,,w9t]+ ,,bees ,,9 ,,cell>s             
,e4 ,f4 ,,phillips1 ,apiculturi/        
&                  ,,george ,s4 ,,demu?1
 ,apicultural ,assi/ant                 
,bureau ( ,entomology                   
,illu/ration         ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 
#ajad ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,(    
,,agriculture                           
,contribution f ! ,bureau ( ,entomology 
,l4 ,o4 ,,h[>d4 ,*ief                   
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,septemb]1 #aiah      
,%[ ?is bullet9 to a neighbor4          
,additional copies may be obta9$ free f 
! ,division ( ,publications1 ,unit$     
,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture         
,,wa%+ton ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice 3  
#aiah   ,,results f w9t]+ bees 9 a cell>
 are excell5t :5 conditions 9 ! cell>   
are su* z to keep ! bees f we>+ !mselves
 out by excessive activity4 ,cell> w9t]+
 is practicable :]e ! av]age outdoor    
temp]ature dur+ ! w9t] mon?s is z l[ z  
#be ,f4 ,a map is giv5 7p4 #c7 s t !    
beekeep] may "k :e!r ?is me?od is       
advisable 9 8 locality4  ,! cell> %\ld  

be arrang$ s t ! ceil+ is bel[ ! fro/   
l9e1 & s t ! ceil+ & side walls are     
?or\ghly protect$ at all po9ts4 ,! cell>
 %\ld be kept s t ! l[e/ temp]ature )9 !
 hives is at lea/ #eb ,f4 ,at ?is       
temp]ature !re w be little ne$ ( special
 v5tilat+ arrangem5ts4 ,!re %\ld be no  
cond5sation ( moi/ure )9 ! hives1 & !   
cell> %\ld be well dra9$4  ,bees %\ld be
 put into ! cell> aft] a good flight 9  
late ,novemb]1 or e>li] 9 ! m nor!rn    
localities4 ,!y %\ld be remov$ :5 fre%  
poll5 & nect> are available1 usually    
ab\t ! la/ ( ,m>*4  ,soon aft] ! hives  
are plac$ on _! summ] /&s1 ea* colony   
%\ld be giv5 additional /ores & room = !
 developm5t ( a l>ge quantity ( brood4  
,x is important t none ( ! factors (    
good w9t]+ be omitt$4 ,sev]al te/s are  
giv5 9 ?is bullet9 s t ! beekeep] may   
det]m9e :e!r 8 cell> is a satisfactory  
place = w9t]+ bees4     ,,w9t]+ ,,bees  
,,9 ,,cell>s4     ,,cont5ts4            
,page4    ,cell> w9t]+ v]sus outdoor    
w9t]+                 #c    ,:]e is     

cell> w9t]+ advisable                   
#d    ,ess5tials to success             
#e    ,necessity ( /rong colonies 9 !   
fall                  #e    ,w9t] /ores 
#f    ,arrangem5t ( ! api>y             
#g    ,! bee cell>                      
#g    ,putt+ ! bees into ! cell>        
#ab    ,ma9t5ance ( ! cell> dur+ ! w9t] 
#ac    ,removal ( ! bees f ! cell>      
#ag    ,provid+ bre$+ room & /ores 9 !  
spr+         #ai    ,measures ( success 
9 cell> w9t]+                  #bj      
,,cell> ,,w9t]+ ,,v]sus ,,outdoor       
,,w9t]+4   ,bees 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates = _m ye>s h be5 plac$ by  
"s ( ! be/ beekeep]s 9 cell>s or special
 repositories dur+ ! colde/ p>ts ( !    
w9t]4 ,!re has be5 a gr[+ feel+1 h[ev]1 
t if outdoor w9t]+ is practicable1 9 mo/
 cases x gives bett] results1 & !re has 
be5 a decid$ *ange f cell> w9t]+ to     
outdoor w9t]+ )9 ! pa/ decade4 ,!       
difficulty seems to be t ! me?ods (     
cell> w9t]+ practic$ h n be5            
satisfactory & x seems probable t if z  

mu* att5tion _h be5 giv51 to ! p]fection
 ( ! me?ods ( cell> w9t]+ z has be5 giv5
 to an improvem5t ( ! me?ods ( outdoor  
w9t]+1 !re w\ld n h be5 z great a *ange 
to ! outdoor me?ods z has tak5 place4   
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,map ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates %[+ regions :]e cell> w9t]+ is  
practicable1 bas$ on ! av]age temp]ature
 ( ,janu>y4 ,f data furni%$ by ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4  ,! plac+ ( bees 
9 a cell> is only ano!r way ( putt+     
insulation ab\t ! hives1 ! only diff]5ce
 be+ t 9 ! cell> all ( ! hives are      
protect$ alike & ! protection is plac$  
ab\t ! api>y in/ead ( ar\nd hives 9     
gr\ps or s+ly4 ,x foll[s t ! pr9ciples  
:i* apply to successful outdoor w9t]+   
apply equally to ! protection ( ! bees 9
 ! cell>4 ,x is urg$1 !re=e1 t be=e     
attempt+ to w9t] bees 9 ! cell>1 !      
beekeep] /udy ! bullet9s#a ( ! dep>tm5t 
9 :i* ^! pr9ciples are set =?4  #a      
,dep>tm5t ,bullet9 #ic1 ,! ,temp]ature (
 ! ,honeybee ,clu/] ,9 ,w9t]4 ,f>m]s'   
,bullet9 #fie1 ,outdoor ,w9t]+ ( ,bees4 

,,:]e ,,is ,,cell> ,,w9t]+ ,,advisable8 
,be=e decid+ :e!r or n ! bees are to be 
w9t]$ 9 a cell>1 sev]al factors %\ld be 
consid]$1 ! *ief ( ^! be+ 7#a7 ! w9t]   
climate1 7#b7 ! k9d ( w9t] /ores1 & 7#c7
 ! location ( ! api>y z reg>ds w9d      
protection4   ,,w9t] ,,climate4  ,9 any 
locality :]e ! av]age temp]ature ( !    
w9t] mon?s falls bel[ #be ,f4 7zone #a7 
cell> w9t]+ may be practic$ ) pr(it1 & 9
 localities :]e ! av]age temp]ature ( ^!
 mon?s falls z l[ z #ae ,f4 7zone #b7   
cell> w9t]+ is mu* to be pref]r$4       
,figure #a %[s ! b\nd>ies ( ^! zones = !
 ,unit$ ,/ates = ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 :i*  
may be tak5 z typical ( ! w9t] mon?s4 ,x
 w be not$ t ^! zones d n foll[ p>allels
 ( latitude4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! bullet9 
( ! dep>tm5t on outdoor w9t]+1#b x is q 
possible to protect bees 9 zone #a      
suffici5tly to w9t] !m outdoors1 b if a 
prop] cell> is provid$1 if conditions )9
 ! cell> are correct1 & if ! /ores are  
good & ! colonies are /rong1 j z good   
results may be obta9$ f cell> w9t]+4  #b

 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ajab1 ,prep>ation (  
,bees = ,outdoor ,w9t]+4  ,9 zone #a !  
av]age temp]ature ( ! outside air dur+ !
 m\? ( ,janu>y is #be ,f41 or l[] 9 ! m 
nor!rn p>ts ( ! zone4 ,?is means t 9    
colonies w9t]$ outdoors ! bees are      
compell$ to ov]come ?is degree ( cold at
 all times dur+ ! colde/ "p ( ! w9t]4   
,if !y are s well pack$ t ! heat :i* !y 
g5]ate is lo/ sl[ly1 !y are able to     
g5]ate suffici5t heat to make ! int]ior 
( ! hive w>m en\gh to all[ !m to break  
_! clu/] z is necess>y4 ,9 zone #b1     
h[ev]1 ! bees w be compell$ to g5]ate   
heat suffici5t to ov]come ! m sev]e cold
 ( t zone1 & ?is calls = ! exp5diture by
 ! bees ( s mu* m food & vitality t x is
 m economical to put !m 9 a good cell>  
dur+ ! mon?s ( ! mo/ sev]e cold1 & cell>
 w9t]+ is !re=e pref]able4   ,,"* ,,(   
,,w9t] ,,/ores4  ,9 localities :]e !    
/ores = ! bees ga!r$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( !
 summ] are n ( ! fir/ quality1 x is saf]
 to w9t] ! bees outdoors4 ,?is is a l>ge
 factor 9 ! plac+ ( ! zones %[n 9 figure

 #a1 = x is q common 9 ! region s\? (   
zone #a = ! full honey to be ( inf]ior  
quality4 ,x is extremely =tunate t 9 bo?
 ( ! zones %[n ! /ores available 9 w9t] 
are usually ( ! f9e/ quality4 ,z w be   
%[n lat]1 x is highly important t !     
beekeep] pay special att5tion to ! "* ( 
! /ores 9 ! hive at ! beg9n+ ( ! w9t]1 &
 if !y are n z good z !y %\ld be1 ?is   
defici5cy %\ld be correct$4   ,,location
 ,,z ,,reg>ds ,,w9d ,,protection4  ,9   
zone #a1 if ! api>y is s badly locat$ t 
! w9t] w9ds are sev]e1 ! beekeep] w d   
well to w9t] 9 a cell>1 al?\gh1 z w be  
%[n lat]1 x is n be/ to *oose su* a site
 = ! api>y ev5 dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>4      
,,ess5tials ,,to ,,success4   ,z 9 !    
case ( outdoor w9t]+1 ! ess5tials to    
success 9 c>+ = a normal colony ( bees f
 ! end ( "o season's honey-fl[ to !     
beg9n+ ( ! next lie 9 provid+ ?ree ?+s 9
 abundance3 7#a7 ,/ores ( good quality1 
7#b7 protection f w9d & cold1 & 7#c7    
room = ! re>+ ( brood at appropriate    
times4 ,^! factors mu/ n be lack+ at !  

"r times1 & if any "o is omitt$ x may   
prev5t ! bees f ga!r+ ! crop ( ! foll[+ 
season4 ,^! ?ree factors d n apply      
equally ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( relative      
inactivity1 b z c]ta9ly z any "o ( !m is
 decreas$1 j s c]ta9ly w ! crop ( !     
foll[+ ye> be r$uc$4  ,9 practic+ cell> 
w9t]+ x is unnecess>y to leave s mu*    
honey ) ! bees dur+ ! "t t !y are 9 !   
cell>1 & x is n necess>y dur+ t p]iod to
 leave room = ! re>+ ( brood4 ,dur+ !   
colde/ "p ( ! w9t] ! bees ne$ especially
 protection f cold & w9d1 al?\gh en\gh  
good /ores mu/ be 9 ! hive to keep !m   
?r\gh t p]iod 9 good condition4         
,probably a l>ge "p ( ! failure (       
beekeep]s 9 practic+ cell> w9t]+ comes f
 ! fact t be=e & aft] ! bees are 9 !    
cell> ! important factors ( /ores &     
bre$+ room h n be5 adequately suppli$4  
,be=e ! bees are put into ! cell> !y mu/
 h room = bre$+ & /ores 9 abundance1 &  
aft] !y are tak5 out ^! two factors mu/ 
be pres5t 9 greatly increas$ abundance4 
,,necessity ,,( ,,/rong ,,colonies ,,9  

,,! ,,fall4   ,z 9 ! case ( w9t]+       
outdoors1 x is wa/eful to attempt to    
w9t] weak colonies4 ,x is difficult to  
set /&>ds ( colony /r5g? at ?is season1 
b x is unwise to attempt to w9t]        
colonies t are n /rong en\gh to h brood 
suffici5t to fill ?ree or f\r ,lang/ro? 
frames two mon?s be=e ! fir/ kill+ fro/4
 ,if ! colonies 9 ! api>y are n ( !     
prop] /r5g?1 x is wise to unite until ! 
prop] /r5g? is rea*$4 ,any unit+ %\ld be
 done be=e ! close ( brood-re>+4  ,x is 
( ! greate/ importance t e colony h a   
good que5 9 ord] t brood-re>+ may       
cont9ue 9 ! fall & may !n aga9 proce$   
rapidly 9 ! spr+4 ,usually x is be/ to  
reque5 at lea/ e two ye>s1 b if good    
w9t]+ is practic$ ! colonies w come out 
( w9t] qu>t]s s /rong & w build up s    
rapidly 9 ! spr+ t ! que5s w soon we>   
out1 mak+ x saf] to reque5 e ye>4 ,to   
get ! be/ results f reque5+1 all "y     
que5s %\ld be introduc$ s t !y beg9 to  
lay ab\t two mon?s be=e ! fir/ kill+    
fro/4     ,,w9t] ,,/ores4   ,! /ores    

giv5 to ! bees f ! end ( "o season to ! 
beg9n+ ( ! next are ( ! fir/ importance4
 ,x is necess>y to consid] bo? ! quality
 & ! quantity ( ^! /ores4   ,,quality   
,,( ,,/ores4  ,z has be5 /at$1 x is     
=tunate t 9 bo? ( ! zones :]e cell>     
w9t]+ is or might be practic$ ! natural 
/ores usually are good4 ,honeys su* z ^?
 f :ite & alsike clov]s1 sweet clov]1   
alfalfa1 wild raspb]ry1 buck:eat1 &     
will[h]b are f9e /ores = w9t]1 :ile     
honeys f basswood1 he>tsease 7sm>t-we$71
 a/]s1 gold5rod1 & mo/ ( ! o!r fall     
fl[]s are less desirable4 ,x is         
especially important dur+ ! p]iod :5 !  
bees are 9 ! cell> t ! /ores %all be ( !
 v f9e/ quality1 & x is !re=e ! practice
 ( _m good beekeep]s to fe$ ea* colony  
#e p\nds or m ( sirup made ( granulat$  
sug> ,into 9 ! fall1 aft] all brood-re>+
 has ceas$4 ,?is insures t ! bees w h = 
_! use1 dur+ ! p]iod ( conf9em5t 9 !    
cell>1 /ores :i* w n br+ ab\t !         
condition kn[n z dys5t]y4 ,9 g5]al x may
 be /at$ t honeys f mix$ s\rces & d>k   

honeys1 except buck:eat1 are to be      
avoid$4 ,honeydew honeys are highly     
injuri\s & 9 all cases :]e su* /ores are
 pres5t granulat$ sug> sirup %\ld be f$4
   ,,quantity ,,( ,,/ores4  ,f ! end (  
"o honey season to ! beg9n+ ( ! next a  
good colony ( bees w ne$ fully #de p\nds
 ( honey4 ,:5 ! bees are w9t]$ 9 !      
cell>1 x is usual n to h all ( ?is honey
 9 ! "o hive body 9 :i* !y are w9t]$4 ,x
 is a good practice to h at lea/ #bj    
p\nds )9 ?is hive1 al?\gh #ae p\nds w be
 safe4 ,x is absolutely imp]ative1      
h[ev]1 t ! rema9d] ( ! #de p\nds %all be
 available to be giv5 to ! bees soon    
aft]1 !y are tak5 f ! cell>4 ,! mo/     
common cause ( poor colonies 9 ! spr+ is
 pov]ty1 directly due to neglect on ! "p
 ( ! beekeep]4 ,a good beekeep] sees to 
x t at no "t :5 brood is be+ re>$ d 8   
bees h less ?an #ae p\nds ( /ores 9 !   
hive1 & ! full am\nt ( #de p\nds (t5 w  
all be us$1 & is always ne$$ if !       
colonies are to come to full /r5g? on "t
 = ! ga!r+ ( ! full crop4 ,?is am\nt is 

always augm5t$ by honey f spr+ fl[]s1 = 
#de p\nds ( honey is n en\gh to br+ a   
colony to full /r5g? 9 "t = ! ma9       
honey-fl[4     ,,arrangem5t ,,( ,,!     
,,api>y4   ,:]e bees are w9t]$ 9 cell>s 
! p>ticul> arrangem5t ( ! hives 9 !     
api>y is n s important a problem z :]e  
!y are w9t]$ on _! summ] /&s1 yet !re   
are c]ta9 important consid]ations 9 !   
arrangem5t ( ! entire api>y :i* %\ld be 
kept 9 m9d4   ,,w9d ,,protection4  ,x is
 important t a place be *os5 :]e ! bees 
w be protect$ f cold w9ds 9 ! spr+ aft] 
!y are tak5 f ! cell> & aga9 9 ! fall   
be=e !y are tak5 to ! cell>4 ,a grove ( 
trees or an adjac5t hill usually (f]s ! 
be/ protection1 or x is possible to make
 an artificial w9dbreak su* z a high    
f5ce4 ,a natural w9dbreak usually is    
bett]1 = x is m ext5sive 9 mo/ cases4   
,too mu* reliance %\ld n be plac$ 9     
build+s1 = (t5 !y m]ely div]t ! w9d     
slightly & may make conditions worse4 ,a
 f5ce made ( close bo>ds usually is     
unsatisfactory1 = x causes :irls4       

,,di/ance ,,( ,,! ,,api>y ,,f ,,!       
,,cell>4  ,to c>ry colonies ( bees a    
long di/ance f ! api>y to ! cell> is n  
an easy task1 ev5 ?\gh ! hives be light 
at t "t ( ! ye>4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 t !  
api>y be locat$ n m ?an #ej y>ds f !    
cell>1 & ev5 ?is di/ance is             
objectionable4 ,if a special cell> is   
built = ! bees1 ! api>y %\ld be s locat$
 t ! cell> may be built imm$iately      
adjac5t4 ,if ! bees are to be w9t]$ 9 ! 
cell> "u ! beekeep]'s resid5ce1 ! api>y 
%\ld be locat$ z ne> z possible to !    
cell> door4     ,,! ,,bee ,,cell>4   ,9 
ord] t ! beekeep] may h reason to expect
 success 9 cell> w9t]+1 x is imp]ative t
 he give c>eful consid]ation to !       
con/ruction ( ! bee cell>4 ,!re has be5 
a t5d5cy among beekeep]s greatly to     
ov]e/imate ! value ( _! own cell>s1 &   
especially to assume t ! conditions :i* 
!y are able to get 9 _! cell>s are      
exactly correct4   ,,cell> ,,"u ,,!     
,,resid5ce4  ,"s ( ! be/ bee cell>s are 
^? "u ! resid5ces ( beekeep]s1 & 9 g5]al

 su* a cell> is bett] ?an "o built      
especially = cell> w9t]+4 ,?is is       
because ! temp]ature ( su* a cell>      
usually is q a little high] ?an t 9 a   
specially con/ruct$ repository4 ,! be/  
results 9 cell> w9t]+ h be5 obta9$ 9    
cell>s "u resid5ces :i* are heat$ by    
furnaces1 ?us hav+ a high] cell>        
temp]ature4 ,9 su* a cell> provision mu/
 be made = p>tition+ (f a space :]e !   
bees w be locat$ s t !re is no light or 
o!r di/urb+ factor dur+ ! "t ( _!       
conf9em5t4 ,s9ce a cell> temp]ature ab\t
 #ej ,f4 is desirable1 x is well to     
*oose a "p ( ! cell> ?r\gh :i* "s ( !   
furnace pipes run1 & if ?is results 9   
too high a temp]ature ^! pipes may be   
insulat$ some:at4 ,x is be/ to *oose a  
"p ( ! cell> :]e !re are no w9d[s & :]e 
! outside walls are ?or\ghly protect$ to
 ! top1 ei!r by a bank ( soil or 9 "s   
o!r fa%ion4 ,?is w result 9 a m equable 
temp]ature ?an is possible 9 a cell>    
expos$ to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature on !
 outside walls1 = ev5 a /one wall #ah   

in*es ?ick w all[ a consid]able am\nt ( 
heat to escape4 ,9 a cell> "u a resid5ce
 !re w be abundant v5tilation )\t any   
special provision be+ made = ?is4 ,a te/
 ( ! value ( su* a cell> is ! ev5       
temp]ature :i* may be obta9$1 z w be    
discuss$ lat]4   ,,special ,,w9t]       
,,repository4  ,if prop]ly con/ruct$ &  
protect$1 a special cell> or cave = !   
bees gives ! be/ possible results 9     
w9t]+1 yet few su* cell>s h be5 built1 =
 ! reason t mo/ beekeep]s h omitt$ "s   
vitally important factors4 ,! usual     
fault is 9 hav+ too great a v>iation 9  
temp]ature & 9 giv+ excessive           
v5tilation1 :i* 9 turn causes           
fluctuations 9 temp]ature4   ,,soil ,,& 
,,cont\r ,,( ,,! ,,surface ,,( ,,!      
,,gr\nd4  ,to provide good dra9age &    
adequate v5tilation = ! bee cell> )\t   
mak+ any special v5tilators1 x is       
desirable to build x 9 a s&y hillside4  
,if x is possible to *oose a place = !  
cell> :]e ! sn[ drifts deeply1 ?is w    
af=d a valuable addition to ! insulation

 ( ! cell>4 ,if ! cell> is on level     
gr\nd1 drift+ ( sn[ may be increas$ by !
 prop] build+ ( op5 f5ces1 su* z are us$
 to prev5t drift+ ov] railway tracks4   
,if x is impossible to utilize a s&y    
hillside1 x w be necess>y to build walls
 & a floor = ! cell> & to make adequate 
provision = ! dra9age ( ! cell>4 ,!     
hillside cell> has1 ! great advantage ( 
hav+ easy dra9age4   ,,capacity ,,( ,,! 
,,cell>4  ,if ! bees are kept 9 api>ies 
( p]haps #ajj colonies & if a cell> is  
built = ea* api>y1 !n x is possible to  
build a cell> ( j ! "r capacity4 ,if a  
c5tral cell> is built = all ! api>ies & 
! bees 9 outapi>ies are br\ght into !   
home api>y = w9t]1 ! beekeep] w wi% to  
build ! cell> suffici5tly l>ge = future 
expansion ( 8 bus9ess1 & beekeep]s are  
f9d+ out1 t !y c keep _m m colonies (   
bees ?an !y =m]ly ?\ght possible4       
,p]haps ! bett] plan is to h a cell> 9  
ea* api>y4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4         
#b4--;,int]ior ( bee cell> ) hives ,9   
piles ( f\r4 ,insulation above ! ceil+  

is n %[n4  ,! usual practice is to all[ 
#a-a_/b to #b squ>e feet ( floor surface
 = ea* colony1 on ! assumption t !      
colonies w be plac$ 9 piles ( f\r 7fig4 
#b74 ,x is n desirable to pile hives    
high] ?an ?is1 if ! cell> ro( is #f-a_/b
 feet high 9 ! cle>1 & x is difficult to
 lift heavy hives any high] ?an ! numb] 
specifi$4 ,= an api>y ( #ajj colonies1 x
 w be f\nd desirable to h a cell> #aj   
feet wide & f #ae to #bj feet long1 cle>
 ( ! inn] walls4 ,if "o is j gett+ a />t
 9 beekeep+ he %\ld build 8 cell> on !  
assumption t lat] he w increase ! numb] 
( 8 colonies1 & %\ld all[ = ?is1 = x is 
bett] to h ! cell> too l>ge ?an too     
small4   ,,walls ,,& ,,floor4  ,x has   
be5 claim$ by _m beekeep]s t concrete   
walls & floor are n desirable1 yet if ! 
cell> is prop]ly insulat$ !re is no     
bett] mat]ial4 ,if ! cell> is built 9 a 
hillside ( s&y soil1 wood5 sides w be   
satisfactory & no floor o!r ?an ! soil  
ne$ be provid$4 ,9 su* soil ! dra9age is
 good & ! only function ( ! side walls  

is to hold ! sides up to prev5t cav+ 94 
,9 a moi/ soil a concrete floor & walls 
%\ld be built1 & ! concrete %\ld be     
wat]pro(4 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld any (
 ! side walls bel[ ! ceil+ be expos$    
above gr\nd4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4       
#c4--;,diagram ( bee cell>4 ,cle>ance   
#f-a_/b feet1 ceil+ #b-a_/b feet bel[   
gr\nd level1 pack$ ) ab\t #aa feet (    
sawdu/4   ,,ro(4  ,! ceil+ ( ! cell>    
%\ld be bel[ gr\nd level suffici5tly to 
br+ x bel[ ! level ( fro/4 ,= ! regions 
:]e bees %\ld be w9t]$ 9 cell>s ?is     
usually w be at lea/ #b-a_/b feet bel[ !
 level ( ! gr\nd 7fig4 #c74 ,! ceil+    
%\ld be #f-a_/b feet above ! floor1 j   
suffici5tly high to p]mit a tall man to 
"w ) com=t4 ,if ! ceil+ is high] x w    
result usually 9 too l[ a temp]ature at 
! floor4 ,! ceil+ !n %\ld be cov]$      
completely on top ) "s insulat+ mat]ial1
 su* z sawdu/1 & if sawdu/ is us$ x %\ld
 be pil$ on ab\t #a-a_/b feet ?ick4     
,unless ab\t ?is am\nt ( protection is  
giv5 on ! ceil+ x w be impossible to get

 ! "r cell> temp]ature dur+ ! colde/ "p 
( ! w9t]4 ,if ! cell> is built 9 a s&y  
soil1 x is possible to use ! soil z a   
cov] = ! ceil+1 9 :i* ev5t ab\t #c feet 
( soil %\ld be plac$ ov] ! inn] ro( ( ! 
cell>4 ,! entire insulat+ mat]ial1 (    
:atev] k9d us$1 %\ld !n be protect$ f   
ra9 & sn[ by hav+ a ro( ov] x4 ,?is ro( 
%\ld project at lea/ #b feet1 pref]ably 
m1 beyond ! outside ( ! cell> wall1 &   
provision %\ld be made = curry+ (f !    
wat] f ! ro(4  ,9 case ! beekeep]       
desires to build an api>y h\se ov] !    
bee1 cell>1 z is done frequ5tly1 he mu/ 
provide a floor = ?is h\se at lea/ at   
gr\nd level1 & he c n successfully use !
 ceil+ ( ! cell> z ! floor ( ! upp]     
h\se4 ,!re is no objection to build+ a  
h\se above ! cell> if adequate          
protection is giv5 ! cell>1 b x mu/ n be
 assum$ t ! h\se (f]s any mat]ial       
insulation to ! cell>1 = 9 mo/ cases ^! 
h\ses are n heat$ 9 ! w9t]4 ,! relation 
( ! h\se floor to ! ceil+ ( ! cell> is  
%[n 9 figure #c4   ,,entrance ,,to ,,!  

,,cell>4  ,frequ5tly ! entrance is a    
weak spot 9 ! insulation ( ! cell>1 & x 
is useless to protect ! ro( & sides     
unless c>e is us$ 9 ! build+ ( !        
entrance4 ,if ! entrance is at ! end or 
"o side ( ! cell>1 x w be necess>y to   
build a sort ( ve/ibule ) d\ble doors s 
t ! heat ( ! cell> w n be lo/ rapidly4  
,! heavi] & ?ick] ^! doors1 ! bett] = ! 
bees4  ,! be/ type ( ve/ibule is a long1
 n>r[ passage l5d+ into ! hillside1 & x 
%\ld be clos$ by doors at bo? ! inside &
 outside ends4 ,if possible ! ve/ibule  
%\ld be built & protect$ s t !          
temp]ature )9 ! ve/ibule w nev] fall    
bel[ freez+4 ,9 ! build+ ( ! ve/ibule1  
also1 ! beekeep] %\ld consid] ! ease )  
:i* ! bees may be c>ri$ 9 & out ( !     
cell>4   ,,dra9age4  ,z has be5 m5tion$ 
previ\sly1 ! cell> mu/ be well dra9$1   
ei!r by natural or by artificial means4 
,no /agnant wat] %\ld be all[$ to rema9 
9 ! cell>1 al?\gh at ! high] temp]atures
 ( ! be/ cell>s ?is does less h>m ?an x 
does 9 cell>s t are too cold4 ,"s       

beekeep]s h advocat$ hav+ a /ream ( wat]
 fl[+ ?r\gh ! cell>1 & ?is w d no h>m 9 
w>m cell>s1 & x may s]ve to assi/       
some:at 9 ma9ta9+ an ev5 temp]ature4    
,,v5tilation4  ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s faults 
( bee cell>s is 9 provid+ = too mu*     
v5tilation1 result+ 9 great fluctuations
 9 temp]ature4 ,9 a cell> :i* ma9ta9s a 
temp]ature ( #ej ,f4 or m !re is little 
ne$ = v5tilation1 = ! ,0 !n ne$ little  
oxyg5 & only a small am\nt ( c>bon      
dioxide is giv5 (f4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 
! cold] ! cell>1 ! great] ! ne$ (       
v5tilation4 ,if poor /ores are 9 !      
hives1 ! bees w ne$ m v5tilation ?an w  
be desirable :5 good /ores are us$4 ,9 a
 w>m cell> 9 a s&y hillside no v5tilat+ 
%aft ne$ be built4  ,9 any ev5t1 "o %aft
 #f in*es squ>e runn+ ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( ! 
cell> to ! outside w be suffici5t = any 
cell> t is fit = ! w9t]+ ( bees4 ,dur+ !
 colde/ "p ( ! w9t] ! int]*ange ( air   
betwe5 ! inside ( ! cell> & ! outside w 
be mat]ially increas$ by ! great        
diff]5ce 9 temp]ature & ?is "o v5tilator

 may be entirely or ne>ly clos$4 ,dur+ !
 mild] wea!r ( ! fall & spr+ ?is am\nt (
 v5tilation w d no h>m4 ,! top ( !      
v5tilat+ %aft1 :i* %\ld ext5d at lea/ #f
 feet above ! out] ro(1 may be pa9t$    
black 9 ord] to induce great] movem5t ( 
air :5 ! sun %9es4 ,! %aft %\ld be s    
arrang$ t x does n admit light to !     
cell>4     ,,putt+ ,,! ,,bees ,,into ,,!
 ,,cell>4   ,be=e ! bees are c>ri$ into 
! cell> x %\ld be well air$ & clean$1 & 
x w be well to keep x op5 = sev]al days 
be=eh&4 ,no debris or refuse %\ld be    
left 9 ! cell> :5 ! bees are tak5 94    
,,"t4  ,= zone #a 7fig4 #a7 x is usually
 desirable to wait until ab\t ! middle (
 ,novemb] be=e putt+ ! bees into w9t]   
qu>t]s4 ,if "o c\ld "k exactly :5 ! bees
 w\ld h ! la/ opportunity = a cleans+   
flight1 !y w\ld be put into ! cell> j   
aft] t1 b we c n always be sure t !re w 
be suitable wea!r = su* flight 9 late   
,novemb]1 & !re is1 !re=e1 consid]able  
d\bt e ye> z to j ! "r "t to put ! bees 
away4 ,frequ5tly x happ5s t ! wea!r is  

suitable = a flight ab\t ,novemb] #bj1 &
 x is be/ to wait until !n be=e attempt+
 to put ! bees 9 ! cell>4 ,! flight (   
only a few bees f ! hive %\ld n be      
con/ru$ z a cleans+ flight4 ,9 ?is      
connection x is highly desirable t !    
beekeep] keep a c>eful wat* ( ! wea!r   
maps daily1 s t he may "k at all times  
ab\t :at wea!r may be expect$ = a few   
days 9 advance4 ,= ! beekeep]'s purpose 
! daily =eca/s publi%$ 9 newspap]s are  
sc>cely en\gh2 & if no daily wea!r maps 
are conv5i5t ne> by1 x w repay !        
beekeep] well to subscribe = !m4 ,!y are
 valuable n only at ! "t ( putt+ ! bees 
into ! cell> b at _m o!r times ( ! ye>4 
,soon aft] a p]iod :5 ! b>ometric       
pressure has be5 l[1 br++ high          
temp]atures suitable = flights 7at lea/ 
#fj ,f471 !re usually w be a p]iod :5 ! 
b>ometric pressure is high1 br++ l[]1   
temp]atures4 ,at ! %ift+ f l[ to high   
b>ometric pressure !re is frequ5tly a "t
 :5 x is cl\dy4 ,?is is a f9e "t to put 
! bees into ! cell>4 ,^! p]iods ( high &

 l[ b>ometric pressure foll[ ea* o!r ) r
 m>k$ regul>ity 9 ! fall1 & x is r safe 
to assume t j at ! end ( ! well-def9$ l[
 pressure :i* next foll[s aft] ,novemb] 
#ae is ! be/ "t to put ! bees into !    
cell>4 ,x is bett] to put ! bees 9 !    
cell> a week or s be=e ! la/ opportunity
 = flight ?an to put !m 9 aft] exposure 
to cold :i* is n foll[$ by a cleans+    
flight4  ,= zone #b x w be desirable to 
put ! bees away a little e>li]1 al?\gh !
 oncom+ ( w9t] is n s mu* e>li] 9 !     
,nor? z "o might imag9e4   ,,h[ ,,to    
,,c>ry ,,! ,,bees4  ,:5 "o p]son c>ries 
! bees into ! cell> ! be/ me?od is to /&
 at ! back ( ! hive & grasp ! bottom ( !
 hive ) bo? h&s4 ,! hive is !n lift$ & !
 cov] br\ght up aga9/ ! *e/ firmly1     
p]mitt+ ! op]ator to walk )\t int]f]5ce 
& ) a m9imum ( /oop+4 ,if !re are cleats
 on ! ends ( ! hive bodies1 ^? may be   
re/$ on ! =e>ms1 al?\gh ) ?is me?od !re 
is "s dang] t ! bottoms w drop (f unless
 !y are /apl$4  ,if ! temp]ature is     
suffici5tly l[ 7slightly above freez+71 

!re w be no ne$ ( clos+ ! entrances :5 !
 bees are be+ c>ri$ 94 ,e c>e %\ld be   
tak5 n to j> ! hives m ?an is absolutely
 necess>y f ! "t t !y are lift$ until !y
 are 9 _! f9al place 9 ! cell>4  ,if m  
?an "o p]son is engag$ 9 c>ry+ 9 !      
hives1 ! hives may be plac$ c>efully on 
c>ri]s ) h&les1 & two or m ( !m may be  
c>ri$ at "o "t4   ,,h[ ,,to ,,/ack ,,!  
,,hives4  ,! bottom hive 9 a pile %\ld  
re/ on an empty hive body or "s o!r su* 
support ( ab\t t size 7figs4 #b & #c74  
,! hives !n %\ld be plac$ "o on top ( ! 
o!r until !y are f\r high4 ,x is be/ by 
f> to put ea* pile ( f\r hives ab\t #f  
in*es f adjac5t piles1 s t 9 h&l+ !     
hives on "o pile !re is no di/urbance ( 
bees 9 o!r piles4 ,all[ance is made =   
?is space betwe5 ! piles ( hives 9 !    
e/imate ( ! floor space ne$$ = ea*      
colony 7p4 #i74     ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,! 
,,cell> ,,dur+ ,,! ,,w9t]4   ,if ! cell>
 is prop]ly con/ruct$ x w ne$ little if 
any c>e dur+ ! "t t ! bees are inside4  
,x is only ! poor bee cell> :i* requires

 con/ant att5tion to prev5t *anges 9    
temp]ature4   ,,temp]ature ,,( ,,!      
,,cell>4  ,!re has be5 mu* discussion z 
to ! be/ temp]ature ( ! cell> dur+ !    
w9t]4 ,commonly x is /at$ t a temp]ature
 ( #dj to #de ,f4 is be/1 b ?is is cold]
 ?an usually is be/ = ! f9e/ results4 ,a
 temp]ature bel[ #dj ,f4 is inv>iably   
bad = ! bees1 & a cell> 9 :i* !         
temp]ature goes z l[ z freez+ is n a fit
 place = bees4  ,x has be5 f\nd by !    
au?ors t bees d ! lea/ am\nt ( "w :5 !  
temp]ature ( ! air imm$iately surr\nd+  
!m 7inside ! hive7 /&s at #eg ,f4 ,?is  
is1 !re=e1 ! temp]ature :i* ! beekeep]  
%\ld be> 9 m9d1 r ?an to lay too mu*    
/ress on ! temp]ature ( ! cell> itself4 
,! place = a !rmomet] 9 ! bee cell> is  
inside ! entrance ( a good colony :]e x 
may be read easily by simply pull+ x    
out4 ,a *emical !rmomet] is be/ = ?is   
purpose1 & x %\ld regi/] #eb ,f4 or m   
inside ! hive entrance4 ,9 ord] to h !  
"r temp]ature )9 ! hive x usually w be  
be/ to h ! temp]ature ( ! cell> at ab\t 

#ej ,f4 or slightly high]4 ,z w be %[n  
lat]1 h[ev]1 x is q possible to h ! "r  
temp]ature )9 ! hive :5 ! temp]ature ( !
 cell> is a few degrees l[] ?an t /at$4 
,if ! beekeep] w pay att5tion to !      
temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! hive he w f9d
 t 9 cold] cell>s x is desirable to give
 ! hives "s insulation to cons]ve ! heat
 g5]at$ by ! bees 9 mu* ! same way t ?is
 heat is cons]v$ :5 bees are pack$      
outdoors1 al?\gh ! am\nt ( protection w 
be mu* less4 ,9 a cell> :]e ! temp]ature
 falls to #de ,f4 x w be f\nd be/ to h !
 cov]s ( ! hives seal$ on tightly & !   
entrances r$uc$ to #c_/h in* by #b      
in*es4 ,9 a cell> ) a temp]ature ( #ej  
,f4 or m ! entrances may be left op5 !  
full wid? ( ! hive4 ,if !re is a t5d5cy 
= ! temp]ature to fall to #de ,f4 or    
less1 ! tops ( ! hives may be protect$  
by cu%ions ( *aff or o!r mat]ials plac$ 
at lea/ on ! top ( ! upp]mo/ hives1 =   
ea* ( ! l[] ?ree hives is protect$      
some:at by ! "o above x4  ,x w be       
impossible to ma9ta9 ! temp]atures      

recomm5d$ unless ! cell> is built 9 !   
way describ$1 or 9 "s o!r way by :i* !  
cell> is equally well insulat$4 ,x is   
impossible to ma9ta9 an equable & high  
temp]ature 9 a cell> ! walls & ceil+ (  
:i* are expos$ to ! outside air4        
,,v5tilation ,,( ,,! ,,cell>4  ,if !    
prop] temp]ature is ma9ta9$ 9 ! cell>   
!re w be little ne$ ( v5tilation1 = 9   
almo/ all cases !re w be suffici5t      
int]*ange ( air to keep ! bees 9 good   
condition4 ,if ! temp]ature is z l[ z   
#de ,f41 a little v5tilation w be ne$$1 
al?\gh mo/ ( ! bee cell>s t h be5 built 
h _h too mu* v5tilation1 & z a result x 
has be5 impossible to ma9ta9 a correct  
temp]ature )9 !m4 ,9 cold wea!r ! t5d5cy
 t[>d an int]*ange ( air is greate/1 &  
at su* times ! v5tilators may be        
entirely clos$4 ,9 mild wea!r x makes no
 diff]5ce if l>ge v5tilators are op51   
unless ?is results 9 too great a rise 9 
temp]ature4  ,9 a well-insulat$ cell> x 
%\ld n be necess>y to v5tilate at night 
at ! approa* ( spr+ to cool ! air       

inside1 = ! bees w n get s w>m f _! own 
activity z w bees 9 a cell> t is or has 
be5 too cold4 ,! greate/ problem 9 mo/  
cell>s is to ma9ta9 ! "r temp]ature dur+
 ! spr+ j be=e ! bees are to be remov$4 
,! tr\ble is t 9 mo/ cell>s--^? :i* are 
too cold 9 w9t]--! bees g5]ate heat     
con/antly dur+ ! w9t] & z a result h an 
accumulation ( feces 9 ! inte/9es1      
result+ 9 a condition kn[n z dys5t]y4 ,=
 ?is reason !y become excit$ easily1 &  
beekeep]s h ?\ght x necess>y to v5tilate
 ! cell> at night freely 9 ord] to rem$y
 ?is tr\ble4 ,! prop] me?od1 ( c\rse1 is
 to prev5t x by keep+ ! temp]ature high]
 dur+ ! w9t]1 b if ! temp]ature has     
fall5 too l[ dur+ ! w9t] v5tilation at  
night seems to help some:at4 ,x is safe1
 h[ev]1 to say t a cell> 9 :i* ?is      
happ5s is n satisfactory z a place to   
keep bees dur+ ! w9t]1 & /eps %\ld be   
tak5 to insulate x m completely be=e    
bees are put into x aga94 ,if ! bees are
 w9t]+ on /ores t are n ( ! be/ quality 
! t5d5cy to accumulate feces w be f>    

great]1 ev5 ) ! "r temp]atures inside ! 
hives1 & if !re is dys5t]y x may be     
reliev$ some:at by v5tilation1 al?\gh   
?is is simply r$uc+ a symptom & is n    
remov+ ! cause ( ! tr\ble4              
,,v5tilation ,,( ,,! ,,hive4  ,s9ce bees
 9 a good cell> require little          
v5tilation1 practically no att5tion ne$ 
be paid to ?is subject if ! cell> has   
be5 built 9 ! way advis$4 ,if !         
temp]ature ( ! cell> t5ds to fall too   
l[1 x is advisable to r$uce ! entrances 
( ! hives1 = ) a great] diff]5ce betwe5 
! temp]atures )9 & outside ! hive !     
t5d5cy = int]*ange ( air w be           
correspond+ly great]4 ,9 any cell> fit =
 ! w9t]+ ( bees x w be nei!r necess>y   
nor desirable to v5tilate ! hives at !  
top1 z sometimes has be5 recomm5d$4  ,! 
v5tilation ( ! hive )9 ! cell> is n s   
mu* = ! elim9ation ( f\l air z = !      
escape ( moi/ure1 & !re=e ! am\nt (     
v5tilation ne$$ = ! hive dep5ds ^u !    
humidity ( ! air )9 ! cell>4 ,if !      
temp]ature ( ! cell> is kept high en\gh 

!re w be no cond5sation ( moi/ure )9 !  
hive1 & if wat] is ev] obs]v$ on ! cov]s
 ( ! hives x is conclusive pro( t !     
cell> is too cold = ! bees4 ,9 a cell> s
 cold t cond5s$ moi/ure %[s on ! bottoms
 ( ! hives /ops %\ld be tak5 at once to 
raise ! temp]ature4  ,v>i\s attempts h  
be5 made 9 ! pa/ to provide = ! cell>   
fre% air :i* has be5 w>m$ some:at be=e  
entry4 ,! mo/ common me?od is to h ! air
 pass ?r\gh tiles "u gr\nd = p]haps #ajj
 feet be=e x ent]s ! cell>4 ,9 g5]al1 x 
may be said t none ( ^! devices has be5 
wor? ! tr\ble & exp5se involv$ & none ( 
!m has s]v$ ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$4 
,x has be5 propos$ also to v5tilate !   
bee cell> by w9d pressure4 ,! devices   
:i* h be5 made = su* v5tilation w       
function only :5 !re is consid]able w9d 
& !n only :5 ! w9d is 9 ! "r qu>t]2     
!re=e !y are n at all to be recomm5d$4  
,by f> ! be/ plan is simply to build !  
bee cell> correctly1 =1 !n little       
v5tilation w be ne$$4   ,,clean+ ,,!    
,,cell>4  ,9 ev5 ! be/ ( cell>s !re w be

 "s dead bees on ! floor1 & ^? may be   
clean$ up once or twice dur+ ! w9t]4 ,9 
a cell> ) prop] temp]ature !re w be few 
dead bees until aft] ! middle ( ! w9t]1 
b ! dea? rate increases t[>d ! close ( !
 w9t]4 ,if ! cell> is clean$1 x %\ld be 
done ) z little di/urbance z possible4  
,no bright light %\ld be admitt$ at ?is 
"t1 al?\gh a mod]ate am\nt seems to d   
little h>m until aft] ! bees h an       
accumulation ( feces 9 ! inte/9es4      
,,remov+ ,,! ,,bees ,,= ,,flight ,,dur+ 
,,! ,,w9t]4  ,"s beekeep]s h advocat$   
remov+ ! colonies t[>d ! end ( ! w9t] = 
a flight on "s w>m day & !n replac+ !m1 
on ! supposition t ! flight w\ld enable 
! bees to /& a long] p]iod ( conf9em5t4 
,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t if bees are        
di/urb$1 z by c>ry+ !m out1 !y beg9     
brood-re>+ almo/ inv>iably1 & ?is does m
 h>m ?an ! flight does good4            
,,di/urbance ,,dur+ ,,! ,,w9t]4  ,"w 9  
or ab\t ! bee cell> :ile ! bees are     
conf9$ %\ld be done ) ! lea/ possible   
di/urbance ( ! bees1 = (t5 a little h&l+

 or j>r+ ( ! hive causes suffici5t      
excitem5t to increase ! temp]ature ( !  
clu/] to ! po9t :]e brood-re>+ beg9s4   
,?is is true especially 9 late w9t]4 ,x 
is by f> ! wise/ plan1 !re=e1 to /ay out
 ( ! cell> dur+ ! w9t]1 except on ! few 
occasions :5 a little "w1 su* z clean+  
out1 makes a visit seem ne$$4 ,c>e %\ld 
be tak5 n to j> ! hives or to all[ light
 to /rike ! entrance4 ,( c\rse1 if bees 
are be+ w9t]$ 9 a cell> :i* has ! "r    
temp]ature1 a little di/urbance does    
little or no h>m1 b !re is no reason :y 
bees %\ld be di/urb$ 9 w9t] & ! beekeep]
 %\ld n run any risk ( />t+ brood-re>+4 
,,removal ,,( ,,! ,,bees ,,f ,,!        
,,cell>4   ,,"t4  ,! old rule ( _m      
beekeep]s is to take ! bees f ! cell> :5
 ! s(t maples are 9 bloom4 ,?is is an   
excell5t rule 9 localities :]e !re are  
trees ( ?is species4 ,9 g5]al1 9 zone #a
 ! "r "t to take ! bees out ( ! cell> is
 ab\t ! "t ( ! spr+ equ9ox 7,m>* #ba74  
,9 *oos+ a "t = ! removal ( ! bees1 !   
beekeep] aga9 %\ld wat* ! wea!r maps    

closely4 ,he %\ld *oose a "t :5 a       
high-pressure area is j pass+ & at !    
approa* ( a well-def9$ l[-pressure area4
 ,at su* a "t ! wea!r w be cool1 n      
p]mitt+ ! bees to fly1 b at ! "t ( !    
l[-pressure area ! wea!r w become w>m]1 
all[+ ! good flights1 :i* are !n badly  
ne$$4  ,if ! bees are tak5 out at a "t  
:5 !y c fly at once--& "s beekeep]s     
pref] ?is--!y %\ld be tak5 out 9 ! e>ly 
morn+1 s t !y c h a good flight be=e    
night4 ,bees %\ld n be tak5 f ! cell> at
 a "t :5 !y c fly only a little1 b !y   
%\ld ei!r be tak5 out :5 !y c n fly at  
all or at a "t :5 !y c fly freely almo/ 
at once4 ,bees 9 good condition r>ely   
fly freely unless ! outside temp]ature  
is z high z #fj ,f4   ,,prev5tion ,,(   
,,drift+4  ,:5 ! bees are tak5 f ! cell>
 & plac$ on _! summ] positions !y       
sometimes t5d to leave ! weak]1 colonies
 & on _! return to collect 9 ^? ) great]
 populations4 ,?is is kn[n z drift+4 ,9 
g5]al1 ! bees t5d to drift t[>d ! w9dw>d
 side ( ! api>y4 ,mo/ frequ5tly !y jo9 !

 hives t 7 fir/ set out & :i* h e/abli%$
 a /rong flight by ! "t ! neighbor+     
colonies h fir/ tak5 w+4 ,! t5d5cies1   
!re=e1 are to jo9 fly+ colonies1 /rong] 
colonies1 & ! end colonies 9 a r[4 ,!   
condition ( ! bees plays a l>ge "p 9    
drift+1 = if ! bees are badly 9 ne$ ( a 
flight because ( dys5t]y !y g at once   
into ! air )\t prop]ly m>k+ ! location (
 _! hive1 & !re=e are n able to f9d x :5
 !y return4  ,to prev5t drift+1 x is be/
 to set ! bees out :5 x is too cold = !m
 to fly1 s t z ! wea!r w>ms1 p]mitt+    
flight1 ?is w take place m naturally4 ,x
 is also well to r$uce ! entrances s t z
 ! bees leave ! hive _! t5d5cy to ori5t 
!mselves w be great]4 ,x is claim$ by "s
 beekeep]s t if ! cell> is well air$ !  
night be=e ! bees are to be remov$1 !y w
 be 9 bett] condition & w drift less1 b 
x is n cle> :at diff]5ce ?is c make     
unless ! clu/]s are made tight] because 
( l[] temp]atures4  ,beekeep]s h        
discuss$ ! "q :e!r1 aft] removal1 ! bees
 %\ld be plac$ on ! same /&s occupi$ by 

!m ! fall be=e4 ,if ! bees c\ld rememb] 
_! old location s t !y w\ld return to x1
 ev5 aft] an int]val ( f\r mon?s1 x w\ld
 be necess>y1 or at lea/ desirable1 to  
place ea* colony on ! same /& :i* x     
occupi$ previ\sly4 ,!re is no evid5ce1  
h[ev]1 t ! memory ( ! bees is s good1 & 
x is usually ! ease t ! bees ( a colony 
w lose ! memory ( location )9 a week2   
!re=e no att5tion ne$ be paid to ?is    
feature4   ,,protection ,,( ,,! ,,hives 
,,9 ,,! ,,spr+4  ,! greate/ objection to
 w9t]+ bees 9 cell>s is t aft] !y are   
remov$ !y are expos$ to l[ temp]atures4 
,! ideal practice w\ld be to pack ! bees
 aft] tak+ !m out 9 mu* ! same way t    
bees are pack$ = outdoor w9t]+1 b ! "w  
involv$ makes ?is impracticable4 ,!re c 
be no d\bt t protection at ?is "t w\ld  
be b5eficial4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 !   
api>y site %\ld be "o 9 :i* ! hives are 
well protect$ f w9d1 & x is advantage\s 
if ! api>y gr\nds slope t[>d ! s\? 9    
ord] t ! bees may h ! fulle/ advantage (
 heat f ! sun4 ,if ! bees h be5 w9t]$ 9 

! cell> 9 d\ble-wall$ hives !y w h !    
advantage ( "s protection :5 !y are tak5
 f ! cell>4 ,! beekeep] may feel safe 9 
giv+ ! bees all ! protection possible at
 ! "t t !y are tak5 f ! cell>1 kn[+ t x 
is impossible at ?is "t or any o!r to   
insulate ! hive too well4  ,9 decid+    
:e!r ! hives %\ld be pack$ 9 ! spr+ !   
beekeep] %\ld be gov]n$ l>gely by !     
condition ( ! bees4 ,if !y h w9t]$ well 
!y w be able to /& great] extremes (    
temp]ature 9 ! spr+ )\t loss1 b if !y h 
be5 w9t]$ 9 a cold cell> !y w be greatly
 injur$ by cold wea!r aft] !y h be5 set 
out4 ,( c\rse1 ! ne$ ( protection is    
det]m9$ *iefly by ! k9d ( wea!r prevail+
 dur+ ! fir/ few weeks aft] ! bees h be5
 tak5 f ! cell>4 ,9 "s seasons ! wea!r  
is s f9e t ! bees w\ld be little b5efit$
 by pack+ or o!r protection1 b !        
beekeep] c n influ5ce ! wea!r1 & ! only 
safe plan is s to place ! bees t if !   
wea!r does turn cold !y w /ill be safe4 
,"h1 z ev]y:]e else 9 beekeep+1 x pays  
to be on ! safe side1 s f> z protect+ ! 

bees is conc]n$4     ,,provid+ ,,bre$+  
,,room ,,& ,,/ores ,,9 ,,! ,,spr+4      
,aft] ! ma9 honey-fl[ is pa/ x is       
usually desirable t ea* colony be kept 9
 two hive bodies ( full dep?4 ,mo/      
produc]s ( extract$ honey d ?is1 b too  
_m produc]s ( comb-honey are n          
adequately suppli$ ) hive bodies & d n  
give ! second body4 ,^! two hive bodies 
%\ld be left ) ! bees at lea/ until     
brood-re>+ ceases1 & at ?is "t "o ( !m  
%\ld be remov$ if ! bees are to be w9t]$
 9 ! cell>4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 o!r  
bullet9s ( ! dep>tm5t1 if ! bees are    
w9t]$ outdoors !y w d bett] 9 ! two hive
 bodies ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4  ,9 ! upp] hive 
body w be f\nd a consid]able am\nt ( !  
honey to be us$ by ! bees up to ! "t ( !
 next honey-fl[4 ,usually !re w be en\gh
 9 ! l[] hive body = ! bees :ile !y are 
9 ! cell>1 especially :]e comb-honey is 
produc$1 b if ! l[] hive body is n      
adequately suppli$ ) w9t] /ores 7p]haps 
#ae to #bj p\nds7 ! beekeep] %\ld move  
"s ( ! /ores4 ,x is also a good practice

 to w9t] ! bees 9 ! cell> 9 a hive      
conta9+ ! full /ores1 except t ?is makes
 x necess>y to c>ry 9 hives weigh+      
p]haps #hj p\nds4  ,aft] ! second hive  
bodies h be5 remov$1 if !y conta9 honey 
!y %\ld be /or$ 9 a w>m1 dry place1 :]e 
! honey w n be injur$4 ,if x is possible
 to place su* hive bodies 9 ! furnace   
room ( ! resid5ce1 ?is w be f\nd to be  
ideal4 ,if no su* place is available1 ! 
beekeep] may keep ^! 9 a dry cell> or   
o!r location :]e ! honey w n be expos$  
to rapid *anges 9 temp]ature4 ,= ?is    
purpose a place suitable = ! /orage (   
comb-honey is desirable4 ,x %\ld be     
po9t$ out t ! honey 9 ^! combs %\ld n be
 extract$4 ,x w be ne$$ = ! build+ up ( 
! colonies ! next spr+1 & to remove x is
 simply to r$uce ! crop ( ! next season4
  ,"s "t )9 two weeks aft] ! bees h be5 
tak5 f ! cell>1 dep5d+ on ! wea!r1 ea*  
colony %\ld be provid$ ) its second hive
 body4 ,pref]ably1 ?is %\ld be plac$    
und]nea? ! hive body 9 :i* ! bees 7     
w9t]$ 9 ord] t ! propolis at ! top ( !  

hive may n be brok54 ,at ?is "t an      
exam9ation ( ! colonies may be made f   
bel[ to see :e!r any ( !m are que5less  
or require imm$iate att5tion = o!r      
reasons1 b at ?is season !re is little t
 ! beekeep] c d t w help ! bees o!r ?an 
to provide !m ) room = ! brood & )      
adequate supplies ( /ores4 ,que5s %\ld n
 be clipp$ at ?is "t1 & usually n until 
settl$ wea!r has arriv$4 ,fur!r spr+    
manipulation is n necess>y & ! bees are 
bett] (f if ! beekeep] lets !m alone4   
,if ! bees h be5 reque5$ at ! prop] "t &
 if ! total am\nt ( /ores is giv5 z     
indicat$1 x w n be wor? :ile to g ?r\gh 
! bees to look = que5less colonies4 ,!  
beekeep] %\ld see to x t at lea/ #de    
p\nds ( honey are provid$ = ea* colony f
 ! "t ( ! la/ honey-fl[ 9 ! fall to !   
beg9n+ ( ! fir/ ma9 honey-fl[ ( ! foll[+
 season4 ,if ?is is n giv5 9 full1 !    
beekeep] may be sure t ! crop ( ! foll[+
 ye> w be r$uc$4 ,?is am\nt ( honey left
 = ! use ( ! bees is a bett] inve/m5t = 
! beekeep] ?an money 9 ! bank4  ,x %\ld 

be po9t$ out t ! giv+ ( a second hive   
body 9 ! spr+ is n simply a means (     
supply+ additional /ores1 b m ?an "o    
hive body w be ne$$ = ! developm5t ( !  
brood4 ,a s+le #aj-;frame ,lang/ro? hive
 is n l>ge en\gh = ! developm5t ( a good
 colony ( bees1 :i*1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( !  
ma9 honey fl[1 %\ld h brood to fill at  
lea/ #ab frames4  ,z 0 /at$ e>li] 9 ?is 
bullet91 a colony ( bees f "o season to 
! next ne$s ?ree ?+s 9 abundance--room =
 ! developm5t ( ! brood1 /ores ( good   
quality1 & protection f w9d & cold4 ,9  
cell> w9t]+ ! protection is giv5 by     
putt+ ! bees 9 ! cell>2 ! room & /ores  
mu/ be suppli$ lat] or ! population ( ! 
colony w be r$uc$ at ! critical "t ( !  
honey-fl[4 ,if ! e>ly s\rces ( honey are
 abundant1 ! am\nt ( honey advis$ w n be
 consum$4 ,! wise beekeep]1 h[ev]1 does 
n gamble on ! e>ly honey-fl[s1 b inve/s 
?is honey z life insurance = 8 bees4    
,,measures ,,( ,,success ,,9 ,,cell>    
,,w9t]+4   ,x is (t5 difficult = !      
beekeep] to "k :e!r 8 bee cell> is giv+ 

! be/ results1 = he may n h be5 able to 
det]m9e f read+ or ! obs]vation ( o!r   
cell>s :e!r x is satisfactory4 ,!       
writ]s1 !re=e1 h attempt$ bel[ to give a
 few measures :i* ! beekeep] may apply  
to 8 api>y & 8 cell>1 s t he may be able
 to decide :e!r 8 me?ods ( cell> w9t]+  
%\ld be improv$4  7#a7 ,dur+ ! w9t] a   
!rmomet] ins]t$ 9 ! entrance ( ! hive   
%\ld %[ a temp]ature ( at lea/ #eb ,f4  
7#b7 ,!re %\ld nev] be any cond5s$      
moi/ure on ! cov]s ( ! hives1 & c]ta9ly 
nev] any on ! bottoms4  7#c7 ,:ile1 !   
cell> %\ld be kept d>k at all times1 if 
a c&le is held at ! entrance ( a hive at
 ! end ( ,janu>y x %\ld be sev]al       
seconds be=e any ( ! bees break clu/]4  
,frequ5tly ! cell> doors may be op5$ 9  
,m>* )\t di/urb+ ! bees4  7#d7 ,!re %\ld
 nev] be _m dead bees on ! bottom ( !   
hives4 ,! live bees %\ld be able to pu% 
!m out z !y die dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! bees ?us
 c>ri$ out w be f\nd on ! cell> floor j 
bel[ ! entrances4 ,if !re are bees all  
ov] ! floor1 x %[s t ^! bees h fl[n f ! 

hives--an indication ( poor w9t]+4  7#e7
 ,! bees %\ld be quiet dur+ ! late w9t]4
 ,noise at ?is "t indicates t ! bees are
 di/urb$ by an accumulation ( feces1    
caus$ by l[ temp]atures or poor food4   
7#f7 ,if ! bees 7 9 good condition 9 !  
fall & h be5 w9t]$ well1 ! loss dur+ !  
w9t] w nev] be m ?an "o-six? ( ! total  
population ( ! hive4 ,su* a loss is     
excessive1 h[ev]1 & 9 a well-w9t]$      
colony x may be z l[ z a hundr$ bees4   
,?is probably dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t on 
! age ( ! bees :i* g into w9t]1 & if !  
temp]ature is "r & ! /ores good !re w be
 almo/ no loss ( vigor\s bees4  7#g7 ,! 
bees %\ld n leave ! hive :ile !y are be+
 c>ri$ f ! cell>4 ,if !y d1 x indicates 
t !y are excit$ by an accumulation (    
feces4  7#h7 ,be=e removal f ! cell> !re
 %\ld be no spott+ ( ! hives f dys5t]y4 
,!re may be a little spott+ aft] ! bees 
h _h a free flight outside1 b if ?is is 
small 9 am\nt x does n indicate a s]i\s 
condition4  7#i7 ,:5 ! bees are tak5 f !
 cell> !re %\ld be no moldy combs1 = !  

cell> at ! "r temp]ature w be too dry = 
! gr[? ( molds4  7#aj7 ,!re %\ld be no  
brood :5 ! colonies are tak5 f ! cell>4 
,brood-re>+ 9 ! cell> is pro( t ! cell> 
is too cold or t ! food us$ by ! bees is
 inf]ior4  7#aa7 ,en\gh brood %\ld be 9 
ea* colony at ! op5+ ( ! ma9 honey-fl[  
to fill completely #ab ,lang/ro? frames4
  7#ab7 ,! population ( ! hive %\ld n   
decrease appreciably aft] ! bees are    
remov$ f ! cell>4 ,su* a condition1 kn[n
 z spr+ dw9dl+1 is an indication ( poor 
w9t]+4 ,= ?ree weeks aft] ! hives are   
set out no new bees w be em]g+1 b ! loss
 ( bees dur+ ?is "t %\ld be s small z n 
to be noticeable4     ,,! ,,presid5t    
,,to ,,! ,,f>m]s ,,( ,,am]ica4          
,extracts f ,presid5t ,wilson's message 
to ! ,f>m]s' ,conf]5ce at ,urbana1      
,ill41 ,janu>y #ca1 #aiah4   ,! =ces t  
fight = fre$om1 ! fre$om ( m5 all ov] ! 
_w z well z our own1 dep5d ^u u 9 an    
extraord9>y & unexpect$ degree =        
su/5ance1 = ! supply ( ! mat]ials by :i*
 m5 are to live & to fight1 & x w be our

 glory :5 ! w> is ov] t we h suppli$ ^? 
mat]ials & suppli$ !m abundantly1 & x w 
be all ! m glory because 9 supply+ !m we
 h made our supreme ef=t & sacrifice4   
,9 ! field ( agriculture we h ag5cies & 
in/rum5talities1 =tunately1 su* z no o!r
 gov]nm5t 9 ! _w c %[4 ,! ,dep>tm5t (   
,agriculture is und\bt$ly ! greate/     
practical & sci5tific agricultural      
organization 9 ! _w4 ,its total annual  
budget ( #df1jjj1jjj has be5 increas$   
dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s m ?an #gb p] c5t4 ,x
 has a /aff ( #ah1jjj1 includ+ a l>ge   
numb]1 ( highly tra9$ exp]ts1 &         
alongside ( x /&s ! unique l& grant     
colleges1 :i* are )\t example else:]e1 &
 ! #fi ,/ate & ,f$]al exp]im5t /ations4 
,^! colleges & exp]im5t /ations h a     
total end[m5t ( plant & equipm5t (      
#agb1jjj1jjj & an income ( m ?an        
#ce1jjj1jjj ) #aj1bga tea*]s1 a resid5t 
/ud5t body ( #abe1jjj1 & a va/          
additional numb] receiv+ in/ructions at 
_! homes4 ,c\nty ag5ts1 jo9t (fic]s ( ! 
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & ( ! colleges1

 are ev]y:]e coop]at+ ) ! f>m]s & assi/+
 !m4 ,! numb] ( ext5sion work]s "u !    
,smi?-,lev] ,act & "u ! rec5t em]g5cy   
legislation has gr[n to #e1ejj m5 & wom5
 work+ regul>ly 9 ! v>i\s communities & 
tak+ to ! f>m] ! late/ sci5tific &      
practical in=mation4 ,alongside ^! great
 public ag5cies /& ! v effective        
volunt>y organizations among ! f>m]s    
!mselves :i* are m & m le>n+ ! be/      
me?ods ( coop]ation & ! be/ me?ods (    
putt+ to practical use ! assi/ance d]iv$
 f gov]nm5tal s\rces4 ,! bank+          
legislation ( ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s has
 giv5 ! f>m]s access to ! great l5dable 
capital ( ! c\ntry1 & x has become !    
duty bo? ( ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! ,f$]al       
,res]ve ,bank+ ,sy/em & ( ! ,f>m ,loan  
,bank+ ,sy/em to see to x t ! f>m]s     
obta9 ! cr$it1 bo? %ort t]m & long t]m1 
to :i* !y are entitl$ n only1 b :i* x is
 imp]atively necess>y %\ld be ext5d$ to 
!m if ! pres5t tasks ( ! c\ntry are to  
be adequately p]=m$4 ,bo? by direct     
pur*ase ( nitrates & by ! e/abli%m5t (  

plants to produce nitrates1 ! ,gov]nm5t 
is do+ its utmo/ to assi/ 9 ! problem ( 
f]tilization4 ,! ,dep>tm5t (            
,agriculture & o!r ag5cies are actively 
assi/+ ! f>m]s to locate1 safegu>d1 &   
secure at co/ an adequate supply ( s\nd 
se$4  ,! f>m]s ( ?is c\ntry are z       
effici5t z any o!r f>m]s 9 ! _w4 ,!y d n
 produce m p] acre ?an ! f>m]s 9        
,europe4 ,x is n necess>y t !y %\ld d s4
 ,x w\ld p]haps be bad economy = !m to  
attempt x4 ,b !y d produce by two to    
?ree or f\r times m p] man1 p] unit (   
labor & capital1 ?an ! f>m]s ( any      
,european c\ntry4 ,!y are m al]t & use m
 labor-sav+ devices ?an any o!r f>m]s 9 
! _w4 ,& _! response to ! dem&s ( !     
pres5t em]g5cy has be5 9 e way          
rem>kable4 ,la/ spr+ _! plant+ exce$$ by
 #ab1jjj1jjj acres ! l>ge/ plant+ ( any 
previ\s ye>1 & ! yields f ! crops 7     
record-break+ yields4 ,9 ! fall ( #aiag 
a :eat acreage ( #db1agj1jjj 0 plant$1  
:i* 0 #a1jjj1jjj l>g] ?an = any prec$+  
ye>1 #c1jjj1jjj great] ?an ! next l>ge/1

 & #g1jjj1jjj great] ?an ! prec$+       
five-ye> av]age4  ,b ,i ought to say to 
y t x is n only necess>y t ^! a*ievem5ts
 %\ld be repeat$1 b t !y %\ld be exce$$4
 ,i "k :at ?is advice involves4 ,x      
involves n only labor b sacrifice1 !    
pa9/ak+ application ( e bit ( sci5tific 
k & e te/$ practice t is available4 ,x  
means ! utmo/ economy1 ev5 to ! po9t :]e
 ! p9* comes4 ,x means ! k9d (          
conc5tration & self-sacrifice :i* is    
involv$ 9 ! field ( battle itself1 :]e !
 object always looms great] ?an !       
individual4 ,& yet ! ,gov]nm5t w help & 
help 9 e way t x is possible4  ,x 0     
f>m]s f :om came ! fir/ %ots at         
,lex+ton1 t set aflame ! ,revolution t  
made ,am]ica free4 ,i hope & believe t !
 f>m]s ( ,am]ica w will+ly &            
conspicu\sly /& by to w9 ?is w> also4 ,!
 toil1 ! intellig5ce1 ! en]gy1 !        
=esight1 ! self-sacrifice1 & devotion ( 
! f>m]s ( ,am]ica w1 ,i believe1 br+ to 
a triumphant conclusion ?is great la/ w>
 = ! emancipation ( m5 f ! control (    

arbitr>y gov]nm5t & ! selfi%ness ( class
 legislation & control1 & !n1 :5 ! end  
has come1 we may look ea* o!r 9 ! face &
 be glad t we are ,am]icans & h _h !    
privilege to play su* a "p4     ,,!     
,,bus9ess ,,( ,,agriculture4  ,extracts 
f addresses4   ,! next great factor to  
enli/ = ! bett]m5t ( ,agriculture &     
rural life 9 ?is ,nation is ! bus9ess   
man ( ! t[n & ! city4 ,he has n always  
be5 alive to 8 obligations4 ,he has     
cont5t$ himself1 9 too _m in/ances1 )   
plans to secure pr(it 9 agricultural    
trade1 in/ead ( sympa!tically & eag]ly  
plann+ con/ructive assi/ance4 ,?is duty1
 press+ 9 peace "t1 is ( ! mo/ urg5t &  
impell+ "* 9 ?is crisis2 & ,i appeal to 
! bank]s & bus9ess m5 to see t !y omit  
no ef=t to famili>ize !mselves ) !      
ag5cies s]v+ to aid ! f>m]s & to promote
 wise plans to secure ! necess>y        
results4  ,d4 ,f4 ,h\/on1 ,secret>y (   
,agriculture4   ,9 ! int]e/ ( our       
national developm5t at all times & 9 !  
int]e/ ( w> effici5cy j n[ our          

agriculture mu/ be well ma9ta9$4 ,x %\ld
 be rememb]$ t ! agricultural unit is a 
small unit4 ,!re are #f1jjj1jjj f>ms 9  
?is c\ntry1 ea* an individual unit4 ,x  
is to ! int]e/ ( p]sons :o d n live on  
f>ms1 ev5 m ?an to ! int]e/ ( ^? :o d   
live on f>ms1 t production %all be kept 
up4 ,?is means t all p1 n f>m]s alone1 b
 ^? :o live 9 cities z well z ! f>m]s1  
are int]e/$ 9 exp]im5tal & educational  
activities along agricultural l9es z    
conduct$ by ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & !      
,/ates4 ,^! ef=ts %\ld be lib]ally      
support$4  ,r4 ,a4 ,pe>son1 ,assi/ant   
,secret>y ( ,agriculture4   ,9 a "t l   
?is no man has a moral "r1 :atev] 8     
=tune may he1 to employ ano!r man to    
r5d] any s]vice ( m]e com=t or          
conv5i5ce4 ,:5 ! f9e/ "y m5 ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates are 9 ,france digg+ dit*es1 saw+ 
lumb]1 lay+ rails1 & play+ ) dea?1 & :5 
! f9e/ "y wom5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are    
scrubb+ floors 9 hospitals1 x is a s9 t 
almo/ approa*es ! unp>donable (f5se     
aga9/ civilization = any man or wom5 9 !

 ,unit$ ,/ates to engage 9 a wa/eful or 
unnecess>y s]vice4  ,cl>5ce ,ousley1    
,assi/ant ,secret>y ( ,agriculture4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib] ,note