,,wintering ,,bees ,,in ,,cellars       
,e4 ,f4 ,,phillips1 ,apiculturist       
and                  ,,george ,s4       
,,demuth1 ,apicultural ,assistant       
,bureau of ,entomology                  
,illustration         ,,farmers'        
,,bulletin #ajad ,,united ,,states      
,,department ,,of ,,agriculture         
,contribution from the ,bureau of       
,entomology                             
,l4 ,o4 ,,howard4 ,chief                
,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,september1 #aiah  
,show this bulletin to a neighbor4      
,additional copies may be obtained free 
from the ,division of ,publications1    
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture  ,,washington ,,government 
,,printing ,,office 3 #aiah   ,,results 
from wintering bees in a cellar are     
excellent when conditions in the cellar 
are such as to keep the bees from       
wearing themselves out by excessive     
activity4 ,cellar wintering is          
practicable where the average outdoor   
temperature during the winter months is 

as low as #be ,f4 ,a map is given 7p4   
#c7 so that the beekeeper may know      
whether this method is advisable in his 
locality4  ,the cellar should be        
arranged so that the ceiling is below   
the frost line1 and so that the ceiling 
and side walls are thoroughly protected 
at all points4 ,the cellar should be    
kept so that the lowest temperature     
within the hives is at least #eb ,f4 ,at
 this temperature there will be little  
need of special ventilating             
arrangements4 ,there should be no       
condensation of moisture within the     
hives1 and the cellar should be well    
drained4  ,bees should be put into the  
cellar after a good flight in late      
,november1 or earlier in the more       
northern localities4 ,they should be    
removed when fresh pollen and nectar are
 available1 usually about the last of   
,march4  ,soon after the hives are      
placed on their summer stands1 each     
colony should be given additional stores
 and room for the development of a large

 quantity of brood4  ,it is important   
that none of the factors of good        
wintering be omitted4 ,several tests are
 given in this bulletin so that the     
beekeeper may determine whether his     
cellar is a satisfactory place for      
wintering bees4     ,,wintering ,,bees  
,,in ,,cellars4     ,,contents4         
,page4    ,cellar wintering versus      
outdoor wintering                 #c    
,where is cellar wintering advisable    
#d    ,essentials to success            
#e    ,necessity of strong colonies in  
the fall                  #e    ,winter 
stores                                  
#f    ,arrangement of the apiary        
#g    ,the bee cellar                   
#g    ,putting the bees into the cellar 
#ab    ,maintenance of the cellar during
 the winter              #ac    ,removal
 of the bees from the cellar            
#ag    ,providing breeding room and     
stores in the spring         #ai        
,measures of success in cellar wintering
                  #bj     ,,cellar      

,,wintering ,,versus ,,outdoor          
,,wintering4   ,bees in the more        
northern parts of the ,united ,states   
for many years have been placed by some 
of the best beekeepers in cellars or    
special repositories during the coldest 
parts of the winter4 ,there has been a  
growing feeling1 however1 that if       
outdoor wintering is practicable1 in    
most cases it gives better results1 and 
there has been a decided change from    
cellar wintering to outdoor wintering   
within the past decade4 ,the difficulty 
seems to be that the methods of cellar  
wintering practiced have not been       
satisfactory and it seems probable that 
if as much attention had been given1 to 
the perfection of the methods of cellar 
wintering as has been given to an       
improvement of the methods of outdoor   
wintering1 there would not have been as 
great a change to the outdoor methods as
 has taken place4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 
#a4--,map of the ,united ,states showing
 regions where cellar wintering is      

practicable1 based on the average       
temperature of ,january4 ,from data     
furnished by the ,united ,states        
,weather ,bureau4  ,the placing of bees 
in a cellar is only another way of      
putting insulation about the hives1 the 
only difference being that in the cellar
 all of the hives are protected alike   
and the protection is placed about the  
apiary instead of around hives in groups
 or singly4 ,it follows that the        
principles which apply to successful    
outdoor wintering apply equally to the  
protection of the bees in the cellar4   
,it is urged1 therefore1 that before    
attempting to winter bees in the cellar1
 the beekeeper study the bulletins#a of 
the department in which these principles
 are set forth4  #a ,department         
,bulletin #ic1 ,the ,temperature of the 
,honeybee ,cluster ,in ,winter4         
,farmers' ,bulletin #fie1 ,outdoor      
,wintering of ,bees4     ,,where ,,is   
,,cellar ,,wintering ,,advisable8       
,before deciding whether or not the bees

 are to be wintered in a cellar1 several
 factors should be considered1 the chief
 of these being 7#a7 the winter climate1
 7#b7 the kind of winter stores1 and    
7#c7 the location of the apiary as      
regards wind protection4   ,,winter     
,,climate4  ,in any locality where the  
average temperature of the winter months
 falls below #be ,f4 7zone #a7 cellar   
wintering may be practiced with profit1 
and in localities where the average     
temperature of these months falls as low
 as #ae ,f4 7zone #b7 cellar wintering  
is much to be preferred4 ,figure #a     
shows the boundaries of these zones for 
the ,united ,states for the month of    
,january1 which may be taken as typical 
of the winter months4 ,it will be noted 
that these zones do not follow parallels
 of latitude4 ,as was pointed out in the
 bulletin of the department on outdoor  
wintering1#b it is quite possible to    
protect bees in zone #a sufficiently to 
winter them outdoors1 but if a proper   
cellar is provided1 if conditions within

 the cellar are correct1 and if the     
stores are good and the colonies are    
strong1 just as good results may be     
obtained from cellar wintering4  #b     
,farmers' ,bulletin #ajab1 ,preparation 
of ,bees for ,outdoor ,wintering4  ,in  
zone #a the average temperature of the  
outside air during the mouth of ,january
 is #be ,f41 or lower in the more       
northern parts of the zone4 ,this means 
that in colonies wintered outdoors the  
bees are compelled to overcome this     
degree of cold at all times during the  
coldest part of the winter4 ,if they are
 so well packed that the heat which they
 generate is lost slowly1 they are able 
to generate sufficient heat to make the 
interior of the hive warm enough to     
allow them to break their cluster as is 
necessary4 ,in zone #b1 however1 the    
bees will be compelled to generate heat 
sufficient to overcome the more severe  
cold of that zone1 and this calls for   
the expenditure by the bees of so much  
more food and vitality that it is more  

economical to put them in a good cellar 
during the months of the most severe    
cold1 and cellar wintering is therefore 
preferable4   ,,character ,,of ,,winter 
,,stores4  ,in localities where the     
stores for the bees gathered during the 
latter part of the summer are not of the
 first quality1 it is safer to winter   
the bees outdoors4 ,this is a large     
factor in the placing of the zones shown
 in figure #a1 for it is quite common in
 the region south of zone #a for the    
full honey to be of inferior quality4   
,it is extremely fortunate that in both 
of the zones shown the stores available 
in winter are usually of the finest     
quality4 ,as will be shown later1 it is 
highly important that the beekeeper pay 
special attention to the character of   
the stores in the hive at the beginning 
of the winter1 and if they are not as   
good as they should be1 this deficiency 
should be corrected4   ,,location ,,as  
,,regards ,,wind ,,protection4  ,in zone
 #a1 if the apiary is so badly located  

that the winter winds are severe1 the   
beekeeper will do well to winter in a   
cellar1 although1 as will be shown      
later1 it is not best to choose such a  
site for the apiary even during the rest
 of the year4     ,,essentials ,,to     
,,success4   ,as in the case of outdoor 
wintering1 the essentials to success in 
caring for a normal colony of bees from 
the end of one season's honey-flow to   
the beginning of the next lie in        
providing three things in abundance3    
7#a7 ,stores of good quality1 7#b7      
protection from wind and cold1 and 7#c7 
room for the rearing of brood at        
appropriate times4 ,these factors must  
not be lacking at the right times1 and  
if any one is omitted it may prevent the
 bees from gathering the crop of the    
following season4 ,these three factors  
do not apply equally throughout the     
period of relative inactivity1 but as   
certainly as any one of them is         
decreased1 just so certainly will the   
crop of the following year be reduced4  

,in practicing cellar wintering it is   
unnecessary to leave so much honey with 
the bees during the time that they are  
in the cellar1 and it is not necessary  
during that period to leave room for the
 rearing of brood4 ,during the coldest  
part of the winter the bees need        
especially protection from cold and     
wind1 although enough good stores must  
be in the hive to keep them through that
 period in good condition4 ,probably a  
large part of the failure of beekeepers 
in practicing cellar wintering comes    
from the fact that before and after the 
bees are in the cellar the important    
factors of stores and breeding room have
 not been adequately supplied4 ,before  
the bees are put into the cellar they   
must have room for breeding and stores  
in abundance1 and after they are taken  
out these two factors must be present in
 greatly increased abundance4           
,,necessity ,,of ,,strong ,,colonies    
,,in ,,the ,,fall4   ,as in the case of 
wintering outdoors1 it is wasteful to   

attempt to winter weak colonies4 ,it is 
difficult to set standards of colony    
strength at this season1 but it is      
unwise to attempt to winter colonies    
that are not strong enough to have brood
 sufficient to fill three or four       
,langstroth frames two months before the
 first killing frost4 ,if the colonies  
in the apiary are not of the proper     
strength1 it is wise to unite until the 
proper strength is reached4 ,any uniting
 should be done before the close of     
brood-rearing4  ,it is of the greatest  
importance that every colony have a good
 queen in order that brood-rearing may  
continue in the fall and may then again 
proceed rapidly in the spring4 ,usually 
it is best to requeen at least every two
 years1 but if good wintering is        
practiced the colonies will come out of 
winter quarters so strong and will build
 up so rapidly in the spring that the   
queens will soon wear out1 making it    
safer to requeen every year4 ,to get the
 best results from requeening1 all young

 queens should be introduced so that    
they begin to lay about two months      
before the first killing frost4         
,,winter ,,stores4   ,the stores given  
to the bees from the end of one season  
to the beginning of the next are of the 
first importance4 ,it is necessary to   
consider both the quality and the       
quantity of these stores4   ,,quality   
,,of ,,stores4  ,as has been stated1 it 
is fortunate that in both of the zones  
where cellar wintering is or might be   
practiced the natural stores usually are
 good4 ,honeys such as those from white 
and alsike clovers1 sweet clover1       
alfalfa1 wild raspberry1 buckwheat1 and 
willowherb are fine stores for winter1  
while honeys from basswood1 heartsease  
7smart-weed71 asters1 goldenrod1 and    
most of the other fall flowers are less 
desirable4 ,it is especially important  
during the period when the bees are in  
the cellar that the stores shall be of  
the very finest quality1 and it is      
therefore the practice of many good     

beekeepers to feed each colony #e pounds
 or more of sirup made of granulated    
sugar ,into in the fall1 after all      
brood-rearing has ceased4 ,this insures 
that the bees will have for their use1  
during the period of confinement in the 
cellar1 stores which will not bring     
about the condition known as dysentery4 
,in general it may be stated that honeys
 from mixed sources and dark honeys1    
except buckwheat1 are to be avoided4    
,honeydew honeys are highly injurious   
and in all cases where such stores are  
present granulated sugar sirup should be
 fed4   ,,quantity ,,of ,,stores4  ,from
 the end of one honey season to the     
beginning of the next a good colony of  
bees will need fully #de pounds of      
honey4 ,when the bees are wintered in   
the cellar1 it is usual not to have all 
of this honey in the one hive body in   
which they are wintered4 ,it is a good  
practice to have at least #bj pounds    
within this hive1 although #ae pounds   
will be safe4 ,it is absolutely         

imperative1 however1 that the remainder 
of the #de pounds shall be available to 
be given to the bees soon after1 they   
are taken from the cellar4 ,the most    
common cause of poor colonies in the    
spring is poverty1 directly due to      
neglect on the part of the beekeeper4 ,a
 good beekeeper sees to it that at no   
time when brood is being reared do his  
bees have less than #ae pounds of stores
 in the hive1 and the full amount of #de
 pounds often will all be used1 and is  
always needed if the colonies are to    
come to full strength on time for the   
gathering of the full crop4 ,this amount
 is always augmented by honey from      
spring flowers1 for #de pounds of honey 
is not enough to bring a colony to full 
strength in time for the main           
honey-flow4     ,,arrangement ,,of ,,the
 ,,apiary4   ,where bees are wintered in
 cellars the particular arrangement of  
the hives in the apiary is not so       
important a problem as where they are   
wintered on their summer stands1 yet    

there are certain important             
considerations in the arrangement of the
 entire apiary which should be kept in  
mind4   ,,wind ,,protection4  ,it is    
important that a place be chosen where  
the bees will be protected from cold    
winds in the spring after they are taken
 from the cellar and again in the fall  
before they are taken to the cellar4 ,a 
grove of trees or an adjacent hill      
usually offers the best protection1 or  
it is possible to make an artificial    
windbreak such as a high fence4 ,a      
natural windbreak usually is better1 for
 it is more extensive in most cases4    
,too much reliance should not be placed 
in buildings1 for often they merely     
divert the wind slightly and may make   
conditions worse4 ,a fence made of close
 boards usually is unsatisfactory1 for  
it causes whirls4   ,,distance ,,of     
,,the ,,apiary ,,from ,,the ,,cellar4   
,to carry colonies of bees a long       
distance from the apiary to the cellar  
is not an easy task1 even though the    

hives be light at that time of the year4
 ,it is best1 therefore1 that the apiary
 be located not more than #ej yards from
 the cellar1 and even this distance is  
objectionable4 ,if a special cellar is  
built for the bees1 the apiary should be
 so located that the cellar may be built
 immediately adjacent4 ,if the bees are 
to be wintered in the cellar under the  
beekeeper's residence1 the apiary should
 be located as near as possible to the  
cellar door4     ,,the ,,bee ,,cellar4  
,in order that the beekeeper may have   
reason to expect success in cellar      
wintering1 it is imperative that he give
 careful consideration to the           
construction of the bee cellar4 ,there  
has been a tendency among beekeepers    
greatly to overestimate the value of    
their own cellars1 and especially to    
assume that the conditions which they   
are able to get in their cellars are    
exactly correct4   ,,cellar ,,under     
,,the ,,residence4  ,some of the best   
bee cellars are those under the         

residences of beekeepers1 and in general
 such a cellar is better than one built 
especially for cellar wintering4 ,this  
is because the temperature of such a    
cellar usually is quite a little higher 
than that in a specially constructed    
repository4 ,the best results in cellar 
wintering have been obtained in cellars 
under residences which are heated by    
furnaces1 thus having a higher cellar   
temperature4 ,in such a cellar provision
 must be made for partitioning off a    
space where the bees will be located so 
that there is no light or other         
disturbing factor during the time of    
their confinement4 ,since a cellar      
temperature about #ej ,f4 is desirable1 
it is well to choose a part of the      
cellar through which some of the furnace
 pipes run1 and if this results in too  
high a temperature these pipes may be   
insulated somewhat4 ,it is best to      
choose a part of the cellar where there 
are no windows and where the outside    
walls are thoroughly protected to the   

top1 either by a bank of soil or in some
 other fashion4 ,this will result in a  
more equable temperature than is        
possible in a cellar exposed to sudden  
changes of temperature on the outside   
walls1 for even a stone wall #ah inches 
thick will allow a considerable amount  
of heat to escape4 ,in a cellar under a 
residence there will be abundant        
ventilation without any special         
provision being made for this4 ,a test  
of the value of such a cellar is the    
even temperature which may be obtained1 
as will be discussed later4   ,,special 
,,winter ,,repository4  ,if properly    
constructed and protected1 a special    
cellar or cave for the bees gives the   
best possible results in wintering1 yet 
few such cellars have been built1 for   
the reason that most beekeepers have    
omitted some vitally important factors4 
,the usual fault is in having too great 
a variation in temperature and in giving
 excessive ventilation1 which in turn   
causes fluctuations in temperature4     

,,soil ,,and ,,contour ,,of ,,the       
,,surface ,,of ,,the ,,ground4  ,to     
provide good drainage and adequate      
ventilation for the bee cellar without  
making any special ventilators1 it is   
desirable to build it in a sandy        
hillside4 ,if it is possible to choose a
 place for the cellar where the snow    
drifts deeply1 this will afford a       
valuable addition to the insulation of  
the cellar4 ,if the cellar is on level  
ground1 drifting of snow may be         
increased by the proper building of open
 fences1 such as are used to prevent    
drifting over railway tracks4  ,if it is
 impossible to utilize a sandy hillside1
 it will be necessary to build walls and
 a floor for the cellar and to make     
adequate provision for the drainage of  
the cellar4 ,the hillside cellar has1   
the great advantage of having easy      
drainage4   ,,capacity ,,of ,,the       
,,cellar4  ,if the bees are kept in     
apiaries of perhaps #ajj colonies and if
 a cellar is built for each apiary1 then

 it is possible to build a cellar of    
just the right capacity4 ,if a central  
cellar is built for all the apiaries and
 the bees in outapiaries are brought    
into the home apiary for winter1 the    
beekeeper will wish to build the cellar 
sufficiently large for future expansion 
of his business1 and beekeepers are     
finding out1 that they can keep many    
more colonies of bees than they formerly
 thought possible4 ,perhaps the better  
plan is to have a cellar in each apiary4
  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,interior  
of bee cellar with hives ,in piles of   
four4 ,insulation above the ceiling is  
not shown4  ,the usual practice is to   
allow #a-a_/b to #b square feet of floor
 surface for each colony1 on the        
assumption that the colonies will be    
placed in piles of four 7fig4 #b74 ,it  
is not desirable to pile hives higher   
than this1 if the cellar roof is #f-a_/b
 feet high in the clear1 and it is      
difficult to lift heavy hives any higher
 than the number specified4 ,for an     

apiary of #ajj colonies1 it will be     
found desirable to have a cellar #aj    
feet wide and from #ae to #bj feet long1
 clear of the inner walls4 ,if one is   
just getting a start in beekeeping he   
should build his cellar on the          
assumption that later he will increase  
the number of his colonies1 and should  
allow for this1 for it is better to have
 the cellar too large than too small4   
,,walls ,,and ,,floor4  ,it has been    
claimed by many beekeepers that concrete
 walls and floor are not desirable1 yet 
if the cellar is properly insulated     
there is no better material4 ,if the    
cellar is built in a hillside of sandy  
soil1 wooden sides will be satisfactory 
and no floor other than the soil need be
 provided4 ,in such soil the drainage is
 good and the only function of the side 
walls is to hold the sides up to prevent
 caving in4 ,in a moist soil a concrete 
floor and walls should be built1 and the
 concrete should be waterproof4 ,under  
no circumstances should any of the side 

walls below the ceiling be exposed above
 ground4  ,illustration3 ,fig4          
#c4--;,diagram of bee cellar4 ,clearance
 #f-a_/b feet1 ceiling #b-a_/b feet     
below ground level1 packed with about   
#aa feet of sawdust4   ,,roof4  ,the    
ceiling of the cellar should be below   
ground level sufficiently to bring it   
below the level of frost4 ,for the      
regions where bees should be wintered in
 cellars this usually will be at least  
#b-a_/b feet below the level of the     
ground 7fig4 #c74 ,the ceiling should be
 #f-a_/b feet above the floor1 just     
sufficiently high to permit a tall man  
to work with comfort4 ,if the ceiling is
 higher it will result usually in too   
low a temperature at the floor4 ,the    
ceiling then should be covered          
completely on top with some insulating  
material1 such as sawdust1 and if       
sawdust is used it should be piled on   
about #a-a_/b feet thick4 ,unless about 
this amount of protection is given on   
the ceiling it will be impossible to get

 the right cellar temperature during the
 coldest part of the winter4 ,if the    
cellar is built in a sandy soil1 it is  
possible to use the soil as a cover for 
the ceiling1 in which event about #c    
feet of soil should be placed over the  
inner roof of the cellar4 ,the entire   
insulating material1 of whatever kind   
used1 should then be protected from rain
 and snow by having a roof over it4     
,this roof should project at least #b   
feet1 preferably more1 beyond the       
outside of the cellar wall1 and         
provision should be made for currying   
off the water from the roof4  ,in case  
the beekeeper desires to build an apiary
 house over the bee1 cellar1 as is done 
frequently1 he must provide a floor for 
this house at least at ground level1 and
 he can not successfully use the ceiling
 of the cellar as the floor of the upper
 house4 ,there is no objection to       
building a house above the cellar if    
adequate protection is given the cellar1
 but it must not be assumed that the    

house offers any material insulation to 
the cellar1 for in most cases these     
houses are not heated in the winter4    
,the relation of the house floor to the 
ceiling of the cellar is shown in figure
 #c4   ,,entrance ,,to ,,the ,,cellar4  
,frequently the entrance is a weak spot 
in the insulation of the cellar1 and it 
is useless to protect the roof and sides
 unless care is used in the building of 
the entrance4 ,if the entrance is at the
 end or one side of the cellar1 it will 
be necessary to build a sort of         
vestibule with double doors so that the 
heat of the cellar will not be lost     
rapidly4 ,the heavier and thicker these 
doors1 the better for the bees4  ,the   
best type of vestibule is a long1 narrow
 passage lending into the hillside1 and 
it should be closed by doors at both the
 inside and outside ends4 ,if possible  
the vestibule should be built and       
protected so that the temperature within
 the vestibule will never fall below    
freezing4 ,in the building of the       

vestibule1 also1 the beekeeper should   
consider the ease with which the bees   
may be carried in and out of the cellar4
   ,,drainage4  ,as has been mentioned  
previously1 the cellar must be well     
drained1 either by natural or by        
artificial means4 ,no stagnant water    
should be allowed to remain in the      
cellar1 although at the higher          
temperatures of the best cellars this   
does less harm than it does in cellars  
that are too cold4 ,some beekeepers have
 advocated having a stream of water     
flowing through the cellar1 and this    
will do no harm in warm cellars1 and it 
may serve to assist somewhat in         
maintaining an even temperature4        
,,ventilation4  ,one of the most serious
 faults of bee cellars is in providing  
for too much ventilation1 resulting in  
great fluctuations in temperature4 ,in a
 cellar which maintains a temperature of
 #ej ,f4 or more there is little need   
for ventilation1 for the ,was then need 
little oxygen and only a small amount of

 carbon dioxide is given off4 ,other    
things being equal1 the colder the      
cellar1 the greater the need of         
ventilation4 ,if poor stores are in the 
hives1 the bees will need more          
ventilation than will be desirable when 
good stores are used4 ,in a warm cellar 
in a sandy hillside no ventilating shaft
 need be built4  ,in any event1 one     
shaft #f inches square running through  
the ceiling of the cellar to the outside
 will be sufficient for any cellar that 
is fit for the wintering of bees4       
,during the coldest part of the winter  
the interchange of air between the      
inside of the cellar and the outside    
will be materially increased by the     
great difference in temperature and this
 one ventilator may be entirely or      
nearly closed4 ,during the milder       
weather of the fall and spring this     
amount of ventilation will do no harm4  
,the top of the ventilating shaft1 which
 should extend at least #f feet above   
the outer roof1 may be painted black in 

order to induce greater movement of air 
when the sun shines4 ,the shaft should  
be so arranged that it does not admit   
light to the cellar4     ,,putting ,,the
 ,,bees ,,into ,,the ,,cellar4   ,before
 the bees are carried into the cellar it
 should be well aired and cleaned1 and  
it will be well to keep it open for     
several days beforehand4 ,no debris or  
refuse should be left in the cellar when
 the bees are taken in4   ,,time4  ,for 
zone #a 7fig4 #a7 it is usually         
desirable to wait until about the middle
 of ,november before putting the bees   
into winter quarters4 ,if one could know
 exactly when the bees would have the   
last opportunity for a cleansing flight1
 they would be put into the cellar just 
after that1 but we can not always be    
sure that there will be suitable weather
 for such flight in late ,november1 and 
there is1 therefore1 considerable doubt 
every year as to just the right time to 
put the bees away4 ,frequently it       
happens that the weather is suitable for

 a flight about ,november #bj1 and it is
 best to wait until then before         
attempting to put the bees in the       
cellar4 ,the flight of only a few bees  
from the hive should not be construed as
 a cleansing flight4 ,in this connection
 it is highly desirable that the        
beekeeper keep a careful watch of the   
weather maps daily1 so that he may know 
at all times about what weather may be  
expected for a few days in advance4 ,for
 the beekeeper's purpose the daily      
forecasts published in newspapers are   
scarcely enough2 and if no daily weather
 maps are convenient near by1 it will   
repay the beekeeper well to subscribe   
for them4 ,they are valuable not only at
 the time of putting the bees into the  
cellar but at many other times of the   
year4  ,soon after a period when the    
barometric pressure has been low1       
bringing high temperatures suitable for 
flights 7at least #fj ,f471 there       
usually will be a period when the       
barometric pressure is high1 bringing   

lower1 temperatures4 ,at the shifting   
from low to high barometric pressure    
there is frequently a time when it is   
cloudy4 ,this is a fine time to put the 
bees into the cellar4 ,these periods of 
high and low barometric pressure follow 
each other with rather marked regularity
 in the fall1 and it is rather safe to  
assume that just at the end of the      
well-defined low pressure which next    
follows after ,november #ae is the best 
time to put the bees into the cellar4   
,it is better to put the bees in the    
cellar a week or so before the last     
opportunity for flight than to put them 
in after exposure to cold which is not  
followed by a cleansing flight4  ,for   
zone #b it will be desirable to put the 
bees away a little earlier1 although the
 oncoming of winter is not so much      
earlier in the ,north as one might      
imagine4   ,,how ,,to ,,carry ,,the     
,,bees4  ,when one person carries the   
bees into the cellar the best method is 
to stand at the back of the hive and    

grasp the bottom of the hive with both  
hands4 ,the hive is then lifted and the 
cover brought up against the chest      
firmly1 permitting the operator to walk 
without interference and with a minimum 
of stooping4 ,if there are cleats on the
 ends of the hive bodies1 those may be  
rested on the forearms1 although with   
this method there is some danger that   
the bottoms will drop off unless they   
are stapled4  ,if the temperature is    
sufficiently low 7slightly above        
freezing71 there will be no need of     
closing the entrances when the bees are 
being carried in4 ,every care should be 
taken not to jar the hives more than is 
absolutely necessary from the time that 
they are lifted until they are in their 
final place in the cellar4  ,if more    
than one person is engaged in carrying  
in the hives1 the hives may be placed   
carefully on carriers with handles1 and 
two or more of them may be carried at   
one time4   ,,how ,,to ,,stack ,,the    
,,hives4  ,the bottom hive in a pile    

should rest on an empty hive body or    
some other such support of about that   
size 7figs4 #b and #c74 ,the hives then 
should be placed one on top of the other
 until they are four high4 ,it is best  
by far to put each pile of four hives   
about #f inches from adjacent piles1 so 
that in handling the hives on one pile  
there is no disturbance of bees in other
 piles4 ,allowance is made for this     
space between the piles of hives in the 
estimate of the floor space needed for  
each colony 7p4 #i74     ,,maintenance  
,,of ,,the ,,cellar ,,during ,,the      
,,winter4   ,if the cellar is properly  
constructed it will need little if any  
care during the time that the bees are  
inside4 ,it is only the poor bee cellar 
which requires constant attention to    
prevent changes in temperature4         
,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,cellar4      
,there has been much discussion as to   
the best temperature of the cellar      
during the winter4 ,commonly it is      
stated that a temperature of #dj to #de 

,f4 is best1 but this is colder than    
usually is best for the finest results4 
,a temperature below #dj ,f4 is         
invariably bad for the bees1 and a      
cellar in which the temperature goes as 
low as freezing is not a fit place for  
bees4  ,it has been found by the authors
 that bees do the least amount of work  
when the temperature of the air         
immediately surrounding them 7inside the
 hive7 stands at #eg ,f4 ,this is1      
therefore1 the temperature which the    
beekeeper should bear in mind1 rather   
than to lay too much stress on the      
temperature of the cellar itself4 ,the  
place for a thermometer in the bee      
cellar is inside the entrance of a good 
colony where it may be read easily by   
simply pulling it out4 ,a chemical      
thermometer is best for this purpose1   
and it should register #eb ,f4 or more  
inside the hive entrance4 ,in order to  
have the right temperature within the   
hive it usually will be best to have the
 temperature of the cellar at about #ej 

,f4 or slightly higher4 ,as will be     
shown later1 however1 it is quite       
possible to have the right temperature  
within the hive when the temperature of 
the cellar is a few degrees lower than  
that stated4  ,if the beekeeper will pay
 attention to the temperature of the    
interior of the hive he will find that  
in colder cellars it is desirable to    
give the hives some insulation to       
conserve the heat generated by the bees 
in much the same way that this heat is  
conserved when bees are packed outdoors1
 although the amount of protection will 
be much less4 ,in a cellar where the    
temperature falls to #de ,f4 it will be 
found best to have the covers of the    
hives sealed on tightly and the         
entrances reduced to #c_/h inch by #b   
inches4 ,in a cellar with a temperature 
of #ej ,f4 or more the entrances may be 
left open the full width of the hive4   
,if there is a tendency for the         
temperature to fall to #de ,f4 or less1 
the tops of the hives may be protected  

by cushions of chaff or other materials 
placed at least on the top of the       
uppermost hives1 for each of the lower  
three hives is protected somewhat by the
 one above it4  ,it will be impossible  
to maintain the temperatures recommended
 unless the cellar is built in the way  
described1 or in some other way by which
 the cellar is equally well insulated4  
,it is impossible to maintain an equable
 and high temperature in a cellar the   
walls and ceiling of which are exposed  
to the outside air4   ,,ventilation ,,of
 ,,the ,,cellar4  ,if the proper        
temperature is maintained in the cellar 
there will be little need of            
ventilation1 for in almost all cases    
there will be sufficient interchange of 
air to keep the bees in good condition4 
,if the temperature is as low as #de    
,f41 a little ventilation will be       
needed1 although most of the bee cellars
 that have been built have had too much 
ventilation1 and as a result it has been
 impossible to maintain a correct       

temperature within them4 ,in cold       
weather the tendency toward an          
interchange of air is greatest1 and at  
such times the ventilators may be       
entirely closed4 ,in mild weather it    
makes no difference if large ventilators
 are open1 unless this results in too   
great a rise in temperature4  ,in a     
well-insulated cellar it should not be  
necessary to ventilate at night at the  
approach of spring to cool the air      
inside1 for the bees will not get so    
warm from their own activity as will    
bees in a cellar that is or has been too
 cold4 ,the greatest problem in most    
cellars is to maintain the right        
temperature during the spring just      
before the bees are to be removed4 ,the 
trouble is that in most cellars--those  
which are too cold in winter--the bees  
generate heat constantly during the     
winter and as a result have an          
accumulation of feces in the intestines1
 resulting in a condition known as      
dysentery4 ,for this reason they become 

excited easily1 and beekeepers have     
thought it necessary to ventilate the   
cellar at night freely in order to      
remedy this trouble4 ,the proper method1
 of course1 is to prevent it by keeping 
the temperature higher during the       
winter1 but if the temperature has      
fallen too low during the winter        
ventilation at night seems to help      
somewhat4 ,it is safe1 however1 to say  
that a cellar in which this happens is  
not satisfactory as a place to keep bees
 during the winter1 and steps should be 
taken to insulate it more completely    
before bees are put into it again4 ,if  
the bees are wintering on stores that   
are not of the best quality the tendency
 to accumulate feces will be far        
greater1 even with the right            
temperatures inside the hives1 and if   
there is dysentery it may be relieved   
somewhat by ventilation1 although this  
is simply reducing a symptom and is not 
removing the cause of the trouble4      
,,ventilation ,,of ,,the ,,hive4  ,since

 bees in a good cellar require little   
ventilation1 practically no attention   
need be paid to this subject if the     
cellar has been built in the way        
advised4 ,if the temperature of the     
cellar tends to fall too low1 it is     
advisable to reduce the entrances of the
 hives1 for with a greater difference   
between the temperatures within and     
outside the hive the tendency for       
interchange of air will be              
correspondingly greater4 ,in any cellar 
fit for the wintering of bees it will be
 neither necessary nor desirable to     
ventilate the hives at the top1 as      
sometimes has been recommended4  ,the   
ventilation of the hive within the      
cellar is not so much for the           
elimination of foul air as for the      
escape of moisture1 and therefore the   
amount of ventilation needed for the    
hive depends upon the humidity of the   
air within the cellar4 ,if the          
temperature of the cellar is kept high  
enough there will be no condensation of 

moisture within the hive1 and if water  
is ever observed on the covers of the   
hives it is conclusive proof that the   
cellar is too cold for the bees4 ,in a  
cellar so cold that condensed moisture  
shows on the bottoms of the hives stops 
should be taken at once to raise the    
temperature4  ,various attempts have    
been made in the past to provide for the
 cellar fresh air which has been warmed 
somewhat before entry4 ,the most common 
method is to have the air pass through  
tiles under ground for perhaps #ajj feet
 before it enters the cellar4 ,in       
general1 it may be said that none of    
these devices has been worth the trouble
 and expense involved and none of them  
has served the purpose for which it was 
intended4 ,it has been proposed also to 
ventilate the bee cellar by wind        
pressure4 ,the devices which have been  
made for such ventilation will function 
only when there is considerable wind and
 then only when the wind is in the right
 quarter2 therefore they are not at all 

to be recommended4 ,by far the best plan
 is simply to build the bee cellar      
correctly1 for1 then little ventilation 
will be needed4   ,,cleaning ,,the      
,,cellar4  ,in even the best of cellars 
there will be some dead bees on the     
floor1 and those may be cleaned up once 
or twice during the winter4 ,in a cellar
 with proper temperature there will be  
few dead bees until after the middle of 
the winter1 but the death rate increases
 toward the close of the winter4 ,if the
 cellar is cleaned1 it should be done   
with as little disturbance as possible4 
,no bright light should be admitted at  
this time1 although a moderate amount   
seems to do little harm until after the 
bees have an accumulation of feces in   
the intestines4   ,,removing ,,the      
,,bees ,,for ,,flight ,,during ,,the    
,,winter4  ,some beekeepers have        
advocated removing the colonies toward  
the end of the winter for a flight on   
some warm day and then replacing them1  
on the supposition that the flight would

 enable the bees to stand a longer      
period of confinement4 ,it is found1    
however1 that if bees are disturbed1 as 
by carrying them out1 they begin        
brood-rearing almost invariably1 and    
this does more harm than the flight does
 good4   ,,disturbance ,,during ,,the   
,,winter4  ,work in or about the bee    
cellar while the bees are confined      
should be done with the least possible  
disturbance of the bees1 for often a    
little handling or jarring of the hive  
causes sufficient excitement to increase
 the temperature of the cluster to the  
point where brood-rearing begins4 ,this 
is true especially in late winter4 ,it  
is by far the wisest plan1 therefore1 to
 stay out of the cellar during the      
winter1 except on the few occasions when
 a little work1 such as cleaning out1   
makes a visit seem needed4 ,care should 
be taken not to jar the hives or to     
allow light to strike the entrance4 ,of 
course1 if bees are being wintered in a 
cellar which has the right temperature1 

a little disturbance does little or no  
harm1 but there is no reason why bees   
should be disturbed in winter and the   
beekeeper should not run any risk of    
starting brood-rearing4     ,,removal   
,,of ,,the ,,bees ,,from ,,the ,,cellar4
   ,,time4  ,the old rule of many       
beekeepers is to take the bees from the 
cellar when the soft maples are in      
bloom4 ,this is an excellent rule in    
localities where there are trees of this
 species4 ,in general1 in zone #a the   
right time to take the bees out of the  
cellar is about the time of the spring  
equinox 7,march #ba74  ,in choosing a   
time for the removal of the bees1 the   
beekeeper again should watch the weather
 maps closely4 ,he should choose a time 
when a high-pressure area is just       
passing and at the approach of a        
well-defined low-pressure area4 ,at such
 a time the weather will be cool1 not   
permitting the bees to fly1 but at the  
time of the low-pressure area the       
weather will become warmer1 allowing the

 good flights1 which are then badly     
needed4  ,if the bees are taken out at a
 time when they can fly at once--and    
some beekeepers prefer this--they should
 be taken out in the early morning1 so  
that they can have a good flight before 
night4 ,bees should not be taken from   
the cellar at a time when they can fly  
only a little1 but they should either be
 taken out when they can not fly at all 
or at a time when they can fly freely   
almost at once4 ,bees in good condition 
rarely fly freely unless the outside    
temperature is as high as #fj ,f4       
,,prevention ,,of ,,drifting4  ,when the
 bees are taken from the cellar and     
placed on their summer positions they   
sometimes tend to leave the weaker1     
colonies and on their return to collect 
in those with greater populations4 ,this
 is known as drifting4 ,in general1 the 
bees tend to drift toward the windward  
side of the apiary4 ,most frequently    
they join the hives that were first set 
out and which have established a strong 

flight by the time the neighboring      
colonies have first taken wing4 ,the    
tendencies1 therefore1 are to join      
flying colonies1 stronger colonies1 and 
the end colonies in a row4 ,the         
condition of the bees plays a large part
 in drifting1 for if the bees are badly 
in need of a flight because of dysentery
 they go at once into the air without   
properly marking the location of their  
hive1 and therefore are not able to find
 it when they return4  ,to prevent      
drifting1 it is best to set the bees out
 when it is too cold for them to fly1 so
 that as the weather warms1 permitting  
flight1 this will take place more       
naturally4 ,it is also well to reduce   
the entrances so that as the bees leave 
the hive their tendency to orient       
themselves will be greater4 ,it is      
claimed by some beekeepers that if the  
cellar is well aired the night before   
the bees are to be removed1 they will be
 in better condition and will drift     
less1 but it is not clear what          

difference this can make unless the     
clusters are made tighter because of    
lower temperatures4  ,beekeepers have   
discussed the question whether1 after   
removal1 the bees should be placed on   
the same stands occupied by them the    
fall before4 ,if the bees could remember
 their old location so that they would  
return to it1 even after an interval of 
four months1 it would be necessary1 or  
at least desirable1 to place each colony
 on the same stand which it occupied    
previously4 ,there is no evidence1      
however1 that the memory of the bees is 
so good1 and it is usually the ease that
 the bees of a colony will lose the     
memory of location within a week2       
therefore no attention need be paid to  
this feature4   ,,protection ,,of ,,the 
,,hives ,,in ,,the ,,spring4  ,the      
greatest objection to wintering bees in 
cellars is that after they are removed  
they are exposed to low temperatures4   
,the ideal practice would be to pack the
 bees after taking them out in much the 

same way that bees are packed for       
outdoor wintering1 but the work involved
 makes this impracticable4 ,there can be
 no doubt that protection at this time  
would be beneficial4 ,as has been       
pointed out1 the apiary site should be  
one in which the hives are well         
protected from wind1 and it is          
advantageous if the apiary grounds slope
 toward the south in order that the bees
 may have the fullest advantage of heat 
from the sun4 ,if the bees have been    
wintered in the cellar in double-walled 
hives they will have the advantage of   
some protection when they are taken from
 the cellar4 ,the beekeeper may feel    
safe in giving the bees all the         
protection possible at the time that    
they are taken from the cellar1 knowing 
that it is impossible at this time or   
any other to insulate the hive too well4
  ,in deciding whether the hives should 
be packed in the spring the beekeeper   
should be governed largely by the       
condition of the bees4 ,if they have    

wintered well they will be able to stand
 greater extremes of temperature in the 
spring without loss1 but if they have   
been wintered in a cold cellar they will
 be greatly injured by cold weather     
after they have been set out4 ,of       
course1 the need of protection is       
determined chiefly by the kind of       
weather prevailing during the first few 
weeks after the bees have been taken    
from the cellar4 ,in some seasons the   
weather is so fine that the bees would  
be little benefited by packing or other 
protection1 but the beekeeper can not   
influence the weather1 and the only safe
 plan is so to place the bees that if   
the weather does turn cold they will    
still be safe4 ,here1 as everywhere else
 in beekeeping1 it pays to be on the    
safe side1 so far as protecting the bees
 is concerned4     ,,providing          
,,breeding ,,room ,,and ,,stores ,,in   
,,the ,,spring4   ,after the main       
honey-flow is past it is usually        
desirable that each colony be kept in   

two hive bodies of full depth4 ,most    
producers of extracted honey do this1   
but too many producers of comb-honey are
 not adequately supplied with hive      
bodies and do not give the second body4 
,these two hive bodies should be left   
with the bees at least until            
brood-rearing ceases1 and at this time  
one of them should be removed if the    
bees are to be wintered in the cellar4  
,as has been pointed out in other       
bulletins of the department1 if the bees
 are wintered outdoors they will do     
better in the two hive bodies throughout
 the winter4  ,in the upper hive body   
will be found a considerable amount of  
the honey to be used by the bees up to  
the time of the next honey-flow4        
,usually there will be enough in the    
lower hive body for the bees while they 
are in the cellar1 especially where     
comb-honey is produced1 but if the lower
 hive body is not adequately supplied   
with winter stores 7perhaps #ae to #bj  
pounds7 the beekeeper should move some  

of the stores4 ,it is also a good       
practice to winter the bees in the      
cellar in a hive containing the full    
stores1 except that this makes it       
necessary to carry in hives weighing    
perhaps #hj pounds4  ,after the second  
hive bodies have been removed1 if they  
contain honey they should be stored in a
 warm1 dry place1 where the honey will  
not be injured4 ,if it is possible to   
place such hive bodies in the furnace   
room of the residence1 this will be     
found to be ideal4 ,if no such place is 
available1 the beekeeper may keep these 
in a dry cellar or other location where 
the honey will not be exposed to rapid  
changes in temperature4 ,for this       
purpose a place suitable for the storage
 of comb-honey is desirable4 ,it should 
be pointed out that the honey in these  
combs should not be extracted4 ,it will 
be needed for the building up of the    
colonies the next spring1 and to remove 
it is simply to reduce the crop of the  
next season4  ,some time within two     

weeks after the bees have been taken    
from the cellar1 depending on the       
weather1 each colony should be provided 
with its second hive body4 ,preferably1 
this should be placed underneath the    
hive body in which the bees were        
wintered in order that the propolis at  
the top of the hive may not be broken4  
,at this time an examination of the     
colonies may be made from below to see  
whether any of them are queenless or    
require immediate attention for other   
reasons1 but at this season there is    
little that the beekeeper can do that   
will help the bees other than to provide
 them with room for the brood and with  
adequate supplies of stores4 ,queens    
should not be clipped at this time1 and 
usually not until settled weather has   
arrived4 ,further spring manipulation is
 not necessary and the bees are better  
off if the beekeeper lets them alone4   
,if the bees have been requeened at the 
proper time and if the total amount of  
stores is given as indicated1 it will   

not be worth while to go through the    
bees to look for queenless colonies4    
,the beekeeper should see to it that at 
least #de pounds of honey are provided  
for each colony from the time of the    
last honey-flow in the fall to the      
beginning of the first main honey-flow  
of the following season4 ,if this is not
 given in full1 the beekeeper may be    
sure that the crop of the following year
 will be reduced4 ,this amount of honey 
left for the use of the bees is a better
 investment for the beekeeper than money
 in the bank4  ,it should be pointed out
 that the giving of a second hive body  
in the spring is not simply a means of  
supplying additional stores1 but more   
than one hive body will be needed for   
the development of the brood4 ,a single 
#aj-;frame ,langstroth hive is not large
 enough for the development of a good   
colony of bees1 which1 before the       
beginning of the main honey flow1 should
 have brood to fill at least #ab frames4
  ,as was stated earlier in this        

bulletin1 a colony of bees from one     
season to the next needs three things in
 abundance--room for the development of 
the brood1 stores of good quality1 and  
protection from wind and cold4 ,in      
cellar wintering the protection is given
 by putting the bees in the cellar2 the 
room and stores must be supplied later  
or the population of the colony will be 
reduced at the critical time of the     
honey-flow4 ,if the early sources of    
honey are abundant1 the amount of honey 
advised will not be consumed4 ,the wise 
beekeeper1 however1 does not gamble on  
the early honey-flows1 but invests this 
honey as life insurance for his bees4   
,,measures ,,of ,,success ,,in ,,cellar 
,,wintering4   ,it is often difficult   
for the beekeeper to know whether his   
bee cellar is giving the best results1  
for he may not have been able to        
determine from reading or the           
observation of other cellars whether it 
is satisfactory4 ,the writers1          
therefore1 have attempted below to give 

a few measures which the beekeeper may  
apply to his apiary and his cellar1 so  
that he may be able to decide whether   
his methods of cellar wintering should  
be improved4  7#a7 ,during the winter a 
thermometer inserted in the entrance of 
the hive should show a temperature of at
 least #eb ,f4  7#b7 ,there should never
 be any condensed moisture on the covers
 of the hives1 and certainly never any  
on the bottoms4  7#c7 ,while1 the cellar
 should be kept dark at all times1 if a 
candle is held at the entrance of a hive
 at the end of ,january it should be    
several seconds before any of the bees  
break cluster4 ,frequently the cellar   
doors may be opened in ,march without   
disturbing the bees4  7#d7 ,there should
 never be many dead bees on the bottom  
of the hives4 ,the live bees should be  
able to push them out as they die during
 the winter4 ,the bees thus carried out 
will be found on the cellar floor just  
below the entrances4 ,if there are bees 
all over the floor1 it shows that these 

bees have flown from the hives--an      
indication of poor wintering4  7#e7 ,the
 bees should be quiet during the late   
winter4 ,noise at this time indicates   
that the bees are disturbed by an       
accumulation of feces1 caused by low    
temperatures or poor food4  7#f7 ,if the
 bees were in good condition in the fall
 and have been wintered well1 the loss  
during the winter will never be more    
than one-sixth of the total population  
of the hive4 ,such a loss is excessive1 
however1 and in a well-wintered colony  
it may be as low as a hundred bees4     
,this probably depends to a large extent
 on the age of the bees which go into   
winter1 and if the temperature is right 
and the stores good there will be almost
 no loss of vigorous bees4  7#g7 ,the   
bees should not leave the hive while    
they are being carried from the cellar4 
,if they do1 it indicates that they are 
excited by an accumulation of feces4    
7#h7 ,before removal from the cellar    
there should be no spotting of the hives

 from dysentery4 ,there may be a little 
spotting after the bees have had a free 
flight outside1 but if this is small in 
amount it does not indicate a serious   
condition4  7#i7 ,when the bees are     
taken from the cellar there should be no
 moldy combs1 for the cellar at the     
right temperature will be too dry for   
the growth of molds4  7#aj7 ,there      
should be no brood when the colonies are
 taken from the cellar4 ,brood-rearing  
in the cellar is proof that the cellar  
is too cold or that the food used by the
 bees is inferior4  7#aa7 ,enough brood 
should be in each colony at the opening 
of the main honey-flow to fill          
completely #ab ,langstroth frames4      
7#ab7 ,the population of the hive should
 not decrease appreciably after the bees
 are removed from the cellar4 ,such a   
condition1 known as spring dwindling1 is
 an indication of poor wintering4 ,for  
three weeks after the hives are set out 
no new bees will be emerging1 but the   
loss of bees during this time should be 

so small as not to be noticeable4       
,,the ,,president ,,to ,,the ,,farmers  
,,of ,,america4  ,extracts from         
,president ,wilson's message to the     
,farmers' ,conference at ,urbana1 ,ill41
 ,january #ca1 #aiah4   ,the forces that
 fight for freedom1 the freedom of men  
all over the world as well as our own1  
depend upon us in an extraordinary and  
unexpected degree for sustenance1 for   
the supply of the materials by which men
 are to live and to fight1 and it will  
be our glory when the war is over that  
we have supplied those materials and    
supplied them abundantly1 and it will be
 all the more glory because in supplying
 them we have made our supreme effort   
and sacrifice4  ,in the field of        
agriculture we have agencies and        
instrumentalities1 fortunately1 such as 
no other government in the world can    
show4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture  
is undoubtedly the greatest practical   
and scientific agricultural organization
 in the world4 ,its total annual budget 

of #df1jjj1jjj has been increased during
 the last four years more than #gb per  
cent4 ,it has a staff of #ah1jjj1       
including a large number1 of highly     
trained experts1 and alongside of it    
stands the unique land grant colleges1  
which are without example elsewhere1 and
 the #fi ,state and ,federal experiment 
stations4 ,these colleges and experiment
 stations have a total endowment of     
plant and equipment of #agb1jjj1jjj and 
an income of more than #ce1jjj1jjj with 
#aj1bga teachers1 a resident student    
body of #abe1jjj1 and a vast additional 
number receiving instructions at their  
homes4 ,county agents1 joint officers of
 the ,department of ,agriculture and of 
the colleges1 are everywhere cooperating
 with the farmers and assisting them4   
,the number of extension workers under  
the ,smith-,lever ,act and under the    
recent emergency legislation has grown  
to #e1ejj men and women working         
regularly in the various communities and
 taking to the farmer the latest        

scientific and practical information4   
,alongside these great public agencies  
stand the very effective voluntary      
organizations among the farmers         
themselves which are more and more      
learning the best methods of cooperation
 and the best methods of putting to     
practical use the assistance derived    
from governmental sources4 ,the banking 
legislation of the last two or three    
years has given the farmers access to   
the great lendable capital of the       
country1 and it has become the duty both
 of the men in charge of the ,federal   
,reserve ,banking ,system and of the    
,farm ,loan ,banking ,system to see to  
it that the farmers obtain the credit1  
both short term and long term1 to which 
they are entitled not only1 but which it
 is imperatively necessary should be    
extended to them if the present tasks of
 the country are to be adequately       
performed4 ,both by direct purchase of  
nitrates and by the establishment of    
plants to produce nitrates1 the         

,government is doing its utmost to      
assist in the problem of fertilization4 
,the ,department of ,agriculture and    
other agencies are actively assisting   
the farmers to locate1 safeguard1 and   
secure at cost an adequate supply of    
sound seed4  ,the farmers of this       
country are as efficient as any other   
farmers in the world4 ,they do not      
produce more per acre than the farmers  
in ,europe4 ,it is not necessary that   
they should do so4 ,it would perhaps be 
bad economy for them to attempt it4 ,but
 they do produce by two to three or four
 times more per man1 per unit of labor  
and capital1 than the farmers of any    
,european country4 ,they are more alert 
and use more labor-saving devices than  
any other farmers in the world4 ,and    
their response to the demands of the    
present emergency has been in every way 
remarkable4 ,last spring their planting 
exceeded by #ab1jjj1jjj acres the       
largest planting of any previous year1  
and the yields from the crops were      

record-breaking yields4 ,in the fall of 
#aiag a wheat acreage of #db1agj1jjj was
 planted1 which was #a1jjj1jjj larger   
than for any preceding year1 #c1jjj1jjj 
greater than the next largest1 and      
#g1jjj1jjj greater than the preceding   
five-year average4  ,but ,i ought to say
 to you that it is not only necessary   
that these achievements should be       
repeated1 but that they should be       
exceeded4 ,i know what this advice      
involves4 ,it involves not only labor   
but sacrifice1 the painstaking          
application of every bit of scientific  
knowledge and every tested practice that
 is available4 ,it means the utmost     
economy1 even to the point where the    
pinch comes4 ,it means the kind of      
concentration and self-sacrifice which  
is involved in the field of battle      
itself1 where the object always looms   
greater than the individual4 ,and yet   
the ,government will help and help in   
every way that it is possible4  ,it was 
farmers from whom came the first shots  

at ,lexington1 that set aflame the      
,revolution that made ,america free4 ,i 
hope and believe that the farmers of    
,america will willingly and             
conspicuously stand by to win this war  
also4 ,the toil1 the intelligence1 the  
energy1 the foresight1 the              
self-sacrifice1 and devotion of the     
farmers of ,america will1 ,i believe1   
bring to a triumphant conclusion this   
great last war for the emancipation of  
men from the control of arbitrary       
government and the selfishness of class 
legislation and control1 and then1 when 
the end has come1 we may look each other
 in the face and be glad that we are    
,americans and have had the privilege to
 play such a part4     ,,the ,,business 
,,of ,,agriculture4  ,extracts from     
addresses4   ,the next great factor to  
enlist for the betterment of            
,agriculture and rural life in this     
,nation is the business man of the town 
and the city4 ,he has not always been   
alive to his obligations4 ,he has       

contented himself1 in too many          
instances1 with plans to secure profit  
in agricultural trade1 instead of       
sympathetically and eagerly planning    
constructive assistance4 ,this duty1    
pressing in peace time1 is of the most  
urgent and impelling character in this  
crisis2 and ,i appeal to the bankers and
 business men to see that they omit no  
effort to familiarize themselves with   
the agencies serving to aid the farmers 
and to promote wise plans to secure the 
necessary results4  ,d4 ,f4 ,houston1   
,secretary of ,agriculture4   ,in the   
interest of our national development at 
all times and in the interest of war    
efficiency just now our agriculture must
 be well maintained4 ,it should be      
remembered that the agricultural unit is
 a small unit4 ,there are #f1jjj1jjj    
farms in this country1 each an          
individual unit4 ,it is to the interest 
of persons who do not live on farms1    
even more than to the interest of those 
who do live on farms1 that production   

shall be kept up4 ,this means that all  
people1 not farmers alone1 but those who
 live in cities as well as the farmers1 
are interested in experimental and      
educational activities along            
agricultural lines as conducted by the  
,federal ,government and the ,states4   
,these efforts should be liberally      
supported4  ,r4 ,a4 ,pearson1 ,assistant
 ,secretary of ,agriculture4   ,in a    
time like this no man has a moral right1
 whatever his fortune may he1 to employ 
another man to render any service of    
mere comfort or convenience4 ,when the  
finest young men of the ,united ,states 
are in ,france digging ditches1 sawing  
lumber1 laying rails1 and playing with  
death1 and when the finest young women  
of the ,united ,states are scrubbing    
floors in hospitals1 it is a sin that   
almost approaches the unpardonable      
offense against civilization for any man
 or women in the ,united ,states to     
engage in a wasteful or unnecessary     
service4  ,clarence ,ousley1 ,assistant 

,secretary of ,agriculture4           99
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,transcriber ,note