ket+ fe$ gr[+ ma% & scrat* gra94 ,no scrat* gra9 is f$ dur+ ! fir/ #ab weeks4 ,if a *ange is made f ma% to ! :ole-gra9 & liquid-milk me?od1 cut d[n ! ma% gradually until ! p\lts le>n to dr9k ! milk & to eat ! :ole gra9 freely4 ,cod-liv] oil is necess>y 9 />t+ rations1 b z a rule x is n necess>y 9 a gr[+ ration unless ! birds are conf9$4 ,9 t case1 ab\t #a p]c5t %\ld be add$ to ! ma%4 ,a good grade ( pla9 cod-liv] oil is advis$ = use 9 turkey fe$s4 ,fi% meal1 ?\gh an excell5t fe$1 may imp>t an undesirable flavor to turkey meat4 ,fi% meal & cod-liv] oil %\ld be omitt$ f ! fatt5+ ration dur+ ! la/ #h weeks be=e ! birds are m>ket$4 ,birds %\ld n be mov$1 or fe$+ arrangem5ts radically *ang$ 9 ! la/ #f weeks be=e m>ket+4 ,fe$+ ! gr[+ ma% wet is a common practice 9 "s localities4 ,l ! dry-ma% & scrat*-gra9 sy/em1 x produces f9e-quality turkeys al?\gh ! labor 9 fe$+ may be great]4 ,) ?is me?od ! turkeys are f$ all !y w eat ( a moi/1 crumbly ma% plac$ 9 tr\ghs ) suffici5t tr\gh space provid$ to accommodate all ! flock at "o "t4 ,only z mu* ma% z ! birds w clean up 9 #cj to #fj m9utes is f$ twice daily4 ,tail pick+ seldom occurs dur+ moi/-ma% fe$+ if ! ration is complete4 ,grit may be furni%$ 9 ! =m ( comm]cial granite grit or co>se s& = little p\lts & f9e gravel = ! l>g] birds4 ,lime/one grit does n s]ve well z gr9d+ mat]ial & is unnecess>y ) ! rations z li/$4 ,! p\lts may be put on ! re>+ gr\nd :5 !y are f #h to #ab weeks old4 ,an alfalfa field is an ideal re>+ gr\nd & may be us$ z a p]man5t1 f5c$1 re>+ range divid$ into #b or #c sections4 ,:5 ! re>+ range is divid$ into #b sections1 #a may be us$ = #b seasons 9 succession :ile ! o!r is re/$ = #b seasons4 ,a bett] plan is to divide x into #c p>ts1 all[+ #a season's use foll[$ by #b seasons' re/ = ea* ( ! #c sections4 ,) portable h\ses & f5ces a me?od kn[n z ! ,m9nesota plan 7p4 #cg7 p]mits ! turkey p\lts to be mov$ to a new section once a week & to an entirely new plot ea* ye>4 ,l& on :i* no p\ltry ( any k9d h run = #b ye>s & on :i* no p\ltry manure has be5 spread1 may be consid]$ clean gr\nd4 ,! fe$ %\ld n be put on ! gr\nd b 9 hopp]s or tr\ghs :i* %\ld be mov$ frequ5tly or set on wire-cov]$ framework to prev5t contam9ation ) dropp+s4 ,x is v important t ! dr9k+ wat] be fre% & clean & t ! gr[+ turkeys %\ld n h access to /agnant wat] pools4 ,wat]+ di%es %\ld be plac$ on wire-cov]$ plat=ms ) a device to prev5t contam9ation f ! birds' p]*+ on ! top or sides4 ,! limit$-range me?od ) full fe$+1 z describ$1 is recomm5d$ 9 pref]5ce to free range ) limit$ fe$+4 ,h[ev]1 conditions sometimes dem& t free range be p]mitt$1 & limit$ fe$+ practic$4 ,9 su* cases1 :5 natural fe$ is abundant1 good results c be obta9$ by fe$+ ! p\lts1 aft] !y are f #h to #aj weeks old1 only once daily1 z previ\sly sugge/$4 ,any ( ! gr[+ ma%es previ\sly li/$ %\ld make a good supplem5t to range fe$s4 ,?is extra fe$ w t5d to keep ! birds ne>] home & keep !m gr[+ at a reasonably good rate4 ,scrat* gra9s %\ld also be f$ & z m>ket+ "t approa*es1 w be eat5 m lib]ally by ! birds4 ,= turkeys on free range1 pl5ty ( wat] 9 conv5i5t locations %\ld be provid$4 ,wat] helps to ma9ta9 good heal? & may help to prev5t ! condition kn[n z crop b\nd4 ,turkeys :i* are well f$ %\ld make increases 9 weight comp>able to ^? giv5 9 table #b1 :i* gives ! av]age weights1 at v>i\s ages1 ox ,bronze turkeys rais$ 9 an exp]im5t conduct$ at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,live/ock ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,miles ,city1 ,mont4 ,^! birds 7 f$ />t+ & gr[+ ma%es conta9+ ab\t #bb p]c5t ( prote94 ,table #b4--;,av]age weights ( ,bronze turkey p\lts f hat*+ "t to m>ket age ------------------------------------ ,av]age live weight -------------------- ,age ,males ,females ----------------------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,newly hat*$ #j4ac #j4ac #b weeks #j4cc #j4cj #d weeks #j4hf #j4ge #h weeks #c4ac #b4fh #ab weeks #f4fd #e4bh #af weeks #aj4ce #g4fg #bj weeks #ad4dg #i4fg #bd weeks #ah4bc #aa4ae #bf weeks #bj4ah #ab4jd #bh weeks #ba4ce #ab4dh ----------------------------------- ,,fe$ ,,consumption ,,& ,,co/ ,,( ,,gr[+ ,! quantity & co/ ( fe$ us$ 9 rais+ a flock ( #aef ,bronze turkeys 9 ,montana 9 #aicd are %[n 9 tables #c & #d4 ,^! p\lts 7#gj males & #hf females7 _h well-balanc$ dry ma%es 7conta9+ #bb p]c5t ( prote97 be=e !m at all times & scrat* gra9 beg9n+ ) ! second week4 ,! birds 7 all[$ to range on #b-;acre nonirrigat$ lots aft] !y 7 #h weeks ( age4 ,! co/s 7 bas$ on local fe$ prices 9 ,miles ,city1 ,mont41 9 #aicd4 ,by us+ ! data 9 tables #b & #c1 ! fe$ consumption & co/ = an av]age turkey c be e/imat$ = any p]iod ( gr[?4 ,table #c4--;,av]age fe$ consumption & co/ p] p\nd ( ga9 9 #d-week p]iods = #gj male & #hf female ,bronze turkeys 9 #aicd at ,miles ,city1 ,mont4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,co/ ( fe$ ,fe$ consum$ p] p\nd = ea* ( ga9 9 live weight p\nd ( ,age -------------------------- ga9 9 ,ma% ,scrat* ,total live weight gra9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p\nds,p\nds ,p\nds ,c5ts #a to #d weeks #b4dd #j4ba #b4fe #e4i #e to #h weeks #b4da #j4af #b4eg #e4g #i to #ab weeks #b4db #j4dc #b4he #f4a #ac to #af weeks #c4dg #j4db #c4ij #h4h #ag to #bj weeks #c4je #a4eb #d4eg #i4h #ba to #bd weeks #c4ji #c4de #f4ed #ac4e #be to #bh weeks #b4df #e4fd #h4aj #af4a ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,table #d4--;,av]age fe$ consumption p] bird 9 p]iods = #gj male & #hf female ,bronze turkeys 9 #aicd at ,miles ,city1 ,mont4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,age ,ma% ,scrat* ,total gra9 ---------------------------------------- -- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds #a to #d weeks #a4ci #j4ab #a4ea #e to #h weeks #d4de #j4bi #d4gd #i to #ab weeks #f4fg #a4ai #g4hf #ac to #af weeks #i4if #a4ba #aa4ag #ag to #bj weeks #i4je #d4eb #ac4eg #ba to #bd weeks #g4fd #h4ec #af4ag #be to #bh weeks #e4ai #aa4hi #ag4jh ---------------------------------------- -- ,us+ ! data conta9$ 9 tables #b & #c1 x w be f\nd t x took approximately #if p\nds ( ma% & scrat* fe$ to raise a #ba-p\nd tom to #bh weeks ( age1 & ab\t #eg-a_/b p\nds ( ma% & gra9 to raise a #ab-a_/b-p\nd h5 to t age1 or ab\t #d4f p\nds ( fe$ = ea* p\nd ( live weight1 :5 practically all fe$ 0 furni%$4 ,x took ab\t #d p\nds ( fe$ = ea* p\nd ( live weight up to #bd weeks ( age4 ,! birds _h access to a mod]ate siz$ range lot conta9+ native grasses1 b v little fe$ 0 obta9$ f x dur+ ! #aicd season4 ,,de=m$ ,,brea/bones ,crook$ & d5t$ brea/bones 9 turkeys are common & sometimes cause a consid]able loss to gr[]s :5 ! birds are m>ket$1 s9ce a sev]ely crook$ or v deeply d5t$ brea/bone causes ! c>cass to be grad$ z no4 #b4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t faulty nutrition causes mo/ ( ! de=m$ brea/bones1 al?\gh level roo/s n>r[] ?an #b-a_/b in*es h be5 kn[n to cause de=mities ( ?is k9d4 ,if turkeys are suppli$ ) gre5 fe$1 f$ lib]ally on "o ( ! rations sugge/$1 provid$ ) tilt$ #b by #d roo/s or m$ium-siz$ poles 7see page #ce71 & h pl5ty ( direct sunlight1 !re w be few crook$ brea/bones among !m4 ,a small numb] 7f #a to #b p]c5t7 is to be expect$ z x seems to be impossible to elim9ate !m entirely4 ,! addition to ! ration ( /eam$ bone meal & lime/one grit or oy/] %ell z a m9]al re9=cem5t is recomm5d$ by "s p\ltrym54 ,h[ev]1 ! v>i\s rations1 z li/$1 supply adequate quantities ( ! bone-build+ +r$i5ts4 ,fur!r additions are unnecess>y & may ev5 be h>mful4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--,ma% hopp] = fe$+ "y turkeys #ab weeks old or old]4 ,! end plan ( ! same hopp] is %[n 9 figure #ad4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,rais+ ,,turkeys ,,conta9]s ,,= ,,fe$ ,,& ,,wat] ,dur+ ! fir/ #c or #d weeks aft] ! p\lts hat*1 two-piece crock]y f\nta9s are excell5t milk conta9]s4 ,= wat]1 galvaniz$ metal conta9]s are m conv5i5t4 ,:5 ! p\lts are f #d to #aj weeks old1 wat] pails1 metal tr\ghs1 or %all[ t9 or granitew>e pans provid$ ) wire or wood5 gu>ds are m satisfactory ?an f\nta9s4 ,a good me?od is to place ! wat] or milk outside ! wall ( ! brood] room s t ! p\lts c dr9k x ?r\gh a wire scre54 ,f ! age ( #i weeks until m>ket age1 a supply ( runn+ wat] is pref]able1 al?\gh ord9>y wat] pails set inside ! range h\se on ! wire floor or nails or tubs set outside ! f5ce1 ) op5+s 9 ! wire = ! birds' heads1 are satisfactory4 ,*ang+ ! position ( ! wat]+ devices e few days or sett+ !m on wire-cov]$ plat=ms w aid 9 provid+ sanit>y conditions ne> ! wat]+ places :]e fil? is likely to accumulate rapidly4 ,a wat]tight b>rel provid$ ) a drip faucet & a tr\gh also makes a good wat]+ device4 ,%ade %\ld be provid$ to prev5t ! dr9k+ wat] f gett+ hot4 ,suitable equipm5t = fe$+ ma% & scrat* fe$ is %[n 9 figure #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--;,diagram ( end ( ma% hopp] = fe$+ "y turkeys4 ,side view ( same hopp] %[n 9 figure #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--;,a wa/e-pro(1 portable1 outdoor %elt] = fe$]4 ,! wire floor helps to prev5t contam9ation f ! soil & ! ro( provides %elt] :5 ! birds are eat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,l>ge range h\se = turkeys4 ,?is type is equipp$ ) a wire-floor$ alleyway1 z %[n 9 figures #ag & #ah4 ,! antiflies on ! ro( prev5t turkeys f roo/+ !re4 ,small tr\gh fe$]s made ( la? 7fig4 #ab1 ,a7 may be us$ f ! fir/ day 9 ! brood] & until ! p\lts are a week old4 ,su* fe$]s are made ) #a la? = ! bottom1 #b = ! sides1 small sections = end pieces1 & ano!r la? = a gu>d to keep p\lts out ( ! tr\gh4 ,= p\lts f #h days to #d weeks old x is bett] to use l>ge tr\gh fe$]s made ( #a_/b- by #b-a_/d-;in* bo>ds = ! sides ) a top gu>d consi/+ ( a free-turn+ reel4 ,bal+ wire /ret*$ inside ! tr\ghs 7fig4 #ab1 ,c7 aid 9 prev5t+ wa/e ( fe$ & also s]ve z beak clean]s = ! birds4 ,to prev5t wa/e1 x is bett] n to fill mo/ tr\gh fe$]s m ?an two-?irds full4 ,9 ! brood] h\se x is important to place fe$]s on a wire plat=m made ( #a-;in* me%1 #af-;gage wire1 & #a- by #d- or #a- by #f-;in* bo>ds4 ,p\lts #e to #ab weeks old %\ld h tr\gh fe$]s made ( #a_/b- by #e-;in* bo>ds = ! sides1 ) a free-turn+ reel at ! top4 ,= p\lts f #ab weeks old to m>ket age ! fe$]s %\ld be ev5 l>g]1 z illu/rat$ 9 figures #ac & #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--;,end elevation ( turkey range h\se ) alleyway4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--;,floor plan ( turkey range h\se ) alleyway4 ,aft] ! age ( ab\t #ab weeks1 & :5 fe$+ is done "u %elt]1 use a flat-bottom$ tr\gh f #ab to #ah feet long or sev]al %ort fe$]s made ) a #a- by #aj-;in* bo>d z a bottom1 #a- by #h-;in* bo>ds z sides1 & ) a gu>d ( #a- by #d-;in* c5t] piece topp$ ) a free-turn+ roll] or reel 7fig4 #ad74 ,= outside fe$+ a simil> tr\gh is advisable4 ,x %\ld be divid$ into two sections ea* #f to #i feet long1 set on #b- by #h- or #b- by #aj-;in* skids cov]$ ) #a-;in* hexagonal me%1 #af-;gage wire or heavy gage #a-;in*-me% h>dw>e clo?1 & provid$ ) a gable ro( & side bo>ds to protect ! fe$ & ! birds f sun1 w9d1 & ra9 7fig4 #ae74 ,! tr\ghs c be remov$ to be us$ z inside fe$]s & = repl5i%+ ! fe$4 ,two #i-;foot fe$]s are suffici5t = #aej to #age birds4 ,inside fe$+ is pref]r$ :5ev] possible to provide x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--;,int]ior ( #aj- by #be-;foot ran s h\se %[+ wire floor & wire "u roo/s4 ,figure #ag %[s ! wire nail$ on ! und]side ( ! roo/ supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--,?is %$-ro( range h\se w accommodate f #acj to #aej gr[+ turkeys to m>ket age4 ,! plan ( ?is h\se is %[n 9 figure #ba4 ,,h\ses ,,& ,,f5ces ,a v]m9pro(1 wea!rpro( roo/+ %elt] = gr[+ p\lts is an important piece ( equipm5t4 ,a squ>e or rectangul> /ructure ) a %$ or gable ro( makes a satisfactory range h\se4 ,a %$ ro( is m easily con/ruct$4 ,! use ( wire gu>ds call$ antiflies w keep turkeys (f ! ro(4 ,all[+ = a #e-;foot wire-floor$ alleyway to hold ! fe$]s & wat]]s1 a h\se ab\t #aj feet wide & #be feet long 7figs4 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai7 w accommodate #aej to #age gr[+ turkeys to m>ket age2 a simil> h\se ab\t #af by #ah feet is l>ge en\gh = #ajj birds4 ,fe$+ & wat]+ c be done inside4 ,= a p]man5t h\se1 a height ( #e or #e-a_/b feet at ! caves & ab\t #h feet at ! front 7or ! peak1 if gable-ro($7 is suffici5t4 ,if no alleyway is us$1 a h\se #i by #bf feet conta9+ roo/s only %\ld c>e = #acj to #aej turkeys to m>ket age 7figs4 #bj & #ba74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--;,end elevation ( range %elt] = turkeys4 ,?is type is built )\t an alleyway & measures #i by #bj feet4 ,) ! latt] type ( h\se1 fe$+ & wat]+ mu/ be done outside1 pref]ably ) a cov]$ fe$]1 z %[n 9 figure #ae4 ,a *eap] portable coop1 n s high & ) framework ( light] mat]ial1 is %[n 9 figure #bb4 ,?is coop is built on #d- by #aj-;in* skids & is equipp$ ) rais$ wire floor & ) roo/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--,portable turkey range h\ses equipp$ ) wire floors & antiflies4 ,! h\se on ! left is #af by #bj feet & has a fe$ /orage room at "o end4 ,a p]man5t h\se %\ld face s\? or 9 a s\!rly direction s t ! front is n expos$ to /orms4 ,bo>d sides on ! nor? & we/ are desirable4 ,practically op5-air conditions1 comb9$ ) good protection1 may be obta9$ by leav+ wire-cov]$ op5+s ab\t #b or #b-a_/b feet wide across ! nor?1 we/1 & ea/ sides at ab\t ! level ( ! roo/s4 ,^! ,op5+s %\ld be made closable by %iplap doors t may be p>tly op5$ 9 w>m wea!r & clos$ dur+ cold wea!r & /orms4 ,! s\? side may be left entirely op5 except = #a-;in* hexagonal me% ( #af- or #ah-;gage wire & en\gh bo>ds to give /r5g? to ! build+ & protect ! birds f ra9/orms4 ,z m5tion$ on page #bi1 desirable roo/s may be made ( #b by #d's ) edges bevel$ & laid flatwise b slightly titl$ up at ab\t ! angle ( a qu>t]-pit* ro( 9 ! direction t[>d :i* ! birds are likely to face4 ,roo/s made ( #b by #d's or o!r saw$ lumb] may cause d5ts 9 ! brea/bones if !y are laid p]fectly flat4 ,smoo? poles #b-a_/b to #e in*es 9 diamet] also make good roo/s4 ,mat]ial less ?an #b-a_/b in*es wide is n recomm5d$ = turkeys half gr[n or old]4 ,roo/s %\ld be plac$ pref]ably #bj to #bd in*es ap>t 7c5t] to c5t]71 ab\t #ad in*es f ! wall & l5g?wise or ! build+4 ,^? ne>e/ ! back wall ( ! %elt] %\ld be ! highe/1 & ea* ( ! o!rs %\ld be ab\t #f in*es l[] ?an ! "o back ( x4 ,?is arrangem5t insures an ev5 di/ribution ( ! birds on ! roo/s )\t cr[d+4 ,all[ ab\t #a foot ( roo/ space p] bird z !y require z mu* space z ?is :5 approa*+ m>ket age4 ,! space b5ea? ! roo/s %\ld be f5c$ (f & cov]$ ) #a-a_/b-;in*1 #ah-;gage wire me% to prev5t ! birds f gett+ at ! dropp+s4 ,?is wire %\ld be plac$ ei!r on ! "u side ( ! roo/ supports 7fig4 #ag7 or on special wire supports 7fig4 #ba71 & x %\ld be #f to #ab in*es bel[ ! top ( ! roo/s4 ,:5 a wire-floor$ alleyway is us$1 removable v]tical panels made ( #a- by #d-;in* bo>ds cov]$ ) ! #a-a_/b-;in* hexagonal1 #ah-;gage wire me% %\ld be plac$ directly "u ! roo/s :i* bord] ! alleyways 9 su* a way z to close ! op5+ und]nea? ! roo/s 7fig4 #ai74 ,9 v dry regions1 x ! space und]nea? ! roo/s & wire floors is entirely enclos$1 ! dropp+s may be all[$ to accumulate ?r\gh\t ! entire gr[+ season to save labor4 ,9 damp climates1 h[ev]1 ! dropp+s %\ld be remov$ frequ5tly4 ,wire floors may be us$1 z describ$1 9 ! alleyways ( roo/+ %elt]s to provide a place = inside fe$+ & wat]+ & may also be us$ 9 ! outside y>ds :5 close-conf9em5t re>+ is practic$4 ,a practical me?od ( con/ruction is to make ! floor 9 removable sections1 ea* ab\t #e feet squ>e4 ,! framework %\ld be made ( #b by #d's plac$ on edge1 ) ! top edge bevel$ to pres5t ab\t ?ree-f\r?s in* ( surface2 ! c5t] supports may be ( #a by #d's1 also plac$ on edge1 spac$ #ab to #af in*es ap>t1 & laid l5g?wise ( ! alleyway 7fig4 #ai74 ,?is frame %\ld be cov]$ ) #a-;in* hexagonal1 #af-;gage wire me% or *a9-l9k fabric wire4 ,h>dw>e clo? 9 a #a-;in* me% made ( #ad-;gage wire is p]haps m satisfactory & w la/ long]1 b ! fir/ co/ w\ld be great]4 ,! wire may be fa/5$ ) eight-p5ny nails & #a-;in* /aples alt]nat$1 "o = ea* /r& ( wire1 b fa/5$ only to ! top or sides ( ! #b- by #d-;in* framework1 n to ! c5t] supports4 ,! sections %\ld be set loosely 9 ! alleyway & held #a in* ap>t by nails driv5 into ! sides ( ! framework4 ,supports made ( ei!r #b by #d or #b by #f in* mat]ial %\ld be plac$ on bo? sides ( ! alleyway1 directly "u ! out] framework ( ! floor panels1 & block$ up s z to hold ! floor frames #a foot above ! gr\nd4 ,s9ce h5 turkeys fly well1 x is sometimes difficult to keep !m 9 _! runways4 ,clipp+ ! l>ge out] fea!rs 7call$ prim>ies7 ( "o w+ w d mu* to prev5t ! turkeys f fly+1 b x is usually necess>y to put a #c- or #d-;foot gu>d made ( #a by #d or #b by #b in* mat]ial & lightweight p\ltry wire ar\nd ! edge ( ! ro( ( ! roo/+ %elt]s1 on gates1 & on ! f5ces !mselves = #b or #c rods out f ! build+s4 ,:5ev] practicable1 ^! antiflies %\ld be slant$ 9 t[>d ! y>d 7figs4 #af & #bj74 ,clipp+ ! w+s ( ! toms is undesirable & is usually unnecess>y :5 antiflies are prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,a #e-;foot f5ce is usually high en\gh to conf9e turkeys1 except ne> build+s & ov] gates1 :]e ! f5ce %\ld be #h or #i feet high4 ,ev5 a #d-;foot f5ce has be5 report$ z satisfactory by "s gr[]s4 ,/eel po/s & squ>e-me% p\ltry f5c+ ( full /&>d weight make good turkey f5ces4 ,,protection ,,aga9/ ,,dogs ,dogs cause heavy losses among turkeys 9 _m localities4 ,turkey h\ses mu/ be well con/ruct$ to exclude dogs4 ,wire ( #af-;gage to #ah-;gage weight is necess>y1 & x mu/ be v tightly nail$4 ,! #af-;gage weight %\ld be us$ = ! outside ( build+s :]e x comes close to ! gr\nd4 ,conf9+ ! turkeys to _! %elt]s all night & ?r\gh ! e>ly morn+ h\rs is frequ5tly a necess>y precaution unless an att5dant is pres5t or protection is af=d$ by a good wat*dog4 ,f5ces = conf9+ p\ltry are n always entirely dog-pro(4 ,high roo/s1 provid$ by "s gr[]s1 give protection at night1 b 9 ! e>ly morn+ h\rs :5 ! turkeys are (f ! roo/s1 an att5dant %\ld be 9 ! vic9ity4 ,fe$+ ! flock inside ! %elt] is advantage\s :5 turkeys mu/ be conf9$ dur+ ! e>ly morn+ h\rs z ?is greatly increases ! fe$+ p]iod4 ,,devices ,,t ,,prev5t ,,tail-,,fea!r ,,pick+ ,tail-fea!r pick+ seems to beg9 by ! birds' us+ ea* o!rs' tail fea!rs to clean _! beaks ( ma%4 ,al?\gh x does n ord9>ily damage ! birds = m>ket1 ! habit ru9s _! appe>ance & decreases _! salability z bre$+ /ock4 ,x is n always possible to prev5t tail-fea!r pick+ entirely1 especially 9 flocks rais$ 9 conf9em5t or 9 small range lots1 b x may be prev5t$ p>tially by provid+ tightly /ret*$ wire 9 or ov] ! ma% fe$]s4 ,bal+ wire /ret*$ tightly or /rips ( ord9>y light-weight p\ltry wire may be us$4 ,fe$+ ! ma% moi/ w also aid 9 prev5t+ tail-fea!r pick+4 ,! k9d ( ma% may also be a factor4 ,a r co>se ma% conta9+ consid]able gr\nd corn1 "s bran1 & "s co>sely gr\nd oats or b>ley1 includ+ ! hulls1 seems to be m palatable ?an a f9e ma% & is n s likely to clog ! beaks ( ! birds4 ,,range ,,managem5t ,,( ,,gr[+ ,,turkeys ,9 ,m9nesota a successful sy/em ( mov+ p\lts ar\nd ! colony brood] h\se has be5 devis$ & is giv+ excell5t results4 ,! h\se is built ) a small op5+ 9 ea* side1 & a portable frame is s plac$ t ! gr\nd on ea* side ( ! h\se c be us$ z a small outside run4 ,! birds are all[$ to range to ! s\? = f #e to #aj days2 !n ! h\se is ?or\ghly clean$ & ! range *ang$ to ! we/2 & s on until ! l& on all f\r sides ( ! h\se has be5 utiliz$4 ,! h\se is !n mov$ to a clean spot1 & ! rotation is repeat$4 ,aft] ! birds are f #h to #ab weeks old ! h\se is aga9 mov$ to a clean place4 ,turkeys may be rais$ successfully on a small acreage if !y are mov$ to a clean area ea* week or two & to an entirely diff]5t1 clean area ea* ye>4 ,o!r sy/ems ( y>d+ h be5 devis$1 b ! value ( mo/ ( !m has n be5 prov$ exp]im5tally4 ,"s sy/em ( rotation is necess>y on a f>m :]e turkeys are rais$ regul>ly4 ,= f5c$ ranges :]e ! semiconf9em5t me?od is to be us$1 ! ,m9nesota plan is entirely satisfactory = small flocks4 ,= l>ge flocks ! use ( l>ge y>ds 9 ! d\ble or triple y>d+ sy/em has giv5 good results4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 aft] #h or #aj weeks ( brood+1 ! p\lts are put on range1 :i* may be divid$ into #b or #c equal p>ts4 ,! range us$ is *ang$ ye>ly or bi5nially ei!r by mov+ ! equipm5t or by hav+ p]man5t equipm5t = ea* range4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( f5ces1 turkeys may be h]d$ s t !y are protect$ f enemies & kept )9 ! clean area allott$ to !m ea* season4 ,! use ( portable f5ces & portable roo/+ %elt]s enables ! gr[] to move ! entire flock to clean range ea* season or sev]al times ea* season4 ,?is me?od is practical :]e l>ge areas ( suitable range are available1 s t ! birds c be re>$ ea* season on l& t has n be5 us$1 or on :i* no dropp+s h be5 spread1 = ! prec$+ #b ye>s4 ,9 wet climates x is probably saf] to all[ a re/ ( #c or #d ye>s4 ,en\gh range %\ld be provid$ s t pl5ty ( gr[+ gre5 fe$ is available 9 ea* y>d at all times dur+ ! season4 ,:5 ! same gr\nd is us$ = a :ole season1 & ra9fall or irrigation is adequate1 an acre ( grass pa/ure %\ld provide range & gre5 fe$ = ab\t #ajj gr[+ turkeys4 ,an acre ( alfalfa or clov] w\ld probably provide fe$ = #aej birds1 "u favorable conditions4 ,9 arid or semi>id sections1 dur+ v dry seasons1 x may be advisable to provide fre%1 gre5 fe$1 or legume hay 9 abundance to disc\rage ! turkeys f eat+ undesirable gre5 fe$ on ! range4 ,a complete ration mu/ be provid$ = su* conditions4 ,:]e ! range is limit$ to small areas ( f5c$ l&1 ! use ( a numb] ( p]man5t range h\ses set 9 a r[1 pref]ably #bjj feet or m ap>t1 9 ! middle ( ! range & along ! divid+ f5ce is a practical me?od ( range utilization4 ,! divid+ f5ce %\ld be d\ble s z to provide a neutral area betwe5 ! two ranges4 ,"u ?is plan ! birds c use "o-half ( ! range = #b ye>s 9 succession & ! o!r half = #b ye>s )\t ! build+s be+ mov$4 ,if individual range lots are desir$ = ea* flock ( birds1 p]man5t range %elt]s arrang$ on ei!r side ( a s]vice lane1 ea* ) d\ble or triple y>ds1 are a solution to ! clean-range problem4 ,if d\ble y>ds are us$ = ea* h\se or if ! range z a :ole is divid$ into #b sections1 a rotation ( #b seasons ( use1 foll[$ by #b seasons ( re/ may be ! be/ plan4 ,:]e #c y>ds = ea* h\se c be arrang$ or :]e ! :ole range is divid$ into #c l>ge y>ds1 ea* y>d c be us$ = #a season & all[$ #b seasons ( re/4 ,"u any sy/em ( p]man5t y>ds1 c]ta9 sanit>y precautions are ess5tial4 ,among ^! are ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,select su* a location or modify ! "o available 9 su* a way t !re is z little dra9age z possible f ! y>ds t are be+ us$ to ^? t are be+ re/$2 7#b7 ea* season1 or sev]al times ea* season1 remove ! accumulations ( dropp+s f ! gr\nd ar\nd ! h\ses1 fe$]s1 & wat] vessels2 7#c7 grade up ar\nd ea* h\se ) fre% e>? ea* season or :5ev] x is necess>y1 to prev5t wat] f /&+ ne> ! build+s2 7#d7 fill 9 or dra9 all depressions s t wat] does n /& = any l5g? ( "t any:]e on ! range2 7#e7 use antiflies &1 if necess>y1 clip "o w+ ( ea* bird to keep x f fly+ into & contam9at+ ! y>ds t are be+ re/$2 7#f7 prev5t birds or p]sons f go+ 9 & out ( y>ds t are be+ re/$2 7#g7 move fe$]s & wat] vessels frequ5tly1 fe$ & wat] ! birds inside ! range %elt]s on ! wire floors1 or place ! fe$]s & wat] vessels outside on ro($ wire plat=ms s t ! dropp+s t accumulate ne> !m w n become s\rces ( infection2 7#h7 use contam9ation-pro( fe$]s & wat] vessels2 7#i7 see t flies d n bre$ ext5sively 9 or ne> ! h\ses & fe$]s2 7#aj7 place wide bo>ds set into ! gr\nd1 an in* or two at ! bottom ( ! f5ces & ext5d+ = ab\t #aj y>ds out f ! build+s to prev5t refuse spread+ to ! adjo9+ y>ds4 ,:5 birds are h]d$ on free range "s gr[]s move ! roo/s1 fe$]s1 & wat] vessels to clean gr\nd sev]al times ea* season1 :]eas o!rs use p]man5t roo/+ & fe$+ qu>t]s & br+ ! birds back ea* night4 ,9 ei!r case excessive contam9ation at any "o po9t %\ld be prev5t$ s f> z possible4 ,,fatt5+ ,,turkeys ,,= ,,m>ket ,9 g5]al1 ! be/ me?od ( rais+ turkeys is to keep !m gr[+ at a normal rate s t at ! age ( ab\t #f mon?s !y are 9 prime m>ket condition1 no special fatt5+ p]iod be+ necess>y4 ,su* a me?od calls = lib]al fe$+ ( balanc$ rations ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ p]iod4 ,a good range w supply a l>ge quantity ( fe$ at a v reasonable co/1 b n ev5 ! be/ range w furni% en\gh ( ! "r k9ds ( fe$ to produce l>ge numb]s ( prime turkeys )\t supplem5t>y fe$+4 ,9 _m in/ances1 h[ev]1 turkey gr[]s believe t x is m pr(itable to =ce ! birds to =age = mo/ ( _! livelihood until a few weeks be=e m>ket+ "t4 ,a good plan = fatt5+ ^! range-gr[n birds is to beg9 e>ly 9 ! fall to fe$ ! birds ma% & scrat*1 all[+ !m all !y w eat ( bo?4 ,z !y approa* maturity !y w eat mo/ly scrat* gra94 ,! ma% may be f$ moi/ or dry4 ,milk is an excell5t fatt5+ fe$1 & if pl5ty ( liquid milk is available x may be f$ ) scrat* gra9 only & no ma%4 ,"s turkey rais]s fe$ equal p>ts ( corn1 :eat1 & oats dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! fatt5+ season & gradually *ange to all corn z ! wea!r becomes cool]4 ,?is sy/em is satisfactory if pl5ty ( milk c be f$ 9 addition4 ,)\t milk or "s o!r high-prote9 fe$1 ! results are likely to be unsatisfactory4 ,if too heavy fe$+ ( corn alone is begun be=e ! range turkeys become accu/om$ to x1 ! disease kn[n z sc\rs (t5 results1 especially if new corn is us$4 ,old corn is a mu* bett] fe$ ?an new corn1 b ! new crop is safe aft] x is well matur$ & dry4 ,z a g5]al rule1 turkeys t h be5 rais$ on free range _c be successfully fatt5$ 9 close conf9em5t4 ,!y may be successfully fatt5$1 h[ev]1 if !y are conf9$ to mod]ate-siz$ y>ds conta9+ gr[+ alfalfa or o!r gre5 crops or /acks ( alfalfa or clov] hay4 ,!re is no advantage 9 conf9+ turkeys :i* h be5 rais$ 9 semiconf9em5t to small] qu>t]s = fatt5+4 ,,m>ket+ ,,turkeys ,! m>ket+ season = ! bulk ( ! turkey crop is usually comp>atively %ort1 ext5d+ f ! middle ( ,novemb] to ! latt] "p ( ,decemb]4 ,!re is an increas+ dem& 9 ! fall & w9t] & ev5 9 late summ] = "y turkeys4 ,_m turkey rais]s sell _! birds alive to p\ltry deal]s1 :o ei!r dress !m or %ip !m alive to city deal]s4 ,9 sections :]e turkeys are gr[n 9 l>ge numb]s1 z 9 ,texas1 dress+ plants h be5 built by coop]ative associations & p\ltry deal]s :o collect ! live birds & dress !m = ! v>i\s city m>kets4 ,z soon z possible aft] rea*+ ! dress+ plant1 ! turkeys are kill$1 dry-pick$1 cool$1 & pack$ 9 b>rels or boxes = %ipm5t4 ,f>m]s ne> ! city m>kets (t5 dress _! turkeys & sell !m direct ei!r to ! consum] or to ! city deal]4 ,9 t]ritory adjac5t to l>ge cities m>ket+ bo? live & dress$ birds at roadside /&s has become common4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,m>ket ,exp]im5ts ) ,bronze turkeys h indicat$ t well-f$1 "y birds ( ?is popul> v>iety are m>ket$ to be/ advantage at f #bd to #bh weeks ( age1 if !y are 9 good fle% & reasonably free f %ort p9fea!rs4 ,if !y are kept long] ?an #bh weeks1 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance & ga9s & ! extra labor ( _! c>e cause ! co/s ( production to rise rapidly4 ,"u ord9>y conditions #bf to #bh weeks is ! be/ age = m>ket+ full-f$ ,bronze turkey toms4 ,= turkeys f$ = rapid gr[? #bd weeks is a m pr(itable age if ! birds are ready = m>ket !n1 z is (t5 ! case ) "y h5s :i* mature m quickly ?an ! toms4 ,data obta9$ on m ?an #fjj birds at ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,range ,live/ock ,exp]im5t ,/ation at ,miles ,city1 ,mont41 %[ t at #bd weeks ( age ! fe$ co/ ( produc+ live turkeys 0 #a c5t p] p\nd l[] ?an at #bf weeks ( age1 & #b4e c5ts p] p\nd l[] ?an at #bh weeks4 ,^! figures1 ( c\rse1 w v>y 9 diff]5t ye>s1 dep5d+ on ! price ( fe$s4 ,besides ?is co/ = fe$ ! extra labor 9 c>+ = ! birds1 (t5 dur+ unfavorable wea!r1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,) ! expansion ( ! turkey indu/ry1 ! *a9 /ores h become "o ( ! l>ge :olesale buy]s ( turkeys4 ,!y desire v>i\s sizes1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! patronage 9 diff]5t localities1 & z a result create a consid]able m>ket dem& = h5s & small toms4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( _! ,?anksgiv+ & ,*ri/mas trade4 ,o!r *annels ( trade1 su* z re/aurants1 hotels1 /eam%ips1 & railroad l9es1 pref] l>ge toms4 ,z turkeys become m g5]ally us$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> an increase 9 ! trade = small birds may be expect$4 ,,select+ ,,birds ,,= ,,m>ket ,practically all turkeys t are full f$ are ready = m>ket at f #bf to #bh weeks ( age1 & 9 _m cases at #bd weeks1 dep5d+ on sex1 bre$+1 fe$+1 & wea!r4 ,h[ev]1 ) range birds on limit$ fe$1 ! gr[] c probably af=d to hold 8 turkeys long] ?an #bf or #bh weeks1 if necess>y1 because ! fe$ co/s 7 l[ dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 v important to m>ket only turkeys t are fat & free f small p9fea!rs4 ,suffici5t prote9 & m9]als 9 ! fe$ dur+ ! fall mon?s are ess5tial to prop] gr[? & economical ga9s z well z to prop] fea!r developm5t4 ,a prime turkey1 especially a "y "o1 is n expect$ to be excessively fat1 b x mu/ h an ev5 cov]+ ( fat s t ! sk9 appe>s :ite or yell[i% :ite r ?an d>k or blui%4 ,! brea/ mu/ be meaty & ! :ole body free f small p9fea!rs1 bruises1 & abrasions4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak51 !re=e1 n to all[ ! birds to bruise !mselves by fly+ or runn+ aga9/ ob/ructions2 !y %\ld be h&l$ g5tly & n fright5$4 ,,)hold+ ,,fe$ ,,be=e ,,slaught] ,birds ) fe$ 9 _! crops are usually grad$ z no4 #b & sold at a l[] price because fe$ 9 ! crop spoils readily1 & also detracts f ! appe>ance ( ! c>cass4 ,ma% fe$ passes out ( ! crop quickly s t crops w be empty if ! ma% is remov$ at dusk on ! day be=e slaught] & no scrat* gra9 f$ on t day4 ,if ! birds are kept )\t fe$ = m ?an #ah or #bd h\rs !y may eat soil1 litt]1 dropp+s1 or fea!rs1 & ?us defeat ! ma9 purpose ( )hold+ fe$4 ,?is applies especially to old h5s4 ,if ! birds are n to be kill$ until late aft]noon or ev5+1 give !m a light fe$ ( ma% e>ly 9 ! morn+4 ,scrat* gra9 %\ld be f$ only until ab\t #ah h\rs be=e slaught]4 ,fe$+ %\ld always be plann$ s t fe$ is n )held m ?an #bd h\rs4 ,all birds be+ held = slaught] %\ld h free access to wat] up to kill+ "t4 ,,kill+ ,,& ,,pick+ ,:5 ! bird is to be kill$1 hang x up by ! feet1 hold+ its head 9 "o h& & tak+ c>e n to compress ! ve9s 9 ! neck4 ,op5 ! m\? & cut ! jugul> ve9 f> back 9 ! ?roat1 j bel[ ! base ( ! skull4 ,= ?is purpose use ! po9t ( a %>p1 n>r[-blad$ knife4 ,z soon z pr(use ble$+ beg9s1 ?ru/ ! knife up ?r\gh ! groove 9 ! ro( ( ! m\? & into ! re> lobe ( ! bra9 at ! back ( ! skull s z to r5d] ! bird unconsci\s4 ,:5 ! correct /ick is obta9$1 ! bird usually gives a peculi> squawk1 ! tail fea!rs spread1 & all ! fea!rs are loos5$ by a quiv]+ ( ! muscles4 ,aft] /ick+1 cont9ue to hold ! bird's head & atta* a blood cup to ! l[] jaw4 ,! bird's w+s %\ld nev] be lock$1 z ?is (t5 results 9 _! be+ brok51 :i* usually r$uces ! bird to a l[ grade4 ,likewise1 no attempt %\ld be made to hold ! bird's w+s tightly4 ,blood cups weigh+ #e p\nds are ne$$ = l>ge birds1 :]eas cups weigh+ #c to #d p\nds are be/ = small & m$ium-siz$ birds4 ,9 dry pick+ x is ess5tial t ! fea!rs be pluck$ imm$iately aft] ! bird is kill$4 ,if ! bird has be5 prop]ly /uck1 !y come out v easily4 ,fir/ remove ! tail & l>ge w+ fea!rs & !n ! body fea!rs1 leav+ ! small w+ fea!rs & neck & upp] brea/ fea!rs until la/4 ,pull out all fea!rs a few at a "t1 b d n rub !m (f z ?is injures ! sk9 & (t5 l[]s ! grade4 ,dry pick+ c be le>n$ be/ by p]sonal in/ructions4 ,! semiscald me?od ( pick+ turkeys is us$ 9 "s sections at comm]cial dress+ plants1 b ne>ly all home-dress$ turkeys are dry-pick$4#b #b ,detail$ in=mation on kill+1 grad+1 & m>ket+ turkeys is giv5 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s #afid4 ,dress+ & ,pack+ ,turkeys1 & #ahae1 ,grad+ ,dress$ ,turkeys4 ,clean-pick$ turkeys are n[ pref]r$1 b a s+le r[ ( %ort fan fea!rs on ! la/ jo9t ( ea* w+ may be left4 ,leave no fea!rs on any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,remove all p9fea!rs1 especially f ! brea/1 b d n attempt to dig out p9fea!rs too %ort to be pull$4 ,aft] pick+1 snap ! blood f ! bird's m\? ) a quick motion & squeeze ! v5t to remove any dropp+s t may be !re4 ,! feet1 if dirty1 %\ld be wa%$ & dri$4 ,^! me?ods make = clean c>casses1 good grades1 & good keep+ quality4 ,aft] pick+ & *ill+ ! birds1 cov] ! heads ) head wraps made ( heavy wax$ pap]1 to prev5t blood soak+ ?r\gh & sme>+ ! c>casses4 ,:5ev] ! sk9 is torn1 sew x neatly ) :ite ?read4 ,:5 birds h be5 kill$ ) fe$ 9 _! crops1 remove ! entire crop4 ,?r\gh a #b- or #c-;in* slit 9 ! neck1 beg9n+ :]e ! neck jo9s ! body1 ! crop c be completely loos5$ & )drawn1 ! gullet be+ cut well bel[ ! crop4 ,!n sew ! op5+ ) ,no4 #cf :ite ?read4 ,turn 9 ! edges ( ! sk9 s z to make a neat job t w n be noticeable :5 ! bird is put on ! m>ket4 ,accord+ to data on ,bronze turkeys1 kill+ & pick+ aft] ! birds _h be5 />v$ ov]night result$ 9 a loss ( ab\t #i p]c5t ( weight = l>ge birds & #aj p]c5t = small birds4 ,! turkeys 7 weigh$ bo? be=e & aft] !y 7 kill$ & pick$ & aga9 aft] !y _h cool$ ov]night4 ,! l>g] birds _h ! l[] p]c5tages ( loss 9 weight & !re=e ! high] dress+ p]c5tages4 ,! weight loss ( dress$ turkeys :ile *ill+ ov]night is v small1 only ab\t "o-six? ( #a p]c5t4 ,!re=e1 practically all ! loss 9 weight t occurs dur+ pick+ & *ill+ results f ! loss ( blood & fea!rs4 ,! weight loss ( turkeys ov]night j be=e slaught] :5 !y receiv$ no fe$ 0 ab\t #c p]c5t1 on an av]age1 mak+ ! total loss f _! normal weight1 due to )hold+ fe$1 pick+1 & *ill+1 ab\t #ac p]c5t4 ,:5 dress$ turkeys are drawn1 ) head & feet remov$ & giblets replac$1 !re is a fur!r loss ( ab\t #ae p]c5t ( ! dress$ weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--,s+le-lay] box ( #aj turkey h5s4 ,,cool+ ,hang+ ! birds indoors by ! legs = #bd h\rs or m1 or lay+ !m on _! backs on a clean surface :]e ! temp]ature ( ! air ranges f #cj to #cf ,f4 w prop]ly *ill ! c>casses4 ,!y %\ld be ?or\ghly *ill$ b n froz51 s9ce froz5 birds sweat &1 because ( _! rigid condition1 _c be pack$ )\t great wa/e ( space4 ,9 mild wea!r x is (t5 impossible to cool ! c>casses prop]ly )\t ! use ( refrig]ation or ice wat]4 ,cool+ 9 wat] spoils ! appe>ance ( dry-pick$ c>casses & %\ld be done only z a la/ resort4 ,a suitable !rmomet] is an indisp5sable "p ( ! *ill+ equipm5t4 ,,pack+ ,boxes & b>rels are g5]ally us$ = pack+ dress$ turkeys4 ,pack+ 9 clean b>rels1 :ile easi] & slightly *eap]1 is n s satisfactory z box pack+1 al?\gh b>rels are (t5 m readily available4 ,boxes are greatly pref]r$ by ! trade & by organiz$ pools4 ,9 box pack+1 ! s+le-lay] pack ( #f to #ad birds1 dep5d+ on _! size1 is pref]r$4 ,! boxes are usually l>ge en\gh to hold f #aj to #ab m$ium-siz$ birds 7fig4 #bc74 ,:5 b>rels are us$1 a l>ge size is necess>y = l>ge toms4 ,small] b>rels are suitable = h5s & small toms4 ,l9e ! b>rel ) :ite wrapp+ pap] or common :ite p>*m5t pap]4 ,lay ! birds ) _! backs aga9/ ! sides ( ! b>rel1 & if x is necess>y to pack l>g] birds 9 ! same b>rel1 place !m 9 ! c5t]4 ,:5 ! b>rel is full1 turn d[n ! pap]1 take (f ! top hoop1 place a piece ( clean burlap ov] ! top1 & replace & r5ail ! hoop ov] ! burlap4 ,boxes1 b>rels1 or any o!r conta9]s us$ %\ld be free f objectionable odor1 z ! turkey meat may absorb x4 ,!re is consid]able risk = ! produc] :o does n h access to prop] refrig]at+ facilities 9 %ipp+ dress$ turkeys dur+ mild wea!r4 ,if ! birds are to be sold 9 mild wea!r1 x is safe/ to m>ket !m alive or else sell !m dress$ to local pur*as]s z losses f improp] cool+ ( dress$ turkeys & f exposure to w>m wea!r dur+ transit are likely to occur4 ,:5 turkeys are to be %ipp$ only a %ort di/ance x may be feasible to *ill ! dress$ birds 9 ice wat] & !n to pack !m 9 b>rels ) crack$ ice betwe5 lay]s & at ea* end ( ! b>rel4 ,a top lay] ( ice plac$ betwe5 two lay]s ( burlap tack$ securely ov] ! top ( ! b>rel is desirable4 ,! int]nal temp]ature ( ! turkeys %\ld be r$uc$ to #cd ,f4 be=e !y are %ipp$4 ,,dress$-,,turkey ,,grades ,grad+ sy/ems = dress$ turkeys diff] some:at 9 diff]5t m>kets b1 9 g5]al1 are simil>4 ,greate/ uni=mity is provid$ :]e ! ,unit$ ,/ates grades are us$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates grad+ sy/em is m compreh5sive ?an o!r sy/ems & is int5d$ to satisfy ! dem&s ( ! consum]s m fully & to promote m uni=m grad+4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t grad+ sy/em 0 develop$ & is sponsor$ by ! ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,economics1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,"u ?is sy/em z n[ us$ !re are f\r grades3 ,u4 ,s4 ,special or ,u4 ,s4 grade ,,aa2 ,u4 ,s4 ,prime or ,u4 ,s4 grade ,a2 ,u4 ,s4 ,*oice or ,u4 ,s4 grade ,b2 & ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]cial or ,u4 ,s4 grade ,c4 ,ea* grade is subdivid$ into f\r classes accord+ to ! age & sex ( ! birds4 ,^! classes are3 ,"y h51 "y tom1 old h51 & old tom4 ,! quality specifications = individual birds apply to ea* class ) due all[ance = fle%+ condition *>act]i/ic ( its sex & age4 ,detail$ descriptions are provid$ = ea* grade4 ,= ! ,u4 ,s4 ,special grade x is requir$ t turkeys h broad1 full-fle%$ brea/s & t ! c>casses be fully cov]$ ) fat4 ,! birds mu/ also h be5 well bl$1 c>efully dry-pick$ or semiscald$1 & mu/ be free f bruises1 sk9 te>s1 & brok5 jo9ts4 ,! brea/bone mu/ be /raight or only slightly d5t$ 7n m ?an "o-f\r? in* 9 dep?74 ,= ! ,u4 #c4 ,prime grade x is requir$ t birds be well fle%$1 well fatt5$1 & well bl$1 b !y may h slight imp]fections su* z scatt]$ p9fea!rs1 slight fle% or sk9 abrasions1 & "o disjo9t$ b n brok5 w+ or leg4 ,slightly curv$ & slightly d5t$ brea/bones1 n to exce$ "o-half in* 9 dep?1 are p]mitt$4 ,to grade ,u4 ,s4 ,*oice1 turkeys mu/ h fairly well-fle%$ brea/s & c>casses fairly well cov]$ ) fat4 ,^! birds ne$ be only fairly well bl$ & dress$ & may h slight fle% or sk9 bruises1 small sk9 te>s1 or l>g] sewn-up te>s1 & "o brok5 leg or w+4 ,turkeys n meet+ ^! grade requirem5ts1 includ+ birds poorly fle%$1 poorly bl$1 or slightly de=m$1 b suitable = food1 make up ! l[e/ or ,u4 ,s4 ,comm]cial grade4 ,ano!r sy/em ( grad+ 9 common use 9 buy+ dress$ turkeys is to make only #b or #c grades1 except t sometimes ! birds )9 ! top grades are divid$ into classes bas$ on weight & sex4 ,! no4 #a grade usually consi/s ( "y toms weigh+ #ab p\nds or m & "y & old h5s weigh+ #h p\nds or m1 dress$4 ,= ?is grade ! birds mu/ be well f9i%$ & free f s]i\s te>s1 bruises1 & sev]ely crook$ brea/bones4 ,! crops mu/ be empty & ! c>casses reasonably free f p9fea!rs & reasonably well bl$4 ,! no4 #b grade includes all old toms & su* "y toms1 "y h5s1 & old h5s z are too light = ! no4 #a grade4 ,! no4 #b grade also includes turkeys ) sev]ely crook$ brea/bones1 brok5 w+s1 bad blemi%es1 bad te>s1 bad abrasions1 fe$ 9 crops1 num]\s p9fea!rs1 & birds t h be5 poorly bl$ or poorly fle%$4 ,! no4 #c grade includes birds n good en\gh = ! no4 #b grade b /ill fit = food4 ,^! are culls t nev] %\ld h be5 m>ket$4 ,! no4 #c grade is n always us$1 s9ce turkeys ( ?is k9d are (t5 reject$ by ! buy]s4 ,on "s m>kets a m$ium grade ( birds--betwe5 ! no4 #a & ! no4 #b grades--is us$4 ,:5 grad$ & pack$ = m>ket turkeys are fur!r grad$ z to size1 birds ( simil> weight be+ plac$ 9 ! same conta9]1 :i* is label$ accord+ to ! grade4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,:5 ,,?is ,,publication ,,0 ,,la/ ,,pr9t$ ,secret>y ( ,agriculture ,h5ry ,a4 ,wallace4 ,und]secret>y ,m4 ,l4 ,wilson4 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,h>ry ,l4 ,br[n4 ,coord9ator ( ,l& ,use ,plann+ & ,m4 ,s4 ,eis5h[]4 ,director ( ,in=mation4 ,director ( ,ext5sion ,"w ,c4 ,w4 ,w>burton4 ,director ( ,f9ance ,w4 ,a4 ,jump4 ,director ( ,p]sonnel ,roy ,f4 ,h5drickson4 ,director ( ,rese>* ,james ,t4 ,j>d9e4 ,solicitor ,ma/9 ,g4 ,:ite4 ,agricultural ,adju/m5t ,h4 ,r4 ,tolley1 ,adm9i/rator4 ,adm9i/ration ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,economics ,a4 ,g4 ,black1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ ,s4 ,h4 ,mc,crory1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey ,ira ,n4 ,gabrielson1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & ,soils ,h5ry ,g4 ,knight1 ,*ief4 ,commodity ,ex*ange ,adm9i/ration ,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,duvel1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,dairy ,indu/ry ,o4 ,e4 ,re$1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,entomology & ,plant ,lee ,a4 ,/rong1 ,*ief4 ,qu>ant9e ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations ,james ,t4 ,j>d9e1 ,*ief4 ,f>m ,security ,adm9i/ration ,w4 ,w4 ,alex&]1 ,adm9i/rator4 ,food & ,drug ,adm9i/ration ,walt] ,g4 ,campbell1 ,*ief4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,f]d9& ,a4 ,silcox1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,home ,economics ,l\ise ,/anley1 ,*ief4 ,libr>y ,cl>ibel ,r4 ,b>nett1 ,libr>ian4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,e4 ,c4 ,au*t]1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,?omas ,h4 ,mac,donald1 ,*ief4 ,soil ,cons]vation ,s]vice ,h4 ,h4 ,b5nett1 ,*ief4 ,wea!r ,bureau ,francis ,w4 ,rei*eld]f]1 ,*ief4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aici ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #e c5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,illu/rations 7 mov$ to avoid splitt+ p>agraphs4 ,display ( numb]s 0 /&>diz$ 9 ! tables to %[ lead+ z]os4