,,an ,,attempt                     ,,to 
,,expla9 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,mean+        
,,( ,,! ,,e>ly ,,int]lac$               
,,ornam5tation                          
,,f\nd ,,on ,,!                         
,anci5t ,sculptur$ ,/ones               
,,(                         ,,scotl&1   
,,irel&1 ,,& ,,!                        
,,isle ,,( ,,man4                       
,,by                            ,,gilb]t
 ,j4 ,,fr5*1                            
,,( ,,bolton4                           
,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,pres5tation ,,only4       
,,man*e/]3                     ,,pr9t$  
,,by ,,*>les ,,simms ,,& ,,co4          
#aheh4     ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,expla91
 c4   ,any reasonable & hone/ attempt to
 expla9 ! orig9 ( ! s+ul>ly elegant     
int]lac$ ornam5tation1 famili> to       
ar*ologi/s z ! v e>lie/ /yle ( arti/ic  
decoration kn[n 9 ! ,briti% isl&s1 mu/  
be entitl$ to1 & ,i feel assur$ w       
receive1 fav\rable consid]ation4 ,ev5   
%\ld ! attempt$ explanation fail to     
obta9 entire sanction1 x w at lea/ lead 

to att5tive & accurate obs]vations ^u an
 int]e/+ subject1 :i* may at "s future  
"t refute or e/abli% ! !ory :i* ,i      
v5ture to prop\nd4  ,! /yle ( int]lac$  
ornam5t to :i* ,i ref] is f\nd 9 an     
inf9ite v>iety ( devices on ! e>lie/    
sculpture1 :e!r ( /one or metal1 & 9 !  
olde/ manuscripts & illum9ations (      
,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,x reta9$ its peculi> 
di/9ctive "* ?r\gh\t ! ,roman occupation
 ( ,brita91 slightly modifi$ by1 & (t5  
mix$ )1 classical ornam5ts4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 
9 a great measure disappe>$ dur+ !      
,saxon p]iod1 a circum/ance :i* induces 
! belief t1 :atev] its orig9 & purpose1 
int]lac$ ornam5tation 0 equally famili> 
to ! ,saxon invad]s & to ! ,briti%      
aborig9es4 ,x ent]$ l>gely into ,norman 
ar*itecture2 b f ! "t ( ! ,conque/ x    
gradually became less us$1 ?\gh traces (
 x are to be met ) at ne>ly e p]iod 9 ! 
hi/ory ( ,briti% art4 ,?us x 0 reviv$ ) 
! introduction ( pr9t+1 :5 _m beautiful 
capital lett]s1 copi$ f anci5t          
manuscripts1 7 reproduc$ z wood-cuts4 ,x

 reappe>$ 9 ! /rap-"w peculi> to !      
ar*itecture & ornam5tation ( !          
,elizabe?an & ,jacobean eras4 ,x is f\nd
 9 ! bone-lace patt]ns ( ?is c\ntry & ( 
,nor!rn ,europe 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5?  
c5turies1 & 0 reta9$ 9 almo/ its orig9al
 purity = ! decoration ( ! dirks1       
t>gets1 broo*es & p[d] horns ( !        
,scotti% ,highl&]s )9 ! la/ hundr$      
ye>s4#a  ,v /rik+ examples ( int]lac$   
ornam5t are met ) on ! anci5t sculptur$ 
/ones & crosses s pl5tifully scatt]$ ov]
 our isl&s4 ,!y h be5 ( late br\ght into
 prom95t notice by ?ree invaluable      
publications :i* graphically repres5t & 
accurately describe ^! int]e/+ relics ( 
anci5t art z !y are n[ f\nd 9 ,scotl&#b1
 ,irel&#c & ! ,isle ( ,man#d4 ,x is to  
be regrett$ t ^? ( ,engl& & ,wales--?\gh
 _m ( !m h be5 sep>ately engrav$--h n   
yet be5 collect$ 9 a well-edit$ volume1 
s9ce a c>eful comp>ison ( _! details    
w\ld prove an imm5se assi/ance to       
antiqu>ies1 br++ be=e !m a new &        
delightful *apt]1 ri*ly full (          

pre-hi/oric sugge/ions4  ,my rem>ks are 
conf9$ to sculptur$ /ones only1 ?\gh !  
subject w\ld be greatly elucidat$ & my  
argum5t en=c$ by ref]5ces to manuscripts
 & metal ornam5tation4 ,?is gr\nd1      
h[ev]1 is s well occupi$ by g5tlem5 :o h
 made palography & metallic art _!      
peculi> /udy t ,i decl9e intrud+ ^u x1  
ev5 _h x be5 possible to treat x        
satisfactorily )9 ! limits ( ?is pap]4  
,! aborig9es ( ?is or any o!r c\ntry (  
correspond+ climate1 aft] discov]+ "s   
natural cave1 or mak+ = !mselves a rude 
hut1 w\ld probably take _! next /ep 9   
con/ructive art by attempt+ to =m su*   
ut5sils z might conta91 & enable !m to  
pres]ve1 ! fruits & se$s necess>y =     
food4 ,assum+ t !y 7 !n unprovid$ ) ev5 
! rude/ tools1--= we ref] to a "t be=e  
our f>-(f ance/ors knew ! use ( bronze  
or iron1--!y w\ld =m ^! ut5sils by twi/+
 toge!r ! long1 pliant osi]s ) :i* ! l& 
ab\nd$1 & ( :i*1 by ! unaid$ action ( ! 
f+]s1 !y c\ld =m baskets excell5tly     
adapt$ = ! requir$ purpose4  ,no o!r    

bran* ( art is ev5 n[ s indep5d5t (     
tools1 & none has be5 s univ]sally      
diffus$ or s long & un9t]rupt$ly        
practis$ z basket mak+4 ,x is ! humble  
p>5t ( all textile art1 ! mo/ elaborate 
tissues produc$ by ! loom or ! ne$le be+
 b progressive developem5ts proce$+ f ! 
rude wattle-"w ( unclo!d savages4       
,basket mak+ is ! fir/ natural /ep 9 !  
pa? ( civilization4 ,to ?is day ! e>lie/
 ef=t ( infantile +5uity among ! rural  
population is direct$ to mak+ 7z x 7 by 
intuitive in/9ct7 p]sonal ornam5ts (    
plait$ ru%es1 & t1 too1 9 patt]ns1 "s ( 
:i* are id5tical ) ! devices engrav$ by 
our pre-hi/oric ance/ors on _! old      
sculptur$ /ones4  ,! e>lie/ au!ntic     
records ( ,brita9 ref] to its           
inhabitants z exp]t basket mak]s2 _!    
h\ses 7 made ( will[s & re$s2 _! f5ces &
 =tifications 7 liv+ trees1 ) int]twi/$ 
bran*es2 _! boats 7 baskets1 cov]$ )    
sk9s2 _! dome/ic furniture1 def5sive    
arm\r1 ev5 ! images employ$ 9 _!        
errone\s religion1 7 ea* ( wick]-"w2 &  

?\gh we h no absolute pro( t su* 0 !    
case1 x is at lea/ probable t ^? fam\s  
*>iots s =midable to ! ,roman invad]s 7 
simil>ly con/ruct$1 = x appe>s altoge!r 
impossible t ! feats record$ ( ^!       
celebrat$ *>iote]s c\ld h be5 p]=m$ )   
c>riages ( wood & iron2 ?\gh if we c    
suppose !m to h be5 ( small size1       
con/ruct$ ( ela/ic wick]-"w1 & plac$ ^u 
l[ :eels1 ! acc\nts ( _! m>vell\s       
movem5ts become reasonable1 & )9 ! b\nds
 ( cr$ibility4  ,! mona/ic hi/orians ( !
 succe$+ ages cont9ue to m5tion wick]-"w
 z ! pr9cipal ar*itectural mat]ial us$ 9
 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 n only = ! rude      
dwell+s ( ! inhabitants1 b also = _! m  
important public edifices & *ur*es4 ,?us
 we f9d t s late z ! six? c5tury ,d]mot 
,mac,kervel assi/$ 8! ,abbot ,/4 ,keyran
 to make a h\se to dwell 90 by 8?ru/+   
d[n ! peirs or wattles0 ( :i* x 0       
made4#e ,! mona/]y f\nd$ by ,/4 ,columba
 9 ! same c5tury1 ?\gh ( mu* !ological  
repute1 mu/ h _h little mat]ial gr&eur1 
z x is kn[n t ! great apo/le ( ! ,scots 

8s5t =? 8 monks to ga!r twigs to build  
_! hospice10 & ! abode ( ,/4 ,woloc1 a  
bi%op ( ! same age1 0 8a simple hut (   
wattles40 ,gla/onbury1 suppos$ to h be5 
! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ,engl&1 01 on !
 au?ority ( ,william ( ,malmesbury1#f 8a
 mean /ructure ( wattle-"w20 & !re are  
num]\s o!r ref]5ces to *ur*es &         
mona/]ies con/ruct$ altoge!r or 9 "p ( !
 same mat]ial4 ,ve/iges ( su* /ructures 
are n[ occasionally met )1 :i* v]ify !  
records ( ! ,roman & ,m$ival hi/orians4 
,rec5tly1 on ! ,etive 9 ,argyle%ire1 !  
progress ( agricultural improvem5t has  
uncov]$ r\gh pavem5ts ( /one1 be>+ m>ks 
( fire /rew$ ) *>r$ a%es1 surr\nd$ ) !  
rema9s ( hazel /akes1 ! relics ( !      
frame-"w ( anci5t ,cal$onian he>?s1 :i* 
h be5 conceal$ = c5turies "u a cov] (   
eight or t5 feet ( moss4#g  ,_m ( !     
purposes to :i* ! anci5t ,briton appli$ 
8 manufacture ( baskets 7 s+ul>ly       
useful1 & s well 7 !y adapt$ to _!      
peculi> purposes t !y are employ$ almo/ 
un*ang$ ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,! coracle 

( basket & hide is /ill us$ by sportsm5 
& poa*]s on ! wat]s ( ,nor? ,wales4#h ,!
 bo?ies ( ! ,scotti% ,highl&]s are yet  
con/ruct$ ( wattles2 & ev5 9 ! cottages 
( a bett] k9d ! doors & sleep+ cribs are
 frequ5tly ( ! same fabric3 s also are  
_! rude little sl$ges & c>ts2 & until ( 
late _! horse h>ness also4#i ,mod]n     
civilization does n n[ disda9 to use =  
drags1 dog-c>ts1 & ,g]man waggons ! same
 /rong yet light & ela/ic mat]ials :i* !
 anci5t ,briton probably employ$ = 8    
=midable w>-*>iot2 & our ance/ors ( !   
la/ c5tury knew well ! value ( !        
/age-coa* 8basket0 z a conv5i5t means ( 
conveyance ov] _! r\gh roads4  8,hanap]s
 7or hamp]s7 ( twyggys0 7 long ! (ficial
 receptacles = c]ta9 docum5ts connect$ )
 ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 & ! "n is /ill1 or 0
 rec5tly1 appli$ to an (fic] ( t c\rt4  
,! firm hold ) :i* long-e/abli%$ cu/oms1
 comb9$ ) conv5i5ce1 fix !mselves ^u !  
reason ( m51 & ! p]t9acity ) :i* nations
 cl+ to _! old habits1 refus+1 = ! sake 
( old associations1 alt]ations ( ! mo/  

obvi\s utility1 is altoge!r m>vell\s4   
,speak+ ( ?is p[] & p]man5cy ( cu/om1   
,"l ,bacon curi\sly illu/rates ?is      
subject by an anecdote p]t95t to ! matt]
 be=e u4 8,i rememb]1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,que5
 ,elizabe?'s "t1 ( ,engl&1 an ,iri%     
rebel condemn$1 put up a petition to !  
,deputy t he %\ld be hang$ 9 a )e1 & n 9
 an halt]1 because x _h be5 s us$ ) =m] 
rebels40#aj ,ano!r au?or1 9 8 v]sion ( !
 same /ory1 says t ?is 8fav\r ( be+     
hang$ 9 gads 7twi/$ )es1 s call$ aft] ! 
mann] ( ! c\ntry71 0 n refus$40#aa ,?is1
 ?\gh probably an extreme1 is by no     
means an unique prejudice 9 fav\r (     
anci5t modes ( execution1 a prejudice   
:i* ext5ds beyond life1 influ5c+ nations
 9 _! adh]5ce to old-e/abli%$ sepul*ral 
cu/oms4  ,a manufacture :i* 0 probably  
progress+ = _m c5turies be=e ! ,romans  
invad$ ,brita91 mu/ necess>ily h acquir$
 a c]ta9 am\nt ( ref9$ ornam5t z a      
result ( s mu* exp]i5ce & practice4 ,we 
h1 inde$1 direct evid5ce t ! ,romans    
greatly admir$ ! ornam5tal baskets ( !  

,briti%1 :i* 7 export$ 9 l>ge quantities
 to ,rome1 & became fa%ionable app5dages
 among ! extravagantly luxuri\s         
furniture ( ! imp]ial city4 ,juv5al1    
writ+ ab\t ,a4,d4 #abj1 m5tions !       
popul>ity ( ^! baskets2#ab & t !y 7     
productions ( ! ,briti% isl&]s is       
di/9ctly /at$ by ! epigrammati/         
,m>tial1#ac :o wrote ab\t ! end ( ! fir/
 c5tury4 ,x is n improbable t ^! ,briti%
 baskets 7 enri*$ ) col\r1 & ev5 gild+4 
,! =m] we "k 0 pr(usely & p]man5tly     
appli$ to ! p]sons ( ! aborig9es2 !     
latt]--probably "o ( ! e>lie/ discov]$  
metals--0 us$ 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury
 = s common a purpose z decorat+ ! ro(s 
( important build+s4#ad ,x is n1 !re=e1 
likely t !y 7 d5i$ z additional means ( 
ornam5t to ^! highly valu$ baskets4  ,:5
 ! aborig9al ,briton _h made 8 fir/ /ep 
9 dome/ic civilization by con/ruct+     
useful baskets1 he w\ld /ill be subject$
 to a great inconv5i5ce f ! abs5ce ( any
 suitable vessel ( suffici5t size to    
convey or /ore a supply ( wat]4 ,nature 

9 ?is c\ntry did little to assi/ him1   
d5y+ ev5 ! slight aid ( ! g\rd & calaba%
 common 9 w>m] climates4 ,to inv5t a    
wat] vessel w\ld ?us become to him a    
necessity2 )\t x he mu/ h be5 compell$  
to reside on ! bank ( "s riv] or brook1 
9 :i* he & 8 family c\ld qu5* _! ?ir/ 9 
! same mann] & z frequ5tly z ! wild     
animals ( ! surr\nd+ =e/s4 ,nor is x    
improbable t _m g5]ations ( p 7 re/rict$
 to su* localities = ?is reason4  ,!re  
appe>s at fir/ sight to be no possible  
analogy betwe5 baskets & wat] vessels2  
yet ,i appreh5d t !y are 9 reality almo/
 tw9 inv5tions4 ,! same reason+ :i*     
induc$ ! nak$ ,briton to l9e ! wick]    
walls ( 8 hut ) clay = ! purpose (      
exclud+ cold1 w\ld1 aft] "s exp]i5ce1   
lead to an application ( ! same mat]ial 
z a coat+ to ! inside ( 8 baskets1 :i*1 
:5 dri$ 9 ! sun or h>d5$ by fire appli$ 
to ! inside1 w\ld !n be enabl$ to reta9 
liquids at lea/ = a "t1 & consequ5tly   
p]mit ! desir$ migration f ! imm$iate   
m>g9 ( a riv]4 ,?is is ( c\rse a        

gratuit\s ass]tion1 ( no value )\t pro(2
 b x is also a reasonable induction1 &  
"o :i* is1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 wor?y !    
consid]ate att5tion ( ar*ologi/s4       
,=tunately vessels ( ?is description h  
be5 pres]v$ 9 ! anci5t burial places ( !
 ,britons1 & are occasionally exhum$ 9 a
 /ate ( tol]able pres]vation4 ,!y are = 
! mo/ "p n turn$ on ! pott]'s :eel1 b   
m\ld$ by ! h&1 & m>k$ on ! ext]ior by   
ornam5ts1 n 9 relief1 b always depress$ 
or incis$1 hav+ ! appe>ance (           
ind5tations made 9 ! s(t clay by plait$ 
osi]s1 ru%es1 or /rips ( hide1 m or less
 di/9ct1 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 all ref]rible 
to su* an orig94#ae ,9 "s ! coat+ ( clay
 appe>s n to be c>ri$ to ! m\? ( !      
basket1 b ! plait$ ru%es seem to h be5  
fold$ inside1 & ?us ! int]ior ( ! urn is
 on its upp] portions ind5t$ ) ! same   
patt]n ( basket-"w z t on ! out] side4  
,all ,briti% urns are1 comp>atively )   
,roman or ) ,saxon examples1 wide-m\!d1 
a condition ess5tial to _! be+ made by  
h& on an ext]ior frame-"w ( plait$ ru%es

 or will[s2 & "s appe> to h be5         
con/ruct$ on two sep>ate baskets1 "o    
inv]t$ ov] ! o!r4 ,!re is r>ely any     
attempt at ansation1 ! ne>e/ approa* to 
h&les be+ heavy p]=at$ knobs plac$ a    
little b5ea? ! m\?1 = ! evid5t purpose (
 atta*+ to !m ! twigs1 )es1 or ?ongs1   
:i* s]v$ bo? to protect & to susp5d ^!  
fragile vessels4  ,i mu/ n be suppos$ to
 ass]t t ! ornam5ts f\nd on ,briti%1    
occasionally on ,anglo-,roman1 &        
abundantly on ,anglo-,saxon urns1 7 9   
all cases real impressions ( basket-"w2 
b m]ely t ! use ( t /yle ( ornam5t      
probably orig9at$ 9 ! mann] ,i h        
describ$1 & t x 0 cont9u$ aft] !        
introduction ( ! pott]'s :eel by =ce (  
habit & long-cont9u$ cu/om4 ,?is induc$ 
! pott] to /amp or incise on ! surface (
 ! vessels he made ornam5tal devices    
simil> to ^? on ! hon\r$ urns ( an e>li]
 p2 = t !y 7 hon\r$ & held 9 high       
e/imation is app>5t f ! sacr$ purposes  
to :i* !y 7 appli$ z receptacles = !    
a%es ( ! dead4 ,9 abs5ce ( all direct   

pro( ( ?is assum$ orig9 ( urn           
ornam5tation1 ,i h ?\ght x "r to te/ !  
possibility ( ! process2--) a result    
entirely satisfactory4 ,tak+ su* small  
baskets z ,i f\nd us$ by my family =    
ord9>y dome/ic purposes1 ,i h r\ghly    
coat$ !m inside ) diff]5t clays1        
subject+ "s to ! action ( fire 9 ! kiln1
 :ile o!rs ,i h left expos$ to ! sun1 & 
to a few ,i h appli$ heat inside only4  
,on all ! ind5tations ( ! basket-"w are 
suffici5tly m>k$2 b !y are be/ def9$ on 
! sun-dri$ specim5s1 s9ce ! %r9k+ ( !   
clay "u ! action ( fire 9 ! kiln        
oblit]ates "s ( ! m sali5t ridges4 ,a   
comp>ison ( ^! j>s ) anci5t ,briti% urns
 w1 ,i appreh5d1 be m satisfactory &    
conv9c+ ?an any elaborate argum5t1 leav+
 little d\bt t bo? h be5 produc$ by     
simil> processes1 & t ! ,briti% urn is1 
9 tru?1 a second>y application ( !      
,briti% basket4  ,mr4 ,bir*1 9 8 le>n$ &
 mo/ valuable ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1
 applies ! t]m 8bascaud10 employ$ by    
,juv5al & ,m>tial1 n to baskets b to    

sepul*ral urns ) basket-l               
ornam5tation4#af ,?\gh mo/ unwill+ to   
haz>d a contr>y op9ion1 ,i /ill _c avoid
 sugge/+ t su* urns1 judg+ f ! specim5s 
:i* h be5 pres]v$ = our inspection1 7 n 
likely to be acceptable ornam5ts on !   
tables ( ! luxuri\s ,romans1 accu/om$ z 
!y mu/ h be5 to elegant products ( high 
art 9 ! pla/ic manufactures ( ,etruria1 
,greece1 & ,egypt4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1       
greatly m probable t ornam5tal baskets  
to conta9 fruit or fl[]s 7 indicat$ by t
 "n4  ,?\gh !re is good pro( t !        
,britons _h acquir$ mu* skill 9 ! art ( 
basket mak+ at ! "t ( ! occupation ( ?is
 isl& by ! ,romans1 x is equally c]ta9 t
 !y 7 ignorant ( ! art ( con/ructive    
masonry2 = :5 ! legions left ! ,briti%  
to _! own res\rces1 !y advis$ !m to     
build a wall betwe5 ! two seas across ! 
isl&1 to keep (f _! nor!rn enemies4 ,!y1
 inde$1 8rais$ ! wall z !y _h be5       
direct$10 b 8n ( /one z hav+ no arti/   
capable ( su* "w1 b ( sods :i* made x ( 
no use40#ag ,f ?is x is app>5t t !      

,briti% p at t "t1 & probably = "s      
c5turies aft]w>ds1 7 unaccu/om$ to ! use
 ( build+ mat]ials ( a k9d m p]man5t ?an
 wood1 wattle-"w & clay4 ,su* an        
arrangem5t q accords ) ! mann]s ( ! p & 
! /ate ( ! c\ntry at t p]iod1 cov]$ z x 
0 ) ext5sive =e/s1 & swamps ab\nd+ )    
osi]s4 ,a p ( migratory habits1 occupi$ 
9 p]petual w>f>e1 & dep5d+ 9 a great    
measure on ! *ase = _! food1 mu/ h _h   
little inducem5t to build resid5ces (   
great durability2 & ?is w\ld happily    
lead to ! m rapid cle>+ ( ! c\ntry1 &   
consequ5tly to its e>li] civilization4  
,su* 0 ! condition ( art 9 ,brita9 &    
,irel& at ! "t t ! fir/ ,*ri/ian        
mission>ies comm5c$ _! lab\rs 9 ^!      
c\ntries4 ,s signal 0 _! success t      
,t]tullian1 writ+ ( 8 own "t 7! ?ird    
c5tury71 tells u t 8"s c\ntries ( !     
,brita9s t prov$ impregnable to !       
,romans are yet subject$ to ,*ri/40 ,x 0
 ! cu/om ( ^? e>ne/ & indefatigable m5  
7s pi\s 9 _! lives t aft] _! dea? !y 7  
usually hon\r$ ) ! title ( ,sa9t7 to    

place crosses 9 e place :]e !y succe$$ 9
 mak+ conv]ts1 or 9 :i* !y plant$ a     
*ur*1 *apel1 or mona/]y2 & x becomes a  
"q ( "s int]e/ to asc]ta9 ! mat]ials (  
^! e>ly symbols ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 :i*  
mu/ h be5 ext5sively spread ov] ! l&4   
,cle>ly !y 7 n ( /one1 s9ce we "k t ev5 
aft] ! ,romans left ,engl& ! natives _h 
n suffici5t skill to build a wall ( t   
mat]ial2 nor h we any reason to believe 
t !y _h ! ability or ! tools requisite =
 ! con/ruction ( a cross ( timb]1 :i*   
w\ld dem& ! use ( cutt+ in/rum5ts ) f9] 
edges ?an ^? necess>y = /one4 ,"u ^!    
circum/ances x is only natural t !      
,briti% conv]t w\ld d$icate to ! glory (
 ,god ! products ( t tal5t :i* _h       
acquir$ = him a cont95tal celebrity4 ,! 
basket-"w1 s priz$ at ,rome1 0 ! mo/    
valuable oblation t ! pi\s anci5t       
,briton c\ld (f] to ! s]vices ( 8 new   
religion1 & ?us x 0 t ! fir/ emblems (  
,*ri/ianity erect$ 9 ,engl& 7 7almo/    
necess>ily7 con/ruct$ ( basket-"w4  ,!  
p]i%able nature ( ! mat]ials =bids u to 

expect almo/ any o!r ?an inf]5tial      
evid5ce t crosses ( basket-"w ev] exi/$1
 b happily ?is is n d5i$ to u4 ,a c>eful
 exam9ation ( ! admirable engrav+s ( !  
sculptur$ /ones ( ,scotl&1 ! anci5t     
,iri% crosses1 & ! curi\s monum5tal     
rema9s ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 toge!r ) _m    
exi/+ c>v$ crosses 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 _c
 fail to conv9ce any unprejudic$ obs]v] 
t ! beautiful int]lac$ ornam5tation s   
lavi%ly employ$ on ^! sculptures d]iv$  
its orig9 f ! e>li] decorations ( t     
,briti% basket-"w :i* ! ,romans _h le>n$
 to value & admire4  ,be=e attempt+ to  
describe ! me?od by :i* su* crosses may 
be1 & probably 7 con/ruct$1 ,i beg to   
call att5tion to ! fact t basket-"w & ! 
e>li] ,pagan or ,druidical religion 7   
closely connect$4  ,cs>1 writ+ ( !      
,druids1 /ates t 8!y h images ( enorm\s 
size1 ! limbs ( :i*1 =m$ ( wick]-"w1 !y 
fill ) liv+ m51 :i* be+ set on fire1 !  
m5 p]i% envelop$ 9 flames#ah20 & ,/rabo 
says1 8hav+ prep>$ a ,colossus ( hay &  
?r[n wood ^u x1 !y burn toge!r ox51 all 

sorts ( wild bea/s1 & m54#ai0 ,x has be5
 assum$ t ^! wick]-"w images 7 9 ! human
 =m1 b ,i appreh5d t !re is no?+ 9 ei!r 
text to w>rant ?is conclusion4 ,! ^w    
colossus implies a figure ( l>ge size1  
:i* may q z probably h be5 t ( "s       
enorm\s animal4  ,on ! ,%&wick /one1#bj 
"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! ,scotti% s]ies1  
figures ( m51 horses1 /ags1 birds1 & o!r
 animals are c>v$ ) mu* _s1 & ) m ?an   
usual att5tion to _! relative           
proportions4 ,! animals are repres5t$ 9 
life-l attitudes1 z if mov+ ab\t4 ,b !re
 is "o rem>kable exception1#ba a        
colossal f\r-legg$ creature1 ( a =m     
peculi> to ^! ,scotti% /ones1 diff]s f !
 o!rs z mu* 9 figure z 9 size4 ,comp>$ )
 two %eep & a dog :i* occur on ! same   
panel1#ba its height1 if erect1 w\ld be 
ab\t ?irte5 feet1 its l5g? ab\t eighte5 
feet1 :ile its unga9ly lean+ po/ure is  
s+ul>ly sugge/ive ( its be+ a sculptur$ 
repres5tation ( "s huge bea/ built up ( 
wick]-"w4 ,c]ta9 m>ks on its surface    
w>rant ?is supposition1 :i* is /r5g!n$  

by ! fact t o!r repres5tations ( a      
simil> animal1 :i* occur on ! same      
s]ies1 h ! mo/ di/9ct indications ( a   
basket-"w orig94 ,well m>k$ examples are
 to be f\nd on ! /ones at ,brodie & at  
,gl5f]ness4#bb ,resembl+ no kn[n animal1
 ^! curi\s figures--:i* are repres5t$   
above tw5ty times on ! ,scotti% /ones & 
are n[h]e else to be met )--h a g5]al   
lik5ess to ea* o!r2 !y are all 9 po/ures
 by no means indicat+ life or motion1 & 
all di/+ui%$ by ! /rik+ peculi>ity (    
hav+ no feet2 ! limbs t]m9ate 9 long w&s
 roll$ up aft] ! mann] ( volutes1       
obvi\sly sugge/+ ! idea t if op5$ out !y
 w\ld s]ve1 on be+ ?ru/ deeply into !   
gr\nd1 to keep ! colossus 9 a /&+       
attitude4 ,simil> volutes are repres5t$ 
t]m9at+ ! base ( ! well-kn[n cross at ! 
gate ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's *ur* y>d 9 ! ,isle 
( ,man4 ,!y 7 probably us$ 9 ! same way 
to fix to ! gr\nd an e>li] cross (      
wick]-"w1 ( :i* ! exi/+ monum5t is a    
copy engrav$ on /one4  ,i d>e n ( c\rse 
take x ^u me to ass]t t !re is any      

positive connection betwe5 ! huge animal
 on ! ,%&wick /one & ! colossal images  
m5tion$ by ,cs> & ,/rabo1 z be+ employ$ 
by ! ,druids 9 _! human sacrifices1 b ! 
co9cid5ce 7if inde$ x be n some?+ m7 is 
suffici5tly curi\s & int]e/+ to dem& a  
pass+ notice4 ,x is suppos$ t ^! & "s   
o!r z yet inexplicable devices f\nd on !
 same /ones are symbols ( a religion    
prior to ,*ri/ianity2 a circum/ance by  
no means improbable1 z x is kn[n t      
conv5ts among ! ,saxons & probably !    
,britons also1 clung ) mu* p]t9acity to 
"s ( _! ,druidical & ,pagan cu/oms long 
aft] !y _h assum$ ! outw>d emblems (    
,*ri/ianity4 ,?is may acc\nt = !        
juxtaposition ( ! cross ) devices (     
unkn[n mean+1 & expla9 9 "s degree !    
rem>kable circum/ance t ,pagan &        
,*ri/ian emblems bo? d]ive _!           
ornam5tation f ! same s\rce--basket-"w4 
,hav+ %[n t at ! "t :5 ,*ri/ianity 0    
introduc$ into ,brita9 ! native         
population1 totally unacqua9t$ )        
practical masonry1 7 yet exp]t &        

exp]i5c$ manufactur]s ( highly ornam5tal
 baskets2 & sugge/$ ! reasonable        
probability t !y w\ld employ _! be/     
tal5ts 9 ! s]vice ( _! new religion1 z  
!y _h previ\sly devot$ !m to _! e>li]   
,pagan or ,druidical sup]/itions1 ,i    
proce$ to (f] "s reasons = believ+ t !  
fir/ crosses erect$ by ,*ri/ian         
mission>ies 9 ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ! ,isle
 ( ,man1 7 con/ruct$ ( plait$ osi]s4    
,_m ( ! ,m$ival biograph]s n>rate ) mu* 
m9ut5ess ! p>ticul>s ( /one crosses set 
up by ,*ri/ian bi%ops2 b no su* notices 
occur be=e ! six? c5tury1 & f ! great   
importance atta*$ to !m by ! mona/ic    
hi/orians1 x is evid5t t !y 7 objects ( 
extraord9>y int]e/1 & moreov]1 (        
exceptional mat]ial4 ,su* crosses 7     
erect$ by ,/4 ,columba1 ,/4 ,oswald1 ,/4
 ,cu?b]t1 ,bi%op ,e!lwold1 & o!r holy   
m54 ,( ,/4 ,k5tig]n--bett] kn[n 9       
,scotl& z ,/4 ,mungo--x is said t1 among
 _m crosses :i* he put up1 "o 9 ! city (
 ,glasg[ 0 tak5 f ! qu>ry by 8 ord]s1 &1
 by ! unit$ ef=ts ( _m m51 erect$ 9 !   

cemet]y ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 9  
:i* 8 episcopal ?rone 0 set up4 ,t ?is  
p>ticul> cross 0 ( m ?an usual          
importance may be inf]r$ f ! /atem5t ( 8
 biograph]1 t x 0 ! cu/om ( ,/4 ,k5tig]n
 to erect a cross 9 any place :]e he _h 
conv]t$ ! p1 or _h = a "t resid$4 ,su*  
crosses1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 execut$ by "s 
less labori\s process ?an 0 us$ = ! "o  
:i* he erect$ ne> 8 ca!dral ab\t ! end (
 ! six? c5tury1 & :i* is said to h /ill 
m>k$ ! spot :]e ! orig9al edifice /ood1 
:5 ! ,ca!dral ( ! ,we/ 0 recon/ruct$    
five hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds4  ,b ,/4      
,k5tig]n erect$ "o o!r cross1 :i* dem&s 
! att5tion & consid]ation ( ar*ologi/s4 
,we are in=m$ t at ,lo*]w>d1 a p>i% 9   
,mid-,lo?ian n[ call$ ,bor?wick1 he set 
up a cross con/ruct$ ( sea s&4 ,!re is  
no h9t ( any miracul\s assi/ance 9 !    
erection ( ?is cross1 & !re=e we are    
con/ra9$ to look = "s me*anical         
appliance by :i* sea s& c\ld be made to 
coh]e 9 ! =m ( a cross4#bc  ,b fir/ ,i  
may be p]mitt$ to sugge/ a possible     

motive = ! adoption ( a mat]ial s       
un/able1 & app>5tly s little fitt$ = !  
purpose4  ,lo*]w>d 7n[ ,bor?wick7 is a  
consid]able inl& prop]ty 9 ! ea/ (      
,scotl&1 & = "s reasons1 n requisite to 
be inquir$ into "h1 ?is p>i% 0 app5d$ to
 ! ,we/]n ,diocese ( ,cumbria1 :i*      
compris$ ! valley ( ! ,clyde & mu* ( !  
we/ coa/ ( ,scotl& dur+ ! episcopate (  
,/4 ,k5tig]n4 ,x is n improbable1 !n1 t 
?is cross-re>+ ,bi%op w\ld commemorate s
 important an ev5t1 9 8 accu/om$ mann]1 
by s5d+ to ,lo*]w>d a cross ( baskets   
made ( ! osi]s & fill$ ) ! sea s& ( 8   
we/]n diocese1 :i*1 hav+ be5 sanctifi$  
by 8 episcopal b5$iction1 w\ld be       
appropriately set up 9 8 new t]ritory z 
a visible sign ( ! transf]1 & a         
practical ass]tion ( 8 accession to !   
prop]ty4 ,"h aga91 h[ev]1 ,i am compell$
 to say t ,i h n a %ad[ ( pro( to (f] 9 
support ( my surmise4 ,/4 ,k5tig]n may h
 set up ! sea-s& cross by o!r means1 & =
 ano!r purpose4 ,i h only endeav\r$ to  
sugge/ a reason 9 accordance )          

possibility & ! cu/oms ( ! times 9 :i*  
he liv$4  ,be=e ask+ y to believe t !   
e>lie/ exi/+ /one crosses 7             
reproductions ( /ill e>li] crosses (    
twigs1 ,i may well be expect$ to (f] "s 
evid5ce t any su* basket-"w crosses ev] 
exi/$4  ,( all ! sup]/iti\s leg5ds ( !  
middle ages1 none 0 m widely popul> ?an 
t ( ,/4 ,patrick's purgatory4 ,! little 
isl& 9 gloomy ,l\gh ,d]g1 9 :i* x 0     
believ$ t bo? ! pa9s & advantages (     
purgatory c\ld be anticipat$1 & !       
duration ( its torm5ts abridg$1 0 visit$
 by great & p[]ful pilgrims1 :o enri*$  
its cl]ical gu>dians by _! (f]+s4       
,suppress$ at ! ,re=mation1 & its rude  
build+s m ?an once demoli%$ by ! ord]s (
 gov]nm5t1 x nev]!less /ill reta9s s    
/rong a grasp on ! sup]/iti\s feel+s ( !
 poor & ignorant ( ! pres5t day1 t1     
actuat$ by religi\s en?usiasm1 cr[ds (  
su* pilgrims at c]ta9 seasons p\r       
!mselves ^u ?is mis]able little islet1  
consi/+ ( ?ree roods ( b>r5 surface2 & s
 num]\s are ^! visitors t ! t5ant pays !

 l&lord a ye>ly r5t ( #cjj 7! great] "p 
9 sixp5ces71 d]iv$ f a small *>ge impos$
 on !m at ! f]ry toll4#bd  ,9 ?is place1
 :]e anci5t sup]/iti\s practices /ill   
l+]1 ! remembrance ( its f\nd] & 8      
imput$ miracles w\ld naturally be longe/
 reta9$1 & any relics app]ta9+ to him   
pres]v$ ) p]t9aci\s c>e4 ,none su* c n[ 
be f\nd2 b x is record$ t ab\t or be=e !
 ye> #afcj1 a c]ta9 ,"l ,dillon visit$ !
 isl&1 accompani$ by a gov]nm5t         
surveyor1 & !y gave a detail$           
description ( ! place1 :i* 0 publi%$ by 
! !n ,bi%op ( ! ,diocese4 ,9 _! report x
 is /at$ t 8at ! ea/ end ( ! *ur* !re is
 a heap ( /ones1 on :i* !re is a cross  
made ( int]wov5 twigs2 ?is is kn[n by ! 
"n ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,alt>1 on :i* !re d 
lie ?ree pieces ( a bell1 :i* !y say ,/4
 ,patrick us$ to c>ry 9 8 h&10 c4#be    
,?is is ! only record ,i h met ) ( any  
actual cross ( twigs or basket-"w4 ,x 0 
probably ! la/ ( innum]able crosses ( ! 
same k9d1 & 0 f\nd 9 ! place :]e1 ( all 
o!rs1 ! late/ example 0 likely to be met

 )4 ,d\btless x 0 a _m times repeat$    
copy ( "s anci5t cross attribut$        
orig9ally to ! h&s ( ! patron sa9t (    
,irel&4#bf  ,! devices sculptur$ on a   
majority ( ! ,scotti% & ,manx monoli?s  
mu/ h be5 execut$ be=e ! arti/s possess$
 su* skill or su* tools z w\ld enable !m
 to cut ! outl9e ( ! /one itself to any 
requir$ =m2 !y d n appe> at t "t to h   
set up crosses1 b !y engrav$            
repres5tations ( t symbol on ! surface (
 huge /ones _m ( :i* 7 already fix$ 9 an
 erect position & mo/ probably _h be5 = 
a long s]ies ( ye>s employ$ 9 ! s]vices 
( an e>li] religion4 ,^u su* /ones !y   
imitat$ ! ornam5tation ( wick]-"w by    
innum]able reit]at$ bl[s ( _! small     
celts ( fl9t1 bronze1 or iron1 work+ out
 ! design 9 l[ relief1 & %[+ "o half ( !
 r\nd1 or z mu* only ( ! osi] w&s z c\ld
 be se5 :5 plait$ toge!r4 ,x is only 9 !
 lat] examples t ! outl9e ( ! /one      
assumes ! =m ( ! cross2 & ?is *ange is  
accompani$ by a consid]able alt]ation 9 
! ornam5tal details1 ! int]lac+s become 

less elegant b m complicat$1 & t]m9ate 9
 ! heads1 tails1 & limbs ( v>i\s        
animals1 (t5 grotesque 9 expression2 or1
 ! w&s bur/ into buds & leaves1 or give 
place entirely to sculptur$             
repres5tations ( m5 & animals ( ! rude/ 
execution4 ,x is a curi\s pro( ( ! e>li]
 use ( ! int]wov5 ornam5tation t x may  
be f\nd 9 elegantly arrang$ &           
highly-f9i%$ devices on ! same /ones )  
repres5tations ( ! human figure s rudely
 c>v$ z to appe> to be ! "w ( m]e       
*ildr54  ,x may be object$1 t ! ,briti% 
or ,saxon artisan1 :5 work+ on a new    
mat]ial1 w\ld adopt a /yle ( ornam5t    
appropriate to x1 & disc>d ! totally    
irrelevant sy/em ( decoration :i* _h be5
 us$ by 8 ance/ors2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t he _h _m inducem5ts to adh]e to !     
anci5t patt]ns4 ,! =ce ( cu/om &        
education w\ld be a p[]ful motive1 & no 
o!r /yle ( ornam5t 0 !n kn[n to ! p1 :o 
7 accu/om$ to & well und]/ood ^! endless
 intricacies :i* appe> to u a mass (    
confusion2 probably1 h[ev]1 ! be/ reason

 0 an e>ne/ desire to p]petuate 9       
durable mat]ial ^? crosses ( p]i%able   
basket-"w1 be=e :i* he & 8 ance/ors _h  
b[$ !mselves 9 wor%ip 9 ! dep?s ( _!    
primval =e/s1--crosses1 :i* _h be5      
sanctifi$ by ! holy m5 :o at fir/ erect$
 !m1 & to _m ( :i* miracul\s p[]s 7     
und\bt$ly attribut$4  ,a majority ( !   
,iri% examples diff] f ^? ( ,scotl& & ! 
,isle ( ,man1 9 be+ elaborately c>v$ 9  
_! outl9e to ! =m ( ri*ly ornam5t$      
crosses4 ,?is argues ei!r an e>li]      
developem5t ( art 9 ,irel&1 or a lat]   
execution ( ! "w2 b ! plait$ ornam5ts   
are f\nd to prevail 9 ea* locality1 ?\gh
 !y probably gave place to sculptur$    
repres5tations ( m5 & animals some:at   
e>li] 9 ,irel& ?an else:]e4 ,! usual =m 
( ^! crosses is fairly express$ by !    
example engrav$#bg repres5t+ ! int]e/+  
,iri% cross at ,kilklespe54  ,x may at  
fir/ sight be suppos$ t crosses ( timb] 
w\ld prec$e ^? ( /one1 ! mat]ial be+    
abundant & ! workman%ip app>5tly m easy2
 b a little consid]ation w %[ t timb]   

requir$ tools ( a high] ord] ?an /one2 !
 blunt celt w\ld be f> f effici5t z an  
in/rum5t to c>ve wood1 & %>p-edg$ tools 
7 n !n atta9able4 ,irrespective ( ?is1 !
 sup]ior durability ( /one w\ld ( itself
 induce ! *oice ( t mat]ial4  ,!re is a 
common arrangem5t 9 mo/ ( ! ,scotti% &  
,iri% crosses to :i* ,i desire to call  
att5tion2 :e!r sculptur$ into true      
crosses1 or m]ely engrav$ on ! surface (
 ! /one1 !y are divid$ into irregul>    
comp>tm5ts1 ea* = ! mo/ "p ornam5t$ ) a 
diff]5t device ( int]lac$ "w1 or1 9 late
 examples1 subjects 9 sculpture4 ,^!    
comp>tm5ts are usually broad at ! base &
 gradually decrease 9 size t[>ds ! apex 
( ! cross1 z w\ld be ! case ) a s]ies ( 
baskets pil$ ^u ea* o!r1 & !n firmly    
b\nd toge!r by cont9u\s b&s ( twi/$ )es4
 ,a :eel or r+1 connect+ ! horizontal ) 
! p]p5dicul> limbs almo/ inv>iably      
accompanies ! int]lac$ ornam5tation on  
^! e>ly crosses4 ,?is r+ ,i long suppos$
 to repres5t a nimbus or glory1 b       
rememb]+ t t usual symbol ( div9ity is (

 ,ea/]n orig91 & t x is commonly met )  
on crosses :]e !re is no repres5tation (
 ! figure ( our ,"l1 ,i 0 induc$ to seek
 = "s o!r mean+1 & h n[ no hesitation 9 
say+ t its orig9al purpose 0 n          
symbolical1 or ev5 m]ely ornam5tal1 b t 
x 0 a necess>y appliance 9 ! con/ruction
 ( ! e>li] wick]-"w crosses1 reproduc$  
on ! /one crosses = ! same reasons :i*  
induc$ ! ret5tion ( ! int]lac$ ornam5ts4
  ,x is obvi\s t ! horizontal arms ( a  
basket-"w cross mu/ require "s extrane\s
 aid to enable !m to reta9 t position   
ev5 = a %ort "t4 ,= ?is purpose ! r+    
seem$ to me to h be5 adopt$2 b ,i 0 q   
unable to discov] ! mann] 9 :i* x 0     
appli$1 until on application to a       
practical basket-mak] ,i 0 at once told 
t he c\ld n con/ruct a cross ( will[s   
)\t ! r+1 :i* he mu/ make fir/1 & !n "w 
! cross ^u x4 ,t su* 0 its use is       
confirm$ by ! arrangem5t ( "s ( ! rude  
crosses 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,on !         
sculptur$ /one 9 ! *ur*-y>d ( ,kirk     
,mi*ael#bh is a cross ( int]lac$ "w )\t 

any r+2 b to comp5sate = its abs5ce     
ano!r contrivance has be5 adopt$4 ,!    
horizontal arms are su/a9$ by a s]ies ( 
plait$ twigs hung ov] ! top ( ! upp]    
limb1 & int]wov5 ) ! arms4 ,on ! rev]se 
( ! same /one#bh ! cross has a r+       
compos$ ( "o ?ick & two sl5d] /ems1 :i* 
la/ appe> to pass ?r\gh & fa/5 toge!r ! 
limbs & ! r+ by a curi\s & +5i\s knot4  
,ano!r example ( a simil> fa/5+ may be  
obs]v$ on ! fragm5t ( /one also at ,kirk
 ,mi*ael#bi sculptur$ ) a rude          
repres5tation ( ! crucifixion4 ,^! knots
 are d\btless ! orig9 ( ! ri*ly ornam5t$
 bosses (t5 cov]$ ) basket-"w1 s        
frequ5tly met ) 9 exactly ! same        
positions on ! ,iri% & ,scotti% crosses4
  ,"s ( ! human figures sculptur$ on !  
,scotti% & ,manx /ones1 are s execut$ z 
to sugge/ t !y also are reproductions f 
orig9als =m$ ( twigs4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly
 ! case ) a fragm5t at ,=teviot1#cj !   
anci5t ,celtic capital ( ,scotl&1 on :i*
 f\r m51 "s animals & a cross are c>v$ )
 curi\s rud5ess2 & ) a portion ( ano!r  

crucifixion f ! ,isle ( ,man4#ca ,bo? ( 
^! h a consid]able resemblance to !     
ru/ic "w ( r\gh twigs ) :i* _m g>d5]s ( 
! pres5t day delight to ornam5t _! summ]
 h\ses & g>d5 seats4 ,^! examples sugge/
 a common orig9 ) ! extraord9>y         
illum9ations :i* ,mr4 ,we/wood has      
reproduc$ f anci5t manuscripts1         
p>ticul>ly ) ^? engrav$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! 
,ar*ological ,in/itute1#cb x be+        
rememb]$ t ! sculpture & ! illum9ations 
7 bo? probably enri*$ ) col\r & gild+4  
,i h made c>eful copies ( v num]\s      
examples ( anci5t int]lac$ ornam5ts1 &  
plac$ !m 9 ! h&s ( v>i\s artisans1      
p>ticul>ly basket-mak]s1 /raw-plait]s1  
wire-work]s1 & plait]s ( ornam5tal hair4
 ,!y all in=m me t ) a few exceptions ! 
devices may be work$ out 9 _! respective
 mat]ials1 & sev]al ?ank$ me = putt+ new
 patt]ns be=e !m1 :i* !y said w\ld be   
useful 9 _! bus9ess4 ,"s ( ^! draw+s ,i 
gave to my own workpeople1 :o reproduc$ 
! devices v effectively 9 braid-"w &    
embroid]y4 ,!y tell me !y c\ld1 ) "t &  

pati5ce1 copy _m ( ! mo/ elaborate      
devices4  ,i mu/ gu>d myself1 h[ev]1    
aga9/ be+ suppos$ to ass]t t all !      
int]lac$ devices f\nd on ! old crosses  
may be reproduc$ 9 mod]n plait "w2 su*  
is n ! case4 ,_m ( !m may claim "s o!r &
 v diff]5t orig91 & !re are o!rs :i* !  
sculptor has d\btless modifi$ & alt]$4  
,! fir/ ,cor9?ian capital is said to h  
be5 modell$ f a fl[]-pot cov]$ ) a tile 
betwe5 :i* ! leaves ( an acan?us _h =c$ 
!mselves1 an arrangem5t :i* skilful     
ar*itects h v>i$ a hundr$ diff]5t ways1 
?\gh reta9+ /ill ! expression ( !       
orig9al idea4 ,9 ! same _s ! anci5t     
,briton treat$ ! panels ( basket-"w1 :5 
he reproduc$ !m on 8 crosses ( /one4    
,!re are _m o!r bran*es ( ,briti% &     
,iri% art :i* may h be5 influ5c$ 9 _!   
orig9 by ! long e/abli%$ basket-"w ( ^! 
isl&s1 su* z ! e>ly enamell+ ( metals1 !
 ,norman arcades1 especially ^? f\nd on 
v e>ly fonts1 ! bran*+ arrangem5t ( !   
olde/ w9d[ glass1 z well z ! reticulat$ 
mann] ( plac+ glaz+ qu>ries1 & v num]\s 

v>ieties ( m$ival diap]+2 b ,i omit f>!r
 notice ( ^!4 ,my purpose 9 ?is pap] is 
m]ely to call att5tion to ! probable    
orig9 ( "o bran* ( anci5t art :i* ,i    
believe to h escap$ previ\s notice4 ,if 
,i h 9 any degree e/abli%$ my position1 
or ev5 excit$ curiosity respect+ x1 x w 
d\btless induce fur!r inquiry &         
discussion1 s9ce x is beyond d\bt a     
subject ( v consid]able int]e/4  ,,f9is4
  ,*>les ,simms & ,co41 ,pr9t]s1        
,man*e/]4     ,,footnotes   #a          
,ar*ological & ,pre-hi/oric ,annals (   
,scotl&1 pp4 #bba1 #ejd1 #eje4  #b ,!   
,sculptur$ ,/ones ( ,scotl&1 privately  
pr9t$ by ! ,spald+ ,club1 & lib]ally    
pres5t$ to _m antiqu>ian societies4  #c 
,! ,sculptur$ ,crosses ( ,anci5t ,irel&1
 by ,h5ry ,o',neill4  #d ,! ,runic & o!r
 ,monum5tal ,rema9s ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 by
 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,cumm+4  #e ,annals (  
,clanmacnoise1 quot$ 9 notes to !       
,annals ( ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 vol4 i4 p4     
#aha4  #f ,william ( ,malmesbury1 book  
i4 c4 #bj4  #g ,pre-hi/oric ,annals (   

,scotl&1 p4 #gf4  #h ,in=mation f ,mr4  
,hughes1 ( ,*e/]1 #aheh4  #i ,mc,ian's  
,highl& ,clans--,mc,niel4  #aj ,essay on
 ,cu/om & ,education4  #aa ,?omas       
,d9ley's ,j\rnal ( a ,t\r 9 ,irel&3     
,proce$+s ( ! ,kilk5ny ,ar*ological     
,society1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahj1 ,new ,s]ies4 
#ab      ,adde et bascaudas et mille    
esc>ia4                      ,juv5al1   
,sat4 #ab1 v4 #df4  #ac      ,b>b>a de  
pictis v5i bascauda ,britannis     ,s$  
me jam mavult dic]e ,roma suam4         
,m>tial1 lib4 #ad1 epig4 #ii4  #ad ,9 ! 
,saxon poem ,be[ulf1 translat$ by ! late
 ,mr4 ,kemble1 !re occurs ?is           
passage3--8,he w5t to ! hall1 /ood on ! 
/eps1 & beheld ! /eep ro( ) gold        
adorn$40 ,l9e #ahdd4  #ae ,see on ,plate
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 f ,plate iii4 ( ! ,ar*ological ,index1 
by ,j4 ,y4 ,a4 ,k]man ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a4  
#af ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 vol4 ii4 
pp4 #cha-chd4  #ag ,b$e's ,ecclesia/ical
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,bell4 ,gal41 lib4 vi4  #ai ,/rabo1 lib4

 iv4  #bj ,plate xxvi4 ,sculptur$ /ones 
( ,scotl&4  #ba ,plate ,no4 #c4  #bb    
,plate ,no4 #d4  #bc ,p9k]ton's ,vit    
,sanctorum ,scoti1 pp4 #bhf-g1 quot$ 9 !
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,scotl&1 p4 #e4  #bd ,ul/] ,j\rnal (    
,ar*ology1 vol4 v4 p4 #ha4  #be ,f      
,patricius ,8 ,purgatory1 attribut$ to  
,spottiswood ,bi%op ( ,clogh]1 & also to
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,ul/] ,j\rnal ( ,ar*ology1 vol4 v4 p4   
#ga1 & 9 ,c>leton's tale ( 8,! ,l\gh    
,d]g ,pilgrim40  #bf ,?\gh a poetical   
au?ority is ( no weight 9 antiqu>ian    
argum5t1 x w\ld be wrong to omit quot+  
,sir ,walt] ,scott's acc\nt ( ! fam\s   
fi]y cross =m$ ( twigs4      8,! grisly 
prie/1 ) murmur+ pray]1     ,a sl5d]    
crosslet fram$ ) c>e1     ,a cubit's    
l5g? 9 measure due2     ,! %aft & limbs 
7 rods ( yew4     444     ,! cross1 ?us 
=m$1 he held on high1     ,) wa/$ h& &  
hagg>d eye40                      ,!    
,lady ( ! ,lake1 canto iii4 /anza viii4 
#bg ,plate ,no4 #b4  #bh ,plate ,no4 #e4

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 ,m4,a4 = p]mission to re-engrave ?is & 
plates ,nos4 #f & #h f 8 int]e/+ "w on !
 crosses ( ! ,isle ( ,man2 & to my      
nephew & assi/ant1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,br[n1 =
 draw+ all ! illu/rations ( ?is bro*ure 
on /one4  #bi ,plate ,no4 #f4  #cj      
,plate ,no4 #g4 ,f ,! ,sculptur$ ,/ones 
( ,scotl&4  #ca ,plate ,no4 #h4  #cb    
,vol4 vii4 pp4 #ag-ai1 #bc1 #bd4        
,illu/ration3 ,no4 #a  ,,dra9ie         
,,meigle  ,,govan  ,,govan  ,,%&wick    
,,govan  ,,clonmacnoise  ,,m\ntbl[      
,,h\se  ,,clonmacnoise  ,,meigle        
,,clonmacnoise  ,,mona/]boise           
,illu/ration3 ,no4 #b  ,,kilklespe5     
,illu/ration3 ,no4 #c  ,,%&wick         
,illu/ration3 ,no4 #d  ,,brodie         
,,gl5f]ness  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #e  ,,9 
,,! ,,*ur*y>d ,,( ,,kirk ,,mi*ael       
,,isle ,,( ,,man  ,illu/ration3 ,no4 #f 
,,briti% ,,urns  ,,fragm5t ,,( ,a       
,,cross ,,at ,,kirk ,,mi*ael            
,illu/ration3 ,no4 #g  ,,f ,a           
,,sculptur$ ,,/one ,,at ,,=teviot       

,illu/ration3 ,no4 #h  ,,f ,,! ,,old    
,,*apel1 ,,calf ,,( ,,man