,transcrib] ,note  ,text emphasis d5ote 
by ,italics4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts (  
numb]s z #ce-e_/h4     ,illu/ration3 ,! 
,prep>ation ( ,,bees = ,,outdoor ,,w9t]+
   ,"o ( ! mo/ vital p>ts ( ! beekeep]'s
 "w is ! prep>ation ( bees = outdoor    
w9t]+4 ,no o!r phase ( beekeep+ has s   
direct an influ5ce on ! honey crop ( !  
foll[+ season4  ,! api>y %\ld be locat$ 
9 a protect$ place & ! colonies %\ld n  
be mov$ at ! "t ( pack+4 ,directions are
 giv5 9 ?is bullet9 = ! prop] arrangem5t
 ( ! api>y to prev5t confusion due to ! 
%ift+ ( hives4  ,! am\nt & "* ( ! pack+ 
mat]ials & ! mo/ economical type ( pack+
 cases are discuss$4  ,a s*$ule ( dates 
= pack+ & unpack+ ! hives is pres5t$ =  
all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! am\nt & 
"* ( w9t] /ores are indicat$4  ,x is    
important t none ( ! factors ( good     
w9t]+ be omitt$1 & sev]al te/s are giv5 
s t ! beekeep] may det]m9e :e!r 8 bees  
are w9t]+ prop]ly4     ,contribution f !
 ,bureau ( ,entomology    ,l4 ,o4       
,,h[>d1 ,*ief    ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4      

,septemb]1 #aiah     ,,! ,,prep>ation   
,,( ,,bees ,,= ,,outdoor ,,w9t]+4   ,e4 
,f4 ,phillips1 ,apiculturi/1 & ,george  
,s4 ,demu?1 ,apicultural ,assi/ant4     
,,cont5ts4                              
,page4    ,! ess5tials to success       
#c    ,necessity = /rong colonies 9 !   
fall          #d    ,arrangem5t ( !     
api>y                          #d       
,insulation ( ! hive                    
#f    ,arrangem5t )9 ! hive             
#aa    ,w9t] s*$ule                     
#ad    ,w9t] /ores                      
#ah    ,all ! factors ( good w9t]+ are  
ne$$      #ai    ,measures ( success 9  
w9t]+                  #bj   ,no problem
 confront+ ! beekeep] 9 mo/ p>ts ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates is ( m importance ?an !   
prop] w9t]+ ( bees1 yet x is "o :i* is  
sadly neglect$4 ,x is urg$ t be=e       
attempt+ to make pack+ cases = ! w9t]+ (
 bees ! beekeep] /udy ,dep>tm5t ,bullet9
 #ic1 ,temp]ature ( ! ,honeybee ,clu/] 9
 ,w9t]1 & ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #fie1        
,outdoor ,w9t]+ ( ,bees4     ,,!        

,,ess5tials ,,to ,,success4   ,!        
ess5tials to success 9 c>+ = a normal   
colony ( bees f ! end ( "o season's     
honey-fl[ to ! beg9n+ ( ! next lie 9    
provid+ ?ree ?+s 9 abundance3 7#a7      
,/ores ( good quality1 7#b7 protection f
 w9d & cold1 & 7#c7 room = ! re>+ (     
brood at appropriate times4 ,^! factors 
are all ( ! greate/ importance1 & an    
omission ( any "o ( !m may prev5t       
completely ! ga!r+ ( ! honey crop ( !   
foll[+ ye>1 & if any ( ! factors are    
giv5 9 less degree ! honey crop         
inv>iably is r$uc$4 ,! importance ( ^!  
ess5tials does n apply equally at all   
times f ! end ( "o season to ! beg9n+ ( 
! next1 b at "s "t !y are all vitally   
ess5tial2 & x is ! purpose ( ?is bullet9
 to %[ h[ all ?ree may be giv5 9 ! e>ly 
fall1 s t1 )\t fur!r h&l+1 ! colonies w 
come ?r\gh ! spr+ ) ! maximum           
population4 ,if1 = example1 ! room =    
bre$+ is n provid$ 9 ! fall1 x becomes  
necess>y to h&le ! colony e>ly 9 ! spr+1
 & ?is may be detrim5tal4 ,simil>ly1 x  

is ! practice ( "s beekeep]s to add to !
 /ores ( ! colony 9 ! spr+1 r ?an to    
leave en\gh 9 ! fall to la/ until new   
honey comes 94 ,?is is dang]\s = two    
reasons3 ,too (t5 ! /ores are n giv5 on 
"t or 9 adequate quantity1 & frequ5tly  
!y c n be giv5 )\t expos+ ! colony too  
greatly4 ,x is !re=e ! be/ practice by  
f> to provide all ( ^! factors 9 ! fall1
 & no o!r me?ods are s safe & c]ta9 (   
success4 ,by practic+ ! me?ods "h giv5 !
 enorm\s annual loss ( colonies 9 w9t]  
may be almo/ entirely elim9at$1 &1 :at  
is m important1 mu* /rong] colonies may 
be obta9$ = ! e>ly s\rces ( honey4      
,,necessity ,,= ,,/rong ,,colonies ,,9  
,,! ,,fall4   ,a common cause ( loss is 
?r\gh attempt+ to w9t] colonies t are   
too small4 ,x is some:at difficult to   
set a /&>d = colony /r5g? at ?is season1
 b 9 g5]al x may be /at$ t x is unwise  
to attempt to w9t] colonies t are n     
/rong en\gh to h brood suffici5t to fill
 ?ree to f\r ,lang/ro? frames two mon?s 
be=e ! pack+ is appli$4 ,if ! colonies 9

 ! api>y are n ( ! prop] /r5g? x is wise
 to unite until ! prop] /r5g? is rea*$4 
,any unit+ %\ld be done at lea/ two     
weeks be=e pack+4 ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 "s 
localities = colonies to weak5 rapidly 9
 e>ly fall1 due to ! nature ( !         
honey-fl[ f fall fl[]s4 ,to "s degree   
?is may be (fset by putt+ on ! pack+    
e>li] ?an o!rwise w\ld be necess>y4  ,x 
is highly important t ea* colony h a    
vigor\s que5 9 ord] t brood-re>+ may    
cont9ue 9 ! fall & may proce$ rapidly 9 
! spr+4 ,) colonies su* z are obta9$ by 
! me?ods "h describ$ x is n desirable to
 keep que5s m ?an two ye>s & x is       
pref]able to reque5 ! entire api>y e    
season4 ,to get ! be/ results 9 reque5+ 
all "y que5s %\ld be introduc$ s t !y w 
beg9 lay+ two mon?s be=e pack+4 ,x w be 
f\nd t que5s we> out m rapidly 9 !      
unusually /rong colonies obta9$ by !    
me?ods ( w9t]+ "h describ$1 b e good    
beekeep] realizes t x is ^! enorm\s     
colonies :i* get ! greate/ crops4       
,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,api>y4   ,,w9d   

,,protection4  ,x is ( ! greate/        
importance t ! api>y be locat$ :]e ! w9d
 9 w9t] is virtually elim9at$4 ,a grove 
( trees or an adjac5t hill usually (f]s 
! be/ protection1 or x is possible to   
make an artificial w9dbreak su* z a high
 f5ce4 ,a natural w9dbreak usually is   
bett]1 = x is m ext5sive 9 mo/ cases4 ,x
 has be5 f\nd by ! au?ors t if a w9d (  
#bj miles an h\r bl[s on ! w9t] pack+   
cases = a few h\rs ! temp]ature ( !     
inside ( ! pack$ hive may be greatly    
r$uc$ & may ev5 fall z l[ z t ( an      
unpack$ hive4 ,too mu* reliance %\ld n  
be plac$ 9 build+s z w9dbreaks1 = !y (t5
 s]ve simply to div]t ! w9d slightly &  
may ev5 make conditions worse4 ,a f5ce  
made ( close bo>ds usually is           
unsatisfactory = x causes :irls t may   
de/roy _m colonies4 ,a heavy blanket (  
sn[ s]ves to r$uce ! effect ( ! w9d4    
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,colonies (   
bees 9 summ] position 9 gr\ps ( f\r4    
,?is arrangem5t is advantage\s :e!r or n
 ! bees are w9t]$ 9 f\r-colony pack+    

cases4   ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,! ,,hives4  
,9 arrang+ ! hives 9 an api>y x is      
necess>y to take into acc\nt ! me?od (  
w9t]+ to be foll[$4 ,if ! bees are to be
 w9t]$ 9 ! f\r-colony cases to be       
describ$ lat] ! hives %\ld be kept 9    
gr\ps ( f\r all ! season 7fig4 #a71 = if
 colonies are mov$ m ?an a foot j be=e  
pack+ & !n mov$ aga9 z !y are unpack$   
!re is a consid]able am\nt ( drift+--t  
is1 bees f "s colonies jo9 o!r colonies 
dur+ flight1 & ! result is an actual    
r$uction ( ! numb] ( colonies & ( bees 9
 ! api>y4 ,a failure to keep ! colonies 
prop]ly arrang$ = _! w9t] /&s dur+ !    
entire summ] is a common cause ( failure
 9 us+ ! f\r-colony cases4 ,:atev] type 
( case is us$ = outdoor w9t]+1 ! bees   
%\ld occupy ! same place dur+ ! entire  
ye>4  ,s9ce ! outside ( ! w9t] case is q
 diff]5t an appe>ance f ! hives ! bees  
(t5 are some:at confus$4 ,to prev5t     
drift+ f ?is cause x is a good plan to  
set a l>ge /ake betwe5 ! two entrances  
on ea* end ( ! f\r-colony w9t] cases2   

?is w s]ve to help ! bees 9 ori5t+      
!mselves dur+ flights 9 w9t] &          
especially 9 spr+4 ,if x is possible to 
plant "s %rubb]y among ! hives x is a   
good plan to h ! plants arrang$ s t !y w
 act z m>k]s = ! bees dur+ ^! e>ly      
flights 7fig4 #c74 ,!y w n be amiss dur+
 ! summ]1 &1 if prop]ly plac$1 !y ne$ n 
int]f]e ) movem5t ?r\gh ! api>y dur+ !  
summ]'s "w1 :ile !y add to its          
attractiv5ess4     ,,insulation ,,( ,,! 
,,hive4   ,,am\nt ,,( ,,pack+ ,,ne$$4   
,x is impossible to insulate bees too   
heavily dur+ ! w9t]4 ,x is obvi\s1      
h[ev]1 t ! beekeep] w n want to put on m
 pack+ ?an is practically necess>y4 ,= a
 climate su* z t ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 x 
is f\nd desirable to provide #d in*es ( 
pack+ und]nea? ! hives1 #f in*es on all 
sides1 & #h or m in*es on top4 ,9 w>m]  
climates less w be ne$$1 b ! beekeep]   
mu/ n ?9k t simply because he lives s\? 
( ,wa%+ton he c be safe ) less pack+ or 
none at all4 ,!re are _m places f>!r s\?
 ?an ,wa%+ton :]e m pack+ is ne$$1 & !re

 are1 inde$1 few places except along !  
,gulf or 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia :]e less may 
be us$ if ! be/ results are to be       
obta9$4  ,= m nor!rn localities m       
protection is ne$$4 ,! am\nt indicat$ = 
,wa%+ton has be5 us$ ) success 9 places 
z cold z nor!rn ,ohio & ev5 9 ,canada1 b
 9 ^! places ! insulation dur+ ! colde/ 
seasons is usually augm5t$ by heavy     
sn[s4 ,^! are n at h& e w9t]1 or may be 
lack+ dur+ ! colde/ "p ( ! w9t]1 & x is1
 !re=e1 wise to provide m pack+1        
especially on ! sides & top4 ,= a       
climate su* z t ( ,new ,york or         
,wiscons91 #h in*es ( good pack+ on !   
sides & #a foot on ! top probably w be  
en\gh = good w9t]+ e ye>4 ,! am\nts     
recomm5d$ = ! diff]5t zones ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates are giv5 9 ,table ,i 7p4 #ae74   
,a belief is curr5t among _m amateur    
beekeep]s t good results may be obta9$  
by us+ hives :i* h #b in*es ( pack+     
built 9 ! sides & some:at m on top4 ,?is
 am\nt is insuffici5t 9 w9t] 9 all p>ts 
( ! c\ntry except ! s\!rn portions ( !  

,gulf ,/ates4 ,a common practice is to  
wrap "s /raw or corn fodd] ar\nd !      
hives1 b ?is may d m h>m ?an good if !  
w9d c bl[ directly ?r\gh x4 ,a cov]+ (  
ro(+ pap] ) p]haps a little pap] pack+  
und]nea? is practically wor?less 9      
insulat+ value4   ,,types ,,( ,,pack+   
,,mat]ial4  ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 ! 
insulat+ value ( ! v>i\s mat]ials :i*   
may be obta9$ easily = ! pack+ ( hives 9
 w9t]4 ,exagg]at$ claims h be5 made by  
"s beekeep]s = su* mat]ials z brok5 cork
 or c]ta9 comm]cial insulat+ mat]ials1 b
 x is safe to say t !re is n #be p] c5t 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! poore/ & ! be/ ( !    
available insulat+ mat]ials1 provid$1 ( 
c\rse1 t obvi\sly poor ?+s su* z corn   
fodd] & /raw be elim9at$4 ,sawdu/1 f9e  
plan] %av+s1 =e/ leaves1 *aff1 brok5    
cork1 & su* mat]ials may be us$1 ! *oice
 dep5d+ *iefly on ! availability ( !    
mat]ials4 ,9 g5]al x may be /at$ t !    
small] & ! m num]\s ! dead air spaces   
conf9$ 9 ! pack+1 ! great] w be its     
effici5cy 9 insulation4 ,if =e/ leaves  

are us$ !y mu/ be ga!r$ ! ye> be=e &    
/or$1 z ! leaves fall "s "t aft] ! bees 
%\ld be pack$4 ,if sawdu/ is us$ x is   
be/ n to pack x d[n tight1 b if =e/     
leaves or plan] %av+s are employ$ x is  
ess5tial t !y be pack$ 9 closely & t !  
conta9]s be completely fill$4 ,brok5    
cork1 su* z is us$ 9 ! %ipp+ ( c]ta9    
types ( grapes1 is good & has !         
advantage t x does n hold moi/ure z does
 sawdu/4 ,9 all cases ! pack+ %\ld be   
plac$ 9 "s sort ( box :i* w be ra9-pro( 
& ?us protect ! insulation f ra9s & sn[1
 = all insulat+ mat]ials lose "p ( _!   
effici5cy :5 wet4   ,,bottom ,,pack+4   
,!re has be5 consid]able discussion     
among beekeep]s z to ! value ( plac+    
pack+ mat]ial bel[ ! bottom bo>ds ( !   
hives4 ,?is is usually provid$ by plac+ 
! hives on #b by #d in* supports or on  
racks ( #d-;in* mat]ial4 ,^? :o h oppos$
 ?is h po9t$ out t heat rises1 ov]look+ 
! fact t :ile w>m air attempts to rise1 
if ?is is impossible o!r av5ues ( escape
 ( w>m-air curr5ts may be set up4       

,fur!rmore1 & m important1 !y h ov]look$
 ! important fact t heat escapes f !    
hive n only by convection curr5ts b by  
conduction & radiation z well4 ,9 an    
ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts p]=m$ by !   
writ]s x 0 f\nd t 9 hives pack$ at ! top
 & sides mo/ ( ! heat escapes ?r\gh !   
bottom bo>ds2 9 fact1 ?is 0 s noticeable
 t ! pack+ at ! top & sides nev] s]v$   
its full purpose s long z heat 0 escap+ 
rapidly at ! bottoms4 ,x may be /at$1   
!re=e1 t s long z ! bottoms are         
unprotect$ !re is little insulat+ value 
9 mat]ials pil$ on ! top & sides beyond 
ab\t #b in*es4 ,?is am\nt is insuffici5t
 = mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re=e    
bottom pack+ %\ld be consid]$ z         
absolutely ess5tial :]ev] bees are      
pack$4  ,to get ! value ( bottom pack+ x
 is absolutely ess5tial t ! entrance be 
r$uc$1 b x ne$ n be clos$4 ,9 a long    
s]ies ( temp]ature read+s on hives pack$
 = sev]al w9t]s1 ! au?ors 7 able to keep
 a temp]ature ( #ej ,f4 on ! bottom     
bo>ds ( pack$ hives directly beh9d !    

entrance op5+s4 ,^? :o h condemn$ bottom
 pack+ h labor$ "u ! mi/ak5 notion t x  
is impossible to prev5t curr5ts ( cold  
air ?r\gh ! entrance4 ,?is is entirely  
possible if ! entrances are adequately  
r$uc$4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f !    
exp]im5ts p]=m$ is t unless ! bottoms ( 
hives are well pack$1 ! beekeep] ought n
 to imag9e t he has pack$ 8 hives at all
 well4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! w9t]
 pack+ cases us$ 9 ! ,bureau (          
,entomology api>y3 a1 ,detail ( tunnel  
to hives4 ,9 ! specifications giv5 9 ?is
 ,bullet9 7p4 #i7 provision is made =   
room = a ?ird hive body to be add$ 9 !  
spr+4   ,,! ,,pack+ ,,case4  ,!re is no 
virtue 9 any special type ( case1 b 9   
all types !re are a few po9ts :i* mu/ be
 obs]v$4 ,!re mu/ be provision =        
abundant pack+ on ! top1 bottom1 &      
sides1 ! entrances mu/ be small1 ! case 
mu/ be ra9-pro(1 & ! con/ruction ( !    
case %\ld be su* t x may be tak5 ap>t & 
put toge!r easily4 ,! p>ts ( v>i\s cases
 us$ 9 "o s]ies ( api>ies %\ld be       

int]*angeable4 ,! au?ors h refra9$ 9 !  
pa/ f giv+ explicit directions = mak+ a 
w9t] pack+ case = fe> t "s beekeep]s    
might ?9k t !re may be peculi> virtue 9 
! case us$ & recomm5d$ by ! dep>tm5t    
7fig4 #b74 ,s _m beekeep]s1 h[ev]1 h    
writt5 = exact dim5sions = mak+ ! case  
us$ 9 ! api>y ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology 
t x is consid]$ be/ to give ^! 9 ?is    
bullet94  ,9 ord] t protection adequate 
= bees 9 a climate su* z t ( ,wa%+ton   
may be provid$1 #d in*es ( pack+ bel[ ! 
bottom bo>d1 #f in*es on all sides1 & at
 lea/ #h in*es on top are desir$4 ,!re  
is advantage 9 pack+ sev]al colonies    
toge!r1 9 ord] t !y may w>m ea* o!r & to
 r$uce ! co/ ( ! case & ! labor ( putt+ 
x on4 ,! bureau1 !re=e1 has adopt$ !    
f\r-colony type ( case :i* has be5 mu*  
us$ = ye>s 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ?is
 case1 two colonies face ea/ & two we/4 
,provision is made = w9t]+ all colonies 
9 two full-dep? hive bodies4  ,9 !      
foll[+ dim5sions x is assum$ t          
#ac_/af-;in* tongu$-&-groov$ lumb] is   

us$1 t ! #aj-;frame ,lang/ro? hive is 9 
use1 & t two hive bodies are employ$ =  
ea* colony1 ) adequate space above !    
hive s t1 if ne$$1 a ?ird hive body may 
be put on be=e "t = ! removal ( ! pack+4
 ,9 ?is pack+ case ! sides ov]lap !     
ends4 ,= hives ( o!r sizes ! lumb] mu/  
be cut s z to provide ! pack+ specifi$ 9
 ,table ,i 7p4 #ae74 ,= zones ,f & ,g   
7fig4 #e7 provision %\ld be made =      
additional pack+ by increas+ ! l5g? (   
all p>ts #d in*es1 & = zone ,c a        
correspond+ly small] case may be made4  
,bottom ( case          #dd ,in*es      
7exact7 by #eb ,in*es 7exact74   ,sides 
( case           #ec-e_/h ,in*es 7exact7
 by #ce-e_/h ,in*es 7m9imum74   ,ends ( 
case            #dd ,in*es 7exact7 by   
#ce-e_/h ,in*es 7m9imum74   ,telescope  
cov] ( case #dh ,in*es by #ef ,in*es    
7m9imum74  ,if #f-;in* bo>ds 7lay+      
#e-a_/b in*es7 are us$1 x is desirable  
to use #g bo>ds = ! height ( ! case2 if 
#h-;in* bo>ds 7lay+ #g-a_/b in*es7 are  
us$1 #e w be suffici5t4 ,9 figure #b    

only #f bo>ds1 lay+ #e-a_/b in*es1 are  
%[n1 b 9 ?is case no all[ance is made = 
a ?ird hive body 9 ! spr+4 ,= !         
telescop+ "p ( ! cov]1 #d-;in* bo>ds are
 us$4  ,z 0 po9t$ out e>li]1 ! hives    
%\ld re/ ?r\gh\t ! summ] on ! floor ( ! 
w9t] case 7fig4 #a74 ,! plan ( putt+ !m 
9 gr\ps ( f\r1 two fac+ ea/ & two we/1  
has mu* to comm5d x dur+ ! entire ye>4  
,! bottom !re=e %\ld be made /rong en\gh
 to /& ! weight ( f\r colonies )\t gett+
 out ( %ape4 ,s9ce ?is weight may be ov]
 #a1jjj p\nds 9 a good ye>1 x is advis$ 
t ! cleats on ! bottom ( ! case be ( #b 
by #d in* mat]ial4 ,! supports ( !      
bottom & ! position ( ! cleats %\ld be  
arrang$ s t ! weight w n re/ too l>gely 
on ! bo>ds1 & ! /ones or bricks us$ %\ld
 be directly "u ! c5t] ( ! hives :5 !y  
are 9 _! summ] position4 ,obvi\sly !    
hives w be mov$ to ! out] corn]s ( !    
bottom dur+ ! summ] to facilitate h&l+4 
,! sides ( ! case %\ld be s con/ruct$ t 
! cleats :i* hold ! bo>ds toge!r w s]ve 
to support ! ov]lapp+ sides on ! bottom4

 ,?is is cle>ly %[n 9 figure #b4 ,!re   
%\ld also be a c5tral cleat on ! sides  
to prev5t w>p+1 = ! cases mu/ be        
ra9-pro(4 ,if cleats are prop]ly plac$ z
 %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 !y make !         
equival5t ( a halv$ jo9t at ! corn]s4 ,!
 sides may be held 9 place & toge!r by  
nails or by any sort ( special hook4 ,! 
entrances = ! colonies dur+ w9t] %\ld be
 9 ! ends ( ! case1 z %[n4 ,^! w be     
discuss$ lat]4  ,! top ( ! case may be  
made to telescope ov] ! sides1 z %[n 9  
figure #b1 or x may be made 9 any o!r   
way desir$ s t x is adequate to keep !  
pack+ absolutely dry ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,! 
telescope cov] has mu* to comm5d x1     
especially 9 ! case ) :i* ! cov]s may be
 /or$ 9 summ]4 ,! top ( ! wood5 cov]    
%\ld be cov]$ ) a ro(+ pap] ( fir/      
quality 9 ord] t ! protection w la/ =   
ye>s4 ,if ! telescope type ( cov] is    
us$1 no cleats o!r ?an ! sides & ends ( 
! telescop+ portion w be ne$$4          
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,an api>y     
pack$ = w9t] 9 f\r-colony cases su* z   

are us$ 9 ! ,bureau ( ,entomology api>y4
  ,a tunnel 7fig4 #b1 a7 is also ne$$   
?r\gh :i* ! bees may pass on w>m days & 
to p]mit v5tilation4 ,?is is be/ made ( 
two bo>ds1 "o ! wid? ( ! pack+ 7e4 g41  
#f in*es7 & ! o!r ?is wid? loss !       
ext5sion ( ! bottom bo>d4 ,9 mo/ cases  
?is ext5sion is #b in*es1 s ! l[] bo>d w
 be #d in*es wide4 ,^! are held ap>t by 
/rips ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is is
 ! height ( ! usual hive entrance 9     
w9t]1 & ! passage betwe5 ! bo>ds is     
!re=e ! same height z ! hive entrance4  
,9 ord] t ! tunnel may n get out (      
alignm5t1 ^! /rips are cont9u$ back1 z  
%[n 9 ! figure1 & ^! projections ext5d  
into ! hive entrances at ! corn]s4 ,!   
arrangem5t = keep+ alignm5t at ! out]   
edge is discuss$ "u ,! entrance 7p4     
#ac74   ,,s+le ,,or ,,d\ble ,,cases4  ,=
 ^? hav+ only a few colonies1 x is n    
always conv5i5t to build cases =        
colonies 9 gr\ps ( f\r4 ,x is n necess>y
 to give dim5sions 9 detail = ^? hav+ a 
few colonies1 h[ev]1 = !y w usually wi% 

to use :atev] !y h at h&4 ,x is (t5     
possible to arrange a heavy wood5 box1  
su* z ^? us$ = %ipp+ dry goods 7fig4    
#d71 s z to make a w9t] case = "o colony
 :i* w answ] e purpose4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 
necess>y t ! sali5t feature ( a good    
w9t] case be pres]v$4 ,if ! arrangem5t (
 ! api>y makes x inconv5i5t to h !      
colonies 9 gr\ps ( f\r ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 x 
is q possible to make good cases = two  
colonies4 ,any?+ o!r ?an ! f\r-colony   
case1 h[ev]1 w probably co/ m p] colony1
 or if too _m colonies are put into l>g]
 cases !re may be tr\ble f o!r causes1 z
 f drift+4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#d4--;,an improvis$ w9t] case = "o      
colony4     ,,arrangem5t ,,)9 ,,!       
,,hive4   ,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,w9t]     
,,hive4  ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 bees ne$ 
room = bre$+ 9 ! fall & aga9 9 ! spr+4  
,dur+ ! w9t] season !re is no brood-re>+
 9 normal colonies :i* are adequately   
protect$1 & room = bre$+ !re=e is n     
ess5tial dur+ ! w9t]4 ,if ! bees are to 
h room = ! prop] developm5t ( colony    

/r5g?1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld h two hive bodies 
ea* ( #aj-;frame ,lang/ro? size by ab\t 
! beg9n+ ( ,april 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1
 & e>li] 9 ! ,s\?4 ,9 ord] t x may be   
unnecess>y to op5 colonies dur+ a p]iod 
( su* unsettl$ wea!r z obta9s at ?is    
season1 x is advis$ t ! room = bre$+ be 
provid$ 9 ! fall & left ) ! bees all    
w9t]4 ,to make ?is a safe proc$ure1 x is
 necess>y to provide m pack+ ?an w\ld be
 necess>y if ! colony 7 provid$ ) only  
en\gh room = ! clu/] & w9t] /ores dur+ !
 w9t]4 ,x has be5 f\nd desirable also to
 leave m /ores ) ! bees ?an h be5 left  
by _m beekeep]s1 & ?is is additional    
reason = ! giv+ ( m room dur+ ! w9t]4   
,x is recomm5d$1 !re=e1 t 9 all p>ts ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates colonies ( full /r5g? be 
w9t]$ 9 two hive-bodies ( #aj-;frame    
,lang/ro? size4 ,!y %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be   
provid$ ) abundant protection & !       
entrances %\ld be r$uc$4   ,,space      
,,above ,,! ,,frames4  ,=m]ly x 0       
commonly recomm5d$ t corn cobs1 or o!r  
objects design$ = ! purpose1 be plac$   

above ! top b>s ( ! frames1 & !n t      
quilts be plac$ ov] ^!4 ,! purpose ( ^! 
objects1 0 to lift ! quilts s t ! bees  
c\ld pass ov] ! tops ( ! frames4 ,9 =m] 
ye>s x 0 advis$ t holes be bor$ ?r\gh ! 
combs to p]mit passage f "o space to !  
o!r4 ,( late ye>s ^! ?+s h be5 ab&on$1  
to a l>ge degree1 = x is kn[n n[ t if   
bees are pack$ z !y %\ld be !y may pass 
easily at all times to any "p ( ! hive z
 ne$ arises4 ,x is (t5 /at$ t bees die (
 />vation 9 ! hives :5 !re is abundant  
honey n _m in*es away f ! clu/]4 ,?is1 (
 c\rse1 nev] happ5s 9 colonies t are    
well pack$4 ,9 colonies t are adequately
 protect$ !re is no bett] plan ?an      
simply to leave ! regul> wood5 cov] 9   
place & seal$ d[n by ! bees4 ,quilts    
directly ov] ! frames are a nuisance at 
any "t1 & dur+ ! w9t] !y are ( no value 
= upw>d v5tilation 9 well pack$ colonies
 & %\ld be us$ only z a poor make%ift = 
good pack+4   ,,upw>d ,,v5tilation4  ,a 
common practice has be5 to remove ! hive
 cov] :5 ! bees are pack$ = w9t] & to   

cov] ! frames ) burlap or "s su* por\s  
mat]ial1 ! object be+ to all[ ! escape (
 any moi/ure :i* may be g5]at$ )9 ! hive
 dur+ ! w9t]4 ,moi/ure is be+ g5]at$    
con/antly z ! bees consume ! honey      
/ores1 b if ! bees are adequately pack$ 
! am\nt ( moi/ure w be r$uc$ to !       
m9imum4 ,! *ief danc]1 ( c\rse1 is f    
moi/ure :i* cond5ses1 & 9 an adequately 
pack$ hive !re is no cond5sation4 ,!    
temp]ature nev] goes l[ en\gh = wat]    
vapor to cond5se4 ,!re=e x is obvi\s t  
upw>d v5tilation = ! escape ( moi/ure is
 nev] ne$$ 9 hives t are pack$ z !y %\ld
 be4 ,any beekeep] :o has _h tr\ble 9 ! 
pa/ ) cond5s$ moi/ure 9 ! hives1 or )   
wet pack+ ov] ! por\s tops1 may be sure 
t he has n provid$ en\gh pack+ mat]ial4 
,ano!r ?+ is to be consid]$ 9 connection
 ) ! subject ( upw>d v5tilation4 ,!     
entrances to ! hives mu/ be greatly     
r$uc$ 9 ord] t !re may n be excessive   
loss ( heat at t po9t4 ,if upw>d        
v5tilation is provid$1 !re is           
opportunity = ! w9d to bl[ ?r\gh ev5 !  

small entrance1 ?r\gh ! hive & out ?r\gh
 ! por\s cov]4 ,?is curr5t ( air w be   
slight b nev]!less x exi/s1 & s]ves z an
 av5ue = ! escape ( consid]able heat4   
,if insuffici5t pack+ is provid$1 upw>d 
v5tilation becomes almo/ necess>y1      
unless a l>ge entrance is left4 ,!      
beekeep] mu/ see to x t he is provid+   
adequate pack+ mat]ial be=e he gives up 
! upw>d v5tilation1 b he %\ld n c\nt 8  
bees well pack$ = w9t] s long z he mu/  
provide = ! escape ( cond5s$ moi/ure4   
,,! ,,entrance4  ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 !
 entrances ( hives mu/ be greatly r$uc$ 
dur+ ! w9t] 9 ord] t ! efficacy ( !     
bottom pack+ may be pres]v$4 ,x is      
desirable1 h[ev]1 t provision be made = 
l>g] entrances dur+ ! e>ly fall & aga9 9
 ! spr+4 ,to provide conditions suitable
 at all times :ile ! pack+ cases are on1
 ! ,bureau ( ,entomology has adopt$ a   
type ( entrance :i* to "s ext5t has be5 
us$ previ\sly 9 ! ,nor?4 ,five          
#c_/h-;in* ang] holes are bor$ 9 ! ends 
( ! pack+ case at a height t w all[ = ! 

?ickness ( ! case floor1 ! bottom pack+1
 & ! ?ickness ( ! bottom ( ! hive4 ,?is 
usually is a little ov] #f in*es f ! l[]
 edge ( ! case ends4 ,no alight+ bo>d   
%\ld be plac$ at ! out] entrance holes1 
z x is n ne$$ & s]ves only to collect   
sn[ & ice4  ,to prev5t ! tunnels f gett+
 out ( alignm5t at ! out] edge1 a peg ( 
! diamet] ( ! holes is ins]t$ ?r\gh !   
out] hole = ea* hive & into ! tunnel    
7see fig4 #b74 ,?is peg is usually ab\t 
#b-a_/b in*es long4 ,?is leaves f\r aug]
 holes1 ea* ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9      
diamet]1 = ! bees to use z an entrance  
dur+ ! fall & spr+1 & dur+ ! cold] wea!r
 a piece ( section mat]ial or a small   
bo>d is tack$ ov] ?ree ( ! holes4 7,see 
fig4 #c47 ,?is gives 9 w9t] a s+le hole 
= an entrance1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9   
diamet]4 ,?is provides a place = ! bees 
to remove _! dead1 a place = flight on  
mod]ately w>m days1 & also provides     
adequate v5tilation = ! hive :ile ! bees
 are conf9$ )\t an opportunity = flight4
 ,h[ev]1 ! size ( entrance %\ld n be    

discuss$ )\t w>n+ beekeep]s t unless    
adequate pack+ is provid$1 su* a small  
entrance may result 9 ! dea? ( ! colony4
 ,fur!rmore1 a poorly pack$ colony w n  
be able to c>ry out ! bees z !y die1 & !
 dea? rate w be high]2 & ^! ?+s comb9$  
may result 9 an accumulation ( dead bees
 at ! entrance1 :i* w s]ve to suffocate 
! rema9+ bees4 ,a colony t is well      
pack$1 h[ev]1 is able to remove all dead
 bees z fa/ z !y die1 & !re w nev] be an
 accumulation on ! floor ( ! hive4      
,fur!rmore1 a well-pack$ colony does n  
ne$ s l>ge an entrance = v5tilation z   
does "o t is n pack$ or :i* has n en\gh 
pack+4 ,if sn[ drifts ov] ! small       
entrance "h describ$1 ! beekeep] ne$ h  
no anxiety1 = ! bees c /ill receive     
adequate v5tilation4 ,if a cru/ ( ice   
closes ! entrance x w be well to break  
x1 b usually ! escap+ heat w melt ?is   
ice be=e any damage is done4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,map ( ! ea/]n 
,unit$ ,/ates indicat+ av]age date (    
fir/ kill+ fro/ 9 autumn4 ,on ?is !     

zones = w9t] pack+ are bas$4 ,no pack+  
is recomm5d$ 9 zones ,a & ,b4     ,,w9t]
 ,,s*$ule4   ,great confusion has exi/$ 
among beekeep]s z to ! "r "t to pack !  
bees = w9t]1 & especially z to ! "r "t  
to remove ! pack+ 9 ! spr+4 ,x is q     
possible to give def9ite directions =   
bo? proc$ures & to place !              
recomm5dations on a firm f\ndation by   
bas+ !m on wea!r ph5om5a4 ,! maps 7figs4
 #e & #f71 %[+ ! "t ( ! fir/ av]age     
kill+ fro/ 9 ! fall1 s]ve z a basis = ! 
recomm5dations = ea* ( ! zones into :i* 
! map ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates is divid$4
 ,p]haps x w be a matt] ( surprise to   
beekeep]s 9 p>ts ( ! ,s\? to see t1 s f>
 z ! w9t]+ ( ! bees is conc]n$1 !y are z
 f> nor? z beekeep]s :o live _m miles   
f>!r t[>d ! pole4  ,! l9es on figure #e 
indicate ! av]age dates ( ! fir/ kill+  
fro/ 9 ! fall1 & ^! dates1 giv5 at !    
ends ( ! heavy l9es1 are ( direct value 
to ! beekeep] z giv+ ! prop] "t = putt+ 
on ! w9t] cases4 ,! av]age dates ( ! la/
 kill+ fro/ 9 ! spr+ d n %[ exactly !   

same l9es on ! maps1 b ! diff]5ces are n
 suffici5tly great to ju/ify ! use ( a  
sep>ate map = ?is purpose4 ,! au?ors h  
*os5 !re=e to divide ! c\ntry into !    
zones indicat$1 & ! recomm5dations giv5 
bel[ apply to ea* ( ! zones %[n4  ,on   
acc\nt ( ! v>iations 9 elevation1 x is  
impossible to c>ry ^! l9es into ! ,rocky
 ,m\nta9 region1 b z pack+ is j z       
necess>y 9 ! ,we/ z 9 ! ,ea/1 figure #f 
is ins]t$ to indicate r\ghly ! "t = !   
putt+ on ( ! pack+ 9 ! fall4 ,! dates 9 
?is map are ! av]age dates ( ! fir/     
kill+ fro/4 ,by consult+ ,table ,i !    
beekeep] ( ! ,we/ may le>n ! "t advis$ =
 ! removal ( ! pack+1 by plac+ 8        
locality 9 its prop] zone1 on ! basis ( 
! fir/ kill+ fro/4  ,table ,i4--,dates =
 ! pack+ & unpack+ ( be5 9 ! v>i\s p>ts 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bo>d on data furni%$ 
by ! ,wea!r ,bureau = ! av]age dates ( !
 fir/ & la/ kill+ fro/s4 ,! am\nt (     
pack+ recomm5d$ = ea* zone is includ$4  
----------------------------------------
-----------------------            ,date

 =   ,date =     ,pack+          ,zone4 
pack+4   unpack+4 recomm5d$4#a ,rem>ks4 
----------------------------------------
-----------------------     ,a          
44444       44444        44444          
,none ne$$4     ,b       44444          
44444        44444          ,d4     ,c  
,novemb] #be  ,m>* #ae      #b-d- #f    
,d    ,novemb] #aj  ,april #aj          
#d-f- #h           ,e    ,octob] #be    
,may #a         #d-f- #h           ,f   
,octob] #a    ,may #bj        #d-h-ab   
,g    ,septemb] #ae ,june #a            
#d-h-ab       ,cell> w9t]+              
mu* saf]4                               
----------------------------------------
-----------------------  #a ,9 ?is      
column ! fir/ figure repres5ts 9 in*es !
 am\nt ( pack+ ne$$ bel[ ! bottom bo>ds1
 ! second ! am\nt ( side pack+1 & ! la/ 
! am\nt ne$$ on top4   ,,"t ,,= ,,putt+ 
,,on ,,! ,,w9t] ,,pack+4  ,frequ5tly    
great loss ( colony /r5g? is due to     
delay 9 putt+ on ! pack+4 ,p]haps ?is is
 ! mo/ common s\rce ( loss 9 outdoor    

w9t]+ aside f t due to a failure to pack
 ! bees at all4 ,pack+ %\ld n be def]r$ 
aft] ! fl[]s furni%+ ! la/ honey are    
kill$ by fro/4 ,9 case ! late fall fl[]s
 furni% honey t is to be remov$1 !n x is
 necess>y to wait until nect> is no     
long] com+ 9 be=e apply+ ! pack+1 b x is
 inde$ r>e t ! la/ honey %\ld be tak5   
away1 & x is good beekeep+ to apply !   
pack+ ev5 be=e !re is any fro/ at all4  
,! det]m9+ factor is ! necessity = h&l+ 
! bees4 ,if m /ores mu/ be giv5 !m or if
 "s ( ! late honey is to be remov$ 9    
ord] t x may be replac$ by bett] honey  
or by sug> sirup1 !n h&l+ ( ! bees aft] 
fro/ may be ne$$1 b aft] ! la/ ess5tial 
h&l+ x is mu* ! be/ plan to pack ! bees4
 ,9 p9ts ( ! c\ntry :]e bees are w9t]$  
outdoors x is q cu/om>y to delay pack+  
until ,?anksgiv+ ,day1 b ?is is too late
 by f> except 9 ! extreme ,s\? 7zone    
,c74  ,x is safe1 !re=e1 = ! beekeep] to
 use ! dates %[n 9 figures #e & #f & !  
data giv5 9 ,table ,i z a guide to ! "t 
( pack+4 ,he may be assur$ t if he      

delays pack+ lat] ?an ! dates %[n !re9 !
 bees w suff] by a loss ( colony /r5g? &
 vitality at a season ( ! ye> :5 !y c   
ill af=d to be weak5$ by neglect4 ,"u no
 circum/ances %\ld pack+ be delay$ m1   
?an two weeks aft] ! date giv5 = ea*    
zone4 ,fur!r1 if pack+ is delay$ until  
aft] cold wea!r beg9s1 ! di/urbance ( ! 
colony may induce ! beg9n+ ( brood-re>+1
 f9d ?is 9 turn may result 9 ! dea? ( ! 
colony4 ,if by *ance a colony has be5   
left unpack$ until aft] ! bees h be5    
conf9$ by cold wea!r = ?ree or f\r      
weeks1 ! pack+ may d m h>m ?an good4    
,,"t ,,= ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,pack+4  ,if
 bees are giv5 ! "r am\nt ( room1 /ores1
 & protection e>ly 9 ! fall1 no?+ t !   
beekeep] c d w b5efit !m until x is     
necess>y to h&le !m because (           
prep>ations = sw>m+ or because ( !      
incom+ nect>4 ,( c\rse if bees are well 
pack$ !y get s /rong 9 ! spr+ t if cr[d$
 !y beg9 prep>ations = sw>m+ e>li] ?an d
 colonies :i* h be5 neglect$ dur+ !     
w9t]4 ,by foll[+ ! me?ods "h describ$ ! 

season = sw>m control is advanc$1 s t   
usually x is entirely pass$ be=e !      
honey-fl[ beg9s4  ,9 ! region ( ,wa%+ton
 x has be5 f\nd be/ n to remove ! pack+ 
until at lea/ ,may #a4 ,fur!r s\? or 9  
w>m] regions x may be well to remove !  
pack+ e>li]1 b 9 localities su* z ,new  
,york or ,wiscons9 7zone ,f7 ! pack+    
%\ld be left 9 place until at lea/ ,may 
#bj1 & usually until ,june #a4 ,obvi\sly
 ?is w be impossible unless two hive    
bodies are left on ! bees all w9t]1 or  
unless m room is giv5 9 ! e>ly spr+1    
be=e unpack+4 ,x has be5 f\nd t if !    
bees are all[$ to rema9 9 ! cases until 
! dates nam$ !y may !n be tak5 out ready
 = :atev] nect> may come4 ,by t "t !y   
%\ld h #ab frames ( brood--f> m ?an is  
f\nd 9 ! av]age colony ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 
ov5 9 ! mid/ ( ! honey-fl[4 ,su*        
colonies are s /rong t if cool] wea!r   
comes aft] !y are unpack$1 z x sometimes
 does1 !y are n injur$ by x4 ,( c\rse ! 
bees w\ld be z well ( ev5 bett] (f if ! 
pack+ c\ld be left on ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 b z

 yet no practicable way has be5 devis$ =
 giv+ ! bees en\gh pack+ dur+ ! w9t] &  
!n leav+ x on ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,!       
comm]cial d\ble-wall$ hives :i* h be5   
devis$ = ?is purpose are all too scant 9
 pack+ mat]ial = good results1 & none ( 
!m c be recomm5d$4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#f4--,map ( ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 %[+  
v>iation 9 av]age date ( fir/ kill+     
fro/4 ,= ea* locality ! recomm5dations =
 pack+ & unpack+ are ! same z 9         
correspond+ zones 9 figure #e4 ,! dry]  
atmosph]e ( mo/ ( ! ,we/ does n dim9i% !
 ne$ ( pack+4 ,= localities :]e ! fir/  
fro/ occurs aft] ,novemb] #be no pack+  
is recomm5d$4  ,! dates giv5 = ! removal
 ( pack+ 9 ! spr+ foll[ approximately ! 
av]age dates ( ! la/ kill+ fro/ 9 ! spr+
 = ea* locality4 ,9 case local          
conditions make ! removal ( ! pack+     
unnecess>y z e>ly z ! dates indicat$1 x 
is entirely safe to leave ! pack+ on    
until "s manipulation makes x desirable 
to h&le ! combs1 z ?is c n well be done 
:ile ! hives are heavily pack$4         

,,w9t] ,,/ores4   ,9 pack+ bees = w9t]  
two ?+s require att5tion s f> z /ores   
are conc]n$1 & "o is z important z !    
o!r3 7#a7 ,!re mu/ be pl5ty ( honey 9 ! 
hive to la/ until ! spr+ honey-fl[1 &   
7#b7 ! /ores :i* w be us$ by ! bees dur+
 ! p]iod ( conf9em5t 9 w9t] mu/ be ( !  
be/ quality & well rip5$4  ,x is1 (     
c\rse1 possible to give ! bees m honey  
or sug> sirup aft] spr+ op5s1 b ?is     
means t ! colonies w ne$ to be h&l$ dur+
 ?is p]iod1 & ?is is n ! be/ plan4 ,x is
 commonly said among ! be/ beekeep]s t !
 be/ "t to d spr+ fe$+ is ! fall be=e4  
,! safe/ plan by all means is to all[   
ea* colony to h at lea/ #de p\nds (     
honey at ! "t ! bees are pack$4 ,!y %\ld
 !n be all[$ to keep any honey :i* may  
come 9 lat]1 & x w be adequately rip5$  
if ! colony is well pack$4 ,?is w be    
small 9 ext5t if !y are pack$ at ! "r   
"t1 & ! bees w also h _! /ores repl5i%$ 
by small am\nts ( honey :i* come 9 dur+ 
! e>ly spr+ be=e !y are unpack$4 ,?is   
am\nt ( /ores = w9t] w seem l>ge to _m  

beekeep]s :o h be5 9 ! habit ( leav+    
loss1 b ! object ( ! plans h]e9 set =?  
is to h mu* /rong] colonies ?an are f\nd
 9 ! av]age api>y 9 ! spr+1 & ! am\nt ( 
/ores m5tion$ may be ne$$4 ,! only      
places :]e beekeep]s might h "s reason  
to r$uce ! am\nt ( /ores are locations  
:]e ! honey granulates quickly1 9 :i*   
ev5t x c n be extract$ lat]4 ,su* honey1
 h[ev]1 usually is z good = w9t] /ores z
 if x 7 n granulat$1 & x may !n be sav$ 
= /ores ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,=ty-five p\nds (
 honey on ! hive is a bett] inve/m5t = !
 beekeep] ?an money 9 ! bank1 & m       
beekeep]s make mi/akes 9 ?is reg>d ?an  
any:]e else 9 ! "w ( ! ye>4 ,honey t is 
high 9 gums1 z _m ( ! honeys :i* come f 
v>i\s trees1 is n good = w9t] /ores4    
,honeydew honey is /ill less desirable4 
,:5 ei!r is pres5t x is be/ to remove x 
& ei!r to give frames ( good honey to   
take its place or to fe$ ab\t #aj p\nds 
( good honey or sirup made ( granulat$  
sug> aft] all brood-re>+ has ceas$4     
,honey or sug> sirup :i* is f$ late is  

/or$ 9 ! place :]e ! la/ brood em]g$2 x 
is !re=e ! fir/ ( ! /ores t ! bees use4 
,z long z !y are hav+ good honey or sug>
 /ores = w9t] use ! condition kn[n z    
dys5t]y w be w>d$ (f4 ,!n1 lat]1 :5 !y h
 us$ up ! good /ores1 ! wea!r w p]mit   
frequ5t flights1 & !n ! less            
satisfactory /ores w d no h>m4 ,honeydew
 honeys usually may be detect$ by _! bad
 ta/e1 accompani$ ord9>ily by a d>k1    
muddy appe>ance4 ,9 case ( d\bt z to !  
/ores x is always safe to give good     
honey or sug> sirup4 ,un=tunately x is  
true t _m ( ! fall honeys are n ( ! be/ 
quality = w9t] use1 & ?is1 9 "p1 acc\nts
 = ! heavy losses ( bees occurr+        
regul>ly 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4     ,,all
 ,,! ,,factors ,,( ,,good ,,w9t]+ ,,are 
,,ne$$4   ,"o frequ5tly enc\nt]s        
beekeep]s :o condemn w9t] pack+1 /at+ t 
!y h tri$ x )\t success4 ,! writ]s h met
 _m su* beekeep]s1 & _m ( !m are good   
beekeep]s 9 o!r respects4 ,on c>eful    
inquiry x is le>n$ t 9 all cases !y h   
omitt$ "s vitally important factor4 ,!  

mo/ common fault 9 w9t] pack+ is to     
leave ! entrances ( ! hives wide op54   
,?is1 ( c\rse1 nullifies ! b5efit ( !   
pack+ to a l>ge degree1 & "o ne$ n be   
surpris$ t ^! m5 d n f9d virtue 9 pack+ 
heavily4 ,ano!r common fault 9 pack+ is 
to omit ! pack+ f ! bottom4 ,sn[ acts z 
an excell5t insulation1 b "o c n be sure
 t !re w be sn[ at j ! "r times1 & x is 
!re=e necess>y1 to insure good w9t]+1 t 
good pack+ be plac$ on ! bottoms4  ,x is
 also common to face ! hives to ! s\? & 
!n leave ! fronts )\t pack+1 "u !       
errone\s impression t s9ce ! heat f !   
sun w ent] m readily1 ! colonies w be   
b5efit$ m ?an !y w\ld be if !y 7 heavily
 pack$ 9 front4 ,to combat ?is view x   
%\ld be necess>y only to po9t out t !   
sun %9es only a small fraction ( ! h\rs 
dur+ w9t]4 ,fur!rmore1 any place ?r\gh  
:i* heat may ent] easily s]ves also z a 
place ?r\gh :i* heat escapes4 ,9 c]ta9  
well-kn[n cases ! o!r factors ( good    
w9t]+1 /rong colonies & good /ores1 are 
s well provid$ t ! loss f ?is lack (    

protection is n detect$1 yet x is c]ta9 
t 9 any su* me?od ( w9t]+ !re is a great
 loss ( bee vitality1 & ! bees are      
compell$ to d m "w 9 heat g5]ation ?an  
w\ld be ! case 7 !y well pack$4  ,x c n 
be /at$ too /rongly t ! "r way to w9t]  
bees is to provide all ! factors ne$$1 &
 n to omit any ( !m simply because 9 mo/
 ye>s ! bees c get ?r\gh )\t all dy+ :5 
less help is giv54 ,! ?ree ?+s necess>y 
= successful e>+ = bees f ! "t !y are   
pack$ until !y are unpack$ 9 ! late spr+
 are 7#a7 pl5ty ( protection1 7#b7 pl5ty
 ( /ores ( good quality1 & 7#c7 pl5ty ( 
room = ! build+ up ( ! colony /r5g? 9 ! 
spr+4 ,none ( ^! may be omitt$ )\t r$uc+
 ! colony /r5g? 9 ! spr+1 &1 z e good   
beekeep] kn[s1 x is ! /rong colonies :i*
 get ! maximum crop4     ,,measures ,,( 
,,success ,,9 ,,w9t]+4   ,x is (t5      
difficult = a beekeep] to "k :e!r he is 
w9t]+ 8 bees z well z he %\ld1 = he may 
n h be5 able to le>n f read+ or visit+  
o!r api>ies h[ well colonies may be     
br\ght ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! writ]s !re=e h  

attempt$ to give "h a few measures :i* !
 beekeep] may apply to 8 api>y1 t he may
 be able to decide :e!r 8 me?ods ( w9t]+
 %\ld be improv$4  #a4 ,:5 bees are     
adequately pack$ & protect$ f ! w9d1 !y 
are able to pu% out ! dead bees z !y die
 9 w9t]4 ,!re %\ld nev] be an           
accumulation ( dead bees on ! bottom    
bo>d4  #b4 ,a colony ( full /r5g? w h   
#ab ,lang/ro? frames fill$ ) brood by ! 
"t t ! bees %\ld be unpack$4 ,! bees    
%\ld n be tak5 f _! cases until x is    
necess>y to h&le !m1 & if two hive      
bodies h be5 giv5 ea* colony1 unpack+   
may be def]r$ until "t = ! control (    
sw>m+ or until ! new honey is com+ 9    
freely4 ,sometimes x ev5 happ5s t       
colonies ne$ a ?ird hive z a sw>m       
prev5tion measure be=e x is "t to remove
 ! pack+1 9 :i* case x c be giv5 & !    
pack+ replac$1 at lea/ ar\nd ! sides ( !
 ?ird hive body4 ,space = ?is is        
indicat$ 9 ! dim5sions giv5 on page #i4 
#c4 ,a colony is n ( prop] /r5g? = w9t] 
unless x has betwe5 ?ree & f\r frames ( 

brood two mon?s be=e ! "t = putt+ on    
pack+4 ,usually ?is w be six weeks be=e 
brood-re>+ ceases4 ,if !re is less brood
 at t "t x indicates ei!r t ! que5 is n 
good or t ! colony has be5 weak5$ f "s  
o!r cause4 ,if tak5 9 "t ?is condition  
may be rem$i$ by add+ brood or honey or 
by unit+4 ,x is extravagant to attempt  
to w9t] weak colonies4  #d4 ,if a       
!rmomet] is ins]t$ into ! hive ?r\gh !  
aug] hole entrance at ! "t ( ! colde/   
wea!r 9 w9t] x %\ld %[ a temp]ature     
above ! freez+ po9t4 ,at no "t %\ld !   
temp]ature ( any "p ( ! hive g bel[     
freez+1 & ! po9t j )9 ! entrance is !   
mo/ conv5i5t "o at :i* to take !        
temp]ature read+s4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature   
obvi\sly w be at ?is po9t4     ,,!      
,,presid5t ,,to ,,! ,,f>m]s ,,(         
,,am]ica4  ,extracts f ,presid5t        
,wilson's message to ! ,f>m]s' ,conf]5ce
 at ,urbana1 ,ill41 ,janu>y #ca1 #aiah4 
,! =ces t fight = fre$om1 ! fre$om ( m5 
all ov] ! _w z well z our own1 dep5d ^u 
u 9 an extraord9>y & unexpect$ degree = 

su/5ance1 = ! supply ( ! mat]ials by :i*
 m5 are to live & to fight1 & x w be our
 glory :5 ! w> is ov] t we h suppli$ ^? 
mat]ials & suppli$ !m abundantly1 & x w 
be all ! m glory because 9 supply+ !m we
 h made our supreme ef=t & sacrifice4   
,9 ! field ( agriculture we h ag5cies & 
in/rum5talities1 =tunately1 su* z no o!r
 ,gov]nm5t 9 ! _w c %[4 ,! ,dep>tm5t (  
,agriculture is und\bt$ly ! greate/     
practical & sci5tific agricultural      
organization 9 ! _w4 ,its total annual  
budget ( #aj1jjj1jjj has be5 increas$   
dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s m ?an #gb p] c5t4 ,x
 has a /aff ( #ah1jjj1 includ+ a l>ge   
numb] ( highly tra9$ exp]ts1 & alongside
 ( x /& ! unique l&-grant colleges1 :i* 
are )\t example else:]e1 & ! #fi ,/ate &
 ,f$]al exp]im5t /ations4 ,^! colleges &
 exp]im5t /ations h a total end[m5t (   
plant & equipm5t ( #agb1jjj1jjj & an    
income or m ?an #ce1jjj1jjj ) #aj1bga   
tea*]s1 a resid5t /ud5t body ( #abe1jjj1
 & a va/ additional numb] receiv+       
in/ructions at _! homes4 ,c\nty ag5ts1  

jo9t (fic]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture
 & ( ! colleges1 are ev]y:]e coop]at+ ) 
! f>m]s & assi/+ !m4 ,! numb] ( ext5sion
 work]s "u ! ,smi?-,lev] ,act & "u !    
rec5t em]g5cy legislation has gr[n to   
#e1ejj m5 & wom5 work+ regul>ly 9 !     
v>i\s communities & tak+ to ! f>m] !    
late/ sci5tific & practical in=mation4  
,alongside ^! great public ag5cies /& ! 
v effective volunt>y organizations among
 ! f>m]s !mselves :i* are m & m le>n+ ! 
be/ me?ods ( coop]ation & ! be/ me?ods (
 putt+ to practical use ! assi/ance     
d]iv$ f gov]nm5tal s\rces4 ,! bank+     
legislation ( ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s has
 giv5 ! f>m]s access to ! great l5dable 
capital ( ! c\ntry1 & x has become !    
duly bo? ( ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! ,f$]al       
,res]ve ,bank+ ,sy/em & ( ! ,f>m ,loan  
,bank+ ,sy/em to see to x t ! f>m]s     
obta9 ! cr$it1 bo? %ort t]m & long t]m1 
to :i* !y are entitl$ n only1 b :i* x is
 imp]atively necess>y %\ld be ext5d$ to 
!m if ! pres5t tasks ( ! c\ntry are to  
be adequately p]=m$4 ,bo? by direct     

pur*ase ( nitrates & by ! e/abli%m5t (  
plants to produce nitrates1 ! ,gov]nm5t 
is do+ its utmo/ to assi/ 9 ! problem ( 
f]tilization4 ,! ,dep>tm5t (            
,agriculture & o!r ag5cies are actively 
assi/+ ! f>m]s to locate1 safegu>d1 &   
secure at co/ an adequate supply ( s\nd 
se$4  ,! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry are z       
effici5t z any o!r f>m]s 9 ! _w4 ,!y d n
 produce m p] acre ?an ! f>m]s 9        
,europe4 ,x is n necess>y t !y %\ld d s4
 ,x w\ld p]haps be bad economy = !m to  
attempt x4 ,b !y d produce by two to    
?ree or f\r times m p] man1 p] unit (   
labor & capital1 ?an ! f>m]s ( any      
,european c\ntry4 ,!y are m al]t & use m
 labor-sav+ devices ?an any o!r f>m]s1 9
 ! _w4 ,& _! response to ! dem&s ( !    
pres5t em]g5cy has be5 9 e way          
rem>kable4 ,la/ spr+ _! plant+ exce$$ by
 #ab1jjj1jjj acres ! l>ge/ plant+ ( any 
previ\s ye>1 & ! yields f ! crops 7     
record-break+ yields4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiag 
a :eat acreage ( #db1agj1jjj 0 plant$1  
:i* 0 #a1jjj1jjj l>g] ?an = any prec$+  

ye>1 #c1jjj1jjj great] ?an ! next l>ge/1
 & #g1jjj1jjj great] ?an ! prec$+       
five-ye> av]age4  ,b ,i ought to say to 
y t x is n only necess>y t ^! a*ievem5ts
 %\ld be repeat$1 b t !y %\ld be exce$$4
 ,i "k :at ?is advice involves4 ,x      
involves n only labor b sacrifice1 !    
pa9/ak+ application ( e hit ( sci5tific 
k & e te/$ practice t is available4 ,x  
means ! utmo/ economy1 ev5 to ! po9t :]e
 ! p9* comes4 ,x means ! k9d (          
conc5tration & self-sacrifice :i* is    
involv$ 9 ! field ( battle itself1 :]e !
 object always looms great] ?an !       
individual4 ,& yet ! ,gov]nm5t w help & 
help 9 e way t x is possible4  ,x 0     
f>m]s f :om came ! fir/ %ots at         
,lex+ton1 t set aflame ! ,revolution t  
made ,am]ica free4 ,i hope & believe t !
 f>m]s ( ,am]ica w will+ly &            
conspicu\sly /& by to w9 ?is w> also4 ,!
 toil1 ! intellig5ce1 ! en]gy1 !        
=esight1 ! self-sacrifice & devotion ( !
 f>m]s ( ,am]ica w1 ,i believe1 br+ to a
 triumphant conclusion ?is great la/ w> 

= ! emancipation ( m5 f ! control (     
arbitr>y gov]nm5t & ! selfi%ness ( class
 legislation & control1 & !n1 :5 ! end  
has come1 we may look ea* o!r 9 ! face &
 be glad t we are ,am]icans & h _h !    
privilege to play su* a "p4     ,,!     
,,bus9ess ,,( ,,agriculture4  ,extracts 
f addresses4   ,! next great factor to  
enli/ = ! bett]m5t ( ,agriculture &     
rural life 9 ?is ,nation is ! bus9ess   
man ( ! t[n & ! city4 ,he has n always  
be5 alive to 8 obligations4 ,he has     
cont5t$ himself1 9 too _m in/ances1 )   
plans to secure pr(it 9 agricultural    
trade1 in/ead ( sympa!tically & eag]ly  
plann+ con/ructive assi/ance4 ,?is duty1
 press+ 9 peace "t1 is ( ! mo/ urg5t &  
impell+ "* 9 ?is crisis2 & ,i appeal to 
! bank]s & bus9ess m5 to see t !y omit  
no ef=t to famili>ize !mselves ) !      
ag5cies s]v+ to aid ! f>m]s & to promote
 wise plans to secure ! necess>y        
results4  ,d4 ,f4 ,h\/on1 ,secret>y (   
,agriculture4   ,9 ! int]e/ ( our       
national developm5t at all times & 9 !  

int]e/ ( w> effici5cy j n[ our          
agriculture mu/ be well ma9ta9$4 ,x %\ld
 be rememb]$ t ! agricultural unit is a 
small unit4 ,!re are #f1jjj1jjj f>ms 9  
?is c\ntry1 ea* an individual unit4 ,x  
is to ! int]e/ ( p]sons :o d n live on  
f>ms1 ev5 m ?an to ! int]e/ ( ^? :o d   
live on f>ms1 t production %all be kept 
up4 ,?is means t all p1 n f>m]s alone1 b
 ^? :o live 9 cities z well z ! f>m]s1  
are int]e/$ 9 exp]im5tal & educational  
activities along agricultural l9es z    
conduct$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & !      
,/ates4 ,^! ef=ts %\ld be lib]ally      
support$4  ,r4 ,a4 ,pe>son1 ,assi/ant   
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4   ,9 a "t l   
?is no man has a moral "r1 :atev] 8     
=tune may be1 to employ ano!r man to    
r5d] any s]vice1 ( m]e com=t or         
conv5i5ce4 ,:5 ! f9e/ "y m5 ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates are 9 ,france digg+ dit*es1 saw+ 
lumb]1 lay+ rails1 & play+ ) dea?1 & :5 
! f9e/ "y wom5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are    
scrubb+ floors 9 hospitals1 x is a s9 t 
almo/ approa*es ! unp>donable (f5se     

aga9/ civilization = any man or wom5 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates to engage 9 a wa/eful or 
unnecess>y s]vice4  ,cl>5ce ,ousley1    
,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4     
,,beekeep+ ,,9 ,,w>times4   ,x is       
imp]ative t ! sug> crop ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates be increas$1 & e supply (        
supplem5tal sweet %\ld be augm5t$ to !  
greate/ possible ext5t4 ,honey is "o ( !
 be/ ( ^! & its production may be       
increas$ )\t great ef=t4 ,! supply (    
nect> f :i* ! bees make honey is        
b\ntiful & ! only limitation to honey   
production is :e!r ! price obta9able = !
 honey ju/ifies ! labor ( ! beekeep]4   
,!re is no "q ( ?is 9 w>times4  ,! rec5t
 dem& = honey = export has be5 great]   
?an ev] be=e & ! home dem& has also     
greatly increas$4 ,because ( ! %ortage (
 sug>1 all =ms ( supplem5tal sweets are 
be+ utiliz$ & none ( ^! appeals to !    
ta/es ( ! consum+ public m /rongly ?an  
does honey4 ,?is increas$ dem& has rais$
 ! price ( honey & x is !re=e a pay+    
bus9ess to produce x to meet ?is ne$1 9 

addition to ! fact t ! beekeep] may feel
 t he is mat]ially assi/+ 9 ! food      
crisis ( ! ,nation4 ,x is to be expect$ 
t ev5 aft] ! w> is ov] ?is dem& = honey 
w n cease1 = _m p are eat+ honey n[ :o 7
 n famili> ) its delici\s qualities1 &  
!y w n =get h[ good x is4  ,9 !         
production ( honey1 x is ( ! fir/       
importance t ! colonies ( bees be kept  
/rong1 especially t !y be /rong be=e !  
beg9n+ ( ! ma9 honey-fl[s ( ! e>ly      
summ]4 ,to br+ ab\t ?is ess5tial        
condition1 ! mo/ important /ep is !     
prop] w9t]+ ( ! bees1 & ?is bullet9 has 
be5 prep>$ t beekeep]s ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 
may be able to get _! bees ?r\gh ! w9t] 
)\t ! great loss ( colonies & r$uction 9
 /r5g? ( ^? :i* /ill live :i* h be5 s   
common 9 ! pa/4 ,! prop] prep>ation ( ! 
bees = w9t] n[ becomes n only a         
patriotic duty1 b x is good bus9ess4    
,,keep ,,m ,,bees4 ,,keep ,,bees ,,bett]
          99       99       99       99 
99   ,transcrib] ,notes  ,illu/rations  
mov$ s z to prev5t splitt+ p>agraphs4