from the ,google ,books project47       
,,hieroglyfic3                          
,,or1                        ,a         
,grammatical ,introduction              
,,to                    ,an ,universal  
,hieroglyfic ,language2                 
,,consisting ,,of                       
,,english ,,signs and ,,voices4         
,,with            ,a ,definition of all 
the ,parts of the ,,english1 ,,welsh1   
,,greek1 and ,,latin ,languages2        
,some ,physical1 ,metaphysical1 and     
,moral cursory ,remarks on the          
,nature1 ,properties1 and ,rights of    
,men and ,things4       ,and ,rules and 
,specimens for composing an ,hieroglyfic
 ,vocabulary         of the ,signs or   
,figures1 as well as the ,sounds of     
,things1       upon rational and        
philosophical ,principles1 and the      
primitive                               
,meaning of ,names4                     
,by ,,row4 ,,jones4                     
8,expatiate free o'er all this ,scene of
 ,man1             ,a mighty ,maze6 yet 

not without a ,plan40      ,,london3    
,printed by ,,john ,,hughs1 near        
,lincoln's-,inn-,fields2 ,and     sold  
by ,messrs4 ,,dodsley1 in ,pall-,mall2  
,,davis1 in ,piccadilly2                
,,shropshire1 in ,bond-,street2         
,,elmsley1 late ,,vaillant1 in the      
,strand2 ,,owen1 at ,temple-,bar2 and   
,,crowder1 in ,pater-,noster-,row4      
,of whom may be had1 the ,origin of     
,language and ,nations1 by the     same 
,author2 ,price #es4 and his ,postscript
 #as4 in ,sheets4 #agfh4     ,,preface4 
,the subject of this inquiry1 tho' of   
that importance as to demand the care   
and attention of the ablest writers1 is 
perhaps the least understood of any     
branch of science4 ,this being in a     
great measure owing to the present      
corrupt state of languages1 and the     
wrong course and direction of           
lexicographers in the investigation of  
them1 the ,writer of this essay1        
therefore1 without presuming to instruct
 his readers in any common track of     

literature1 only submits to their       
perusal some discoveries1 which perhaps 
may be of service towards the           
restoration of language and primitive   
knowledge1 and excite the curiosity of  
those of greater learning and           
penetration1 and engage them1 if        
possible1 in a research worthy of their 
contemplation1 the restoration of the   
first universal language of mankind4    
,for although the ground-work1 which    
chiefly depends on the author's own     
discoveries1 may be sketched out by     
himself1 without the parts and learning 
of an ,aristotle1 yet it must be        
confessed that the finishing strokes in 
any new abstruse branches of literature 
deserve a more masterly hand4 ,however1 
since we are here indiscriminately      
permitted a decent exercise of our      
faculties upon the most serious         
subjects1 it is to be hoped no          
unpardonable offence has been committed1
 in submitting the following sheets to  
the judgment and decision of men of     

candor and learning4 ,if they should in 
any degree approve of the writer's      
labours1 he will then be justified this 
intrusion into the province of the      
literati1 with all his defects and      
inaccuracies4 ,but should the contrary  
happen after an impartial and candid    
examination1 he must then acquiesce with
 the common fate of his                 
fellow-labourers1 and impute his errors 
or mistakes to the intensity of his zeal
 for the service of mankind1 more       
particularly ,britons of all            
denominations4 ,but to be condemned     
unheard1 in a country that boasts so    
much of its liberties1 especially those 
of the press1 must be without a         
precedent4  ,however customary it has   
been for writers to take notice of the  
performances of former authors upon the 
like subjects1 in order to shew the     
necessity or utility of their own2 yet1 
as no person ever treated this subject  
upon the present plan1 and the author is
 not so vain as to imagine that any     

thing he could have advanced might have 
been sufficient to attract those that   
have been long accustomed to the        
clod-cutting traces1 and the voice of   
prejudice or mere sounds1 and he        
presumes not to teach any particular    
language or doctrine1 it shall be       
declined as useless in the present case2
 and we shall proceed here to what seems
 to be more proper and necessary for the
 illustration of the subject in hand1   
namely1 to transcribe some notes taken  
in the course of these inquiries1       
introductory to a rational grammar4 ,and
 first of the nature and state of man4  
,man1 in the sense of language1 is to be
 considered as a compound of all beings1
 a microcosm in his form1 and a general 
intelligent echo of the divine fiat by  
his speech2 a vegetable1 by his manner  
of growth and nourishment2 an animal by 
his motion1 respiration1 and feeling2   
and a spiritual being from his thinking 
or intelligent faculties2 his animal    
part being probably formed with the     

other animals1 out of the dust of the   
earth1 and his intelligence in its first
 state1 that tree of life1 breath1 or   
superaddition breathed into his nostrils
 by the creator1 by which he became a   
living soul4 ,the essence of this       
celestial and terrestrial system or     
compound being will probably remain     
indefinable1 until man shall recover his
 primitive existence1 as the tree of    
life2 tho' the tree of knowledge of good
 and evil in the mean time furnish him  
with sufficient means for his happiness 
here1 and existence hereafter as the    
tree of life2 for his organs of         
sensation1 in contact with external     
objects and impressions1 form in the    
sensory the various modes of feeling1   
and those images are perceived by the   
will2 which has not only a nilling power
 of permitting those images to remain   
without any additional light1 as the    
mere images of sensation fit only for   
the government of animal bodies2 but    
also of willing or presenting them to   

the reflecting faculty of the soul for  
the formation of sentimental ideas1 to  
be registered in the memory1 and        
employed by the mind in its intelligent1
 rational1 wise and virtuous operations1
 for the illumination and conduct of a  
reasonable being1 appointed by          
,providence lord of the creation4  ,the 
human will being the sole energy of all 
voluntary motions in man1 and motions   
continuing in direct lines or courses1  
if not diverted therefrom1 most probably
 would have continued its pure intuitive
 course and direction towards goodness1 
virtue1 and true happiness1 without the 
power of nilling or depravely           
contradicting its original nature1 as   
the tree of life1 had not the serpent   
interposed and put the fruit of the tree
 of knowledge of good and evil in its   
way4 ,and as man in his state of        
innocence1 before his fall1 must1 as the
 tree or breath of life1 have been      
furnished with the knowledge of good1 so
 it seems probable that ,moses by the   

tree of knowledge of good and evil1     
meant the generative powers1 or certain 
characters or letters representing them1
 engraved on the bark of the tree of    
knowledge of good and evil1 furnishing  
the first pair1 in their state of       
innocence1 with two sorts of ideas or   
knowledge1 and the means of gratifying  
their lust1 as well as pride or         
curiosity of knowing good and evil1 like
 their superiors2 mankind before their  
fall being probably capable of seeing   
each others ideas1 without the use of   
sounds2 and of propagation after the    
manner of the second ,adam4  ,since     
those animals1 which are endued with the
 organs of speech1 are incapable of     
articulating any conceptions1 it is     
reasonable to suppose that the animal   
part of man alone1 without the          
assistance of the intelligent or        
rational1 must be so likewise4 ,it is   
therefore probable that the human will1 
agreeable to the notes or ideas         
impressed on the memory1 plays upon the 

fibres1 the simple tones of             
articulation2 which in their passage1   
with respiration1 thro' the lungs1      
stomach1 windpipe1 larynx1 and mouth1   
are by the glotis1 tongue1 lips1        
muscles1 and other organical powers1    
which assume literal figures1 modulated 
into articulate sounds1 both simple and 
compound1 agreeable to the nature of    
things and their ideas1 as impressed in 
the human sensory4 ,and as man is       
furnished with ideas chiefly by the     
means of speech1 the tree of knowledge  
of good and evil seems to be no improper
 metaphor of the human voice or person1 
or the ,dryades and ,hamadryades1 nor   
the tree of life1 of man's intuitive    
state of knowledge and virtue4  ,it is  
yet the general opinion that human      
speech derives its origin solely from   
the arbitrary composition or invention  
of man1 without any connexion with      
nature or the intervention of           
,providence4 ,however true such bold and
 presumptuous doctrines may be with     

respect to some of the corrupt          
compounded parts1 which chiefly         
occasioned the great variety and        
confusion of languages1 yet articulate  
sounds1 the materials of speech1 clearly
 appear to have been the gift of        
,providence1 and always the same in all 
countries2 as for instance1 an ,indian1 
as well as an ,european1 in expressing  
the idea of length1 will contract and   
lengthen the organs of articulation1 so 
as to form an acute sound1 and the shape
 of the letter i2 and to express breadth
 they will alike extend them1 like the  
letter o1 to express a broad or grave   
sound2 and so in other cases1 though    
they differ as to the manner of         
compounding those sounds2 more          
especially on account of the great loss 
of primitives amongst the ,indians4 ,and
 it cannot be otherwise1 since the      
scripture proves that ,adam named things
 agreeable to their nature1 under the   
inspection and direction of ,providence4
  ,again1 to suppose man of himself1    

without the intervention of ,providence1
 capable of forming the materials of his
 own speech1 must be as absurd as to    
imagine that he formed the materials of 
his own ideas or himself1 since speech  
depends on the original frame of man1   
and the shape of his organs1 and        
abstract and complex ideas on names1 as 
the means of forming and registering    
them in the memory4 ,nor does it appear 
to be less so1 to imagine dumb men1     
without inspiration1 capable of fixing  
upon arbitrary signs of language1 or    
advancing in knowledge1 or at least1 of 
forming so perfect a system1 without    
being previously taught the use of      
letters and characters1 the elements and
 principles of languages2 more          
especially such of the sounds and       
figures1 as were not to be met with in  
any other parts of nature1 and the      
unintuitive1 vicious1 privative1 and    
negative parts both of knowledge and    
language1 which depend on the           
hieroglyfic1 sacred1 or secret          

characters4 ,and1 whatever may be the   
disguise of arbitrary or corrupt        
dialects1 they will all appear upon due 
examination to derive their origin from 
the original tree of knowledge2 and was 
it not for the difference of climates1  
constitutions1 habits1 manners1 and     
other accidents1 which demand the aid of
 grammar1 it seems probable1 since      
characters represent the figures of     
things1 and letters1 or natural         
articulate sounds subsist in the very   
frame of man1 the very ideas causing    
vibrations in the speaker1 are felt by  
the hearer1 and the elements of speech  
are universally the same1 that languages
 would naturally fall1 or at least1 like
 the ,english1 incline to their         
primitive universal state1 and the same 
combination and construction of         
particles into words and sentences1 if  
the particles of all languages were     
precisely defined according to their    
primitive meaning2 there being in man an
 innate potency of recurring to1 as well

 as an impotency of erring or deviating 
from the original modes of speech1 as   
well as perceptions1 and of becoming    
virtuous and vicious by turns4          
,languages1 it is true1 have been       
fluctuating1 and in particular the      
,english2 which was originally the      
,celtic or ,phrygian1 brought by our    
ancestors1 the ,titans1 in the first    
westward migration1 from the lesser     
,asia1 thro' ,greece and ,italy into    
ancient ,celtica2 and which on the      
arrival of the ,romans in ,italy partook
 of the ,greek dialects1 and furnished  
the ,romans with a considerable part of 
the ,latin tongue4 ,some of the         
,aborigines of ,italy1 ,spain1 and      
,gaul1 having afterwards fled from the  
,roman yoke into ,germany1 without their
 priests and druids1 who had before     
retired into ,britain1 their language as
 well as knowledge received an ebb1     
though no foreign admixture4 ,but their 
priests and bards denominated in the    
writings of the ,british poets1 the     

,luchlin colony1 and in ,germany and    
,italy1 by the names of ,longobards1 and
 ,lombards1 the great bard nation1 and  
speaking the ,british language in       
,germany1 being drove by the ,romans out
 of ,britain1 into ,germany and         
,denmark1 their language as well as     
knowledge received some increase from   
the mother tongue2 which then in its    
turn began to sink in ,britain4 ,and    
thus all the dialects of ancient        
,celtica are but different dialects of  
the old ,celtic language1 which first   
made its way into ,europe1 and so they  
ought to be deemed by lexicographers in 
their definition of vocables4 ,but of   
all those dialects1 the ,english in     
respect to the copiousness1 strength1   
and simplicity both of its vocables and 
construction1 seems to be the best fund 
for an universal language of any upon   
earth4  ,it may not perhaps seem        
improper here to explain some other     
abstruse principles in physics and      
metaphysics1 from the meaning of        

vocables1 as they too seem to explain   
the principles of rational grammar4     
,there are1 it seems1 in physics1       
discoverable by the signification of    
words1 three universal principles or    
genusses of things1 namely1 space1      
matter1 and motion2 which1 as to their  
essences1 if essence1 nature1 and       
quality differ in ought but form1 are   
indefinable4 ,but with respect to their 
modes1 properties1 and forms1 space is  
distance every way1 whether with or     
without body2 with it1 it is extension  
or capacity2 without it1 a vacuum2      
quantity1 mensuration1 number1 place or 
matter extended1 a continent1 an island1
 length1 breadth1 figure1 thickness1 an 
inch1 a foot1 a yard and such things    
being its modes4 ,matter1 whatever its  
essence may be1 is an indivisible       
impenetrable atom or corpuscule2 of     
which two or more assembled or cohered1 
form a particle1 and larger cohesions or
 combinations of those form sensible    
bodies1 which are chiefly               

distinguishable in language by their    
forms2 though they have such properties 
and modes1 as length1 breadth1 and      
thickness1 or extension1 solidity1 or an
 assemblage excluding all other bodies  
from its place1 divisibility or the     
separation of its quantity1 mobility1   
passiveness1 and figure1 or that length 
and breadth without thickness1 which    
present themselves to the eye4 ,and as  
to the active qualities of matter1 they 
seem to be all intentional1 as fluidity1
 softness1 rarity1 heat1 and other modes
 of motion2 all the rest being passive1 
and arising merely from the different   
texture1 disposition1 and combination of
 bodies2 or a privation of the former2  
as1 firmness1 hardness1 density1        
coldness1 dryness1 and rest4 ,motion is 
the successive passage or change from   
once place or state to another4 ,of     
which there are three sorts expressible 
by language1 viz4 the energic1          
generative1 and local2 which with their 
various modes or actions are expressible

 by verbs4  ,the metaphysical part of   
man1 which derives its origin from the  
,creator's impression1 or the essence of
 the thinking soul1 altho' it has no    
more consciousness or knowledge of its  
own essence1 than those of other beings2
 nor perhaps the means of its present   
modes of conception1 without the use of 
those bodily organs1 to which the       
all-wise ,creator was pleased to confine
 it for a time1 and the presence of     
internal objects1 any more than the     
organs of sensation feel the touch      
without the contact of external objects1
 is still in the fool1 as well as       
philosopher1 when furnished with proper 
organs1 equally capable of that innate  
potency of expressing its own qualities 
and actions1 as is evident from our     
universal acknowledgement of a creator1 
and the different powers of those fools 
who are capable of lucid intervals4 ,and
 however different our reasonings may be
 concerning the attributes of the       
infinite ,creator1 from the variousness 

of objects and different degrees of     
volition1 there can be nothing more     
absurd than to affirm that the human    
soul cannot be impressed with the image 
of its ,creator1 because at times it    
expresses or affects no consciousness of
 it2 consciousness being rather an      
energic affirmation or quality of the   
soul1 than its essence1 as an           
involuntary animal or vegetable motion  
is an act1 rather than the cause of     
motion4 ,such perceptions however as it 
does express of spiritual beings1 have  
privative1 energic1 or moral names2     
which are formed by the symmetry1 and   
just measures and proportions of parts  
and modes of motion2 from whence moral  
notions also derive their origin1 as    
shall be shewn in the course of the     
following work1 as shall also as to our 
mistaking infinite duration for time4   
,tho' metaphysics aid the moral plan1   
8,the proper study of mankind is man20  
,his language part we now presume to    
scan1     ,a mighty maze to be without a

 plan2     #8,a wild where weeds        
promiscuous shoot1     ,or garden       
tempting with forbidden fruit2'     ,the
 tree of life1 once1 branches1 stem1 and
 root1     ,of knowledge too1 since     
vices on it shoot4     ,the garden      
cleared of the tares and weeds1         
,gives willing force1 and cogitation    
speeds4     #8,then1 as life can little 
more supply1     ,than just to look     
about us1 and to die2     ,expatiate    
free o'er all this scene of man1     ,a 
mighty maze6 yet not without a plan4'   
,plain truth1 not person1 is my utmost  
hope1     ,i tell you truly in the sense
 of ,pope4  ,wild signifies a wood1 or  
the place of the higher growth1 and is  
an emblematical expression for the tree 
of knowledge of good and evil1 the 1    
matter or sound of human speech1 as     
seems to be of its ideal property4      
,person is a compound of pr-son1 sweet  
sound2 pr also signifies any sweet ripe 
fruit1 as figs or figes1 according to   
the ,welsh2 which perhaps resembles that

 which gave man the denomination of     
person1 the sound of the apple or afal1 
and to the fallen angel that tempted    
,eve1 the name of di-afal or devil1 the 
apple ,god2 and figes and vices signify 
the same thing2 the v consonant and     
digamma being the same1 and g being an  
inflection of the radical c4 ,see       
person1 wood1 c4 in the vocabulary4     
,the fall of man has laid us under a    
sort of charm1 which nothing can remove 
but a thorough taste of the tree of     
knowledge1 and avoiding its vicious     
branches as much as possible4 ,had that 
great reasoner ,mr4 ,lock been so happy 
as to attend a little more to the tree  
of knowledge1 instead of intirely       
rejecting the divine origin of human    
speech1 and innate principles of        
thinking1 he might have reasoned well   
upon right principles1 instead of       
misleading and confirming us in our     
errors1 as without doubt was his        
intention4  ,the learned ,hermes1 the   
very best of modern grammarians1 whose  

ingenious performance1 had it sooner    
come to my perusal1 might have charmed  
me out of my present labours1 to        
acquiesce with his opinions1 seems to be
 a little affected by this fort of      
charm1 and perhaps is as much deluded   
from his subject by the language1       
learning1 and beauties of the ,greeks   
and ,romans1 as the late author of the  
short introduction to the ,english      
language1 by some of our modern         
barbarisms1 the very exceptionable parts
 of our language4     ,,grammar4        
,grammar is the right method of         
expressing the ideas of things by signs 
and sounds adapted for the sensation of 
the eye and ear1 according to their     
hieroglyfic nature1 forms1 and modes1   
and that  or intelligent echo1 with     
which man was originally endued by his  
,creator4  ,it consists of three parts  
or sorts of names1 viz4 letters1        
considered as characters or the figures 
of things1 and as signs of articulate   
sounds2 their combination into particles

 and nouns2 and their construction into 
phrases1 propositions1 and sentences4   
,and1 according to the present state of 
languages1 etymology may be admitted as 
a fourth division of grammar4           
,,letters4  ,letters1 as  or characters1
 either really or emblematically        
personate1 and represent things and     
ideas2 and as notes of articulate sounds
 signify internal conceptions1 and      
express them to others4 ,they consist of
 various sorts1 such as simple          
characters to denote elements or        
principles2 compounds to express complex
 ideas1 and things2 the dividers of     
parts2 actives1 energies1 and           
affirmatives2 and privatives1 and       
negatives4 ,these are the smallest or   
elementary parts of language1 as atoms  
are of matter and action of motion2 an  
assemblage thereof form particles1 as of
 atoms do those of matter2 and a        
combination of either form more sensible
 bodies1 and so on to the construction  
of larger forms1 masses or sentences2   

letters having been formed in their     
shapes and sounds1 agreeable to ideas   
and things1 and having a natural        
connection therewith2 and length and    
breadth affecting the eye in the same   
manner as their vibrations do the ear1  
and a combination of both the human will
 and perception4  ,characters1 which    
consist of irregular lines1 circles1 or 
curves1 are incapable of general signs  
or meanings1 or representing many       
things2 but strait lines1 and circles1  
and their division and multiplication1  
like the ,roman1 only are capable of    
that hieroglyfic1 universal             
representation and meaning1 which the   
first universal language must be        
supposed to express1 and as most other  
characters seem to be only deviations   
from the ,roman1 from mere affectation1 
or for the conveniency of sculpture1    
there seems to be no great absurdity in 
supposing that ,adam was furnished with 
those characters1 and instructed in     
their sounds2 that they continued in    

general use until the confusion of      
,babel1 when mankind began to make use  
of the noise or sounds of cattle instead
 of human voices2 and that the ,romans  
were furnished with those characters by 
the ,tuscans on their arrival in ,italy4
 ,nor does it seem in the least probable
 that those nations which had been      
destined by ,providence to be the       
possessors of the most distant countries
 westward from ,asia1 who made their way
 thither accordingly1 along the         
,mediterranean coasts1 through ,crete1  
,greece1 ,sicily1 ,egypt1 ,mauritania1  
,tuscany1 ,spain1 ,gaul1 and ,britain1  
were in ,asia at the time of the        
confusion4 ,and as those characters are 
adapted only for the ,celtic1 ,phrygian1
 or ,british language1 which resolves   
the names of places of the several      
countries through which it passed1      
preferable to the more modern dialects  
thereof1 and ,csar thought that         
,druidism began in ,britain2 it seems   
very probable that ,mercury1 ,gomer1 or 

,hermes1 and other ,druids1 leaders of  
the western colonies1 were always       
possest of those secret characters2 it  
being certain that the ,gauls before    
,csar's time had the use of letters4    
,besides1 ancient history takes notice  
of the hieroglyfics1 as consisting of   
the figures of animals1 parts of human  
bodies1 and mechanical instruments      
invented by ,thoth the first ,hermes1   
which were afterwards translated into   
,greek1 and deposited in books in the   
,egyptian temples1 and which the learned
 supposed to be sacred characters4  ,the
 characters of the first language were  
without doubt simple1 requiring but few 
rules for their combination and         
construction2 and yet must have been    
expressive of all the natural signs and 
sounds of things2 for such certainly    
ought to be the construction of a       
language proposed for an universal      
assent2 and such in my opinion is the   
,english1 whose vocables are            
hieroglyfic2 and their meaning agreeing 

with the picturesque combination4 ,these
 were the ancient characters1           
engravings1 or 2 and their sounds were  
the 1 the chief sounds2 and which we    
shall here proceed to explain1 together 
with the ,greek characters4    ,eng4    
,welsh4  ,greek4       ,greek names4    
and ,roman4    a1 4        4            
,alpha1 the call upon parts4    b4      
1 4        ,beta1 upon the beasts of the
 fields4    c1 k1 q4     4              
,kappa1 the action upon parts4    d1 dd4
       4           ,delta1 the division 
or race of things4    e1 1 h1 4  1 1 1 4
  ,epsilon and ,heta1 the clitoris1     
erectors1 and                           
all the interjectory generative springs4
    f1 4        4           ,phi1 the   
penis in action and generative          
qualities4    g4           1 4          
,gamma1 the testicles1 or an action     
about the                               
mother4    i1 j4        4               
,jota1 the rays of the sun upon things4 
l1 ll4       4           ,lamda1 things 

extended or place4    m4           4    
,mv1 man's body1 and things about as    
surrounding                             
man4    n1 ng4       4           ,nv1 in
 man1 or betwixt his thighs1 human will 
and the negatives4    o4           1 1 4
     ,omicron and ,omega1 the little and
 great circle                           
of space1 place1 and motion4    p4      
1 1 4     ,pe and ,psi1 the penis not in
 action1 and animal                     
and other dead parts4    r4           1 
4        ,rho1 the eccho or sound of    
animals1 c4    s1 1 z4     1 1 4        
,zigma and ,zeta1 sounds in general4    
t1 ,t1 th4    1 4        ,tau and       
,theta1 man's possessions1 properties1  
extension1 c4    v1 u1 ,u1 w4  1 4      
,upsilon1 the upper springs1 as man's   
face1 c4    x1 ch1 wh4   1 1 4     ,chi 
or i1 animal1 gutteral1 and sounds of   
superior actions4      ,transcriber's   
,note3 ,this table is included as an    
image in the     ,,html version1 as some
 of the characters in it may have more  

than one interpretation4  ,this alphabet
 consists of seven vowels or voices1    
which in their own nature1 actively1 and
 without any super-addition1 yield      
compleat articulate sounds1 particles1  
or names1 and hieroglyfically represent 
the elementary or active parts of the   
human body1 and nature1 as similar      
thereto1 namely1 a1 e or h1 i1 o1 u1 w  
or 1 2 and of other characters or       
letters1 which are called consonants    
from their yielding articulate sounds   
only in company with vowels4 ,of these  
b1 c1 d1 f1 g1 l1 m1 p1 t1 are also     
hieroglyfic representations of the      
various parts of the human body and     
other things as similar thereto2 and    
they are mutable and inflectory in the  
pronominal cases1 from the less animate1
 slow1 and almost silent radical state1 
both as to the sense and sound1 to the  
rougher1 louder1 and more animate and   
active sounds and things2 as for        
instance1 c1 p1 1 the most silent1 as   
expressive of material or passive       

substances or local inanimate actions   
inflect into g1 b1 d1 which are somewhat
 louder and rougher1 as being expressive
 of the higher and more active things   
and actions of men and animals2 and     
those again into the still louder and   
rougher sounds of ch1 ff1 th1 as those  
are expressive of the most energic      
actions or modes of motion2 but when g1 
b1 d1 are the radicals of inflection1   
they again inflect into ng1 f1 m1 dd1 n1
 and in some dialects the l and r have  
the aspirates ll and rh for the         
radicals1 as has been shewn in my former
 treatises4 ,to the loss of these       
inflections may in a great measure be   
imputed the great variety and confusion 
of languages2 new dialects having been  
formed by changing the radicals and     
misapplying the inflectories1 as father 
for pater1 brother for frater1 and      
mother for mater4 b1 c1 d1 j1 k1 p1 q1  
t1 as yielding little or no sounds1     
without the assistance of vowels1 are   
called mutes2 l1 m1 n1 r1 f1 s1 as      

having imperfect obscure sounds without 
the company of vowels1 have been        
distinguished as semivowels2 and l1 m1  
n1 r1 also as liquids from their flowing
 in particles1 as in1 f1 l1 m1 n1 r1 the
 flow of the sun's rays1 light1 motion1 
liquid1 and life or qualities upon the  
lower world of beings and things2 but   
the distinctions of mutes and semivowels
 seem trifling1 as most letters seem to 
be vowels in some degree4  ,here1 before
 we proceed to explain the figures and  
powers of letters1 it may not perhaps be
 improper to observe that the parts1    
affections1 and ideas of the human pair1
 incorporated1 as in the figures at the 
end of this essay1 were the archetypes  
or patterns of the original characters1 
whose figures and sounds are descriptive
 of the universe2 that letters and      
particles have two sounds1 the masculine
 and feminine1 the active and passive1  
or the short and long2 that a particle  
or syllable cannot in the genuine sense 
of language consist of more than two    

letters2 and that there are not in fact 
any such things as dipthongs2 those now 
supposed to be such1 being two or three 
particles of one vowel each1 which      
formerly was a common method of         
composition1 as appears by the following
 piece of ancient poetry2 in which there
 is no consonant made use of1 the r     
being only a letter of sound4      ,oer 
iu yr eira ar yr yri1     ,oi riu or    
awyr i rewi2     ,oer iu yr ia oi riu ri
     ,ar eira oer iu yr yri4  ,thus     
,englished4      ,from its high hill    
cold is ice1     ,cold is the snow on   
,snowden2     ,its nature from the sky  
to freeze     ,on snow so cold is       
,snowden4  ,the letter o is an          
indefinite circle1 signifying the       
universe1 motion1 space1 the sun's      
figure and motion1 and all or ol1       
extension of length1 breadth1 and       
thickness2 and it is expressible of     
parts only by a diminution of its       
general sense2 as in b-ol1 a ball or    
part of all1 or-b1 a circle part1       

w-or-l-d1 a man's circle part or place  
of life1 b-or-d-er the circle part of   
the possessions and #aj1 one circle1    
which being repeated comprehends all    
numbers4 ,this1 like all other original 
letters1 has two sounds1 the long and   
the short1 as in on1 one1 ton1 tone2 and
 its shape or figure was taken from the 
circumference of the human pair close   
together1 face to face1 which is man's  
chief circle place1 signified by the    
term world4 ,the ,greek  is a double  as
 has been explained in my former        
treatise4  ,the letter i is an          
indefinite line1 representing man in his
 primitive state of innocence1 as it    
does still his body1 as a line1 without 
its extension1 and his head and senses  
by its dot2 and in a secondary sense are
 expressed by this line and dot1 length 
or heighth towards the sun1 the         
sun-beams1 fire1 heat1 and other        
qualities both spiritual and animal1 as 
still flowing upon man1 and other things
 as relative to him1 and originally     

perhaps centering in himself1 and since 
his fall only relatively4 ,but though   
man and nature have been impaired by    
original sin1 they still seem to be     
invested with certain springs1 energies1
 or returns of those ilations and       
qualities1 as1 thinking1 willing1 voice 
articulate1 powers generative and       
growth2 whereby the human species may be
 extended1 and acquire so much knowledge
 and virtue1 as1 with the blessing of   
,providence1 to be capable of being     
reinstated4 ,the chief of which springs 
is expressed by the letter u1 a compound
 of two i's signifying man's compound of
 male and female1 and spirit and matter1
 with a c at their bottom1 springing    
them upwards2 by y as to the generative 
and vegetative parts1 which also is     
expressive of woods and other growth2 it
 being a compound of i j1 and half of   
the spring c1 as not being expressive of
 the spirit of man4 ,the i also         
expresses man as an upright line placed 
in the centre of all worldly beings and 

substances1 to whom they bear a         
relation1 as shall be shewn under       
adverbs4 ,the u vowel seems to derive   
its figure from the human face1 the seat
 of the voice1 and the heart1 and the   
feminine or consonant v from the vagina1
 if it be an original letter1 but1 from 
its sound1 it seems to supply the place 
of the digamma4 ,the y or  resembles    
trees1 plants and vegetables1 and the j 
consonant is the half of it1 and        
sometimes made use of instead of g1 to  
express some of the generative parts and
 qualities4 ,these vowels have each two 
sounds1 the high and low1 long and      
short1 or grave and acute1 viz4 i1 as   
in1 in1 high1 or i1 go thou2 the u      
vowel1 as1 in1 unction1 united2 and the 
y as the u in unction and y in hyssop2  
but the w has only one long sound1 as in
 woman1 womb1 wood1 and it is mostly    
applicable to spirituals1 man1 and      
things belonging to him2 the wh has the 
gutteral sound of the ,welsh ch1 or the 
,greek  as in where1 why2 the j         

consonant has the sound of g in         
generation2 and the v consonant that of 
the soft flowing f of the ,welsh1 or as 
in verb1 vice2 thus supplying the softer
 sound and meaning of the digamma4  ,the
 letters a1 e1 h1 1 1 1 in their primary
 sense signify the male and female      
posteriors1 the clitoris1 erectores1 c4 
the impulse and springs of generation1  
and the earth and water place of man2   
whence a came to be an expression for   
the element earth or matter and things  
hard1 rough1 or interjectory1 and  for  
the element of water and any feminine1  
soft1 or passive parts or things1 but   
the interjectory aspirate e or he is    
masculine1 and the  has one spring      
resembling that of rain4 ,the a has     
properly two sounds1 as in animal1 have1
 or name1 but not that of o or the      
northern a in all2 the masculine e or he
 has an aspirate sound1 as in hero1 and 
a mute one1 as in echo2 and the feminine
  was originally sounded soft1 like the 
,french cedill 1 as in fleece1 vice1 and

 the use of this character and sound    
ought to be continued or the soft c     
should be marked with a cedill to       
prevent the confusion of the hard and   
soft sounds of c2 but more of this      
elsewhere4  ,the letters c1 k1 q1 g1 1  
wh1 ch1 1 1 1  signify actions of       
different sorts and degrees1 viz4 c as  
the half of o1 signifying motion1 and k 
and q1 as significant of its sound1     
signify the modes of common local       
motions or actions2 and the hard c also 
represents half the round of the        
posteriors1 as o doth the whole of the  
male and female together1 as the        
feminine or soft c doth the other half2 
g or  represent the testicles or half   
the gamma1 f being the other half1 and  
the generative and growing parts of man 
and nature2 and the rest are their      
gutteral inflections expressive of      
animal sounds and actions4 ,the palatals
 should be sounded hard and short1 as in
 quick1 the soft c in some cases as the 
feminine  before explained1 and s before

 the vowel i1 the superlative gutteral  
sorts1 as the wh in where1 why1 and the 
,welsh chwa1 chwant1 and g or  as in    
egg1 edge4 ,all these characters are    
nothing more than compounds of c1 h1 s1 
as will be shewn hereafter4  ,the       
letters d and b put together1 thus1 db1 
as compounds of i and o1 or length and  
breadth1 are expressive of man and      
woman's body part1 from the thigh to the
 part of the body which the elbow       
reaches1 and all other living beings so 
extended1 as  does the extension of     
matter1 but being again divided into d  
and b1 they express living things1 or   
the qualities of parts and diminutives  
of bodies1 and emblematically spirits   
and privatives1 as p does parts of      
matter1 as divisor of 4 ,the d and b    
ought to be sounded alike in all        
languages1 as1 de1 be1 and dd1 as the1  
but letters are farther explained in the
 former treatise4  ,t represents man's  
legs together1 with the feet upwards1   
and both toes turned outwards as upright

 and traverse lines1 extension and man  
in his temporal state1 turned out of    
paradise1 under the sky1 topsy turvy1   
and all things as relative to him1 and  
the line upon which time or the manner  
of reckoning the distances of actions   
are measured4 ,t sounds alike in all    
languages1 and th and  as in the1       
,thebes1 and those are the inflections  
of ,t4  ,the letters p1 ph1 ff1 f1 1 1 1
 signify material or dead parts1 or     
their qualities1 as p divides ,t2 ph is 
p high1 up1 or active2 the digamma  or  
f1 the p inflecting the gamma2 and      
actions of a lesser nature1 as growth4  
,the p and  sound alike in all          
languages1 ph1 ff as 1 fusee1 or fun1   
as in ,psalms1 it being only a compound 
of p1 and f as the v consonant in verb1 
but these letters are farther explained 
in the former treatise4  m represents a 
man's body and arms or wings from the   
top of b and d1 or the elbow part of the
 body1 up to the neck1 and the world1   
forms1 and things1 as surrounding and   

belonging to man1 as shall be further   
explained amongst the particles4 ,it    
sounds the same in all languages4 n is  
the thighs1 with the parts above them1  
forming a traverse line1 and the vacancy
 betwixt the same when extended1        
signifying to be in1 or in existence or 
possession1 having f and d for its      
auxiliaries1 but before the vowels or   
springs it expresses a negative or      
privative2 and it has no particular     
sound4  1 ,l1 1 are ,t or man's legs1   
once put together1 separated1 and as    
divisors of ,t1 which signifies space or
 extension1 are expressive of particular
 lengths and breadths1 and their places1
 qualities1 c4 ,the ,l or  is sounded as
 eel or l and  has an aspirate hissing  
sound in the ,welsh1 ,spanish1 and some 
other dialects4  ,the letters r1 1 1 1  
,r1 represent animals and their parts1  
and their mouths as the place of sound2 
,s being added to ,p1 as a sound1 forms 
,r1 the sound as well as part of an     
animal2 and they are all to be sounded  

as in viper1 except where they happen to
 be radical letters1 and then with an   
aspirate h as in rhyme4 ,the ,s1 1 ,z1  
are also letters of sound1 but express  
no part of man1 and are rather the shape
 of some animal of the serpentine kind1 
the waving of the breath or water1 c4   
,they have two sounds1 the hard and     
soft1 as in loss1 zone4 ,this           
explanation of letters1 together with   
what has been given already in my former
 treatises1 and shall be added amongst  
the particles1 will1 it is to be hoped1 
be deemed satisfactory1 as to the sense 
and origin of letters1 and the sacred   
characters2 notwithstanding the         
pretensions lately set up for those of  
irregular lines1 curves1 and windings1  
which can express but few things1 and   
the remarks of another ingenious        
gentleman1 as to the non-entity or      
insignificancy of the ,hieroglyfics2 his
 enquiry having been confined to the    
vulgar sorts1 or the paintings or       
engravings of animals1 c4 when it now   

appears the ,hieroglyfics consisted only
 of those few sacred or secret          
characters4 ,the hints and specimens    
here given of the method of combining   
the hieroglyfic figures1 being as       
compleat as the press will admit of2 and
 a process thereof1 thro' the whole of  
the ,english language1 considering the  
corrupt state of languages1 tho' the    
,english is as capable of an hieroglyfic
 combination as any1 requiring much loss
 of time1 trouble1 and expence1 and     
perhaps the aid of a ,hunter and a      
,hill1 and some other reasons occurring1
 the author hopes he shall be excused   
for proceeding no further at the        
present1 in the combination of          
characters4   ,of ,particles and        
,syllables4  ,a ,particle is a simple   
articulate sound and sign of one or two 
characters or letters2 but a syllable   
sometimes by the cutting off of vowels1 
becomes a combination of more letters1  
which is yet commonly pronounced as a   
simple articulate sound2 there being a  

natural relation and agreement betwixt  
the signs and sounds of letters1 and    
ideas and things4 ,particles and        
syllables were originally framed        
according to their hieroglyfic shape1   
the natural sounds of ideas and things1 
and the sense and value of letters1 as  
has been already explained2 and therein 
the quantity of the action of sound was 
measured and proportioned to the motion1
 action1 or energy of the thing to be   
expressed1 as the high1 loud1 acute1 or 
short accent1 for an active or energic  
particle1 and the low1 grave1 and long1 
for a passive1 substantive1 or a        
negative one4  ,and altho' some letters1
 as a1 e1 y1 p1 t1 and some particles in
 words are so fixed by the addition of  
y1 ty1 ive1 and other terminations1 as  
of themselves to be always substantive  
and long1 as to quantity and accent2 yet
 those passive and long letters and     
particles1 by the addition of an active 
vowel1 consonant1 or particle1 will     
become active and short4 ,hence the best

 way of spelling or pronouncing must be 
to divide the particles of compound     
names according to the original manner  
of their combination1 sense1 and sounds1
 and when a vowel is cut off1 its       
consonant1 with the remaining vowel1 or 
with the most valuable1 if there should 
be any doubt1 as in the following       
examples1 ex-ec-ra-ble1 co-re-spond-ing1
 pro-ble-m-at-ic-al-ly1                 
un-ec-spect-ed-ly1 prin-ce1 o-af1       
o-ther1 o-ver1 ub-iqu-i-ty4 ,those sorts
 of names and their compounds according 
to their significations and nature in   
language1 are distinguishable into the  
following sorts1 viz4 ,articles to      
substantive and identify names2 nouns   
substantive1 or the names of substances2
 pronouns1 which collectively express   
nouns and antecedent parts of sentences2
 adjectives1 which are added to the     
names of substances1 to express their   
qualities and accidents2 actives1 or the
 names of actions1 verbs1 energies1 and 
affirmatives of being1 acting1 and      

feeling2 adverbs or additional words1 to
 express quantities1 qualities1         
distances1 modes1 and energies of       
actions and things1 with their degrees2 
prepositions to denote and connect      
situations1 and conjunctions or         
connectives of names1 proportions1 and  
sentences4  ,as the right apprehension  
of the hieroglyfic primitive language   
very much depends on a clear            
illustration of particles1 which as     
sorts of compound letters1 together with
 the primitive hieroglyfic letters1     
comprehend all the materials of the     
first universal language1 the following 
addition is here made to what has been  
already published on the etymology of   
particles2 the radicals being placed in 
each class before their inflections and 
transponents4 ,ab1 eb1 af1 ef2 ba1 be1  
fa1 fe4 ,these express the generas and  
species1 as well as causes and effects  
of animal life1 beings1 and growth of   
the earth and water1 both male and      
female1 as in ab-ba1 eb-riety1 af-ect1  

ef-ect1 ba-by1 be-an1 fa-ther1 fe-male1 
fa-ar-am-er1 ba-ar-en-ess4  ,ib1 if1 bi1
 fi4 ,these are expressive of the       
qualities flowing from above1 like the  
sun's rays upon man and inferior beings1
 and their return of life1 as in        
l-ib-eral1 l-f1 bi-le1 fi-eld4  ,ub1 uf1
 bu1 fu4 ,these are the springs or      
returns of the above qualities in man   
and other beings1 as in ub-erty1 h-uf1  
bu-d1 fu-el1 ub or springing upwards4   
,ob1 of1 bo1 fo4 ,these signify out of1 
or from the circle of life or sight1 or 
dead1 as in ob-lation1 ob-livion1       
of-fering1 of1 bo-dy1 bo-ne1 fo-reign4  
,ac1 ec1 ag1 eg1 ach1 ech1 ang1 eng1 ca1
 ce1 ga1 ge1 cha1 che1 nga1 nge4 ,the   
first sort of particles denote the      
several motions and actions of earth and
 water or matter1 both animate and      
inanimate1 and their transponents       
express their contraries1 such as1 rest1
 confinement1 shuts or inclosures1 as   
in1 ac-t1 ec-stacy1 ec-ho1 ag-ain1 eg-g1
 ach-ieve1 ach-os or cause1 spe-ech1    

bre-ech1 ech-uin or a loan1 ang-er1     
eng-age1 ca-ab-age1 ca-ge1 ce-iling1    
ce-ll1 ke-ep1 ga-te1 ge-ld1 cha-os1     
che-st1 che-fn or her back1 gnad or     
gned1 or finished1 kna-ve1 kne-ad4  ,ic1
 ig1 ich1 ing1 ci1 gi1 chi1 ngi4 ,these 
are the principles1 qualities1 and      
beginning of motion1 the first or chief 
action1 or creation of heat1 man1 and   
things1 and their returns1 as in h-ic1  
or the man action1 ig-menos or          
proceeded1 ig-neous1 h-igh1 wh-ich1     
ich-od1 ing or acting1 as a man in the  
line of possession1 th-ing1 k-ing or    
ci-ing1 the chief in the line of        
possession1 the rest are the inflections
 of ci or chief inflected thus1 ci1 a   
chief1 gi1 his chief1 chi1 her chief1   
ngi1 my chief4  ,uc1 ug1 uch1 ung1 cu1  
qu1 chu1 ngu4 ,these are the springs or 
returns of those acts from man and other
 beings upwards1 and the species of     
generations1 productions1 and energies  
therefrom1 as in uc1 uc's-or1 cl-uck1   
h-ung1 ug-ly1 ug-ies1 uch-el1 cu-san or 

kiss1 cu-r or care1 cu-b1 ,cu-pid1      
gu-ide1 gu-ilt1 gu-st1 gu-t1 chuck1     
chu-rl1 chu-ith or breath1 know-ledge1  
gnu-eid or making4  ,oc1 og1 och1 ong1  
co1 go1 cho1 ngo4 ,these are the most   
occult actions as proceeding from the   
hind part of the human circle1 or from  
the sight part of the circle1           
occurrences1 and coalescence of actions 
and motions circular1 and their species 
and productions1 as in oc-ult1          
oc-currence1 og-le1 och-i-my or filth to
 me1 och or oh fie1 th-ong1             
co-alescence1 co-herence1 go-re1        
cho-ler1 ngo or my memory4  ,ad1 add1   
ed1 edd1 da1 dda1 de1 dde4 ,these are   
expressive of diminution1 privation and 
division of earth1 water1 matter1       
growth1 parts1 and other things2 and as 
such an addition to the goods and       
possessions of man1 as in add1 ad-eg or 
de-crease1 had or seed1 ed-ible1 da or  
goods1 dda his goods1 de-arth1 de-ath1  
de1 dde1 the or a thing4 ,id1 idd1 di1  
ddi1 signify the division1 qualities1   

and action of man1 or the human         
intellect1 spirits1 and privatives1 as  
in1 id-ea1 idd-o1 or the human          
properties1 di-vision1 di-minish1 yn    
ddi-rgel or secretly4  ,ud1 udd1 du1    
ddu4 ,these are the spring or return of 
human intelligence1 as divided or       
exercised1 and their species and        
negatives1 as in1 h-ud or fascination1  
cy-h-udd-o1 to confess one's crimes1    
du-bious1 du-ll or judgment1 du-tifull1 
i-ddu-n1 to a man4  ,od1 odd1 do1 ddo4  
,these signify the division of the      
circle of motion1 or a circle of actions
 called time1 present and past1 as in1  
oed or age1 od or life1 odd or the past 
action or age1 do or it has been done1  
or it is past1 ddoe or yesterday4  ,ah1 
eh1 ih1 oh1 uh1 ha1 he1 hi1 ho1 hu4     
,these express the different impulse or 
energies of the human passions and      
affections1 and are explained amongst   
the adverbs2 of which species of names  
they seem to be4  ,ai1 ei1 ii1 oi1 ui1  
and their transponents1 signify motions 

local as of moving1 walking1 or driving1
 actions and affections of generation   
and growth1 man out of possession1 man's
 visage1 and affirmations of yea1 and   
the sun's motion darting its rays by io2
 but an h is commonly added to the      
radical as an additional energy4  ,al1  
el1 la1 le4 ,the extension of earth and 
water1 or place in general1 and         
qualities and animal sounds as extended1
 as al high in alps and altus1 el low or
 in hell1 el-egy1 la-nd or surface1 le  
or p-la-ce1 terresti-al1 aquati-le1     
c-all1 kn-ell1 la-ment1 le-gible4  ,il1 
li1 signify an ilation and extension of 
the sun's rays1 so as to cause light1   
with its returns1 effects1 or lights    
below2 and all intentional qualities1   
and emblematically intelligence as      
proceeding from the divine censory1 as  
in l-ation1 l-um-ine1 ho-l the sun or   
the glorious light1 h-l1 its flowing    
rays and the human race1 li-ght1 li-u or
 colou-r1 li-ke1 or the action of light1
 l-ustrate4 ,ul1 lu1 signify the return 

or spring of the human light as extended
 by male and female in their rays and   
race1 and in a more compounded manner   
than li1 as in v-ul-tus or visage1 r-ule
 or the light1 lu a family4  ,ol1 lo1   
signify all or place1 or space extended1
 and the circle of motion1 as in oll or 
all1 b-oll or ball1 lo-cus place lo-st4 
,am1 em1 ma1 me4 ,these express the     
existence1 forms1 and modes of man1     
earth1 and water1 as material beings1 as
 in1 am1 the about or existences1       
am-bit1 am-ple1 mam1 mater or mother1   
ma-es a field1 ma-ith and ma-int1       
quantity1 size1 and extensiveness4  ,im1
 mi1 are expressive of man's present    
existence or state in this world1 with  
respect to his superior and more        
excellent qualities1 than his animal    
state1 as in im-agination1 im-mense1    
im-mortal1 im-pulse1 im-pio to shoot    
upwards1 im-adel to depart1 mi1 me1     
mi-di-le1 me in the divided place1 that 
is1 the line betwixt his superior and   
inferior beings1 myn or mi-in1 by my    

life4  ,um1 mu1 signify man's spring of 
enlarging himself in his present state1 
and at last1 through death1 of returning
 to an immortal one1 as in um-pire1     
h-um-an1 h-um-ble1 n-um-erous1 mu-te1   
d-um-b1 mu-af1 the greatest1 mu-ch1     
mu-l-tiply1 mum1 mu-my1 mu-se4  ,om1 mo1
 signify all forms1 modes1 and species1 
as in om-in-is all in the lower parts1  
ombredd or abundance1 omnific1 mo-on1   
mo-ns or mo-untain1 mo-r the sea1       
mo-ral1 mo-re4  ,an1 en1 na1 ne4 ,these 
signify the existence of earth and water
 or matter1 and the negative1 as in     
an-y1 the earth in1 an-au1 natural      
growth1 en the firmament1 en-d1         
en-crease1 na no matter1 ne-b1 nobody1  
or being1 ne-st4  ,in1 ni1 are          
affirmative of existence and non        
existences1 generally as1 in1 include1  
in-carnation1 ni or not1 ni-d-ulation1  
ni-ght1 ni-m4  ,un1 nu1 as in and ni are
 affirmations1 relative to man1 spirits1
 beings and things unseen1 as1 un1 one  
or the uni-verse1 un-ite1 un-i-versal1  

un-i-form1 nu-gacity1 nu-de1 nun or     
nu-un4  ,ap1 ep1 af1 ef1 pa1 pe1 pha1   
phe4 ,these are the divisors of ,t1     
signifying the extension of this system1
 into parts of earth and water1 or      
material substances and things1 as1 ap1 
from1 ap-erture1 pa what part1 pe-th or 
pa-rt1 ep1 ef1 or eph1 privatives and   
used as terminations as parts of water1 
as are op and oph2 it being absurd to   
suppose ,o all to be a part1 or ip1 up1 
or ub1 which imply no extension and are 
springs upwards1 to be divisible4 ,see  
the ,postscript4  ,ar1 er1 ra1 re1      
signify earth and water or matter1 as in
 ar-able1 ac-ar1 bran-ar1 fallow-land1  
e-ar-th1 or the elements of both earth  
and water1 ab-er1 running water or      
harbour1 go-er1 a rivulet or shore1     
ra-bet1 ra-ble1 er-uption1 re-turn1     
re-flow1 re-nt4  ,ir1 ri1 are the sun   
beams or rays1 heat and fire2 also      
heighth1 length1 distance1 and direct   
motion1 as in ir-a or ir-e1 f-ir-e1 h-ir
 or length1 ri heighth1 ri-ght1 ri-fe1  

pelyd-ir the rays of the sun4  ,ur1 ru1 
signify man inclusive of all his        
energies1 springs1 and superior         
qualities1 as ur-tue or virtue1 t-ru-th1
 ur-th1 worth or value1 ur-d or word1   
ur-dd1 hon-ur1 or honour1 ur-ship or    
worship1 ru-in-wedd1 divine property1   
ru-ler1 rue4  ,or1 ro1 are the circle of
 extension1 place and distance from the 
line of possession1 as in b-or-der1 or1 
a circle1 f-or the things within the    
borders of possession1 or-der1 or from1 
or-b1 ro-me1 from me1 round4  ,as1 es1  
is1 os1 us1 sa1 se1 si1 so1 su4 ,these  
are expressive of earth and water1 men  
and things seen and sounded1 the earth's
 surface1 the place of rest or lowest   
place2 sound and sight in general1 as is
 and si2 os and so a greater extension  
thereof2 us and iu1 the human1 sweet1 or
 persuasive sound or person4  ,at1 et1  
ath1 eth1 ta1 te1 tha1 the4 ,these      
express entities1 properties1           
extensions1 possessions1 and limits of  
earth and water1 and other things under 

the sky1 as in at1 ath-wart1 et-ernal1  
eth-icks1 ta-me1 ta-n or fire1 ta-acs or
 tax1 te-rm1 te-mpest1 te-mple1 te-mion1
 tha-n1 tha-t1 the1 the-m1 the-re1      
the-nce1 the-ory4  ,it1 ith1 ti or ty1  
thy4 ,these are expressive of entities1 
properties1 extensions1 and existences  
in general under the firmament1 as it1  
ith or thine1 time1 thi-ef1 thy1 thing1 
thi-s1 ti-ll1 it-in-e-rant4  ,ut1 uth1  
tu1 thu1 are the return1 spring or      
extension of man and things in growth1  
generation1 and volition by labor1      
industry1 and wisdom1 as in ut as1      
ut-most1 ut-erus1 ut-ility1 ut-terly1   
mo-uth1 tu or thou1 aber-thu1 to        
sacrifice1 tu a house or possessions1   
tu-tor1 tu-g4 ,ot1 oth1 to1 tho1 are the
 circle and extent of possessions1      
properties1 motions1 and things1 as in  
hot1 oth1 from thy possession1 to1 top1 
to-il1 to-parch1 tho1 tho-rough1        
tho-ught4  ,ou is woe or a man out of   
the circle of life2 and ,,uu or w is the
 spring of springs4  ,of those sorts of 

names are formed the more complex1 such 
as those names1 phrases1 or propositions
 called words merely by a combination of
 the proper sorts1 either with or       
without an elision of consonants4 ,in   
the latter case1 the less expressive1   
valuable1 or necessary may be cut off   
when two vowels occur in composition1 as
 its consonant will in some measure     
preserve its sound in company with a    
more worthy vowel2 and all active       
radical vowels ought to be dropped in   
the names of substances and things1 as  
appears by the following examples1 viz4 
blackish or b-li-ack-ish1 a thing       
without light2 blessedness or           
bi-il-ess-ed-in-ess1 life flowing down  
upon the world2 brutish1 or             
ab-ru-ti-ish1 he is from the property of
 truth2 clamorous or ac-al-am-or-us1 a  
great calling action about us2 cliverly1
 or ci-liv-erly1 like the water clan2   
creating or ac-ci-ir-at-ing1 the chief  
or first motion to extension and action2
 crocodile or ac-ir-oc-o-di-il1 an angry

 acting1 deceitful water animal2 dread  
or id-ir-ad1 at the fire2 flow or       
af-il-ow1 a spring of the rays of the   
sun2 frost or af-oer-st1 the lower parts
 at a stand from the cold2 and cold is  
from ac-ol-id to be without sun2        
glorifying or ag-lo-ri-fying1 the doing 
of an high action in an extensive place2
 gnaw or ag-in-w1 the acting in of an   
animal2 grass or ag-ar-as1 the action   
upon the ground2 place or p-la-ce1 a    
part of the earth's extension2 property 
or pe-or-pe-er-ty1 entity or possession 
of the parts of land and water or of    
this globe2 scull or si-cau-al1 the     
sight shut2 sky or is-kay1 the covering 
of below2 slack or is-al-ack1 a low or  
slow action2 small or is-am-il1 the rays
 of the sun about below2 snail or       
si-in-na-il1 it is in without light2    
speak or si-pe-ak1 the action of the    
sound part2 spy or si-pe-y1 the seeing  
thing2 star or sta-ir1 the standing     
fires2 trace or tir-race1 the land race2
 and race or ir-ace1 is a long action4  

,,article4  ,the article1 1 partakes of 
the nature of pronouns2 and in          
apposition or concord with another name1
 either active or substantive1          
determines it to be a substantive1 or   
the name of a substance1 with its       
identity and number4  ,there are two    
sorts of articles1 viz4 the and an2 an  
becomes a or any before a consonant1 and
 either of them being placed in         
apposition to an active convertible     
name1 convert it into a substantive1 as 
to form into a form1 to chase into a    
chase4 ,and1 names being first formed in
 the plural number1 both these then     
stood as signs of the singular number2  
but since plural names have been taken  
as singular1 and new signs have been    
added thereto to form plurals1 the is   
also put in apposition to plural names1 
to indentify the person or thing meant  
or spoken of4  ,example2 ,some may still
 imagine the signification of an article
 or a letter1 and perhaps more compound 
names to be indefinable1 and the article

 to be useless2 tho' the definitions    
here given thereof evidently shew the   
contrary2 and the ,greeks and ,romans   
not only made use of the genders 1 1 1  
and hic1 hc1 hoc1 but also of a         
declining article at the end of nouns1  
as the ,welsh did un and yr1 which last 
before a consonant sunk into y the1     
inflecting with the following radical   
consonant2 and other nations have made  
use of the article4 ,to dispute the     
utility of the article seems therefore  
absurd1 but it may be a dispute1 whether
 either determine any particular        
individual1 or only some third person   
alluded to1 pointed at1 meant or spoken 
of in discourse1 or in the line of      
possession2 1 1 1 hic1 hc1 hoc1 this1   
that1 yr1 un1 le1 ein and der expressing
 as much4   ,of ,nouns ,substantive4  ,a
 ,noun ,substantive denotes a substance1
 as a spirit1 an animal1 a vegetable1 or
 any other thing that may be conceived  
to subsist1 as agreeableness1 agility1  
acceleration2 which1 tho' their         

qualities1 agreeable1 agile1 accelerate1
 are indefinite or indeterminate1 yet by
 the signs1 ness1 ty1 ion1 signifying   
substances1 properties1 and the sun's   
motion1 acquire such a determinate      
meaning as to become substantives1 and  
to shew their meaning without being     
joined with any other word4 ,and all    
names1 whether of substances1 qualities1
 or other things1 to which the articles 
an or the1 or any other substantive     
signs are joined or set in apposition1  
are nouns substantive4  ,there are in   
the ,english language more substantive  
names than seem to be necessary for an  
universal language1 besides the         
synonymas of various other dialects1    
which are incongruous in sense1 with the
 hieroglyfic signs1 and tend to darken  
and confound the natural sense and      
sounds of names and things4 ,tho' the   
,english vocables are explained         
elsewhere1 we shall here take notice of 
some peculiarities of that nature in the
 ,english substantives4  ,bl-ab1 b-abe2 

ebb1 gl-ebe2 rib1 tr-ibe2 kn-ob1 gl-obe2
 t-ub1 t-ube2 where the final e should  
be dropped1 and the remaining vowel     
marked with a grave accent1 as tub1 tb4 
,b-ack1 b-ake2 b-eck1 b-eke2 l-ick1     
like1 link2 p-ock1 p-oke1 m-uck1 p-uke4 
,these might be wrote as lic1 lc4  ,ax1 
sex1 ra-dix1 ox1 ux1 as acs or ach as   
formerly4 ,ach1 be-ach1 spe-ech1 st-ich1
 l-och1 n-och1 touch4  ,m-atch1 l-etch1 
itch1 b-otch1 sm-utch4  ,h-ac1 ar-se1   
ace1 dice1 d-oce1 d-uce4  ,h-ag1 l-eg1  
g-ig1 l-og1 h-ug4  ,age1 b-adge1        
coll-ege1 edge1 se-ige1 br-idge1 d-oge1 
l-odge1 subterf-uge1 b-udge4  ,aight1   
eight1 f-ight1 f-ought1 o-ught4 ,these  
eight last classes are made use of to   
express the three subsisting sorts of   
actions1 viz4 the local or inanimate1   
the generative and energic1 when the    
first might be expressed by c1 the      
second by g1 and the third by ch1 as1   
ac1 c1 and a with a cedille1 that is1   
the acute1 the grave1 and soft or       
feminine2 ag1 g1 g for the short1 long1 

and soft of the generative species of   
motion2 and ach1 ch1 and ch1 the last to
 be sounded like the ,welsh ch or the   
,english wh in what or where1 for the   
acute1 grave1 and gutteral of energies  
and animal motions2 so that these three 
letters1 which the ,welsh inflect so as 
to express the cases and genders by the 
difference of acute1 grave1 and         
gutteral1 might very well serve for all 
the uses of the eight last classes of   
names1 should the whole be deemed       
necessary4 ,but1 those of the third1    
fifth1 eighth1 and ninth classes are    
compound sounds expressed by a          
combination of characters1 which ought  
not to be kept together but in          
terminations2 they having been corruptly
 introduced into languages by the       
,greeks and ,romans1 in order to express
 qualities and pleasant sounds contrary 
to the nature of things4  ,bre-ad1      
bl-ade1 br-ed1 br-eed1 ma-id1 si-de1    
c-od1 c-ode1 b-ud1 pr-ude1 should be    
wrote and accented as ud1 d4  ,st-af1   

st-ave1 be-ef1 be-eve1 l-ife1 ol-ive1   
beho-of1 beho-ove1 c-ave1 might be made 
staff and stf1 as formerly4  ,an-im-al1 
male1 h-ell1 h-eel1 circ-le1 ,apr-il1   
v-ill1 b-ile1 car-ol1 par-ole1 c-ull1   
b-ull1 m-ule1 might be wrote and        
accented al1 l1 el1 l1 il1 l1 not eel1  
ol1 l1 ul1 l2 or as the ,welsh and      
,spanish aspirate ll4  ,h-am1 l-ame1    
sarc-asm1 anth-em1 th-eme1 apoth-egm1   
cla-im1 cl-ime1 quiet-ism1 wisd-om1     
h-ome1 mikrocosm1 ch-um1 h-ume1 usm4    
,here the final e might be dropped1 and 
the ,greek compounds have no particular 
meaning2 all being alike expressive of  
the forms of substances and things4     
,me-an1 m-ane1 g-ang1 p-en1 obsc-ene1   
chall-enge1 p-in1 p-ine1 th-ing1        
mo-ti-on1 t-ong1 b-un1 b-ung4 ,these    
signify various existences and things1  
and are properly accented2 but the final
 e might be exchanged in writing1 for   
the grave accent1 mn4  ,attend-ance1    
abstin-ence1 prov-ince1 sc-once1 d-unce4
 ,these may do as to orthography and    

accent1 and signify the ens or essence  
of various things1 as1 ance of earthly  
substances1 ens those of water1 ince of 
things in general1 once of motion1 and  
unce of man1 as in dunce or di-unce a   
privative of the human essence4  ,ant1  
ag-ent1 m-int1 f-ont1 h-unt1 signify the
 possession of the earth and water or   
property1 properties in general1 the    
property of motion and human property1  
that is of hunting or driving to and fro
 in the possessions4  ,g-ap1 g-ape1     
sle-ep1 p-eep1 tr-ip1 tr-ipe1 h-op1     
h-ope1 s-up1 d-upe1 shap1 ship1 shop4   
,here the grave accent might serve for  
the final e2 the meaning thereof being  
the division generally of matter into   
substances or parts1 except the         
terminations shap1 ship1 and shop1      
signifying from high or high4  ,cell-ar1
 c-are1 be-er1 p-er1 or pear1 f-ir1     
fire1 clam-or1 st-ore1 c-ur1 cens-ure1  
am-our or am-ur1 here the final e might 
be dropped2 and ar signifies upon1 r    
earth1 er since1 r water1 ir high or to1

 r fire1 or from1 r an extension of     
possession1 or a circle1 ur or wr a man4
  ,lam-as1 ass1 g-aze1 ash1 be-ast1     
actr-ess1 sque-ese1 fl-esh1 ap-ish-ness1
 apt-ness1 ch-est1 bl-iss1 s-ize1 f-ish1
 l-ist1 m-oss1 d-oze1 osh1 c-ost1 b-uss1
 f-uze1 bush1 b-ust1 might be all       
expressed and accented as1 as1 s1 ash1  
ast to express the affirmations and     
energies of affections1 properties1 and 
things4  ,p-at1 p-ate1 p-et1 def-ete1   
b-it1 b-ite1 kn-ot1 m-ote1 c-ut1 mute1  
p-ath1 t-eeth1 fa-ith1 m-oth1 mo-uth4   
,these express the identity and property
 of different parts or things1 and the  
final e might be exchanged for the grave
 accent4  ,abili-ty1 agili-ty1 ami-ty1  
du-ty1 antipa-thy1 apa-thy1 sympa-thy4  
,these signify different general        
properties and qualities of things4     
,aristocra-cy1 oligar-chy1 ordina-ry1   
mason-ry1 orator-y1 lecher-y1 grocer-y1 
orthodox-y1 ha-y1 ho-y4 ,the cy and chy 
signify different qualities1 and the y  
is the ,welsh the4  ,ma-w1 me-w1 mo-w1  

and s or es for substantives of a plural
 nature4 ,this w signifies different    
springs4  ,substantives are             
distinguished by grammarians into       
appellatives or general names of things 
common to many individuals1 as man1     
river1 month1 wind2 and proper names1   
appropriated only to individuals1 as1   
,george1 ,britain1 ,london1 ,october1   
,libs1 which admit of neither articles  
or plurality of numbers4 ,but all words1
 excepting one or an1 according to their
 natural meaning seem to me to be       
appellative and capable of being applied
 to things of a plural nature1 were     
their primitive sense understood1 as for
 instance1 ,george1 which originally    
signified a chief of the circle nation1 
as an appellative name of a magistrate1 
in the same manner as ,king1 ,prince1   
,duke1 or any other2 but when its       
original meaning was lost1 and it came  
to be adopted as a ,christian name by   
different families1 it was thence       
supposed to be a mere arbitrary term1   

imposed as the name of an individual2   
and so as to ,britain1 ,london1         
,october1 ,libs1 ,thames1 ,avon1 which  
were originally appellatives or common  
expressions for the sea coast1 long     
towns1 the eighth month from the spring1
 the west south-west1 or ,libian wind1  
the limits of the ,iceni1 and ,rivers4  
,so that these names1 so long as their  
original meanings were understood1 were 
as much appellative or common           
expressions1 as man1 river1 month1 wind1
 or any other common names1 and as      
capable too of a plural or singular     
sense1 in concord with the articles or  
demonstrative pronouns2 as1 a1 the1     
this1 or that1 chief of the circle      
nation or long town1 c4 ,hence the      
distinction of common and proper names  
seems to be frivolous and unnecessary4  
,all substantives were originally       
appellative and plural1 and the articles
 and demonstrative pronouns were set in 
apposition or as terminations thereto1  
to determine their singular nature as   

well as the identity of the individual4 
,but as they are now mostly understood  
as the signs of single things1 the      
,english method of adding s or es as a  
plural termination1 should be generally 
followed as the best method2 unless     
substantives and their articles should  
be restored to their original sense and 
use2 but in either case the particles1  
an or en1 as terminations of plural     
names1 when the sense will admit of     
their being singular1 and en does not   
express the male and female of the same 
kind1 as men does both man and woman1   
seem to be improper4 ,nor is it best so 
to continue the use of such plurals1 as 
mice1 lice1 teeth1 feet1 geese1 but     
rather mus1 lus1 toth1 fot1 gus1 which  
are so in their nature1 as expressing   
the little eaters1 the little family1   
the grinders1 the movers and the water  
nation4 ,it is however certain that the 
numbers of nouns are in their nature but
 two1 singular and plural1 one and two  
or many1 but whether they are expressed 

by one or an1 and two or as and es seems
 not to be very material1 tho' as and es
 were the primitive signs1 as1 as       
signified the masculine gender1 and es  
the feminine4 ,and numbers and genders  
ought to be the same4  ,there were      
originally no other distinction of      
genders of nouns than the masculine and 
feminine1 and which were distinguishable
 only by the signification of vocables2 
and whatever other arbitrary modes and  
distinctions as to genders of nouns and 
their declensions or inflections have   
been arbitrarily made by other nations1 
the ,english still in fact adhere to the
 original masculine and feminine        
genders1 the only distinction of nature1
 as and es2 for were the meaning of     
substantives precisely understood1 they 
would all appear to be either masculine 
or feminine1 at least1 as relative to   
man and woman1 or according to their    
active and passive1 or hard and soft    
sounds4 ,nor do the ,english adjectives 
or pronouns vary as to genders1 numbers1

 or cases1 as has been supposed2 but    
naturally agree in concord1 without any 
variation or inflection thereof1 from   
their primitive state4  ,indeed if the  
,welsh modes of inflection derive their 
origin from the original language1 which
 was musical1 and vocables could be     
reduced to their true primitive state1  
perhaps it might be the best way1 but as
 that might be impracticable or too     
arduous a task1 we may as well stick to 
our old ,english voices1 which deviate  
so very little from the primitive       
language4  ,and1 as to any variation of 
cases or the declension of nouns1 the   
,english still remains in the primitive 
state of language without any2 their    
prepositions being fully expressive of  
the situation and direction of actions  
and things1 and those of other nations  
being altogether arbitrary and          
calculated more for the sake of variety 
and preservation of vocables1 than from 
any necessity1 as their prepositions and
 vocables might in their primitive state

 be as expressive1 and agree in concord1
 like the ,english1 which has no other  
state or case1 than that in which names 
were originally formed1 or the          
nominative1 as will appear to any one1  
that will be at the trouble of a        
deliberate consideration of the origin1 
frame1 and construction of the ,english 
language1 whatever may have been        
advanced by our modern grammarians1 as  
to the variation of the genitive or     
possessive case4   ,of ,pronouns or     
general ,personates4  ,pronouns1 so     
called from their being supposed to be  
mere substitutes of nouns1 ought        
according to their signification to be  
deemed either substantives or           
adjectives2 for as general signs they   
serve to personate1 demonstrate1 relate1
 and interrogate persons1 things1 and   
parts of discourses2 and being all      
demonstrative and interrogative1 they   
are properly distinguishable only into  
the following sorts1 viz4               
,personals4                             

,possessives4      ,relatives4    #a4   
,i1 me1 myself2               my - own1 
mine2   one1 any1 none4    #b4 ,thou or 
you1 thee1 thyself2  thy - thine2       
this1 each1 every1                      
either4    #c4 ,he1 she1 it1 him1 her1  
her1 its - hers2  that1 some1 another1  
himself1 herself2                       
such4    #d4 ,we1 us1 ourselves2        
our - ours2       who1 whose1 whom4     
#e4 ,ye or you1 yourselves2       your -
 yours2     which4    #f4 ,they1 them1  
themselves2      their - theirs2   what4
  ,tho' the ,english1 ,welsh1 ,greek1   
and ,latin pronouns are1 with the other 
parts of speech1 all defined in the     
vocabulary at the end of this essay1 it 
may not be improper here to observe in  
general1 as to their signification1 that
 the first personal pronoun             
substantively1 and not substitutionally 
signifies man as an indefinite line     
placed alone or by himself in the centre
 of things before his extension or      
division into ,u the male and female    

spring2 the #b;d1 the-o-,u or y-o-,u1   
the off man or woman2 #c;d1 man extended
 into ,t1 or in his race and            
possessions2 and hi and shi1 the male   
and female forms and existences2 #dth1  
mankind2 #eth1 the first and second     
female persons2 #fth1 all mankind1      
persons1 and things1 except the first   
second and third persons singular4 ,the 
possessives express all things to be in 
man1 as one universal possessor2 and to 
relate to his descendents as their      
qualities and properties4 ,the relative 
and interrogative which is a compound of
 wch-ich signifying the above action1 as
 ich means the first act of motion or   
creation1 and uch man's utmost return of
 that act or spring upwards4 ,and so    
used as a general relative and          
interrogative of all actions1 as who is 
of persons1 and what of things1 and as  
to the rest they are particularly       
explained in the vocabulary4  ,the      
personal pronouns and such of the       
possessives and relatives as will not   

join with substantives in construction1 
are substantives1 and the rest are      
adjectives2 and pronouns like other     
,english nouns1 have no variation or    
declension of person1 number1 gender1 or
 case1 but each is an original1 distinct
 name4 ,so that to attempt any further  
distinction of pronouns1 like all other 
unnecessary distinctions1 would tend to 
the confusion1 rather than the          
illustration of language1 and they      
perhaps might be better distinguished by
 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 or their       
original signification of #ast1 #b;d1   
#c;d1 persons singular and plural2 tho' 
such names as have no foundation in     
nature1 may require more arbitrary rules
 towards their explanation4   ,of ,nouns
 ,adjective and ,participle4  ,adjective
 and participle nouns are added to      
substantives and propositions1 as       
expressive of the attributes or         
qualities1 affections1 and accidents of 
things1 as in the following example2    
,the preying beast was daring2 the      

astonished guese are fled1 lost1 or     
stolen2 and he is still pursuing a fled1
 lost1 or stolen gus1 in order to make a
 sweet morsel of its garbage2 but all   
such sensations are nauseous to human   
nature4 ,but qualities were originally  
expressed by the verbal actives1 with   
few particles1 and the compounded sorts 
were adjected thereto4  ,and qualities  
being the effects of light1 heat1 and   
motion1 flowing upon1 warming or        
penetrating bodies differently modified 
in various degrees1 and the sensations  
thence produced in us1 as those of      
colours1 tastes1 sounds and feeling1    
rather than any internal offences or    
properties of matter or substances1     
adjectives assert or express their      
subsistence as the attributes of various
 substances and things1 as the following
 specimen of ,english adjectives shews4 
,there are no adjectives terminating in 
b except ib1 which signifies life to    
beings1 as in glib liquid1 and bib to   
drink2 for ab1 eb1 ob1 ub1 signifying   

from or out of life1 would be improper  
to express life to things1 as descending
 upon1 and penetrating them1 so as to   
give them motion1 growth1 generation1   
and sensation4 ,nor is there any        
adjective terminating in the letter p1  
it being expressive only of the parts of
 matter1 as divisor of a1 e1 o1 and t4  
,ac1 ec1 ic1 oc1 uc1 and their softer   
inflections1 are expressive of the      
different modes of motion1 as local1    
generative1 and energic actions and     
their contraries1 as in1 weak1 our      
action1 black1 shut from the light1     
slack and lag1 a low or earthly action1 
meek1 a feminine action1 epic1 an action
 past1 like the first action of light1  
high1 man acting1 light1 its active     
property1 coasting1 acting along the    
edge or lower part of the possessions1  
big1 a thing swoln with heat1 nigh1     
acting in1 mock1 the motion of the      
cheek1 strong1 the property of the sun's
 motion below1 much1 the upper parts4   
,ad1 ed1 id1 od1 ud1 signify an addition

 and division of qualities emanating on 
men1 animals1 and substances of earth   
and water1 as in bad1 an earthly life1  
broad1 an addition of country1 dead1    
matter without the addition of quality1 
sad1 a low addition or quality1 glad1   
that of being high1 mad1 the addition of
 being dumb1 or1 a brute1 red1 a        
diminution of the colour of light1 aged1
 a past or diminished action1 cold1 the 
passive quality of being deprived of the
 sun's action1 blind1 deprived of animal
 light1 mid1 dividing the center of     
existence1 insipid1 a thing deprived of 
the internal taste1 arid1 the earth     
deprived1 calid1 deprived of a covering 
from the heat1 tid1 property diminished1
 acid1 deprived of action1 acrid1       
depraved action of fire1 wild1 deprived 
of volition1 odd1 deprived of or out of 
the circle of possession1 ward1 the     
spring or the division of man and woman1
 rude1 the privation of truth1 crude1 a 
rude action4  ,af1 ef1 if1 uf1 with the 
inflections ave and ive1 affirm the     

various state and situation of men and  
things in life1 as1 deaf1 he is deprived
 of sense1 safe1 he is standing1        
slavish1 he is low1 brave1 he is a warm 
or spirited being1 chief1 he is the     
first1 active1 it is the property of    
action1 dative1 he or it is giving to1  
accusative1 it is acting at us1 abusive1
 he is from us1 captive1 he is taken1   
abortive1 he is from the border of      
possessions1 adjective1 it is cast to1  
gruff1 he is an angry man1 bluff1 he is 
an hairy man4  ,al1 el1 il1 ol1 ul1     
express the qualities of earth and      
water1 as to the parts of extension and 
place1 the ilation of the sun's light   
thereon1 all extension and human        
intelligence1 as in1 actual1 upon or in 
the state of action1 aerial1 in the     
state of air1 adverbial1 in the state of
 an adverb1 real1 upon the return of    
matter1 usual1 upon the state of us1    
genial1 in the state of generation1     
bestial1 upon the property of the lower 
beings1 annual1 upon the return of the  

year1 able1 from hell1 or being deprived
 of light1 ample1 an extensive place1   
genteel1 the first race1 level1 the     
place of the female extension1 single1  
acting in a place1 little1 an extension 
of the rays of light1 agile1 the acting 
light1 chill1 without light1 civil1 a   
race living together1 evil1 privation of
 light1 idle1 about a place1 oll or all1
 a circle extended1 whole1 man's place  
of action1 full1 man enlightened1       
artful1 the light of man upon           
properties1 dull1 without human light4  
,am1 im1 om1 um1 are expressive of the  
different forms1 modes1 and existences  
of the circumambient bodies1 as lame1   
the mode of crawling1 warm1 man covered 
about1 dim1 without extension1 firm1 the
 fire about1 some1 the things seen and  
sounded1 dumb1 an earthly being4  ,an1  
en1 in1 on1 un1 signify existences of   
earth1 water1 and motion in general1 and
 of man1 as1 mean1 me in earth1 human1  
an earthly one1 sane1 sound one1        
profane1 from purity1 clean1 an action  

of light upon matter1 ashen1 the lower  
one1 oak being the higher1 even1        
springing1 serene1 the stars in1 divine1
 ,god in1 supine1 the low and up in1    
benign1 being in1 twain1 two in1 one or 
un1 the spring or man in1 alone1 in the 
state of one1 none1 no one in1 boon1 the
 food one1 wrong1 a man from acting     
upright1 dun1 the daily one1 young1 the 
growing one4  ,ar1 er1 ir1 or1 ur1 are  
properties of earth1 water1 fire1       
extension1 and human nature1 as in      
clear1 the action of light upon1 dear1  
upon thee1 near1 the not upon1 bitter1  
the biting water1 eager1 water from     
action1 tender1 thin water1 dire1 he is 
hot1 intire1 in possession1 sore1 from  
the lower1 future1 the man in embrio to 
be born1 pure1 a man's part1 immature1  
too soon at man4  ,as1 es1 is1 os1 us1  
affirm the different qualities of       
mankind and things1 as1 base1 a low or  
earthy thing1 adverse1 a spring         
downwards1 diverse1 a divided spring1   
worse1 a low man1 aguish1 it is from a  

spring1 apeish1 he is a son1 wise1 he is
 man1 actuose1 it is all active1 close1 
it is all shut1 globose1 it is all round
 as a ball1 jocose1 it is all joy1      
noise1 it is all nose1 as voice is all  
vocal1 or the sound of the cheeks1      
upish1 he is up1 abstruse1 from our     
property1 astonish1 it is the tone of an
 ass or brutes1 babish1 that of a baby1 
copious1 a copy of man1 ingenious1      
internally generated in us4  ,at1 et1   
it1 ot1 ut1 with their inflections and  
compounds signify property or in        
possession and existence1 as1 great1 the
 action of fire at or upon the          
possessions1 last1 upon the lowest      
possession1 agast1 acting upon the      
lowest possession1 past1 a thing in the 
lowest possession or existence1 vacant1 
a thing without possession or property1 
radiant1 a division of rays upon the    
possessions1 sweet and secret1 female   
properties1 absent1 without possession  
or property1 agent1 acting in           
possession1 fit1 it is property1 apt1 a 

proper thing1 first1 the fire of life to
 the lower possessions1 instinct1 in    
action within1 white1 the upper         
property1 or the firmament1 hot1 the    
action of the sun on things1 absorpt1   
without a part of the circle of         
possession1 both1 man and woman1 moist  
and most1 things on the ground1 abrupt1 
from the earth up into the possessions1 
just1 the property of mankind1 curst1 a 
man's action of the lower property1     
occult1 actions without the property of 
light1 ancient1 one first in possession1
 decent1 fair in possession1 acute1 a   
springing property4  ,y1 ly1 ty1 thy1   
are expressive of properties1           
existences1 and qualities generally1 as 
in1 any the one in action or possession1
 many1 the more in action or possession1
 dry1 the thing without water1 airy1 the
 air1 ashy1 the ash1 barrenly1 the      
barren race1 brotherly1 the brother     
race1 happy1 the hap1 holy1 the high    
all1 sappy1 the sap1 forty1 the four    
tyes1 times1 rounds or tens1 swarthy1   

the men of lower property1 wry1 from    
upright2 and thus are definable all     
other ,english1 ,greek1 ,welsh1 and     
,latin adjectives4 ,these have been     
taken at random1 and the ,greek and     
,latin terminations of adjectives being 
all in as1 es1 eis1 os1 s1 oos1 ous1 us1
 on1 and er1 are mere affirmatives1 by  
the sight1 sound1 spring1 and motion of 
things4  ,so that adjectives and        
participles are names1 which imply      
assertions and attributes1 as those of  
qualities1 affections1 and properties of
 substances and things generally2 but   
making no compleat sense1 nor           
determining any particular thing without
 being joined to another word as a      
daring1 a daring man4 ,in the ,english  
language they are not varied in respect 
to genders1 numbers1 cases1 or          
otherwise1 except as to the degrees of  
comparison4  ,the three degrees of      
comparison mentioned by grammarians1 are
 the positive1 comparative1 and         
superlative2 the positive is the state  

in which the name was originally put2   
the comparative is formed by adding er1 
a spring beyond the original state1 to  
the quality1 where they will agree in   
concord1 as1 deep1 deeper1 deepest1     
high1 higher1 highest1 sweet1 sweeter1  
sweetest2 est signifying a spring beyond
 the limits of the possessions2 forming 
the superlative degree2 but where those 
syllables will not so agree with the    
names and in participles1 as in aerial1 
ingenious1 copious1 daring1 loving1     
loved1 the comparative must be formed1  
by setting more1 that is1 mo-er a great 
spring1 in apposition to the name2 and  
the superlative by the addition of most1
 signifying a spring beyond the limits  
of the possessions4   ,of ,prepositions 
,a ,preposition is a substantive part of
 speech set before other names1 most    
commonly substantives1 either in        
apposition1 as1 before a noun1 or in    
composition1 as1 preposition1 to denote 
the situation or place of action1 or    
rest of the things1 to which they are   

joined2 at the same time implying their 
similar relations or kindred2 and       
connecting the names of substances1 as1 
from this book1 with the pen of the     
writer2 or from thence1 it may be       
inferred that prepositions are of       
themselves significant of things4 ,but  
the use of prepositions or the names of 
cases are best understood from the      
following explanation thereof4  ,it is  
observable that ,o is an universal      
expression for the circle of motion and 
extension2 that i signifies a           
perpendicular line or man placed in its 
center2 and that this line1 with a      
traverse one1 expressed by ,t or  and   
signifying mankind and other beings and 
things as extended1 and the properties  
of man denote the nominative case1 or   
that in which they were first named2 and
 all the other cases1 as they happen    
upon1 up or down1 or to or from either  
of these lines1 are distinguished as in 
the following example4  ,illustration   
,these prepositions are definable as    

follows4  ,in1 with1 within1 to1 into1  
unto1 at1 towards4 ,in1 signifies man   
placed in the center of existences1 as a
 middle being1 partaking of1 and        
connecting matter with spirit2 with is  
the spring of i into male and female1   
and ,t their possessions inflected2     
within is the same in the circle of     
possession3 to is ,t-,o1 the property of
 motion from ,t to the circle of motion2
 into the same within the possessions2  
unto1 at1 and towards1 the same towards 
man or the line of possession2 afore1   
before1 against1 signify things or parts
 in and out of the borders of           
possession4  ,after1 behind1 since1     
according to4 ,after is off ,t or the   
border of possession2 behind is to be   
after man in possession2 since1 having  
been in possession2 according to1       
agreeing together in acting2 between1   
betwixt1 among1 amongst1 for1 from1     
about2 for1 the parts or things of the  
circle of possession2 about and from the
 parts or things within the circle of   

possessions of men2 between and betwixt1
 the line i dividing the possessions2   
among and amongst1 the things about the 
circle of possession4 ,above1 up1 on1   
upon2 above1 the upper spring of the    
human sight2 up1 the spring part1 on and
 upon the sky4  ,under1 below1 beneath1 
down4 ,under1 not sprung within or up   
the possessions2 down1 not sprung in2   
below1 from being up2 beneath1 to be not
 in possession4  ,out1 of1 from1 out of1
 without4 ,out1 from the possessions of 
men and things2 of1 the things within   
the borders2 from1 the surrounding parts
 therein2 without1 out of possession4   
,by1 through1 over1 over and above1     
besides1 beyond1 except1 until4 ,by1 the
 part2 besides1 below the part2 beyond1 
by the upper covering2 thro'1 from the  
possessions2 over1 from the spring of   
sight2 except1 acting out of the        
possession part2 until1 during the      
spring or possession of light2 the two  
last names serve also for conjunctions4 
,,conjunctions4  ,a ,conjunction is an  

active part of speech1 that connectively
 or disjunctively joins together words  
and sentences1 as the names of actions1 
as prepositions do those of substances4 
,they have been divided by grammarians  
into various sorts2 tho' the only       
significant distinction seems to be into
 copulatives1 connectives1 and          
disjunctives1 as the two former sorts   
absolutely connect and coalesce both the
 sentences and their meaning1 or when   
the expression is only of mere local or 
inanimate motion1 barely move on1       
connect1 and continue the sentence or   
discourse1 without any compatibility of 
meaning2 and the latter sorts           
conditionally1 exceptionably1 or        
interrogatively do the same4 ,of the    
first class are1 and or ond1 on in      
division or discourse1 but1 be it as or 
by man and things soon1 yet1 it is or   
springs1 also1 on so1 likewise1 the same
 way1 still1 light on things1 altho'1   
upon to1 notwithstanding1 not opposing  
the former action1 however1 be the      

spring of action as it may1             
nevertheless1 without any spring1 as1   
the earth seen1 as well as1 its surface 
or under it out of sight1 for1 the part 
in the circle1 therefore1 the parts and 
spring within the circle1 wherefore1 the
 parts in which circle1 because1 by our 
own actions1 that1 towards possession4  
,and the disjunctives are the following2
 or1 the promiscuous things within the  
circle of possession1 either1 action or 
matter1 nor1 not the things             
promiscuously within the circle of      
possession1 neither1 no action or rest1 
till or untill1 during the spring of    
light on the possessions1 whilst or     
while1 the action of the upper light on 
the possessions1 if1 life or is it life8
 unless1 my spring out1 except1 acting  
from the parts of possession1 besides1  
by the side2 and with which sense the   
,welsh1 ,greek and ,latin conjunctions  
correspond1 as appears by an analysis   
thereof at the end of this essay4  ,an  
example of their use and                

construction4--,was it pride and folly1 
or avarice and envy1 that caused the    
confusion of human speech8 ,it was      
neither the one or the other1 but the   
effect of some supernatural cause1 as1  
the scripture informs us4 ,nor is it    
probable1 that so great a deviation     
could have naturally happened2 unless   
there was some very great wilful        
perversion of the original language1    
whilst mankind were contending for      
possessions as well as power4           
,nevertheless the first language is     
still recoverable1 notwithstanding its  
many divisions and great disguise1 if   
the subject be adverted1 after a right  
method4 ,and altho' it may be also      
attended with some labor to mankind1    
except those already skilled in         
languages1 yet it may be attained by any
 ,english reader1 that will endeavour   
it1 for1 however languages may differ1  
as to the manner of combination or      
construction of names and sentences1    
they are certainly one and the same in  

their principles1 and likewise in their 
particles2 because the letters and      
particles of all languages appear by    
this essay to be still the same4        
,besides1 as human speech derives its   
origin from a supernatural cause1 its   
various dialects cannot differ as to    
their materials4 ,wherefore then so many
 different opinions concerning these    
matters1 but from our own remissness8   
,let us therefore exert our faculties in
 the laudable undertaking of recovering 
the first universal language1 that we   
may be thereby restored to our senses1  
which seem to be equally perverted4     
,,verbs4  ,verbs are either simple or   
compound4 ,the simple are those springs 
or energic signs in human speech1 which1
 mark the relation and connection of the
 subject and attribute of a proposition2
 and affirm or deny the agreement or    
disagreement betwixt things1 as1 man is 
an animal4 ,compound or concrete verbs  
also include adjectives and participles2
 or the qualities and attributes of the 

subject of a proposition1 as1 man thinks
 or think is2 sometimes only the        
subject1 as mae1 eimi1 ,i am1 or sum2   
and frequently the subject1 affirmation 
and attribute1 as1 walketh1 man is upon 
action4 ,in some dialects verbs have    
been so modified1 as to denote or imply 
the modes1 times1 persons1 genders1 and 
numbers of the things affirmed2 and     
nominally distinguished1 as verbs       
active1 passive1 neuter1 personal1      
impersonal1 regular1 irregular1         
auxiliary1 and substantive2 tho'        
according to their real use and         
signification1 all verbs seem to be     
substantive and auxiliary1 and either   
singly1 or conjunctively1 with          
adjectives or participles1 formed into  
attributive or compound verbs1 express  
all modes of actions and affirmations1  
as appears by the following instances2  
sum1 ,i am1 or1 it is man's existence1  
es1 the second person created or the    
feminine gender1 est1 the second1 first1
 and a third person born of the first   

and second1 fui1 ,i have lived or been1 
fuisti1 thou hast lived or been1 fuit1  
he the person born1 hath lived or been2 
amo1 ,i love or am for a woman1 the     
first person1 amas1 the feminine the    
second person1 amat1 the third person   
produced1 the third person1 am-avi for  
ui in fui1 he has loved or been loved1  
the past tense2 doceo1 ,i teach or give 
the lowering action to man1 the first   
person1 doc-es1 the second person or    
feminine gender1 doc-et the third       
proceeding from the other two1 doc-ui1  
as in fui1 ,i have lived or been taught1
 the past tense2 lego ,i read or recall1
 the first person1 leg-is the second1   
leg-it the third1 and leg-i1 man read   
the past2 audio1 ,i hear1 or1 spring the
 passive sense1 au-di-is1 au-di-it and  
au-di-vi1 ,i have lived or been heard2  
and the conjugating particles seem to be
 the degrees of comparison1 as1 a1 e1 i1
 or as1 es is1 male1 female1 mankind1 or
 earth1 water and fire1 or motion and   
existences in general2 and the persons  

of ,u man1 and thence all things of the 
masculine gender the first person1 as1  
es1 or is signifying the feminine in    
different degrees and qualities1 the    
second1 and at1 et1 it1 the rest of     
mankind and things1 the third person1   
am-us1 em-us1 im-us1 all men of the male
 kind of the first person plural1 atis1 
etis1 itis1 all except the first person 
singular of the second1 and ant1 ent1   
int1 all mankind and things in different
 degrees1 except the first and second   
person singular1 of the third person    
plural2 and thus may be explained all   
the ,latin and ,greek modes of          
conjugating verbs4  ,verbs are farther  
distinguished by grammarians into       
active1 passive1 and neuter1 as being   
expressive of actions1 passions1 or     
neither the one or the other1 but mere  
being or existing1 as1 ,i love1 am      
loved1 live1 walk1 or stand2 tho'       
according to the signification of words1
 there does not seem to be any real     
ground for the latter distinction1 for  

to love1 to be loved1 to live1 sleep or 
rest1 must signify either actions1      
active passions and energies1 or their  
privation and passiveness4 ,so that the 
distinction in this respect might be    
more properly made into active and      
passive only1 agreeable to the masculine
 and feminine1 the only proper          
distinction of nouns as to genders2 all 
actions1 substances1 and things1 at     
least1 as having relation to mankind1   
being either masculine or feminine1 and 
the distinctions made by the ,greeks and
 ,romans being mostly arbitrary and     
contrary to the meaning of words which  
ought to determine the genders of nouns4
  ,verbs have a designation of person1  
corresponding with the personal         
pronouns2 of number with the singular   
and plural of nouns1 of tenses as       
representing present1 past1 and future  
actions and things2 and of modes or the 
manner in which they ought to be        
expressed4 ,but whatever necessity there
 may be for a great variety of modes and

 tenses in dialects1 constructed upon   
arbitrary principles1 it does not appear
 that any more than one is needful for a
 natural language1 or that the modes of 
conjugating verbs or any other1 are in  
fact expressible by human speech any    
otherwise than by the whole form or     
order of inflection and things4 ,and    
tho' present1 past1 and future1 seem to 
be necessary expressions1 according to  
our present mode of conception1 yet they
 are not in reality any representation  
of time1 but of our manner of dividing  
or reckoning the changes of motions or  
number of actions in extension1 which in
 the eternal state of spirits1 or       
perhaps in a vacuum1 might be deemed as 
one intire action or the present tense4 
,simple verbs or affirmatives are all   
substantive and incapable of being      
inflected themselves1 but serve as      
auxiliaries in the affirmations and     
inflections of compound verbs1 tho'     
alone1 without the assistance of        
compound verbs sufficient to express    

every mode of affirmations1 of actions  
and things1 and fully correspond with   
the nouns and pronouns1 as for instance1
 ,i am doing1 have done1 may1 can1 will1
 shall1 must1 or ought to do2 thou1 art 
doing1 hast done1 c2 he1 she1 a man1 or1
 ,john is doing1 hath done1 speaks1     
speaketh1 c4 ,we are or were doing1 have
 done1 c2 besides1 id1 ed1 with their   
inflections ith and eth1 and also is1   
added as affirmations in the third      
person singular to compound verbs2 which
 express attributes1 affirmations1 and  
persons1 and sometimes the subject and  
number1 tho' the number is commonly     
implied by the noun or pronoun4 ,in the 
following specimen of conjugating verbs1
 the persons1 number1 and actions or    
tenses are expressed by different words1
 with very few variations of            
terminations4   ,the ,modes of          
,conjugating ,,verbs4    ,numbers4      
,persons4                               
,the present1                           
,absolute4               ,conditional4  

#a   ,i    am1 be1 have1 do1      may1  
can1 would1                      love1  
teach1 read1     should1 or ought1      
hear4                  to be1 have1 do1 
love1                                   
teach1 read1 hear4                      
are1 be1 have1           ,singular4 #b  
you   do love1                          
teach1 read1 hear4                      
is1 hath1 doth1                       he
    loveth or loves1                    
#c        teaches1 reads1               
hears4                                  
are1 be1 have1 do1                 #a   
we1   love1 teach1                      
read1 hear4              ,plural4   #b  
ye1             #c  they1               
past1                                   
,absolute4               ,conditional4  
#a   ,i    was1 have been1        might1
 could1 would1                      had1
 did1              should1 ought to have
 been1                      loved1      
taught or       had1 done1 loved1 taught
 or                      teached1 read1 

heard4  teached1 read1 heard4           
,singular4 #b  you                      
was1 or hath been1                    he
    had1 done1 loved1                   
#c        taught1 read1 heard4          
were1 or have been1                #a   
we1   had1 done1 loved1                 
taught1 read1 heard4     ,plural4   #b  
ye1             #c  they1               
and future tenses4                      
,absolute4               ,conditional4  
#a   ,i    shall1 will or must    shall1
 will1 or must                      be1 
had1 done1 loved1  have been1 had1      
taught1 read1 heard4   done1 loved1     
taught1                                 
read1 heard4                            
,singular4 #b  you                      
he             #c                       
#a  we1                  ,plural4   #b  
ye1             #c  they1               
,imperative4              #a   ,let me  
be1 have1 do1 love1  ,let us be1 have1  
c4                 teach1 read1 hear4   
,singular4 #b   ,be1 have1 do1 love1    

,be1 have1 c4 ye      ,plural4          
teach1 read1 hear1 thou                 
#c   ,let him be1 have1 do1       ,let  
them be1 have1 c4                 love1 
teach1 hear4                            
,infinitive4                            
,participle4       ,to be1 have1 do1    
love1          ,being1 having1 doing1   
teach1 read1 hear4              loving1 
c4       present4       ,to have been1  
had1 done1        ,been or having1      
loved1 taught1 read1 heard4     had1 c4 
past4  ,the feminine or endearing       
inflections of the second persons thou  
and ye have been omitted1 as needless1  
since they all agree with the pronouns  
you and ye1 and the only changes are    
from are and be to art and beest1 have  
to hast1 were to wert1 shall and will to
 shalt and wilt1 and might to mightest1 
and do to dost2 but to make use of them 
in the masculine gender1 would be       
depreciating it4 ,and the participle    
perfect1 being superfluous1 it has been 
likewise omitted2 for as ing the present

 is compleat1 so is ed for the past or  
the privative of springs or actions4    
,the signification of the conjugating   
verbs in the four languages is as       
follows1 viz4 #a4 ,am1 mae1 1 sum1 in   
full form of existence2 be1 fi1 1 fio1  
,i live2 can1 dichon1 1 possum1 in act  
or able to act2 may1 amhay1 1 sim1 about
 acting2 would1 could1 should1 might1   
ought1 buasun1 1 essem1 the will or act 
sprung or past2 shall1 will1 must1      
byddaf1 1 ero1 the lower acting up1 the 
spring of human light1 the lower things 
sprung up2 was oeddun1 1 eram1 man or   
spring past2 have been1 bum1 1 fui1     
acted in life4 #b4 ,are1 ere1 or art1   
beest1 wit1 or idwit1 1 es1 the lesser  
spring1 and it is the spring of life4   
#c4 ,is1 it is1 fi1 id1 idiu1 1 est1 it 
is seen1 sounded1 smelt1 c2 hath1 it    
acts2 had or ha-ed1 action past2 hadst1 
a female action past2 do or dost1 motion
 past4 #d4 ,are1 ym1 1 sumus1 men in the
 spring2 were1 buasom1 1 eramus1 men    
sprung4 ,let1 bydd1 1 esto1 extend or   

take thy place2 to be1 bod1 1 esse1 the 
property of motion to beings1 which     
converts substantives into adjectives2  
ing1 in action2 it is not1 nid1  1 non  
est1 there is no motion4  ,all ,english 
verbs which vary from this mode of      
inflection being erroneous and          
irregular1 ought not to be established  
by grammatical rules1 but restored to   
the primitive state in the present      
tense1 and marked in the past tense with
 the proper accent2 or if it should     
appear to be necessary1 to add proper   
conjugations4 ,but as verbs lose their  
qualities or active state in the past   
tense1 the ,english verbs ending in d   
and t in the past tense1 have been very 
properly diminished and substantived1   
and accordingly contracted in their     
sounds1 of ed to that of d and t1 as    
taught from teached1 when the ch was    
accented hard1 and a like the ,german a 
or o1 felt for feeled1 checkt for       
checked1 slept for sleeped1 left for    
leaved1 gilt for gilded1 bled for       

bleeded1 fed for feeded1 had for haed1  
fed for feeded1 fled for flyed1 sold for
 selled1 and such others as are so      
contracted without any other variation1 
that are capable of a past tense1       
except1 let1 put1 do1 think1 and other  
imperatives1 which can form no perfect  
past tense1 without the aid of the      
auxiliary verb have1 to express some    
degree of human energy or return to the 
creative fiat4 ,and as all other tenses 
seem to be arbitrary and indefinite1 the
 best way of expressing the minuter     
divisions of actions must be by adverbs 
or numerals4  ,and as there is no sort  
of foundation or necessity for the      
participle perfect1 the best way of     
correcting those verbs which are        
supposed to be irregular therein1 would 
be to drop it as superfluous1 and fully 
as well expressed by the past tense1 as 
help1 helped1 without holpen1 cleave1   
cleaved1 or cleft1 instead of cleave1   
clave1 clove and cloven1 hang hanged1   
for hang hung4 ,and as to the forming a 

regular past tense1 by reducing         
irregular verbs to their primitive state
 in the present tense1 the following may
 perhaps be no improper observation1    
viz4 all in fall1 before the corrupt    
sound of the northern a1 as that of o1  
was1 as it ought to be1 accented1 like  
ale in pale1 and marked with a long     
accent1 as signifying from high2 its    
past tense accented short1 as all in    
shall2 and wrote fall and not fell2 the 
e not having then taken the place of a1 
nor a1 that of o2 shake1 signifying a   
passionate action of a subject1 is      
properly accented and wrote in the      
present tense1 but its past tense having
 partaken of the northern accent1 it    
then came to be wrote and accented      
shook1 instead of shaked1 which1        
notwithstanding its long establishment  
by vulgar custom ought to be rectified  
accordingly2 and so as to swear1 heave1 
freeze1 abide1 strike1 dig1 and various 
other instances1 where the e has assumed
 the place of a1 a of o1 o of a1 e1 i1  

or u1 of i1 or any other change of      
vowels from the present1 to form the    
past tense2 except such as do and did1  
which are different words1 and of       
themselves incapable of any inflection4 
,and the ,english terminations an and   
en1 borrowed from the northern dialects1
 add nothing to the meaning of our      
names1 but the ,english1 or             
,engli-,saxon names1 are of a southern  
or ,celtic origin1 and as fully         
expressive of the meaning to which they 
are applied without them2 except where  
they are added to form the singular     
number1 or to active names as           
substantiving articles1 as in all other 
,celtic dialects4   ,,adverbs4  ,adverbs
 are certain energic or active particles
 or additional verbs added to1 or joined
 with other names in propositions1 to   
denote the degrees and manner of things1
 as to quantity1 situation1 quality1    
motion1 and rest4 ,of quantity1 as less1
 lesser1 least1 much1 more1 most1 great1
 greater1 greatest1 long1 longer1       

longest1 short1 shorter1 shortest1      
broad1 broader1 broadest4 ,of situation 
or place1 as where1 whither8 up1 down1  
above1 below1 high1 higher1 highest1    
here1 there1 yonder1 far1 farther1      
farthest1 within1 without1 upwards1     
downwards1 forwards1 backwards1 and such
 as are expressive of the situation of  
bodies in motion1 or at rest4 ,of       
qualities1 as wisely1 knowingly1        
sensibly1 decently1 likely1 fairly1     
warmly1 foolishly1 beastly1 coldly1     
hardly1 and such as express intentional 
qualities4 ,of motion and rest2 as      
comprehending affirmatives1             
interrogatives1 interjectories1 and     
those improperly called adverbs of time1
 as1 when8 now1 anon1 then1 yesterday1  
to-day1 to-morrow1 henceforwards1 ever1 
never1 how often8 often1 oftener1       
oftenest1 once1 twice1 thrice1 seldom1  
however1 away1 begone1 adieu1 speedily1 
slowly1 verily1 yes1 yea1 no1 why1      
however1 perhap1 alternately1 as1 alack1
 ha1 alas1 ho1 oh4  ,there are no other 

sorts of adverbs1 expressive of the     
order1 time1 or manner of things1 as    
appears by the definition of those of   
the four languages in the vocabulary2   
nor does it thence appear that there is 
in fact above three sorts of adverbs1   
namely1 quantity or extension or bulk of
 bodies2 quality or an illation of      
light1 heat and motion thereon1 and     
penetrating the same1 expressed by ly1  
as ty does extension in substantiving   
qualities2 and motions energic1 animate1
 and local1 with the contraries1 as     
privation1 rest1 and matter4 ,and the   
degrees1 like adjectives1 are compared  
by adding er and est1 as comparative and
 superlative1 to the positive or the    
state or degree of beings and things in 
act1 or putting more or most in         
apposition thereto4  ,the degrees of    
distance and situation1 are reckoned    
like prepositions1 upon lines1 upright1 
across1 or slantways1 extended from the 
centre of action or existence in our    
system where man is supposed to stand2  

or upon man as a mikrocosm standing up  
with arms extended2 his head            
representing the unseen celestial       
system1 being the superlative degree    
upwards1 the extent of his sight or the 
sky1 the comparative1 his body or the   
world1 the positive1 upwards1 downwards1
 and crosswise1 his limbs below the     
parts of generation1 as representing the
 parts below the earth's surface or     
growth part1 the comparative downwards1 
and beyond it the superlative1 the      
extent of view1 the comparative         
sideways1 and beyond it the superlative1
 as appears by the definition of        
,adverbs in the vocabulary4 ,and tho'   
interjections are supposed to add       
nothing to the sentence1 they certainly 
express the sorts and degrees of energy 
with which the whole is affirmed4       
,,syntax4  ,having thus explained the   
several parts of a rational grammar1 it 
now remains only to lay down some       
general rules for their construction1   
into simple and compound sentences1     

according to their natural concord1     
government1 and arrangement4  ,all the  
parts of speech1 which were originally  
only particles of one or two letters1   
having naturally coalesced and united1  
in more complex names1 and words or     
propositions1 without the assistance of 
art1 so in all languages1 like the      
,english1 in which respect both the     
simple and complex names still retain   
their primitive state1 without any loss 
of their natural powers of construction1
 by any arbitrary addition or           
combination of artificial signs or modes
 of concord1 like the ,greek and ,latin1
 the parts both simple and complex being
 precisely understood1 will still be    
governed by their meaning1 and naturally
 coincide in sentences1 in the same     
manner as the ideas of a person         
unacquainted with the artificial rules  
of logick1 are by their natural relation
 logically connected and formed into    
regular thesises1 hypothesises and      
synthesises4 ,as for instance2 a person1

 who perfectly knows the meaning of the 
parts1 can in his mind form and express 
the following sentences2 two and two of 
any thing are1 is or is to be sounded   
four1 and not three2 and should they    
happen to be horses1 whether with or    
without shoes1 they must be the horses  
of some man1 rather than those of a cow2
 but if they are delivered1 in whatever 
place they stand1 it must be to and from
 some place1 and by and to some body1 or
 if they should only be called1 it ought
 to be done by their right names4 ,or2  
supposing ,adam1 i1 or any one know     
myself or himself to be the first man1  
inhabiting space1 and that his length   
and breadth of extension1 was at all    
times or upon all motions1 and as much  
more1 as he or i might by the extension 
of the arms acquire1 without            
dispossessing another1 were our own     
property1 i might1 as the first         
existence and proprietor here of the    
kind1 call myself the first1 one1 or i4 
,if ,i had a wife and a son1 who had a  

wife and a son1 and had been taught to  
tell seven in ,english1 with their      
precise meaning1 ,i might as my next    
relation1 as well as the second person  
in existence1 name my wife two or thou1 
my son1 as the third in being and       
possession1 ,i might name he1 him1 or   
three1 which make up the number of the  
singular stock2 and as to the plural    
number or stock1 the first and second   
person of the singular1 and the son     
which sprung from them1 with his son    
being four in number1 and the first     
spring of the second stock might be     
named we1 as the first person plural2   
the two wives ye1 the second persons    
plural of the kind or genders2 and all  
other persons excepting those of the    
singular number1 as the grandson and his
 offspring1 the sixth person from the   
first or the third in the second        
generation or plural number1 they4 ,then
 if the first man or any other perfectly
 understood the meaning of all other    
names and energies1 which appear to be  

as equally related to the nature of     
things as these1 he could have no       
difficulty of putting them together     
according to true concord1 as the       
meaning and signification would not     
permit him to err2 nor indeed is the    
,english to be taught by any other      
significant rules4 ,the parts of speech 
being precisely understood1 the best way
 then of acquiring the right ,english   
construction1 is carefully to observe   
the manner and style of the best        
,english writers1 and to procure an     
habit thereof by reading and writing1   
rather than be perplexed by innumerable 
tedious and unmeaning rules of phrases1 
sentences1 distinctions1 and variations 
of names1 from their natural order2 for 
which there is no sort of foundation in 
the ,english1 or any other language of  
nature4  ,but since the ,english        
language is that here proposed as an    
universal one1 it may not however be    
improper to take some little farther    
notice of the rules of ,english ,syntax4

 ,in all languages to form a right      
sentence the words must agree in        
construction with one another1 as to    
case1 number1 gender1 and person1 either
 according to the natural order of      
things1 or some arbitrary mode of       
concord and government1 by a variation  
of the terminations substituted in lieu 
thereof in particular languages4 ,but   
the ,english doth so only from the sense
 of the words1 without any variation of 
terminations1 except that es or s       
signifying the feminine gender1 is      
sometimes added to form the plural      
number of substantives1 and the         
substantive verb is1 or the pronouns it1
 with its inflections1 to form the third
 person singular of verbs1 and as and es
 in some instances1 to express the      
masculine and feminine genders4  ,and   
though it has no other case but the     
nominative1 or any variation of cases at
 all1 yet all ,english verbs agree with 
the substantives in number and person1  
without any exception2 and the state or 

situation of substantives are expressed 
by prepositions set in apposition       
thereto in the same manner as the       
articles2 nor have the adjectives any   
variations1 besides the degrees of      
comparison2 and yet both they and       
participles agree with the substantives 
in gender1 number and case2 and when two
 substantives of different sorts of     
things come together1 the place1 state1 
or case of the last is expressed by the 
preposition of or-'s1 signifying of his2
 unless the latter substantive is of the
 same sort with1 or explains the former2
 in which case they are both of the same
 case1 state1 or situation4             
,conjunctions1 adverbs1 and relatives1  
serve to connect sentences1 as          
prepositions do words4 ,the relatives   
who1 what1 and which1 and all other     
,english names as well as things1 must  
agree with the antecedents as their     
originals1 whether persons1 actions1 or 
substantives4 ,when two verbs come      
together1 the latter is to be in the    

infinitive mode4   ,,vocables4      ,an 
additional vocabulary of primitive nouns
 defined1 with a     separate           
explication of pronouns1 adverbs1       
conjunctions1 and     prepositions2     
which compleats what has been already   
published1     of the ,english1 ,welsh1 
,greek1 and ,latin primitive names1 and 
fully explains the nature and origin of 
all the vocables and     parts of those 
several languages4  ,,abhor1 ,,detest1  
,,hate2 ,,cashau1 ,,troi ,,ymaith2      
,,mudasomai1 ,,stugeo1 ,,aversor1 ,,odio
 ,,habeo4 ,these signify to turn from   
one with a scornful note of exclamation1
 or scornful motion or manner4  ,,able2 
,,gallu1 ,,dichoni2 ,,dunamai1 ,,possum4
 ,to be up or high in existence4        
,,accept1 ,,take1 ,,snatch2 ,,cymeryd1  
,,derbyn1 ,,cipio2 ,,dechomai1          
,,lambano1 ,,arpaso2 ,,accipio1 ,,capio1
 ,,rapio4 ,to enter into possession of  
places and things4  ,,accurate2 ,,dyfal1
 ,,manwl2 ,,akribos2 ,,exquisitus4      
,active in running to1 seeing small     

things1 and above active in things4     
,,acorn2 ,,mes2 ,,balanos2 ,,glans1 the 
lesser or beast food4  ,,act1 ,,do1     
,,make2 ,,ag1 ,,egni1 ,,gwneid2 ,,ago1  
,,poieo2 ,,ago1 ,,facio1 the moving or  
acting quality or property4  ,,add1     
,,give1 ,,put2 ,,rhoi1 ,,dodi1 ,,dodiat2
 ,,didomi1 ,,tithemi1 ,,epitithemi2     
,,do1 ,,addo1 ,,pono1 to act1 put1 or   
add1 from one thing to another4         
,,admire1 ,,wonder2 ,,rhyfeddu1         
,,anrhyfeddi2 ,,agao1 ,,thumaso2        
,,demiror1 ,,admiror1 to divide or      
advert the action of the great high     
light or the sun4  ,,adorn1 ,,deck1     
,,dress2 ,,harddu2 ,,kosmeo1 ,,kazo1    
,,agallo2 ,,orno2 to add to1 or upon the
 lower covering4  ,,adverb2 ,,rhagferf2 
,,epirrema2 ,,adverbium1 signify        
additional or increased verbs4 ,see the 
vocabulary of adverbs4  ,,agreeable1    
,,grateful1 ,,thankful2 ,,diolchgar2    
,,laros2 ,,gratus1 acting together with 
equal spring or warmth1 or equally in   
the division of the high light4  ,,air2 

,,auir2 ,,aer2 ,,aer1 water and fire1   
the earth's spring4  ,,ale1 ,,beer2     
,,corw2 ,,zuthos2 ,,cerevisia1 the      
nourishing1 feeding1 and rejoicing      
liquid in a secondary sense4  ,,all or  
,,oll1 ,,whole2 ,,oll1 ,,cubol2 ,,pas1  
,,olos2 ,omnis1 ,totus1 all space1      
extension1 and existence4  ,,am1 to be2 
,,bod1 ,,mae2 ,,eimi2 ,,sum1 to live or 
be in existence4  ,,amazement1          
,,astonishment2 ,,syndod2 ,,thambos2    
,,stupor1 the lower existences or beings
 without sight4  ,,anchor2 ,,angor2     
,,ankura2 ,,anchora1 from acting4       
,,another2 ,,ail1 ,,naill1 ,,arall2     
,,allos1 ,,eteros2 ,,alius1 ,,alter1    
from their possessions1 or the country1 
or luminaries from in a primary sense4  
,,ant1 ,,pismire2 ,,myrgryg2 ,,myrmos2  
,,formica1 the community1 or the little 
active millions in a secondary sense4   
,,ape1 ,,monkey1 ,,baboon2 ,,epa1       
,,monci2 ,,pithex1 ,,kerkopithekos2     
,,cerkopithecus1 ,,cynocephalus1 a man  
dog1 an offspring or a dog like man4    

,,apple1 ,,pupil of the ,,eye2 ,,gleini2
 ,,glene2 ,,pupilla1 our action1 spring1
 or part of light4  ,,arrive1 ,,come2   
,,dyfod1 ,,cynhyrchu2 ,,erchomai2       
,,venio1 to be together upon one spot or
 possession4  ,,arrow1 ,,dart1          
,,javelin2 ,,saeth1 ,,piccell1 ,,tafl2  
,,oistos1 ,,belos1 ,,atos2 ,,sagitta1   
,,telum1 ,,jaculum1 upon the line1      
stretch or spring4  ,,artery2           
,,rhedweli2 ,,aorte2 ,,arteria1 the     
spring of life4  ,,as ,,much2 ,,cymaint2
 ,,tosos2 ,,tantus1 the first action or 
motion seen in extension4  ,,ash2       
,,onen2 ,,oreine2 ,,ornus1 ,,fraxinus1  
the lowest1 highest1 or brittle one4    
,,ask1 ,,seek1 ,,search2 ,,ceisio1      
,,chwilio1 ,,dymuno2 ,,erotao1 ,,dizo1  
,,etazo1 ,,deomai1 ,,zeteo2 ,,qu,,ro1   
,,examino1 ,,qu,,so1 acting after1      
seeing for1 c4  ,,assembly1 ,,company1  
,,multitude2 ,,cynlleidfa1 ,,llios1     
,,turfa1 ,,cymanfai2 ,,omilos1 ,,agele1 
,,plethos2 ,c,,tus1 ,,grex1 ,,turba1    
many living or being together in the    

same part1 place or country4            
,,assiduous1 ,,diligent2 ,,divid1       
,,parhaus2 ,,lipares1 ,,epimeles2       
,,assiduus1 ,,diligens1 it is slavish1  
everlasting or never-failing4   ,b4     
,,banquet1 ,,feast2 ,,cyfeddach2        
,,euochia2 ,,convivium1 living high     
together4  ,,bashfulness2 ,,gwilder2    
,,aidos2 ,,verecundia1 a man full low   
and inactive4  ,,bastard2 ,,ordderchfab2
 ,,nothos2 ,,nothus1 a lesser son of the
 house1 as born of a concubine1 dwelling
 in the house1 and not spurious1 as when
 the father is unknown4  ,,be1 ,,be     
,,born1 ,,go2 ,,bod1 ,,wyf1 ,,myned2    
,,geinomai1 ,,eo1 ,,tunchano2 ,,sum1    
,,fio1 to be1 move or live within the   
circle of existence4  ,,beake1 ,,bill2  
,,pig1 ,,gylfin2 ,,rhunchos2 ,,rostrum1 
the place of food1 the nose or small    
divided end or edge4  ,,beehive2        
,,cychgwenyn2 ,,kupsele2 ,,alveare1 a   
shut upon bees4  ,,beetle2 ,,chwil2     
,,kantharos2 ,,scarab,,us1 the blast    
race4  ,,beg2 ,,gofyn ,,elusen2         

,,lissomai2 ,,imploro1 acting or asking 
earnestly for food or the palace gift4  
,,beguile2 ,,twillo2 ,,deleo2 ,,decipio1
 to be without light or sight4          
,,blameless2 ,,digwl2 ,,amumon2         
,,inculpatus1 to be unculled1 or without
 detraction4  ,,bold or ,,bald2 ,,hy2   
,,ites2 ,,audax1 the high and active4   
,,bond-,,servant or ,,slave2 ,,gwas     
,,caeth2 ,,latris2 ,,servus1 a confined 
servant4  ,,bosom2 ,,mynwes2 ,,kolpos2  
,,sinus1 the hollow inside part of man4 
,,branch2 ,,cangen2 ,,ernos2 ,,ramus1 a 
spring on a lower4  ,,brandish2         
,,cynhyrfu2 ,,pallo2 ,,vibro1 to lift up
 or move the foot1 arm1 or other thing1 
with a spring so as to give it a shake4 
,,brightness2 ,,disgleirdeb2 ,,aigle2   
,,splendor1 the action of the high light
 on the lower parts4  ,,broil2 ,,crasu2 
,,optao2 ,,torreo1 to heat without      
water4  ,,brush1 ,,yscubo2 ,,koreo2     
,,vereo1 to spring upon the lower parts4
  ,,bug or ,,woodlouse2 ,,cynrhon2      
,,loris2 ,,cimex1 a thing with a spear  

end acting into another thing4   ,c4    
,,cabbage2 ,,bresych2 ,,krombe2         
,,brassica1 a shut upon the springing   
up4  ,,cable2 ,,rhafangor2 ,,kalos2     
,,rudens1 a shut from acting4  ,,canal2 
,,canol1 ,,cafn2 ,,solen2 ,,canalis1 a  
shutting in4  ,,canon2 ,,canon2 ,,kanon2
 ,,canon1 a shut upon action4  ,,card2  
,,cribo2 ,,knapto2 ,,carmino1 acting    
into a thing with an edge4  ,,carve2    
,,carfio2 ,,glapho2 ,,sculpo1 acting    
into or upon a thing4  ,,cattle2        
,,anifaltyn2 ,,ktenos2 ,,jumentum1 the  
acting or drawing animals4  ,,cavil2    
,,cellwar2 ,,skopto2 ,,cavillor1 acting 
or seeking to catch one slyly by words4 
,,cavity2 ,,ceuedd2 ,,kotule2 ,,cavitas1
 a place shut from sight4  ,,chafe or be
 ,,angry2 ,,digio2 ,,echtheo2           
,,indignor1 to be heated or fired4      
,,chapel2 ,,capal2 ,,klisia2 ,,capella1 
the primitive places of devotion being  
open and uncovered like ,stonehenge1    
these signify such places covered at the
 top4  ,,chapman2 ,,merchnatur1         

,,porthmon2 ,,emporos2 ,,mercator1 the  
portman or marketman1 or the chief of   
buying and selling1 formerly set over   
all sorts of sales and markets4         
,,chariot2 ,,cerbyd2 ,,rhaidon1 ,,arma2 
,,currus1 ,,rheda1 the running or       
fighting car or carriage4  ,,chaste2    
,,dihalog2 ,,agnos2 ,,castus1 undefiled 
or covering or keeping close the female 
property4  ,,chicken2 ,,ciw2 ,,polos2   
,,pullus1 the first of the animal4      
,,closet2 ,,cell2 ,,muchos2 ,,cella1 a  
shut out of sight1 or the resort of the 
,muses4  ,,coal2 ,,glo2 ,,anthrax2      
,,carbo1 a thing that has the action of 
the sun or fire1 that is1 a burning     
thing4  ,,coffer1 ,,coffin2 ,,arch1     
,,cist2 ,,kibotos2 ,,arca1 a covering   
upon man or other thing4  ,,comb2       
,,crib2 ,,kteis2 ,,pecten1 see ,,card4  
,,come2 ,,cynhyrchu2 ,,ikneomai2        
,,venio1 to be together in one place4   
,,conduit2 ,,mynediad2 ,,amara2         
,,meatus1 a water shut so inclosed as to
 go together4  ,,cone2 ,,cyn2 ,,conos2  

,,conus1 a thing high and solid4        
,,conjunction2 ,,cysylltiad2 ,,suzeuxis2
 ,,conjunction1 a joining together4 ,see
 the list of conjunctions hereafter4    
,,crab1 ,,cranc2 ,,karkinos2 ,,cancer1  
an inclosed thing in the water4         
,,crier2 ,,rhyngyll2 ,,kerux2 ,,pr,,co1 
one that calls or speaks between4       
,,crow2 ,,bran2 ,,korax2 ,,corvus1 a    
braying or croaking animal4  ,,crowd2   
,,gyr2 ,,aguris2 ,,coetus1 a company of 
men or animals4  ,,crude or ,,crystal2  
,,crysial2 ,,krustallos2 ,,crystallus1 a
 shining thing with the crust or        
covering upon4  ,,cube2 ,,cyfochor2     
,,kubos2 ,,cubus1 equal sides4   ,d4    
,,damage2 ,,damuen1 ,,colled2 ,,blabe2  
,,damnum1 for the place of the cattle4  
,,danger2 ,,perygl2 ,,kindunos2         
,,periculum1 a place where the fire acts
 upon the parts4  ,,dash2 ,,ysigo1      
,,taro2 ,,proskrouo2 ,,allido1 to act or
 throw from high to the ground4         
,,daughter2 ,,merch2 ,,thugater2        
,,filia1 my race or female offspring4   

,,defile1 ,,halogi2 ,,miaino2 ,f,,do1 to
 act in or upon one1 or deprive one of  
his daughter4  ,,depth2 ,,dyfnder2      
,,bathos2 ,,profunditas1 the ground of a
 dark part4  ,,dinner2 ,,cinio2         
,,aristos2 ,,prandium1 a meal at the    
breaking up of the first plowing of the 
day4  ,,dissipate2 ,,difrodi2 ,,diaspao2
 ,,dissipo1 to deprive the country4     
,,distaste2 ,,cawdd2 ,,ptaisma2         
,,offensa1 separate or go off this part8
  ,,do2 ,,gwneid2 ,,ago2 ,,ago1 to act  
or move4  ,,dowry2 ,,cynesgaeth2        
,,pherne2 ,,dos1 the female gift4       
,,drone2 ,,eiliw1 ,,diffigr2 ,,phukos2  
,,fucus1 one deprived of his sight or   
other energic force4  ,,drought2        
,,sychder2 ,,auchmos2 ,,sicutas1 the    
action of the firmament upon the lower  
parts1 or being deprived of water4      
,,dwarf2 ,,cor1 ,,nar2 ,,nanos2 ,,nanus1
 one not high grown1 or just upon the   
ground4   ,e4  ,,endevor2 ,,ymgais2     
,,peiraso2 ,,conor1 to get up from being
 down or below4  ,,enrage2 ,,swmbylu2   

,,kenteo2 ,,stimulo2 to act or prick    
into4  ,,equal2 ,,gwastad1 ,,cystal2    
,,omalos2 ,,quus1 even1 upon the same   
stand or together4  ,,establish2        
,,sefydlu2 ,,bebaio2 ,,stabilio1 to rest
 the beast1 or make them stand upon a   
particular part or spot4  ,,eternity2   
,,tragwyddoldeb2 ,,aidios1 ,,aion2      
,,ternitas1 the circle of motion or     
action in extension1 this world or      
during all spring4  ,,excuse2           
,,esgusodi2 ,,apologeomai2 ,,excuso1 to 
speak for the absent4  ,,exercise2      
,,ymarfer2 ,,askeo2 ,,exerceo1 to be out
 upon the spring4  ,,extinguished2      
,,difod2 ,,sbennuo2 ,,extinguo1 to put a
 thing out of its existence4   ,f4      
,,fable2 ,,chwedl2 ,,ainos2 ,,apologus1 
speaking of actions past4  ,,fabricate2 
,,gwneithr2 ,,teucho2 ,,fabrico1 the    
action or work of a man1 or man's hand1 
or in building4  ,,fade2 ,,gwifo2       
,,maraino2 ,,maresco1 to be from        
springing1 or growing1 or dying4  ,,fan2
 ,,wyntyll2 ,,likmos2 ,,ventilabrum1    

wind sprung by the hand4  ,,fasting2    
,,imprydiol2 ,,nestis2 ,,jejunus1       
lessening food or the season of feeding4
  ,,fasten or ,,fix2 ,,ymwthio2         
,,pegnuo2 ,,compingo1 acting a thing    
lower in4  ,,fate2 ,,coel1 ,,damwain2   
,,aisa2 ,,sors1 where the action stands 
still or the thing falls4  ,,father2    
,,tad2 ,,pappas1 ,,pater2 ,,pappa1      
,,pater1 the seeding property1 or a part
 of our property4  ,,female2 ,,benw2    
,,thelus2 ,,femina2 signify the mother  
of the male4  ,,festival2 ,,gwil2       
,,eorte2 ,,festum1 the season4          
,,fetter2 ,,troedog2 ,,pede2 ,,pedica1 a
 shut upon the feet4  ,,fibre2          
,,manwythi2 ,,is2 ,,fibra1 the sounding 
small veins within4  ,,field2 ,,maes2   
,,agros2 ,,ager1 pasture or ploughed    
ground4  ,,file2 ,,llif2 ,,rhine2       
,,lima1 the sharp flower4  ,,fill2      
,,llenwi2 ,,ado2 ,,satio1 adding to     
place or extended parts4  ,,fillet2     
,,talaith2 ,,kredemnon2 ,,vitta1 upon or
 about the head4  ,,filth2 ,,bydreddi2  

,,tholos2 ,,sordes1 the things along the
 ground4  ,,finish2 ,,dibenu2 ,,anuo2   
,,perficio1 to be in4  ,,firtree2       
,,fynidwydd2 ,,elate2 ,,abies1 the long 
strait growth4  ,,fleas2 ,,chwain2      
,,psullos2 ,,pulex1 the leapers or      
flyers4  ,,flourish2 ,,blodeuo2         
,,thallo2 ,,floreo4 ,see the next4      
,,flow2 ,,llifo2 ,,rheo2 ,,fluo1 in a   
primary sense signify an ilation of the 
sun's rays1 or of its return of life1 as
 growth1 the flowing or reflowing of    
water1 and other similar things4  ,,fly2
 ,,hedeg2 ,,iptamai2 ,,volo1 to spring  
forward or lengthwise4  ,,fly2 ,,gwybed2
 ,,muia2 ,,musca1 the blown things4     
,,forbid2 ,,gwahardd2 ,,eirgo2 ,,veto1  
the action of woe1 or stopping upon an  
action of driving4  ,,form2 ,,furf2     
,,morphe2 ,,forma1 things in the circle 
of life or existence in their primitive 
sense4  ,,foundation2 ,,sylfaen2        
,,themelon2 ,,fundamentum1 the quality  
of things1 or the origin of property4   
,,four2 ,,pedair2 ,,tessares1 ,,tetor2  

,,quatuor1 are expressive of the        
firmament or light1 mentioned in        
,genesis to be the work of the fourth   
day of the creation1 as appears by my   
former treatise upon this subject4      
,,free2 ,,rhydd2 ,,eleutheros2 ,,liber1 
in their primary sense signify the      
action or flow of the sun's rays4       
,,friend2 ,,cyfall2 ,,philos2 ,,amicus1 
another equal4  ,,frighten2 ,,dychrynu2 
,,atuso2 ,,terrefacio1 from the action  
of the high fire or thunder4  ,,fringe2 
,,godre2 ,,krossos2 ,,fimbria1 the edge 
round a thing4  ,,froth2 ,,ewin2        
,,aphros2 ,,spuma1 springing on the     
water4  ,,full2 ,,llaun2 ,,pleos2       
,,plenus1 in their primary sense signify
 the hand or other things extended with 
bodies4  ,,funeral2 ,,angladd2 ,,kterea2
 ,,exequi1 an interring4  ,,fury2       
,,cynddaredd2 ,,erinnus2 ,,furia1 an    
infusion of fire4   ,g4  ,,garden2      
,,gardd2 ,,orchos2 ,,hortus1 were the   
first inclosed grounds1 which in        
,britain and other countries from an    

apprehension of deluges1 were at first  
on the entrances of mountains1          
promontories or garths4  ,,gather2      
,,cityrru2 ,,ageiro2 ,,congrego1 to heap
 together4  ,,gaze2 ,,ymsynied2         
,,theaomai2 ,,contemplor1 to think or   
look on a thing or place4  ,,gird2      
,,gregisu2 ,,zonnuo2 ,,cingo1 about a   
man's lower covering4  ,,glebe2 ,,glyb1 
,,porfa2 ,,bolos2 ,,gleba1 the place of 
feeding or growth4  ,,glitter2          
,,disgleirio2 ,,amarusso2 ,,fulgo1 the  
action of the high light upon the lower 
parts4  ,,gnash2 ,,rhincian2 ,,rhoigeo2 
,,strideo1 the sound of acting between  
two things4  ,,go or ,,move2 ,,myned2   
,,baino2 ,,eo1 man going1 moving or     
springing4  ,,good2 ,,daionus2 ,,agathos
 or ,,evs2 ,,bonus1 the root or spring  
of us4  ,,grape2 ,,grawnwidd2           
,,staphule2 ,,uva1 a growth from fire   
and the spring of life4  ,,grasshopper  
or ,,locust2 ,,locust or ,,ednogun2     
,,akris2 ,,locusa1 things or generations
 that cover the ground4  ,,greedy2      

,,awyddus2 ,,labros2 ,,avidus1 for      
growing or increasing4  ,,grove2        
,,llwyn2 ,,alsos2 ,,lucus1 a part       
extended with woods4  ,,ground2 ,,llawr2
 ,,oudas2 ,,solum1 the part of the earth
 under and round about us4  ,,guest2    
,,lleteiwr2 ,,xenos2 ,,hospes1 a lodger 
and boarder for a short time4   ,h4     
,,half2 ,,haner2 ,,hemisus2 ,,dimidius1 
divided in the middle4  ,,halter2       
,,tenyn2 ,,phimos2 ,,camus1 a thing to  
draw up4  ,,hammer2 ,,morthyl2 ,,sphura2
 ,,malleus1 a great stroke to drive in a
 lower thing4  ,,happy2 ,,dedwydd2      
,,olbios2 ,,felix1 a joyful thing or    
springing property to man1 all life and 
high life4  ,,hearth2 ,,ailwyd2         
,,eschara2 ,,focus2 a thing under or    
covered by fire4  ,,height2 ,,uchelder2 
,,upsos2 ,,altitudo1 the high possession
 or the parts seen upwards4  ,,helm2    
,,lliw2 ,,oiax2 ,,gubernaculum1 the     
driver or chief of a family1 country1 a 
ship or other thing4  ,,helmet2 ,,helm2 
,,korus2 ,,galea1 a covering upon the   

upper part4  ,,help2 ,,cymorth2 ,,onemi2
 ,,juvo1 to assist one up1 or with food1
 or other comforts of life4             
,,hoarseness2 ,,crygder2 ,,brangchos2   
,,racedo1 a stoppage in the throat4     
,,hobgoblin or ,,elf2 ,,ellyll2 ,,mormo2
 ,,larva1 light or appearances in the   
night4  ,,hogshead2 ,,cerwin2 ,,keramos2
 ,,dolium1 a large vessel1 a wine       
vessel1 or the head or chief vessel4    
,,hope2 ,,gobeth2 ,,elpis2 ,,spes1 the  
future1 high or all joyful thing4       
,,hostage2 ,,gwistyl2 ,,omeros2 ,,obses1
 a pledge guest4  ,,howl2 ,,udo2        
,,ololuso2 ,,ululo1 the noise of a dog1 
an owl1 c4  ,,humming2 ,,bwm2 ,,bombos2 
,,bombus1 a low noise or sound1 which   
has not the least resemblance to the    
human voice1 like that of a bittern or  
heron4  ,,humble2 ,,ufedd2 ,,iketes2    
,,supplex1 from being high4   ,i4       
,,iambic2 ,,troed-,,io2 ,,iambos2       
,,iambus1 the principles of speech and  
music1 the short and long feet1 or the  
,iopan song and dance4  ,,javelin2      

,,picell2 ,,akon2 ,,jaculum1 a thing    
acting up or darting4  ,,jaundice2      
,,crydmelun2 ,,ikteros2 ,,icterus1 the  
yellow shaking4  ,,implore2 ,,imofyn2   
,,lissomai2 ,,imploro1 acting with force
 about1 or earnestly seeking things4    
,,infant2 ,,ifanc2 ,,nepion2 ,,infans1  
life just in action or existence4       
,,innumerable2 ,,aniben2 ,,murios2      
,,infinitus1 without end4  ,,interpret2 
,,deongli2 ,,ermeneuo2 ,,interpretor1 to
 prate between1 or to divide or         
distinguish a confused mass of speech or
 things4  ,,intire2 ,,cyfan2 ,,oulos2   
,,integer1 together or in one place of  
existence4  ,,isthmus2 ,,isdwifor2      
,,isthmos2 ,,isthmus1 the land betwixt  
two waters or seas4  ,,itch2 ,,crach2   
,,psora2 ,,scabies1 a covering upon1    
from the lower parts4  ,,judge2 ,,barnu2
 ,,dikaso2 ,,judico1 the bar one or the 
chief speaker4   ,k4  ,,kernel2         
,,cnyllun2 ,,puren2 ,,nucleus1 the      
inclosed pure one1 or part of the nut4  
,,kick2 ,,puio2 ,,paio2 ,,ferio1 to     

spring the paw or foot4  ,,kneel2       
,,camuglin2 ,,oklaso2 ,,genuflecto1 to  
bend the knee4  ,,knot2 ,,colwm2        
,,kombos2 ,,nodus2 shut altogether4     
,,knuckles2 ,,cymalbys2 ,,kondulos2     
,,digiti ,,articulus1 the joints of the 
finger4   ,l4  ,,leake2 ,,trwyddo2      
,,katarreo2 ,,perfluo1 to go through4   
,,lean2 ,,cul2 ,,ischnos2 ,,macer1 a    
thing acting or growing only in length4 
,,leather2 ,,croen2 ,,bursa2 ,,corium1  
the skin or covering of an animal       
stretched4  ,,leaven2 ,,surdoes1        
,,chwydddoes2 ,,zume2 ,,fermentum1 the  
sour1 swoln1 or heating paste4          
,,length2 ,,hyd2 ,,mekos2 ,,longitudo1  
action or extension lengthwise4         
,,leisure2 ,,seguryd2 ,,schole2 ,,otium1
 being without motion or sound4         
,,level2 ,,gwastadhai2 ,,nasso2 ,,quo1  
to be standing together1 even1 either   
high or low1 or up or down4  ,,like2    
,,cyfelib2 ,,alingkios2 ,,similis1 in   
their primary sense signify life and    
light1 which are alike4  ,,loin2 ,,lwyn2

 ,,ischis2 ,,lumbus1 upon an animal     
within4  ,,loiter2 ,,ymaros2 ,,iauo2    
,,commoror1 to stand still without      
motion4  ,,luxury2 ,,trythyllwch2       
,,strenos2 ,,luxus1 acting beyond the   
power or property of man4   ,m4         
,,meadow2 ,,gwergladd1 ,,leimon2        
,,pratum1 the place of the greater      
growth or spring4  ,,mechanick1         
,,artificer2 ,,saer2 ,,banausos2        
,,mechanicus1 a worker in arts4  ,,melt2
 ,,toddi2 ,,meldo2 ,,liquefacio1 to     
diminish or destroy the compactness of a
 body1 to make it flow or resemble      
honey4  ,,member2 ,,aelod2 ,,arthron2   
,,membrum1 the spring parts1 branches or
 shanks about a man4  ,,mercury2        
,,moriwr2 ,,ermes2 ,,mercurius1 the     
great seaman1 his wings alluding to the 
sails of ships and their swift motion4  
,,mercy2 ,,trugaredd2 ,,eleos2          
,,misericordia1 in their primary sense  
is to help one over or out of the water1
 and emblematically out of any other    
trouble4 ,it may be no improper phrase  

to be made use of to the old carrier of 
,acheron4  ,,middle2 ,,canol2 ,,mesos2  
,,medius1 the most inclosed or shut of  
all4  ,,mild2 ,,gwar2 ,,praos2 ,,mitis1 
a thing without much fire or action4    
,,milt2 ,,bleddyn2 ,,splen2 ,,splen1 the
 life or spring of the human flood or   
its circulation4  ,,mind1 ,,soul2       
,,meddwl1 ,,enaid2 ,,thumos1 ,,nous2    
,,animus1 the life and light of man4    
,,mingle2 ,,cymysgu2 ,,kerannumi2       
,,commisceo1 to be together in1 or      
possessing one place4  ,,misfortune2    
,,anfortyn1 ,,anddamwen2 ,,daimon2      
,,infortunium1 no force1 strength or    
comfort to man4  ,,monster2 ,,angenfil2 
,,pelor2 ,,monstrum1 a man with a female
 belly or a privative male4  ,,myrtle2  
,,myrwydd2 ,,myrtos2 ,,myrtus1 numerous 
leaves on its top4   ,n4  ,,neck2       
,,gwddf2 ,,auchen2 ,,cervix1 the breath 
inclosure4  ,,necklace2 ,,aurdorch2     
,,ormos2 ,,monile1 surrounding the neck 
or a golden torques4  ,,neighbour2      
,,cymydog2 ,,geiton2 ,,vicinus1 living  

in the same place or together4          
,,nerves2 ,,giau2 ,,neuron2 ,,nervus1   
the spring of growth or life4  ,,nipple2
 ,,tiden2 ,,thele2 ,,papilla1 the       
flowing part4  ,,noise2 ,,troest2       
,,doupos2 ,,strepitus1 the sound of the 
two feet4  ,,numbness2 ,,ferdod2        
,,malke2 ,,frigus1 a great privation of 
heat4   ,o4  ,,oar2 ,,rhwyf2 ,,eretmos2 
,,remus1 the rank or order of rowing4   
,,oath2 ,,llw2 ,,orkion2 ,,juramentum1  
upon the light of man4  ,,obscure2      
,,tywyll2 ,,amauros2 ,,obscurus1 the    
circumambient air without light4        
,,ointment2 ,,irad2 ,,muron2            
,,unguentum1 a softening at the fire4   
,,old ,,age2 ,,henaint2 ,,geras2        
,,senectus1 acting to the last or utmost
 action4  ,,onion2 ,,winwyn2 ,,krommuon2
 ,c,,pe1 a round1 inclosed or shut      
thing4  ,,organ2 ,,organ2 ,,organon2    
,,organum1 the human tone1 song or      
music4  ,,overtake2 ,,cyrhaedd2 ,,orego2
 ,,porrigo1 acting or reaching the      
confines or borders4   ,p4  ,,page2     

,,gwas ,,troed2 ,,akolouthon2           
,,pedissequus1 a foot-servant1 a        
follower1 or a horse follower4          
,,palpitate2 ,,llamu2 ,,pallomai2       
,,palpito1 to leap4  ,,pavement2        
,,palment2 ,,dapedon2 ,,pavimentum1 a   
good footing in the house or            
possessions4  ,,peace2 ,,hedduch2       
,,hesuchia2 ,,pax1 from action4         
,,pebble2 ,,carregan2 ,,kochlax2        
,,lapillus1 a little stone4  ,,peel2    
,,rhisglo2 ,,olopto2 ,,decortico1 all   
off the covering or lower part4         
,,penthouse2 ,,pentys2 ,,geison2        
,,suggrunda1 the top of the lower house4
  ,,perforate2 ,,tyllu2 ,,trupao2       
,,perforo1 in1 to or through a thing4   
,,perfume2 ,,perarogli2 ,,thumiao2      
,,suffio1 sweet smelling exhalations1 as
 those of fruit1 flowers1 c4  ,,person2 
,,person2 ,,prosopon2 ,,persona1 are    
defined in the former ,lexicon1 to      
signify sweet sound from pr-son2 but pr 
also signifies an apple or any other    
ripe sweet fruit1 as figgs or figes1    

according to the ,welsh1 which resemble 
that which perhaps gives man the        
denomination of person1 or the sound of 
the apple2 and the word vices seems to  
derive its origin from figes2 the v     
consonant and the digamma being of the  
same signification1 and g its other     
half1 only the inflection of the radical
 c1 and diafal and fall1 the ,welsh     
names of the devil or fallen angel1     
being from afal an apple1 as the        
,english word fall seems to be4         
,,pitcher2 ,,dyfr ,,lesdr2 ,,krossos2   
,,hydria1 a water vessel4  ,,please2    
,,llonni2 ,,iliao1 ,,adeo2 ,,placeo1    
,,propitius ,,sum1 an ilation1 emanation
 or addition of good qualities from     
above on the lower parts4  ,,plow2      
,,aru2 ,,aroo2 ,,aro1 to spring or dig  
up the earth4  ,,pluck2 ,,deori2        
,,drepo2 ,,decerpo1 acting or drawing a 
thing up or from4  ,,pocket2 ,,cod2     
,,pera2 ,,pera1 a thing to shut upon4   
,,pool2 ,,pwll or ,,llyn2 ,,limne2      
,,stagnum1 the part of standing water4  

,,potage2 ,,cawl2 ,,zomos2 ,,jusculum1  
the pot action1 the common or kitchen   
right1 and culinaries4  ,,pound2 ,,pwis2
 ,,litra2 ,,libra1 one round or a small 
thing4  ,,praise2 ,,mawl2 ,,ainos2      
,,laus1 a great spring of light upwards 
from below4  ,,precipice2 ,,gorwared2   
,,kremnos2 ,,pr,,cipitium1 up downward1 
or from an high part to a lower part4   
,,preposition2 ,,rhagthodiad2           
,,prothesis1 ,,prepositio1 a thing or   
word put before another word or thing1  
with which it has some relation or      
connection4  ,,present2 ,,offrwm2       
,,prosphora2 ,,oblatum1 a thing sent    
before a visit by way of gift1 as       
anciently accustomed1 or an offering for
 an altar4  ,,prince2 ,,brenin2         
,,koiranos2 ,,princeps1 the chief or    
first in action or most ancient4        
,,promise2 ,,addewid2 ,,enguesis2       
,,sponsio1 a saying or answering for a  
thing in action4  ,,prone or ,,ready2   
,,parod2 ,,prenes2 ,,pronus1 the part   
from in4  ,,pronoun2 ,,rhagenw2         

,,antonumia2 ,,pronomen1 instead of a   
noun2 or rather a primitive or first    
noun4  ,,provoke2 ,,gyrru2 ,,eretho2    
,,irrito1 to heat or fire4  ,,prow2     
,,yblaen2 ,,prora2 ,,prora1 the part    
from before4  ,,puff2 ,,chwiff2 ,,pnoe2 
,,flatus2 a flowing up from a man with  
his breath4  ,,push2 ,,gutheo2 ,,otheo2 
,,pello1 to spring the foot or put from4
   ,q4  ,,quarrel2 ,,imrafaelio2        
,,erescheleo2 ,,rixor1 the lower acting 
for being higher4  ,,quick2 ,,cuit2     
,,okus2 ,,velox1 the action of the upper
 light4   ,r4  ,,rage2 ,,cynddaredd2    
,,lussa2 ,,rabies1 a great growth or    
action of heat4  ,,rain2 ,,umbredd2     
,,ombros2 ,,imber1 the water springing  
all about4  ,,raw2 ,,amrwd2 ,,omos2     
,,crudus1 without boiling or fire4      
,,refuse2 ,,ymwrthod2 ,,anainomai1      
,,renuo1 to spring back4  ,,remain2     
,,aros2 ,,meno2 ,,maneo1 to be upon or  
within a thing or place4  ,,remember2   
,,atgofio2 ,,mnaomai2 ,,recordor1 to    
spring back to the mind or memory4      

,,resound2 ,,atsynio2 ,,antecheo2       
,,resono1 to spring back1 or return a   
sound or echo4  ,,return2 ,,troiat2     
,,nesteo2 ,,redeo1 to spring towards or 
nearer to4  ,,ribband2 ,,rhymin2        
,,ampux2 ,,vitta1 a thing about the     
upper part of a man1 or the high band4  
,,rise2 ,,dechreu2 ,,phuomai2 ,,orior1  
,,assurgo1 to spring up4  ,,road2       
,,fordd2 ,,poreia2 ,,via1 ,,aditus1 the 
part from to4  ,,rod2 ,,guialen2        
,,rapis2 ,,virga1 the springing one4    
,,rope2 ,,rhaf2 ,,ampron2 ,,funis1 about
 a lower thing4   ,s4  ,,salute2        
,,cyfarch2 ,,aspasomai2 ,,saluto1 to bow
 the head or knee1 or to meet together  
with the like address4  ,,scarify2      
,,fleimio2 ,,skariphaomai2 ,,scarifico1 
to act into the lower parts or into man4
  ,,search2 ,,chwilio2 ,,ichneuo2       
,,scrutor1 to be upon the action of     
seeing or looking4  ,,sect2 ,,tyb       
,,neulltuol2 ,,airesis2 ,,secta1 a      
flying or differing from the general    
opinion4  ,,sell2 ,,gwerthu2 ,,poleo2   

,,vendo1 to put a price or value upon   
animals4  ,,seven2 ,,saith2 ,,epta2     
,,septem1 action standing still4        
,,shoot2 ,,brigin2 ,,phryganon2         
,,surculus1 its end out of the earth in 
existence4  ,,shrub2 ,,pryswydd2        
,,thamnos2 ,,frutex1 the lower1 lesser  
or underwood4  ,,sigh2 ,,ochain2 ,,goao2
 ,,gemo1 the acting or sounding of woe1 
or the interjection ,o4  ,,sign2        
,,arwydd2 ,,sema2 ,,signum1 the sight or
 view of any thing within4  ,,simple2   
,,implyg2 ,,aploos2 ,,simplex1 one part1
 place or action4  ,,slander2           
,,enllibio2 ,,stembo2 ,,calumnior1 to   
lessen in the land4  ,,slow2 ,,diofal2  
,,glichros2 ,,lentus1 being from a high 
spring or not alert4  ,,sneeze2         
,,tissio2 ,,ptairo2 ,,sternuo1 acting or
 sounding up in the lesser sounding     
past4  ,,snow2 ,,odi2 ,,nipho2 ,,ningo1 
the privative water4  ,,sob2 ,,ebychio2 
,,luso2 ,,singultio1 man's sounding or  
springing upwards4  ,,sock2 ,,soch2     
,,embates2 ,,soccus1 a shut or covering 

about the foot or lower parts4  ,,sole2 
,,plan1 ,,gwadan2 ,,pesa2 ,,planta1 a   
thing upon the surface of the ground4   
,,some2 ,,rhiw2 ,,enios2 ,,quidam1 one  
spring or existence4  ,,somebody2 ,,rhiw
 ,,un2 ,,amos2 ,,aliquis1 one person or 
man4  ,,something2 ,,rhiw ,,beth2 ,,ti2 
,,aliquid1 some extension or property4  
,,somewhat2 ,,ychydigbeth2 ,,oligon2    
,,aliquantulum1 a little or a thing4    
,,son in ,,law2 ,,chwegr2 ,,gambros2    
,,gener1 born before marriage4          
,,sovereignty2 ,,penaduriath2 ,,arche1  
,,principatus1 the chief of the land4   
,,southwind2 ,,deheuwint2 ,,notos2      
,,notus1 the wind of the right or       
sunside4  ,,sparkle2 ,,gureichionen2    
,,spinther2 ,,scintilla1 a single       
springing out of the fire4  ,,spectator2
 ,,edrichwr2 ,,theoros2 ,,spectator1 the
 man acting to see things4  ,,sphere2   
,,pel2 ,,sphairon1 ,,sphaira1 the       
extension of parts as seen4  ,,spider2  
,,pryfgop2 ,,arachnes2 ,,aranea1 the    
acting or inclosing worm4  ,,spot or    

,,blemish2 ,,man1 ,,bricheun2 ,,kelis2  
,,macula1 the place one stands or acts  
upon in its first sense1 and allusively 
any hidden part or blemish4  ,,spouse2  
,,priodasen2 ,,nympha2 ,,sponsa1 our rib
 or female part4  ,,spring2 ,,guredd2   
,,ear2 ,,ver1 the action of man and of  
the lower parts upwards1 or the return  
of intentional qualities ilating and    
penetrating bodies4  ,,sprinkle2        
,,ysgeintio2 ,,skedaso2 ,,spargo1 the   
lesser parts of water acting upwards4   
,,spunge or ,,sponge2 ,,ysbong2 ,,madr2 
,,spongos2 ,,spongia1 a heap growing on 
a lower thing4  ,,squeeze2 ,,gwascu2    
,,blitto2 ,,exprimo1 to bring things    
from1 out1 to1 in or together1 and      
squeeze is from ex-weeze4  ,,stake2     
,,cledr2 ,,skolops2 ,,palus1 inclosed   
parts or things4  ,,stammering2 ,,atal2 
,,psellos2 ,,balbus1 a stop from        
speaking up4  ,,stamp2 ,,sathru2        
,,katapateo2 ,,proculco1 to stand upon a
 thing or place4  ,,stick2 ,,bach1      
,,pastwn2 ,,bakton2 ,,baculus1 a thing  

to shut upon another thing4  ,,strait2  
,,union1 ,,jawn2 ,,ortho2 ,,rectus1     
signify the rays of light darting in a  
direct line upon1 and giving increase to
 our globe for the common utility of man
 and beast2 which being the distribution
 of ,providence gives a general title to
 the benefit1 use1 and enjoyment        
thereof1 as tenants in common1 but so as
 not to exclude any co-partner of his   
existence4 ,but when mankind became     
corrupted and fond of dominion and      
distinction1 ,providence was pleased to 
divide the earth amongst different      
families or nations1 as appears in      
,genesis1 and ancient authors2 and those
 nations and families have granted their
 possessions and rights to one another1 
which seems to be the only natural      
origin of exclusive rights and dominion2
 though political rights may derive     
their origin from conveniency4          
,,strangle2 ,,tagu2 ,,ancho2            
,,strangulo1 to flatten the neck4       
,,stray2 ,,crwydro2 ,,alaomai2 ,,vagor1 

to be upon the round in the country4    
,,street2 ,,cwm2 ,,kome2 ,,vicus1 long  
villages1 in which tribes or certain    
portions of the people co-inhabited4    
,,strew2 ,,tanu2 ,,storeo2 ,,sterno1 to 
extend upon the surface of the ground   
under the sky4  ,,stumble2 ,,tripio2    
,,ptaio2 ,c,,spito1 the foot up from the
 possession of the lower parts4  ,,such2
 ,,cyfriw2 ,,toios2 ,,talis1 the above  
and below equal4  ,,suffer2 ,,goddef2   
,,pacho2 ,,patior1 it is an action of   
woe4  ,,sunbeam2 ,,pelydr2 ,,aktin2     
,,radius1 the action of the firmament   
towards the earth4  ,,supplant2         
,,bachellu2 ,,sphallo2 ,,supplanto1 to  
spring the foot or lower part4          
,,suppose2 ,,dodi ,,dan2 ,,upolithemi2  
,,suppono1 to put the lowest or last1 up
 or first4  ,,suspect2 ,,edrych ,,at2   
,,anablepo2 ,,suspecto1 to look at our  
actions4  ,,sward or ,,surface2         
,,arwyneb2 ,,epipole2 ,,superficies1 at 
the place of the foot1 upon the face of 
the earth or downward4  ,,swarm2 ,,haid2

 ,,smenos2 ,,examen1 it is gone1 or all 
about4  ,,swear2 ,,tyngu2 ,,omnumi2     
,,juro1 by man or all his internal      
property4  ,,sweetness2 ,,melysder2     
,,deukos2 ,,dulcedo1 the property of the
 high great light on things below4      
,,sword2 ,,cleddyf2 ,,xephos1 ,,aor2    
,,ensis1 a thing to act with or keep    
from4   ,t4  ,,think2 ,,meddylio2       
,,ennoeo2 ,,cogito1 the action or       
exercise of the internal light4         
,,thirst2 ,,syched2 ,,dipsa2 ,,sitis1   
the water drawn up by fire4  ,,thong2   
,,carai2 ,,imas2 ,,lorum1 a shut about  
an under thing4  ,,threshold2 ,,rhiniog2
 ,,belos2 ,,limen1 the limits between   
the ins and outs4  ,,throw2 ,,taflu2    
,,ballo2 ,,jacio1 to spring a thing up  
or slantwise4  ,,tiara2 ,,talaith2      
,,kidaris2 ,,tiara1 a covering upon the 
chief actor or proprietor4  ,,tie2      
,,tido2 ,,deo2 ,,ligo4 ,these in their  
primary sense signify the property or   
attraction of the firmament4  ,,tongue2 
,,tafod2 ,,glossa2 ,,lingua1 the flow of

 things4  ,,top2 ,,crib2 ,,kolophon2    
,,fastigium1 the sky or covering the    
high end4  ,,touch2 ,,cnithio2 ,,thego1 
,,psallo2 ,,tango1 acting upon the upper
 covering or skin4  ,,track2 ,,ol2      
,,ichnos2 ,,vestigium1 the shadow or    
sign of a person or other thing going   
before another1 or a continued action   
upon the ground4  ,,tread2 ,,troedio2   
,,pateo2 ,,calco1 to put the foot upon  
the ground or pat4  ,,trifle2           
,,overbeth2 ,,leros2 ,,nugamentum1      
possession without place1 or a thing    
without spring4  ,,triumph2 ,,gorfoledd2
 ,,thriambos2 ,,triumphus1 the praise of
 a man4  ,,troublesome or ,,difficult2  
,,caled2 ,,chalepos2 ,,difficilis1 the  
high part of a rock4  ,,trumpet2        
,,utgorn2 ,,salpingx2 ,,tuba1 the       
springing horn4  ,,trunk2 ,,cyff2       
,,kormos2 ,,truncus1 an animal inclosure
 or shut2 or what is used as such4      
,,tumb or ,,tomb2 ,,bedd2 ,,taphos2     
,,tumba1 the covering or inclosing of a 
body4  ,,twig2 ,,blaguryn2 ,,lugos2     

,,vimen1 a growth up4  ,,twin2 ,,ill    
,,deuodd2 ,,didumos2 ,,geminus1 a double
 offspring or race4   ,v4  ,,vehement2  
,,angerthol2 ,,sphodios2 ,,vehemens1 a  
great action or the property4  ,,vein2  
,,withen2 ,,phleps2 ,,vena1 the place of
 life1 as containing the water of life4 
,,venerable2 ,,urddasol2 ,,aidesimos2   
,,venerabilis1 a good and high acting   
man4  ,,ugly2 ,,anfoddus2 ,,amorphos2   
,,deformis1 without form4  ,,vial2      
,,fiol2 ,,phiale2 ,,phiala1 upon food4  
,,victual2 ,,bwyd2 ,,sitia2 ,,sibaria1  
the chief property or support of life4  
,,violet2 ,,llys-,,ion2 ,,ion2 ,,viola1 
the palace of ,jove4  ,,viper2 ,,wiber2 
,,echis2 ,,vipera2 the little hot       
stinger4  ,,virtue2 ,,gwredd2 ,,arete2  
,,virtus1 the spring or property of man 
,,undergo2 ,,mynedtan2 ,,upduomai2      
,,subeo1 to move below an upper4        
,,unjust2 ,,anghyfiawn2 ,,adikos2       
,,injustus2 unequal right1 or an unequal
 division of that property inherently in
 man4  ,,vulgar2 y ,,cyffredin1 y       

,,bobl2 ,,plethos1 ,,oi ,,polloi2       
,,vulgus1 ,,plebs1 those of cattle      
understanding or living together without
 distinction4   ,w4  ,,walk2 ,,cerdded2 
,,baino2 ,,ambulo1 a man upon action4   
,,wanton2 ,,anllad2 ,,aselges2          
,,lascivus1 living with women4  ,,war2  
,,cad2 ,,mache2 ,,pugna1 at action1 upon
 the spring1 great action or the paws in
 action4  ,,waistcoat2 ,,hug2 ,,chiton2 
,,tunica1 under the upper or lower coat4
  ,,weave2 ,,gwei2 ,,uphao2 ,,texo1     
acting the web1 or making or covering   
the lower4  ,,web2 ,,gwe1 ,,ystof2      
,,istof2 ,,stamen1 ,,tela1 the lower    
strata or its covering4  ,,weep2 ,,wylo2
 ,,klaio2 ,,fleo1 to be from the rays of
 light1 as plants weeping4  ,,wet1      
,,water2 ,,dyfrio2 ,,deuo2 ,,rigo1 to   
spring up water4  ,,whale2 ,,morfil2    
,,ketos2 ,,coetus1 the chief or greatest
 sea animal4  ,,whetstone2 ,,hogalen2   
,,akone2 ,,cos1 acting upon the edge or 
upper part of a thing4  ,,whey2 ,,maidd2
 ,,orros2 ,,serum1 the water part of the

 cattle liquid1 after a separation of   
the coagulated parts4  ,,whisper2       
,,sisial2 ,,thrullos2 ,,susurrus1 a     
lesser or lower sound than calling or   
talking4  ,,whistle2 ,,chwibanu2        
,,poppiso2 ,,sibilo1 the pipe sound of  
man or other animal4  ,,wicked2         
,,isgeler2 ,,alitros2 ,,scelestus1 below
 heaven4  ,,willow2 ,,helig2 ,,itea2    
,,salix1 the water kind4  ,,wild        
,,beast2 ,,gwyddfil1 ,,ther2 ,,fera1 the
 wood or country animal4  ,,wine2       
,,gwin2 ,,oinos2 ,,vinum1 a divine      
liquid4  ,,wing2 ,,aden2 ,,pteron2      
,,ala1 a thing towards the sky1 or from 
below1 up or high4 ,,ala or ,,machale   
also signify the arm-pit1 or below the  
arm or wing of man2 from whence the     
wings of birds are named4  ,,witness2   
,,tyst2 ,,martyr2 ,,testis1 a dying for 
his country4  ,,womb2 ,,croth2 ,,metra2 
,,uterus1 the mother earth or covering  
of the human species4  ,,wonder2        
,,rhyfeddu2 ,,thaumaso2 ,,miror1 the    
energy of man and animals on beholding  

or contemplating the sun1 with its      
emanation upon the lower orb4  ,,wood1  
,,wild2 ,,coed1 ,,wyllt2 ,,hyle2        
,,sylva1 the place of the highest growth
 or spring2 and emblematically the      
origin of the spring1 flow or growth of 
human speech1 or articulate sounds or   
voice1 as coming from the tree of       
knowledge of good and evil2 mankind     
being probably before the fall capable  
of seeing each others ideas or thoughts1
 so far as they were capable of         
conversing or disputing in the state of 
innocence4 ,and this sort of converse   
may be that of the ,serpent and ,eve1   
and may not be improperly termed        
species1 gwedd or eidos1 whence idiom1  
iaith1 and idioma4  ,,worm2 ,,pryf2     
,,skolex1 ,,vermis1 the first form of   
existence4  ,,worship2 ,,addoli2        
,,threskeuo2 ,,colo1 to the holy1 or    
holy ,trinity4     ,prepositions of the 
,english1 ,welsh1 ,greek1 and ,latin4   
,above1 on1 up1 upon2 ar1 gar1 ub2 ari1 
uper2 super1 supra4 ,ar hieroglyfically 

means a man's arse and in a general     
sense the earth upon which we are1 as er
 does the females1 and the passive      
element water2 hence ari2 up1 ub1 is the
 spring of p or the higher parts2 on1 is
 the circle of motion and possession2 so
 that upon is to be upon the spring or  
in motion2 super1 uper and supra is the 
spring from below up2 above1 the upper  
spring or bounds of the human sight4    
,below1 beneath1 under1 down2 tan1      
odditan1 ob1 obri2 kato1 upo1 upenerthe2
 sub1 subter1 infra4 ,under1 not sprung 
up the possessions2 down1 from springing
 or being up2 below1 from being up2     
beneath1 a thing not in the possessions2
 infra1 in the earth part2 sub1 below   
up2 subter1 below the upper possessions2
 upo1 from up2 kato from the top        
covering2 upenerthe1 from springing to  
the top2 obri1 from springing2 ob1 from 
life2 tan1 under the surface of the     
earth2 and some of those in the         
hieroglyfic sense also signify the      
generative parts4  ,in1 with1 within1   

into1 unto1 at1 to1 towards2 in1 cyn1   
oddifewn1 intho1 at1 i1 tuagat2 en1 xun1
 entos1 para1 es1 pros2 in1 cum1 intus1 
inter1 intra1 apud1 ad1 versus4 ,in1    
signifies man placed in the middle of   
existences1 and as betwixt matter and   
spirit2 with1 from ,u-,t or th by       
inflection1 is the spring of i1 man1    
into male and female1 and his line1 race
 and possessions2 within1 is the same in
 the circle of possession2 to1 is the   
circle of motion and property under the 
sky2 into1 the same within the          
possessions2 unto1 at1 ad1 towards1 the 
same1 springing to man or the line of   
possession1 or at ,t or the tree2 inter1
 into1 intra1 intho1 oddifewn1 entos1   
signify in the possessions2 tuagat      
acting towards2 cum1 xun1 together as   
one2 i1 the line of life towards the    
sun1 or man in an hieroglyfic sense2    
para1 the part upon2 pros1 the part upon
 from2 versus1 a spring towards us4     
,out1 of1 from1 out of1 without2 ,o1 or1
 oddiwrth1 oddiallen2 ek1 extos1 peu1   

apo2 ex1 de1 a1 ab1 extra1 sine4 ,ut1   
signifying the part a man possesses1    
out1 is from the part man possesses or  
stands upon2 ,o is the circle of view   
from any place one is upon or possesses2
 or1 is a material sound upon ,o1       
signifying a border2 of1 the border or  
possession part2 from1 the surrounding  
parts2 without1 out of the line or      
circle of possession2 oddiwrth1         
oddiallan1 and the rest1 signify out of 
the possessions or parts4  ,about1 for2 
am1 amfi2 amphi2 circum4 ,about1 is the 
things within the circle of man's       
possession2 am is duration and          
existences1 beings and things about him 
in this life or world2 amfi1 amphi1 the 
things about me2 circum1 things         
together1 surrounding or acting about a 
man2 for1 is the things of the circle of
 possession4  ,afore1 before1 against2  
rhag1 cin1 oflaen1 erbyn2 pro1 gar1     
anti2 pro1 pr1 ante4 ,cin is action in  
or the chief or first action or motion2 
rhag1 the fire1 or first action or      

motion1 afore and before1 in or from the
 borders of possession2 gar1 acting     
before2 pro and pr the first possessions
 or countries2 erbyn1 the seen in or    
springing before2 anti and ante1 the    
first or beginning of earthly           
possessions2 contra1 far from being     
together within4  ,after1 behind1 since1
 according to2 gwedi1 arol1 tuol1 ynol2 
upo1 epi1 usteron1 epithen1 kta2 post1  
ex1 secundum4 ,the ,greek terms signify 
the parts from2 after1 from ,t or the   
possession2 behind1 to be after hi or   
man in the possessions2 since1 to be    
after being together2 according to1     
agreeing together in acting2 post the   
part from the possessions1 ex1 out of   
action2 ar ol1 upon the shade or the    
part covered from the sun behind a      
person2 tu ol1 the shade or form from2  
yn ol1 in the shade2 gwedi1 an action   
past4  ,by1 through1 over1 over and     
above1 besides1 beyond1 except2 wrth1   
trwy1 eithr1 tros1 tros hynu1 ond hynu1 
draw1 tu draw2 dia1 ana1 peri1 pros1    

atar1 pera2 per1 trans1 prter1 ultra4   
,by1 the living or dwelling part2 with1 
the possessions by man2 dia1 the part of
 the earth possessed2 per peri1 prter1  
pera1 the part upon either of earth or  
water2 trwy and through1 possessions of 
land and water beyond the circle of     
view2 over1 from the view of the part   
upon2 tros1 trans and pros1 the part    
from both of earth and water2 except1   
taking out2 ond hynu1 but that2 drau or 
tu drau1 the other side or off the side 
of the part one possesses or place he   
stands upon2 besides1 by the side or    
below the parts2 ultra1 beyond the      
possessions or parts seen2 beyond1 by   
the upper covering4  ,between1 betwixt1 
among1 amongst2 rhyng1 ymysg2 ei1 en1   
metaxu2 inter4 ,these signify the line  
i1 dividing the things in the circle of 
possession1 and the things in and about 
the circle of possession4     ,the      
,conjunctions of the ,english1 ,welsh1  
,greek1 and ,latin4   ,and2 a1 ac1 ag2  
te1 kai2 et1 que4 ,and or ond1 on in    

division or discourse2 ac1 and ag1 its  
inflection1 and also1 a1 dropping the c 
and g before a consonant1 signify       
actions in general2 te1 et1 yet1 and the
 ,welsh etto1 signify1 again2 kai and   
que1 signify an action4  ,if1 unless1   
except2 os1 ai1 oni2 ei1 me2 si1 nisi4  
,ai1 ei1 is it the action of the earth  
or water8 ,if1 life1 or is it life8 ,os1
 is it seen off or from8 ,si1 is it1 or 
is it seen4 ,nisi1 is it not8 ,unless1  
my spring out2 except1 taking from the  
parts of the possession2 ,oni1 not from2
 ,me1 from me4  ,but1 yet1 still1 also1 
likewise1 notwithstanding1 although2    
ond1 etto1 erhyn1 eisoes1 yn lleiaf2    
aute1 eti1 omos1 alla2 autem1 sed1      
tamen1 quoque1 etiam1 lix1 licet1 etsi1 
saltem4 ,but1 by man and things seen2   
etto and yet1 it is or it springs2      
hence1 eti1 aute1 autem1 tamen1 etiam2  
also1 on so2 ond1 it is moving2         
likewise1 the same way2 still1 light on 
things1 although1 upon to2              
notwithstanding1 not opposing the former

 action2 however1 be the spring of      
action as it may2 nevertheless1 without 
any spring2 erhyn1 eisoes and omos1     
hitherto2 sed1 see it or if it be seen2 
quoque1 acting therein1 or and in which2
 the rest signify to be above ground at 
least4  ,for1 because1 therefore1 as1 as
 well as2 er1 am1 mor1 fel1 am hynu1 or 
achos1 herwydd2 eri1 gar1 dia1 oti1 os1 
ara1 ar ou2 propter1 nam1 tam1 tamquam1 
quia1 ergo2 for1 is the proving by the  
evidence of the things within the circle
 of possession or in the world2 there1  
in therefore1 er1 eri and herwydd1      
signify the spring1 and1 therefore1 the 
parts and spring within the circle2 as1 
the earth seen2 as well as1 its surface 
or under it out of sight2 wherefore1 the
 parts in which circle2 gar and ara1 by 
the earth growth2 am1 am hynu1 nam1 tam 
and tamquam1 by all things existing     
about us2 os1 by the visible circle of  
things2 dia and oti1 by the things      
possessed2 quia1 by your own existence2 
ou1 by the spring of the circle2        

because1 by the actions of the visible  
things of this world or our own actions2
 mor1 by the things about the circle or 
world2 fel1 by the light2 or achos1 by  
the actions of the part of the world    
about us4  ,or1 either2 neu1 ai1 aill2  
nai1 eite2 n1 aut1 vel1 sive4 ,or1      
signifies the circle of possession and  
of and from1 as it is at a distance from
 us1 but in this respect the things     
therein promiscuously1 either the one   
thing or the other1 as have any relation
 to each other2 either1 ai1 eite and    
aut1 action or matter2 vel1 sight or    
light2 aill1 action or light2 sive1 seen
 or not2 neu and n1 in or spring4  ,nor1
 neither2 na1 nac1 nid1 nis2 mete1 oude1
 oute2 nec1 neque1 neu4 ,nor1 not in the
 world or existence1 neither1 no action 
or rest2 na1 no matter2 nac1 no action  
or matter2 nid and nis1 no sight or     
sound1 or it is not2 mete1 oude or oute1
 the privation of things2 neu1 no       
spring2 nec and neque1 no action4       
,till1 until2 tra1 cyd2 eos ke1 eoke2   

usque ad2 till or until1 during the     
spring of light upon the possessions2   
cyd1 so long as things remain together2 
tra1 during the possession of the earth2
 the rest signify during the            
co-existence of things4     ,,pronouns4 
,i1 me1 mine2 mi1 fi1 fy2 ego1 eme1     
emos2 ego1 me1 meus2 i at first         
represented man1 as a line1 without his 
extension in matter1 or in his first    
spiritual state1 but now1 as having     
relation to1 and connection with matter2
 me1 mi1 and eme1 from am-i or iam1     
signify this i or line1 existing or     
extended with its ambient possessions4  
,hence ,t1 which is this line extended1 
under heaven1 came to be the hieroglyfic
 expression for extension and general   
things2 and ,p its divider1 for         
possessions1 properties1 terrestial     
parts and particular things2 ego or egu1
 the springing ,u or man2 emou and mei1 
its genitive or possessive case1 signify
 the things and possessions about man2  
mine is my in1 in me or my property2    

emos and meus signify the things seen   
about us2 fi and fy inflect from mi4    
,you or thou1 thee1 thine2 ti1 dy2 su1  
sos2 tu1 tuus4 ,you from y-o-u signifies
 the off man1 thou from th-o-u1 the off 
man or woman2 thee1 ti1 and tu1 are the 
same2 thine1 is the off man's in or     
possessions2 dy1 thy possession2 su the 
female ,u or woman2 tuus1 and sos1 the  
female possessions4  ,he1 she1 him1 her1
 his1 hers1 it2 fe or fo1 hi1 ith or ei2
 autos1 aute1 auto2 ille1 illa1 illud1  
is1 ea1 id1 ipse1 ipsa1 ipsum1 suus1    
sua1 suum4 ,he or hi1 the higher acting 
man2 she1 the lesser1 lower1 or female  
man2 him1 the higher man about2 her1 the
 more passive spring2 his1 of man2 hers 
of a woman2 it1 ith1 id1 ille1 autos1 c4
 signify man's extension in his race and
 possessions4  ,we1 us1 ours2 ni1 ein2  
hemeis1 hemeteros2 nos1 noster4 ,we or  
wi1 those in possession2 us1 the men    
seen2 ours1 of man2 ni1 the men in      
possession2 ein1 belonging to us2 emeis1
 the men about2 nos or nus1 in us2      

noster1 our possessions2 emeteros1 our  
surrounding possessions2 o-ur1 being the
 circle of man4  ,ye1 you1 yours2 chwi1 
eich2 umeis1 umeteros2 vos1 vester4     
,chwi1 the from us2 ye1 those from2     
umeis1 the females about2 vos1 those    
from2 yours1 of those from2 eich1 of the
 from us2 umeteros and vester1 the      
female possessions4  ,they1 them1       
theirs2 hwynt1 eu2 autoi1 ekeinoi1      
spheteroi2 illi1 isti4 ,these signify   
mankind1 their race1 spring1 and        
possessions4 ,thus far as to the        
personal and possessive pronouns2 now as
 to the demonstratives and relatives4   
,this1 that2 hwn1 hon1 hyn2 autos1 aute1
 touto1 ekeinos2 hic1 is1 ille4 ,this1  
the man seen2 that1 the possession at2  
hwn1 the man acting in2 hyn1 he in      
action2 hic1 the man acting2 is and     
ille1 the man seen2 ekeinos1 the man    
seen acting in the circle of possession2
 autos the same4  ,any1 some1 one2 un1  
yr un1 peth2 ostis1 eis1 enios1 deina2  
aliquis1 quidam1 quicunque1 ullus4 ,un  

signifies man in existence1 as a        
mikrocosm representing our system of    
beings2 one1 is from un2 any1 is the    
earth in existence2 some1 the seen      
existences2 yr un the one spring of     
existence2 enios and eis1 in existence2 
ullus1 a man seen2 aliquis1 another man 
seen2 ostis1 the things about in the    
possessions2 peth1 a part or thing4     
,none2 neb2 outis1 oudeis2 nullus4      
,nullus1 no man seen2 outis and oudeis1 
no thing or possession2 none1 no one2   
neb1 nobody4  ,another2 arall2 allos1   
eteros2 alius1 alter1 uter4 ,arall1     
allos1 alius1 signify the second2 alter1
 uter and another1 the second           
possession4  ,who1 which1 what1 that2   
pwi1 pa1 pa un2 os1 he1 o1 poios1 poia1 
poion1 tis1 os1 ti2 qui1 qu1 quod1 quis1
 qu1 quid1 is1 ea1 id4 ,these as        
interrogatives signify which one1 and   
what part or thing1 and that one or     
thing8 and as relative pronouns serve to
 express any antecedent part1 member or 
thing in a sentence1 as who or wch-,u1  

the above man1 which or wch-ich1 the    
above action and what or wch-at1 at the 
above2 qui or uch-i1 the above man1 qu  
or uch-1 the above woman1 and quod1 the 
above thing4     ,adverbs of ,place4    
,within1 here1 endwise1 straight1       
upright2 in tho yma1 ofeun1 tu fewn1    
insyth1 cyfing1 ar inion2 endon1        
entautha1 orthos1 stenos1 en brachei1   
eiso2 intus1 introrsum1 hic1 vere1      
arrecte1 strictim1 anguste4 ,within1    
intho1 endon1 intus and introrsum1      
signify the line of man's existence1 as 
his house1 possession1 or the part of   
space occupied by him1 or taken up by   
his extension2 endwise towards the sky  
or bounds of view2 cyfin1 shut close    
together1 in length without breadth2    
strait1 aright1 arrecte and strictim1 to
 be shut or pent up from roving to and  
fro2 orthos1 the possessions within the 
borders2 stenos1 to be within the       
possessions2 en brachei1 in the high    
country2 inion1 in the line2 in syth1 in
 the place standing upon2 here1 the     

length possessed by one2 hic1 him       
acting2 ima1 man or the line in the     
centre of existences or things2         
entautha1 things in possession2 eiso1   
within the circle or borders of the     
possessions4  ,above1 aloft1 atop1      
upwards1 lengthwise1 longwise2 uchod1   
bri1 ar hyd1 ar fynu1 ar dyn1 ar hir    
bell2 uperthen1 ano1 elkedon2 supra1    
sursum1 sublime1 tractim1 longule4      
,tractim1 the sun's property of drawing 
upwards1 above1 from or beyond the      
bounds of view2 bri1 the high country or
 the firmament part2 ar fynu1 upon the  
upright2 ar hyd1 upon the length2 ar    
dyn1 upon the sun's attracting property1
 or upon a draft2 uperthen1 the upper   
part of the line of possession2 elkedon1
 the line of fire drawing upwards2 ano1 
the sky2 supra1 above the earth2 sursum1
 above the part possessed1 or man       
standing up2 sublime1 up in the region  
of light2 aloft1 high from or above the 
part possessed2 atop1 at the top or the 
sky2 upwards1 upon the spring up2 up1   

the spring of p4  ,beneath1 below1      
aground1 down1 under2 isod1 obri1 tan1  
ilawr2 upo1 upenerthe1 arden2 sub1      
subter1 humi1 deorsum1 funditus4 ,isod1 
below the circle of possessions2 ilawr1 
to the ground2 arden1 from being up2    
funditus the bottom2 deorsum and humi1  
from or below the part a man is upon2   
the rest are explained under the        
prepositions4  ,out1 without1 outwards1 
abroad1 of1 from1 around2 o1 allan1     
oddiallan1 o amglych2 exo1 ektos1       
exothen1 thurase1 amphi2 ex1 foras1     
circum1 extrorsum4 ,extrorsum1 out of   
the border of a man's inhabited         
possessions2 allan1 above the place     
inhabited2 ,o1 the circle of            
possessions2 around1 the circle of the  
earth inhabited2 abroad1 from the       
neighbourhood2 foras1 below the part of 
the circle2 exothen1 out of the         
inhabited possessions2 the rest are     
explained under the prepositions4       
,before1 facing1 onwards1 forwards1     
ahead1 throughly2 mlaen1 rhagbron1 ir   

trwyn1 oflaen1 peneithaf2 pros1 porro1  
panuge2 coram1 prorsum1 porro1 penitus4 
,before1 the part from man's view2      
facing1 the part seen in action2 porro1 
the part from2 prorsum1 the part from   
man's standing or being2 coram1 the     
border of the possessions2 peneithaf and
 penitus1 the farthest end2 ir trwyn1 to
 the end of the possessions4  ,behind1  
astern1 after all2 in ol1 yn olaf2 ta   
ustata2 postremo4 ,yn ol1 in the shade  
of the man in possession2 yn olaf its   
superlative degree2 after all1 off the  
possession of the shade2 astern1 below  
the possessions upon2 behind1 to be at  
the back2 postremo1 the last part of the
 place possessed2 ta ustata1 the last   
possessions4  ,near1 nigh2 agos2 engus2 
prope4 ,prope1 the part from2 agos1     
engus1 and nigh1 the first motion or    
action from2 near1 in the part upon4    
,far1 far away2 o lar bid1 imhell1      
hirbell2 porrothen1 apothen1 makran2    
longe1 procul1 ultra1 ulterius1 eminus4 
,these signify beyond the neighbourhood 

or the part inhabited upwards and       
sideways2 as far1 from the part upon2 o 
lar byd1 from the dwelling place2       
imhell1 out of the sight upon the line  
of life2 hirbell1 very much so2         
porrothen1 a part from the place        
inhabited2 longe1 an extensive place2   
procul1 the upper country2 ultra and    
ulterius1 the country seen above4       
,amongst1 amidst1 intermixedly1 astray1 
largely1 widely1 hither and thither2    
rhong1 rhoth1 amisg1 ar led1 inganol1   
ima a thraw2 metaxu1 ana meson1 deuro1  
kakeise1 plateos1 dapsilos2 large1 late1
 intermixte1 ample1 medie1 huc atque    
illuc4 ,amysg1 amidst1 amongst1 metaxu  
and intermixte1 separating the things in
 the lower circle of possessions2       
astray1 acting below the possessions2   
hither and thither1 from the part       
possessed to the firmament2 rhong1      
dividing the things within the circle of
 possession2 inganol1 inclosing all2 ar 
ld1 large1 late1 upon a wide place at   
large about the ground2 ima a thraw the 

part upon1 and that from2 dapsilos1 the 
coasts from the part upon2 rhoth and    
euros1 the extension of the particles of
 light below2 medie1 dividing the parts 
possessed1 as earth and water2 huc atque
 illuc1 to the man in possession1 and   
him out of possession1 the race of man  
or him in the sky2 ample1 the place     
about4  ,there1 thereabout2 yno1 aco1 o 
amgylch2 ekei1 autothi2 illic1 ibi4     
,there1 upon ,t or in the firmament2    
illic1 ibi1 and circiter1 the firmament2
 os1 osonte1 ekei and autothi1 the      
circle of the possessions in the sky2 y 
no1 aco and o amgylch1 the circle of the
 possessions about a man4  ,hence2      
oddiyma2 enthende2 hinc4 ,oddiyma1 from 
the possessions about a man2 hinc and   
hence1 from him in possession or action2
 enthende1 from the part in possession4 
,thence2 oddiyno2 autothen2 illinc4     
,illinc1 from the place in the firmament
 here2 thence1 from the sky2 ,o ddiyno  
and autothen1 from the possessions      
yonder4 ,hither1 hitherward1 homeward1  

toward this way1 hitherto1 hereabout2 tu
 ima1 tu ac ima1 fordd ima1 dyro2       
proseti1 entha1 deuro1 mechri1 taute2   
huc1 adhuc1 hactenus1 horsum1           
aliquorsum1 retro1 erga1 versus4 ,tu    
ima1 this side of the possessions2 tu ac
 ima1 the side of the possessions acting
 here2 fordd ima1 the way to these      
possessions2 hyd yma1 upon the length   
here2 proseti1 the part from to the     
possessions2 entha1 into the            
possessions2 dyro and deuro1 acting or  
coming here2 mechri1 about acting into  
the possessions2 taute1 the possession  
from that of man2 huc and adhuc1 acting 
towards man2 hactenus1 that part into   
possession2 horsum1 he from1 to where   
man is2 aliquorsum1 another1 which is   
from1 to where man is2 retro1 returning 
from the possessions from2 hither1 from 
the firmament here2 towards and the rest
 signify upon the spring to or home4    
,thither1 thitherto1 that way2 tu aco1  
fordd aco2 ekeise1 tede1 ode2 illuc1    
istuc4 ,thither and thitherto1 from the 

sky or top of ,t1 to the possessions at 
its bottom2 tu aco1 to the possessions  
from the sky2 ekeise1 from the          
possessions in the sky lower2 tede1 from
 the high possessions at ,t2 ode1 from  
the circle of ,t2 illuc1 from the place 
of light hither2 istuc1 from the place  
above to the lower possessions4  ,where1
 somewhere1 any where1 whither1         
somewhither1 which way1 wherein1        
whereto2 pale1 ible1 tuafle1 i riw le1  
tua riw le1 i riw fan2 pou1 poi1 poi ti 
ophelos1 epiachou1 pothi2 ubi1 quid1    
quo1 quoquo1 quorsum1 aliquo1           
aliquorsum1 alicubi1 uspiam4 ,where1    
somewhere and any where1 acting or      
springing upwards from the part one is  
upon2 whither1 somewhither1 wherein1    
whereto and which way1 acting upwards   
from one part1 place or possession to   
another2 the ,welsh signify1 what place1
 to what place1 towards what place1 to  
one place and to some place1 and are    
fully explained elsewhere2 poi and pou  
the part from up2 poi ti ophelos1 the   

part from up1 towards what or some      
place2 epiachou1 from the part acting   
upwards2 pothi1 the part from the       
possessions2 ubi1 springing to the high 
parts2 quo1 from upwards2 quorsum1 from 
the place of man's existence upwards2   
aliquorsum1 from another place of man's 
existence upwards2 alicubi and uspiam1  
from the part of man's existence upwards
 above the sky4  ,elsewhere2 yn lle     
arall1 yn yr uchelder2 allachou1        
allathi2 alibi4 ,elsewhere1 from the    
lower place to the upper firmament2 yn  
lle aral1 in another or high place2 yn  
yr uchelder1 in the firmament2 allachou1
 in the place above2 allathi1 in the    
high possessions2 alibi1 the high       
firmament4  ,across1 askant1 askew1     
awry1 aslant1 aslope1 athwart1          
crosswise1 traverse1 oblique2 yn groes1 
ar wyr1 ar osgo1 ar draws1 ar gam2      
plagios1 parableden1 endiastrophos2     
oblique1 ex obliquo1 torte4 ,torte is a 
top one on the upright line2 oblique1   
from being an upright line2             

endiastrophos1 an horizontal or meridian
 line2 parableden1 a traverse or        
contrary to an upright line2 plagios1 a 
plane one2 ar gam1 one upon the         
superficies of the earth2 ar draws1 one 
upon the traverse2 ar osgo1 upon the    
slope2 ar wyr1 from an upright2         
traverse1 turned towards the surface2   
athwart1 at the earth part2 aslope1 low 
to the place part2 aslant1 low towards  
the ground2 awry1 from an upright       
spring2 askew1 acting lower than the    
spring2 askant1 acting low towards the  
ground4  ,apart1 asunder1 aside1        
besides1 separately1 severally1 apiece2 
urtho i hun1 ar neilldu1 ar ben i hun1  
heb lau hyn1 ar ddidol2 choris1 idia1   
kath ekaston1 epi toutois1 alla te2     
seorsim1 seperatim1 singulatim1 prterea4
 ,apart1 a divided piece of earth or    
thing2 asunder1 the ground under2 aside1
 the part by the side2 separate1 a part 
of the earth or thing out of or below   
the possessions2 several1 below the high
 spring2 urtho i hun1 a man by the side 

of the possessions2 ar neill du1 upon   
the other side2 ar ben i hun1 at his own
 end2 heb lau hyn1 without the          
assistance of this hand2 ar ddidol1 upon
 the division of place or culling2      
choris1 below the borders2 idia1 the    
divided part2 kath ekaston1 by himself  
below the possessions2 epi toutois1     
above the extent of the lower           
possessions2 alla te1 the upper or      
another possession2 seorsim1 below the  
circle or borders of the parts          
possessed2 singulatim1 the low          
inhabitant beholding or contemplating   
immensity2 prterea1 before the          
possessions of earth and water4         
,everywhere2 pob1 pob lle1 pob man2     
pantachou2 ubique4 ,these seem to       
express space1 as pob1 the parts from2  
pob lle and pob man1 the parts of       
extension and existence of matter2      
pantachou1 all upwards2 ubique1 beyond  
the higher parts1 though inadequate to  
the ideas of space or extension4  ,no   
where2 nid yn un man1 nid yn un lle2    

oudame1 oudamou2 nusquam4 ,these signify
 in no part or place1 or the negatives  
of where1 which have been already       
explained4     ,adverbs of ,time4       
,when1 whence2 pan1 pa bryd1 or hyn1 o  
hyn amser2 otan1 opothen2 quando1 quum1 
unde4 ,pan1 the part in2 pa bryd1 the   
part in season2 o hyn amser1 from this  
circle upon2 otan1 the circle in        
possession2 opothen1 the circle from the
 possession2 when and whence1 springing 
or acting in2 unde1 the spring in       
possession2 hence quum and quando4  ,how
 long8 how often8 pa hyd1 cynfynyched1  
pa sal gwaith8 mechri ou1 posakis8      
quamdiu1 quoties8 ,how long1 what length
 of spring or action2 how often1 what   
action above in2 pa hyd1 what length of 
action or possession2 cynfynyched1 how  
often from the first2 pa sal guaith1    
what spring of action2 mechri ou1 what  
acting about from the first2 posakis1   
what acting and standing still2 quamdiu1
 what rounds of the division of the     
spring2 quoties1 in what possession4    

,once1 only1 only but2 un waith1 un     
amser1 yn unig2 apax1 monon2 semel1     
tantum1 solummodo4 ,once1 one action2   
only1 one quality2 un waith1 one action1
 or going2 un amser1 one round of what  
is upon2 yn unig1 in one action2 apax1  
from the action or first action2 monon1 
the motion of the circle or one motion2 
semel1 upon the lower round2 tantum1    
whilst in possession4  ,twice1 secondly2
 dwywaith1 ailwaith2 dis1 deuteron2 bis1
 secundo4 ,these signify a division of  
the lower circle of motion or action4   
,thrice1 thirdly2 teirgwaith1 yn        
drydydd2 treis1 triton2 ter1 tertio4    
,these signify the action of the third  
day's creation1 viz4 the division or    
separation of land and water4  ,four    
times1 fourthly2 pedairgwaith1 yn       
bedwaredd2 tetrakis1 tetartos2 quater1  
quarto4 ,the division of the luminaries 
or the action of the fourth day4        
,often1 oftentimes1 many times2 mynych1 
llaergwaith2 pollakis1 polloston1       
sunachos2 spe1 multoties1 spenumero4    

,often off or above ten2 oftentimes1    
above ten times2 many times1 the small  
things2 mynych1 bordering on the        
highest2 llawar gwaith1 the action of   
the circle of the hand upon the fingers1
 as well as a part of the action of the 
whole circle2 pollakis1 a part of all   
the lower action2 polloston1 a part of  
the lower possessions2 sunachos1 from   
the first action2 spe1 a thing1 from    
standing still2 spenumero1 a thing from 
standing still in the spring of         
existence4  ,so often2 cynfynyched2     
tosakis2 toties4 ,so often1 the lower   
circle above ten2 cynfynyched1 the first
 action bordering on the highest2       
tosakis and toties1 the action of the   
lower or lesser circle of life4         
,yesterday2 doe2 echthes2 heri4 ,heri1  
the action from2 yesterday1 or          
yest-heri-day1 the action of the day    
past2 doe1 the division or day from or  
past2 echthes or ech-doe1 the d         
inflecting into th1 the action of the   
past division4  ,erst1 at first1 in time

 past1 formerly1 before hand1 before    
time1 heretofore1 yore1 aforetime1      
agone1 long ago1 a great while ago1     
laterally2 erhyn1 cynt1 cynhyn1 or      
blaen1 er ys talm1 ymlaen llaw1 gynt    
oll1 er ys meitin2 archen1 protos1      
emprothen1 pro tou prin1 apotoude1      
enteuthen1 palai2 primo1 antehac1 olim1 
antea1 abhinc1 jamdudum1 pridem4        
,jamdudum1 during the spring of time2   
prin1 primo1 protou1 protos1 first1     
emprothen and pridem1 from the beginning
 of fire or motion in the lower         
existences2 er1 the spring2 erst1 the   
spring of the lower possessions2        
formerly1 the spring of forms2 ago1 the 
action from2 while1 the flowing of the  
upper light2 cynt1 the first action of  
worldly possessions2 cyn hyn1 before    
this time or existence2 or blaen1       
ymlaen1 and ymlaen llaw1 from or before 
the existence of this place2 gynt oll   
and olim1 before all existence here2    
antehac and antea1 in the possession    
before the present2 archen1 the         

beginning of the present earth2 er ys   
meitin1 er ys talm and er hyn1 this     
spring or possession2 abhinc1 from the  
beginning of action2 yore1 the circle of
 time from2 palai1 the part upon action4
  ,betimes2 yr inion bryd2 en deonti2   
tempore4 ,these signify directly in     
season4  ,now1 already1 ever1 evermore1 
always2 yn aur1 erioed1 aur hon1 byth1  
pob amser1 yn wast adol1 pryd hyn1      
yndragywydd2 nun1 aei1 diapantos1 ede2  
nunc1 jam1 jamjam1 semper1 sempiternum1 
perpetuo4 ,now1 nun1 and nunc1 yn aur1  
aur hon1 ever and evermore1 in the      
spring2 byth1 the life2 pryd hyn1 the   
part upon the length2 yn dragywydd1 in  
the duration of the spring2 yn wastdol1 
in the state of all things2 jam1 the    
existence2 semper1 the existence part2  
already1 ready up2 always1 upwise2 aei1 
motion or action2 hede1 the length2     
diapantos1 all possessions2 erioed1 the 
spring of age4  ,never2 erioed ni fu1   
byth ni bu2 oude pote1 mede pote2       
numquam4 ,these signify not in life1    

spring or existence4  ,to-day1 in the   
morning1 to-morrow2 heddiw1 yn y bore1 y
 fory2 temeron1 proi1 aurion2 hodie1    
mane1 cras4 ,day1 heddiw and hodie1 is  
the division of action2 temeron1 the    
part in action2 morning1 bore and fory1 
the spring of all terrestial existences2
 proi1 the part from in2 aurion1 the    
spring in motion2 mane1 the spring in   
the earth2 cras1 the action of the sun  
or light below4  ,a night2 yn y nos2    
nuktos2 nocte4 ,in y nos1 in no sight or
 light2 noctu and the rest1 in no       
firmament act4  ,next2 ong1 nesaf2      
engistos2 proxime4 ,ong1 moving on2     
next1 the out to us2 nesaf1 the thing   
from us2 the rest are the same4  ,still1
 yet1 also1 item1 likewise1 alike1      
again1 eftsoon1 encore1 afresh1 anew1   
while1 well nigh1 almost2 hyd hyn1 etto1
 hefyd1 ymhellach1 yn debig1 drachefn1  
eilwaith1 yn newydd1 tra1 hyd tra1 hyd  
oni1 cyd ac1 trwy1 pan1 pryd1 agos1     
oddieithr ych ydig1 haeach2 eti1 alla1  
all' ede1 omos1 all'omos1 omoios1 mechri

 tou1 mechri nun1 proseti1 au1 authis1  
empalin1 neosti1 achris1 an1 eos an1    
mikron dein1 para mikron2 adhuc1 tamen1 
etiam1 similiter1 dum1 iterum1 rursum1  
item1 nove1 recenter1 fere1 ferme4      
,still1 an emanation of light upon the  
lower parts2 yet1 etto1 eti1 etiam1 item
 and iterum1 the firmament upon the     
lower parts2 also1 another sound or     
sound up2 again1 acting in2 eilwaith1   
another action2 au1 a spring2 authis1   
the spring of the lower possessions2    
empalin1 things up in existence2 pan1 a 
part or thing in existence2 alla1 being 
up2 all' ede1 it is up2 omos1 all       
together2 all'omos1 up all together2    
mechri tou1 until this time2 mechri nun1
 until now2 proseti1 from the first to  
this time2 neosti1 newydd1 nove and     
anew1 it is in spring1 action1 or       
possession2 an1 the earth in2 eos an1   
the from in2 while1 the emanation of the
 high light2 well nigh1 springing up in 
action2 almost1 up from below the       
surface2 hyd hyn1 this length2 tra1 the 

earth's duration2 hyd tra1 so long as   
the earth endures2 hyd oni1 so long as  
life or motion2 cyd ac1 action together2
 truy1 the duration of spring2 pryd1 the
 part upon the length2 agos1 the action 
from2 haeach1 the action from2 oddieithr
 ych ydig1 little from the possession2  
mikron dein1 until in possession2 para  
mikron1 until the part upon2 adhuc1 to  
this time2 tamen1 the parts about in2   
dum1 the spring of matter2 rursum1 the  
return of spring to the parts about man2
 fere and ferme1 the spring about2      
recenter1 a return of action upon the   
possessions4  ,anon1 forthwith1         
immediately1 presently1 quickly1 soon2  
ar frys1 ar fyned1 yn fuan1 yn gyflym1  
ar fyr2 autothen1 parautika1 autika de  
mala1 amesos1 tacheos2 illico1 protinus1
 immediate1 statim1 cito4 ,anon1 upon   
moving or going2 cito1 together2 soon1  
so on2 forthwith1 from the possessions  
with2 immediate and immediately1 me at  
thee in the line of possession2         
presently1 before sent for2 quickly1    

acting to you2 ar frys1 upon haste2 ar  
fyned1 upon going2 yn fyan1 speedily2 yn
 gyflym1 hastily2 ar fyr1 shortly2      
autothen1 springing from hence2 para    
autika1 springing from any part to him  
in possession2 autika de mala1 springing
 to the possession from any place of    
existence2 amesos1 in the midst2        
tacheos1 on the same part together2     
illico1 from hence2 protinus1 the part  
from to the possessions2 statim1 from   
any part or coast to the possessions4   
,henceforth1 henceforward1 hereafter2   
o-hyn-allan1 ynol hyn1 rhag llaw2 apo1  
toutou1 exes2 dehinc1 deinceps4 ,these  
signify from hence1 from this time1 and 
from hence below or forward4  ,then2    
yno2 tote1 tunc4 ,tunc1 the things or   
possessions in action2 then1 the things 
or possessions in2 tote1 the things in  
the circle of beings2 yno1 in the       
circle4  ,thence1 thereafter1           
thenceforward1 thenceforth2 othyno1 ar  
ol hynu2 autothen1 opote2 illinc1       
posteaquam4 ,these are defined before4  

,soon after2 yn fuan arol2 oligo2 paulo 
post4 ,oligo1 after the action from2    
paulo post1 little after2 the rest are  
explained before4  ,somewhile1 awhile1  
sometimes1 longwhile2 rhiw amser1 ambell
 waith1 weithia1 enyd o amser1 yn hir o 
amser2 epi chronon1 pote1 makran den2   
aliquamdiu1 aliquando1 longe diu4 ,rhiu 
amser1 the spring of existence2 chronon1
 the round of existence2 makran1 things 
acting about2 the rest are explained    
before4  ,seldom2 yn anaml1 yn anfynych2
 spanios2 raro4 ,spanios1 a less part in
 motion2 seldom1 less acting about2 yn  
anaml and yn anfynych1 things and       
existences less numerous2 raro1 things  
from the earth4  ,prematurely1 oversoon2
 cin tymor2 prooros2 prmature4 ,cin     
tymor1 before the circle of existence2  
prooros1 before the term2 prmature1     
before the things in possession2        
oversoon1 an action before its spring or
 season4  ,annually1 yearly2 pob        
blwyddyn2 kat etos2 quotannis4 ,yearly1 
every spring upon earth2 annual1 every  

spring up of the earth's existence2 kat 
etos1 every spring of motion1 age or    
action2 pob blwyddyn1 every life or     
existence upon the spring4              
,alternately1 one after another2 pob yn 
ail2 enallax2 alternatim4 ,pob yn ail1  
every other in2 enallax1 in another     
action2 alternatim1 another into        
possession4  ,at length1 lastly1        
finally1 ultimately2 mhen enyd2 yn olaf1
 yn ddiweddaf2 yr diwedd2 pote1         
talentaion1 ta ustata1 echatos2 tandem1 
postremo1 ultimo4 ,mhen enyd1 at the end
 of a length2 yn olaf1 the aftermost2 yn
 ddiweddaf1 the endmost2 yr diwedd1 the 
end2 pote1 out of possession2 ta ustata1
 the last part of possession2 echatos1  
the utmost round2 tandem1 after or below
 the part in possession2 postremo1 after
 the things or possessions in being2    
ultimo1 futurity or last time2 at       
length1 the end of a line1 possession or
 other thing2 lastly1 the place of the  
lowest possessions4     ,adverbs of     
,quantity1 ,quality1 and the ,manner of 

,motions1 ,energies1 and rest of        
,things4   ,how many1 how much2 pa      
nifer1 pa rifedi1 pa sawl un1 pa        
gymaint2 posi1 oson1 poson2 quot1       
quantum4 ,these signify the parts of    
springs1 actions and things             
interrogatively4  ,so much1 so many2 yn 
gymaint1 cynifer2 toson1 tosouton2      
tantum1 tot4 ,these signify the parts   
and actions seen4  ,more2 mwy2 mallon2  
magis4 ,these signify a greater spring  
of many and much4  ,less2 llai2 elatton2
 meion2 minor4 ,these signify the       
beginning of action or the edge of      
place4  ,absolutely1 wholly2 yn hollal2 
entallos2 absolute4 ,these signify the  
whole or all1 as quality2 the qualities 
of the different sorts of things being  
expressed by al1 el1 il1 ol1 ul1 and    
their transponents1 according to the    
nature of the expression1 and generally 
in the ,english1 by ly the flow of the  
sun's rays1 or y the1 to form ,adverbs  
from ,adjectives4  ,adjectively2 yn     
adroedd2 epitheton2 adjective4 ,these   

signify something cast to1 as its       
quality to a substantive4               
,affectionately1 passionately1          
pathetically2 yn hoffus1 yn ofydus2 yn  
wynfydus2 pathetikos1 agapetos2         
pathetice4 ,these are expressive of the 
qualities or energies of those passions4
  ,agedly2 yn henaidd2 palaios2         
seniliter1 the qualities of age or being
 long in action4  ,articulately2 yn     
gymalog2 enarthros2 articulatim1        
articulate sounds1 or the sounds of the 
joints4  ,bodily2 yn gorphorol2         
somatikos2 corporaliter1 like the body4 
,cirumstantially2 yn amgylcheddol2      
peristatikos1 circumstantialiter1 like  
standing about4  ,coldly2 oerlyd2       
psuchros2 frigide1 as deprived of the   
sun's heat4  ,fiercely2 yn fyrnig2      
agrios2 ferociter1 as the action of     
fire4  ,naturally2 yn naturiol1 anianol2
 kata physin2 naturaliter1 as the       
internal properties of things diffused  
towards man4  ,usually2 yn arferol2     
koine2 usualiter1 as usual4  ,wisely2 yn

 fynwyrol2 sophes2 sapienter1 like the  
sight of man4  ,worthily2 yn yrddasol2  
axios2 digne1 like the property or value
 of man4  ,as2 mal2 os2 ut1 the surface 
of the ground1 the possessions extended 
or the earth seen4  ,why1 wherefore2 pa 
achos2 par o2 cur1 what action1 motion  
or spring4  ,therefore2 felly2 outos2   
ita1 ergo1 the action1 spring or thing  
as seen4  ,alack1 alas2 och1 ai ho1 gwae
 fi2 ai1 ,o1 omoi1 ouai2 ah1 eh1 hei1   
heu1 ehu1 v4 ,these are interjections or
 energies of the passions of dislike and
 lamentation4  ,aha3 aha1 wi2 euge2     
euge1 a good spring or pleasing         
interjection4  ,adieu1 hail1 farewell2  
bydd iach2 vale1 salve1 live well1      
spring and enjoy the ilation of the sun4
  ,amen2 amen2 amen1 outos genoito2     
amen1 ita fiat4 ,am-en for heaven1 and  
let it be so4  ,some sketches of the    
creation1 the original and present state
 of men and animals in our system of    
beings1 the fall of man and other       
obscure scenes of antiquity1 have been  

drawn from the sacred characters made   
use of by the ,priests and ,druids to   
preserve their original1 ancient and    
secret knowledge1 in order to illustrate
 the present subject1 and setting the   
present confused1 deluded1 or enchanted 
state of language and knowledge in a    
right course and direction4 ,but the    
press not admitting of their being      
exhibited in that order and mode1 which 
seemed to be necessary for a compleat   
transmission of the sacred hieroglyfics1
 the following specimen must suffice for
 the present4  ,illustration  #a4 ,the  
state of man previous to the formation  
of ,eve and his essential modes4 #b4    
,his compound state or the nonessential 
modes and division into parts and       
actions4 #c4 ,emblems of concupiscible  
appetites1 innate parental traces1      
energies and passions acquired by the   
fall4 #d4 ,the state of man and woman   
after the fall1 as enchanted and        
confined to place or matter4 #e4 ,the   
,serpent1 an emblem of speech4 #f4 ,a   

theta instead of the ,coptic kei1 an    
emblem of man's primitive state1 c4 #g4 
,birds2 but the round ,u is made use for
 the ,coptic e4 #h4 ,beasts and ,bulls4 
#i4 ,fishes4 #aj4 ,twigs and trees4 ,but
 more of this hereafter4  ,and as all   
letters are thus deriveable from the    
parts of man1 resembling all other      
things1 ,adam might be very well        
instructed1 in their use in             
paradise2--,and1 the divisions of time  
appear to have been made from the days  
of the creation4 ,see the former        
treatise4      ,o'er plants celestial1  
that fell below1     ,and grafs of serf 
which now together grow1     ,with her  
sword flaming round the living stem1    
,guarding its fruit upon the side of    
,shem1     ,expatiate free6 'tis the    
scene of man1     ,a mighty maze6 beyond
 my present plan2     #8,a wild where   
weeds and flowers promiscuous shoot2    
,or garden1 tempting with forbidden     
fruit4     ,together let us beat this   
ample field2     ,try what the open1    

what the covert yield4'     ,here to    
dispel prolific nature's charm1         
,prudence forbids2 tho' far from real   
harm2     ,and science shuns the        
,sympathetic touch2     ,so here we     
finish1 lest we feel too much4          
,withall affirming of the birth of      
tongue4     ,if ,hiero's right1 others  
must be wrong4  ,,finis4                
,transcriber's ,note3 ,changes made to  
the text to correct probable printer    
errors are listed below4 #agfjs spelling
 remains unchanged4 ,greek ligatures    
7and mid-word 7 have been modernised to 
separate letters 7and 74 ,greek letters 
were occasionally printed reversed or   
upside down1 probably because the       
typesetter wasn't familiar with the     
alphabet1 and this has been corrected   
without further note4      ,page #ac1   
8elitoris0 changed to 8clitoris0 7the   
clitoris1     erectors1 and7      ,page 
#ag1 upper case  changed to  for        
consistency with the     other letters  
in the list4      ,page #ba1 8frem0     

changed to 8from0 7proceeding from the  
hind     part7      ,page #cb1          
8diminition0 changed to 8diminution0 7a 
diminution of     the colour7      ,page
 #cc1 italics added 7a circle extended7 
,page #ci1 8particples0 changed to      
8participles0 7with adjectives     or   
participles7      ,page #db1 verb 8read0
 added to table1 under first person     
present     absolute4 ,the reader should
 also note the likelihood that the      
future absolute is incorrect4      ,page
 #dc1 8or0 changed to 8for0 7for as ing7
      ,page #dc1 8or0 changed to 8of0   
7it is the spring of life7      ,page   
#dc1 8loose0 changed to 8lose0 7as verbs
 lose their     qualities7      ,page   
#fj1 vocabulary entry 8,neiighbour0     
changed to 8,neighbour0      ,page #fd1 
8distrubution0 changed to 8distribution0
 7the     distribution of ,providence7  
,page #ge1 8,extrorsium0 changed to     
8,extrorsum0 7,extrorsum1 out of     the
 border7