,transcriber's ,note3 ,this version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects4 ,italics are delimited with the underscore character as italic4 ,footnotes have been moved to follow the articles in which they are referenced4 ,the ,catholic ,world1 ,vol4 ,,xxvii ,the ,catholic ,world1 ,vol4 ,,xxvii ,a ,monthly ,magazine ,of ,general ,literature and ,science ,vol4 ,,xxvii4 ,april1 #ahgh1 ,to ,september1 #ahgh4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,isaac ,t4 ,hecker4 #ahgh4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 #i ,barclay ,street4 #ahgh4 ,contents4 ,a ,bishop's ,liberty of ,conscience in the ,new ,german ,empire1 #ff ,acta ,sanctorum1 ,the ,bollandist1 #gef ,among the ,translators1 #ce ,anglican ,development1 #chc ,archiepiscopal ,palace at ,beneventum1 ,the1 #bcd ,atheism1 ,pantheism versus1 #dga ,beatitude in ,human ,nature1 ,principle of1 #ecb ,beneventum1 ,the ,archiepiscopal ,palace at1 #bcd ,blessed ,virgin1 ,breton ,legends of1 #fif ,breton ,legends of the ,blessed ,virgin1 #fif ,caxton ,celebration1 ,lessons of1 #cei ,christianity1 ,preparation for1 #d ,conrad and ,walburga1 #afc1 #cab1 #dhg ,coronation of ,pope ,leo ,,xiii41 #bhj ,destiny of ,man in a ,future ,life1 ,the1 #ade ,diplomatic ,service1 ,a ,sectarian1 #bbc ,dr4 ,ewer on the ,question1 ,what is ,truth81 #egg ,english ,press1 ,the1 and the ,pan-,anglican ,synod1 #hej ,english ,statesmen in ,undress1 #edi1 #hac ,english ,tories and ,catholic ,education in ,ireland1 #hbi ,ewer1 ,dr41 ,on the ,question1 ,what is ,truth81 #egg ,faith1 ,the ,future of1 #dag ,france1 ,respectable ,poverty in1 #bgf ,french ,proverbial ,sayings1 #bjd ,future of ,faith1 #dag ,german ,glossaries1 #bei ,german ,socialism1 #dcc ,have we a ,novelist81 #cge ,helen ,lee1 #dje1 #ded ,hell and ,science1 #cba ,hermitages in the ,pyrnes1 #cjb1 #dfj ,his ,irish ,cousins1 #gid ,home-,rule ,candidate1 ,the1 #af1 #baj ,human ,nature1 ,the ,principle of ,beatitude in1 #ecb ,humanity1 ,the ,religion of1 #ffj ,italy1 ,regionalism vs4 ,political ,unity in1 #bg ,judaism1 ,relations of to ,christianity1 #cea1 #efd ,kitty ,darcy1 #ccg ,lessons of the ,caxton ,celebration1 #cei ,liberty of ,conscience in the ,new ,german ,empire1 #ff ,literary ,extravagance of the ,day1 #bdh ,lope de ,vega1 #hai ,mabel ,willey's ,lovers1 #fbg ,man's ,destiny in a ,future ,life1 #ade ,marshall1 ,the ,late ,mr41 #ajf ,mathematical ,harmonies of the ,universe1 ,the1 #gba ,montserrat1 #gd ,my ,friend ,mr4 ,price1 #eai ,new ,york1 ,the ,newspaper ,press of1 #eaa ,newspaper ,press of ,new ,york1 #eaa ,novelist8 ,have we a1 #cge ,pantheism vs4 ,atheism1 #dga ,parisian ,contrasts1 #eig ,papal ,elections1 #ig ,pearl1 #fga1 #gcd ,pilate's ,story1 #ea ,pius ,,ix41 ,the ,death of1 #abi 8,political ,rapacity of the ,romish ,church10 ,strictures on1 #aaa ,pope ,leo ,,xiii41 ,coronation of1 #bhj ,preparation for ,christianity1 ,the1 #d ,prohibitory ,legislation1 #ahb ,proverbial ,sayings1 ,french1 #bjd ,prussian ,persecution in its ,results1 #fdd ,pyrnes1 ,hermitages in1 #cjb1 #dfj ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 #ij ,regionalism vs4 ,political ,unity in ,italy1 #bg ,relations of ,judaism to ,christianity1 #cea1 #efd ,religion of ,humanity1 ,the1 #ffj ,respectable ,poverty in ,france1 #bgf ,science1 ,hell and1 #cba ,sectarian ,diplomatic ,service1 #bbc ,socialist ,idea1 ,the1 #cia ,st4 ,paul on ,mars' ,hill1 #ggi ,thoreau and ,new ,england ,transcendentalism1 #bhi ,three ,roses1 ,the1 #hcg ,tombs of the ,house of ,savoy1 #gfe ,tractarian ,movement in its ,relation to the ,church1 #ejb ,transcendentalism and ,thoreau1 #bhi ,translators1 ,among the1 #ce ,venerable ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 #fjh ,voltaire and his ,panegyrists1 #fhh ,poetry4 ,a ,romaunt of the ,rose1 #djd ,a ,soul's ,holy ,week1 #a ,a ,true ,lover1 #ggg ,child-,wisdom1 #eie ,created ,wisdom1 ,the1 #dhf1 #fjg1 #hah ,dante's ,purgatorio1 #bgb1 #dih ,espousals of ,our ,lady1 ,the1 #ged ,juxta ,crucem1 #bdg ,lac du ,saint ,sacrement1 #hcd ,lines1 #afa ,malcolm of ,scotland1 #cgd ,on ,calvary1 #fd ,one to ,one1 #gic ,on the ,summit of ,mount ,lafayette1 #fdc ,palm ,sunday1 #ajd ,rosary ,stanzas1 #ahj1 #cdi1 #dgj ,sorrow1 #ccf ,st4 ,ceadda1 #ae ,st4 ,cuthbert1 #ej ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 #cij ,the ,blue-,bird's ,note1 #beh ,the ,fountain's ,song1 #cjj ,the ,moral ,law1 #fei ,unconscious ,faculties1 #fgj ,new ,publications4 ,a ,history of the ,united ,states1 #heg ,ancient ,history1 #heh ,an ,introductory ,history of the ,united ,states1 #heg ,a ,saint in ,algeria1 #hei ,art of ,knowing ,ourselves1 #gag ,book of ,psalms1 #dcb ,books for ,summer ,reading1 #dcb ,cantus ,ecclesiasticus1 #add ,church and the ,gentile ,world1 ,the1 #adb ,daily ,meditations1 #gag ,de ,ecclesia et ,cathedra1 #adj ,divine ,sanctuary1 #egf ,dosia1 #hei ,elements of ,ecclesiastical ,law1 #dcj ,erlestone ,glen1 #gai ,ethics1 or ,moral ,philosophy1 #hee ,forbidden ,fruit1 #gai ,frederic ,ozanam1 #gaf 8,ghosts10 #add ,good ,things1 #egf ,history of ,john ,toby's ,conversion1 #add ,history of ,rome1 #hei ,history of the ,middle ,ages1 #hei ,holy ,church1 #gab ,ireland1 #gah ,legends of ,holy ,mary1 #hfj ,leo ,,xiii4 and his probable ,policy1 #adc ,le ,progrs du ,catholicisme ,parmi les ,peuples d',origine ,anglo-,saxonne1 #heh ,letters of ,john ,keats1 #bhf ,life of ,henri ,planchat1 #bhf ,life of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 #bhe ,manual of ,nursing1 #gaf ,mysterious ,castle1 ,the1 #gag ,new ,ireland1 #acg ,one of ,god's ,heroines1 #bhg ,our ,sunday ,fireside1 #gae ,philochristus1 #gaa ,sayings and ,prayers of the ,foundress of the ,sisters of ,mercy1 #adc ,select ,works of ,venerable ,fr4 ,lancicius1 ,s4,j41 #gaf ,seven ,years and ,mair1 #gad ,st4 ,joseph's ,manual1 #add ,st4 ,teresa's ,own ,words1 #gag ,st4 ,winfrid1 ,life of1 #gac ,thalia1 #gah ,the ,christian ,reformed1 #gae ,the ,four ,seasons1 #bhh ,the ,nabob1 #adj ,the ,notary's ,daughter1 #gag ,the ,precious ,pearl1 #gah ,the ,young ,catholic1 #hfj ,thirty-nine ,sermons1 #bhh ,total ,abstinence1 #gai ,to the ,sun1 #bhg ,vacation ,days1 #gaf ,vatican ,library1 ,the1 #adc ,voyage of the ,paper ,canoe1 #gad ,way of the ,cross1 #add ,wrecked and ,saved1 #gai ,young ,girl's ,month of ,may1 #bhh ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #aeg4--;,,april1 #ahgh4 ,a ,,soul',s ,,holy ,,week4 ,,palm ,,sunday4 ,what shall ,i spread beneath thy feet1 dear ,lord1 ,meek ,son of ,david drawing near to-day ,with wide hearts' worship for thy king's array1 ,with love's full measure for thy blessing poured8 ,how shall my weakness its deep longing prove8 ,not mine the martyr's fadeless branch of palm1 ,nor mine the priestly olive giving balm1 ,for hearts' consoling1 healing wounds with love4 ,alas6 not mine baptismal robe unstained ,to offer thee with pure and child-like trust3 ,dark are its folds with clinging wayside dust4 ,yet even this poor raiment1 world-profaned1 ,thou wilt not scorn1 since veils it heart contrite ,grieving so sore its trespass in thy sight4 ,,monday4 ,rabbi1 one little moment only1 wait ,till ,i kneel down and wet with tears of shame ,thy blessed feet1 thy garment's sacred hem-- ,o thou so long unheeded1 loved so late6 ,let me pour forth the ointment of my soul1 ,the precious store wherewith thou fill'st my vase1 ,my love's devotion and my sorrow's grace2 ,withholding naught from thee that givest all4 ,the more ,i give the richer grows my share1 ,since unto thee one cannot give and lose4 ,thou givest e'er2 we but thy gifts diffuse4 ,worthless all gold unless thy stamp it bear4 ,worthless my tears unless their source be thee3 ,what gem shall1 then1 outshine their purity8 ,,tuesday4 ,i dare not wish that my life's days had been ,when thou1 ,o ,christ6 didst come in human guise ,as seeming weak as poorest child that lies ,on mother's breast in infant sleep serene2 ,when thou the ,father's wisdom unto men ,didst speak with lips of little more than child2 ,didst preach the kingdom of the undefiled2 ,didst pardon sin and pity human pain4 ,i know thee now1 although ,i have not seen4 ,perchance in those old days ,i had denied1 ,with ,bethlehem's matrons turned my face aside1 ,spurned from my threshold heaven's chosen ,queen1 ,and--,o dread thought6--my ,god a mockery made1 ,even as ,judas with a kiss betrayed6 ,,wednesday4 8,thy ,saviour cometh40 ,o my soul1 behold6 ,arise and greet ,him smitten for thy sin1 ,wounded for thee the ,father's grace to win1 ,true ,shepherd1 stricken for the frightened fold4 ,art thou asleep1 my soul8 ,art thou afraid ,to meet the sorrow of that face despised8 ,ah6 see the love with which thy love is prized3 ,he bleeds for thee that hast so oft betrayed2 ,his soul is sorrowful to death for thee1 ,for thee is borne the crown of pitying thorn1 ,for thee his people's cruel taunts are borne1 ,carried the heavy cross to ,calvary4 ,he weeps thy sins3 weep thou his infinite woe4 ,what have we done that he should love us so8 ,,holy ,,thursday4 ,was't not enough1 dear ,lord1 that thou shouldst give ,thy body to the scourge1 the thorn1 the reed1 ,that thou in dark ,gethsemani shouldst bleed1 ,the purple garment from rude hands receive1 ,but that thou still must give thyself to bear ,new stripes1 new ,calvary in that dim life ,that is our refuge in the weary strife ,earth offers all who seek thy life to share8 ,o ,love divine6 was't not enough to hold ,thine own so dear thou lovedst to the end1 ,deep-wounded hands on ,calvary to extend1 ,seeking poor earth in ,love's wide arms to fold1 ,but still thou giv'st thyself1 ,love's sacrament1 ,as with thy love and sorrow uncontent8 ,,good ,,friday4 ,dear ,mother1 unto thee ,i come to-day1 ,because ,i dare not look upon the face ,of ,him in whose least wound my sins ,i trace3 ,dear ,mother1 for his love's sake bid me stay4 ,he calls3 8,i thirst40 ,ah6 offer him my tears ,repentance hath made pure of all their gall4 ,tell him1 who nothing has would offer all1 ,but yet to bring the gift unworthy fears1 ,lest so some added thorn be wreathed within ,the crown wherewith the wounded brow is bound1 ,the mocking people's sovereignty's round ,that saints1 with joy1 shall lose all life to win4 ,mother1 thy ,son gives me in thy fond care3 ,fold thou my helpless hands in perfect prayer4 ,,holy ,,saturday4 8,this day in ,paradise40 ,o fortunate thief6 ,what strange surprise1 what happiness1 was thine ,in that dim land to see the ,sun divine1 ,to win so soon the crown of late belief4 ,this day in ,paradise6 ,o soul released ,by cleansing sign of ,resurrection cross1 ,earth may bewail thy ,lord3 thine is no loss1 ,with fresh forgiveness holding wealth increased4 ,soul1 hast thou hung on ,calvary's cross with him1 ,thou1 justly1 like the thief1 for thine offence1 ,breathe thou thy prayer of humble penitence3 ,glory of dawn shall break thy shadows dim1 ',mid which the ,sun of ,justice glad shall rise-- ,poor pardoned thief6--this day in ,paradise6 ,,easter ,,sunday4 ,through ,lent1 dear ,lord1 ,i seemed to walk with thee ,as thy disciples once2 thy tender voice1 ,from ,mary won1 making my soul rejoice ,e'en through the sorrow of ,gethsemani1 ,though oft ,i wept such infinite love to grieve4 ,and seemed thy human life to mine so near ,that ever shadowed all my joy the fear ,the end must come1 and thou that life must leave4 ,to-day with ,magdalen ,i weep once more-- ,my ,lord is risen and my life's love lost4 ,o silly soul1 on sorrow's ocean tossed1 ,does he not tell thee1 as to her before1 8,be not afraid08--to thee is he less near8 ,dead1 yet arisen2 crucified1 yet here6 ,,the ,,preparation ,,for ,,christianity ,,in ,,the ,,six ,,centuries ,,before ,,christ4 ,the period of six centuries before ,christ may be taken as the immediate period of preparation for ,christianity--not in a precise numerical sense of exactly six hundred years1 but as a general term denoting an epoch whose beginning is somewhat vague and indeterminate4 ,some of the great events are prior to ,b4,c4 #fjj1 and the larger number of those which are important are much later4 ,what we would do is to describe an historical cycle including the great prophetic cycle of ,daniel1 which embraces seventy weeks in the mystical numeration of ,holy ,scripture--i4e41 a period of four hundred and ninety years2 beginning at the rebuilding of the city and temple of ,jerusalem1 and ending with the promulgation of the ,new ,law to the nations of the earth by ,st4 ,peter4 ,we consider this last event as the culmination and ultimate term of the preceding historical period of preparation1 from which history takes a new point of departure1 thenceforward moving directly towards its final consummation through its last period1 the one in which we live4 ,these six centuries comprise what is specially the pre-,christian historical period4 ,the greatest part of ancient profane history is taken up with the record of its events4 ,the history of the ages going before is vague and scanty1 and even the chronology is uncertain4 ,a few dates will show how great a portion of what is known to us from childhood as historical antiquity is comprised within this relatively recent and modern period4 ,herodotus1 the father of history1 is said to have recited parts of his history at the ,olympic games1 ,b4,c4 #def1 and ,thucydides1 who was then a boy1 to have heard him2 and this is also the date of the death of schylus4 ,the date of the battle of ,thermopyl is #dhj1 of the death of ,socrates #cii1 of the birth of ,alexander #cef4 ,the period of ,confucius1 ,lao-,tseu1 and ,pythagoras is in the vicinity of the year #eej4 ,the beginning of the ,persian ,empire under ,cyrus was in #eei4 ,the common date of the building of ,rome is #gec ,b4,c4 ,carthage was destroyed in #adf4 ,julius ,csar began his career in the year #hj4 ,within this period occurred also the restoration of the ,jews to their own country1 the founding of the ,jewish temple and community at ,alexandria1 the translation of the ,hebrew ,scriptures into ,greek1 the rise and triumph of the ,asmonan dynasty of the ,machabees1 the usurpation of ,herod1 and the beginning of ,roman supremacy in ,palestine4 ,we now proceed to show the relation between this period and its great events1 as making the most important chapter in ancient universal history1 with the origin and extension of ,christianity4 ,the modern rationalist theory of a purely natural origin of the ,christian religion by development from previous stages of purely natural phases of the human intellect1 should be refuted by a true exposition of the connection between the natural and the supernatural causes which concurred in producing the great historical phenomenon of ,christianity4 ,the history of the one true and revealed religion1 and specifically of its latest form in ,christianity1 is not isolated and separate from the general history of mankind4 ,it is a topic in universal history4 ,the ,christian era succeeds by a close historical connection to the period which preceded it1 and that period was the outcome of the ages going before4 ,these preceding ages appear to us historically under a merely natural aspect4 ,that is to say1 the nations of the earth have no divine revelation or religion4 ,their religions are different and national1 mere human creations1 and their polity1 morals1 philosophy1 and literature are products of natural intelligence4 ,their early history loses itself in obscurity or fable4 ,hence the manifest connection of the ,christian period with the ages foregoing gives some plausible ground for the hypothesis that the origin of ,christianity is natural1 that it is only an outcome of mere natural progress and development4 ,when we proceed to show a preparation for ,christianity in the ages immediately preceding1 we may be asked if we do not thereby tacitly admit and argue from this hypothesis4 ,if ,god created all mankind for a supernatural destiny1 under a supernatural providence2 needing a divine revelation1 in which a divine religion1 one1 unchangeable1 demanding absolute1 universal faith and obedience1 is made known and imposed on the intellect and will of man as obligatory2 how is it that we seek for the causes and events which prepared the way for its promulgation in a previous state of things so unlike that which we declare ,god intended to produce by ,christianity8 ,the answer to this is easy4 ,god began by giving a revelation and a divine religion to all mankind4 ,the general falling away from this primitive religion was not so far advanced as to make it necessary for ,god to select a special race as the recipient and preserver of a renewed form of the divine religion until two thousand years before ,christ4 ,the period of the old and universal form of religion1 therefore1 embraces all the time from the calling of ,abraham to the creation of man1 at least two thousand years1 and1 according to the opinion of many1 from two thousand five hundred to four thousand years4 ,during the entire period of human history1 therefore1 from the creation of man to the present moment1 embracing from sixty to eighty centuries1 the divine religion derived from revelation has been more or less universally promulgated1 with the exception of its medival portion--that is1 during a time including from two-thirds to three-fourths of the whole time in which the human race has existed4 ,the period in which the mass of mankind was left to itself apparently1 without the law of ,god manifested by revelation--the period called by ,st4 ,paul 8the time of ignorance which ,god winked at0--embraces only the remaining third or fourth part of time1 that is1 twenty centuries4 ,this state of ignorance was not original1 and not natural in the sense of being conformed to the exigencies of human nature and human destiny1 or intended and directly produced by the ,author of nature4 ,it was the result of an apostasy1 a degeneration1 a wilful departure1 a rebellion1 a schism1 a voluntary fall from the primitive state4 ,moreover1 in this very state of apostasy1 the principles of all the good which remained1 the principles of civilization1 science1 virtue2 political1 social1 and personal well-being and improvement2 were all remnants from the first period in which the divine religion was universal4 ,therefore1 when we point out in heathendom the preparation for a new promulgation of the universal religion1 we are not tracing ,christianity back to its natural causes and to its origin1 but are tracing the movement of humanity along its re-entering curve1 from the ultimate term of its departure1 to its point of contact with a new motive power1 the true and divine cause of the re-conversion and restoration of mankind through ,christ1 qui restauret omnia4 ,in addition to this1 we must remember that it is only wilful ignorance and sophistical perversion of historical truth which assigns the origin of the human race and its institutions to an unknown1 pre-historic chaos4 ,far back of the period of written1 profane history1 of hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions1 of the scattered1 uncertain records of every kind which we can gather up from the remote past1 the authentic1 written documents of the people of ,judea throw a clear light on the beginning of things4 ,divine revelation is in possession from the beginning4 ,profane history is modern history4 ,we alone are ancient2 and we may say to the infidel1 as the ,egyptian said to ,solon3 8,you have neither knowledge of antiquity1 nor antiquity of knowledge40 ,even during the period of the universal excommunication of mankind from the church of ,god that church existed1 the divine revelation was preserved and increased1 and the line of continuity between the past and the future was kept unbroken1 in the nation of the children of ,abraham4 ,it was from ,juda that the ,lawgiver and the law came forth to the subjugation of the nations4 ,the historical and rational basis of the supernatural origin and power of ,christianity reaches down1 therefore1 to the first foundations of the world and the human race4 ,so1 then1 we can have no fear of searching after and pointing out any natural and concurrent causes in the progress of human events which have prepared the way for ,christianity and facilitated its universal conquests4 ,the state of heathendom is not to be considered as a normal1 natural1 and necessary stage in the evolution and progress of mankind1 from which ,christianity was educed4 ,the plan of divine ,providence proposed to conduct mankind from one degree of development to another1 until the perfection of religion and civilization was attained in the ,catholic ,church and carried forward to its last results in the universal resurrection and the everlasting kingdom of heaven1 for which all the progeny of ,adam1 without exception1 were destined4 ,according to this plan1 the church would always have been one and universal1 and whatever might have been the special mission and privileges of the people of ,israel1 the covenant of ,god with them1 and the possession of divinely-revealed doctrine1 discipline1 and worship would not have been exclusive4 ,the national and exclusive constitution of the church in the posterity of ,abraham and ,jacob through the ,law of ,moses was a dispensation established on account of the general apostasy of mankind1 a measure of protection against an absolute and final defection of the human race4 ,and the preparation which went on in heathendom for the new promulgation of the divine law to all the world by ,jesus ,christ was also a measure of remedy and rescue1 a 8second plank after shipwreck10 thrown to the nations who were drowning in a sea of errors and miseries4 ,the object of that preparation was to furnish a sufficient ground and territory for the kingdom of ,christ1 the ,catholic ,church2 to make ready the people who were fit to receive his law and doctrine2 to produce the conditions and circumstances requisite for the universal conquest and permanent dominion of ,christianity in the world4 ,the discipline of divine ,providence over the nations during the long centuries of their wandering through the waste and howling wilderness of ignorance1 error1 sin1 warfare1 and misery of all kinds1 is like that over the children of ,israel during their wandering of forty years in the desert which lay between ,egypt and ,palestine4 ,they were condemned to this wandering as a punishment for their unbelief and disobedience4 ,this punishment was nevertheless made the means of their training and education as a nation1 and a better generation1 born in the wilderness1 was formed1 which was fit to go into1 conquer1 and possess the ,promised ,land4 ,we can also draw an illustration front individual examples1 of which history furnishes a great number4 ,a youth1 highly gifted1 brought up in faith and virtue1 well educated1 and with every kind of means and opportunity for pursuing a noble career to the glory of ,god1 the welfare of men1 and his own highest advantage both in time and eternity1 comes to the morning of his manhood1 with the straight path of duty stretching out its narrow and ascending course before him4 ,instead of pursuing this path steadily from the beginning1 he is seduced to turn aside and wander over the more pleasant lands which are on the border of his right road1 following the illusions of ambition1 of pride1 and of pleasure4 ,for a while ,god leaves him to his wanderings1 but his mercy does not abandon him4 ,through circuitous paths1 through the lessons of experience1 through trials1 disappointments1 and sufferings1 he is led back to the right road4 ,he becomes a hero1 a saint1 an apostle4 ,the science1 the fame1 the influence1 the wealth1 the experience he acquired during those years1 and which he labored to acquire for a low and unworthy end1 are all now made the means and instruments of fulfilling a noble and holy purpose4 ,even his errors and sins serve as a warning lesson to others1 and cause in himself a more vivid appreciation of the goodness of ,god1 the value of divine faith and grace1 and the happiness of a holy life4 ,in like manner the human race1 in its youth1 went forth from the cradle-land of ,armenia to take possession of the wide inheritance of the earth4 ,carried away by the illusions of the senses and the imagination1 in the pride of its youthful strength1 the human race sought to find its destiny and create its paradise on the earth1 forgetful of ,god1 of his law1 of his doctrine1 and of his promises4 ,the colonization of new countries1 the foundation of empires and cities1 the cultivation of science1 literature1 art1 and every sort of commerce1 handicraft1 and industry1 all that is included in the term civilization1 employed the energies of that portion of mankind whose doings find a place in universal history1 until everything was accomplished which was possible to man and ,god saw fit to permit him to achieve4 ,as for his relations with the world above this earth1 with the duration which is beyond time1 and with superhuman and divine powers1 since he could not ignore them or confine his intellect of divine origin and immortal destiny to merely temporal and earthly things1 he invented religions1 or sought by the light of reason to discover the truth about the supersensible world4 ,the result of all was that a state of things was produced in which mankind1 unable to proceed further1 dissatisfied and sighing after something better1 cried out for ,god to come and accomplish the work which was too much for man4 ,a young man or a young woman1 feeling deeply the emptiness of all the enjoyments to be obtained by wealth1 gives up his or her fortune for charitable purposes4 ,a prince1 tired of war and politics1 devotes his castle and domain to the foundation of a monastery and assumes the religious habit4 ,an artist1 a poet1 an orator1 a great scholar1 convinced of the futility of chasing the shadow of earthly glory1 consecrates his gifts and acquisitions to religion4 ,in like manner all that the human race had gained in civilization1 in empire1 in wealth1 in philosophy and literature and art1 was so much material accumulated for the spirit and genius of ,christianity to appropriate and employ in the work of the regeneration of mankind4 ,this statement is1 of course1 restricted to that part of the human race which forms the principal subject of universal history and is included within the sphere of the ,greco-,roman intellectual and political dominion4 ,the ,chinese1 and the nations of similar origin and character1 are a nullity in universal history4 ,the ,hindoos have remained to this day outside of the current of the catholic movement of ,christianity4 ,the barbarian and savage races have only been capable of receiving ,christianity together with civilization from nations previously civilized4 ,what conquests ,christianity may yet make among the great mass of the heathen who constitute the numerical majority of mankind1 only the future can disclose4 ,probably the dominion of ,european intelligence and political power will be a necessary condition for the extension of the spiritual dominion of the ,catholic ,church in those regions of the world1 if it is ever accomplished4 ,leo says of the ,mongolian races3 8,it seems to us that it is only their conversion to ,christianity which can entitle them to admission into the domain of universal history as we have conceived its plan1 and this conversion can hardly become general except through some kind of political subjugation and dependence4 ,certainly1 the place of these nations in history is one foreseen by ,god2 but the period of their intellectual importance for us has not yet arrived1 and will perhaps never come until they are conquered by the ,caucasian race and mingled with it4 ,it is therefore only upon the ,caucasians1 in their great division of ,semites1 ,japhetians1 and ,chamites1 that we can direct our view1 as being hitherto the workmen whose labors are recorded by universal history40 ,it is only with the past history of that select portion of the human race which has advanced steadily on the road of progress toward the completion attained in ,christianity that our theme is concerned4 ,even some portions of the ,aryan race1 as the ,hindoos1 have but little connection with it4 ,and in that later period upon which our attention is at present specially directed1 the ,jews1 the ,greeks1 and the ,romans make the principal factors in producing the result which we wish to estimate--viz41 the preparation for the actual conquest and extension of ,christianity as a universal religion1 which has been thus far achieved1 and has become an historical fact4 ,jewish faith1 ,hellenic intellectual culture1 ,roman polity1 were the chief agents in preparing the way for ,christianity as the world-religion and the world-subduing power4 ,the ,hellenic philosophy and literature we leave aside for the present4 ,the ,roman imperial and universal monarchy is the topic to be specially considered in this article4 ,this great world-subduing power is historically and logically connected with the great monarchies of a similar character which preceded it1 and which are all presented under one figure1 that of a colossal statue1 whose members are cast from different metals1 in the celebrated vision of ,nabuchodonosor1 interpreted and recorded by the prophet ,daniel4 ,it is remarkable that this vision1 which presents emblematically a summary of the universal political history of the world in prophecy1 was given to the monarch of the great ,assyrian ,empire1 yet in such a way that it passed before his mind like an evanescent flash4 ,he could not understand or even remember it until the great prophet of ,juda repeated and explained it4 ,the date of this vision is a little later than ,b4,c4 #fjj1 just at the beginning of the period we are considering4 8,thou1 ,o king6 didst begin to think1 in thy bed1 what should come to pass hereafter3 and ,he that revealeth mysteries showed thee what shall come to pass4 ,thou1 ,o ,king6 sawest1 and behold there was1 as it were1 a great statue3 this statue1 which was great and tall of stature1 stood before thee1 and the look thereof was terrible4 ,the head of this statue was of fine gold1 but the breast and the arms of silver1 and the belly and the thighs of brass3 and the legs of iron1 the feet part of iron and part of clay4 ,thus thou sawest1 till a stone was cut out of a mountain without hands3 and it struck the statue upon the feet thereof1 that were of iron and clay1 and broke them in pieces3 but the stone that struck the statue became a great mountain and filled the whole earth40 ,daniel then interpreted the vision as a prophecy of the destinies of the world under four universal monarchies1 the ,assyrian being the first1 represented by the head of gold4 ,the other three are manifestly the ,medo-,persian1 ,macedonian1 and ,roman4 ,the weak feet and toes of the statue are the extension of the empire among the barbarians of the ,west4 ,the prophet finishes by declaring that after the decadence of the last empire ,god will set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed or transferred to another power1 but which shall destroy entirely the whole fabric of world-monarchy which was represented by the statue of gold1 silver1 brass1 and iron1 terminating in clay--i4e41 the ,babylo-,roman ,empire4 ,thus1 at the very beginning of the course of events which took place during the six centuries of the period preceding the ,messianic epoch1 the great prophet who is inspired to foretell with minute distinctness the times of the ,messianic kingdom is made the counsellor and prime minister of the last monarchs of the ,assyrian ,empire1 and of the first of the succeeding ,medo-,persian kings1 and ,nabuchodonosor and ,cyrus are instructed by divine revelation in the designs and purposes for which ,god has raised them up to prepare the way for the coming and reign of his ,son upon the earth4 ,the great world-empire1 whose seat is first established in ,babylon1 and afterwards transferred to ,rome1 has a mission to accomplish1 and1 when that has been fulfilled1 it is finally abolished to make way for the ,catholic ,church and the ,christendom of which it is the nucleus1 the ,christian political1 social1 and moral order1 the unification and restoration to one universal fraternity of the regenerated human race4 ,the ,roman ,empire1 the inheritor of all the power1 the civilization1 the intellectual and material wealth and grandeur of its predecessors1 with its own new and specific force in addition1 made of the whole world one dominion1 brought the ,east into subjection to the ,west1 and established in ,rome1 the ,eternal ,city1 the permanent capital of the earth4 ,thus the way was prepared1 by the general diffusion of the ,greek and ,latin languages1 by universal commerce and communication between all nations1 by the organizing and educating force of political and military discipline1 and by many other efficient agencies1 for a rapid and irresistible transmission of the spirit1 the doctrine1 the moral law1 the entire supernatural and regenerating grace of ,christianity throughout the civilized world4 ,at the same time the civilizing power was brought into contact with that great mass of ,european barbarians who were destined to form the most vigorous portion of ,catholic ,christendom4 ,julius ,csar is considered as the great author of modern ,european civilization4 ,the empire reached its acme in the reign of ,augustus4 ,near the close of his reign1 and somewhere in the vicinity of ,a4 ,u4 ,c4 #gdg1 the ,temple of ,janus was closed1 and the epoch of universal pacification1 the effect of irresistible1 triumphant ,roman power1 came to a world which was expecting the advent of the ,prince of ,peace1 and made a moment's stillness1 a brief pause of silent wonder through the universe1 while the mystery of the incarnation and human birth of the great ,king was accomplished4 ,let us turn now to ,judea1 whose mission was much higher in the order of moral grandeur1 though not so dazzling to the imagination as that of ,rome4 ,daniel foretold the end of the captivity of the ,jews when a period of seventy years should be completed1 and the birth and death of the ,messias after another period of seven times seventy years from the rebuilding of the city and ,temple4 ,the schism and captivity of the ten tribes had freed the kingdom of ,david from putrescent parts and given a more pure and healthy life to ,juda4 ,the corruption of ,juda found a severe and efficacious remedy in the captivity which befell that tribe also at a later period4 ,a purified remnant1 the lite of the nation1 were restored to their own land under ,cyrus4 ,the city and temple were rebuilt4 ,alexander the ,great extended the same favor to the ,jewish nation which had been granted by the ,persian monarchs4 ,under his successors1 the kings of ,syria and ,egypt1 ,judea flourished both in a political and a religious sense for three centuries1 although not exempt from vicissitudes1 a second temple was established in ,egypt1 and in ,alexandria1 the new capital founded by ,alexander1 the ,jews became numerous and attained to great consideration and importance4 ,the ,hebrew ,scriptures were translated into ,greek and the important books of the second canon were written4 ,under ,antiochus ,epiphanes a new crisis arrived1 which threatened the total extinction of ,judaism4 ,a large portion of the priests and people were infected with the corrupted ,greek civilization of that period1 the practice of the ,mosaic law was forbidden and suppressed by the most oppressive edicts sanctioned by the most cruel penalties1 and ,jerusalem was changed into an apparently heathen city4 ,the sacred ark containing all the hopes of the world in the ages to come seemed about to be wrecked4 ,but ,god raised up the heroic family of the ,machabees to rescue once more ,jerusalem and ,judea from the ruin which seemed to be imminent4 ,there is no greater and more wonderful hero in all history than ,judas ,machabeus1 a new and more sublime ,leonidas1 standing with his small but invincible host in the world's ,thermopyl1 as the defender1 even unto death1 not of ,greece but of all mankind2 the saviour1 not of mere national and temporal interests1 but of the precious inheritance of faith1 the supernatural treasure by which all men were to be enriched with those blessings which are eternal4 ,the history of the ,asmonan dynasty1 its period of glory and of decay1 and1 next1 of the ,iduman usurpation in the person of the cruel tyrant1 ,herod the ,great1 a mere creature and dependent viceroy of the ,roman emperor1 brings us to the end of the dispensation of ,abraham and ,moses1 to the epoch of the new ,prophet1 ,priest1 and ,king1 who teaches1 sanctifies1 and rules mankind by his own personal and inherent might and right1 as the ,emmanuel1 who is both the ,creator and the ,redeemer of the world4 ,st4 ,paul declares that the mystery of divine ,providence respecting both the ,jews and the ,gentiles1 made known in the full ,christian revelation1 was to 8establish all things in ,christ1 in the dispensation of the fulness of times0 7,eph4 i4 #aj74 ,we infer from this statement1 that all the ages preceding the birth of ,christ were a preparation for the foundation of the ,catholic ,church1 which was completed at the epoch of his coming4 ,the work of ,judaism was done and its mission completed4 ,henceforth it was only an obstacle in the way of the universal religion which it had been created to serve4 ,the oracles of ,god which it preserved and transmitted1 the faith which it inherited from ,abraham1 its genuine spirit1 the essence of religion which had been embodied in its outward organization1 were transmitted to ,christianity4 ,the lifeless mass which was left behind was only fit to be buried as a putrescent carcass4 ,the mission of the ,roman ,empire was also completed1 its destruction decreed1 and dimly foretold by the apostles4 ,the entire ,greco-,roman civilization1 with its philosophy1 its literature1 its religious superstitions1 had run its course1 and its ultimate result was an intellectual and moral abyss of vacancy and unfulfilled longing for the truth and the good which alone can fill the frightful void in the human soul and in universal humanity caused by the absence of ,god4 ,st4 ,paul says that ,christ1 having first descended to the lowest depth1 ascended to the highest celestial summit1 8ut impleret omnia0--that he might fill all things4 ,the ,emmanuel1 the ,god in humanity1 the very sovereign truth and sovereign good impersonated in a twofold nature1 divine and human1 is the only fulfilment of universal history1 of human destiny1 as the term and expression of the thoughts and purposes of ,god4 ,his kingdom on the earth1 the ,catholic ,church1 is the instrument and medium by which he extends his action through time and upon universal humanity during the period of universal history which is now in the process of fulfilment4 ,the material part of the substantial essence of this new ,messianic empire was furnished by the commingling of the elements of ,judaism and ,greco-,roman civilization4 ,the vital and informing principle was supernatural and divine1 inspired into the now organic structure by a new out-breathing of the creative and life-giving ,spirit4 ,this supernatural character of ,christianity is capable of a rigorous historical and rational demonstration4 ,rationalists1 as they call themselves1 having first made themselves their own dupes1 have duped the great mass of the unlearned and the unthinking in this age1 and even imposed to a greater or a lesser degree on numbers of ,catholics whose instruction in sound ,christian knowledge is defective and superficial1 by a shallow and pretentious system vaunted under the name of scientific criticism4 ,like the pseudo-,smerdis1 its pretence to be the true1 legitimate possessor of dominion1 and heir to the acquisitions of reason and experience historically transmitted from the past1 is founded on an illusory semblance of likeness to genuine science4 ,as the impostor who passed himself off on a credulous people for the son of ,cyrus was detected and exposed by stripping off the royal head-dress which he had stolen1 and showing that his head had long since been deprived of the ears as an ignominious punishment for crime1 so this base-born rationalism1 when the logic of facts and sound reasoning seizes hold of it1 meets the fate which befell the ,persian usurper under the iron grasp and death-dealing sword of ,darius1 the son of ,hystaspes4 ,it is an old culprit1 long since marked by the sword of truth1 and doomed to perish under the blows of the genuine offspring of the noble1 ancestral chiefs in the intellectual kingdom4 ,christianity is historical and rational1 resting on the principles of contradiction and of the sufficient reason4 ,that which has occurred and which exists cannot be denied or doubted1 and must be referred to a sufficient reason and an adequate cause4 ,the facts and events of the religion of ,christ1 as well those which preceded as those which have followed his human birth1 are historically certain4 ,the flimsy hypotheses of sceptical criticism have been destroyed by critical science4 ,the penetrating acid of critical investigation1 a solvent which is destructive of all counterfeits and semblances1 has only made more manifest and clear of all accidental adhesions the real substance and imperishable solidity of the great historical structure of the primeval and universal religion4 ,the books of ,moses and his successors1 the four ,gospels and the other apostolic documents1 together with all else that is accessory and corroborative of sacred history in the genuine records and works of antiquity1 have come unscathed1 and with brighter and clearer evidence than before1 out of the restless and audacious researches of that modern school of rationalists who have sought to destroy all ancient science and belief1 to make way for a new fabric of hypothesis which they call modern science and philosophy4 ,their visionary systems stand confronted with unassailable facts and convicted of falsehood4 ,these great facts1 from the creation of man to the resurrection of ,christ1 and from his resurrection to the present1 actual existence of the ,catholic ,church1 irresistibly1 and with all the force of invincible logic1 demand the recognition of their sole1 assignable sufficient reason1 a supernatural cause4 ,it is because of this necessary connection of the great facts upon which ,christianity is founded with a supernatural cause that rationalists deny1 in so far as that is possible1 these facts4 ,but1 as they cannot deny altogether the reality of all1 they deny the principle of causality itself1 like ,hume and the whole sceptical sect of pseudo-philosophers1 or1 at least1 by their hypotheses1 ignore and subvert the principle of causality1 through the contradiction of necessary deductions from the principle which is contained in these hypotheses4 ,the fact of ,christianity cannot be denied1 because it is too immediately present and evident before the minds of all men4 ,unless one avowedly abjures reason1 it must be accounted for4 ,the hypothesis of the rationalists supposes that a young man of ,galilee1 without education1 evolved out of his own mind and the ,scriptures of the ,old ,testament a doctrine which he taught for about one year to the people of ,judea and ,galilee1 and was then crucified as a teacher of false doctrine and a disturber of the religion of his country4 ,the effect of his moral excellence and heroism in dying for his convictions1 together with that of his teaching of a few simple and sublime doctrines of theology and ethics1 was the astounding revolution which has resulted in historical ,christianity4 ,this is a theory of lunatics4 ,the birth of ,jesus precisely at the period which was the fulness of the times1 the promulgation of a universal religion which appropriated and subjected to its dominion and utility all the results of previous preparation1 combined opposite elements into a new form1 conquered and regenerated the human race2 and all the phenomena of the origin and progress of ,christianity2 prove the intervention of the same power which created the world and has governed it since the beginning4 ,the divine mission of ,jesus is proved by the work which he accomplished4 ,the precise nature and comprehension of that mission and work1 as ,god intended it1 and as ,jesus ,christ revealed it to his apostles1 is proved by the effect actually produced1 by the argument a posteriori1 from the effect to the cause4 ,the religion which actually became universal is the religion which is founded on the confession of the ,trinity1 the true and proper divinity of the ,son of ,god1 his assumption of human nature by a miraculous birth from the ,virgin1 his redemption of the human race1 fallen through the sin of the first ,adam1 by the cross1 his absolute sovereignty over the earth and the whole universe1 and his delegation of authority to the apostles under their prince and head1 ,st4 ,peter4 ,the conversion of the ,roman ,empire to this religion demands a sufficient cause1 and the only cause to which it can possibly be traced is the divine power of its founder1 ,jesus ,christ4 ,the law did not go forth from ,sion and ,jerusalem to the whole world by virtue of any power which ,judaism put forth4 ,the ,roman imperial power did not undergo a transmutation into the kingdom of ,christ4 ,catholic theology was not the fruit of ,greek philosophy1 and the regeneration of mankind was not the natural result of ,greco-,roman civilization4 ,all these forms were overmastered and supplanted by a superior force which overcame a most violent and stubborn resistance on their part4 ,they had only prepared the way1 and were destroyed when their work was done4 ,jesus ,christ proved himself to be the possessor of that divine power which had employed them to prepare his way before him1 by establishing his new kingdom upon their territory1 and making their work subservient to his own conquest and dominion4 ,rome was made the seat of his own ,vicar1 the monarch of his spiritual kingdom4 ,the thirteen great dioceses of the ,roman ,empire were parcelled out to the great princes of the church1 the patriarchs1 exarchs1 and primates1 who received a delegated share of the supremacy of the ,sovereign ,pontiff of the city of ,rome4 ,the great provincial cities were made the seats of the metropolitans1 and the thousands of minor cities the sees of the bishops of the ,catholic ,church4 ,this great work was substantially accomplished within three centuries from the death and resurrection and ascension of ,jesus ,christ4 ,one must be demented not to recognize a supernatural cause for this effect1 and1 as directed by and concurring with this first1 supreme1 efficient cause1 a chain-work of second causes extending through all previous history backward to the origin of the human race and of the great nations of the earth4 ,mgr4 ,delille1 ,bishop of ,rodez1 thus contrasts the theory of universal history which presents the incarnation of the divine ,word as the central fact of the whole circle of human events with that of modern rationalism3 8,in presence of all the remains of the past actions of the human race which are buried in the catacombs of history1 only two theories can be found by which to account for them--the theory of chance or fatalism1 and the theory of a divine plan4 8,the first explains nothing1 because it professedly ignores the final destination of humanity4 ,sitting amid the ruins1 with its back turned to the future1 it contents itself with making an inventory of the bones of the defunct generations1 and weighing their dust4 ,as the conclusion of this fruitless and melancholy work1 it says3 ,things were thus and so1 because they had to be so2 they are either games of chance or evolutions of the universal substance4 ,it is quite otherwise with that theory derived from the revelation of the divine plan by the way of faith1 in which all the events of the world are viewed as an execution of a pre-conceived design of ,providence1 being nothing else than the restoration of fallen humanity by the ,mediator4 ,this is the true philosophy of history1 illuminating the past of which it furnishes the explanation1 and the future of which it gives foresight4 ,in accordance with its results1 the ancient era of the world can be defined1 the preparation for the reign of the ,messias1 and the modern era1 the reign of the ,messias40 ,in this present article it is especially some parts of the preparation which immediately preceded the epoch of the ,messias that are presented to the reader's consideration4 ,it is one of the most interesting and useful fields of exploration upon which any one who has taste and time for solid reading can enter4 ,there are not wanting in our modern literature some excellent works in which the desirable information can be obtained4 ,in the ,german language the ,universal ,history of ,leo1 in the first part1 on ancient history1 presents a condensed but most complete1 learned1 and philosophical sketch of the great historical events of the pre-,christian period1 conceived entirely in accordance with the idea we have here endeavored to present4 ,in ,french1 the ,history of the ,universal ,church1 by ,rohrbacher1 has remarkable merit in this respect and is very full in its details4 ,this subject is treated most explicitly and comprehensively in a work by ,m4 l',abb ,louis ,leroy1 entitled ,philosophie ,catholique de l',histoire4 ,in ,english the learned works of ,father ,thbaud1 and a recent one entitled ,de ,ecclesi et ,cathedr1 by ,colin ,lindsay1 are especially valuable4 ,as a ,french bishop1 ,mgr4 ,angebault1 of ,angers1 has said3 8,for the last hundred years an effort has been kept up to make history lie by perverting it2 it is requisite that men of learning and sound faith should bring it back into the right path from which it has been drawn away40 ,history1 like all the treasures of the past1 belongs to ,christianity and the ,catholic ,church4 ,a few years ago some marbles belonging to ,nero1 which had been laid aside and become buried under the accumulated deposit of ages1 were unearthed1 and became the property of ,pius ,,ix4 as sovereign of ,rome2 who made use of them for decorating a church4 ,in like manner it is our right to claim all the costly materials we can find and dig out of the dust of all foregoing centuries1 and our duty to use them in adorning the walls of the temple of ,god on earth1 his universal and eternal church4 ,,st4 ,,ceadda4 ,hark6 what sweet sounds beneath these lonely skies6 ,st4 ,mary's ,convent deep in yonder dell ,lies hidden4 ,echoes thus the minster bell ,through the thin air8 or hear we litanies ,that1 sung by monks at even-song1 arise ,and heavenward1 full of holy rapture1 swell8 ,no2 but within the walls of yonder cell1 ,where1 near his death1 ,god's faithful servant lies1 ,led by his brother's soul1 an angel throng ,welcomes ,st4 ,chad1 whose prayerful life is o'er4 ,his feet shall tread the ,mercian vales no more4 ,his work is done4 ,hark6 fainter sounds their song1 ,while his glad spirit leaves its frame outworn1 ,and homeward turns1 on seraph-wings upborne4 ,,the ,,home-,,rule ,,candidate4 ,a ,,story ,,of 8,,new ,,ireland40 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,rivals4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,little ,,chapel ,,at ,,monamullin10 8,,the ,,romance ,,of ,a ,,portmanteau10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,on the return to ,kilkenley ,i placed my guest beside ,father ,o',dowd in the car1 as ,i saw that the former was bursting with impatience to get at the ,home-,rule question4 ,during the luncheon he had made several ineffectual attempts at drawing out the priest1 which were deftly shunted off in favor of lighter subjects2 but having extracted a promise from ,father ,o',dowd that during the drive he would discuss the 8idea0 with him1 no sooner had the horse commenced to tear up the gravel in the little lawn than the member for ,doodleshire opened fire by asking if there was any real issue at stake in the question4 8,what is ,home ,rule8 ,is it ,fenianism veiled or unveiled8 ,is it ,repeal8 ,is it less than ,repeal or more than ,repeal8 ,is it a surrender or--ahem6--a compromise of the national demand1 or is it a demand founded upon the--ahem6--supposed necessities of the country at this present time80 8,i must go back a little in order to reply to your queries2 as the ,french say1 ,il faut reculer pour mieux sauter--one must draw back a little1 in order to make a better spring4 ,you have heard1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 that the law of defeats separates the vanquished into two or three well-defined parties or sections3 one party more bitter in opposition than ever1 one party quietly put out of the way1 who retire upon their shields1 and a little party who recognize no defeat4 ,this is just the outcome in ,ireland of forty-eight and forty-nine4 ,the ,young ,ireland movement in forty-eight was never national in dimensions or acceptance--0 8,thrue for ye1 father darlint10 exclaimed ,peter ,o',brien from his coigne of vantage1 and whose heart and soul were in the discussion4 8,the boys wasn't riz properly40 ,without noticing the interruption ,father ,o',dowd continued3 8,o',connell's movement was from forty-two to forty-four2 but from that date1 although ,smith ,o',brien and ,john ,mitchel came to the front1 the country was not at their back40 8,did not the ,young ,irelanders break with ,o',connell on a war policy80 8,that is a fallacy4 ,they had no war policy1 nor had he4 ,it was the blaze of revolution lighted in ,paris in forty-eight that set men on fire here4 ,they seceded from ,o',connell on the point of the celebrated test resolutions1 which declared it would not be lawful to take up arms for the recovery of national rights4 ,the non-acceptance of this declaration led to the ,irish ,confederation4 ,the confederates were decidedly unpopular1 especially after the death of ,o',connell1 whose demise was laid at their door1 and they themselves became the victims of secession4 ,john ,mitchel and his following were for preparing the people for war against ,england4 ,thus we had three parties and no real national movement4 ,when ,paris hurled ,louis ,philippe from the throne1 the pulse of ,ireland became intensely agitated1 and two schools of insurrectionists were to be found in the new insurrectionary party3 one that declared that ,smith ,o',brien wanted a rose-water revolution1 the other that ,mitchel was a ,red and wanted a ,jacquerie4 ,the refusal to rise for the release of ,mitchel led to bad blood1 and the subsequent rising resulted in a fiasco4 ,the men who ordered it had no command from the nation1 and were but a fraction of a fraction40 8,were you opposed to them1 father--,i mean your order80 8,assuredly not in a combative sense1 but in the sense of a decided disapproval of the insurrection4 ,they had also against them the bulk of the ,repeal millions40 8,but the cities--0 8,yes1 the cities became imbued with the spirit of the revolution and a desire to see it out1 but1 beyond their national antipathy to ,english rule1 the rural population had little or no participation in the forty-eight movement40 8,they wor aisy enough beyant in ,kilpeddher1 where they bet ,mickey ,rooney wud his own pike-handle an' called him a bladdher-um-skite1 no less10 cried my coachman4 8,peter1 be good enough to keep your observations to yourself10 ,i said1 struggling with a laugh4 8,faix ,i will1 thin1 ,masther ,freddy1 for sorra a word the darlint father is spakin' ,i'd like for to lose4 ,but as for th' other omadhaun10 lowering his voice to a confidential whisper1 8,i'd as lave be spakin' to--0 8,silence60 8,after the forty-eight movement had exhausted itself in transportations and expatriations10 continued ,father ,o',dowd1 8and the flower of ,ireland's intellect and patriotism was literally pining away in ,england's penal settlements1 the gaze of the country turned instinctively toward one man1 ,charles ,gavan ,duffy1 and behind him crouched the terrible problem3 #8,what next8'0 8,is this--ahem6--the ,mr4 ,duffy who holds a somewhat prominent position in ,victoria80 8,only that of prime minister10 laughed the priest4 8,and what was his--ahem6--policy in the crisis you mention80 8,a retreat all along the line4 ,he tried the original ,irish ,confederation policy1 but received no support4 ,he at last got together a party under the banner of #8tenant right4' ,this was a move that brought the ,presbyterians of ,ulster to take counsel with the ,catholics of ,munster2 it brought ,repealers1 and ,anti-,repealers1 and men of every shade of politics and religion upon one common platform1 and an organization was formed to compel ,parliament to pass a measure which would prevent the eviction of the tenant farmer1 except for the non-payment of rent1 and to prevent also the arbitrary raising of the rent40 8,that's me jewel60 cried ,peter1 in an ecstasy of approbation4 8,faix ye'd think it was on th' althar he was40 ,this latter observation being addressed to me4 8,you flooded us in the ,house1 if ,i remember--ahem6--rightly1 with a very strange set of representatives as the outcome of this movement10 observed ,mr4 ,hawthorne4 8,yes1 we sent you about thirty-five or forty members1 returned at the instance of the ,tenant ,league and to work out its programme4 ,they used the new shibboleth to suit their own ends1 and many of them being both corrupt and dishonest1 the pass was sold and the party bought up through its leaders1 ,sadlier and ,keogh4 ,some of us thought it was a goodly step in the right direction to see ,catholics on the bench1 and lulled our consciences with this soporific2 but the cause of the poor tenant was lost1 and we grasped the shadow while the substance floated beyond our reach40 8,the curse o' ,crummle on ,sadlier and ,billy ,keogh6 ,amin10 muttered ,peter4 8,a cohort of the exasperated section of the forty-eight party now came to the front1 who1 seeing the utter and shameful defeat of the ,gavan-,duffy following1 instantly raised their voices for war to the knife1 war to the bitter end1 and out of this cry arose the ,fenian movement40 8,i should like to hear your ideas upon this insane movement10 observed the ,m4,p41 endeavoring to face ,father ,o',dowd1 and succeeding only in jerking himself partly off the car1 to the hand-rail of which he clung with the tenacity of an octopus4 8,what support did it receive80 8,it did not represent anything like the full force of ,irish patriotism1 or even1 indeed1 a considerable portion of it4 ,the bulk of the millions who believed in ,o',connell and ,smith ,o',brien stood with folded arms outside this movement4 ,its policy was disbelieved in1 although the ,fenians worked with an energy worthy of the highest admiration1 while an honest1 manly1 self-sacrificing spirit of patriotism marked the men who were its martyrs4 ,never did braver men stand in the dock2 and to the ,fenians ,ireland owes that stirring up of public opinion upon ,irish subjects which hitherto had slumbered in a masterly inactivity4 ,you see1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 as we say at whist1 ,i am leading up to your strong suit1 and if ,i have been a little prolix--0 8,my dear sir1 ,i am receiving more information than the ,bodleian ,library or all the blue-books could possibly give me40 8,sorra a lie in that6 ,ah6 wud ye80 ,the latter addressed to the horse1 in order to parry my inevitable censure4 8,well1 sir10 continued the priest after he had duly acknowledged the compliment bestowed upon him by my guest1 8we had arrived at that stage when1 as ,phdrus says3 ,gratis anhelans1 multo agendo nihil agens4 ,we had been checkmated1 and ,britannia smiled contemptuously at us from behind the glistening bayonets of the regiments with which she flooded the country4 ,it was again the horrors of the lash and triangle1 loathsome details of the treachery of informers and prosecutors1 the chain-gangs at ,portland and ,chatham1 and the terrible outrages inflicted upon men whose only fault lay in loving ,ireland not wisely but too well4 ,i shall pass over that1 because there is a wicked beat underneath my waistcoat1 and cur leves loquuntur1 ingentes stupent4 ,i shall come at once to the question of ,home ,rule and dismiss it briefly2 for there is the stable dome of ,kilkenley right over beyond that group of firs40 8,yev more nor a quarther av an hour1 yer riverince1 for the baste's purty well bet up40 8,five minutes will do me1 ,peter10 laughed ,father ,o',dowd4 8,the ,irish passion for national existence still glowed in our bosoms1 and we cried for light4 ,a field for ,irish devotion and heroism was what was wanted4 ,we were sick of the hecatombs of victims offered up by the last sad effort4 ,as you are well aware1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 the ,tory party came into power during the ,fenian scare1 and they went to their work in a spirit which would have shamed ,oliver ,cromwell himself4 ,they fined1 fettered1 imprisoned1 and hanged1 until a glut of vengeance seemed an impossibility4 #8,this is my chance1' says ,mr4 ,gladstone4 #8,i'll make capital out of this ,fenian scare1 and1 dashing at the ,church ,establishment1 ,i'll gather in the straying bands which once formed the rank and file of the liberal party4 ,england wants a salve1 and when she finds herself doing a virtuous thing she will purge her conscience of all her recent evil-doing4'0 8,i never heard of ,mr4 ,gladstone's having used those words10 exclaimed the member for ,doodleshire pompously4 8,if he had used them in the ,house1 they would have been ordered to be taken down by the ,speaker40 8,they are my words1 not ,mr4 ,gladstone's40 8,blur an' ages60 began ,peter ,o',brien1 but1 upon my administering no light touch of the whip to his shoulders1 he suddenly pulled himself in4 8,now1 ,i ax ye1 ,masther ,freddy1 isn't that the hoighth1 now--the hoighth av an ignoraymus8 ,why1 a turf creel--0 8,silence1 sir60 ,i exclaimed1 in a frenzy of terror lest my guest should by any possibility overhear him4 8,with the war-whoop of #8,down with the ,irish ,church6' ,mr4 ,gladstone bounded into office at the head of a majority only equalled by that of ,sir ,robert ,peel in forty-one1 and1 with the faculty of persuading himself into a fervid conscientiousness upon any subject he likes1 he flung himself body and soul into the disestablishment of the church established in ,ireland4 ,at this uprose the ,irish ,protestants1 who declared that1 as faith had been broken with them by the ,english government1 they would repeal the ,union by way of retaliation1 and kick another crown into the ,boyne4 #8,break with us1' said they1 #8and we'll break with you4 ,we'll become ,irishmen first and anything else afterwards4' ,well1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 the ,irish ,church was disestablished--0 8,i am happy to say that my humble vote was recorded in favor of that measure10 interrupted the ,m4,p4 8,more power to ye for that1 anyhow10 muttered ,peter4 8,and a good vote it was1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne4 ,well1 sir1 the ,irish ,protestants were in a craze of indignation1 and eagerly sought a vent for their feelings of revenge4 ,they wouldn't touch ,fenianism1 and their minds insensibly reverted to eighty-two1 and to such ,protestants as ,grattan1 ,flood1 ,curran1 and ,charlemont4 ,some of our most influential ,protestant countrymen were now prepared to take up the cudgels--peers1 dignitaries of the ,protestant ,church1 large landed proprietors1 bankers1 merchants1 deputy lieutenants1 and even fellows of ,trinity ,college4 ,this was no ,falstaffian army1 no mere food for powder1 but a band of men who had a vast property at stake in the country1 who saw a thousand reasons why ,irishmen alone should regulate ,irish affairs4 ,and now ,mr4 ,butt comes upon the stage40 8,the sorra a shupayriorer man in the counthry10 observed ,peter1 despite my previous admonition4 8,an'1 be the mortial1 me own first cousin wud have got six months for delayin' ,jim ,fogarty's ould ram from goin' home wan night1 an' he as innocint as a cluckin' hin1 av it wasn't for the shupayrior spakin' av ,counsellor ,butt4 #8,there isn't a bigger rogue in the barony1 me lord1' sez he1 addhressin' the binch1 #8but this wanst1 me lord1 he wasn't in it at all1 at all4' ,that's what ,i call spakin' up40 8,mr4 ,butt1 in addition to defending ,peter ,o',brien's kinsman10 said ,father ,o',dowd1 8was called to the front from an obscurity into which a wild recklessness had hurled him1 to defend the ,fenian prisoners in sixty-five4 ,mr4 ,butt became then a centre figure1 and through the meetings of the ,amnesty ,association1 larger than any since ,tara and ,mullaghmast1 a centre figure he remained4 ,the ,protestants1 who now chafed under the disestablishment1 were many of them ,butt's old comrades1 college chums1 and political associates1 and to them he turned1 urging them no longer to act the secondary rle of an ,english garrison4 #8,act boldly and promptly now1' he said in one of his powerful addresses1 #8and you will save ,ireland from revolutionary violence on the one side and from alien misgovernment on the other4 ,you1 like myself1 have been early trained to mistrust the ,catholic multitude1 but when you come to know them you will admire them4 ,they are not anarchists1 nor would they be revolutionists if men like you would but do your duty and lead them--that is1 honestly and faithfully and capably lead them--in the struggle for constitutional liberty4' ,mr4 ,butt made a great impression1 but of course was met with the old cry of #8wolf1' #8,catholic ascendency1' #8the tools of the priests1' #8yoke of ,rome1' and all that sort of low ,orange claptrap4 ,the incidents of the defeat of #8honest ,john ,martin' for ,longford are too recent to bore you with now1 but in that election you saw a ,catholic people fighting their own clergy1 who had foolishly pledged themselves to support the ,fulke-,greville-,nugent candidate1 as vehemently as they and their own clergy had ever fought the ,tory landlords4 ,it was an exceptional and painful incident1 but it vindicated both priests and people from the unworthy sneers to which ,i have just alluded4 ,you are familiar with the meeting in ,dublin held under the presidency of a ,protestant lord mayor1 and the resolution enthusiastically adopted that the true remedy for the evils of ,ireland was an ,irish ,parliament4 ,and now1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 having given you an owre true but also an owre lang tale1 ,i am happy to find ourselves within hail of the hospitable roof of ,kilkenley1 and--yes1 to be sure1 there are the ladies awaiting our arrival upon the steps40 8,av that discoorse isn't aiqual to the ,house o' ,lords1 ,i'm an omadhaun10 was ,peter's muttered observation as we rattled gaily up to the house4 99 99 99 99 99 8,papa is enchanted with the priest10 said ,miss ,hawthorne4 ,it was just before dinner1 and we were standing upon a small balcony overlooking the lawn4 ,the moon was rising in all the consciousness of her harvest beauty4 8,i am so glad40 8,he says that his reverence has the ,irish question at his fingers' ends1 and gave him more information than a dozen ,commons debates or ten dozen editions of ,hansard4 ,we are going over to visit ,father ,o',dowd1 are we not80 ,what induced me to say3 8,i shall send you with great pleasure08 8,send us6 ,are you not coming80 8,i fear not4 ,welstone will go4 ,he is much better company40 ,what a boy ,i was6 ,she looked at me in a puzzled1 inquiring sort of way4 8,what a glorious moon60 ,i said1 bitterness in my heart4 8,don't you find it a little chilly80 was her reply1 as she turned into the drawing-room4 ,my own1 shall ,i call it temper1 or insanity1 or what8 lost me this chance1 for which ,i had been longing with such fervent yearning4 ,i felt terribly irritated with myself and angered against her4 ,she should have expressed sorrow at my being prevented from going over to ,father ,o',dowd's4 ,had she cared one brass farthing she would have declined the expedition2 but instead of this she silently accepted ,welstone's ciceroneship1 and exclaiming1 8,don't you find it a little chilly80 left me standing all alone1 like the idiot that ,i was4 ,and yet had ,i not acted strangely1 rudely1 in intimating my intention of remaining at ,kilkenley8 ,was ,i not her host1 and should ,i not make every effort within the scope of my power to render her visit as agreeable as possible8 ,i followed her into the drawing-room4 ,the light of two moderateur lamps muffled in pink shades threw a delightfully tender glow all over the apartment4 ,our furniture was very old-fashioned4 ,it bad all been purchased when my great-grandmother had been brought home1 and was esteemed a wonder of its kind then4 ,the rosewood settees and spider-legged chairs were upholstered in the richest flowered brocade1 very faded now1 but highly respectable in their antiquity4 ,the mirrors were oval in gilt frames1 an eagle holding a chain1 to which was appended a golden ball1 surmounting each4 ,a sofa large enough to seat a dozen people in a row graced one wall1 while a thin old-fashioned card-table1 over which many hundreds of guineas had changed hands1 adorned the other4 ,in the alcove1 in a stiff1 formal1 uncompromising arm-chair1 so utterly different from the inviting lounges of to-day1 sat ,mabel1 turning over the leaves of a scrap-book that had been made up by my grandmother4 ,dressed in simple white1 with a sprig of forget-me-not in her golden hair1 she looked so lovely that my heart flew to her4 8,i hope you haven't caught cold4 ,shall ,i close the window1 ,miss ,hawthorne80 8,oh6 dear1 no2 it was just a passing sensation1 a shiver40 8,somebody was treading upon your grave10 ,i said1 alluding to the popular superstition4 8,what do you mean by that80 she asked4 ,when ,i had told her1 8,i should like to know where ,i shall be interred40 8,i know where ,i shall be1 if ,i am not hanged or lost at sea40 8,where80 8,in the little churchyard close by2 it's in the domain40 8,are all your family interred there80 8,we have head-stones since #afej4 ,cromwell's troopers destroyed everything1 digging up the graves in the hope of finding armlets and golden ornaments of our race40 8,i should like to visit the churchyard40 8,by moonlight80 ,i said laughingly4 8,oh6 yes4 8#8,if thou wouldst view fair ,melrose aright1 ,go visit it by the pale moonlight1' sings ,scott40 8,your wish shall be gratified40 8,when80 ,at this moment ,mr4 ,hawthorne entered the room1 carrying in his hand two telegrams4 8,startling news60 he exclaimed4 8,what is it1 papa80 asked his daughter somewhat affrightedly4 8,nothing alarming1 my dear40 ,turning to me1 8,your county member is dead40 8,dead80 ,i cried4 8,dropped dead on the steps of the ,carlton ,club40 8,is it ,mr4 ,bromly de ,ruthven80 8,yes40 8,that's awfully sudden4 ,i had a visit from him not ten days ago4 ,he was quite a young man1 and1 for his party1 a rising one40 8,i cannot agree with you there1 ,mr4 ,fitzgerald10 said my guest in his usual pompous style4 8,his speech--if speech it might be called--on the malt question was a tissue of illogical absurdity4 ,but now1 ,mabel1 ,i have a big surprise for you4 ,the great conservative party--,i call them great1 sir1 although in opposition--have not been idle1 and already has a candidate been selected40 8,that's rather quick work1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne40 8,military machinery1 sir--one man down1 the next man forward4 ,and whom do you think they have selected1 ,mabel80 8,how should ,i know1 papa80 8,guess40 8,i cannot4 ,some of the rejected at the last dissolution40 8,no2 guess again4 ,a friend of yours40 8,a friend of mine80 somewhat surprised4 8,a particular friend1 who telegraphs me to say that he will arrive here to-morrow10 with a knowing smile4 ,i guessed the name4 ,my heart told it me with a pang of envy4 8,not ,wynwood ,melton80 she said4 8,the very man60 ,i knew it4 8,i'm so glad60 she cried1 clapping her dainty hands together4 8,it will be great fun to have him in the house6 ,what capital imitations he will give us of ,gladstone1 ,disraeli1 ,bright1 and ,whalley6 ,and what stories6 ,mr4 ,fitzgerald10 she added with considerable earnestness1 8you must vote for him40 ,i think ,i was about to pledge myself to do so1 forgetful of the dire consequences of such a proceeding on my part1 when her father interrupted3 8,he cannot1 my dear4 ,mr4 ,fitzgerald is one of us--a liberal40 8,i am a liberal10 she laughed4 8,i presume he will have a walk-over10 said ,mr4 ,hawthorne4 8,who will have a walk-over80 asked ,father ,o',dowd1 who had entered unperceived4 8,my friend1 ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton40 8,for a seat in ,parliament80 8,yes40 8,is there a vacancy80 8,yes40 8,in an ,irish constituency80 8,you have not heard the news1 then80 8,not a word2 and ,i may exclaim with ,horace1 ,est brevitate opus1 ut currat sententia40 8,well1 reverend sir1 your county member1 ,mr4 ,bromly de ,ruthven1 is dead40 8,dead60 8,dead1 sir4 ,and ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton is to have a walk-over40 8,is he80 asked ,father ,dowd with a quiet smile4 8,who says so80 8,well1 ,i suppose so4 ,he is young1 clever1 rich1 and1 better than all1 the nominee of the ,carlton ,club1 which means1 of course1 the ,de ,ruthven interest40 ,the priest gave a short laugh4 8,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton will not have a walk-over2 ,i promise you that4 ,neither will he win the election2 ,i promise you that1 too40 8,is there another candidate in the field80 8,there will be1 please ,god40 8,are you at liberty to name him80 8,i shall name him now1 as ,i mean to carry the county for him2 and10 taking me by the shoulder1 8a very good figure he will cut in ,st4 ,stephen's40 ,my heart gave one beat backward4 ,of name and fame ,i thought nothing4 ,to defeat ,wynwood ,melton ,i would give half my life4 ,here was a chance--one of those marvellous chances which the whirl of the wheel turns out occasionally to fit into the exact moment4 ,it was a high stake1 but ,i would play for it4 ,it was my solitary hope for an advantage over the man whom ,mabel ,hawthorne loved4 ,yes1 ,i would stand the hazard of the die4 8,mr4 ,fitzgerald dislikes politics10 observed ,mabel4 8,you may bring a horse to the water1 but you can't make him drink10 added her father4 8,besides1 he will not be ungallant enough to oppose my nominee10 she laughed4 8,i shall be greatly disappointed if my young friend will not stand in the gap for the old county and the old faith10 said ,father ,o',dowd4 8,how can you expect to carry him in the teeth of the overwhelming majority which the conservatives possess in this county80 asked the ,m4,p4 8,thank ,heaven6 we have the ballot1 and now or never is the time to try its efficacy40 8,well1 ,mr4 ,fitzgerald1 may ,i hope to meet you in ,st4 ,stephen's80 asked my guest4 8,you may40 8,to oppose my nominee80 8,yes40 ,i braved even her displeasure in my agony of anxiety to cross swords with my rival4 8,bravissimo60 cried ,father ,o',dowd4 8,the day is ours4 ,i knew you had the ,fitzgerald pluck1 dashed with the hot blood of the ,ormondes4 ,i look upon victory as certain4 ,all the tenants on the ,de ,ruthven estate are good ,catholics and will vote with us--,i know it4 ,all the ,derryslaghnagaun people will come up to a man4 ,father ,brady and ,father ,tim ,duffy will work the northern side of the county2 ,father ,quaid and ,father ,ted ,walsh will carry the southern side2 ,i'll take the ,ballytore district1 and--but no details now2 dinner1 and then ,i'm off4 ,we'll send the #8hard word' round like wild-fire1 and1 ,miss ,mabel1 you'll see real ,irish bonfires on the hills to-morrow night4 ,tell your friend to stay where he is1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne2 for with ,virgil ,i may say1 ,animum pictura pascit inani4 ,why1 ,i feel like a war-horse3 8#8,my soul's in arms1 and eager for the fray4'0 8,what's all this about80 asked my mother4 8,allow me to present to you the ,hon4 ,frederick ,fitzgerald ,ormonde1 ,m4,p410 gaily exclaimed ,father ,o',dowd1 informing her in a few words of what had happened and what was expected to happen4 8,god bless my boy60 she faltered1 and1 bursting into tears1 kissed me as if ,i had been in my cradle4 ,it was a moment of fierce inner glow4 ,i almost tasted the sweets of victory--of victory over ,mabel1 for whom1 had ,i consulted my own self1 ,i would have sacrificed anything--everything4 8,we haven't a minute to lose10 exclaimed my ,mentor1 all ablaze with excitement4 8,we shall have to rush out and fight helter-skelter4 ,a surprise has been sprung upon us4 ,oh6 for one week4 ,my brave people will be taken at a disadvantage if we be not up and stirring4 ,every dexterity will be used to outwit us1 every dodge resorted to1 bribery especially4 ,we must arrange committees in every town and village to sit en permanence until you are elected4 ,we must have special messengers by the hundred4 ,ormonde1 you will place all your horses at my disposal4 ,north1 south1 east1 and west we must nail the ,home-,rule flag to the mast4 ,north1 south1 east1 and west the cry ,pro aris et focis must go forth4 ,this is our first genuine election under the ballot4 ,we allowed ourselves to be cozened by false promises when ,mr4 ,gladstone sprung his mine last year1 but now the ballot1 and free and fearless voting4 ,no more coercion1 no more intimidation by landlords1 no more bullying or bribing4 ,at last we have a chance of freeing the country from the yoke which has been put upon its neck for centuries1 and now we have a chance of letting its voice be heard and to pass a verdict on the ,act of ,union40 8,i do wish ,mr4 ,melton was not in the field against you10 almost whispered ,mabel as ,i led her into dinner4 ,there was a something in her tone1 like a faint note in melody1 that vibrated through me4 ,what was it8 ,father ,o',dowd would only swallow a few mouthfuls of food4 8,up1 guards1 and at them6 ,eh1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne80 8,the duke never uttered those words4 ,i can give you exactly what occurred4 ,when ,napoleon was advancing at the head of the remnant of his shattered army the duke--0 8,excuse me1 my dear sir1 but ,i have to marshal an army for my ,waterloo4 ,animum curis nunc huc1 nunc dividit illuc--this way and that way my anxious mind is turning4 ,ormonde1 you'll come over to me to-morrow1 and be prepared to address a meeting of your constituents4 ,don't be later than one o'clock4 ,and now sans adieux all60 ,and the worthy priest1 buttoning up his ulster1 sprang upon the car4 ,in vain we implored of him to stay4 ,in vain ,i asked to be permitted to accompany him4 ,no4 8,i am all aflame10 he cried4 8,i go to light a fire that will not be extinguished until the high-sheriff is compelled to declare a ,catholic and a ,home-,ruler the member for this ,orangest of all ,orange counties4 ,i feel like one inspired4 ,nemo vir magnus sine aliquo afflatu divino unquam fuit40 ,and with this quotation ringing in our ears ,father ,o',dowd sped upon his mission out into the night4 8,an' so yer goin' for to be the mimber8 ,good luck to ye1 ,masther ,fred darlint60 exclaimed ,peter ,o',brien1 who was wild with delight at the intelligence1 regarding the election as a foregone conclusion4 8,i hope so1 ,peter40 8,for to repale the ,union1 ,masther ,fred80 8,not quite so fast1 ,peter40 8,och1 murther60 he groaned1 with disappointment delineated in every feature4 8,i thought ye wor for tee-total separation like ,dan40 8,i'll go as near to it as ,i can40 8,do1 avic2 an' begorr1 av ye don't take the consait out av some av thim on th' other side1 ,i'm a boneen1 no less4 ,mind the dalin' thrick1 and keep your thumb on the ace av hearts--the card that always is thrumps40 ,on the following morning1 as ,i was preparing for my drive over to ,father ,o',dowd's1 and endeavoring to pull my ideas together on the burning topic of the hour1 my mind being a prey to love1 jealousy1 politics1 and despair-a crushing mlange--an outside car whirled up the avenue1 and gracefully lounging upon the back cushion1 attired in the fulness of fashionable travelling costume1 a cigar in his mouth1 and dainty lavender-colored kid gloves upon his hands1 sat1 or lay1 ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton4 ,i recognized him even before he came within clear eye-shot1 and1 despite my bitter feeling against him1 could not help paying him an involuntary tribute of admiration4 ,i knew what brought him to ,kilkenley4 ,it was not to seek my vote1 it was not to visit ,mr4 ,hawthorne--it was to see ,mabel2 and now1 with a dull1 dead ache at my heart1 ,i should play host to my rival in love and my opponent in the hustings4 ,i hastened downstairs and met him in the hall4 ,i resolved that no one should come between me and my devoir as a gentleman4 ,melton was a pale1 finely-featured1 almost effeminate-looking young fellow1 whose ,henri ,quatre beard and thin1 dark moustache set off a round1 carefully-groomed head--one of those heads that reveal the execution done by double brushes and hand-mirrors1 as a woman's bespeaks the delicate manipulations of the fille de chambre4 ,he was quite pictorial in his get-up1 from a ,vandyke collar to black velveteen coat1 knee-breeches1 purple stockings1 and shoes with great strings almost resembling those coquettish rosettes so much in vogue with ladies whom nature has blessed with ,lilliputian feet4 ,he might1 but for his soft plaid woollen ulster1 have represented one of the old portraits of my ancestors that hung in the dining-room2 and as he stood thus ,i could not avoid contrasting my own homely appearance with his1 and bitterly flinging the heavy odds into the scale against myself4 8,mr4 ,melton80 ,i said4 8,yaas10 with a drawl and a bow4 8,you are welcome to ,kilkenley10 extending my hand4 8,mr4 ,ormonde6 ,ah6 glad to meet you4 ,what a drive ,i've had1 over such roads and such a vehicle6 ,caun't say ,i like your cars4 ,per ,bacco6 one's spine gets divided into sections during the drive4 ,you've got old ,hawthorne here4 ,i suppose he has bored you to death4 ,i expected to find this place like the enchanted wood--everybody asleep1 even the princess40 8,whom you would like to awaken as in the fairy tale10 ,i added bitterly4 8,don't care for kissing4 ,how does ,miss ,hawthorne like this precious country80 8,i assume she will like it all the better for your arrival40 ,i was going to resent the impertinence1 but withheld the burning retort that rose to my lips4 ,a self-sufficient smile appeared as he almost yawned3 8,i should hope so40 ,at this moment ,mabel appeared upon the steps4 8,ah6 ,mr4 ,melton10 she exclaimed1 a bright1 happy flush upon her lovely face2 8this is a surprise10 shaking hands with him4 8,agreeable80 8,of course4 ,you have introduced yourself1 ,i see1 to ,mr4 ,ormonde40 8,how's the governor80 not noticing her observation4 8,papa is wonderfully well2 his trip has agreed with him merveille4 ,he will be able to encounter the late hours of the coming session without flinching40 8,they shau'n't catch me sitting up1 except at the club4 ,you know what brought me over80 8,oh6 dear1 yes40 8,i saw the ,de ,ruthven lot1 and1 as ,i could have been elected without leaving ,london1 ,i'm doosid sorry ,i came away1 except10 he added1 8for the pleasure of seeing you40 8,are you quite sure of being returned80 she asked4 8,rather10 with a quiet1 self-satisfied smile4 ,miss ,hawthorne glanced at me4 8,you are to be opposed10 ,i said4 8,haw6 haw60 he laughed4 8,that for opposition10 flinging away his cigar-butt4 8,but ,i tell you it will be a fierce fight1 ,mr4 ,melton10 exclaimed ,mabel4 8,you've got a foeman worthy of your steel40 8,some cad of a farmer's son or a briefless ,irish barrister4 ,ireland wants ,englishmen to sit for her and upon her40 8,i am going to oppose you1 ,mr4 ,melton10 my heart beating very fast as ,i uttered the words4 8,aw60 ,and extracting an eye-glass from the folds of his coat1 he deliberately stuck it in his eye and coolly surveyed me from head to foot4 ,i would have knocked him heels over head1 if ,miss ,hawthorne had not been present4 8,fire away10 he said2 8but1 if you take my advice1 you will not run your head against a stone wall40 8,and if you take my advice10 ,i hotly retorted1 8you'll take the next train en route for ,london1 for you have come upon a bootless errand40 8,nous allons voir10 with a shrug4 8,yes1 we shall see the outcome40 8,you don't mean to go on80 8,to the bitter end40 8,the sinews of war are at my command40 8,the sinews of the county are at mine2 but come10 ,i added1 suddenly recollecting my position of host1 8let us talk the coming campaign over a cutlet and a bottle of champagne40 ,we entered the house together4 ,mr4 ,hawthorne met us in the hall4 8,glad to see you1 ,wynwood1 although10 with a ponderous laugh1 8,i find you in the camp of the enemy40 ,as ,i proceeded cellarwards to look up the wine ,i heard ,mr4 ,melton say3 8,that cad2 ,i'll lick him into a cocked hat40 8,you'll eat those words1 my fine fellow10 ,i muttered1 8or my name isn't ,ormonde2 and for every sneer against ,ireland you'll have my riding-whip across your shoulders40 ,i couldn't play the hypocrite1 ,i couldn't act the ,arab1 and1 while sharing bread and salt with mine enemy1 plot his downfall as soon as he quitted my tent2 so1 making a very plausible excuse1 ,i betook myself to my gay little dog-cart1 and was about to give the mare her head when ,peter ,o',brien whispered to me3 8,isn't that the spalpeen that's cum over for to thry a fall wud ye1 ,masther ,fred80 8,that is ,mr4 ,melton10 ,i replied4 8,that's enough4 ,the boys is waitin' for to ketch him below at the crass-roads2 and faix it's little he'll be thinkin' av ,parlimint if ,teddy ,delaney wanst gets a rowl out av him40 8,peter10 ,i said1 8if there is any insult offered to ,mr4 ,melton while on my land1 ,i'll take it as to myself1 and ,i will not contest the county4 ,i pledge my honor to this40 8,shure a little bit av a fight wudn't be amiss40 8,i won't have it40 8,the pond below is convaynient40 8,silence1 sir60 8,tim ,moriarty1 the boy that dhruv him from the station1 only wants the word for to land him in ,brierly's ,pool0--a great slimy ditch about half a mile from the gate lodge4 ,i'm afraid ,i swore at my retainer4 8,wirra1 wirra6 is there to be no divarshin at all1 at all80 he muttered to himself as ,i ordered him to let go the mare's head4 ,miss ,hawthorne suddenly appeared upon the steps4 8,bon voyage10 she gaily cried4 8,go where glory waits you40 8,i am going to lick that cad into a cocked hat60 ,i fiercely shouted1 dashing from her presence like a lightning-bolt4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,regionalism ,,versus ,,political ,,unity ,,in ,,italy4#a ,matters do not run smoothly in ,united ,italy4 ,there is a screw of considerable magnitude loose in the national machine4 ,it jerks in its motion1 pitches1 staggers1 and men who affect a knowledge of the mechanism of nations predict for ,italy--unless the screw adverted to receive proper attention--a dead1 disastrous standstill4 ,there are fashions in politics nowadays1 as there are in the styles of dress1 just as capricious1 just as irrational1 equally expensive in their own sphere1 but unconscionably malicious4 ,it is the fashion1 then1 in the politics of ,italy1 to attribute to the ,papacy the only obstacle to the full enjoyment of political unity and its consequent blessings4 ,the deep-rooted antipathy of the ,vatican to a nationality in ,italy1 its traditional hatred of new institutions1 and its equally prolonged and powerful influence over the people--who1 after all1 are the mainspring of action--all this is adduced by the liberal party in explanation of the palpable want of unity in ,italy4 ,the explanation may be satisfactory to conceited sciolists1 especially if a hatred of the ,papacy be one of the component parts of their moral constitution4 ,latterly1 however1 a veritable enemy to the political unity of ,italy has begun to assert itself1 in a manner so striking as to alarm even the most sanguine liberals4 ,not a spectre but a startling reality assists at the deliberations of the ,italian legislature1 and1 insinuating itself with deadly effect into every department of governmental administration1 produces jealousies1 feuds1 and schisms which threaten ultimately to dismember the nation4 ,this danger is what is called ,regionalism4 ,solomon's apothegm on the newness of nothing under the sun is applicable to ,regionalism4 ,it is of ancient birth in ,italy1 albeit of recent manifestation1 at least in its present form4 ,it may be defined as the interested affection which an ,italian has for the geographical part of the ,peninsula in which he was born--for the abode of his domestic gods1 so to say1 with its surroundings4 ,the affection must be interested1 and of its very nature aim at effecting the prevalence of the interests1 moral or material1 of his own region over those of the others4 ,a ,platonic affection for one's own natal region does not1 according to the liberals1 constitute ,regionalism2 for1 say they1 such an affection merely contemplates historical rights1 and the love of one's rights is purely ,platonic4 ,moreover1 this affection should be directed to the region and not to the city or town of one's birth4 ,an interested affection for the latter has its own appellation already1 being known as amore di campanile1 and bears the same relation to ,regionalism as a part to a whole4 ,but the ,regionalism of today1 which threatens to produce fatal consequences in ,italy1 is referable to those portions of ,italy which in times past formed separate states1 or at least notable portions of an independent state1 which1 in its history1 its traditions1 its genius1 its style of speech1 and its interests1 differed from the other states of ,italy--as1 for instance1 ,tuscany from ,piedmont1 the two ,sicilies from ,lombardy and ,venice1 or even the island of ,sicily itself from continental ,sicily1 ,venice from ,lombardy4 ,having explained our terms1 we would remind the reader of the fact that1 when the question of uniting ,italy into one body with ,piedmont at the head was first mooted1 a formidable obstacle at once presented itself in the shape of the difficulties arising at once from the different and almost contradictory elements to be united4 ,it was argued--and with reason1 too--that to build up a new state upon the foundation of new institutions1 and annul disparities which had existed for centuries1 was easier to plan than to carry through4 ,the conflict of interests1 of local affections and jealousies1 notoriously characteristic of the ,italian states1 was pronounced by the distinguished statesmen of ,italy and ,europe a fatal obstacle1 if not to the formation1 at least to the preservation1 of unity4 ,count ,cavour himself was of the number of those who proposed such a consideration1 and1 for his own part1 expressed himself perfectly satisfied if ,lombardy and ,venice were but annexed to ,sardinia4 ,but the liberals and sectarians were urged on to the unification of ,italy by the irresistible force of ,mazzini's mind1 and to do so quickly1 even without ,venice and ,rome1 because the arms of ,napoleon ,,iii4 were at their disposal4 ,a happy opportunity had presented itself1 and they seized it4 ,they obviated the difficulties alleged above by a heroic compact4 ,arrogating to themselves the right of representing the sentiments of the ,italian people at large1 and assuming the moral personality of the various regions to which they belonged1 they proclaimed to the whole world that the all-absorbing desire of the people was to be united in one nation1 and that they sacrificed for ever upon the altar of their country the interests1 traditions1 jealousies1 and local affections which had hitherto divided them1 and swore to seek no other glory for the future but the one only glory of ,italy united4 ,cavour resigned himself with so much tact to the situation that he seemed to have created it4 ,and thus1 by assiduous application of his maxim1 that1 in order to make ,italy1 morality must be put aside1 and of that other1 promulgated by ,salvagnoli1 one cannot govern and tell the truth1 the great undertaking was accomplished4 ,two ,italies soon began to exist1 the legal and the real1 which1 as ,iacini1 a minister of the ,italian ,cabinet1 wrote1 are directly contradictory to each other4 ,legal ,italy1 the supplanter1 conquered1 and real ,italy had to bow the head and submit to a series of civil and fiscal persecutions without example in modern history4 ,but ,regionalism was immolated to unity1 and the world lauded the sacrifice4 ,italy is a land of promise1 or rather a promissory land4 ,promises are given with amazing facility--only to be equalled1 however1 by the reluctance with which they are fulfilled4 ,while it was a question of sacrificing the interests of some one else--the majority of the liberals who labored in the construction of the national fabric had very little of their own to sacrifice1 but everything to gain--all went well1 especially while the novelty of the situation lasted4 ,but when the excitement consequent on the formation of the nation had subsided1 people began to perceive that the much-vaunted political unity of the country was not real4 ,the promissory notes of the liberals touching the eternal sepulture of provincial differences remained unhonored4 ,the practical sacrifice was impossible4 ,it is now more than eighteen years since the promise was given1 and during that time ,venice and ,rome have been added to the kingdom of ,italy1 with a view of consolidating for ever the nationality4 ,but the great obstacle remains unmoved1 ay1 and avows itself1 by the eloquence of facts1 immovable4 ,we assert this much on the authority of a member of the ,italian ,parliament4 ,in an address to his constituents1 delivered on the #ith of ,september last1 ,federico ,gabelli said3 8,do differences and divisions exist in the country8 ,yes1 great ones2 and no wonder4 ,we have had in ,italy different histories1 different glories1 different sufferings1 and different styles of education4 ,we have ideas1 habits1 tendencies1 and characters1 different in different regions4 ,for many years we were unknown to one another4 ,the sole fact of our accomplished unity--the living together1 so to speak--has revealed to us the existence of these great diversities4 ,but the most profound diversity has been constituted by the material wants of the different parts of ,italy4 ,i do not take into account the petty desires of municipalities4 ,i look at the matter very broadly4 ,a real difference exists between the wants of the northerners and southerners1 greater still between the demands of the two parties4 ,there1 the great word is said1 the fearful phrase pronounced--a real and profound disparity between meridionali and settentrionali 7southerners and northerners74 ,but why hide it8 ,is it possible to hide it8 ,this division is felt by all1 but all are afraid to declare its existence4 ,they are afraid 7and their fear is honorable1 because inspired by the holy love of country7 to compromise1 by the declaration1 the grand fact of the unity of ,italy40 ,great was the scandal produced among the liberals by this declaration of ,gabelli1 and greater still when he subsequently made a careful diagnosis of the evil1 and prescribed a remedy--nothing less1 by the bye1 than a confederation similar to that proposed by ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 thirty-one years ago4 ,when the first ,italian legislature assembled in ,turin it was observed that nearly all the deputies formed themselves into groups1 separate and divided1 not politically in parties1 but geographically in regions4 ,there was the ,tuscan group1 the ,sicilian group1 the ,neapolitan group1 and later on the ,lombard and the ,venetian groups1 which were the occasion of constant lamentations on the part of the ,piedmontese4 ,then began the general struggle for power1 to the almost incurable laceration of poor1 real ,italy4 ,all the martyrs and confessors of the country clamored for offices in compensation for their heroic sufferings4 ,as their number bordered on the infinite for such a puny state as ,italy1 so infinite was the number of positions created1 and1 consequently1 infinite was 7and continues to be7 the number of peculations4 ,but with masterly tact the ,piedmontese element maintained the preponderance in power1 and so great was the fury of the other patriots that they finally1 with one accord1 devoted all their energies to the extermination of ,piedmonteseism4 ,the molestations and bitternesses which fell to the lot of ,count ,cavour in the struggle that ensued were1 in the opinion of many ,piedmontese1 among the causes which hastened his death4 ,whenever a new ministry was to be formed1 to the personal rivalries which are inseparable from such an occasion were superadded the jealousies1 the intrigues1 and the pretensions of the different regions4 ,every region clamored for the exaltation to the ministerial bench of its own representative1 not as the exponent of a political principle1 but as the defender of some provincial interest4 ,the ,unit ,cattolica1 apropos of this1 observes 7,september #ba1 #ahgg73 8,when it is a question of forming a cabinet in ,england1 in ,france1 in ,spain1 do they take care to have representatives of the various ,english1 ,french1 and ,spanish regions8 ,certainly not4 ,personages are chosen according to their opinions1 not according to the regions from which they come4 ,but here in ,italy a ministry cannot spring into existence but there enters at least one ,piedmontese1 one ,neapolitan1 one ,lombard1 one ,sicilian1 one ,tuscan4 ,examine all our ministries1 from #ahfa down1 and you will find that they were formed more on a regional than a political basis40 ,this is quite true as regards the past few years4 ,formerly1 however1 as we have already intimated1 the ,piedmontese held the majority in the cabinets1 to the unquenchable ire of the other provincials4 ,another cause of jealousy to the provinces1 and the occasion1 at least1 of the pre-eminence of the ,piedmontese1 was the existence of the capital at ,turin4 ,the ,peruzzi-,minghetti ministry1 however1 according to the convention with ,napoleon ,,iii4 of ,september #ad1 #ahfd1 succeeded in having the capital transferred to ,florence4 ,this roused the hatred of the ,piedmontese against the ,tuscans1 and was the cause of some bloody scenes in ,turin4 ,but ,lanza and ,sella1 both ,piedmontese1 vindicated their countrymen by bearing the national lares away from the banks of the ,arno1 and enshrining them for ever1 as they thought1 on the banks of the ,tiber4 ,nor did the evil disappear with the annexation of the ,venetian province and the ,pontifical territory4 ,the ,venetians constituted another group in ,parliament1 and1 if the ,romans did not do likewise1 it was simply in default of the necessary elements1 considering the aversion of the ,eternal ,city and the neighboring provinces for the invaders4 ,rome became what the ,baron d',ondes ,reggio predicted--a very ,tower of ,babel4 ,the war of interests broke out afresh and was carried on with redoubled fury4 ,the combatants ranged themselves into two grand divisions of northerners and southerners4 ,the ,tuscan group alone enacted the part of moderator4 ,the ,piedmontese element asserted its pre-eminence anew in ,rome1 and invaded not only every department of state1 but extended its ruling influence even over municipal matters4 ,the patriots of meridional ,italy prepared themselves1 during the intervals when a common attack against the church did not withdraw their attention from provincial feuds1 to give battle to the ,piedmontese1 whose ascendency was stoutly maintained by ,ponza di ,san ,martino1 ,lanza1 ,sella1 and ,general ,cadorna4 ,the language of the southern papers was in something like the following tenor3 8,here we are at last in ,rome6 ,it is high time now that the patronage of the ,piedmontese should be suspended1 and a check put upon that political monopoly which they arrogate to themselves as a right of conquest4 ,they gave us a dynasty--good4 ,they also gave us a constitution1 but we mean to perfect it and adapt it to the demands of progressing civilization4 ,but in ,rome ,italy belongs to the ,italians1 not to the ,piedmontese4 ,piedmonteseism oppresses us4 ,everything in the kingdom has a subalpine odor--the organic laws1 bureaucratic systems1 fiscal arrangements4 ,the administrative machine is run entirely by ,piedmontese4 ,the ministers1 their secretaries 7with rare exceptions71 the supernumeraries who lackey these--all ,piedmontese4 ,the secret offices are given to ,piedmontese1 and the ,piedmontese enjoy the sinecures of the secret funds4 ,the national bank itself is but a transformation of the old subalpine bank4 ,the army is in the hands of the ,piedmontese1 with a ,piedmontese as the ,minister of ,war4 ,in short1 the nerve and fibre of government is ,piedmontese4 ,there must be an end of this60 ,it took seven years of laborious intrigues1 amalgamations1 and combinations of parties to effect the downfall of the ,piedmontese4 ,their obituary notice is dated ,march #ah1 #ahgf4 ,on the same day began the reign of the ,neapolitans1 and within the short space of nineteen months they have so thoroughly disposed of ,piedmonteseism in every branch of civil and military administration that even the word ,buzzurri 7chestnut-roasters71 applied seven years ago by the ,romans to their new masters1 has become obsolete4 ,the ,venetian ,gabelli has given us a description of the condition of affairs at present4 ,in the discourse alluded to he proposes a league of the septentrionals4 ,he says3 8,there is nothing1 gentlemen1 that drives people to an abuse of power more than the certainty of having so much of it that there is no danger of being made responsible for the abuse4 ,the meridionals are in this position to-day1 because they are supported therein by the division of the septentrionals4 ,a part1 and a great part1 of our votes and forces is subordinate to the votes and forces of the meridionals4 ,but is it true that in ,parliament they vote for regional interests80 ,he answers in the affirmative1 and adduces a series of amusing yet startling facts to prove his assertion4 ,he then continues3 8,i might go on indefinitely with the enumeration of facts proving the existence of the struggle of interests between the northerners and the southerners4 ,this struggle is real and active4 ,many preach that1 even admitting the unfortunate existence of these divisions in the country1 they should be kept secret1 should not be proclaimed or discussed2 above all1 they should not be considered as a test in government4 ,what would you say1 gentlemen1 of the logic of a physician who would reason in this wise3 #8,i have a patient prostrate with typhoid fever4 ,but1 as this disease is very serious1 ,i will hide it from myself1 deny its existence2 and because this disease can terminate fatally for my patient ,i will treat it as a simple inflammation of the bowels4' ,that physician would be a fool4 ,but would those rulers be more logical who1 recognizing the existence of a condition so serious for the country1 would persist in governing without taking it into account8 ,the struggle of interests is an evil4 ,let us cure it4 ,but to cure it let us begin with an exact diagnosis1 and with a recognition that the evil exists4 ,without an exact diagnosis an efficacious cure would be a miracle4 ,i am for unity4 ,but the unity1 and even the existence1 of ,italy might be threatened by mistrust in our systems of government1 by the ever-increasing discontent4 ,the country will always be governed badly1 unless consideration be had for its actual condition4 ,i am for unity4 ,but ,i hold it to be fatal for ,italy to pass through a crisis determined by the war of northern and southern interests4 ,what the vicissitudes of this war will be1 or who will prevail1 no one can foresee4 ,if we northerners remain united and form a compact party1 our more advanced civilization1 and1 let us speak frankly1 our honesty1 more extensive and serious1 will ensure for us a just predominance4 ,if we continue to be divided1 while the southerners form one phalanx1 we will have to submit to the law of their interests1 to the influence of a social condition entirely different from our own40 ,we have said nothing in reference to ,regionalism--of that faction in the liberal camp which is always conspiring against the monarchical unity of ,italy1 with a view of substituting a regional confederation of independent republics2 nothing of the multitude of liberals who are clamoring for administrative decentralization1 as a restoration1 in part1 of the independence in administration which was taken from the individual regions by political unity2 nothing of the absolute impossibility of having a territorial army in ,italy1 for the reason that ,regionalism might assert itself in a more material style1 to the imminent peril of the government4 ,we have simply narrated facts furnished by the liberals themselves--by legal ,italy1 which assumes to be the nation4 ,narration has the force of demonstration in this instance1 and clearly establishes the fact that ,regionalism exists in the very core of ,italy1 nay1 rules supreme1 regulating politics1 constituting parties1 biassing every discussion1 and threatening1 in the long run1 not only the unity of the nation but the monarchy personified in the unity4 ,this much established1 a very reasonable doubt may be put forth as to whether the unity of ,italy be accomplished1 even among the liberals1 who arrogated to themselves the right and the faculty to unite it1 spite of the nature1 the history1 the traditions1 the genius1 and the diverse and contrary interests of the ,peninsula4 ,that there is a species of unity we do not question4 ,but it is neither moral nor organic unity1 such as forms one whole1 ordained to a living purpose1 founded on the same principle1 agreeing in its operations1 harmonious in its members4 ,it is a mechanical and artificial unity1 without bonds of life1 without order in purpose1 without concord in action1 without harmony in its parts2 in short1 it is merely fiscal1 not national1 unity4 ,this is a logical conclusion1 derived entirely from a consideration of legal ,italy4 ,our conclusion does not assume a more favorable aspect for the unity of ,italy if we consider its passive subject--that is to say1 the immense number of ,italians who were united against their own wish2 who never entered into the calculations of the demagogues2 who1 in deference to the ,unity described above1 have been outraged in the tenderest affections of the heart and in the most sacred rights of nature2 who have gathered no other fruits from unity than regional1 municipal1 and domestic impoverishment2 who perceive that1 in the name of this unity1 their nation is perverted and their religion vilified1 and who consequently recognize in the government naught but an enemy of their purse1 their conscience1 their family1 and their liberty4 ,from what has been said already the absurdity and1 we will add1 the malice of the accusation that the ,papacy is the only obstacle to the perfection and enjoyment of political unity in ,italy become quite apparent4 ,the most powerful obstacle to such unity is not in the ,papacy1 but in the very nature of things2 it is in the history of ages1 in the varied character of the people1 in the contrariety of the material and moral interests of the different portions of the country4 ,let liberalism eradicate from its bosom the gnawing worm of ,regionalism2 let it reconcile opposing interests1 quiet regional passions1 which are the seeds of civil war2 and1 having done this much1 let it effect a unity with the real country4 ,until this much be accomplished1 to charge the ,papacy with the ill success of the national unity is absurd4 ,it is malicious1 also1 inasmuch as it manifestly tends to separate the people from the ,catholic ,church1 making them regard the spiritual head of the church and their father in the faith as an enemy of their country4 ,nay1 were the liberals successful in effecting their daring purpose1 which is the separation of the people from the see of ,peter1 then indeed would the political unity of ,italy receive its death-blow2 then indeed would the bond which unites the ,italian people be severed1 the bond of one faith1 the bond of the only unity they really can boast of--religious unity4 ,it were well if the demagogues of ,italy bestowed the necessary consideration upon the incomparable uniting force of religion to a people1 instead of promoting and hailing with delight every measure devised to destroy it4 ,since they deem it advisable to affect ,prussian and ,russian ways and means1 why do they not perceive the manifest wisdom of ,bismarck's measures against the ,catholic ,church8--measures the fundamental purpose of which is not the extinction of the church1 as much as the establishment of a firm and lasting basis to the unity of the empire in a uniformity of worship--,protestant1 of course4 ,and with this intent were the ,falk laws promulgated4 ,russia1 too1 fully alive to the importance of a religious uniformity as the indestructible basis of political unity1 has peopled ,siberia and the squalid prisons of the empire with non-conformists to the so-called ,orthodox creed of the land4 ,never yet was there a dynasty which did not find its main support and perpetuation in the religious unity of its subjects4 ,true or false though the religion may have been1 the principle of support was there4 ,and ,italy's patriots1 with the connivance1 not to say the active concurrence1 of a petty provincial dynasty1 would perpetuate unity by sowing religious discord among the people2 by making of a people1 one in faith1 in baptism1 and actual religious profession1 a discordant1 divided multitude of ,evangelicals1 ,calvinists1 ,waldensians1 ,quakers1 ,presbyterians1 and ,methodists4 ,the discord produced in ,italy to-day by ,regionalism is a great and1 in all probability1 a fatal evil to the unity of the country4 ,add the religious disunion of the people to that caused by ,regionalism1 and the result will be simply chaotic4 ,the reader may add to these conclusions3 ,if the ,pope came to terms with ,italy1 as she now exists1 would not the political unity of the country improve1 not to say receive its formal perfection1 in consequence8 ,we answer1 the hypothesis is inadmissible4 ,waiving the fact that1 as governments are conceived nowadays1 the ,pope cannot be the subject of any one of them1 and that he cannot in conscience accept terms from the ,italian government without compromising rights which he is bound to maintain--though in fact they be trampled under foot and no human probability predict their restoration--it is sufficient for us that he declares a ,non possumus4 ,but admitting the supposition of a reconciliation1 of a cession of imprescriptible rights1 would the confusion which now predominates in ,italy give place to order8 ,would the only beatitude to which ,italy now aspires be realized8 ,would the political unity of the nation be established for ever8 ,would the war of interests cease8 ,would the interests themselves change their nature8 ,would the 8more civilized0 northerners of ,italy leave off increasing their prosperity at the expense of the southerners1 and these be content with contributing as taxpayers of the land1 not as rulers8 ,would ,sicilians and ,calabrians live en famille with ,venetians and ,ligurians8 ,would ,turin1 and ,venice1 and ,modena1 and ,parma1 and ,florence1 and ,naples forget that they were once the flourishing capitals of separate1 independent states1 and be beatified in their present condition1 simply the residence of a prefect1 and he a favorite of an ill-favored ministry8 ,the glory of being made the capital of ,italy presumably satisfies ,rome4 ,think you1 however1 that the old city is never retrospective8 ,if the puny provincial cities and regions1 in struggling for their own regional interests and asserting their importance1 cause people to yield to dark forebodings1 and to re-peruse and reflect upon the history of the ,italian states1 what confusion could not the mistress of the world produce1 were she to fall back upon her eighteen centuries of glory as the centre of ,christendom8 ,the great obstacle to the enjoyment of political unity in ,italy is not in the ,vatican1 but in the character1 genius1 history1 traditions1 and conflicting interests of the ,italians themselves1 and it is called ,regionalism4 ,footnote #a3 ,del ,regionalismo in ,italia--,civilt ,cattolica1 ,quad4 #fef4 ,,among ,,the ,,translators4 ,,virgil ,,and ,,horace4--,,iv4 ,in passages of quiet beauty such as the first six books are full of--the ,odyssey1 we may call them1 of the neid1 as the last six are its ,iliad--,conington is almost always happy4 ,take1 for instance1 the picture of the happy valley in ,elysium 7book vi4 #gjc73 8,meantime1 neas in the vale ,a sheltered forest sees1 ,deep woodlands where the evening gale ,goes whispering thro' the trees1 ,and ,lethe river which flows by ,those dwellings of tranquillity4 ,nations and tribes in countless ranks ,were crowding to its verdant banks2 ,as bees afield in summer clear ,beset the flowerets far and near1 ,and round the fair white lilies pour1 ,the deep hum sounds the champaign o'er40 ,in such lines1 too1 ,mr4 ,morris1 judging from his own poetry1 should be at his best2 and here again it is hard to choose between him and his predecessor3 8,but down amid a hollow dale1 meanwhile1 neas sees ,a secret grove1 in thicket fair1 with murmuring of the trees1 ,and ,lethe's stream that all along that quiet place doth wend2 ,o'er which there hovered countless folks and peoples without end4 ,and as when bees1 amid the fields in summer-tide the bright1 ,settle on diverse flowery things1 and round the lilies white ,go streaming1 so the fields were filled with mighty murmuring40 ,hypercriticism might here point out as a blemish the use of the same word 8murmuring0 to express the different sounds indicated in the ,latin by the words sonantia and murmure2 these are just the delicacies to be looked for in ,virgil and not to be overlooked by his translator4 ,moreover1 the line1 8,a secret grove1 in thicket fair1 with murmuring of the trees10 asks considerable good-will and knowledge of the ,latin to make it sound quite reasonable1 and 8diverse flowery things0 we have some private doubts about4 ,but 8hovered0 is certainly a better equivalent for 8volabant0 than 8crowded10 which gives no hint of the shadowy1 unsubstantial nature of these dwellers in the realms of ,dis--anim1 quibus altera fato corpora debentur3 8,l1 les peuples futurs sont des ombres lgres10 as ,delille puts it by an anticipative paraphrase4 ,here ,mr4 ,cranch may meet his antagonists on somewhat better terms1 though still we seem to miss in his lines the poetical flavor1 which he rarely catches throughout3 8,meanwhile1 neas in a valley deep ,sees a secluded grove1 with rustling leaves ,and branches2 there the river ,lethe glides ,past many a tranquil home2 and round about ,innumerable tribes and nations flit4 ,as in the meadows in the summer-time ,the bees besiege the various flowers1 and swarm ,about the snow-white lilies2 and the field ,is filled with murmurings soft40 ,the pathos1 too1 of his author--that exquisite pathos of ,virgil which pervades the neid like a perfume1 which one feels not more in the eloquent compression of the ,en ,priamus wherewith neas recognizes his country's painted woes on the walls of the ,carthaginian temple1 or the passionate heartbreak of the 8,o patria1 o divm domus1 ,ilium1 et incluta bello ,mnia ,dardanidum10 or the subtle1 touching beauty of the epitaph on olus1 scarcely to be read even now without a quiver of the eyelids3 8,domus alta sub ,ida1 ,lyrnessi domus alta1 solo ,laurente sepulcrum10 than in the 8,vivite felices1 quibus est fortuna peracta ,jam sua10 of the farewell to ,helenus1 or the manly fortitude of the hero's admonition to his son3 8,disce1 puer1 virtutem ex me verumque laborem1 ,fortunam ex aliis0 --the pathos of the neid ,prof4 ,conington has not been unsuccessful in preserving1 as we might show in more quotations than we have room for4 ,but for the expression of sublimity or intense emotion the octosyllabic verse is scarcely so apt2 and in striving to do justice to the tragic grandeur of the second book1 the passionate despair of the fourth1 and the elevated majesty of the sixth1 or even the splendid rhetoric of ,juno and ,turnus in the tenth and eleventh1 ,prof4 ,conington must often 8have been made sensible10 as he says in his preface1 8of the profound difference between the poetry of ,scott and the poetry of ,virgil40 ,in the battle-scenes1 however1 he takes his full revenge1 and in his nimble-footed verse ,turnus falls on with a fire and fury1 or swift ,camilla scours the plain with a grace and lightness1 which most of his competitors toil after in vain4 ,and in rendering those epigrammatic turns of phrase of which the neid is full1 and which are so characteristic a feature of ,virgil's style1 we know of no version which surpasses his4 ,take such examples as these3 8,una salus victis nullam sperare salutem03 8,no safety can the vanquished find ,till hope of safety be resigned02 8,mixtoque insania luctu ,et furiis agitatus amor et conscia virtus03 8,a warrior's pride1 a father's pain1 ,in mingled madness glow02 8,sed neque currentem se nec cognoscit euntem ,tollentemve manu saxumque immane moventem0 7how well in the heavy movement of the last line the sound echoes the sense6--a beauty which the translator certainly misses73 8,running1 he knew not that he ran3 ,nor1 throwing1 that he threw02 the description of ,turnus' horses in book xii43 8,qui candore nives anteirent1 cursibus auras03 8,to match the whiteness of the snow1 ,the swiftness of the breeze02 or ,corbus' appeal to his comrades in book ii43 8,dolus an virtus1 quis in hoste requirat80 8,who questions1 when with foes we deal1 ,if craft or courage guides the steel80 ,have we not here all needful fidelity united to the air of genuine poetry8 ,compare ,mr4 ,cranch's versions of the first and last of these examples3 8,the only safety of the vanquished is ,to hope for none02 and 8,whether we make use ,of stratagem or valor who inquires ,in dealing with an enemy80 ,if neas and ,corbus had harangued their fellow-,trojans in this wise1 we doubt if they would have helped them so gallantly to make some of the finest poetry in the neid4 ,there is no trumpet in such lines as these4 ,nevertheless1 in spite of many suspicious flavors of prose in his version1 ,mr4 ,cranch1 we suppose1 is to be called a poet4 ,the ,boston muses are liberal to their votaries1 and do not ask that a man shall be ,shakspere or ,milton before crowning him with all their laurels4 ,at least1 we may fairly say that he is a gentleman of accomplishments and--we should be tempted to add culture1 the proper term1 we believe1 for a person 8in society0 who knows all the things that are proper for 8persons in society0 to know1 were it not that glib dilettanteism and newspaper sciolists have well-nigh sent that much-abused word into the ,coventry of cant4 ,mr4 ,cranch is1 moreover1 a writer of much poetic taste and no little poetic faculty1 as he has shown in many pleasant essays in many varieties of metre4 ,among the kinds of metre which he can write1 however1 his version of the neid has not convinced us that blank-verse is included2 or1 to put it more agreeably1 if not more justly1 we are not persuaded that the kind of blank-verse he writes is best fitted to do justice to ,virgil4 ,so much we are led to say1 because in his preface ,mr4 ,cranch hints that only a poet can or should attempt to translate the neid1 and asserts that only in blank-verse can it be fitly translated at all4 ,into that interminable controversy as to whether any but a poet can translate a poet1 or whether rhyme is a curb or a spur1 a help or a hindrance1 to the judicious translator who knows how to follow its inspiration1 we do not propose to enter4 ,but ,mr4 ,cranch1 in declaring against the rhymed couplet of ,dryden and his followers1 delivers himself in a way which to us seems to imply a curious misconception of ,virgil's manner1 and leads us to anticipate on the threshold one of the points in which ,mr4 ,cranch's version most strikingly fails4 8,the incessantly-recurrent rhyme10 he says1 8gives an appearance of antithesis which disturbs the very simplicity and directness of the original40 ,adjectives are apt to be used somewhat vaguely--or1 as our ,western friends would say in their delightful1 breezy idiom1 8to be slung about with a looseness0--in speaking of the style of ancient writers1 of which so few of us nowadays know enough to be justified in speaking at all4 ,we have no desire to meddle more than is needful with these dangerous epithets1 double-edged weapons as they are4 ,but unless we have read ,virgil quite amiss1 he is especially fond of antithesis1 which ,mr4 ,cranch seems to think he is not2 and he is not especially simple or direct1 which ,mr4 ,cranch seems to think he is4 ,not that he cannot be1 as in truth he often is1 both simple and direct2 but that simplicity and directness are not the features of his style which we should select to characterize it1 as we should select them1 for example1 to characterize the style of ,homer4 ,whatever simplicity ,virgil has belongs1 we think1 to the general conception and conduct of his story1 by no means to the manner of his telling it1 to the general quality of his thought or style4 ,what directness he has belongs to the general movement of his verse and the necessities of epic composition1 and is in spite of a tendency to dwell curiously on incidents not in the track of his narrative1 to turn1 as it were1 from his epic path and linger over wayside flowers of rhetoric or sentiment--a tendency illustrated by that subtlety of allusion which all his critics have remarked1 and the habit of hinting at two or three modes of expression while employing one4 ,these characteristics of his poetry would naturally have resulted from the quality of his genius--the genius of taste the ,abb ,delille calls it2 he was the first of the racinien poets1 says ,sainte-,beuve#b--;and the character of his time4 ,the age he wrote for was one of extreme literary and social refinement1 of keen philosophical speculation2 the ,latin he wrote in was already a literary language--as much so as the ,french of ,racine or the ,english of ,pope4 ,the age of ,augustus1 in many points1 was strikingly like that of ,louis ,,xiv4 in ,france and of ,charles ,,ii4 or1 still closer1 of ,queen ,anne in ,england1 as has been more than once pointed out4 ,sainte-,beuve1 with his usual insight1 has seized upon this resemblance to explain why ,virgil1 in the account of the shipwreck in the first book 7vv4 #ha seq471 which is an ingenious cento from the ,iliad and ,odyssey1 should have dropped two of ,homer's most striking similes3 that the pilot1 struck by the falling mast1 went overboard 8like a diver10 and that the scattered swimmers--rari nantes in gurgite vasto--were borne like sea-birds on the wave4 ,virgil omits these images1 says the ,french critic1 just because they are so salient1 so life-like1 so frank and real4 8,comparisons of that sort the age of ,augustus1 like the age of ,louis ,,xiv41 rather eschewed4 ,they were by no means to the taste of ,frenchmen in the days of ,saint-,evremond and ,segrais 7,i use extreme terms purposely7--men of society1 of the drawing-room1 nice scholars who had been often in the ,htel ,rambouillet but little at sea1 and to whom divers and sea-birds were unfamiliar sights4 ,the ,frenchman of that time preferred general descriptions to images too minutely particularized1 and so1 too1 in a measure1 did the ,roman of the time of ,augustus and the circle of ,mcenas4 ,mcenas is not so far1 either in taste or philosophy1 from ,saint-,evremond40 ,with some reservations1 much the same thing applies to the ages of ,dryden and of ,pope--to ,pope's age and to ,pope himself more strictly1 perhaps1 than to ,dryden or his time2 so that one is half inclined to think it a caprice of literary destiny that ,pope should have been set to translate ,homer1 and ,dryden ,virgil1 rather than the reverse4 ,not that the result would have been a better ,homer1 if we may judge from ,dryden's sample work in the first book of the ,iliad2 a better ,homer than ,pope's was perhaps not to be looked for in an age which in its poetry thought it fine to call a spade--about which it was apt to be only too plain-spoken in free fireside prose--an agricultural implement1 and the bucolic person who wielded it a swain4 ,pope's famous ironical essay in the ,guardian on his own and ,ambrose ,phillips' pastorals is a curious illustration of the then passion for putting ,nature into hoops and periwig4 ,phillips1 in a dim1 blundering way1 is nearer right with his ,cecilias and ,rogers1 who talk at least like ploughmen and milkmaids1 than ,pope with his gentle ,delias and sprightly ,sylvias1 who converse like masquerading duchesses2 but as all the world happened to be masquerading1 the laugh was with ,pope4 ,yet1 as between the ,greek and ,roman poet1 it should seem that the former ought to have been more congenial to ,dryden1 and the latter to ,pope4 ,in many of the points where ,pope was farthest from ,homer he was nearest to ,virgil--not least in his love of antithesis1 his epigram and point1 his brilliant rhetoric1 the studied elegance1 nay1 the artifice1 of his style4 ,even in his most didactic vein he would scarcely have been so far from ,virgil as in his most epic strain he was from ,homer4 ,virgil is not averse to a bit of sermonizing sub rosa2 he writes with a moral2 his neas is a sort of fighting parson born before his time4 ,one cannot help feeling1 too1 in his most impassioned moments1 that he is writing with his eye on his style1 as ,pope always is1 as we can never fancy ,homer doing4 ,is the rhetorical artifice any less plain in 8,o dolor atque decus magnum rediture parenti0 than in 8,daphne1 our grief1 our glory1 now no more08 ,is the antithesis less pointed in 8,qui candore nives anteirent1 cursibus auras0 than in 8,sees ,god in clouds1 and hears him in the wind08 ,there are hardly more lines of the kind in ,pope than in the neid4 ,when1 therefore1 ,mr4 ,cranch tells us that he has taken blank-verse rather than the rhymed couplet in order to avoid the appearance of antithesis1 and to secure the clear simplicity and directness of his original1 he shows us where to look for some of his failures4 ,his simplicity is too often baldness1 his directness not seldom prose1 and to the pointedness of the ,latin he does much less than ample justice4 ,his blank-verse seems to us monotonous in its modulation and is not always correct4 ,lines like the following occur too often3 8,thou seekest counsel1 gracious sovereign1 ,in matters which to none of us are dark ,nor needing our voices4 ,all must own ,they know what best concerns the public good1 ,yet hesitate to speak40 ,indeed1 we must confess that we are at a loss to know what ,mr4 ,cranch means by saying3 8,i am far from pretending that my versification may not frequently fail to convey the movement of the ,latin lines to the ear of those to whom they are familiar40 ,if he means that his versification often1 or even sometimes1 or at all1 conveys the movement of the ,latin lines to his own ear1 then his ear must be as curiously constructed as the 8arrected ears0 he bestows on neas in the famous shepherd simile in the second book4#c ,but it is ungracious to linger on faults which we have only dwelt on because they seemed to flow from what we must take to be a misconception on the part of ,mr4 ,cranch of the true spirit of his author4 ,his version has certainly the merit of fidelity to the sense of the original1 though this1 it seems to us1 is sometimes bought by a sacrifice of the spirit4 ,his verse is1 for the most part1 what he claims it to be1 smooth1 flowing1 and compact1 though it does not recall to us1 as to him1 the best models of blank-verse1 and he does not sin1 as one other of our translators does1 against that 8supreme elegance0 which is ,virgil's chief fascination4 ,we find him best in the least essentially poetic passages1 which is1 perhaps1 not so bad a sign as it appears4 ,the speech of ,juno in the tenth book is no unfavorable specimen of his best style3 8444 ,then1 stung with rage1 ,the royal ,juno spake3 #8,wherefore dost thou ,force me to break my silence deep1 and thus ,proclaim in words my secret sorrow8 ,who ,of mortals or of gods ever constrained neas to pursue these wars1 and face ,the ,latian monarch as an enemy8 ,led by the fates1 he came to ,italy2 ,be it so3 ,cassandra's raving prophecies ,impelled him4 ,was it we who counselled him ,to leave his camp and to the winds commit ,his life8 or to a boy entrust his life ,and the chief conduct of the war8 or seek ,a ,tuscan league8 or stir up tribes at peace8 ,what gods1 what unrelenting power of mine1 ,compelled him to this fraud8 ,what part in this ,had ,juno or had ,iris1 sent from heaven8 ,a great indignity it is1 forsooth1 ,that the ,italians should surround with flames ,your new and rising ,troy1 and that their chief1 ,turnus1 should on his native land maintain ,his own1 whose ancestor ,pilumnus was1 ,whose mother was the nymph ,venetia4 ,what is it for the ,trojans to assail ,the ,latins with their firebrands1 and subdue ,the alien fields and bear away their spoils8 ,choose their wives' fathers1 and our plighted brides ,tear from our breasts8 sue with their hands for peace1 ,yet hang up arms upon their ships8 ,thy power ,may rescue neas from the ,greeks1 and show ,in place of a live man an empty cloud2 ,or change his ships into so many nymphs4 ,is it a crime for us to have helped somewhat ,the ,rutuli against him8 ,ignorant ,and absent1 as thou sayst1 neas is2 ,absent and ignorant1 then1 let him be4 ,thou hast thy ,paphos1 thy ,idalium too1 ,and lofty seat ,cythera4 ,why1 then1 try ,these rugged hearts1 a city big with tears8 ,do we attempt to overturn your loose1 ,unstable ,phrygian state8 ,is it we or he ,who exposed the wretched ,trojans to the ,greeks8 ,who was the cause that ,europe rose in arms ,with ,asia1 or who broke an ancient league ,by a perfidious theft8 ,did ,i command ,when the ,dardanian adulterer ,did violence to ,sparta8 ,or did ,i ,supply him weapons and foment the war ,by lust8 ,thou shouldst have then had fear for those ,upon thy side2 but now too late thou bring'st ,idle reproaches and unjust complaints40 ,in rendering the phrase fovive cupidine bello 78or battles flame with passion fanned10 says ,conington7 ,delille has a characteristic touch almost worthy of ,segrais3 8,me vit-on allumer1 pour embraser les terres ,au flambeau de l'amour les torches de la guerre40 ,in the speech of ,turnus in the eleventh book the ,trojans become 8brigands0 and 8barbarous assassins10 quite as if the ,rutuli chief were a deputy of the ,left ,centre addressing his friends on the ,right4 ,if the good abb had written a few years later he would no doubt have made them ,communists4 ,but his speech of ,juno1 though rather free1 has many fine touches2 and1 indeed1 the ,french seems to hit off the women's part of the neid better than our ,english4 ,thus1 the dumb rage with which ,juno must have listened to ,venus is well hinted in the line1 8,junon muette coute auprs de son poux10 though it is by no means so literal as ,cranch's4 ,of the three translators of ,virgil we are now considering1 ,mr4 ,morris certainly brought to his task the greatest natural and acquired gifts4 ,nay1 had we been asked from the ranks of living ,english writers to pick out the one who could give us ,virgil most fitly1 with least loss of majesty or beauty1 in an ,english dress1 we think we should have named the author of ,jason and the ,earthly ,paradise4 ,for ,mr4 ,morris is not only a poet--a poet of very nearly the first order2 whereas ,mr4 ,cranch1 we are constrained to say in the teeth of the ,boston muses1 is hardly more than a poet by brevet--he is also a classical scholar who1 in point of general acquirements at least1 is a rival whom even ,prof4 ,conington would respect4 ,since the time of ,dryden1 and not excepting him1 we know of no ,english poet--unless1 perhaps1 ,pope and the present laureate--whose natural genius should seem to have fitted him so well as ,mr4 ,morris to interpret the neid4 ,his own poetry shows many of the most distinctive qualities of ,virgil's verse3 its elegance1 its pathos1 its pregnant allusiveness1 above all the pensive grace1 the under-note of tender sadness1 that runs through all the strain of the neid1 the underlying motif of its theme4 ,and though the form of narrative verse1 in which ,mr4 ,morris has chiefly exercised his powers1 is sufficiently remote in tone and spirit from the tone and spirit of epic narrative1 yet here and there1 as in passages of ,jason and of the ,lovers of ,gudrun1 he has come as near to striking the true epic note as any modern poet we recall1 unless it be ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold in his admirable and touching fragment of ,sohrab and ,rustum4 ,add to this his minute and well-digested knowledge of classic mythology and legend1 and his rare mastery of the ,saxon and ,romance elements of the language1 in which so much of its tear-compelling power resides--what ,joubert might have called les entrailles des mots--his possession of the secret1 so hard to learn1 of the sweetness of short and simple words1#d and we had every reason to expect from ,mr4 ,morris a version of the neid which should be in the highest degree original1 elegant1 and fresh1 which should even take rank as the best ,english translation of ,virgil's poem that had yet appeared4 ,that pre-eminence1 indeed1 has by many ,english critics been assigned to it2 but to their verdict we cannot assent4 ,fresh and original this version certainly is2 for it is altogether unlike any that has preceded it1 in conception1 in method1 in treatment1 we might almost say in metre1 since ,mr4 ,morris' long ,alexandrines are1 in metrical effect1 no more the ,alexandrines of ,phaer than those of ,chapman4 ,elegant it is1 too1 so far as regards artistic workmanship and finish2 that everything that ,mr4 ,morris sets his hand to is sure to have4 ,but it is not the elegance of ,virgil2 it is not even the elegance of the ,earthly ,paradise4 ,the final grace of proportion and fitness it has not1 and in spite of many and singular beauties--of beauties which scarcely any living ,english writer that we know of1 except ,mr4 ,morris1 could give us--it is not to us1 upon the whole1 a satisfactory version4 ,nay1 it is most unsatisfactory1 and it is so because of the two qualities which should otherwise have made its chief charm--its freshness and its originality2 because to the attainment of these ,mr4 ,morris seems to us to have sacrificed the most important quality of all in a translation--fidelity to the spirit of his author4 ,we need go no farther than the title-page to read the story of his design and1 as we incline to hold1 his failure4 8,the neids of ,virgil done into ,english verse0 is what he offers us1 and the affectation of the title runs through the performance and mars it4 ,if from the result we may derive the intent1 ,mr4 ,morris set out to produce such a version of the neid as might have been written anywhere between the time of ,chaucer and ,phaer1 had any poet then lived who joined to the simplicity and freshness of his own age the culture and self-consciousness of ours4 ,at least1 this is the only way we can account for ,mr4 ,morris' choice of the peculiar style in which he has seen fit to couch1 we might almost say to smother1 his version--a style which is not1 indeed1 the style of ,chaucer1 or of ,phaer1 or of ,chapman 7to whom it has been rashly referred by an ,english critic in the ,saturday ,review71 or1 for the matter of that1 of any other ,english author we are acquainted with1 living or dead2 but which is nevertheless plainly inspired by the same effort in the direction of medivalism and the earlier manner that has borne such pleasant fruit in the author's former productions4 ,but the effort is here carried1 it seems to us1 to 8a wasteful and ridiculous excess10 and is1 besides1 quite out of place in a translation where the writer is not free to form his own manner1 but is bound to the manner of his original2 unless1 indeed1 ,mr4 ,morris finds in the style of ,virgil the same effect of quaintness and antiquity which he has striven but too successfully to give his translation1 and that he is too good a scholar to permit us to believe4 ,virgil's style was that of his age1 and his unfrequent archaisms1 such as faxo for fecero1 aulai for aul1 and the like1 can scarcely have produced on the reader of the ,augustan era any stronger impression of quaintness than such poetical forms as 8spake0 and 8drave0 and 8brake0 produce on us when we meet them in ,english poetry today4 ,we must1 therefore1 assume that ,mr4 ,morris aimed at some such reproduction of the literary manner of a past age as ,thackeray gives us in ,esmond1 or ,balzac1 with still greater ingenuity but much worse art1 in the ,contes ,drolatiques4 ,this1 and a resolve to use only ,saxon words as far as possible--a right idea in the main1 perhaps1 for translation from the ,latin1 certainly a most interesting and instructive one--and 7a less useful idea7 to say nothing in the common way which could at all be said out of the common1 seem to have been his controlling influences4 ,to these he has subordinated all else but verbal fidelity1 and the result is a queer composite production of a strong medival flavor--a romanticized neid which one of the seekers after the ,earthly ,paradise might have told his comrades 8,under the lime-trees' shade ,by some sweet stream that knows not of the sea10 but which1 except for fidelity to its meaning1 seems to us hardly nearer being ,virgil's neid than ,pope's ,iliad was to being ,homer's4 ,close it certainly is2 we may say marvellously close4 ,indeed1 so far as we have been able to collate1 it surpasses in this respect all previous rhymed versions1 even ,conington's1 and falls but little below any of those in blank-verse4 ,not only does it render the ,latin line for line--no trifling task1 even for the ,alexandrine1 with its unvarying fourteen syllables against the average fifteen of the hexameter--but not seldom word for word4 ,moreover1 notwithstanding its exactness1 it reads as smoothly and as spiritedly as an original poem2 it is everywhere set off with those verbal graces of which ,mr4 ,morris is a master1 and the metre1 which has many merits for the purpose1 is throughout handled with admirable skill4 ,wherein and how1 then1 does it fail of giving us ,virgil8 ,because1 we answer1 not only is ,virgil's tone--his coloring1 his local atmosphere-conspicuously absent from ,mr4 ,morris' translation1 not only is the tone of the latter as unlike the tone of the neid as can well be1 but it is even carefully1 studiously1 nay1 laboriously1 removed from it4 ,it may be taken as a rule in translation that any word is out of place which violently disturbs the associations that belong to the original1 the train of ideas raised by the original in the reader's mind4 ,for instance1 when ,mr4 ,theodore ,martin makes use of the word 8madrigal0 in his translation of the ,carmen ,ambum of ,horace1 we somehow feel that he has struck a false note2 we are sensible of a discord4 ,the word to the ,english reader brings up associations wholly foreign to ,horace and his time1 turns the thoughts of the ,english reader into a widely different track1 and dispels the ,horatian effect4 ,mr4 ,morris not only does this in single words1 but his very design is based on doing it as often as he can2 his entire vocabulary is carefully selected with a view to doing it uniformly throughout his work4 ,from the stately towers of ,ilium1 city of the gods1 the arces ,pergame and incluta bello mnia ,dardanidum2 from the splendid temples of ,carthage2 from the fertile plains of ,hesperia1 the royal city of ,laurentum1 and the mighty hundred-pillared palace of ,picus2 from the ,ausonian battle-fields1 ringing with the clatter of chariots1 the clang of sword on helm and spear on buckler1 the shouts and shocks of the contending heroes--from all the scenes and characters so familiar to us in the ,virgilian story1 ,mr4 ,morris ushers us into a strange1 remote1 wild ,westland1 where all the famous doings we thought we knew so well are transformed in the most grotesque fashion4 ,it is a land of 8steads0 and 8firths10 of 8meres0 and 8leas0 and 8fells10 he takes us into1 inhabited not by a people but by 8a folk10 who are not named but 8hight02 who dwell in 8garths0 and 8burgs0 and worship 8very godheads0 in 8fanes02 who never by any chance go anywhere1 but either 8wend0 or 8fare0 when they are not engaged in 8flitting0--a mysterious kind of locomotion which they sometimes achieve by means of 8wains0--and who hold converse among themselves not in words but in 8speech-lore10 which they at times condescend to speak1 but very much prefer1 when the rhyme will give them the ghost of a chance1 8to waft0 through 8tooth-hedge0 7ore locutus74 ,in this mysterious region are neither times nor numbers1 but only 8tales0 and 8tides02 what would be mere tillers of the soil 7agricol7 in ,virgil are here become 8acre-biders0 or 8field-folk10 who for cattle have 8merry1 wholesome herds of neat0 7lta boum armenta71 and for horses 8war-threatening herd-beasts40 ,here things are rarely carried1 but1 like the 8speech-lore0 above spoken of1 are 8wafted0 whenever humanly possible1 and are never done or made when they can by any means be 8dight40 ,here we are puzzled to recognize our old friends1 the ,muses1 under the disguise of 8,song-maids02 we fairly cut those amiable sisters1 the ,furies1 when they are introduced to us as the 8,well-willers02 and of the heroes who roar and ruffle so gallantly through the battlefields of the neid we have scarcely a glimpse1 but instead a 8tale0 of 8lads of war10 8begirded0 with 8war-gear0 and led by 8,dukes of man10 who are for ever falling on and smiting or being smitten by a 8sort of fellows0 dight in 8war-weeds10 who fare around in 8war-wains0 and 8deal out iron-bane0 7dant funera ferro7 with 8shot-spears0 or 8weapon-smiths0 and 8wound-smiths0 instead of simple javelins and swords4 ,following ,mr4 ,morris' lead1 in short1 we find ourselves in a land where ,virgil would be as much at home as he would in ,asgard or ,valhalla1 or as the hero ,beowulf might be in ,elysium4 ,it is a pleasant land enough in its way1 and the folk are entertaining folk1 but we feel that we have left the neid behind us4 ,it is far from our wish or aim to set ,mr4 ,morris' work in an unworthy or ridiculous light4 ,our respect for him is too great1 our admiration too sincere1 to treat any performance of his lightly4 ,but some such impression as that we have given above is the chief one left on our mind by reading his neids4 ,we are no longer in ,italy but in ,norseland1 or1 if in ,italy1 an ,italy after the ,gothic irruption2 neas and ,turnus1 ,pallas and ,lausus1 fortisque ,gygas fortisque ,cloanthus1 are no longer ,trojans or ,rutules1 but ,norse jarls and vikings4 ,they bear their ,latin names1 but that is all that is ,latin about them3 the hand is the hand of ,esau1 but the voice is the voice of ,jacob4 ,what associations connect themselves in the mind of the ,english reader with such words as 8garth0 and 8burg0 and 8firth08 ,are they not as unlike as possible to any that belong to ,virgil8 ,do they not disturb and trouble1 even totally obscure1 the effect the ,english reader habitually derives from ,virgil--these incongruous words dropped into the clear current of the poet's manner--as a stone flung into a limpid pool may trouble and obscure it8 ,what is there in common between ,morris' 8lads of war in vain beleaguered0 and ,virgil's nequidquam obsessa juventus8--between ,morris' 8very ,duke of man0 and ,virgil's ipsis ductoribus8 7v4 #bdi74 ,what impression is the ,english reader apt to get from phrases like 8flitting by in wain08 ,it is certainly not that of a hero rushing to battle1 but1 if any--and we are not sure that upon our own mind any very tangible impression is left at all--rather of a bucolic ghost disappearing somewhere in a spectral hay-cart4 ,to say ,carthage is to be 8,lady of all lands0 is surely to produce an utterly different effect from that of dea gentibus esse 7i4 #ag72 and they must have shrewder eyes than ours who can find in such lines as 8,lo6 what was there to heave aloft in fashioning of ,rome10 or 8,those fed on good hap all things may because they deem they may10 anything more than the shell of ,virgil's 8,tant molis erat ,romanam condere gentem0 or1 8,hos successus alit2 possunt quia posse videntur10 where the pretence of verbal fidelity only makes the verbal affectation more annoyingly weak4 ,these ever-recurring eccentricities of phrase tease the reader and spoil half his enjoyment4 ,in a translator whose daily speech was of 8trowing0 instead of 8trusting10 of 8tale0 for number or 8sort0 for company1 of 8wending0 and 8wafting10 and 8folk0 in the singular1 and who used 8very0 rather profusely1 and on slight provocation1 as an adjective1 and 8feared0 and 8learned0 as transitive verbs1 and agreed with some modern great men in thinking grammar generally a bore1 such lines as 8,o ,palinure1 that trowed the shies and soft seas overmuch02 8,these tidings hard for us to trow unto our ears do win02 8,in all thou needest toil herein1 from me the deed should wend02 8,a hundred more1 and youths withal of age and tale the same02 8,there with his hand he maketh sign and mighty speech he wafts02 8,from the open gates another sort is come02 8,and her much folk of ,latin land were fain enow to wed02 8,hard strive the folk in smiting sea1 and oar-blades brush the main02 8,the straits besprent with many a folk02 8,to ,helenus his very thrall me very thrall gave o'er02 8,so with their weapons every show of very fight they stir02 8,but learn me now who fain the sooth would wot02 8,about me senseless1 throughly feared with marvels grim and great02 8,and many a saying furthermore of ,god-loved seers of old ,fears her with dreadful memories02 8,nor was he worser than himself in such a pinch bestead0 --such lines in a translator to whom this dialect was still a living language would not seem unnatural4 ,they would be simply the expression of the effect made by ,virgil on the mind of that age1 and so far1 since every age has its own idiom1 they would not necessarily be un-,virgilian at all4 ,even such extraordinary phrases as 8,an ash 444 ,round which1 sore smitten by the steel1 the acre biders throng1 ,and strive in speeding of the axe10 for 8,ornum ,cum ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant ,eruere agricol certatim02 or 8,when ,jove1 a-looking down ,from highest lift on sail-skimmed sea1 and lands that round it lie1 ,and shores and many folk about in topmost burg of sky1 ,stood still10 for 8,cum ,jupiter1 there summo ,despiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentes ,litoraque et latos populos1 sic vertice cli ,constitit02 or 8,an ancient mighty rock1 indeed1 which lay upon the lea1 ,set for a landmark1 judge and end of acre-strife to be10 for 8,saxum antiquum1 ingens1 campo quod forte jacebat1 ,limes agro positus1 litem ut discerneret arvis02 or1 8,no footstrife but the armed hand must doom betwixt us twain10 for 8,non cursu1 certandum svis est comminus armis0 --such phrases as these1 if to any translator at any time they could have seemed a natural way of saying things1 would not then1 in such a translator's version1 have struck us with more than the passing and not unpleasant sense of quaintness which is part of the charm we find in the diction of a past age when used by its lawful owners4 ,but when a poet of the nineteenth century sacrilegiously invades the tomb and seizes upon this castoff and moth-eaten verbal bravery of buried ages to bedeck himself withal1 it is much as if he should come to make his bow in a modern drawing-room arrayed in the conventional dress-coat1 ,elizabethan ruff and trunks1 ,wellington boots1 and a ,vandyke hat4 ,the novelty might please for a moment1 but the incongruity must offend in the end4 ,in the very time which ,mr4 ,morris so much admires they knew this to be false art4 8,that same framing of his stile to an old rusticke language10 says ,sir ,philip ,sidney in his ,apologie for ,poesie1 speaking of ,the ,shepherd's ,calendar1 8,i dare not alowe1 since neither ,theocritus in ,greeke1 ,virgile in ,latin1 nor ,sannazar in ,italian did affect it40 ,still worse is it when our amateur of second-hand finery1 the bric--brac of language1 selects such a poet as ,virgil--,virgil1 whose name is a synonym for supreme1 for perfect elegance1 whose 8taste was his genius0--as a lay figure to drape with these shreds and tatters of an obsolete1 fantastic verbiage1 8mouldy-dull as ,eld herself0--to quote and illustrate at once from ,mr4 ,morris#e--;and smelling of the grave4 ,this persistence in going out of the way to hunt for archaisms at once--to repeat a word which best hits our own feeling--teases the reader and distracts him4 ,we seem to feel ,mr4 ,morris amiably tugging our coat-sleeve at every turn to point out this or that fresh eccentricity of language4 ,we fancy we see him chuckling and rubbing his hands gleefully here and there over the discovery of some more than usually exasperating way of violating the usages of modern speech4 ,so vexed and harassed1 it is impossible to get much taste of the neid2 through this word-jugglery we catch such glimpses of it as of the painted scene a conjurer has set behind him to throw his tricks into relief ,of a piece with this laborious renaissance of a forgotten tongue are the studied mispronunciations1 such as nas for nas and ,erto for ,erto3 8,so did the ,father nas1 with all at stretch to hear02 8,to aid1 ,erto1 while ,i tell what kings1 what deedful tide02 the false rhymes1 such as 8wrath0 and 8forth10 8poured0 and 8abroad10 8abroad0 and 8reward10 which might be forgiven to the stress of so long and difficult a task had we not such reason for suspecting them to be intentional2 the occasional use of phrases familiar1 even low1 and totally at variance with ,virgil's lofty and cultivated style1 such as 8gobbets of the men0 for frusta1 iii4 #fcb2 8,phrygian fellows0 7,phrygii comites72 8those ,teucrian fellows02 8the other lads0 for juventus2 8but as they gave and took in talk0 7hac vice sermonum72 8he spake and footed it afore0 7dixit et ante tulit gressum72 8unlearned neas fell aquake0 7,horruit 444 inscius neas7--surely a most undignified proceeding for a hero2 8so east and west he called to him1 and spake such words to tell0 7dehinc talia fatur7--the list is long1 scarce a page but would swell it2 or the compound epithets which ,mr4 ,morris--herein1 no doubt1 taking his cue from ,chapman1 but not so happily or with such good reason--has coined profusely4 8,in the ,augustan poets10 says ,prof4 ,conington1 8compound epithets are chiefly conspicuous by their absence1 and a translator of an ,augustan poet ought not to suffer them to be too prominent a feature of his style40 ,this assertion must be qualified with regard to ,virgil1 who1 in imitation of his model1 ,homer1 and in obedience1 perhaps1 to a supposed law of epic composition1 has too many compounds to permit it to pass unchallenged--such1 for instance1 as armisonus 7,palladis armison--8,pallas of the weapon-din071 velivolus 78sail-skimmed071 legifer 7legifer ,cereri--8,ceres wise of law071 letifer 78deadly071 clicolus 78heaven-abider071 laniger 78woolly071 noctivagus 78nightly-straying071 and the like4 ,yet1 not content to render these by ,english compounds even where it is not always expedient--since the compound form in our own language will often1 from its strangeness in a familiar tongue1 seem strained and awkward1 where in the less familiar ,latin it seems only natural and elegant#f--,mr4 ,morris has introduced many other compounds of his own invention for which there is no authority in ,virgil at all1 which in many instances are discordant with his style and not seldom downright grotesque--such combinations as 8hot-heart0 for ardens1 or 8cold-hand in the war0 7frigidus bello7 or even 8fate-wise10 8weapon-won10 8war-lord10 8battle-lord10 8air-high10 8star-smiting10 8outland-wrought10 8heaven-abider0 7clicolus71 8like-aged10 8goddess-led10 etc41 which meet us at every turn4 ,and what are we to say of such inventions as 8murder-wolf10 8death-stealth0 78on death-stealth onward the ,trojan went0--hic furio fervidus instat71 8dreaming-tide0 for somnus1 8war-,turnus10 8weapon-great10 8helpless-fain0 for nequidquam avidus1 8hero-gathered stone0 7lapis ipsi viri71 8anger-seas10 8wounding-craft10 8bit-befoaming10 8speech-masters10 or those others1 if possible still more extraordinary1 already mentioned1 8weapon-smith10 8wound-smith10 8tooth-hedge08 ,these1 and scores of other such we have marked for notice1 are surely as little like ,virgil as they are like any ,english that is spoken to-day2 and they are scarcely less potent than ,mr4 ,morris' archaisms in disturbing and altering the ,virgilian tone4 ,of a like effect are the quaint and unconsequential translations now and then of ,latin names--as of ,mus into 8,song-maids10 ,eumenides into 8,well-willers10 ,avernus into 8,fowlless10 and soon--whereby for a perfectly familiar and intelligible term of the ,latin is substituted in the ,english a grotesque and puzzling word1 and which again stops the current of the story until the reader can readjust his mind to the novel ideas it awakes4 ,the most unclassical of readers has his notions formed of the ,muses and the ,furies1 at least1 if not of the ,eumenides2 but of these ,song-maids--who might as well be milk-maids--and of these ,well-willers--who rather suggest well-diggers--he must form a new notion as he reads4 ,and one might add1 at the risk of seeming to split hairs1 that in thus translating the word ,eumenides we lose much of the effect of that euphemism with which the ,greeks1 like all strongly imaginative peoples1 sought to keep disagreeable subjects at arm's length--the form 1 as a synonym for dying1 is exactly paralleled by the ,irish phrase 8suffered10 applied to an executed rebel--or perhaps to ward off the wrath of these ticklish neighbors1 as ,celtic races1 again1 are in the habit of calling fairies 8the good people40 ,a more substantial objection is that ,mr4 ,morris seems capricious in the matter1 for we see no particular reason for his translating one such name and others not at all---why he should not give us ,quail-land for ,ortygia1 or ,chalk ,island for ,crete1 as well as ,westland for ,hesperia1 or ,fowlless for ,avernus4 ,it is a result of these affectations1 or--for we are loath to press the charge of affectation against a poet whose own writing is so genuine and sincere--of these peculiarities of style1 which have on the reader all the seeming and effect of affectation1 that the pathos of ,virgil1 the one quality to which ,mr4 ,morris should have been best fitted to do justice1 he has greatly impaired4 ,affectation is fatal to pathos2 one cannot have much feeling for the woes which are carefully set forth in verbal mosaic4 ,take but a single example--a passage in ,virgil already referred to--which sets forth admirably that faculty the ,latin poet has to so curious a degree of infusing sadness into mere words1 but in which ,mr4 ,morris is little behind him4 ,it is the death of olus1 which ,mr4 ,morris renders thus3 8,thee also1 warring olus1 did that ,laurentine field ,see fallen and cumbering the earth with body laid alow2 ,thou diest1 whom the ,argive hosts might never overthrow1 ,nor that ,achilles' hand that wrought the ,priam's realm its wrack4 ,here was thy meted mortal doom3 high house #8neath ,ida's back-- ,high house within ,lyrnessus' garth1 grave in ,laurentine lea40 ,it only needs to compare this with the original to see how far it misses the pathos of the ,latin2 it needs only to compare it with ,mr4 ,morris himself1 where he has forgotten or failed to be sufficiently archaic1 to see the reason of the miss4 ,take1 again1 the passage from the shipwreck in the second book already referred to3 8,now therewithal neas' limbs grew weak with chilly dread2 ,he groaned1 and1 lifting both his palms aloft to heaven1 he said3 ,o thrice and four times happy ye that had the fate to fall ,before your fathers' faces there by ,troy's beloved wall6 ,tydids1 thou of ,danaan folk1 the mightiest under shield1 ,why might ,i never lay me down upon the ,ilian field8 ,why was my soul forbid release at thy most mighty hand1 ,where eager ,hector stooped and lay before ,achilles' wand1 ,where huge ,sarpedon fell asleep1 where ,simois rolls along ,the shields of men and helms of men and bodies of the strong80 ,the word 8wand0 for telo has an odd look1 but that may be forgiven to the rhyme2 and the rest is simple1 emotional1 and true4 ,in like happy moments of oblivion we catch an echo of ,jason1 as in the opening of book vii43 8,the faint winds breathe about the night1 the moon shines clear and kind2 ,beneath the quivering1 shining road the wide seas gleaming lie4444 ,the fowl that love the river-bank and haunt the river-bed ,sweetened the air with plenteous song and through the thicket fled40 ,the rising of the ,rutules in vii4 #fbc is an animated picture unmarred by too many of the mannerisms we have spoken of3 8444 ,all ,ausonia yet unstirred brake suddenly ablaze2 ,and some will go afoot to field1 and some will wend their ways ,aloft on horses dusty-fierce2 all seek their battle-gear4 ,some polish bright the buckler's face and rub the pike-point clear ,with fat of sheep2 and many an axe upon the wheel is worn4 ,they joy to rear the banners up and hearken to the horn4 ,and now five mighty cities forge the point and edge anew ,on new-raised anvils3 ,tibur proud1 ,atina stanch to do1 ,ardea and ,crustumerium's folk1 ,antenn castle-crowned4 ,they hollow helming for the head2 they bend the withe around ,for buckler-boss2 or other some beat breastplates of the brass1 ,or from the toughened silver bring the shining greaves to pass4 ,now fails all prize of share and work1 all yearning for the plough2 ,the swords their fathers bore afield anew they smithy now4 ,now is the gathering trumpet blown2 the battle-token speeds1 ,and this man catches helm from wall2 this thrusteth foaming steeds ,to collar2 this his shield does on1 and mail-coat threesome laid ,of golden link1 and girdeth him with ancient trusty blade40 ,passages like this--and1 indeed1 there are many of them--only deepen our regret that ,mr4 ,morris should let a whim of doubtful taste deprive us of what might have been otherwise the best rendering of the neid yet4 ,one other passage we will give1 and then cease to tax longer the patience of the reader4 ,it shall be the gallant picture of ,turnus sallying forth to battle 7xi4 #dhf71 which1 as it is taken from the like description of ,paris1 near the end of the sixth ,iliad1 will permit us to compare ,morris' manner with ,chapman's3 8,now eager ,turnus for the war his body did begird3 ,the ruddy gleaming coat of mail upon his breast he did1 ,and roughened him with brazen scales2 with gold his legs he hid2 ,with brow yet bare1 unto his side he girt the sword of fight1 ,and1 all a glittering1 golden man1 ran down the castle's height4#g ,high leaps his heart1 his hope runs forth the foeman's force to face2 ,as steed1 when broken are the bonds1 fleeth the stabling place1 ,set free at last1 and1 having won the unfenced open mead4 ,now runneth to the grassy ground wherein the mare-kind feed2 ,or1 wont to water1 speedeth him in well-known stream to wash1 ,and1 wantoning1 with uptost head about the world doth dash1 ,while wave his mane-locks o'er his neck1 and o'er his shoulders play40 ,compare ,chapman1 ,iliad vi4 #ejc 7 73 8,and now was ,paris come ,from his high towers1 who made no stay when once he had put on ,his richest armor1 but flew forth2 the flints he trod upon ,sparkled with lustre of his arms2 his long-ebb'd spirits now flow'd ,the higher for their lower ebb4 ,and as a fair steed1 proud1 ,with full-giv'n mangers1 long tied up1 and now his head-stall broke1 ,he breaks from stable1 runs the field1 and with an ample stroke ,measures the centre2 neighs and lifts aloft his wanton head1 ,about his shoulders shakes his crest1 and where he hath been fed1 ,or in some calm flood wash'd1 or stung with his high plight1 he flies ,amongst his females2 strength put forth his beauty1 beautifies1 ,and like life's mirror bears his gait3 so ,paris from the tower ,of lofty ,pergamos came forth40 ,is not the modern older in style than the ancient8 ,we lay aside ,mr4 ,morris' book with a mingling of admiration and regret4 ,the critical and poetical ability shown in it is of the first order--no man could have spoiled ,virgil so thoroughly as we think ,mr4 ,morris has in places who did not know him au bout des ongles1 just as a clever parody shows true appreciation of an author--and its ingenuity is amazing4 ,but one feels it to be a wasted ingenuity1 and the predominant sentiment with which we leave the book is one of annoyance that a man should so wilfully do ill what his very errors prove him capable of doing so well4 ,yet for all that the book wins upon us as most of ,mr4 ,morris' work has a way of doing2 and if one could but get reconciled to a ,norseland neis1 we should no doubt find it pleasant enough4 ,perhaps we cannot better dismiss our subject than by saying1 in the old-time fashion of comparison1 that of these three translations ,conington's will probably be read for the story by those who know ,virgil not at all2 ,mr4 ,cranch's for its literalness by those who half know ,virgil and are willing to know him better2 and ,mr4 ,morris' for its very ingenuity of perversion by those who know ,virgil so well that to see him in any new light1 even a false light1 only adds a fillip to their love for him4 ,footnote #b3 ,cf4 what ,joubert says of ,racine3 that 8his genius1 too1 lay in his taste10 and that he is 8the ,virgil of the ignorant40 ,footnote #c3 8,and stand and listen with arrected ears0--atque arrectis auribus adsto4 ,we may add that to our mind ,simmons' version of this simile1 which we regret not to have space to quote1 is one of the very best4 ,footnote #d3 ,dr4 ,johnson never learned it4 8,his heroic lines10 he said of ,cowley1 8are often formed of monosyllables2 but yet they are often sweet and sonorous40 ,footnote #e3 8,eld the mouldy-dull1 and empty of all sooth10 is ,mr4 ,morris' equivalent for 8verique effeta senectus10 n4 vii4 #dci4 ,footnote #f3 ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold's remark to a like effect in his admirable essay on translating ,homer was curiously anticipated by ,tickell in the preface to his 7or ,addison's7 version of the first book of the ,iliad1 where he says the double epithets of the ,iliad1 8though elegant and sonorous in the ,greek1 become either unintelligible1 unmusical1 or burlesque in ,english40 ,he adds3 8,i cannot but observe that ,virgil1 that sunge in a language much more capable of composition than ours1 hath often conformed to this rule40 ,footnote #g3 ,mr4 ,morris here unaccountably sacrifices an opportunity4 ,decurrens aureus arce the ,latin is1 and yet he gives us 8castle0 instead of 8burg10 which1 in his own translating dialect1 is the true meaning of arx4 ,to such shifts will rhyme reduce the ablest translators6 ,,st4 ,,cuthbert4 ,behold the shepherd lad of ,lammermuir ,tending his small flock on the uplands bleak4 ,alone he seems1 yet to his young heart speak ,voices that none may hear except the pure4 ,his dreaming eyes--where duller souls1 secure ,of earth alone1 see naught--are quick to seek ,angels howe'er disguised2 and week by week ,the higher call within grows clear and sure4 ,now see him1 humbly clad1 with staff in hand1 ,thread the wild vales of ,tweed and ,teviot1 ,to bear ,god's ,word through a benighted land1 ,and bless with prayer each peasant's lonely cot4 ,brave soul wert thou1 though few thy worth may sing1 ,thou chosen saint of ,england's noblest king4 ,,pilate',s ,,story4 ,caligula was reigning1 ,c4 ,marcius was prtor at ,vienne1 in ,dauphiny1 when a litter1 escorted by a number of cavaliers1 one evening entered the triumphal gate of this metropolis of ,gaul4 ,many gathered together at the unusual display4 ,on the door of the modest little house before which they stopped1 and which stood close by the ,temple of ,mars1 was the name of ,f4 ,albinus in bright red letters4 ,an old man1 tall in stature1 but now bent with age and fatigue1 alighted from the litter1 and1 preceded by two of his attendant ,hebrew slaves1 entered the reception-room1 where he was greeted by his friend1 the master of the house4 ,after having bathed and received the usual attentions at the hands of the slaves1 he proceeded with his host to the supper-room to enjoy the evening meal4 ,the lamps were lighted1 and ,albinus was alone with the new guest1 with whom he entered into conversation as soon as the dish of fresh eggs was placed before them4 8,many years have passed since we separated10 said ,albinus2 8let us empty a cup of ,rhone wine to your return40 8,yes1 many years60 sighed the old man2 8and cursed be the day whereon ,i succeeded ,valerius ,gratus in the government of ,judea6 ,my name is unlucky2 a fatality is attached to all who bear it4 ,one of my ancestors left the stamp of infamy on the name of ,roman when he passed under the yoke in the ,caudine ,forks1 after fighting against the ,samnites2 another perished in ,parthia1 fighting against ,phraates2 and ,i--,i--0 ,the wine remained untasted1 while his unbidden tears fell into the cup4 8,well6 you--what have you done8 ,some injustice of ,caligula exiles you to ,vienne2 and for what crime8 ,i read your affair in the tabularium4 ,you were denounced to the emperor by your enemy1 ,vitellius1 the prefect of ,syria2 you punished a few ,hebrew rebels who1 after assassinating some noble ,samaritans1 entrenched themselves on ,mount ,garizim4 ,you were accused of doing this out of hatred to the ,jews40 8,no1 no1 ,albinus2 by all the gods6 it is not the injustice of ,csar which afflicts me40 8,what exactions did you impose80 8,none40 8,did you carry off any ,jewish women80 8,never60 8,did you gibbet any ,roman citizens1 as ,verres did in ,sicily80 ,pilate did not reply4 8,i always took you to be good and sensible10 continued ,albinus2 8hence ,i did not hesitate to proclaim aloud in the city that your spoliation and exile were an outrage4 ,it was never referred to the senate4 ,the whole affair was evidently owing to some caprice of ,vitellius40 8,albinus1 let us talk of other things4 ,i am tired1 having just arrived from ,rome4 ,serious things for to-morrow1 says the sage4 ,this ,rhone wine is exquisite40 8,beware of it1 ,pontius2 it disturbs the brain40 8,so much the better4 ,but ,i am not afraid of it4 ,i am accustomed to the wine of ,engaddi2 that is a potent ,bacchus40 8,as you please4 ,but tell me1 you who come from ,rome1 what stirs men's minds there8 ,have you aught to interest my ear80 8,the auguries are bad4 ,i did not recognize ,rome2 she no longer goes forward1 but steadily sinks60 8,what say you80 8,i say what is4 ,from here you cannot detect the mysterious subterranean noise which rumbles as with the approach of that invisible1 superior power now irresistibly pushing the empire to its ruin4 ,our gods are vanquished2 they abandon us4 ,listen1 ,albinus2 let me this evening throw a smile to your ,penates1 and no more words of what is sorrowful4 ,night is the mother of sadness1 but the triclinium counsels gayety4 ,tell the child to turn me a cup of wine of ,cyprus1 and ask the slave to bring my sandals and prepare my bed4 ,i love not the gloom of night2 let us haste to sleep1 that the day may sooner come40 ,albinus bowed1 and the desires of ,pilate were complied with4 ,as the slave approached him with a silver hand-basin for washing his hands1 ,pilate's face turned pale as with fright1 while the light of his eyes was terrible to behold4 ,the next day was the eve of the kalends of ,august4 ,pilate took a walk with ,albinus in the ,roman city of ,vienne1 and listened abstractedly to the conversation of his friend1 who pointed out the various localities as they passed along1 and the many splendid monuments rising on every side4 8,there is left no trace of the domination of the ,allobroges here10 said ,albinus4 8,since the death of ,julius ,csar they have ceased to disturb the city4 ,life is quiet and peaceable at ,vienne1 and you can spend here the years which the gods still grant you in secure contentment4 8,here before us is the palace of the emperors2 it is not so grand1 so sumptuous as that on ,mount ,palatine1 but it is good enough for those who never visit it4 ,look to the left1 and see the temple of ,augustus and ,livia2 unless your eyes are weakened by the sun of ,judea1 you can read1 from here1 the inscription3 ,divo ,augusto et ,livi4 ,beyond is that dedicated to the ,hundred ,gods4 ,if we go down to the river we can get a little fresh air on the bridge4 ,vienne1 as you may have already remarked1 is a very pleasant place of residence2 the climate is quite mild1 being so thoroughly sheltered by the surrounding mountains from the violence of the winds4 ,we are only fifteen leagues from ,lyons2 and by the ,rhone our away to both ,marseilles and ,arles is shortened4 ,these three important cities are under the government of ,vienne1 as ,tiberius has decreed2 so thank fate1 which has sent you to so pleasant a place of exile40 ,albinus remarked a look of trouble in the face of the old man1 whose eyes were fixed on a point of dust in the direction of the river-bank1 and from which were seen gradually to emerge horsemen with armor glistening in the sun4 8,it is the prtor10 said ,albinus2 8he has been visiting the works at the amphitheatre4 ,that is his daily ride40 8,let us avoid the prtor10 said ,pilate2 8may he never know my face60 ,as they reached the 8,quirinal0 street on the way back1 they were met and separated by a crowd of idlers who1 attracted by the trumpets1 had gathered from every side to witness the passage of the prtorian escort4 ,pilate found himself isolated1 and soon became an object of interest1 as is the case with one who seeks alone to stem a popular current4 ,his dress was enough to attract insulting remarks4 ,for from his long sojourn in ,judea ,pilate had insensibly adopted ,hebrew fashions in dress1 gesture1 and deportment4 ,his very figure1 black hair1 and dark complexion 7he was of ,iberian origin7 betrayed more the ,hebrew than the ,roman4 8,let the ,jew pass2 he is going to the synagogue10 said one at his side4 8,mothers6 watch your little ones10 said another2 8the wolf is out of the ,quirinal40 8,we had better take him and crucify him10 muttered a third4 ,but nothing further was done to molest him1 and ,pilate passed safely through the crowd1 with head sunk upon his breast and suppliant bearing1 as far as the head of the street1 where a different scene awaited him4 ,seeing a house which closely resembled that of ,albinus 7for a number of them were similar in construction71 and finding the door standing open1 he hastily entered1 glad to find its shelter at last1 and closed the door behind him4 ,a fearful cry chilled the blood in his very veins2 he heard his own name uttered1 and thrust his fingers in his ears at the ominous sound4 ,the master and his family were at their daily labor1 as basket-makers1 beneath the interior peristyle called the impluvium4 ,when he entered the master recognized ,pilate1 for he knew the more than famous name of the stranger whose exile to ,vienne had been made public4 8,pilate6 ,pilate60 he cried2 and the women and children dropped their wicker-work as they1 too1 repeated this formidable name1 stained with the blood of ,god himself4 ,the family were ,christians4 ,pilate asked an asylum1 but they did not understand him1 as he spoke a sort of ,hebrew-,latin and they were ,gallic ,allobroges4 ,still1 as they caught the name of ,albinus twice or thrice repeated1 the father made signs to the rest of the family to be seated1 and1 as if recalling some divine precept of charity learned in the secret assembly of the faithful1 he approached ,pilate and quietly showed him the house of his neighbor ,albinus4 ,pilate crossed the street and entered his friend's house4 ,albinus was not over-displeased when the rude crowd separated him from a companion whose appearance bade fair to compromise him before the public4 ,like a good courtier he prudently stayed to see the prtor1 shouted ,vivat imperator6 and praised the rare magnificence of the escort and the beauty of the horses2 after which he quietly returned to his house1 where he found his friend in an agony of despair4 8,i am recognized10 cried ,pilate as ,albinus entered2 8the little children pointed their fingers at me on the street4 ,o ,albinus6 remember that our lips as very children uttered words of friendship2 remember that we played together on the banks of the ,tiber2 that we have sat at the same banquets and raised our cups in the same libations4 ,remember the past and protect me beneath the inviolable shelter of thy roof4 ,i seek a refuge beneath the sacred wings of thy hospitality40 ,albinus was too moved for utterance1 and silently pressed the hands of ,pilate4 8,there are ,christians1 then1 at ,vienne also80 asked ,pilate1 as he passed his hand over his aching brow4 8,oh6 yes1 as there are everywhere10 replied ,albinus1 8except in our temples4 ,you are afraid of those people1 then80 8,ah6 yes1 yes4 ,i fear them4 ,i fear everybody4 ,jews1 ,romans1 ,pagans--all are odious1 terrible to me6 ,the ,romans see in me a criminal fallen into disgrace before ,csar2 the ,jews1 a severe proconsul who persecuted them2 and the ,christians1 the executioner of their ,god60 8,their ,god6 their ,god6 ,the impious wretches60 8,albinus1 have a care what you say60 8,they adore as a ,god that ,jesus of ,nazareth who was born in a stable and put to death on a cross80 8,they would not adore him if he had dressed in garments of velvet and lived in princely halls4444 ,albinus1 ,i am about to submit my life to your judgment2 you will see whether ,i am worthy of the hospitality which you offer me40 ,changing his seat for one more comfortable1 ,pilate continued3 8,albinus1 order your doors to be closed1 and let a slave watch at the porch1 as when a young virgin first enters the doors of her spouse4 ,the ear of ,csar is everywhere on the alert4 ,and now listen4 ,all my misfortunes spring from the death of this man1 this ,nazarene4 ,tiberius cursed me because of him2 ,caligula now exiles me because of him2 for this boldness of the ,christian sect1 which to-day threatens the empire1 began at the foot of ,calvary4 ,if ,jesus had not been put to death1 his followers would never have crossed the ,jordan nor the sea of ,csarea4 ,it is the death of that man which has made so many martyrs4 ,but could ,i prevent that death8 8,when ,i was about to set out as successor to ,valerius ,gratus1 ,sejanus summoned me to the ,palatine and gave me his instructions4 #8,you are intimate1' he said1 #8with the ,roman policy2 hence a few words will do4 ,judea is a beautiful country2 after completing its conquest we must strengthen its possession by a paternal government4 ,let all your care be to draw blessings down upon the ,roman name4 ,we have left the ,jews a king of their own race1 their temple1 their laws1 their religion4 ,they are a brave and haughty race1 with heroic deeds inscribed in their history1 and which they well remember4 ,govern them wisely1 that they may regard you more as a stranger visiting than as a master holding the reins4' 8,i set out with my wife and my servants4 ,when near the quarter of the ,tres tabern ,i met ,tiberius1 then returning from ,pannonia4 ,recognizing the imperial escort1 ,i immediately alighted to salute ,csar4 ,he had received at ,brundisium my nomination1 and confirmed it1 and now1 offering me his hand most graciously1 he said3 8#8,pontius1 you have a fine government2 let your hand be firm and your speech conciliatory4 ,act in public matters according to your own good sense1 and never forget the eternal maxim of the ,romans3 #8,parcere subjectis et debellare superbos4#h ,go and be happy4' 8,the auguries were favorable1 you see4 8,i reached ,jerusalem1 took solemn possession of the government1 and gave orders for a splendid feast1 to which ,i invited the tetrarch of ,judea1 the high-priest1 and the other ,hebrew dignitaries and princes of the people4 ,at the appointed time not a guest appeared6 ,this was a mortal affront4 ,some days later the tetrarch deigned to honor me with a visit1 but he was cold and full of dissimulation4 ,he pretended that their religion did not permit them to sit at our table nor offer libations with ,gentiles4 ,i thought best to accept this excuse graciously2 but from that day the conquered were in declared hostility with the conquerors4 8,jerusalem was1 at that time1 the most difficult subject-city in the world to govern2 the people were so turbulent that from day to day ,i was always expecting a sedition4 ,to suppress this ,i had only a centurion and a handful of soldiers1 so ,i wrote to the prefect of ,syria to send me a reinforcement of troops1 but he answered that he had hardly enough for himself4 ,ah6 what a misfortune that the empire is so large2 we have more conquests than soldiers4 8,among the thousand rumors which circulated about me there was one that attracted my special notice4 ,public rumor and my secret agents alike reported that a young man had appeared in ,galilee with a remarkable sweetness of speech and a noble austerity of manner1 and that he went about the city and the borders of the sea1 preaching a new law in the name of the ,god who had sent him4 ,i at first thought that this man intended to arouse the people against us1 and that his words were preparatory to a revolt4 ,but my fears were soon dissipated2 ,jesus the ,nazarene spoke as a friend rather of the ,romans than of the ,jews4 ,passing one day1 in my litter1 near the pool of ,siloe1 ,i saw a large gathering of people1 and remarked in the midst a young man standing with his back to a tree and quietly addressing the crowd4 ,i was told that it was ,jesus1 but ,i could have guessed it at once1 so different was he in appearance from those who listened4 ,he seemed about thirty years of age1 and the wonderful reddish-blond tint of his hair and beard gave a luminous appearance to his noble countenance4 ,never have ,i seen so mild a glance1 so calm a face2 he was a striking contrast to the dark skins and black beards of his auditors4 ,from fear of disturbing the liberty of his speech by my presence ,i passed on1 leaving my secretary to mingle with the crowd and hear his words4 ,this man's name was ,manlius2 he was grandson of that chief among the conspirators who awaited ,catiline in ,etruria1 and1 having dwelt many years in ,judea1 understood perfectly the ,hebrew tongue4 ,he was1 moreover1 sincerely devoted to my interests1 and ,i could always trust him4 ,on my return home ,i found ,manlius awaiting me with a detailed account of the speech which ,jesus had pronounced4 ,never in the ,forum1 never in the books of sages1 have ,i met anything comparable to the maxims which had that day reached the ears of ,manlius4 ,one of those rebellious ,jews such as abound at ,jerusalem having asked if tribute were to be paid to ,csar1 ,jesus answered him3 #8,render under ,csar what is ,csar's1 and unto ,god what is ,god's4' 8,thence the great liberty which ,i gave to the ,nazarene2 it was doubtless in my power to arrest him at any time1 put him on a galley1 and send him to ,pontus1 but ,i should have felt myself acting against justice and good ,roman sense4 ,the man was neither seditious nor rebellious4 ,i gave him1 perhaps without his knowledge1 the benefit of my protection2 he was free to act1 to speak to the people1 to fill a whole square with his audience1 to create a legion of disciples to follow him from city to desert1 or lake to mountain1 and never did an order from me interpose to trouble either orator or auditory4 ,if some day--may the gods forefend6--if some day the religion of our fathers fall before the religion of ,jesus1 ,rome will pay a noble tribute to her own generous toleration1 and ,i1 unhappy ,i6 will be called the instrument of what the ,christians call ,providence--what we call fate4 8,but this great liberty which ,jesus enjoyed from my protection displeased the ,jews--not the common people1 but the rich and powerful4 ,true1 they were the very ones whom ,jesus did not spare in his discourse1 and that was for me an additional political reason for allowing him free speech4 ,he told them--that is1 the ,scribes and ,pharisees--that they were a race of vipers and no better than whited sepulchres4 ,and another time he sharply criticised the ostentatious charity of the rich man1 saying that the mite of a poor widow woman was far more precious to ,god4 ,new complaints against the insolence of his speech came to me nearly every day4 ,deputations came with their griefs before my tribunal4 ,i was told that he would be assaulted2 that it would not be the first time that ,jerusalem had stoned those who called themselves prophets2 and that if the prtor refused them justice they would appeal to the emperor4 8,so ,i was beforehand with them4 ,i at once wrote letters to ,csar1 and the galley ,ptolemais carried them to ,rome4 ,my conduct was approved by the senate1 but ,i was refused the reinforcement of troops which ,i asked1 or at least ,i was given to hope that the garrison of ,jerusalem should be strengthened after the war with ,parthia was terminated4 ,that was an interminable delay1 for our wars with ,parthia never end4 8,being too weak to repress a sedition1 ,i determined to make a move which would pacify the city1 without obliging me to make any humiliating concessions2 so ,i at once sent for ,jesus of ,nazareth4 8,he received my messenger with due respect1 and came straightway to the prtorium4 8,o ,albinus6 now that age has weakened every part of my bodily frame1 and that my muscles in vain ask a little vigor from my thin and cold blood1 ,i am not astonished if ,pilate occasionally trembles2 but ,i was younger then1 and my ,spanish blood1 mingled with the ,roman which coursed through my veins1 was proof against any ordinary emotion of fear4 ,when ,i saw the ,nazarene enter my basilica1 where ,i was walking1 it seemed as if a hand of iron held me to the marble of the pavement4 ,i thought ,i heard the very bucklers of gilt-bronze1 dedicated to ,csar1 sigh as they hung against the columns4 ,the ,nazarene was as calm as innocence itself2 he stood before me1 with a single gesture1 as if to say3 ,behold me4 ,for some time ,i remained contemplating1 with mingled terror and admiration1 this extraordinary man1 type of a physical perfection unknown to any of the innumerable sculptors who have given face and form to so many gods and heroes4 #8,jesus1' said ,i at last1 when my emotion had subsided--#8,jesus of ,nazareth1 for nearly three years ,i have allowed you freely to speak in public and everywhere1 nor do ,i now regret it4 ,your words have ever been those of a true sage4 ,i know not whether you have ever read ,socrates or ,plato1 but there is in your language a majestic simplicity which raises you far above even those great philosophers4 ,the emperor has been informed of it1 and ,i1 his humble representative at ,jerusalem1 count myself happy to have allowed you the toleration of which you are worthy4 ,i must not1 however1 disguise from you that your words have provoked against you powerful and terrible enemies2 be not astonished that you have thus become an object of hatred1 for so was ,socrates to those who encompassed his death4 ,your enemies are doubly irritated1 against you and against me3 against you1 because of your sharp criticisms2 against me1 because of the liberty which ,i have allowed you4 ,i am even accused of complicity with you to destroy what little civil power has been left to the ,hebrews by ,rome4 ,i give you no commands1 but ,i charge you seriously to spare the pride of your enemies1 that they may not stir up against you a stupid populace1 and that ,i may not be obliged to detach from these trophies the axe and the fasces1 which should serve here only as an ornament and never as an occasion of fear4' 8,the ,nazarene answered me3 8#8,prince of the earth1 thy words spring from a false wisdom4 ,tell the torrent to stop midway on the mountain-side1 lest it uproot the trees of the valley4 ,the torrent will tell thee it obeys the voice of ,god4 ,he alone knows whither goeth the water of the impetuous stream4 ,amen1 amen ,i say unto thee1 before the roses of ,sharon bud the blood of the just shall be shed4' 8#8,i do not wish your blood to be shed1' ,i exclaimed hastily4 #8,you are more precious in my eyes1 because of your wisdom1 than all those turbulent and haughty ,pharisees1 who abuse our ,roman patience1 conspire against ,csar1 and mistake our forbearance for fear4 ,the dolts6--not to know that the wolf of the ,tiber sometimes conceals himself under an innocent fleece6 ,but ,i will defend you against them2 my prtorium is open to you as a place of refuge4 ,you will find it an inviolable asylum4' 8,he shook his head quietly with an air of godlike grace1 and replied3 8#8,when the day comes1 there will be no shelter on earth1 nor in the depths1 for the ,son of ,man4 ,the only asylum of the just is above4 ,what is written in the books of the prophets must be accomplished4' 8#8,young man1' said ,i1 #8,i have just made you a request4 ,i now give you a command4 ,the preservation of order in the province confided to my charge requires it4 ,i demand that the tone of your speech become more moderate4 ,beware of opposing my will6 ,you know my intentions2 go and be happy4' 8,with these words my voice lost its severity and became mild again1 for it seemed that a harsh word could not be uttered before this extraordinary being1 who calmed the storms of the lake with a motion of his head1 as his own disciples testified4 8#8,prince of the earth1' said he1 #8,i do not bring war to the nations1 but charity and love4 ,i was born the very day when ,csar ,augustus proclaimed peace to the ,roman world4 ,persecution cannot come from me2 ,i expect it from others1 and do not flee before it4 ,i go before it1 in obedience to the will of my ,father1 who has appointed my way4 ,keep thy foolish prudence4 ,it is not in thy power to stop the victim at the foot of the altar of expiation4' 8,saying these words1 he disappeared like a luminous shadow behind the curtain4 8,what could ,i do further8 ,fate could not be averted4 ,the tetrarch who then reigned in ,judea1 and who has since died1 devoured by worms1 was a foolish and a wicked man4 ,the chiefs of the law had chosen this man to be the tool of their hate and vengeance4 ,to him the whole cohort addressed themselves in their thirst for vengeance against the ,nazarene4 8,had ,herod consulted only his passion1 he would have put ,jesus to death at once2 but although he regarded his impotent royalty as a matter of importance1 still he shrank from an act which might injure him with ,csar4 8,some days later ,i saw him coming to the prtorium4 ,he began a conversation with me on indifferent subjects1 in order to conceal the true object of his visit2 but1 as he rose from his seat to go1 he asked1 with an air of indifference1 what ,i thought of the ,nazarene4 8,i replied that ,jesus seemed to me one of those grave philosophers such as arise among the nations from time to time2 that his language was by no means dangerous2 and that it was the intention of ,rome to leave to this sage perfect liberty of speech and action4 8,herod smiled at me with malignity1 and with an ironical gesture departed4 8,the great feast of the ,jews was near at hand1 and their leaders determined to take advantage of the popular exaltation which is always manifested at the ,paschal season4 ,the city was crowded with a turbulent rabble1 who shouted for the death of the ,nazarene4 ,my emissaries reported that the treasure of the ,temple had been used to stir the popular feeling4 ,the danger was imminent1 and my very power was insulted in the person of my centurion1 whom they hustled about and spat upon4 8,i wrote to the prefect of ,syria1 then at ,ptolemais1 and asked for one hundred horse and as many foot-soldiers1 but he reiterated his former refusal4 ,i was alone1 in a mutinous city1 with a few veterans1 too weak to suppress the disorder1 and with no choice but to tolerate it4 8,they had already seized ,jesus1 and the triumphant people1 knowing that they had nothing to fear from me1 and hoping1 on the word of their leaders1 that ,i would tacitly acquiesce in their designs1 rushed after him through the streets1 shouting3 #8,crucify him6 crucify him6' 8,three powerful sects had coalesced in this plot against ,jesus3 first the ,herodians and the ,sadducees1 who had a double motive--hatred against him and impatience at the ,roman yoke4 ,they had never forgiven me for entering the holy city with the banners of the empire2 and although ,i made them an unwise concession in this matter1 the sacrilege still remained in their eyes4 ,yet another grief stood against me1 because ,i had wished a contribution from the treasures of the ,temple towards certain buildings of public importance1 and which had been coarsely refused4 ,then the ,pharisees1 who were the direct enemies of ,jesus3 they did not trouble themselves about the governor1 but for three years they had angrily heard and endured the severe language of ,jesus against their weaknesses4 ,too weak and pusillanimous to act alone1 they eagerly embraced the quarrel of the ,herodians and ,sadducees4 ,besides these three parties1 ,i had also to struggle against a crowd of those idle1 worthless beings who are always ready to rush into a sedition out of love for disorder and a taste for blood4 8,jesus was dragged before the council of priests and condemned to death2 after which ,caiphas1 the high-priest1 made a hypocritical act of submission by sending the condemned man for me to pronounce the sentence and have it executed4 ,my answer was that as ,jesus was a ,galilean it did not concern me2 so ,i sent him to ,herod4 ,the wily tetrarch pretended great humility1 protesting his remarkable deference for the lieutenant of ,csar1 and left the fate of the man to be determined on by me4 ,my palace resembled a citadel besieged by an army2 for at every moment the seditious crowd was reinforced by fresh arrivals from the mountains of ,nazareth1 the cities of ,galilee1 the plains of ,esdrelon4 ,it seemed as if all ,judea had invaded ,jerusalem4 8,my wife was from ,gaul1 and had1 like most women of her nation1 the gift of reading the future4 ,she now came1 and1 throwing herself in tears at my feet1 exclaimed3 #8,beware of laying a violent hand on this man4 ,his person is sacred4 ,i saw him in a dream this night2 he walked upon the waters1 he rode upon the wings of the wind1 he spoke to the tempest1 to the palm-trees of the desert1 to the fish in the waters1 and they all responded to his voice4 ,the torrent of the brook ,kedron was as blood before me2 the imperial eagles were in the dust1 and the columns of this very prtorium were crumbled1 while the sun was in darkness1 as a vestal at the tomb4 ,there is misfortune about us1 ,pilate2 and if you do not believe in the words of the ,gaul1 listen hereafter to the maledictions of the senate and of ,csar against the cowardly proconsul6' 8,just then my marble staircase trembled1 as ,i may say1 beneath the steps of the angry multitude4 ,they had returned with the ,nazarene4 ,entering the hall of justice1 followed by my guards1 ,i demanded in a stern voice of the crowd3 #8,what will ye8' 8#8,the death of the ,nazarene6' shouted the mob4 8#8,what is his crime8' 8#8,he has blasphemed2 he has predicted the ruin of the ,temple2 he calls himself the ,messias1 the ,son of ,god1 and says that he is the ,king of the ,jews6' 8#8,the justice of ,rome does not punish these crimes by death6' 8#8,seize him6 ,crucify him6 crucify him6' 8,their ferocious cries seemed to shake the very foundations of the palace1 and but one man amid all this tumult was calm3 it was the ,nazarene6 ,one might have taken him for the statue of innocence in the temple of the ,eumenides4 8,after many useless efforts to withdraw him from the hands of the self-willed multitude1 ,i had the fatal weakness to command what1 at the time1 occurred to me as the only thing that might perchance save his life4 ,i ordered him to be beaten with rods1 and1 calling for a basin1 washed my hands before the crowd1 which1 if not hearing my voice1 might at least catch the allegorical meaning of my act4 8,but they would have his life4 ,often in our civil troubles ,i have seen what an angry crowd can be capable of1 but all my memories and experience of the past were effaced by what ,i saw then4 ,i might almost say that ,jerusalem was peopled by all the infernal spirits of ,hades1 and as they crowded about me there seemed an odor as of sulphur exuding from their bloodshot eyes and inhuman countenances4 ,their very movements were not as of men1 but1 like the waves of an angry sea1 they rolled and dashed1 in ceaseless undulations1 from the prtorium to ,mount ,sion2 yelling1 shouting in a most unearthly manner1 such as never in the troubles of the ,forum or the seditions of the ,pantheon assaulted a ,roman ear4 8,the day had slowly darkened1 as in a winter evening1 such as we saw it when the great ,julius died--'twas also near the ides of ,march--and ,i1 the mortified governor of a province in full and unrestrained rebellion1 stood leaning against a column1 gazing through the gray1 unnatural light at the infuriated spirits who bore the innocent ,jesus to his death4 8,it became gradually quiet about me1 for the whole population had followed to the place of execution1 leaving the city as silent and as mournful as the tomb1 even my very guards having disappeared1 save the centurion alone4 ,i1 too1 felt alone2 isolated from the rest of mankind1 and in my strangely-excited heart1 ,i understood that what was passing around me pertained rather to the history of the gods than to that of men4 ,the sounds brought by the wind from ,golgotha announced to my horrified ear a death-agony such as never human nature underwent before4 ,dense leaden clouds shrouded the pinnacle of the great ,temple1 and thence seemed to envelop the vast city as with a veil of impenetrable darkness4 ,terrible signs of perturbation were manifest on earth and in the air1 prodigious enough to make ,dionysius the ,areopagite exclaim3 #8,either the ,author of nature suffers or the whole universe is being dissolved4' 8,at the first hour of the night ,i wrapped myself in a cloak and walked down into the city towards the gate leading to ,golgotha4 ,the sacrifice was consummated6 ,the attitude of the people was no longer the same1 for the crowd re-entered ,jerusalem1 disorderly1 of course1 but silent and moody1 as if filled with shame and despair4 ,fear and remorse were in every heart4 ,my little cohort passed by1 as silent as the populace2 the very eagle had been draped as in mourning1 and in the last ranks ,i heard some soldiers talking in a curious manner of things which ,i could not comprehend4 ,others were relating prodigies somewhat like those that have often terrified ,rome by the will of the gods4 ,now and then ,i came across groups of men and women in grievous sadness as they moved over that sorrowful way1 or as1 in some cases1 they turned back towards the mount of expiation1 expecting1 perhaps1 some new prodigy4 8,returning to the prtorium1 my own breast seemed to embrace all the desolation of this painful scene1 and as ,i climbed the stairs ,i saw1 by the lightning flash1 the marble still covered with ,his blood4 ,there stood1 awaiting me in most humble attitude1 an old man1 accompanied by several women1 sobbing in the darkness4 8,throwing himself at my feet1 the old man wept4 8#8,what do you ask1 my father8' ,i said in a mild voice4 ,he answered3 8#8,i am ,joseph of ,arimathea1 and ,i come to beg1 on my knees1 the favor of burying ,jesus of ,nazareth4' 8,raising him up gently1 ,i promised that his wishes should be complied with4 ,at the same time ,i called ,manlius1 who went with some soldiers to superintend the burial1 and to place a few sentinels over the grave1 that it might not be profaned4 ,a few days afterwards the grave was empty1 and the disciples of ,jesus published everywhere that their ,master had risen again1 as he had foretold4 8,there now remained for me a last duty to perform3 to send a full account of this extraordinary event to ,csar1 which ,i did that very night2 and the minute relation which ,i gave was not yet completed when daylight appeared4 8,the sound of trumpets drew me from my task1 and1 glancing towards the gate of ,csarea1 ,i saw an unusual stir among the soldiers and sentinels1 and heard in the distance other trumpets playing ,csar's march2 it was my reinforcement of troops1 two thousand in number1 who had1 in order to arrive more promptly1 made a night-march4 #8,oh6 the great iniquity had to be completed1' ,i cried1 wringing my hands in despair4 #8,they arrive the next morning to save a man who was sacrificed the day before4 ,o cruel irony of fate6 ,alas6 as the ,victim said on the cross3 0,all is consummated48' 8,from that moment1 invested with abundant power1 ,i set no limits to my hatred against the people who had forced me into both crime and cowardice4 ,i struck terror into ,jerusalem4 ,and1 as if further to excite my vengeance1 ,i shortly afterwards received a letter from the emperor1 wherein he blamed my conduct very severely4 ,my official account of the death of ,jesus had been read before a full senate1 and had excited a profound sensation4 ,the image of the ,nazarene1 honored as a god1 had been placed in the sacred place of the imperial palace4 ,the courtiers1 who were opposed to me1 seized the pretext to begin that long series of accusations which now1 years after the death of ,tiberius1 have at last brought me to this city of exile1 where my life is to go out in anguish and remorse4 8,i have told you all1 ,albinus1 and my words have opened to you my innermost soul2 you will surely do me the justice to say that ,pilate was more unfortunate than wicked40 ,the old man ceased2 tears rolled down his furrowed cheeks1 while his fixed and hollow eyes seemed to gaze with fright upon some scene1 invisible to other eyes1 the lugubrious phantasm of an ever-present past4 ,albinus was wrapt in sombre thought1 seeking in what manner of speech to simulate pity for his guest4 8,pontius10 said he1 8your misfortunes are not ordinary ones1 yet there may be a balm for the ulcers of your memory and heart4 ,you must invoke the ,fates1 whose good-will may disarm the anger of the gods40 ,pilate gave such a smile1 amid his tears1 as distressed the prudent ,albinus4 8,the city is a bad place for you10 pursued ,albinus2 8hatred is at home in public assemblies1 and ,janus1 who watches at the threshold1 cannot protect the domestic hearth against violence from without4 ,why not ask of our mountains the quiet and peace which seem refused to you here8 ,the air of the fields invites repose and counsels forgetfulness of canker care40 8,i fear to understand you10 said ,pilate1 turning suddenly pale and with quivering lips4 8,yes1 ,i am afraid ,i comprehend your meaning too well2 like a serpent1 you take a long turn to attain your end4 ,you wish to close the door of your house against the old man60 8,the gods1 whom ,i invoke1 and who hear me10 said ,albinus1 8know that ,i have never violated the sacred laws of hospitality1 but--0 8,yes10 interrupted the old man--8yes1 towards others1 but towards me you will find an excuse for violating them4 ,i understand--do not finish6 ,i must spare a friend the embarrassment of words which his lips refuse to utter4 ,albinus1 ,i feel the spirit of a ,stoic revive in me2 the waxen torch flashes up yet once before going out4 ,listen2 ,i am about to salute your ,penates4 ,i will depart40 ,albinus lowered his eyes and was silent4 8,well6 well6 your silence speaks1 as ,marcus ,tullius says4 ,i will call my servants40 8,your servants80 said ,albinus1 as ,pilate rose from his seat4 8,your servants8 ,you have none2 they have fled from you60 8,it is well60 answered ,pilate4 8,one alone has remained faithful--an old soldier40 8,ah6 that is ,longinus2 ,i know him4 ,tell the servant to call ,longinus1 and permit me to blow out your lamp2 the oil is exhausted1 and here is the dawn40 8,oh6 blame me not1 ,pontius4 ,let not your farewell insult my household gods60 8,i blame you8 ,no1 ,i pity you4 ,the blood of ,rome weakens in every vein2 there are no ,romans now4 ,let altars be everywhere erected to ,fear2 the house of ,albinus is built on the very threshold of the ,temple of ,mars60 ,and ,pilate uttered a loud1 hard laugh1 which ceased at the entrance of the soldier4 8,may your fidelity be rewarded1 ,longinus6 ,you did not follow the deserters4 ,albinus1 do you know what this soldier did8 ,he was in the spearmen2 he was at ,golgotha1 at the foot of the gibbet1 when the ,nazarene died2 he pierced his heart with his lance4 ,longinus will die a ,christian4 ,have you girded on your sword1 old soldier1 my last friend80 ,the soldier made a sign of assent4 8,all is1 then1 ready40 ,and ,pilate saluted ,albinus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an hour after these two men had reached midway the side of a mountain overlooking the city of ,vienne4 ,the sun was rising in all the calm beauty of a summer morn2 its first rays glistened upon the gilt-bronze dome of the ,temple of ,victory and the marble roof of the ,temple of the ,hundred ,gods4 ,mysterious night still reigned in the sacred woods which crowned the dwelling of the ,immortals4 ,the city1 inclined towards the ,rhone1 seemed listening in unbroken silence to the harmonious murmurings of the stream2 the hill-tops floated in an atmosphere of molten gold1 while the noise of cascades1 the song of birds1 and the countless melodies of a fresh1 delicious morning1 rising from valley to mountain-top1 filled all whose hearts were light with joy and gratitude to the ,powers above4 ,pilate halted1 his eyes fixed on a dark chasm which1 yawning1 stood before him4 ,in the depths below could be heard the mournful plash of waters1 to the eye unseen2 dense brush1 interwoven with dwarf oaks and the wild fig1 hung over and1 half-concealing1 yet increased the horrid abyss1 and a piece of the rock1 detached and hurled over1 struggled and tossed awhile among the resisting vines before dropping into the gloomy waters to send up a series of ill-boding1 mournful echoes4 ,pilate smiled at the gulf of horror1 then turned to contemplate the immense sublimity which surrounded his agony of despair2 he thought of the death of the ,nazarene--that death so calm amid the universal distress of nature--and wept bitterly4 8,longinus10 said he1 8put up your sword2 ,i do not need it4 ,i can die without you2 ,i do not wish you to soil your hands with my blood1 for you are yet covered with another blood which will never be effaced4 ,yes1 ,longinus1 the ,sage of ,golgotha was one of the superior intelligences2 retain that belief4 ,all who stained their hands with his blood have perished miserably2 think of ,herod and ,caiphas4 ,tiberius likewise was suffocated in his bed at ,capre1 and ,i yet survive--,i6 ,see how ,i imitate them60 ,and he threw himself into the abyss4 ,longinus heard the interlacing branches crack1 but saw only the torn remnants of a toga here and there adhering to the thorny plants which grew upon the sides4 ,he heard the dull bound of the body from rock to rock1 and a last unearthly cry of agony1 enhanced by echo1 and fading to the splash of water as its disturbed surface leaped and glistened in the rays of the now penetrating sun4 ,so died the man under whom ,christ suffered4 ,footnote #h3 ,spare the submissive and crush the haughty4 ,,on ,,calvary4 ,,suggested ,,by ,a ,,painting ,,by ,j4 ,l4 ,g,r,,me4 ,in the strong sunshine lies ,jerusalem1 ,undarkened yet by shadow of the doom ,that hideth in the terror-freighted gloom ,lying afar along the low hills' hem4 ,twinkle the silver-leavd olive-trees1 ,resting in garish light 'neath heaven's cloudy seas4 ,from ,calvary's ,mount descends the winding train2 ,glitter the ,roman eagles in the sun1 ,leading the soldiers and the people on ,to tread the city's dolorous streets again1 ,whose blood-tracked stones would cry1 had they but breath1 8,woe6 woe6 ,jerusalem1 for this day's deed of wrath40 ,almost unheeding passes on the crowd1 ,save1 here and there1 turned from the populace1 ,rests look of doubting or malignant face ,on ,that we see not in death's anguish bowed4 ,wild cries of hate mount up and break the still ,and ominous glare that broodeth dumbly o'er the hill4 ,our sad hearts hear the very footsteps fall1 ,the horse-hoofs striking hard against the stones1 ,and distant echoes of heart-broken moans-- ,jerusalem's daughters mourning so the thrall ,of ,him1 their fairest one1 to death betrayed1 ,the hands that blessed their little ones so sore arrayed4 ,where is the dying ,king the cross uplifts8 ,we cannot see him1 and our upraised eyes ,meet but the awful gloom in far-off skies1 ,the lurid moon dull gazing through the rifts ,of gathering darkness2 here the waiting glare ,of cruel sunshine making all the city fair4 ,fain would we kneel with ,magdalen and weep1 ,clasp wounded feet in passionate embrace1 ,win with the loved disciple word of grace1 ,vigil with ,god's woe-stricken ,mother keep3 ,we cannot find ,him1 and blaspheming cries ,from that retreating train still in fierce chorus rise4 ,is ,he not here8 ,lo6 sadly looking down1 ,just at our feet a shadow strange we trace ,falling across the sunlit grassy place-- ,the likeness of three crosses darkly thrown1 ,and ,his1 the centre one1 e'en so most fair ,through semblance of a form divine it dim doth bear4 ,here1 'gainst the sunshine traced1 lie those bent knees ,that knew the sorrow of ,gethsemani ,as trembled they 'neath its dread mystery2 ,here droops the thorn-crowned head in silent peace1 ,and here1 in the unswerving shadow lined1 ,are stretched the arms that bear the ransom of mankind4 ,so rests unseen the presence of the ,lord ,whose shadow seems as blessd aureole1 ,a holy writing on a sacred scroll1 ,rich oil from consecrated vessel poured-- ,all merit his1 the ,infinite ,son of ,god1 ,whose death so lightly falls on earth's poor1 soulless sod4 ,within the painted shadow is no life1 ,save in the grassy sward whereon it falls4 ,beyond arise the city's firm-built walls4 ,with spring's swift-coursing sap the boughs are rife ,of the gnarled olives with their silver leaves ,shining against the dusky veil the storm-wind weaves4 ,we see the wild-faced moon in skies far-off1 ,the bare and weary light of undimmed sun1 ,and ,caesar's glittering eagles leading on ,the thoughtless people1 who1 with jeer and scoff1 ,an abject ,god in proud derision scorn1 ,alike from barren shade and living presence turn4 ,o weary thought6 hath earth lost sight of ,him8 ,and do her children with dulled vision grope1 ,with fain-believing heart and doubting hope1 ,his cross a parable with meaning dim8 ,a shadow resting in the feeble clasp ,of them that fear the bitterness of truth to grasp8 ,is all that sorrow of the ,son of ,man ,a dreary darkness shutting out the light8 ,poor human pain dwarfing eternal might8 ,an o'ergrown bramble with its prickly span ,piercing the delicate leaves of earth-born flowers1 ,and blighting with harsh touch kind nature's generous powers8 ,alas6 that men that ,infinite ,love should fear1 ,should dread its glory and its shade despise1 ,banish its semblance from imploring eyes1 ,give men but empty shadow to revere-- ,blind beggars leaving them unto whose cry ,none answereth when ,he of ,nazareth goes by4 ,of this sad modern world of ours to-day ,the artist's picture seemeth counterpart1 ,when men erase old lessons from the heart1 ,striving who farthest from the cross may stray-- ,swift1 swift descending 'neath the eagles' shine1 ,some longing face still turned to meet the gaze divine4 ,in her long-ordered way the earth moves on1 ,the moon doth change with steady law her face1 ,swift-growing grass still hides our footsteps' trace1 ,and dew falls softly when the day is done3 ,all nature's tale seems old1 but one thing strange-- ,the ,christ of ,god a shade the westering sun shall change6 ,nay1 fear not6 ,stand to-day as e'er of old ,the faithful ,maries1 who brave vigil keep1 ,the loved disciple with a love as deep ,as in old days lay shrined in heart of gold2 ,and rests ,god's patience till from shadowed sod ,the piercing cry break forth1 8,this was the ,son of ,god40 ,a ,,bishop',s ,,liberty ,,of ,,conscience ,,in ,,the ,,new ,,german ,,empire4#i ,the diocese of ,paderborn is one of the largest in ,germany4 ,its bishop1 ,dr4 ,conrad ,martin1 has just published a little work#aj which may vie with ,silvio ,pellico's ,le mie ,prigioni1 being an account of a three years' banishment from his see4 ,it is not 8poetry and truth10 remarks the writer of this pamphlet in his preface1 8but only the truth which is written down in these pages40#aa ,and true to his statement1 the bishop tells us in dispassionate language of his captivity1 of its joys and sorrows1 of the friends who were so true to him in his adversity1 of the whole ,catholic ,church1 who shared his banishment in a measure1 and of that most august prisoner whose sympathy is so freely given to his suffering brethren1 and whose captivity is in itself1 perhaps1 a pledge that they too must taste of his own chalice4 ,with the presentiment of future events1 or rather of the storm which was about to break over their pastor on account of the ,kulturkampf1 the people of ,paderborn came in large numbers in the spring of #ahgd to assure him of their love and devotion4 ,the demonstration began on the #beth of ,march1 when the train deposited five thousand pilgrims in the ancient city of ,paderborn4 ,they repaired to the bishop's house1 and terminated the meeting by simultaneously falling on their knees to recite aloud the ,apostles' ,creed4 ,these deputations lasted for two months1 and on one occasion the number of deputies amounted to fifteen thousand4 ,it is not an insignificant fact to see how well and bravely the flock stood by the pastor in his hour of need4 ,but at last the cloud burst4 ,repeated infringements of the ,may ,laws were laid to the bishop's charge2 and the fine in proportion rose to a sum altogether beyond his means1 and a corresponding term of imprisonment was the only alternative4 ,here an unknown1 and therefore doubly generous1 benefactor interposed1 and paid the money required without the bishop's knowledge4 ,but1 to use his own simple language1 ,dr4 ,martin1 8from higher considerations1 thought he could not accept the benefit10 and protested against it1#ab whereas the local authority said that he could4 ,at last an answer came from ,berlin deciding that he should submit himself to imprisonment4 ,as the bishop would not consent to that1 force was used1 and on the #dth of ,august1 #ahgd1 he was taken from his house through a dense crowd of sympathizers to his prison1 where he was witness of a scene 8not to be described by words40 ,bouquets of flowers fell at his feet from all sides1 and the steps leading up to the abode of his sorrow were thick with them4 ,two works had been near his heart as a pastor--the establishment of ecclesiastical institutions for the fitting education of the clergy1 and the labor of love which is expressed by the perpetual adoration of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,this touching devotion was therefore one of the first-fruits of his own workings1 and it has become widely known through the world4 ,but never before had the bishop of ,paderborn shared the prison common to malefactors of every degree4 ,the prisoner was then conducted to his two cells4 ,one he describes as 8certainly not roomy1 but still not wholly unpleasant02#ac the second was to serve merely as a bed-room4 ,loneliness is the prisoner's trial1 and when first the bishop heard the lock and key tell him of his utter solitude1 sad thoughts pressed themselves upon him4 ,many years before he had paid a pastoral visit to this same prison1 and his own encouraging words spoken then came home to him now4 8,could you only have imagined then10 he said to himself1 8that you yourself should be confined in the same dungeon1 and come to need the recommendation to resignation and patience which you gave to those prisoners8 ,oh6 what a change1 what a comparison then and now--then1 when there was no ,kulturkampf1 but an undisturbed and joyous peace4 ,o tempora1 o mores60#ad ,but the angel of consolation was at hand4 ,the thought of that divine ,providence whose care of us is so beautifully specified in ,holy ,scripture brought peace4 8,every hair of our head is numbered40 ,the bishop determined upon active endurance1 and during those first few hours of his imprisonment planned for himself an order of duties for the coming solitary days4 ,that night the breaking of a pane of glass in his bed-room window1 caused by the hurling of a stone from an unknown hand outside1 was a little alarming1 and1 in spite of inquiries on the subject1 it could not be discovered whether the missile was directed by a friend in a serenading spirit1 or by a foe who might have taken umbrage at the demonstrations of intense affection on the part of the people of ,paderborn4 ,for the rest the bishop1 according to his own account1 had small cause for complaint during his confinement at ,paderborn4#ae ,his food was provided and sent from his house4 ,he was allowed to read and write when and what he liked4 ,strict supervision was1 however1 exercised on his correspondence and on the visits which he received4 ,these were permitted in the presence of a third person only1 and letters might be read and sent under the same condition4 ,the ,holy ,sacrifice1 which was his daily refreshment1 supplied many deficiencies in that lonely heart4 ,but the 8body of death0 had still to suffer much from privation of air and exercise4 ,it is true that once a day the prison bolt was withdrawn for an exercise of two hours in the court-yard4 ,this had to be taken in common with the other prisoners1 in a very limited space1 so that the bishop often preferred to sit by an open window in his room1 there to enjoy what air he could get4 ,on the #agth of ,august1 the eighteenth anniversary of his episcopal consecration1 the widowed cathedral of ,paderborn was filled with an assembly of the bishop's faithful children1 who celebrated the occasion by heartfelt prayers for him to ,god4 ,flags adorned the houses of the ,catholic inhabitants4 ,but the pastor's heart was further gladdened by the intelligence that from the very first day of his captivity a certain number of the faithful gathered every evening in the ,gaukirche to offer up the rosary for their oppressed church4 ,and now1 after the lapse of three years1 the same practice is kept up1 and who would be so presumptuous as to say that the divine ,head of the whole body will not allow pleading so constant finally to bring about the desired end8 ,it reminds us of that supplication of the infant church to remove ,peter's chains1 or of a case which was brought before our personal observation in ,germany4#af ,our ,lord's presence in the ,holy ,eucharist had been banished from his sanctuary through the working of the ,may ,laws1 but the villagers succeeded each other during the day in unremitting prayer before the altar where he once dwelt4 ,upon the bishop's six weeks of confinement followed eighteen of custody4 ,the only distinguishable difference between the two consisted in the non-bolting of the prison-door from the exterior4 ,on the outset he was saddened by the command to surrender his office as bishop4 ,the summons came to him through the ,oberprsident von ,khlwetter1 whose attitude to ,dr4 ,martin from the beginning of the ,kulturkampf had been most hostile4 ,one act in particular of the bishop's seems to have roused the enmity of the non-,catholic party1 but the principle of authority must fall to the ground where demands wholly contrary to his conscience are urged upon a spiritual ruler4 ,the act in question had been a certain pastoral letter in the affair of the ,old ,catholics4 ,the bishop replied immediately that 8devotion to the ,catholic ,church had been his first love1 and that it would be his last40 ,ten days of respite were allowed for the reconsideration of the question1 under the threat of ultimate expulsion from his dignity4 ,but1 thanks to an energetic nature and the quiet peace which is the fruit of a brave determination1 it had small influence over the bishop4 ,he labored to finish his work on the ,christian ,life1 and time1 which is so often the greatest trial of the prisoner1 passed rapidly away4 ,his feast-day was the next small event to break the monotony of his life4 ,from his window he could see the festive appearance of some neighboring houses1 and from far and wide came wishes of sympathy and affection4 ,the telegraphic messages and letters of congratulation numbered over eight hundred on this day1 and proved a provision of encouragement for several succeeding days4 ,they were the flowers of persecution1 and as such most dear to the bishop's ,catholic spirit4 ,oppression does indeed often bring the work of the ,lord to a timely and palpable development1 and we may echo the prisoner's words3 8,would years of hard work have given evidence of so close a union as well as this short and fleeting sorrow80#ag ,at the same time two other addresses reached him which were a source of particular joy3 the one from a good number of ,belgian noblemen1 who thereby drew forth a remonstrance on the part of ,prince ,bismarck1 the other from two imprisoned bishops of the far west who were themselves confessors of the faith1 and protesting by their personal suffering against the evil spirit of ,freemasonry4 ,they were the bishops of ,para and ,pernambuco1 who1 profiting by the journey of a priest to ,europe1 took occasion to express their love and sympathy to the fellow-sufferer in ,germany who was bearing the self-same testimony to ,catholic truth as they themselves4 ,comfort1 too1 came from the ,holy ,father1 who sent first a gold medal1 and then1 on the feast of ,st4 ,conrad1 a telegraphic message of greeting and good wishes4 ,but the price of these favors was suffering and greater suffering4 ,the threat on the part of the secular power to depose the bishop was now carried out4 ,many and grievous had been his shortcomings1 according to the standard established by the ,may ,laws1 and amongst the accusations brought against him was the erroneous charge that he alone amongst the ,german bishops had worked in favor of the ,papal ,infallibility at the ,vatican ,council4 ,extensive quotations from his pastoral letters were given in the indictment1 whilst the words he had addressed on various occasions to his faithful children1 their constant devotion to him1 the legal measures recently carried out1 and the cause now pending were alleged as the ground why he could not continue to exercise his office4 ,he was invited to appear on the #eth of ,january1 #ahge1 to answer these charges1 after which day1 and having simply refused to accept the act of deposition1 it was nailed to his door inside4 ,there it remained quietly hanging1 says the bishop with dry ,german humor1 8without my casting one single glance upon its contents40#ah ,the feast of ,christmas1 which occurred in the midst of these cares1 found him not altogether joyless4 ,the prison chapel bore for him a resemblance to the lonely grotto of ,bethlehem4 ,the bishop fancied that after enduring his twenty-four weeks of imprisonment he might hope for fresh air and liberty4 ,that hopefulness was rather surprising4 ,instead of the accomplishment of this expectation1 his house was stripped of its furniture 7which was afterwards sold71 and he himself was conveyed on very short notice to the fortress of ,wesel1 it being explicitly stated that this penalty was the consequence of the before-mentioned pastoral regarding the ,old ,catholics4 ,the same sympathizing crowd met him on his way to the station1 and his private secretary accompanied him by choice to the scene of his new imprisonment4 ,it was on the #bjth of ,january1 #ahge1 that the bishop entered on the two months' penalty at ,wesel1 and there he seems on the whole to have been better off than at ,paderborn4 ,he could walk freely on the ramparts1 and enjoy to a certain extent social intercourse with the other prisoners1 who were in most cases priests of his own diocese4 ,three cells were assigned to him for his use2 the third was an act of thoughtfulness on the part of the commandant1 who had reserved it for the bishop's daily ,mass4 ,if1 indeed1 it had not been for the ,holy ,sacrifice--for every day1 ,dr4 ,martin remarks1 8holy0 ,masses were said up till ten o'clock by the imprisoned priests#ai--the fortress would have borne a resemblance to the middle state where souls are detained for a time on account of their sins4 ,the supervision exercised was slight1 beyond the visitation of all the cells twice every day4 ,once when the bishop was taking exercise on the ramparts which overlooked the ,rhine--in itself like the face of an old friend to ,dr4 ,martin--some of the faithful who descried him in the distance knelt for his blessing4 ,the act1 the bishop knew not how1 was communicated to the commandant1 who forbade him in writing to repeat it4 ,at ,wesel correspondence was free1 and even newspapers of all kinds were permitted4 ,feelers were sent out by the government to test the bishop's sentiments with regard to his civil deposition1 but his consent could never be obtained4 ,and he was cheered and supported by an address which was brought to him towards the middle of ,march by a nobleman on the part of his diocese4 ,it contained these words3 8,it is true that your lordship as bishop has been deposed by the ,royal ,court of ,justice in ,berlin1 but you are1 and will remain1 our bishop1 and we will be faithful to you until death40#bj ,two thick volumes bore the signatures to this statement1 and they numbered ninety-six thousand4 ,after his life in the fortress the bishop was refreshed by a little breathing-time in a friendly house in ,wesel itself4 ,his host had just married and taken his bride to ,rome4 ,on their return they brought to the exiled pastor a new token of sympathy from the ,holy ,father in the shape of another gold medal4 ,the days passed pleasantly for the bishop1 as far as that was possible out of his diocese1 until he made the discovery that he had not yet paid the entire penalty of the famous pastoral4 ,he was sentenced to another month's imprisonment in the fortress4 8,i had always thought10 he writes1 8that for one offence it sufficed to be punished once4 ,but the powers of the state said no40#ba ,summer had come1 and a return to the fortress in that season was no small penance4 ,the sun's penetrating rays made the prisoner's little cells almost intolerable1 and the bishop's health began visibly to decline4 ,he lost his appetite and his sleep1 and the only remedy1 according to the doctor1 to produce return of vital power would have been change of air and a course of sea-baths4 ,but for this desired end he learned from the mayor of ,wesel that it would be necessary to undergo an examination from the district doctor1 and to procure a written statement that such treatment was necessary4 ,moreover1 it was enjoined that the place chosen for the cure should be at least twenty miles distant from the diocese of ,paderborn4 ,a ,protestant district doctor was accordingly consulted1 and his opinion exactly corresponded with the bishop's own account of his state1 whereupon ,dr4 ,martin gave himself up to the pleasant hope of soon being able to leave ,wesel4 8,i wished for haste the more10 he says1 8as my state became worse from day to day4 ,the continual agitation in which ,i was kept helped to aggravate things4 ,for day after day ,i received tidings of new ruins which the unhappy ,kulturkampf worked in my poor diocese40#bb ,in the autumn of #ahgc--that is1 after the promulgation of the ,may ,laws--the bishop had given faculties to four newly-ordained priests4 ,this is the most natural and harmless action of a bishop1 for what spiritual act can take place without that exercise of his jurisdiction8 ,pronouncing a priest competent for the care of souls is analogous to the action in law of giving a brief to a barrister4 ,what if the church should require a barrister to present himself to the bishop for approbation before he received such a brief8 ,but the ,may ,laws completely confuse spiritual and temporal things4 ,the bishop was accused of breaking article fifteen of those regulations1 which runs that 8spiritual rulers are bound to present such candidates as are about to receive a spiritual office to the ,oberprsident1 whilst at the same time the office is specified40 ,if the barrister obtain briefs after he has been called1 the bishop does not meddle with him2 but because the priests in question had exercised their faculties ,berlin thought well to condemn the bishop to a further imprisonment of six months4 ,but now a new phase began in the life of ,dr4 ,martin4 ,having 8waited and waited0 for the permission to follow out the cure which a disimpassioned authority had pronounced absolutely necessary1 he resolved to act in spite of the law1 and to fly from ,wesel4 ,he considered this course not only allowable1 but even obligatory1 seeing two principal reasons4 ,his health was seriously endangered1 if he could not have the required treatment1 and that health belonged not to himself but to his diocese4 ,furthermore1 in ,wesel his movements were so closely watched that one single act of the pastoral office might give the government a plea for still more rigorous measures4 ,therefore on the #c;d of ,august he wrote an official letter stating his intended departure from ,wesel on the morrow2 and so1 as the clock struck the hour of midnight1 he was quietly crossing the bridge over the ,rhine1 and on the following day1 the #eth of ,august1 he was received at the ,castle of ,neuburg by the family of ,ausemburg4 ,how full his heart was of his appointed work we may gather from the attempt to return to ,paderborn4 ,at ,aix-la-,chapelle two railway authorities recognized him1 and he was counselled by a valued friend to go back to ,holland in 8,god's name60 ,the document which reached him a few days later proved the soundness of the advice4 ,it was from the ,minister of the ,interior at ,berlin1 announcing to him the fact that he was from henceforth an outlaw in the eyes of his country4 ,the ,may ,laws further exhausted their bitterness against him by the warrant which was issued from the district court in ,paderborn for another imprisonment of six months4 ,but it seems that these punishments did not affect the bishop's peace of mind4 ,amidst tokens of universal love and devotion he was spending his time chiefly with the ,ausemburg family1 occupying his leisure with writing on religious subjects1 amongst which one was ,devotion to the ,sacred ,heart4 ,after his fruitless attempt to join his bereaved flock he had directed his efforts in the first place towards his own physical restoration4 ,after a three weeks' cure in ,kattwyk1 which worked a wonderful change for the better in his state1 he visited the bishops of ,haarlem and ,roermond1 and rejoiced his spirit by witnessing some of the fruits of the new and vigorous ,catholic life which has been promoted in ,holland by the re-establishment of the hierarchy4 ,whilst ,dr4 ,martin was with the bishop of ,haarlem he received intelligence of the dreadful fire which the 8dear ,paderstadt0 had sustained4 ,these peaceful days1 however1 were not of long duration4 ,they were shortened by one of the bitterest experiences which a pastor can be called upon to endure--that is1 an unfaithful friend4 ,a priest of his diocese 7the only one besides ,mnnikes1 he remarks7 had gone over to the enemies of the church1 and vainly had the bishop tried the power of loving exhortation4 ,he was obliged at last to use that spiritual weapon which has ever been obnoxious to a world impatient of restraint1 and to pronounce excommunication1 fully conscious of the possible consequences of the step1 and therefore prepared to accept them4 ,the government of ,holland was too weak to protect an exile4 ,it gave way under more powerful pressure1 and the bishop was ordered to leave4 8,i prayed to ,god for light10 he says4 8,i asked ,st4 ,joseph 7it was in ,march1 #ahgf7 to lead me where ,i should go40#bc ,his steps were directed to ,catholic ,belgium2 but whatever the character of the population may be1 that of the policy of its government is rightly defined by the bishop as the effort to keep out of the way of ,prince ,bismarck's complications1 which effort is the ne plus ultra of political wisdom4 ,he was not1 therefore1 much astonished when he received orders to leave the ,belgian frontier4 ,a homeless1 houseless exile1 the bishop once more wandered forth in strict incognito1 we are not told where1 but the place must have been wisely chosen1 for there he remained in great retirement from ,april1 #ahgf1 till the following ,april4 ,then it was that ,rome1 the home of all ,catholic hearts1 once more awoke his desires2 but1 owing to the well-known sentiments of the ,italian government1 he was aware that the journey had its dangers for a bishop under the ban of the ,kulturkampf4 ,he set out1 nevertheless1 and on his journey through ,france experienced numberless consolations and the warmest reception from the ,french bishops4 ,persecution imprints on the heart the device1 ,cor unum et anima una4 ,on the #bdth of ,may1 #ahgg1 the feast of ,st4 ,monica1 he arrived in ,rome for the fifth time4 ,men are trying to make even the ,eternal ,city new1 and as the bishop walked through the familiar streets he felt that the voice might indeed be the voice of ,jacob1 whilst the hands were the hands of ,esau4 ,the ,colosseum1 consecrated by remembrances so heart-stirring1 now appeared to him as a dearly-loved face whence the spirit had fled4 ,it is the nature of ,rome to be the most conservative of cities1 and never are natural laws overturned with comfort4 ,these were the ,german bishop's thoughts as again he compared what had been to what was1 the more so as he found the improvement wholly exterior and material1 and1 along with finer streets in course of erection1 was obliged to notice a lowering of moral tone in their inhabitants4 ,even the faces of the men he met seemed to have altered2 for1 he says1 they are mostly not ,romans1 but a kind of heterogeneous mob gathered from all quarters of the globe4 ,when ,pius ,,vii4 returned to ,rome after the persecution which had threatened to annihilate his power1 he invited his enemy's family to partake of hospitality in that city1 as the land of great misfortunes2 but now the ,holy ,father1 his successor1 could offer nothing but an affectionate greeting to a bishop who had borne so noble a witness to the truth4 ,the shadow of ,pius ,,ix4's captivity must fall upon all his children4 ,an exiled bishop sought refuge in ,rome as the home of his father1 and ,rome could not give him what he sought4 ,by the advice of several cardinals ,dr4 ,martin changed his residence and went out only in secular dress1 but not before he had been denounced by unfriendly papers as one who was under arrest4 ,on the #bdth of ,may1 in consequence of continued persecution from the press1 and in honest fear of more serious ill-treatment1 strengthened by the loving farewell and the apostolical blessing of the ,holy ,father for himself and his diocese1 the bishop of ,paderborn set out for an unknown place of exile1 happy at least in his resemblance to ,one who1 coming unto his own1 was not received by them4 ,the early church wrote the acts of her martyrs1 in order that the remembrance of their deeds should never perish1 and the church of the nineteenth century may be allowed to record the struggle of her confessors not only for a perpetual memorial of them1 but also that others who are not in the fight may realize at once the presence of the battle-field and the nature of the warfare4 ,we have seen that it exists2 its nature cannot be better defined than by the words of him whose confessorship we are recording3 8,the ,papacy is in fact the one and only point round which the ,kulturkampf is raging1 and ,i am convinced that if the #8deposed' and banished bishops were to break off their connection with the ,papacy to-day1 to-morrow they would be re-established in all their honors and privileges4444 ,on the #c;d of ,august last it was three years since ,i parted from my beloved flock4 ,after ,god that flock is daily my first and last thought4 ,my prayers1 my anxieties1 my studies1 and my occupations of whatever nature belong to it4 ,i will be true to it till death1 and ,i hope by ,god's grace that it will be true to me4 ,hours of temptation come upon me sometimes1 it is true--hours when the painful doubt suggests itself whether ,i shall ever return to it4 ,but ,i take courage to myself again through a trusting look up to ,god4 ,he has counted every hair of our heads1 and1 if my return is in accordance with his providence1 no ,kulturkampf will have power to prevent it4 ,but should it be his good pleasure that ,i close my eyes to this world separated from my flock1 ,i say with most humble resignation3 ,may ,his will be done6 8,but even supposing that all we #8deposed' and exiled bishops should die in banishment1 the church1 and the church in our ,german ,fatherland1 will finally conquer4 ,he to whom all power in heaven and on earth is given is her protector2 and1 let her enemies be as numerous and powerful as it is possible to be1 an hour will come when of them also it will be said3 #8,they who sought after her life are dead4'0#bd ,footnote #i3 ,three ,years of my ,life4 ,by ,dr4 ,conrad ,martin1 ,bishop of ,paderborn4 ,mainz1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #aj3 ,drei ,jahre aus meinem ,leben4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ibid4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ibid4 p4 #h4 ,footnote #ac3 ,ibid4 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ibid4 p4 #ae4 ,footnote #ae3 ,ibid4 p4 #af4 ,footnote #af3 ,at ,knigstein1 in ,nassau4 ,footnote #ag3 ,drei ,jahre aus meinem ,leben1 p4 #bc4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ibid4 p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ai3 ,ibid4 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid4 p4 #da4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ibid4 p4 #de4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ibid4 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bd3 ,ibid4 pp4 #afj1 #afi4 ,,montserrat4 ,o streams1 and shades1 and hills on high1 ,unto the stillness of your breast ,my wounded spirit longs to fly-- ,to fly and be at rest2 ,thus from the world's tempestuous sea1 ,o gentle ,nature1 do ,i turn to thee6 --,fray ,luis de ,leon4 ,no one visits ,barcelona1 or ought to visit it1 without going to ,montserrat1 the sacred mountain of ,spain1 and one of the most extraordinary mountains in the world3 the naturalist1 to study its singular formation and the thousand varieties of its flora2 the mere tourist1 to visit its historic abbey and explore the wonderful grottoes with which the mountain is undermined2 and the pilgrim1 as to another ,sinai1 torn and rent asunder as by the throes of some new revelation1 where amid awful rifts and chasms is enthroned its ,syrian ,madonna1 like the impersonation of mercy amid the terrors of divine wrath4 ,it is one of those wonderful places in ,catholic ,christendom around which centres the piety of the multitude4 ,hermits for ages have peopled its caves4 ,the monks of ,st4 ,benedict for a thousand years have served its altars4 ,saints have kept watch around its venerable shrine4 ,the kings and knights of chivalric ,spain have come here with rich tributes to offer their vows4 ,and the poor1 with bare and bleeding feet1 have1 century after century1 climbed its rough sides out of mere love for their favorite sanctuary4 ,poets1 too1 have come here to seek inspiration4 ,several ,spanish poets of note have celebrated its natural beauties and its legendary glory4 ,goethe could find no more suitable place than this wild1 mysterious mountain for the scenery of one of the most wonderful parts of ,faust--the scene where he makes the ,pater ,ecstaticus float in the golden air1 the hermits chant from their mystic caves1 and the bird-like voices of the spirits come between like the breathings of a wind-swept harp4#be ,we took the ,zaragoza railway1 and in an hour after leaving ,barcelona were in sight of the towering gray pinnacles that make ,montserrat like no other mountain in the world4 ,it rises suddenly out of the valley of the ,llobregat more than three thousand five hundred feet into the air1 and looks as if numberless liquid jets1 sent up from the bowels of the earth1 had suddenly been congealed into colossal needles or cones4 ,these cones unite in a rocky base1 about fifteen miles in circumference1 which is cleft asunder by an awful chasm1 at the bottom of which flows the torrent of ,santa ,maria4 ,the base of the mountain is fringed with pines1 but the cones are ash-colored and bare1 being utterly devoid of vegetation1 except what grows in the numerous clefts and ravines4 ,this serrated mountain1 standing isolated in a broad plain1 strange and solitary1 seems set apart by nature for some exceptional purpose4 ,it looks like a vast temple consecrated to the ,divinity4 ,even the ,romans thought so when they set up their altars on its cliffs4 ,it is the very place for the gods to sit apart1 each on his own pinnacle1 and talk from peak to peak1 and reason high1 and arbitrate the fate of man4 ,the sharp needles which give so peculiar an appearance to the mountain are mostly of a conglomerate stone composed of fragments of marble1 porphyry1 granite1 etc41 and not unlike the ,oriental breccia4 ,some say that these enormous clefts have been produced by the agency of water or volcanic force2 others1 that the mountain1 like ,mt4 ,alvernia in ,italy1 where ,st4 ,francis received the sacred stigmata1 was rent asunder at the great sacrifice of ,mount ,calvary1 of which these profound abysses and splintered rocks are so many testimonials4 ,padre ,francesco ,crespo1 in a memorial to ,philip ,,iv4 on the ,pursima ,concepcion1 says of it3 8,astonishing monument of our faith1 divided into so many parts in sorrowful proof of the death of the ,creator60 ,and ,fray ,antonio1 a ,carmelite monk3 8,and in ,montserrat is verified that which was spoken in ,st4 ,matt4 xxvii43 ,and the earth did quake and the rocks were rent40 ,we stopped at the station of ,monistrol1 two miles from the town of that name which stands at the very foot of the mountain1 and walked along the banks of the ,llobregat by an excellent road1 often bordered with olives at the right1 while the other side was overhung by cliffs fragrant with rosemary and wild thyme4 ,we passed several cotton manufactories1 for this is the region of contrasts3 ,industry is running to and fro in the fertile valley1 while ,contemplation kneels with folded palms on the rocky heights above4 ,but what divine law is there that makes physical activity superior to moral1 or productive of greater results1 as so many would have us believe in these cui bono days8 ,who knows what rich returns the cloud-wrapped altar above has rendered to these heavens8 or how much the proud world owes to the solitary ,levite who in the temple keeps alive 8,the watchfire of his midnight prayer08 ,monistrol derives its name from monasteriolum--a little monastery1 which was built here by the early ,benedictines4 ,it is said that ,quirico1 a disciple of ,st4 ,benedict1 came to ,spain in the sixth century1 and1 hearing of an extraordinary mountain in the heart of ,catalonia1 called ,estorcil by the ,romans1 he came to see it and said to his disciples3 8,on this mount let us build a temple to the ,mater pulchr dilectionis40 ,his project was not realized till three centuries after1 but he is believed to have built a small convent at the foot of the mountain4 ,it was late in the afternoon when we drew near the spot where ,st4 ,quirico and his disciples set up their altar1 and the little white town of ,monistrol lay closely hugged in at the foot of the mountain1 behind which the sun sets by two o'clock1 so that it was already in the shadow4 ,on the outskirts we were surrounded by a swarm of swarthy gipsies ready to tell our future destiny for a real1 as if we did not already know it6 ,we crossed one of those bombastic bridges so common in ,spain1 as if there were a flood for the immense arches to span1 and just beyond met the cura--a tall1 thin man1 with an abstract1 speculative look1 but who proved himself able to give good practical advice1 which we followed by going to the little posada hard by for the night1 and awaiting the morning to ascend the holy mountain4 ,it was a clean little inn1 but as primitive as if it had come down from the time of ,st4 ,quirico4 ,not a soul could we find on presenting ourselves at the door1 and it was only by dint of repeatedly shouting ,ave ,maria ,pursima6 that a brisk little woman at length issued from some cavernous depth1 as if called forth by our magical words4 ,she gave us a dusky little room1 with a crucifix and colored print of ,st4 ,veronica over the bed1 and1 after exploring the town1 we took possession of it for the night while the tops of the mountain1 that rose up thousands of feet directly behind the house1 were still flushed with light4 ,the following morning was warm and cloudless1 though in the middle of ,february4 ,the tartana came at ten o'clock--a wagon with a hood1 drawn by three stout mules--and we set off with two men and three women1 all ,spanish1 and all as gay as the crickets on the wayside4 ,if their forefathers ascended the mountain with streaming eyes and unshod feet1 they1 at least1 went up on stout wheels1 and with many a song and quirk1 though perfectly innocent withal4 ,they were light-hearted laborers1 released from toil1 going with their lunch to spend a holiday at ,our ,lady of ,montserrat's4 ,just after starting we passed the little chapel of the ,santsima ,trinidad1 built1 as the tablet on it says1 to commemorate the happy ending of the ,african war in #ahfj4 ,we soon left ,monistrol below us4 ,the view at every moment became more extended as we wound up the steep sides of the mountain4 ,at the right was always the towering wall of solid rock1 while the left side of the road was often built up1 or at least supported1 by masonry4 ,vines and olives clung to the crags as long as they could find foothold1 and here and there was an aloe on the edge of the precipice4 ,the bells of ,monistrol could be heard far below4 ,the plain began to assume a billowy appearance1 swelling more and more to the north till lost in the mountains4 ,the air grew more exhilarating4 ,in two hours' time we came to a chapel with a tall cross before it1 and nearly opposite suddenly appeared the abbey of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat1 seven or eight stories high1 with a cliff rising hundreds of feet perpendicularly behind1 divided by deep fissures1 and terminating in needles that looked inaccessible1 but where we could see a hermitage perched on the top like the nest of an eagle4 ,there is no beauty about the convent1 or pretension to architecture1 but there is a certain austere simplicity about it that harmonizes with the mountain4 ,the narrowness of the terrace has prevented its extending laterally1 so it has been forced to tower up like the peaks around it4 ,the mountain1 as ,m4 ,von ,humboldt says1 seems to have opened to receive man into its bosom4 ,but nearly everything is modern1 and everywhere are ruins and traces of violence left by the ,french in their ravages of #ahaa4 ,passing through an arched gateway1 we found ourselves in a close1 around which stood several large buildings for the accommodation of pilgrims4 ,these are of three classes1 according to the condition of the visitor1 and named after the saints1 such as ,placido1 ,ignacio1 ,pedro ,nolasco1 ,francisco de ,borja1 etc4 ,the poor have two houses for the different sexes1 where they are lodged and fed gratuitously4 ,bread is distributed to them at seven in the morning2 at noon1 more bread with olla and wine2 and at night the same4 ,pilgrims of condition sometimes go to receive the bread of charity1 which they preserve as a relic4 ,no one1 rich or poor1 is allowed to remain over three days without special permission4 ,even the better class of rooms are of extreme simplicity1 containing the bare necessaries for comfort4 ,they are paved with brick1 and the walls are plastered1 but not whitewashed4 ,a man brought us towels1 sheets1 and a jug of water1 and left us to our own devices4 ,the visitor offers what he pleases on leaving4 ,nothing is required4 ,meals are obtained at a restaurant at fixed prices4 ,after taking possession of our rooms we went to pay homage to ,our ,lady of ,montserrat4 ,the first thing that struck us on entering the large atrium1 or court1 that precedes the church1 was a marble tablet recording one of the greatest memories of ,montserrat3 ,b4 ,ignativs--,a--,loyola-- hic-mvlta--prece--fletv- qve--,deo--se--virginiqve devovit--hictamqvam armis--spiritalib'-- sacco--se--mvniens--perno- ctavit--hinc--ad--socie tatem--,iesv--fvndan dam--prodiit--an no ,m--,d--,,xxii4--,f4 ,lavren ne to4 ,abb4 dedicavit4 ,an4 #afjc4 ,for here it was that in #aebb came the chivalrous hero of ,pampeluna1 who had passed his youth in the court of ,ferdinand ,v41 trained in the practice of every knightly accomplishment1 but now smitten down1 like ,st4 ,paul1 by divine grace1 and come here in accordance with the principles of ,christian chivalry in which he had been nurtured1 to devote himself to ,jesus and ,mary as their knight4 ,he laid aside his worldly insignia1 and put on the poverty of ,christ as the truest armor of virtue1 and1 on the eve of the ,annunciation1 kept his vigil of arms before the altar of ,our ,lady1 whom he now chose as the ,seora de sus pensamientos--8no countess10 as he said1 8no duchess1 but one of far higher degree0--and he hung up his sword on a pillar of her sanctuary as a token that his earthly warfare was over4 8,when at thy shrine1 most holy ,maid1 ,the ,spaniard hung his votive blade ,and bared his helmd brow1 #8,glory1' he cried1 #8with thee ,i've done6 ,fame1 thy bright theatres ,i shun1 ,to tread fresh pathways now2 ,to track thy footsteps1 ,saviour ,god6 ,with willing feet by narrow road2 ,hear and record my vow4'0 ,so1 in the ,book of ,heroes1 ,wolf-dietrich1 8the prince without a peer10 stopped short in his career of glory1 and1 going to the abbey of ,st4 ,george1 laid his arms and golden crown on the altar and consecrated himself to ,god4 ,on the other side of the entrance is a similar tablet relating to ,st4 ,peter ,nolasco1 a knight of ,languedoc1 who1 after serving in the religious wars of the times1 ascended ,montserrat on foot1 and1 when he arrived at the threshold of the house of ,mary1 fell on his knees1 and in this position approached her altar1 where he spent nine days in watching and prayer4 ,it was during one of his prolonged vigils that he conceived the project of founding the celebrated ,order of ,mercy1 which required of its members to give themselves1 if need were1 for the liberty of their brethren in bondage1 and which in the course of about four hundred years 7#abah-afcb7 ransomed1 at the price of millions1 four hundred and ninety thousand seven hundred and thirty-six ,christians 7among whom was the great ,cervantes7 from the prisons of the ,moors1 where they had endured sufferings no pen could describe4 ,dwelling on these saintly memories1 we passed through the arcades of the court1 green and damp with mould1 and came to the church4 ,the exterior1 of the ,renaissance style1 is by no means striking4 ,there are columns of ,spanish jasper on each side of the door1 with niches between for the twelve apostles1 of whom only four remain4 ,and over the entrance stands our ,saviour giving his blessing to the pilgrim4 ,there is a single nave of fine proportions1 divided transversely by one of those iron rejas1 or parcloses1 peculiar to ,spain1 with a succession of chapels at the sides1 by no means richly decorated4 ,it was noon1 and there was not a person in the large church4 ,divested of its ancient riches1 and simply ornamented1 it needed the crowds of pilgrims for whom it was intended to give it animation and effect4 ,but the antique ,virgin was there1 in the centre of the retablo over the high altar1 surrounded by lights1 and we were glad of the silence and solitude that surrounded her4 ,the sacred image of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat is believed to be one made by ,st4 ,luke the ,evangelist at ,jerusalem1 and brought to ,spain by ,st4 ,peter1 and long preserved in a church erected by ,st4 ,paciano at ,barcelona under the title of the ,blessed ,maria ,jerosolimitana1#bf where it was still venerated in the time of ,san ,severo1 a bishop under the rule of the ,goths4 ,according to an old chronicle1 it was to preserve it from the profanation of the ,moors that1 on the tenth of the kalends of ,may1 #gah1 ,pedro the bishop1 and ,eurigonio1 a captain of the ,goths1 took the holy image of the ,blessed ,mary1 and carried it to the mountain called ,asserado1 and hid it in a cave4 ,amid all the wars and commotions of that age1 it is not surprising that the remembrance of the holy statue became a dim tradition1 and the precise spot of its concealment utterly forgotten4 ,it was not till two centuries after that some young shepherds1 guarding their flocks at the foot of the mountain1 observed that every ,saturday night1 as soon as the darkness came on1 a light descended from the heavens and gathered in a blaze around one of the lofty peaks4 ,their story was at first made light of at ,monistrol1 but1 coming to the ear of the curate1 a great servant of ,god and ,our ,lady1 he resolved to ascertain its truth for himself4 ,accordingly1 the next ,saturday night1 he set forth at an early hour with a number of people for the most favorable point of observation4 ,as soon as it grew dark the supernatural light was seen1 and a soft1 delicious music heard issuing as from the depths of a cave4 ,the curate did not venture to approach1 but returned to consult the bishop of ,vich1 then residing at ,manresa1 the former place being in the hands of the ,moors4 ,this bishop1 whose name was ,gondemaro1 took the curate and other members of the clergy1 and1 accompanied by several knights1 ascended the mountain at the usual hour of the wonderful occurrence4 ,they found the cliff enveloped in a cloud of fragrance4 ,a shower of stars settled around the summit like a crown1 and dulcet symphonies came forth from its bosom4 ,this phenomenon lasted till midnight1 when the music died away1 the stars returned to their spheres1 and silence and darkness resumed their empire4 ,the bishop passed the remainder of the night in dwelling on what he had witnessed1 and at the first ray of dawn summoned the curate and requested him to take the necessary means for examining the place by daylight4 ,he was not obliged to repeat the command4 ,the curate took his parishioners1 and1 accompanied by the bishop1 went in procession along the banks of the ,llobregat1 and up the sides of the mountain as far as practicable4 ,then he despatched several young shepherds1 who could climb the rocks like goats1 to explore the cliff4 ,after no little fatigue and danger they discovered a cave on the edge of a precipice1 and within it the sacred image of the ,mother of ,god1 surrounded by an odor like that of a garden of flowers4 ,the joyful cries of the shepherds1 repeated by all the echoes of the mountain caves1 made known their discovery4 ,the bishop took the statue in his arms1 and1 desirous of carrying it to ,manresa1 they went circling the wild peaks with songs of joy in the direction of ,monistrol2 but when he attempted to go past a certain place on the mountain his feet became fastened to the ground like iron to a loadstone4 ,the ,virgin had chosen the mountain for her abode1 and would not abandon it4 ,after the first moment of astonishment the bishop comprehended the meaning of the ,soberana ,seora1 and a chapel was soon built to receive the statue1 which he entrusted to the care of the curate of ,monistrol4 ,but this was not the first chapel on the mountain4 ,the oldest was that of ,san ,miguel1 on the other side of the ravine of ,santa ,maria1 said to have been built out of the ruins of a temple of ,venus4 ,we went to see it that afternoon4 ,it stands on a lofty ridge of the mountain to the north1 commanding a magnificent prospect4 ,beneath is the whole valley of the ,llobregat1 but what below seemed like a vast plain here looked like the sea in a storm1 in which wave after wave succeeded each other till lost in the ,pyrenees4 ,and these1 capped with snow1 looked like the foaming sea1 run mountains high1 all along the northern horizon4 ,the whole country was dotted with villages4 ,the river looked like a thread of silver winding through the surging valley4 ,the sounds came up from below in a subdued murmur4 ,at the right lay the ,mediterranean1 calm as a sea of crystal4 ,behind the chapel rose the tall cones1 like the watch-towers of a vast fortress4#bg ,the solitude1 the wildness1 the awful depths over which we hung made a profound impression on us all4 8,how easy for the soul to rise to ,god in such a place60 we said4 8,let us remain here the rest of our lives4 ,with books to read1 the chapel in which to pray1 the mountain-side on which to meditate1 and such a glorious view of ,god's world around us1 what more in this world could we ask for80 ,every now and then came the peal of the convent bells4 ,the air was fragrant with the balsamic odor of the shrubs4 ,the glowing sun lit up mount and sea4 ,and a certain melancholy about these gray peaks and unfathomable abysses1 the ruined hermitages and violated chapels1 and even the wintry aspect of yonder plain1 gave them an additional charm4 ,while sitting on the rocks a ,spaniard came along with his daughter1 and1 entering into conversation1 we learned that they were visiting the holy mountain for the last time together1 she being on the point of entering a sisterhood4 ,they both showed the most lively faith1 and talked with enthusiasm of ,montserrat1 telling us how it had been rent asunder at the ,crucifixion4 ,after they had gone on in the direction of ,collbato we sat a long time in silence1 and then went slowly down the winding path1 bordered with laurel1 holly1 heather1 and shrubs of various kinds4 ,on the way we met a long file of pupils from the abbey1 ranging from ten to twenty years of age1 all in gowns and leather belts like young monks4 ,two of the ,benedictine fathers came behind them4 ,it was nearly night when we got back to the monastery1 and as soon as we had dined we went to the church4 ,it was wrapped in utter darkness1 all but the sanctuary1 which was blazing with lamps around the ,madonna and the tabernacle4 ,we knelt down in the obscurity close to the reja4 ,in a short time thirty or forty students entered in their white tunics1 and1 encircling the altar1 began the ,rosario in a measured1 recitative way that was almost a chant4 ,then they gathered around the organ and sang the ,salve and ,tota pulchra es with admirable expression4 ,the lateness of the hour1 the vast nave shrouded in darkness1 the blazing altar1 with the black ,madonna above in her golden robes after the ,spanish fashion1 the groups of worshippers motionless as statues1 the venerable monks of ,st4 ,benedict in the choir1 and the white-robed singers around the organ1 gave great effect to the scene4 ,we wished we might keep our vigil before the altar1 like ,st4 ,ignatius2 but one of the lay brothers1 with a queer old lantern that must have been handed down from the ,goths1 began to hustle us out of the church as soon as the devotions were over1 and we went stumbling through the dark court into the open air2 and giving one look at the violet heavens1 across which flashed a shooting-star1 and to the tall black cliffs that overshadowed us1 we went to our rooms1 our hearts still under the influence of the music4 ,the bells of the monastery kept ringing from time to time as long as we were awake1 and they roused us again at an early hour the following morning1 as if the laus perennis were still kept up as in the olden time4 ,it was not yet day1 but we hurried to the early ,mass1 which is sung with the aid of the students1 followed by another chanted by the monks1 and the sun was just rising out of the sea when we came from the church4 ,as soon as breakfast was over we went to visit the cave of ,fray ,juan ,garin1 which is in the side of an enormous cliff it seemed fearful to live under4 ,he was lying there in effigy1 with his book and rosary1 a water-jar at his feet1 and a basket at his head1 as if he had just gone to sleep4 ,his legend1 though not pleasing1 is too closely connected with the early history of the mountain to be wholly omitted4 ,it has been sung1 too1 by poets1 and one scene1 at least1 in his life has been perpetuated in sculpture4 ,fray ,juan ,garin is said to have been born in the ninth century of a noble family of ,goths at ,valencia1 and in the time of ,wifredo1 ,count of ,barcelona1 became a hermit on the lone heights of ,montserrat4 ,he is represented as a man of wasted aspect1 with a long beard1 who lived in the cave of an inaccessible cliff1 and1 when he went forth1 carried a long staff in his hands1 which were embrowned by the sun4 ,here he attained to such consummate sanctity that the very bells which hung between the two pillars before the ancient chapel of ,,ss4 ,acisclo and ,victoria rang out of their own accord whenever he approached4 ,every year he made a pilgrimage to the capital of the ,christian world1 and tradition says the bells of the ,holy ,city spontaneously rang out at his arrival1 like those of ,montserrat4 ,it would seem as if this holy hermit1 regardless of the world1 and by the world forgot1 could have nothing to disturb his peace4 ,but the great adversary had his evil eye on him1 and resolved on his fall4 ,for this purpose he turned hermit himself1 as in the old rhyme1 and put on a penitential robe and long white beard1 which made such an impression on the count of ,barcelona1 when he presented himself before him1 that he took his advice and brought his beautiful daughter ,riquilda1 who was thought to be possessed1 to try the efficacy of ,fray ,juan's prayers4 ,meanwhile1 the devil established himself in the very cave on the top of the cone above the monastery still known as the ,ermita del ,diablo1 and soon after the two hermits met as if by accident4 ,they looked at each other1 but without at first breaking the holy silence that set its seal on their contemplative life4 ,at length the ,diablo addressed ,fray ,juan1 saying he was a great sinner who had come to the mountain three years previously to seek pardon of ,god for his innumerable offences in solitude and mortification1 and expressing surprise that they had never met before4 ,garin at first repulsed his advances1 as if by instinct1 but the ,diablo continued to speak with so much unction on the redoubled fervor that would result from a holy union of prayer and penitential exercises that ,garin at length yielded1 and finally let no day pass without meeting him and unveiling the innermost recesses of his heart4 ,we will not enter into the details of the tragedy which ended in the murder of the beautiful ,riquilda4 ,but when ,fray ,juan awoke to a sense of his crime1 he was seized with so terrible a remorse that he once more set off for ,rome to throw himself at the feet of him to whom are given the keys of earth and heaven1 and confess his heinous sin4 ,but the bells no longer rang out as he drew near4 ,he was now 8,a wretch at whose approach abhorr'd1 ,recoils each holy thing40 ,even the pope1 with the power to him given to wash men's sins away1 had no ghostly word of peace for him4 ,but he sent him not away in utter despair4 ,he imposed on him by way of expiation to go forth from his presence like a beast of the earth1 to live on the herbs of the field1 and keep an unbroken silence till a sinless child a few months old--,o power of innocence6--should assure him ,god had remitted his sin4 ,and ,fray ,juan submissively went forth from the ,holy ,city on his hands and feet1 and directed his weary course once more to ,montserrat4 ,meanwhile1 the ,virgin1 as ,mr4 ,ticknor says1 8appearing on that wild mountain where the unhappy man had committed his crime1 consecrates its deep solitudes by founding there the magnificent sanctuary which has ever since made ,montserrat holy ground to all devout ,catholics40#bh ,in the course of time ,fray ,juan's garments were worn out2 exposed to the blazing sun of ,spain1 he grew swarthy of hue1 and his body became covered with hair that made him look like a wild beast1 for which1 in fact1 he was taken by the royal foresters1 who fastened a rope around his neck and led him to ,barcelona1 where he was put in the stables of the count's palace of ,valdauris1 and became at once the wonder and terror of the people4 ,not long after the lord of ,catalonia made a great feast to celebrate the birth of his son1 now four or five months old1 and one of the guests expressing a wish to see the curious beast from ,montserrat1 ,fray ,juan was led into the hall4 ,as soon as he appeared the infant prince1 speaking for the first time in his life1 said3 8,rise up1 ,fray ,juan ,garin2 thou hast fulfilled thy penance4 ,god hath pardoned thee40 ,and the penitent rose up and resumed his original form as a man4#bi ,he then threw himself at the count's feet and confessed his crime4 ,wifredo could not refuse a pardon ,god had granted through his child4 ,he ordered ,fray ,juan to conduct him to his daughter's grave1 and1 followed by all the lords and knights of his court1 he went to the mountain1 and there1 beside the newly-erected chapel of the ,virgin1 he found the tomb of the princess4 ,when it was unsealed1 to their amazement ,riquilda opened her eyes and came forth from the grave4 ,around her neck was a slight mark1 like a thread of crimson silk4 ,as ,faust says of ,margaret3 8,how strangely does a single blood-red line1 ,not broader than the sharp edge of a knife1 ,adorn her lovely neck60 ,the overjoyed count took his daughter back to ,barcelona1 where an immense crowd came to see her whom the great ,madre de ,dios had awakened from the sleep of death4 ,one of the knights of the court1 struck with her beauty1 requested her hand in marriage1 but ,riquilda felt that after so strange a restoration to life1 she ought to consecrate herself to ,god on the mount where the wonder had been accomplished4 ,wifredo1 who was a great builder of churches1 determined to erect a magnificent convent on the mountain4 ,fray ,juan worked on it with his own hands1 and after its completion retired to a cave1 where he penitently ended his days4 ,the convent was peopled with nuns of noble birth1 and ,riquilda placed at their head4 ,eighty years after ,count ,borrell1 who was now lord of ,catalonia1 fearful of a ,saracen invasion1 substituted monks and transferred the nuns to the royal foundation of ,santa ,maria de ,ripoll4 ,this legend of a rude age1 gross in some of its details1 has been celebrated in several poems1 one of which1 still read and admired1 takes a high place in ,spanish literature4 ,this is ,el ,monserrate1 by ,cristbal de ,virues1 a dramatic poet1 who was a great favorite of ,lope de ,vega's4 ,virues had served as a captain in the ,spanish wars1 and taken part in the battle of ,lepanto4 ,he belonged to an age when1 as ,mr4 ,ticknor says1 many a soldier1 after a life of excess1 ended his days in a hermitage as rude and solitary as that of ,garin4 ,the old counts of ,barcelona made great donations to the convent of ,montserrat1 as well as the kings of ,aragon after them4 ,the monks were exempted from imposts and taxes1 and made honorary citizens of ,barcelona4 ,they not only had possession of the mountain1 but held feudal sway over several towns and lordships4 ,the rule of ,st4 ,benedict is known to have been observed here in #ihg1 when ,prior ,raymundo was at the head of the house4 ,it was a dependence of the abbey of ,ripoll until the fourteenth century1 but on account of its miraculous ,virgin1 and the extraordinary history of its foundation1 it at once acquired great celebrity1 and not a day passed without numerous pilgrims4 ,in the twelfth century there were so many that ,don ,jaime el ,conquistador ordered all who went to the mountain to take with them the provisions necessary for their subsistence4 ,these pilgrims1 who were often from distant provinces1 used to come with bare feet1 sometimes with torches in their hands1 or bearing heavy crosses1 or scourging their bodies1 or with a halter around their necks and manacles on their hands1 as if they were criminals4 ,and when the monks saw them coming in this manner1 they went out to meet them1 and released them from their vow by special authority from the pope1 and brought them in before the holy image of the ,mother of ,god1 where their sighs and tears broke forth into piteous prayers4 ,these pilgrims had a kind of sacred character which prevented them from being cited before tribunals till they returned1 except for crimes committed on the way1 under a penalty of five hundred crowns4 ,leonora1 the wife of ,don ,pedro el ,catolico1 was the first queen of ,aragon to visit the sanctuary1 and ,don ,pedro the ,great the first king4 ,the latter passed the night before the altar of ,our ,lady1 imploring her aid against the ,french1 who were invading ,catalonia4 ,don ,jaime and his wife ,blanca came together and endowed the monastery1 of which their son was then prior4 ,don ,pedro el ,ceremonioso came twice3 on his way to the conquest of ,majorca1 and again at his return1 when he presented a silver galley in thanksgiving for his success4 ,queen ,violante1 wife of ,juan ,i41 came here with bare feet1 out of pure love for the ,virgin1 bringing with her rich gifts4 ,when ,ferdinand the ,catholic was nine years old his mother brought him to ,montserrat and consecrated him to the ,virgin4 ,after the conquest of ,granada he and ,queen ,isabella came here together1 with ,prince ,juan1 their son1 ,isabella1 widow of ,don ,alonso of ,portugal1 ,doa ,juana1 afterwards called la ,loca1 and others of the royal family4 ,they brought with them the two young sons of the last king of ,granada1 who were baptized under the names of ,juan and ,fernando4 ,in the retinue were the great ,cardinal ,mendoza and a number of prelates4 ,on this or some other occasion their ,catholic majesties presented two magnificent silver lamps to burn before ,our ,lady of ,montserrat1 and ,queen ,isabella gave twelve yards of green velvet1 and two of brocade1 to the sacristy4 ,it was about this time that thirteen monks from ,montserrat were chosen to accompany ,christopher ,columbus in order to establish the faith in the new regions he might discover4 ,at their head was ,dom ,bernardo ,boil1 a noble ,catalonian1 who was raised to the dignity of patriarch and papal legate4 ,columbus gave the name of ,montserrat to an island he discovered in #adic1 on account of the resemblance it bore to the holy mountain of ,spain1 and the first ,christian church erected in ,america was called ,nuestra ,seora de ,montserrat4 ,charles ,v4 came to ,montserrat when nineteen years of age1 accompanied by his tutor1 ,adrian of ,utrecht1 afterwards pope4 ,they found the court full of soldiers1 with lighted torches in their hands1 and the ,count ,palatine at the head of an embassy to offer him the crown of ,carlo ,magno in the name of the electors of ,germany4 ,charles went to prostrate himself at the feet of the ,virgin1 and the following day left for ,barcelona1 after giving the father abbot the title and privileges of ,sacristan ,mayor of the crown of ,aragon4 ,he subsequently bestowed many gifts on the abbey1 and gave it rule over the town of ,olessa and other places4 ,he visited it repeatedly1 and not only remained several days at a time1 but is even said to have tried the monastic life he afterwards embraced in the convent of ,yuste4 ,the third time he came here was in #aecc1 and on ,corpus ,christi day he walked in the procession with the monks1 carrying a lighted candle in his hand4 ,he liked to pass such great solemnities in a monastery1 contributing by his presence and generosity to the brilliancy of the festival4 ,he always invoked ,our ,lady of ,montserrat before engaging in battle1 and attributed to her his victories4 ,he was at ,montserrat when he received notice of the discovery of ,mexico by ,hernando ,cortes1 and when he heard of one of his important victories over the ,moors4 ,and on ,st4 ,margaret's day1 #aece1 the parish of ,santa ,maria del ,mar at ,barcelona sent a deputation of twelve persons to the mountain1 habited as penitents1 to pray for the success of the royal arms4 ,they united with the monks and hermits in a devout procession around the cloister1 and made such prevailing prayer at the altar of ,our ,lady that ,charles ,v4 that very day took possession of ,tunis4 ,when the emperor1 in #aeeh1 found he was dying1 he called for the taper blessed on the altar of ,montserrat1 and holding it in one hand1 with the crucifix that had been taken from the dead hand of his mother ,juana in the other1 this great monarch1 who1 as he acknowledged to his kinsman1 ,st4 ,francis ,borgia1 had never1 from the twenty-first year of his age1 suffered a day to pass without devoting some part of it to mental prayer1 now slept for ever in the ,lord4 ,isabella of ,portugal1 wife of ,charles ,v41 likewise came here1 and in her train the ,marques de ,lombay1 afterwards ,duke of ,gandia1 and ,viceroy of ,catalonia1 now venerated on our altars under the name of ,san ,francisco de ,borja4 ,with him was his wife1 the beautiful ,leonora de ,castro1 lady of honor to the empress4 ,as a memorial of her visit1 ,isabella presented the church with a silver pax of artistic workmanship worth two thousand ducats1 and a little ship garnished with diamonds valued at #aj1hjj pesos4 ,some years after ,doa ,maria1 daughter of ,charles ,v41 came here with her husband1 ,maximilian ,,ii41 ,emperor of ,austria1 to obtain a blessing on their marriage1 and she spent several days here on her return to ,spain4 ,her page1 at that time1 was the young ,louis de ,gonzaga1 son of the ,marquis of ,castiglione1 who afterwards entered the ,society of ,jesus1 and is now canonized4 ,with this empress came also her daughter1 the ,princess ,margarita1 who prostrated herself at the feet of the ,virgin and implored the grace of becoming the spouse of her divine ,son4 ,tradition says the ,virgin gently inclined her head in token of consent4 ,at all events1 the princess1 after her prayer1 took a dagger from one of the cavaliers1 and with blood from her own veins thus wrote3 8,i solemnly pledge myself to become the spouse of ,christ1 to whom ,i here offer myself1 begging his ,virgin ,mother to be my mediator4 ,in faith of which ,i subscribe myself1 8,,margarita40 ,she placed this vow in the ,virgin's hand1 and afterwards fulfilled it by becoming a nun in the royal foundation of the ,carmelites at ,madrid under the name of ,sr4 ,margarita de la ,cruz4 ,this interesting document was long preserved in the abbey1 but disappeared when the house was ravaged under ,napoleon4 ,philip ,,ii41 the monarch who boasted that the sun never set on his dominions1 visited ,montserrat four times1 one of which was on ,candlemas day1 when he took part in the procession1 devoutly carrying his taper4 ,he presented ,our ,lady with a silver lamp weighing over a hundred pounds1 and an elaborate retablo for her altar which cost ten thousand ducados4 ,don ,john of ,austria came here after the battle of ,lepanto1 and brought several flags taken from the enemy1 as trophies to the ,virgin of ,montserrat1 and hung up in the centre of the church the signal-lantern taken from the vessel of the ,turkish admiral4 ,the abbey at this time was one of the richest in ,spain4 ,it was surrounded by ramparts and towers for defence4 ,it had its courts and cloisters full of sculptures1 and carvings1 and tombs of precious marble1 whereon knights lay in their armor1 and abbots with mitre and crosier4 ,but the church was too small for the number of pilgrims1 and dim in spite of its seventy silver lamps4 ,abbot ,garriga1 one of the ablest men who ever ruled over the monastery1 resolved to build a new one4 ,this distinguished abbot rose from the humblest condition in life4 ,when he was only seven years old his father1 a poor man1 ascended the mountain on an ass1 with a kid in one pannier and his son in the other1 and offered them both at the convent gate4 ,the porter accepted the kid1 but refused the boy4 ,the father1 however1 persisted in leaving him1 and the abbot1 struck with his intelligence1 gave him a place in the school4 ,he received the monastic habit at the age of nine4 ,while a novice he used to lament the inadequate size of the church1 and predicted he should rebuild it4 ,he subsequently became abbot1 and fulfilled his prophecy1 but he ended his days in the lofty hermitage of ,st4 ,dimas1 where he had retired to prepare for eternity4 ,when the new church was completed1 as the ,virgin could not be removed under penalty of excommunication1 the sanction of the pope had to be obtained4 ,philip ,,iii4 came to take part in the ceremony1 and with him a crowd of courtiers and ,spanish grandees4 ,on ,sunday1 ,july #aa1 #aeic1 the king and all the court went to confession and holy ,communion in the morning4 ,in the afternoon the sacred image was taken down from the place it had occupied for centuries1 and clothed in magnificent robes1 given by the ,infanta ,isabella and the ,duchess of ,brunswick4 ,then the procession was formed1 preceded by a cross-bearer carrying a cross of pure silver1 in which was set a piece of the ,lignum ,crucis surrounded by five emeralds1 five diamonds1 a topaz as large as a walnut1 and a great number of pearls4 ,then came forty-three lay brothers1 fifteen hermits1 and sixty-two monks1 chanting the ,ave ,maris ,stella1 each one carrying a wax candle weighing a pound4 ,after them were twenty-four scholastics1 and then the statue of ,our ,lady1 borne by four monks in orders1 wearing rich dalmaticas4 ,over it was a gorgeous canopy supported by noble lords4 ,behind followed ,abbot ,garriga and his attendants1 and1 after the peasant's son1 ,king ,philip ,,iii41 bearing a torch on which was painted the royal arms1 and a long train of lords and ladies1 the highest in the realm4 ,with all this pomp the ,madonna was borne up the nave of the new church1 and1 amid the ringing of bells and the chant of the ,te ,deum1 was placed on her silver throne1 given by the ,duke of ,cardona4 ,all the kings of ,spain1 down to the end of the eighteenth century1 came here with their votive offerings4 ,the church had a font of jasper1 a reja of beautiful workmanship that cost fourteen thousand ducats1 and around the altar of the ,virgin burned over two hundred costly lamps1 the gifts of kings1 princes1 and nobles4 ,she had four gold crowns studded with gems2 one estimated at fifty thousand ducats1 sent by the natives of ,mexico converted to the faith4 ,the monstrance for the exposition of the ,host gleamed like the sun with its rays of sparkling jewels4 ,chalices were covered with rubies4 ,there were golden candlesticks for the altar1 and ornaments of amber and crystal1 and vestments of cloth of gold embroidered with precious stones1 and a profusion of other valuable things that may to ,judas eyes seem uselessly poured out in this favored sanctuary4 ,to this wonderful church1 for the gilding of which he had contributed four thousand crowns1 came ,don ,john of ,austria in the seventeenth century1 and1 penetrating into the sanctuary1 he placed his hands on the sacred altar1 and in a distinct voice pronounced the following3 8,i swear and promise to maintain with my sword that the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary was conceived without the stain of original sin from the first instant of her being10 which vow was repeated by all the knights in his train4 ,there was formerly a painting in one of the chapels to commemorate this scene4 ,many children of the first families of ,spain used to be brought to ,montserrat and consecrated to the ,virgin4 ,sometimes they were even left here to pass their boyhood4 ,don ,john of ,cardona1 a ,spanish admiral1 who distinguished himself in the wars with the ,turks1 and at one time was viceroy of ,navarre1 was educated here1 and said he valued the honor of being a page of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat more than having been the defender of ,malta against the infidel4 ,he took for his standard her glorious image1 and1 when he died1 was buried1 at his own request1 at her feet4 ,so were many others1 famous as soldiers or statesmen1 reared on this secluded mountain4 ,the pupils1 as now1 wore a semi-monastic dress4 ,they daily recited the ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin1 sang at the early ,mass1 and ate in the monks' refectory4 ,nor were they all nobles4 ,there were peasants' children1 too1 among them1 but they were all reared together in that simplicity of life that seems traditional among the ,benedictines4 ,the divine words that for ever ennobled the innocence of childhood have done more to efface artificial distinctions in monastic houses than the second sentence in the ,declaration of ,independence has ever done in our beloved republic4 ,but in ,spain there has always been a certain courtesy towards the lower classes that has tended to elevate them1 or1 at least1 to maintain their self-respect4 ,it is said that the dignity of man in that country seems to rise in proportion as his rank descends4 ,among the more recent memories of the school1 it is told how1 ,september #cj1 #ahfj1 ,queen ,isabella ,,ii4 came here with her son1 now ,king ,alfonso ,,xii41 then only three years old1 and had him made a page of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat1 and he was clothed in the dress of the pupils in the presence of the court4 ,but to return to the history of the abbey4 ,the day came when all its riches were suddenly swept away4 ,catalonia was the first to rise against the government of ,napoleon4 ,montserrat1 being considered almost impregnable1 was made a depot of provisions and munitions of war4 ,it was fortified1 and bristled with cannon like a citadel4 ,suchet attacked the mountain4 ,it was vigorously defended by three hundred ,spaniards entrenched in the defiles1 but the ,french succeeded in gaining possession of it4 ,the monastery was blown up4 ,the hermitages were ruined4 ,the hermits were 8hunted like chamois from rock to rock10 and the treasures of the church were carried off as spoils of war4 ,all the testimonials of the faith of ,spain that had been accumulating here for centuries were swept away3 the gold and the jewels1 the paintings and carvings1 the ,gothic cloister and the tombs of alabaster--all1 all disappeared4 ,only one priceless jewel remained1 around which all the others had been gathered--the ancient ,madonna brought from the ,east1 which was once more concealed in a cave1 as in the time of the ,moors4 ,towards the close of our second day on ,montserrat we passed through an avenue of cypresses behind the monastery1 and came to a small terrace on the very edge of the precipitous mountain-side1 around which was a wall adorned with great stone saints that were gray and mossy1 and worn by the elements4 ,against the wall were seats1 and1 in the centre of the plot1 a tank for gold fish1 with a few plants and shrubs around it4 ,here is an admirable view to the northwest1 and we stood leaning a long time against the wall1 looking at the broad ,vega beneath1 and the long range of ,pyrenees that stood out with wonderful distinctness against the pure evening sky4 ,directly beneath us was ,monistrol1 and1 beyond1 ,manresa1 only three leagues off1 but seemingly much nearer2 and along yonder road winding through the ,valley of ,paradise1 as it used to be called1 must have gone ,st4 ,ignatius from ,montserrat in his newly-put-on garments of holy poverty1 which could not1 we fancy1 hide his courtly bearing or eagle glance4 ,nothing could surpass the exquisite gradations of light and color that passed over the landscape while the sun was going down4 ,the pleasant valley grew dim4 ,manresa receded1 and her white walls soon looked like a ship at sea4 ,a purple mist began to creep up the mountain-sides4 ,the snowy summits were suffused with a blush of rosy light4 ,the last gleam of the sun1 now below the western horizon1 flashed from peak to peak like signal-fires1 and then died away4 ,the purple hills grew leaden4 ,the rosy peaks became paler and paler till they were actually livid1 and finally faded away into mere fleecy clouds4 ,then we walked reluctantly back through the tall1 dark cypresses to the convent1 and through the shadowy cloister to the church1 which we found dark but for the usual cluster of lamps around the altar1 suspended there--beautiful emblem of prayer--to consume themselves before ,god1 in place of the hearts forced to live amid the cares of the world4 ,there is an old legend1 embodied in a ,catalan ballad1 that tells how an angel one night ordered ,fray ,jos de las ,llantias1 a lay brother of ,montserrat1 now declared ,venerable1 to quickly trim the dying lamps lest the world be overwhelmed in darkness because of iniquity4 ,the next morning1 after the usual offices1 we went to receive the father abbot's blessing and visit the treasury of the ,virgin--no longer filled with countless jewels1 but containing many touching offerings that tell of perils past1 such as soldiers' knapsacks and swords1 sailors' hats1 innumerable plaits of hair1 etc4 ,then we went up a winding stair1 on which1 at different turnings1 three white angels pointed the way1 to kiss ,our ,lady's hand1 according to the custom of pilgrims4 ,afterwards we took a guide1 and went to visit several of the hermitages1 most of which are still in ruins4 ,that of the ,virgin has been restored1 and from below looks like a small chteau rising straight up from the edge of the precipice overhanging the ravine of ,santa ,maria4 ,the ancient ,cueva1 or cave1 where the ,madonna was found1 is now converted into a pretty chapel lighted by small stained windows4 ,the adjoining cell has a balcony that hangs over the abyss1 commanding a lovely view4 ,the hermitage of ,san ,dimas1 or ,dismas1 is on one of the most inaccessible peaks4 8,gistas damnatur1 ,dismas ad astra levatur10 says the old ,latin rhyme4 ,this cell is now in ruins1 but it was once fortified and had a drawbridge4 ,col4 ,green entrenched himself here in #ahab with a detachment of soldiers1 and cannon had to be put on a neighboring height to dislodge him4 ,it was in one of its chapels the great ,loyola made his general confession1 and to a ,frenchman4 ,in ancient times there was a den of robbers here1 for which reason it was placed under the protection of the ,good ,thief when it was converted into a hermitage4 ,the hermitage of ,santa ,cruz is approached by a flight of one hundred and fifty steps cut in the solid rock4 ,it is said to be so called because ,charlemagne1 when fighting against the ,moors in the north of ,spain1 ordered a white banner1 on which was a blood-red cross1 to be set up on this peak4 ,here lived the ,blessed ,benito de ,aragon for sixty-three years4 ,the hermits generally lived to an advanced age1 to which the pure air1 as well as their simple life and regular habits1 conduced4 ,there are about thirteen of these hermitages scattered over the mountain4 ,that of ,santa ,magdalena1 one of the most picturesque1 is two miles from the monastery4 ,they are all built on a uniform plan4 ,there is a chapel1 and connected with it is a small house containing an antechamber1 a cell with an alcove for a bed1 and a kitchen4 ,on one side there is a little garden with a cistern4 ,the hermits made a vow never to leave the mountain4 ,on the festival of ,st4 ,benedict they received the ,holy ,eucharist together and had dinner in common4 ,on certain days in the year they descended to the abbey1 and always took part in the great solemnities4 ,their director1 appointed by the abbot1 lived in the hermitage of ,san ,benito4 ,their rule was very austere4 ,they observed an almost continual fast1 and their abstinence was perpetual4 ,fish1 bread1 and the common wine of the region constituted their food4 ,most of their time was passed in exercises of piety1 varied by the culture of their little gardens4 ,they were allowed no pets of any kind1 but the birds of the air became so familiarized with their presence as to approach at a signal and eat from their hands4 ,this was no small pleasure1 for there are nightingales1 goldfinches1 robin red-breasts1 larks1 thrushes1 etc41 in abundance on the mountain4 ,when ill they were removed to the infirmary at the abbey4 ,the most elevated hermitage is that of ,san ,geronimo4 ,the way to it lies along the edge of deep ravines1 over steep cliffs1 through narrow fissures--a rough1 fatiguing1 enchanting excursion4 ,there is a fresh surprise at every instant1 from the continual variety of nature4 ,we gathered fragrant violets1 daisies1 the purple heather1 delicate ferns1 branches of holly and box1 that grew in crevices along the mountain-paths4 ,we were so fatigued when we arrived that we were glad to sit down against the crumbling walls of the hermitage1 and eat our lunch1 and take a draught from the cool cistern4 ,the cell is on the brink of a gulf worn by torrents1 into which it makes one giddy to look4 ,close by rises a tall cone which is the highest point of ,montserrat4 ,here is a magnificent prospect of mountain1 and sea1 and four provinces of ,spain4 ,on the north is ,catalonia and the glorious ,pyrenees2 at the east the blue ,mediterranean1 with the ,balearic ,isles in the distance2 to the south the coasts of ,castillon and ,valencia2 and to the west ,lerida and the mountains of ,aragon4 ,the hermit of ,san ,geronimo was always the youngest1 and as the others died he descended to a cell less exposed to the inclemency of the seasons1 leaving his place to a new-comer4 ,it is a solitary peak1 indeed1 to live on1 and yet in sight of so vast a world4 ,we were there at noon1 when the sun was in all its splendor1 lighting up the snows of the mountain and the waves of the sea4 ,the wind began to rise with a solemn swell1 giving out that hollow1 ominous sound which ,de ,quincey says is 8the one sole audible symbol of eternity40 ,the holy mountain1 shivered into numberless peaks2 the abysses and chasms that separate them1 only inhabited by birds of prey2 the variety of aromatic plants that grow in the rich soil collected wherever it can find room2 the exhilarating air2 the marvels of creation on every side1 seemingly 8boundless as we wish our souls to be10 constitute an abode in which one would wish for ever to live4 ,the lines of ,fray ,luis de ,leon in his ,noche ,serena might have been inspired by this very spot3 8,who that has seen these splendors roll1 ,and gazed on this majestic scene1 ,but sighed to 'scape the world's control1 ,spurning its pleasures poor and mean1 ,and pass the gulf that yawns between80 ,footnote #be3 ,mr4 ,bayard ,taylor4 ,footnote #bf3 ,this church is now that of ,san ,justo y ,san ,pastor which perpetuates the memory of the holy image by a chapel and confraternity of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat1 as well as by frequent pilgrimages to the mountain itself4 ,footnote #bg3 ,the ,moors called ,montserrat ,gis ,taus--the watch-peaks or towers4 ,footnote #bh3 ,history of ,spanish ,literature4 ,footnote #bi3 ,there was formerly an old sculpture in this palace of the counts of ,barcelona1 representing the prince in the arms of his nurse1 and the hermit of ,montserrat at their feet4 ,this is now in the museum of antiquities in the old convent of ,san ,juan at ,barcelona4 ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,emerson4 ,tall1 gaunt1 with clear-cut and unmistakably ,new ,england features1 and feet that would not admit of ,cinderella slippers1 is the tout ensemble which ,emerson photographed upon our retina when we heard him lecture recently4 ,we liked his calm and self-poised manner4 ,there was no heated concern when the ,sibylline leaves on which his lecture was written became inextricably mixed4 ,paradoxically enough1 his theme was 8,orators and ,oratory40 ,his high1 shrill voice1 his ungainly manners1 and his utter absence of gesture make him the most unattractive of speakers4 ,but there was a certain 8fury in his words0 which fastened the attention4 ,the next thing to being an orator is to love oratory2 and his reverence and admiration for the eloquent in speech pass his own eloquent expression4 ,emerson's sentences are so pointed that frequently the point is so fine as to be lost4 ,his eloquence is anything but ,asiatic1 and1 indeed1 its terseness very much resembles affectation4 ,he is called the ,american ,carlyle1 but his proper title is the ,american ,montaigne4 ,there is not an idea in ,emerson that cannot be traced to the garrulous old ,frenchman4 ,the first reading of ,emerson is an era in a young man's life4 ,the short1 apothegmic sentences strike him with the force of proverbs4 ,the happy quotation and illustration seem inspirations of genius4 ,the misty transcendentalism has a roseate hue1 in delightful contrast with the bald practicality of ,watts' hymns and orthodox sermons4 ,the stimulating style1 resultant from exquisite taste and the manly resolve to carry out ,pope's advice about the 8art to blot10 is high perfection when compared with the weak and weary prosing of moral essayists4 ,yet there is nothing original in ,emerson4 ,he has contributed little or nothing to the body of ideas4 ,not even his poetry1 which is supposed to be productive of ideas1 presents anything new or striking4 ,the passion for nature-worship1 which ,wordsworth carried to its highest expression1 becomes tiresome and unnatural in ,emerson's short metre and careless versification4 ,what is the source of his power8 ,why do ,new ,england critics rave over him8 ,even ,j4 ,russell ,lowell1 who1 with all the limitations of a narrowed culture1 ranks respectably as a literary critic1 cannot find words in which to laud the ,new ,england philosopher4 ,he finds the secret of his influence to consist in his 8wide-reaching sympathy0 and his being able to understand the use of a linchpin equally with the stellar influences4 ,lowell himself is under the witchery of mere words4 ,his cultivated mind is drawn to the beautiful by acquired sthetic taste4 ,his estimate of ,dante1 as published in the ,new ,american ,cyclopdia and afterward in ,among my ,books1 fills the thoughtful ,italian student with amazement4 ,he is a critic of words1 and is childishly led by a bright figure or exquisite metaphor4 ,emerson1 whilst seeming to disregard words1 pays profound attention to their collocation and effectiveness4 ,this school is not a school of thoughts but of words2 and it is under this aspect that we intend examining it4 ,it is the thorough embodiment of poor ,hamlet's objection to the book which he is reading3 8,words1 words1 words40 ,we read and read1 and are charmed with ,thucydidean terseness and ,solomonic wisdom2 but when we begin to reflect 8all the riches have escaped out of our hands40 ,it is about time to expose this wily old philosopher1 who has been throwing rhetorical dust into the eyes of several generations4 ,he may have a noble manhood2 he may be sincere2 but there can be no question that it is the ignotum pro magnifico which has been the cheap cause of his popularity4 ,thomas ,kempis tells us that 8words fly through the air and hurt not a stone40 ,there is certainly no objection to a writer's careful elaboration of his style4 ,the study of words is a part of rhetoric4 ,but there is a subtle and elusive application of words1 outside of their obvious and generally-used meaning1 which is at once a rhetorical and a logical vice4 ,and as ideas fail1 so words are sedulously cultivated4 ,the style is the man1 as ,buffon did not say2 but what of an affected style8 ,if there is any truth in the saying1 it convicts ,emerson of being stilted1 unnatural1 and affected4 ,no man thinks by jerks and starts1 and no man writes so4 ,the fanciful and abrupt indicate either affectation or an unbalanced intellect4 ,all the great philosophers write calmly and equably4 ,the sustained strength of ,plato1 on whom ,emerson professes to model himself1 is in direct contrast with the abruptness of ,seneca1 who was a mass of conceit and hypocrisy4 ,we have no quarrel with ,mr4 ,emerson on account of his studied style2 only1 with ,sydney ,smith1 we object to a discourse in which are hung out preconcerted signals for tears or excitement4 ,it is quite easy to form a quaint style4 ,the success of ,charles ,lamb's imitation of ,sir ,thomas ,browne1 or of ,bret ,harte's or ,thackeray's burlesques of popular novels1 shows how quickly a ready writer can fall into a philosophical diction4 ,emerson attempts the epigrammatic4 ,like ,pythagoras1 he disdains reasons4 ,the ipse dixit1 he supposes1 will suffice for his disciples4 ,he contradicts himself on his very self-satisfactory theory of 8not being in any mood long40 ,he admires opposite characters2 but1 to the credit of ,american good sense be it said--good sense even in a philosophe--he does not 8boil over10 like ,carlyle1 in all sorts of oddities of hero-worship4 ,the ,yankee hard head which he has cannot be softened by all the philosophy and poetry in the world2 and1 notwithstanding his ethereal views1 he drives a hard bargain4 ,can we review this philosopher to the satisfaction of our readers1 or must they peruse him themselves in order to form a vague idea of his system8 ,it may be ,emerson's boast that he has no system4 ,this restlessness under any1 even nominal1 rgime is a characteristic of contemporaneous philosophy outside the church4 ,there is liberty enough in the church2 and1 in fact1 beyond it we see nothing but imprisonment1 for nothing so practically chains the intellect of man as irresponsible freedom4 ,it is like the liberty of the ocean enjoyed 787 by a mariner without sails or compass4 ,a ,catholic philosopher can speculate as much as he pleases4 ,the security of the faith gives him a delightful sense of safe freedom4 ,like ,o',connell's driving a coach and four through an act of ,parliament1 he may go to the outermost verge of speculation4 ,st4 ,thomas moves the most outrageous fallacies1 speculations1 and objections1 and discusses them1 too1 with all the boldness of intellectual freedom4 ,it is ,dr4 ,marshall1 we think1 who shows that all intellectual activity and freedom are enjoyed within the spacious bounds of ,catholic truth4 ,even in theology there are wide differences4 ,the ,catholic intellect is supposed to be completely bridled4 ,we once read a powerful arraignment of our ,scriptural proofs for purgatory1 written by an eminent ,protestant theologian4 ,he must have been surprised to learn that ,catholic theologians do not attach all importance to the ,scriptural argument for purgatory4 ,the different schools of ,catholic theology argue pro and con4 as keenly as old ,dr4 ,johnson himself would have desired1 but without the slightest detriment to the unity of the faith4 ,nothing can be falser than the received ,protestant notion that we are helplessly bound by a network of petty definitions and regulations4 ,there are1 however1 great and immovable principles which are understood to guide and vivify the ,catholic intellect4 ,and such systemization is necessary to all knowledge4 ,without it a man's mind1 like ,emerson's1 wanders comet-like1 attracting attention by its vagaries1 but is of no intelligible use to the universe1 and gives no light1 except of a nebulous and perplexing nature4 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 who1 of all ,american writers1 had the true transcendental mind1 ridicules it unsparingly4 ,his doleful experience upon ,brook ,farm1 when he attempted to milk a cow1 may have had a practical awakening effect upon his dreams4 ,in a little sketch entitled ,the ,celestial ,railroad1 in which he whimsically carries out ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress1 he introduces ,giant ,transcendentalism1 who has taken the place of ,giant ,pope1 and ,giant ,despair1 that interrupted ,christian's progress to the ,delectable ,mountains4 ,giant ,transcendentalism is a huge1 amorphous monster1 utterly indescribable1 and speaking an unintelligible language4 ,this language1 which ,emerson strives to make articulate1 we read with mingled amusement and astonishment in the ,german writers4 ,emerson is not a member of the ,kulturkampf1 like ,carlyle4 ,his mind does not take in their wild rhapsodies4 ,his essay on ,goethe 7in ,representative ,men7 is cold and unappreciative when compared with the ,scotchman's eulogies4 ,we firmly believe that no healthy intellect can feed upon ,fichte1 ,schelling1 ,hegel1 or even ,kant1 who was the most luminous intellect of the group4 ,emerson has not the stolid pertinacity of ,herr ,teufelsdrckh4 ,his genius is ,french4 ,he delights in paradox and verbal gymnastics4 ,carlyle works with a sort of furious patience at such a prosaic career as ,frederick the ,great's4 ,he gets up a factitious enthusiasm about ,german ,herzhogs and ,erstfursts4 ,emerson would look with dainty disdain upon his ,cyclopean work among big1 dusty1 musty folios and the hammering out of shining sentences from such pig-iron4 ,whence his transcendentalism8 ,we believe that it has two elements1 nature-worship and ,swedenborgianism4 ,of nature-worship we have very little4 ,like ,thomson1 the author of the ,seasons1 who wrote the finest descriptions of scenery in bed at ten o'clock in the morning1 we are frightfully indifferent to the glories of earth1 sea1 and sky1 whilst theoretically capable of intense rapture4 ,this tendency to adore nature1 and this intense modern cultivation of the natural sciences1 we take as indicative of the husks of religion given by ,protestantism4 ,man's intellect seeks the certain1 and where he cannot find it in the supernatural he will have recourse to the natural4 ,the profound attention paid to all the mechanical and natural sciences1 to the exclusion1 if not denial1 of supernatural religion1 is the logical result of the absurdity of ,protestantism4 ,perhaps ,emerson's poetic feeling has much to do with his profound veneration for fate1 nature1 and necessity1 which are his true god1 with a very little ,swedenborgianism to modify them4 ,and here we meet him on his philosophy of words4 ,a word1 according to ,st4 ,thomas1 should be the adquatio rei et intellectus1 for a word is really the symbol and articulation of truth4 ,where words convey no clear or precise idea to the mind they are virtually false4 ,the terminology of ,emerson falls even below ,carlyle's in obscurity4 ,what does he mean by the one-soul8 ,what by compensation8 ,what by fate and necessity8 ,explica terminos is the command of logic and reason2 yet he maunders on in vague and extravagant speech1 using terms which it is very probable he himself only partly or arbitrarily understands4 ,he is not master of his own style4 ,his own words hurry him along4 ,this fatal bondage to style spoils his best thoughts4 ,he seems to aim at striking phrases and ends in paradox4 ,his very attempt to strengthen and compress his sentences weakens and obscures his meaning4 ,the oracular style does not carry well4 ,he is happiest where he does not don the prophetic or poetical mantle4 ,when we get a glimpse of his shrewd character1 he is as gay as a lark and sharp as a fox4 ,he muffles himself in transcendentalism1 but fails to hide his clear sense1 which he cannot entirely bury or obfuscate4 ,it seems strange to us that such a mind could be permanently influenced by the fantasies of ,swedenborg1 whom he calls a mystic1 but who1 very probably1 was a madman4 ,the pure mysticism of the ,catholic ,church is not devoid of what to those who have not the light to read it may seem to wear a certain air of extravagance1 which1 apparently1 would be no objection to ,emerson2 but it is kept within strict rational bounds by the doctrinal authority of the church4 ,we do not suppose that ,emerson ever thought it worth his while to study the mystic or ascetic theology of the church1 though here and there in his writings he refers to the example of saints1 and quotes their sayings and doings4 ,but it must be a strange mental state that passively admits the wild speculations of ,swedenborgianism with its gross ideas of heaven and its fanciful interpretations of ,scripture4 ,besides1 ,emerson clearly rejects the divinity of ,jesus ,christ1 which is extravagantly 7if we may use the expression7 set forth in ,swedenborgianism1 to the exclusion of the ,father and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,he is1 or was1 a ,unitarian1 and his allusions to our ,blessed ,lord have not even the reverence of ,carlyle4 ,naturalism1 as used in the sense of the ,vatican decrees1 is the proper word to apply to the ,emersonian teaching4 ,he has the ,yankee boastfulness1 materialistic spirit1 and general laudation of the natural powers4 ,his transcendentalism has few of the spiritual elements of ,german thought4 ,he does not believe in contemplation1 but stimulates to activity4 ,in his earlier essays he seemed pantheistic1 but his last book 7,society and ,solitude7 affirmed his doubt and implicit denial of immortality4 ,he appears to be a powerful personality1 for he has certainly influenced many of the finer minds of ,new ,england1 and1 no doubt1 he leads a noble and intellectual life4 ,his exquisite stheticism takes away the grossness of the results to which his naturalistic philosophy leads1 and it is with regret that we note in him that intellectual pride which effectually shuts his mind even to the gentlest admonitions and enlightenments of divine grace4 ,it is a compliment to our rather sparse ,american authorship and scholarship that ,england regards him as the typical ,american thinker and writer4 ,we do not so regard him ourselves1 for his genius lacks the sturdy ,american originality and reverent spirit4 ,but ,emerson made a very favorable impression upon ,englishmen when he visited their island1 and he wrote the best book on ,england 7,english ,traits7 that1 perhaps1 any ,american ever produced4 ,the quiet dignity and native independence of the book charmed ,john ,bull1 who was tired of our snobbish eulogiums of himself and institutions4 ,emerson met many literary men1 who afterward read his books and praised his style4 ,he has the air of boldness and the courage of his opinions4 ,now and then he invents a striking phrase which sets one a-thinking4 ,he has also in perfection the art of quoting1 and his whole composition betokens the artist and scholar4 ,there is a high1 supersensual region1 imagination1 fantasy1 or soul-life1 in which he loves to disport1 and to which he gives the strangest names4 ,one grows a little ashamed of what he deems his own unimaginativeness when he encounters our philosopher 8bestriding these lazy-pacing clouds40 ,he wonders at the 8immensities1 eternities1 and fates0 that seem to exert such wondrous powers4 ,when ,emerson gets into this strain he quickly disappears either in the clouds or in a burrow1 according to the taste and judgment of different readers4 ,there is often a fine feeling in these passages which we can understand yet not express4 ,sublime they are not1 though obscurity may be considered one of the elements of sublimity4 ,they are emotional4 ,emerson belongs rather to the sensualistic school2 at least1 he ascribes abounding power to the feelings1 and1 in fact1 he is too heated and enthusiastic for the coldness and calmness exacted by philosophical speculation4 ,many of his essays read like violent sermons2 and his worst ones are those in which he attempts to carry out a ratiocination4 ,he is dictatorial4 ,he announces but does not prove4 ,he appears at times to be in a ,pythonic fury1 and proclaims his oracles with much excitement and contortion4 ,it is impossible to analyze an essay1 or hold on to the filmy threads by which his thoughts hang together4 ,it is absurd to call him a philosopher who has neither system1 clearness of statement1 nor accuracy of thought4 ,it is a subject of gratulation that ,emerson1 who has been before ,new ,england for the past half-century1 has wielded a generally beneficial influence4 ,with his powers and opportunities he might have done incalculable harm2 but the weight of his authority has been thrown upon the side of general morality and natural development of strength of character4 ,we know1 of course1 how little merely natural motives and powers avail toward the building up of character2 but it is not against faith to hold that a good disposition and virtuous frame of mind may result from purely natural causes4 ,he has preached the purest gospel of naturalism1 shrinking at once from the bold and impious counsellings of ,goethe and from the muscularity of ,carlyle4 ,he has given us1 in himself1 glimpses of a noble character1 and his ideals have been lofty and pure4 ,new ,england could not have had a better apostle1 humanly and naturally speaking4 ,its cultivated and rational minds turned in horror and disgust from its rigid ,calvinism1 its outr religious frenzies1 and its sordid and prosaic life4 ,they found a voice and interpreter in ,emerson4 ,he marks the recoil from unscriptural1 irrational1 and unnatural religion4 ,puritanism1 always unlovely1 despotic1 and gloomy1 began to lose its hold even upon the second generation of the ,puritans4 ,its life will never be thoroughly revealed to the sunshiny ,catholic mind4 ,perhaps its ablest exponent was ,nathaniel ,hawthorne1 who1 in the ,scarlet ,letter1 revealed its possibilities and1 in fact1 actualities of hideousness4 ,we have no fault to find with any elements of stern self-control or ascetic character that it might develop1 but its effect on the intellect was darkening and crippling4 ,the whole ,puritan exodus from ,england was a suppressed and blinding excitement4 ,the rebound from their harsh and unbending discipline was terrific4 ,the frowning-down of all amusement1 the irritating espionage over private life1 the high-strung religious enthusiasm which it was necessary to simulate if not feel1 the abnormal development of ministerial power and influence1 and the baleful gloom of ,calvinistic doctrine1 were elements that had necessarily to be destroyed1 or they would madden a nation4 ,they could no more endure1 if it were possible to extirpate them1 than could a colony of rabid dogs4 ,human nature1 as created by ,god1 tends to preserve the primal type4 ,it asserts its functions1 its rights1 its powers1 and its aptitudes4 ,after a century1 in which religious intolerance ruled ,new ,england with a rod of iron1 the long-pent-up storm burst with indescribable fury and scattered orthodoxy to the four winds4 ,the people breathed more freely2 the atmosphere cleared2 there was a healthy interchange of sentiment4 ,the predominance of public-school education1 combining with the multiplication of books1 developed that crude and half-formed culture which has characterized ,new ,england to the present day4 ,the best-educated portion of the ,union1 filled with all the insolence of a little learning1 aspired to rule the nation1 and succeeded4 ,its ideas were zealously propagated4 ,wherever a ,yankee settled he planted all ,new ,england around him4 ,the peddler did not need religion1 but the philosopher did4 ,the culture of sthetics engaged some2 others went off into ,socinianism4 ,the doctrines of ,fourierism had charms for many1 among whom was ,emerson4 ,he longed for an ideal life4 ,the country was not leavened then1 as now1 by the solid thought and practice of ,catholicity4 ,the mystic radiance and grace of the ,adorable ,sacrament did not sweetly pervade the whole atmosphere of the land4 ,satan was busy and jubilant4 ,the strangest and most eccentric forms of religion sprang up like rank mushroom growths1 with neither beauty nor wholesome nutriment4 ,it was then that ,emerson's call to a high manhood seemed to have the right ring in it4 ,at least1 it attracted and fixed the wandering attention of ,new ,england4 ,for many a winter he lectured1 speaking great words1 the heroic wisdom of old ,plutarch and the practical sense and insight of ,montaigne4 ,his fine scholarship won the scholars and his homely maxims charmed the farmers4 ,it was well that in that dreary1 chaotic period there was a brave and bold speaker who did not entirely despair of humanity1 even when he and his companions had broken adrift from their anchorage in the rotten and worn-out systems of ,protestant theology4 ,the grace of the faith has thus far escaped the ,concord philosopher1 but who shall speak of the ways of ,god8 ,the theologian will solve you quickly all questions in his noble science1 except questions upon the tract of grace4 ,there he hesitates1 for the most intimate and personal communications of ,god with the soul take place in the mystery of grace4 ,every man has his own tractatus de gratia written upon his own heart in the all-beautiful handwriting of ,god1 sealing us1 as ,st4 ,paul says1 and writing upon us the mark that distinguishes us as his beloved4 ,it is the miserable consequence of the ,new ,england system of early education1 which inheres in a man's very spirit1 that it perversely misrepresents the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is simply astounding how little ,americans know about our divine faith4 ,they have never deemed it worth their while to examine it1 taking it for granted that all that is said against it is true4 ,we remember1 as a boy1 reading ,peter ,parley's histories1 which were very popular in ,new ,england1 and not a page was free from some misrepresentation of the church4 ,emerson classes 8,romanism0 with a half-dozen absurd theories2 which goes to show that he has not even reached that point of culture which1 according to its advocates1 understands and embraces all the great creeds of humanity1 in their best and most universal truth4 ,mr4 ,emerson is now in the sere and yellow leaf1 and it is to be feared that his intellectual pride1 and that nauseating flattery which weak-minded people assiduously pay to men of great intellectual attainments1 have left in him a habit of vanity which is fatal to truth4 ,we have known very able men who were prevented from seeing the truth of ,catholicity by the dense clouds of incense that their admirers continually wafted before their shrines4 ,the fulness of divine faith which he lacks1 and for which he seems mournfully to cry out1 is in the happy possession of the humblest child of the ,catholic religion2 not1 as he would think1 merely instinctive or the result of education1 but living and logical1 the gift and grace of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,emerson is no theologian1 though once a ,protestant minister1 which fact1 however1 would not argue much for his theology4 ,but he has a heroic and poetic mind whose native strength manifests itself even in the very eccentric orbit through which it passes4 ,,papal ,,elections4 ,,iii4 ,in view of the sad affliction which has so recently befallen the church in the demise of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4--now of happy memory--we shall preface this article on papal elections with a brief account of the ceremonies that follow upon the death of a ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,as soon as the pope has breathed his last amidst the consolations of religion1 and after making his profession of faith in presence of the cardinal grand-penitentiary--who usually administers the last sacraments--and of the more intimate members of his court1 the cardinal-chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 accompanied and assisted by the right reverend clerks of the apostolic chamber1 takes possession of the palace and causes a careful inventory to be made of everything that is found in the papal apartments4#cj ,he then proceeds to the chamber of death1 in which the pope still lies1 and1 viewing the body1 assures himself1 and instructs a notary to certify to the fact1 that he is really dead4 ,he also receives from the grand chamberlain of the court--,monsignor ,maestro di ,camera--a purse containing the ,fisherman's ring which ,his ,holiness had used in life4 ,the cardinal1 who1 by virtue of his office of chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 has become the executive of the government1 sends an order to the senator of ,rome1 who is always a layman and member of one of the great patrician families1 to have the large bell of the ,capitol tower tolled1 at which lugubrious signal the bells of all the churches throughout the city are sounded4 ,twenty-four hours after death the body of the pope is embalmed1 and lies in state1 dressed in the ordinary or domestic costume1 upon a bed covered with cloth of crimson and gold1 the pious offices of washing and dressing the body being performed by the penitentiaries or confessors of the ,vatican basilica1 who are always ,minor ,conventuals of the ,franciscan ,order4 ,it is next removed to the ,sistine ,chapel1 where it is laid out1 clothed in the pontifical vestments1 on a couch surrounded with burning tapers and watched by a detachment of the ,swiss ,guard4 ,on the following day the cardinals and chapter of ,st4 ,peter assemble in the ,sistine and accompany the transport of the body to the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament in the ,vatican basilica1 where it remains exposed for three days1 the feet protruding a little through an opening in the iron railing which closes the chapel1 that the faithful may approach and kiss the embroidered slipper4 ,the nine days of funeral services--,novendialia--which the ,roman ceremonial prescribes for the pope now begin4 ,these are his public obsequies4 ,for the first six days the cardinals and prelates of the court and ,holy ,see assemble daily in the choir chapel of the canons of ,st4 ,peter1 where1 the ,office for the ,dead being chanted1 a cardinal says ,mass2 but during the remaining three days the services are performed around an elevated and magnificent catafalque which in the meanwhile has been silently erected in the great nave of the basilica4 ,this structure is a perfect work of art in its way1 every part of it being carefully designed with relation to its solemn purpose1 and in harmony of form and proportions with the vast edifice in which it is reared4 ,it is illustrated by ,latin inscriptions and by paintings of the most remarkable scenes of the late pontificate1 and adorned with allegorical statues4 ,a detachment of the ,noble ,guard stands there motionless as though carved in stone4 ,over the whole is suspended a life-size portrait of the pope4 ,a thousand candles of yellow wax and twenty enormous torches in golden candelabra burn day and night around it4 ,on each of these three days five cardinals in turn give the grand absolutions1 and on the ninth day a funeral oration is pronounced by some one--often a bishop1 or always at least a prelate of distinction whom the ,sacred ,college has chosen for the occasion4 ,in former days the cardinal nephew or relative of the deceased had the privilege1 often of great importance for the future reputation of the pontiff and the present splendor of his family1 raised to princely rank1 of selecting the envied orator4 ,ere this1 however1 the final dispositions of the pope's body have been made4 ,on the evening of the third day1 the public having been excluded from the basilica1 the cardinal-chamberlain1 cardinals created by the late pope1 clerks of the chamber and chapter of ,st4 ,peter1 headed by monsignor the vicar--who is always an archbishop in partibus--vested in pontificals1 assemble in the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 in which the pope still lies in state4 ,the body is then reverently enfolded in the gold and crimson cover of the couch1 and taken up to be laid in a cypress-wood coffin1 into which are also put three red purses containing medals of gold1 silver1 and bronze1 as many of each sort as there were years of the pontificate1 bearing the pope's effigy on one side1 and a design commemorative of some act of his temporal or spiritual government on the other4 ,if there should be a relative of the late pope among the cardinals1 he covers the face with a white linen veil1 otherwise this last office of respect is performed by the major-domo4 ,when the coffin has been closed it is placed inside of a leaden case1 which is immediately soldered and sealed1 while the metal is hot1 with the arms of the cardinal-chamberlain and major-domo4 ,a brief inscription is cut at once on the face of this metal case1 giving simply the name1 years of his reign1 and date of death4 ,the coffin and case are now enclosed in a plain wooden box1 which is covered with a red pall ornamented with golden fringes and an embroidered cross1 and carried in sad procession to the uniform temporary resting-place which every pope occupies in turn in ,st4 ,peter's1 in a simple sarcophagus of marbled stucco which is set into the wall at some distance above and slightly overhanging the floor of the church1 on the left-hand side of the entrance to the choir chapel4 ,a painter is at hand to trace the name of the pope and the ,latin initials of the words ,high ,pontiff--,pius ,,ix41 ,p4,m4 ,before the pope's body is taken up from the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 some workmen1 under the direction of the prelates and officers of the congregation for the supervision of ,st4 ,peter's--,reverenda ,fabrica di ,san ,pietro--have broken in the sarcophagus at the top and removed its contents 7which in this case were those of ,gregory ,,xvi41 who had been there since #ahdf7 to the crypt under the basilica until consigned to the tomb prepared1 but not always in ,st4 ,peter's1 either by the pope himself before his death#ca or by his family or by the cardinals of his creation1 and the new claimant for repose takes his place there4 ,during the nine days that the obsequies of the pope continue the cardinals assemble every morning in the sacristy of ,st4 ,peter's to arrange all matters of government for the ,states of the ,church and the details of the approaching conclave4 ,these meetings are called general congregations4 ,at them the bulls and ordinances relating to papal elections are read1 and the cardinals swear to observe them2 the ,fisherman's ring and the large metal seal used for bulls are broken by the first master of ceremonies2 two orators are chosen1 one for the funeral oration and the other for the conclave2 all briefs and memorials not finally acted upon are consigned to a clerk of the chamber1 etc41 etc4 ,on the tenth day the cardinals assemble in the forenoon in the choir chapel of ,st4 ,peter's1 where the dean of the ,sacred ,college pontificates at a votive ,mass of the ,holy ,ghost1 after which the orator of the conclave--who1 if a bishop1 wears amice1 cope1 and mitre--is introduced into the chapel1 and1 after making the proper reverences1 ascends a decorated pulpit and holds forth on the subject of electing an excellent pontiff3 the pope is dead2 long live the pope2 the ,papacy never dies6#cb ,after the sermon and the singing by the papal choir of the first strophe of the hymn ,veni ,creator1 the cardinals ascend in procession to the ,pauline ,chapel in the ,vatican palace1 where the dean recites aloud before the altar the prayer ,deus qui corda fidelium1 and afterwards addresses his brethren on the great business which they are about to engage in1 exhorting them to lay aside all human motives and perform their duty without fear or favor of any man4 ,all the persons who are to remain in conclave1 as the prelates1 custodians1 conclavists or attendants on the cardinals1 physicians1 barbers1 servants1 are passed in review1 and take an oath not to speak even among themselves of matters concerning the election4 ,every avenue leading into the conclave1 except the eight loop-holes or windows1 as mentioned in a former article1 are carefully closed by masons2 one door1 however1 is left standing to admit any late-coming cardinal1 or let out any one expelled from1 or for whatever cause obliged to leave1 the conclave4 ,it is locked on the outside by the prince-marshal1 and on the inside by the cardinal-chamberlain1 both of whom retain the key of their own side4 ,the lock is so combined that it requires both keys to open the door4 ,on the following day the cardinal-dean says a votive ,mass de ,spiritu ,sancto1 at which all the cardinals in stoles receive ,holy ,communion from his hands4444 ,fervet opus4444 99 99 99 99 99 ,as soon as the cardinal upon whom the requisite two-thirds of all the votes cast have centred consents to his election1 he becomes pope4 ,this consent is absolutely necessary1 and1 although the ,sacred ,college threatened ,innocent ,,ii4 7,papareschi1 #aacj-aadc7 with excommunication if he did not accept1#cc it is now admitted that no one can be constrained to take upon himself such a burden as the ,sovereign ,pontificate4 ,thirty-eight popes1 from ,st4 ,cornelius1 in #bed1 to ,benedict ,,xiii41 in #agbd1 are recorded in history as having positively refused to accept the election1 although they were afterwards induced by various motives1 however much against their own inclinations1 to ratify it4 ,as soon as he has answered in the affirmative to the question of the cardinal-dean1 proposed in the following very ancient formula3 ,acceptasne electionem de te canonic factam in ,summum ,pontificem8 the first master of ceremonies1 turning to certain persons around him1 calls upon them in an audible voice to bear witness to the fact4#cd ,the new pope then retires and is dressed in the ordinary or domestic costume of the ,holy ,father1 three suits of which1 of different sizes1 are ready made1 and disposed in the dressing-room for the elect to choose from4 ,it consists of white stockings1 cassock and sash with gold tassels1 white collar and skull-cap1 red mozzetta1 stole1 and shoes4 ,he then takes his seat on a throne and receives the first homage--adoratio prima--of the cardinals1 who1 kneeling before him1 kiss his foot and afterwards his hand1 and1 standing1 receive from him the kiss of peace on the cheek4 ,we see1 from the ceremonial composed in the thirteenth century by ,cardinal ,savelli1 that the present custom is not very different from the medival one2 for1 speaking of the pope's election1 he says3 ,quo facto ab episcopis cardinalibus ad sedem ducitur post altare1 et in ea1 ut dignum est1 collocatur2 in qua dum sedet electus recipit omnes episcopos cardinales1 et quos sibi placuerit ad pedes1 postmodum ad osculum pacis4 ,the custom of kissing the pope's foot is so ancient that no certain date can be assigned for its introduction4 ,it very probably began in the time of ,st4 ,peter himself1 to whom the faithful gave this mark of profound reverence1 which they have continued towards all his successors--always1 however1 having been instructed to do so with an eye to ,god1 of whom the pope is vicar4 ,in which connection most beautiful was the answer of ,leo ,x4 to ,francis ,i4 of ,france1 who1 as ,rinaldi relates 7,annal4 ,eccles41 an4 #adhg1 num4 #cj71 having gone to ,bologna1 humbly knelt before him and kissed his foot1 se ltissimum dicens1 quod videret facie ad faciem ,pontificem ,vicarium ,christi ,jesu4 8,thanks10 said ,leo1 8but refer all this to ,god himself0--,omnia hc in ,deum transferens1 et omnia ,deo tribuens4 ,to make this relative worship more apparent a cross has always been embroidered on the shoes since the pontificate of that most humble pope1 ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 in the year #eij4 ,it is curious to read of the objection made to this custom by ,basil1 ,tzar of ,muscovy1 to ,father ,anthony ,possevinus1 ,s4,j41 who was sent to ,russia on a religious and diplomatic mission by ,gregory ,,xiii4 in the sixteenth century4 ,his eloquent defence of the custom1 appealing1 too1 to prophecy1#ce is found in the printed account of his embassy 7,moscovia1 ,cologne1 #aehg1 in fol47 ,when the pope is dressed in the pontifical costume he receives on his finger a new ,fisherman's ring1 which he immediately removes and hands to one of the masters of ceremonies to have engraved upon it the name which he has assumed4 ,the popes have three special rings for their use4 ,the first is generally a rather plain gold one with an intaglio or a cameo ornament2 this is called the papal ring4 ,the second one1 called the pontifical ring1 because used only when the pope pontificates or officiates at grand ceremonies1 is an exceedingly precious one4 ,the one worn on these occasions by ,pius ,,ix41 and which his successor will doubtless also use1 was made during the reign of ,pius ,,vii41 whose name is cut on the inside4 ,it is of the purest gold1 of remarkably fine workmanship1 set with a very large oblong diamond4 ,it cost thirty thousand francs 7about #f1jjj71 and has a contrivance on the inside by which it can be made larger or smaller to fit the wearer's finger4 7,barraud1 ,des ,bagues toutes les poques4 ,paris1 #ahfd47 ,the ,fisherman's ring1 which is so called because it has a figure of ,st4 ,peter in a bark throwing his net into the sea 7,matthew iv4 #ah1 #ai71 is a plain gold ring with an oval face1 bearing the name of the reigning pope engraved around and above the figure of the apostle1 thus3 ,leo ,,xiii41 ,pont4 ,max4 ,on the inside are cut the names of the engraver and of the major-domo4 ,the ring weighs an ounce and a half4 ,it is the official seal of the popes1 but1 although the first among the rings1 it is only the second in the class of seals1 since it serves as the privy seal or papal signet for apostolic briefs and matters of lesser consequence1 whereas the great seal of the ,holy ,see is used to stamp the heads of ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul in lead1 and sometimes1 but rarely1 in gold1 on papal bulls4 ,this ring was at first a private and not an official one1 as we learn from a letter written at ,perugia on ,march #g1 #abfe1 by ,clement ,,iv4 to his nephew ,peter ,le ,gros1 in which he says that he writes to him and to his other relatives1 not sub bulla1 sed sub piscatoris sigillo1 quo ,romani ,pontifices in suis secretis utuntur4 ,from this it would appear that such a ring was already in well-known use1 but it cannot be determined at what period it was introduced1 or precisely when it became official1 although it is certain that it was given this character in the fifteenth century2 but another hundred years passed before it became customary to mention its use in every document on which the seal was impressed by the now familiar expression1 8,given under the ,fisherman's ring10 which is first met with in the manner of a curial formula in a brief given by ,nicholas ,v4 on the #aeth of ,april1 #addh3 ,datum ,rom1 apud ,sanctum ,petrum1 sub annulo ,piscatoris1 die xv4 ,aprilis1 ,,mccccxlviii41 pontificatus nostri ,,ii4#cf ,briefs are no more sealed with the original ring1 which is always in the keeping of the pope's grand chamberlain1 who1 as we have said1 delivers it to the cardinal-camerlengo on the pope's decease1 to be broken in the first general congregation preliminary to the conclave1 according to a custom dating from the death of ,leo ,x4 ,a fac-simile is preserved in the ,secretaria de' ,brevi which serves in its stead2 but since ,june1 #ahdb1 red sealing-wax1 because too brittle and effaceable1 is no longer used1 but in its place a thick red ink or pigment is employed4 ,briefs are pontifical writs or diplomas written on thin1 soft parchment and more abbreviated than bulls1 and treating of matters of less importance1 requiring1 therefore1 briefer consideration#cg--whence1 perhaps1 they derive their distinctive name1 although it has been suggested that the word comes from the ,german ,brief1 a letter1 and was introduced into ,rome from the imperial court during the middle ages4 ,they are signed by the cardinal secretary of briefs1 and differ from bulls in their manner of dating and their forms of beginning and ending4 ,their heading always contains the name of the reigning pope and the venerable formula1 ,salutem et apostolicam benedictionem1 which was first used by ,pope ,john ,v4 in the year #fhe4 ,when the pope sends a brief to a person who is not baptized he substitutes for this form the other one1 ,lumen divin grati4 ,both briefs and bulls are always dated from the basilica nearest to which the pope resides at the time2 thus1 we understand why the brief erecting the diocese of ,baltimore was dated 7#fth of ,november1 #aghi7 from ,st4 ,mary ,major's1 although ,pius ,,vi4 was then living at the ,quirinal palace4 ,another of the very ancient and venerable forms used by the popes is ,servus servorum ,dei--,servant of the servants of ,god4 ,it is a title first assumed by ,st4 ,gregory the ,great in the sixth century as a hint to the arrogant patriarch of ,constantinople1 ,john the ,faster1 who had taken the designation of universal bishop1 which belongs only to the ,roman ,pontiff3 8,whoever will be first among you shall be servant of all0 7,mark x4 #dd74 ,as soon as the cardinal who has been elected gives his assent to the election1 the cardinal-dean asks him what name he would wish to take4 ,this custom of assuming a new name is very old1 and has been much disputed about by writers on papal matters4 ,the great ,baronius has expressed the opinion in his ,ecclesiastical ,annals that ,john ,,xii41 who was previously called ,octavian1 was the first to make the change1 which he did probably out of regard for his uncle1 who was ,pope ,john ,,xi4 ,cardinal ,borgia has observed in this connection1 as showing that the change of name was yet a singularity1 that the pope used to sign himself ,octavian in matters relating to his temporal1 and ,john in those relating to his spiritual1 government4 ,martinus ,polonus started a fable that ,sergius ,,ii41 elected in #hdd1 was the one who first changed his name1 because known by the inelegant appellation of ,pigsnout--,bocca di ,porco2 but the truth is1 as ,muratori says in one of his dissertations on ,italian antiquities 7,antiquitatum ,italic41 tom4 iii4 dissert4 xli4 p4 #gfd71 that ,sergius ,,iv4 7#ajji-ajab71 and not ,sergius ,,ii41 had this only for a surname or sobriquet1 as was commonly given in that age at ,rome1 but was baptized ,peter4 ,he changed his name1 indeed1 according to the custom then becoming established as a rule1 but1 as ,baronius observes1 not ob turpitudinem nominis 7,os porci71 sed reverenti causa3 cum enim ille ,,petrus vocaretur1 indignum putavit eodem se vocari nomine1 quo ,christus primum ejus sedis ,pontificem1 ,principem ,apostolorum1 ex ,simone ,petrum nominaverat4 ,it has long been usual for the new pope to take the name of the pope who made him cardinal4 ,there have been1 however1 several exceptions even in these later times4 ,in some special cases1 as in the signature to the originals of bulls1 the pope retains his original ,christian name1 but1 like all sovereigns1 he omits his family name in every case4 ,there have also been exceptions to this change1 and both ,adrian ,,vi4 and ,marcellus ,,ii4 kept their own names--the only two1 however1 who have done so in over eight hundred years4 ,the word pope--in ,latin ,papa1 and by initials ,,pp4--was once common to all bishops1 and even to simple priests and clerics2 but when certain schismatics of the eleventh century began to use it in a sense opposed to the supreme fatherhood of the ,roman ,pontiffs over all the faithful1 clergy as well as people1 it was reserved as a title of honor to the bishops of ,rome exclusively4 ,cardinal ,baronius says1 in a note to the ,roman ,martyrology1 that ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii4 held a synod in ,rome against the schismatics in the year #ajgc1 in which it was decreed 8inter alia plura1 ut ,,pap ,nomen unicum esset in universo orbe ,christiano1 nec liceret alicui seipsum1 vel alium eo nomine appellare40#ch ,another singularity about one of the pope's titles deserves to be noted4 ,the word ,dominus in ,latin--lord--was originally used only of ,almighty ,god1 and a contracted form--,domnus--was employed in speaking of saints1 bishops1 and persons of consideration2 but in course of time1 although a vestige of the once universal custom still lingers in the ,jube ,domne benedicere of the ,office recited in choir1 the term ,domnus came to be specially reserved to the ,roman ,pontiff1 for whom we pray in the litany as ,domnum ,apostolicum4 ,cancellieri1 who1 as usual1 has sought out an abstruse subject1 gives everything that can be said upon the matter in his ,lettera sopra l',origine ,delle ,parole ,dominus e ,domnus e ,del ,titolo ,don che ,suol ,darsi ai ,sacerdoti ai ,monaci ed a ,molti ,regolari4 ,in ,roma1 ,,mdcccviii4 ,footnote #cj3 ,the apostolic chamber1 called in ,rome the ,reverenda ,camera ,apostolica1 dates from the pontificate of ,leo the ,great1 who constructed in the year #ddj a small but elegant suite of chambers which served as a sanctuary for the bodies of the apostles ,,ss4 ,peter and ,paul until proper crypts1 called ,confessions1 had been prepared for them beneath the high altars of their respective basilicas at the ,vatican and on the ,ostian ,way4 ,when these relics had been deposited in their present resting-places1 the ,leonine sanctuary was used1 as a strong and venerable place1 to contain the public treasury of the ,holy ,see1 which was given into the safe-keeping of certain officials called camerarii4 ,their successors are the present chierici di camera1 who are eight in number and form one of the great prelatic colleges of ,rome4 ,the present institution was reorganized by ,pope ,urban ,v4 in the fourteenth century4 ,the cardinal-chamberlain is ex officio its head1 and it acts as a board of control over the finances4 ,footnote #ca3 ,it is known to all visitors to ,rome that ,pius ,,ix4 prepared a beautiful tomb for himself before the high altar of ,st4 ,mary ,major's4 ,footnote #cb3 ,roman bibliophilists anxious to possess--what is rare indeed--a complete set 7una biblioteca1 as the ,italians say7 of the funeral orations pronounced over the popes1 and of the hortatory discourses addressed to the ,sacred ,college about to enter conclave1 eagerly contend at book-sales for these pamphlets1 which are always in the choicest ,latin of the age1 and sometimes have a sentimental value on account of the subsequent fortunes1 or misfortunes1 of their authors4 ,they are much more than mere literary curiosities for book-worms to feed upon4 ,the form of the title-page1 excepting of course in proper names and dates1 is about the same in all2 for instance1 ,oratio habita ad ,collegium ,cardinalium in funere ,innocentii ,,ix41 ,pont4 ,max41 vi4 ,id4 ,januarii1 #aeib3 ,rom1 #aeib1 in #dto3 by ,father ,giustiniani1 a famous ,jesuit2 and ,oratio habita in ,basilica ,,ss4 ,apostolorum ,petri et ,pauli pridie ,kalend4 ,aprilis1 #agba1 ad ,emos4 et ,rmos4 cardinales conclave ingressuros pro ,summo ,pontifice eligendo3 ,rom1 ex ,typographia ,vaticana1 #agba1 in #dto3 by ,camillo de ,mari1 ,bishop of ,aria4 ,footnote #cc3 ,arnulfus of ,seez apud ,muratori1 ,rerum ,italicarum ,scriptores1 tom4 iii4 p4 #dbi1 says that on this occasion the cardinals told the elect of their choice3 ,si acquiescis1 exhibemus obsequium2 si recusas1 exigimus de inobedientia pnam2 and on his still hesitating parabant excommunicationis prferre sententiam4 ,footnote #cd3 ,this notarial function which the first master of ceremonies here performs is the reason why he is always an apostolic prothonotary2 but his title to this prelatic rank rests entirely on custom1 since he is not appointed by papal brief1 as others are4 ,it is by a similar analogy1 although in matters theological1 that the master of the ,sacred ,palace1 who is always a ,dominican1 ranks with the auditors of the ,rota4 ,footnote #ce3 8,kings shall be thy nursing fathers1 and queens thy nurses3 they shall worship thee with their face toward the earth1 and they shall lick up the dust of thy feet40--,isaias xlix4 #bc1 which ,st4 ,jerome interprets of the apostles2 but in ,peter's successors all honors and prerogatives continue4 ,a very learned writer of the last century1 ,gaetano ,cenni1 has gone profoundly into the historical and antiquarian part of this singular and most venerable custom1 in his dissertation ,sul ,bacio ,de' ,piedi ,del ,romano ,pontefice1 which is the thirty-fourth of the third volume of ,zaccaria's great collection of dissertations on subjects of ecclesiastical history--,raccolta ,di ,dissertazioni ,di ,storia ,ecclesiastica4444 ,per cura ,di ,francesco ,antonio ,zaccaria1 etc4 ,seconda edizione4 ,four vols4 ,rome1 #ahda4 ,footnote #cf3 ,the celebrated antiquarian ,cancellieri has written with his usual diffuseness and erudition on this matter in a little work1 ,notizie sopra l',origine e l'uso dell' ,anello ,pescatorio1 etc41 etc41 published at ,rome in #ahbc4 ,footnote #cg3 ,briefs1 says the learned ,benedictine ,mabillon1 ,de ,re ,diplomatic 7lib4 ii4 cap4 xiv471 brevi via1 seu manu1 remotis omnibus ambagibus1 absolvuntur2 quippe qu a ,pontifice1 ut plurimum sponte et absque rei longa discussione conficiuntur4 ,footnote #ch3 ,we had the good fortune once to pick up at a book-sale in ,rome for a few cents a rare and curious little book on this topic1 which gives the very marrow of the subject in a very agreeable form3 ,lettera di ,a4 ,l4 ,nuzzi1 ,prelato ,domestico ,del ,sommo ,pontefice ,sull' ,origine ed ,uso ,del ,nome ,,papa4 ,padova1 #a ,settembre1 ,,mdccxcviii4 ,,palm ,,sunday4 ,claiming the hill-crowned city as its own1 ,the gray cathedral rears its rough-hewn front ,like ancient fortress built to bear the brunt ,of leaguering ram on e'er unyielding stone2 ,signing with holy cross the land it claims1 ,its walls protecting seek the infinite blue ,grown1 softly falling painted window through1 ,high heaven brought down to shape life's noblest aims4 ,in this strong fortress1 safe from those salt waves ,of doubt that curve and break and evermore repeat ,the weary lesson of life incomplete1 ,moaning and groping in unsunny caves1 ,beating against a rock that will not break1 ,flinging their bitter anger far on high1 ,seeking to chill the tender flowers that lie ,close nestled to the rock for its warmth's sake1 ,i kept sad feast one doubting ,april day1 ,when robins' song had drifted from the hills1 ,when buds were bursting1 and the golden bells ,of town-nursed bloom were ringing ill away4 ,with folded hands ,st4 ,helen's glance beneath1 ,i trod in thought the highway of the cross-- ,jerusalem's triumph blending with her loss1 ,the palm-bough changing for the thorny wreath4 ,and clasped the folded hands about the bough ,of northern hemlock that as palm ,i bore1 ,listening the words of sorrow chanted o'er-- ,the old evangel's solemn voice of woe2 ,o wondrous power of a passing breath6 ,o tearful sweetness of that voice of ,god ,breaking amid the clamor of the crowd ,of ,jews and soldiers hastening him to death6 ,often the chant bad stirred my soul before ,in humbler church1 till had familiar grown ,almost each word and every varying tone ,that with each added year a new grace wore2 ,but never grace so pitiful as this ,that filled the arches with all deep distress1 ,with passionate sense of human guiltiness-- ,our ,god sore bruised for our infirmities6 ,oh6 blinding sweet the vision that awoke ,within my soul to fill my eyes with tears6 ,to-day was it1 not in those long-past years1 ,that ,heart divine1 with love unbounded1 broke4 ,oh6 blinding sweet in its strange melody ,the voice that1 rending heart1 called from the cross1 ,in that dark hour of life's bitterest loss1 8,eli1 ,eli1 lamma sabacthani60 ,o strong gray walls6 blessed was that little space ,ye left our souls with ,christ on ,calvary1 ,where hearts might weep their living cruelty1 ,in their own depths ,jerusalem's lesson trace4 ,o cross-boughed branch of spicy northern spruce ,that witness bore on that dim ,april day ,to faith no waves of doubt shall wash away1 ,to love's dear chains no envious state shall loose1 ,blessing was ours who bore thee that gray morn ,through all the heedless glances of the street1 ,through longing looks that knew thy meaning sweet1 ,and spoken words of unbelieving scorn4 ,alas6 for those1 of eyes and heart both blind1 ,who in such symbol find but empty rite1 ,who1 dazzled by a false and flickering light1 ,see not the cross wherewith the palm is signed4 ,,cathedral ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,cross1 ,,boston1 ,,mass4 ,,the ,,late ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,m4 ,,marshall4#ci ,on the #adth of ,december1 #ahgg1 died1 at the age of sixty-two years and a half1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,m4 ,marshall4 ,he had borne a long and trying illness of many months with invariable patience and resignation1 and gave up his soul to his ,maker and ,redeemer after a most ,christian preparation4 ,he has well deserved that some more explicit notice of his life and what he did in it should be made public than what has hitherto1 so far as we know1 been given in any native or ,american source of information4 ,the following slight account is drawn up by one who has known him well for nearly a quarter of a century4 ,mr4 ,marshall was born the #aith of ,june1 #ahae2 was educated under ,dr4 ,burnup at ,greenwich and at ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,he was ordained in the ,anglican ,church by the bishop of ,salisbury in #ahdb4 ,in #ahdd he published his ,notes on the ,episcopal ,polity of the ,church of ,england1 for which he received the thanks of the then archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,dr4 ,howley4 ,this was the prelate1 it may be remarked1 to whom the writers of the famous ,tracts for the ,times dedicated their translation of what they called 8this library of ancient bishops1 ,fathers1 doctors1 martyrs1 confessors of ,christ's ,holy ,catholic ,church10 with1 as they added1 8his grace's permission1 in token of reverence for his person and sacred office1 and of gratitude for his episcopal kindness40 ,we mention this1 because thanks from such a man in such an office for a work on the episcopal polity of the ,church of ,england in #ahdd1 when that polity was not a little canvassed1 was an omen of good things to come for the writer1 who was then nestled in a very small and poor cure among the ,wiltshire downs1 once a house of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem4 ,these prospects were blighted for ever by ,mr4 ,marshall's conversion in the following year1 #ahde4 ,indeed1 he seems in that year to have committed two acts1 one blameless and the other highly to be commended1 which yet in their conjunction foreboded a life of no small anxiety in temporal matters2 we mean to say that his marriage was followed in a few months by his reception into the church at ,oscott by ,dr4 ,wiseman4 ,thus the nest in the southern hills was lost just as he wanted its shelter most1 and instead of the future protection of him whom the ,tractarian dedication called 8,the most reverend ,father in ,god1 ,lord ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 ,primate of all ,england0--a patron1 it may be added1 of one hundred and seventy livings1 besides canonries and options--,mr4 ,marshall1 at the age of thirty1 with a young wife1 commenced a new life without a profession and without prospect1 and with fifty pounds in his pocket4 ,it may be said ,mr4 ,marshall was true all his life long to the spirit which he thus showed at the first crisis of it4 ,it may be conjectured that the studies made by ,mr4 ,marshall in composing his work on the episcopal polity of the ,church of ,england predisposed his mind in the following year to seek admission into that world-wide community over which presides the head and source of the episcopate4 ,it was hardly possible that a clear and conservative and eminently logical mind such as that with which he was naturally endowed could have its attention fixed for so long a time as is requisite to compose a well-thought-out work upon the relations of the bishops to each other throughout the world1 without coming to the conclusion that the ,anglican episcopate rests on no definite basis whatever2 without noticing that no one of its defenders has ever yet been able to state on what positive basis it claimed to stand4 ,it exists1 in fact1 by reviling the ,church of ,rome1 being itself nothing else but a fragment of ,western ,christendom severed by ,tudor lust and despotism from the compages of ,christian unity to which it once belonged1 and dragging on an existence in subjection to the state which eminently represents in ecclesiastical matters the insular pride and independence of the ,english mind4 ,its root is national1 not ,catholic2 its soil human1 not celestial2 and for a thinking mind1 such as ,mr4 ,marshall's1 to examine its position could lead but to one result when it was accompanied by such honesty of purpose as1 by the grace of ,god1 ,mr4 ,marshall possessed and manifested4 ,for let none misconstrue what ,mr4 ,marshall was doing4 ,to give up at thirty years of age1 just married1 with no private fortune1 the profession of clergyman in the ,church of ,england to become a ,catholic layman1 was an act not only of remarkable honesty but of superhuman courage4 ,at thirty human life presents a long avenue of years4 ,the prospect of traversing these in poverty and obscurity1 with a young wife by your side1 when the reasonable hope of honor and affluence has just been presented1 is one which perhaps it requires greater trust in ,god1 greater fortitude to meet1 nay1 to choose1 than those1 for instance1 exhibited who heard themselves ordered to summary execution by the 8abagi jussit0 of the refined and philosophic ,roman gentleman1 ,pliny the ,younger1 for having addressed their hymns in the early morning to ,christ their ,god4 ,anything1 humanly speaking1 more absolutely hopeless than ,mr4 ,marshall's position1 after taking that step in #ahde1 as a married ex-clergyman convert1 cannot be conceived4 ,at that time private education offered no emolument1 for pupils were entirely in the hands of institutions taught by priests or of individual priests2 and as even now the services of a priest1 well educated and intellectually gifted1 are thought among ,catholics in ,england to be adequately remunerated by the salary of one hundred pounds a year1 what chance had a married convert to pick a living out of that mode of employing his brains8 ,much more was writing--that is to say1 for ,catholic objects--unremunerative4 ,brains are still at a fearful discount among ,catholics in ,england4 ,they are not paid as much as the lowest unskilled labor2 and if this is true in #ahgh1 judge how it was true in #ahde4 ,the writer believes that it was the very last time he saw ,mr4 ,marshall when he complained bitterly of the inadequate remuneration that he received for writing4 ,then1 further1 for any occupation in the outside world1 to be an ex-clergyman ,catholic convert was the worst possible recommendation4 ,the writer remembers a most distinguished author in ,anglican history quitting the railway carriage in which he was sitting1 in order not to converse with one who had lately deserted what was called 8the church of his baptism0--as if ,christian baptism was insular in its nature1 and was a peculiar possession belonging to the 8penitus toto divisos orbe ,britannos40 ,such is the lot which1 for a whole generation since ,mr4 ,marshall's conversion in #ahde1 he and a host of others have voluntarily encountered4 ,mr4 ,marshall may be taken as a typical instance of the class4 ,he may be spoken of freely now4 ,he has run his course2 he has kept the faith2 he knows now fully1 as none of us yet know1 the wisdom of such a course2 as he knew once1 as none of us can more fully feel1 the folly of such a course in the estimation of the world4 ,most unexpectedly1 however1 and in a way that he could not the least have foreseen1 this common lot of indigence and inaction1 in which the work of life and the head which supports it are together taken away in the case of a married clergyman-convert1 was terminated about three years after by his appointment as an inspector of schools in the government system of primary education4 ,the ,catholics were entering into that system in #ahdg1 and1 as a consequence of the rules and conditions obtained by the ,catholic poor-school committee with reference to such entry1 the appointment of a ,catholic to the office of inspector by the government1 whose nomination1 however1 was to be approved by the committee as representing the ,catholic body1 became necessary4 ,the first so appointed was ,mr4 ,marshall1 and he held the office from #ahdh to #ahfj4 ,there cannot be a doubt that the functions which he there had to discharge were in certain respects functions which required great delicacy of touch4 ,it was not without many suspicions that ,catholic clergy admitted an officer of the government into their schools4 ,that those who had been in old times forbidden every act of their ministry1 pursued by ferocious spies of the state into their most secret lurking-holes1 unearthed in order to be tortured by the race of ,cecils and ,walsinghams1 and then hanged1 drawn1 and quartered--this in the first stage of the state's enmity2 then1 in the second1 who had been contemptuously ignored1 and left to struggle with every trial of poverty1 and to collect their scattered sheep in holes and corners--that the descendants and inheritors of such men1 in whom the royal blood of ,peter was flowing1 should suspect at first the servants of a government which had done such things in hatred of ,peter's royal blood1 this was most natural4 ,we are convinced that during the five years in which ,mr4 ,marshall was the only ,catholic inspector of primary schools1 he did much by courtesy1 and yet more by his character as an uncompromising ,catholic1 to do away with this suspicion1 and to lead an ever-increasing number of ,catholic primary schools to accept inspection4 ,by this conduct he indirectly raised greatly their standard of efficiency in secular instruction2 and he commenced that union of the spiritual and the secular authority in the work of education which is now bearing great fruit1 and which is incomparably fairer to the dearest interests of ,catholics than the system existing in the primary schools of the ,united ,states4 ,we think1 indeed1 that ,mr4 ,marshall1 in his anxiety to conciliate1 may sometimes have pushed the limits of indulgence somewhat too far4 ,it is honorable to him that he never spared in his reports to government the open commendation of religious teachers4 ,some of those reports contain the most enthusiastic praise of ,catholic teaching which we remember to have read4 ,and they were reports of a government official4 ,his occupation of inspector ceased in #ahfj2 and being fully conversant with the circumstances which led to his quitting a post of honor and trust1 which was then producing to him an income of eight hundred pounds a year1 we must express our strong feeling that it was a great error of judgment on his part which led him so to act that it was possible to deprive him of this office4 ,he was thus thrown back into all those difficulties of maintenance which he had so bravely encountered fifteen years before4 ,it is true that ,mr4 ,marshall was in fibre an author2 the elementary character of the education he had to control1 and the constant iteration of its petty details1 besides the exclusion from his range of inspection of all those religious instructions in which he would naturally have taken a great interest--these things galled him4 ,he fled for refuge to the more interesting subject of 8,christian ,missions10 on which he composed the well-known work published by him at ,brussels in #ahfb1 but which1 in spite of the vast number of volumes which it required him to look over for his facts1 he managed to compose before he quitted the inspectorship4 ,if he could have had the place of a professor in some great ,catholic institution1 which would have afforded him a moderate income and a fitting subject on which he could have thrown the powers of his most active and apprehensive mind1 that would have been to him an earthly elysium4 ,but elysiums are not of the earth1 at least not of nineteenth-century earth to ,catholics in ,england4 ,he gave up eight hundred pounds a year to be for the rest of his life a vigorous1 witty1 sarcastic1 and trenchant ,catholic champion and a wanderer on the face of the earth4 ,from henceforth he was of those who have 8no abiding city40 ,if he began this second stadium of his life with an act of imprudence which religion did not call for1 which1 in our individual judgment1 we think it did not even justify1 he traversed those seventeen years of bitter trial with the spirit of a confessor1 and he ended them with the death of an humble1 contrite1 earnest ,christian4 ,he on whose words1 defending ,catholic doctrines1 illustrating ,catholic truths1 excited multitudes in great cities have hung1 who could make them thrill through with the emotions which he felt himself1 died in a small room over a shop in an obscure outskirt of ,london1 tended by an unwearied1 uncomplaining affection which had been proof against every sorrow and every trial1 and was the only earthly consolation left to him4 ,in the eyes of the world it was a sad end of an agitated life4 ,but we make bold to say that he is not sorry now for his choice2 and that what he accepted rashly he transformed by endurance into matter for lasting reward1 for the praise which does not pass away4 ,for in this last stadium of his life he showed most conspicuously that which we consider to have been the special honor of it4 ,let us state succinctly the remaining facts in that life1 and then pass to a brief consideration of them4 ,mr4 ,marshall went in #ahfi to the ,united ,states with his family1 intending to settle there1 which intention1 however1 he abandoned on a further acquaintance with the country4 ,he lectured there during the winters of #ahgj-a and #ahga-b on 8,the ,liberty of the ,catholic ,church10 8,st4 ,paul and ,protestantism10 8,ireland's ,providential ,mission10 in most of the large cities4 ,in #ahgb he brought out ,my ,clerical ,friends1 and later on ,protestant ,journalism1 reprinted from the ,london ,tablet1 for which he wrote a series of articles on ,russia and on ritualism4 ,it was the latter series which was brought to an abrupt termination by his illness in ,june1 #ahgg4 ,in #ahff he was decorated with the ,cross of ,st4 ,gregory the ,great by the ,holy ,father as a recognition of his services in the cause of the church2 and in #ahga he received the honorary degree of ,,ll4,d4 in the ,jesuit ,college at ,georgetown1 near ,washington4 ,he broke down at the age of sixty-two4 ,a life which1 under less trying circumstances1 might have been considerably prolonged1 in the possession and exercise of those mental gifts with which he was richly endowed1 was thus terminated before its natural time4 ,what is the lesson which it presents to us8 ,we say without hesitation that the ,cross of ,st4 ,gregory which the ,holy ,father presented to him hung on the breast of a true ,christian knight4 ,not for gold nor earthly honor would he sacrifice one jot of ,christian liberty4 ,he preferred to be paid poorly for his work as a ,catholic than to be paid richly1 as he might have been1 had he chosen to lay out the gifts of eloquence and clear reasoning and the power of satire which he possessed1 in some of many non-,catholic causes4 ,had he even chosen to write1 as many ,catholics think themselves constrained to do1 on secular subjects1 merely taking care not to offend the spirit of the time--intensely anti-,catholic as that spirit is--had he written with all his energy and wit1 not against his religion1 but keeping it in his pocket1 he would1 we think1 not have died at sixty-two nor in penury4 ,but1 so doing1 he would not have been worthy of the ,cross of ,st4 ,gregory2 he would have been the world's journeyman1 not the ,cross's knight4 ,rather than so live1 he has died sans peur et sans reproche1 with his career shortened1 as is the wont of knights2 with his shield battered but stainless2 with his lance unlowered4 ,god grant many knights of such temper to his church in the last quarter of the nineteenth century1 for the times are coming when they will be wanted6 ,footnote #ci3 ,in our last number we published an article on the works of this illustrious ,catholic layman by one closely connected with him4 ,immediately on receiving the sad news of ,dr4 ,marshall's death we wrote to his friend1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,allies1 who will be known to our readers as the author of ,the ,formation of ,christendom1 asking him to prepare for ,,the ,,catholic ,,world a more adequate notice than we had seen of one who had done so much for the ,catholic cause4 ,the result is the present article1 which1 though it comes after the other1 will be none the less pleasing to our readers1 coming from such a pen as that of ,mr4 ,allies1 and dealing as it does rather with the personal life and character than with the public work of its subject4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,strictures ,,on ,,an ,,article ,,entitled 8,,political ,,rapacity ,,of ,,the ,,romish ,,church40 ,following the advice once given by an old ,anglican preacher to a newly-fledged brother1 8,when you have nothing else to say1 pitch into the pope10 ,rev4 ,mytton ,maury contributes to the ,january number of the ,american ,church ,review an article having for title 8,the ,political ,rapacity of the ,romish ,church40 ,intrinsically the article hardly deserves a reply1 owing to the recklessness with which it puts forth mere assertions and inferences as though they were facts2 while yet it should1 perhaps1 under present circumstances1 not be silently passed by without at least a statement of historical truth in regard to some of the events and their causes1 which are therein so perverted as to seem to present a sort of partial foundation for deductions that are utterly false4 ,the explicit aim of the article is to show that 8in recent as in past times1 the unalterable aim of the ,church of ,rome has been the establishment of its unconditional supremacy1 as in things spiritual1 so in things political40 ,it is the old1 often-exploded tale that took very well with the gobemouches in the days when everything said against the church1 true or false1 was grist to the ,protestant mill1 but which cannot stand for a moment against a clear1 full1 and impartial examination of history4 ,the gist of ,mr4 ,maury's argument is that1 as the demeanor of the ,papacy was intolerably overreaching and overbearing during the pontificate of ,gregory ,,vii41 as the ,church of ,rome is always the same1 as not even the gratitude which ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 owed 7teste ,maury7 to the ,allied ,powers who overthrew ,napoleon was sufficient to make that pontiff bate a jot or tittle of the rights of the church1 and as not even outrage1 injustice1 and spoliation were sufficient to induce ,pius ,,ix4 to forget or barter any of the doctrines or claims of the church1 so there is nothing to be expected of any future occupant of the ,holy ,see but that he shall be politically a ravening wolf4 ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 ,there pervades the article a curious after-taste of a once straight-forwardly-asserted but throughout-insinuated straining on the part of the church in these ,united ,states after political aggrandizement--a charge well suited in itself1 could it only be made plausible1 and we think intended1 to catch the ears of the groundlings4 ,reference is made to a late pamphlet of ,von ,sybel1 from which the writer would seem to have culled his one-sided statements2 and we have in the meantime tried to procure that pamphlet1 deeming it far better to examine the original than to refute mere excerpta4 ,the brochure in question has not yet been received1 and we must content ourselves with a refutation of the ill-founded charges and an exposition of the baseless statements contained in ,mr4 ,maury's article4 ,there is an exquisite appropriateness in the fact that the charge of political rapacity comes from a minister of that sect of which ,henry ,,viii41 half-,catholic1 half-,protestant1 and wholly beast1 was the acknowledged supreme head1 the so-called bishops of which sit in the ,british ,house of ,lords1 and owe their appointment to anybody1 ,jew or ,gentile1 who may happen to be prime minister4 ,lord ,melbourne--by no means a model ,christian1 unless as entitled to the name by being an adept in profanity--leaves us ample testimony of the cliquing and caballing by which the appointments to vacant sees were secured1 and puts on record a jocose saying that they 7bishops and deans7 just died to plague him4 ,it is true that their presence in the ,lords means nothing1 and that they have no power but that of being a little obstructive4 ,that1 however1 is not their fault4 ,they would fain have more power1 if they could4 ,even in their dioceses they have no sort of effective power belonging to a bishop4 ,neither clergy nor laity obey them even in spiritual matters1 whether in ,england or in the ,united ,states2 nor can we for our life see why1 on ,protestant grounds1 in view of the utter nullity of their office1 so far as its influence for good is concerned1 they have not long ago been abolished1 as much more valuable articles have been done away with4 ,in political life other sinecures have in this century been got rid of4 ,irish disestablishment1 which these bishops opposed to their utmost1 will infallibly prove the precursor of a similar fait accompli in ,england4 ,if1 after that1 the members of their sect choose to maintain them1 and even to add to their number1 we can have no sort of objection1 because then those who utterly repudiate their ministry will not1 as now1 be obliged to contribute to their support4 ,they may1 if they please1 match the ,american army in the proportion of highly-paid1 showy1 and useless officials to the number of rank and file2 in fact1 they come in the ,united ,states pretty near doing so already4 ,but that is not our business1 since we do not pay for them2 still1 we cannot help having an opinion in the matter4 ,again1 an impartial observer might reasonably think that a preacher of a sect whose ministers1 and1 we suppose1 their congregations1 are of every persuasion or utter want of creed touching the essentials of faith1 from the narrowest ,calvinism to the most pronounced ,puseyism--some of whose highest dignitaries deny the inspiration of ,scripture1 while others are ,universalists1 and others1 again1 denounce the doctrine of baptismal regeneration--a sect which has1 in short1 less claim to consistency either of faith or practice than any other of all ,protestantism--would have enough to attend to in trying to find out what his church did believe and what he should preach1 without travelling away to ,rome and back to the days of 8,hildebrand0 for the purpose of raking up falsehoods or misapprehensions with which to bespatter or cast suspicion upon the ,church of ,rome4 ,this is1 perhaps1 but a matter of taste2 and ,mr4 ,maury's idea both of taste and duty differs from what ours would be in the same premises4 ,in any case let us see what he has to say1 giving his statements such credit as they may prove to deserve4 ,it is strange1 by the way1 how the ignorant and insane prejudice which exists among many ,protestants against the church warps otherwise fair minds and kindly hearts in the consideration of any question in which she is a party or her rights are in question4 ,we venture to say that if any government attempted the same sort of tyrannical interference at this day with the ,jews1 not to speak of any ,christian sect1 that ,prussia is now striving to exercise over the ,catholics of her dominion1 a cry of righteous indignation against the wanton and palpable injustice would go up from all the rest of ,christendom4 ,we should1 perhaps1 except the ,anglicans1 who are less a sect of ,christendom than a clique or set of recipients of government pap1 with no fixed doctrinal or moral principles save an overweening idea of their own eminent respectability1 a thorough knowledge of the buttered side of their own bread1 and a keen appreciation of number one4 ,they have become hereditarily accustomed to consider ,anglicanism less as a scheme of doctrine and morals than as an institution for distributing government patronage among their ministers1 and for securing in these a somewhat superior police in aid of the state4 ,yet some of the best minds even among these have been very outspoken in condemnation of the aggressions of ,prussia upon the principles of religious freedom4 ,let us imagine even a ,george ,washington appointing the rabbins who should minister to the adults1 and the teachers who should instruct in ,judaism the rising generation of ,hebrews in this country4 ,is there anybody who does not see at a glance the wrong thereby done these people8 ,does any one need argument on the subject8 ,suppose1 in addition1 he were to claim the right to appoint the instructors in the rabbinical seminaries1 to select schismatic or suspended rabbins for the purpose1 and to insist on prescribing the curriculum of the establishment in which young men are instructed for their ministry4 ,would we not all consider them very unjustly treated1 and do our utmost to rectify the wrong8 ,yet this is exactly what the ,prussian government has for some years been attempting to do with the ,catholics within their territorial limits2 and the vast majority of ,protestants either look on with indifference or actually encourage the efforts made for rendering the church but a subordinate bureau of government under ,bismarck and ,falk1 of whom it would be exceedingly difficult to say whether they are ,protestants1 simply infidels1 or downright atheists4 ,what is certain is that they are not ,catholics and that they hate the church4 ,not long since the body of a drowned man was being towed ashore in the ,east ,river1 and a considerable crowd had gathered to see it1 when some one on the edge of the dock remarked1 8,oh6 it's only a negro40 ,nobody took any further interest in the corpse1 and the crowd dispersed at once1 every one going his way4 ,so1 in this case1 the idea seems to be that it is only the ,catholics that suffer4 ,but these gentlemen will find out1 in the long run1 that it is a blow at liberty of conscience 7for which theoretically they express great regard71 struck1 it is true1 at ,catholics only as yet2 they will find out1 if any sect of ,protestantism but holds together long enough1 or ever believes anything with sufficient seriousness to imagine it vital1 that the same ,prussian government has just as strong an objection to any other decided conscience as to the ,catholic4 ,in the references that ,mr4 ,maury makes to this struggle we will assume him to be honest2 and1 in so doing1 we must also take for granted that he does not understand the nature of the contest between ,prussia and her ,catholic population1 else he would not attempt to represent it as a flaming instance of 8unsparing political rapacity0 on the part of the church4 ,the fable of the wolf and the lamb has rarely had a more apt illustration4 ,it will simplify matters very much if we state once for all at the outset that ,mr4 ,maury entirely mistakes the ground held by the church or by ,catholic writers on her behalf when he represents them as apologizing for what he calls medival pretensions1 and deprecating any apprehensions as to their renewal4 ,no ,catholic writer takes any such ground2 and as the salient instances adduced of such medival pretensions is the controversy about investitures1 and the action of ,pope ,gregory ,,vii4 towards ,henry ,,iv4 of ,germany1 which produced their meeting at ,canossa1 we1 as ,catholics1 have no apology to make for either4 ,as head of the church1 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 must to-day protest just as strongly against the right of lay investiture in spirituals2 and had he lived at that day1 he could1 as minister of the sacrament of penance1 in view of the shameless debaucheries1 atrocious cruelties1 monstrous acts of injustice1 and heinous sacrileges of ,henry1 not have done otherwise than impose on the emperor a penance that should be known of all men4 ,the church has yet to learn that one of her members1 though he may wear a crown1 is any more exempt from her spiritual jurisdiction than if he were clad in corduroy and wielded the pick4 ,st4 ,james would seem quite to have agreed with her2 and as before ,god in heaven1 so there can be within the church of ,god no exception of persons4 ,we accept1 then1 as crucial instances by which this alleged political rapacity of the church is to be tested1 both the question of investitures and the excommunication and deposition of the ,emperor ,henry by ,st4 ,gregory4 ,they really contain all that can or need be said on the subject at issue4 ,if it be shown that only malevolence and ignorance of the times and circumstances could have twisted them to an apparent support of the accusation founded upon them1 and not now for the first time brought against the church1 we shall have accomplished our task4 ,apart from what he says on these matters1 which are essentially but one transaction1 the rest of ,mr4 ,maury's article is but des paroles en l'air4 ,in the middle ages and under the feudal system all the lands of each separate country were looked upon as belonging to the sovereign1 and were held of him in feudum 7hence the name of that system7--on condition1 namely1 of certain services to be rendered4 ,in no country had the feudatory process got such vogue and attained such magnitude as in that portion of the ,holy ,roman ,empire now going by the name of ,germany1 about the beginning of the eleventh century4 ,there is no ,holy ,roman ,empire now4 ,each separate parcel of it has had perhaps twenty different forms of government since1 and may within a hundred years have as many more4 ,that emperor was at that time essentially the master of ,christendom2 and between him and the few smaller monarchs then existing there was no breakwater1 no umpire1 but the pope4 ,now1 it came to pass in course of time that many bishops and abbots in ,germany became possessed1 by legacy1 gift1 purchase1 or otherwise1 in their own personal right or as appanages of their sees or abbeys1 of farms1 estates1 demesnes and castles1 to the possession of each of which was attached the condition of rendering at stated times some certain services to the sovereign as their liege lord4 ,many archbishops1 bishops1 and abbots there also were who were not simply ecclesiastical rulers but at the same time temporal lords4 ,the people1 who unfortunately had then and for ages afterward very little to say1 or at least could say but little effectively1 in regard to how they should be governed1 have left on record an enduring monument of the view they entertained as to the difference between the rule of the secular knights and the ecclesiastical regimen in that most trustworthy of all forms1 that evidence which cannot be forged--i4e41 the proverb4 ,to this day there is not a dialect of ,germany that has not1 in one form or other1 the saying3 8,unterm ,krummstab ist gut leben0--,happy the tenant whose landlord bears the crosier4 ,they were well cared for1 kindly treated1 and their complaints attended to by their clerical landlords1 which1 we all know1 was far from being the case with the serfs and villeins under the marauding knights4 ,there was no reason for objection to the service or homage by which ecclesiastical persons1 dioceses1 or abbeys held those lands2 and with the usual care of the church1 which has always laid stress first on the physical well-being of the people and then on their moral improvement--deeming the former at least highly conducive to the latter1 and esteeming it of no use to leave a moral tract in a house where there is no bread--the church1 we repeat1 for the benefit of the people1 encouraged at that time the holding of these lands by ecclesiastics1 and neither pope1 prelate1 nor people complained for over two hundred years of the acts of homage--observe that the homage of the middle ages is not our homage of to-day--by which those estates were held4 ,and this1 too1 though the rulers of the church1 having nearly all the prudence1 wisdom1 and learning then existing in ,christendom1 must have known1 just as well as we do to-day1 that every acre of land beyond what is indispensably necessary held by the church1 and every building that can be utilized for any other than an ecclesiastical purpose1 is simply an inducement to the extent of its value1 a temptation to plunder1 sure to be acted upon sooner or later by the civil government1 until that one shall arise which the world has never yet seen1 in which right shall ever be stronger than might4 ,but under ,conrad ,,ii4 and ,henry ,,iii4 the possession of these lands began to give rise to an abuse which had not been foreseen4 ,both these emperors were chronically in want of money4 ,they were afflicted with a standing incapacity to pay what they borrowed2 and there resulted1 as a natural consequence1 an exceeding hesitancy on the part of lenders to take the royal word in lieu of funds4 ,the name was no doubt regal1 imperial1 and all that1 but the paper to which was attached the signature or thumb-mark of his imperial majesty was not what would now be denominated on ',change gilt-edged2 and money must be procured4 ,in the words of another and later august emperor3 ,kaiser bin i1 und ,kndel muss i hale4 ,so these emperors commanded on sundry occasions1 when a bishop or abbot died1 that the ring and pastoral staff1 emblems and insignia of spiritual dignity and jurisdiction1 should be brought to them4 ,they appropriated the revenues during the vacancy of the diocese or abbey1 prevented the canonical elections from being held1 or refused to allow the prelates elect to exercise their functions4 ,but to men of this stamp a lump sum of money in hand was of far more importance than a regularly-recurring income1 and they began to give over the ring and crosier to that cleric 7of course noble1 and of course unfit7 who could pay the highest price for them4 ,this knave was then supposed to become bishop or abbot1 so far1 at least1 as to have a right to the temporalities of the see or abbacy--generally all that such a man would care about4 ,in this way dioceses were kept vacant for a series of years and flourishing monasteries went to ruin1 since the pope would not 7save where a deception was resorted to7 permit the consecration of flagitious persons4 ,we need not argue to show that this was simony of the basest sort4 ,the thing had become so general in ,germany1 and the effect such1 at the time of the accession of ,henry ,,iv41 that1 instead of the election of a bishop by the clergy of the diocese1 or of an abbot by the monks of the monastery 7which is the only canonical mode71 the power of appointing and installing both had been seized by the emperor2 and it may more readily be imagined than described in words what sort of men the purchasers were4 ,bishoprics and other prelacies were shamelessly put up at auction2 and not merely the right to the temporalities 7in itself sufficiently unjust7 but the sacred authority itself was currently believed to be conferred by the investiture per annulum et baculum4 ,it was only when things had come to this pass--one plainly not to be borne1 unless with the loss of all ecclesiastical liberty and the grievous detriment of religion--that the ,roman pontiffs1 who had previously intervened but in special instances of complaint1 deemed that the foul system must be plucked up by the roots4 ,a more flagrant abuse1 or one more imperatively demanding redress1 it would be hard to find in all history4 ,henry ,,iv4 made no scruple whatever of selling all ecclesiastical benefices to the highest bidder1 and had already twice disposed in that way of the archiepiscopal see of ,milan4 ,he seems to have been a sort of prototype of ,henry ,,viii4 of ,england1 but to have ruled over a people of a much less elastic conscience and possessing a stronger sense of religion4 ,in the early part of his reign he sought by all means in his power to procure from the pope a divorce from his wife1 ,bertha1 using the basest means for the purpose of tempting her into seeming criminality4 ,he saw at the time a ,gospel light beaming from the eyes of another ,anne ,boleyn of that day4 ,the refusal of the pope1 coupled with the threats of his subjects 7we mean the nobility1 for there were at that time no subjects in the modern sense71 who were more willing to put up with his tyranny than to see the innocent empress treated as poor ,katharine of ,aragon subsequently was1 caused him to desist2 but he was a monster of lust1 injustice1 mendacity1 and cruelty4 ,hildebrand1 while yet cardinal1 wrote to him that1 should he ever become pope1 he would surely call him to account for his tyranny1 licentiousness1 and for his making merchandise of benefices4 ,having been elected in #ajgc1 ,hildebrand assumed the tiara under the name of ,gregory ,,vii42 wrote at once to the ,countess ,mathilda not to recognize or countenance in any way the simoniacal bishops of ,tuscany2 to the archbishop of ,mainz to the same effect concerning the intruding prelates of that country2 and to ,henry himself he addressed at intervals three several letters1 warning him of the injury he was doing to religion by his uncanonical and simoniacal course toward the church of ,god1 and exhorting him to desist from his detestable presumption4 ,these several letters and all of them having proved of no effect1 he issued his decree1 the important words of which begin3 ,siquis deinceps4 ,this decree1 repeated and confirmed in several ,roman synods under ,st4 ,gregory1 iterated and amplified by ,victor ,,iii4 in #ajhg1 and reiterated by ,urban ,,ii4 in two councils1 ended in an agreement between ,paschal ,,ii4 and the ,emperor ,henry ,v4 that the emperors should cease henceforward to claim the right of investiture1 while the bishops and abbots should give up the estates for which they owed service to the crown4 ,it was found impossible to carry this agreement into effect1 principally on account of the unwillingness of the people to accept the proposed change of masters2 and the last-mentioned pope granted to the emperor that he might go through the form of investiture per annulum et baculum1 8providing the elections of bishops and abbots were freely and legitimately held by the clergy and monks1 all stain of simony being removed40 ,however1 this agreement1 notwithstanding that the liberty of the church was fairly guarded by its provisions1 was regarded by the ,catholic world as but a temporary repressal of the arrogant claims of the state1 which would infallibly be but held in abeyance1 to burst forth again under the pretext of the form by ring and crosier2 and the agreement was recalled in #aaab4 ,the matter was at length finally settled1 to the entire satisfaction of the church1 by a convention at ,worms between ,callistus ,,ii4 and ,henry ,v41 which mutual agreement was definitely sanctioned by the ,first ,council of ,lateran4 ,it would be hard to imagine anything more absurd in the face of history than the charge of rapacity1 and that1 too1 political rapacity1 alleged against ,st4 ,gregory because he would not allow ecclesiastical benefices1 abbacies1 and bishoprics to be sold like meat in the shambles1 and the miscreants who could gather together the largest sums of money to minister at the altar and bear rule over ,god's people4 ,that controversy was not excited on account of1 or in opposition to1 the homage exacted or the investiture conferred on the transfer of secular estates4 ,those ceremonies were both legal and right4 ,nobody objected to them then1 nor would anybody object to them at this day if lands were held on feudal tenure4 ,if ,mr4 ,hayes chose to grant an estate to the archbishop of ,cincinnati in trust for the church 7the archbishop has no other use for it71 on condition that the archbishop should appear on a certain day of every year and bow three times reverentially toward him1 we suppose there is not a ,catholic in the ,state of ,ohio that would enter the smallest objection to the annual ceremony4 ,but let ,mr4 ,hayes1 or any ,president of the ,united ,states1 on the death of1 say1 the bishop of ,columbus1 send for or take his crosier and ring2 still more1 let him appoint some one 7cleric or not71 who is willing to pay for the billet1 to the vacant see1 and we promise that there would be unpleasant times and doings4 ,there never has been but one legitimate way to preferment1 high and low1 in the church--that is1 the canonical2 and now1 as in the days of the apostle1 he that comes not in by the door1 the same is a thief and a robber4 ,as to the statement that the action of the pope1 in abolishing investiture by ring and crosier1 was in any sense a blow aimed at the independence of civil government1 it is simply false2 while it is manifest that neither the dignity1 the liberty1 nor even the very existence of the church was consistent with simony and the advancement of the most unworthy men to her dignities4 ,the pope1 whoever he might be1 could not have acted otherwise than did ,st4 ,gregory2 and had the latter not done as he was inspired by the ,almighty to do1 he could1 when dying at ,salerno1 not have used those words which thrill one as do no other dying words1 save those uttered from the cross3 8,dilexi10 said the dying saint--8dilexi justitiam et odi iniquitatem3 propterea morior in exilio40 ,so far is the whole1 or any portion1 of the history of the church from lending even a semblance of color to the alleged political rapacity of the popes1 or any of them1 that the plain inference of the man who reads true history in order to find out truth will be that they invariably spurned every consideration of the kind4 ,to keep what influence they held1 or to gain any in future1 their plan would have been to divorce those bestial monarchs whenever they desired it--to play 7like ,parker and the ,elizabethan bishops7 a perpetual minor accompaniment to the monarch's fiddle4 ,had they done these things1 leaving duty undone and right disregarded1 there would have been fewer execrable1 political anti-popes in history1 fewer popes would have died in exile1 and there would have been no trouble whatever about investitures4 ,the complaisance displayed by ,luther and ,melanchthon toward the landgrave of ,hesse1 if shown by the pope toward the original head of ,anglicanism1 would have obviated the necessity for any outward change of religion in ,england herself4 ,it must be admitted that conscience and not interest seems to have carried the day at ,rome4 ,under the head of this controversy about investitures1 of which we have given the true1 as ,mr4 ,maury has given a false and garbled1 history 7principally from ,mosheim1 who seems to have manipulated every event simply with a view to favoring ,protestantism71 he has made incidentally several random and several false assertions4 ,observe that we do not attribute to him wilful falsehood2 but his zeal outruns his judgment1 and1 if a statement seems to make in his favor1 he is not sufficiently careful in verifying it2 e4g41 8,in view of the fact that this church 7the ,catholic7 is making rapid advances in the acquisition of political influence in the ,united ,states10 etc4 ,here is a statement very glibly uttered and flatly untrue4 ,the church1 as such1 neither has nor desires to have any political influence in this or in any other country2 and we challenge the assertor to the proof of his slander4 ,her members have votes like other people2 and there are probably in the ,united ,states within her communion 7taking the ordinary statistics and ratio of voters to population7 about a million voters4 ,but they vote on both sides1 like their neighbors2 and whenever there are three parties the third always presents a sprinkling of ,catholic voters4 ,the proportion of ,catholic office-holders in our country never has been in any sort of proportion to the ,catholic population2 nor do we mention the fact to complain of it4 ,our prayer is that they may be long kept out of the foul wallow4 ,the only prominent official that we can for the moment recollect was ,judge ,taney4 ,we believe there is one ,catholic in the present ,senate1 but we doubt very much whether the present ,house of ,representatives contains ten ,catholic members4 ,men like ,james ,t4 ,brady and ,charles ,o',conor are not apt to be chronic office-holders4 ,these alleged advances toward political aggrandizement1 if made at all1 have not been made in the dark or in a corner4 ,they must be capable of being pointed out4 ,put your finger on them2 show them to us4 ,what are they8 ,where are they8 ,where were they made8 ,we had occasion lately in these pages to insist that the statement was false by which ,catholics were represented as all voting one way1 or as voting under the direction of their priests and bishops2 and we reproduce the words then used1 viz43 8,but we appeal to the ,catholic voters of this country1 of ,american or foreign birth1 to answer3 ,has your bishop or parish priest ever undertaken to dictate to you how you should vote8 ,has your vote1 on whatever side given1 interfered in the slightest degree with your status in the church8 ,do you know of a single instance in which one or the other of these things has taken place8 ,we cannot lay down a fairer gage4 ,if such things happen1 they cannot occur without the knowledge of those among and with whom they are done4 ,had the proof been forthcoming1 the country would have rung with it long ere this4 ,we demand and defy the proof40 ,we stand now by what is therein said1 adding that people who are unwilling to be brought to law should not assert1 at least in print1 what they do not know to be true1 or might1 with very little pains1 ascertain to be false4 ,it will not do to make hap-hazard assertions1 merely on the ground that they will be well received by a portion of the community1 whether small or large4 ,there are people who do not think that it is honest1 and who characterize such conduct by a very harsh name4 ,if a writer in the ,church ,review chooses to address ,episcopalians1 and those alone1 on matters connected with their own special organization1 we shall care but very little what he says1 and shall certainly not interfere4 ,with them be it4 ,but he shall not make sweeping1 false statements about the ,catholic ,church1 without being informed that1 however it may have happened1 these utterances lack the essential element of truth4 ,again1 he says3 8,they 7the bishops and abbots7 assumed the leadership of the soldiers of the district over which they had jurisdiction10 etc4 ,we did not imagine that there was any man at this day1 pretending to an inkling of education1 who did not know that it has at no time been lawful for a clergyman of the ,church of ,rome to bear arms4 ,clergymen bearing arms are excommunicated by the law of the church4 ,mr4 ,maury1 in another part of his article1 undertakes to give a definition of canon law which is misleading1 and bears every appearance of having been culled from some writer who knew as little of the canon law as does ,mr4 ,maury4 ,the drill-master needs only to see a recruit take up a musket in order to state positively3 8,my lad1 you never had a lesson on musket-drill in your life40 ,to us ,mr4 ,maury's uncouth and largely false definition of canon law is proof positive that he never opened a book on the subject in his life4 ,and yet he undertakes deliberately to enlighten people upon its nature in print4 ,fie1 ,mr4 ,maury6 ,let us give you your first lesson on canon law1 and it is this3 ,those clerics who enlist are irregular1 and it is prescribed by canon law that 8they shall be punished by loss of their grade1 as contemners of the holy canons and profaners of the sanctity of the church40 ,of course we1 like others1 have frequently read that little story1 well befitting a ,protestant ecclesiastical history1 in which it is stated that a certain bishop of ,beauvais was taken prisoner in arms1 and that1 on the pope's interceding for him1 the coat of mail in which the prisoner is said to have been clad was sent to ,his ,holiness with the message3 8,discerne an hc sit vestis filii tui40 ,it is more than probable that the story was made for the sake of the supposed jest4 ,certain it is that the attempt to trace it deprives it of any authority1 while even as a fiction it shows on the part of its author what ,mr4 ,maury has not--viz41 a knowledge of the canon law on the subject4 ,did not a late bishop of ,louisiana act as a major-general in the army8 ,now1 canon law is not binding on members of that sect1 nor are its ministers at all bound to know the canons1 unless1 indeed1 they undertake to instruct others upon them1 and then we humbly submit that things are different4 ,once more3 8,it 7the state7 expressly limited its right to the temporal advantages belonging to the endowments1 and made no claim to conferring the spiritual functions10 etc4 ,what the state actually did was this4 ,it said3 8,we have sold to the highest bidder this see or that abbacy4 ,we know full well that to be simony1 and that the person on whom we have conferred the crosier and ring is ipso facto excommunicated by reason of that simony4 ,we also know him to be an unfit1 and even a grossly immoral1 person4 ,but there he is2 and you must either consecrate him or that prelature shall not be filled4 ,at all events he shall have the revenues4 ,he has bought and paid for them40 ,how any man of ordinary honesty1 how any one not previously determined by his prejudices to make out a case1 should talk of its 8not suiting the views of the ambitious pontiff that the church should be subjected to the state even to this limited 7sic67 extent10 is one of those things that must remain a mystery till the day when we shall be able to look back on the affairs and actions of this world with a clearer mental vision than any we have borne while in it4 ,mr4 ,maury's sect1 founded by a king1 the doctrines of which 7if it have any7 are in ,england defined by a parliament and its practice decided by the courts1 the convocation of which has for two hundred years not ventured to cheep1 and then hardly above its breath1 can of course endure1 in view of the loaves and fishes1 to be subject to the state in all matters4 ,but the church of ,god can only1 like her ,master1 render to ,csar the things which are ,csar's2 and she does not deem conscience to be one of his perquisites4 ,instructive1 if not edifying1 reading in regard to the results brought about by the secular power's appointment of bishops1 deans1 etc41 may be found in the lives1 autobiographic and otherwise1 of the prime ministers of ,england4 ,the doctrines of ,anglicanism are now1 notwithstanding parliaments and courts1 just what they have been from the beginning--a series of incomprehensible shifts and evasions1 a set of enigmas with no fixed response to any of them4 ,the columns of the ,london ,times will show how 8livings0 are disposed of1 canted at public sale1 puffed into fictitious value by representations of the age of the present incumbent and the short-livedness of his family4 ,if we must take instructions from anybody1 surely ministers of such a sect as this are not the persons to be listened to either in matter of religion or of taste4 ,further on1 and in relation to the decree of ,pope ,st4 ,gregory1 we find3 8,it is impossible to conceive of 7sic7 presumption surpassing that which inspired this1 or to imagine a more absolute disregard of the rights of sovereigns4 ,it was a declaration of war by the church upon the state4 ,disobedience to it was absolutely unavoidable under the existing system of feudal tenure10 etc4 ,after what has been given of the history of this controversy it is but a work of supererogation to show that each one of the statements in these three sentences is a separate and distinct falsehood4 ,st4 ,gregory excommunicated and debarred from entrance into the church the simoniacal holders of bishoprics or abbacies1 as also every emperor1 duke1 marquis1 count1 knight1 or other person who should presume to confer the investiture of a bishopric or other ecclesiastical dignity2 he finds no fault with the temporal homage or service due on account of secular estates1 whether pertaining to the incumbent or to the prelature4 ,being head 7not of a sect nor of a church1 but7 of the church1 he was not1 like a titular archbishop of ,canterbury1 a mere figure-head1 whose presence served to give a false show of authority to ecclesiastical decrees made by a collection of laymen1 perhaps not even ,christians2 and his excommunication must consistently strike all the accomplices in a most nefarious work4 ,it is impossible for a ,catholic to conceive how the pope could have acted otherwise than he did1 since the church knows to this day1 and will till the end of time know1 no different rules to apply to those of her members who are highest in temporal dignity from those which affect the poorest inmate of the almshouse4 ,the state had now for nearly a century been making war upon the church2 and as to the impossibility under feudal tenure of anything but disobedience to the decree of ,his ,holiness1 we see in point of actual fact that the matter was quietly and satisfactorily settled by the withdrawal on the part of the state of the offensive and impious claim to confer investiture in spiritualibus4 ,no one found any fault with the purely temporal homage1 and it was only when1 by seizure and sale of cross and crosier 7with which1 according to the rude ideas of many people in that age1 was involved the spiritual authority71 the king put forth a claim to the power of appointing bishops1 that the church withstood him to the face4 ,he strove to usurp a spiritual power which never belonged to him or to any other temporal authority4 ,we can all see in history what has been the fate of those sects of ,protestantism which1 for the sake of mere existence or of temporary courtly favor1 have given up the rights and powers that would have been inherent in them1 were they a church4 ,their doctrines are a mass of doubt and contradiction4 ,their ministry1 having neither authority nor message to the world1 consists of dumb dogs that bark not4 ,perhaps ,anglicanism has been the most successful of them4 ,is there any thoughtful man1 even among its own members1 that can in reason look hopefully forward to its future8 ,but it will be objected3 8,all this1 however satisfactory so far as it goes1 only proves that ,henry ,,iv4 attempted a very gross outrage against the church2 and we freely admit that the pope could then1 as he can1 in case of necessity1 now1 excommunicate from the church4 ,the church would be a sham if he could not4 ,but how about the claim to the right of deposing kings1 set up by the popes and carried out by ,st4 ,gregory against the emperor of ,germany80 ,we entirely acknowledge the reasonableness of the question1 not merely from the ,protestant point of view1 but from the general standpoint of our own days2 and we propose to answer concisely 7allotted space allowing nothing else7 the question put1 though a complete response thereto would require a separate book4 ,meantime1 we refer such as wish a full and expansive treatise on the subject to ,m4 ,gosselin's 8,pouvoir du ,pape au ,moyen-,age40 ,this power was not1 nor was it ever claimed to be1 inherent in the ,papacy1 but was simply the result of a necessity1 alike felt and acknowledged by all in those turbulent and unruly times1 for some tribunal of final arbitrament4 ,it had its source in the common consent of all ,christendom--in the fact that the popes were1 in the language of ,count de ,maistre1 8universally recognized as the delegates of that power from which all authority emanates4 ,the greatest princes looked upon the sacred unction as the sanction and1 so to speak1 as the complement of their right40 ,even the highest of all the monarchs of the middle ages1 the ,german emperor1 derived his august character and was regarded as emperor in virtue of the unction and coronation by the pope4 ,it was 8the public law of the middle ages10 as ,fnelon has well explained2 and it is the universal acquiescence in that law which explains the conduct of popes and councils in deposing incompetent or vicious rulers4 8,in exercising this power10 says ,m4 ,gosselin1 8the popes but followed and applied the principles received1 not merely by the mass of the people but by the most virtuous and enlightened men of the age40 ,we sometimes nowadays have sense enough to avoid a war by leaving the decision of a question to a convention of arbitrators1 as in the case of the ,geneva conference2 sometimes to a single umpire1 as the difficulty about the occupancy of the island of ,san ,juan was submitted to the decision of the late king of ,belgium4 ,several international disputes1 which might doubtless otherwise have eventuated in war1 have been left to the emperor of ,brazil as arbiter4 ,we know very well that the right to bind by such decisions is in no way inherent in the sovereignty of ,brazil or of ,belgium1 but in the fact that mankind agrees to abide by their decision in the matters submitted to them4 ,now1 in those days1 while unfortunately1 as history shows us but too many proofs1 knaves and scoundrels existed as now1 yet while feudalism lasted the theory was that civil society was completely swayed by the spirit of ,christianity4 ,all the new governments which had sprung up from the dbris of the ,roman ,empire were indebted both for foundation and nurture1 during what may be termed their infancy and childhood1 to the fostering care of the popes and bishops4 ,had it not been for the church1 mankind would without doubt have relapsed into a state of barbarism4 ,it is not1 then1 matter of surprise that common consent should1 under those circumstances1 have vested in the pope the right of deposing a sovereign in cases where no other remedy existed4 ,our sole remedy nowadays for such evils rests in the power of insurrection1 which may or may not be successful1 but must1 in either case1 be the cause of at least as much misery and far more actual bloodshed than the evils it was meant to remedy4 ,there is room extra ecclesiam for difference of opinion on the subject1 and minds do1 no doubt1 honestly differ as to which of the two is the better plan4 ,for our own part1 while we utterly disclaim the remotest sympathy with the feudal system1 yet we are not prepared to say that it was not the best possible in that age1 and should most unhesitatingly give the preference1 first1 to papal intervention1 as being least likely to be biassed1 and1 second1 to any fixed and recognized1 fairly impartial tribunal1 rather than risk the doubts and undergo the horrors of rebellion1 successful or otherwise4 ,far be it from us to wish to recall the middle ages with their utter disregard for the rights of the people1 who1 but for the popes1 would have had none to put in a word in their behalf2 and it was only under the feudal system that the public law of ,europe could call for the interference of him whom all then believed the vicegerent of the ,almighty4 ,laws1 nationalities1 customs1 languages1 and religion have all changed4 ,what then was legal and desirable1 nay1 absolutely necessary1 is no longer law2 and the lapse of whole nations and of large parts of others from the faith of ,christ has abrogated a custom which1 like all other civil regulations1 could but derive its authority from international consent4 ,it may1 however1 8be doubted whether in a historical light10 to use the words of ,darras1 8the system of the middle ages was not quite equal to our modern practice40 ,but this troublesome and invidious duty thus thrown upon the popes was1 however1 never claimed to be an integral or essential part of their authority1 but simply to attach temporarily to the office by law1 consent1 and necessity4 ,of course there were then1 as there are now1 men who imagined that the political system of their day would never change1 and that the ,holy ,roman ,empire and the feudal system would last for ever4 ,it is well to remember that there is but one institution that is sure and steadfast among men--the church to which ,he has promised who can perform4 ,the right and duty of excommunicating professing ,catholic kings and princes is1 on the other hand1 and always has been1 inherent in the ,papacy1 to be exercised by the pope when all other means have failed1 in case of stern necessity and for the good of the church4 ,such right is inseparable from his office1 and can be exercised just as fully from the ,catacombs or from a dungeon as from the high altar of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome4 ,it astonishes us somewhat to find that the mind sufficiently clear to indite the following sentiments should have failed so completely to understand the nature of the struggle over the investitures1 and should have seen but through a glass darkly the condition of governments1 men1 and things requiring the application of his doctrines to practice4 ,mr4 ,maury says1 and says well3 8,it is to be admitted that the intervention of the popes in foreign political affairs in early and medival ,european history was not unfrequently matter of moral necessity4 ,the papal authority constituted for those periods the ,high ,court of ,international ,arbitration4 ,not seldom the pontiffs stood forth as the solitary champions of right and justice4444 ,we cannot but make ample allowance for their interference2 nay1 in many cases we must admire it4444 ,in the case of the popes themselves moral necessity must often be allowed to have more than justified their interference in the domestic policy of foreign governments10 etc4 ,we must hasten through the remainder of ,mr4 ,maury's article4 ,a great portion of it strikes wide of the mark1 having no application to the point at issue1 which we understand to be the political rapacity of the 8,romish0 ,church4 ,the sketch of the career of ,napoleon1 his imprisonment of the pope1 the theological opinions of the canaille of generals that the ,little ,corporal gathered about him1 and the action 7not of the ,french people1 but7 of the rude rabble of the large cities at the time of the ,revolution1 would seem even to evince that the rapacity existed elsewhere4 ,again1 it would be mere waste of ammunition to argue with an opponent who seriously maintains that gratitude for what he terms 8the restoration of the ,papacy0 ought to have induced ,pius ,,vii41 or any other pope1 to govern the church thenceforward on such principles as would meet the approval of the so-called ,holy ,alliance4 ,the man who can entertain such a notion has not the first rudimentary idea making toward a conception of what the church of ,god is1 however well he may understand that of ,queen ,victoria4 ,only two further points shall we briefly notice4 ,one is the restoration of the ,jesuits by ,pius ,,vii4--a fact upon which ,mr4 ,maury lays great stress1 as indicating the political rapacity of the church4 ,the order had been suppressed by ,pope ,clement in #aggc1 not as having been proved guilty of any wrong whatever1 but simply because their existence as an order1 under the then circumstances and state of feeling in ,europe1 seemed to that pope and his council to give not cause but pretext for scandal to a certain portion of nominal ,christendom4 ,it is admitted that the prime movers in exciting this enmity against the ,jesuits were the infidels in ,france1 the ,pombal faction in ,portugal1 the persons bearing in ,spain the same relations to the monarch which were in ,france held by ,madame de ,pompadour1 and those weak people who believe all that is diligently sounded in their ears from the rostrum or presented to their eyes by the press4 ,pope ,clement deemed it the most prudent course to suppress the order1 and he did so4 ,it was their duty to obey1 and they obeyed to the letter4 ,had he been a ,protestant archbishop or bishop1 would he have been so thoroughly obeyed8 ,would there even have been a pretence of obedience8 ,had the ,jesuits been the wily knaves they are frequently represented as being1 would they have disbanded on the instant8 ,has any association in history1 we will not say so powerful1 but even one-tenth part so numerous1 so able1 and so well disciplined1 ever been extinguished by the myrmidons of the most powerful civil government8 ,had they been ,protestants1 we should at once have had a new and powerful sect4 ,had they been merely a conscienceless1 oath-bound society1 they could have gone on1 despite all the civil governments on earth4 ,being ,jesuits1 they obeyed the mandate of the ,vicar of ,god4 ,pius ,,vii4 deemed the time opportune for their revival4 ,it may be that his experience of the favor shown to the usurping ,napoleon during the period of his own imprisonment1 and the manifest tergiversations of nearly all the higher ,french clergy at that unhappy time1 caused him to long for the faithful ,jesuits4 ,of this we know nothing4 ,his right to restore them was just as clear as had been that of ,pope ,clement to suppress them4 ,we propose neither to go into a eulogy of the ,jesuits nor to defend them from the slurs and slanders cast upon them1 mostly by those who know little more of them than the name4 ,they need no eulogy from us1 and are quite competent to defend themselves by word and pen4 ,mr4 ,maury 7who seems to be an ardent ,jesuit-hater2 we know nothing of him but his article7 is evidently one of those who fancy that the church is a political party1 and that1 on gaining an advantage over her opponents1 she may bargain to shift principles and suit discipline to those who have been instrumental in bringing about the result4 ,we quite agree with him1 however1 that1 judging by all history1 the church does not seem to regard herself in that light4 ,very many popes have died in exile4 ,for seventy continuous years the head of the church was in captivity at ,avignon4 ,pope ,pius ,,vii4 was long a prisoner at ,savona4 ,for all that we know1 the present pontiff may yet have to hide in the ,catacombs4 ,but neither in the past has there been1 nor will there be found in the future1 a pope who for personal duress or temporal domain 7however clear his right thereto7 will barter away one iota of the sacred deposit of faith and practice4 ,the church leaves it to the politicians to seek foul ends by base means--to bargain that 8in case you commit this forgery or that perjury for me1 ,i shall1 on attaining power1 see that you are not only held guiltless but rewarded40 ,were this her way of acting1 she would be very unlike her ,founder1 and certainly would not be the institution with which our ,saviour has promised to be till the consummation of the world4 ,mr4 ,maury would seem to think that he is making a point in charging the church with being true to her principles1 with being changeless1 with not giving way to feelings of gratitude 787 so far as1 upon occasion1 to give up her position as the conservatrix of faith and morals4 ,he repeats the charge1 under different forms1 sundry times in the course of his article4 ,does he perchance not know that this is exactly the characteristic of the church in which ,catholics glory8 ,did he never hear of the church before8 ,does she now come before his mental vision for the first time8 ,one is really tempted to think so from the fact that he speaks of the pope's styling himself 8,god's vicar upon earth10 as though it were a new title never assumed until ,pope ,pius used it in his encyclical of ,march1 #ahad4 ,if it will do ,mr4 ,maury any good or save him future labor in writing1 we can inform him that we ,catholics would have neither faith nor confidence in a church that could sway and swerve1 that allowed herself to be ruled by politicians or by heretics2 and that we all believe ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 to be1 like his predecessor ,st4 ,peter1 8,god's vicar here on earth40 ,let him stop the first ,catholic boy he meets who attends catechism class1 ask him what is the pope1 and he will get that answer in so many words4 ,the other point is this3 ,mr4 ,maury takes it very ill that the church should find fault with the ,falk laws and the supervision that the ,german government claims and attempts to exercise over her in that country2 while he asserts that no fault is found with the ,bavarian government1 which 7he says7 exercises the self-same jurisdiction over the church that ,germany is now striving to carry out4 ,the latter part of his statement is untrue4 ,but1 admitting that it were true1 cannot even ,mr4 ,maury see that there would be all the difference in the world between permitting to a ,catholic ruler certain rights of supervision touching ecclesiastical matters1 and giving the same rights to infidels1 rationalists1 transcendentalists1 atheists--in any case to non-,catholics8 ,perhaps we should hardly expect this1 since1 unless our information be very incorrect1 wardens or vestrymen1 or both1 may be1 and often are1 in his own sect1 not mere non-communicants but of no profession of religion whatever4 ,that such is the case in ,england we know2 and ,mr4 ,thackeray painted from life both the ,rev4 ,charles ,honeyman and ,lady ,whittlesea's chapel1 which is there depicted as a speculation of ,sherrick1 the ,jewish wine-merchant4 ,true1 the ,bavarian government has adopted a new constitution subsequent to the establishment of its concordat with the ,holy ,see2 and we are far from denying that things would be on a very unsatisfactory footing in ,bavaria were the reigning house to become ,protestant1 or the government1 by an accidental 7and we admit possible7 influx of free-thinkers1 to determine to give trouble4 ,this1 however1 has not yet taken place1 and the proverb holds that it is unnecessary to greet his satanic majesty till one actually meets him4 ,we doubt not but that any overt act against the freedom of the church will1 in that country1 be as promptly resented and rendered as thoroughly ineffective as has hitherto been the case in ,prussia4 ,all the power and influence of the ,german government has1 so far1 been unable to push the so-called ,old ,catholics into even a decent show of repute2 and no ,catholic in communion with the pope will ever lend himself to any such thing as the ,bismarckian scheme of a ,german national church1 or national church of any other empire1 kingdom1 or republic4 ,an independent provincial church is to the mind of the ,catholic an utter absurdity2 and no proposition looking to any such end would for a moment be entertained at ,rome4 ,catholics do not and cannot exist without being in communion with the pope1 whosoever or wheresoever he or they may be4 ,it seems grievously to vex ,mr4 ,maury that in no single instance has the church allowed herself to be made1 as has the legal sect in ,england1 a mere tool in the hands of the state2 and he takes pains to stigmatize what he ironically describes as the 8gentle suavity0 of ,pope ,pius and the ,cardinal ,consalvi1 intimating that it was mere stratagem2 but he forgets that there is no sort of hypocrisy in doing the best that can be done under given circumstances1 providing always that no principle be given up4 ,even on his own showing the church has under no circumstances abandoned for a moment the principle that she should and must be entirely free from any control of the state in matters spiritual4 ,were it any one of the little sects that set up such claim for religious freedom as against governmental interference1 a cry in its favor would go up along the line from ,dan to ,beersheba2 but in the case of mother church it only furnishes a reason for an article on her political rapacity4 ,some original genius once remarked that consistency is a jewel4 ,it certainly is very rare2 and here is a radiant instance of it on the part of our opponents4 ,the moment that the state presumes to trench upon the domain of conscience we must all obey ,god rather than man4 ,usque huc et ne plus ultra4 ,up to that point we stand ready to act and obey loyally as citizens4 ,beyond that line we neither can nor will be bound2 and they who demand that we should put our consciences in the keeping of ,reichstag1 ,parliament1 or ,congress know but little of human rights and less of the rightful domain of civil law4 ,a little reflection might have shown ,mr4 ,maury the absurdity of his statement that ,consalvi demanded of the ,bavarian government the expulsion of the ,protestant population of that country1 then amounting to nearly a million4 ,surely ,mr4 ,maury is joking6 ,in the many centuries during which the popes have had full sway in the ,eternal ,city1 not one of them has ever proposed the expulsion of the ,jews1 a large number of whom have at all times resided in ,rome4 ,mr4 ,maury represents ,cardinal ,consalvi as an eminently shrewd man1 whereas he must have been little better than an idiot to entertain such an idea1 much more to express it in writing1 even to the dullest court in ,europe4 ,he never did do so4 ,surely this must be1 like several other statements of the writer which we have not time at present to take up1 a lapsus penn into which haste in writing and zeal for 8the good cause0 betrayed him4 ,authority for it we have been utterly unable to find1 though the account of the negotiations of that cardinal are in the main given with tolerable fulness in the books at our hand4 ,that system of religion is surely in a very bad way the hold of which on the minds and consciences of its adherents cannot be maintained without the aid of government2 nor does it deserve the name of religion at all when its ministers are such as those must be who owe their appointment to the back-stair intrigues by which men attain political offices4 ,the ,roman ,curia has shown both wisdom and a high sense of honor in persistently refusing1 on principle1 to recognize any other than the canonical election of her prelates4 ,but it does seem somewhat hard that her unwillingness to curry favor with the various reigning houses and their ministries should be attributed to political rapacity4 ,so far as the pope is concerned1 he was just as much the head of the church under the persecution of ,diocletian as in the days of ,leo ,x41 and is just as really and effectually the father of all the faithful to-day as on the day when the ,papal ,states were restored to him by ,pepin in #gfh4 ,the minds of men have1 however1 become so accustomed to acts of injustice that they regard them with comparative indifference4 ,the justice of the pope's claim to the patrimony of ,st4 ,peter is infinitely clearer and of far more ancient standing than that of any sovereign in ,christendom to the throne he occupies4 ,necessary to the existence of the ,papacy those states certainly are not1 save in the sense that he who is not a temporal sovereign must to a certain extent be a subject1 and that an ill-disposed government1 under or within control of which the pope may be1 will always be in a condition to hamper him1 and to put trammels on his intercourse with his people over the entire world4 ,as it may well be doubted whether there ever was a period when the ,holy ,father was more firmly entrenched in the affections and confidence of his faithful children than now1 when despoiled of territory1 courtly pomp and splendor--all of which he might have retained had he been willing to stretch principle to compliance with iniquity--so a more unsuitable season could hardly1 in the view of any impartial on-looker1 have been selected for charging the church with political rapacity4 ,had she possessed that1 or desired its results1 her position1 however high in a worldly point of view1 would hardly have been so honorably glorious in the eyes of her faithful members4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,the ,,conclave ,,and ,,election4 7,,from ,a ,,special ,,correspondent ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world ,,in ,,rome47 ,,rome1 ,february #ba1 #ahgh4 ,he is no more6 ,as a ,christian1 he loved justice with the charity of his divine ,master2 as a priest1 his vows2 as a bishop1 his flock2 as a ,sovereign ,pontiff1 he kept the deposit of faith with a great1 intelligent love4 ,and we loved him dearly in life1 as pontiff never was loved before1 and shall ever think of him as the one colossal figure of justice1 unmoved and immovable1 of the nineteenth century4 ,in memoria terna erit justus ille2 ab auditione mala non timebit4 ,we thought1 as we gazed upon his loving face on the ,feast of the ,purification1 and the seventy-fifth anniversary of his ,first ,communion1 that he never looked better4 ,he looked younger1 'twas said by those present4 ,his face had a glow that suggested his early manhood4 ,his voice1 too1 was vigorous and robust as he addressed the parish priests1 the heads of the religious orders1 and the rectors of the colleges1 who had presented him with the ,candlemas taper1 according to custom4 ,and when he had thanked all present1 and requested them to bear his thanks to the faithful for having offered up prayers to ,god and the ,virgin ,immaculate for his recent recovery from illness1 he pronounced the sweetest little homily1 so characteristic of ,pius ,,ix41 on the necessity of giving religious instruction to the little ones4 ,alas6 it was the sweetest song of the swan1 because the last4 ,,the ,,last ,,hours4 ,towards evening1 on the #fth inst41 it was observed by his physicians that the ,holy ,father was somewhat feverish4 ,this excited no alarm1 for such attacks seemed but the lingering traces of his recent illness4 ,the ,pope retired to bed at his usual hour1 about ten o'clock4 ,his rest1 however1 was not tranquil4 ,he seemed to be oppressed in his breathing4 ,about four o'clock on the morning of the #gth he was seized with a shivering chill1 his breathing became quick and hard1 his pulse excited4 ,about half-past six o'clock the fever came on with greater force1 producing an utter prostration of the august patient4 ,his mental faculties remained clear and undisturbed1 and at half-past eight he received the ,viaticum with great devotion from the hands of his sacristan1 ,mgr4 ,marinelli4 ,the malady became more intense1 the catastrophe inevitable2 so at nine o'clock he was anointed4 ,meanwhile1 the news of the ,pope's sudden and dangerous illness had spread through the city1 and the cardinals hastened to the ,vatican4 ,by order of the cardinal-vicar the ,blessed ,sacrament was exposed in all the churches of the city4 ,that fact contained the dread significance that the ,pope was dying4 ,the ,romans flocked to the churches and prayed fervently against the crisis1 yet trembled at the thought that1 when the ,blessed ,sacrament would be restored to the tabernacle1 all would be over1 well or ill4 ,the cardinals and prelates assembled around the bed of the sufferer knew too well what the issue would be4 ,he knew it himself1 for1 taking the crucifix from under his pillow1 he blessed them4 ,his suffering increased4 ,at one o'clock p4m4 ,cardinal ,bilio1 the grand-penitentiary1 began to repeat the last prayers of the church for the dying4 ,the ,holy ,father pronounced distinctly1 though with the greatest difficulty1 the act of contrition4 ,then he subjoined in a voice that betokened great trust1 8,in domum ,domini ibimus0--,we will go into the house of the ,lord4 ,when the cardinal came to pronounce the last address to the departing soul1 he hesitated at the word proficiscere 7depart72 but the ,pope added quickly1 8,si6 proficiscere0--,yes6 proficiscere4 ,when he had repeated the exhortation the cardinal knelt down and asked the dying ,pope to bless the cardinals4 ,there were present ,cardinals ,borromeo1 ,sacconi1 ,de ,falloux1 ,manning1 ,howard1 and ,franchi4 ,he raised his right hand and made the triple sign of the cross4 ,it was the last ,apostolic ,benediction imparted by ,pius ,,ix4 ,at half-past two in the afternoon the rumor spread through the city that the ,pope was dead4 ,telegrams to the same effect were sent to all parts of the world by the correspondents of the press4 ,the secretary of the ,minister of the ,interior had caused a bulletin of the same tenor to be posted up in the vestibule of ,parliament4 ,but the agony of death had not even set in upon the venerable patient1 though all hope of a change for the better was abandoned4 ,at half-past three the struggle began in very earnest4 ,it was a sight that brought copious tears to the eyes of the beholders--,pius ,,ix4 in his agony4 ,never more strongly than during those supreme moments did the youthful vitality of the ,pontiff manifest itself4 ,two hours and a half of a death-agony is something we associate only with robust constitutions in the flower of manhood4 ,at five o'clock the physician requested ,cardinal ,bilio to pronounce a second time the recommendation of the departing soul4 ,he did so1 and then1 kneeling down1 he began the rosary1 giving out for contemplation the ,five ,sorrowful ,mysteries4 ,at the fourth--the carrying of the cross--he stopped1 looked anxiously at the face of the ,pontiff1 stood up1 and gazed still more eagerly upon those loving features4 ,the eyes had closed sweetly1 a pearly tear1 just born1 glistened on the lids1 the lines of agonizing pain seemed to disappear perceptibly--it was all over1 and the ,angelus bell rang out over a fatherless city1 ay1 a fatherless world4 ,,how ,,rome ,,received ,,the ,,news4 ,the news created no excitement4 ,there was no crowd to speak of in the ,square of ,st4 ,peter4 ,only a few loiterers stood for a moment gazing up at the bronze doors which open into the ,vatican2 but they 8moved on0 at the quiet request of a policeman4 ,there were no soldiers visible--nothing war-like1 if exception be made to the bristling bayonets of the ,swiss ,guards4 ,soon after the ,ave ,maria the bronze doors were closed1 and the loiterers betook themselves across the ,bridge of ,st4 ,angelo into the city4 ,there all was quiet1 too1 save and except the theatres2 they went on performing1 though the authorities had a superabundance of time to order them to be closed4 ,the two lesser theatres1 in which ,pulcinella gives nightly amusement to the unlaved of ,rome1 closed of their own accord on hearing of the ,pope's death4 ,the other theatres received official notice to suspend performances until further notice1 on the following day4 ,during the day of ,pius ,,ix4's suffering ,king ,humbert and ,queen ,margherita sent repeatedly to the ,vatican to inquire after his health4 ,during the night the following notification from the cardinal-vicar of ,rome was affixed to the churches3 8,,to ,,the ,,clergy ,,and ,,people ,,of ,,rome4 8,raffaele1 of the title of ,st4 ,croce in ,gerusalemme1 cardinal-priest of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 ,monaco ,la ,valletta1 ,vicar-,general and ,judge-,ordinary of ,rome and its district1 ,commendatory ,abbot of ,subiaco4 8,the ,majesty of ,god ,omnipotent has called to himself the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 of holy memory1 as we have just been advised by the most eminent cardinal-chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 to whom it belongs to give public testimony of the death of the ,roman ,pontiffs4 ,at this announcement the ,catholic people in every corner of the world1 devoted to the great and apostolic virtues of the immortal ,pontiff and to his sovereign magnanimity1 will mourn4 ,but above all let us weep profoundly1 ,o ,romans6 for to-day has unfortunately ended the most extraordinarily glorious and prolonged pontificate which ,god has ever granted to his vicars on earth4 ,the life of ,pius ,,ix41 as ,pontiff and as sovereign1 was a series of most abundant benefits1 both in the spiritual and temporal order1 diffused throughout all the churches and nations1 and especially upon his own ,rome1 where at every step monuments of the munificence of the lamented ,pontiff and father are met with4 8,according to the sacred canons1 in all the cities and distinguished places solemn obsequies and suffrages shall be celebrated for the soul of the deceased hierarch1 and every day1 until the ,holy ,apostolic ,see be provided with a new chief1 solemn prayers shall be offered up to implore from his divine ,majesty a most speedy election of the successor of the never-to-be-sufficiently-lamented deceased4 8,to this effect1 #a4 ,notice is given that public and solemn funeral services will be celebrated in the patriarchal ,vatican basilica by the chapter thereof1 whither1 as soon as possible1 the body of the immortal ,pontiff will be carried1 and placed1 according to custom1 in the chapel of the ,most ,holy ,sacrament4 #b4 ,it is ordained that in all the churches of this illustrious city1 as well of the secular as the regular clergy1 and privileged in any way1 all the bells be rung in funeral notes for the space of an hour1 from three to four1 to-morrow4 #c4 ,as soon as the precious mortal remains of the ,sovereign ,pontiff be carried into the ,vatican basilica1 solemn obsequies shall be celebrated in the aforesaid churches4 #d4 ,the reverend clergy1 secular and regular1 are exhorted to offer up the unbloody ,sacrifice in suffrage for the soul of the august deceased1 as has always been done1 and the communities of both sexes1 as also all the faithful1 are invited to recommend his blessed soul in their prayers4 #e4 ,finally1 it is prescribed that in each of the aforesaid churches1 in the ,mass and other functions1 the collect ,pro ,pontifice be added as long as the vacancy of the ,apostolic ,see shall last4 8,given from our residence1 ,february #g1 #ahgh4 8,r4 ,,card4 ,,monaco1 ,vicar4 0,,placido ,,can4 ,,petacci1 ,secretary40 ,soon after the soul of ,pius ,,ix4 had departed his physicians returned to the chamber of the dead1 now guarded by two of the ,noble ,guards--who never lose sight of the body until it is consigned to the tomb--and made a formal autopsy1 which they couched in these terms3 8,we1 the undersigned1 attest that ,his ,holiness ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 already affected for a long time by slow bronchitis1 ceased to live1 through pulmonary paralysis1 to-day1 ,february #g1 at #e4dj p4m4--,dr4 ,antonini1 physician2 ,dr4 ,ceccarelli1 surgeon2 ,dr4 ,petacci1 assistant2 ,dr4 ,topai1 assistant40 ,dr4 ,ceccarelli then composed the body reverently on the bed1 and covered it with a white cloth2 whereupon it was carried into a neighboring chamber1 looking north1 towards the ,belvedere wing of the palace4 ,detachments of the chapter of ,st4 ,peter's kept a vigil1 reciting psalms the night long4 ,on the following morning1 the #hth inst41 ,mgr4 ,macchi1 ,master of the ,chamber1 attended by ,mgri4 ,casali del ,drago and ,della ,volpe1 ,participating ,secret ,chamberlains of ,his ,holiness1 repaired to the apartment taken possession of the previous evening by ,cardinal ,pecci1 ,chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 and gave him a formal announcement of the death of the ,pope4 ,the cardinal1 having put on robes of violet1 which is the mourning of the church1 repaired in procession with the rest to the room in which the venerable remains lay1 to effect a solemn mortuary recognition4 ,all knelt down and prayed for a while in silence4 ,his eminence then recited the ,de profundis1 and1 standing up1 he reverently raised the cloth from the face of the dead4 ,taking a little silver hammer from the hand of a master of ceremonies1 he struck the forehead of the ,pontiff with it thrice1 pronouncing at each stroke1 in a loud voice1 the name of the ,pope4 ,after a momentary silence he turned to those present and said3 ,papa vere mortuus est--,the ,pope is indeed dead4 ,the cardinal then tendered a request to ,mgr4 ,macchi1 ,master of the ,chamber1 for the ,fisherman's ring1 which was still on the finger of the ,pope4 ,the monsignore removed it and gave it to the cardinal1 who wrote a receipt for it4 ,thereupon ,mgr4 ,pericoli1 ,dean of the ,apostolic ,prothonotaries1 knelt down and read the following attestation3 8,this morning1 ,february #h1 at eight o'clock ,a4,m41 the ,most ,eminent and ,reverend ,cardinal ,pecci1 ,chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 accompanied by the ,college of ,clerics of the ,chamber1 by ,mgr4 the ,vice-,chamberlain1 by ,mgr4 the ,auditor of the ,reverend ,chamber1 by the advocate-general of the ,apostolic ,chamber1 by the procurator-general1 and by the two secretaries and chancellors of the ,chamber1 repaired to the private rooms of ,his ,holiness1 in one of which he found on the death bed the corpse of his same ,holiness4 8,having ascertained the death of the ,holy ,father1 and recited opportune prayers in suffrage of the blessed soul1 his aforesaid most reverend eminence made a request to the ,most ,illustrious and ,reverend ,mgr4 ,macchi1 ,master of the ,chamber of ,his ,holiness1 for the ,fisherman's ring1 which was immediately consigned by the same ,mgr41 the ,master of the ,chamber1 to the most eminent chamberlain1 who received it1 with a view of presenting it in the first cardinalitial congregation 7to be broken72 for which ring his most reverend eminence gave an act of receipt to the aforesaid ,mgr4 the ,master of the ,chamber4 8,whereof1 at the request of the most eminent and reverend chamberlain1 a solemn act was drawn up1 rogated by the ,most ,illustrious and ,reverend ,mgr4 ,pericoli1 cleric of the ,chamber1 and ,dean of the ,college of ,apostolic ,prothonotaries1 the act being signed by the most eminent and reverend chamberlain1 by the others above named1 and by the two secret chamberlains of ,his ,holiness1 the ,most ,illustrious and ,reverend ,mgri4 ,casali del ,drago and ,della ,volpe1 in the quality of witnesses4 8,according to the injunctions made by the eminent and reverend chamberlain to the clerics of the ,reverend ,apostolic ,chamber1 these assembled in the presence of his most reverend eminence1 in an apposite congregation1 and in the regular manner1 divided among themselves the different offices40 ,,the ,,interregnum4 ,the supreme government of the church during the vacancy of the ,apostolic ,see belongs to the cardinal-chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 and to the deans of the three orders of cardinals--bishops1 priests1 and deacons4 ,these are respectively ,cardinal ,pecci1 ,cardinal ,amat1 dean of the cardinal-bishops1 ,cardinal ,schwarzenberg1 dean of the cardinal-priests1 and ,cardinal ,caterini1 dean of the cardinal-deacons4 ,cardinal ,simeoni's office as ,secretary of ,state ceased with the death of ,pius ,,ix41 and will be discharged ad interim by ,mgr4 ,lasagni1 secretary of the ,council and of the ,consistory4 ,he retains the office of prefect of the apostolic palaces4 ,every day during the ,novendiales 7that is1 the nine days on which solemn obsequies are celebrated for the deceased pontiff7 there is a congregation of the cardinals1 whereat their eminences appear with the rochet uncovered1 as a sign of jurisdiction4 ,they are all popes in fieri4 ,in consideration of this a cardinal always rides alone in his carriage during the vacancy4 ,moreover1 during the conclave1 in the general reunions of the cardinals1 each one has a canopy erected over his seat4 ,when the election takes place all the canopies are removed1 save that which is over the seat of the pontiff-elect4 ,immediately after the ceremony described1 an extraordinary congregation of the cardinals was held in the palace of the ,vatican4 ,object1 the manner of celebrating the funeral services2 and the question1 ,where is the conclave to be held8 ,the first question was disposed of quickly1 it being unanimously resolved to observe the constitutions as regards the funeral4 ,the question of where the conclave should be held presented many difficulties1 considering the political circumstances of the ,holy ,see at present4 ,the foreign cardinals1 and ,cardinal ,manning in particular1 supported the proposal of not holding the conclave in ,rome1 not only because little faith was to be placed in the ,law of the ,guarantees1 but for the reason that it would be a new and powerful protest against the usurpations consummated by the ,italian government4 ,the ,italians overruled these considerations1 and constituted a majority in favor of holding the conclave in ,rome4 ,cardinal ,manning's project of holding the conclave at ,malta received thirteen votes4#dj ,some city on the ,adriatic coast of ,austria was also proposed1 but with little favor4 ,pending this discussion the canons of ,st4 ,peter's washed the body of the ,holy ,father in scented water1 and then gave it to the physicians to be embalmed4 ,this was on the evening of the #hth inst4 ,they performed the operation in the traditional way1 taking out the prcordia and embalming them separately2 afterwards the body4 ,the prcordia1 according to an old tradition1 are interred in the parish church near which the pontiff dies2 consequently those of ,pius ,,ix4 will be buried in ,st4 ,peter's4 ,had he died at the ,quirinal1 the church of ,,ss4 ,vincenzo and ,anastasio would receive them4 ,the operation of embalming was brought to a successful termination on the morning of the #ith4 ,the city on the #hth presented a sad appearance4 ,all the shops were closed1 traffic for the most part was suspended1 the ,bourse was closed1 and the soldiers marched to and from their regular stations without music4 ,there were no amusements in the evening1 and very few people to be seen in the streets4 ,a shadow rested on the city4 ,there was a great blank4 ,something was wanting--is wanting4 ,the world seems strange1 purposeless1 and unutterably dreary without ,pius ,,ix4 ,,the ,,dead ,,pontiff4 ,after the embalming process his body was vested in the white cassock1 the red cope bordered with ermine1 and the camauro1 or red cap1 likewise bordered with ermine1 placed on the head4 ,he was then laid out on a modest catafalque1 under a canopy1 in one of the halls of the ,vatican4 ,the ,roman nobles and persons of distinction were permitted to see him4 ,never have we seen death so beautiful as in ,pius ,,ix4 ,his face1 always aglow with a sweet smile1 was now doubly sweet and restful4 ,there was not a trace of pain left on it1 and its beautiful whiteness seemed a supernatural glow which ,god had breathed there for his well-meriting servant4 ,the hands1 too1 clasping his beloved crucifix1 seemed to have a warmth about them which is not associable with death4 ,indeed1 he seemed to sleep1 did our ,holy ,father4 ,towards nightfall the body was habited in full pontificals1 golden mitre1 red chasuble1 red satin gloves1 gold-embroidered1 and red satin slippers1 also richly wrought in gold2 and when darkness descended upon the ,eternal ,city they carried ,pius ,,ix4 down into ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the ,swiss ,guards formed themselves into a double line in the halls of the ,vatican and along the ,loggie of ,raphael1 whose classic beauty1 recently restored and enhanced1 will bear testimony ages hence to the munificence of ,pius ,,ix4 as a ,mcenas4 ,masters of the horse in their fantastic and quaint liveries1 the canons of ,st4 ,peter's bearing torches and chanting the psalms1 mace-bearers robed in sable velvet1 and a detachment of the ,swiss1 bearing their pikes reversed1 preceded the bier4 ,this was borne on the shoulders of the throne-bearers1 and a square was formed around it by the ,noble ,guards in full uniform and the penitentiaries of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,they were followed by the domestic prelates of the papal household1 and the secular and military officials1 likewise in dress uniform4 ,the cardinals succeeded1 marching two abreast1 bearing torches1 and responding to the psalms as intoned by the clergy in advance4 ,they were followed by a detachment of the ,palatine ,guard4 ,the ,roman nobles1 and other personages of distinction1 brought up the rear of the procession4 ,the flaming torches lighting up the halls1 the corridors1 the regal stairway1 down which the cortge moved1 the liveries of the servants1 the uniforms of the soldiers1 the robes of the priests1 the purple of the cardinals1 and1 above all1 that already heaven-lit face looking upwards1 as if in placid and joyous contemplation of the ,truth ,eternal1 the assertion and vindication of which was his dearest object in life1 produced a sensation in the beholder which baffles description1 there being no term of comparison to which we can liken it4 ,and the muffled psalmody in those silent halls1 inexhaustibly silent because of the circumstance and the hour1 seemed to be1 what it indeed was1 the music of another and a tranquil sphere1 where there is no 8hostile domination10 no death4 ,the procession entered ,st4 ,peter's1 by an inner door communicating with the palace1 at seven o'clock4 ,it was met by the chapter of ,st4 ,peter's1 who led the way to the chapel of the canons in the right aisle4 ,the bier was placed precisely within the iron railing of the chapel1 so that the feet of the venerable ,pontiff extended outside sufficiently far to allow the people to kiss the papal slipper4 ,it gently inclined towards the railing1 thus giving a perfect view of its precious burden even at a distance4 ,it was covered with a red silk pall1 delicately embroidered with gold thread4 ,at either side hung a red cardinalitial hat of the primitive form1 which used to be carried before ,his ,holiness in grand processions4 ,at an early hour on ,sunday morning1 long before dawn1 the steps of the great temple were crowded with people1 waiting for the moment when the bronze doors would swing open and admit them to view the remains of their father4 ,detachments of the ,italian soldiery had taken up positions within the vestibule and outside4 ,others marched around the basilica and entered by the sacristy door4 ,they formed a double line from the door of entrance on the left1 up along the corresponding aisle1 across the nave1 and down to the door of egress4 ,those stationed at the iron gates of the vestibule had a difficult task in trying to stem the onflowing and irresistible tide of thousands of people when the gate at last swung open4 ,they acquitted themselves well1 poor fellows1 and as reverently too1 both within and without the temple1 as could be expected under the circumstances4 ,as the people entered the temple at half-past six ,a4,m4 a solemn ,mass of requiem had already commenced in the chapel of the canons4 ,it was the first of the ,novendiales4 ,throughout that day and the three following a continuous stream of people of all classes flowed into and out of ,st4 ,peter's1 and every individual paused1 at least1 to contemplate that figure lying in peaceful repose1 a heavenly contrast1 to the intelligent1 against the pleasure-surfeited and revolting mass which defied the embalmer's art1 yet was enshrined at the ,quirinal not a month since4 ,and thou1 ,mark ,minghetti1 who didst abandon this sainted figure to serve that other in the name of liberty1 forsooth1 what has brought thee into ,st4 ,peter's1 and face to face with the holy dead8 ,speak1 thou whose deeds for the past quarter of a century have been at cross-purposes with good faith2 unbosom thy sentiments as thou didst linger at the catafalque of thy old and too-trusting master6 ,thou1 too1 ,visconti ,venosta1 author of the notorious ,memorandum of #ahgj1 wouldst gaze once more on the face of him thou conspiredst to betray8 ,many a traitor besides these two went there1 and the exponents of their iniquity1 the liberal papers1 said that ,pius ,,ix4 seemed to sleep1 and commended the martial bearing of the four ,noble ,guards who stood erect and vigilant around the catafalque4 ,on ,wednesday1 the #acth1 in the churches of ,st4 ,mary ,major and ,st4 ,john ,lateran1 solemn obsequies were also celebrated1 and every parochial church in the city was on that day the scene of pious suffrages for the soul of ,pius ,,ix4 ,in the basilicas lofty catafalques were erected1 surmounted by a tiara1 and surrounded with blazing torches4 ,that in the church of ,st4 ,mary ,major bore1 inscribed on its four sides1 a pithy yet adequate panegyric of the ,pontiff--,religio1 ,fides1 ,spes1 ,caritas4 ,,the ,,last ,,act4 ,it is ,wednesday evening2 the great aisles of ,st4 ,peter's at seven o'clock are empty4 ,the bronze doors are shut4 ,torches1 blazing in the nave of the basilica1 reveal to our gaze a procession of cardinals emerging from the door of the sacristy1 and moving with measured and reverential steps to the chapel of the ,blessed ,sacrament2 the domestic prelates of the papal household1 already there2 the canons in surplice--one of them1 ,mgr4 ,folicaldi1 in black pontificals and a snowy mitre1 attended by deacons and subdeacons of honor1 also in black2 the officials1 civil and military1 of the palace in full dress2 the ,noble ,guards2 the ,swiss in burnished helmets and cuirasses2 the little garrison of the ,vatican2 the gentlemen of the pontifical court1 and the ,roman nobles4 ,all form themselves into a procession4 ,the choir sings the ,miserere4 ,eight canons take up the catafalque4 ,the procession moves up past the bronze statue of ,st4 ,peter1 around the tomb of the apostles1 and down the further aisle1 to the chapel of the canons4 ,it is the funeral of ,pius ,,ix4 ,the catafalque is placed in the middle of the chapel4 ,arranged in order on the floor are three coffins--one of cypress-wood1 one of zinc1 and a third of chestnut4 ,the officiating prelate blesses the first1 sprinkling it with holy water1 and then incensing it4 ,meanwhile1 the cardinals press around the bier1 and reverently kiss that sacred right hand which had so often blessed them1 and the feet of the ,pontiff4 ,all who can come near enough do likewise4 ,mgr4 ,ricci1 major-domo1 spreads a white cloth over the face of the ,pontiff1 thus hiding it for ever from the view of man4 ,the canons take up the pall1 with its precious burden1 and place it in the coffin4 ,when the body had been properly composed1 ,mgr4 ,macchi1 ,master of the ,chamber1 placed beside it three purses of red velvet1 containing respectively as many medals1 gold1 silver1 and bronze1 as there were years of the pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 ,a violet ribbon was sealed crosswise over the body to the edge of the coffin1 with four separate seals3 that of the cardinal chamberlain1 that of the major-domo of the palace1 a third of the archpriest of ,st4 ,peter's1 and a fourth of the chapter4 ,two masters of ceremonies spread a red silk cloth over the body1 and a third dropped at the feet a tin tube containing a roll of parchment1 on which was written in ,latin the eulogy of the ,pontiff4 ,the carpenters do the rest4 ,on the lid of the zinc coffin there is the following inscription3 ,,corpus4 ,,pii4 ,,ix4 ,p4,m4 ,,vixit4 ,,an4 ,,lxxxv4 ,m4 ,,viii4 ,d4 ,,xxvi4 ,,eccles4 ,,univer4 ,,pr,,fuit4 ,,an4 ,,xxxi4 ,m4 ,,vii4 ,d4 ,,xxiii4 ,,obiit4 ,,die4 ,,vii4 ,,febr4 ,,an4 ,,mdccclxxviii4 ,when the workmen had closed the last coffin they carried it out of the chapel to a place on the left1 where there was an opening in the wall high up4 ,it was the temporary resting-place of ,gregory ,,xvi41 and is of every deceased pope until he obtain permanent sepulture4 ,it is surmounted by a marble sarcophagus adorned with a tiara4 ,by means of ropes and pulleys they hoisted the coffin into the niche1 and1 after having walled up the aperture with bricks and cement1 they laid on the outside a small slab of marble1 with this inscription3 ,,pius ,,ix4 ,p4,m4 ,a cardinal was heard to say in a voice of emotion1 as all quietly moved away3 ,tanto nomini nullum par elogium6 ,two days after1 the will of ,pius ,,ix4 was opened by the cardinal-chamberlain in the presence of the relatives4 ,it was written with his own hand1 and dated in the year #ahge4 ,a few codicils were added since that date4 ,he bequeathed #ajj1jjj francs to the poor of ,rome4 ,he always loved them1 and it was to perpetuate the memory of that love that a subscription was immediately opened after his death by the ,italian ,catholic journals1 under the title of 8,pius ,,ix4 ,eternal in charity40 ,to this end1 by the advice of the cardinal-vicar of ,rome1 a sumptuous church will be erected on the ,esquiline1 and dedicated to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus and the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,side by side with the church will rise up two extensive asylums for the poor1 old and young1 of both sexes4 ,,the ,,conclave4 ,the funeral services performed by the ,sacred ,college of ,cardinals began in the ,sistine ,chapel on ,friday morning1 the #aeth4 ,they were attended by the diplomatic corps accredited to the ,holy ,see1 by the ,roman nobility1 and persons of distinction who received invitations4 ,a wish was expressed indirectly by the ,king of ,italy to be present4 ,the cardinal chamberlain took no notice of this indirect wish4 ,the obsequies lasted for three days4 ,after each service the ,sacred ,college gave a reception to the diplomatic personages in the ,hall of the ,consistory4 ,pending these events1 the preparations for the conclave were completed4 ,the story of the ,vatican above the apartments of the ,holy ,father was divided off into little cells for the cardinals and their attendants4 ,the windows outside were covered with gratings1 and the court of ,st4 ,damasus entirely walled up to prevent any communication with the outer world4 ,physicians1 an apothecary1 barbers1 cooks1 and bakers1 were appointed4 ,on ,monday morning1 the #ahth1 the ,mass of the ,holy ,ghost was celebrated in the ,pauline ,chapel by ,cardinal ,schwarzenberg4 ,all the cardinals and officers of the conclave were in attendance4 ,the diplomatic corps assisted in stalls allotted to them4 ,a ,latin oration ,de eligendo ,summo ,pontifice was read after the ,mass by the ,secretary of ,briefs4 ,this might be termed the formal inauguration of the conclave4 ,at half-past four of the same evening the cardinals all1 of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 with but three exceptions--their ,eminences ,cullen1 ,mc,closkey1 and ,paya y ,rico--assembled in the ,pauline ,chapel1 whence1 having recited the usual prayers1 they proceeded in procession to the ,sistine ,chapel1 singing the ,veni ,creator ,spiritus4 ,there the sub-dean of the ,sacred ,college1 ,cardinal di ,pietro1 read the ,papal ,constitutions on ,conclaves1 after all but the cardinals had been invited to withdraw4 ,the reading of the constitutions was followed by a solemn oath1 pronounced by the cardinals in a body1 to observe them faithfully4 ,this oath had previously been sworn in the presence of the cardinal-chamberlain1 ,pecci1 by the patriarchs1 archbishops1 and auditors of the ,rota1 who were to mount guard at the cells of the cardinals to prevent their communicating each with the other4 ,the marshal of the conclave1 ,prince ,chigi1 had also been sworn4 ,the doors of the chapel were then opened1 a cleric took up the processional cross1 reversing the figure toward the cardinals1 who followed1 each one accompanied by a ,noble ,guard1 and all entered the precincts of the conclave4 ,each cardinal entered the cell which had fallen to him by lot4 ,that night1 in company with the cardinal-chamberlain1 and the deans of the three cardinalitial orders1 and the apostolic prothonotaries1 the marshal made a formal visitation of the cells and precincts of the conclave1 after which the chamberlain consigned to him a purse containing the keys1 and1 with the other cardinals1 retired to his cell4 ,the doors of the cells and the general entrance of the conclave were locked1 and a formal document attesting the operation was read and subscribed to4 ,the reign of silence and communion with the ,paraclete began4 ,pending the inspirations of the ,holy ,spirit1 let us glance at the world outside4 ,,rome ,,during ,,the ,,conclave4 ,in deference to the conclave the government postponed the opening of ,parliament until the #gth of ,march4 ,whether this was done from a sense of genuine reverence for so sacred and imposing an assembly1 or with a view of showing their loyalty to the ,law of the ,guarantees1 is not definitely known4 ,but the fact aroused the indignation of the radicals4 ,they at once proposed to organize a mass meeting of disapproval of the ,guarantees1 and1 accordingly1 demanded the required permission from the ,minister of the ,interior4 ,he refused it4 ,inde ira4 ,as may be supposed1 speculations were rife in all circles as to the future ,pontiff4 ,it was hoped1 and asserted pretty generally1 that ,cardinal ,pecci would be elected4 ,it was feared by all ,italians1 liberals1 conciliators1 and non-compromittals1 that ,cardinal ,manning1 who is exceedingly unpopular in radical ,italy1 would1 through some unexpected combination of circumstances1 come out of the conclave a pontiff4 ,it was reported that the ,sacred ,college itself was divided into three parties--the conciliating1 of which ,cardinal di ,canossa was supposed to be the exponent and hope2 the extreme rigorists1 of whom the favorite was the young ,cardinal ,parocchi1 of ,bologna2 and the statu-quoists1 represented by ,cardinals ,bilio and ,simeoni4 ,on ,tuesday1 the #aith of ,february1 an immense concourse of people1 assembled in the ,square of ,st4 ,peter's1 witnessed the traditional sfumata1 or smoke1 rising from a particular chimney of the ,vatican1 which signalized the burning of the votes at the first scrutiny in the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,this meant no election4 ,it has been ascertained since that ,cardinal ,franchi's name was called out twenty times at that verification4 ,on the following day1 the memorable #bjth1 at half-past twelve p4m41 the smoke again arose over the ,vatican1 and the multitude began to move away towards the ,bridge of ,st4 ,angelo4 ,comparatively few people remained4 ,but about an hour after they observed the window of the great balcony of ,st4 ,peter's to open4 ,an acolyte appeared bearing a cross1 and then ,cardinal ,caterini1 who1 from old age1 infirmities1 and the emotion of the moment1 could scarcely make himself heard to the following effect3 8,annuncio vobis gaudium magnum3 habemus ,papam ,eminentissimum et ,reverendissimum ,dominum ,pecci1 qui sibi nomen imposuit 8,,leonis ,,decimi ,,tertii60 ,this announcement was received with cheers in the square below4 ,the great bell of the basilica began to ring joyously1 and every bell in the ,eternal ,city re-echoed the glad news to the people1 and hurried them in haste to ,st4 ,peter's4 ,let us go back an hour in our narrative4 ,the votes were counted at noon1 and the name of ,cardinal ,pecci was read aloud forty-four times1 thus giving him the two-thirds majority required for election4 ,the sub-dean of the ,sacred ,college then opened the door of the chapel and ushered in the master of ceremonies4 ,with the assistance of others1 he lowered all the canopies which covered the seats of the cardinals1 with the exception of number nine on the gospel side of the altar4 ,the sub-dean of the ,sacred ,college1 accompanied by ,cardinals ,schwarzenberg and ,caterini1 approached his ,eminence ,cardinal ,pecci1 and asked him if he accepted the election3 8,acceptasne electionem in ,summum ,pontificem80 ,he replied that1 albeit unworthy of the great charge1 he would submit to the will of ,god4 ,the sub-dean continued3 8,quomodo vis vocari80 8,leo ,decimus ,tertius0 was the reply4 ,he was then conducted into the sacristy by two cardinal-deacons1 ,mertel and ,consolini1 and attired in the white cassock1 red slippers bearing the cross1 the rochet1 red cope1 stole1 and white cap of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,returning to the chapel1 he received the homage of the ,sacred ,college1 after which ,cardinal ,schwarzenberg1 just nominated pro-chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 placed upon his finger the ,fisherman's ring4 ,the ,pope immediately retired to his cell4 ,the cardinals followed his example4 ,meanwhile1 the people had assembled in great numbers in the square and in the basilica1 awaiting the appearance of ,his ,holiness4 ,it was not known whether he would give his blessing from the outer or the inner balcony of the temple4 ,the traditional place was outside4 ,consequently1 on the appearance of any one at the window of either balcony1 there was a precipitous rush of the people in that direction4 ,the noise in the basilica was like the roar of a storm-tossed sea4 ,at last--it was half-past four o'clock--two prelates opened the window of the balcony which looks into the church1 and hung over the railing some red bunting4 ,soon after the anthem ,ecce sacerdos magnus was heard1 and then a powerful1 robust voice1 ,sit nomen ,domini benedictum4 ,it reminded people of another voice which erst rang out benedictions with the clearness of a trumpet from the outer balcony4 ,but the figure which now appeared was tall1 spare1 yet imposing1 and the features1 worn and wan with rigid austerities1 were lit up by large1 brilliant orbs1 that beamed gladly on the excited people below4 ,when he had pronounced the trinal blessing in a firm voice1 a great1 deafening cheer arose1 startling the dormant echoes of the vast edifice1 and sending them quivering from nave to transept1 and thence aloft into the gigantic dome itself4 ,again and again did the evvivas burst forth from every lip1 and high1 unmistakably pronounced above them all rang out the ,saxon hurrah6 ,every difference1 political and religious1 was forgotten in that moment of joy4 ,jew from ,ghetto1 deputy from hostile ,parliament1 officer and private of invading army1 dissenting ,anglican from ,albion1 and downright1 practical ,american joined in the shout of ,viva il ,papa6 ,viva ,leone6 ,his ,holiness stood for a moment gazing on the enthusiastic multitude1 then motioned with his hands1 as if to deprecate any demonstration1 and moved away4 ,he did not appear at the outer balcony4 ,we forbear putting any construction on this circumstance4 ,the conclave was opened formally in the evening by the marshal1 and the cardinals retired at nightfall to their homes4 ,the new ,pontiff moved to his apartments1 and the attendants read in the severe lines of thought which had settled on his brow that he wished to remain alone for the night4 ,glad words of congratulation are exchanged in all circles throughout the city1 and a universal1 spontaneous confidence has sprung into existence2 for the man who has just blessed the ,catholic world as its father is pious1 learned1 and very severity itself in firmness4 ,the ,church is no longer a widow4 ,footnote #dj3 ,the ,roman ,correspondent of the ,london ,tablet1 ,february #bc1 denies the truth of this 8project0 so far as ,cardinal ,manning is concerned4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,new ,,ireland4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 ,member of ,parliament for ,louth4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgh4 ,mr4 ,sullivan has invented for his country a new name that is pregnant with meaning and significance4 ,at least1 the name is new to us1 and it represents a great fact4 ,the old ,ireland1 the land of confiscation and bitter penury1 of enforced ignorance and compulsory poverty1 of chronic revolution and periodical famine1 the exercise-ground of political proscription and religious persecution1 is passing away under our eyes4 ,a new ,ireland is indeed springing up in its place--by no means a land as yet flowing with milk and honey1 and stripped of all that cumbered it and darkened its life before1 but a land full of hopeful possibilities for all good in itself and for good to its neighbors and the world at large4 ,it was less to describe this hopeful and bright land1 whose day has not yet come1 but whose morning we see dawning in the east1 than to set forth in a clear light the stages that led up to it1 that1 we take it1 induced ,mr4 ,sullivan to write his brilliant1 most interesting1 and valuable book1 which1 perhaps1 no pen but his could have written1 or at least written so well1 with its series of graphic pictures1 its passionate reasoning1 flecked with the gayest humor and most mournful pathos4 ,it is in itself an epitome of the ,irish character1 with a notable improvement4 ,the despairing courage of a 8forlorn hope0 that marked such writings in the past has yielded here to a resolute and practical purpose1 which of all things is the most striking and hopeful sign of a really new ,ireland4 ,ireland as it stands to-day presents a problem of the deepest interest not only to a thinking ,christian man1 but also to the student of political history4 ,it1 of all nations and peoples1 has resolutely refused to follow after the ignis fatuus of the revolutionary spirit of the age4 ,this it has done in the face of the most pressing incentives to join hands with the agents of social and political disorder4 ,from the first day of ,english rule in ,ireland that country has been1 perhaps1 the worst-governed country in the world2 and this ill-government is only beginning at last to cease4 ,no better soil could have been offered as a battle-ground for the agents of evil4 ,yet1 owing chiefly to the essentially conservative and ,christian character of the ,irish race1 informed and strengthened by a true conception and grasp of the religion of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,irish people1 as a people1 has steadfastly refused to achieve right by doing wrong4 ,for this the ,english government has to thank that religion which it was its avowed and persistent purpose to root out of the ,irish heart1 in which most wicked and revolting purpose it would certainly have succeeded long ago1 were not ,god more powerful than all the force and machinations of man1 inspired and guided by the spirit of evil4 ,ireland has at last shaken off some of the strongest chains that bound her1 a bleeding nation1 to her own earth2 and she has succeeded in doing this by a persistent adherence to the right4 ,she would not die1 because ,heaven made her immortal1 and because the principle of immortality was grafted deep in her soul by an ,almighty hand4 ,she would not live at a gift2 she would not accept a false life at a sacrifice of principle4 ,she waited and suffered on4 ,her patience and her constancy1 her virtue and her faith1 have overcome all things4 ,a new era opens before her4 ,the question of questions is3 ,what will she do with it8 ,mr4 ,sullivan goes back in his narrative fifty years1 and gives us the salient measures and movements that have affected the ,irish people during that period4 ,the state of education in ,ireland fifty years ago1 8,o',connell and ,repeal10 8,the ,ribbon ,confederacy10 ,father ,mathew and the temperance movement1 the famine in 8the black forty-seven10 the 8,young ,ireland0 movement1 agrarian crime and its causes1 the land question1 the 8,tenant ,league0 party1 the 8,phnix0 conspiracy1 the ,fenian movement1 the ,disestablishment of the ,irish ,church1 and the 8,home-,rule0 movement--these form the chief headings of ,mr4 ,sullivan's chapters4 ,they are all worthy of study1 and must be studied in order to get a right view of the actual state of ,ireland--not under the ,tudors or the ,stuarts or ,cromwell1 but here and now1 within the knowledge of most of us4 ,much of what ,mr4 ,sullivan has written was already sufficiently well known4 ,it was well1 however1 to link all of these together1 to weave them into a continuous narrative1 and show how singularly one played into the other1 how necessarily one was a sequel of the other1 until the story is laid down at our own doors4 ,we are thus enabled to see how this series of catastrophes1 acting1 apparently1 independently of each other1 wrought up secretly to the whole that is before us4 ,the awful shocks that moved the nation1 now this way and now that2 that tossed it up as by a volcanic eruption2 that shattered it and cast it to the ground as though by the convulsion of an earthquake1 senseless and bleeding1 and bereft of life2 the storms that devastated it2 the famine that decimated it--all were instruments of ,heaven rudely1 to all seeming1 but surely working to a great end4 ,or1 if the political philosophers prefer it1 they were mighty and gigantic social and political forces working through the dark up and into freedom and light4 ,they made ,ireland a spectacle to the nations2 they scattered her children over the world1 bearing their crying wrongs to all lands2 they welded together those who were left at home into a hard and compact mass2 they shocked and shamed the power that was chiefly answerable for them into a sense of dawning justice4 ,it was in such throes as these that the new ,ireland had its birth4 ,it seems to us that never before was ,ireland so well fitted to play a large part in history as it is to-day4 ,it is now1 to a great extent1 certainly it is in the right way of being1 its own master1 its own law-giver1 its own educator1 its own priest4 ,it has grasped the realities of political life and political power4 ,these it has in its hands1 and we do not well see how they can be taken from it4 ,this fact ought to smother any smouldering fires of revolution that may be left1 and it will smother them effectually1 if the ,english legislature1 as seems to us likely1 can only rise to the fact that the best cure for discontent is to remove the discontent by removing its cause4 ,we do not say that ,ireland will leap at once into full national life1 prosperity1 and social happiness4 ,that1 even in a far from complete state1 must be a work of time1 and care1 and struggle1 not alone to the ,irish but to all peoples4 ,the ,irish1 however1 have now in their own hands the adequate means of national representation2 and this1 it seems to us1 is the great first step towards a true national life4 ,whether in after-years that life will have its centre in ,london or in ,dublin seems to us a question hardly worth discussing just now4 ,we like to take hold of actual facts and shape the future out of them4 ,at present ,ireland is represented in the ,english ,parliament by a strong1 resolute1 and able body of ,irishmen4 ,these men may not be collectively or individually the ideals of political wisdom and sagacity4 ,they may not have any great leader among them4 ,they may be a little new in their harness yet4 ,but their power1 as a united body1 is very great and undeniable1 and it can be constantly exercised and increased4 ,to expect that in a session or two they are going to wring from the ,english government repeal of the ,union1 or total separation1 or even one-tenth part of the measures that ,ireland needs in order to secure such prosperity as she has1 or to advance it1 or to do away with crying and cruel evils now existing1 is to expect altogether too much4 ,it is like expecting a city to be built in a day because some of the chief artisans and implements and material for the building are already on the ground4 ,great and grave and manifold grievances still exist in ,ireland4 ,steadfastness and patience and right political representation must succeed in removing these in time4 ,great dangers also threaten the country1 not the least of which is the very freedom to which it is at last rising4 ,the hardest problem in regard to freedom is to use it wisely and well4 ,it would be a sad thing for the ,irish people if on the altar of a new-found freedom they sacrificed their grand old conservative spirit1 their deep sense of the supernatural1 their reverence for the church and the things of ,god4 ,for them to drift into the liberalism of the age would be to destroy them4 ,they have gained what they now possess by having been steadfast ,catholics and steadfast ,irishmen4 ,let them so continue4 ,we rejoice at the growing sympathy in political and social life between ,irish ,catholics and ,irish ,protestants4 ,there is no harm in that2 on the contrary1 it is a great good4 ,but to pass beyond that in matters vital to the faith would be wrong4 ,to renounce1 for instance1 the right principles of education would be wrong4 ,let the ,protestants go their way in all freedom1 security1 and peace1 but let the ,catholics also hold to their way1 and insist on it4 ,mr4 ,sullivan is least satisfactory in a point on which we are most deeply interested--the actual position of ,ireland to-day1 in its industries1 its mode of life1 its social condition1 its educational status1 its income1 its outlay1 how money circulates in the country1 how the people are housed1 fed1 and clothed1 compared with former years4 ,these are matters on which1 of all things1 we desire as full and accurate information as could be obtained1 for they are the outward and most visible signs of a people's progress4 ,indeed1 they are practically the only gauge by which to measure the actuality of that progress4 ,but on this subject ,mr4 ,sullivan gives us only a few rather hesitating words in his last chapter1 with the consoling assurance that1 8despite all disaster and difficulty1 ,ireland is marching on40 ,this is a very serious defect in a work dealing with 8,new ,ireland10 and to remedy it we have applied to another quarter1 as seen in the preliminary article on 8,ireland in #ahgh0 7,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,march1 #ahgh74 ,this will be followed by others on the same subject1 taking up just the matters which ,mr4 ,sullivan has allowed to escape him4 ,with this exception1 we heartily congratulate the author on his latest volume4 ,he is himself one of the political chieftains who has nobly helped to make a new ,ireland4 ,he is a very able and ready man1 whose value was at once recognized in the ,english ,parliament1 and whose services to his country and to the party which he materially helped to form have been of the most marked and important character4 ,his life has been an honorable one1 and he has well earned the fame that now attends him4 ,no man who looks hopefully to the new ,ireland can help following with sympathy and interest the future career of ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan4 ,,de ,,ecclesia ,,et ,,cathedra2 or1 ,the ,empire-,church of ,jesus ,christ4 ,an epistle by the ,hon4 ,colin ,lindsay4 ,vols4 i4 and ii4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,mr4 ,lindsay1 who is a ,scottish convert of some ten years' standing1 and was formerly one of the principal lay-leaders in the ritualistic party1 has already won a high reputation by a valuable work on ,st4 ,peter's ,primacy4 ,the present one is original in its conception and different from any other on the same subject in its method of treating the topics indicated by the title4 ,the grand principles and laws of the church and the ,papacy are considered in their universal character as forming the ground-plan of the government of divine ,providence over the human race from the beginning4 ,it has a wide historical sweep1 and embodies a great mass of solid learning and sound reasoning4 ,the author is sometimes fanciful in his theories and occasionally deficient in theological accuracy of expression1 as well as in his style and construction of sentences4 ,these are but faults of minor importance1 however1 not seriously detracting from the great merits of his most interesting and instructive work4 ,it is quite in the same line of argument with the articles on ,historical ,christianity we have lately published1 and those who are interested in that important and very attractive aspect of religion will find the greatest profit and pleasure in perusing it4 ,one most valuable and quite novel portion of the author's exposition of the apostolic and divine institution of the ,papal ,supremacy1 is his application of the principle of reserve contained in the discipline of the secret to the particular doctrine in question1 as explaining the guarded and reticent manner in which the sacred writers and the early ,fathers speak of those high prerogatives of the ,christian hierarchy and its chief1 which would give umbrage to the ,jewish priesthood and the ,roman emperors4 ,full justice could not be done to ,mr4 ,lindsay's comprehensive and elaborate production without making a long and careful analysis and review of his positions and his manner of supporting them4 ,we trust many of our readers will gain a much better knowledge of its contents than we could possibly give them in this way1 by making a careful study of the work itself4 ,it contains a complete historical demonstration of that which we think will soon be as universally admitted as any other great fact of undisputed history--that ,catholicity and ,christianity are identical and convertible terms1 and that ancient and modern ,catholicity are one and the same identity in respect to all which pertains to their essence and integrity as the one1 universal religion1 whose continuity has remained unbroken since the creation1 and is destined to be coeval with the world4 ,,the ,,nabob4 ,from the ,french of ,alphonse ,daudet1 author of ,sidonie1 ,jack1 etc4 ,by ,lucy ,h4 ,hooper4 ,author's edition4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgh4 ,sidonie and ,jack have been briefly noticed in these columns4 ,the ,nabob is a large advance upon either4 ,possessing all the characteristics that individualized those stories1 it is larger in scope1 firmer in touch1 fuller in character1 more vigorous and finished in execution4 ,as far as writing1 plot1 and development go1 it is a very remarkable book4 ,we must say of it1 however1 as we said of its predecessors1 it is not a pleasant story4 ,there is a kind of hot-house effect about it1 a forced process1 so to say1 that1 while fascinating for the moment1 is not natural and healthy4 ,we breathe in an overcharged atmosphere4 ,there is any quantity of intoxicating odors1 of lights and flowers1 and soft music and rich costumes and beautiful faces4 ,but the light is not the blessed sunlight2 the odors and flowers oppress us with their heaviness like those around a bier2 the beautiful faces are painted1 and we sigh for something fresh and free1 even if it be not half so elegant or well 8made up40 ,there is from the beginning a brooding sense of a storm coming1 and the storm comes with awful and repulsive vehemence4 ,doubtless the author meant to produce just such an effect and to achieve just such a result4 ,if this were his chief intention he is to be congratulated on his success4 ,he has given a highly dramatic story--melodramatic1 in fact4 ,there is wit enough and humor enough throughout2 but even the wit is biting and the humor sour4 ,the laughter has the sardonic tone of ,mephistopheles1 and an honest man shivers a little even while he joins in it4 ,every scene fits with niceness2 the curtain always falls on a strong situation2 there is not a dull incident throughout2 and if nearly everybody in whom you have been interested gets murdered1 or destroyed1 or run away with1 or debauched at the end1 what will you have8 ,a melodrama is a melodrama1 and ,paris is its paradise4 ,the ,nabob is a story of ,parisian life1 as ,parisian life is popularly supposed to have been when ,napoleon ,,iii4 was the arbiter of ,europe and ,paris ,europe's capital--a capital1 if the novelists are to be believed1 of political1 social1 literary1 scientific1 and moral charlatanism4 ,doubtless this is true to a great extent2 for the leader of it all had1 unfortunately for ,france and himself1 much of the charlatan in his disposition4 ,there is everything there but honesty and purity2 or if honesty and purity there be1 they are kept severely in the background4 ,their garb is too homely1 their faces are too fresh1 for this garish light and exotic atmosphere4 ,they are out of place in this fashionable dance of death1 as we say here the scholar and the gentleman are out of politics4 ,there is a wonderful duke and statesman--,de ,mora--whose habit is to give a bored half-glance to the affairs of ,france1 and the rest of his time to dilettanteism and amours1 looking all the while to a quack doctor's globules to keep his eyes bright1 his step elastic1 and his nerves steady enough for an evening party4 ,there is a sculptor--,felicia ,ruys--full of the noblest aspirations1 but whose bringing up has been bad4 ,she has been among ,bohemians from her infancy1 and she is left alone among them1 under the care of an old aunt1 a famous dancer in her day1 whose wonderful toes had turned the crowned heads of ,europe4 ,felicia's noble nature finds itself bound in by an iron barrier of wickedness4 ,she is surrounded always by a vicious circle from which she sees no outlet or escape4 ,is it so wonderful that she mistakes her narrow circle for the universe1 and sees nothing but wickedness in all the world8 ,how many do this in real life6 ,there is the wonderful ,nabob himself1 risen from nowhere1 to whom one of the strange turns of ,fortune's wheel sent a fabulous fortune gathered by his own hard and not too scrupulous hands in ,algeria4 ,he is ignorant1 vulgar1 low1 without any very strong moral sense1 but with a really kind and good heart3 he goes to ,paris with his millions1 and his millions conquer ,paris--as long as they last4 ,all the charlatans circle around him4 ,he is a rich man2 he wants now to be a great and a distinguished man2 and it is truly wonderful to see how many kind friends spring up to make this rich man great and distinguished in a day4 ,even the ,duke de ,mora condescends to sell him his cast-off pictures at ducal prices2 the illustrious and philanthropic ,dr4 ,jenkins--,jenkins the great--feeds him on his globules at fees that are fortunes2 ,felicia ,ruys makes a bust of him1 and would have married him only that he is stupid enough to have been burdened with a wife2 ,moessard1 one of the vampires of the press1 writes the ,nabob up1 and1 when the ,nabob at last closes his pocket1 writes the ,nabob down4 ,and so they go on all of them1 in a whirl of gold-dust and pearl-powder and moral filth that is their world until they are swept out1 each in his or her way1 on the strong eddy that is for ever noiselessly1 silently1 relentlessly sweeping off human lives into the vast and eternal hereafter4 ,alphonse ,daudet has all the gifts that a powerful novelist needs1 and has cultivated them to the highest degree4 ,he writes with that passionless tone of an intense but calm observer who sees things as they are1 and sees deeper and farther than other men1 and paints his picture with pitiless truth4 ,he misses nothing that can add even incidental effect to the firm yet delicate stroke of his pencil4 ,he writes with that apparent effortless ease which is really the result of the strongest effort in a man who is perfectly master of his work4 ,he has even1 we believe1 that highest quality--a moral purpose in what he writes4 ,but though he sees virtue and the possibilities of virtue even in his ,paris1 vice seems too strong for it and always to get the best of the bargain1 even if in the end it goes out in darkness1 disaster1 and despair4 ,this undertone of despair of the good is principally what imparts so unhealthy and morbid an air to his stories4 ,thackeray pictured bad enough people1 and with an awful accuracy4 ,but the devil never had it all his own way in ,thackeray's stories1 as he has not in real life4 ,he invariably came out of the fight with his tail between his legs1 very limp and woe-begone1 and in a disgraceful condition generally4 ,there was rude health and pure blood in all ,thackeray's stories strongly set off against the other side4 ,if ,m4 ,daudet could only muster moral pluck enough to make his virtuous people a little more robust and aggressive--and there are plenty of such virtuous people in ,paris--his stories would gain rather than lose in tone and make much more pleasant reading than they do at present4 ,after all1 we tire of a crowd of 8awfully wicked0 people1 going through all their wickedness for our special edification and instruction4 ,miss ,hooper's translation is excellent4 ,,the ,,church ,,and ,,the ,,gentile ,,world ,,at ,,the ,,first ,,promulgation ,,of ,,the ,,gospel4 ,considerations on the ,catholicity of the ,church soon after her ,birth4 ,by the ,rev4 ,aug4 ,j4 ,thbaud1 ,s4,j4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,peter ,f4 ,collier4 #ahgh4 ,we can do no more now than acknowledge the receipt of advance sheets of this first volume of a work that promises to be one of great value and importance4 ,father ,thbaud needs no introduction to our readers4 ,he is known to them as a man of wide and accurate knowledge1 keen observation1 and deep thought4 ,these qualities are not conceded to him idly and for the sake of saying something graceful4 ,they are too rare in these days1 and are still more rarely found united in one person4 ,nothing1 then1 that comes from the pen of this learned ,jesuit can be thought unworthy of careful attention by an intelligent ,catholic reader4 ,the title of the present volume gives some indication of the scope and aim of the work4 ,these are still further set forth in the following words1 which we quote from the preface3 8,her 7the church's7 expansion took place instantaneously1 as soon as the apostles began to preach4 ,thenceforth her universal sway on earth began1 never to end until the last day1 when she will be transferred to heaven4 ,the whole world at the time was comprised in the three old continents4 ,it is doubtful if there were already on this western hemisphere any of the nations which were found in it when it was discovered by ,europeans at the end of the fifteenth century4444 ,the church1 therefore1 became at once universal if she filled the greatest part of the old world1 and subdued the chief nations that inhabited it4 ,it can be proved at this time that her conquests in ,asia went much further than was for a long time believed1 and that she was rapidly spreading toward the ,eastern ocean when ,moslem fanaticism arrested her in her career4 ,a like result follows an attentive study of her early progress in the interior of ,africa4 ,of ,europe all concede that she rapidly attained the leadership1 and that she was afterwards mainly instrumental in giving birth to ,european civilization4 8,but what renders more attractive the detail of all these considerations is the enumeration of the obstacles she had to surmount in so arduous a task as this4 ,the main one was not only the natural opposition between the leanings of corrupt human nature and the doctrines of the ,gospel1 but in particular the extreme dissimilarities existing between the various races of man--dissimilarities in aptitudes1 in thoughts and ideas1 in language and manners1 but especially in religion and worship4 ,for the ,gospel of ,christ was preached not only at a time of a high civilization1 but also of great corruption and religious disintegration4 ,the primitive traditions of mankind were then nearly all forgotten2 the pure religion and morality which existed at first had given place to the most degrading polytheism2 and1 worse yet1 this polytheism had lost all the homogeneity it may have possessed formerly in many countries1 and had become a mere jumble of absurd superstitions4 8,this is1 in a few words1 the portraiture of humanity which met the apostles at every step1 and which must be examined in detail to understand the difficulty of their task40 ,we defer to a later number the criticism which a work of this kind demands4 ,,the ,,vatican ,,library4 ,new ,york3 ,hickey ,co4 #ahgh4 ,the 8,vatican ,library0 has been started by ,mr4 ,p4 ,v4 ,hickey1 the active and enterprising editor of the ,catholic ,review1 with the aim of supplying the general ,catholic public with the best ,catholic works in the cheapest possible form4 ,such an object is on the face of it its own best recommendation4 ,two volumes from the 8,library0 have already reached us3 a twenty-five-cent edition of ,cardinal ,wiseman's beautiful story of ,fabiola1 one of those stories that is destined never to grow old1 and an original story 7price ten cents7 entitled ,the ,australian ,duke4 ,the latter we have not yet had an opportunity of examining4 ,both volumes are handsomely produced--very much more so1 indeed1 than many far more costly books4 ,quite a series is promised of 8cheap1 amusing1 entertaining1 and instructive ,catholic literature40 ,an attempt of this kind1 seriously undertaken1 and not in a haphazard fashion1 cannot be too highly commended4 ,whatever tends to cheapen ,catholic books--books1 that is1 that are really ,catholic--and spread them abroad among the people is a good and noble work4 ,more harm is probably done by cheap literature in these days than by any other means4 ,the readiest and most effectual antidote to this universal literary poison is undoubtedly a literature such as the projectors of the 8,vatican ,library0 aim at supplying4 ,but they cannot work alone4 ,generous and earnest ,catholics must help them generously and earnestly4 ,it goes without saying that the attempt must prove a failure unless it is seconded on all sides4 ,the purchase of a single copy of a ten cent book will not help the publishers very materially4 ,the books are chiefly intended for those who have the will to read but not the means to purchase4 ,in such a case it is for those who have the means to come forward and help their poorer brethren all they can by placing in their hands books that cost next to nothing1 yet are in themselves a long delight and unceasing source of sound instruction4 ,,leo ,,xiii4 ,,and ,,his ,,probable ,,policy4 ,by ,rev4 ,bernard ,o',reilly1 ,d4 ,d4 ,new ,york3 ,peter ,f4 ,collier4 #ahgh4 ,this little biographical sketch of ninety-six pages has for title on the cover1 8,who is the new ,pope8 and ,what is ,he ,likely to ,do80 ,as to who the new ,pope is1 ,dr4 ,o',reilly gives a pleasing and picturesque sketch of him whom it has pleased ,providence to call to the highest dignity in the church and on earth4 ,the personal familiarity of the author with the scenes where the present ,pontiff passed his early youth and strong and vigorous manhood add value to the charm of a brisk and stirring narrative4 ,those who wish to know the character of ,leo ,,xiii41 what manner of man he is1 and how he passed his life previous to being summoned to sit in the chair of ,peter1 will find ,dr4 ,o',reilly's sketch by far the best of any that we have thus far seen4 ,speculations as to the future policy of the ,pontiff can hardly prove very satisfactory just yet4 ,it may be as well for impatient men to wait a little1 and not attempt to forestall the ,holy ,father4 ,what his future policy may be can only be made plain by his own words and acts4 ,he has thus far spoken very little and done very little4 ,indeed1 he has scarcely had time to do either one or the other4 ,his position is one where the most extreme caution and circumspection are needed1 and it augurs well for his future 8policy0 that he is so very slow to declare any policy at all4 ,the present state of ,europe hardly admits of a hard-and-fast line of 8policy0 to be drawn by any one4 ,it is enough for us to know that the church is safe in whatever hands it falls1 so far as regards the deposit of faith4 ,for the rest1 the march of circumstance must greatly influence the actions of the supreme head of the church4 ,prayer is rather needed at this crisis than advice4 ,these observations are not at all intended disparagingly of ,dr4 ,o',reilly's interesting brochure1 but of a well-meant tendency manifesting itself1 among our non-,catholic friends chiefly1 to map out beforehand a convenient little policy for ,leo ,,xiii4 which shall make everybody happy here and hereafter4 ,a ,,few ,,of ,,the ,,sayings ,,and ,,prayers ,,of ,,the ,,foundress ,,of ,,the ,,sisters ,,of ,,mercy4 ,edited by a member of the order1 authoress of ,catherine ,mc,auley1 ,venerable ,hofoauer1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 ,a beautiful little book made up of beautiful maxims and prayers4 ,such a gem will1 we are sure1 meet with a welcome reception by religious of all orders4 ,its reading will also benefit those who are not religious4 8,,ghosts40 ,father ,walworth's ,reply to ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll4 ,a ,lecture delivered at ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 ,albany1 ,jan4 #bj1 #ahgh4 ,albany3 ,times ,company ,print4 ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,john ,,toby',s ,,conversion4 ,with his ,views on ,temperance1 the ,liquor ,trade1 and the ,excise ,law4 ,a ,lecture by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,walworth4 ,albany ,news ,company4 #ahgh4 ,these are two excellent lectures1 deserving of a wide circulation4 ,the first is a plain1 common-sense yet effectual and eloquent reply to a lecture by ,mr4 ,ingersoll1 who has recently gained some notoriety as a preacher of a very 8cheap0 and very 8nasty0 form of infidelity4 ,father ,walworth's is just the kind of argument to apply to men of average intelligence who are as open to the teachings of truth1 when plainly presented to them1 as they are apt to be carried away by a bold assault of scoffing infidelity4 ,the lecture is a straightforward1 manly1 matter-of-fact defence of religion as against no-religion1 none the less effective and thorough because the lecturer has contrived to conceal under the guise of a popular form of address the wide knowledge and learning which give its inherent force to what he says4 ,mr4 ,ingersoll ought to feel peculiarly flattered at being answered by a gentleman and a man of real power and culture4 ,the second lecture is the story1 very tenderly and charmingly told1 of a drunkard's conversion4 ,it brims over with real humor and flashes with 8palpable hits02 while there is a touch here and there of pathos that brings tears to the eyes1 and that could only be the outcome of a tender heart that loves its fellows and sorrows over the woes for which their vice and folly are chiefly answerable4 ,,st4 ,,joseph',s ,,manual3 ,containing a selection of ,prayers for ,public and ,private ,devotion4 ,with ,epistles and ,gospels for ,sundays and ,holydays4 ,compiled from approved sources4 ,by ,rev4 ,james ,fitton4 ,boston3 ,thomas ,b4 ,noonan ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this is an old friend with a new and very pleasing face4 ,the ,st4 ,joseph's ,manual1 compiled by the skilful hand of ,father ,fitton1 has long been1 and is likely to continue long to be1 a favorite prayer-book with ,catholics4 ,it is formed on an intelligent plan4 ,it is a book of wise instruction as well as devotion4 ,the first seventy pages are devoted to a clear and sound exposition of ,catholic doctrine and practice4 ,with regard to this valuable portion of the book we would offer two suggestions for future editions3 #a4 ,the ,english here and there would be better for a little trimming2 #b4 ,a special chapter on the dogma of ,papal ,infallibility1 which might be made brief and concise as the rest1 would do no harm4 ,for the rest1 the volume is everything that could be desired4 ,it contains over eight hundred pages1 printed in a large1 clear type very grateful to the eye4 ,the illustrations are1 without exception1 excellent4 ,indeed1 the whole work reflects real credit on the publishers4 ,,cantus ,,ecclesiasticus ,,passionis ,d4 ,n4 ,,jesu ,,christi1 secundum ,matthum1 ,marcum1 ,lucam et ,joannem1 editus sub auspiciis ,sanctissimi ,domini nostri ,pii ,pap ,,ix41 curante ,sacrorum ,rituum ,congregatione4 ,fasciculi ,,iii4 ,chronista1 ,christus1 ,synagoga4 ,,mdccclxxvii4 ,ratisbon1 ,neo ,eboraci et ,cincinnatii sumptibus1 chartis et typis ,frederici ,pustet1 ,s4 ,sedis ,apost4 et ,sacr4 ,rit4 ,cong4 ,typographi4 ,these three superb volumes exhibit the same elegance and taste in composition that mark all the ritual and choral works edited by ,mr4 ,pustet1 and for which his house has earned a so deservedly high reputation4 ,besides the chant of the ,passion as appointed for ,palm ,sunday1 ,tuesday1 ,wednesday1 and ,good ,friday of the ,holy ,week1 the second volume contains a form of chant for the ,lamentations1 and the third volume the chant of the ,exultet4 ,,the ,,way ,,of ,,the ,,cross4 ,drawn by ,n4 ,h4 ,j4 ,westlake1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,with a letter of approbation by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,manning4 ,devotions by ,st4 ,alphonsus ,liguori4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 #ahgh4 ,a very beautiful little volume1 whose title explains itself4 ,it is brought out in a tasteful and convenient form1 and is admirably adapted for the ,lenten season4 ,the name of ,mr4 ,westlake is sufficient guarantee for the superiority of the drawings4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #aeh4--,,may1 #ahgh4 ,,the ,,destiny ,,of ,,man ,,in ,a ,,future ,,life4 ,doctrine and speculation concerning the destiny of man in that future which follows the termination of his earthly life1 have always held a most important place in all religions and systems of philosophy4 ,nothing interests the human mind so much1 when it escapes in any degree from the spell of present1 sensible preoccupations1 and is awakened to the sentiment of its own perennial nature and duration4 ,the recent agitation of the public mind in ,england and the ,united ,states concerning retribution in a future life has shown how universal and deeply seated is the anxiety to know what lies beyond the veil which separates the period of existence on this side1 from the endless duration on the other side1 of the common grave into which all human generations descend4 ,the question of eternal punishment has occupied the pulpits and the press1 as the one most deeply disturbing the general mind of that great mass of men whose traditions and beliefs are derived from ,christianity1 although they are themselves actually separated from the great ,christian body1 the ,catholic ,church4 ,that which strikes the mind of an instructed ,catholic most forcibly in all this discussion is the want of clear and settled principles in philosophy and theology1 the lack of the requisite premises and data1 the absence of any sure criterion for deducing certain conclusions1 testing and determining doctrines and opinions4 ,the controversy seems to be interminable1 for all those who have no lawful and unerring external criterion in authority4 ,and it really is so4 ,for this reason1 we regard it as the only practicable way for a ,catholic to take in treating of this subject1 that he should present the doctrine of revelation as defined and declared by the church2 and resort to reason and the ,holy ,scripture1 only to refute objections to the ,catholic doctrine from these sources1 and to present corroborative proofs and explanations1 in so far as these can be found and their validity as certain or probable established4 ,we do not propose to discuss directly the subject of the reality and the nature of eternal punishment4 ,there is a previous question respecting the destiny for which man was originally created1 upon which depends the whole solution of the subsequent one concerning the necessity or contingency of its attainment4 ,we must know what this destiny is1 and what are the means ordained by the ,creator for securing its fulfilment1 before we can know whether there is a danger of final and irretrievable failure on the part of those who are placed in the way of attaining their end1 involved in the very nature of these means4 ,in plain words1 is there a heaven for man hereafter1 and what is the way to obtain it8 ,the doctrine of hell is the shadow of the doctrine of heaven1 and follows it necessarily1 when it is rightly presented4 ,the idea of heaven is that of a state of endless and perfect beatitude1 in the possession of the sovereign good1 and of every kind of inferior good suited to the nature of man4 ,this idea is absolutely incompatible with every form of atheism1 which does not acknowledge the existence of the sovereign good4 ,it is entirely above the scope of philosophy and natural theology4 ,for1 although ,god1 the sovereign and infinite good1 is manifested by the light of reason1 as the first and final cause of all things1 the light of reason does not disclose the possibility of a light intrinsically superior to the natural light1 by which the created spirit can see ,god in his essence1 and thus obtain the sovereign good as its own proper possession4 ,much less can it discover any reason why man should be regarded as destined to such an elevation above his own natural mode of knowledge4 ,the utmost that can be proved by pure philosophy is the possibility of a perfect and permanent state1 in which the ideal of humanity only partially realized in this life is brought into complete and actual existence4 ,it is certainly most consonant with the dictates of sound reason to expect that ,god will bring all reasonable creatures to a state of permanent felicity1 unless they voluntarily thwart his benevolent purposes4 ,but it does not seem possible to determine with certainty whether this benevolent will of ,god determines him to put an end to all moral and physical evil in the universe or not1 from arguments of pure reason4 ,the whole subject of the existence of evil must remain covered with obscurity1 so long as it is considered in the light of mere rational philosophy4 ,it is only by the light of divine revelation that the dealings of ,god with the human race become intelligible1 and we are able even to reason about the future destiny of man in a satisfactory manner4 ,even those who profess to be guided by this light1 if they follow the rule of private judgment1 fail to obtain clear and consistent ideas4 ,the proper idea of the heaven for which men were created1 if not lost1 is obscured in the minds of the greater part of those who profess to be ,christian believers and yet reject the authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,all other doctrines connected with this fundamental one are similarly obscured and perverted1 rendering the theology which rests on them absurd or inadequate4 ,it is supernatural beatitude which the revelation of ,god proposed by the ,catholic ,church discloses to faith as the end for which man was created4 ,by its very essence and definition it is infinitely beyond and above the end which human nature spontaneously aspires to attain1 in which it finds the perfection and scope corresponding to its essence and its capabilities4 ,to attain this end it needs grace1 or a supernatural mode of being and acting1 elevation above every nature excepting only the divine1 transformation1 and1 in a sense1 deification4 ,such a destiny for a mere creature1 especially one which is lowest in the intellectual order1 would be inconceivable1 and incredible1 unless explicitly revealed by ,god4 ,even when it is made known by revelation1 its intrinsic possibility cannot be apprehended or proved by reason4 ,it is one of the mysteries which is above reason1 and the utmost we can do by a rational argument is to prove that it has been revealed by ,god1 and therefore rationally demands our assent to its truth because of the divine veracity4 ,we can1 however1 by a rational argument1 prove that such an elevation of a created nature must necessarily be supernatural and cannot be effected by any evolution of a natural capacity1 or expansion of the intrinsic being even of a pure spirit1 although it were to increase in intelligence by an indefinite progress for ever4 ,cognition is a vital act1 immanent in the intelligent spirit1 determined in perfection by the essence of the spirit itself1 and incapable of transcending its limits as a created and finite being4 ,by this act other beings are received into and united with the intelligent being1 according to the mode of the recipient2 that is1 ideally1 by a representation through which they are perceived and known as objects in their own proper reality outside of the subject4 ,this representation cannot exceed the capacity of the intelligence which is its active recipient4 ,the idea by which a created spirit receives ,god into itself and unites itself to him1 cannot represent his essence and produce immediate cognition1 because the essence of ,god absolutely and infinitely transcends all genera and species of created beings4 ,the highest angel can perceive no essence which intrinsically transcends his own1 and must therefore represent ,god to himself by and through himself1 that is1 analogically and by abstractive not intuitive cognition4 ,his intellectual vision is as utterly incompetent to perceive the essence of ,god1 as the sensible vision of man is to see a pure spirit1 or his finger to touch the points of an argument4 ,the indefinite increase of the power of sensible vision will never bring it any nearer to spiritual vision1 and1 in like manner1 the indefinite increase of intelligence will never bring it any nearer to divine intuition4 ,the essence of a created spirit is finite and its intellectual light is finite4 ,its immediate intelligible object is within the limits of its created nature4 ,as the mind of man cannot rise to any natural knowledge of ,god except by discursive reasoning from first principles on the works of ,god1 that is1 by the argument from effects to the first cause1 so the purely spiritual being cannot rise above his own intellectual cognition of ,god as the cause and first principle of his own intelligent nature4 ,it is vain1 therefore1 to think that it is the grossness of the body1 or the body itself1 which hinders the human spirit from seeing ,god4 ,separated from the body1 and elevated to an equality with the highest angel1 it could never possess itself of an intelligible object outside of its own supreme genus as a created spirit1 outside the limit of created and finite being4 ,it is evident that all the perfection and felicity of an intelligent being is measured and determined by its intelligence4 ,it possesses the object in which it voluntarily rests as its chief good by cognition1 and according to the mode of its cognition4 ,no creature1 therefore1 by its nature1 can rise to that state of immediate communion with ,god which is properly called friendship1 which demands as its basis a similitude and equality resulting from a real filiation1 such as the creative act cannot impart to a being brought into existence out of nothingness4 ,the possession of the sovereign good belongs exclusively to the nature of ,god4 ,to the created nature is due only a participation and imitation of that sovereign good within its own specific and finite limits of being4 ,the heaven in which ,god eternally dwells in his own infinite beatitude is not therefore the natural term and end of man's future destiny1 nor of the natural destiny of any higher order of creatures4 ,the distance dividing the most perfect beatitude of created nature from that of the uncreated and creative nature is equally infinite with the distance between the essence of ,god and created essences4 ,the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,spirit alone have natural society1 each person of the ,blessed ,trinity with the other persons1 in unity of intelligence and volition1 in the possession of the divine essence1 the sovereign good1 the absolute beatitude4 ,a created spirit cannot be raised to this divine level1 unless ,god so unites his divine essence with the essence of his creature1 in an interior and vital union penetrating to its very centre and the seat of its intelligent and vital action1 that in the essence of ,god present to it as immediately as it is present to itself1 it sees as through a divine medium that same divine essence as its immediate object1 without losing its own proper act and distinct individuality4 ,that ,god can and does thus elevate created nature we know by divine revelation4 ,jesus ,christ is true ,god and true man in two distinct natures and one person for ever4 ,all the blessed in heaven are affiliated to ,god after his likeness1 in an inferior degree which leaves them in their distinct personalities4 ,this state of glory is properly speaking what is called the kingdom of heaven4 ,annexed to it1 as the proper inheritance of those who share in the royalty of the ,son of ,god1 is every kind of the most perfect natural beatitude1 in the possession and enjoyment of everything which the universe contains1 according to the different natures of men and angels4 ,it is evident1 without any reasoning on the subject1 that in proposing this supernatural and purely gratuitous beatitude to created beings1 ,god might select whom he pleased as the recipients of so great a grace1 and prescribe any conditions which are possible and reasonable for securing its permanent possession4 ,it is perfectly consonant with justice and goodness1 that it should be made a prize and reward of merit1 and that a state of trial and probation should be appointed for those who were permitted to aspire to this reward4 ,divine revelation1 whose teachings are confirmed by universal experience1 makes known to us1 that in fact ,god did place the angels1 and afterwards mankind1 in a state of probation for this supernatural destiny4 ,a probation must be real and not illusory4 ,it involves the possibility and danger of failure4 ,it must have a prescribed period for each individual and for the whole number4 ,when this period is finished1 those who have failed are by the very terms of the probation finally excluded from the hope of retrieving their loss4 ,divine revelation informs us that the probation of the angels was terminated long ago1 and resulted in the winning of eternal beatitude by a certain number and the loss of it by the others4 ,one among the chiefs of the angelic hierarchy rebelled against ,god and drew after him many other spirits1 and with these fallen angels for his ministers and associates1 he has continued and will continue on the earth the revolt he began in another sphere1 until the day appointed for the final judgment4 ,he has continued it on this earth1 by seducing men to join in his rebellion1 and making war against ,jesus ,christ and his kingdom1 the universal church4 ,the conditions of human probation are of a very special and peculiar nature1 in accordance with the specific nature of mankind1 which is extremely different from that of the angels4 ,the angels1 as pure spirits and having a simple1 intellectual essence1 were created singly1 and in the actual possession from the first instant of existence of their complete being4 ,man was made a rational animal1 by the law of his nature increasing numerically by generation1 and progressing from an inchoate state to his perfection through gradual and successive stages of growth4 ,the first progenitors of the race alone1 were immediately created1 in full maturity of perfection1 and endowed with all the natural and supernatural gifts suitable for their high destination1 to be transmitted to their offspring4 ,their disobedience and fall entailed on themselves and their descendants the loss of the supernatural destiny and of all the gifts and privileges connected with it4 ,nevertheless1 the human race was restored again by another dispensation1 which is that of the ,redeemer ,jesus ,christ4 ,all those who receive from him the grace which he merited by his atonement1 and do not wilfully and finally reject this grace1 obtain in the end a complete resurrection to the glory and beatitude of heaven4 ,the rest of mankind are for ever excluded from the kingdom of heaven4 ,this is a summary of first principles and fundamental truths pertaining to the very essence of ,christianity4 ,in so far as the destiny of mankind is concerned1 the first constitution of human nature in the person of the common progenitor of the race in the state of grace and integrity1 with a right to the kingdom of heaven2 the ruin of the whole human race by the sin of ,adam2 the redemption of the race through ,jesus ,christ2 are the sum of the teaching of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 of the traditional doctrine concurrent with it1 and of the common belief of all generations of men who have professed to make this doctrine their rule of faith1 especially those who have lived in the full light of ,christianity4 ,it is idle to pretend to call any doctrine different from this by the name of ,christianity1 for the whole world knows that this is of the very essence of the genuine1 historical religion which acknowledges ,jesus ,christ as its founder4 ,those who reject it1 and yet call themselves ,christians1 are only philosophers1 professing a merely natural religion1 partly constructed from materials borrowed from ,christianity and altered to suit their own private notions1 but really in its fundamental principles and distinctive character nothing more than a system of rationalism4 ,the traditional and orthodox ,christianity has invariably taught that all men naturally descending from ,adam and ,eve need salvation1 and can receive it only through an act of gratuitous mercy on account of the merits of the divine ,redeemer4 ,no man is entitled by the rights of his natural birth to heaven1 or capable of obtaining a right to it by any exertion of his natural powers4 ,all are under a doom of exclusion from the kingdom of heaven4 ,that future state1 with all its circumstances of locality and other adjuncts and environments1 to which all are destined by virtue of this doom1 is called in the authorized language of the ,catholic ,church ,infernum1 in the ,english language1 ,hell4 ,the doctrine of hell as an eternal state is therefore necessarily the shadow which must accompany the doctrine of heaven4 ,it is impossible for any one to believe in salvation by grace through ,jesus ,christ1 without implicitly at least acknowledging that all men might have been left under the doom of destination to the infernal state1 without any prejudice to the justice or the goodness of ,god4 ,the case is not one whit altered1 if one supposes that all men are actually saved because ,christ died for all4 ,if the mercy of ,god were universal1 it would still remain evident that mercy is not identical with justice4 ,it could not be argued that any man has a natural right to salvation1 because salvation is bestowed as a boon upon all men4 ,it is vain1 therefore1 to argue on priori grounds1 that all men must eventually be saved4 ,in truth1 it has never been a doctrine of traditional and orthodox ,christianity1 that the simple fact of redemption placed every one of the human race in the possession of an inalienable right to final salvation4 ,that many never recover the lost right to heaven1 and that many who have obtained it lose it again irretrievably and for ever1 is the common and universal doctrine of ,christians4 ,the efforts made to twist the language of ,christ and the apostles into a contrary sense are so futile1 that only a fixed determination to force the ,holy ,scripture into agreement with one's own private opinions and feelings can account for them4 ,the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church is unalterably determined4 ,the fallen angels were not redeemed by ,jesus ,christ1 and for them there is no restoration to the place which they have forfeited4 ,of men1 all1 be their number greater or smaller1 who have been regenerated by the grace of ,christ1 and have passed out of this life in the state of grace1 will obtain the kingdom of heaven1 and the remainder will be forever excluded4 ,the notion of an or future restitution of all angels and men1 proposed as a mere theory by ,origen1 and alluded to by one or two other ,catholic ,fathers of the early ages as a possible conjecture1 was universally reprobated and condemned by the church as soon as it attracted general attention4 ,there is no doubt as to the ,catholic faith on this matter4 ,the recent discussion has turned chiefly on the question of moral probation1 the cause and reason of the mutability and liability to error in the intellect and perversion in the will of rational beings1 and the manner and extent of their passing through the state of mutability to a state of permanent stability in good or evil4 ,the errors of ,origen were derived from the ,platonic philosophy4 ,so far as the ,periarchon really presents his fanciful conjectures1 we must consider them as vagaries of a man who1 although richly endowed with intellectual gifts and moral virtues1 was destitute of a truly rational and ,christian philosophy1 and therefore unable to think consistently1 when he ventured beyond those primary doctrines of the faith which were clearly known to him4 ,we perceive the same cause of aberration and incoherence in most of the current statements and expositions of theological opinion which appear in our modern publications4 ,it would seem that ,origen considered it to be a necessary law of creation1 that ,god must create all souls alike1 and in an elementary state1 with a most capricious and uncontrollable liberty to choose good or evil1 so that they were for ever liable to indefinite mutations of character and condition1 and could never become stable in one fixed position4 ,his state of restitution was no more permanent and eternal than the previous one of degradation4 ,there is no eternal heaven possible1 according to his hypothesis1 or rather that of the ,periarchon1 any more than an eternal hell4 ,our modern ,protestant religious writings are affected by a similar tendency to a chaotic confusion of ideas4 ,it would be an endless task to attempt to follow them through the maze of conflicting and incoherent reasonings with which they contend mutually1 and strive to construct some sort of rational and credible eschatology4 ,it is only in ,catholic theology based on dogmas of faith1 and a philosophy in harmony with this theology derived from the ancient masters of intellectual science1 that a remedy for this chaotic state of things can be found4 ,we cannot do more at present than merely state a few sound and certain principles1 without attempting to reproduce the arguments by which they have been often and fully demonstrated4 ,the first principle we lay down is1 that ,god can impart his own immutability of intelligence and will to intelligent beings4 ,it is because his intelligence is infinite that ,god is immutable1 that is1 can never change his mind4 ,his will necessarily conforms to his intelligence1 and he therefore is1 and is in full possession of1 the sovereign good1 by his self-existing essence4 ,the intelligent creature participates in this intelligence1 in that degree of being which ,god gives him4 ,the object of the spontaneous and natural act of intelligence is the real verity of being1 and by his intelligent nature he can never be deceived4 ,the object perceived by the intelligence contains in it the good1 toward which the will moves by a spontaneous and natural act4 ,it is only necessary that the object be so placed before the intellect that it compels assent1 to make all error1 voluntary or involuntary1 impossible4 ,the good which is thus perfectly presented necessarily draws the will to itself1 and thus immutability in good is produced4 ,error in the intellect is an accident and a defect in nature1 and all perversion of will or evil choice is a consequence of error4 ,the liability of sinning is therefore no necessary adjunct of the spontaneity or liberty of will which is an attribute of intelligent beings4 ,it is removed by making the intelligence perfect4 ,it is easy1 therefore1 for ,god to make any intelligent being immutably good1 even from the beginning of his existence1 since it is easy for him to give to nature any degree of perfection1 within the purely natural order4 ,in the supernatural order1 the gift of the intuitive vision of the divine essence imparts to the recipient the knowledge and possession of the sovereign good1 with which it is immovably united by a spontaneous and necessary act4 ,it can no more lose its beatitude than it can lose its essence4 ,it is as impossible for one of the blessed to be changed into a sinner1 as for an angel to become an ape4 ,liability to error and sin belongs1 therefore1 not to any necessary order of things1 resulting from natural and necessary laws which ,god is obliged to follow in creation and providence1 but it is a condition of defectibility pertaining to a law of probation which ,god has established by his sovereign will4 ,this defectibility supposes an equilibrium or indetermination of the will in respect to contraries which is overcome by a self-determining power4 ,such an equilibrium can only exist1 when opposite objects1 in which some good corresponding to the spontaneous tendency of the will is contained1 are presented to the intellect as desirable and worthy of choice2 in such a way that the motives for choice balance each other4 ,the will must follow the intellect1 and therefore an error in the choice must be preceded by an erroneous judgment1 which is possible only when the object presented to it does not compel assent4 ,moral probation requires that there should be an obligation1 arising from the eternal law of ,god or a positive command1 to choose one of the opposite objects and reject the other4 ,it is this which makes these objects contrary to each other in a moral respect1 and is the reason why liberty of choice between them is called the liberty of contrariety1 and the determination to the one is a virtuous1 while that to the other is a vicious act4 ,it is easy to understand this liberty of contrariety and the moral discipline which is requisite for its due control and direction1 in respect to human nature4 ,from its complex constitution1 the sensible good is often opposed to the rational good1 and reason1 which ought to govern1 is easily deceived by the imagination4 ,in the case of pure spirits1 it is more difficult to see how they can be subject to any illusion1 or capable of undergoing any moral probation4 ,in the natural order1 they are perfect1 and cannot err in the apprehension of that which is truly desirable as their chief good4 ,they are not1 therefore1 capable of probation in the moral order of pure nature4 ,but in the supernatural order1 the object proposed to them being presented in an obscure1 supernatural light1 which does not compel assent1 there is room for a suspension of the act of consent1 and a power of rejecting the sovereign good by a voluntary self-determination1 in adhering to the inferior object which they naturally comprehend and love4 ,in fact1 it was in this way that the fallen angels sinned and rebelled against ,god4 ,in like manner1 ,adam1 who was elevated to a perfect state like that of the angels1 and enjoyed absolute dominion over all sensible concupiscence1 underwent a supernatural probation1 in which he fell through the seduction of ,eve1 who was the instrument of the demon1 who had previously made her the victim of his diabolical sophistry4 ,the only moral order which is known to exist as an order of probation1 in reference to an ultimate destination and end of intelligent creatures1 is the one which is supernatural4 ,if we conjecture that the universe is filled with intelligent beings who are neither angels nor human beings1 we have no need and no reason to imagine that they are subject to a moral probation with the trials and pains connected with the order under which angels and men were constituted4 ,the great problem of the reason of probation is one which is restricted within the sphere of those beings who have been constituted by the ,creator in the order of a supernatural destiny4 ,the difficulty of the problem arises exclusively from the moral and physical evil which is an incident of probation4 ,in itself1 the sufficient reason for probation is obvious and evident4 ,the origin and nature of evil really present no insoluble difficulty1 when the principles of sound theology and philosophy are understood4 ,the difficulty consists in accounting for the permission of sin and misery in view of the known attributes of infinite goodness and almighty power in ,god4 ,if the final conclusion of the vicissitudes and temporary evils of the state of probation were a universal 1 including the eternal abolition of evil in the universe and the attainment in general and in each individual of a permanent good of the highest order1 to which the temporary conflict of good and evil was a necessary means1 the human reason might be completely satisfied4 ,but1 although in general1 and in a multitude of individuals1 this is really the predestined and certain result1 it is not the case with another multitude1 the whole number1 namely1 of those who finally forfeit the sublime destiny to which they had an original right1 but which they have lost irrecoverably4 ,there is a repugnance in the human mind to the contemplation of permanent and eternal evil in the universe1 and this is much increased by the human sensibilities1 and natural sympathy with those of our own kind who suffer even the consequences of their own violation of the eternal law4 ,this repugnance causes the effort to find a way of escape1 or at least of mitigating the severe integrity of the truth by resorting to some kind of fatalism4 ,these efforts are all futile and foolish4 ,it is absurd to question the infinite goodness or the infinite power of ,god4 ,the fact that moral and physical evil exists1 is only too well known by experience4 ,there is but one way to account for it1 which is that ,god permits it as incident to the law of moral probation4 ,we can have no knowledge of the finality of evil except from the divine revelation4 ,and1 that revelation having made known to us that the decision of destiny for each individual at the term of his probation is irreversible1 it is reasonable1 as well as imperative in respect to faith1 to assent to the judgment of ,god because of his own knowledge and veracity1 whether we can or cannot understand how and why that judgment is consistent with his goodness4 ,there is no prohibition placed on the exercise of intellect and reason in seeking to understand these revealed doctrines1 provided we respect the authority which ,god has established as our extrinsic rule and criterion of truth4 ,under this regulation1 reason can go very far toward solving the problem of the origin1 nature1 and reason of evil4 ,the origin of evil is in the abuse of free-will by intelligent beings who are placed by the ,creator in a state of probation4 ,its nature is merely privative1 consisting in deficiency and disorder4 ,the sufficient reason for permitting it is either that it is a necessary incident to any order of moral probation1 or to such an order as the one actually established1 in view of the greater glory of ,god and the greater general good of the universe4 ,the evil condition1 or state of deficiency and privation1 into which intelligent beings are degraded in consequence of their abuse of the power of free choice1 is the natural consequence of their voluntary sin1 and is1 in itself1 permanent and irremediable4 ,since the order of probation is supernatural1 and the power of efficaciously electing the sovereign good is a grace freely given by ,god1 sin1 which is a supernatural death1 is eternal in its duration and consequences1 unless ,god restores the lost state of grace by his divine power4 ,he can easily do it1 and it is therefore vain to attempt1 as it were1 an apology for the ,almighty1 by pretending that he actually does all that is possible1 to restore the fallen1 and to bring every intelligent being to the perfection for which he was originally destined4 ,it is by the will of the ,almighty1 that each one who has been placed in a state of probation1 if he passes out of that state with the guilt of sin upon him1 is for ever deprived of the grace which is absolutely necessary for expiation and restoration4 ,the probation of angels ended long ago1 and those who sinned were left without any offer of pardon and reconciliation4 ,the pardon which is offered to men1 is offered to them as a gratuitous act of mercy on the part of ,god1 which is available so long as they live and have the use of reason and free-will4 ,probation ceases with death1 and all merit and demerit become eternal4 ,the doom awarded to merit is eternal reward1 to demerit eternal punishment4 ,the final privation of that good which is the reward of merit1 and of that grace which is necessary for making the least movement toward it1 is a penalty which ,god has annexed to sin4 ,this is the ,christian and ,catholic doctrine1 and to deny it is equivalent to a complete renunciation of the genuine ,christian religion4 ,the recent developments of the extent to which this fundamental tenet of orthodox ,protestantism is disbelieved or doubted among the various sects1 are an evidence that their dogmatic and historical basis is crumbling and passing away with unexpected rapidity4 ,the genuine dogmatic system of ,protestantism is ,calvinism4 ,and although the ,calvinistic system retains a number of the fundamental articles of ,catholic faith1 its omissions and additions and perversions make it as a whole self-contradictory and absurd4 ,the principle of private judgment logically results in rationalism1 and no such system as ,calvinism can long stand a rational test4 ,all other theological systems which have sprung up as modifications of the ,luthero-,calvinistic system are too incoherent and incomplete to be permanent4 ,an irresistible current is sweeping away all these fabrics hastily built upon the sand1 leaving only a confused dbris of truths and errors to the amazement of mankind4 ,while this breaking up of old and general beliefs and convictions is in many respects lamentable and dangerous1 we recognize1 nevertheless1 that there is a divarication in the irresistible logical current which is sweeping them into the sea of oblivion4 ,the tendency of the general mind is not exclusively destructive4 ,there is a yearning and an effort toward universal truth1 and a deeply-seated conviction that this truth is really contained in ,christianity rightly understood1 which makes a strong and wide counter-current1 bearing away from the tide that sets so strongly toward materialism and atheism4 ,we recognize in the views and arguments more or less rationalistic which have been recently put forth in respect to the future destiny of the human soul1 a revival of ethical and theological ideas in respect to the relation of the soul toward ,god1 which are more in harmony with the ,catholic faith than those of the old ,protestant belief4 ,the intrinsic1 inherent good qualities and state of the soul itself1 its voluntary determination to the good1 its actual perfection in spiritual excellence and virtue1 are acknowledged to be the ground and measure of the relation of friendship with ,god1 and the want of this subjective fitness and worthiness is confessed to be a necessary cause of a corresponding alienation4 ,the state of interior rectitude1 integrity1 and likeness to ,god1 is acknowledged to be the necessary qualification of congruity and condignity in the soul1 which gives it an aptitude to receive from the ,creator that permanent and perfect enjoyment of its highest good which constitutes its everlasting beatitude4 ,sin is acknowledged to be the supreme evil of the soul which deprives it of its true good and degrades it below the order in which its proper excellence and felicity are placed4 ,therefore1 the whole question of the final restoration of all intelligent beings who have lapsed from good1 is resolved into a question respecting the cessation or the perpetual continuance of a moral order1 under which renovation is possible1 and the possibility sure to become actual1 by a necessary and eternal law1 in every individual instance4 ,what is the criterion by which those who maintain this intend to determine its truth or falsity8 ,it must be either divine revelation distinctly and certainly made known1 or pure human reason4 ,every one who thinks logically must select between the two4 ,as we have before said1 we judge it by the criterion of revelation4 ,what is the ,christian1 that is1 what is the ,catholic doctrine1 founded on the veracity of ,god1 clearly declared1 and unalterable8 ,we have already stated it1 and it is known to all men4 ,those who still profess that they have in the ,scriptures interpreted by their own private judgment an infallible rule of faith1 are bound to demonstrate that their doctrine is clearly taught in the ,scriptures1 or is at least compatible with what is taught in them4 ,it is open to any ,catholic writer to discuss the matter with them on that ground if he thinks fit to do so1 and it may be of some utility4 ,it is equally suitable to discuss the question on purely philosophical grounds with those who do not admit revelation4 ,but1 as this is not our present purpose1 we confine ourselves to the statement of what is the ,catholic doctrine1 and merely affirm that it is impossible to bring any conclusive argument against it1 either from ,scripture or from reason4 ,it is really only the objections from reason which have any weight in the minds of men4 ,now1 it is impossible to prove from reason that ,god may not propose to intelligent creatures a supernatural end to be attained by their voluntary operation under a moral law1 and fix definite limits to their probation2 or that it is not just to leave those who have misused their liberty by turning away from their prefixed end1 in the permanent state of privation of their sovereign good4 ,nor is it possible to prove that penalties are not justly inflicted as a retribution for violations of law1 in the state which succeeds the term of probation4 ,it is ,god alone who is the judge of the nature and quantity of retribution which is due according to justice to individual demerits4 ,reason is not qualified to criticise the divine judgment which has decreed an eternal penalty for sin4 ,the only rational mode of inquiring into the penalty for sin in the future life1 is by seeking to ascertain what the divine revelation actually discloses and teaches on this momentous subject4 ,this is determined with certainty by the ,catholic rule1 and taking all that is contained in this certain doctrine as a point of departure and a regulating principle1 a theological and philosophical exposition of its relations with the other known principles and doctrines of revelation and reason manifests its harmony with all these truths1 in a sufficiently clear light to command a firm rational assent4 ,if all difficulties and obscurities are not completely removed1 many misconceptions and apparent objections are dissipated1 while the obscurity which finally remains is shown to be a necessary accompaniment of the dim light1 by which the human mind1 in its present condition1 perceives these remote objects of eternity2 and to make part of that limitation of knowledge which is an element of our moral discipline4 ,it is a demonstrable truth1 contained in the first principles both of natural and revealed theology1 that ,god has made all things for good1 and that he will not permit the abuse of free-will by his creatures to thwart the final attainment of the end he has proposed1 by causing permanent disorder in the universe4 ,st4 ,thomas teaches that the punishment of the future life is decreed for this very reason4 8,it pertains to the perfect goodness of ,god1 that he should not leave anything inordinate in existing things4 ,now1 those things which exceed their due quantity are comprehended in the order of justice which reduces all things to equality2 but man exceeds his due measure of quantity when he prefers his own will to the divine will by satisfying its desires inordinately2 and this inequality is removed1 when man is compelled to suffer something contrary to his own will according to ,god's established order0 7,con4 ,gent41 iii4 #adf74 ,f4 ,liberatore1 commenting on this text1 says3 8,punishment is therefore a certain reaction of reason and justice for the restoration of the disturbed order4 ,the argument which demonstrates the necessity of a sanction for the natural law1 shows also that when ,god punishes those who commit mischievous acts he is not impelled by a movement of vengeful ire1 but only by the love of goodness and order4 ,for retribution1 which proceeds from the order of justice according to the quality of the works done1 imports in its very notion the concept of rectitude and goodness0 7,eth41 c4 iii4 art4 #b74 ,in respect to the essential nature of the punishment1 the same author lays down the proposition3 8,that the punishment of retribution for the impious consists principally in the loss of their ultimate end4 ,by those good works which are commanded by the law1 man puts himself on the road which leads straight to his end4 ,for virtuous actions are a kind of steps by which a man walks toward this end2 while on the other hand by vicious actions he deflects from his end and goes in an altogether opposite direction4 ,therefore1 when the time destined for the journey has expired1 it will necessarily follow that the one who has travelled by the road leading to his end should attain his end4 ,again1 it is necessary for a similar reason that the one who through disregard of his end has followed a road leading in an entirely opposite direction should be deprived of the attainment of his end4 ,it is a contradiction to assert that a way leading to a certain term does not lead to it2 and equally absurd to say that this same term is reached by a way which leads directly away from it4 ,therefore1 it necessarily follows that at least the loss of the ultimate end should follow the violation of the natural law and be1 as it were1 a certain internal and natural sanction for it4 ,but the loss of the end inflicted in view of the acts which one has committed has the nature of a punishment4 8,nevertheless1 that by no means suffices for a complete retribution corresponding to the works done2 but a positive infliction of punishments according to the diversity existing between individuals is requisite4 ,therefore they are not all to be made to receive an exactly equal punishment 7which would happen if they were only deprived of the attainment of their end71 but to be chastised by a greater or lesser positive punishment according to the quality of their transgressions4 ,this is required for still another reason1 viz41 that by their vicious acts they have not only despised their end but also positively disturbed the right order40 7,ibid47 ,the reproach of dualism1 and of a failure to establish a final subjugation of evil by good and of disorder by the triumph and domination of order1 made against the orthodox doctrine1 is shown by these arguments1 in connection with other well-known principles of ,catholic theology and philosophy1 to be groundless4 ,there is no dualism in ,god1 for his creative act1 and all that he does for bringing it to its ultimate term1 proceeds from love diffusive of the good of being in a wise and benevolent order4 ,there is no dualism in the essence and being of intelligent creatures1 in respect to ,god or each other4 ,their essence is good1 and all nature whatsoever is essentially good4 ,no evil substance does or can exist4 ,evil is privation and disorder4 ,the temporary disorder1 which is permitted as an incident to the liberty of a state of probation and movement toward a stable order1 is rectified in the final ordination of all things under the supremacy of sovereign law4 ,the loss of some good1 which might have been added to the actual sum of good if all had attained their end1 is compensated by the greater good which ,god has brought out of evil4 ,reason and order and law are vindicated and satisfied1 by the compulsory subjection and homage of those who have refused to give their concurrence and pay their just tribute of obedience and labor freely4 ,privation does not disfigure the spiritual universe in which all that is requisite to consummate order and beauty exists1 any more than empty space disfigures a stellar system4 ,the good has therefore a complete and universal triumph1 which leaves no deordination in the universe4 ,disorder is only in the moral order of liberty in the election of contraries1 by which the permanent order of those who exercise this power is determined4 ,those who rise above the moral order go to a higher order which is permanent2 those who fall below it go to an order beneath which is permanent4 ,the moral order passes away1 and with it all conflict between opposing moral forces4 ,those who have fallen below their proper destiny receive precisely what is due to them and results naturally from their voluntary choice4 ,whatever is superadded to the misery naturally involved in the state of alienation from ,god and the frustration of their proper end1 is directed to remove and prevent but not to perpetuate and increase deordination2 and thus eternal punishment1 whatever its nature1 qualities1 and instrumentalities may be1 really restricts the limits of evil4 ,it is the bonum honestum and not the bonum delectabile which is the just and reasonable object of the primary and direct complacency of intelligent beings4 ,the bonum delectabile is secondary4 ,that which is most contrary to this highest good is the revolt of free-will against the will of ,god4 ,when the term allowed by the ,almighty for the rebellion of ,lucifer to run its course has been reached1 it will be suppressed by that act of sovereign power1 which places each one of those who have merited exclusion from heaven in a fixed and unchangeable state1 precisely suited to his character4 ,no further disturbance of the moral order is possible1 no further privation can be incurred1 no new injuries can be attempted against any of ,god's creatures4 ,those who suffer1 actually endure nothing beyond the retribution justly due to the demerits of their state of probation1 and their suffering compensates in the order of the bonum honestum for their offences against that order1 restoring the disturbed equilibrium of justice4 ,it is an effect of the divine goodness frustrated 7in respect to them7 of its intention1 and deprived of its due quality as bonum delectabile by their own voluntary opposition to the benevolent will of ,god4 ,socrates and ,plato taught that it is better even for the one who deserves punishment to undergo it than to remain in impunity4 ,assuredly it is better for the common order which he has violated4 ,impunity for great political frauds is the greatest of disorders in a community1 and the punishment of the criminals is a reparation to the public honor and the sanctity of right1 which adds decorum to a state4 ,this is in virtue of an eternal and universal law1 and holds good in the supreme order1 with which the ethical constitution of human society is in an analogical resemblance4 ,justice reduces all things to equality1 by subjugating the inordinate wills of created beings under the coercive force of the reaction of reason and order against their rebellion4 ,the inequality removed by this violent reaction is measured by the voluntary and free excesses of the rebels and transgressors against the sovereign will of ,god4 ,beyond this measure1 there is no violence done to the spontaneous desires and natural tendency to good intrinsic to the essence of every intelligent being4 ,unless there is an inequality caused by voluntary contrariety to the divine will1 there is no opposition1 and therefore there must be a perfect harmony and equality of proportion between the eternal order and the wills of those who are subject to it4 ,therefore1 there is no such thing possible as pain1 discontent1 deficiency from the bonum honestum and bonum delectabile of nature1 in the eternal world1 except that which is the retribution for voluntary transgressions4 ,the thousands of millions of human beings who never attain the use of reason1 never run the risks of probation1 and pass into the eternal state without merit or demerit1 enjoy the good of being which is consonant to their nature in whatever actual condition it exists4 ,those whose nature is regenerate1 and spontaneously seeks the sovereign good of the supernatural order1 go immediately into the kingdom of heaven4 ,those whose nature is not regenerate possess an immortality in which they enjoy the natural good of being4 ,there is no such thing as fatality1 calamity of chance1 misfortune1 or deordination of any kind in the true and restitution of all things1 which succeeds the present inchoate1 temporary order4 ,it is the absolute and universal and eternal reign of ,god by his eternal law1 which is identified with the physical and spontaneous laws of being1 and gives liberty of action within the ordained circumference1 without any possibility of escape from the orbit assigned to each individual existence4 ,we return now to that which we proposed at the beginning as a primary question1 not for those who are already certain by ,catholic faith1 but for inquirers into the mystery of human destiny beyond the veil4 ,is there a heaven1 and what is the way by which it can be attained8 ,modern rationalism presents at best nothing higher that the eternal state into which human nature fell by the transgression of ,adam1 and from which we are redeemed by ,christ4 ,this species of philosophical and semi-,christian ,theism1 which is respectable in pagans and those who are in a similar condition of dim enlightenment1 has no intellectual foundation which can stand or give support1 in opposition to the clear ,christian revelation4 ,the firm assent to its really sound and rational principles and their logical conclusions1 inexorably demands a further assent1 to the physical1 moral1 and metaphysical demonstration by which the certain truth of ,christianity is made evident to reason4 ,a consistent and thorough rejection of ,christianity reacts with irresistible logical violence against the first premises of natural theology4 ,the prevailing rationalism is materialistic and atheistic4 ,the contrary of ,catholic faith1 the real error of the age1 the logical alternative of genuine undiluted ,christianity1 is anti-spiritual1 anti-theistic ,nihilism4 ,to those who have a repugnance for the hell which is the shadow of heaven in ,catholic doctrine1 the night-side of the supernatural1 this system cannot be very attractive2 unless they are in despair1 and already so unhappy and hopeless that existence seems to them an intolerable evil4 ,in this system there is nothing besides hell4 ,hell is the necessary1 eternal reality1 the only being4 ,the negation of all eternal good1 of all beatitude whether natural or supernatural1 is the one1 fundamental dogma of ,pessimism4 ,the aspiration and longing for beatitude which cannot be wholly extinguished in any human soul1 and which manifests its vehemence even in the most gloomy and despairing utterances of scepticism1 is strong and vivid among the multitude of half-believers1 whose ,christian descent has left in their minds1 as an heirloom1 some indistinct idea of the heaven of ,christian theology4 ,even though they practically seek to satisfy their thirst for the true good by the pleasures of the present life1 they wish to cherish the hope of a higher future happiness in the next world4 ,therefore1 they eagerly welcome any plausible teaching or speculation which seems to make a happy immortality their sure ultimate destiny1 and are glad to think they run no risk of losing it1 and need not give themselves trouble to find the way to gain it4 ,conscience1 and the moral sense which has had a semi-,christian education1 will not permit those who still cling to their traditional religion to believe that the majority of adults are actually fit for perfect happiness1 or capable of passing out of this life at once into heaven1 without undergoing some thorough transformation of character4 ,the view presented by the most reasonable and high-toned of the writers and preachers who have recently advocated universal salvation1 or a doctrine tending in that direction1 places a prospect of indefinite trial and suffering before those who have sinned during their mortal career1 as awaiting them hereafter4 ,its happy termination in the heaven promised to the good is something which is inferred by their own reasonings and conjectures1 but which cannot be proved with certainty by reason1 much less shown to be a promise of the divine word4 ,over against this there is the general belief of mankind2 the general consent of those who have read the ,holy ,scriptures in the interpretation of their plain and obvious sense2 and the teaching of the ,catholic ,church from the very beginning1 which she will certainly never change4 ,it is much more reasonable to take the authority of the church as the criterion of truth in regard to this momentous matter than to decide it by private reasonings or private interpretations of ,christian doctrine4 ,the ,catholic doctrine proposes a heaven of supernatural beatitude and glory to every one1 and points out a sure way by which any one may secure it1 no matter how much he may have sinned in the past4 ,it is the most rational course to begin at once to follow the road which leads to the right end1 and leave with ,god the responsibility of administering his own just and sovereign laws by giving to each one that retribution which he has deserved4 ,,note4--,the reader is referred for a more full exposition of the relation of the supernatural to the natural order1 and the other principal topics belonging to the subject of the future destiny of man1 to the following works3 ,aspirations of ,nature1 by the ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,hecker2 ,problems of the ,age and ,the ,king's ,highway1 by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,hewit2 ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 by the ,rev4 ,j4 de ,concilio2 ,the ,knowledge of ,mary1 by the same author2 and ,catholic ,eschatology1 by ,h4 ,n4 ,oxenham4 ,,lines4 ,,suggested ,,by ,,st4 ,,francis ,,de ,,sales' ,,treatise ,,on ,,the 8,,love ,,of ,,god40 ,o precious book6 in lines of fire ,i see ,upon each page the record of a soul ,which soared above the clouds1 serenely free1 ,which read with eagle eye the mystic scroll2 ,to whose ecstatic love th' ,eternal ,three ,sublime and hidden mysteries did unroll4 ,a heart1 a living heart1 is throbbing here6 ,a heart whose every fibre#da thrilled to ,one ,unknown to human wisdom1 yet most clear ,to him1 whose spirit1 as a luminous sun1 ,caught from the splendors of high heaven's sphere1 ,a light for centuries set in shadows dun4 ,o shadows dark and sad6 with prophet-gaze ,did he foresee your baneful1 blinding cloud ,enwrap man's reason1 soul1 and heart8 the ways ,of ,god enveloped in a death-like shroud ,of folly1 prejudice1 and pride8 ,amaze ,had seized that noble soul6 ,yet he had bowed ',neath persecution's fury2 toiled with heart ,undaunted1 while upraised were savage hands ,to strike1 as ,jews of old1 the deadly dart4 ,through sufferings borne with joy he won those bands1 ,through burning zeal and 7his own heavenly art7 ,divinest meekness1 which all power commands4 ,what secret charm had he so early learned ,which made a joy of pain8 of sacrifice ,his life-long pleasure8 ,soul and heart had burned ,within love's fiery crucible where dies ,nature and self and sense2 for ,god he yearned2 ,for ,god and souls were poured his nightly sighs4 ,thou sacred volume1 fruit of years of prayer1 ,of holy contemplation1 seraph love1 ,dost unto me this hidden charm declare2 ,with his own life each word is interwove4 ,his holy pen would oft1 methinks1 repair ,to ,calvary's shade or to the olive grove1 ,and1 deep within the ,wounded ,side1 would seek ,the living flame1 as strong as death1 which breathes ,in each dear line4 ,methinks he still doth speak1 ,and with celestial sweetness still bequeathes ,his dying legacy of love2 his meek ,and gentle lessons in the soul inwreathes ,like flowers1 the garden of the ,spouse to grace4 ,o zeal inflamed and generous6 ,no rest ,while heart and hand the path to heaven may trace ,for souls brought back on ,calvary's bleeding crest2 ,no rest while he one tender lamb may place1 ,all bruised1 for healing on the ,saviour's breast4 ,no sweet repose of prayer and love while pure ,and virgin hearts1 aspiring heavenward1 pine ,for light and guidance in the way obscure ,and thorny leading to the mystic shrine-- ,the 8inner temple10 where ,god1 throned secure1 ,binds fast the soul in his embrace divine4 ,no rest for him while still on earth the fire ,his ,master brought remains unkindled2 while ,one human heart1 ,grief's trembling1 deep-toned lyre1 ,vibrates not to his ,master's touch with smile ,of peace1 ev'n while the chords are breaking2 higher1 ,and higher still6 the sacrificial pile ,awaits a host of generous souls who mount ,with ardor at his word2 new strength endows1 ,and1 like the phnix1#db they from ,light's own ,fount ,draw odorous flames of love2 while sacred vows ,bind them1 like ,isaac1 hand and foot1 who count ,the sword and fire but pleasure with their ,spouse4 ,o priceless heritage of poet-saint6 ,what wisdom born of ,heaven adorns each page6 ,to fancy seems some master-hand to paint2 ,to intellect speaks philosophic sage2 ,passion impulsive yields to sweet constraint1 ,and heart and will bow down in every age4 ,strange spell which o'er the soul it casts6 the strong1 ,clear message more like ancient prophet's tone2 ,again1 to his full gaze as mysteries throng1 ,its breathings are the loved disciple's own2 ,and now it rises like th' ecstatic song ,of some grand seraph veiled before the throne6 ,footnote #da3 ,if ,i knew there was one fibre in my heart which was not all ,god's ,i would instantly pluck it out4--,st4 ,francis de ,sales4 ,footnote #db3 ,st4 ,francis draws many beautiful illustrations from this mythical bird4 ,the ancients asserted that when age had exhausted the strength of the phnix it built a funeral-pile of aromatic gums and wood on the top of some high mountain1 and1 ascending it when the sun was in his meridian splendor1 lit the pile by the fanning of its wings1 and was consumed to ashes4 ,from these ashes sprang another phnix4 ,,conrad ,,and ,,walburga4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,among the many beautiful paintings by world-known artists which adorn the old ,pinakothek in ,munich is one symbolizing ,innocence1 by ,carlo ,dolce4 ,it represents a lovely1 rosy-cheeked girl gazing frankly at you2 down her shoulders floats a stream of golden hair1 and clasped to her bosom is a lamb4 ,before this picture1 one spring day in the year #ahee1 stood a gentleman admiring it with all the rapture of one who knows how difficult it is to achieve such a miracle of art--to place upon canvas a face so instinct with life1 so full of that divine something which only genius can impart4 8,it is indeed beautiful1 most beautiful10 thought ,conrad ,seinsheim4 8,and yet10 after an inward pause1 during which his eyes rested on a young lady who was copying it--8and yet real flesh and blood1 when cast in the mould of beauty1 infinitely surpass aught that was ever accomplished by brush or chisel40 ,it was only a profile view he had of her face--for the painting hung in a corner1 and she was in the corner too1 with her left side next to the wall--but this view sufficed to send a thrill through every fibre of his body4 ,conrad was no longer a very young man2 his age was five-and-thirty1 and he had already seen a good deal of the world4 ,his father1 a wealthy merchant of ,cologne1 had died1 leaving him a handsome fortune1 and with his last breath almost had urged him to marry4 ,and ,conrad had travelled and visited well-nigh every capital in ,europe1 enjoying to the utmost the pleasures which choice society affords1 but had not yet found the woman whom he could really love4 ,the fair women whom he had met had been mere butterflies of fashion1 idlers basking in the smiles of men as vain and idle as themselves4 ,but here1 at last1 was one who came up to his high ideal of female loveliness1 and who withal was not a drone4 ,but it was ,walburga's expression1 rather than the exquisite classic outline of her countenance1 that made his heart throb as it did2 it imaged a soul nourished upon the visions of genius4 ,the girl was evidently enjoying1 with delight too deep for words1 this ,carlo ,dolce2 and1 guided by the light of sympathy1 its ethereal life1 which other copyists might have missed1 she was catching and retaining1 and you might almost have fancied1 from her mien of rapture1 that she knew the spirit of the old master was hovering over her and guiding her delicate white hand4 8,the sunshine of her soul is inspiring1 and fills me with gladness too10 exclaimed ,conrad inwardly4 8,she does not turn to look at me2 she goes right on1 filled with the joy of her work4 ,oh6 have ,i not found here the being whom ,i have been so vainly seeking80 ,after admiring the young artist a few minutes he continued his way along the gallery4 ,but his mind was too occupied with the living picture which he had just seen to care a jot for anything else1 and all the rest of the day this vision of beauty haunted him4 ,at three o'clock the ,pinakothek is closed2 and at this hour ,walburga betook herself to her humble but cosey home in ,fingergasse1#dc where1 summoning her friend1 ,moida ,hofer1 who lodged with her1 and who kept an old curiosity shop in the same street1 the two sallied forth for a stroll in the ,english ,garden4#dd ,they were fast friends1 these girls1 having been many years together1 and never were they so happy as in each other's company4 ,and now1 while they wandered through this delightful park1 they talked about their school-days1 and rejoiced that not yet a day of parting had come4 8,well1 as for me1 ,i shall never marry1 you know10 spoke ,walburga4 8,oh6 yes1 you will10 the other smilingly answered4 ,yet in her heart ,moida believed that what ,walburga said might be true4 ,her dearest friend was born with an affliction1 a weighty cross--one which likely enough would prove a barrier to marriage4 ,moida1 however1 had no such cross1 and already she had a devoted lover1 whose name was ,ulrich1 and who1 moreover1 was the brother of ,walburga4 ,ulrich was uncommonly handsome and the last representative of the ancient and noble family of ,von ,loewenstein4 ,but he was poor1 and far off seemed the day when he should make ,moida his bride4 ,the latter1 however1 was patient4 ,she built for herself no castles in the air2 she was one of those practical souls1 full of common sense1 which is the genius of everyday life1 and nobody had ever heard her utter a sigh4 8,sometime or other our honeymoon will come10 she would tell her betrothed2 8therefore1 much as ,i love you1 my ,ulrich1 ,i'll not die of impatience40 ,it would have been hard to find two young women more unlike in temperament as well as looks than ,moida and ,walburga2 and perhaps 'tis why they dwelt in such harmony together4 ,miss ,hofer1 instead of being tall like her friend1 was short and plump1 with a little sprightly nose turning upward toward the sky1 and she had a somewhat broad mouth4 ,but there was a pretty dimple in her chin--a very pretty dimple2 just the place for a kiss to hide itself--and she had lovely blue eyes1 and such a fund of mirth and humor that it was impossible ever to be sad in her company4 ,of painting ,moida knew absolutely nothing4 ,but she was glad that she was not an artist2 8for if ,i were10 she would say1 8how could ,i find time to attend to my curiosity-shop and keep our little household in order8 ,ulrich is an artist1 and so are you1 ,walburga2 and we must not all three be making mountains and heads40 8,no1 indeed4 ,and ,i don't know what ,i should do without you10 spoke ,walburga1 as they sauntered along the gravelled path by the lake4 8,you can't tell how much ,i lean upon you4 ,i really believe ,i am better since ,i took your advice about the skull40 ,walburga1 who was of a nature inclined to melancholy1 had for more than a year kept a skull in her bed-room1 and before it she was wont to meditate sometimes for hours1 until the ugly thing stole away the bloom from her cheek and drew a black mark under each of her eyes4 ,her appetite1 too1 began to fail2 and 'twere not easy to say what might have happened if she had been living alone4 ,but one morning1 while she was plunged in one of her reveries before this death's head1 ,moida approached1 and1 after kneeling beside her and saying a prayer--for ,moida was a good girl1 and quite as pious as ,walburga1 only in a different way--she reverently took the skull in her hands and said3 8,now1 dear friend1 ,i think 'tis time to put this aside4 ',tis making a ghost of you4 ,it has honeycombed you with scruples1 and ,i am sure that your father-confessor would approve of the reformation which ,i am going to inaugurate4 ,therefore take one more good look at this eyeless1 grinning object ere it disappears from your sight for ever40 ,these bold words so astonished ,walburga that for about a minute she could not reply1 and she turned to ,moida with an expression which might have deterred anybody with less spirit and determination from proceeding further4 ,but ,moida--who1 let us here remark1 was a descendant of ,andreas ,hofer1 the ,tyrolese patriot--was not in the least frightened by the other's flashing eyes4 8,i will use this skull with reverence10 she continued4 8,i promise you it shall be laid in consecrated ground2 if necessary1 with my own hands ,i'll bury it in ,god's-acre4 ,but here in this room it shall be no more40 8,well1 ,i declare60 exclaimed ,walburga1 presently bursting into a laugh1 8you are the dearest1 sauciest girl ,i ever met40 8,then say ,i may do it10 went on ,moida4 8,for1 although ,i am very determined1 yet ,i prefer not to be too great a despot and carry the skull off absolutely against your will40 8,well1 let me bury it myself10 answered ,walburga4 8,agreed6 ,but ,i'll accompany you to ,god's-acre2 for ,i know one of the grave-diggers1 and before another hour this poor old head shall be resting in peace underground40 ,so the skull was buried1 after which ,walburga's cheeks recovered a good deal of their bloom4 ,and now1 while she and her friend are enjoying themselves in the open air this mild spring day1 she looks more sprightly than we have ever seen her before4 8,pray tell me1 ,moida10 said ,walburga1 after they had gone round the lake and were on their way home1 8what is ,ulrich doing at present8 ,you had a letter from him this morning1 had you not80 8,oh6 yes10 answered the other1 her ever-bright countenance growing brighter4 8,the dear fellow is in the ,innthal1#de where he means to make a sketch of the home of his ancestors40 8,dear1 sweet spot60 murmured ,walburga4 8,ay1 and dear ,tyrol60 added ,moida4 8,and he tells me ,loewenstein ,castle has been sold by the state to a rich gentleman from ,cologne1 who has engaged ,ulrich to restore its faded frescos1 and he is beside himself with delight4 ,the least thing raises his spirits ever so high1 and now he imagines that this undertaking will be the beginning of his fortune4 ,i must caution the dear boy1 in my answer1 not to indulge in dreams40 8,ah6 true2 he is given to dreaming1 like myself10 said ,walburga1 shaking her head4 8,but this is a hard world1 as you have often told me1 and dreams will not feed us4 ,i must sell my paintings--sell them--and not work for pure love of the beautiful40 8,yes1 indeed4 ,murillo1 ,raphael1 and all of them had to eat1 and bread costs money10 said ,moida4 8,well1 ,i hope this new-comer is a good man1 and may he know how to keep his castle4 ,alas6 if our family had known how to manage things1 instead of letting everything go at loose ends4 ,if there had been heads among us like yours1 ,moida1 ,i should not have been living to-day in narrow1 dingy ,fingergasse1 trying hard to make the two ends meet1 and not always succeeding40 8,but then ,i should never have known you2 a grand lady dwelling in a castle would not stoop to look at me40 8,oh6 true2 and 'twas worth coming down in the world--down to a humble abode--in order to know you40 ,then1 after a pause3 8,but what else does my brother say about this gentleman80 8,well1 he says he is not a bit handsome1 and that he looks stern4 ,ulrich says1 too1 he is passionately fond of art1 is a believer in the aristocracy of nature1 and declares he doesn't know who his great-grandfather was4 ,the only thing that is really not good about him is that he has no faith40 8,no faith60 sighed ,walburga4 8,well1 at any rate1 ,moida1 he'll not suffer for want of company2 for it cannot be denied that very few of those learned men are ever seen inside a church4 ,oh6 how comes this80 ,moida shrugged her shoulders1 but made no response4 ,the truth is1 although a very good girl1 she did not think deeply on religious subjects4 ,walburga1 on the contrary1 was often much distressed by the infidelity which she saw spreading around her1 and trembled for her dear brother1 who had once declared that out of every hundred students who frequented the university with him seventy lost their belief in a ,god after being there six months2 and nothing is so dead as a dead faith4 ,and now she was not certain that ,ulrich himself went to church2 for of late he had been away from her a good deal4 ,walburga called to mind1 too1 a grave conversation which she once had with him about religion1 when he told her something that had left a deep impression upon her4 8,believe me1 sister10 said ,ulrich1 8a boy may be very good at home and have the best religious instruction from his parents1 yet their advice and teaching will prove but a slender safeguard against the perils of the university4 ,this is the age of science2 'tis impossible to prevent young men from studying chemistry and geology4 ,they will flock to our halls of learning and crowd round our great professors1 who are atheists1 like moths about a lamp1 heedless of the risk they run4 ,now1 sister1 ,i verily believe one true ,christian university would be worth a thousand ,sunday-schools4 ,the great need of the day is to ,christianize science--ay1 ,christianize it2 make it a beacon-light and not a consuming fire40 8,moida10 spoke ,walburga1 after dwelling a moment on these words of her brother--8,moida1 do you think ,ulrich says his prayers and goes to church as he used80 8,oh6 yes1 ,i am quite sure he does10 replied her friend4 8,he declares that for love of me he will always be good40 8,well1 although 'tis not the best reason he might have for keeping his faith1 yet some fish are held by a very slender line10 added the other1 smiling4 8,so1 thank ,god6 he loves you40 ,thus conversing about ,ulrich and ,tyrol1 and listening to the merry songs of the birds1 the girls continued their walk4 ,it was dusk when they got home4 ,and what a snug little home it is6 ,but before we enter let us call the reader's attention to three letters1 8,c ,m ,b10 chalked upon the door4 ,they stand for ,caspar1 ,melchior1 ,balthasar1 the names which tradition gives to the wise men who came with gifts for the infant ,saviour2 and beneath the letters1 and likewise marked in chalk1 are three crosses and the year of our ,lord4#df ,but now open the door and see how clean and neat everything is within4 ,yonder quaint-looking closet1 standing between the two bed-rooms1 albeit a century old and more1 shows no sign of age2 not a particle of dust rests upon it1 not a spider's web4 ,the floor1 too1 is well scrubbed and polished1 and looks all the better for having no carpet4 ,in one of the windows are a couple of flower-pots1 wherein are blooming two magnificent roses2 while in the other window is a cage containing a nightingale4 ,the bird at this moment begins to warble a sweet melody to greet ,walburga1 who is its mistress2 while ,moida1 who also has a pet1 finds it no easy matter to prevent ,caro--a black1 shaggy poodle--from tearing her in pieces for joy4 8,poor1 dear ,caro60 she said1 holding him at arm's length1 8the horrid police would kill you1 if they knew you were alive1 and so ,i must keep you shut up within doors4 ,poor1 dear ,caro60 ,and this was true4 ,in ,munich aged dogs are not allowed to live2 and ,caro is toothless and nearly blind4 ,but his heart is as young as ever2 and his tail--oh6 how much expression there is in a dog's tail4 ,how it wags to and fro6 ,how it whisks up and down6 ,how it thumps on the floor6 ,moida sometimes1 for fun1 would try to hold fast ,caro's tail while she spoke endearing words to him4 ,but in vain4 ,no sooner would she open her lips than away it went1 ten times quicker than the pendulum of a clock1 and as impossible to clench as if 'twere a bit of machinery driven back and forth by steam-power4 ,nothing could better show the difference between ,walburga and her friend than a glance at the different books which each of them reads4 ,in ,walburga's sleeping-chamber1 on a table close by her bed1 lie two well-fingered volumes3 one is ,master ,eckhart1 the ,father of ,german ,mystics2 the other is ,blessed ,henry ,suso's ,little ,book of ,eternal ,wisdom4 ,for a number of years these have been well-nigh her constant companions1 and she knows them almost by heart4 ,more than once have they inspired her to renewed effort when she felt disheartened1 as well as lightened the cross which afflicted her4 8,the swiftest steed to carry us to perfection is suffering10 says ,eckhart2 and these words ,walburga often repeats to herself4 ,but in ,moida's apartment1 instead of the mystics we find a song-book1 an arithmetic1 and the ,regensburg book of cookery4 ,while ,caro was frisking about and yelping1 the nightingale1 as we have already observed1 was warbling a song for its mistress1 who stood listening with a pensive air4 8,you shall never die in a cage10 she murmured presently4 8',tis a shame to keep you even one day a prisoner40 8,how so80 exclaimed ,moida1 who had quick ears1 and was a mortal foe to anything like mere sentimentality4 8,are not birds created for our pleasure8 ,and you take such care of yours6 ,why1 ,i'm sure he is quite as happy as if he were flying about in the groves1 hunting here and there for food1 chased by other birds1 and journeying hundreds of miles to find a warm climate in winter2 whereas you give your pet plenty to eat--,i sometimes think too much 7,moida was economical7--and whenever it is cold your room is turned into a hot-house to please him40 8,ah6 but1 ,moida dear10 answered ,walburga1 8he has no playmate1 no other little bird to love2 and what is life without love80 8,well1 he loves you1 doesn't he80 8,yes1 and very much4 ,but that is not the kind of love ,i mean4 ,he has no mate to sing to4 ,i am sure1 in the song he is giving us now1 he is sighing and pining for some other pretty bird whom he might kiss and caress and woo40 8,well1 ,i do declare60 exclaimed ,moida1 bursting into a laugh4 ,then1 suddenly becoming grave3 8,but1 no1 no1 ,i mustn't laugh4 ,i agree with you3 love is everything1 and ,ulrich is my nightingale4 ,why1 every letter he writes to me is a sweet song of love40 ,for several minutes after ,moida uttered these words ,walburga remained silent4 ,they had awakened in her breast longings which had better have slept for ever4 ,but we cannot escape from ourselves2 and she was born with a nature full of tenderness and sympathy4 ,it made her yearn for something which she might call all her own1 something to serve and cherish and suffer for4 ,home6 home6--this was the secret craving of ,walburga's soul4 ,but1 alas6 she had barely the glimmer of a hope that this happiness would ever be hers2 and even good ,eckhart's words1 which she now repeated to herself1 did not bring her the usual comfort4 ,the poor girl1 too1 was an orphan2 her brother was away from her1 and a day would come when ,moida would fly off into ,ulrich's arms4 8,and1 oh6 then ,i'll be lonely indeed10 she sighed4 ,while ,walburga was thus musing on her fate ,moida took up her zither1#dg and1 seating herself by the open window1 sang in a rich contralto voice one of the old ,volkslied1 beginning3 8,ach4 wie ist's mglich dann1 ,das ich dich lassen kann6 ,hab dich von ,herzen lieb1 ,das ,glaube mir60 which may be rendered3 8,ah6 how can ,i from thee depart8 ,believe me1 my heart's love thou art60 ,when the song was finished ,walburga1 in whose eyes tears were glistening1 said3 8,nobody can beat my nightingale singing except you4 ,oh6 who will sing for me when you are gone80 8,gone6 ,why1 ,i never mean to leave you1 dear ,walburga2 no1 never60 cried ,moida4 8,ah6 ,ulrich will carry you away2 and then--0 8,yes1 yes1 so he will1 the dear boy6 and then ,i'll take you in my arms1 and carry you away too1 and thus we'll all three fly off together10 interrupted the sunny-hearted girl4 ,then ,moida sang another song1 and another1 and another1 until one by one all the stars came out of their hiding-places in the sky2 and never did they shine down upon two warmer friends than these4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the fairest valley of ,tyrol1 and perched on a spur of the mountain1 a thousand feet above the swift-flowing river which gives the ,innthal its name1 stands ,loewenstein ,castle4 ,how admirably placed it is6 ,from afar the enemy might be espied approaching2 and when he came near it needed stout lungs as well as a bold heart to climb the steep ascent which led to its walls1 for 'tis like an eagle's eyrie to get at4 ,when the castle was built many an eagle used to soar above its battlements1 and the dense pine forest which covered the land was the haunt of wolves and bears4 ,tyrol is wild enough to-day4 ,what must it have been in the ninth century8 ,the ,roman legions had once marched through the valley on their way to conquer ,germany4 ,but ,rome had fallen1 and only here and there an earthwork1 or a paved road1 or a sentinel-tower was left to tell how far her soldiers had penetrated into the wilderness4 ,afterwards barbarians and wild beasts had it all to themselves as before--had it all to themselves1 until by and by1 in the course of time1 afoot1 or perchance mounted on an ass which had carried him across the snowy ,brenner--poor ass6 how it must have longed for sunny ,italy again--came a monk4 ,st4 ,benedict bade him go forth and preach the ,gospel2 and lo6 here he was1 quite at home amid these shaggy-looking men1 very ,esaus for hairiness1 and in manners a shade removed from cannibals4 ,and this monk's track had been followed ere long by other monks1 until finally what ,roman power could not do they did4 ,round about the monastery the trees were felled and the land made to bloom2 no farmers better than those old monks4 ,and they cultivated the barbarians1 too1 as well as the soil4 ,then1 when times were ripe for him to appear1 when there was something to plunder1 on the mountain-side the robber-knight built his fastness2 and ,loewenstein did its share of plundering in those good old times4 ,but there was a chapel attached to the castle1 and the baron's lady was devout1 if he was not4 ,gently1 little by little1 she persuaded her consort to take part in her devotions1 and in the end made a pretty fair ,christian of him4 ,but the ,von ,loewensteins loved dearly to fight2 the dust of the battle-field was sweeter than incense to their nostrils2 and so to the ,holy ,land they went1 nor missed a single ,crusade4 ,the knight's bride with her own hands would buckle on his armor1 then go take her post on the topmost turret1 waving adieu as long as her swimming eyes could see the gleaming helmet that sometimes never gleamed again for her4 ,many a century has rolled by since those brave days of battle-axes and healthy men2 and now ,loewenstein is only a ruin4 ,but the monastery still stands1 the grayness of its old age hidden by the greenness of its ivy1 and ,st4 ,benedict would not find things much changed if he were to make his brethren a visit4 ,it is sunset1 and the new owner of ,loewenstein has just returned from ,munich1 whither he went to enjoy himself awhile in the ,pinakothek4 8,what a pleasure 'twill be10 ,conrad ,seinsheim is saying to himself1 8to restore this ancient castle6 ,happily1 one tower is left1 and in it ,i can make shift to dwell until the rest of the edifice is completed40 ,then1 speaking aloud3 8,and ,i will embellish my home with beautiful paintings and statuary2 and the first statue shall be a woman40 ,here he turned his deep-set1 heavy-browed eyes upon a young man who was seated beside him sketching the ruin4 ,the latter looked up and smiled4 8,and a living woman it is to be10 added ,conrad4 8,have you found your dream1 then1 sir80 inquired ,ulrich1 tossing back the long1 unkempt hair which he persisted in wearing1 albeit it troubled him not a little1 for 'twas constantly falling in his eyes4 8,i believe ,i have10 replied ,conrad4 ,whereupon he went on to tell of the young lady whom he had seen copying ,carlo ,dolce's picture of ,innocence4 ,while he was speaking a faint tinge of red spread over ,ulrich's cheek2 for ,moida had written that his sister was making a copy of this very painting4 ,suddenly he laid his pencil aside and rose to his feet4 ,conrad observed him in silence1 but without any air of contempt2 if he did not pray himself1 he respected none the less those who did1 and the monastery bell was ringing the ,angelus4 ,as ,ulrich murmured the prayer he could not help thinking that likely at this very moment ,moida was saying it also4 ,when the sound of the bell died away ,conrad passed with him into the tower1 where they began examining its faded frescos4 8,these must have a strange effect on you10 remarked the former4 8,doubtless yonder barely perceptible figure of a lady stretching forth her hand and clasping another hand--her lover or husband1 perhaps--was one of your ancestresses60 8,well1 it is indeed sad for me to view such ruin and decay in the place where myself and so many of my name were born10 answered ,ulrich4 8,i feel all the while as if ,i were moving about among ghosts4 ,but then 'tis many1 many years since ,loewenstein was anything better than what it is to-day4 ,the wind1 ,i have heard my dear mother say1 used to blow in through the chinks in the wall and rock my cradle40 ,here the poor fellow gave a rueful smile4 8,you see10 he continued1 8old families die hard4 ,it often takes them more than one generation to get down to the bottom of the hill4 ,why1 my parents were little better off than the owls when they inhabited this ruin2 and 'twas high time to quit it when they did4 ,but we are out at last on the broad world1 and ,i can truly say ,i thank ,god that a man like yourself has bought my ancestral home4 ,again let me thank you1 sir1 thank you from the bottom of my heart1 for your kindness in giving me employment40 ,these words1 uttered in a frank1 manly tone1 pleased ,conrad1 who1 when he first met the young artist1 had taken him for a silly fellow that was clinging to the shadow of a great name while too proud to do any work4 ,ulrich certainly had rather a haughty mien2 but1 thanks to the girl to whom he was betrothed1 he had acquired a good deal of common sense1 and1 moreover1 he had a warm heart4 ,so that ,conrad1 who pitied his threadbare appearance1 soon grew to like him1 and during the past week had made the youth take up his quarters with him in the tower4 8,well1 ,i deem it a great piece of good-fortune to have fallen in with you10 said ,conrad4 8,for1 although ,i don't believe in spirits coming back to molest those who occupy their former abodes1 yet1 really1 to have passed a night here alone might have made my flesh creep4 ,how old is ,loewenstein1 do you know80 ,ulrich1 who knew pretty well the whole history of his house1 now proceeded to relate it1 briefly of course2 yet he told enough to make the other long to hear more4 ,and when he had finished ,conrad said3 8,although ,i am an ardent believer in the aristocracy of nature1 nevertheless ,i feel all the more drawn to you for being a ,von ,loewenstein40 ,after a pause he added3 8,i wonder who my ,dream will turn out to be8 ,will she appreciate dwelling in a castle8 ,oh6 yes1 ,i am sure she will40 ,and ,conrad went on to tell again of ,walburga's look of rapture as she stood at her easel1 and of her tall1 graceful figure3 8,i am sure1 too1 her hair is all her own2 in fact1 every part of her is as classic as her face40 ,while he thus gave utterance to his admiration for ,ulrich's sister ,ulrich's heart was in a flutter1 and he could not help thinking what happiness 'twould be if ,walburga were one day to become mistress of ,loewenstein4 ,yet at the same time he thought it not a little strange that ,conrad should express such unbounded admiration for one who did not expect1 any more than he did himself1 that ever a man would wish her for his bride4 8,but tell me10 pursued ,conrad1 twitching his sleeve1 8is there no dear girl whom you have fallen in love with8 ,artists1 of all men1 you know1 are the most prone to the tender passion40 8,oh6 indeed there is10 answered ,ulrich--8as sweet a girl as ever breathed4 ,once a week she writes to me and ,i to her40 8,well1 who is she8 ,where does she live80 8,in ,munich1 sir4 ,her name is ,moida ,hofer2 and1 although of peasant descent1 ,i call her noble1 for many of our mountaineers have owned their rough acres for generations1 and1 moreover1 ,moida's grandfather was ,hofer the ,patriot40 8,really6 ,oh6 then1 don't let her slip2 marry her by all means1 for she belongs to my nobility10 exclaimed ,conrad with enthusiasm4 8,and of course she is beautiful80 8,every girl1 sir1 is beautiful when a man loves her2 and ,i detest ,greek noses and ,roman noses since ,i have known ,moida1 for she hasn't one40 ,here the other burst into a loud laugh1 which frightened away a couple of bats that had been circling about their heads2 for bats and swallows1 as well as owls and hawks1 found their way into this ancient chamber1 which had not been occupied till now since ,ulrich and his sister left it as children4 8,and you should hear ,moida sing10 continued ,ulrich2 8and hear her talk1 too4 ,oh6 she is so wise4 ,she knows how to preach to me and tell me of my faults without ever making me angry4 ,i was living in ,cloudland before ,i met her4 ,she said3 #8,ulrich1 come down out of the clouds and earn your bread'2 and 'tis owing to her that ,i persevered in my art-studies and am able to paint a little40 8,you certainly have talent10 said ,conrad1 8judging by the sketches in your portfolio4 ,but let me ask why you do not marry80 ,at this question ,ulrich heaved a sigh4 8,is it want of money80 8,well1 our honeymoon will come some day or other10 said the youth1 evading a response4 8,she is patient--more patient than ,i4 ,she cheers me up2 knits stockings for me2 makes me shirts2 in fact1 she does as much for me almost as if she were my wife4 ,dear1 dear1 dear ,moida60 8,may ,i inquire how ,miss ,hofer earns a livelihood80 8,she keeps a small store1 an old-curiosity shop1 where one may buy for a mere trifle chairs and mirrors1 and clocks and engravings1 together with many other articles that at some time or another adorned noble houses4 ,you may find there a number of things that used to belong to ,loewenstein40 8,indeed6 ,then ,i'll buy out her whole stock--upon my word ,i will--and back to this spot shall come every chair and mirror and clock4 ,o ,ulrich1 ,ulrich6 why didn't you tell me this before80 ,after thus conversing awhile within the tower1 and it being settled that the young man was to begin on the morrow his labor of restoring the frescos1 they passed out by what must once have been a stately passage-way1 but was now so encumbered with fragments of stone and mortar that ,conrad and ,ulrich were obliged to stoop very low1 at one place almost to creep1 in order to emerge into the open air4 ,as we have already observed1 the tower was the only portion of the castle not entirely in ruin2 the rest of the building was so shattered by time that it was difficult even for imagination to picture it as it had been in the days of its glory4 8,here10 said ,ulrich1 8used to be the chapel4 ,on this spot the first ,mass was offered up in ,loewenstein40 8,well1 ,i will rebuild this1 too1 unbeliever though ,i am10 said ,conrad4 8,and oh6 would that my dead faith might be quickened as easily as these crumbled stones can be put into shape again4 ,but1 happily1 women are still prayerful1 and the young lady whom ,i hope to win shall have her chapel to pray in4 ,but1 alas6 what desolation has come to this hallowed spot--what desolation6 ,everything gone except one tomb4 ,i must not tread upon it1 for doubtless one of your race lies buried underneath40 8,only a few words on the monument are legible10 said ,ulrich1 stooping and brushing off the dust with his hands3 #8,hic jacet ,walburga2 ,requiescat in pace6' ,the rest ,i cannot make out2 but ,i remember hearing my father say that this ,walburga was a ,hungarian princess1 who married ,hugo von ,loewenstein toward the close of the fourteenth century40 8,how sad is the fall of old families60 observed ,conrad after a moment's silence1 during which his eyes remained fixed on the blurred slab at his feet4 8,but ,i sometimes believe there is a law which governs the strange and solemn procession of generations3 as the wheel of time goes round and round1 the king takes his turn at beggary1 and the beggar shuffles off his rags and mounts up to the throne40 8,therefore at some future day1 if your notion be correct1 ,i1 or one of my descendants1 will get this castle back again10 said ,ulrich1 smiling4 8,nowadays10 pursued ,conrad1 as if in soliloquy1 8people affect to be democratic2 we win our spurs by speculating in cotton1 or grain1 or some other stuff1 instead of by brave deeds on the battle-field4 ,well1 well1 ,i for one prefer the helmet and the battle-axe to the chinking of the money-changers40 ,then1 turning to ,ulrich3 8,it surprises you to hear me say this1 eh80 ,to tell the truth1 it did surprise him2 but ,ulrich did not show it4 8,well1 a fortnight ago ,i would not have spoken thus10 he continued4 8,but the truth is1 the veriest democrat loves in his secret heart a pedigree2 and if he hasn't one1 he'll pay somebody to make him a family-tree2 and then he'll buy a ruin1 as ,i have done1 and get to feel as ,i feel1 perhaps4 ,why1 ,ulrich1 ,i do believe somebody has thrown a spell over me2 ay1 this fair lady sleeping under the old stone here has touched me with her spirit wand4 ,why1 ,i feel as if ,i were a ,loewenstein--,i do6 ,i do60 ,here ,conrad brandished his cane and repeated aloud the ,loewenstein motto3 ,intaminatis fulget honoribus4 8,how it would please ,walburga to hear him talking thus60 said ,ulrich inwardly4 8,proud as she is1 ,i think her heart might incline towards him40 ,it should perhaps be observed that hardship had wrought little effect upon ,walburga4 ,it had scarcely bent her spirit at all2 and not once since she quitted the home of her forefathers had she returned to visit the dearly-loved spot4 8,it would be too bitter a sight to see vulgar people wandering amid its ruins10 she would tell her brother4 8,i'd rather have ,loewenstein disappear entirely1 be covered up by the mountain1 than that some rich upstart should buy it1 then pull down the mite that is left of its glorious walls1 and erect a modern villa in their stead40 ,nor had she for several years entered ,moida ,hofer's store1 where so many curious objects were exposed for sale2 and once1 when her friend had disposed of a ,loewenstein clock1 one of the primitive kind1 with pendulum swinging in front--ay1 and disposed of it1 too1 for a pretty good price--,moida did not dare mention the fact4 ,indeed1 the old-curiosity shop was now a banished theme of conversation between them4 ,by and by1 after telling ,ulrich for the twentieth time how finely the castle was to be renovated1 ,conrad said3 8,now let us go in and take some repose2 for to-morrow1 you know1 we are to be up early--you to do a good day's work1 while ,i must be off by the first train to ,munich1 where ,i am determined to have another look at my ,dream40 ,with this they went back into the tower1 and after trying1 but without success1 to drive the bats out of their dormitory1 ,conrad and ,ulrich lay down to rest4 ,the former was soon fast asleep2 but the youth1 who had a more vivid imagination1 stayed awake a whole hour thinking of the many who had occupied this chamber in days gone by4 ,the moon shimmering in through the iron-barred window over his head flung a weird halo round about the lady painted on the wall2 and he could not but think what a very1 very ghostly chamber it was4 ,a month had gone by since ,ulrich had laid eyes on ,moida ,hofer--only a month1 yet it seemed as long as six months4 ,so next morning1 when ,conrad was making ready to descend the hill on his way to ,munich1 the youth thrust his hand into his pocket1 and1 drawing forth some small pieces of silver1 counted them over carefully4 ,with anxious heart he counted them1 and to his great delight found that there was just enough money to carry him to his betrothed and back4 ,the other1 who had a quick eye1 was not slow to read what was passing in ,ulrich's mind1 and said3 8,is there any message you wish delivered to ,miss ,hofer8 ,or perhaps you will accompany me8 ,do2 and we may visit her curiosity-shop together4 ,to-morrow will be time enough to begin work on the frescos40 8,well1 ,i own1 sir10 replied ,ulrich1 8'twould give me great happiness to see my lady-love2 and ,i'll labor all the harder for making her a visit40 ,accordingly they both set out for ,munich1 which was reached in four hours--eight it seemed to the impatient travellers1 who as soon as they arrived went straight to ,fingergasse4 ,never was street better named1 for it is little broader than a finger1 and consequently only at high noon does the sun cheer it with its rays4 ,but this morning ,fingergasse looked anything but dismal to the young artist1 who knew that a pair of bright eyes were about to greet him1 and already were shooting floods of light into his heart4 8,why1 ,ulrich6 ,ulrich60 ,these were ,moida's first words as she flew towards him4 ,perhaps in presence of a stranger she may have expected only a warm shake of the hand in response or a pat on the cheek4 ,but in an instant the arms of her lover were twined about her neck4 ,then1 when the greeting was over1 ,conrad ,seinsheim was introduced1 and we need not say that the girl surveyed him carefully4 ,moida found him not handsome like her ,ulrich2 rather the opposite4 ,but she admired his broad forehead and the energy which flashed through his eyes2 even his air of sternness did not displease her1 for she recognized in him a man with opinions of his own1 a man of power and decision4 ,and now1 reader1 blame her not for telling ,conrad frankly and in her most winning way that her store was the best place in town to find old curiosities4 8,why1 sir10 said ,moida1 8,i have even some fourteenth-century chairs from ,loewenstein ,castle1 of which doubtless you have heard4 ',tis the oldest castle in ,tyrol1 and----0 8,moida10 interrupted ,ulrich1 8did ,i not write to you that----0 8,oh1 hush6 hush60 said ,moida1 blushing and putting her plump hand over his mouth4 8,well1 ,i am here10 observed ,conrad1 trying hard not to smile--8,i am here purposely to buy everything your store contains2 for ,i am now owner of ,loewenstein1 and mean to fit it up as far as possible in true medival style40 8,really60 exclaimed ,moida4 8,really60 ,whereupon ,conrad did smile outright at her look of surprise and joy4 ,then presently she turned towards ,ulrich1 and her lips moved as if she were trying to speak4 ,but he could only guess what she wanted to say4 ,yes1 ,moida1 if ,conrad purchases all that your little store holds1 then indeed you may name your wedding-day4 ,and if a radiant expression can make a homely face beautiful1 it would have been difficult to find a more beautiful girl than ,moida at this moment4 ,after speaking volumes to ,ulrich through her blue eyes1 she turned again to ,conrad and said in an earnest tone3 8,o1 sir6 how kind you are4 ,i cannot find words to express my thanks40 ,the latter waved his hand1 as if to say1 8,pray do not thank me10 then set about examining the curiosities4 ,these consisted of nine chairs ranged side by side along the wall1 half a dozen breast-plates and helmets1 a stack of arquebuses and pikes1 three crossbows1 some silver plates and goblets1 a ewer1 a couple of clocks which had not ticked in a century1 an earthenware stove quaintly embossed with scenes from ,holy ,writ1 and apparently a countless number of smaller objects1 such as seals1 rings1 miniatures1 and coins4 ,picking up one of the miniatures1 ,conrad exclaimed3 8,why1 ,i declare1 this is very like a young lady whom ,i saw lately in the ,pinakothek1 only here is a full view of her face1 whereas ,i saw but the profile of my ,dream40 ,at this remark ,moida stepped up and whispered3 8',tis the portrait of ,walburga1 the spouse of ,hugo von ,loewenstein2 and 'tis the only thing ,i am not willing to part with40 ,the other turned towards her a moment with an air of disappointment2 then1 perceiving that she was in earnest1 he let the subject drop4 ,a few minutes later ,conrad was on his way to the picture-gallery1 while ,ulrich remained to enjoy the company of his betrothed4 ,the first thing ,moida did was to run out and fetch him a mug of beer4 ,this may seem too trivial a fact to relate2 nevertheless1 truth may as well be told4 ,she knew that in ,tyrol he had had only water or wine to drink2 and what can equal ,munich beer8 ,as ,ulrich quietly sipped the delicious beverage1 her quick eye ran over his buttons4 ,she took them all in at a glance1 and in another moment ,moida's needle was busy mending a rent in his sleeve4 ,but while the girl sewed1 she ever and anon peeped up at his face1 and thought to herself3 8,in the whole kingdom of ,bavaria there is nobody can compare with my ,ulrich40 ,and1 moreover1 full of common sense as ,moida was1 there was nothing she admired more than the two sword-cuts on her dear boy's cheek1 in shape like a cross2 and well did she remember the day when he received them1 now five years ago4 ,for1 like most ,german students1 ,ulrich had belonged to a corps 7his was the ,teutonia71 and occasionally engaged in a duel4 ,it was on that memorable day that he addressed her the first tender word1 after having had his wounds sewed up2 while ,moida1 as she listened with fluttering heart and drooping eyes1 thought to herself3 8,i am the third one to whom he has said this4 ,oh6 ,i wonder which of us will win80 ,then she pretended that she did not care a straw for him2 whereupon ,ulrich presented her with a beautiful nosegay--four florins it cost him--and the rest we need not narrate4 8,by the way1 how is ,caro80 inquired ,ulrich1 after holding the glass to her lips and making ,moida take a sip of the beer4 8,as frisky as if he were a puppy10 answered the latter1 highly pleased at the question4 ,ulrich knew it would please her4 8,well1 wouldn't it be nice to have the old dog settled at ,loewenstein1 where he might get plenty of fresh air and be outdoors as much as he chose80 added the youth4 8,ay2 but what chance is there of that8--unless you were to take him2 and he'd be rather troublesome40 8,no pet of yours would ever trouble me10 rejoined ,ulrich4 8,and let me tell you1 ,moida1 strange things happen in the world40 ,with this he proceeded to reveal how much ,conrad ,seinsheim admired a certain young lady whom he had seen in the ,pinakothek4 8',tis the very one you heard him say that miniature is so like2 and ,i know he is gone there now purposely to see her again4 ,and it must be ,walburga1 for isn't she copying ,carlo ,dolce's picture of ,innocence80 ,leaving ,ulrich and his betrothed to discuss the possibility of a union between a ,von ,loewenstein and a ,seinsheim1 let us follow the footsteps of ,conrad4 ,he found the one of whom he was in quest seated at her easel1 perhaps a trifle nearer the wall than before1 and with the same expression on her face which had so ravished his heart the first time he lighted upon her4 ,she seemed not to notice his approach1 and when at length ,conrad ventured to ask if the copy she was making were for sale1 ,walburga replied1 apparently with indifference1 and without taking her eyes off the canvas3 8,yes1 sir1 it is40 ,yet how his question set her heart a-throbbing6 ,for the sale of the picture would enable the girl to pay several bills that were due1 as well as take a trip to ,nuremberg1 which for years she had been longing to visit2 for ,nuremberg was the birthplace of ,albert ,drer4 8,how differently ,miss ,hofer would have answered me60 thought ,conrad1 observing ,walburga with close attention4 8,she would have looked me full in the face and completed a bargain forthwith2 ay1 and persuaded me1 too1 to offer a high price for the picture40 ,then aloud1 and addressing ,walburga in courtly ,german style3 8,well1 if the gracious lady will allow me to possess her beautiful copy1 ,i shall be delighted4 ,for ,i have just bought an old castle in the ,tyrol1 which ,i mean to restore1 as far as money may1 to its former state of grandeur1 and ,i promise you your painting shall adorn the fairest chamber in it40 8,an old castle1 indeed60 murmured ,walburga1 still without glancing at him4 ,she wondered whether it might be ,loewenstein4 ,then presently1 unable to contain her eager desire to know if it was or not1 she said3 8,may ,i ask1 sir1 in what part of the ,tyrol your castle is80 8,in the ,innthal1 not far from ,innspruck2 and it once belonged to the noble house of ,von ,loewenstein40 ,at these words a flush crimsoned the girl's cheek for a moment1 then disappeared1 leaving her paler than before2 while her brush1 always so steady1 now tremblingly touched the canvas4 ,at length1 after vainly endeavoring to master her feelings1 she let the brush drop and buried her face in her hands4 ,conrad's curiosity was here raised to a high pitch2 for although ,ulrich had not told him that he had a sister an artist1 yet he was quick-witted1 and since he had seen the miniature in the old curiosity-shop--and ,moida1 we remember1 had informed him that it came from ,loewenstein--,conrad had been hoping that the young lady whom he called his ,dream might prove to be one of the ,loewenstein family1 a near relative of ,ulrich's--his sister1 perhaps4 8,and why not80 he asked himself4 8,a likeness may be handed down through many generations2 it may vanish for a space1 like a lost stream1 then reappear in the person of a far-off descendant4 ,and verily1 this charming girl is the living image of ,walburga1 the bride of ,hugo von ,loewenstein4 ,and1 oh6 if ,i am right1 what a treasure she will be4 ,true1 ,i am not highborn1 and she may not view me at first with favor4 ,but ,i'll go through fire to win her60 ,presently ,walburga uncovered her face1 and for the first time stole a furtive glance at the one who stood beside her4 ,then quick her eyes were fastened on the canvas again2 and while ,conrad was wondering at her shyness a tear rolled down her cheek4 ,his curiosity to know who she was now increased tenfold1 and he said1 in a voice the tenderness of which he did not care to conceal3 8,gracious lady1 pray be not offended if ,i ask whether you have ever been to ,loewenstein80 8,i was there once2 ,i never wish to lay eyes on it again10 answered ,walburga1 trying to conceal her emotion4 8,would it offend you if ,i were to inquire the reason why80 pursued ,conrad1 now scarcely doubting who she was4 ,for more than a minute ,walburga did not trust herself to speak4 ,finally she said3 8,what spot1 sir1 can be so sad as an abandoned home8 ,parting with our birthplace to strangers does not tear up the deep roots whereby our heart clings to it4 ,we feel towards it as towards a dear friend whom we have deserted4 ,o sir6 for many1 many years--for centuries0--here ,walburga drew herself proudly up--8my race held the castle which now is yours2 and ,i love it so much that ,i cannot speak of it with calmness4 ,a friend dies and we hide him in the earth2 a dead home remains1 mournfully gazing on us whenever we pass by4 ',tis why ,i will not go near dear1 dear ,loewenstein3 nothing so ghostlike as an abandoned home60 ,by this time tears were glistening in the dark1 cavernous eyes of her listener2 and when ,walburga finished speaking ,conrad said3 8,gracious lady1 you cannot imagine how precious to me the old ruin has become4 ,i love it1 too40 ,here for the second time ,walburga looked at him1 but1 as before1 only by a swift side-glance4 ,then she said3 8,i must return you thanks1 sir1 for your kindness to my brother4 ,he wrote to a young lady1 his betrothed1 all about it1 and she told me2 and ,i sincerely rejoice that ,loewenstein has fallen into the hands of a gentleman like yourself40 8,then you are ,ulrich's sister80 exclaimed ,conrad4 8,his only sister1 and he my only brother4 ,you cannot tell how ,i miss him40 8,well1 he accompanied me today1 and is now with ,miss ,hofer40 8,indeed6 ,how delighted ,i am60 8,and ,i am much pleased with his lady-love10 added ,conrad4 8,well you may be1 sir4 ,she is the salt of the earth4 ,ulrich needs a shrewd1 practical woman for his wife2 for the dear fellow is somewhat of a dreamer like myself4 ,we both of us live in the past4 ,but now do let me know how you came to meet ,moida ,hofer40 8,it happened in this wise3 ,your brother told me there were in her curiosity-shop many relics from ,loewenstein1 which ,i determined to possess4 ,and really1 ,i was charmed with the few words she addressed to me2 her ways are so sprightly and winning4 ,and ,i1 for my part1 am curious to know how you fell in with the granddaughter of ,hofer the ,patriot40 8,well1 ,i'll tell you all about it10 answered ,walburga1 as she went on finishing the golden hair of her picture4 8,you must know1 sir1 that ,ulrich and ,i were left orphans at an early age1 and immediately after the death of our parents the castle fell into the hands of the state2 for there were many taxes unpaid1 as well as heavy debts owing here and there4 ,so away went ,loewenstein4 ,but1 although quite penniless1 ,god sent us in our uttermost need a generous lady1 who had no children of her own1 and who adopted us and gave us a home in ,munich4 ,this lady had a small fortune1 enough to live comfortably on and to educate us4 ,ah6 what should we have done without her8 ,well1 'twas during this happy period that ,ulrich made ,moida's acquaintance4 ,she was then an orphan1 too1 and clad in the picturesque costume of ,tyrol2 a real mountain daisy she was1 and brother fell in love with her4 ,shortly thereafter our adopted mother died1 bequeathing to us her fortune1 and we little thought we should ever suffer want4 ,but1 alas6 the bank where our money was placed failed1 and all1 or nearly all1 was lost4 ,then poor ,ulrich1 who had already become engaged to ,moida1 feared that he could not be married--at least not so soon as he had hoped4 ',twas a bitter disappointment to them both4 ,but ,moida said3 #8,let us be patient and hope4 ,i will never give you up4' ,brother and ,i were now fortunately well advanced in our art studies--,ulrich1 moreover1 had passed through the university--and we resolved to try and earn our bread by painting4 8,but 'tis easier to paint a picture than to sell one0--here ,walburga's cheek reddened--8and so for ,ulrich and ,i 'twas ,lent all the year round2 and we grew very thin1 for we did not even eat fish4 ,until one day dear ,moida discovered our miserable plight3 we had done our best to conceal it4 ,then she insisted on doing her utmost to help us4 ,she made me share her lodging2 she even clothed me4 ,and this was most noble in her1 for ,moida knew that our high-born acquaintances had told ,ulrich he would be marrying infinitely beneath him if he married her4 ,yet not one of those proud families extended to us a helping hand4 ,about this time ,moida had set up a little store--the one she keeps to-day4 ,but she would not let me help her to dispose of anything2 she treated me as if she knew ,i was not born for such drudgery--sometimes archly saying ,i could not make a good bargain1 which perhaps was true4 8,but when the furniture of dear ,loewenstein was sold at auction1 and when ,moida bought it all1 oh6 from that day ,i have not set foot in her curiosity-shop2 for ,i know every clock and cup and pike and helmet1 and 'twould break my heart to see this man and that coming in and cheapening those precious heirlooms4 ,but ,moida is not displeased with me for holding aloof2 she respects my feelings1 although not at all a sentimental girl herself4 ,unhappily during the past year business has been very dull1 and she sells but few things1 while the rent of the store keeps high2 and only that my friend has great spirit she might almost fall into despair4 ,yet even now1 in what ,i may call her darkest hour1 she tells ,ulrich to be cheerful1 that their wedding-day will come sooner or later40 8,yes1 yes2 very soon10 murmured ,conrad1 who felt tempted to lay bare at once his whole heart to ,walburga4 ,but a moment's reflection deterred him3 it might appear too abrupt1 for the young lady had never seen or spoken to him before4 ,so1 while admiring her more and more1 he resolved to wait a little4 ,but ,walburga's voice sounded so sweetly to his ears that ,conrad urged her to go on and tell him something more about herself and ,moida4 ,whereupon ,walburga smiled and hesitated2 for although she had scarcely paused an instant with her brush1 yet his presence was felt to be a distraction4 ,if she interested him1 it was no less certain that he interested her4 ,she could not feel towards ,conrad as towards a stranger2 she knew that he had befriended ,ulrich2 that he was now the owner of the place where she was born2 and that the many precious things which debt and the auction-sale had scattered to the winds he was bent on recovering and taking back to ,loewenstein4 ,what wrought most potently upon ,walburga was the evident interest which he showed in herself4 ,instead of buying her picture and then retiring1 ,conrad had dallied half an hour by her side1 and prevailed on her to talk about her affairs with an openness at which she inwardly blushed4 ,nor was he at all like the other sight-seers who were wont to visit the gallery4 ,the two shy glances she had given him had convinced her that ,conrad was no ordinary man2 that whatever his origin--even if he did not know who his great-grandfather was1 as ,ulrich had written to ,moida--yet his was not a grovelling1 low-born soul4 ,accordingly1 after remaining silent well-nigh a minute1 ,walburga yielded to his request and proceeded to tell him more about herself4 8,moida and ,i and two others1 sir10 she resumed1 8have a home together--which makes four of us in one small lodging40 8,four60 repeated ,conrad1 just a little disturbed and wondering who the other two might be4 8,yes1 four4 ,there is myself1 ,moida1 ,caro1 and a nightingale40 8,oh6 indeed--,caro and a nightingale10 ejaculated her admirer1 with a sense of relief he was hardly able to conceal4 8,and never was a more peaceful home4 ,up under the roof it is2 but that gives us fresh air1 and into our dormer windows the sunshine comes sooner than into any other windows on the street40 8,and you have the sweetest of all birds to sing for you10 observed ,conrad4 8,yes1 indeed4 ,but ,i sometimes think of giving my pet his freedom4 ,moida laughs at me for it4 ,moida is----0 8,not in the least sentimental10 interrupted the other1 with a smile4 8,well1 true1 she is not4 ,but my bird is now a prisoner1 and ,i am sure he must feel lonesome where he is40 8,oh6 believe me1 he is far happier as your prisoner than if he were enjoying the freedom of all the woods in ,bavaria10 said ,conrad1 with a faint tremor in his voice4 8,indeed60 exclaimed ,walburga1 answering his emotion by a crimson spot on her cheek4 8,well1 you may be right10 he added presently4 8,your kind heart may tell you that your nightingale sighs for some other little bird to love40 ,at these words the sweet1 pink blush spread itself with the quickness of light over ,walburga's whole cheek1 and she answered3 8,i declare1 'tis just what ,i told ,moida40 8,and what did she say80 8,moida said--and no harm in repeating it--she said ,ulrich was her nightingale40 8,her nightingale6 ,well1 really1 your friend is sentimental2 and ,i envy your brother4 ,it must be the greatest of earthly joys to be happily wedded1 as they soon will be40 ,here ,walburga's countenance grew suddenly pensive1 and she murmured to herself3 8,ay1 the greatest of earthly joys40 ,conrad noticed the change in her expression and wondered at it4 ,then he thought to himself3 8',tis time for me to withdraw2 ,i may be wearying her40 ,but ere he retired he said3 8,may ,i come again1 gracious lady1 tomorrow or the day after8 ,i sometimes have melancholy moods1 but these lovely pictures bring the sunshine back to my heart2 and the loveliest picture of all is in this part of the gallery40 8,you may1 sir1 if it pleases you10 was the answer he received4 ,then1 making an obeisance1 ,conrad went away1 leaving ,walburga hardly in a fit state to continue her work2 and she inwardly repeated the words which he had uttered about her nightingale3 8,far happier as your prisoner than enjoying the freedom of all the woods in ,bavaria40 8,what did he mean80 she asked herself4 8,what did he mean80 ,a few minutes later the girl rose and went away too1 still murmuring the question3 8,what did he mean80 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,footnote #dc3 ,the narrowest street in ,munich2 hence the name4 ,footnote #dd3 ,the name of the park in ,munich4 ,footnote #de3 ,valley of the ,inn4 ,footnote #df3 ,these are made afresh every year on the feast of the ,epiphany4 ,footnote #dg3 ,an instrument not unlike a guitar4 ,,rosary ,,stanzas4 ,,sorrowful ,,mysteries4 ,i4 ,luke xxii4 #dd4 ,no impious hand1 no torture-instrument ,the ,son of ,mary yet has touched4 ,alone ,his prostrate form upon the ground is rent ,with cruel agony of blood to atone ,for thy too easy life4 ,a heart of stone ,could but dissolve before the piteous sight4 ,all through the ,holy ,hour he made his moan1 ,beneath the olives1 on the sacred height2 ,wrongs of the ages saw in vision that dread night6 ,,ii4 ,,john xix4 #a4 ,an act1 a little word1 of ,god made man ,bears in itself his own immensity2 ,to him the universe is but a span1 ,a world's full ransom his one tear might be4 ,not as we reckon outlay reckons he1 ,until his boundless love has lavished all4 ,the knotted scourge precedes the fatal tree4 ,couldst thou return him less1 if he should call8 ,or would the martyr's palm thy coward soul appall8 ,,iii4 ,,john xix4 #e4 ,a crown of thorns for him1 a crown of bays ,for such as ,i6 ,a fool might surely deem ,the servant greater than his ,master4 ,praise ,might to the sinner merest irony seem1 ,the while the ,sinless ,one is made a theme ,of ribaldry4 ,before his crown of thorn ,honor and earthly glory are a dream1 ,a phantom flimsier than of vapor born3 ,by that pierced brow the crown of all the worlds is worn4 ,,iv4 ,,matt4 xi4 #cj4 ,simon to bear thy cross they would compel2 ,yet for the deed1 though done against his will1 ,on him and on his sons rich blessing fell1 ,as old traditions say4 ,how richer still ,the graces that the heart's long thirst will fill ,for him who runs that sacred load to meet1 ,and bear it upward to the holy hill6 ,to share ,his burden be my footstep fleet3 ,true love will make his yoke unfelt1 his burden sweet4 ,v4 ,,john i4 #bi4 ,behold1 the ,lamb of ,god is crucified6 ,his head is bowed1 to impart the kiss of peace2 ,stretched are his arms1 to draw thee to his side2 ,opened his heart1 thy heart's love to increase4 ,his all is spent to purchase thy release4 ,canst thou1 my soul1 love great as this refuse8 ,henceforth in thee let sin's dominion cease1 ,and with the ,mother of the martyrs choose1 ,rather than him in death1 a whole world's wealth to lose4 ,,prohibitory ,,legislation3 ,,its ,,cause ,,and ,,effects4 ,it has been well said that 8the best government is that which governs least02 and it might with infinite propriety be added that the legislative body stultifies itself when it passes laws that cannot possibly be carried into effect4 ,one such law on our statute-books1 yet constantly and notoriously violated1 does more to destroy that political morality with which our people are1 to say the least1 not overburdened--of which certainly there is no surplus--than would ten wrong practices against which no law exists4 ,we learned1 during the late war1 of how little avail legislation is when it undertakes to regulate and declare the value of gold2 and it is designed briefly to set forth in this article that the proposed much-vaunted prohibitory legislation touching alcoholic liquors is false in theory1 must be unsuccessful in practice2 that remedial 7not repressive7 measures are what is required2 and to suggest means by which the end aimed at by such enactments can be attained without invading the domain of the church1 the free-will of humanity1 or placing the state in the odious light of executor of a grinding tyranny exercised by a temporary majority over a recalcitrant minority4 ,and here1 in the outset1 let it be understood that there is no difference between ourselves and the most ardent favorers of the ,maine ,law1 or any similar enactment on this matter1 concerning the detestable nature of drunkenness1 which we both admit to be a damning sin in the sight of ,god and a crying scandal before man4 ,that it is a loathsome vice is a proposition requiring only to be stated1 not argued4 ,even the wretched being who is enthralled by it will admit this and lament his deplorable condition4 ,the days are past when ,fox1 ,pitt1 and ,sheridan went openly drunk to the ,house of ,commons2 when the usages of the highest society were such that we still retain therefrom the saying1 8,drunk as a lord02 when the literature of the age informs us everywhere that gentlemen were not expected to be sober after dinner2 when ,burns could write in ,presbyterian ,scotland1 8,i hae been fou wi' godly priests02 and when1 in our own country1 the first thing on entering and the last on leaving a house was a visit to the sideboard4 ,drunkenness is now deservedly considered by the entire community not only a vice but an inherently vulgar one4 ,fashionable society will not tolerate it1 and there is no pretence of usage any longer set up that will even partially condone it4 ,in short1 it is the one unpardonable sin against modern society1 and we are well pleased to see it ranked in this category4 ,but while detesting drunkenness1 and deprecating1 in the strongest manner1 the habitual use of intoxicating liquors1 we dislike very much to perceive a tendency on the part of the public to ignore the fact that there are other sins besides the abuse of liquor1 and that it is not by legal provision that people are to be kept sober4 ,as ,almighty ,god has been pleased to leave us our free-will1 the reason is not evident why frail man should seek to take it away2 and we object utterly to that queer manipulation by which the word 8temperance0 itself1 the proper meaning of which is 8moderation in any use or practice10 should be restricted to the moderate use of alcoholic drinks1 much more that it should falsely be twisted and perverted into implying a total abstinence from them4 ,why should we be wise above what is written8 ,has ,almighty ,god failed his church8 ,are we prepared to admit that ,christianity is a miscarriage8 ,this we tacitly do when we invoke to her aid the arm of the civil law4 ,it is not to be doubted but there are persons so unfortunately constituted that they cannot use stimulants of any kind without abusing them4 8,madam10 said ,dr4 ,johnson to a lady who asked him to take a little wine--8madam1 ,i cannot take a little1 and therefore ,i take none at all60 ,such persons must plainly abstain entirely2 whether they shall do so of their own accord1 by taking a simple pledge or by joining a 8temperance society10 is for themselves to answer4 ,in any case there is no safety for them save in total abstinence2 but said abstinence1 to have any merit whatever1 must be voluntary1 not one of legal enforcement4 ,while attention had1 from time to time within the last century1 been called to the intemperate use of alcoholic liquors1 it is only within comparatively recent times that any organized efforts have been made to grapple with this monstrous evil4 ,the first association for the purpose was made in ,massachusetts in #ahac4 ,by its means facts and statistics were gathered and published for the purpose of calling the attention of the public to the magnitude of the evil1 and suggestions made for its abatement or suppression4 ,similar associations were soon formed in adjoining ,states1 and these again organized branches1 until associations of the kind existed in nearly all the ,eastern and ,middle ,states4 ,about #ahbj there was formed in ,boston 8,the ,american ,society for the ,promotion of ,temperance10 which in #ahbi had over one thousand auxiliary societies1 no ,state in the ,union being without one or more4 ,the influences relied upon by this institution were the dissemination of tracts in which were portrayed the evil effects of the use of alcohol1 and the employment of travelling lecturers to deliver addresses in favor of temperance4 ,the first society professing the principle of total abstinence from intoxicating liquors was formed at ,andover in #ahbf4 ,these several societies1 under one form or other1 soon spread largely not only in our own country but in ,canada1 ,england1 and ,scotland1 until they existed by hundreds in each2 and about this time the word temperance began to lose its normal signification1 and to be used as a synonym for total abstinence from the use of liquors4 ,teetotalism became the popular cry4 ,the country was taken by storm2 lecturers loomed up all over the ,states1 administered the 8pledge0 publicly to hundreds of thousands2 various minor denominations refitted their terms of communion in accordance with the new war-cry4 ,in ,ireland the cause of total abstinence was so successfully advocated by ,very ,rev4 ,father ,mathew that he is stated to have administered the pledge to more than a million persons within three years from #ahch2 and since that time there has been1 in the popular mind1 no such thing as temperance1 except in the sense of total abstinence from all that can intoxicate4 ,all the former associations which proposed to themselves any such secondary and inefficient object as moderation in the use of liquors1 or which administered either a partial pledge or one merely for a specified time1 were disbanded or fell out of sight4 ,societies of ,washingtonians1 ,sons of ,temperance1 ,good ,templars1 and ,rechabites sprang up1 most of them secret and with signs1 passwords1 grips1 tokens1 etc41 the members of which were pledged neither to touch1 taste1 handle1 buy1 sell1 manufacture1 nor use as a beverage the accursed thing4 ,in #ahea the ,legislature of ,maine passed the well-known 8,maine ,law10 by which it was made penal to manufacture1 have in possession1 or sell intoxicating drinks4 ,the law was repealed in #ahef1 and it has since been lawful to distil1 keep1 or sell spirits under certain restrictions1 but drinking-houses are prohibited4 ,a similar law was enacted in ,massachusetts in #ahfg4 ,in many of the ,states there is a law prohibiting the sale of liquors on ,sunday1 and in a majority the local-option law 7which leaves the question whether license to sell spirits shall be granted or not to the decision1 at the polls1 of the people of each city1 town1 township1 or county7 is now in full blast1 with results that we shall glance at hereafter4 ,a political party has been formed in many ,states1 under the name of 8prohibitionists10 which1 though as yet but rarely sufficiently numerous or powerful to elect a governor on that single issue1 yet numbers adherents enough frequently to hold the balance of power between the two prominent parties1 and thus extort from candidates very important concessions in their own interests4 ,they are active1 energetic1 conscientious in the main1 and they besiege the various legislatures with petition upon petition against the liquor-traffic1 which1 to their minds1 is the sum of all iniquities4 ,the various religious sects come to their aid1 loudly decrying all traffic in1 and use of1 spirituous drink4 ,matters have been brought to such a pass that a man's reputation is imperilled by taking a glass of liquor2 and there is yet wanting but the one further step of making its use illegal and its procurement impossible--a course strongly and unhesitatingly urged by almost all the various supporters of what is nowadays called temperance1 and which seems quite likely to succeed1 should the upholders of these views increase in numbers for a few more years as they have done within the last two decades4 ,it is a law of all fanatical movements1 and one of their most peculiarly dangerous features1 that they readily enmesh large numbers of people1 and that their workings1 tendencies1 and developments fall of necessity1 in the long run1 into the hands of the extremists1 the intransigentes1 among themselves4 ,nor has this movement proved an exception1 as is seen in the attempt made by legal enactment to coerce people into the practice of an enforced abstinence from stimulants--an abstinence not shown to be physiologically desirable1 not commanded by the church1 and most assuredly not inculcated in ,scripture4 ,but in secret societies always1 in sectarian combinations generally1 and oftentimes in political parties1 the experience of all ages shows that people first set up for themselves a master1 and then obey him like so many slaves4 ,they do this1 too1 under the delusion1 for the most part1 that they are carrying out their own convictions of right4 ,it is much easier to join one of these secret organizations in a flush of curiosity1 enthusiasm1 or other temporary excitement than it afterwards proves to leave them in calm blood4 ,ties of acquaintance and quasi friendship have been formed which most men strongly dislike to break4 ,good care is usually exercised that 8the rhetorician1 from whom10 as ,aristotle says1 8it is an error to expect demonstration10 shall be on hand to stimulate1 exhort1 inspirit1 and incite to still further and more vigorous exertion2 the boundaries between right and wrong fade away from the mental view2 and few start in on this false track who fail to accompany their misled companions as far as the archbigot or archfanatic may choose to take them4 ,within the ,catholic ,church a large number of total-abstinence societies have been formed1 of course with her sanction4 ,most of these are at the same time beneficial institutions1 which in case of sickness give the member1 and in case of death to his nearest kin1 a certain allotted sum4 ,but probably most priests on the mission will say that the great mass of ,catholics who feel the necessity for them of such abstinence take the pledge as individuals at the hands of the priest1 either for a certain term or for life1 without joining any special society4 ,an immense amount of good has thus been accomplished1 particularly among the poorer and laboring population1 a very large proportion of whom are ,catholics1 and1 from their circumstances and inevitable surroundings1 most in danger of falling into temptation in the matter of drink1 as well as most certain to suffer very severely from its effects4 ,but it has at no time been1 nor is it now1 any part of the teaching of the church that her children shall not manufacture1 buy1 sell1 and use 7should they be so disposed7 vinous1 malt1 or spirituous drink4 ,condemning the abuse of them1 and reprobating drunkenness as a mortal sin1 she yet allows to her children the moderate use and enjoyment of that wine which our ,blessed ,lord himself made for the use of the guests at the wedding at ,cana1 as well as of the other forms of it1 which no physician or chemist ever found to be injurious per se until it chimed in with a cry emanating from a large1 an influential1 possibly a well-meaning1 but in our view certainly1 if so1 a false-thinking1 or it may be a deceived1 portion of the community4 ,and here it may be well to note the unpardonable arrogance of assumption with which the intemperately temperate of all sorts take it for granted that all intelligence and morality belong peculiarly to those who inculcate or practise this one principle of abstinence from liquors4 ,we see it displayed most offensively1 indeed1 among the variously bedizened and becollared gentry of the divers oath-bound secret societies1 and among such sectaries as practically make total abstinence a term of communion2 but truth compels us to go further1 and to admit the tendency1 even among ,catholics1 on the part of those who have ardently attached themselves to the societies got up with this view1 to treat all outsiders as though living on a lower plane of piety and morality than themselves4 8,stand thou off1 for ,i am holier than thou0 is too frequently their language in effect1 if not in words2 and1 indeed1 that is an almost inevitable effect of what the ,scotch call 8unco guidness40 ,however1 the teaching and tenets of the church remain what they have always been1 and the ,catholic manufacturer or vender of wines and spirits1 the total abstainer and the moderate drinker1 go to confession1 receive absolution and holy communion1 together2 nor do intelligent or well-instructed ,catholics imagine for a moment that the formal pledge of abstinence from intoxicants1 or membership in a total-abstinence society1 are anything more than adminicula to the individual whom his own weakness1 the circumstances under which he earns a livelihood1 or other reasons place in peculiar danger with reference to this vice4 ,but there must be some strong reason why an all-pervading necessity has been felt1 in this century1 for doing something in regard to drunkenness1 the need of which 7if ever previously perceived7 has certainly never been acted upon by the most enlightened nations1 whether of antiquity or of modern times4 ,lot was made drunk2 ,noe was drunk2 ,nabal and the ,ephraimites were 8drunken withal02 and all the evils and phenomena of intoxication are fully described in various passages of the ,old ,testament1 always with reprobation1 but there is not to be found in the entire book the slightest disapproval of the use of the fruit of the vine4 ,on the contrary1 oblations of wine to the ,deity are enjoined upon the children of ,israel2 and the most horrible judgments denounced by the prophets of ,god upon the ,jews consist in their being deprived of wine4 ,in ,new ,testament times our ,saviour was called by the ,pharisees 7the prototypes of our ultra-abstainers7 a wine-bibber2 yet the same ,jesus does not deem it at all necessary to proclaim himself on the teetotal side1 or to leave us any precept against the use of wine4 ,on the contrary1 he institutes in wine the sacrament of his love1 thus rendering the manufacture of wine necessary till the end of time4 ,he himself changes water into wine4 ,his apostles nowhere discourage its use1 while they frequently speak of and upbraid professing ,christians with its abuse1 and one of them actually advises another to drop water and use a little wine for sanitary reasons4 ,it would be sheer waste of time to undertake to refute those very ignorant or very dishonest persons who try to make it appear that wine1 when mentioned in ,scripture with commendation1 is merely the unfermented juice of the grape1 and that the shechar1 tirosh1 and yayin were only intoxicating when excess in their use was reprobated4 ,either these people know better1 and are wittingly making use of a dishonest argument1 or their ignorance is too dense to be penetrated by any proof1 however cogent4 ,the reader who may wish to see this branch of the subject succinctly yet exhaustively treated should refer to an article in the ,westminster ,review for ,january1 #ahge1 entitled 8,the ,bible and ,strong ,drink40 ,the ,greeks and ,romans cultivated the vine very largely1 made and used wine habitually2 but their whole literature1 while teeming with reference to the use1 in no single instance commends the abuse1 of wine4 ,that the ,spartans were accustomed to make their slaves intoxicated1 in order by their example to deter young men from becoming addicted to the vice1 is as well attested as any fact in history2 while even in the worst periods of ,roman story drunkenness is invariably referred to as disgraceful in itself1 never to be predicated of people entitled to respect1 and relegated1 even at the ,saturnalia1 to the rabble and to slaves4 ,in the ,stromata of ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 who lived in the latter part of the second century1 we find allusion made to a few who at that day attempted to disturb the harmony of the church by imitating the example which they professed to consider set them in the narration by the ,prophet ,jeremias of the story of the sons of ,jonadab-ben-,rechab1 and we find those persons classed by him with those of whom the apostle speaks1 as 8commanding to abstain from that which ,god hath ordained to be received with thanksgiving40 ,two centuries later ,st4 ,chrysostom and ,st4 ,augustine both pointedly condemn1 as acting 8plainly and palpably contrary to ,scripture and to the doctrine of the ,church10 some who1 fancying they had attained spiritual information not generally accessible1 tried to introduce among ,christians the vow of the ,nazarites4 ,from that time till the former half of the present century we read1 indeed1 of drunkenness as existing2 for that matter1 we know of its existence in the earliest ages1 and in all times and countries since1 just as we do of incontinence1 of theft1 and of suicide by poison4 ,it was reserved for the nineteenth century to attempt to do away with the possibility of the vice of drunkenness by rendering penal the production of the means2 which is as though the law should step in to render men chaste by emasculation1 theft impracticable by the abolition of property2 and not in the least more feasible than would be the carrying out of an edict against the production of animal1 mineral1 or vegetable poisons4 ,now1 we should not in the least object to any well-devised and practical legislation that would do away with drunkenness entirely1 if that were possible1 which it unfortunately is not2 nor will it ever be the case so long as the human race exists upon earth4 ,the question1 then1 arises1 ,what would be practical legislation in the matter8 ,this1 in turn1 involves an inquiry into the latent causes of the great commotion raised within this generation on the subject4 ,it will be fresh in the memory of reading people in the ,united ,states that some two years ago one of our ablest metropolitan journals employed an agent to purchase samples of every possibly adulterable commodity from the most reputable venders in that city1 drugs of the same description from the most respectable apothecaries--in short1 specimens of everything on sale that was capable of deterioration by admixture of foreign substances2 and that1 on handing them over to a competent chemist for analysis1 there was not a single instance of an article so purchased and tested that was not found adulterated to the last extent4 ,all1 without exception1 whether articles of food1 drink1 medicine1 or products of the arts and manufactures1 were debased and corrupted--always1 of course1 with an inferior and cheaper1 frequently with an absolutely injurious1 and in some instances with a poisonous1 admixture4 ,the exposure occupied the columns of the paper referred to for some two weeks1 and was then discontinued2 not1 however1 without leaving food for reflection in the minds of the thoughtful4 ,now1 when we consider the still greater temptation1 the patent feasibility1 and the larger gains resulting from adulteration of the various liquors1 owing to the many hands through which they must and do pass before reaching their consumers1 and the almost total impossibility1 as things are1 of detection1 we shall have strong reason priori to believe that such adulteration takes place4 ,but we have before us at this moment a book of some two hundred pages1 entitled the ,bar-keeper's ,manual1 in which the facts are laid down1 the method explained1 the ingredients unblushingly named1 the manipulations described1 and a clear reason thus afforded why the use of liquors nowadays is so ruinous to health1 so productive of hitherto comparatively unknown forms of disease1 and has become in this century especially such a crying abomination4 ,in this book 7which forcibly recalls to our mind an advertisement for 8a man in a liquor store0 that we once saw1 and which wound up by stating that no one need apply who did not understand 8doctoring0 liquors7 recipes are given for making from common whiskey any kind of gin1 brandy1 rum1 arrack1 kirschwasser1 absinthe1 etc41 as well as any other desired brand of whiskey2 together with full directions for mixing1 diluting1 coloring1 adding strength1 bead1 and fruitiness1 as well as for flavoring them each up to the required mark4 ,when we find among the ingredients recommended 7and evidently used1 as the result of experience in this diabolical laboratory7 nux vomica1 cocculus indicus1 strychnia1 henbane1 poppy-seed1 creosote1 and logwood1 to impart strength to the false liquor1 we need not inquire after the thousand other less pernicious articles used to supply color1 odor1 or bead to the noxious compounds4 ,now1 from conversations held with persons who have been engaged in the liquor business in its various forms1 as well as from reliable information long since spread before the public1 but to quote which in extenso would occupy too much space1 we may generalize these facts1 which we take to be not only undisputed but indisputable2 viz41 that wines never1 and brandies1 gins1 etc41 rarely1 reach our shores in their pure state2 that the same assertion is true of every imported liquor2 that the subsequent adulteration is something fearful to contemplate2 and that the advocates of prohibitory laws are talking within bounds when they call such preparations poisons4 ,we may further learn that rarely indeed do our home-manufactured liquors pass in a pure state into the hands of the first purchaser2 and that1 after they have passed through two or three subsequent hands1 whatever they may have become1 they are anything in the world but pure liquors4 ,by the time1 then1 that they reach the small groceries1 drinking-shops1 doggeries1 and the lowest classes of saloons1 all liquors will1 on an average1 have passed through at least seven or eight hands1 each man quite as eager as the last to make all the gain he possibly can upon the article2 and adulteration 7he has the ,manual before him7 presenting the safest and easiest plan1 it follows that the laborer or artisan1 those whose poverty forces them to frequent the lowest and meanest places1 will be supplied with the most villanous article possible to be conceived under the name of liquor4 ,mr4 ,greenwood1 in his work1 ,the ,seven ,plagues of ,london1 says3 8,where there is no pure liquor--and there is little such in ,london1 even for the wealthy--perhaps nothing used by man as a stimulant is liable to greater and more injurious adulterations than gin2 and ,i assert that it is not to-day to be procured pure 7,i speak not of merely injurious but7 of absolutely poisonous drugs at a single shop in ,london to which a poor man would go or where he would be served40 ,mr4 ,nathaniel ,curtis1 the founder and first ,worthy ,chief of the ,order of ,good ,templars1 has 7though his deductions from the facts are entirely different from ours7 made it abundantly evident that the adulteration of all liquors1 fermented1 vinous1 and ardent1 is carried on in a most reckless manner and without regard to consequences in our own country4 ,his words are3 8,from the tramp's glass of beer1 through the sot's glass of rum1 jorum of whiskey1 or pull of gin1 up to the merchant's madeira or sherry and the millionaire's goblet of champagne1 we have shown them all to be1 not what the drinker supposes--and that were bad enough in all conscience--but universally drugged1 most frequently poisoned1 and not in one case of ten thousand containing more than a small percentage of the article the purchaser paid for40 ,we might multiply authorities1 chemical1 medical1 and purely statistic1 on this subject to an indefinite extent1 but it would occupy too much space2 besides which1 reading men are already sufficiently convinced of the facts4 ,within the last few years such a mass of damning evidence has been put before the public on this subject that the man must be wilfully blind who does not admit adulteration of the most injurious sort to be the rule in all the various branches and phases of the liquor-traffic4 ,one quotation1 however1 we must make from the pages of the ,dublin ,review1 ,july1 #ahgj1 article 8,protestant ,london10 in which the writer suggests something very like our own view1 though he seems to have an idea that the wholesale adulteration was1 in ,england1 confined to fermented liquors1 which is indeed a grave mistake1 whether as regards ,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,denmark1 or in fact any of the countries peculiarly afflicted by this demon of drink4 ,the writer says3 8,yet the effects of beer in ,england are confessedly far worse than those of wine in ,france4 ,we believe the real explanation of this to be its adulteration4 ,it is by drinking1 at first in moderation1 adulterated beer that the habit of intoxication becomes a slavery1 by which men are afterwards led on to the abuse of gin4 ,there are at this moment thousands of habitual drunkards among us who would never have been drunkards at all1 had they not been betrayed into the snare by drinking in moderation adulterated beer--that is1 if the beer sold in public-houses were not universally adulterated4 ,this evil1 at least1 law well administered might meet and uproot4 ,government should not allow men both to cheat and poison their neighbors with impunity40 ,it is1 then1 not at all surprising that mania a potu1 delirium tremens1 and other disorders arising from the abuse of good or the use of drugged liquor should have become so common in this country as to furnish a good or1 at any rate1 a plausible reason why many conscientious persons have attributed to the use of liquor effects due1 either solely or in great measure1 to the stupefying and poisonous decoctions vended under that name4 ,but while this would have been1 at all times as it is now1 an excellent and an all-sufficient reason for trying to induce people to refrain1 whether by pledge or otherwise1 from such infernal compounds1 and for having analysts appointed by law to examine and test the liquors sold in every tavern1 we insist that it is no argument at all for doing away by law with the use of liquor in toto4 ,we believe sincerely that no single measure 7that can be carried out7 would do more to lessen the national curse of drunkenness than the appointment of competent chemists to see to the purity of the liquors vended4 ,and1 considering the advanced state of chemical science among us1 is it absurd to suppose1 that if the government were determined that so it should be1 the selling of adulterated liquor might not easily be made so dangerous a trade as to be very soon given over8 ,it is lamentable that people are so eager for gain that they will and do adulterate everything capable of the process4 ,physicians tell us that it is nearly impossible to get at the ordinary drug-stores any of the higher-priced medicines in their pure state2 that opium1 quinine1 etc41 are nearly always impure1 mixed with foreign ingredients2 and that1 for this reason1 their prescriptions often fail of the intended effect4 ,this1 certainly1 is no good reason for enacting a law to abolish entirely the use of adulterable drugs2 nor because tea1 coffee1 sugar1 tobacco1 mace1 mustard1 and pepper are rarely found pure should we therefore abandon their use altogether4 ,here1 of course1 it will be contended that the cases are not parallel2 that whereas the abuse of liquor1 or the use of the drugged article going by that name1 renders man like the brute1 degrades and obliterates the image of ,god in us1 yet such is not the case with the adulterated commodities of food or with the drugs referred to4 ,true1 the analogy does not hold equally good throughout in each case1 but the principle is exactly the same in all4 ,we will go further1 admitting that liquor is in very few cases an absolute necessity2 but what a large number of mankind regard it as of prime importance to their well-being1 to their comfort1 or1 finally1 to their enjoyment6 ,how few of the great mass of humanity1 on the other hand1 are of that unfortunate constitution of mind1 of body1 or of both that they cannot restrain themselves within the bounds of moderation in the use of liquor vinous or fermented6 ,suppose even that the passage of a prohibitory law by the majority were consonant with church and ,scriptural teachings1 would it be fair or reasonable that for the lamentable weakness of the very few the comfort and enjoyment of the vast mass of humanity should be lightly set aside as an unconsidered trifle8 ,that ,anglican bishop who said he 8would rather see ,england free than ,england sober0 expressed a noble sentiment1 and we think1 with him1 that enforced sobriety 7as would be that produced by such a law7 would be dearly purchased at the expense of virtual slavery4 ,some one pithily condemns that false system of morality that begins by pledges of total abstinence1 but the falsity of such a scheme is trifling compared with that which would invite us to come and admire a nation sober1 enforcedly sober1 de par la loi6 ,as well ask us to applaud the sobriety of the convicts in the penitentiary4 ,we are not placed in the world to be free from temptation1 but to resist it4 ,all theologians assure us that this is a state of probation1 nor is it the business of the civil code either to abolish property lest many may steal1 or to suppress the manufacture of liquor lest some shame themselves and sin against ,god by getting drunk4 ,again1 if you begin this business1 where is it to end8 ,human beings are very full of kinks and crotchets4 ,each half-century is sure to have its peculiar vagary4 ,what may not be that of the next one8 ,king ,james considered tobacco as a direct emanation from the devil2 and ,john ,wesley was no whit behind him either in the belief or its expression4 ,it is certainly quite as unnecessary1 quite as much an article de pur luxe1 as beer1 wine1 or spirits4 ,who is bail to me that1 the principle once established of suppressing human nature by act of ,congress1 future ,good ,templars1 prospective ,rechabites1 ,sons of ,temperance yet to come1 nay1 the whole ,methodistic fraternity1 may not revivify the views of ,wesley and thunder anathemas against ,yaras1 ,fine-cut1 and ,cavendish8 ,or there may arise an expounder of ,scripture who shall deduce thence a system of vegetarianism 7quite as unlikely doctrines and practices have been deduced from ,holy ,writ7 to his own satisfaction and that of crowds greater than wait on the ministrations of our latest evangelists4 ,of course then1 marshalled to victory by the 8,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals10 they will soon have a law enacted forbidding to us all beefsteak or mutton-chop6 ,there is1 in short1 no end to the antics and absurdities that may1 nay1 that must1 arise under the gis of such a precedent as this law would furnish4 ,we1 for our part1 fully believe in rendering to ,csar what belongs to him2 but it is the province of the church1 representing ,god upon earth--of religion1 in other words--so to dispose man as to enable him to withstand temptation to sin and crime2 and the business of the civil power to punish him for offences committed1 not to remove all temptation to wrongdoing4 ,in short1 the law is not held to an impossibility1 which this would plainly be1 unless the world were made a tabula rasa4 ,the assumption1 therefore1 by the civil law1 of the divinely-conferred duty and prerogative of the church would1 in any case1 be a usurpation1 were it even practicable4 ,we shall see that in the case before us1 at least1 it would be purely impossible to carry out the legal mandate by all the power of the government1 were it multiplied a hundred-fold4 ,the heavy tariff on foreign1 and the large internal revenue tax on domestic1 liquors1 necessitated by our civil war1 have also been a great inducement to the adulteration of spirits1 as well as to the advance of that already too wide-spread practice of cheating the government in matter of revenue1 now so common as hardly to be regarded in the light of a moral wrong4 ,howsoever it may have come about1 the fact is that the tone of political morality with us is about as low as it has ever been in any country that the sun shines on4 ,from the ,stocking ,leet trial1 through the troubles of ,tammany's magnates and the charges of complicity with smugglers pending against some of our most prominent mercantile firms1 down to the 8crooked whiskey0 cases of to-day1 as well as the constantly-bandied and the sometimes thoroughly proven charges of bribery against our most highly-placed public men1 we see everywhere either a desperate resolution to evade all law1 or a serene belief that deception and the withholding of tax and tariff legally due cease to be cheating and swindling when the government is the party of the second part4 ,it is now clearly made out that1 since the laying on of high duties and revenue tax1 it has cost our government an average of three dollars to collect every two dollars received from that source in the public treasury2 while as to the amount of which the government is annually defrauded1 no calculation other than an approximate one can1 of course1 be made1 but those whose position gives them the best chance to form an accurate judgment place the yearly sum at the minimum of #hj1jjj1jjj4 ,before our late war we had a federal treasury ever full4 ,indeed1 but a very short time before that dismal experience the general government distributed a large surplus among the ,states2 our treasury notes were always above par1 and our simple government bonds at high premium4 ,with the advent of war came the necessity for raising a large and an immediate revenue4 ,taxation1 direct and indirect1 was resorted to1 the like of which has rarely 7if ever7 been known in civilized countries4 ,paper money1 redeemable at the pleasure of the government1 was issued4 ,gold and silver entirely disappeared4 ,an army of internal revenue officers had to be created1 and a supplementary host of detectives to ferret out infractions of the new-made laws4 ,the tax on common whiskey was placed at two dollars and fifty cents per gallon1 and corresponding sums on foreign liquors2 ,cognac1 for example1 being rated at seven dollars per gallon4 ,our people were not accustomed to1 and did not like1 taxation2 and the government neither knew how to suggest1 nor its officials how to carry out honestly and skilfully1 any well-devised plans for the collection of revenue on such a gigantic scale4 ,here there was a strong inducement at once both to the illicit manufacture and to the increased adulteration of liquors1 the latter of which 7though existing too largely before7 took1 from that time1 large strides in advance1 and both have uninterruptedly continued their progress till the present day1 threatening 7unless most stringent measures be taken for their repression7 to ruin our country1 morally1 and a large number of her citizens temporally and eternally4 ,it is true that the tax on home-manufactured spirits was largely cut down in #ahgj1 and that on foreign wines and liquors heavily curtailed2 but those at all acquainted with the subject know how little this step1 taken after eight years of the reverse practice1 was likely to interfere with clandestine manufacture1 and how immensely it tended to give a superadded impetus to the practice of adulteration4 ,our internal revenue officers are now legion1 yet they do not collect one-half of the revenue that should be collected2 and of that one-half not more than two-fifths inures to the benefit of the treasury4 ,our detectives swarm everywhere1 yet illicit distillation and poisonous adulteration of liquors are on a very rapid increase4 ,now1 a very large number of people1 learned and lay1 rich and poor1 of practical experience in the use of liquor1 and deriving their information from the experience of others1 or from reading1 are strongly of the opinion that the best and most practicable mode of decreasing actual drunkenness1 and of mitigating or diminishing the acknowledged evils of drink1 would be the furnishing of pure liquors instead of the noxious compounds now on sale4 ,certainly1 to put the matter in the mildest terms1 there prevails a very extensive belief1 founded1 we think1 upon good reason1 that if pure liquors alone were sold drunkenness would not prevail as it now does4 ,it is not contended that intoxication would thereby be done away with1 any more than that the most skilful devices can ever entirely prevent theft1 forgery1 murder1 or other crime2 but we insist that the tendency to drunkenness1 now so inseparable 7as experience shows7 from the use of the drugged article1 would not exist in a tithe of the instances nor to a hundredth part of the extent that we daily see4 ,certain it is that in the last century1 and until adulteration began to prevail extensively in the present1 the terrific effects of liquor-drinking now known to us1 under so many different names and forms of disease1 did not present themselves with any frequency2 and it is equally certain that just in proportion to the universality of adulteration has been the commonness and virulence of mania and delirium resulting from drink4 ,we have said that stringent measures should be taken to guard the interests of the comparatively helpless consumers1 so that they may have some reasonable ground for believing that in taking a glass of ale or beer they have not imbibed a dose of cocculus indicus1 that a drink of whiskey does not of necessity imply an undefined amount of nux vomica1 or that the symptoms resultant from a mixture of brandy and water at dinner are not due to strychnia or creosote4 ,we found it much easier during the war to raise prices on account of the enhanced value of gold than it has since proved to diminish them in accordance with the approximation of greenbacks to coin4 ,so1 too1 in this matter of suppressing adulteration of drink 7which is the remedy we propose1 and which will be just so far valuable as it is thorough and uncompromising1 while comparatively useless unless rigidly and strenuously carried out71 we have called into play a practice1 we have evoked a demon1 which is not to be abolished or banished by feeble instrumentality4 ,we shall illustrate what may be done here in our own country by what has been successfully accomplished in ,sweden 7a country in which drunkenness and its attendant evils had attained a magnitude beyond1 perhaps1 any other of ,europe72 nor can we do it better than by the following account taken from ,dr4 ,carnegie's late book1 entitled ,the ,license ,laws of ,sweden3 8,in the town of ,gothenburg1 however1 these measures 7prohibitory laws71 partly from local reasons1 were not found sufficiently restrictive2 and a committee1 appointed in #ahfe1 readily traced a concurrent progress between the increasing pauperism and the increasing drink4 ,the laws were evaded1 the police set at naught1 and nothing remained but to inaugurate a radically new system4 ,this consisted of various measures1 all subordinate to one great principle--viz41 that no individual1 either as proprietor or manager1 under a public-house license1 should derive any gain from the sale of liquor4 ,to carry out this principle in its integrity the whole liquor-traffic of the town was gradually transferred to a company1 limited1 consisting of the most highly respected gentlemen of the town1 who undertook1 by their charter1 to carry on the business in the interests of temperance and morality1 and neither to derive any profit from it themselves nor to allow any person acting under them to do so4 ,the company now rent all the houses and licenses from the town1 paying a moderate interest on the capital invested1 and making over the entire profits of the trade to the town treasury4 ,the places for drink--the number of which was immediately curtailed--are of two classes1 public-houses and retail shops1 both bound to purchase their wine and spirits 7analyzed and authoritatively pronounced pure7 from the company1 to sell them without any profit1 to supply good food and hot meals on the premises1 and not to sell ,swedish brandy except at meals4 ,the public-houses are managed by carefully-chosen men1 who derive their profits from the sale of malt liquors 7also analyzed before being put on sale71 coffee1 tea1 soda and seltzer water1 cigars1 etc41 and from the food and lodgings4 ,the retail shops are managed entirely by women1 who have a fixed salary but no share in the profits4 ,this system began to work in ,october1 #ahfe4 ,its effects have been at once perceptible4 ,in #ahfd the number of fines paid in ,gothenburg for drunkenness was #b1afd2 in #ahgj1 with a largely increased population1 #a1daf4 ,cases of delirium tremens in #ahfd were #aah2 in #ahfh but #ed4 ,nor are the financial effects less encouraging4 ,in #ahgb the company realized in net profits no less than #ae1hdf1 which1 being paid over to the town1 far more than covers the entire poor-rate4 ,another pleasant fact is that this large amount of trade is virtually carried on without any paid-up capital1 the whole outlay of the company having only amounted to #ded40 ,it is interesting to learn from the same authority whence the above extract is taken that whilst the consumption of liquor in ,sweden is still enormous1 it has been reduced 7mainly owing to the care exercised in testing its purity1 and partially1 also1 to well-regulated restriction7 from ten gallons per head throughout the kingdom in #ahfj to about two gallons in #ahgj1 which is about the same proportion as in ,scotland at present2 and that the universal testimony of the ,swedish philanthropists1 far from favoring absolute prohibition1 looks rather to purity of liquor1 conjoined with moderate restriction1 and finds the results eminently satisfactory4 ,but while we point to their experience1 as well as to common sense1 right reason1 the practice both of the ancient and modern world till the beginning of this agitation of a factitious temperance2 while we invoke the teachings of ,scripture for those who profess to be guided in matters of morals and doctrine by that1 and by that alone1 and appeal to the constant practice and to the authority of the church1 which should1 with ,catholics1 be paramount to all other considerations1 yet we are painfully aware that to produce conviction in the minds of extremists is a task that no logic can accomplish4 ,it is1 like the cure of the vice itself which gives occasion for this article1 only to be accomplished by the grace of ,god4 ,the ,english-speaking world--the most enterprising and energetic portion of the human race--occupying1 for the most part1 regions which suggest toiling and striving physically and mentally so as1 in the opinion of many of them1 to necessitate an occasional resort to alcoholic stimulants1 have used these liquors largely1 we will say too largely1 if you please4 ,other shrewd and unscrupulous ,anglo-,saxons have stepped in and poisoned1 for gain1 the cup which they thought one of refreshment4 ,death and disease1 drunkenness and dipsomania1 have been so long and so frequently the result that the attention of the public is imperatively called to it4 8,take the pledge10 says one2 8that will settle the matter0--forgetting that without the help of ,god no pledge is of any account1 and that with his grace no pledge is needed4 8,join the order10 bawls another2 8here you find the sovereign panacea for drink0--oblivious of the fact that these secret institutions are never permanent1 rarely at peace within themselves1 constantly shifting in views and practice1 and that in joining them the neophyte simply takes as many masters as there are members1 exchanging the slavery to drink for one still more galling and quite as sinful4 8,no license to sell less than a quart10 says yet another4 ,the quart is soon disposed of1 and many another quart and gallon go the same road4 8,sell no liquor1 open no drinking-house on ,sunday10 screams a full-throated chorus of religionists4 ,this1 too1 is tried1 and the poor man1 obliged to choose between entire dulness and intoxication1 prepares himself on ,saturday night for a ,sunday's drinking bout4 8,no license less than three hundred dollars10 suggest the cannie property-holders2 and1 presto6 higher adulteration2 more poison in the drink2 a higher rate per glass1 it may be1 but not a tippling-shop less in country or city4 8,no license at all10 is the next cry4 ,it is tried2 adulteration becomes still more barefaced1 but the same amount of drinking is done1 it can hardly be said clandestinely1 for it is done in the face of day1 and everybody knows or may know of it4 ,macrae's ,america tells us that when an investigation was instituted into the workings of the prohibitory or no-license system in ,boston1 there were found to be in that city over two thousand places where liquor was vended by the glass1 and that the average annual amount spent per head 7men1 women1 and children included7 for liquor in the entire ,state was a little over ten dollars4 8,we're all for the ,maine ,law here10 said a man to ,mr4 ,macrae1 8but we're agin its enforcement40 ,it may here be stated once for all1 without possibility of successful contradiction1 that not one of these laws1 whether for ,sunday-closing1 higher license1 no license1 partial license1 or entire prohibition1 ever was carried out1 or ever had any other effect than possibly to add to the cost1 and certainly to enlarge illicit distillation and set an enhanced premium on the adulteration of liquors4 ,quicquid delirant reges1 plectuntur ,achivi6 ,maine was obliged1 after a few years' trial1 to abrogate her prohibitory law2 and the most ardent favorers of local option1 which has now had a full and fair trial in many ,states1 confess it a failure4 ,our own experience of it is that drunkenness is nowhere so rife as in the midst of those very regions where no license is granted and entirely prohibitory laws are supposed to prevail2 and there is surplusage of testimony to the facts4 ,strange1 certainly1 it seems to us1 that among the various modes1 some plausible and some supremely silly1 that have been proposed and acted upon with a view of checking the ravages of intemperance1 so few should have suggested1 and none should have acted upon the idea of trying1 what might be the possible effect of pure liquor4 ,common sense should have at once suggested it1 and a portion of the redundant and exuberant philanthropy of the age might have been well1 at least harmlessly1 employed in making an experiment which could in no case have worked disastrously1 as all those plans have done which familiarize the people with systematized violation of law1 to gratify the morbid craving for those poisons the use of which1 growing with every indulgence1 soon leaves the victim incapable of resisting the craving that never abandons him but with life4 ,most people1 however1 once fairly inoculated with the views of the temperance societies 7we refer to the secret institutions under that name71 see everything but from one point of view2 the vision becomes jaundiced1 prejudice carries the day1 argument is of no avail1 moderate measures are futile1 liquor in any shape1 alcohol in any quantity1 are the accursed thing1 and those who deal in them1 nay1 those who see no objection to their use1 are ,amalekites4 ,what to them are the vested interests of the eight hundred thousand persons engaged in the manufacture and sale of liquor in the ,united ,states alone8 ,what the employment of hundreds of thousands engaged in its transportation8 ,what care they about the wives and families of either8 ,it is of no sort of consequence to them that over sixty million dollars accrue to the federal treasury1 even under the present extremely defective system of collection1 from the tax on domestic liquors2 half as much more from the tariff on foreign wines and spirits2 and that the amounts paid for municipal1 county1 ,state1 and federal purposes1 by license on liquor-selling and drinking-houses1 are simply incalculable4 ,as well plant and try to cultivate the sands from high-water mark to ebb-tide as attempt to reason with such people6 ,they are the communists of our country1 the impracticables1 the men of one idea1 and that idea a wrong one4 ,we would much like to be able to reach them1 to be able to make them hear the words of genuine truth and soberness2 but they are 8joined to their idols10 as ,ephraim of old2 the doctrines of the 8lodge10 the rulings of the ,w4 ,patriarch1 ,w4 ,chief ,templar 7or whatever else may be the name of the presiding ,grand ,mogul71 are of more avail to them than all the philosophy and all the logic of ancient and modern times4 ,what are the ,fathers of the church to the ,rev4 ,boanerges ,blunderbuss1 at ,brimstone ,corner1 who explains to the satisfaction of his hearers that wine1 8which cheers the heart of ,god and of man10 is but the unfermented juice of the grape1 and that our ,saviour1 at his last supper1 squeezed out some three or four clusters of grapes into the goblet whence he and his disciples drank8 ,talk to one of these people about the desirableness of some regard for the habits and customs of the multitudes in this wide world who use wine and spirits without abusing them2 he regards you with a withering contempt for your ignorance1 and informs you that they are all drunkards and must be reformed2 that if five glasses of wine make a man drunk1 one-half of a glass must make him one-tenth part drunk2 that liquor is never necessary1 even in disease as a remedy2 that the ,good ,samaritan was really poisoning the poor fellow to whom he gave the wine2 and he leaves on your mind the general impression that ,solomon had yet a great deal to learn from ,sons of ,temperance and prohibitory-law men when he over-hastily recommended in his ,proverbs to 8give drink to the sorrowful40 ,just as impracticable1 though in a different way and for a different reason1 is the man who has no sympathy for habits and needs which he never knew2 who never had a generous impulse in his life2 whose every act is based on cold reason and personal interest2 who seldom or never took1 and who never longed for1 a glass of wine since his wedding-day2 who has no sympathy for those differently situated in life or of different physiological diathesis4 ,he has neither genuine sympathy for the unfortunate drunkard nor fellow-feeling for those who use liquor4 ,mistaking oftentimes his own plentiful surroundings for honesty1 the want of temptation for temperance1 and his own success in life for virtue1 we need expect from him no other cry than 8do away with the whole thing40 ,those poor degraded wretches at the other extreme of society who1 from congenital inclination1 bad surroundings1 evil training1 folly1 disease1 or the gnawing remorse engendered by failure in life1 have fallen a prey to the accursed poisons sold as drink1 their intellect shattered and their physical constitution prostrate1 do not1 we confess1 deserve a very ardent sympathy from a community for which they have done little but harm4 ,still1 that community was to blame that received money for licensing the houses that sold them narcotics instead of beer1 henbane instead of wine1 and liquid damnation for strong drink4 ,it is1 at least1 a duty which we owe in future to all who can control themselves that1 when they ask for bread1 they shall not be furnished with a stone4 ,we are very anxious not to be misunderstood4 ,this article is not intended to be either a recommendation of1 or an excuse for1 tippling habits1 still less as an argument in favor of the drinking usages of the last century or of any other period distinguished for copious drinking4 ,the personal habits and practice of the writer are opposed entirely to the use of wine1 beer1 or spirits4 ,his profession does not render them necessary nor his taste crave them1 and he would that in this one respect the world 8were altogether such as0 he is2 but he cannot ignore the fact that all men are not so constituted physically1 so situated in a worldly point of view1 or mentally disposed in the same way4 ,what all can clearly see is that a cry is being raised1 an attempt being made1 to add in a clandestine and illegitimate way something that shall in effect be tantamount to a precept1 and that this something so foisted upon us is opposed to the practice of the church1 consequently to the ,scriptures4 ,we see that this cry has become fashionable1 a fear of being reckoned with the 8vulgar herd0 7for drunkenness is a vice of the vulgar7 or a fear of giving offence causing many to be silent who should 8cry aloud and not spare10 lest haply the harm may be done and it be too late for the remedy4 ,now1 the whole clamor1 save in so far as it inveighs against drunkenness1 8the disgrace of man and the mother of misery10 proceeds on the false hypotheses1 #a1 that the ,holy ,scripture discountenances the moderate use of liquor2 #b1 that the church opposes it2 #c1 that the ancient philosophers condemned it2 #d1 that it is injurious in health2 #e1 that it is valueless as a remedy in sickness2 and1 #f1 that prohibitory laws should be passed forthwith forbidding under penalty the manufacture1 purchase1 sale1 or importation of wine1 beer1 or spirits4 ,not a single one of these assertions is true1 or has about it the semblance of verisimilitude to any but the average brain of the secret-society affili1 or the fungus that stands in the place of a heart for the bigoted sectary4 ,were they every one true1 we should still be opposed to the manner in which it is attempted to carry them into effect2 fully believing1 as we do1 that the whole matter of personal reform lies within the domain of the church1 upon which region the civil power has no right to trench4 ,of course the state has a perfect and undisputed right to tax wines1 liquors1 etc41 like all other articles of luxury1 to any extent she may deem advisable1 either for revenue or repression of habits of expense among her citizens4 ,but1 inseparably bound up with this right1 and as a corollary from it1 it is the duty of the state to see that the article or articles for allowing the sale of which she receives revenue shall not injure1 much less ruin1 her citizens2 and it is in the performance of this duty that we affirm government to have been totally remiss and delinquent4 ,had it been otherwise1 and had the state been half as anxious to perform her duty as she has been always eager to claim her right1 there never would have been the faintest plausibility in the cry raised2 no agitation could have resulted2 with her performance of the duty the clamor must1 of necessity1 cease1 and with it those secret societies1 so powerless for good1 so potential for evil1 that have been evoked by it4 ,there is1 however1 no limit in our age to the power of clap-trap1 of a cry well started and persistently kept up4 ,back such a cry by the unremitting efforts of a few secret organizations1 which demagogues well know how to use as a means of climbing into power1 and superadd the influence of some of the sects1 it deepens to a howl1 and a careless or lethargic community is easily induced to believe that there must be some reason for the clamor2 that what so many people say must be true2 that where so much smoke exists there must have been a fire at some time2 and1 finally1 that the object on which so many persons seem to have set their minds1 to carry which so many are combined1 must be a good one4 ,from this point to supporting it with vote and influence the step is an easy one4 ,hence it is that1 absurd as is the proposal of those who favor ,congressional prohibitory laws touching liquor1 we feel no certainty that its unreasonableness will prove a barrier to its being at some time put into effect4 ,we have indicated previously that there exists1 even among ,catholics1 who should know better1 a lurking notion that in joining the ,t4 ,b4 ,a4 or any of its congeners1 they take a step forward in holiness1 approach nearer to the imitation of the ,saviour1 and outstrip in piety those who remain outside the institution using 7and able to enjoy without abusing7 8the liberty wherewith ,christ has made them free40 ,now1 this is false1 and consequently is not ,catholic doctrine or feeling4 ,it is according to the doctrine of the church1 with which the practice of ,catholics must agree1 that should the experience of any individual prove to him that total abstinence from drink is in his special case easier than moderation in its use1 and that he ought1 consequently1 not to use liquor at all2 and if1 in addition1 he is clearly of opinion that this1 his proper course1 is much facilitated by joining a ,catholic temperance association1 he has a clear right1 nay1 it is his duty1 to attach himself to it4 ,further1 should a ,catholic have a friend1 whom he can largely influence1 who is becoming over-fond of drink1 and whom he judges in conscience he can reclaim by taking with him the pledge of total abstinence1 or by accompanying him into any of the ,catholic associations got up and recommended for such purposes1 the ,catholic so doing acts nobly and performs a meritorious work1 greater and more laudable just in proportion as he himself was further removed from temptation or danger of fall in the matter of drink4 ,but it is not a bounden duty enjoined on every ,catholic ,christian to abstain entirely from liquor1 much less to join a temperance society2 and1 except where it is done to save another1 as in the case just presented1 the ,catholic so joining it is no more laudable1 certainly1 than he who stands aloof1 using his ,god-given liberty in the matter4 ,while the church1 like her divine ,lord and ,founder1 has never forcibly interfered with man's free-will1 yet her entire history proves that her salutary influence has been exerted1 and that1 too1 with the highest success1 against every shape in which the sin of luxury has appeared4 ,the ,catholic countries of the world are not now1 and they never have been1 the drunken countries4 ,drunkards are not found to-day among those who frequent the tribunal of penance2 and1 with that consistency of action and oneness of doctrine which is found in no other existent institution1 the church maintains that against the sin of drunkenness1 as against all other forms of sin1 there is no thoroughly effectual remedy but the frequentation of her sacraments4 ,pledges and associations1 while sanctioned by her1 are regarded as mere adminicula1 tending to bring the sinner to the use of confession1 the performance of enjoined penance1 and the worthy reception of the ,blessed ,sacrament4 ,abstinence1 whether for a time or for life1 she looks upon as a work of perfection1 of remedy1 or of penance for the individual4 ,the pledge1 as administered by her1 is neither oath nor vow1 but either a resolution taken by one's self in the presence of another1 or at the utmost a solemn promise made to man4 ,while more than fifteen hundred years ago the church anathematized the heresy of the ,manicheans1 who taught that spirituous liquors are not creatures of ,god1 and that1 as they are intrinsically evil1 he who uses them is thereby guilty of sin1 yet both before and after the rise of that detestable sect all the writings of her fathers and doctors1 all the decrees of her synods and councils1 all the decisions of her ,supreme ,pontiffs1 and all the labor of her priests have been persistently directed towards teaching her members to 8subdue the flesh with its affections and lusts40 ,how well she succeeded let her conquest to ,christianity of the conquering northern barbarian hordes testify4 ,of these1 whose temperament rendered them peculiarly inclined to debauch1 whose habits by no means belied their inclinations1 and whose besetting sin was drunkenness even after their conversion to the faith1 she made sober nations4 ,acts of ,parliament1 municipal and other local measures1 show us the huge strides toward unbounded intemperance in drink taken by the ,english people from the time when1 in giving up the true church1 they abandoned the sacrament of penance2 while the same acts1 and what we have had of so-called repressive law-tinkering on the same subject in our own country1 show us the utter futility of any and every attempt by the civil law to render men moral by statute--to do ,god's work without the help of the ,omnipotent4 ,were it even possible for the state to succeed in carrying out the most stringent prohibitory or repressive laws that it ever entered the brain of the wildest or most narrow-minded fanatic to conceive1 what would be the result8 ,simply that people would1 like inmates of the work-house or penitentiary1 endure privation without practising abstinence4 ,the church of ,god takes no such ground2 and the state can no more succeed in carrying out such measures than did ,domitian with his sumptuary decree4 ,legislators forget what the church always bears carefully in mind and has always inculcated--viz41 that drunkenness is the sin not of the drink but of the drunkard4 ,the assertion that alcohol in any form is an emanation of the evil spirit1 or the denial of the lawfulness of the use of liquor1 is in itself just as much a heresy today as it was in the days of the ,egkratites4 ,but1 that we may not overrun our limits in pursuing this branch of the subject1 we refer such readers as may be anxious to see it fully and ably treated to the valuable little work entitled ,the ,discipline of ,drink1 by ,rev4 ,t4 ,e4 ,bridgett1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,it is not1 however1 from ,catholic sources that the proposal emanates to cut off by legal enactment the supply of beer1 wine1 and spirits1 which many people--indeed1 the vast majority of the civilized inhabitants of the earth--deem necessary for their health1 conducive to their comfort1 or desirable for their enjoyment4 ,such schemes come from the ,radicaux enrags2 from those who addle their intellects by striving to decipher the mystic number of the ,apocalyptic beast2 from the men of the ,george ,fox stripe1 to whom a steeple-house is the unclean thing2 always from men on whom the name of the ,church of ,rome operates as does the flaunting of a red rag by the picador on the bull in the amphitheatre of ,seville2 and1 finally1 from those who believe neither in this nor in anything else that man should hold sacred1 but who see and seek in the secret societies1 and in the agitation of this and similar questions1 a stepping-stone to power and a means of gaining influence4 ,were one to judge by the pamphlets and tracts written on the side of the prohibitionists1 he would readily suppose that it is admitted on all hands by physicians and chemists that alcohol is of no use as a remedial or curative agent2 that it is not food1 is not life-sustaining2 that no possible good can come out of ,nazareth2 that the unclean thing is altogether accursed1 and should be relegated to the bottomless pit whence it sprang4 ,and1 that we may not overburden this article1 we shall simply give the conclusion arrived at by a writer in the ,edinburgh ,review for ,july1 #ahge1 entitled 8,the ,physiological ,influence of ,alcohol10 in which the writer 7himself a physician1 whose yearning to find against us is evident throughout71 after an able comparison and summing up of the cases1 experiments1 and arguments of ,doctors ,richardson1 ,thudichum1 ,dupr1 ,anstie1 and other celebrated authorities1 thus perorates3 8,the inference is plain4 ,the nutritious capability of alcohol1 when used in appropriate circumstances and in reasonable quantity1 is yet a matter of controversy1 and a question which has yet to be further investigated and weighed by competent scientific authorities before any absolute judgment regarding it can be pronounced that shall be worthy of general acceptance40 ,those who feel any interest in this part of the subject would do well to read the entire article referred to1 and we feel convinced that nine out of ten who do so will come to the conclusion1 from the data given1 that the able writer's patent bias is what caused the very non-committal wording of his final dictum2 while the same number will decide the large preponderance of proof to be in favor of the nutritive qualities of alcohol4 ,we have failed to see in any of the 8temperance0 documents the remotest hint that there was anything at all to be said in favor of alcohol as an article of nutriment4 ,is this honest8 ,these people must calculate largely on the gullibility of the public2 but they should recollect1 too1 that the same public1 when it once discovers their prevarication1 is very ready to apply the proverb1 ,falsus in uno1 etc4 ,the great ,swedish chancellor1 ,oxenstierna1 said to his son3 8,you do not yet know1 my son1 with how little wisdom the world is governed40 ,we are in this respect neither better nor worse off than other countries1 with perhaps this exception3 that our best citizens1 those of largest experience and soundest judgment1 are too self-respecting1 too proud1 to descend into the dirty arena of politics1 a vast majority of such never having attended a primary meeting in their lives1 and many1 very many1 rarely casting a vote4 ,true1 when corruption has run its course1 when ring-rule becomes unendurable1 this class will sometimes1 as lately in ,new ,york1 arouse itself4 ,now1 the men of one idea1 the canters 7honest and dishonest71 and the knaves are not so4 ,they never miss an opportunity of propagating their views1 and it would seem almost as though there were an intimate and necessary connection between the falsity or illiberality of the view and the pertinacity of its upholders in spreading it4 ,besides1 they are not indifferent to1 but they hate1 broad and liberal views on any subject2 they must gauge all humanity by their own instrument1 which1 while it suits the pint-pot1 is but ill adapted to the hogshead4 8,les ides gnrales sont toujours haes par les ides partielles10 says a ,french writer to whom 7while we by no means agree with him in everything7 ability must be conceded4 ,should people ever have the power to do it--a contingency by no means unlikely in this century1 in which the secret societies seem to hold 8high carnival0 7,may a subsequent ,lenten time purge the world of such foul humors67--they will infallibly enact a penal prohibitory law4 ,this will be accomplished by means of the already-organized associations1 the oath-bound classes1 the pledged abstainers1 some of the sects1 largely aided by the lethargy and carelessness of people who hold clearer and more correct views4 ,it will be worse than useless to pass such laws1 unless provision be made for stringently carrying into effect their details4 ,suppose that the prohibitory law proposed has been enacted and is vigorously enforced1 and let us cursorily examine what is this ,golden ,age1 this antedated millennium promised us so confidently by our over-temperate friends4 ,a blockade of coast will be necessary1 to which the blockade of the ,confederate territory during the late war will be as nothing1 either for extent of coast to be guarded or for the numbers1 ingenuity1 and means at the command of the blockade-runners4 ,the ,canadian and ,mexican borders will require cordons of sentries day and night1 to furnish which one hundred armies such as we possess would be ridiculously inadequate4 ,a government detective force of at least one-fourth our adult male population will have to be employed1 organized1 and paid2 and not less than one-half of the remainder will soon be in prison for infraction or evasion of the law4 ,meanwhile1 the revenues will have diminished by fully one-third1 while the governmental expenses will have been tenfold increased4 ,the hundreds of thousands who now make a livelihood for themselves and families by the manufacture1 transport1 and sale of beer1 wines1 or spirits must find other employment or join the already too numerous army of tramps2 and in this case what becomes of the unfortunate families8 ,if the laboring man finds it difficult to procure work now1 what will it be then8 ,taxation must1 of necessity1 be decoupled2 and meantime a large proportion of the population will have come to the conclusion that they are suffering under the most odious of all tyrannies1 and will be ripe for revolution4 ,the pretext will not be wanting in the details of carrying out the provisions of the law4 ,this state of things might last1 at the utmost1 a year1 during which insurrections would be of constant occurrence in every part of the country2 outbreaks in the cities would take place day after day2 and1 finally1 the minority1 in revolution against what they considered an unjust and tyrannical edict1 would carry the day either peacefully at the polls 7by aggregating to themselves such of the majority as had become convinced of the absurdity of the law7 or1 sword in hand and at the mouth of the cannon1 would revindicate to themselves the rights so wantonly trampled upon4 ,the results of such a victory may be better imagined than described4 ,history1 fortunately1 has but few examples of such revolutions against the extravagance of over-zealous reform1 but those few are terrifically replete with warning4 ,we wish1 then1 to insist that no law at all is better by far than a law which1 in its nature1 cannot be carried into effect4 ,that this is such a law we think manifest on the above showing2 and did we wish further proof1 it is readily found in the fact that all those communities1 great or small1 towns1 counties1 or states1 that have tested this1 or even much milder doses of similarly-intended laws1 have been obliged either to abandon them after a longer or shorter trial1 or to acknowledge their impotence to execute them1 and to own that under such rgime the evils deprecated become more virulent and drunkenness more rampant4 ,contempt1 too1 for the law1 in one instance1 has the inevitable tendency to sap the foundations of respect for all law1 not merely in the mind of the drunkard but in that of the moderate drinker1 as well as of those who abet them both in their violation of legal enactment4 ,meanwhile1 the sensible man1 the practical but unpledged total abstainer1 cannot be expected to feel strongly interested in the success of a law which his judgment tells him to be merely an arbitrary enforcement1 by a majority1 of their views of morality on a minority entitled to their own ideas and practices in this matter alike by natural reason1 ,scriptural teaching1 and church commands4 8,a nation is near destruction when regard for law has disappeared40 ,fully aware1 as we are1 that the arguments and deductions1 the statements and quotations1 contained in this paper are far from being in accord with the oral and printed teachings most in vogue and most palatable to the reading public1 and much as we might desire to be on the popular side1 still we are not prepared1 for the attainment of this end1 to sacrifice our convictions of right1 to ignore the experience of the past1 to turn a deaf ear to the teachings of the church1 or to superadd to her commands practices in morals that she knows not4 ,we cannot undertake to find in ,scripture injunctions that do not exist2 still less are we willing to lie supine when erroneous views are stealthily creeping in 7even amongst ourselves71 are sedulously promulgated over the length and breadth of the non-,catholic world1 and when the attempt is making to enforce even desirable practices in morals and personal discipline by false arguments and means that will not stand the test of right reason4 ,let us review the ground and gather together the results4 ,the use of intoxicating liquor or strong drink has been known in all countries and from the earliest times2 drunkenness must have been and was equally well known4 ,in no system1 even of heathenism1 has intoxication been recommended2 and in none1 save that of ,mohammed1 has abstinence from liquor been enjoined4 ,the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 while teeming with allusions to the use of wine and strong drink1 nowhere lay down any precept forbidding their use1 but frequently by the clearest implication1 and in a few instances by express injunction1 command the use of both2 and the manufacture of wine must1 by the institution of our ,blessed ,saviour1 be kept up so long as the world shall exist4 ,there is no proof for the assertion1 that alcohol is not food1 and less for the averment that it has no efficacy as a remedial agent4 ,the taste for liquor is a natural one and inherent to all men1 but probably stronger and more necessary of gratification among hard-working men1 and in damp or cold climates1 than in the case of sedentary persons or in mild and hot countries4 ,it is not the province of civil government to remove temptation to the infraction of the moral law2 its province is to keep order and to punish infractions of law4 ,to pass a series of totally prohibitory laws would be to attempt the legal suppression of human nature2 which being impossible1 such legislation must be absurd4 ,there are great evils in the present management of the liquor-traffic1 chiefly arising from the wholesale adulterations with poisonous drugs everywhere largely practised1 but most ruinously in the northern countries of ,europe1 in ,canada1 and in the ,united ,states4 ,were the traffic so taken in charge by governments or carefully-appointed companies that pure liquors only should be furnished for consumption1 all profits from the sale accruing to government1 the great mass of the evils 7now justly complained of7 in connection with the liquor trade would disappear1 while at the same time an immense revenue would accrue to the federal or ,state treasury1 as the case might be4 ,if these prohibitory laws were passed1 and carried out in their spirit1 dreadful evils would be the result2 and1 finally1 such laws never can be carried out at all1 and1 by consequence1 it is not competent for government to enact them4 ,the whole matter of intemperance comes purely within the domain of morals2 religion alone can deal with it radically2 and while the civil law should and must punish drunkenness1 with the crimes resulting therefrom1 it is to ,christianity alone that we must look for the effectual reformation of the drunkard and prevention of his sin4 ,these are the arguments that present themselves to us against the enactment of what are called 8prohibitory laws02 and we believe the suggestions above given1 regarding the evils of the present liquor trade and the mode of ridding the world of those evils1 to be in full consonance both with the facts and with common sense4 8,si quid novisti rectius istis4 ,candidus imperti2 si non1 his utere mecum40 ,,french ,,proverbial ,,sayings4#dh ,there is1 in the ,french language1 one peculiarity amongst others which only becomes perceptible to foreigners after a somewhat lengthened residence in ,france--namely1 the frequent use of proverbial expressions of which the original meaning1 as far as the speaker is concerned1 is utterly lost4 ,for instance1 a person grandly dressed out is said to be sur son trente et un2 an old piece of furniture or of attire is vieux comme ,hrode2 again1 il ne se foule pas la ratte means 8he takes things easily02 prendre les jambes au cou is to go as fast as possible2 and a person who speaks ,french badly is said to parler ,franais comme une vache ,espagnole4 ,when the ,english-speaking races use expressions of this kind1 there is in them almost always some recognized allusion1 quotation1 or1 it may be1 a quaint adaptation of the words of some well-known author1 ancient or modern1 or they point to some fact or tradition or popular notion4 ,in ,french familiar conversation1 however1 there are numberless proverbial and popular sayings still in common use the sense of which has been lost for centuries4 ,comparatively few amongst those who use them know that they are expressions borrowed1 it may be1 from certain customs or from history or from literature2 but usually the trace is lost1 the connection broken1 and the reason of their existence forgotten4 ,these proverbial expressions have1 for the most part1 been recently collected1 and as far as possible accounted for1 and their source and history1 where not discovered1 at least suggested1 in an ingenious volume by ,m4 ,charles ,rozan1 in which he gives also certain popular words usually qualified as vulgar1 but 8whose fundamental meaning it is all the more acceptable to learn1 from the fact of their not being yet admitted into the official dictionaries2 since10 he adds1 8it is intruders more especially whom we would question as to who they are1 whence they come1 and what they have done40 ,in the present notice we have chiefly selected examples having a local1 historical1 or in some way characteristic interest1 and1 with one or two exceptions1 we have left aside those taken from the drama1 besides the numerous sayings1 not by any means peculiar to ,france alone1 which relate to classical antiquity1 and which any one possessing a very moderate knowledge of ancient history and literature would at once understand4 ,je m'en moque comme de l'an quarante is a saying which dates from the beginning of the eleventh century4 ,there was at that period an extensive belief that the end of the world was at hand1 and that the thousand years and more supposed to have been assigned by our ,lord as the duration of his church on earth1 and of society in general1 were to expire in the year #dj of that century4 ,sinners were converted in crowds2 many talked of turning hermit2 but1 once this redoubtable epoch was over1 men changed their tone1 and from that time to this the expression used in speaking of a thing which need inspire no alarm is3 8,i care no more for it than for the year forty60 ,la beaut du ,diable we should naturally suppose meant an appalling ugliness4 ,it means nothing of the kind1 but1 on the contrary1 that exceeding prettiness frequently noticeable in young girls between the ages of fourteen and nineteen1 or thereabouts1 which then passes away4 ,this1 the freshness of youthful beauty1 seems to derive its name from the old proverb1 ,the devil was handsome when he was young--namely1 while he was yet an unfallen angel4 ,ladies somewhat advanced in the debatable ground of life's pilgrimage1 when youth has made way for the nameless years of 8a certain age10 are said to coiffer ,sainte ,catherine4 ,it was formerly the custom in ,france1 as it still is in ,spain and some parts of ,italy1 on particular festivals1 to array in festal garments and headgear the statues of the saints4 ,st4 ,catherine being the patroness of virgins1 the care of her adornment was always entrusted to young girls4 ,this charge1 however agreeable and honorable at sixteen1 might1 nevertheless1 not be desirable in perpetuity1 and thus it came to be said of any middle-aged maiden3 8,she stays to coiffer ,st4 ,catherine40 ,to speak ,french very badly1 or with a bad accent1 is called parler ,franais comme une vache ,espagnole4 ,the people inhabiting the ,basque provinces obtain their name from the indigenous word vaso--mountain--which1 when taken adjectively1 is augmented by the final co1 and thus becomes vasoco1 and1 by contraction1 vasco--mountaineer4 ,the ,french1 knowing little enough of ,spanish1 said at first vacco1 and then vacce4 ,thus1 parler comme un vacce ,espagnol meant at first to allude to the inhabitants of the ,basque provinces of ,spain1 whose language still bears all the characteristics of a primitive tongue1 and who have great difficulty in expressing themselves in ,french2 but vacce1 at a time when the ,latin had left its traces everywhere1 was said for vache1 the peasants in many of the ,french provinces retaining it still4 ,thence arose the confusion which produced the senseless comparison1 8to speak ,french like a ,spanish cow40 ,attendez-moi sous l'orme 7wait for me under the elm7 implies that 8the rendezvous you ask is disagreeable to me1 and ,i will not keep it40 ,the type of an unpleasant rendezvous is that which compels an appearance before the judge1 and it is to this that the expression here quoted originally referred4 ,formerly the judges administered justice under a tree planted in the open space before the church or the entrance of a seignorial mansion2 hence the phrase of juges de dessous l'orme1 and also that of danser sous l'orme4 ,attendez-moi sous l'orme means1 ,find me there if you can 7ironically71 and to name a rendezvous which one has no intention of keeping4#di ,faire ,charlemagne is to retire from the game after winning it1 without giving the adversary a chance of revenge4 ,this expression evidently alludes to the death of the great ,charles1 who1 when he had become the monarch of the ,west1 quitted this life without having lost any of his conquests4 ,to make unlawful profits by deceiving as to the price of any articles a person has been charged to buy is called 8shoeing the mule0 7,ferrer la mule74 ,the expression dates from the time when the counsellors of the ,parliament repaired to the ,palais de ,justice mounted on mules1 and the lackeys who remained outside during the sittings of the ,assembly spent their time in gambling1 extorting from their masters the money they wanted for their amusement by pretending that they had had to pay for shoeing the mules4 ,others carry the origin of the saying back to the time of ,vespasian2 the muleteer of that emperor1 when on a journey1 having been bribed to do so1 suddenly stopped the mules under pretext of having them shod1 so as to give time to a person whom they had met on the way to speak to the emperor of his affairs4 ,faire danser l'anse du panier is said of a cook who fraudulently obtains from her mistress more money for her purchases at market than they have really cost4 ,the idea is that of shaking the basket so as to make its contents take up as much room as possible1 and thus look worth their alleged price4 ,connatre les tres de la maison is to know the doors1 staircases1 passages1 rooms1 outlets1 etc4--in a word1 the internal arrangements--of the house4 tres1 which for a long time was written atres1 has for its origin the ,latin atria1 in the sense of dwelling4 ,je l'ai connu poirier is said of a parvenu whose sudden rise from a mean condition has not earned him much consideration4 ,there was in a village near ,brussels an image of ,st4 ,john1 black and worm-eaten with age1 and held in great veneration by the people4 ,m4 le ,cur1 thinking it time to replace it by a new one1 sacrificed his best pear-tree for that purpose4 ,one of his parishioners1 who had shown great veneration for the ancient statue1 took no notice whatever of the new one4 8,have you lost your devotion to ,st4 ,john80 the cur one day asked him4 8,no1 ,m4 le ,cur2 but the new ,st4 ,john is not the real one--,i knew him when he was a pear-tree40 ,the expression of ,cordon ,bleu is a singular example of the degradation of an aristocratic word1 and we discover its ancestry with the same feeling that we once received the answer of a poor mason's apprentice1 who1 on being asked his name1 gave as his ,christian and surname those of two of the oldest and noblest families in the county of ,devon4 ,to the ,order of the ,holy ,ghost1 instituted in #aegh by ,henri ,,iii41 not every one could aspire4 ,it consisted of only one hundred members1 at the head of whom1 as grand master1 was the king4#ej ,the ,dauphin1 the sons and grandsons of the monarch1 knights by right1 were1 as well as the princes of the blood1 received at the time of their ,first ,communion4 ,foreign princes were not admitted before the age of twenty-five2 dukes and other nobles of high rank not until thirty-five2 and in all cases none was allowed to enter who could not trace back at least three generations of nobility on the father's side4 ,the cord to which the symbol of the order was attached was blue1 and the knights themselves were commonly designated ,cordons ,bleus4 ,the distinction being reserved to only a small number of persons of the highest rank1 it gradually became customary to give the name of cordon bleu to persons of superior merit4 ,the ,order of the ,holy ,ghost was abolished at the ,revolution4 ,all the dignities as well as all the ideas which had grouped themselves around this noble order have disappeared with it4 ,its name is no longer used in the figurative language of ,france to recall great merit or a distinguished name2 the last memory of the order lingers in the kitchen1 and the only cordon bleu of the nineteenth century is a good cook6 ,those who have hard work and scant pay are wont to observe that they might just as well travailler pour le roi de ,prusse4 ,the kingdom of ,prussia not having been a century and a half in existence1 this expression cannot have an earlier origin4 ,m4 ,rozan asks1 therefore1 which is it of the five ,fredericks who thus puts in doubt the royal generosity8 ,some persons say that it is ,frederick ,william ,i41 constantly anxious to show himself economical of the property of his subjects1 unlike his father1 who was1 according to the expression of ,frederick the ,great1 8great in little things and little in great40 ,either from what the one did not spend at all1 or from what the other spent amiss1 a conclusion might be drawn in the sense of the proverb4 ,we incline1 however1 rather to charge upon the ,great ,frederick himself all the responsibility of the ,french reproach4 ,frederick ,,ii4 was fond of employing ,french workmen1 but not quite so fond of paying them2 and as no people know better than the ,french that noblesse oblige1 it is no matter of surprise that he should have furnished them with a proverb4 ,we also find an example of his sparing management in the conflict which arose between him and ,voltaire 7who was very economical also7 about lumps of sugar and candle-ends4 ,in the agreement he had made with the poet ,frederick had promised him1 besides the key of chamberlain and the ,cross of ,merit1 the ordinary appointments of a minister of state--i4e41 an apartment at the chteau1 board1 firing1 two candles a day1 and so many pounds of tea1 sugar1 coffee1 and chocolate every month4 ,these articles1 though duly provided1 were of such bad quality that ,voltaire complained to the king4 ,frederick professed to be infinitely pained1 and promised to give fresh orders4 ,were the orders given8 ,in any case the provisions were as bad as ever1 and ,voltaire again remonstrated4 ,the king got out of the affair with equal economy and cunning4 8,it is frightful10 he exclaimed1 8to think how badly ,i am obeyed6 ,i cannot hang those rascals for a lump of sugar or an ounce of tea2 they know it1 and laugh at my orders4 ,but what most pains me is to see ,m4 de ,voltaire disturbed in his sublime ideas by small miseries like these4 ,ah6 let us not waste upon mere trifles the moments that we can devote to friendship and the muses4 ,come1 my dear friend1 you can do without these little provisions4 ,they occasion you cares unworthy of you2 we will speak of them no more4 ,i will command that for the future they shall be stopped40 ,on another occasion ,frederick was having a new front put to a ,lutheran place of worship in ,berlin4 ,the ministers complained to the king that they had not light enough to carry on the service4 ,the building1 however1 being too far advanced for his majesty to wish to incur the cost of alteration1 he sent back their address1 after writing upon it3 8,blessed are they who see not1 and yet believe40 ,as a last proof of the just implication of the proverb1 an ,english traveller1 who does full justice to the eminent qualities of the monarch1 says3 8,never was there a fat soldier in any country2 but the ,king of ,prussia has not even a fat sergeant4 ,a profound knowledge of financial economy is a point on which this sovereign excels4 ,it is also a reason why his troops should never be otherwise than lean40 ,this observer might have added that ,frederick made it a rule never to allow his soldiers any pay on the #cast day of the month4 ,there were thus seven days in the year on which the whole ,prussian army travaillait pour le roi de ,prusse4 ,manger de la vache enrage is to suffer great privations1 to procure with difficulty the merest necessaries of life1 and so to be reduced1 as it were1 to 8eat the flesh of a mad cow40 ,the expression has also come to mean the trials of every kind which1 in the course of life1 ought to strengthen the body to endure hardness and the mind to a habit of fortitude4 ,on entering upon a house or appartement in ,paris it is customary to make a present of a few francs to the concierge1 which present is called le dernier adieu4 ,the newcomer1 if a foreigner1 wonders why the first dealings he has with the concierge of his new abode should be so singularly misnamed as 8the last farewell40 ,the words are a corruption of the ,denier ,dieu--,god's penny--the piece of money given to the person with whom a bargain was concluded1 with the intention of taking ,god to witness that the engagement had been made1 and of offering him a pledge that it should be faithfully kept4 ,the sums thus given were bestowed by the receiver in alms to the poor1 and were not appropriated1 like the arrhes1 a part payment of what was due to the person with whom an agreement had been made4 ,the lugubrious associations connected with the name of the melancholy building at the back of ,notre ,dame de ,paris encourage the idea that the word morgue must relate to corpses1 or in any case to death4 ,m4 ,rozan disabuses us of the mistake4 ,there was formerly at the entrance of prisons a room where new arrivals were detained for a few days after committal1 in order that the keepers might learn to know their faces and appearance sufficiently well to preclude any chance of their escape4 ,later on the corpses found in the ,seine or elsewhere were exposed in this same room1 the public being admitted to see them through a small aperture made in the door4 ,until #ahjd the corpses were exposed in the lower jail dependent on the prison of the ,grand ,chtelet1 when they were transferred to the quay of the ,march ,neuf in a small building which received the name of morgue1 an old ,french word for face or visage1 and used also to express a fixed or scrutinizing look4 ,it is doubtless in the latter sense that we find the true meaning of the term4 ,now that we have given a greatly abridged version of portions of ,m4 ,rozan's work1 we refer the reader for the remaining curious fragments of information scattered throughout its pages to the book itself4 ,at the same time we venture a suggestion that in future editions it might be well if the author were1 as far as practicable1 to classify its contents under certain heads--such1 for instance1 as are dramatic1 historic1 local1 or classic1 etc41 in their origin or allusion--so as to allow some continuity of ideas in its perusal1 and to gather its at present scattered stones into a collection of mosaics4 ,footnote #dh3 ,petites ,ignorances de la ,conversation4 ,par4 ,charles ,rozan4 ,paris3 ,hetzler4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #di3 ,we may here mention that the finest elm in ,france is probably that in the court of the ,deaf and ,dumb ,institution in the ,rue ,st4 ,jacques in ,paris4 ,it is #ej metres in height and #e in circumference1 the last remaining of the #f1jjj feet of trees planted under ,henri ,,iv4 ,we mention this merely for the sake of our ,european readers1 not for those accustomed to the sylvan giants of the ,western world4 ,footnote #ej3 ,henri ,,iii4 instituted this order in memory of the three great events of his life which had happened on the ,feast of ,pentecost--namely1 his birth1 his election to the crown of ,poland1 and his accession to the throne of ,france4 ,,the ,,home-,,rule ,,candidate4 ,a ,,story ,,of 8,,new ,,ireland40 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,election4 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,little ,,chapel ,,at ,,monamullin10 8,,the ,,romance ,,of ,a ,,portmanteau10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,i was received at ,clonacooney with an enthusiasm that sent the hot blood surging through my veins in prideful throbs4 ,at the entrance to the village ,i was presented with an address by a splendid specimen of the ,irish race in the person of ,myles ,moriarty1 a man who had been 8out0 in forty-eight1 who1 on the part of the tenant-farmers of ,clonacooney1 tendered me welcome and assurances of both moral and physical support4 8,the dark hour is passin' from the ould country1 sir1 and yours be the hand to wipe the tear from the cheek of ,erin10 were his concluding words4 ,i must have spoken to the point1 for ,i was cheered to the echo1 and my right hand almost wrung from the arm by repeated shakings4 ,in ,father ,o',dowd's garden a small platform had been raised1 composed of the kitchen table1 the safety of which ,biddy ,finnegan watched over with tender regard4 ,around the little grass-plat some hundred of the 8boys0 were gathered1 who bared their heads in respectful reverence when the good priest ascended the dais4 ,it is chiefly in ,ireland that one sees the visible link that binds priests and people4 ,the ,irish peasant never forgets that he is in the presence of the ,lord's anointed1 and the respect for the clergyman upon the hillside or wayside is the same as though he were clad in his vestments and upon the altar4 ,father ,o',dowd introduced me in a speech that burned into the minds of his auditory4 ,it was full of fiery eloquence1 full of patriotism1 full of ,catholicity4 ,in dealing with the question of ,home ,rule he said3 8,over a country agitated by dissension and weakened by mistrust we have raised the banner of ,home ,rule4 ,we raised it hesitatingly1 unfurling it tremblingly to the breeze2 but the hearts of the people have been moved by the two small words1 and the soul of the nation has felt their power and their spell4 ,these words have passed from man to man along the valley and along the hillside4 ,everywhere our despairing sons have turned to that banner with confidence and hope4 ,thus far we have borne it4 ,upon these young and stalwart shoulders10 placing his arm affectionately around me1 8we shall now place it1 to be borne unto victory4 ,it is meet that the representative of a stainless race1 of a race that upheld their creed when its avowal led to the scaffold and gibbet1 should go forth from among us young in years1 high in hope1 ardent in the cause of creed and country4 ,we shall hand our banner into his youthful hands1 and with him this trust shall be considered sacred4 ,he will defend it1 if necessary1 with his life4 ,the cause of the church will be his2 the cause of the country will be his40 ,when it came to my turn to speak a mist seemed to gather before my eyes and my head began to swim4 8,courage60 whispered ,father ,o',dowd4 8,nos hc novimus esse nihil40 ,i plunged in medias res1 floundering on1 stumbling1 staggering1 repeating myself1 till ,i felt all aflame1 and as if my head were red-hot4 ,suddenly the idea smote me that ,i had ,wynwood ,melton to beat1 and ,i became cool as ice4 ,yes1 the transition was simply instantaneous1 and with it came a flow of words such as have never welled from me since1 save1 perhaps1 upon the day of the election4 ,i spoke for nearly an hour1 and ,i subsequently recollected that ,i had discussed the entire political situation of ,ireland1 as ,i had done some years before in a debate at the ,catholic ,university4 ,memory came gallantly to the rescue1 and when ,i concluded ,father ,o',dowd cried enthusiastically3 8,a born orator--nascitur1 non fit4 ,now1 boys10 addressing the tumultuous assemblage1 8haven't we got the right man1 and won't we put him in the right place80 ,when ,i returned to ,kilkenley ,i found that ,mr4 ,melton had taken his departure4 8,he is alive to the importance of an active canvass10 said ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 8and has repaired to the tents of his people4 ,i am very sorry that the warning should come from me--a warning that may be of singular disservice to you40 8,i feel that ,i shall win40 8,my dear young friend1 ,i felt that ,i would win1 and discredited the returns that threw me overboard when ,i contested ,fromsey4 ,do not let your feelings mislead you4 ,work as if expecting defeat1 and as if endeavoring to reduce the majority against you4 ,i'm an old campaigner and know the ropes40 ,my mother was all eagerness to know how ,i had progressed4 ,when ,i told her that ,i had made two speeches1 one of them of an hour's duration1 her delight was boundless4 8,you were lost1 dear child10 she cried4 8,your talents are of a high order1 and you have at last found a field for them40 ,harry ,welstone had attended a meeting at ,ballynashaughragawn1 and had held forth in my behalf1 like a regular brick that he was4 ,all my jealousy disappeared upon the mention of ,melton1 and ,harry was again my confidant in everything4 8,i don't think she cares much for that fellow1 ,fred40 8,i tell you that they understand each other40 ,and ,i writhed in the agony of the thought4 8,i think her governor is nibbling for ,melton as a son-in-law1 but there is no ring of the true metal about the girl's feelings--nothing that ,i can detect2 and ,i'm not utterly unobservant40 ,i never felt that the gash in my heart was so deep until ,miss ,hawthorne referred to their leaving4 8,our time is up4 ,we have overstayed our limit40 8,surely you will not desert us until after the election10 said my mother4 8,you must celebrate his success1 if success it is to be40 8,oh6 ,miss ,hawthorne is not interested in my success1 mother10 ,i interposed4 ,she turned her violet eyes full upon me4 8,much more so than you give me credit for40 8,my non-success1 you mean40 8,i do not mean it40 8,it is quite right that you should10 ,i said bitterly4 8,i have no claim upon your interest40 8,a very strong one1 ,i assure you40 8,melton's the man10 assuming a savage gayety4 8,how jolly he will feel if he wins6 how delighted to bear the news to his lady-love60 8,does it not strike you1 ,mr4 ,ormonde1 that your last observation is upon the borderland of--what shall ,i call it80 8,truth10 ,i suggested4 ,she did not deign to reply to me1 but1 turning to my mother1 expressed a fear that she should leave ,kilkenley upon the following day4 8,i will not hear of it10 said my mother stoutly4 ,there was one chance left1 and that lay in inducing ,mr4 ,hawthorne to stump the county with me4 ,this scheme ,i confided to ,harry1 who highly approved of it4 ,after dinner1 when the ladies had returned to the drawing-room1 ,harry opened fire4 8,mr4 ,hawthorne1 the people about here are exceedingly anxious to hear you speak4 ,they have heard a good deal of your eloquence in ,parliament1 and have read some of your speeches40 8,i am not reported1 sir4 ,those scoundrels in the press gallery ignore me because ,i defy them4 ,would you believe it1 gentlemen1 my speech upon the removal of a custom-house officer upon a charge of disloyalty to the throne and constitution1 and which occupied two hours and a half in its delivery--,i went into the question of customs generally1 into those of foreign countries1 into the national debt1 into our relations with ,japan1 into the contracts for constructing ironclads--in fact1 ,i grasped a series of subjects of the highest importance to the country2 and would you believe it1 ,mr4 ,speaker--,i mean gentlemen--the ,times1 although ,i saw that the reporter--yes1 gentlemen1 ,i watched him with an eagle eye--was present and apparently engaged in reporting me--the ,times1 ,i say1 had the audacity to publish that the honorable member for ,doodleshire uttered some irrelevant observations which were inaudible in the reporters' gallery2 and yet this unprincipled scoundrel pockets his pay1 and reports the flimsy orations of other honorable members not one tithe of so much national importance as mine40 ,and trembling with anger1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne gulped down three glasses of claret in rapid succession4 8,the ,irish people10 continued ,harry1 8are the most rhetorical and oratorical in the world1 and prefer a good speech to any known amusement except a wake4 ,news of your presence here has gone far and wide1 and ,i may tell you fairly that it is incumbent upon you to let them hear you40 8,i--ahem6--would be very pleased to do so1 did a suitable opportunity present itself10 said the ,m4,p4 with a pleased smile4 8,the opportunity luckily does present itself4 ,on ,thursday next our host here must attend a meeting of his constituents at ,bohernacallan1 and1 if you were to accompany him and address the people1 ,i assure you it will be regarded as a very considerable favor by the hundreds who will be assembled40 8,on ,thursday next ,i shall be on my way to ,london40 8,not a bit of it10 ,i chimed in4 8,there is nothing to be done in ,london now1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne10 said ,harry4 8,my arrangements are all made1 and nothing1 sir1 nothing could induce me to break them4 ,i am a man of iron1 adamant in such matters40 ,i looked blankly at ,harry1 but ,master ,harry was still hopeful1 as indicated by a dexterous half-wink while the ,m4,p4 was tossing off another glass of claret4 8,i may tell you as a matter of fact1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 that you are expected at this meeting40 8,it is very flattering1 ,mr4 ,welstone1 but the meeting must stand disappointed in so far as ,i am concerned4 ,no1 gentlemen2 in the ,house or outside of it1 once ,i lay down a plan of operations1 ,i never diverge from it by the distance of a single hair40 ,again ,i looked blankly at ,harry1 and again ,i met with a half-wink4 8,that's very unfortunate1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 but ,i suppose it cannot be helped40 8,it cannot indeed1 sir40 8,and reporters coming down from ,dublin1 too10 said ,harry1 addressing me4 8,what is that you say1 ,mr4 ,welstone80 demanded the member of ,doodleshire with considerable earnestness4 8,oh6 it's not worth repeating40 8,i think ,i heard you mention something about reporters80 8,oh6 yes2 the ,dublin newspapers are sending down special reporters1 and the ,london ,times' correspondent is a reporter on the ,daily ,express40 8,ahem60 ,and ,mr4 ,hawthorne gravely produced a memorandum-book1 which he proceeded to scan with apparent interest4 ,harry gave me the full wink now4 8,oh dear me--ahem60 exclaimed the ,m4,p4 8,i find that ,i need not be in ,london quite so soon1 and if it obliges you1 my dear ,ormonde1 ,i shall be glad to strike a blow in your aid4 ,did you say the ,times' correspondent will be there8 ,not that it makes the slightest difference to me2 yet1 belonging as ,i do to the great liberal party1 and belonging as this election does to the great liberal party1 ,i deem it a sacred duty to aid the great liberal party in so far as it lies in my power4 ,mr4 ,ormonde1 rely upon me1 sir40 ,when later on ,i spoke with ,harry on the question of deceiving my guest1 especially as no reporters would be within fifty miles of us1 8,don't bother your head about it1 ,fred4 ,leave it all to me4 ,i'll get ,tom ,rafferty and the two ,o',briens to come with big pencils and lots of paper1 and tell them to write for their lives the whole time old ,hawthorne is speaking4 ,everything is fair in love1 war1 and an election40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the excitement in the county was intense as soon as the fact of my being in the field became known across its length and breadth4 ,the ,de ,ruthvens were furious1 the head of the family1 ,mr4 ,beresford de ,ruthven1 honoring me with a personal visit1 in order to ascertain whether ,i was in my senses or out of them4 8,am ,i to understand1 ,mr4 ,ormonde1 that you are a candidate for the representation of this county80 he asked1 after the usual ceremonial questions had been pushed aside4 8,you are1 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven40 8,that you have consented to be nominated by a rabble--to be--0 8,i have been nominated by no rabble1 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven40 8,you are the nominee of the priests40 8,i am1 sir2 but have a care how you speak of a ,catholic clergyman in this house4 ,you are not now at ,ruthventown40 ,i was hot with anger4 8,do you want to break up the harmony that has existed for centuries in the county1 ,mr4 ,ormonde80 8,i want to see a liberal represent the county1 and ,i am willing to give way to a better man40 8,liberal6 ,what liberality do you require8 ,do not the liberals have their share in everything80 ,i had him now4 8,how many liberals are there on the grand panel1 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven80 8,oh6 ,i grant you that there has been mismanagement10 he hastily replied1 8but we'll see to that40 8,what liberality is it that leaves the roads approaching every ,catholic church in a condition that would shame a backwoods clearing1 while those near the meanest ,protestant place of worship are cared for like the avenues in your own domain80 8,that shall be looked to40 8,where is the liberality at the union boards1 in the magistracy1 in the county offices8 ,is there a single ,catholic in any office whatever80 8,o ,mr4 ,ormonde6 ,i see you are primed and loaded1 and must go off like a fifth-of-,november cracker4 ,now1 all ,i can say to you is this3 that if you persist in this audacious attempt in breaking up the harmony of this great county1 on your own head be the penalty2 and let me add1 sir1 that when next you attend the assizes1 do not be surprised if you are openly insulted40 8,and do not be surprised1 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven1 if the man who dares insult me is openly horse-whipped40 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven1 very much disgusted at my papistical audacity1 took his leave1 warning me1 even when in his carriage1 that ,i was certain of defeat1 and equally certain of being put in ,coventry4 ,my attempt to wrest the seat from the conservative party was regarded with the same interest as ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan's daring effort to snatch ,louth from the ,right ,honorable ,chichester ,fortescue--an effort that was crowned with such signal success4 ,the cabinet minister and ex-,irish secretary1 who was regarded as ,mr4 ,gladstone's official representative in ,ireland1 was deemed invulnerable in ,louth1 having sat for it for twenty-seven years4 ,the government laughed to scorn the idea of disturbing him1 but ,mr4 ,sullivan polled two to one1 and was carried in by such a weighty majority as virtually to close the county for ever and a day1 as the children's story-books say4 ,in my county the conservatives laughed my attempt to scorn1 pooh-poohing my pretensions and ridiculing my supporters4 ,my opponent made ,ruthventown his headquarters1 and from ,ruthventown came forth his address4 ,from ,ruthventown also was issued a manifesto1 or imperial ukase rather1 commanding the tenants to vote for the ,de ,ruthven candidate1 while from every conservative landlord appeared a notice couched in similar dictatorial terms4 ,to these counter-proclamations were scattered broadcast by my various committees throughout the country1 calling upon ,catholics to support a ,catholic1 upon ,irishmen to support ,home ,rule4 ,father ,o',dowd was indefatigable1 leaving ,sir ,boyle ,roche's bird simply nowhere1 as he would appear to be in half a dozen different places at one and the same time4 ,he lived upon his little outside-car1 and the dead hours of the night saw him dashing through lonely glens1 winding up steep mountain-sides1 speeding through sleeping villages1 all for the purpose of bringing the old faith to the front1 and of rescuing representation from the clutches of the ,orange clique1 who had held it so long1 to the prejudice of ,catholicity and the shame of ,catholics4 8,we'll shake off the yoke now or never60 was his constant cry4 8,down with the ,de ,ruthven ascendency6 ,we'll take their heels off our necks4 ,we have suffered and endured too long and too patiently4 ,we have allowed a little clique to govern a nation at their own sweet will4 ,it is time for the people to assert themselves1 to come to the front1 to share in their own government4 ,the hour is at hand1 and the men40 ,the county was ablaze4 ,meetings were held in every village1 and my name was handed from townland to townland as a talisman4 ,the most despicable coercive measures were adopted by the conservative landlords toward their tenants with reference to their votes1 threats of eviction1 of rent-raising1 of persecution being openly resorted to4 8,make no promises1 boys4 ,keep yourselves unpledged10 was the constant cry of ,father ,o',dowd4 8,recollect that you have consciences and a country40 ,at one meeting1 whilst ,i was engaged in speaking--even now ,i feel astonished at my eloquence of that time--,i was interrupted by some of the ,de ,ruthven faction1 who endeavored to hiss and hoot me down4 8,boys10 yelled a voice in the crowd1 8there's iligant bathing in ,missis ,moriarty's pond below2 they say it's ,boyne wather40 ,and ere ,i could interpose or take any step towards cooling the feverish excitement of my supporters1 the luckless ,ruthvenites were ruthlessly swept towards the dam in question1 where in all human probability they would have been half-drowned had not ,father ,o',dowd rushed to the rescue4 8,are you mad1 boys8 ,don't touch a hair of their heads40 8,we want for to larn them manners1 yer riverince2 shure there's no great harm in that40 8,if one of these vagabonds is ill-treated by you1 they'll unseat ,mr4 ,ormonde on petition4 ,you will not suffer1 but ,mr4 ,ormonde will4 ,for ,heaven's sake1 boys1 don't lay a finger on them40 ,the announcement caused a general gloom4 8,never mind1 boys10 shouted one of the crowd4 8,shure if we can't bate thim afore the election1 we can knock sawdust out av thim whin it's all over1 an' that's a comfort anyhow40 ,from every side promises of support came pouring in4 ,the priests and people were working as one man1 silently1 swiftly1 surely4 ,the 8hard word0 had gone forth1 and every parish was preparing its contingent4 ,the hints and cajoleries of the other side were received in dignified silence--a silence which the ascendency party construed into assent4 ,it was deemed utterly impossible that the tenantry could vote against the nominee of their landlords2 and although these 8slave-owners0 received very significant warnings from their bailiffs1 they could not and would not give heed to them4 ,my address was drawn up in a solemn committee composed of ,father ,o',dowd1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 ,mabel1 my mother1 and myself4 ,i need not reproduce it here4 ,it was ,catholic and national1 and when it went forth to the county it was received with universal enthusiasm4 ,the opposite party stigmatized it as an 8audacious document10 a 8firebrand40 8,yes10 said the parish priest of ,derrymaleena1 8it is a firebrand1 and one that lights the funeral pyre of the ,orange party40 ,i found ,miss ,hawthorne rewriting a copy of my address4 8,i will save you the trouble1 ,miss ,hawthorne10 ,i said bitterly1 and ,heaven knows my heart was at a dead ache1 8and ,i will send a copy to ,mr4 ,melton40 ,she flushed1 the hot blood mounting over her little ears4 8,you do me a cruel injustice1 ,mr4 ,ormonde10 she replied4 8,read that60 contemptuously flinging me an open letter across the table4 8,i do not wish to pry into ,mr4 ,melton's secrets40 8,that letter is not from ,mr4 ,melton4 ,i never received one from him in my life1 nor do ,i care to receive one2 but since you will not read this letter1 you shall hear its contents40 ,she read as follows in a pained voice3 ,,my ,,dear ,,mrs4 ,,ormonde3 ,as the coming man is so busy1 and is probably at the other side of the county1 ,i write to you to ask you to send me a copy of his address as soon as ever you can4 ,we are all alive here1 and ,victory is within our grasp4 ,always yours1 ,,peter ,,heffernan4 8,now1 ,mr4 ,ormonde1 may ,i ask you if it was generous of you to--0 8,forgive me1 ,miss ,hawthorne10 ,i exclaimed4 8,i--,i do not know what ,i am doing1 what ,i am saying4 ,i am distracted--wretched40 ,i was silent4 ,i dared go no further4 ,the vision of ,wynwood ,melton cried check to the bounding thoughts that came surging from my heart4 8,the evening of the #bjth will find you in better form40 ,i shook my head4 ,the future was utterly dreary--one blank1 sunless waste4 8,you will win this election1 ,mr4 ,ormonde40 ,i sighed deeply4 8,a barren victory40 8,a barren victory60 she exclaimed with considerable animation4 8,do you consider it a barren victory to beat the ,carlton ,club1 the great conservative stronghold of ,england1 whose every ukase is law--to beat the ,de ,ruthven faction1 who have held your beautiful county in subjection since the ,pale80 8,a ,dead-,sea apple4 ,in winning this election ,i win your hatred40 8,my hatred80 opening her lovely violet eyes in delicious wonder4 8,yes1 ,miss ,hawthorne2 if ,i am elected ,i shall have beaten the man you love40 ,she flushed again--a shower of rose-petals4 8,there is not a more miserable being on the face of this earth than ,i am this moment1 ,miss ,hawthorne4 ,were ,i not pledged in honor to this election1 ,i would stand aside and let ,mr4 ,melton win this stake1 as he has won the higher stake--your heart40 ,she was about to interrupt me1 her lips tremulous1 her hands in strong action4 8,hear me for one moment10 ,i cried1 carried away in a rush of tumultuous feeling1 every sense in a mad whirl4 8,i love you1 ,mabel--love you with a love that is more than love4 ,i tried to hate you4 ,in that vain attempt ,i resolved to bring sorrow to your heart1 to glut my own desire for vengeance4 ,it was jealous despair that led me into this conflict4 ,it is possible ,i may not see you until the fight is over1 perhaps never again2 but1 ,mabel ,hawthorne1 my first1 my last love1 it may be sweet to you to know why this victory will be a barren one1 why the hand that grasps the laurel will seize but dead ashes40 ,and without trusting myself even to glance at her1 ,i rushed from the room1 from the house1 and was many miles on the road to ,derrymaclury ere thoroughly aware of the fact4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i did not return to ,kilkenley4 ,i dreaded the fearful fascination of ,mabel's presence1 and1 now that ,i had declared my hopeless love1 ,i did not care to meet her4 ,it would be mean and shabby to hang about her1 knowing she was never to be mine4 ,it would be despicable1 under the peculiar circumstances of the case1 were ,i again to refer to ,melton or the election4 ,there was nothing for it but to remain at a distance4 ,i recall the agonies of those few days with a shiver4 ,the powerful excitement of the approaching contest was over-weighted by the dull gnawing at my heart4 ,i was as one walking in a painful dream4 ,in vain ,i plunged into the whirl of speech-making1 canvassing1 and all the absorbing surroundings of the election--truly in vain1 for the one idea ever grimly tortured me1 and the one hopeless thought ever perched raven-like in my gloom-laden mind4 8,take heart of grace1 man10 ,father ,o',dowd would say4 8,we'll beat them three to one40 ,could he minister to the disease that was eating away my very heart8 ,harry ,welstone came over4 8,why1 there has been a sort of panic at ,kilkenley on account of your abrupt departure1 ,fred4 ,the last person who saw you in the flesh was ,miss ,hawthorne1 and she is very reticent in the matter4 ,i tried to pump her1 and got quietly sat upon for my pains4 ,she has disappeared1 too40 8,what do you mean80 8,she has been playing the invisible princess4 ,your opponent called twice1 and she refused to see him40 8,is it ,melton80 ,i cried1 a wild joy surging around my heart4 8,yes2 the great ,m4,p4 in embryo40 8,wouldn't see him80 8,said she had a headache40 8,you jest1 ,harry40 8,not a bit of it4 ,old ,blunderbuss was as mad as a hatter1 but missy stuck fast to her colors40 8,i wish to heaven you hadn't told me this1 ,harry40 8,why80 8,i do not know40 ,and ,i did not know1 but so it was4 ,there lay a disturbing element in this news that completely set me astray4 ,hope1 that springs eternal in the human breast2 hope1 that seemed shut out from mine for ever1 was timidly knocking at the portals demanding admittance2 but ,i resolutely barred the portals1 raising the drawbridge1 and dropping the portcullis4 ,and yet-- ,no4 ,i would not admit the impossible4 ,the nomination took place in the court-house at ,ballyraken1 the county town1 which was literally packed with the country people1 who had come in from the great harvest districts to hear the 8speechifyin'40 ,the ,de ,ruthven faction mustered very strongly1 all the ,protestant gentry arriving in their equipages1 making 8a brave and goodly show40 ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton--who appeared in a faultlessly-fitting black frock-coat1 with the last rose of summer in his button-hole1 a hat that literally shone like jet1 and pale lavender gloves--was proposed by ,sir ,robert ,slugby de ,ruthven1 ,d4,l41 and seconded by ,mr4 ,beresford de ,ruthven1 ,d4,l4 ,sir ,robert1 an aged1 aristocratic-looking man1 with a lordly voice and royal mien1 after dilating1 amidst fearful interruption1 upon the misfortune that had fallen on the county in the ill-considered enterprise of this rash young man--meaning me--in his hopeless endeavor to disturb the harmony which had so long existed in the county1 proceeded to say3 8,i have a gentleman to propose to your consideration--a gentleman of birth1 a gentleman of education1 a gentleman of position1 a gentleman of means1 a gentleman--0 ,here a voice1 which ,i immediately recognized as that of ,peter ,o',brien1 cried out in the crowd3 8,arrah1 blur an' ages1 we're tired av gintlemin2 can't ye stand yerself80 ,this sally1 which was greeted with a roar of laughter1 completely upset the little speech which ,sir ,robert had prepared1 and in a few mumbled words he proposed ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton as a fit and proper person to represent the county in the ,imperial ,parliament4 ,mr4 ,beresford de ,ruthven was an able and popular speaker4 ,he knew how1 when1 and where to touch the heart of the ,irish peasant4 ,his tact was admirable1 while he possessed the rare qualification of being enabled to keep his audience in his hands as a juggler his golden balls4 ,we feared his speech4 ,it was a rock ahead1 and every word that fell from his lips was to be caught up and treasured1 in order that our best men should reply to him4 ,we knew it was nearly impossible to catch him tripping1 and that he was one of those agile performers who spring smilingly to their feet even after an ugly fall4 8,i wish this was over10 whispered ,father ,o',dowd4 8,timeo ,danaos et dona ferentes4 ,he'll butter the boys like parsnips1 and promise them the moon40 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven commenced his speech in a breathless silence4 ,oratory is always respected in ,ireland1 even in an opponent1 although that opponent be a ,protestant and an ,orangeman4 ,the speaker labored under the disadvantage of possessing but one hand1 the other having been accidentally shot off by the bursting of a fowling-piece while ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven was grouse-shooting in ,scotland4 ,his speech was1 unhappily for us1 most felicitous4 ,he seemed to suit himself to the occasion1 and to make the occasion suit him4 ,a faint murmur followed one or two of his well-directed points1 which gradually swelled into open applause1 until1 to our dismay1 we found he was carrying the audience with him4 ,our party gazed significantly one at the other4 ,we all perceived that the danger we had already anticipated was upon us in real earnest4 ,at this moment ,i perceived ,peter ,o',brien elbowing himself to the front4 ,a dead silence had fallen1 one of those unaccountable stillnesses that occasionally come upon all assemblages1 however large4 ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven was about to recommence1 when ,peter1 putting his hands to his mouth1 and in a voice that could be heard in the adjacent barony1 shouted at the top of his lungs3 8,where's the hand that sthruck the priest80 ,to describe the effect of this query would be impossible4 ,it was simply electrical4 ,in one second the current1 which had been flowing smoothly1 became dammed1 and instantly turned into another channel4 ,in vain did ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven endeavor to gain a hearing2 in vain to disclaim the odious charge that had been indirectly preferred against him4 ,it was useless4 ,every effort was met by a thousand cries of 8,where's the hand that sthruck the priest80 ,and in these few words the sun of his eloquence had set for ever4 ,the high-sheriff almost burst a blood-vessel in his endeavor to obtain silence1 until1 finding the task a hopeless one1 he advised ,mr4 ,de ,ruthven to formally second the nomination and retire1 which was accordingly done1 and in dumb show4 ,when ,melton presented himself he was received with laughter and jeers4 ,the people had just warmed into that facetious good-humor that is so dangerous to a candidate for their suffrages4 ,opposition makes a martyr4 ,laughter causes a man to appear ridiculous4 8,what'll ye take for the posy80 8,off wud yer gloves40 8,will ye give us a pup out o' that hat80 8,is that coat ped for80 8,the raison it's so new is that he wants to be able for to turn it1 boys40 8,spake up40 8,give us a little ,irish40 8,sing the #8,wearin' av the ,green4'0 8,we'll return ye--to ,england40 8,go home to yer mother40 8,cud ye say boo to a goose80 8,och6 we'll vote for ye all together like ,brown's cows1 an' he had only wan40 8,yer a fine man to send--out o' the counthry40 8,arrah1 what brought ye here at all80 8,ax for the price o' the thrain for to take ye home1 an' mebbe ould ,beresford wud give it to ye40 ,such were the greetings that interrupted ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton during the delivery of a very brief speech1 not one word of which even reached the reporters' table4 ,he seemed1 however1 perfectly unruffled1 and continued bowing for a considerable time in response to the derisive cheering that followed upon his silence4 ,father ,o',dowd was received with a whirlwind of cheers1 yells1 and other manifestations of enthusiastic delight4 ,in proposing me he was very brief1 alluding to the degrading position held by ,catholics in a county where the large majority of the people were ,catholics1 and where everything that could be denied a ,catholic was denied him4 ,he was good enough to refer to the intrepidity with which my poor father had upheld the ancient faith1 to his true-hearted patriotism1 and wound up by declaring that this was the hour for the county to assert itself1 both for conscience and country4 ,i read my speech in the ,weekly ,courier on the following ,saturday1 and ,i suppose ,i must have uttered it1 but ,i have not the remotest conception of what ,i said4 ,it read wonderfully well2 and as ,father ,o',dowd told me ,i surpassed myself1 ,i felt more or less elated at my success4 8,if she had been there to hear it60 was my sad1 sickening thought4 ,lta dies aderat4 ,the eventful day arrived big with my fate and that of the county4 ,i felt that ,i was but the mere instrument1 and1 if victory were to crown the effort1 it would be due to the principle and not the man4 ,we knew that in some districts we would be badly beaten1 while in others the issue was somewhat doubtful2 but as to the ultimate outcome we entertained not a shadow of a doubt4 ,the people were panting for a chance1 and they had got it now4 ,when ,i showed the voting-papers to ,peter1 telling him that a cross marked in pencil should go opposite the name of the candidate for whom the voter wished to vote1 he anxiously demanded3 8,an' must the min that votes for the ,englishman put in a crass1 too80 8,every man of them40 8,och1 thin1 glory be to ,god6 shure it's a judgmint on thim ,protestants for to have to make the sign av the blessed an' holy crass at all1 at all--curse of ,crummle on thim60 ,fearing a disturbance1 as party spirit ran so high and as my supporters were so excited1 a strong detachment of the ,sixtieth ,rifles was marched into ,ballyraken on the eve of the polling4 ,the ,protestant landlords had secured free quarters in the town for such of their tenantry as chose to inhabit them1 while they themselves occupied the ,club ,house and ,de ,ruthven ,arms in a most imposing and demonstrative manner4 ,i was walking down the main street1 all alone1 thinking not of the forthcoming ballot1 but of ,mabel1 when ,i perceived my opponent lounging on the steps of the ,club ,house4 ,i should be compelled to pass the ,club ,house or cross the street1 and as ,i was a member of the club1 although ,i never frequented it1 ,i now resolved upon boldly entering the enemy's camp4 ,i was passing ,melton with a nod when he stepped forward and in a singularly insolent tone demanded a word with me4 ,he was very white4 8,i was at ,kilkenley yesterday40 8,indeed60 ,i said4 ,his tone was too uncertain to admit of my making any comment upon his visit4 8,i suppose ,miss ,hawthorne is acting under your orders80 he hissed4 8,i am at a loss to understand your meaning1 sir10 ,i hotly replied4 8,not at home save to those whom you may be pleased to admit to your palatial residence10 he sneered4 8,my residence is a very humble one1 ,mr4 ,melton1 and when you honored it with your person ,i hope you found it a hospitable one4 ,miss ,hawthorne is mistress of her own movements1 but let me tell you1 sir1 that she is my mother's guest1 and the guest of an ,ormonde is sacred40 8,very dramatic1 but scarcely to the point40 8,i'll come to any point you please40 8,when this election business is over ,i may have something to say to you10 his tone fairly exasperating4 ,i could stand it no longer4 8,you white-livered cub1 whatever you have to say1 say it now60 ,i shouted1 the blood rushing like molten lava through my veins4 8,i don't row in public40 8,do you wish me to tell you what ,i think of you1 in public1 ,mr4 ,melton80 ,he smiled4 8,pah6 you are not worth this stick1 or ,i'd break it across your shoulders40 ,and ,i marched into the club1 my heart bumping against my ribs from sheer excitement4 ,what could he mean8 ,miss ,hawthorne refuse to see him at my request8 ,it was too absurd4 ,some lover's quarrel4 ,was this cad her lover8 ,had her heart gone forth to such a man as this8 ,it was torture to think it4 ,contrary to all expectations1 the conduct of the people was orderly and peaceable4 ,the dread of a petition had been seared into their very souls by ,father ,o',dowd and by the admirable organization that had charge of my interests4 ,they came up to the booths silent1 almost sullen4 ,the landlords and bailiffs were all at their posts1 uttering a last warning word as the tenants filed into the booths1 addressing them cheerily as they emerged therefrom1 in the hope of gleaning the much-coveted information as to the direction of the vote2 but the responsibility of that day's work appeared upon every face1 and they entered the voting-places as though stepping into a church4 ,telegrams came pouring in all day from the outlying districts4 8,ballymaclish is all right--a majority of sixty2 ,derrymaclooney accounts for every man10 cried ,father ,o',dowd4 8,bravo1 my dear old parish6 ,i knew ,i could trust my good1 brave1 pious children40 ,later on3 8,the ,de ,ruthvens have carried ,tubbercurry40 8,that's because ,father ,nolan is on the broad of his back40 8,ay1 and because the ,beresfords have stopped at nothing10 observed one of my committee4 8,if we want a petition we can pick it up in ,tubbercurry4 ,a telegram this morning says that there were money and whiskey going all the week40 8,how about ,dharnadhulagh80 8,no returns yet40 8,or ,derrycunnihy80 8,derrycunnihy is doubtful40 8,not a bit of it40 8,i say it is40 8,i say it isn't4 ,sure1 ,father ,james ,o',neil has it in hands40 8,oh6 that will do4 ,put us down at forty at the very least40 ,this sort of thing went on all day2 but as the day wore on and the returns came in1 we found at four o'clock that ,i had a majority1 and at five that ,i had beaten ,melton like a hack4 ,a wild flash of joy quivered through me4 ,frederic ,fitzgerald ,ormonde1 ,m4,p46 ,visions of ,st4 ,stephen's1 of fierce debates over the crushing wrongs of expectant ,erin1 of glorious oratory1 of splendid1 supreme efforts1 of magnificent rewards1 honors--,cui bono8 ,she would hate me for having beaten her lover in the race4 ,but was he her lover8 ,had not her tell-tale blushes told me all8 ,and yet ,i had given her no chance of reply4 ,perhaps-- ,as this idea smote me a nameless ecstasy vibrated through every fibre of my being1 and ,i longed to get to ,kilkenley1 ,i knew not why4 ,it was excruciating to be compelled to wait and receive the congratulations of my friends and supporters4 ,it was simply fearful to have to sit out a dinner which had been prepared in my honor1 and to listen to the leaden speeches all harping upon the one theme4 ,somehow or other the night passed onwards1 and at about eleven o'clock ,i found myself free4 ,i rode over to ,kilkenley2 it was a mad race1 and how ,i contrived to avoid riding down some of my constituents is still a matter of mystery to me4 ,it relieved my feverish spirits to give the reins to my horse1 and we flew homewards1 past villages1 past homesteads1 past inebriated revellers on low-backed cars1 past bonfires which were lighted for miles along the route1 past hedges1 ditches--everything2 nor did ,i draw rein until ,i drew up at the lodge1 shouting the word 8,gate60 8,lord be merciful to us6 but it's the masther10 cried ,mrs4 ,o',rourke1 the lodge-keeper1 as she tremblingly threw open the gate4 8,may ,i make so bould as to ax ye if ye bet the ,englishman1 sir80 8,beat him to smithereens40 8,glory be to ,god6 ,i knew ,father ,o',dowd would settle it40 ,there were lights all through the house4 ,the great event had kept the household out of their beds4 ,my mother fell upon my neck in a paroxysm of joy when ,i told her the news4 8,where is ,mabel--,i mean ,miss ,hawthorne1 mother80 ,i stammered4 8,she was here a moment ago4 ,is ,mr4 ,hawthorne at ,ballyraken80 8,yes2 ,i left him making a third speech40 8,you must be worn out1 my child4 ,i'll make you some mulled port40 ,something told me that ,i should find ,mabel in the adjoining room2 and my instincts had not deceived me4 ,she stood in the centre of the apartment1 one hand resting upon a small table4 ,when ,i found myself standing opposite to her ,i felt utterly1 totally dumbfounded4 ,i could only stare at her4 8,i heard the news10 she said1 casting down her violet eyes4 ,ah6 that was all she had to say4 8,will you forgive me80 ,i cried4 8,mr4 ,ormonde10 her hands working nervously1 her glorious eyes still bent upon the table1 her exquisitely-shaped head half averted1 8,i--,i--that is--you have been under a most extraordinary misconception with reference to ,mr4 ,melton4 ,that gentleman is only a friend4 ,as a matter of fact1 ,i--,i was so--so distressed at your ideas about him in connection with myself0--here she blushed red as a rose--8that ,i refused to see him when he came to visit here yesterday40 8,then you are not in love with him80 ,she raised her violet eyes1 and her glance met mine as she uttered the1 to me1 ecstatic word1 8,no40 8,and not engaged to him80 8,no40 ,i do not know what ,i said or what ,i did2 but this ,i do know3 that when my mother entered the room with a tumbler of mulled port1 she dropped the tumbler1 uttering an exclamation of delight1 and fell to kissing ,mabel1 exclaiming3 8,this is the one thing wanted to make me perfectly happy4 ,my poor boy was breaking his heart about you40 99 99 99 99 99 ,i was declared duly elected to serve the county in the ,united ,parliament of ,great ,britain and ,ireland4 ,mr4 ,hawthorne duly presented me to ,mr4 ,speaker upon the occasion of my taking the oaths and my seat4 ,my first nap in the ,house was during a speech from the member for ,doodleshire1 which was not treating the ethereal thunder of his mind with becoming respect1 especially as he had just been good enough to give me his daughter in marriage4 ,we were married at the pro-cathedral at ,kensington1 by ,father ,o',dowd4 ,melton ,i never met4 ,harry ,welstone and ,i are closer friends than ever1 as he is in the ,house1 representing the borough of ,bohernabury1 and we are always 8agin the government40 ,we reside at ,kilkenley1 and ,peter ,o',brien is teaching my eldest boy to handle the ribbons4 8,musha1 thin1 whin ,i rowled out forninst ye in the dirt beyant at the railway station1 it's little ,i ever thought ,i'd see ye misthress av the ould anshint property1 ma'am10 is his constant remark to the lady of the manor1 while he is perpetually urging upon me the crying necessity for 8takin' a heat out av ,drizzlyeye40 8,bloody wars1 ,masther ,fred1 but you an' ould ,butt is too aisy wud him4 ,give him plinty av impudince1 an' as shure's me name's ,pether ,o',brien ye'll have ,home ,rule while ye'd be axin' the lind av a sack40 ,,the ,,end4 ,a ,,sectarian ,,diplomatic ,,service4 ,our federal government1 as a government1 is absolutely forbidden by the ,constitution to have anything whatever to do with religion2 but the ,state ,department has been for years and is now conducted as if it were an agency for a religious sectarian propaganda4 ,the gentlemen whom it has sent to represent us at foreign courts have acted1 in numberless instances and with few exceptions1 as if they were the emissaries of ,protestant or infidel missionary societies rather than as the ambassadors1 ministers1 and chargs d'affaires of a government which professes no religion1 but which nevertheless has among its citizens eight millions of ,roman ,catholics1 more or less1 whose rights and opinions it is bound at least to respect4 ,many of these gentlemen have seemed to believe that one of their principal duties1 especially if accredited to a ,catholic country1 was to form intimate associations with conspirators and agitators2 to espouse their cause2 and to fill their despatches to ,mr4 ,seward1 ,mr4 ,fish1 and ,mr4 ,evarts with absurd but pernicious misrepresentations concerning the relations of the church towards education1 civil freedom1 and material progress4 ,it may be admitted that many of these agents have erred rather through ignorance than malice2 not a few of them have received but a limited education2 it is only lately that a knowledge of the ,french language has been deemed requisite for even an ambassador4 ,scores of our ministers and chargs d'affaires have been sent abroad1 remained for a few years1 and returned1 without acquiring more than a mere smattering of the language of the country to which they were accredited4 ,too frequently these misrepresentatives of ours fall into the hands of the agents of the secret sects which are plotting all over the world for the destruction of the church and the overthrow of ,christian society1 and receive from these sources the erroneous and pernicious views of affairs which they transmit to ,washington4 ,one of our diplomatists1 returning from a long residence in the capital of a ,catholic country1 had for a fellow-traveller on the steamship an ,american ,catholic4 8,i envy you your residence in ----10 said this gentleman2 8the intellectual society there is agreeable4 ,were you not well acquainted with ,father ---- and ,mgr4 ----80 naming two individuals of wide-spread celebrity4 8,oh6 no10 replied the astute statesman1 8not at all2 ,i never met them4 ,they are ,papists1 you know1 and ,i never cared to waste my time with men who pray to idols1 and pretend to believe that a piece of bread is ,god4 ,besides10 he added1 with ingenuous simplicity1 8my interpreter1 a very shrewd fellow1 told me all the priests in ---- were bitter foes of our free republican institutions1 and ,i thought it my duty to keep aloof from them40 ,a perusal of the ,red ,books for the last two years inclines one to believe that many of our ministers to foreign countries derive their opinions and their information chiefly from their 8interpreters40 ,the ,hon4 ,mr4 ,scadder1 rewarded for his eminent services to his party by being torn from his sorrowing constituents at ,watertoast1 and sent to represent us at the proud court of a papistical sovereign1 may be at the mercy of any wag who chooses to humbug him with fantastical lies1 or of any emissary from a ,masonic sect who is instructed to fill his mind with misrepresentations2 but ,mr4 ,fish and ,mr4 ,evarts are men of culture1 and are supposed1 at least1 to be able to distinguish a hawk from a handsaw4 ,it is of them that we chiefly complain4 ,if the exigencies of party have made it impossible for them to select the best men for our diplomatic service1 and if they have been obliged to put up with ,mr4 ,scadder and his kind1 it has at least been always in their power to cause our foreign agents to understand that it is no part of their duty to write despatches calumniating the ,catholic ,church1 or to employ themselves in promoting the missionary enterprises of ,protestant sects in ,catholic countries4 ,had ,mr4 ,fish and ,mr4 ,evarts possessed a true idea of their own official duties1 they never could have permitted one of their agents to write a second time such despatches as some of those contained in the ,red ,books before us4 ,they would have administered to their ,scadders1 and ,marshes1 and ,beales1 and ,partridges1 and ,bassetts a rebuke that would have opened the eyes of these public servants and taught them a useful lesson4 ,mr4 ,fish1 we know1 is a prominent and zealous member of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church2 ,mr4 ,evarts1 we believe1 is an adherent of the same sect4 ,in their private capacity they have at least a legal right to do what they can to advance the interests of their own communion1 and to expose and check the diabolical designs of the ,man of ,sin4 ,but as ,secretary of ,state at ,washington ,mr4 ,fish had not1 and ,mr4 ,evarts has not1 any right to instruct1 encourage1 or even permit our agents abroad to calumniate the ,catholic ,church1 to encourage conspiracies against her1 or to spend their time1 which belongs to the country1 and the money with which the country supplies them1 in promoting ,anti-,catholic propagandism4 ,such a course is as bad a policy as it is un-,american4 ,we trust that the present ,secretary of ,state will give this matter his immediate and careful attention2 and the ,senate and the ,house of ,representatives would do well to look into it4 ,let him1 as becomes his duty1 inform the diplomatic agents of this republic that they are sent and paid to attend to the material and political interests of our country1 and are expected to keep to themselves their religious opinions1 whatever those opinions may be1 in their correspondence with the ,department of ,state4 ,a proper sense of dignity on the part of the ,american who holds the office of the ,secretary of ,state1 and a decent respect for others1 would not suffer that a diplomatic agent under his control should use his political position to insult the religious convictions of so large1 important1 and patriotic a portion of his fellow-citizens4 ,catholic citizens ask no favors as ,catholics1 and the time has gone by for them to accept silently from the hired agents of our common country insults to their religious faith4 ,no one deprecates more than we do to see the tendency of the ,catholic vote in this country given almost exclusively to one of its political parties4 ,the only way in which to prevent this is by the opposite party putting an end to the display of bigotry and fanaticism against the ,catholic ,church4 ,the ,department of the ,interior1 in its ,indian ,bureau1 has repeatedly been guilty of gross violations of good faith and fair dealing towards the ,catholic ,church2 but this has been due1 probably1 to the direct pressure put upon it by the various sects1 whose cupidity was excited by the hope of reaping where ,catholic priests had sown4 ,but the foreign agents of the ,state ,department often appear to have gone out of their way1 in mere wantonness1 to insult1 irritate1 and injure ,catholic interests and feeling4 ,imagine the collector of the port of ,new ,york writing official despatches to the ,secretary of the ,treasury1 informing him that1 in the absence of anything better to do1 he had been giving his mind to an investigation of ,catholicism in this metropolis1 and that he had arrived at the conclusion that much of the pauperism of the city was due to the facts that the entire ,catholic population were in the habit of refusing to work on eight days of the year--days known in the superstitious jargon of the ,papists as 8days of obligation0--and that vast sums of money were exacted by the priests from their ignorant and degraded dupes1 and sent over to ,rome to support in idle luxury the pampered pope6 ,it is probable that ,secretary ,sherman would administer to the collector a severe reprimand1 and that this particular letter would not form part of the annual treasury report4 ,but this is precisely the sort of news with which our minister to ,hayti--,mr4 ,ebenezer ,bassett--regales ,mr4 ,evarts1 so much to the apparent satisfaction of the latter that ,mr4 ,bassett again and again returns to the subject and dwells upon it with unction4 ,or fancy ,postmaster ,james sending a despatch to ,mr4 ,key to cheer him with the happy intelligence that an unfrocked and disgraced ,catholic priest had started a brand-new sect of his own in ,new ,york1 and predicting that in a short time a majority of the ,papists would desert their pastors and joyfully embrace the new gospel4 ,but this is in substance the intelligence that such a man as ,mr4 ,bancroft most delighted to send from ,berlin4 ,the collector of the port and the postmaster would be as much out of the line of their duty in the cases we have mentioned as ,mr4 ,bassett and ,mr4 ,bancroft have been4 ,the duty of our foreign representatives is to promote the commercial1 financial1 and political interests of this republic at the courts to which they are accredited1 and not to make themselves channels for the conveyance of idle1 false1 and scandalous gossip1 much less to interfere in the domestic affairs of the countries to which they are sent1 or allow themselves to be used as the tools of secret societies or of ,methodist or any other missionary boards4 ,we have at present thirteen envoys extraordinary and ministers plenipotentiary--in ,austria1 ,brazil1 ,chili1 ,china1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,great ,britain1 ,italy1 ,japan1 ,mexico1 ,peru1 ,russia1 and ,spain2 eight ministers resident--in the ,argentine ,republic1 ,belgium1 ,central ,american ,states1 ,hawaiian ,islands1 ,netherlands1 ,sweden and ,norway1 ,turkey1 and ,venezuela2 and two ministers resident and consuls-general1 in ,hayti and ,liberia4 ,there are also five chargs d'affaires--in ,denmark1 ,greece1 ,portugal1 ,switzerland1 and ,uruguay and ,paraguay4 ,we have no representative in ,bolivia1 ,ecuador1 or the ,united ,states of ,colombia4 ,the great majority of the inhabitants of nineteen of the above-named thirty-one countries are ,roman ,catholics2 yet not one of our foreign representatives is a ,catholic4 ,we ask not is this fair1 but is it good policy8 ,the population of these nineteen ,roman ,catholic nations is in round numbers1 and according to the latest enumerations1 about #agj1jjj1jjj souls2 but we now are1 and so far as we know almost always have been1 represented at their capitals by ,protestants4 ,of this1 in itself1 we do not complain4 ,wisdom--nay1 even common sense--would indeed seem to dictate that the best results would be attained1 other things being equal1 by sending ,catholics as envoys to ,catholic countries4 ,an ,american ,catholic in a ,catholic country finds himself in sympathy with1 and not in antagonism to1 the religious habits and modes of thought of the people2 and his path towards the accomplishment of any good and worthy object is greatly smoothed by this fact4 ,we believe that intelligent1 clever1 patriotic1 ,catholic envoys at ,vienna1 ,rio ,janeiro1 ,santiago1 ,paris1 ,rome1 ,mexico1 ,lima1 ,madrid1 ,buenos ,ayres1 ,brussels1 ,guatemala1 ,caracas1 ,port au ,prince1 ,lisbon1 ,montevideo1 ,asuncion1 ,quito1 ,bogota1 and ,la ,paz would have been more successful in accomplishing the best and highest duties of diplomatic representatives of this republic than ,messrs4 ,beale1 ,partridge1 ,logan1 ,washburne1 ,marsh1 ,foster1 ,gibbs1 ,cushing1 ,osborne1 ,merrill1 ,williamson1 ,russell1 ,bassett1 ,moran1 and ,caldwell have been4 ,we are certain that they would not have committed the sins against good taste and propriety which must be laid at the door of nearly all these gentlemen2 they surely would not have committed the still graver offences of which we shall have to give some instances4 ,we wish to except from this remark1 however1 ,mr4 ,moran1 long our faithful and exemplary secretary of legation at ,london1 and for the last two or three years our chief representative at ,lisbon4 ,although not a ,catholic1 ,mr4 ,moran is a gentleman of excellent culture1 of correct opinions concerning his official duties1 and a very skilful diplomatist4 ,one may look in vain through his despatches for anything that should not be there4 ,we wish we could say half as much for some of his confrres4 ,let us take1 as an instance1 our misrepresentative at ,rome1 ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,marsh1 of ,vermont4 ,mr4 ,marsh leaves us in no doubt whether or not he is in full sympathy with the worst political elements in ,italy1 and inspired by a lively hatred of the church4 ,he deems it one of his most pressing duties to assail and calumniate the ,pope2 he seems never so happy as when he can give a false and malicious interpretation to the acts of the ,papal ,see2 he appears never so miserable as when he finds himself disappointed in his fond anticipation of seeing the ,italian government invade the ,vatican1 drive out the ,pope1 and finish up what is left of the church in ,italy4 ,in what ,mr4 ,marsh is pleased to call his mind1 the church in ,italy is a ravening wolf1 wounded1 sick1 and in a trap1 but still with life enough in her to make her dangerous1 and to render it necessary that she should be knocked on the head as soon as possible4 ,whenever ,mr4 ,marsh observes indications of a willingness on the part of the government to let the wolf live a little longer1 or even to make terms with her1 he scolds and laments at a fearful rate4 ,he writes as if he were a member of the ,extreme ,left1 and evidently draws his inspiration from the most advanced radical sources4 8,i see no reason to expect10 says he1 8any more vigorous resistance to the encroachments of the church from this administration0--the administration that was in power in ,november1 #ahgf4 ,what is it that ,mr4 ,marsh would wish8 ,what can be 8the encroachments of the church0 in ,italy--the 8encroachments0 of men disarmed1 despoiled1 captive1 and helpless as far as human agency is concerned8 ,the elections for members of the ,chamber of ,deputies in ,november1 #ahgf1 were regarded by ,mr4 ,marsh as evidence that the electors were greatly dissatisfied with the government as it had been administered4 ,doubtless they were4 ,mr4 ,marsh speaks of 8the heavy burdens of taxation imposed by it upon the people02 of its 8financial difficulties that prevent the execution of important works of public improvement02 of its failure even to attempt 8the abolition of the macinto tax1 or of any of the financial abuses which weigh so heavily on the poor40 ,but his remedy for this is simply 8a more vigorous resistance to the encroachments of the church0--a little more plundering1 a little more confiscation2 the seizure of the ,vatican1 for instance1 and the sale of its treasures at public auction1 would no doubt put a few million lire in the public treasury4 ,that would suit the amiable ,mr4 ,marsh exactly4 ,but the ,italians hesitate1 and ,mr4 ,marsh is disgusted with them4 ,at times he informs ,mr4 ,evarts of terrible secrets--confidential information which could only have been communicated to him under the pledge of solemn secrecy by one of those practical jokers who lounge about the cafs in ,rome and exercise their ingenuity in beguiling simple foreigners with incredible canards4 ,in a despatch dated ,april #bc1 #ahgg1 ,mr4 ,marsh gives an account of a seditious outbreak that had occurred in ,central and ,southern ,italy1 instigated by people who were well dressed and who had plenty of money1 but whose purpose1 as explained by themselves1 was 8not only the overthrow of the existing government1 but the destruction of all established civil1 social1 and religious institutions1 and the triumph of universal anarchy40 ,these1 in fact1 were members of ,mr4 ,marsh's own party2 but his secret informant in ,rome made him believe that they were in the pay of the ,pope1 and probably ,jesuits in disguise6 8,long live ,pius ,,ix46 was shouted by the ,internationalists at ,benevento in the same breath with their cries of sedition10 writes ,mr4 ,marsh2 and he goes on to warn ,mr4 ,evarts that 8the number of persons prepared to lend a ready ear to the promptings of ,international emissaries0--videlicet the ,jesuits in disguise aforesaid--8already large1 is increasing2 and that ,italy may be the theatre of convulsions1 to resist which will demand the most strenuous efforts of wise rulers and the most self-sacrificing patriotism on the part of the governing classes10 but always in the direction of resisting 8the further encroachments of the church40 ,mr4 ,marsh indulged in glowing hopes when the so-called ,clerical ,abuses ,bill passed the ,chamber of ,deputies4 ,he described the measure as 8a bill for repressing the license of the clergy in public attacks upon the ecclesiastical policy of the government10 and looked for the happiest results to follow its enforcement4 ,mr4 ,marsh is an ,american citizen2 he is the representative of a government which plumes itself upon the almost unchecked freedom of its citizens2 he is paid by a people whose political shibboleth is 8free speech40 ,if ,mr4 ,marsh were running for ,congress in ,vermont instead of exercising his powerful intellect as minister at ,rome1 what would he say concerning an attempt by ,congress to enact that the penalty of fine and imprisonment should be inflicted upon every clergyman or minister who should 8attack the policy10 for instance1 of the government seizing all the ,methodist and ,baptist meeting-houses throughout the country1 and converting them into barracks8 ,the ,italian bill was worse than this1 for it inflicted these penalties upon every priest who1 even in the discharge of his duties as a director1 might 8disturb the peace of families0 by advising a mother to teach her children that it was a sin to steal4 ,but the ,italian senate was less brave than ,mr4 ,marsh1 and his heart was almost broken by its final rejection of the bill4 8,this rejection10 he moans1 in his despatch of ,april #bc1 8will encourage the clergy to measures of more active hostility against the state40 ,he feels so cut up about it that he returns to the subject in his despatch of ,may #aj1 and is so far carried away by his feelings as to write that 8,the violence of the clergy and of their lay supporters in ,italy and ,france is almost beyond description1 and any one living among them has abundant opportunities of being convinced that they are prepared to resort to arms in support of the pretensions of the ,papacy and of the principles of the ,syllabus of #ahfd60 ,a viler calumny1 a more wicked falsehood against the ,french and ,italian clergy has seldom been written4 ,we are amazed1 not that ,mr4 ,marsh should have written it1 but that ,mr4 ,evarts should have allowed such balderdash to be printed4 ,but ,mr4 ,marsh grows worse as he goes on4 ,in his despatch of ,may #bf he almost excels himself4 ,he takes it as a personal grievance that the ,pope has compared ,prince ,bismarck to ,attila2 he is impatient for the abrogation of the ,law of ,guarantees2 he is certain that sooner or later 8a violent conflict between the government and the church is inevitable10 and he wishes it to come rather sooner than later4 ,apparently he is anxious to assist at the final sacrifice1 and he is tormented with the fear that the crafty ,papists may cheat him out of that gratification4 8,the ,roman ,curia10 he writes1 8is at all times shrouded in such mystery that the purposes of those who administer it 7sic7 are very rarely foreshadowed1 and no positive predictions can ever be hazarded concerning it beyond the general presumption that its future will be like its past40 ,in all soberness and earnestness we ask ,mr4 ,evarts whether ,mr4 ,marsh is kept in ,rome for the purpose of writing nonsense about the 8mystery0 of the 8,roman ,curia08 ,what has he to do with the affairs of the ,holy ,see8 ,he is not accredited to the ,vatican2 he has no more to do with the ,pope than our minister at ,london has to do with the ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,true1 the ,pope is a far more important personage than is ,mr4 ,tait2 but ,mr4 ,marsh1 as we understand it1 was not sent to ,rome to occupy himself about the ,pope4 ,instead of attending to his own business he goes out of his way to insult the ,holy ,father1 and through him the entire ,catholic population of the ,united ,states4 ,if everything were as it should be1 we should have as our representative at ,rome1 the capital of ,christendom and the seat of the head of the universal church1 a ,catholic statesman4 ,we do not insist upon this2 but we do insist that our representative at ,rome should be at least a fair-minded1 candid1 well-educated1 and discreet gentleman1 and not an ignorant1 rude1 prejudiced1 and foolish dupe like ,mr4 ,marsh4 ,that we may not be accused of doing him injustice1 let us give here the exact text of the essential portions of his despatch of ,may #bf last1 to which we have already referred3 8,the excesses of the clericals10 he writes1 8are producing their natural and legitimate effect in a feeling of dissatisfaction with the position in which ,italy has placed herself toward the ,papacy by the ,law of ,guarantees4 ,a recent allocution by the ,pope1 in which1 for acts of the ,german government1 ,count ,bismarck is likened to ,attila1 is much commented upon1 and it is seriously asked whether ,italy can protect herself against all responsibility for tolerating the use of such language in public discourses by the ,pope1 and its circulation through the press1 under the plea that1 by the seventh article of the law referred to1 she has enacted that the ,pope #8is free to perform all the functions of his spiritual ministry1 and to affix to the doors of the basilicas and churches of ,rome all acts of that ministry4' ,such questions are bringing more clearly into view the incongruities and inconveniences of the anomalous position in which the general sovereignty of the state and the still higher virtual sovereignty of the ,papacy1 admitted by the terms of the ,law of ,guarantees1 are placed toward each other4 ,the ,syllabus of #ahfd1 having been promulgated before the enactment of that law1 was notice to all the world of the extent of the inalienable rights claimed by the ,papacy1 and it is not a violent stretch of ,vatican logic to maintain that1 in spite of its protests1 the law in question is legally a recognition of those claims4 ,in fact1 there are many occasions of collision between the two jurisdictions1 such1 for example1 as the right of asylum implied in the extraterritoriality of the ,vatican1 which can never be avoided or reconciled without such an abandonment of the claims of one of the parties as will be yielded only to superior force2 and hence a violent conflict between them is at any time probable1 and at no distant day certainly inevitable4 ,such occasions were expected by many to arise from the pilgrimages to ,rome on the fiftieth episcopal anniversary of the present ,pope4 ,but the number of pilgrims thus far has not reached the tithe of that predicted1 probably not amounting in all to ten thousand1 while the garrison and municipal police have been quietly strengthened to a force abundantly able to repress any disturbance4 ,the death of ,pius ,,ix4 and the election of his successor1 events almost hourly expected1 are looked to as probably fraught with important changes in the attitude of the ,papacy toward ,italy1 and in the general policy of the church4 ,for this expectation ,i see no ground1 though the ,roman ,curia is at all times shrouded in such mystery that the purposes of those who administer it are very rarely foreshadowed1 and no positive predictions can ever be hazarded concerning it beyond the general presumption that its future will be like its past40 ,mr4 ,edward ,f4 ,beale1 of ,pennsylvania1 was our representative at ,vienna1 having been sent there to succeed that ardent anti-,catholic1 ,mr4 ,john ,jay1 and being now in his turn superseded by ,mr4 ,kasson1 of ,iowa4 ,mr4 ,beale's career at the ,austrian capital was brief but not brilliant4 ,in ,august1 #ahgf1 he undertook to instruct ,mr4 ,fish concerning the drift of public opinion1 not only in ,austria but in ,france and ,england1 upon the ,eastern question4 ,he had ascertained that the prevailing sentiment in these countries was 8religious fervor02 the people were so much in love with ,christianity and so full of hatred of ,moslemism in that they desired nothing more than to see ,russia enter ,constantinople1 and to drive the ,turks out of ,europe 8bag and baggage40 8,it is a question of faith which will govern ,europe10 writes the astute ,mr4 ,beale1 8and a crusade is quite as possible now as when ,peter the ,hermit preached40 ,the ,european congress which is about to assemble as we are writing will not disturb itself about any 8question of faith02 its members will concern themselves only with questions of boundaries1 fleets1 and money4 ,but not content with forecasting the future1 ,mr4 ,beale reverts to the past1 and kindly undertakes to furnish the ,state ,department with easy lessons in ,european history4 ,thus1 in a despatch dated ,september #bg1 #ahgf1 and apropos des bottes1 he bids ,mr4 ,fish to remember that 8,it is interesting to recall that in ,bosnia originated the first ,protestant movement of ,western ,europe1 and that even before the heresies 7as the ,catholic ,church calls them7 of ,john ,huss in ,bohemia she had sent out her missionaries to preach the ,gospel as she read it1 and to disseminate her religious views over the rest of the world4 ,when the persecutions of the ,church of ,rome were at their worst she offered a generous asylum to her co-religionists1 many of whom found here what had been denied them at home--the right to worship ,god after their own forms and belief40 ,in point of fact1 the heretics of ,bosnia1 at the time referred to by our erudite minister at ,vienna1 were advocating principles utterly subversive of order and tending directly to anarchy4 ,they taught that a subject was released from all allegiance to a ruler if that ruler were in a state of mortal sin1 and each subject was to judge for himself as to the spiritual condition of his ruler4 ,the ,church of ,rome had no hesitation in setting the seal of her condemnation upon this vagary of ,protestantism1 and even ,mr4 ,beale would probably admit that she was right in so doing4 ,but he evidently was ignorant of the facts1 and was anxious only to air his newly-acquired learning and to have a fling at the church4 ,is there among the secret instructions of our ,state ,department to its agents a rule to this effect3 8,when you have nothing else to write about1 pitch into the ,pope08 ,it is a far cry from ,vienna to ,port au ,prince2 but our misrepresentative in ,hayti next demands our attention4 ,he1 of all his brethren1 is perhaps the most vulgar1 insolent1 and ignorant2 but he is one of the most outspoken4 ,the ,united ,states pay him #g1ejj a year1 and have done so since #ahfi4 ,how much the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church pays him1 if anything1 we do not know2 but he seems to have given much of his time and influence to the advancement of the interests of that body1 and to the abuse of the ,roman ,catholic clergy of the island4 ,several of ,mr4 ,bassett's despatches contain eulogiums upon a 8,rev4 ,dr4 ,holly10 who1 he says1 was 8at ,grace ,church1 ,new ,york1 in #ahgd1 ordained bishop of ,hayti10 and whom ,mr4 ,bassett appears to have taken under his special protection and care4 ,now1 there is no 8bishop of ,hayti02 there is an archbishop of ,port au ,prince1 the ,most ,rev4 ,alexius ,guilloux2 and he has four suffragans1 the bishops of ,cap-,haitien1 ,les ,cayes1 ,gonayves1 and ,port ,paix4 8,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,holly0 has no more right to call himself bishop of ,hayti than he has to call himself the ,pope of ,rome2 but ,mr4 ,bassett deems it very hard indeed that the archbishop1 the bishops1 and the clergy of ,hayti have taken the liberty of warning their people that 8the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,holly0 is not bishop1 and that his teachings that marriage is not a sacrament1 and that the first duty of a ,christian is to revolt against the church1 are not to be accepted4 ,in ,may ,mr4 ,bassett writes to ,mr4 ,evarts that 8the ,roman ,catholic archbishop and his clergy have assumed a pretension to supremacy over the civil code1 notably in the matter of marriage02 and in ,july he writes again a long letter upon 8the introduction and growth of ,protestantism in ,hayti and its influence upon the government40 ,he admits that in #ahjd 8,romanism10 which was 8then1 as now1 the faith professed by a great majority of the ,haytian people10 8was declared to be the religion of the state and placed under the state's special protection and support10 and that 8it still continues to enjoy that protection and support40 ,but he complains that 8the ,roman priesthood have made many strongly-directed and persistent but truly uncommendable efforts to cause to be suppressed1 or effectively placed under ban1 every other form of worship and belief than their own40 ,mr4 ,bassett is not the only ,protestant who cannot or will not understand the difference between the duty of ,catholic prelates in a country where heresy does not exist and where it is sought to be introduced from outside1 and their duty in countries like our own1 where theoretically all religions are placed on the same footing1 and the government is absolutely forbidden by its organic law to interfere in any way for the propagation of religious truth or the suppression of religious error4 ,the first ruler of ,hayti who endeavored to introduce ,protestantism into the island was1 according to ,mr4 ,bassett1 8,henri ,christophe1 the autocratic king of the north of ,hayti10 who in #ahae1 although 8himself a ,roman ,catholic10 engaged a clergyman of the ,church of ,england to propagate heresy in his dominions4 ,but ,king ,henri1 five years afterwards1 8died by his own hand10 and ,protestantism made no further progress 8until1 in #ahfa1 the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church of the ,united ,states was pleased to establish a mission with the ,rev4 ,j4 ,t4 ,holly as its pastor40 ,he hit upon the idea 8of raising up a national clergy in ,hayti--a policy which seems never to have been thought of by any other religious denomination in this country1 and which opened a new road and gave a new impetus to ,protestantism here4 ,the mission continued to grow4 ,it was encouraged and visited in #ahfc by ,bishop ,lee1 of ,delaware2 in #ahff by ,bishop ,burgess1 of ,maine2 and in #ahgb by ,bishop ,coxe1 of ,western ,new ,york2 and finally the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,holly was1 at ,grace ,church1 ,new ,york ,city1 in #ahgd1 ordained bishop of ,hayti4 ,so that since #ahgd there has been established in ,hayti an independent ,protestant ,church1 with the distinguishing feature that all its clergy are citizens of the country1 several of them educated in the ,united ,states under the vigilance of ,bishop ,holly40 ,there are ninety-three ,catholic priests in ,hayti1 and of these nearly all are educated and cultured ,french gentlemen1 who are undoubtedly far better able to discharge the duties of the priestly office than the native apostates who have been 8educated in the ,united ,states under the vigilance of ,bishop ,holly40 ,but ,mr4 ,bassett has the ignorant malice to vilify them and to display his own foolishness in this happy style3 8,the ,french ,roman ,catholic priest1 in coming to ,hayti1 leaves behind him all his social ties1 in the hope of returning to them within eight or ten years1 the average period of his labors here4 ,all that he receives while in the country1 over and above his scanty personal wants1 goes abroad to enrich ,france at the expense of the ,haytian people1 and he even bends his energies to accumulate4 ,in addition to his salary from the government1 which ranges from #bj1jjj francs to the archbishop to #a1bjj francs to the country curate1 he is allowed a tariff of prices for all public religious services performed by him4 ,baptisms1 marriages1 funerals1 dispensations1 indulgences1 ,masses for the dead--services for each of these yield him by law a revenue ranging from #ej cents up to #ej4 ,not only this1 but he can collect offerings from the faithful1 and it is even affirmed that many such offerings are made to him under the dread secrecy inspired by the confessional4 8,it is true that ,france lost open political control over this island in #ahjd1 but by means of the ,roman ,catholic clergy she has maintained almost exclusive control over the religious affairs of these people4 ,indeed1 the domination which she once held over their bodies was hardly more complete than that which she still holds over their consciences and spiritual susceptibilities4 ,the priests1 in their present controversy with the government1 which is outlined in my ,no4 #eja already referred to1 do not fail to rely upon the spiritual subjugation of the ,haytian to the papal system of ,rome1 in connection with their own supposed power over him as citizens of a country which once held him in physical bondage1 and to whose interests they themselves are devoted4 8,in the light of these facts it is no cause for astonishment that the ,haytian government1 aroused and inspired by the policy and success of the ,protestant ,bishop ,holly in raising up and establishing a national clergy for the ,protestant ,episcopal denomination1 should seek to conserve its own integrity and the resources of its people1 as well as to avoid continual misunderstandings with a class of foreigners resident here and shielded by the dignity of sacerdotal robes1 by stimulating and encouraging the young men of the country to enter the ecclesiastical vocation4 8,meanwhile1 it ought not to be unknown to those who feel bound by the holy injunction to have the ,gospel preached to all the world that in ,hayti the door stands wide open for every kind of ,christian missionary work40 ,and it is for writing such stuff as this that we pay ,mr4 ,ebenezer ,bassett #g1ejj a year--that is to say1 as much as is received by thirty of the 8country curates0 whom he reviles4 ,our space is limited1 and we have but skimmed through our two ,red ,books4 ,we should have been glad to have followed the erratic flight of ,mr4 ,partridge1 our late minister to ,brazil1 who fills quires of paper with ridiculous nonsense about 8the exactions of ,rome10 the wickedness of 8the ultramontane party10 and the awful danger that the ,brazilian ministry 8will yield to the demands of the ,roman ,curia40 ,nothing escapes the birds-eye view of this ,partridge2 he unconsciously explains much that would otherwise be mysterious by stating that the prime minister of the cabinet is 8a member of the ,masonic fraternity02 but the scope of his intellect is best shown by his remark that 8the throwing of stones at the bishop of ,rio1 as he ascended the pulpit to preach10 was 8a trick of the ,jesuits40 ,it would have been pleasant to congratulate ,mr4 ,orth1 who was our representative at ,vienna in #ahgf1 upon his sagacity in advocating1 with hysterical warmth1 the law for the virtual confiscation and destruction of the houses of the religious orders in ,austria--a measure denounced by ,cardinal ,schwarzenberg and thirty-one archbishops and bishops as 8a law which equally violates the equality and personal freedom of the citizen1 the dignity of religion1 the honor of the ,catholic ,church1 and the members of religious orders10 but which1 in ,mr4 ,orth's opinion1 was 8sound and salutary1 and demanded by the progressive spirit of the age40 ,a page or two is deserved by ,mr4 ,williamson1 who gives us a history of a presidential campaign in ,chili1 in which all the virtues are attributed to the ,masonic candidate1 and all that is devilish is ascribed to 8the church party10 8the ultramontanes10 and 8the church40 ,delightful would it be to tarry with ,mr4 ,scruggs1 our talented and courteous minister at ,bogota1 who commences one of his despatches thus3 8,in ,april last one ,bermudez1 a bishop of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 proclaimed against the public-school system of this republic10 and who gives an account of the events which followed1 closing his glowing periods with the cheerful assurance that 8the church property will probably be appropriated to pay the war debt40 ,the letters of our ,mr4 ,rublee1 at ,berne1 apropos of the ,old-,catholic schism in ,switzerland2 of our ,mr4 ,nicholas ,fish1 who during a brief interregnum represented us at ,berlin2 and of several of our other agents1 furnish equally tempting matter for comment4 ,but we must pass by them with the remark that none of them are quite so outrageous as those of ,mr4 ,bassett1 ,mr4 ,beale1 and ,mr4 ,marsh4 ,the present administration has made changes in six of our most important embassies4 ,mr4 ,kasson has been appointed to ,vienna1 ,mr4 ,stoughton to ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,mr4 ,hilliard to ,brazil1 ,mr4 ,lowell to ,madrid1 ,mr4 ,welsh to ,london1 and ,mr4 ,bayard ,taylor to ,berlin4 ,it goes without saying that none of these gentlemen have received any diplomatic training4 ,mr4 ,kasson is a respectable provincial lawyer1 who has sat in ,congress1 and who rendered important services to his party by going to ,florida and taking care that the electoral vote of that ,state was properly counted4 ,what he knows about ,austria1 and how he may deport himself there1 remains to be seen4 ,without being extravagant1 one may indulge the hope that he may prove to be an improvement upon ,mr4 ,beale4 ,mr4 ,welsh is an old and worthy merchant of ,philadelphia1 a prominent member of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church1 and an extensive dealer in sugars3 but we have yet to learn what are his qualifications for the weighty duties of minister to the court of ,st4 ,james4 ,mr4 ,lowell is a poet1 a man of letters1 and a scholar who has done honor to his country2 but we should be inclined to doubt his fitness for managing our commercial and political affairs at the court of ,king ,alfonso4 ,mr4 ,taylor is a good journalist1 in a certain way2 he has been a traveller of some experience1 and he is an ardent admirer and a close student of ,schiller and of ,goethe2 but he has himself been swift to disclaim the idea that these things made him fit for the post to which he has been appointed1 and he rather ridiculed the notion that he had been appointed minister to ,berlin in order that he might there finish his great work--a new biography of ,goethe4 ,there is much to be said on both sides of the question1 8,is it worth while to keep up our diplomatic service at all80 ,we should be inclined to take the affirmative2 but we are not disposed to enter into the discussion at present4 ,one thing1 however1 is certain1 and that is the necessity of freeing the service from the weight of men like ,marsh1 ,beale1 ,partridge1 ,orth1 ,williamson1 and ,scruggs4 ,there are others as bad1 but these will serve as types of the worst4 ,in no sense can they be said to rightly represent this great1 free1 and noble people2 in every sense they may be said to misrepresent the ,catholic population of the republic1 whose interests1 rights1 and feelings can no longer be1 as they never ought to have been1 safely trampled upon by any administration or by any party4 ,whatever party does this betrays an un-,american spirit2 its policy is a bad one both for the country and itself1 and unless it changes for the better its reign will be short4 ,,the ,,archiepiscopal ,,palace ,,at ,,beneventum4#ea ,beneventum is a small town of about fifteen thousand inhabitants1 situated geographically in the kingdom of ,naples4 ,it formerly depended1 spiritually and temporally1 on the ,holy ,see1 which also held jurisdiction over part of the territory of the ancient duchy2 the other part being subject to the king of ,naples as to temporal affairs1 and to the archbishop of ,beneventum as to those of a spiritual nature4 ,the archiepiscopal palace1 or the episcopio1 to use the old term1 stands in its proper place1 next the cathedral1 flanking the apsis4 ,one of the wings faces the market square1 where public gratitude has erected a marble statue to ,pope ,benedict ,,xiii41 the immortal benefactor of the city1 of which he had been archbishop under the title of ,cardinal ,orsini4 ,the entrance is to the south4 ,at the west1 from the garden terrace1 or the windows of the conventino1 is a superb view over a fertile valley1 the verdure of which extends up the very sides of the mountains that fade away in bluish tints on the horizon4 ,it is at once in the city from the proximity of the inhabitants1 and in the country as to its pure air1 calm solitude1 and the enchanting aspect of a landscape that always commands attention and admiration4 ,the building is not1 strictly speaking1 a palace4#eb ,it is large and spacious1 but not lofty or elegant4 ,nothing in its exterior bespeaks its occupant4 ,it might be taken for a theological seminary or a convent1 wrapped as it is in gloomy silence1 and surrounded by thick walls4 ,its general appearance is dismal and unattractive4 ,only an archologist would take any pleasure in examining the huge stones of which the walls are built4 ,these stones were hewn out in the time of the ,romans1 and more than one have the characteristic trou de louve by which they were raised and put in place4 ,they were probably taken from the amphitheatre1 for the misfortune that made the ,coliseum at ,rome an inexhaustible quarry for the construction of so many palaces1 like the ,farnese1 ,barberini1 etc41 also befell the theatre of ,beneventum1 of which but a bare outline remains1 though great blocks from it are to be found at every step in the private dwellings and the walls that surround the city4 ,after the earthquakes of ,june #e1 #afhh1 and ,march #d1 #agjb1 the exterior of the palace was greatly modified by ,cardinal ,orsini1 but the building1 as a whole1 is ancient1 and many features of the walls1 like the belfry of the cathedral1 carry us back to the middle ages4 ,let us study it in detail1 for in more than one respect it presents a model worthy of imitation4#ec ,the portal of the palace is monumental4 ,it has a semi-circular arch1 which is more graceful than a square entrance1 and more conformable to ecclesiastical traditions4 ,and the tympanum which fits into the arch or ogive offers ample space to the sculptor or painter for decoration4 ,against the lintel rest the folding doors4 ,these are open all day1 however1 for the house of a bishop is like that of a father who cannot shut out his children4 ,above are the arms of ,cardinal ,orsini1 carven in stone4 ,two other scutcheons once hung beside them3 one of ,pius ,,ix41 destroyed when his temporal power was suppressed in the duchy of ,beneventum--that is1 in #ahfj1 when the kingdom of ,naples was overrun by the ,garibaldian hordes2 the other that of ,cardinal ,carafa1 the actual archbishop1 who was driven into exile1 and whose palace was devastated4 ,two enormous lions1 taken from the front of the ,duomo1 stand at the sides of the entrance4 ,they have come down from ,roman times4 ,they are not of remarkable workmanship1 but the outlines are good4 ,there is life in their partly stretched-out forms1 and pride in the pose of their heads4 ,the paws are pressed resolutely together4 ,one of them grasps a head covered with a helmet1 and the other the remains1 probably1 of one of those nude children to be seen in the mouths of the crouching lions watching at the doors of the churches at ,rome1 symbolic of helplessness and innocence that need aid and protection from the strong4 ,when the lion is represented crushing a beast or holding a warrior's head1 it signifies the vice to be overcome1 the enemy to be annihilated4 ,some look upon the lion as the emblem of justice4 ,this queen of the cardinal virtues is generally represented as a woman with various attributes1 such as the book of the law1 the balance wherein actions are weighed1 the sword to smite the guilty1 the eagle to show her imperial nature1 and the globe indicating the extent of her empire4 ,on the public square at ,bari is to be seen a lion of the twelfth century1 with the brief but significant inscription1 ,,cvstos ,,ivsticie1 on its collar4 ,the lion1 then1 does not represent justice itself4 ,that virtue is only exercised in the temple1 either by ,god or by his representative4 ,but the lion stands1 like the guardian of ,justice1 watching at the door of the ,holy ,place in which she has taken up her abode4 ,nothing1 then1 could be more suitable for the door of a bishop1 the unflinching enemy of vice as well as the sure protector of virtue1 than these two lions1 type of the power conferred by the church on her ministers4 ,and they are specially emblematic of the firmness and energy of ,cardinal ,orsini1 who had them placed here4 ,the wall through which the gateway is cut is bordered by a line of merlons1 the peculiar form of which reminds one of ,cordova and the ,alhambra4 ,they produce a picturesque effect1 but are not of the slightest utility4 ,they are the relics of feudal authority and power1 the last vestige of which is the annual payment of the cathdratique1 identical with the nominal tribute some lords required of their vassals1 of no importance in itself1 but typical of the honor due from the inferior to the pre-eminence of his lawful chief--in signum preminenti et honoris1 to quote the holy canons revived by ,cardinal ,orsini1 and maintained to our day1 particularly in this point1 by the collateral descendant of ,pope ,paul ,,iv41 who for more than thirty years has occupied the see of ,beneventum4 ,from the top of the wall rises one of those small open belfries called bell-gables4 ,it is of the most primitive construction1 being a mere extension of a part of the wall through which an opening for a bell has been made4 ,it terminates in a gable like a mitre1 on which are an iron cross fleurdelise and a small vane to mark the direction of the wind4 ,the cross is always appropriate for a belfry1 large or small1 if not obligatory1 as ,anastasius the ,bibliothecarius insists in his works4 ,the vane is no less traditional at ,rome1 where it is generally in the shape of a little banner 7the origin of which is quite feudal71 wherein the armorial ensigns are so cut as to be emblazoned against the azure sky4 ,here the vane is shaped like a flame4 ,it once bore the arms of the resident archbishop1 but the rain has washed off the color1 and the surface is now corroded by rust4 ,the small bell is of the kind called nola4 ,in ancient times it was rung whenever the archbishop left his palace or re-entered it1 as the bells of ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome announce the visit and departure of the pope4 ,later it only rang when he set out on a journey and at his coming back4 ,now it is mute1 and no longer announces his appearance in public or his return to the palace4 ,passing through the gateway1 we come to the court4 ,on the left are the carriage and store houses1 and1 beyond1 the saddle-room1 which was quite brilliant in former times when the cardinals went forth in gala array4 ,at the right is an arched passage leading to the interior of the palace1 and further on is the porter's lodge1 formerly the guard-house of the curia armata4 ,around the court are many ancient monuments and inscriptions1 which constitute a small museum1 begun long since by the archbishops4 ,there is an ,egyptian obelisk of red granite1 broken in two1 which once stood in the cathedral court4 ,it is covered from top to bottom with hieroglyphics relating to the deeds of some old king4 ,domitian consecrated it to ,isis4 ,on another side are three fragments of fine marble columns3 one of cipollino1 so called on account of its greenish veins1 which resemble those of an onion1 in ,italian cipolla2 the second1 of what is called porta santa1 because the casing of the door in the ,vatican basilica1 opened only at the ,jubilee1 is of this marble1 which is of a pale violet color1 or a purple that has lost its freshness2 and the third is of breccia corallina1 the white ground of which is relieved by reddish veins4 ,the ancient inscriptions collected here1 whether sepulchral1 votive1 or commemorative1 are not rare4 ,but they are noteworthy for their clearness and brevity4 ,how expressive1 for instance1 are these four lines consecrated to the manes of ,vibbius ,optatus1 who died in the flower of youth3 ,d4 ,m4 ,a4 ,vibbio 4 ,opta ,to4 ,vix4 ,an4 ,,xi4 ,m4 ,,xi4 ,d4 ,,xix4 ,parent4 ,infelicissimi ,fecer4 ,the unfortunate parents had no illustrious name to bequeath to posterity4 ,the discreet marble only echoes a profound grief4 ,here is a landmark1 rounded at the top1 and hewn to a point at the bottom1 the better to insert it in the ground1 that once stood on the ,appian ,way1 which passes triumphantly through the arch raised to the glory of ,trajan at one end of ,beneventum4 ,beneventum1 which copied ,rome1 even in the device of its senate3 ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,b4--,senatus populusque ,beneventanus--had a magistrature of ediles at its head1 who made generous provision for the embellishment of the city4 ,here is a pedestal on which this municipal corps pompously proclaimed itself3 ,splendidissimus ordo ,beneventanorum4 ,one cannot help exclaiming1 in view of the present order of things3 8,comment en un plomb vil l'or pur s'est-il chang60 ,how into vile dross hath the pure gold changed6 ,the ,romans loved statuary1 and were lavish of it in all their public as well as private dwellings4 ,above all1 their sculptors produced divinities and illustrious men1 but sometimes the principal members of a household1 if not the whole family1 to adorn the atrium4 ,who does not remember the ,balbus family in the ,museum at ,naples1 the father and son on horseback1 and the rest gathered around them8 ,here we find several statues1 both nude and draped4 ,nudity was chiefly confined to heroes and the gods4 ,it signified apotheosis--the ascension to a higher world4 ,the terrestrial garb was laid aside2 only a glorified body remained4 ,pagan art showed itself incapable of fully expressing a state indicated in the middle ages by a radiance surrounding the transfigured body4 ,we have an admirable example of the immediate change to the glorified state in ,perugino's immortal production in the ,sala del ,cambio at ,perugia4 ,there the bankers and money-changers have constantly before their eyes a symbol of the change wrought by divine power on a body in the state of celestial beatitude4 ,paganism divested the body of its garments1 but did not render it luminous4 ,it only invented a symbol which the church has retained to designate the saints--the nimbus around the head1 as the most noble part of man because the seat of the intelligence4 ,but it could go no further4 ,from ,apollo1 who alone had the nimbus in the beginning to express in a measure the luminous atmosphere of the sun1 personified in him1 it passed to other divinities1 and finally even to those to whom the senate accorded the title of divine1 thus becoming the equivalent of divus4 ,it is really amusing to see1 on the ,arch of ,constantine at ,rome1 the ,emperor ,trajan so divinized that his bare head is surrounded by a nimbus1 though he is engaged in the chase4 ,the nude among the ,romans was1 therefore1 a conventional way of expressing what was right in substance1 the immutation wrought by glory1 and was not intended to excite ignoble passion4 ,in other cases their statues were modestly draped1 though sometimes a little too much of the form was revealed by the clinging folds of the garments4 ,there are several sarcophagi in the court1 with nothing extraordinary about them1 but even in the most unpretending affording proof of artistic taste4 ,they are adorned with scenic masques1 vases of fruit1 the genii of the seasons1 etc41 which have their significance and are not without poetry4 ,here is one with a medallion of its former occupant in the centre--a portrait full of life and animation1 as if he still were under illusion as to his nothingness4 ,it is supported by two genii1 winged and nude1 as if bearing him to the celestial regions--winged1 because they are fulfilling a mission2 nude1 to indicate their celestial origin4 ,this emblem was common in ancient times4 ,the middle ages did nothing but ,christianize it by substituting angels for genii1 and placing in their hands1 not the body1 but the soul1 of the deceased1 about to receive the reward of his sanctity and good works4 ,we see them on the tomb of ,king ,dagobert1 in the abbatial church of ,st4 ,denis1 snatching the soul of the king from the demon who was endeavoring to bear it away4 ,but we have lingered too long in the precincts4 ,let us enter the palace1 and first visit the prisons--for prisons there are1 the archbishop of ,beneventum1 as we have said1 having formerly a twofold jurisdiction1 temporal as well as spiritual4 ,his tribunal of justice imposed the canonical penalties4 ,fines seem to have been specially employed1 for among the officials of the ,curia there was one to receive and apply them to some religious object4 ,at the same time there was a register in which they were faithfully recorded4 ,there were1 too1 different degrees of imprisonment4 ,in the carcere alla larga there was comparative liberty4 ,the purgatorio indicates a temporary expiation4 ,the inferno was perhaps the prison from which death alone could be looked forward to as a release4 ,the two latter correspond to the carcere duro of the ,venetians4 ,there are similar ones1 but not so spacious1 in the governor's castle overlooking ,beneventum1 which also bore the terrible names of purgatorio and inferno4#ed ,cardinal ,orsini1 who1 though severe1 was of a humane disposition1 visited these prisons in #agjd1 at which time there were only three prisoners1 it appears1 from the report of his visit4 ,after assuring himself that the vaults were in a good condition1 capable of resisting all efforts at escape1 confornicat et proinde tut1 he saw the necessity of obviating the dampness of the ground by a brick pavement1 ut humiditas arceatur1 and ordered the inferno to be closed for ever1 because1 as he said1 it was a very damp and atrocious place4 ,a thoughtfulness so full of humanity is something to dwell on4 ,the very text should be cited3 8,eminentissimus archiepiscopus utpote humidissimam et immanissimam claudi demandavit et quod sub pna excommunicationis nemo ibi detendatur40 ,the prisoners must have been delighted at a threat so much to their advantage4 ,the cardinal1 preoccupied also with their spiritual condition1 found means of providing them with a chapel where they could attend ,mass and on festivals hear a sermon4 ,their cells were sprinkled with holy water to drive away the malign spirit1 and ornamented with pictures of devotion4 ,they were forbidden to play cards or read bad books1 and were to go to confession six times a year--at ,christmas1 ,easter1 ,whitsunday1 ,st4 ,peter's day1 ,assumption1 and ,all ,saints4 ,every month the vicar-general visited them to listen to their grievances1 remove all grounds of complaint1 and assure himself that all orders had been executed4 ,and the cardinal1 who always kept an eye on everything himself1 went to see them twice a year4 ,one item in the register of accounts is particularly touching4 ,cardinal ,orsini increased the ration of bread from time to time at his own expense1 and had a fire made in the winter1 that the prisoners might not suffer from the cold4 ,the three soldiers employed to make the necessary arrests were under the command of a baricello1 or corporal1 all of whom1 with the jailer1 were lodged in the guardiola beside the arched passage which connects the two interior courts4 ,the second court is bounded on one side by the sacristy of the cathedral1 and on the other by the stables and the jubilee hospice4 ,the stables1 built by ,mgr4 ,pacca 7of the same family from which the cardinal of that name descended71 are large enough for about twenty horses--none too many for the archbishop and his suite1 for his visits could not always be made in a carriage4 ,even in our day a cross-bearer precedes his eminence on horseback1 clothed in a violet cassock and mantellone1 and in former times the cortge must have been much more imposing4 ,the hospice affords a proof of ,cardinal ,orsini's inexhaustible charity4 ,he had before built a special asylum for pilgrims1 not far from the palace1 under the title of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 patron of the city4 ,there is nothing left now to remind one of it1 except a narrow street still called the ,via dei pellegrini4 ,but on extraordinary occasions1 as at the time of a jubilee1 this asylum was insufficient1 and the cardinal accordingly set apart a whole wing of his palace to lodge those who came to ,beneventum or were on their way to ,rome to gain the indulgence of the ,holy ,year4 ,this hospice had two entrances to admit the sexes separately3 one opening into the first court1 the other into the second4 ,the latter has on its lintel this inscription1 which gives the precise date and object of the foundation3 ,xenodochivm ,archiepiscopale ,vrsinvm pro ,an4 ,ivbili ,,mdcc4 ,nor was the cardinal content to give them benches and tables in such numbers as still to be spoken of4 ,he had the bare walls relieved by paintings of some religious subject4 ,in the room where public prayers were offered and the rosary sung1 as it still is daily in the cathedral to a peculiar air handed down by tradition1 was painted ,our ,lady of the ,rosary1 with ,st4 ,dominic and ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena at her feet4 ,in the refectory was depicted a scene from the life of the ,blessed ,ambrogio ,sansedoni1 a ,dominican friar4 ,he was in the habit of serving five pilgrims in honor of the five wounds of our ,lord4 ,one day1 while waiting on his guests1 his eyes being opened by the ,holy ,spirit1 denoted by the white dove on his shoulder1 he saw with astonishment that they were five angels sent by ,god to reward his charity4 ,in the room where the pilgrims' feet were washed is to be seen the ,blessed ,andrea de ,franchi1 also a ,dominican1 humbly prostrate before a pilgrim who afterwards reveals himself to be the ,saviour4 ,in the arched passage we find a staircase1 leading on the one hand to the hall of state1 and on the other to the curia4 ,taking the latter direction1 we pass beneath a statue of ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 larger than life1 for which reason it is called ,st4 ,filippone4 ,before it burns a votive lamp1 a tribute of gratitude from ,cardinal ,orsini4 ,higher up are two medallions of the fifteenth century3 one of the ,blessed ,virgin modestly veiled1 her hands folded1 borne to heaven by two angels2 the other represents ,st4 ,mark with his usual attribute1 the winged lion4 ,the walls of the court-room are enlivened by a series of landscapes1 alternating with the ,orsini arms1 but the most appropriate decoration is the sentence from the writings of ,st4 ,jerome3 ,privsqvam avdias ,ne ,ivdicaveris ,qvemqvam ,d4 ,hieron3 ,de ,sept3 eccl4 ,gradibvs4 ,to judge no one without first hearing him is one of those axioms it seems useless to repeat1 and yet how many precipitate judgments1 how many sentences that would not be rendered1 were so obvious a duty heeded6 ,the metropolitan archives are between the chancery and the office of the vicar-general1 which pour into it every week a mass of official documents for preservation4 ,on the ceiling are emblazoned the arms of ,cardinal ,banditi1 who fitted up the room with conveniences for the registers and papers1 distributing them1 according to their contents1 among the large pigeon-holes which extend from the floor to the very ceiling1 and are literally crammed with documents4 ,to find one's way through such an accumulation requires the sagacity and good memory of an archivist like the present one1 whose patience is only equalled by his wish to oblige4 ,beneventum is full of such excellent priests1 who are ready to spend their leisure moments in aiding you in your researches4 ,it is here ,cardinal ,orsini may best be studied1 and that we can learn to what an extent he sacrificed himself for his flock1 thereby meriting to become1 by the unanimous suffrage of the ,sacred ,college1 the successor of ,pope ,innocent ,,xiii4 ,his incessant activity is shown by the ,diario of six volumes in folio in which1 till his elevation to the ,papacy1 his secretary1 day by day1 noted down the most minute details of his official life4 ,it begins ,december #a1 #afhe1 the date of his preconization as archbishop of ,beneventum by ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 ,the contents refer chiefly to his pastoral visits1 ordinations1 both regular and extraordinary2 assisting at the offices of the cathedral1 preaching in pontificals with seven deacons around him2 confirmation1 with examination of the children on the eve2 general communions1 baptisms1 visits to the dying1 visits of devotion to churches2 consecration of bishops1 churches1 altars1 and chalices2 blessings of all kinds1 including vestments2 religious professions2 processions wearing the red hat2 attending lectures on the ,holy ,scriptures by a theologian2 exposition of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 absolution of the excommunicated1 synods1 provincial councils1 consultations in cases of conscience1 instructions to the people after the ,gospel1 saying the rosary with the faithful1 teaching children the catechism1 journeys1 etc41 etc4 ,at the end of the year a summary was made of his principal labors4 ,we give that of the year #afid3 ,cardinal ,orsini baptized #fg children and confirmed #ac1hea2 conferred orders on #hda clerks1 #ejc porters1 #dej lectors1 #ddi exorcists1 #dce acolytes1 #dcf subdeacons1 #dcd deacons1 and #deg priests2 consecrated #ab bishops1 #ajj churches1 #ajj stationary altars1 #ejj portable altars1 #agf patens1 and #ahh chalices2 blessed #e abbots and #d abbesses2 received the profession of #hh nuns2 performed #f marriages2 administered extreme unction #h times2 placed #ac corner-stones1 and blessed #ad cemeteries and #bcd bells4 ,what a proof of his activity1 combined with a very complicated administration6 ,but let us cite a few items from this unpretending diary3 8,in the evening ,i kept vigil before the relics exposed in the church to be consecrated on the morrow4 8,in the morning ,i solemnly consecrated the church of the ,most ,holy ,annunciation at ,jelsi1 preached to the congregation1 and then said ,low ,mass4 ,this church is the ,,cxxxv4 8,i solemnly administered the sacrament of confirmation in the church to #cd boys and #bd girls1 in all #eh4 8,assisted in cappa at a sermon on the ,blessed ,sacrament by one of the students of my seminary4 8,assisted in cappa at the ,mass of the feria1 chanted 7it was in ,lent71 and at the sermon4 8,at ,fragnitello ,i was received with the usual ceremonies1 but1 what was unusual 7and this greatly affected me71 all the men1 women1 and children came out to meet me a mile distant1 with olive branches in their hands1 showing by this manifestation the joy in their hearts4 ,god be for ever blessed60 ,at the end of the year the cardinal signed the register to guarantee the authenticity of the contents4 ,he adopted this formula3 8,annus #afie1 ,deo propitio1 hic terminatur4 8,ita est4 ,ego fr4 ,vin4 ,mar4 card4 archiepiscopus m7anu7 p7ropria740 ,the old palaces had a hall of state for exceptional occasions1 when the bishop had to appear in all his dignity4 ,there is such an apartment here1 and it is of grand proportions4 ,it is adorned with the portraits and arms of the prelates who have occupied the see1 with a concise notice of each4 ,among them are fourteen saints and two beati3 viz41 ,,ss4 ,photinus1 ,januarius1 ,dorus1 ,apollonius1 ,cassian1 ,januarius ,,ii41 ,emilius1 ,john1 ,tamarus1 ,sophus1 ,marcian1 ,zeno1 ,barbato1 and ,milon4 ,the latter belongs to the eleventh century1 ,st4 ,photinus to the first1 and the remainder range between the fourth and seventh4 ,the ,blessed ,giacomo ,capocci and ,blessed ,monaldi lived in the fourteenth century4 ,let us hope1 as the cause has been introduced1 we may soon add the ,venerable ,orsini4 ,from ,st4 ,photinus to his ,eminence ,cardinal ,carafa di ,traeto there are fifty-one bishops and seventy-one archbishops4 ,the see was not made archiepiscopal till the year #ifi1 during the pontificate of ,pope ,john ,,xiii4 ,of the twenty-three cardinal archbishops two became popes3 ,alexander ,farnese1 under the name of ,paul ,,iii42 and ,cardinal ,orsini1 under that of ,benedict ,,xiii4 ,three other popes were likewise from ,beneventum--,st4 ,felix 7#ebf71 ,victor ,,iii4 7#ajhf71 and ,gregory ,,viii4 7#aahg74 ,as an example of the concise and elegant manner in which these prelates' lives are noticed1 we give that of ,st4 ,milon1 a native of ,auvergne3 8,,lix4 ,archiep4 ,,viii4 ,s4 ,milo ex ,arvernia in ,gallia oriundus1 ,,viii4 ,beneventanus archiepiscopus1 ille idem qui pietate et literis ,stephanum ,grandimontensis famili fundatorem erudivit4 ,provincialem synodum consummavit ,a4,d4 ,,mlxxv4 ,obiit die ,,xxiii4 ,februarii ,a4,d4 ,,mlxxvi4 cum sedisset paucis supra annum mensibus40 ,above these records of the bishops is a long array of armorial ensigns1 in which1 unfortunately1 the arms and seal are often confounded1 though essentially different4 ,the archbishops of ,beneventum have used for ages a seal of lead on their diplomas and licenses1 similar to the bulla of the popes4 ,on one side1 separated by a cross1 are the heads of the ,blessed ,virgin1 titular of the cathedral1 and of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 the patron of the city and diocese4 ,on the other side are the name and title of the actual archbishop4 ,this seal1 in spite of the principles of archology and heraldry1 is given as a coat of arms to the bishops who had none1 beginning with ,st4 ,photinus1 and continuing to the seventh century4 ,from the time of ,st4 ,barbato1 who died in #fhb1 another seal is added in parti to the bulla1 representing a bishop on horseback crossing a bridge and precipitating a dragon into the water4 ,this is doubtless ,st4 ,barbato himself1 and perhaps refers to the golden viper which he abolished the worship of at ,beneventum1 transforming it into a chalice1 on which1 says tradition1 was graven the ,lord's ,supper4#ee ,this counter-seal is maintained from the seventh to the eleventh century1 when the bulla is resumed under ,amelius 7#ajgb74 ,the first arms really heraldic make their appearance under ,cardinal ,roger1 the sixteenth archbishop1 who died in #abba4 ,the red hat is found on the escutcheons of the twelfth century1 though not conceded to cardinals till about a hundred years later 7at the ,council of ,lyons71 and not to be seen on their arms before the fourteenth century4 ,but this may be on the same principle that ,st4 ,jerome is usually represented with a cardinal's hat at his side4 ,the bulla1 seal1 and arms1 from the first1 bear the tiara and crosier4 ,the latter adds nothing to the significance1 and does not imply any special privilege1 being common to bishops and abbots4 ,as to the tiara1 even with a single crown at the base1 it is a manifest usurpation4 ,the archbishops of ,beneventum1 it is true1 wore it in the middle ages1 as is shown by a document of the fourteenth century and the reliefs on the bronze doors of the cathedral4 ,but ,paul ,,ii41 and later ,st4 ,pius ,v41 by a motu proprio1 the original of which is to be seen in the archives of the chapter1 condemned the practice in formal terms4 ,if the tiara is no longer admissible on ceremonial occasions1 why retain it on the arms8 ,and this tiara is boldly surrounded by a nimbus when placed over the arms of the canonized bishops1 though none of them ever wore it1 with the exception1 perhaps1 of ,st4 ,milon4 ,the nimbus is suitable for the head1 which represents the whole body1 whereas the covering of the head1 however sonorous its name or rich its make1 should not have an emblem which denotes elevation on our altars and a claim to public veneration4 ,this would be a grave error1 infringing on the liturgy as well as iconography4 ,the archbishops of ,beneventum had a mania for imitating the pope4 ,thus1 they wore the tiara1 had the ,blessed ,sacrament borne before them in their visits1 styled themselves ,servus servorum ,dei1 issued diplomas in solemn form after the style of the ,cancellaria1 sealed them sub plumbo1 and imposed on the bishops of the province the annual visit ad limina ,b4 ,bartholomi apostoli4 ,of all these usurpations1 only the tiara remains on the arms1 and the bulla on the licenses2 but even these are too much1 for the tiara and bulla are essentially papal1 and rightfully belong to the ,sovereign ,pontiff alone4 ,on the walls of the apartment are painted en camaeu all the sainted bishops of ,beneventum in simulated niches1 clothed pontifically1 with the tiara on their heads4 ,one alone has a distinguishing attribute--,st4 ,barbato1 who has in his hand the viper of gold4 ,st4 ,photinus1 according to the ,diptychon of ,beneventum1 was ordained and sent here by ,st4 ,peter in the year #dj4 ,he is believed to be of ,greek origin4 ,from him to ,st4 ,januarius1 who was martyred in #cje1 is a long interval with no names1 though tradition tells us the see had eleven occupants in the time4 ,this loss of names is said to be owing to ,diocletian1 who ordered the writings of ,christians to be destroyed4 ,there is a similar vacancy in all the sees in ,france1 but this is no argument against their apostolic origin4 ,the first founders might receive their mission from ,st4 ,peter or his immediate successors1 and the difficulties of the times might prevent their being at once replaced4 ,the churches had to exist as best they could for a long period1 and were perhaps governed by bishops with no fixed residence or distinct territory4 ,to complete the parallel with ,rome1 ,beneventum is said to have had a woman for one of its bishops1 as the papal see1 according to its enemies1 was fraudulently occupied by ,pope ,joan4 ,cardinal ,orsini spiritedly replies to this calumny in the noble words inscribed next the name of ,bishop ,enrico1 who died in #aagj3 8,ex errore in necrologio monialium ,s4 ,petri orta fuit fabula de ,sebastiana moniali pro archiepiscopo habita ne fabula sua vacaret ,beneventana ,sedes in hac ,sebastiana ut ,romana de sua ,johanna40 ,this calumny sprang from a false interpretation of the record in the necrology of the abbey of ,san ,pietro for ,november #bi3 8,obiit archiepiscopus et ,sebastian4 mon40 ,the archbishop and the nun might certainly die on the same day1 without being1 on that account1 one and the same person4 ,on the east wall of the hall is painted the city of ,beneventum1 surrounded by the principal towns of the diocese and the sees of the suffragans4 ,as their number is considerable1 the frescos are continued in the passage leading to the sacristy4 ,they are not without interest1 though perhaps maps would be preferable1 after the manner of those1 so striking and complete1 which adorn the gallery of ,gregory ,,xiii4 at the ,vatican4 ,as conferences and ecclesiastical assemblies1 as well as the ,mandatum on ,holy ,thursday1 were held in this hall1 there is a permanent throne of carved wood1 but it stands between the windows on one side1 instead of being at the end in capite aul1 the proper place1 where the entrance now is from the private apartments4 ,one of the doors in the hall opens into the ,monte di ,piet1 founded by ,cardinal ,orsini to relieve the poor of his diocese1 where money was lent on articles pledged and without the least interest1 conformably to the bulls of ,leo ,x4 and ,paul ,v41 which definitely regulated such institutions4 ,he established1 moreover1 a ,mons ,frumentarius1 or wheat fund1 to furnish grain to the poor in want of bread1 or to sow1 at the mere recommendation of their curate1 and inscribed over the door appropriate texts from ,holy ,writ1 showing him to be the comforter of the poor3 ,mons frumentarius ,beneventanus erectus anno ,domini #afid4 ,factus es fortitudo pauperi1 fortitudo egeno#ef 7,isaias xxv47 ,eripiet de angustia#eg pauperem 7,job xxxvi47 ,revolutions have naturally put an end to these charitable institutions1 without substituting anything more to the advantage of the people1 but they cannot efface the memory of the incomparable prelate who founded them4 ,canonico ,feuli has reason to say in his ,bulletino ,ecclesiastico that 8others may equal ,orsini1 but can never surpass him40 ,at the top of the staircase is a kind of marquise1 supported by elegant columns1 before the door leading to the private apartments4 ,above are the ,orsini arms of inlaid marbles1 the colors conformed to the rules of heraldry1 and the inscription3 ,fr4 ,vinc4 ,maria4 ,ord4 ,prd4 ,card4 ,ursino4 ,archiep4 ,an4 ,,mdccviii4 which reminds us that ,cardinal ,orsini belonged to the ,dominican ,order4 ,even when pope he continued to be a frate4 ,from him emanated the celebrated constitution which admonished bishops chosen from the regular orders to remember1 by the color of their costume1 the solemn profession they had once made4 ,the most striking thing in the antechamber is a double band of emblematic medallions on the walls1 with explanatory mottoes1 such as were popular in the sixteenth century4 ,they all refer to the obligations of a bishop1 and evidently allude to ,cardinal ,orsini as the model of one4 ,they begin with the holy name of ,god in ,greek1 with the ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 ,sanctus1 the angels' eternal song of praise4 ,we will rapidly review the other emblems here employed to raise the mind from the visible to the invisible1 the material to the spiritual4 ,the telescope1 which enables the human eye to penetrate the profound mysteries of the heavens4 ,so the spiritual world is opened by prayer and meditation4 ,alta a longe cognoscit 7,ps4 cxxxvii4 #f74 ,a dog1 guarding the fold3 emblem of pastoral vigilance4 ,vt vitam habeant 7,st4 ,john x4 #aj74 ,the mitre1 supported by a column3 episcopal firmness4 ,firmalitvr et non flectetvr 7,ecclus4 xv4 #c74 ,the wine-press overflowing with the juice of the grape3 emblem of the spiritual harvest4 ,vt fructvm plvs afferat 7,st4 ,john xv4 #b74 ,a clock1 which tells the hours and minutes3 the value of time4 ,particvla non te prtereat 7,ecclus4 xiv4 #ad74 ,the crane1 emblem of vigilance1 because it was formerly believed to sleep on one foot2 the other holding a stone1 which1 when it fell1 awoke it4 ,excvbat in custodiis 7,num4 xviii4 #d74 ,the horse1 held in check by a vigorous hand3 self-government4 ,ne declines in ira 7,ps4 xxvi4 #i74 ,the elephant1 believed every morning to adore the sun at its rising3 humility before ,god4 ,hvmiliat semetipsvm 7,philipp4 ii4 #h74 ,the lamp which burns and gives light3 figure of the bishop consuming himself for others4 ,vt ardeat et lvceat 7,st4 ,john v4 #ce74eh ,the pelican1 nourishing its young with the blood from its own breast3 a lively expression of extreme devotedness4 ,reficiam vos 7,st4 ,matt4 xi4 #bh74 ,the crosier is the shepherd's crook4 ,it terminates with a graceful hook for the purpose of drawing the lambs more gently4 ,it was once a saying3 8,it is good to live under the crosier60 ,svm pastor bonvs 7,st4 ,john x4 #b74 ,the sun1 shedding its rays on a balance3 equity under the inflexible eye of ,god4 qvitatem vidit vvltvs eivs 7,ps4 x4 #h74 ,the honeycomb1 in which the bee deposits its honey gathered from the flowers3 activity and sweetness4 ,mansvetvm exaltant 7,ps4 cxlix4 #d74 ,the stag1 which1 according to an old notion1 attracted serpents by its breath in order to exterminate them3 the might of the ,holy ,spirit1 of which a bishop is the organ4 ,flavit ,spiritvs eivs 7,ps4 cxlvii4 #ah74 ,the trumpet1 which1 though sonorous1 can give forth sweet notes4 ,in spiritv lenitatis 7,gal4 vi4 #a74 ,the mill1 turned by the water1 grinds wheat to feed the hungry4 ,a bishop1 above all1 should be the father of the poor and needy4 ,frangit esvrienti 7,isai4 lviii4 #g74 ,a painting representing the sun3 the divine attributes should be reproduced in a bishop4 ,in eandem imaginem 7#b ,cor4 iii4 #ah74 ,the fox1 emblem of the transgressor1 flies before the dog1 symbol of episcopal vigilance4 ,a facie tva fvgiam 7,ps4 cxxxviii4 #g74 ,the dolphin1 by the odor it exhales1 draws to it the fish of the sea3 the influence of virtue4 ,in odorem cvrrimvs 7,cant4 i4 #c74 ,an anvil1 struck by two hammers at once1 without being moved3 strength to resist exterior assaults4 ,fortitvdinem meam cvstodiam 7,ps4 lviii4 #aj74 ,the phnix1 which springs to new life on the pile where it is consumed3 the power of multiplying time4 ,mvltiplicabo dies 7,prov4 ix4 #b74 ,the bear1 taking its young in its paws1 to teach them to stand and walk3 paternal direction of souls4 ,donec formetvr 7,gal4 iv4 #ai74 ,the compass1 turning its needle to the polar star4 ,a bishop should not be guided by human influences4 ,hanc reqviram 7,ps4 xxvi4 #d74 ,the rain1 watering the garden3 going about doing good4 ,pertransiit benefaciendo 7,acts x4 #ch74 ,the pomegranate contains a great number of seeds3 a bishop shelters the multitude4 ,coperit mvltitvdinem 7,st4 ,james v4 #bj74 ,the mitre1 surrounded by an aureola3 the splendor sanctity adds to the episcopal dignity4 ,contvlit et splendorem 7,judith x4 #d74 ,the eagle1 trying its eaglets by making them look at the sun3 ,god alone should be looked to in trial4 ,cvm probatvs fverit 7,st4 ,james i4 #ab74 ,a tree1 the vigor of which is only increased by age3 experience increases one's efficiency4 ,fortior cvm senverit 7,prov4 xxii4 #f74 ,at one end of the antechamber is the library1 formerly containing a fine collection of books1 mostly belonging to ,cardinal ,orsini1 but now unfortunately scattered4 ,he also established a printing-press in the palace for the purpose of publishing his own edicts1 licenses1 and pamphlets for the direction of his clergy4 ,a small oratory opens into the library with its marble altar turned towards the ,east and its walls covered with paintings4 ,one of these is a votive picture from ,cardinal ,orsini after his miraculous preservation in the earthquake of #afhh by the special intervention of ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 representing him buried among the ruins of his palace1 his head alone visible1 resting on a picture of the saint1 who1 in consequence of this memorable circumstance1 has ever since been regarded as one of the patrons of ,beneventum4 ,it is said that when ,cardinal ,orsini was leaving ,beneventum for ,rome1 he turned towards the weeping inhabitants1 and1 after praying silently for an instant1 promised them his protection henceforth against earthquakes1 and1 in fact1 not only has the city been spared when serious disasters have occurred in the country around1 but no citizen of ,beneventum has received any injury1 even when exposed elsewhere to terrible danger4 ,many families keep with veneration a bust of the holy cardinal in their houses1 or some object once belonging to him1 and attribute to this devotion a special protection4 ,there is nothing of interest in the private rooms once occupied by ,cardinal ,orsini4 ,one would like to see his unpretending furniture1 his pictures of devotion1 the kneeling-stool where he so often prayed for his flock1 and the books he daily used1 but they are all gone4 ,there is not even an authentic likeness of him1#ei though he resided here thirty-eight years1 and expended in the restoration and embellishment of the palace #fd1ehi ducats of his personal fortune4 ,we have already alluded to the quarter of the palace called il conventino1 because it has the aspect of a monastery4 ,it is divided by a corridor1 with cells on both sides that communicate with each other1 or can be made private at pleasure4 ,here1 without any luxury or display1 ,cardinal ,orsini lodged the bishops convoked for the provincial councils1 and generously provided for every expense these assemblies involved4 ,the priests who accompanied them were lodged in the convent of ,san ,modesto1 where nothing was wanting to their comfort4 ,the register of accounts gives some curious details as to the supplies4 ,macaroni necessarily played an important rle4 ,snow was furnished for refreshing drinks4 ,and as the wine called ,lachryma would doubtless have been too heavy1 it was previously tempered by a strong addition of the ordinary red wine6 ,but the patience of the reader is already exhausted with these details4 ,as we have implied1 the archiepiscopal palace of ,beneventum is not precisely artistic1 and yet it is interesting and curious4 ,if the account has been unreasonably prolonged1 the memory of ,cardinal ,orsini is a sufficient justification4 ,we cannot make too prominent the name and labors of those who lived only for the church1 and sacrificed themselves for its development and glory4 ,quam multa1 quam opportuna1 quam grandia accepta referunt beneficia1 let us say1 in conclusion1 with the inscription on the hospital at ,beneventum1 graven on marble to the praise of ,fra ,vincenzo ,maria1 priest of the title of ,st4 ,sixtus1 ,cardinal ,orsini4 ,footnote #ea3 ,le ,palais ,archipiscopal de ,bnvent4 ,par ,mgr4 ,x4 ,barbier de ,montault1 prlat de la maison de ,sa ,saintet4 ,arras3 ,a4 ,planque et ,cie4 #ahge4 ,footnote #eb3 ,the word palace is1 by us1 reserved for exceptional edifices that are vaster1 loftier1 and more highly ornamented than the dwelling of a merely private individual4 ,but the ,italian1 who loves sonorous epithets1 is more indiscriminate in its application4 ,his word palazzo is susceptible of two meanings1 one referring to the edifice1 and the other to the person who inhabits it4 ,in the latter sense it is applied to the residence of any high dignitary or person of office1 however little in accordance it may be with his station4 ,it is his rank which gives importance to his dwelling1 and a name that sets it apart and prevents it from being confounded with the houses of people merely in easy circumstances4 ,footnote #ec3 ,in order to correspond fully to the wish expressed so gracieusement by the ,rev4 ,father ,hecker1 founder of the ,paulists1 to have the plan of a building1 with its ornamentation1 in conformity with ,roman traditions1 we have taken the principal features of the palace at ,beneventum as the model of that which the ,catholics of ,america propose offering the cardinal of ,new ,york4 ,the development of this architectonic and iconographic project will be the subject of a special essay4--,note of ,mgr4 ,barbier de ,montault4 ,footnote #ed3 ,in an official paper at ,dijon1 dated ,sept4 #bf1 #aeaa1 mention is made of an obscure dungeon under the name of cachot d'enfer4 ,footnote #ee3 ,st4 ,barbato's triumphal entrance into ,beneventum was by a gateway that has preserved the name of ,porta ,gloriosa4 ,footnote #ef3 ,in tribulatione sua 7,isa4 xxv4 #d74 ,footnote #eg3 ,de angustia sua 7,job xxxvi4 #ae74 ,footnote #eh3 ,these quotations are often modified--the idea1 rather than the exact words1 being aimed at4 ,footnote #ei3 ,there are three portraits of ,cardinal ,orsini in the cathedral1 taken at different periods of his life4 ,the forehead is high and well developed4 ,the eye is pleasant and sympathetic1 but keen and penetrating4 ,the nose has a bold outline1 indicative of his energetic will4 ,the mouth is contracted at the corners1 giving it an expression of bitterness and dissatisfaction4 ,the face is full1 and tells of life and vigor4 8,,juxta ,,crucem40 8,dear ,lord10 we say1 8could we have stood ,with thy sweet ,mother and ,saint ,john ,beside thy cross2 or knelt and clung-- ,heedless what ruffian eyes look'd on-- ,with ,magdalen's wild grief1 and flung ,our arms about th' ensanguined wood64440 ,but have we not the ,crucified ,among us1 8even at the door08 ,whom else behold we1 day by day1 ,in the sore-laden1 patient poor8 ,and where disease makes want its prey1 ,can we not stand that cross beside8 ,o blest vocation1 theirs who come1 ,at chosen duty's high behest1 ,to soothe the squalid couch of pain ,with pledges of a better rest ,than all earth's wealth can give or gain1 ,and whispers of eternal home6 ,never so near our ,lord as then1 ,we touch ,his ,wounds--more heal'd than healing3 ,never so close to ,mary's ,heart1 ,hear too for us its throbs appealing3 ,and when for other scenes we part1 ,it is with ,john and ,magdalen4 ,,the ,,literary ,,extravagance ,,of ,,the ,,day4 ,la ,bruyre sees in all extravagance of phrase some symptom of weakness4 8,to say modestly of anything it is good or it is bad1 and to give reasons why it is so1 needs good sense and expression4 ,it is much shorter to pronounce in a decisive tone either that it is execrable or admirable40 ,he himself is a model of clearness and exactness of expression4 ,his ,english counterpart is ,swift1 of whom ,thackeray said3 8,he writes as if for the police40 ,nothing in literature surpasses the vraisemblance of ,gulliver's ,travels1 which reads like a book of authentic adventure4 ,its artlessness is the perfection of art concealing art4 ,la ,bruyre also says3 8,what art is needed to be natural 7rentrer dans la nature76 ,what time1 what rules1 what attention1 what labor to dance with the ease and grace with which we walk1 to sing as easily as we talk1 to speak and express one's self as one's self thinks60 ,to speak or to write as one thinks seems1 in these days of tumid and extravagant expression1 to be one of the lost arts4 ,we generally say either more or less than we think1 usually more4 ,for this reason we should turn to the older classical writers1 because of the importance they attribute to diction1 and the sense of duty they attach to it4 ,the new rhetorical doctrine is1 8,let the style take care of itself4 ,give us thought40 ,robert ,browning1 whose poetry nobody understands1 probably not even himself1 declares in favor of 8burrs of expression that will stick in the attention40 ,any one who has scrambled through the labyrinths of some of his poems has had 8burrs0 enough to suffice him for a lifetime4 ,it is clear that this plea for thought to the neglect of style is an excuse for slovenly composition4 ,there is no reason why thought should not have clear1 precise1 and beautiful expression4 ,unless style be made a subject of deep attention1 and be brought to the severest test of rhetorical criticism1 there is an end of literature4 ,if the barbaric 8yawp0 of ,walt ,whitman is to pass for poetry2 if the pictorial daubs of ,j4 ,a4 ,froude are to be considered historical portraitures2 and if extravagant and exaggerated forms of speech are to be ranked as striking beauties1 the literary critics and the lovers of literature in general must gird themselves for a tougher battle for letters than they ever did for any attack that threatened them from ,philistia4 ,what we call the ,extravagant ,school of ,literature numbers eminent names1 and is by no means confined to the more obvious and pronounced sensationalism of the daily press4 ,contemporaneous history1 criticism1 poetry1 sectarian theology1 and1 wonderful to say1 philosophy and science deal largely in exaggerated expression and extravagant theory4 ,it may be some consolation to the newspapers and to the gentler sex1 both charged by the critics with the use of exaggeration and hyperbole1 that they but follow the example set them by grave modern historians and scientists4 ,the reckless writing in the journals1 like the fluent gossip at ,mrs4 ,grundy's tea-parties1 is ephemeral4 ,but extravagance aspires to immortality in the pages of the historian4 ,the description of ,mary ,stuart's beheading in ,froude lacks even the historical accuracy of a ,new ,york ,herald reporter's account of an 8execution40 ,macaulay's fantastic analysis of motives exceeds in boldness of conjecture a journalist's article on the future policy of the ,vatican4 ,in both sets of examples there is the same fault--unlimited speculation and unjustifiable comment4 ,darwin observes some particular facts in natural history1 and1 in defiance of a familiar rule in syllogisms1 leaps at once to a universal conclusion4 ,matthew ,arnold1 fired by his name as a critic1 indulges in extravagant speculation upon the relations of literature and dogma4 ,science loses its cool head1 and philosophy its cautious pace1 on the presentation of hitherto unexplained phenomena4 ,protestant theology hears aghast that the ,greek of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews is more classic than that in the other ,pauline epistles1 and telegraphs the discovery to the ,board on the ,revision of the ,scriptures4 ,the dainty trick of ,tennyson's metre is the despair and admiration of inglorious ,miltons1 whose hands cannot strike the resounding lyre with like skilfulness1 and thereupon jangle it in woful measures4 ,bret ,harte makes a 8hit0 in the delineation of wild ,western life1 and he is hailed as a new-born genius4 ,john ,hay and ,joaquin ,miller assume the bays4 ,a crowd of nonentities rush before the public on the lecture platform1 and their extravagant nonsense brings them fame and fortune4 ,the two classes react upon each other for the worse4 ,the extravagant never corrects his faults1 and the public never perceive them1 so used have they become to this baneful influence of sensationalism4 ,it permeates popular religion4 ,a ,protestant ,life of ,christ by a prominent preacher reads like a dime novel4 ,we readily pardon the extravagance of fiction2 and catechresis in poetry does not call forth the severest censure of the critic4 ,any one familiar with the hard conditions of modern newspaper writing will not be disposed to judge harshly if both editor and reporter combine to make their journal 8spicy40 ,it may be that the high-pressure system on which newspapers are conducted has exercised a marked influence upon all classes of readers and writers4 ,the ,new ,york dailies have a rather questionable lan1 which provincial journals follow from afar off4 ,the stupendous enterprise of sending expeditions to ,south ,africa and to the ,north ,pole1 the insatiable quest for news1 the undisguised love of the sensational characteristic of foremost journalism1 have1 in our opinion1 a debilitating and disastrous effect upon the scholarship and the intellectual life of ,america4 ,the showy story1 the painfully epigrammatic drama1 and the pyrotechnical poetry of the land are newspapery to the last degree4 ,journalists do not even seem to know or realize the influence which they exert4 ,what is a pointed and brilliant editorial compared to the honest endeavor of a journalist to inculcate sound ethical and social views in the minds of his readers8 ,who cares about ,jones' slashing attack upon ,smith8 ,why1 in the name of common decency1 are columns opened to the discussion of ,robinson's domestic infelicities8 ,we do not wish to make up our minds every morning upon the state and prospects of the universe4 ,we are firmly convinced that the world will go on1 without being daily buttonholed by talented editors to acquaint us with the fact4 ,the sensational newspaper has spoiled some of the best traits in the ,american1 and it has given abnormal development to his worst tendency--his curiosity4 ,a newspaper would have scattered all the happiness of ,rasselas' valley4 ,it is happy for ,americans that they have a weakness for print1 and seem rather to enjoy a figure therein4 ,if the ,bungtown ,bugle did not notice the arrival in town of ,mr4 ,porkpacker1 let the editor tremble4 ,but the extravagance of journalism is mainly confined to words4 ,it is not altogether true that the guiding spirit of the newspaper is sensation4 ,this charge1 which can readily be sustained against the contemporary historian1 does not hold of the journalist4 ,he makes the most of news1 but he rarely invents4 ,he is sensitive on this point4 ,accuracy is a prime requisite in a reporter4 ,his is the hyperbole of words4 ,this comes generally from a limited education and inexact habits of thought4 ,when we reflect that the first and last lesson of rhetoric is simplicity1 we should not expect too much from men who are trained to think and believe that no idea is acceptable unless arrayed in gorgeous imagery and blazing with tawdry rhetoric4 ,a fire with loss of life is a terribly startling thing1 and the reporter imagines that he is really describing its horror when1 with apt alliteration's artful aid1 he heads his account with 8,the ,fire-fiend ,furious--,flaunting ,flames ,frantically ,flashing--,fainting ,firemen ,fused by the ,fierce ,fire10 etc4 ,richard ,grant ,white has wearied his readers for a decade and more on the theme of newspaper ,english and cognate subjects4 ,the fact is1 no man can be an etymologist without a fair knowledge of the languages from which the ,english is derived1 and it is simply wasted labor to counsel the attainment of a classic style from a mere acquaintance with one language1 and that the vernacular4 ,the wonder is that so much really good writing is done under such limitations4 ,it takes some self-denial in a newspaper man to say a thing simply4 ,we understand that ,western newspapers have made a new departure in announcing deaths1 and that a rather coarse1 if not ribald1 humor is tolerated4 ,this is an evidence of a lower sensationalism4 ,the ,west has exercised a rough and energetic influence upon the laughable dilettanteism of the ,eastern press1 but we must confess our inability to relish its humor4 ,its humor is extravaganza1 and thus would work out the very reform and improvement which it is the design of this article to advocate4 ,the pompous descriptions ending in anti-climax1 the open burlesquing of the style of newspaper novelists1 the riotous characterization of oddities1 and the hearty dislike of sham and cant that one meets in ,western journalism must have a good effect upon the general literature of the country4 ,but one tires of ,mark ,twain1 mayhap for the reason that one grows speedily weary of professedly funny papers4 ,the poor court-jesters of the middle ages got more frowns than smiles4 ,mark ,twain has little of that heartiness and bonhomie that are the characteristic of true humor4 ,real wit he has none1 nor does he pretend to it4 ,his humor is extravagance1 which1 even in this humble but oh6 how genial faculty and expression of the human heart1 is seen to be out of place and power4 ,the more we read and write1 the clearer becomes to us the wisdom of the ,horatian maxim to keep our lucubrations by us for years4 ,hasty writing is not only hard reading but often dangerous utterance4 ,an editor told the writer that when the news of the late ,pope's death reached us he had his biography already in type1 but without editorial comment4 ,it was necessary to compose some sort of editorial upon an event which for a time suspended the breath of ,christendom1 and our editor1 with the nonchalance and conceit which unfortunately characterize so many of the journalistic guild1 sat down to dash off as fast as pen could travel his estimate of that great1 long-suffering1 and heroic man on whose brow1 where gathered the glory of ,thabor and the gloom of ,calvary1 rested the mystic diadem of the ,supreme ,pontificate4 8,of course10 said our editor1 8,i hadn't time to get up anything very fine1 but my ,protestant friends were delighted4 ,i gave the good old man some pretty severe raps--that thing1 you know1 about his being a ,mason1 and opposed to progress--and--and--,antonelli1 and that little love-affair1 you know4 ,ha6 ha6 ha60 ,no wonder ,dickens impaled the editor of the ,new ,york ,rowdy4 ,now1 if this man could have waited1 and read and reflected1 it would have been morally impossible for him to have composed an obituary which1 if it had been written of any other man than the dead ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ1 would have exposed its author to the pistol-shot of outraged relatives or to the chastisement of public justice4 ,so long as ignorant and irresponsible men are suffered to guide and control the expression of a journal1 so long will the ,american newspaper fail of any high mission4 ,it is a good sign of the sturdy independence of the ,american character that it has shaken off the journalistic yoke and thinks for itself4 ,formerly the editorial pages were the first to be scrutinized and the mysterious oracle consulted4 ,but 8,apollo from his shrine ,can no more divine40 ,the garish light of day has been poured in upon the sanctum1 and the divinity has fled4 ,the newspaper is not likely soon again to attain to that high dignity and power which it held prior to the last ,presidential election1 for reasons too obvious to the reader to need mention here4 ,year by year the strongly-marked individuality of the chief editor1 so familiar of old1 fades out of sight1 either because the race of great editors is run or the conditions of newspaper life have changed4 ,we speak of the newspaper only as it falls within the scope of this article1 which regards its literary and not its moral aspect4 ,we do not advert to it at all as a teaching or ethical power1 for we look upon the average journal with feelings akin to contempt at its blind or wilful neglect of the highest possibilities of good4 ,no men are better acquainted than are newspaper men with the absurdity of ,protestantism1 its failure both as a public institution and a private religious life1 its petty tyrannies1 its squeamishness1 its rhodomontade1 and its helplessness before any attack of sound and manly logic4 ,they know1 too1 or ought to know1 the real good of the ,catholic ,church4 ,yet how rarely one sees in a journal even a feeble recognition of the benefits of ,catholicity6 ,why1 in many quarters we do not even get the show and hearing graciously accorded to the ,mormons4 ,who has not felt the covert sneer1 the poorly-concealed bigotry1 and the ignorant prejudice so thinly disguised8 ,when ,doyle1 ,england's best caricaturist1 not even excepting ,cruikshank1 was required by the proprietors of ,punch to draw a caricature of the ,pope1 he threw his pencil in their faces and told them 8be ----10 a word which the recording angel certainly blotted out4 ,what are we to think of a journal that seizes the celebration of the feast of a great national saint as a happy occasion for publishing a series of 8jocular0 and blasphemous articles on the saint's memory1 twice piercing the sensibilities of ,irishmen1 once through their faith and next through their nationality8 ,is that honest1 worthy1 or dignified journalism8 ,enough has been said to place the general newspaper press upon a low form in the school of extravagant expression4 ,not until editors feel a profound moral responsibility1 and enlarge their minds with at least a cursory study of ,catholic theology--two things which are least likely to come to pass--will the ,american journal attain any lasting prestige or power4 ,as it is1 its tone becomes less dignified and effective year by year1 and we should not be surprised to discover in the newspaper1 in time1 the most stubborn and powerful opponent of ,christianity1 and even of general morality4 ,heaven knows what incalculable harm it now does to immortal souls by its constant vomiting forth of social impurities and criminal details4 ,there are certain papers of large circulation and 8respectability0 which cannot be read by all without proximate danger of mortal sin4 ,but if a ,catholic critic ventures to proclaim these manifest truths1 he is answered with a howl about the church's opposition to progress and enlightenment4 ,the newspapers cannot bear criticism whilst savagely attacking any person or institution to which they take a dislike4 ,this sensitiveness is a symptom of weakness4 ,we turn to the great masters of extravagant expression4 ,at their head we place ,lord ,macaulay1 who has demonstrated the art of making history romantic1 and romance historical4 ,query3 whether ,sir ,walter ,scott was not the founder of the contemporaneous historical school8 ,at any rate the cry is1 8,let us have no more dryly accurate histories like ,lingard's or ,arnold's4 ,relegate to an appendix state papers and statistics4 ,give us delightful conversations between historical personages1 somewhat in the style of ,landor's ,imaginary ,conversations1 only not so heavy40 ,it is so delightful to enter into the secret motives of men1 to interpret their hidden spirit1 and clearly understand their whole mental and moral being4 ,this is the new school of historical writing1 carried to extravagant lengths by ,macaulay1 ,froude1 and ,carlyle4 ,the old-fashioned idea of history was the simple and exact statement of events1 the ascertained motives of historical personages1 and the actual results of their deeds and decrees4 ,this idea the trio before mentioned scout with derisive laughter4 ,macaulay writes down 8the dignity of history02 ,froude penetrates into the arcana of royal bosoms2 and ,carlyle shrilly hoots at the ,dryasdusts for their historical investigations1 and makes a bonfire of archives and state papers4 ,of this precious triad ,macaulay is the least vehement1 but none the less must we dub him an extravagant4 ,he never can say a thing naturally4 ,he cannot rise above an epigram or an antithesis4 ,nor was there ever any intellectual growth in him4 ,in ,trevelyan's ,life and ,letters of ,macaulay there is a characteristic anecdote of his boyhood4 ,his mother refused him a piece of cake for some misdemeanor--for missing a lesson1 we think4 8,very well10 antithetically answered the future reviewer 7tat4 #i71 8hereafter industry shall be my bread and application my butter40 ,this might have been written in the ,edinburgh forty years after4 ,when the famous essay on ,milton appeared1 sensationalism had not as yet invaded the prosy precincts of the reviews4 ,jeffrey's classic but dull reviews were models2 nor did the humor of the 8joking parson of ,st4 ,paul's0 receive much countenance from the ,scotch1 on whom the parson revenged himself when he said that a surgical operation was necessary to get a joke into a ,scotchman's head4 ,macaulay's brilliancy took the town by storm4 ,but what is there in the review of ,milton8 of ,johnson8 of ,bacon8 ,he began the carnival of the sensational4 ,george ,cornewall ,lewis said of ,macaulay3 8,the idea of a man of forty writing such flowery and sentimental stuff6 ,macaulay will never be anything but a rhetorician40 ,but the reading people had their appetites whetted by ,scott and ,byron1 and there has been little sobriety in literature since4 ,the extravagance of the praise with which ,macaulay bedaubed ,milton struck the critics at the time2 but when they answered1 he was famous4 ,the ,americans raved over him4 ,it was perhaps as well that his ,history was never finished1 for it is morally certain that his infatuation for saying brilliant things would have led him to hurl ,washington and the ,american patriots of the ,revolution from their pedestals4 ,he could not resist the temptation to bid men abate their admiration of any esteemed character4 ,to wind up with a brilliant period was the height of his poor literary ambition4 ,of course he received his reward2 but no man now who values his reputation for scholarship would think of citing him as an historical or1 what may seem stranger1 a literary authority4 ,that glowing tribute to the ,catholic ,church in the review on ,ranke has always seemed to us one of his rhetorical bursts4 ,there were in the subject light and color1 imposing figures1 an atmosphere of art and beauty1 and innumerable chances for introducing epigrams and startling paradoxes4 ,he wrote an article which flames like one of ,rubens' pictures4 ,the whole argument is false from beginning to end1 and its logic would shame the ,new ,zealander himself4 ,the conclusion which any thoughtful man would draw from the powers and attributes therein ascribed to the ,catholic ,church is that such an institution must be divine--a conclusion furthest from the reviewer's thought4 ,he has made the dull pages of ,english political history as interesting as a fairy-tale1 under which designation it no doubt will be tabulated by future scholars2 for there is not a point d'appui in the entire history1 from his glorification of ,king ,william to his defamation of ,penn1 that has not been shattered by some one4 ,but who should seriously attack romance8 ,james ,,ii4 was a poltroon1 and ,william ,,iii4 was a brave man and a great statesman4 ,macaulay did not attempt all the possibilities of sensationalism4 ,this was left for ,j4 ,a4 ,froude1 who now reigns in his stead4 ,casting about for a striking character1 ,froude lights on ,henry ,,viii4 ,and it is here that that delightful historico-romantic style soars to hitherto unexplored heights of extravagance4 ,the injured monarch is introduced to the sound of mournful music4 ,his tortured mind is apparent in his anguish-riven face4 ,contemplate at leisure that ,achillean form1 that massive brow1 the melancholy grace of those royal legs4 ,a pensive smile irradiates a countenance on which all the graces play4 ,he is thinking of ,katharine4 ,his conscience is smitten4 ,enter to him ,anne ,boleyn4 ,what thoughts are hidden beneath that alabaster brow8--and so on for volumes4 ,the forte of the historian of this school is his thorough knowledge of the thoughts and designs of his personages4 ,nothing escapes his eagle eye4 ,this wondrous faculty1 which has hitherto been considered preternatural1 enables him to detect deep meanings in the slightest act4 ,the king smiled significantly4 ,ah-hah6 ,sergeant ,buzfuz's interpretation of ,pickwick's note about the warming-pan sinks into obscurity alongside of the calm and connected analysis of motive that ,mr4 ,froude can weave out of ,king ,henry's stockings4 ,it will amuse our readers to take up a few pages of any of ,froude's historical works1 and study out illustrations of this criticism4 ,they will soon discover that it is he who does all the thinking1 planning1 and suffering for his historical automata1 that are moved by the chords of his sympathetic heart4 ,no one would call ,froude a historian except in burlesque4 ,he is a romancist4 ,but what shall we say of the ,scotch ,diogenes1 ,carlyle1 who hurls books instead of tubs1 though the latter missile would do less mischief8 ,he is an extravagant4 ,we have hesitated some time about classing him in the school1 but we think that we are justified1 at least by the wildness1 unconnectedness1 and rhapsodical fury of his speech4 ,besides1 he frantically hates and denounces ,america1 which fact would set him down at once as a man of unbalanced intellect and malignant humor4 ,he used to know how to write ,english1 as his ,life of ,schiller and ,life of ,john ,sterling abundantly prove4 ,but in an evil hour he learned ,german1 and the next view of him we have discovers him tossing in a maelstrom of ,german metaphysics4 ,he certainly deserved a better fate4 ,we very much doubt if any sane man can long keep his wits and study ,german philosophy1 especially in the mad outcomes of ,fichte's ,absolute ,identity and ,schelling's theories of the 4 ,the best minds of ,germany1 both ,catholic and ,protestant1 ,mhler and ,neander1 have pronounced the judgment of all sensible men upon these absurdities in one word--rubbish4 ,carlyle patiently worked in this rubbish for years1 and his result is not half so good as his brave old words1 spoken out of his honest heart3 8,do what you are able to do in this world and leave the rest to ,god40 ,in the name of common sense1 do rational men care anything about the critic of ,pure ,reason1 or the beer and tobacco speculations of conceited egoists8 ,it were well if men1 like the parish priest in ,don ,quixote1 burnt all those foolish books of knight-errantry carried on in a world as dreamy and fantastic as that fabled by the old writers on chivalry4 ,carlyle's command of language is marvellous1 but his style is hybrid1 wearisome1 and frequently unintelligible4 ,he is sensational1 in a bad sense1 too4 ,there is not a hero that he has chosen who was not chosen with an eye to effect3 ,mohammed1 a prophet6 ,luther1 the hero-priest6 ,cromwell1 the hero-king6 ,the selection of these worthies enabled him to say something startling4 ,then the idea of taking ,frederick ,,ii4 of ,prussia as a type of the heroic1 kingly1 religious1 literary1 and general excellence of the eighteenth century was carrying the extravagant a little too far4 ,the old man now sits like a bear with a sore head4 ,we pardon him much1 for we look upon him as an embittered and disappointed man4 ,he seems not to care what he says nor how rudely he says it4 ,his criticism on ,swinburne1 the erotic poet1 whose success is an indication of something rotten in ,english letters1 is so harsh that we hesitate to quote it1 though it is richly deserved3 8,he is a man up to his neck in a cess-pool1 and adding to the filth40 ,we need ,diogenes to snub ,alexander and to trample on the pride of ,plato4 ,had ,carlyle escaped fantastic ,germanism and its wretched philosophizing1 he would rank with the greatest masters of language in any tongue4 ,the glow and beauty of many of his descriptions are beyond praise1 and no more skilful hand has ever drawn the vast and gloomy tableaux of the ,french ,revolution4 ,his historical method has the same vice as ,macaulay's and ,froude's4 ,he is pictorial1 imaginative1 and given to unwarranted speculation4 ,his style has the worst faults of the sensational school1 though it may be alleged in his defence that his vast knowledge of ,german has unconsciously and radically modified it4 ,affectation he has none1 which cannot be said of his imitators in word-coining4 ,literary criticism1 which certainly should have advanced somewhat since the days of ,dennis1 is at present as 8slashing0 as that old cynic himself could have desired4 ,the great reviews1 spoiled by ,macaulay's example1 have adopted a supercilious tone that but ill comports with the dignity and functions of true criticism4 ,we recall only one great exception1 ,john ,wilson 7,christopher ,north71 in recent ,english literary criticism1 that is not open to the charge of querulous fault-finding4 ,the narrowness of the ,english reviews1 and their fatal obtuseness to see beyond the limits they have drawn for themselves1 have deprived them of the proper power of literary judgment or suggestive writing such as we associate with a review4 ,the latest of their number1 the ,nineteenth ,century1 is not long enough before us to enable us to form a satisfactory judgment4 ,it lacks unity1 but1 perchance1 this is a merit4 ,the reader knows beforehand the judgment of the ,edinburgh1 the ,london and ,british ,quarterlies1 and the ,westminster on any subject4 ,they are a bench of ,lord ,jeffreys passing sentence before any evidence is presented to them4 ,there is no writer on whom sensationalism works such quick and fatal destruction as the critic4 ,we look to him to be above the passions of the hour1 the rage of the fashion1 and the influence of literary and political cliques4 ,even his admiration must be tempered4 ,he must betray no weaknesses4 ,when we come across a critique which runs over with passion1 weak sentiment1 petty jealousies1 unworthy bickerings1 and a subdued but potent sensationalism1 we are shocked and disappointed4 ,most contemporary reviews are pompous exhibitions of the writer's own learning1 which may be in one sense encyclopdic1 and which generally throws the author under review quite in the shade4 ,the older reviewers gave some hearing to an author4 ,they quoted him largely1 and enabled the reader to judge for himself4 ,they proffered their opinions modestly1 and supported their objections with proof drawn from the book itself4 ,but nowadays1 if a reviewer condescends to advert to the book which he is supposed to be reviewing1 it is in a high and mighty tone of censure or of autocratic approval4 ,this obtrusion of self and opinions smacks much of the sensational4 ,the reviewer wishes to be seen upon the tripod1 and he is convinced in his own heart1 or at least allows his reader plainly to understand1 that he could write a much better book than that which he has deigned to review4 ,slashing criticisms are in great favor4 ,oh6 for another ,macaulay to blast another ,montgomery4 ,we say1 ,oh6 for another ,pope to place these gentlemen in another ,dunciad4 ,there is no merit in cutting a book to pieces4 ,an eye sharpened by malice and on the lookout for faults will detect blunders in a title4 ,where merited chastisement must be inflicted it should not be spared2 but that is a poor idea of literary criticism that views it as a medium of communicating only stinging comment and bitter diatribe4 ,criticism is essentially calm and judicial4 ,it should sift a book as law does evidence4 ,no stormy passions should be suffered to disturb its equanimity4 ,there is no other department of letters that invites and exacts such rare scholarship and genial wisdom4 ,the man who can quickly recognize and honestly praise a work of genius1 and1 through wise commendation1 introduce it to a wide circle of readers1 merits a crown more precious than the poet's4 ,in these days of much bad writing and wide reading there is deep need of such exact criticism1 such careful watchfulness over literature1 and such sure guidance of the public taste4 ,keep sensationalism at least out of our reviews and our book notices1 for if the critic loses the reckoning we are indeed at sea4 ,we hinted that sectarian theology has its sensational side4 ,if we can dignify with the name of theology that congeries of books1 sermons1 pamphlets1 and tracts that is the literary outcome of ,protestantism1 then theology1 the queen of the sciences1 is in the plight of ,hecuba as described in ,hamlet3 8,but who1 oh6 who had seen the mobled queen ,run barefoot up and down1 threatening the flames10 etc4 ,no attempt is made to conceal the sensationalism of the ,protestant pulpit4 ,a dull preacher had best betake himself to another occupation2 say anything that will be listened to1 sooner than behold the agonizing sight of a sleeping congregation4 ,modern congregations do not enjoy the traditional nap4 ,they are kept awake by the attitudinizer in the pulpit4 ,they are not sure of what he is going to say next4 ,sir ,roger de ,coverley made his chaplain preach one of ,barrow's sermons1 and1 thus being assured of orthodoxy1 he slept with a quiet conscience4 ,the quality of the majority of ,protestant sermons is as spiced and sensational as the average popular lecture4 ,what motive but that of making a sensation can induce ,farrar and ,stanley to preach against hell in ,westminster ,abbey8 ,their sermons are as high colored as a story in the ,new ,york ,ledger4 ,the new tack which the ,protestant hulk is now painfully taking is the harmonization of science and religion4 ,we verily believe that ,darwin1 ,huxley1 and ,tyndall take a malicious pleasure in seeing the squirms of ,protestant theologians4 ,those men know themselves the inconclusiveness of their arguments against revelation1 but the fatal spell is on science1 too--it must be sensational or nothing4 ,the old scientists worked calmly away for years1 and set forth the results of their investigations with the modesty of true merit4 ,but ,huxley cannot anatomize the leg of a spider without publishing the process in the newspapers1 with some reflections upon its bearing and probably fatal effect upon the ,mosaic records4 ,in summing up the conclusions suggested by our reflections upon the extravagant1 we must not forget that the ways and habits of modern social life have almost necessitated this species of literature4 ,it is remarkable that the ,latin writers under the later emperors have neither the purity of thought nor of style of the old masters4 ,literature is the reflex of passing life4 ,our century is the century of startling discovery1 of kaleidoscopic changes1 of rapid social life and intense intellectual energy4 ,its expression must be loud and boisterous4 ,but it is the duty of writers to keep the gross sensational elements of life out of letters4 ,literature should soothe and compose the mind2 should be its refuge from turbulence and care2 should be a ministry of peace and refreshment to the wearied spirit4 ,the enduring products of human genius are marked by the calmness and serenity of the great souls that conceived them1 and they produce in us the like frame of mind4 ,the public should look coldly upon the class of productions we have been examining1 and bid 8,the extravagant and erring spirit hie ,to its confine40 ,,the ,,blue-,,bird',s ,,note4 ,i4 ,not ,philomel1 'mid dark of night1 unseen1 ,pipes sweeter notes unto the listening heart ,than from the adventurous blue-bird start ,that sings amid the cedars' dusky green ,when ,march doth fleck the sky with windy clouds1 ,when sodden grass is gray as naked boughs ,along whose length no touch of summer glows-- ,folded the buds within their spicy shrouds1 ,waiting the coming of their ,easter morn1 ,when the up-risen sun their bonds shall break1 ,earth's alleluia in the forests wake1 ,wherein no voice more glad than this is born ,that fills the farewell hours of winter gloom ,with skies of blue and fields knee-deep in bloom4 ,,ii4 ,who hears the music of the blue-bird's song1 ,and sees not straightway cloudy skies grow fair ,with softened light pale ,april kindleth there8 ,who heareth not the swollen1 rippling throng ,of loosened streams that trip the roads beside1 ,that wear soft channels in the meadow grass1 ,and peaceful grow to uphold the crisp-leaved cress8 ,who sees not o'er the marsh-pools1 dark and wide1 ,rise tasselled willow and the later glow ,of sturdy marigolds' broad1 golden bloom1 ,dim light of violets2 while fresh perfume ,from every budding twig doth overflow8 ,such world a song can build of shivering air-- ,earth's miracles unfolding everywhere4 ,,iii4 ,singeth the dreamy nightingale of love1 ,unsevered still the thrush from ,paradise1 ,the lark's swift aspiration to the skies ,is faith that sees in perfect light above2 ,and type doth seem spring's blue-winged herald's song ,of that calm faith ,eternal ,wisdom blessed1 ,believing things unseen with quiet breast1 ,not asking first to see the angels throng4 ,faith meet for earth1 filling the storm-rent skies ,with cheerful song of trust and heavenly grace1 ,softening with joys to come earth's rugged face1 ,tinting life's gray with heaven's rainbow dyes-- ,thy note1 ,o fearless blue-bird6 stainless scroll ,o'er writ with love and hope for earth and soul4 ,,german ,,glossaries1 ,,homilies1 ,,and ,,commentaries ,,on ,,scriptural ,,and ,,liturgical ,,subjects4#fj ,a diligent and impartial ,german bibliographer1 ,dr4 ,john ,geffcken1 ,protestant pastor of ,st4 ,michael's1 ,hamburg1 in his learned work on catechetical treatises of the fifteenth century1 has pointed out the almost complete forgetfulness of present scholars of a branch of literature important in the theological and controversial history of ,germany before the ,reformation4 ,he says of his own researches in this field3 8,there was a lost1 or at any rate a forgotten1 literature to be discovered step by step1 and its spirit grasped in all the branches thus brought together and compared4 ,the following information will show how little light the fragmentary notices of ,langemack in his ,historia ,catechetica 7vol4 i471 or of ,kcher1 in his ,catechetical ,history of the ,papal ,church1 threw upon the times to which ,i have devoted my attention4 ,the worst1 however1 was that even these scanty notices were often false or misleading1 and that1 instead of pointing out the right track1 they not seldom led into error4 ,they consist mostly of lists of titles of books1 without a hint of the contents of such books1 and not seldom an uncertain or fanciful title is interpreted as denoting contents utterly different from the reality4 ,the spirit of controversial prejudice in which these works were written impelled the authors1 whenever they had to deal with ante-,reformation times1 to paint the historical background in the darkest possible colors1 in order to bring out in corresponding relief the brightness of the new dawn of the sixteenth century40 ,if this is true of such works as those to which ,geffcken refers1 it is equally so of the ,german ,plenarii1 or glossaries1 commentaries1 homilies1 and various devotional manuals in the vulgar tongue published in the last half of the fifteenth century and the first quarter of the sixteenth4 ,the inquiry into the publication1 contents1 and diffusion of these books is as interesting from an antiquarian as from a theological point of view4 ,they are little known even to cataloguists of acknowledged merit4 ,brunet1 in his ,manuel du ,libraire1#fa etc41 under the heading ,plenarium1 vol4 iv41 mentions only one1 as the ,plenarium1 or ,book of the ,gospels1 printed at ,basle by ,peter von ,langendorff in #aead2 while under the heading of ,gospels 7vol4 ii47 he mentions in general terms several 8,evangelia40 ,hain1 in his ,repertorium ,bibliographicum 7,stuttgart and ,tbingen1 #ahbf-ahbh71 in which he claims to have collected the names of all the books printed from the time of the discovery of printing to the year #aejj1 is a little more explicit as to the gospels and epistles under the heading of that name1 but has nothing to say of any ,plenarium2 although the name stands as a separate heading1 it is followed by no details or examples4 ,graesse1 in his ,trsor de livres rares et prcieux1 ou nouveau dictionnaire bibliographique 7,dresden1 #ahei-ahfi71 mentions only five of these works1 giving the dates and presses but no hint of the contents of the books4 ,earlier scholars1 however1 had not so wholly lost the tradition of the existence of these manuals2 for instance1 ,nicholas ,weislinger1 in his ,armamentarium ,catholicum ,argent41 #agdi fol4 sub anno #adhh 7pp4 #dab-dae71 and ,panzer1 in his ,annals of ,ancient ,german ,literature2 or1 notices and descriptions of those books which1 since the invention of printing till the year #aebj1 were printed in the ,,german tongue 7,nuremberg1 #aghh71 mentions a fact which ,dr4 ,alzog says he has not yet found proved by other documents--the existence of similar manuals in other countries than ,germany4 ,the ,french have ,les ,postilles et ,expositions des ,epistres et ,evangiles ,dominicales1 etc4 7,troyes1 #adhj and #adib1 and ,paris1 #adig71 and the ,italians the same in #adhc1 press and date not mentioned1 and ,epistole e ,evangeli per tutto l'anno1 per ,annibale da ,parma 7,venice1 #adhg74 ,no doubt research among the libraries of ancient ,italian cities1 colleges1 and monasteries would discover many copies of such manuals1 and the same may be said of ,french glossaries4 ,the fact that they have but recently come to light in ,germany argues equally in favor of their being at some future time discovered in other countries1 certainly not less enlightened at the time whence date the ,german manuals4 ,it seems that hitherto no satisfactory etymology of the name of this class of books has been found2 the explanation of ,du ,cange#fb being rather bald1 that the books 8wholly contain the four gospels and the canonical epistles40 ,whatever the origin of the title1 the books themselves multiplied rapidly from #adgj to #aebb4 ,they were invariably in the vulgar tongue1 often in dialect4 ,they were meant as emphatically popular hand-books1 guides to the liturgy1 and interpreters of the ,latin offices of the church1 while they also supplied the place of sermons1 homilies1 and meditations by their glossaries and explanations of the gospels1 lessons1 and epistles4 ,some of these are much in the style of the commentaries of the early ,fathers on ,scriptural subjects4 ,the translations from the ,vulgate are generally original1 and do not follow strictly any of the authorized versions of the day4 ,in some of the later ,plenarii the ,collects and ,prefaces are given1 in others the ,graduals and ,communions2 in a few the whole liturgy is translated and the ceremonies explained4 ,none of these books was ever published in ,latin1 and1 unlike our modern missals1 they very seldom1 and then sparingly1 included the ,latin text with that in the vulgar tongue4 ,hymns and sequences were also often printed4 ,dr4 ,alzog was drawn to the study of this branch of church literature by his researches for a hand-book of universal church history1 and by his opportunities in the ,university ,library of ,freiburg in ,breisgau1 which alone contains six editions of ,plenarii of #adgc1 press unknown1 five respectively of #adhj 7,augsburg71 of #adha 7,urach71 of #adhc 7,strassburg71 of #aead and #aebb 7,basle71 and several others without authors' or publishers' names1 as well as the kindred works of a famous preacher of that time1 ,geiler von ,keisersperg1 printed at ,strassburg4 ,the reproach sometimes made to the fifteenth century1 of being destitute of sufficient religious and moral instruction in printed form1 is much neutralized by the opposite reproach of a contemporary whose name is famous in literature as that of the author of the ,ship of ,fools1 ,sebastian ,brant4 ,this powerful satire1 the work of a priest1 begins with these words in ,german rhyme3 8,all the land is now full of holy writings ,and of what touches the weal of souls1 ,bibles1 and the lore of holy fathers1 ,and many more such like1 ,in measure such that ,i much marvel ,no one grows better on such cheer40 ,alzog names thirty-eight manuals1 including five by ,keisersperg1 with his sermons and expositions of doctrine1 and seven in ,low ,saxon dialect1 interesting as showing the peculiarities of spelling in certain districts at that time4 ,the form of the title is almost unvaried in all3 8,in the name of the ,lord4 ,amen4 ,here follows a ,plenarium according to the order of the holy ,christian ,church1 in which are to be found written all epistles and gospels as they are sung and read in the ceremony of the holy ,mass1 throughout the whole year1 in order as they are written in the following40 ,the two earliest mentioned by ,alzog are of #adgj-adgc4 ,they are adorned with title-pages or frontispieces1 ,scriptural or allegorical subjects4 ,in the ,university ,library of ,freiburg is a small folio with a wood-cut of our ,lord1 his right hand uplifted in the act of blessing1 and his left carrying an imperial globe1 the ball surmounted by a cross1 such as may be seen in pictures of the old ,german emperors4 ,round the four sides of the print runs the following curious inscription1 unfortunately clipped short in part by the binder3 8,this portrait is made from the human ,jesus ,christ when he walked upon the earth4 ,and therefore he had hair and a beard1 and a pleasant countenance4 ,also a 444 ,he was also a head taller than any other man on the earth40 ,the first edition mentioned by ,panzer and ,hain as containing a glossary on the ,sunday gospels is of the year #adha1 printed at ,augsburg1 but the four editions between #adgc and #adhc all had uniform glossaries4 ,the mention is worded thus3 8,a glossary will be found of each ,sunday gospel--that is1 a good and useful teaching1 and an exposition of each gospel1 very useful for every ,christian believer 7or believer in ,christ7 to read40 ,in #adhh ,weislinger and ,panzer point to a book printed at ,baden by ,thomas ,ansselm1 called ,gospels with ,glossaries and ,epistles in ,german1 for the whole year2 also the beginning2 the ,psalm 7the 8,judica0 and ,introit7 and the ,collect of each ,mass according to the order of the ,christian ,church4 ,another book of #aeaf1 printed at ,dutenstein1 has the same title with this addition3 8for the whole year1 with nothing left out40 ,a very elaborate manual1 of which a copy 7#aead7 is in the ,university ,library of ,freiburg and is mentioned in ,panzer's catalogue1 is called 8,the ,plenarium1 or gospel book4 ,summer and ,winter parts1 through the whole year1 for every ,sunday1 ,feria1 and ,saints' days4 ,the order of the ,mass1 with its beginning or ,introit4 ,gloria ,patri1 ,kyrie ,eleyson1 ,gloria in ,excelsis1 ,collect or prayer1 ,epistle1 ,gradual or penitential song1 ,alleluia or ,tract1 ,sequence or ,prose4 ,gospel with a glossary never yet heard by us1 and ended by fruitful and beautiful examples4#fc ,the ,patrem or ,creed1 ,offertorium1 ,secreta1 ,sanctus1 ,agnus ,dei1 ,communion1 ,compleno and ,ite ,missa est or ,benedicamus ,domino1 etc4 ,and for every separate ,sunday gospel a beautiful glossary or ,postill1 with its example1 diligently and orderly preached by a priest of a religious order1 to be seriously noticed and fruitfully applied for the greater use of the believer1 who in this quickly-passing life can read nothing more useful44440 ,at the end are these words3 8,to the praise and worth of ,almighty ,god1 his highly-praised ,mother ,mary and all saints1 and to the use1 bettering1 and salvation of men4444 ,printed by the wise ,adam ,peter von ,langendorff1 burgher of ,basle4 #aead4 ,in folio40 ,the book contains four large wood-cuts of some artistic merit1 ,christ crucified1 with a landscape in the background1 and two groups1 one of four women on one side1 the other of four men on the other1 and the following legend beneath1 taken from ,notker's famous hymn ,medi ,vit1 which 8wonderful anthem or sequence10 says an ,anglican writer1 is 8so often mistaken for a psalm or text0#fd3 8,in the midst of life we are in death3 whom shall we seek to help us1 and to show us mercy1 but thou alone1 ,o ,lord1 who by our sins art righteously enwrathed8 ,holy ,lord ,god1 holy strong ,god1 holy1 merciful1 and eternal ,god1 suffer us not to taste the bitterness of death40 ,the other wood-cuts1 respectively indicating ,christmas day1 ,easter eve1 and ,whitsunday1 represent the ,adoration of the ,infant ,jesus by ,mary1 ,joseph1 and the shepherds1 with a landscape in the background2 the ,resurrection2 and the ,descent of the ,holy ,ghost in the form of fiery tongues4 ,the book contains many smaller wood-cuts4 ,another ,plenarium 7,strassburg1 #aebb7 boasts of being 8translated from the ,latin into better ,german10 and another1 of the same year 7,basle71 announces 8several other ,masses1 never hitherto translated into ,german10 as well as a register with blank leaves4 ,keisersperg's sermons 8in the last four years of his life1 taken down word for word from his own mouth10 are printed at ,strassburg in #aeae1 and are qualified in the title-page as 8useful and good1 not only for the laity1 and never hitherto printed40 ,his ,postill1 or 8,commentaries on the ,four ,gospels10 is printed in four parts in ,strassburg in #aebb1 also his ,lenten sermons1 and some additional ones on a few saints' days1 8written down from his own mouth by ,henry ,wessmer02 but the most curious work mentioned is a folio volume of his sermons1 without title1 and containing other treatises with fanciful titles and bearing on mysterious subjects4 8,the ,book of ,ants1 which also gives information concerning witches1 ghostly appearances1 and devilish possession1 very wonderful and useful to know1 and1 further1 what it is lawful to hold and believe touching them02 also1 8the little book1 #8,lord1 whom ,i would gladly serve1' in fifteen parts of fine and useful doctrine2 finally1 the book of #8,pomegranate1' in ,latin ,malogranatus1 containing much wholesome and sweet doctrine and advice40 ,this dates from #aeag 7,strassburg1 ,john ,greinninger74 ,for the sake of the language the manuals printed in ,low ,saxon1 chiefly in ,lbeck1 are among the most interesting specimens4 ,the titles are much the same as the ,german1 but generally more concise4 ,panzer remarks of one of them1 printed by ,stephen ,arndes at ,lbeck in #adif1 and adorned with several fine wood-cuts1 that he has seen three other editions1 printed in #adhh1 #adic1 and #adig4 ,a few of the peculiarities of spelling1 and of the indifferent use of various forms of one word1 will be seen in the following examples3 book1 in the contemporary ,high-,german1 spelt buch or buoch1 is here spelt boek1 boeck1 bok1 and boke1 this last a form often found in ,old ,english writers2 holy1 heylig1 heilig1 or hailig1 is here spelt in five different ways3 hilgen1 hylgen1 hylligen1 hilligen1 and hyllyghen2 and birth1 geburt1 is bort and borth4 ,das 7the7 becomes dat2 endigt 7ends7 is turned to ondighet2 and the o's and n's are in general used the reverse way to that common in ,high-,german4 ,the contents of the ,plenarii show the peculiarities of the liturgy as used at that time4 ,the same epistle and gospel sung or read on ,sunday was repeated on ,monday1 ,tuesday 7which the oldest manuals call ,after-,monday71 and ,thursday4 ,wednesdays and ,fridays throughout the year had separate epistles and gospels1 and ,saturday is not mentioned1 unless it is indicated by the 8third day10 which the later editions speak of as 8having a separate epistle and gospel throughout the year40 ,each day of ,lent had a separate one4 ,some of the books of #adgc contained special ,masses--that of the ,wisdom of ,god for ,mondays1 the ,holy ,ghost for ,tuesdays1 the ,holy ,angels for ,wednesdays1 the ,love of ,god for ,thursdays1 the ,holy ,cross for ,fridays1 and the ,blessed ,virgin for ,saturdays4 ,there followed ,masses for rain1 for health1 for sinners1 for fair weather1 and for 8all believing souls40 ,the glosses on the gospels in the earlier editions are interesting from their simplicity and directness4 ,even the preface of the ,basle ,plenarium of #aead1 though less simple1 is a good specimen4 ,it is noteworthy that the ,immaculate ,conception is implied in the text4 ,the heading is from ,luke xi4 #bh3 8,blessed are they who hear the word of ,god and keep it40 ,the preface runs thus3 8,jesus ,christ is the ,word of the ,eternal ,father2 the ,word is made flesh 7understand by that1 man7 in the womb of the immaculate1 holy1 and pure ,virgin ,mary1 that we too may be saved4 ,from this ,word1 as from ,christ the ,son of ,god1 flows ,holy ,scripture1 which is the life-giving flow of the blessed paradise of the highest heaven1 penetrating and making fruitful on this earth the paradise of the holy church to the use of all believers4 ,and in order that man may better know and acknowledge his ,lord1 he has at hand the help of ,holy ,scripture1 which is the source of all knowledge and wisdom1 of whom all knowledge is the servant and follower1 and which teaches and admonishes us1 through the wonderful works of ,god1 to worship the ,maker of all2 for ,christ the ,son of ,god is the wisdom of the ,eternal ,father1 and in him and through him are all creatures made1 and1 indeed1 so wonderfully made and hidden that no human wisdom can fully penetrate into these secret recesses4 ,such is the teaching of ,holy ,writ4 8,to confess ,god1 to avoid sin1 to do good1 and to show ourselves diligent in the love of ,god and our neighbor--this is a spiritual pharmacy of all sweet-smelling and precious medicine4 ,although many prophets and other saints have written ,holy ,scripture and divine truth1 each one according as it was given to him by the ,holy ,ghost1 yet are the strength and truth of the holy gospels above every other ,scripture1 as says ,st4 ,augustine in his ,concordance of the ,gospels4 ,and ,holy ,scripture is so fruitful1 wise1 and unfathomable that we can never fathom it till the end of this passing life on earth1 and till we come to the place whence ,scripture itself floweth 444 and ourselves read in the great ,bible--that is1 the ,book of ,life4 8,and because many men do not understand ,latin1 and yet can read ,german1 therefore this book of the gospels1 with its belongings1 has been translated into ,german1 to the glory of ,god and the use of such as shall feed their souls on it4 ,for man liveth not on material bread alone1 but on the spiritual bread which is the ,word of ,god1 as ,christ says by the mouth of the evangelist ,matthew1 in the fourth chapter40 ,much more follows2 for instance1 an enumeration of the nine graces that a diligent reader of ,scripture receives1 in which much good but rather trite advice is given1 and of the five kinds of men who read ,holy ,writ1 only two of whom do it to advantage4 ,these conceits belonged to the age1 and1 indeed1 survived the age1 as we find in the ,presbyterian sermons of two centuries later in ,scotland and the ,puritan sermons of ,new ,england4 ,keisersperg was profuse of them1 and some of the quaint and rather strained combinations and coincidences which he imagined are a curious illustration of the sort of pulpit eloquence popular in the fifteenth century4 ,the prominence given among saints to the four evangelists grew naturally out of the reverence paid to the four gospels as the noblest part of ,scripture4 ,the ,plenarii often contained allegorical representations of them under the conventional figures known to art1 and undertook to explain the reason of these figures being applied to them1 connecting them with the four living creatures of ,ezechiel's vision and those of the ,apocalypse4 ,but1 beyond the constantly-received explanations1 they sometimes contained details calculated to astonish readers of a later day4 ,such is the idea of the fitness between ,st4 ,mark and the symbolic lion1 derived from the belief that lion whelps were awakened the third day1 by the roaring of their mother1 from the sleep or trance in which they had been born1 which was interpreted to refer to the fact that ,st4 ,mark chiefly dwells on the resurrection of the ,lord on the third day after his death4 ,the ,basle manual from which the foregoing preface is quoted has special prayers in honor of the evangelists1 chiefly to the end that they would help the faithful to a better understanding of1 and acting up to1 the principles of the ,gospel4 ,the wood-cuts which distinguish these as well as the ,latin missals took the place of the illuminations of the older books in manuscript1 and1 though wanting in the finish and delicacy of the latter1 were designed on the same models and in the same spirit4 ,the ,latin missals now in the ,university ,library of ,freiburg1 of #adhe and #aebj1 are rich in this kind of ornamentation1 the latter having as title-page the ,crucifixion1 with a group of many figures1 and around the illustration representations of the seven sacraments1 whose grace flows from the atonement of ,christ4 ,the same idea is conveyed in the often-repeated allegorical representation in medival pictures of two angels collecting in golden cups the blood that flows from the outstretched hands of the ,saviour on the cross4 ,freiburg has many treasures in the department of illuminated manuscripts1 the chief one being a ,codex of the tenth century1 with the ,sacramentarium ,gregorianum4 ,it contains two hundred and ten pages of parchment1 and begins with a calendar of twelve pages on purple ground with arabesque borders4 ,the ,ordinary of the ,mass is written on a similarly colored ground1 and has three illuminated pictures--a portrait of ,pope ,gregory the ,great1 an angel uplifting the ,host1 and an elaborate ,byzantine crucifix4 ,five thousand francs were offered for it by a ,french archological society1 and refused by the university4 ,among the peculiarities set forth by the ,german manuals is the order of ,sundays throughout the year1 which1 before the ,council of ,trent1 were reckoned from ,trinity instead of ,whitsunday1 and1 in the case of ,easter falling early1 were supplemented by a 8twenty-fifth ,sunday after ,trinity10 as the editions of #adgc to #adhc have it1 8if another ,sunday is needed40 ,the later editions and the ,latin missals simply call it1 without comment1 8the twenty-fifth ,sunday40 ,as time went on1 the ,german ,plenarii contained more and more1 sometimes additional votive ,masses1 and the ,passions and ,prophecies of ,holy ,week1 sometimes the whole of the liturgy1 including the minor parts1 sometimes even more than the ,latin books themselves--as1 for instance1 the thirteenth to the fifteenth chapters of ,st4 ,john1 inclusive1 for the edification of their readers on ,maundy ,thursday4 ,the glossaries or homilies also grew longer and more serious after #aead1 and among explanations of undoubted moral worth and pious intent--due1 ,alzog thinks1 greatly to the influence of the ,swiss 8,friends of ,god10 a brotherhood devoted to popular teaching and the propagation of practical piety among the masses--we often come upon those navely-propounded conceits which were common to earnest and ingenious men of that day4 ,for instance1 the word alleluia1 whose etymology was probably wholly unknown to the author1 is thus dissected and explained in one of the ,basle editions of the sixteenth century3 8,the word has four syllables--that is1 four meanings3 the first1 al--that is1 altissimus1 or ,most ,high and ,almighty2 the second1 le1 levatus in cruce1 or uplifted on the cross2 the third1 lu1 lugentibus apostolis1 or the apostles have mourned and all creation bemoaned him2 the fourth1 ja1 or jam surrexit--that is1 he is now risen from the dead1 wherefore we should rejoice with all our strength and sing alleluja40 ,on the other hand1 some of the prayers and meditations of these now obscure books of devotion were beautiful1 dignified1 and worthy of imitation4 ,the language often reminds one of the ,following of ,christ3 8,consider1 ,o my soul6 with thorough devotion1 the gifts and benefits of ,god wherewith he has so abundantly blessed thee4 ,he has created thee out of nothing and in his image4 ,he has given thee wisdom and understanding1 that thou mayest distinguish good from evil4 ,he has also given thee reason beyond that of all other creatures1 and made them subject unto thee4 ,he has put the sun and the moon in heaven to give light to the world4 ,he causes all green things to grow and ripen on the earth to thy use1 that thou mayest be fed and clothed therewith4 ,consider also1 ,o my soul6 with great devotion1 how inestimable are the gifts of the holy sacraments1 so sweetly prepared for thee4 ,how clean should be thy hands from all evil works1 how chaste thy lips1 how holy thy body1 how spotless thy heart1 to which the ,lord ,almighty1 the ,god of purity1 humbles himself so lovingly6 ,how great should be thy thankfulness to ,god thy ,creator1 who gives himself to thee so freely1 not for any good he derives therefrom1 but only that he may cleanse thee1 in thy misery and sickness1 from sin1 and give thee eternal life4 ,amen40 ,the manuals also made typographical progress corresponding to that of their contents1 and1 after #adhc1 began to have their pages both numbered and headed1 while the spelling became a little more uniform1 but the odd comparisons and arbitrary combinations in the text developed themselves as freely as ever4 ,indeed1 they had one merit--that of fixing a thing in the minds of hearers less likely to be impressed by generalities2 and1 unlike the sensational devices of the present day1 they were not resorted to as mechanical means by men to whom they were themselves indifferent1 but came from the 8abundance of the heart0 of authors fully penetrated by their meaning and proud of having originated this particular form of it4 ,for instance1 a panegyric on ,st4 ,martin1 ,bishop of ,tours1 is rsumed in the seven letters of the ,german word ,bischof1 each standing for the initial of a word describing some quality of the saint2 and the same happens with the seven letters of the name of ,matthew1 ,matheus 7seven was1 from obvious causes1 a favorite number in the mystical mind of those ages71 which are thus interpreted3 ,magnificentia in relinquendo 7magnanimity in relinquishing71 ,auscultatio in obediendo 7hearing in obeying71 ,tractabilitas in non resistendo 7tractability in not resisting71 ,humilitas in sequendo 7humility in following71 ,evangelisatio in prdicando 7evangelization in preaching71 ,virtuositas in operando 7efficiency in working71 ,strenuitas in patiendo 7fortitude in enduring74 ,the glossaries on the epistles and gospels contain many passages remarkable as setting forth the reverence for ,holy ,writ of which those times have been too hastily pronounced deficient4 ,the four oldest editions 7from #adgc to #adhc7 have the same commentary for the first ,sunday in ,advent1 on which the gospel of ,palm ,sunday1 pointing to preparation for the coming of the ,lord1 was then read4 ,the whole is filled with texts and allusions to the prophets2 the preparation is asserted to consist in being 8washed clean of evil thoughts10 in laying aside the torn garments of sin1 that bind us to the darkness where we have hidden ourselves that we may not be seen1 444 in hating the garments of impurity and those of pride4444 ,it is not seemly to stand in the hall of the ,king clothed in mean garments1 as we find in the ,book of ,esther1 cap4 iii41 and therefore no one should enter the holy time of ,advent while yet burdened with sin and so on through a host of ,scriptural quotations in which moral virtues only are inculcated1 and of ceremonial observances there is no mention4 ,the edition of #aead 7,basle7 on the same occasion says that this gospel is read twice in the year1 on the anniversary of the day when our ,lord entered ,jerusalem1 and on the first ,sunday in ,advent1 which commemorates his spiritual coming and his assuming human nature4 ,the various kinds of advents or comings are represented by the gospels of the four ,sundays1 the last being the entry into the heart of every sinner when he repents of his sin and is converted4 8,as the ,jews asked ,john the ,baptist1 #8,who art thou8' so should every man ask himself1 ,who am ,i8 ,if we examine honestly we must needs acknowledge that we are but poor sinners4 ,of this advent ,st4 ,john speaks in the ,apocalypse3 #8,behold ,i stand at the door of thy heart and knock with my gifts2 and whoever opens unto me1 to him will ,i go in1 and give him bread from heaven1 and a new stone in his hand1 that is the new joy of everlasting life4'8#fe ,of this advent ,st4 ,augustine speaks3 8,lord1 who shall give it to me that thou shouldst come into my heart1 sweet ,jesus1 and fill it1 and that my soul should forget all evil and all sin8444 #8,this is everlasting life 7,john xvii4 #c71 that men know thee1 ,father in heaven1 and confess thee alone the living and true ,god1 and ,jesus ,christ1 whom thou hast sent4' ,this raises a question--namely1 ,why did the ,lord ,jesus not come earlier8 why delay his coming so long8 ,for this reason3 that ,adam transgressed ,god's command on the sixth day1 and the coming of ,christ was therefore deferred till the sixth age of the world4444 ,if you turn to the ,lord in truth1 he will answer you through the prophet ,ezechiel3 #8,in whatsoever hour the sinner repents of his sins and forsakes them1 and is turned from his unrighteousness1 ,i will remember his sins no more1 saith the ,lord40 ,the commentary on the gospel of the first ,mass on ,christmas night in the ,basle edition of #aead contains glimpses of legends which long kept their hold on the popular and even the scholarly mind of that age4 ,the story of the ,sibyllic prophecies is outlined3 8,the ,emperor ,augustus1 when he had conquered the whole world for the ,roman ,empire1 was about to be adored by the ,romans as a god4 ,but he resisted and asked for a delay of three days1 during which he sent for the wise woman1 the ,sibyl of ,tibur1 and asked her advice4 ,when she shut herself up with the emperor and prayed to ,god to tell her how to advise the emperor1 she saw close by the sun a shining ring of light1 and within the ring a beautiful ,virgin with a fair ,child upon her knees4 ,then the ,sibyl showed the ,virgin and ,child to the emperor1 and said3 8,this ,child upon the knees of a ,virgin must thou adore1 for he is ,god and ,lord of the whole world1 and the ,child that is to be born of a ,virgin shall be for the consolation and salvation of mankind4' ,so when the emperor saw this he refused to let himself be adored4444 8,we read also that once the ,romans built a fine temple1 large and grand1 which they meant to call the ,temple of ,peace4 ,while they were building it they asked the ,sibyl how long the temple should stand4 ,she answered and said3 #8,until a ,virgin shall bear a ,child4' #8,then1' said the ,romans1 #8as that can never happen1 the temple will stand for ever1 and shall be called the ,temple of ,eternity4' ,then came the night when our ,lord ,jesus ,christ was born1 and a great part of the temple fell suddenly in ruins1 and many who have been in ,rome say that every ,christmas night a portion of this temple still crumbles into ruin1 as a sign that on this earth nothing is eternal40 ,the three ,maries at the sepulchre give the author occasion in the homily on ,easter ,sunday to link the virtues we ought to practise with the names of the three holy women4 ,from ,mary ,magdalen1 whom1 according to the tradition of the time1 he identified with ,mary the ,sinner1 he bids us learn 8the great diligence and great love with which she sought ,god the ,lord2 444 so should we also anoint the feet of ,christ with the ointment of contrition and repentance4 ,from ,mary ,jacobi 7,mary the mother of ,james1 or ,jacob7 we should learn to overcome sin1 because ,jacob means a fighter and striver4444 ,from the third ,mary we should learn to have a true hope of obtaining grace1 for ,salome means a woman of grace 7probably he considered wisdom and grace identical71 444 especially the grace to battle against despair40 ,and this suggests a comparison of the three ,maries with the three virtues1 faith1 hope1 and charity4 ,galilee1 again1 which he interprets to mean in ,german ,passover1 is set as a sign that we must part with sin and cross over to ,god1 die to the world and be detached from its allurements4 ,the commentary on the gospel of ,whitsunday1 in the older editions 7#adgc-hc71 contains these words3 8,if you love ,god1 you will willingly hear his word and diligently say to yourself1 ,what ,i hear is a token from the great ,king40 ,then follow several ,scriptural quotations strengthening and illustrating this truth4 ,the epistle of the day gives rise to an explanation of the appearance 8as it were of fiery tongues03 8,the fire of the ,holy ,ghost consumed all fear in their hearts1 and so enkindled them that they feared neither king nor emperor4 ,so was fulfilled the saying of the ,redeemer1 #8,i am come to bring a fire upon the earth1' and what do ,i wish but that it should be enkindled80 ,then the tongues signify that the word is spread by the tongue2 ,god sent the ,holy ,ghost in fiery tongues1 that they 7the apostles7 might burn with love and overflow in words4 ,what is the ,holy ,ghost8 ,he is the ,third ,person of the ,holy ,trinity1 who confirms and establishes all things1 and who comes at all times to the heart of every man who makes himself ready to receive him1 as says ,st4 ,augustine3 8,it is of no use for a teacher to preach to our outer ears1 if the ,holy ,ghost be not in our hearts and do not give us true understanding40 ,the likeness of the ,holy ,spirit to a dove is then ingeniously drawn out in comparisons such as ,st4 ,francis of ,sales1 two centuries later1 might have adopted in his ,introduction to a ,devout ,life1 and the prayer or aspiration at the end is thus worded3 8,may the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost help us to hear the word of ,god and keep it1 that our hearts may be enlightened and enkindled by the fire of the ,holy ,ghost1 that we may live with simplicity and joy among the doves1 and that the true ,dove1 the ,holy ,ghost1 may come to us and abide with us for ever40 ,the later editions of the sixteenth century have a longer and more complicated homily on the same subjects2 they dwell1 among other things1 on the peace and comfort brought by the ,holy ,ghost1 and distinguish three kinds of peace1 that of the heart1 that of time1 and that of eternity1 the second of which alone was not given to the apostles1 because their ,master also had it not1 as is inferred from several texts quoted at length4 ,the suddenness1 the force of the wind1 and the quickness of the appearance in the upper chamber in ,jerusalem are all turned to practical account by the commentator1 who also reminds his readers that the grace of ,god comes soonest to those who lead a life of inner recollection and prayer4 ,the love of ,god is shown under a sort of parable1 that of the scholars of an ,athenian philosopher1 who begged their master to write them a treatise upon love1 and received from him in answer the picture of a lion with a legend round his neck3 8,love brings forth nothing which afterwards causes remorse to man40 ,thus ,christ1 the ,lion of the tribe of ,juda1 is spiritually this lion of love1 whose works were all for the salvation of man4 ,for ,trinity ,sunday the glossaries of both the older and the later editions are very short1 the mystery being confessedly unfathomable1 and the ancient ,fathers themselves having but feebly succeeded in throwing any other light than that of faith upon the subject4 ,both editions contain a warning not to search curiously into the mystery1 but believe with simplicity1 and the later ones cite the legend of ,st4 ,augustine and the child whom he met by the sea-shore trying to bail the sea into a small trench in the sand4 ,on the thirteenth ,sunday after ,trinity the vision of ,god by purity of heart1 8and by the reading of ,holy ,scripture and practising its precepts10 is descanted upon in the #aead ,basle edition1 and the fate of ,lot's wife is used as a simile for the turning back from ,god into sin1 while the love of our neighbor1 as flowing from a true love of ,god1 is strenuously inculcated by ,scripture texts and warnings4 ,the description of the contents of these manuals1 however1 would not be complete1 nor wholly convey the spirit of the age in which they were published and read1 without some mention of the miraculous stories printed in them under the head of 8useful examples40 ,of these ,frederick ,hurter1 in his work on ,pope ,innocent ,,iii41 vol4 iv4 pp4 #edg-h1 says3 8,all writers of this time 7the twelfth and thirteenth centuries2 and what applies to those applies to later centuries almost as far as the seventeenth7 are full of wonder-stories--a proof of how universal and deeply ingrained in man was the belief in wonders4 ,many of these are simply mythical1 others had passed by tradition and literary embellishments from the region of facts into that of myths1 while others again must be left uninterpreted by criticism1 unless it is disposed to dismiss them with a mere denial4 ,whatever decision one may come to on this point1 one truth certainly underlies this mass of tales3 that they cannot have been without influence on the mind of thousands4 ,many may be looked upon as childish and crude1 but from beneath this coating still shines the true gold of a belief in one almighty1 ever-present ,being1 a father and protector of the good1 a leader and raiser-up of the fallen or the wavering1 an avenger against the evil and oppressing40 ,such stories have to later research appeared as interesting landmarks of the progress of a nation's mind1 and links with all its former beliefs and traditions4 ,again1 they were striking illustrations1 fitter to remain in the popular mind as emblems of great truths than the learned doctrinal disquisitions1 which were always above the understanding of the masses4 ,they are rather emblems than facts2 the condensation of a truth than its actual outcome4 ,we have only room for a single specimen4 ,whether it was intended to be related as a vision in a dream1 or partly as a waking dream1 does not appear clearly from the text3 8,there was10 says the ,basle ,plenarium of #aead1 on the occasion of ,good ,friday1 8a prior in a monastery1 who sat in his cell after his meal and fell asleep4 ,while he slept1 one of his brethren died and came to the sleeping prior1 and spoke to him3 #8,father prior1 with your permission1 ,i am going4' ,when the other asked him where1 he answered3 #8,i am going to ,god in eternal blessedness1 for in this very moment ,i have died4' ,then said the prior3 #8,since many a perfect man must after death pass through purgatory1 and one seldom comes back to earth from it1 ,i ask you how can you go at once to ,god1 and how do you know you have deserved it8' ,then answered the monk3 #8,i always had the habit of praying thus at the feet of the crucifix3 8,lord ,jesus ,christ1 for the sake of thy bitter sufferings which thou hast endured on the holy cross for my salvation1 and especially at the moment when thy blessed soul left thy body1 have mercy on my soul when it leaves my body48 ,and ,god mercifully heard my prayer4' ,then the prior asked again3 #8,how was it with you when you died8' and the other answered3 #8,i thought at that moment that the whole world was a stone1 and that it lay upon my breast1 so terrible did death seem to me4'0 ,the ,plenarii were not the only manuals scattered among the rapidly-increasing number of people who1 in ,germany1 could read in their native tongue4 ,besides the ,scriptures1 of which nine translations1 some partial1 some entire1 were printed before ,luther's1 from #adff to #aeah1 and three entire ones after his in the sixteenth century alone1#ff there were previous to that period fourteen complete ,bibles in ,high-,german and five in ,low-,german 7the ,university of ,freiburg possesses copies of eight of the former71 and many psalters and gospels1 as well as separate books of ,scripture published singly4 ,the psalter was undoubtedly the best-known and most commonly used part of ,holy ,writ4 ,panzer mentions the three oldest editions printed in ,latin and ,german1 without date or press1 in folio2 another octavo at ,leipsic2 others in ,german1 ,augsburg1 #adib and #adid2 ,basle1 #aejb and #aejc2 ,spires1 #aejd2 ,strassburg1 #aejf and #aejg2 ,metz1 #aeac2 and the ,book of ,job1 ,strassburg1 #adih4 ,again in the same years1 and from the same presses as well as ,mayence and ,nuremberg1 came the epistles and gospels1 and the four ,passions1 divided according to their use on ,sundays1 while the first popular illustrated 8,bibles of the ,poor10 condensations and selections1 chiefly of the most stirring stories told in the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 followed each other rapidly after #adgj4 ,the wood-cuts were generally very good1 and the ,latin and ,german texts printed side by side4 8,german explanations of the office of the ,mass0 were also printed1 and the devotional writings1 meditations1 etc41 of ,tauler1 ,suso1 ,thomas ,kempis1 ,geiler von ,keisersperg1 and ,sebastian ,brant4 ,lives of the saints and martyrologies were also printed1 arranged according to the calendar in two parts1 winter and summer2 but though in the main edifying1 these were chiefly reflections of traditions rather than authentic biographies taken from contemporary sources4 ,that style of writing was not known then1 and the general example of a holy life was more the object of the writers than the historic details of real life4 ,but even in these traditions some nucleus of undisputed fact might always be found beneath the ivy tracery of legend4 ,panzer remarks that these editions differed greatly from ,jacob of ,voragine's ,legenda ,aurea1 and often contradicted it4 ,catechisms and manuals for confession and communion were also familiar1 and some of the litanies now reprinted in modern prayer-books are of this date1 while even the contents of the ,breviary were translated into ,german by a ,capuchin1 ,james ,wyg1 and printed in ,venice in #aeah4 8,little prayer-books0 are mentioned by ,panzer as printed at ,nuremberg1 ,lbeck 7these in ,low ,german71 ,basle1 and ,mayence from #adhg to #aeah4 ,two were called the ,salus ,anim and the ,hortulus ,anim4 ,the latter is as well known now in ,english as it was then in ,german2 one edition of #aejh has a little versified introduction1 interesting as showing how ,sebastian ,brant's talents were often practically employed3 8,the soul's little garden am ,i called4 ,known am ,i yet from my ,latin name4 ,at ,strassburg1 his fatherland1 ,did revise me ,sebastian ,brant1 ,and industriously me corrected1 ,and into ,german much translated1 ,that now is to be found in me ,which will give joy to every reader2 ,now1 who uses me aright1 ,and plants me well1 reward shall have40 ,the prayer ,anima ,christi is found in some editions4 ,a book called ,the ,mirror of the ,sinner went through five editions from #adhj to #aeaj1 which ,pastor ,john ,geffcken has most impartially and fully criticised in his history of catechetical instruction in the fifteenth century4 ,the ,ten ,commandments was the title of two books printed at ,venice by an ,augsburg printer in #adhc1 and ,strassburg in #aeaf1 and a ,manual for ,preparation for ,holy ,communion1 several times reprinted at ,basle1 has suggested this praise from ,herzog1 the biographer of ,john colampadius3 8,it breathes the purest and noblest devotion 7mystik72 we shall seldom find a communion-book penetrated with such a glow of devotion02 if we had any room left for quotation1 this judgment would be found fully deserved4 ,manuals for the sick and dying were also widely used2 three of #adhc1 #adih1 and #aeah1 and one without date1 are given in ,panzer's catalogue4 ,the ,garden of the ,soul also contains a long passage on the fit preparation for death2 and other books have special prayers for the same circumstances4 ,that we are apt to see but one side of any question1 and that false impressions unluckily in the popular mind chiefly avail themselves of the axiom that 8possession is nine points of the law10 ,jacob ,grimm very appositely complains in the preface to his ,antiquities of ,german ,jurisprudence4 8,what is the use10 he says1 8of the poetry being now discovered which presents the joyous vitality of life in that time 7the middle ages7 in a hundred touching and serious representations8 ,the outcry about feudalism and the right of the strongest is still uppermost1 as if1 forsooth1 the present had no injustice and no wretchedness to bear40 ,footnote #fj3 ,die deutschen ,plenarien 7,handpostillen7 #adgj-aebb4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,alzog4 ,herder4 ,freiburg in ,breisgau4 ,to this most interesting and valuable brochure of the distinguished ,german ecclesiastical historian the writer is chiefly indebted for the substance of the present article4 ,footnote #fa3 ,dans lequel sont dcrits les livres rares1 prcieux1 singuliers1 et aussi les ouvrages les plus1 estims4 ,ve dit4 ,paris1 #ahfj-ahfe1 en vi4 tomes4 ,footnote #fb3 ,glossarium medi et infim latinitatis4 ,footnote #fc3 ,these 8examples0 constituted a literature apart1 to which reference will be made later1 characteristic of the middle ages1 of which scholars like ,grimm speak with more respect1 because more knowledge1 than many more modern and less discriminating writers4 ,footnote #fd3 ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahgf4 ,witness of the ,psalms to ,christ and ,christianity4 ,dr4 ,william ,alexander4 ,footnote #fe3 ,a paraphrase of ,apocalypse ii4 #ag and iii4 #bj4 ,footnote #ff3 ,the ,german translations of the ,bible1 in part or complete1 of which the library of the ,university of ,freiburg possesses copies1 are as follows3 #a4 #adff1 ,strassburg1 folio1 in #b vols41 printed by ,eggestein4 #b4 #adgb-adgd1 ,strassburg or ,nuremberg1 large folio1 #a vol41 printer not named1 the chief source from which the following editions were compiled4 #c4 #adgd4 ,augsburg1 ,gnther ,zainer4 #d4 #adgd1 ,augsburg1 #a vol41 large folio1 ,antony ,sorg4 #e4 #adhc1 ,nuremberg1 large folio1 #b vols41 ,antony ,koburger4 #f4 #adhe1 ,strassburg1 small folio1 #b vols4 #g4 #adij1 ,augsburg1 small folio1 #b vols41 ,hans ,schsperger4 #h4 #aejg1 ,augsburg1 folio1 #a vol41 but very defective4 #i4 #aeah1 ,augsburg1 small folio1 #b vols41 the first missing1 ,sylvanus ,otmar4 #aj4 #aecd1 the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 ,mayence1 folio1 #a vol41 ,dietenberger 7of which six other editions were printed at ,cologne between #aed- and #aegb74 #aa4 #aecd1 ,the ,old and ,new ,testaments translated directly from the ,hebrew and the ,greek texts1 ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 ,christian ,egenolff4 #ab4 ,the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 according to the text authorized by ,holy ,church1 #aeeh1 ,ingoldstadt1 small folio1 #a vol41 ,dr4 ,john ,ecken4 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,translated ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,parsons4 ,,canto ,,sixteenth4 #8,drizza 7disse7 ver me l'acute luci ,dello ,intelletto1 e fieti manifesto ,l'error de' ciechi1 chi si fanno duci4' --,purg4 xviii4 #af4 ,turn thy sharp lights of intellect towards me ,and many errors will be manifest1 ,in many a volume by the world possessed1 ,of men called leaders1 and who claim to be4 ,blackness of hell1 and of a night unblest ,by any planet in a barren sky ,which dunnest clouds to utmost gloom congest1 ,could not with veil so gross have barred mine eye ,nor so austere to sense as now oppressed ,us in that fog which we were folded by4 ,its sharpness open eye might not abide1 ,therefore my wise and faithful escort lent ,his shoulder's aid1 close coming to my side1 ,and1 thus companioned1 close with him ,i went 7,like a blind man who goes behind his guide1 ,lest he go wrong or strike him against aught ,to kill him haply or his life impair7 ,on through that sharp and bitter air1 in thought ,my duke observing1 who still said3 #8,beware ,lest thou be separate from me6' ,anon ,voices ,i heard1 and each voice seemed in prayer ,for peace and pity to the ,holy ,one ,of ,god1 the ,lamb who taketh sins away2 ,still from them all one word1 one measure streamed1 ,still ,agnus ,dei prelude of their lay1 ,so that among them perfect concord seemed4 #8,those1 then1 are spirits1 ,master1 that ,i hear8' ,i asked4 ,he answered3 #8,rightly hast thou deemed ,they go untangling anger's knot severe4' #8,now who art thou discoursing at thy will ,of us8 ,who cleavest with thy shape our smoke ,as time by calends thou wert measuring still8' ,so said a voice1 whereat my ,master spoke3 #8,ask him if any mounteth hence1 up there4' ,and ,i3 #8,o being1 who dost make thee pure ,unto thy ,maker to return as fair ,as thou wert born6 draw near me1 and full sure ,thou shalt hear something to awake thy stare4' #8,far will ,i follow as allowed1' he said2 #8,and if the smoke permit us not to see1 ,our sense of hearing may avail instead ,of sight1 and grant me to converse with thee4' ,then ,i began3 #8,with that same fleshly frame ,which death dissolveth1 ,i am bound above3 ,here through the infernal embassy ,i came1 ,and if ,god so enfold me in his love ,that his grace grants me to behold his court ,in manner diverse from all modern wont1 ,keep not from me the knowledge1 but report ,who thou wast1 living1 and if up the mount ,my course is right3 thy word shall us escort4' #8,lombard ,i was1 and ,mark the name ,i bore2 ,i knew the world1 and loved that sort of worth ,at which men bend their bows not any more4 ,thy course is right3 climb on directly forth4' ,he answered1 adding3 #8,pray for me when thou ,shalt be up there4' ,i answered him3 #8,i bind ,myself in good faith by a solemn vow ,to grant thy wish2 but with one doubt my mind ,will burst within unless ,i solve it now4 ,the simple doubt which ,i had formed before ,from others' words is doubled now by thine1 ,which1 joined with those words1 make my doubt the more4 ,the world in sooth1 as ,i may well divine ,from what thou say'st1 is wicked at the core ,and clothed with evil2 of all virtue bare3 ,show me1 ,i pray1 that ,i may tell again ,others1 the cause of this2 for some declare ,that ,heaven is cause of ill1 and some say men4 ,a deep-drawn sigh which anguish made a groan ,first giving vent1 to #8,brother' spake he then3 #8,the world is blind2 sure thou of them art one4 ,ye who are living every cause refer ,still to high ,heaven1 as though necessity ,moved all things through ,heaven's#fg motion4 ,if this were1 ,freedom of will impossible would be1 ,nor were it just that ,goodness should for her ,sure meed have joy1 and ,badness misery4 ,heaven to your actions the first movement gives-- ,i say not all2 but granted ,i say all1 ,for good or evil each his light receives1 ,and a free will which1 if it do not fall1 ,but win ,heaven's first hard battle1 then it lives1 ,and1 if well trained1 is never held in thrall4 #8,to greater power and to a higher soul ,free1 ye are subject2 and that power in you ,creates the mind1 which no stars can control3 ,hence if the present world go wrong1 'tis due ,to your own selves2 and of this theme the whole ,i will expound as an informer true4 ,forth from ,his hand 7before its birth who smiled ,on his new offspring7 into being goes ,a little weeping1 laughing1 wanton child2 ,the simple infant soul that nothing knows1 ,save that1 by pleasure willingly beguiled1 ,she turns to joy as her glad ,maker chose4 ,taste of some trifling good it first perceives1 ,and1 cheated so1 runs for the shining flower1 ,unless a rein or guide its love retrieves4 ,hence there was need of ,law's restraining power2 ,a king there needed1 that at least some one ,of ,god's true city might discern the tower4 ,the laws exist1 but who maintains them8 none2 ,because the ,shepherd1 ,sovereign of the fold1 ,though he may ruminate1 no cleft hoof bears3 ,the people then1 seeing their ,guide so fond ,of what they crave1 and with like greed as theirs1 ,pasture with him1 and seek no good beyond4 ',tis plain to see that what hath made mankind ,so bad is evil guidance1 not your own ,corrupted nature4 ,once of old there shined ,the twofold splendors of a double sun ,in ,rome1 which city brought the world to good2 ,one showed the way of earth to men1 and one ,gave them to see the other way1 of ,god4 ,one hath destroyed the other1 and the sword ,is with the crosier joined1 that neither fears ,the other's check2 so joined they ill accord4 ,if thou dost doubt me1 think what fruit appears ,in the full blade1 since every plant we know ,for good or evil by the seed it bears4 ,once in that goodly region by the ,po ,and ,adige watered1 valor used to dwell ,and courtesy1 ere ,frederic's trouble came3 ,now one might journey through that country well ,secure from meeting 7if it gave him shame ,to speak with good men7 any that excel4 ,three old men yet dwell there in whom the old ,chides the new age1 and time seems slow to run ,to them till ,god replace them in his fold2 ,currado da ,palazzo1 he is one1 ,gherardo likewise1 of the life unblamed1 ,and ,guido da ,castello1 who perchance ,simply the ,lombard might be better named1 ,after the fashion of their speech in ,france4 ,say thou this day1 then1 that the ,church of ,rome1 ,confounding human rule and sway divine1 ,sinks with her charge beluted in the loam8'#fh #8,thou reasonest well1' ,i said1 #8,o ,marco mine1 ,and ,i perceive now why the sacred tome ,the sons of ,levi bars from heritage4 ,but who is that ,gherardo who1 thou say'st1 ,remaineth in rebuke of this rough age ,from those who formerly the realm possessed8' #8,either thy tongue misleads me or thou show'st ,a wish to try me1' he to me replied1 #8,that1 using ,tuscan speech1 thou nothing know'st ,of good ,gherardo4 ,no surname beside ,i know1 unless unto that name he bore ,one from his daughter ,gaia be supplied3 ,go thou with ,god6 ,i follow thee no more4 ,see6 raying yonder through the fog a gleamy ,splendor that whitens it2 ,i must away 7,it is the ,angel there67 before he see me4' ,thus turned he1 nor would hear me further say4 ,footnote #fg3 ,by heaven1 throughout this discourse1 ,dante means1 simply1 planetary influence4 ,the lesson taught by ,marco ,lombardi is the same as that which ,shakspere puts into the mouth of ,cassius3 8,the fault1 dear ,brutus1 is not in our stars1 ,but in ourselves1 that we are underlings40 ,footnote #fh3 ,it is well to note in connection with this passage that ,dante was1 up to the time of his banishment by a political faction1 a ,guelph1 the ,guelphs being then the patriotic party in ,italy1 and supporters of the pope in his resolute opposition to the foreign invasion under ,frederic ,barbarossa4 ,during his exile ,dante changed his politics and joined the ,ghibellines4 ,had he lived in our own days it is certain that he1 whose faith was so high and clear1 would have shared the openly expressed convictions of all responsible men and competent judges in this matter1 that the temporal authority of the ,holy ,see is necessary1 as things now are1 to the full liberty and full exercise of its spiritual authority4 ,dante's opinion1 as above expressed1 is that of a political partisan in bygone times4 ,were he living to-day1 instructed by the lessons of the centuries which have passed since he wrote1 there can be no doubt that he would adhere to his earlier1 truer1 and more patriotic political convictions and see no impossibility of the union of 8,the twofold splendors of a double sun in ,rome0 in the person of ,rome's lawful and historic pontiff and king4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,respectable ,,poverty ,,in ,,france4 ,under the title of 8,indigence in a ,black ,coat0 an observant ,french writer#fi draws a painful picture of the sufferings of a class of his countrymen usually much less compassionated than the so-called working-classes4 ,that term1 indeed1 is a misnomer when applied to any one especial class1 as1 with rare exceptions1 every one in ,france is hard at work1 manually or intellectually4 ,the class1 however1 with which these few pages are concerned is one still more deserving of respectful sympathy than even those who follow the honest1 nay1 noble1 career of skilled or unskilled labor4 ,besides the mechanic and artisan1 whose payment follows in a certain measure the progressive price of provisions1 there are other categories of men1 assuredly not less interesting1 whose pecuniary level has never risen or fallen even by a five-franc piece1 and who at the present time are compelled to live on the appointed salary which has been attached to their place for an unlimited number of years4 ,everywhere in the towns rents have doubled1 and even trebled4 ,the system of railways has disseminated local production1 which formerly had a local and limited sale1 over all parts of ,france1 and even abroad1 without any proportionate incomings to compensate for the increase of prices attendant on so great an increase of sale4 ,the latter1 it need hardly be said1 involves a like increase of production4 ,in a country like ,france1 where the agricultural riches are immense and the landed property infinitesimally parcelled out1 the means of transport1 which have increased tenfold within the last thirty years1 have carried riches1 or at least competency1 into the villages and other country parts4 ,to such a degree is this true that there is not now a peasant in ,france who cannot maintain himself by his strip of land4 ,formerly he would have carried into the town1 on market days1 the produce of his land and live stock4 ,now he rarely takes the trouble to do this1 and almost always strikes a bargain with buyers who purchase en masse and pay him a high price4 ,thus1 with hardly any expenditure1#gj he can live on his little property1 his aim being to save all he can and to sell as dearly as possible4 ,but in the cities and small towns how to live is a more difficult problem4 ,the clerks1 secretaries1 and small functionaries of every kind1 who could formerly support and educate their families in a respectable way1 have no longer the possibility of doing so on the meagre and rigidly-fixed salaries dispensed to them by the state4 ,the sea itself is no longer a resource4 ,the railway carries off the produce of the tides to ,paris and the other large towns1 which purchase the whole and throw away thousands of kilos of spoilt fish every week4 ,again1 these small official situations generally involve the necessity of being respectably1 or even well1 dressed4 ,a professor1 for example1 or a magistrate1 an employ of the registration or other government offices1 belongs1 by education or by the functions he discharges1 to a class of persons who must make a good appearance1 under pain of being neglected1 unnoticed1 or even altogether tabooed4 ,at ,paris1 where there is an abundance of everything1 and into which the provinces pour the overflow of their riches1 life1 for certain persons1 is materially impossible4 ,the octroi absorbs all1 and1 under pretext of making the capital a rich and beautiful city1 peoples it with poor by rendering their means wholly inadequate to meet the increasing exigencies of expenditure4 ,thus1 while living is difficult to them in the provinces1 because the country sends all its produce to the great towns1 in the towns they cannot live at all4 ,the imposts there are enormous2 while the fact that the necessaries of life are abundant is accompanied by no diminution of price1 but the contrary4 ,still1 nothing is done2 and these meritorious persons1 obliged to conceal a very real poverty beneath an outward show that eats into their slender resources1 and who1 unlike so many around them1 are disenchanted of the dream that the world is all their own1 suffer uncomplainingly4 ,perhaps they are weary of complaining2 in any case they do not noisily insist and threaten1 but1 at the utmost1 plead1 and certainly wait until hope and energy wither in the blight of continued disappointment4 ,hundreds of thousands of persons thus exist1 and those who may be called the intellectual essence of the nation3 professors1 magistrates1 men occupied in the various departments of art1 and who prepare the intellectual prosperity of a generation to come4 ,these men1 especially such of them as have a family dependent upon them1 drag on life year after year so miserably remunerated that how they contrive to live1 and to strain the two ends to meet by any honorable means1 is simply a mystery4 ,in vain may each capable member of the family put a shoulder to the wheel and effect prodigies of economy4 ,with every noble effort they find their life growing harder1 and the cost of life increasing in proportions of which it is impossible to see the limit4 ,in the times through which ,france is passing even the wealthy1 and those who are regarded as the favored ones of fortune1 reduce their expenses under the influence of a certain feeling of apprehension which is not easy to define1 unless a reason for it may be found in the frequent government changes and general instability of political affairs in this country4 ,they instinctively restrain their expenditure to what they regard as the necessaries of life1 and indulge in few of the luxuries of patronage involving outlay4 ,and thus the hardness of the times makes itself so severely felt in all the liberal professions that in the study of the professor or literary author1 as in the atelier of the artist1 the pressing cares of life not unfrequently absorb the mind so as to eclipse and benumb the powers of imagination and invention4 ,the father and bread-winner anxiously asks himself how1 even with marvels of economy and self-denying privation1 he is to provide for the present needs and future career of his children4 ,the question we are considering is for the moment drowned amid the tumult of political strife4 ,it must1 however1 assert itself with increasing urgency in proportion as misery1 in the full acceptation of the word1 shows itself as the inevitable consequence of the progressive increase of prices in things of absolute necessity1 without such compensation as corresponds with it or even approximates to it4 ,and yet ,france is far from being poor4 ,sober1 industrious1 and economical1 her treasury is rich in spite of the enormous war-tribute by which it was partly diminished of late4 ,that diminution was1 by comparison1 insignificant4 ,surely1 with all the sources of wealth which ,france has at command1 there must be amply sufficient to pay1 at a rate commensurate with their services and due requirements1 men who have never bargained for their trouble1 but who now1 under the continuance of the actual condition of things1 will find it impossible to live4 ,this is a question demanding prompt attention1 unless the anomaly is to be maintained that ,france is a country of great actual and possible wealth1 in which the lite of the nation are more and more exposed to the danger of dying of hunger4 ,the writer on whose words1 verified by our own observations1 we have based our remarks says that from all quarters he receives letters of which the following extract is a sample3 8,what you have stated is far short of the truth4 ,could you lift the veil that conceals our misery1 you would see into what a gulf of distress we have been plunged by years of indifference to our needs4 ,from time to time we make earnest representations of our case1 but these1 as well as the proofs we give of the hard reality of our necessities and expenses1 are year after year treated with the same passive disregard2 and there are very many amongst us who1 in spite of the most rigid economy1 will never be able to recover themselves40 ,in case our remarks should seem to have too general a character1 or to be in any way exaggerated1 we will give an example--namely1 the parochial clergy1 the men who are unweariedly denounced by the radical-republicans as 8pillagers of the budget0 and 8robbers of the state40 ,the ordinary income of one of the more opulent among the rural parish priests 7by far the larger proportion receive less--some much less7 is as follows3 ,indemnity of the government for each quarter1 paid #ijj frs4 three weeks or more after time #bbe francs1 equalling per annum the sum of ,indemnity of the commune #ajj frs4 ,casual receipts #fj frs 7,say1 #dj7 ,low ,masses #fj frs ----- ,forming a total of #a1abj frs ,then1 as the sum of obligatory expenses1 we have the following3 ,wages of servant #bdj frs4 ,door and window tax #ec frs4 ,prestation1 or taking of oaths #e frs4 ,tax for dog #h frs4 ,for the ,fund for ,infirm ,priests1 as the only means #aj frs4 of securing a morsel of bread if disabled ,total #caf frs4 ,there remains1 therefore1 for this parish priest to live upon an average income of #hjd francs--i4e41 about #afj4 ,he is not even 8passing rich0 on the traditionary 8forty pounds a year40 ,with these eight hundred and four francs he must meet all expenses1 keep open the hospitable door of the presbytery--the house so readily found1 so close by the church1 and so accessible2 the house which receives the first visit of the poor1 the outcast1 and the wanderer1 and whose occupant1 thus poor himself1 has neither the wish nor the right to close against any one the way to his fireside4 ,two francs and four sous a day1 however1 are the magnificent sum allowed for the inmates of this presbytery and for all the needy1 who1 regarding it as their natural home1 go straight to the kitchen1 not knowing what it is to be sent away empty4 ,we are personally acquainted with several country curs whose governmental stipend is from four to six hundred francs a year1 and it is only the more important parishes of the curs doyens or curs de canton to which is attached the ampler revenue of nine hundred francs1 or thirty-six pounds sterling4 ,a large proportion of the curs de commune do not receive more from the state than four hundred francs per annum4 ,and this stipend is termed1 as if in mockery1 an 8indemnity40 ,it only deserves that title if we read the word by the light of a wholesale spoliation of church property and revenues1 parochial1 monastic1 collegiate1 and eleemosynary1 effected by the revolution1 and later on ratified1 or at least condoned1 by the state4 ,if1 indeed1 as all history proves1 the ,catholic ,church has been the saviour and preserver of the state1 the state has often shown itself the ,judas of the church1 and this 8indemnity0 is its kiss of peace4 ,there are now in ,france more than twenty thousand priests who are the recipients of this exorbitant civil list4 ,they neither complain nor recriminate1 but patiently and bravely act for the best in the interest of all4 ,with a calmness derived from faith1 they allow to sweep by them1 as if heeding it not1 the flood of stupid and malignant calumnies with which they and their sacred office are daily assailed4 ,they go on receiving the poor1 visiting the sick1 consoling the sorrowful1 sympathizing with all1 assisting1 even beyond their power1 the distressed out of their own pittance1 and thus further lessening the scanty means doled out to them for the sublime service of every hour--services basely misrepresented as to their motive1 their spirit1 and even their result4 ,it is not our present intention to dwell on the high social part filled by the second order of the clergy in ,france1 and almost invariably with the most praiseworthy self-abnegation4 ,but1 at a time when honor1 justice1 and moral sense are by so many in ,france completely forgotten1 or treated as an effervescence of obsolete and ,quixotic sentimentalism2 when it is the order of the day for each to get as much as possible for himself1 and thrust himself into any office at hand1 irrespective of worth1 fitness1 or merit2 and when legions of 8enlightened0 and 8advanced0 8republicans0 7especially those who elect to be married like heathens and buried like dogs7 are gnashing their teeth at the clergy of ,france1 so excellent1 so devoted1 and in the truest sense so liberal1 it would be well if these men who insult them without stint and against reason were made aware that the more opulent among the men they revile are receiving1 for all personal and household requirements1 and the satisfaction of the hospitable instincts of their sacerdotal hearts1 the munificent revenue of forty-four sous a day4 ,footnote #fi3 ,under the nom de plume of 8,jean de ,nivelle40 ,see ,le ,soleil for ,jan4 #d1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #gj3 ,the diet of a ,french peasant is frugal in the extreme4 ,his two meals usually consist of cabbage-soup--in which on ,sundays and other special occasions a morsel of bacon is boiled--accompanied with rye bread4 ,we have known a very well-to-do couple make half a rabbit last them four days in the way of meat4 ,many kinds of fungi are common articles of diet with the ,french peasantry4 ,they cook them with vinegar 8to kill the poison40 ,,the ,,coronation ,,of ,,pope ,,leo ,,xiii4 7,,from ,,our ,,special ,,correspondent47 ,,rome1 ,march #bj1 #ahgh4 ,there is a passage in the circular of the cardinals addressed to the diplomatic corps accredited to the ,holy ,see on the eve of the conclave which deserves to be noted in connection with the issue of the conclave and the secular policy of the new ,pontiff4 ,the circular1 after renewing all the protests and reservations of the deceased ,pontiff1 and declaring the intention of the cardinals to hold the conclave in ,rome1 because the first duty of the ,sacred ,college is to provide the widowed church with a pastor as quickly as possible1 says3 8,and this resolution was taken with the greater tranquillity1 inasmuch as1 pledging the future in no wise1 it left the future ,pontiff at liberty to adopt those measures which the good of souls and the general interests of the church will suggest to him in the difficult and painful condition of the ,holy ,see at present40 ,the future for the new ,pontiff is a free and open field which he can traverse in the manner he shall judge best for the weal of the church4 ,the protests and reservations of the deceased ,pontiff touching the temporalities of the ,holy ,see constitute a realm of principle4 ,surrounding this is a free border-land for the new ,pope4 ,people here in ,rome and elsewhere who speculate much on the present condition of the ,holy ,see1 and especially on the so-called antagonism existing between itself and the ,italian government1 hoped that ,leo ,,xiii4 would assume a less inflexible attitude before the people4 ,of the liberals1 the conservatives1 who are the acknowledged exponents of the sentiments of the crown1 hoped for a formal conciliation4 ,the ,catholics expected that the new ,pope would at least appear occasionally in public to bless them2 while the curious tourists of all countries had visions of the solemn and imposing ceremonies in ,st4 ,peter's which were the characteristic feature of ,rome in other days4 ,the expectations of all have been falsified so far4 ,since the #c;d of ,march1 the day of ,leo ,,xiii4's coronation1 the most sanguine liberals have desisted from their conciliatory speculations1 and the rest have settled down into quiet resignation1 yet hoping that a propitious occasion may again bring the ,pontiff in public before his people4 ,a more fitting occasion than the day of his coronation could not be desired4 ,nay1 the ,pontiff himself had resolved to make his appearance1 and be crowned before the people1 in the upper vestibule of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the ,mass and other functions1 prefatory of the coronation1 were to have been performed in the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,in fact1 on the #ast of ,march the members of the ,sacred ,college each received an intimation from the acting ,secretary of ,state that the ceremonies preceding the coronation would be performed in the ,sistine ,chapel of the ,vatican ,palace4 ,in the vicinity of the inner balcony of ,st4 ,peter's temporary balconies were erected for the diplomatic corps1 the ,roman nobles1 and persons of distinction1 native and foreign4 ,the confession of ,st4 ,peter and the papal altar under the dome were surrounded with a strong railing to prevent accidents1 while the central balcony itself was enlarged by extending it farther out into the basilica and back into the vestibule4 ,it had been the intention of ,his ,holiness to be crowned here1 and afterwards to bestow the apostolic benediction upon the people below4 ,but on ,friday afternoon1 ,march #a1 the workmen received orders not only to discontinue but to undo the preparations4 ,it is unnecessary to speculate on the cause of this order in the presence of explanatory facts4 ,a demonstration of enthusiastic devotion on the part of the multitude of ,catholics who would be assembled there was naturally expected1 and in this there was nothing deterrent whatever4 ,but the information had eked abroad1 and was duly reported to ,his ,holiness1 that a party of ,conciliators had resolved to seize the occasion of the solemn benediction1 and create a demonstration in favor of a conciliation with the existing order of things4 ,flags1 ,papal and ,italian1 were to have been produced just at the moment of benediction1 and an interesting tableau of alliance to have succeeded4 ,but this was not all4 ,a counter-demonstration of the radicals was also mooted4 ,this is no trivial hearsay1 as the events of the same evening sufficiently attest4 ,i pass over the allusions to the explosion of ,orsini shells in the church4 ,in the face of such expectations ordinary prudence would have suggested to the ,sovereign ,pontiff the inexpediency of a public ceremony4 ,yet if he were disposed to hesitate before giving credence to what was related to him by reliable authority1 the attitude suddenly assumed by the government left no doubt in his mind as to what was expedient in the matter4 ,crispi1 the garrulous ,minister of the ,interior1 had given out that the government would not consider itself responsible for the maintenance of order in ,st4 ,peter's on the #c;d of ,march4 ,he had previously addressed a circular to the prefects and syndics of the realm1 interdicting any participation of theirs in the public rejoicings for the election of ,pope ,leo ,,xiii41 because1 forsooth1 he had not been officially informed of the election6 ,he seems to have overlooked the inconsistency of this act with the efficient service rendered by the troops in ,st4 ,peter's during the funeral ceremonies of ,pius ,,ix41 albeit the government had not been officially informed of his demise4 ,the church1 however1 has long since learned that it is vain to look for consistency in men who are strangers to truth and fair dealing4 ,moreover1 she has1 within the past few years1 had bitter experiences in the doctrine of provocation1 as inculcated by the ,italian government4 ,leo ,,xiii4 was crowned in his own chapel1 in the presence only of the cardinals1 the prelates1 and dignitaries1 ecclesiastical1 civil1 and military1 of the ,vatican1 the diplomatic corps1 the ,roman nobility1 and a few guests4 ,at half-past nine o'clock on ,sunday morning1 the #c;d of ,march1 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii41 preceded by the papal cross1 and surrounded by the attendants of his court1 by the ,swiss and ,noble ,guards1 descended from his apartments to the vestry hall4 ,the two seniors of the cardinal deacons1 the penitentiaries of ,st4 ,peter's1 and the archbishops and bishops awaited him there4 ,when he had been vested in full pontificals1 with golden mitre1 a procession was formed1 moving towards the ducal hall4 ,a ,greek deacon and subdeacon1 in gorgeous robes1 attended upon the deacon and subdeacon of honor4 ,the cardinals were assembled in the ducal hall1 where an altar was erected4 ,his ,holiness knelt for a moment in prayer1 and then mounted a throne which stood on the gospel side of the altar4 ,there he received what is termed the first obeisance of the cardinals1 who approached1 one by one1 and kissed his hand4 ,the archbishops and bishops kissed his foot4 ,having imparted the apostolic benediction1 the ,pope intoned ,tierce of the ,little ,hours4 ,another procession was formed1 preceded by the first cardinal1 who bore the sacred ferule in his hand and chanted the ,procedamus in pace4 ,the ,pope was carried in the gestatorial chair under a white canopy borne by eight clerics4 ,the ,blessed ,sacrament had previously been exposed in the ,pauline ,chapel4 ,thither the procession moved4 ,at the door of the chapel the ,pope descended from his chair1 entered the chapel bare-headed1 and knelt for a time in silent prayer4 ,it is to be supposed that in those moments he prayed for humility of self1 as well as peace and benediction upon his reign4 ,it is the fitting prelude to the significant ceremony which followed4 ,just as the procession was about to move from the chapel-door towards the ,sistine ,chapel a master of ceremonies1 bearing in his hand a gilded reed1 to the end of which a lock of dry flax was attached1 approached the throne1 and1 going down upon one knee1 gave fire to the flax4 ,as it burned quickly to nothing he said3 ,pater ,sancte1 sic transit gloria mundi--8,holy ,father1 thus passeth away the glory of the world40 ,he repeated the same ceremony at the entrance to the ,sistine ,chapel1 and again just as the ,pope was approaching the altar--a sage reminder1 for the ,sistine ,chapel at that moment presented a spectacle of glory and magnificence which has no parallel4 ,sixty-two cardinals1 in flowing robes of the richest scarlet1 the magnificence of which was enhanced beneath tunics of the finest lace1 and as many attendant train-bearers in purple cassocks and capes of ermine2 archbishops and bishops vested in white pontificals2 clerics of the apostolic palace in robes of violet2 ,roman princes1 gentlemen of the pontifical throne1 in their gorgeous costumes2 officers and guards in splendid uniforms2 diplomatic personages ablaze with decorations2 ,knights of the ,order of ,jerusalem in their historic vesture2 ladies in black habits and veils1 gracefully arranged1 and gentlemen in the full dress of the present day4 ,despite all this splendor1 the most trivial worldling could not but be impressed with the sacred solemnity1 the awful genius of the occasion4 ,a ,pope was to be crowned--8the ,great ,priest1 ,supreme ,pontiff2 ,prince of ,bishops1 heir of the apostles2 in primacy1 ,abel2 in government1 ,noe2 in patriarchate1 ,abraham2 in order1 ,melchisedech2 in dignity1 ,aaron2 in authority1 ,moses2 in judicature1 ,samuel2 in power1 ,peter2 in unction1 ,christ40#ga ,the ,mass has begun4 ,the choir has sung the ,kyrie ,eleison in the inimitable style of the ,sistine ,chapel4 ,the ,pope has said the ,confiteor4 ,he returns to the gestatorial chair4 ,the three senior cardinals of the order of bishops1 mitred1 come forward1 and each in turn extends his hands over the ,pontiff and recites the prayer of the ritual1 ,super electum ,pontificem4 ,cardinal ,mertel1 first of the officiating deacons1 places the pallium upon his shoulders1 saying at the same time3 ,accipe pallium1 scilicet plenitudinis ,pontificalis officii1 ad honorem ,omnipotentis ,dei1 et gloriosissim ,virginis ,mari1 ,matris ejus1 et ,beatorum ,apostolorum ,petri et ,pauli et ,sanct ,roman ,ecclesi4 ,leaving the gestatorial chair1 and ascending the throne on the gospel side of the altar1 the ,pope again receives the obeisance of the cardinals1 of the archbishops and bishops4 ,the ,mass proper for the occasion is then celebrated by the ,pontiff1 and the ,litany of the ,saints recited4 ,the solemn moment has arrived4 ,the ,pope again ascends the throne1 while the choir sings the antiphon1 ,corona aurea super caput ejus4 ,the subdean of the ,sacred ,college1 ,cardinal di ,pietro1 intones the ,pater noster1 and afterwards reads the prayer1 ,omnipotens sempiterne ,deus1 dignitas ,sacerdotii1 etc4 ,the second deacon removes the mitre from the head of the ,pontiff1 and ,cardinal ,mertel approaches1 bearing the tiara4 ,placing it on the head of the ,pope1 he says3 ,accipe thiaram tribus coronis ornatam1 et scias te esse ,patrem ,principum et ,regum1 ,rectorem ,orbis1 in terra ,vicarium ,salvatoris ,nostri ,jesu ,christi1 cui est honor et gloria in scula sculorum4 ,the ,pope then arose and imparted the trinal benediction4 ,this was followed by the publication of the indulgences proper to the occasion4 ,from the ,sistine ,chapel the ,pope1 with the tiara still glittering on his brow1 was borne in procession back to the vestry hall1 whither the cardinals had preceded him4 ,when he had been unrobed and seated anew in the middle of the hall1 ,cardinal di ,pietro approached and read the following discourse3 8,after our votes1 inspired by ,god1 fixed upon the person of your ,holiness the choice for the supreme dignity of ,sovereign ,pontiff of the ,catholic ,church1 we passed from deep affliction to lively hope4 ,to the tears which we shed over the tomb of ,pius ,,ix4--a ,pontiff so venerated throughout the world1 so beloved by us--succeeded the consoling thought1 like a new aurora1 of well-founded hopes for the church of ,jesus ,christ4 8,yes1 ,most ,holy ,father1 you gave us sufficient proofs1 while ruling the diocese entrusted to you by divine ,providence1 or taking part in the important affairs of the ,holy ,see1 of your piety1 your apostolic zeal1 your many virtues1 of your great intelligence1 of your prudence1 and of the lively interest which you also took in the glory and honor of our cardinalitial college2 so that we could easily persuade ourselves that1 being elected ,supreme ,pastor1 you would act as the apostle wrote of himself to the ,thessalonians3 #8,not in word only1 but in power also1 and in the ,holy ,ghost1 and in much fulness4' ,nor was the divine will slow in manifesting itself1 for by our means it repeated to you the words already addressed to ,david when it designated him ,king of ,israel3 #8,thou shalt feed my people1 and thou shalt be prince over ,israel4' 8,with which divine disposition we are happy to see the general sentiment immediately corresponding2 and as all hasten to venerate your sacred person in the same manner as all the tribes of ,israel prostrated themselves in ,hebron before the new pastor given them by ,god1 so we too hasten1 on this solemn day of your coronation1 like the seniors of the chosen people1 to repeat to you as a pledge of affection and obedience the words recorded in the sacred pages3 #8,behold1 we shall be thy bone and thy flesh4' 8,may heaven grant that1 as the holy ,book of ,kings adds that ,david reigned forty years1 so ecclesiastical history may narrate for posterity the length of the pontificate of ,leo ,,xiii4 ,these are the sentiments and the sincere wishes which1 in the name of the ,sacred ,college1 ,i now lay at your sacred feet4 ,deign to accept them benignantly1 imparting to us your apostolic benediction40 ,his ,holiness replied3 8,the noble and affectionate words which you1 most reverend eminence1 in the name of the whole ,sacred ,college1 have just addressed to us touch to the quick our heart1 already greatly moved by the unlooked-for event of our exaltation to the supreme pontificate1 which came to pass contrary to any merit of ours4 8,the burden of the sovereign keys1 formidable in itself1 which has been placed upon our shoulders1 becomes still more difficult1 considering our insufficiency1 which is quite overcome by it4 ,the very rite which has just been performed with so much solemnity has made us comprehend still more the majesty and dignity of the see to which we have been raised1 and has increased in our soul the idea of the grandeur of this sublime throne of the earth4 ,and since you1 lord cardinal1 have named ,david1 spontaneously the words of the same holy king occur to us3 #8,who am ,i1 ,lord ,god1 that thou hast brought me hither8' 8,still1 in the midst of so many just reasons for confusion and discomfort1 it is consoling to us to see the ,catholics all1 unanimous and in harmony1 pressing around this ,holy ,see1 and giving to it public attestations of obedience and of love4 ,the concord and affection of all the members of the ,sacred ,college1 most dear to us1 console us1 and the assurance of their efficient co-operation in the discharge of the difficult ministry to which they have called us by their suffrage4 8,above all1 we are comforted by confidence in the most loving ,god1 who has willed to raise us to such an eminence1 whose assistance we shall never cease to implore with all the fervor of our heart1 desiring that it be implored by all1 mindful of what the apostle says3 #8,all our sufficiency is from ,god4' ,persuaded1 moreover1 that it is he who #8chooses the weak things of the earth to confound the strong1' we live in the certainty that he will sustain our weakness1 and will raise up our humility to show his own power and cause his strength to shine forth4 8,we heartily thank your eminence for the courteous sentiments and the sincere wishes which you have now addressed to us in the name of the ,sacred ,college1 and we accept them with all our heart4 ,we conclude1 imparting with all the effusion of our soul the apostolic benediction4 ,benedictio ,dei1 etc40 ,his ,holiness then retired to his apartments1 and the solemn assembly dispersed4 ,meanwhile1 the vast basilica of ,st4 ,peter had been crowded with people since ten o'clock in the morning1 who hoped on1 despite the contrary appearances1 that ,his ,holiness would come out at the last moment to bless them4 ,deeming such an event not unlikely1 the ,duke of ,aosta1 now military commander in ,rome1 had ordered several battalions of soldiers into the square1 with orders to render sovereign honors to the ,pontiff if he appeared on the outer balcony4 ,this measure inculpated still more the ,minister of the ,interior1 inasmuch as the unofficial information which was acted upon by the ,minister of ,war should have been sufficient for the ,interior ,department4 ,save and except the salaried organs of the ministry1 the journals of every color in ,rome concurred in censuring the action of ,signor ,crispi1 adding1 at the same time1 that it was the duty of the government to show every consideration for a ,pontiff whose election has given such universal satisfaction4 ,the breach between the church and state1 they concluded1 was only widened and the antagonism intensified4 ,though the ceremonies of the coronation terminated at half-past ten o'clock1 and the equipages of the cardinals and dignitaries had disappeared from the neighborhood of the ,vatican1 still the expectant and anxious people lingered in the basilica until the afternoon was far advanced4 ,then only did they turn homewards1 supremely dissatisfied1 not with the ,pope but with the civil authorities4 ,the demonstration of the canaille in the evening against the ,pope and the clerical party only confirmed the report of an intended tumult in ,st4 ,peter's1 to be provoked by the radicals4 ,the palaces of the nobles had been illuminated about an hour on the ,corso1 when the mob assembled at the usual rendezvous1 ,piazza ,colonna4 ,with a movement which betokened a previous arrangement they rushed down the ,corso to cries of 8,death to the ,pope60 8,down with the clericals60 8,down with the ,law of the ,papal ,guarantees60 etc4 ,they halted before the palace of the ,marquis ,theodoli1 and assailed the windows with a prolonged volley of stones1 which they had gathered elsewhere1 as no missives could be had on the ,corso1 unless the pavement were torn up4 ,a full hour elapsed before the troops appeared on the scene and the bugles sounded the order to disperse4 ,only a few were arrested4 ,that same afternoon the ,mausoleum of ,augustus was the witness of a more systematic and dangerous demonstration against the ,law of the ,guarantees4 ,the speakers1 several of whom are members of the ,parliament1 indulged in the most villanous tirades against the ,papacy1 coupled with no measured votes of censure upon the government4 ,a strong memorial was drawn up and addressed to ,parliament1 demanding the abrogation of the ,law of ,papal ,guarantees4 ,two days after his coronation ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 appointed to the office of ,secretary of ,state his ,eminence ,cardinal ,alessandro ,franchi1 formerly prefect of the ,propaganda4 ,whether it be that the moderate liberals still harbor visions of a formal conciliation1 or that their esteem for ,leo ,,xiii4 is superior to every party question1 or both the one and the other motive actuate them1 is not yet established2 but the fact is1 every act of the new ,pontiff has been more warmly commended1 as an additional instance of his unquestionable capabilities and profound sagacity1 by the liberal than by the ,catholic press4 ,i am far from wishing to intimate that the latter displays no enthusiastic admiration for the inaugurative acts of ,pope ,leo's pontificate4 ,but the liberal press is particularly demonstrative in its admiration4 ,the nomination of ,cardinal ,franchi to the ,secretaryship of ,state has been hailed with jubilation by organs which hitherto have devoted every energy to bringing the late incumbents of that office1 living and dead1 into disrepute4 8,cardinal ,franchi10 say they1 8is the man for this epoch4 ,accomplished1 polished1 bland of manner1 skilled in diplomacy1 and of accommodating disposition1 he will be a worthy companion and counsellor to ,leo ,,xiii4 in the new era for the church just inaugurated40 ,it is to be regretted1 however1 that their admiration for the ,sovereign ,pontiff and his secretary has not been able to keep their usual powers of invention from running riot in their regard4 ,cardinal ,franchi is already credited with addressing a circular to the nuncios abroad1 asking how a change of the ,vatican policy in a less aggressive sense would be regarded by the powers of ,europe4 ,he is also said to have made the first step towards an understanding with ,prussia1 while the ,pope himself is asserted as having addressed an autograph letter to the ,czar of ,russia1 in which he expresses the hope that the difficulty between the ,holy ,see and the imperial government1 touching the condition of the church in ,poland1 will soon be removed4 ,it is needless to observe that the nomination of ,cardinal ,franchi as ,secretary of ,state is pleasing to the ,catholics4 ,his career has been throughout one of eminent service to the ,church4 ,he was born of distinguished parents in ,rome1 on the #beth of ,june1 #ahai4 ,at the age of eight years he entered the ,roman ,seminary1 where he graduated with distinction1 and was ordained priest4 ,soon after he was appointed to the chair of history in both his ,alma ,mater and the ,university of the ,sapienza4 ,later on he became professor of sacred and civil diplomacy in the ,accademia ,ecclesiastica4 ,some of his pupils are now members of the ,sacred ,college4 ,in #ahec he was sent as charg d'affaires to ,spain1 where he remained1 with honor to the ,holy ,see and to himself1 until #ahef4 ,recalled from ,spain1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 himself consecrated him ,archbishop of ,thessalonica in partibus1 and appointed him nuncio to the then existing courts of ,florence and ,modena4 ,he remained in that capacity until the annexation to ,piedmont of both duchies in #ahei4 ,returning to ,rome1 he was nominated in #ahfj secretary of the ,congregation of ,ecclesiastical ,affairs4 ,in #ahfh he was sent back to ,spain as apostolic nuncio4 ,the ,spanish ,revolution of #ahfi brought his useful labors in that country to a close1 and he again sought his native city1 but only to be sent to ,constantinople in #ahga1 on the delicate mission of arranging the serious difficulty then existing between the ,holy ,see and the sultan touching the ,armenian ,catholics in the ,turkish capital4 ,his sound judgment1 coupled with his proverbial urbanity1 enabled him to bring his mission to a successful conclusion in a short time1 and he returned to ,rome laden with presents from the sultan to the ,holy ,father4 ,he was created cardinal in the consistory of ,december #bb1 #ahgc1 and in the ,march of the following year was appointed prefect of the ,propaganda4 ,his qualifications for the present office need not be enlarged upon after a consideration of his antecedents4 ,with the office of ,secretary of ,state is joined that of prefect of the ,apostolic ,palace1 and administrator of the revenues and possessions of the ,holy ,see4 ,in the latter capacity he will be assisted by their ,eminences ,cardinals ,borromeo and ,nina1 recently nominated at his request by the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 has inaugurated an era of reform in the administrative department of the ,vatican4 ,he is fast retrenching unnecessary expenses4 ,he has brought into the ,vatican his old frugal habits which distinguished him as the bishop of ,perugia4 ,he still uses the midnight lamp of study1 and is at the moment of the present writing busily engaged in drawing up the allocution which he will pronounce in the coming consistory4 ,in that document ,leo ,,xiii4 will stand revealed in his attitude before the ,powers1 friendly and hostile1 of the world4 ,footnote #ga3 ,st4 ,bernard4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,a ,,life ,,of ,,pope ,,pius ,,ix4 ,by ,john ,r4 ,g4 ,hassard4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 8,it is 444 with the story of the private virtues of ,pius ,,ix41 the outlines of his public life1 and the most important works of his pontificate that the present biography will be chiefly concerned10 says the author of this really excellent life of the late ,pope4 ,mr4 ,hassard has closely kept to the programme which he thus clearly set down for himself in the beginning1 and the result is one of the most comprehensive biographies of ,pius ,,ix4 that we have yet seen4 ,the book is by no means a bulky one1 yet the story of the wonderful pontificate is all there2 the events that mark it grouped with the skill of a thoroughly practised and efficient pen3 the secret forces that impelled those events brought to light2 and the lights and shadows of the ever-shifting scene pictured with a rapid yet bold and true hand4 ,mr4 ,hassard has the happy gift of collecting his facts1 setting them together in the briefest and most intelligible form1 and leaving the reader to make his own comment on them4 ,the comment is sure to be such as the author himself would make1 so clear and logical is his arrangement of the premises4 ,another happy feature marks this biography3 there is an absence of gush4 ,the author writes tenderly and with an open admiration of his subject2 but the tenderness never sinks into sentimentality1 and the admiration is always manly and reasonable4 ,the anecdotes are well chosen and happy1 and most1 if not all1 of them will be new to the general reader4 ,the author's study of the workings of the secret societies1 which play so prominent a part in the history of the last pontificate1 has been close and searching4 ,his acquaintance with ,european politics generally1 so necessary in a biographer of ,pius ,,ix41 is equally thorough4 ,these necessary qualifications give a special value to the present ,life1 while the whole story is told with a genial glow of personal regard and admiration for its subject1 none the less charming that its tone is rationally subdued4 ,mr4 ,hassard is to be congratulated on having produced a biography that will be cherished by ,catholic readers as we cherish and keep by us1 and look at again and again1 a faithful miniature of one very dear to our hearts4 ,,letters ,,of ,,john ,,keats ,,to ,,fanny ,,brawne4 ,from the original manuscripts1 with introduction and notes by ,harry ,buxton ,forman4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgh4 ,were these the letters of ,john ,brown instead of ,john ,keats the world would wonder1 with reason1 what possible motive could have induced their publication4 ,well might poor ,keats1 were he alive1 say on seeing them in print and exposed to the public gaze1 8,save me from my friends60 ,their publication is1 perhaps1 the greatest injury that the unfortunate poet1 or his memory1 ever had to sustain4 ,as letters1 even as love-letters1 they are remarkably dull and insipid4 ,how ,miss ,fanny ,brawne received them of course we do not know4 ,love is reputed to be blind4 ,it is certainly color-blind4 ,othello could never have looked black--at least not very black--to ,desdemona4 ,had he worn his native sable that poor lady would undoubtedly have been reserved for a better fate4 ,so it is presumably with love-letters4 ,they may contain wells of wit and wisdom and eloquence and fire to the party to whom they are addressed1 and who is bewitched by love's potion1 though to all the rest of the world they are the very embodiment of absurdity and nonsense4 ,titania1 over whom the spell has been wrought1 sees an ,adonis where everybody else only sees honest ,nick ,bottom1 the weaver1 fittingly capped by an ass's head4 ,it is an evil day for ,bottom when the love potion has lost its virtue and the scales drop from the eyes of ,titania4 ,such an event does happen at times to all the ,bottoms and ,titanias1 and probably it happened to ,miss ,fanny ,brawne1 who never became ,mrs4 ,keats1 but ,mrs4 ,somebody ,else4 ,if ever she had cause for a grudge against ,keats she has more than revenged it by allowing some prying busybody access to these very silly letters which are now given to the public for the first time4 ,they show nothing but weakness1 mental and moral1 in their author4 ,it should be remembered1 however1 that they are the letters of a man marked for death4 ,they exhibit not a trace of the wit and humor which ,keats really had1 and to which he sometimes gave expression4 ,they are utterly without his classic grace and profound1 if pagan1 sympathy with nature4 ,they are the expressions of morbid feeling1 and of nothing else4 ,they can serve no purpose but to lower ,keats in the estimation of all who read them4 ,he was never a robust character2 but these exhibit him as a weakling of weaklings1 and it was simply cruel to publish them4 ,the whole thing is a piece of the worst kind of bookmaking we have seen4 ,the introduction1 which is worth nothing save to perplex1 occupies sixty-seven pages2 the letters1 which are of about equal value1 occupy one hundred and seven pages2 an appendix of nine pages sets forth 8the locality of ,wentworth ,place02 to all of which there are no less than six pages of an index with such headings as these3 8,arrears of ,versifying to be ,cleared02 8,books lent to ,miss ,brawne not to be sent home02 8,brawne1 ,fanny02 8,brawne1 ,margaret02 8,brawne1 ,mrs402 8,brawne1 ,samuel1 ,jr402 8,brawne1 ,samuel1 ,sr40 7why not 8,the ,brawne ,family0 at once872 8,caf1 ,keats will not sing in a02 8,flirting with ,brawne02 8,front parlor1 ,watching in02 8,getting ,stouter02 8,laughter of ,friends02 8,sore throat1 ,confinement to the house with02 and so on4 ,we do not know who ,mr4 8,harry0 ,buxton ,forman may be1 but if ever it came to pass that we were threatened with fame at the cost of a future ,harry ,buxton ,forman to hunt up our love-letters or butchers' and bakers' bills1 or every scrap that we might write in an incautious moment1 we should certainly prefer to all time our present happy obscurity4 ,,life ,,of ,,henri ,,planchat1 ,priest of the ,congregation of the ,brothers of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,by ,maurice ,maignen4 ,translated from the ,french1 with an introductory preface4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,anderdon1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this ,life is a beautiful one4 ,in reading it we are constantly reminded of the just and faithful man--the privileged servant of ,god--who1 amidst the turmoil of the world1 possesses his soul in peace4 ,henri ,planchat was born of good parents at ,bourbon-,vende on ,november #bb1 #ahbc4 ,after a holy youth he was called to the sanctuary and studied under the venerable ,sulpitians at ,paris4 ,being ordained priest on ,december #bb1 #ahej1 he offered his first ,mass the next day1 and the day after that 8attained10 says his biographer1 8the climax of his wishes by becoming a member of the little community of ,brothers of ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 in order to live and die in the service of the working classes and of the poor in general40 ,interior recollection1 humility1 and the perfect performance of the duties of his ministry raised him to a martyr's throne4 ,a dreadful storm1 the fury of the ,commune1 suddenly burst upon this life of singular simplicity and charity1 devoted to the needy and the ignorant for upwards of twenty years1 and he was basely massacred1 out of hatred to religion1 in the ,rue ,haxo1 on the #bgth of ,may1 #ahga1 among that very class of people for whom he had labored so earnestly and so long4 8,we are the good odor of ,christ10 says the apostle1 and in the untimely yet happy death of ,henri ,planchat we perceive the aptness of ,bacon's saying about adversity1 that 8virtue is like precious odors1 most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed40 ,the ,rev4 ,father ,anderdon1 ,s4,j41 has written an introductory preface to this ,english translation which is short and to the point2 but a scholar like ,father ,anderdon should not have mistaken 7preface7 ,poitou for ,picardy1 which was an altogether different province of the territorial divisions of ,france before the ,revolution4 ,,one ,,of ,,god',s ,,heroines3 ,a ,biographical ,sketch of ,mother ,mary ,teresa ,kelly1 ,foundress of the ,convent of ,mercy1 ,wexford4 ,by ,kathleen ,o',meara4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 ,nothing that the very gifted author of the ,life of ,frederic ,ozanam writes can fail to attract attention or excite admiration4 ,miss ,o',meara seems equally happy in biography as in fiction4 ,her stories1 such as ,are ,you ,my ,wife8 ,alba's ,dream1 etc41 etc41 need no recommendation to readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,in the touching little biography which calls for the present notice ,miss ,o',meara has evidently performed a labor of love4 ,the title exactly describes the subject of the sketch4 ,mother ,kelly was indeed 8one of ,god's heroines10 called up at a time when such heroines are peculiarly needed--in our own days4 ,she was born in #ahac2 she died on ,christmas day1 #ahff4 ,her religious life was a sustained series of heroic actions--actions none the less heroic that they were done in a practical1 unostentatious1 matter-of-fact manner4 ,her good works live after her1 and it was a kindly and just thought to commemorate them as they have been commemorated in the bright pages of this tender and graceful little memoir by so skilful a hand and appreciative a heart4 ,no one can read ,one of ,god's ,heroines without feeling that after all the world is a brighter place than so many writers are wont to picture it4 ,it will always be bright and worth living in while it can boast of such pious and charitable souls as ,mother ,mary ,kelly4 ,the only fault to be found with the present sketch of that life is its brevity4 ,,to ,,the ,,sun8 ,from the ,french of ,jules ,verne4 ,by ,edward ,roth4 ,philadelphia3 ,claxton1 ,remsen ,haffelfinger4 #ahgh4 ,that very clever ,frenchman1 ,jules ,verne1 has again given us a most interesting and wonderful tale1 which has been very successfully translated by ,mr4 ,roth4 ,it is to be wished that all translations were equally well done4 ,captain ,hector ,servadac and his servant1 ,ben ,zoof1 a typical ,frenchman1 are hurled into space upon a piece of the earth's surface1 and proceed with alarming velocity toward the sun4 ,of course they are not the only ones removed from this sphere4 ,there are some ,englishmen and ,spaniards1 and a ,dutch ,jew4 ,we must not forget a ,russian count and his companions1 who all play an important part in this wondrous story4 ,verne's object is to interest boys in the exact sciences1 as ,mayne ,reid's was to awaken a corresponding interest in natural history4 ,at the present day1 when stories for boys are becoming so intensely vulgar1 and contain so much slang which passes for wit and playful badinage1 it is a relief to find a story that is told in good ,english1 and that contains1 moreover1 in a marked degree the highest sentiments of manly honor4 ,there is in it an undercurrent of the strongest feeling against the ,germans1 which is vented upon a ,holland ,jew4 ,the book would have been better without this4 ,some ,english officers come in for a few hits at their national characteristics1 but1 on the other hand1 our young captain himself is frequently reproved by his ,mentor1 the ,russian count1 who1 of course1 is nearly faultless4 ,the chief beauty of the book is the large amount of interesting scientific knowledge which can be gleaned from it1 if carefully perused1 and although not as amusing as ,twenty ,thousand ,leagues under the ,sea or ,a ,journey to the ,centre of the ,earth1 it can be cheerfully recommended to our boyish friends as full of absorbing interest and healthy in its moral tone4 ,it is to be followed by a sequel4 ,,thirty-,,nine ,,sermons ,,preached ,,in ,,the ,,albany ,,county ,,penitentiary1 ,,from ,,may1 #ahgd1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahgg4 ,by the ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen1 ,catholic ,chaplain4 ,albany3 ,van ,benthuysen ,printing ,house4 #ahgg4 ,these discourses are published in aid of a fund for increasing the ,catholic library of the prison4 ,the author's preface tells us that the library contains about one hundred bound volumes and a number of pamphlets4 8,an incalculable amount of good has already been effected0 by it2 but the number of ,catholic prisoners--nearly four hundred--makes many more books necessary4 8,if10 he says1 8there could be some concerted action among the ,catholic publishers of the ,united ,states1 each contributing a few books1 an excellent library would soon be formed2 and it is but right that this suggestion should be acted on1 for the reason that prisoners are sent to the ,albany penitentiary from all parts of the ,union40 ,he praises the example of a few of our leading ,catholic publishing houses1 8whose generous contributions of ,english and ,german books1 together with rosaries and medals1 have earned for them the gratitude0 of their unfortunate fellow-,catholics4 ,these sermons are short and simple1 and will be found very useful to pastors whose time is crowded with work1 and particularly to those in the country who have more than one 8mission0 to attend4 ,they will also prove excellent reading for the ,catholic inmates of other penitentiary institutions4 ,,the ,,four ,,seasons4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,vahey4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 ,this is a useful book of instruction1 written in a pleasing and popular style4 ,the 8four seasons0 represent the various stages of human life from early youth to ripe old age4 ,the lesson inculcated is the old one1 that as a man sows so shall he reap4 ,the author has happily contrived to weave much practical observation and really sound knowledge into his allegory--for such the little work may be styled4 ,the chief object aimed at is to arouse ,catholic parents to the necessity of religiously guarding the education of their children1 and thus keeping them all their lives within the church into which they are baptized4 ,father ,vahey's volume has the warm approval of his archbishop1 the ,most ,rev4 ,john ,m4 ,henni4 ,,the ,,young ,,girl',s ,,month ,,of ,,may4 ,by the ,author of ,golden ,sands4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 ,golden ,sands1 which was noticed in this magazine1 has become1 as it deserved to become1 a very popular book of devotion4 ,in the present small volume the same author has given us a work admirably adapted for ,may devotions4 ,there is a special motive1 aspiration1 and brief meditation set apart for each day of the month of ,mary1 breathing a happy piety and tender grace throughout4 ,the devotions need not at all be restricted to 8young girls40 ,the same skilful hand that rendered ,golden ,sands into ,english has with equal happiness set this ,month of ,may before ,english readers4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #aei4--;,,june1 #ahgh4 ,,thoreau ,,and ,,new ,,england ,,transcendentalism4#gb ,there is a story told of an illiterate cobbler who was wont to attend the theological discussions in an ,italian university1 and who1 despite his ignorance of ,latin and the points discussed1 always discovered the disputant that was worsted4 ,to a friend who expressed surprise at his acuteness he explained that he had noticed that the arguer who first lost his temper was the one who also lost the victory4 ,the cobbler's test admits of wide application4 ,the consciousness of truth begets serenity4 ,what chronic ill-temper was there amongst the first ,protestant ,reformers6 ,and even to-day a ,protestant controversial author writes as though he were aflame with rage4 ,the doughty ,luther1 warmed1 possibly1 as much with the wine whose praises he so lustily sang as with polemical zeal1 hurls such names as sot1 devil1 and ass at his opponents4 ,he has declined and conjugated the word 8devil0 in all cases1 moods1 tenses1 numbers1 and persons4 ,we can imagine his broad face purple with rage1 and his bovine neck throbbing apoplectically1 as he pours out the vials of his wrath upon that 8besatanized1 insatanized1 and supersatanized royal ass10 ,henry ,,viii41 whose accredited book won for the monarchs of ,england that most glorious1 though now1 alas6 inappropriate1 title1 8defender of the ,faith40 ,the meek ,melanchthon had the tongue of a termagant2 and ,bucer must have suggested to ,shakspere some of the characteristics of ,sir ,john ,falstaff1 so far as a command of billingsgate goes2 for the wordy combats of that ,reformer 7,bucer1 we mean7 recall the conversational victories of the knight of sack4 ,morbid irritability and unwholesome sensitiveness were the characteristics of the movement known1 rather vaguely1 as 8,new ,england ,transcendentalism10 which1 forty years ago1 promised ,america a new life in religion1 literature1 and art4 ,this ill-temper was a forecast of defeat4 ,it brought the movement under the suspicion of weakness and error4 ,it was a voice crying in the wilderness2 it had not1 however1 the trumpet-tones of strength and conviction1 but was rather the puny wail of complaint and despair4 ,we were just ceasing to be provincial and were opening to world-wide influences4 ,our national boastfulness was hugely developed1 and we flattered ourselves that no pent-up ,utica contracted our powers4 ,de ,tocqueville says of us that we are a nation without neighbors2 and this1 of course1 means that we are without standards or comparisons of excellence1 and so1 like the ,buddhist devotee1 we aim after perfection by self-contemplation4 ,new ,england was filled with schoolmasters who had read ,carlyle and translations of the ,encyclopdists1 and who in consequence began to have doubts about what not even ,pyrrho would have considered a doubt1 so far as it had any existence in their minds--religion4 ,the stern-eyed old ,calvinism which watched them like a detective became inexpressibly odious to them1 and they hated 8,romanism10 too1 with all that contradictoriness that baffles explanation4 ,it was soon discovered that ,scotch ,puritanism was unfitted for the latitude of ,new ,england1 though it must be said that the mechanical virtues and the staid habits of the people owed much to that strange fanaticism which1 whether happily or unhappily for them1 has passed away for ever4 ,how to throttle ,puritanism1 and yet preserve its corpse from putrefaction as a convenient effigy to appeal to1 became a problem for which no solution presented itself4 ,the ,american masses even to this day venerate the ,pilgrim ,fathers1 and no amount of historical evidence will shake their veneration for those fierce and ignorant fanatics1 whose memory should long ago have been buried in charitable oblivion4 ,it is only the ,catholic historian and philosopher that can to-day respect the inkling of truth which they held1 and which ,st4 ,augustine says is to be found in every heresy and doctrinal vagary4 ,they attempted to make the ,bible a practical working code of laws--an idea which to-day would be greeted with laughter by their children1 who have long since unlearned veneration for the ,scriptures4 ,there is something quite noble1 though irresistibly ridiculous1 in the old ,puritan notions about the ,bible4 ,one wonders that they did not revive the rite of circumcision4 ,protestants are beginning to acknowledge the wisdom of the church in not making the ,scriptures as common as the almanac or the newspaper4 ,the whole atmosphere of ,new ,england became ,judaic4 ,biblical names of towns abounded4 ,scriptural names were given to children1 with a disregard for length and pronunciation that in after-years provoked the ire of the bearers4 ,the ,mosaic law was ludicrously incorporated with the legal enactments of the civil law4 ,the old ,levitical ordinances were carried out as far as practicable1 and the minister of the town just barely refrained from donning the garments of the high-priest and decorating himself with the ,urim and ,thummim4 ,this anomalous society survived even the great social changes which were wrought by the ,revolution4 ,puritanism repressed all individual eccentricities of religious opinion4 ,the boasted independence of ,protestantism scarcely ever did exist1 except in name4 ,let a man to-day dissent from the opinions of the sect in which he has been brought up1 and he may as well become a ,catholic1 though that is the crowning evidence of being given over to a reprobate sense4 ,what liberty did ,luther give the ,sacramentarians8 ,what divergence of opinion did ,calvin allow in ,geneva8 ,he punished heresy with death4 ,what toleration was there in the ,church of ,england for ,dissenters8 ,and there is a quiet but effective persecution kept up in the ,english church to-day against all 8,romanistic tendencies40 ,there is not a greater delusion prevalent than the lauded ,protestant freedom of investigation and liberty of conscience4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 even as judged by her enemies1 was never so intolerant as that obscurest of ,protestant sects1 the ,puritans of ,new ,england4 ,the harshest charges that have been falsely made against a merely local tribunal1 the ,spanish ,inquisition1 are historically proved against the full ecclesiastico-civil tribunals of ,massachusetts in the punishment1 not of turbulent and contumacious heretics1 but of wretched and harmless old women accused of witchcraft4 ,every ,protestant church is a complexus of social and business influences1 all of which are cruelly and unfairly brought to bear against any member who uses the ,protestant right of private judgment4 ,if he will disjoin himself from church communion1 though his interpretation of the ,scriptures may assure him that the ,father is worshipped in spirit1 he is looked upon as an infidel and blasphemer4 ,the petty persecution of the ,protestant church is a subject admissive of infinite illustration4 ,cramped and crippled by a fierce ,scotch ,covenantism1 what were the aspiring minds of ,new ,england to do8 ,a natural idea struck them4 ,some of the fathers of the ,revolution were infidels4 ,that great and glorious light of ,american history1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 who was held up as a model to every ,new ,england boy1 was a sort of deist4 ,the influence of that man's example and writings has been one of the most baleful in our country's history4 ,the fathomless depths of his pride1 the cool assurance of his 8virtue10 the intensely worldly spirit of his maxims1 and his ,pharisaical reward of wealth and honors in this world have been imitated by thousands of ,american youth4 ,that nauseating schedule of 8virtues0 which he drew up2 such hideous maxims as 8,rarely use venery0 and 8,imitate ,jesus and ,socrates10 which seem to us infinitely more shocking in their cold calculation than a wild debauch or a hot-headed oath2 his constant prating about integrity as the high-road to health and wealth2 and1 in short1 the whole wretched man1 body and soul1 furnished the worst yet widest-copied example of ,american virtue and success4 ,add to such influences the schoolboy beliefs in liberty and independence1 the solemn ,fourth-of-,july glorification of individual freedom1 the vision of the ,presidency open to the humblest youth in the district school1 and the gradual weakening of faith in the ,bible1 brought about by the rapid multiplication of the poor1 deistical histories and scientific miscellanies of fifty years ago1 and the end of ,puritanism was soon predicted4 ,the heavy hand of the clergy was shaken off4 ,the curiosity deeply planted in the ,yankee nature looked around for a new religion4 ,at once all the vagaries of undisciplined thought1 so long held in silence by ,protestantism1 burst out in ,babel speech4 ,chaos was come again4 ,if ,puritanism had dared1 it would have sent the 8,apostles of the ,newness10 as they were called1 to the scaffold or the pillory1 or1 at the very least1 it would have pierced their tongues and branded them with symbolic letters4 ,and what a revelation6 ,we laugh at the wild rhapsodies of ,george ,fox1 and ,mr4 ,lecky1 in his late book1 ,england in the ,eighteenth ,century1 has rather cruelly1 we think1 dragged up ,wesley's and ,whitefield's eccentricities for the laughter of a world which should rather be in tears over the vanishing of such earnestness as both those deluded men had2 but the laughter which ,new ,england ,transcendentalism evokes is hearty and sincere1 from whatever side we view it4 ,in the first place1 there is no meaning in the name4 ,the logician knows what transcendental ideas are--the ens1 verum1 bonum1 etc42 and what philosophy calls the transcendental is really the most familiar1 as connected with universal ideas4 ,but ,transcendentalism in ,new ,england was understood to mean a high1 dreamy1 supersensuous1 and altogether unintelligible and unexplainable state1 condition1 life1 or religion that escaped in the very attempt to define it4 ,dr4 ,brownson complains that he had much difficulty in convincing a philosopher that nothing is nothing2 and we feel much in the same mental condition as that philosopher1 for we cannot see how ,transcendentalism 7a polysyllable with a capital ,t7 is nothing4 ,it is infinitely suggestive4 ,it is any number of things1 all beginning with capitals4 ,it is ,soul1 ,universe1 the ,force1 the ,eternities1 the ,infinities1 the 4 ,it is ,any ,number of ,greek and ,latin ,nouns4 ,it is1 in fact1 a ,great ,humbug 7in the largest kind of caps74 ,mr4 ,barnum's 8,what-is-it80 is nothing to the ,protean forms of ,transcendentalism4 ,a fair definition might be1 ,puritanism run mad4 ,there was a certain method in it1 and it would be false to say that the absurdity ever went so far in ,america as ,fichtism or even ,hegelism in ,germany4 ,the old ,puritan leaven was too strong for that2 and the ,yankee common sense1 which not even the wildest flights of ,transcendentalism could wholly carry from earth1 instinctively rejected the ,german theories4 ,not even ,comte's ,positivism1 which has quite a following in ,england and an influential organ in the ,westminster ,review1 ever gained ground amongst us4 ,we do not believe in ,cosmic ,emotion or ,aggregate ,immortality1 ponderous and unmeaning words1 to which1 listening1 a ,yankee asks1 ,heow8 ,the surprising fact is how1 in the name of all the philosophers and the muse that presides over them1 did ,new ,england fall a victim to the 8,apostles of the ,newness08 ,it was worse than the ,protestant ,reformation1 which is said to have developed more crazy and eccentric enthusiasts than any other physical or social convulsion recorded in history4 ,the shrewd ,yankee genius was supposed to be insured against spiritual lightnings4 ,the cold and common-sense temperament of the people seemed farthest removed from the action of 8celestial ardors40 ,but the fierce old ,puritanism was taking only a new form4 ,the spirit that sent ,charles ,i4 to the scaffold was nurtured amid the gloomy woods4 ,only that the sweet providence of ,god1 mysteriously permitting and clearly punishing evil1 is gradually withdrawing even the physical presence of that spiritually and intellectually unbalanced race1 what chance would there be for the action of his all-holy will as wrought out by the church8 ,new ,england is largely ,catholic to-day1 yet ,new ,hampshire will have no popery in her councils4 8,this spirit is not cast out without prayer and fasting40 ,milton1 who lacks spiritual insight1 fails to identify the spirit of pride with the spirit of impurity4 ,new ,england1 alas6 has been filled with the spirit of pride1 and of hatred against the ,city of ,god1 and lo6 now she is slain by the spirit of impurity1 and the stranger within her gates has taken her place and will wear her crown4 ,and that stranger is the despised and hated 8,romanist10 who now enjoys the blessing foretold in that mystic ,psalm whose counsels ,new ,england despised--the blessing of progeny4 ,it is a prophecy and a history 7,ps4 cxxvi473 8,unless the ,lord buildeth the house1 they labor in vain that build it4 ,unless the ,lord keepeth the city1 he watches in vain that keepeth it4 ,it is in vain for you to rise before the ,light4 ,rise after ye have sat down1 and eaten the bread of sorrow4 ,behold1 children are an inheritance from the ,lord1 and the fruit of the womb is his reward4 ,as arrows in the hand of the mighty1 so are the children of them that were rejected40 ,this is the divine 8survival of the fittest40 ,would to ,heaven that the solemn significance of this great ,psalm could sink into the heart of ,new ,england and cast out the foul demons that have so long lurked within it2 that1 having partaken of 8the bread of sorrow10 she might rise to the contemplation of the true ,light6 ,no sooner was the restraining power of ,puritanism cast off than ,transcendentalism1 like the genie in the ,arabian ,nights1 rose like an exhalation1 and afterward defied the command of the invokers to return to its former limited quarters4 ,the men who assisted at this liberation of a powerful and anarchic spirit soon discovered1 to their fear and disgust1 that they could not control it4 ,it was worse than ,frankenstein1 for it appeared to have symmetry1 and the land was quickly enamored with its beauty4 ,every theorist felt that the millennium had dawned4 ,a truce to common sense was called4 ,the leaders of the movement were put in the painful but logical predicament of inability to object to the consequences of their teachings4 ,the over-soul was reduced to such limitations as the necessity and obligation of using bran-bread in preference to all other forms of food4 ,carlyle's ,sartor ,resartus happening to appear at a time when the inspiration was fullest1 ,sartorial heresies became the rage4 ,bloomer costumes asserted their rights4 ,the old sect of ,adamites revived1 and nothing but tar and feathers1 which hard-headed ,calvinists bestowed with unsparing vigor and abundance1 prevented many from rushing into a state of nudity4 ,there arose prophets of vegetarianism1 and1 says ,lowell1 every form of dyspepsia had its apostle4 ,money1 the root of all evil1 was condemned by impecunious disciples1 who drew largely upon treasures which they imagined they had laid up in heaven4 ,furious assaults were made upon the ,bible1 which was stigmatized as a worn-out and effete system4 ,a crew of anti-tobacconists1 who regretted that they could not find a condemnation of the weed in ,scripture1 were joined by a set of teetotalers1 who did not hesitate to condemn our ,blessed ,lord's use of wine1 and1 as they were unable to see the high1 mystic significance of the ,eucharist1 they vented their foolish wrath upon such of the ,protestant sects as retained wine in the ,lord's ,supper1 and this with such effect that it became quite common in ,new ,england to administer bread and milk instead of wine in the communion1 thus destroying even the semblance to the blood which we are commanded to drink in remembrance of ,that which was shed for our redemption1 and which1 in the divine ,sacrifice celebrated by ,christ on ,holy ,thursday1 was then really and truly poured forth1 in the chalice1 unto the remission of sin4 ,the revulsion from the unspeakable harshness of the ,puritanic interpretation of the ,scriptures was so complete that men cast about for an entirely new theological terminology4 ,the transcendental pedants were ready for the want4 ,what was grander than the old ,scandinavian mythology8 ,what is ,jehovah to ,thor8 ,what is the ,trinity to the sublimity of the ,buddhistic teachings8 ,the cardinal doctrine of the ,new ,testament is the golden rule1 which was familiar to the ,greeks1 and expressed in our own terms by ,confucius4 ,satan's master-stroke was thus levelled at the ,bible1 which was the word of life to the ,new-,englander4 ,take the written word away from the ,protestant1 and the gates of hell have prevailed against him4 ,the inscriptions upon the ,temple of ,delphi preserved ,greek mythology for centuries4 ,infantine belief in the poor1 adulterated word of the ,scriptures1 which1 after all1 were never subjected to the full action of the ,protestant theory1 kept alive some remnants of ,christian faith and hope4 ,but to cast away the ,bible for the ,vedas1 the ,krishnas1 the ,mahabarattas1 the skalds1 and the devil knows what other vague and windy compilations of ,scandinavian and ,brahminical superstitions was to inaugurate a chaotic era1 the like of which history does not record4 ,there is no sympathy between the ,american mind and the ,buddhism of the ,east1 much less between the minds of the ,yankee ,transcendentalists and the wild beliefs of ,danish sea-kings1 who would have knocked their brains out1 as puling and scholarly creatures unfit to wield a club or harpoon a seal1 and consequently objects of the just wrath and derision of ,odin and ,thor4 ,yet these strange mythologies1 intermixed with fatalism1 ,schellingism1 and nature-worship1 formed the olla-podrida to which ,new ,england for at least ten years sat down1 after the unsavory dish of ,puritanism had been thrown out of doors4 ,the spiritual squalor and intellectual poverty of most ,transcendentalists were studiously kept out of sight1 and the school--for it would be blasphemy to call it a religion--pushed forward into notice its exponents1 who1 under the stricter requirements of writing1 considerably toned down their sentiments1 and sought to give intelligible and literary form to their extravagances4 ,a magazine1 called the ,dial1 was published in ,boston1 in #ahdj and a few following years1 and notwithstanding the petulant genius of ,emerson1 its editor1 who only now and then yielded to the spirit of newness1 the strangest gibberish began to mumble in its columns4 ,the following1 from the 8,orphic ,sayings0 of ,bronson ,alcott1 who was considered to be one 8overflowed with spiritual intimations10 is an illustration of the jargon4 ,it might be proposed by a weekly paper as a puzzle to the readers3 8,the popular genesis is historical4 ,it is written to sense1 not to soul4 ,two principles1 diverse and alien1 intercharge the ,godhead and sway the world by turns4 ,god is dual4 ,spirit is derivative4 ,identity halts in diversity4 ,unity is actual merely4 ,the poles of things are not integrated4 ,creation is globed and orbed40 ,the leaders of the movement cared nothing about letting their infidelity be known2 but the mass following were loath to break completely with their religious traditions4 ,they did not know what ,kultur meant1 and had neither knowledge of1 nor sympathy with1 ,wilhelm ,meister or ,werther4 ,the ,atlantic ,monthly1 which may be regarded as having taken the place of the ,dial1 became the repository of ,transcendental thought1 though1 with ,yankee shrewdness and savoir faire1 the editors managed to give it an unsectarian and1 in time1 even a national character4 ,the ,atlantic never committed itself to ,christianity1 or1 if it did so1 it was to that spurious horror which in rhyme1 idea1 and general relativeness joins ,jesus with ,crsus4 ,a peculiar school of literature1 marked with the patient study of ,german idealism1 grew up around the ,atlantic1 which1 with characteristic ,new ,england assertion1 claimed to be the critic and model of ,american letters4 ,the orphic style was sternly kept down in the ,atlantic1 but it would assert itself4 ,any one who cares about illustrating this idea has but to turn over the older ,atlantics to see the painful efforts made to paraphrase the name of ,god1 which1 whenever boldly printed1 has some title of limitation4 ,we have any quantity of ,valhallas and mythologies1 and poems about the ,christ that's born in lilies1 etc42 but it is tacitly understood that ,kultur is the presiding genius4 ,it must be admitted that ,new ,england ,transcendentalism developed1 or at least engaged1 considerable literary and poetic talent4 ,not to speak of its ,high-,priest1 ,avatar1 ,inspirationalist1 ,seer1 or ,writer 7with a big ,w71 or ,whatsoever you call him--,emerson1 who has retreated from its altar and seems to be swinging his ,thor-hammer wildly in every direction1 there appeared a number of writers1 all under the mystic spell4 ,they aimed at a certain vague and beautiful language1 and were given to pluralizing nouns which are one and singular in meaning4 ,a certain kind of poetry1 after the manner of ,shelley1 but not after his genius1 sprang up and monthly bedecked the ,atlantic with flowers4 ,the literary men of ,new ,england were made to feel that inspiration sprang from ,transcendentalism alone4 ,nathaniel ,hawthorne became its novelist1 and ,thoreau1 whom we have been keeping at the door so long1 suggested to him the idea of ,donatello in ,the ,marble ,faun--a finely-organized animal1 acted upon by human and otherwise spiritual influences4 ,hawthorne's morbid genius1 for which we confess we have little admiration1 was unnaturally stimulated by the ,transcendental seers4 ,he is for ever diving into the depths of inner consciousness1 and always appearing with a devil-fish instead of a pearl4 ,his ,note-,books show him to have been a spiritually diseased man1 for whom the stench and ugliness of moral fungus growths had more charms than had the flowers4 ,he has the besetting weakness of false reformers1 chronic irritation1 quite as vehement against the pettiest crosses and vexations of life as against its awful tragedies and crimes4 ,this is the evolution of ,transcendentalism4 ,it began with enthusiasm and ended in worse than ,reformation anger at everything and everybody1 not excepting itself2 but it was not an anger that sins not4 ,theodore ,parker was its theologian by excellence1 and as the one god he believed in was himself1 we suppose he may be allowed the title4 ,margaret ,fuller ,ossoli was co-editor with ,emerson of the ,dial1 and was a strong-minded woman1 whom her admirers insisted upon calling ,anne ,hutchinson come again--so strong1 after all1 were their ,new ,england traditions4 ,dwight wrote their music1 if music can be limited in expression4 ,william ,ellery ,channing was the poet of ,transcendentalism1 and ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau was its hermit4 ,thoreau was born at ,concord in #ahag1 and he died in #ahfb4 ,he was the only man among the ,transcendentalists that allowed their theories the fullest play in him1 and the incompleteness and failure of his life cannot be concealed by all the verbiage and praise of his biographers4 ,emerson's high-flown monologues ruined him4 ,a trick of naturalizing and botanizing which he had1 and which never reached the dignity or usefulness of science1 was exaggerated by a false praise that acted more powerfully than any other influence in sending him into the woods as a hermit1 and among mountains as a poet-naturalist4 ,he appears to have cherished some crude notions about the glory and bountifulness of ,nature and her soothing and uplifting ministry1 but these notions are1 in the ultimate analysis1 admissive of much limitation and qualification1 if they be not altogether gr somnia mentis4 ,the ,transcendentalists worshipped ,nature and built airy altars to the ,beautiful1 but they did not venture into the woods on a rainy day without thick shoes and good umbrellas4 ,thoreau gave up his life to this delusory study and adoration of ,nature1 and got for his worship a bronchial affection which struck him down in the full vigor of manhood4 ,we have no patience with an ideal that takes us away from the comforting and companionship of our fellow-men4 ,what divine lessons has ,nature to teach us comparable with her manifestations in human nature8 ,why should we run off into solitude1 and busy ourselves with the habits of raccoons and chipmunks that are sublimely indifferent to us8 ,how much better is old ,dr4 ,johnson's theory3 8,this is a world in which we have good to do1 and not much time in which to do it10 and who1 on being asked by ,boswell to take a walk in the fields1 answered3 8,sir1 one green field is like another green field4 ,i like to look at men40 ,life in the woods is very good for a mood or a vacation1 but man escapes from them into the city4 ,the old proverb about solitude runs1 ,aut deus1 aut lupus--no one but a divinity or a wolf can stand solitude4 ,one of the weaknesses of ,transcendentalism was an affectation of seclusion4 ,it was too good for human nature's daily food4 ,man is such a bore6 8,o for a lodge in some vast wilderness60 ,now1 all this is sinful and unreasonable4 ,why should we shrink from the bad and evil and objectionable in mankind to herd with the wild beasts of the forest8 ,the only thing that sanctifies solitude is the ,catholic faith2 and1 even when the monastic idea sought to realize complete isolation from the world1 the superiors were loath to grant permission4 ,they felt that it is not good for man to be alone1 and ,st4 ,benedict1 in his ,rule1 has a reflection that there were monks lost in solitude who would have been saved in community4 ,the true idea is that we can be solitary in spirit in the midst of crowds4 ,there is no necessity of betaking ourselves to the woods4 ,very likely the high praise of isolation1 as nutritive of genius1 acting upon a naturally retiring disposition1 first led ,thoreau to his sylvan life4 ,the common idea that he was a hermit or a misanthropist is fully disproved by his biographers4 ,in our opinion he is just the reverse1 and if we were disposed to bring in evidence we could show that he was wild for notoriety4 ,his private letters are more affected than ,pope's1 who wrote with an eye to publication4 ,all ,thoreau's books are full of his private experiences1 thoughts1 and emotions4 ,he never suffers you to escape from his overpowering personality4 ,he never sinks the ego4 ,he reminds one of the diary of the private gentleman in ,addison's ,spectator3 8,to-day the beef was underdone4 ,took a walk4 ,dreamt about the ,grand ,turk40 ,thoreau is for ever telling us about his personal feelings1 his method of baking bread1 and his dreams about tortoises1 etc4 ,there is something funny in his writing six volumes for men on whom he fancied he looked with ,transcendental contempt4 ,the fact is1 he was a fine1 naturally talented1 and poetic man1 who was bewitched by the theories which we have sketched2 and the contest within his spirit has led his biographers and critics into pardonable misapprehensions of his life and aims4 ,left to himself and his aspirations1 he would have developed into a fair poet or a good naturalist--perchance an ,agassiz or an ,audubon4 ,he had no theological or philosophical ability1 but a deep sense of truthfulness1 which made him experimentalize upon the theories which he heard4 ,he found it much easier than would most men to live in the woods1 to take long walks1 to navigate rivers1 and to collect specimens of natural history4 ,his studies in nature have no value to the scientist4 ,he was a good surveyor and liked animals4 ,he wrote some indifferent poetry4 ,he described some gorgeous sunsets4 ,he delivered an oration on ,john ,brown1 and he managed to let the world know that he built and lived in a hut at ,walden4 ,voil tout4 ,he flippantly criticised our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 ridiculed all ,christian beliefs1 preferred the company of a mouse to that of a man1 of an ,indian to a white man1 and died without a single throb of supernatural faith1 hope1 or charity4 ,this was a man1 too1 who had ,catholic blood in his veins1 but who could not bear to hear the chime of church-bells without some contemptuous remarks1 and who professed himself a ,buddhist without the ,indic veneration1 and a worshipper of ,pan without knowing or believing that the great ,pan had died for his salvation4 ,two biographies are before us1 one by ,william ,ellery ,channing1 who was ,thoreau's friend and companion1 the other by ,h4 ,a4 ,page1 who appears to be a biographer-in-general or by profession4 ,channing's1 as might be expected1 is a sort of prose ,in ,memoriam2 and ,page's is made ridiculous by an attempted comparison between ,thoreau and ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi1 based on the saint's love of1 and miraculous power over1 animals1 and the ,concord man's ability to bring a mouse out of its hole or tickle a trout4 ,strange as it sounds1 this comparison is carried on through one-third of the volume4 ,page must be a member of a ,society for the ,prevention of ,cruelty to ,animals1 for ,thoreau's kindness to brutes he evidently regards as his finest trait4 ,such stuff as 8the animals are brethren of ours and undeveloped men10 and the slops of evolution in general1 are poured out in vast quantity1 and the impression forced upon the reader is that ,mr4 ,page1 who speaks of himself as an ,englishman1 has no conception of ,thoreau's character1 nor1 indeed1 of any adventurous or sport-loving nature such as freely develops on our wide plains and high mountains4 ,thoreau graduated at ,harvard1 but without distinction4 ,he and his brother taught school for a while at ,concord1 where the sage lives who gave such cheering voice to ,carlyle4 ,there was a wildness in him which nothing could subdue1 yet it took no cruel or brutal form4 ,he appears to have had that passionate love of external nature which is so sublime as a reality1 so detestable as an affectation4 ,he was made of the stuff of pioneers and ,indian scouts1 but with rarer feeling and poetic temperament4 ,a water-lily was more than a water-lily to him4 ,he had no social theory to advocate--a delusion about him into which ,page falls--but he took to the woods as an ,indian to a trail4 ,there is nothing ,transcendental about his life1 and yet he is the chief and crown of ,transcendentalists4 ,he had a brave1 high life in him1 which is perfectly intelligible and realizable1 quite as much in the parlor as in the swamp4 ,heroism need not leave ,new ,york for the steppes of ,russia4 ,a naturally timid priest who anoints a small-poxed patient is as brave in his way as ,alexander or ,charles ,,xii4 of ,sweden4 ,a thousand hermits have lived before ,thoreau1 and made no palaver over their social discomforts1 which are1 indeed1 inseparable from their way of life4 ,there is an unpleasant soupon of ,yankeeism when1 in ,walden1 ,thoreau lectures us on economy4 ,the ,transcendental aurora vanishes before the prosaic hearth-fire4 ,we remember having read ,a ,week on the ,concord and ,merrimac ,rivers and ,the ,maine ,woods during a summer vacation which we spent between ,mount ,desert and ,nantucket1 and the sweet naturalness of those two beautiful books sank into our heart1 touched1 perhaps1 by the glorious yet sombre scenery in which we moved4 ,the jar and discord of ,thoreau's theological opinions melted away in the harmony of the great music which he made us hear among the hills and scenes which he loved so well1 and of which he seemed a part4 ,hawthorne's keen eye1 sharpened1 we will not say purified1 by high sthetic cultivation1 detected in ,thoreau the latent qualities of the ,faun whose existence1 by an anomaly1 he has thrown into modern ,italy1 and even intimates as wrought on by the church4 ,we love to think of ,thoreau1 not as idealized by ,emerson1 ,channing1 or ,page1 nor shallowly criticised as by ,lowell1 but as bright and winsome1 afar from the sensuous creation of ,hawthorne1 and full of that boyish love of flood and field which has made us all at one time ,robinson ,crusoes4 ,this is a most undignified descent from that ideal type of character which ,thoreau is supposed to represent2 but we submit to any reader of his books1 if he did not skip his foolish theories about religion1 friendship1 society1 ethics1 and other such themes on which ,emerson expatiates1 and about which dear old ,thoreau never knew anything at all practical1 and leap with him into the stream1 follow the trails he knew so well1 learn the mysteries of angling and hunting1 and tramp with him through the forests1 read with him his dearly-loved ,homer1 and1 in spite of our half-concealed laughter1 listen to his wonderful explanations of the ,beghavat-,gheeva4 ,it is encouraging to notice how bravely he shakes off half the nonsense of ,transcendentalism1 though bound by the wiles of ,merlin1 who lived only two miles from ,walden4 ,transcendentalism gave no religion4 ,it was even hollower than ,rousseau's ,contrat ,social and mile1 in which writings the wicked old ,voltaire said that ,jean ,jacques was so earnest in converting us back to nature that he almost persuaded us to go upon all fours4 ,even ,emerson confesses to the failure of ,thoreau's life4 8,pounding beans10 says that wise old man1 with the air of a ,persian sage--a character which he frequently adopts1 especially when he recommends some thousand-dollar ,persian book to us as infinitely superior to the ,new ,testament1--8,pounding beans10 says he1 referring to poor ,thoreau's attempt to carry out his ,transcendentalism1 8may lead to pounding thrones2 but what if a man spends all his life pounding beans80 ,and so1 in the style of the tellers of fairy stories1 we say that poor ,thoreau continued all his life pounding beans1 but without caring very much for the bearing of beans upon the eternities1 splendors1 and thrones1 and that he lived a cheerful and wholesome1 natural life1 though rather an uncomfortable one1 in his woods and among his beasts and flowers2 that he was kind and gentle to beasts1 but not to ,god or to man1 of whom he seemed to be afraid1 which was a mistake2 and after he was dead he was made out to be a great philosopher1 a golden poet1 a great social theorist1 and a ,transcendental saint1 which is another mistake4 ,with ,thoreau died the ,transcendental hermit1 and1 so far as human nature and a happy combination of character and circumstance could permit1 the only truly ideal man that ,transcendentalism has produced4 ,yet how far he falls below the most commonplace monk in spiritual range and power and aim6 ,no great spiritual fire burns in his bosom2 nor will any ,montalembert be attracted to his memory4 ,there was not the light of ,christian faith or love upon his life1 which is distinguished from the savage's only by its superior mental civilization and its relation to that civilization which he so humorously yet contradictorily despised4 ,with ,emerson1 who has now convinced himself of the absurdity of immortality1 its greatest writer will die4 ,the ,kulturkampf of ,germany1 which ,new ,england introduced into ,america1 cannot survive the literary changes which take place every half-century4 ,emerson will fade into oblivion1 and even now he is no longer listened to4 ,but there is that in ,thoreau's books which gives vitality to old ,walton's ,angler1 and the traveller on the ,concord and through ,maine will recall the memory of ,thoreau1 no longer1 we hope1 to be associated with the eclipse of his false philosophy1 but seen bright and vivid in that sunshine and beauty he loved so well4 ,footnote #gb3 ,thoreau1 the ,poet-,naturalist4 ,by ,w4 ,e4 ,channing4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgc4 ,thoreau3 his ,life and ,aims4 ,a ,study4 ,by ,h4 ,a4 ,page4 ,boston3 ,j4 ,r4 ,osgood ,co4 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,fountain',s ,,song4 ,into the narrow basin ,falleth the ceaseless rain1 ,echo of sweet-voiced river ,singing through mountain glen1 ,breaking amid the footfalls ,filling the city square1 ,mingling with childhood's clamor ,piercing the heavy air3 ,shrill-sounding1 childish voices ,gathered from dust-grimed street1 ,pale little wondering faces1 ,swift little shoeless feet2 ,coral-stained cheeks of olive1 ,lips where all roses melt1 ,eyes like the heavens' zenith-- ,latin1 ,teuton1 and ,celt ,crowding with eager glances ,where the wide bowl lies spread1 ,watching the gold-fish glimmer1 ,giving the turtles bread3 ,eyes that of mountain streamlet ,never the light have known1 ,ears that of mountain music ,know not a single tone1 ,feet that have never clambered ,clinging to mossy stone1 ,hands that the palest harebell ,never have called their own4 ,glittering in the sunshine ,droppeth the fountain's rain2 ,glistening in the moonlight1 ,singing its mountain strain4 ,twittering round the basins ,sparrows sit in a line1 ,dip in the ruffled water1 ,scatter its jewels fine4 ,rests in the earth-bound basin ,depth of the starlit sky1 ,shadows of noon and twilight ,soft on the waters lie4 ,fresh on the clover circle ,falleth the wind-driven spray1 ,keeping an ,april greenness ,all through the ,august day4 ,meet that ,st4 ,mary's gable1 ,bearing the cross1 should crown ,this little glimpse of freshness ,set in the sun-parched town2 ,meet that ,st4 ,mary's altar ,rise with its ,sacrifice ,here where the city's poor ones ,seek pure breath from the skies4 ,e'er in the dropping water ,filling the pool below ,voices ,i hear that never ,pure mountain-stream can know3 ,singeth the city fountain ,songs that are all its own1 ,though for its needs it borrow ,music the hills have known3 ,sings it of sin forgiven1 ,sorrow-tossed heart at rest1 ,wearisome load soft lifted1 ,soul of all bliss possessed4 ,chanteth the silver murmur ,notes of the vesper hymn2 ,gleams in the moonlit showers ,twinkle of taper dim ,burning before ,god's altar ,faithful through day and night1 ,in its unbroken service ,token of holier light4 ,bells rung at ,benediction ,mingle their sacred chime ,clear in the solemn rhythm ,wherewith the fountain keeps time4 ,gifts of our ,blessed ,mother1 ,lady of ,god's dear ,grace1 ,fall with the falling waters-- ,heavenly dew of peace4 ,wind-swept spray of the fountain ,keeping the clover green1 ,telleth the grace of sorrow ,clothing a soul serene2 ,bubbles breaking in sunshine-- ,heaven-reflecting spheres-- ,shine like joy-freighted eyelids3 ,heart finding speech in tears4 ,quarrelsome little sparrows ,wear the white wings of dove1 ,brooding o'er mystical waters1 ,fusing the waves with love4 ,so doth the fountain whisper ,thoughts of all sorrow and joy1 ,sparkle like blessd water ,cleansing from sin's alloy3 ,voices of mountain and altar ,blend in its ceaseless rain1 ,holding my soul that listens ,bound in a subtle chain4 ,,hermitages ,,in ,,the ,,pyr,n,,es ,,orientales4 ,i4 8,let man return to ,god the same way in which he turned from him2 and as the love of created beauty made him lose sight of the ,creator1 so let the beauty of the creature lead him back to the beauty of the ,creator40--,st4 ,isidore of ,seville4 ,let others who visit the magnificent range of the ,pyrenees tell of the grandeur of the scenery and the beneficence of the mineral waters2 let them recount the days of border warfare1 when ,christian and ,saracen fought in the narrow passes1 and ,charlemagne1 and ,roland1 and all the mighty peers awoke the echoes of the mountains2 we will seek out the traces of those unlaurelled and1 for the most part1 nameless heroes who overcame the world and ended their days in the lonely caves and cells that are to be found all along the chain from the ,mediterranean ,sea to the ,bay of ,biscay4 ,many towns and villages of southwestern ,france owe their origin to some such cell4 ,the hermit at first only built one large enough for himself1 in which he set up a cross and rude statue of the ,virgin4 ,other souls1 longing for solitude1 came to knock at his door4 ,the cell was enlarged4 ,an oratory was erected4 ,people came to pray therein and bring their offerings4 ,the oratory grew into a chapel4 ,the hermitage became a monastery1 around which families gradually took shelter1 and the hamlet thus formed sometimes grew into a town4 ,lombez1 ,st4 ,papoul1 ,st4 ,sever1 and many other places owe their origin to some poor hermit4 ,the names of a few of these holy anchorites are still glorious in these mountains1 like those of ,st4 ,orens1 ,st4 ,savin1 and ,st4 ,aventin1 but most of them are hidden as their lives were1 and as they desired them to be4 ,many of the chapels connected with their cells have acquired a local celebrity and are frequented by the people of the neighboring villages4 ,this is a natural tribute to the memory of the saintly men to whom their fathers used to come when in need of prayer or spiritual counsel4 ,the influence of such men on the rural population around was incalculable1 with their lessons of the lowly virtues enforced by constant example4 ,sometimes not only the peasant but the neighboring lord would come with his ,dic mihi verbum1 and go away with new views of life and its great aims4 ,king ,perceforest1 in his lessons to his knights1 said3 8,i have graven on my memory what a hermit a long time ago said to me by way of admonition--that should ,i possess as much of the earth as ,alexander1 as much wisdom as ,solomon1 and as much valor as the brave ,hector of ,troy1 pride alone1 if it reigned in my bosom1 would outweigh all these advantages40 ,many of these hermitages and oratories are 8,umbrageous grots and caves ,of cool recess0 that have been consecrated to religious purposes from the first introduction of ,christianity4 ,in the valley of the ,neste is one of these grottoes1 to which you ascend by steps hewn in the cliff4 ,the opening is to the west1 and the altar1 cut out of the live rock1 is turned duly to the east1 where the perpetual ,oblation was first offered4 ,the sacred stone of sacrifice has been carefully preserved4 ,there is a similar cave near ,argels also with its altar to the east4 ,whether cave or cell1 these hermitages are nearly all remarkable not only for their solitude but for the beauty of their situation4 ,sometimes they are in a fertile valley amid whispering leaves and wild flowers that give out sweet thoughts with their odors2 sometimes 'mid the deep umbrage of the green hillside1 vocal with birds1 perchance the nightingale that 8,shuns the noise of folly1 ,most musical1 most melancholy02 or on the border of a mountain stream with no noise there 8,but that of falling water1 friend to thought02 or some secluded tarn whose tideless waters1 like the soul stilled to all human passions1 give back an undisturbed image of the sky2 but oftener on some lofty crag1 gray and melancholy1 with scarce a spray for bird to light on1 where amid heat of summer and winter frosts the hermit grew 8content in heavenward musings10 like him1 sung by ,dante1 on that stony ridge of ,catria 8,sacred to the lonely ,eremite1 ,for worship set apart and holy things40 ,every one in his hours of deepest feeling1 whether of love1 or grief1 or devotion1 has longed for some such retreat where he might nurse it in solitude4 ,to every soul of any sensibility that has lived and suffered--and is it not all one8--it appeals with a force proportioned to the deep solitude he has already passed through1 and his sense of that solitude he knows must one day be encountered4 ,there is something healing and sustaining in this contact with nature1 but it is only experienced by him who has that 8inward eye which10 says ,cowley1 8is the bliss of solitude40 8,the common air1 the earth1 the skies1 ,to him are opening ,paradise40 8,but solitude1 when created by ,god10 says ,lacordaire1 8has a companion from whom it is never separated3 it is ,poverty4 ,to be solitary and poor is the secret of the heroic in soul4 ,to live on a little1 and with few associates2 to maintain the integrity of the conscience by limiting the wants of the body1 and giving unlimited satisfaction to the soul1 is the means of developing every manly virtue1 and that which in pagan antiquity was a rare and noble exception has become under the law of ,christ an example given by multitudes40 ,the cells of these mountain hermits are therefore invariably of extreme simplicity4 8,prayer all their business1 all their pleasure praise10 the mere necessities of the body only were yielded to4 8,the moss his bed1 the cave his humble cell1 ,his food the fruits1 his drink the crystal well40 ,there were once more than a thousand hermitages on both sides of the ,pyrenees1 most of which have been swept away in the different revolutions4 ,several of them1 however1 have been restored1 and a great number of the chapels connected with them have become popular places of devotion4 ,this is especially the case in the ,pyrnes ,orientales4 ,m4 ,just1 who was our guide to so many of them1 and on whom we draw freely in our narration1 gives nearly forty of ancient origin that still exist in ,roussillon1 the chapels of which are open to the public and greatly frequented1 at least on certain festivals of the year4 ,the people love the altars where erst their fathers prayed1 and have restored most of those which fell into ruin at the ,revolution4 ,one feels1 in going from one of these holy places to another1 as if in the true garden of the ,lord filled with flowers of aromatic sweetness4 ,the 8balm-breathing ,orient0 has nothing to surpass them4 ,let us pass several of them in review1 and catch1 if possible1 the secrets of their spicy nests4 ,there is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,pea--,our ,lady of the ,peak--on a barren mountain1 bristling with needles1 not far from the source of the ,aude4 ,nothing grows on these rocky cliffs1 except here and there1 in the crevices and hollows1 tufts of fragrant lavender1 thyme1 and rosemary1 and the box1 the odor of which1 as ,holmes says1 suggests eternity4 ,a rough ascent1 cut in the rock1 leads up to the hermitage1 with a little oratory here and there by the wayside1 and a saint in the niche1 reminding the visitor to prepare his heart to draw near the altar of the ,mother of ,god4 ,there is a narrow terrace before the chapel1 from which you look down on the wild ,agly rushing along at the foot of the mountain over its rough bed of schist4 ,on the farther shore is the little village of ,cases-de-,pea1 surrounded by hills that in spite of the aridness of the soil are covered with vines1 almond-trees1 and the olive4 ,in the distance is ,cape ,leucate1 where the low range of the ,corbires shoots forward into the very sea4 ,the hermitage is in a most picturesque spot1 and there is a stern severity about the bare gray cliffs not without its charm4 ,an unbroken silence reigns here1 except on certain festivals of the ,virgin4 ,directly behind1 a sharp needle springs up1 called the ,salt de la ,donzella1 with ruins on the summit1 of which no history remains4#gc ,these cliffs can be seen far out at sea1 and the mariner1 when he comes into the basin of ,st4 ,laurent1 looks up to invoke ,our ,lady of the ,peak3 8,beloved is the ,virgin of us4 ,every day we pray to her at the sound of the ,angelus bell4 ,her image is the sail that impels our bark toward the flowery shore4 ,o the ,virgin6 the ,virgin6 ,we need her now2 we need her everywhere1 and at all times60#gd ,notre ,dame de ,pea is one of those ,madonnas1 so numerous in the ,pyrenees1 that were hidden in the time of the ,moors or ,huguenots1 and1 being forgotten1 were brought to light in some marvellous manner4 ,in this pastoral region it was almost always by means of the flocks or herds1 whereas in ,spain such images were generally found surrounded by light1 music1 and odors4 ,in this case the lowing of cattle around a cliff of perilous height led to the discovery of the statue in a cave4 ,when this took place1 or when the chapel was built to receive the holy image1 is not known4 ,but the date on the cistern hollowed in the rock shows that it was already here at the beginning of the fifteenth century3 8,in the year #adad this cistern was made by ,bn4 ,angles1 a mason of ,perpignan1 by the alms of charitable people40 ,the chapel formerly had no doors2 consequently1 any one could enter1 day or night4 ,the peasants used to say of the ,madonna3 8,no quiere estar cerrada esta imagen0--,this image is not willing to be shut up4 ,but later1 in order to keep animals out1 a wall was built around it1 with a gate that any one could unfasten4 ,in old times there were many ex-votos in the chapel1 and silver reliquaries1 one of which contained a fragment of the tomb at which ,christ wept1 and another of the pillar to which he was bound4 ,and the ,virgin had thirteen veils broidered with silk and garnished with silver1 and a still greater number of robes1 it being the custom here1 as in ,spain1 to clothe the sacred statues out of respect4 ,the chapel and hermit's cell fell to decay at the ,revolution1 and the ,madonna was carried to a neighboring parish church4 ,but the people continued to come here to pray amid the ruins4 ,when better days arrived it was restored through the zeal of ,m4 ,ferrer-,maurell1 of the neighboring village of ,espira-de-l',agly4 ,the statues of ,st4 ,vincent and ,st4 ,catharine in the chapel are said to be the likenesses of his children of these names1 who both entered the order of ,la ,trappe and died in the odor of sanctity4 ,they are generally known1 their lives having been published1 as ,pre ,marie ,ephrem and his sister4 ,the ,madonna now in the chapel is commonly called the ,mara de ,de ,espagnola4 ,the place was once owned by the ,knights ,templars1 but now belongs to the chapter of ,notre ,dame de la ,ral at ,perpignan1 and on certain festivals the youngest canon comes here with other priests to hear confessions and say votive ,masses4 ,at such times a great crowd ascends the mountain4 ,the pavement of the chapel--of the solid rock--is worn smooth by the pilgrims of so many ages4 ,at the foot of the mountain is a road leading to the ,valley of the ,aude4 ,the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,fora ,ral is on a mountain of that name1 so called from the royal hold that once stood on the summit1 fifteen hundred feet above the level of the sea4 ,when the clouds gather around it the people in the plain below pray to the ,madonna veiled in the mist to be protected from hail1 so often disastrous to the crops in this region4 ,as the chapel is on the culminating point of the mountain1 it is visible for miles around1 and seems to the sailor afar off on the treacherous waves like a true pharos of hope4 ,m4 ,mchain1 the noted astronomer1 established himself here when measuring the arc of the meridian between ,dunkirk and ,barcelona4 ,all the villages around have stated days in the year to come here in procession4 ,the people of ,corneille come on ,trinity ,sunday2 ,millas1 on ,whitmonday1 and so on4 ,it is very picturesque to see them winding up the mountain-side with their crosses and gay banners1 singing as they go4 ,on the way they stop to pray at the little oratory of ,notre ,dame de ,naudi1 or ,snow4 ,mass is sung in the chapel of ,fora ,ral1 and they all receive the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,the chapel is dedicated to ,notre ,dame de ,piti1 and over the altar is that group1 always so affecting1 of ,marie plore at the foot of the cross receiving the body of her crucified ,son4 ,two doors behind facilitate the approach of pilgrims to kiss the holy image4 ,to see these pious mountaineers gathered around the dead ,christ and his mourning ,mother1 singing the wild ,goigs1 so expressive of grief1 in the native idiom1 is very pathetic4 ,before the chapel is a large portico that also leads to the hermitage1 and beyond is a small patch of land for cultivation4 ,from the terrace before the chapel is a fine view over the sun-bathed plains of ,riversal1 and in the distance is the blue sea which washes the shores of that ,eastern land where the angelic greeting was first uttered1 but is now echoed for ever among these mountains consecrated to ,mary4 ,not far off is an isolated peak1 on which are the ruins of an old military post that had its origin in the time of the ,romans4 ,roussillon1 it must be remembered1 has been successively occupied by the ,romans1 ,visigoths1 ,saracens1 ,spaniards1 and ,french4 ,separated from ,france by the ,corbires1 and from ,spain by the ,pyrenees1 it was a border-land of perpetual warfare for centuries1 and this post was noted in the contests1 particularly in the war between ,don ,pedro of ,aragon and ,king ,jaime of ,majorca1 and was the last place to hold out against ,don ,pedro4 ,louis ,,ix4 had resigned all claim on ,roussillon to ,don ,jaime el ,conquistador1 who1 on his part1 withdrew his pretensions to a portion of ,languedoc4 ,after the death of ,don ,jaime the province fell under the rule of the kings of ,majorca1 till the bloody wars of the fourteenth century gave ,don ,pedro possession of it4 ,he made it the apanage of the crown prince of ,aragon4 ,louis ,,xiii4 took ,perpignan1 and the treaty of the ,pyrenees confirmed ,france in the possession of the whole province4 ,the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,juegas is pleasantly situated in the plain of ,salanca beside the river ,agly1 whence it derives its name--a corruption of ,juxta aquas1 near the water4 ,here once stood a temple to the false gods4 ,it is a quiet peaceful spot1 a little from the highway to ,st4 ,laurent1 the centre of the maritime business on this coast1 and the traveller often turns aside to say a prayer in the ever-open chapel4 ,the sailors themselves come here1 and there is a constant succession of votive ,masses all the year for safe voyages and happy ventures4 ,it is especially frequented in the summer4 ,the neighboring parish of ,torreilles comes here in procession four times a year1 one of which is on the festival of ,st4 ,eloi to perpetuate a thanksgiving service at his altar for the cessation of a pestilence that raged ages ago in this vicinity4 ,how few of us1 who perhaps consider ourselves certain degrees higher in the intellectual scale than these good peasants1 ever return to give thanks for our own mercies1 much less for those of our forefathers6 ,on ,good ,friday a great number come here from the surrounding parishes to make the ,way of the ,cross and pray at the altar of the ,christ4 ,there is a large garden walled in around the hermitage1 and adjoining is a field belonging to it4 ,before the cell is a wide porch and a court shaded by trees1 where the birds keep up their sweet responses from one leafy cell to another4 ,here the pilgrims assemble to eat the lunch they bring with them4 ,the chapel is known to have existed in the thirteenth century by a document of #abde1 by which ,delmau de ,castelnou transferred all his possessions in the territory of ,sancta ,maria de ,juseguis to ,don ,jaime1 the ,infante of ,majorca4 ,it contains a statue of ,our ,lady between ,st4 ,ferrol and ,st4 ,lucy4 ,not far from the chapel is the mound where tradition says the ,madonna was found4 ,out of respect it has never been cultivated4 ,about a mile from the little village of ,corneilla-del-,vercol is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame du ,paradis--in ,latin1 ,regina ,cli4 ,a fifteen minutes' walk across the sunny plain brings you to it4 ,it is in a retired spot well calculated to diffuse peace in the soul1 and you pass out of the air tremulous with heat into the cool1 solitary chapel with a delightful feeling of repose4 ,the hermit1 varying his duties by cultivating the land adjoining1 may well find a calm happiness at the feet of ,our ,lady of ,paradise4 ,the very name brings joy to the gloomiest soul4 ,the word ,paradise1 as the ,pre ,bouhours says1 8implies the cessation of every ill1 and the fruition of all good40 ,fra ,egidio1 one of the early ,franciscans1 used to fall into ecstasy at the very name of ,paradise2 for such holy souls kindle into a glow at the least spark1 above all at the thought of the eternal bliss that awaits the end of their penitential life4 ,this chapel has recently been restored by the villagers and very prettily ornamented4 ,one of the side chapels is dedicated to ,st4 ,acisclo1 whom1 with ,santa ,victoria1 we found honored on ,montserrat in ,spain4 ,prudentius has consecrated a hymn to these two martyrs1 who suffered at ,cordova in the reign of ,diocletian4 ,the chapel is very ancient4 ,in an old will of #abae ,dame ,ermessende ,raffarda bequeathed it half an aymine of barley1 and not long after one ,pons ,martin1 of ,perpignan1 wishing to be buried here1 left it a whole load4 ,high ,mass is celebrated here on the ,assumption1 and there are frequent votive ,masses throughout the year4 ,on the way from ,caudies to ,fnouillet is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de la ,vall1 on a peak surrounded by a great number of old graves that are shaded by sad cypresses and olives4 ,mention is made of it in a privilege accorded by ,pope ,sergius ,,iv4 in #ajaa to the monastery of ,st4 ,pierre de ,fnouillet4 ,near the mount is the ,ruisseau des ,morts--the ,stream of the ,dead--to which the priest in his sable stole used to come down to receive those brought here for burial4 ,about a mile from ,caudies you come to the oratory of ,st4 ,ann1 recently restored1 with an inscription in the ,catalan tongue stating that it was erected in #adhc--that is1 when the country was under the rule of ,aragon4 ,it then belonged to the domains of the counts of ,fnouillet4 ,just beyond this oratory is a large cross at the foot of a long ramp leading up to the hermitage4 ,the ,madonna in the chapel is held in great veneration1 as shown by the number of ex-votos on every side4 ,she stands in a curious retablo of terra-cotta4 ,in one of the compartments the demon is represented beneath the bier of the ,virgin1 seemingly half crushed by the weight1 perhaps significant of her power over the ,prince of ,darkness4 ,there is a kind of belvedere1 to which you ascend by a flight of seventy-three steps1 where you have a fine view over the valley of ,caudies and the stern1 barren mountains that surround it4 ,on one of these rocky heights are to be seen the ruins of ,castel ,sizel1 and on another those of the old chteau of ,fnouillet1 which take quite a poetic tinge up in that sunlit air4 ,a great festival is held at ,notre ,dame de la ,vall at the ,assumption1 when the mountain is clothed with joy and its summit crowned with light4 ,at other times it wears a solemn aspect4 ,to see it at night1 especially1 with its chapel on the top among lone graves and funereal cypresses1 with the ,stream of the ,dead winding along at the foot1 is something gloomy to behold4 ,the monotonous flow of the sullen stream1 the black shadows1 the sighing of the night winds1 as of suffering souls1 strike a kind of terror into the heart4 ,the hermitage of ,st4 ,catharine nestles in the bottom of a charming valley about a mile and a half from ,baixas1 among almond-trees and luxuriant vines1 the more pleasant from the contrast with the barren cliffs that enclose it4 ,here the titular saint has been venerated from time immemorial1 as well as ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen1 who are in special honor in this country4 ,they all have statues in the sanctuary1 and above them stands supreme ,notre ,dame de la ,salud1 which is the ,catalan for health--,salus ,infirmorum4 ,on ,st4 ,catharine's day1 as well as the feast of ,our ,lady of ,snow1 the whole valley is swarming with pilgrims and resonant with their ,goigs1 as the hymns in the native tongue are called4 ,the valley of the ,agly leads to the hermitage of ,st4 ,antoine de ,galamus by a pleasant road along the left bank of the river1 shaded by trees and shrubs that never lose their verdure4 ,on the other side rise bold cliffs with astonishing abruptness4 ,at length you come to an iron gate that opens into the ,bois de ,st4 ,antoine1 where1 along the path bordered with odorous plants1 are the stations of the ,via ,crucis1 and beyond is a cave dedicated to ,st4 ,magdalen1 with her statue over a rude altar4 ,soon after you come to the hermitage at the end of the valley1 surrounded by a wall1 with a small belfry rising above it4 ,here you are welcomed with cordial simplicity by a hermit of saintly mien4 ,a grotto1 seventy feet deep and twenty wide1 serves as a chapel4 ,eight steps lead to the marble altar1 on which is a statue of the patron saint with the mysterious ,tau on his mantle1 and beside him the animal symbolic of all uncleanness4 ,every one who has seen the picture of the ,temptation of ,st4 ,anthony by ,teniers--and who has not8--remembers under how many aspects the great adversary was allowed to tempt the saint1 and how1 according to the significant legend1 the victorious ,st4 ,anthony forced the malign spirit to remain beside him under the most suitable of forms4 ,this chapel has always enjoyed great celebrity since the cessation of an epidemic in #aghb1 in consequence of a solemn procession here by the neighboring people4 ,several rooms are built into the side of the cliff to accommodate those who wish to spend some days in meditating on the contemptu mundi4 ,in one room is a shelf in the rock that used to serve as a bed for the hermit--certainly one that would not tempt him to remain too long inert4 ,near by is a small cave where the statue of ,st4 ,anthony was found4 ,here is a little fountain fed by water that comes trickling down the side of the cave with a pleasant murmur4 ,the place reminds one of ,sir ,lancelot1 who1 8after riding all night1 became ware of a hermitage and a chappel that stood between two cliffs1 and then he herd a lytel bell rynge to ,masse1 and thyder he rode1 and alyghted and tyed hys hors to the gate40 ,but he that said ,mass in our case was not 8the byshop of ,caunterburye10 but a poor friar of the ,order of ,st4 ,francis4 ,in #adhb this hermitage was taken possession of by the ,observantine fathers1 who occupied it for more than a century4 ,they were succeeded by lay hermits4 ,for several years past members of different religious orders have succeeded each other here1 and by their austere lives recalled the ancient solitaries of the desert4 ,you seem to see ,st4 ,pachomius in the wilderness among the clefts of the rocks4 ,in #ahdc ,pre ,marie1 of saintly memory1 was the hermit here1 and might have been daily seen hollowing out his tomb in the rock4 ,beside the yawning mouth lay a death's head with the scroll3 8,soon you will be what ,i am1 all of you who behold me4 ,pray for the dead1 and work out your own salvation40 ,sometimes the hermit would stop in his lugubrious employment to prolong the moral as with the voice of one risen from the dead4 ,he was succeeded by others who were desirous of pausing in the midst of their apostolic career and refreshing their weary souls by spending a season in retirement and prayer among the caves of this lonely mountain4 ,one of these caves is in the side of a steep cliff difficult of access4 ,on the wall is rudely graven3 8,the voice of him who crieth in the wilderness40 ,the very stones here1 indeed1 seem to cry out4 ,the cave recalls the ,earl of ,warwick who became a hermit and scooped out his own cell in a cliff1 as he is made to say3 8,with my hands ,i hewed a house ,out of the craggy rock of stone1 ,and lived like a palmer poore ,within that cave myself alone40 ,the hermitage of ,st4 ,antoine is certainly a charming solitude4 ,the cliffs are bare and stern1 but the eye looks down on the verdure of trees and a meadow enamelled with flowers4 ,the songs of the birds come up from their leafy nests1 as if in response to the hermit's psalm1 and the sunny air is full of insects chirping in the bliss of their peaceful existence1 only rivalled by his own4 ,near the village of ,pzilla de la ,rivire is the ancient hermitage of ,st4 ,saturnin in a graveyard full of trees1 and flowers1 and crosses1 showing the piety of the people towards their dead4 ,before burial their remains are taken into the chapel1 where the ,miserere is sung and absolution pronounced4 ,here are the statues of ,st4 ,saturnin1 ,st4 ,blaise1 ,st4 ,roch1 and ,st4 ,sebastian1 all popular saints in this region4 ,on the wall is a tablet to the memory of a noble ,barnaise who became a canoness1 and always used to attend ,high ,mass here on ,st4 ,saturnin's day4 ,a legend tells how on one occasion1 being overtaken by a hard rain1 she was not wet in the least1 while the servant who reluctantly accompanied her was drenched to the skin4 ,on the left bank of the ,agly1 about a mile and a half west of ,claira1 is the modest hermitage of ,st4 ,pierre del ,vilar1 surrounded by pale1 trembling poplars1 and tall reeds that rustle drearily in the wind1 and orchards of olives--saddest1 if most sacred1 of trees4 ,it wears an aspect of utter solitude4 ,the chapel is so old that its origin is unknown4 ,but there is a tombstone from a neighboring priory 7now gone7 to which the chapel gave its name1 to the memory of ,prior ,berengarius1 who died in #aaic4 ,there is an old statue of ,st4 ,peter here1 carved out of wood1 dressed in an alb1 stole1 and cope4 ,this chapel was in such veneration that after the ,revolution the people restored it1 added a belfry1 and on ,st4 ,peter's day1 as well as several other festivals1 they come here in procession1 and ,mass is solemnly sung4 ,at their departure they used to gather around the graves of the old hermits to chant the ,requiem1 but these graves are now covered by the cells built here in #ahea by some pious cenobites of the ,order of ,st4 ,francis--refugees from ,spain1 who sought in prayer and solitude consolation for their exile4 ,the hermitage of ,st4 ,martin stands on one of the highest peaks around ,camelas4 ,it dates from a remote epoch1 as appears by a bequest dated the twelfth of the ,kalends of ,may1 #abei4 ,the seigneurie of ,camelas belonged to the barony of ,castelnou1 and when ,lady ,anne de ,fnouillet1 the widow of one of the barons1 took the veil 8of her own free will10 as the account says1 8de sa propria y mera voluntad1 and not by force1 or persuasion1 or reward10 she gave all her rights over the domain of ,camelas1 including the hermitage of ,st4 ,martin1 to the hospital of ,ille1 to which she had retired in order to serve the poor of ,christ4 ,in the seventeenth century this venerable sanctuary1 having fallen to partial ruin1 was restored by the exertions of ,m4 ,curio1 a priest of ,camelas1 who has left many details of its history in a manuscript of touching interest4 ,he tells us how1 when a mere escolanet dels rectors--a pupil of the cur--he used to walk in the processions of ,rogation week1 carrying the cross or the holy water2 and when they came to ,st4 ,martin's1 and he saw its ruined condition1 his young heart was deeply moved4 ,the altar was poor4 ,the old statues of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,martin were defaced4 ,the walls were crumbling to pieces1 and there were holes in the vaulted roof2 and the open doors allowed the goats and other animals to take shelter there4 8,estas cosas10 says he1 8eran pera mi de gran afflictio0--,these things were to me a great affliction--and he longed to be able to repair the chapel4 ,he finally became a priest and held a small benefice at ,thuir1 but he never lost sight of the chapel of ,st4 ,martin--a saint to whom he had special devotion--and he would have become a hermit here had it not been for the opposition of his superiors4 ,on the #abth of ,january1 #afcg1 during a visit at his brother's in ,camelas1 while saying the rosary in the evening1 he felt suddenly inspired to take immediate measures for the restoration of the chapel4 ,but there were many obstacles4 ,he was himself very poor1 as he tells us1 and the people around were equally so4 ,he knew he should incur the reproaches of his brother as well as of the neighbors4 ,and it would be expensive to transport brick1 sand1 and water to the mountain for the repairs4 ,by a few sous from one1 and a few francs from another1 he was enabled to begin the work1 but had to continue it at his own expense4 ,six years after the work was not completed4 ,he now removed to ,camelas to devote himself to it1 bringing with him a pious old laborer to aid in the task1 and a hermit to whom the bishop had given a license to collect alms within the circuit of two miles--a limitation made at the special request of the prudent ,m4 ,curio himself1 lest1 as he said1 the hermit might have an excuse for 8vagabondizing40 ,the zealous priest gave all his own income4 ,he even made himself the organist of a church to add to his means4 ,at length he had the happiness of seeing it completed1 and1 going to ,perpignan1 a painting of ,st4 ,martin was given him for the altar of his patron1 and a retablo of sculptured wood for that of ,notre ,dame des ,anges4 ,the chapel was reopened ,september #be1 #afdd1 and ,m4 ,curio figured as chief musician at the ,high ,mass4 ,his own inclination for the solitary life made him long to retire here himself1 but he was again refused permission4 ,at length1 in the time of some pestilence1 he made a vow to retire here for the space of a year1 should he and his parish escape4 ,he entered upon the fulfilment of his vow ,april #b1 #afec4 ,the church consists of two aisles1 each with its altar3 one of ,st4 ,martin1 with the old painting above it presented to ,m4 ,curio2 and the other of ,our ,lady of the ,angels with its ancient statue of coarse workmanship found in a neighboring cave still known as the ,cova de la ,mare de ,de4 ,in former times1 after ,high ,mass on ,st4 ,martin's day1 a small loaf1 a cup of wine1 and a morsel of cheese were given to all the people present2 and the custom is still kept up1 at least as to the bread4 ,footnote #gc3 ,perhaps this peak1 encircled by other peaks1 is so styled from the curious dance of this region1 called ,lo ,salt1 performed by four men and four women4 ,at a certain part the former pass their hands under the arms of the women1 and raise them in the air in the form of a pyramid1 of which their white caps form the summit4 ,footnote #gd3 ,jasmin4 ,,conrad ,,and ,,walburga4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,on the way home ,walburga stepped into the cathedral1 the grand old ,frauen ,kirche1 and remained a short while on her knees before the high altar4 ,there ,conrad and all that he had spoken passed out of her mind2 she felt as if she were in another world1 so changed was everything round about her1 so solemn and still4 ,before her hung the ever-burning lamp1 symbol of the ,eternal ,presence2 and as ,walburga's eyes rested upon the sacred flame1 she wondered at herself for bearing with so little resignation the troubles of this life4 8,what ,i seek1 what ,i yearn for10 she sighed1 8is not to be found here below4 ,everything sooner or later passes away2 the happiest home we may found on earth must in the end know tears and desolation4 ,o eternity1 eternity60 ,yet1 strange to relate--and yet1 no1 not strange1 but quite naturally enough--the moment ,walburga emerged from this peaceful sanctuary and found herself once more in the noisy1 airy1 life-throbbing street1 with the azure sky overhead and gladsome faces flitting to and fro1 she felt very human again1 ay1 very human2 and her craving for something human to love and be loved by grew none the less intense when presently she saw happy ,ulrich and happy ,moida advancing towards her arm-in-arm4 ,it was not necessary for them to speak to tell that their hearts were throbbing in sweet harmony together1 and that for them at least this world was all a paradise4 ,when ,conrad and ,ulrich found themselves back at ,loewenstein again they talked of little else than their pleasant trip to ,munich4 8,the only harm 'twill do me10 said the artist1 smiling1 8is that ,i'll lie awake a good while to-night thinking of ,moida4 ,the more ,i see of my betrothed1 the more virtues do ,i discover in her4 ,she is so full of common sense2 she keeps store and keeps house too2 nobody can make a better bargain when she goes to market1 and it is a fortunate thing that ,walburga has such a friend40 8,miss ,hofer is indeed a rare girl10 said ,conrad1 who was seated beside him watching the moon rise over the mountain2 8and you have proved your own good sense in choosing her for your future spouse40 ,then1 assuming a graver tone3 8,but now let me tell you something which is of great concern to me4 ,you remember that ,i spoke to you about a young lady whom ,i met with in the ,pinakothek1 and that it was in order to see her again that ,i went to-day to ,munich4 ,well1 she turns out to be your sister40 8,my sister6 ,walburga6 ,really60 exclaimed ,ulrich1 feigning surprise at this piece of news4 8,and1 ,ulrich0--here ,conrad took his hand in his--8,i mean to try my best to win her heart40 8,and most sincerely do ,i hope you may succeed10 rejoined the youth4 8,well1 is she quite free8 ,is any gentleman courting her80 8,nobody1 sir1 is courting her40 8,it must be because she is poor10 said ,conrad inwardly1 8and perhaps1 too1 a little proud4 ,well1 a ,loewenstein has a right to be proud40 ,they remained thus conversing together until a late hour1 until all the lights in the valley were out1 until the moon was sailing high in the heavens1 and every sound was hushed except the voice of the waterfall in the ravine back of the castle4 ,and when at length they withdrew to rest1 ,ulrich1 instead of lying awake1 as he had feared he might1 soon fell asleep1 and till cockcrow next morning did nothing but dream of his beloved ,moida4 ,he dreamt--,o naughty dreamer6--that he was tearing off his buttons purposely1 that he might see her plump1 ready hand sew them on again2 and when he opened his eyes and heard the monastery bell ringing the ,angelus1 ,ulrich fell at once on his knees and prayed with fervor1 because he knew that at that same hour in ,fingergasse ,moida was saying the ,angelus too4 ,the day which now opened was to be a busy one at ,loewenstein4 ,ulrich betimes set himself to work renovating the half-destroyed frescos2 and1 to his great delight1 several beautiful and interesting pictures came to view as he carefully scraped the whitewash off the walls4 ,they appeared in patches3 here an eye would peep out upon him2 there a hand1 a foot1 a tress of hair2 until by and by a lovely damsel or a knight in armor would stand full-length before his admiring gaze4 ,this whitewash had been daubed over nearly the whole interior of the tower by a simple-minded cobbler1 who had intended to make the place his home after ,ulrich and ,walburga went away1 but who only passed one night in it2 then was scared off by ghosts4 ,and when ,conrad1 who was superintending a band of laborers outside1 came in and saw the art treasures which had been brought to light1 he clapped his hands for joy4 ,but more even than with the fair lady and mailed warrior was he charmed with a wild1 shaggy figure1 underneath which in quaint ,gothic letters was written the word 8,attila40 8,and now1 as ,i behold anew this fresco10 remarked ,ulrich1 8my childhood comes vividly back to me1 and ,i remember once hearing my father tell my mother that the great-grandsires of those who laid the foundations of ,loewenstein might have known the king of the ,huns40 ,in short1 these unlooked-for discoveries so excited ,conrad that he could hardly go back to the open air1 where the stones and earth which covered the site of three other towers were being cleared away2 and ever and anon he would run in again to show ,ulrich an old coin or other curious object which the workmen had found amid the rubbish4 ,whereupon the youth would point to still another long-concealed wall-picture gradually coming to view1 till finally ,conrad exclaimed3 8,god bless the stupid cobbler6 ,i'll not rail at him any more4 ,but for his vile whitewash ,i should not have enjoyed all these surprises40 ,yes1 it was a busy1 happy day for them both4 ,when the sun dipped behind the mountain in the west ,conrad called to ,ulrich to cease his labors and come out and watch the path leading down into the valley4 8,for ,i am expecting10 said he1 8all the things ,i purchased of your betrothed to arrive this evening1 and ,miss ,hofer is coming with them4 ,i kept it secret1 lest you might be too distracted if you knew it40 8,really6 is ,moida coming80 cried ,ulrich4 ,scarcely had the words escaped his lips when they heard the bark of a dog--not a sharp1 quick yelp1 but the thick1 husky bark of a dog that is aged--and in another moment who should be seen emerging from a clump of hazel bushes through which the pathway led but ,caro and his mistress4 ,down at a break-neck pace flew ,ulrich1 and1 ere the girl had ascended a dozen steps further1 she found herself clasped in his arms4 8,my knight always takes me by storm10 said ,moida1 laughing merrily as soon as she recovered her breath4 8,nay1 'tis you who were taking us by storm at the pace you were mounting10 answered ,ulrich2 then1 catching her hand1 he assisted her up the rest of the way4 8,everything is coming1 sir1 everything10 were ,moida's first words to ,conrad1 who greeted her warmly when she reached the spot where he stood4 8,but the donkeys have a heavy load--a very heavy load--and so ,i determined to run ahead and tell you they were coming40 8,bravo60 cried ,conrad4 ,then1 patting ,caro's woolly head3 8,and is this the good old poodle that ,i have heard so much of80 8,yes1 sir4 ,and as my pet would be killed by the horrid police if they knew he was alive1 ,i concluded to carry him away from ,munich4 ,i hope you are not displeased at my bringing him here80 8,displeased8 ,why1 nobody likes dogs more than ,i2 and this one shall find a snug home in my castle4 ,but why didn't you bring the other pet1 too80 8,what6 the nightingale80 exclaimed ,moida1 with an air of surprise4 8,oh6 ,walburga would not part with him for anything40 8,well1 the young lady only yesterday spoke of giving him his freedom40 8,did she8 ,well1 ,i trust1 sir1 you persuaded her not to do so10 answered ,moida1 smiling inwardly2 for ,walburga had related to her the whole conversation which had passed betwixt herself and ,conrad at the ,pinakothek1 and ever since she had been full of hope that great good would result from her friend's acquaintance with the new owner of ,loewenstein4 8,and not only will ,walburga not let her bird out10 she thought to herself1 8but it may end by its joining ,caro in this peaceful retreat40 8,but now1 ,moida1 do come and see what ,i have been about since morning10 spoke ,ulrich1 drawing her gently along4 ,with this all three passed into the tower1 where verily a great change had been wrought in a few hours4 ,not only were many frescos long invisible brought again to view1 but it was now manifest that each figure and group of figures1 from the barbarian ,attila down to the most modern one of all1 which was scarce a century old1 were linked together and presented a tolerably good pictorial history of the house of ,loewenstein2 and ,conrad observed to ,moida with a roguish smile3 8,your betrothed1 miss1 has for his remote ancestor a ,hun40 ,they were still examining these wall-paintings when the donkeys made their appearance1 and1 although the hour was rather late1 ,moida clapped her hands and said3 8,let us put everything to rights at once4 ,do60 ,accordingly1 inspirited by her blithe voice1 ,conrad and ,ulrich1 without summoning others to help them1 unpacked the loads1 and so zealously did they work that in a very short while everything was in its proper place except the huge earthenware stove4 ,then ,conrad donned a suit of armor 7rusty and dented1 but all the better for being so71 and1 clutching firmly a heavy two-handed sword1 laid about him right and left like mad for above a minute1 to ,moida's great delight1 and until he was fain to pause for breath4 8,i have a friend in ,cologne10 said he1 8a republican like myself in his opinions2 but ,i mean to write and warn him never to buy a castle--never2 otherwise he'll become a changed man4 ,oh6 there's nothing like buying a castle to make one an aristocrat40 ,after joining in the hearty laugh with which he ended this speech1 ,moida said to him in a whisper1 and as though she felt there was something touching in what she was about to communicate3 8,my friend ,walburga entered the curiosity-shop to-day1 sir1 for the first time since ,i have had anything in it belonging to ,loewenstein2 and ere ,i packed up the various objects1 she placed her hand on each one and stroked it1 and even kissed yonder clock1 for she said3 #8,it stood in my mother's chamber1 it called many a happy hour1 and now 'tis going back to the old home again4'0 8,well1 now let me tell you a secret10 said ,conrad1 likewise in an undertone1 but with a bright gleam in his eye3 8,i hope one of these days to see the young lady here herself40 8,oh6 wouldn't that be charming6 ,wouldn't that be glorious60 replied ,moida1 who understood what he meant4 8,why1 in the whole of ,bavaria there is not her equal1 and ,i am sure you will make her an excellent husband40 8,i hope so1 ,miss ,hofer1 even though ,i am no longer a believer in ,christianity40 8',twill give ,walburga the great happiness of making you a ,christian again10 she added1 with an arch smile4 ,but ,conrad's expression did not respond to hers1 and for a minute or two he was silent4 ,when again he opened his lips the tone of his voice was changed1 and1 in order to shake off the gloom which he felt creeping upon him1 he asked her to sing him a song4 8,yes1 yes1 do60 exclaimed ,ulrich1 turning away from the grated window through which he had been gazing while the others were whispering to each other4 8,sing that wild ballad called the #8,scream of the ,eagle4'0 ,moida sang4 ,never before had ,conrad ,seinsheim heard anything half so thrilling1 and the words were accompanied by such graceful motions as proved the girl to be no mean actress4 8,yes1 it is a grand song10 she said when it was finished2 8and ,i like to be in the country1 where ,i may give it with my whole heart4 ,in ,munich our lodging is too small and the air out-doors too heavy with beer for such rousing1 inspiring words40 8,your grandfather composed it1 did he not80 said ,ulrich4 8,oh6 no4 ,but he and his riflemen used to chant it when they went into battle4 ',tis as old as the hills2 perhaps it rang in the ears of the ,roman legions40 8,well1 truly1 you are a rare bird10 thought ,conrad ,seinsheim as he looked at ,moida's bright-blue eyes and cheeks glowing with health2 8and if ,i had not already found my ideal ,i'd wish to marry you40 ,then1 praying her to sit down in one of the old family chairs3 8,now please10 he said1 8tell me a little of your history2 for0--here ,conrad dropped his voice--8,i hope ere long that you and ,ulrich1 and ,walburga and myself1 as well as ,caro and the nightingale1 will all form one happy family together4 ,therefore ,i am curious to know more about you40 ,this was spoken in such a kindly way that ,moida could not refuse4 ,accordingly1 she began and told him how she was descended from a race of mountaineers who had never been serfs1 like the peasants in other parts of ,europe4 8,we did not dwell in castles10 said ,moida1 darting a sportive glance at ,ulrich1 who was patting her hand4 8,still1 for all that we were nobles40 8,yes1 yes1 you were indeed10 cried the youth4 8,but after grandfather was put to death our family quitted their native place in ,south ,tyrol--'twas too full of painful memories--and came north to ,innspruck2 and finally we drifted to ,munich1 where ,i now live4 ,my parents are dead1 but ,walburga is like a sister to me2 and as for this boy--0 8,he is a poor1 dreamy fellow1 but1 thanks to you1 is turning over a new leaf at last10 interrupted ,ulrich4 8,and ,i mean soon to have a studio in ,munich1 where ,i'll paint fine pictures1 and my darling sha'n't keep shop any longer40 8,ay1 you must be weary of that sort of life10 observed ,conrad4 8,well1 if people would only buy something when they pause to look at my curiosities1 'twould not be so trying to my feelings1 sir4 ,but you can't imagine how it excites me when ,i see a gentleman eyeing the things in the window1 even pressing his nose against the glass to obtain a better view4 ,sometimes he actually enters and scrutinizes every article in the store2 asks the price of this and that2 smiles approvingly2 in fact1 looks as if he were about to draw forth his purse2 then he coolly turns and walks out4 ,o sir6 ,i have more than once cried for disappointment40 8,well1 except that ,i might never have met you10 said ,ulrich1 8,i'd rather you had stayed hidden among your native hills than lead such a life40 8,ay1 nothing is so mean and slavish as trade10 remarked ,conrad1 8and ,i am very glad that ,i have given it up40 8,ha6 but if you or your father1 sir1 had not turned over a good many banknotes and thalers1 you might never have become owner of ,loewenstein10 said the wise ,moida4 8,and then dear ,caro wouldn't have had a home here1 and all these pikes and helmets and other venerable relics would have been for ever scattered to the winds4 ,whereas now1 thanks to your wealth1 there will soon be no castle in all ,tyrol like this one40 8,well1 tell me1 ,miss ,hofer1 what would you have me do now that ,i am out of business80 asked ,conrad4 8,a man ought not to be idle40 8,do8 ,why1 ,i'd hunt chamois1 and fish in the ,inn1 and climb the glaciers1 and ,i'd find happiness in making others happy1 for there are many poor people in the ,innthal40 8,but would that suffice8 ,oh6 you do not know what a restless mortal ,i am4 ,i have always been sighing for something1 but no sooner do ,i attain my heart's desire--and thus far ,i have been very fortunate--than straightway ,i begin to yearn for something else4 ,suppose now ,i devote myself to science1 say to astronomy1 and build a telescope1 a gigantic one1 bigger than the biggest1 and sweep the heavens millions of miles beyond the farthest star now seen80 8,well1 ,i'd rather busy myself with the things near me10 returned ,moida4 8,however1 if you like to look through a telescope1 why ,i'd build one4 ,but1 telescope or no telescope1 ,i'd do nothing but laugh from sunrise till sundown if this castle belonged to me40 ,and this was true enough4 ,hers was a happy nature2 nothing ever disturbed her serenity4 ,although poor1 she did not envy the rich4 ,although a very good girl1 she was never troubled by religious scruples2 the most fiery sermon on eternal punishment could not keep ,moida's head from nodding after the preacher had been preaching more than twenty minutes1 and ,walburga used to envy her from the bottom of her heart4 ,and now ,ulrich's betrothed felt inclined to smile at ,conrad1 who was so rich and free from care1 but whose visage had assumed a grave look1 and she thought to herself3 8',tis a pity he has moody spells1 for dear ,walburga is prone to them1 too2 she should have a laughing1 jovial husband40 ,then1 to cheer her host1 ,moida sang another song1 which presently drove away the cloud from his face4 ,but the girl paused not with one2 the music continued to flow in an unbroken stream from her lips1 until the oil in the lamp burned low and warned them that it was time to seek repose4 8,and now good-night10 said ,conrad1 after showing his fair guest to a little room near the top of the tower4 8,i hope the moonbeams shining in through the chinks in the wall will not keep you awake4 ,good-night40 8,nothing ever keeps me awake2 ,i'll soon shut out the moon4 ,good-night1 sir10 she answered4 ,and in a very short while ,moida was fast asleep1 with her rosary in her hand--for she always closed her eyes before she had half finished1 and let her guardian angel say the rest of the prayer4 99 99 99 99 99 8,why1 what an early bird you are60 exclaimed ,walburga the following morning1 as she was preparing to set off for the ,pinakothek4 8,back already80 8,yes10 answered ,moida4 8,i took the first train4 ,not that ,i didn't wish to stay longer1 but--0 8,ah6 true1 you have to look after the dinner--my breakfast was miserable without you--and keep store1 and one night was quite as long as you could be spared10 added the other1 smiling2 and good-natured ,moida smiled too2 then with an arch glance said3 8,by the way1 he came with me40 8,he6 ,whom do you mean80 asked ,walburga1 pretending not to understand4 8,why1 ,conrad ,seinsheim4 ,and really1 ,i advise you to accept him if he proposes4 ,the short time ,i passed in his company has convinced me that he is a good man1 and ,i doubt not but you will bring him back to the faith4 ,yes1 love and prayer will make a ,christian of him again sooner than anything else40 8,but what makes you think he has any notion of courting me80 8,oh6 ,i can tell by the way he talks1 and by what you yourself told me about him the other day4 ,so you'll surely see him this forenoon2 he may be already at the gallery awaiting you40 8,well1 true1 ,mr4 ,seinsheim did ask my leave to come and renew our conversation4 ,therefore ,i presume he will be there40 8,yet a moment since you feigned not to know that he cared for you10 continued ,moida1 twitching her sleeve4 8,oh6 he merely wishes to converse on art4 ,besides1 some men enjoy being near a woman1 without having any thought of matrimony4 ,there are full as many flirts in one sex as in the other2 however1 if ,mr4 ,seinsheim imagines he can throw dust in my eyes1 he'll be mistaken4 ,it shall be all art between us--nothing but art2 not a single silly syllable40 8,well1 he doesn't look like one to pay foolish compliments2 you have owned as much yourself10 said ,moida4 8,now1 remember his words when you spoke of uncaging your nightingale2 and if ,i can read character1 ,mr4 ,seinsheim is just the man to ask a girl to be his wife at the second or third interview4 ,so1 dear friend1 you may return at noon engaged40 8,how can you dream of such a thing60 said ,walburga1 half reproachfully4 8,oh6 now don't be vexed4 ,but let me calmly inquire why ,i should not dream of it2 for where could he find a better helpmate80 8,because all men are alike4 ,even the holy patriarchs were guided by outward appearances in choosing their wives4 ,scripture tells us that ,laban had two daughters1 ,leah and ,rachel3 #8,leah was tender-eyed2 but ,rachel was beautiful1 and ,jacob loved ,rachel4'0 ,this was more than ,moida could gainsay2 therefore she let the subject drop and asked about the bird4 8,i have given him his liberty10 said ,walburga4 8,have you truly8 ,well1 ,i declare60 ,this was all that ,moida could utter4 ,then1 putting on her hat and shawl1 ,walburga quitted the room1 leaving her friend repeating to herself3 8,what a sentimental girl she is6 ,what a sentimental girl she is60 ,we may be sure that while on her way to the picture gallery ,walburga thought only of the one whom she expected to meet there1 and she quite agreed with ,moida that ,conrad did not seem like a man to play at courtship4 ,yet1 admitting that he was in earnest1 would he not prove to be in the end like the great majority of his sex--a blind follower only of what his eyes revealed to him8 ,would he dive below the surface and judge her by her inner self8 8,i will try not to indulge any hope10 thought ,walburga4 ,yet1 at this very moment1 down in her heart's depths the flower of hope was already beginning to bud1 and no doubt that was why her step this morning was lighter than usual4 ,as for ,conrad having lost his faith1 however much she regretted it1 and pious girl though she was1 this did not lead her to believe that he was a bad man4 ,walburga had sense enough to discern the difficulties which lie in the way of belief in the revelation to those who have wandered from1 or never known1 the truth2 she knew1 too1 that the universities were full of learned professors who spoke of ,god as a myth4 8,and even some saints10 she said1 8have been racked by doubt1 and overcame this1 the greatest of all the temptations of the arch-fiend1 only by severe self-tortures4 ,therefore ,i will continue to pray for ,conrad ,seinsheim40 7,walburga had remembered him in her prayers ever since she had heard that he was an unbeliever74 8,and ,i will pray also for dear ,ulrich1 who is young and confiding1 and is much in ,conrad's power40 ,a quarter of an hour later and the girl was busy at her easel1 and working swiftly too4 8,for ,i must accomplish all ,i can before he arrives10 she murmured to herself4 ,but ,conrad did not allow her time to do much4 ,presently his voice was heard bidding her good-morning4 ,whereupon she returned his greeting in a cheery tone1 but without looking round4 8,gracious lady10 he began1 8doubtless ,miss ,hofer has already told you of her pleasant visit to ,loewenstein4 ,the weather was delightful1 the old place looked charming1 and ,i should not have let her return so soon1 nor come myself either1 only that ,i longed to see you again40 8,dear ,moida enjoyed it very much1 but she knows that 'tis impossible for me to get along without her10 answered ,walburga1 revealing only by a faint flush the emotion excited by ,conrad's words4 ,her hand1 however1 was steadier than it had been the first time he paid her a compliment4 ,then the other1 after observing her a moment in silence1 went on3 8,how rapidly you paint1 ,miss ,von ,loewenstein6 ,and what life you throw into your picture60 8,well1 yes1 sir1 ,i am a quick worker4 ,i hope my brother is not disappointing you and dawdling over his task40 8,no1 indeed6 ,and ,i consider myself very fortunate in having found such an artist4 ,there he was1 seated amid the ruins of the old castle1 when ,i arrived1 apparently waiting for me to appear2 and if you saw the tower now you would hardly recognize it4 ,why1 some of the frescos1 since ,ulrich has restored them1 are as fine as anything in this gallery40 8,really60 exclaimed ,walburga4 8,yes1 really4 ,and he declares his skill and energy are all due to ,moida4 ,ulrich says she spurs him on1 and ,i believe it4 ,oh6 nothing like a woman to put fire into a man40 8,well1 some gentlemen1 sir1 manage to live and prosper without any such spurring10 rejoined ,walburga1 with a smile lurking on her lips4 8,i am exceedingly hard to please2 that is why ,i am still a bachelor10 said her admirer1 wincing a little at this remark4 8,well1 believe me1 sir1 'tis foolish to be so fastidious4 ,why1 in any town of ten1 nay1 of even five thousand inhabitants a good man may find a good woman to be his wife40 8,do you think so80 8',tis my conviction4 ,this hunting up and down the world for an ideal woman is nonsense40 ,then1 with a slight gesture of impatience3 8,o these lips60 exclaimed ,walburga--8these lips6 when shall ,i get them right80 8,well1 you see1 ,miss ,von ,loewenstein1 what a severe critic you are of your exquisite copy of ,carlo ,dolce2 whereas to me it seems already perfect40 8,oh6 but this is a picture1 not a living being4 ,here the eye is our only guide4 ,in the other case--0 8,then a blind man might do as well as one who had sight in choosing a wife80 interrupted ,conrad1 laughing4 ,walburga laughed1 too1 then answered3 8,verily1 sir1 there is more truth in that than you imagine4 ,he knows little of a woman who knows only what his eyes tell him of her40 8,well1 you may be right10 he added musingly2 8you may be right4 ,yet ,i trust a good deal to mine40 8,if women did the same1 might there not be fewer weddings80 said ,walburga4 8,besides1 ,i know ,i am right4 ,why1 the happiest lady in ,munich--,i know her intimately--is wedded to a little squab of a man1 who squints so badly that his two eyes seem blended into one40 ,here a pause ensued1 during which ,conrad made up his mind that ,ulrich's sister was no ordinary character4 ,she had ideas of her own1 and was not afraid to express them4 ,then1 unable to resist the temptation to speak something else that was flattering1 he said3 8,i wonder how a person so gifted as yourself should be content to remain a mere copyist40 8',tis all one can be in our age10 replied ,walburga4 8,the days of originality are gone by4 ,we need another deluge to blot out whatever mankind has wrought in literature and art2 then1 after the flood should have subsided1 artists and writers might begin anew40 8,oh6 but surely there are original things painted and written nowadays80 said ,conrad4 8,it may appear so1 sir4 ,but 'tis only because the ignorant public does not know where lies hidden the musty parchment or worm-eaten canvas whence the so-called genius has stolen his prize4 ,no1 no2 originality1 in this age of the world1 is the art of knowing how to pilfer4 ,true originality is stark dead40 ,and the girl ended these words with a sigh1 which proved that she1 at least1 believed what she said to be true4 8,well1 if all copyists did their duty as faithfully as yourself10 pursued ,conrad1 8we might readily forego any more originals40 ,then1 while the bright color which this speech brought to her cheek was still glowing upon it1 he added3 8,and now1 gracious lady1 let me remind you that ,i once asked if your picture was for sale1 and you told me #8yes4' ,but we came to no bargain40 8,well1 what will you give me for it80 said ,walburga1 little dreaming what a weighty response her question would draw forth4 8,a castle and my own poor self with it10 answered ,conrad4 ,for full a minute the girl stayed silent2 her brush fell to her lap1 and1 without giving him a glance1 she bowed her head4 ,then presently1 resuming her work3 8,come back1 sir10 she said1 8in three days and you shall have my decision40 8,oh6 but why not to-day8 now8 at this moment8 ,nobody is near to hear what you say10 pleaded ,conrad1 and so fervent was his tone that ,walburga's resolution was half shaken4 ,then1 while her right hand hung quivering upon the canvas1 he seized it and pressed it to his lips4 ,the effect of this kiss was magical2 it thrilled like lightning through every vein in her body1 and from that instant ,walburga's heart was won4 ,but presently1 to ,conrad's amazement1 the glow faded from her cheek and she heaved a sigh2 then came a tear4 8,what can it mean80 he asked himself1 strongly tempted to sweep the bright jewel away with another kiss4 8,what can it mean80 ,and again he implored her to end his suspense1 to let him know his fate at once4 8,please do not urge me2 ,i would rather not10 said ,walburga1 in a voice little above a whisper4 8,i believe1 sir1 you love me2 therefore wait and be patient40 ,these last words lent fire to ,conrad's hopes1 and scarcely doubting that her response1 when it came1 would be favorable1 he allowed her hand to go free4 ,but any more work was out of the question for the fair artist2 while the other1 albeit longing to linger in her company1 judged it would be best to withdraw4 ,and so ,conrad went away1 full of gladness1 leaving ,walburga cherishing1 too1 the fond belief that here was a man who was not like other men--a man who would take her for her inner worth1 who would give her that home1 that celestial harmony of loving hearts1 which had been for years the craving of her soul4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,,hell ,,and ,,science4 ,the editor of ,popular ,science ,monthly gave us in one of his late issues an article concerning the belief in hell4 ,the article begins by referring to the lively discussion which has recently been carried on in the pulpit and the press as to whether there is a state of eternal torments4 ,according to ,prof4 ,youmans1 this discussion shows that 8there has been1 thanks to the influence of science1 a pretty rapid liberalizing of theological opinion during the past generation1 and is an instructive indication of the advance that has been made40 ,after this expression of satisfaction he very naturally remarks that the question of the existence of a veritable hell is a theological one1 which he cheerfully leaves 8to those interested10 as if men of science1 especially those of a certain school1 were not interested in the question of knowing what is kept in store for those who sin against truth and against ,god4 ,but 8the topic10 he adds1 8has also a scientific side4 ,the rise and course of the idea1 or what may be called the natural history of the belief in hell1 is a subject quite within the sphere of scientific inquiry4 ,it is legitimate to ask as to how the notion originated1 as to its antiquity1 the extent to which it has been entertained1 the forms it has assumed1 and the changes it has undergone2 and from this point of view it of course involves the principle of evolution40 ,whence he concludes that a few suggestions concerning this view of the subject may not be inappropriate4 ,this preamble1 though the least objectionable portion of ,prof4 ,youmans' article1 is full of questionable assertions4 ,first1 the discussion about the existence of eternal punishment does not show any 8rapid liberalizing0 of theological opinion4 ,for1 on the one hand1 the doctrine of hell is not a theological opinion but a revealed dogma2 and1 on the other1 the foolish attempt of discrediting it among the ignorant did not proceed from theologians1 but from such men as have been1 and are1 the worst enemies of theology4 ,theology is essentially based on authority2 hence theology has no existence in the ,protestant sects1 whose very reason of being is a contemptuous disregard of authority and the assumed right of private interpretation4 ,now1 all those who ventured to argue against the existence of eternal punishment belonged to ,protestant sects4 ,and1 therefore1 their 8liberal0 view of the subject does not constitute 8theological opinion40 ,protestants may1 indeed1 assume the title of 8divines02 but the title is not the thing4 ,there is no real theology outside of the ,catholic ,church4 ,when ,catholic divines shall discuss the existence of hell as a free theological opinion--which1 of course1 will never happen--then only ,prof4 ,youmans will be welcome to say that there has been 8a liberalizing of theological opinion40 ,but1 secondly1 the very idea of 8liberalizing0 ,protestant thought is supremely ludicrous4 ,for who has been the forerunner1 the inventor1 the father1 and the fosterer of liberalism but ,protestant thought8 ,whence did religious scepticism spring but from ,protestant inconsistency8 ,liberalism is nothing but ,protestantism applied to philosophical1 political1 and social questions4 ,it is ,protestant thought1 therefore1 that has liberalized a portion of modern society1 not modern thought that has liberalized ,protestant opinion4 ,to liberalize ,protestant thought is like carrying coal to ,newcastle4 ,thirdly1 it is not true that the recent discussion of the doctrine of hell shows 8the influence of science40 ,it simply shows the ignorance of some ,protestant divines and the wickedness of perverted human hearts4 ,science1 as now understood1 is exclusively concerned with things that fall under observation and experiment1 or that can be logically inferred or mathematically deduced from experiment and observation4 ,now1 surely1 the torments of hell are not a matter of observation and experiment during the present life1 as even ,prof4 ,youmans will concede4 ,and therefore it is evident that the doctrine of hell cannot be made the subject of scientific reasoning4 ,on the other hand1 how can science influence the opinion of men as to believing or not believing in a future state of eternal punishment8 ,our advanced thinkers assume that science knows everything1 and that what is unknown to science has no existence4 ,it is on this ground that they ignore revelation1 creation1 immortality1 and a number of other important truths4 ,but the absurdity of such an assumption is so evident that there can be no mistake about it4 ,science knows1 or pretends to know1 matter and force2 but it knows nothing about right and wrong1 nothing about virtue and vice1 nothing about religion and moral law1 nothing about the origin and the finality of things1 and it is so ignorant 7we speak of advanced science7 that it even fails to see the absolute necessity of a ,creator4 ,is it not ridiculous1 then1 to assume that there may be no hell because modern science professes to know nothing about its existence8 ,but 8the topic10 continues ,prof4 ,youmans1 8has also a scientific side4 ,the rise and course of the idea1 or what may be called the natural history of the belief in hell1 is a subject quite within the sphere of scientific inquiry4 ,it is legitimate to ask as to how the notion originated1 as to its antiquity1 the extent to which it has been entertained1 the forms it has assumed1 and the changes it has undergone1 and from this point of view it of course involves the principle of evolution40 ,this reasoning1 on which the professor endeavors to ground a scientific claim to meddle with a revealed doctrine1 is altogether preposterous4 ,for1 although it be legitimate to ask how the notion of hell originated1 and how ancient it is1 and how ignorance and vulgar prejudices may have distorted it1 nevertheless it is not from natural science that an answer to such questions can be expected4 ,the theologian1 the historian1 and the moral philosopher are the only competent authorities on the subject4 ,the scientist1 as such1 is not qualified to speak of the origin of revealed doctrines2 for science1 especially advanced science1 has no knowledge of revelation4 ,hence1 when our scientists venture to pass a judgment upon matters connected with revelation1 they deserve to be reminded of the good old precept3 ,let the cobbler stick to his last4 ,the reader will have remarked that ,prof4 ,youmans proposes to deal with the 8forms0 which the doctrine of eternal punishment has assumed1 and with the 8changes0 it has undergone4 ,this1 of course1 has no bearing on the question of the existence of hell2 for the existence of things does not depend on the changeable views entertained as to their mode of existing4 ,but the professor1 who is wise in his generation1 perceived that by insisting on the changes undergone by the doctrine two advantages could be gained4 ,on the one hand1 a precious opportunity would be offered of confounding our revealed doctrine with the fabulous conceptions of the pagan world2 on the other hand1 the professor would be enabled to treat our revealed doctrine as a mere development of old fables1 according to certain principles of evolution which modern science has invented though never established4 ,but we would remark that1 since the professor meant to show1 as we see from the conclusion of his article1 that our ,christian doctrine of hell 8should be eliminated from the popular creed10 the argument drawn from the discordant views of heathen and barbarous nations should have been considered preposterous4 ,for what does it matter if the pagan fables took different forms and underwent any number of changes8 ,it is quite enough for us that our own doctrine has been invariably the same4 ,it is a blunder1 therefore1 to condemn the latter for the variations of the former4 ,prof4 ,youmans begins to develop his subject in the following manner3 8,in the first place1 it is necessary to rise above that narrowness of view which regards the doctrine of hell as especially a ,christian doctrine or as the monopoly of any particular religion4 ,on the contrary1 it is as ancient and universal as the systems of religious faith that have overspread the world40 ,in our opinion1 this pretended necessity of rising 8above the narrowness of view0 which regards the doctrine of hell as especially ,christian doctrine is only a futile pretext for putting on the same level the ,christian dogma and the pagan inventions4 ,in the recent discussion of the doctrine by the ,protestant sects there had been no question about the existence of the imaginary hell of the pagans2 the whole question regarded the ,scriptural hell4 ,hence a reference to pagan ideas could not be necessary4 ,nor is it true that the view which regards the doctrine of hell as a specially ,christian doctrine is 8narrow40 ,we see that different sects have kept or borrowed some points of doctrine from the ,catholic ,church1 and that they have perverted them more or less1 as was the case with the doctrine of baptismal regeneration1 of the ,eucharist1 of justification1 and of other supernatural truths2 and yet no one will say that it is a 8narrow view0 to regard these doctrines as essentially and exclusively ,catholic4 ,for to whom were they originally revealed but to the ,catholic ,church8 and where are they to be found in their primitive entirety but in the ,catholic ,church8 ,the vagaries of sectarian thought are surely not to be considered as a development of doctrine2 they are only a travesty and an adulteration of truth1 just in the same manner as the evolution of species is no part of natural science1 being only a mass of absurdities1 as we have abundantly shown in some of our past numbers4 ,to mix together doctrinal truth and doctrinal error is not to avoid narrowness but to produce confusion4 ,were we to collect all the errors of modern scientists about force or about the constitution of matter1 we could easily prove1 by ,prof4 ,youmans' method1 that science is a mere imposition and a disgrace to the age4 ,but our logic differs from that of the professor2 hence we do not consider it 8narrowness0 to distinguish science from the errors of scientists1 that truth and error may not be involved indiscriminately in the same condemnation4 ,but let us proceed3 8,the oldest religions of which we have any knowledge--,hindoo1 ,egyptian1 and the various ,oriental systems of worship--all affirm the doctrine of a future life with accompanying hells for the torture of condemned souls4 ,we certainly cannot assume that all these systems are true and of divine origin2 but1 if not1 then the question forces itself upon us how they came to this belief4 ,the old historic religious systems involved advanced and complicated creeds and rituals1 and if they were not real divine revelations in this elaborate shape1 we are compelled to regard them as having had a natural development out of lower and cruder forms of superstition4 ,to explain these religions we must go behind them4 ,there is a prehistoric1 rudimentary theology of the primitive man1 the quality of which has to be deduced from his low1 infantine condition of mind1 interpreted by what we observe among the inferior types of mankind in the present time40 ,this passage contains the main argument of ,prof4 ,youmans' article1 by which he intends to show that the doctrine of hell has no ground in divine revelation1 but simply originated in human ignorance4 ,unfortunately1 ,professor ,youmans' interpretation of history cannot be depended upon4 ,the fact that ,hindoos1 ,egyptians1 and all other nations admitted in some shape the doctrine of hell is a very good evidence that the doctrine of the existence of hell was co-extensive with humanity1 and therefore had its origin in a primitive tradition of the race1 and not in the imagination of isolated individuals or families4 ,this primitive tradition1 as well as the primitive religion1 must be traced to ,noe and his family4 ,it is ,noe's religion1 not the ,hindoo or the ,egyptian or any other ,oriental religion1 that has been 8the oldest religion of which we have any knowledge02 and this oldest religion had its secure foundation in the knowledge of the true ,god and of his supreme1 omnipotent1 provident will4 ,hence1 when ,prof4 ,youmans1 forsaking all mention of this primitive religion derived from direct divine revelation1 resorts to other systems of worship more or less corrupt1 and declares that 8we cannot assume that all these systems are true and of divine origin10 he shows either a perverse desire of deceiving his readers1 or at least a strange ignorance of ancient history4 ,the consequence he draws from the preceding assertions is even more unreasonable4 ,if the religious systems of the ancient heathens were not divine revelations1 8we are compelled10 he says1 8to regard them as having a natural development out of lower and cruder forms of superstition40 ,this conclusion is so contrary to all we know of mankind that it required the inventive genius of an advanced scientist to formulate it4 ,the known truth is that the objectionable systems of worship invented among different nations were not a progress of humanity from a lower form of superstition1 but a departure from the form of worship originally practised according to ,god's prescription1 a fall from the region of light into the darkness of error4 ,noe's religion was no superstition2 and it is from ,noe's religion that the pagan nations apostatized by a gradual corruption of revealed truth4 ,our advanced scientist invents also 8a prehistoric rudimentary theology of the primitive man40 ,the invention is quite new and deserves to be patented4 ,and the primitive man was still 8in a low1 infantine condition of mind02 which is another great discovery4 ,the pity is that it has no ground4 ,the ,darwinian theory of evolution cannot be appealed to2 for it is philosophically1 historically1 and even scientifically exploded1 so that only 8the inferior types of mankind0--that is1 8the low and infantine minds0--can hear of it without shaking their heads4 ,the primitive man knew his noble origin1 conversed with his ,creator1 received his orders1 and learned from him his own destiny4 ,adam was a great deal sharper1 wittier1 and more instructed in all important things than his modern scientific descendants2 and ,noe1 the second father of our race1 the second propagator and witness of divine revelation1 was as eminent a man at least as any of our contemporaries2 for he it was who transmitted to his descendants that knowledge of astronomy1 architecture1 philosophy1 history1 agriculture1 and other arts and sciences by which the post-diluvian world1 as soon as sufficiently repeopled1 displayed in the wonderful magnificence of ,babylonian and ,egyptian civilization the intellectual treasures inherited from the antediluvian culture4 ,such was the man who handed down to us the fundamental truths of primitive religion4 ,if such a man is said to have been 8in a low and infantine condition of mind10 could we not say as much of the average scientist of the time8 ,the professor remarks that the early men1 in profound ignorance of the surrounding world and of their own nature1 must have grossly misinterpreted outward appearances and their internal experiences1 and this1 he says1 8is certain40 ,indeed8 ,how did the professor ascertain this8 ,men whose lives were measured by centuries could not have sufficient experience of things to save them from gross mistakes6 ,they made no sufficient observations to enable them to interpret exterior and interior phenomena6 ,they did not even know their own natures6 ,their ignorance was profound6 ,adam had the advantage of nine hundred and thirty years of experience1 and yet 8it is certain0 that he remained in profound ignorance of the surrounding world6 ,his descendants soon invented different useful arts1 as metallurgy1 architecture1 and music both vocal and instrumental2 they built cities1 and reached that high degree of civilization and refinement without which the subsequent universal corruption would have been impossible2 and yet1 if we believe our professor1 they did not know their natures nor what they were doing6 ,then we are told that the analysis of the conditions of early men 8has abundantly shown how these primitive misunderstandings led inevitably to manifold superstitions40 ,it is plain1 however1 that the conditions of early men have never been analyzed by those who reject the ,mosaic history1 for the first requisite for proceeding to such an analysis is a knowledge of the conditions themselves which are to be analyzed2 and these conditions are found nowhere but in the book of ,genesis4 ,and as to 8primitive misunderstandings0 and the 8inevitable superstitions0 to which they have led1 can ,prof4 ,youmans give us more detailed information8 ,did ,adam1 in his 8profound ignorance of the surrounding world10 imagine that the sun was a god8 or the moon a goddess8 ,or was it possible for him to fall into 8inevitable superstition10 seeing that he had been in frequent direct communication with his true ,creator and ,god8 ,it is altogether ridiculous to pretend that ,herbert ,spencer 8has carefully traced out this working of the primitive mind1 and explained how the early men1 by their crude misconceptions of natural things1 were gradually led to the belief in a ghost-realm of beings appended to the existing order40 ,herbert ,spencer did nothing of the kind4 ,he analyzed fictions1 not facts1 and his conclusions are worthless4 ,but1 says ,mr4 ,youmans1 8the idea of a life after death1 so universally entertained among races of the lowest grades of intelligence1 is accounted for1 and is only to be accounted for1 in this way4 ,through experiences of sleep1 dreams1 and loss and return of consciousness at irregular times1 444 there grew up the idea of a double nature--of a part that goes away leaving the body lifeless1 and returns again to revivify it2 and thus originated the theory of immaterial ghosts or spirits40 ,this is just what we could expect from an admirer of ,herbert ,spencer's philosophical method4 ,prof4 ,youmans does not know1 apparently1 that the idea of a life after death is a simple corollary of a manifest truth--viz41 that the reasoning principle which is in man is neither matter1 nor an affection or modification of matter1 but a distinct substance1 and one which possesses powers and properties of a much higher order than the powers and properties of matter4 ,this truth1 against which materialists can allege nothing which has not been refuted a hundred times1 combined with another obvious truth which even advanced science admits--viz41 that no substance is or can be naturally annihilated--leads directly to the consequence that our reasoning principle1 our soul1 will naturally survive the death of our body4 ,this mere hint concerning the substantiality1 spirituality1 and natural immortality of the human soul may here suffice4 ,it shows that men had no need of resorting to the experiences of dreams1 swoons1 catalepsy1 trance1 and other forms of insensibility to be enabled to infer that the human soul is a spiritual substance4 ,every act of our intellectual faculties proclaims that our soul is a self-moving and self-possessing being4 ,dreams and swoons and catalepsy1 being common to the lower animals1 have never been considered a proof of the spirituality and immortality of the human soul4 ,it is childish1 therefore1 to derive the idea of spirituality and immortality from the experience of such phenomena4 ,mr4 ,youmans tells us also that when the conception of a separate and future life arose in men's minds1 such a life could not have been supposed to differ much from that of the present order of things4 ,this he takes for granted1 owing to the profound ignorance which1 according to advanced science1 characterized the primitive men2 and he illustrates this view by some examples of savages1 who bury food1 weapons1 implements1 etc41 with the bodies of their dead friends4 ,but1 8as knowledge accumulated1 the conception grew incongruous1 and underwent important modifications1 so that similarity gradually passed into contrast4 ,the intimacy of the intercourse supposed to be carried on between the two worlds decreased2 the future world was conceived of as more remote1 and as having other occupations and gratifications more consonant with developing ideas of the present life40 ,such is the professor's theory4 ,we need hardly say that1 as a scientific theory1 it has no value4 ,science is based on facts2 but here we have nothing but dreams exploded by history as well as by philosophy4 ,the origin of the belief in hell is not to be traced to the profound ignorance of the primitive man4 ,this profound ignorance is not a fact but a fiction4 ,the assumption that man's intellect was originally in an undeveloped condition1 and that it has gone on improving all along till it became able to discover the incongruousness of its previous notions and to give them up1 is another fiction4 ,that the 8accumulation of knowledge10 such as obtained among infidel nations1 could enlighten them on a question as to which nothing can be definitely known on merely natural grounds1 is a third fiction2 whilst the truth is that the pretended knowledge of the heathens1 like the pretended science of our modern sceptics1 has been rather a source of innumerable absurdities1 by which the primitive holy and healthy traditions of the race have been obscured1 corrupted1 and disfigured4 ,but the professor has more to say in support of his 8scientific0 view4 8,rude conceptions regarding good and evil could not fail to be early involved with considerations of man's futurity4 ,good and evil are inextricably mixed up in this world1 which seems always to have been regarded as a faulty arrangement1 and1 as there was little hope of rectifying it here1 the future life came to be regarded as compensatory to the present4444 ,this idea of using the next world to redress the imperfections and wrongs of this grew up early and survives still1 and it has exerted a prodigious influence in human affairs40 ,it is evident that the consideration of man's futurity1 to be rational1 must involve the consideration of man's moral nature2 for the futurity of a moral being is necessarily connected with the moral order4 ,it would be folly to deny that virtue deserves reward1 or that vice deserves punishment2 and even the most stupid understand that the future of a scoundrel must differ from the future of a saint4 ,this universal belief 8survives still10 as ,mr4 ,youmans himself testifies1 and is not 8growing obsolete10 as he pretends1 but is still universal in our civilized society4 ,of course a dozen or two of advanced thinkers may be found who reject this universal belief2 for1 as they suppress ,god and worship ,nature1 they would be embarrassed to explain how the good can be rewarded and the wicked punished by their blind goddess that has no knowledge of the moral law4 ,but this shows only the 8profound ignorance0 of such advanced thinkers regarding things supersensible1 and proves to demonstration that1 in spite of all their pretensions1 they do not belong to the civilized world4 ,the early men1 whose conceptions our professor denounces as 8rude10 were better and deeper philosophers than he is4 ,they recognized a personal ,god1 the eternal source of morality1 the judge of his creatures1 the rewarder of justice1 and the punisher of crime4 ,they knew1 therefore1 that the problem of good and evil was to be solved 8not by the absorption and disappearance of evil10 but by separating the good from the bad1 8the good being all collected in a good place1 and the bad ones all turned into a bad place40 ,mr4 ,youmans does not like this solution4 ,he seems to insinuate that the true solution implies the absorption and disappearance of evil4 ,he seems to say3 ,let virtue be rewarded1 but let not wickedness be punished4 ,he may have his reasons for preferring this solution1 but we have none for accepting it4 ,reason as well as revelation declare it to be unacceptable4 ,what follows is a vulgar tirade against priesthood4 ,all priests indiscriminately are denounced by our liberal professor for having taught the existence of heaven and hell4 ,he says3 8,as the grosser superstitions were gradually developed into systematic religions1 a priestly class arose1 and religious beliefs were embodied in definite creeds4 ,fundamental among these was the belief in heaven as a place of happiness1 and of hell as a place of torment for the wicked4 ,to one or other of these places1 it was held1 all men are bound to go after death2 but to which depended--and here the office of the priesthood assumed a terrible importance1 for they knew all about it and had the keys4 ,it is impossible to conceive any other idea of such tremendous power for dominating mankind as this6 ,it raised the priesthood and the ecclesiastical institutions into despotic ascendency1 brought it into unholy alliance with civil despotism1 and became the mighty means of plundering the people1 crushing out their liberties1 darkening their hopes1 and cursing their lives40 ,this bit of declamation might safely be left without answer4 ,but to clear up the confusion made by the scientific writer1 we will ask him to explain what he understands by the word 8priesthood40 ,does he mean the ministers of all religions without exception1 or the ministers of false religions only8 ,does he involve in the same sentence the priest of ,god and of ,christ with the priest of ,baal and of ,moloch8 or does he admit that a distinction should be made8 ,perhaps he will smile at our simplicity in asking a question about which his habitual readers can entertain no doubt1 it being evident that a man who worships nothing but matter and force is a natural enemy of ,christ and of his ministers4 ,nevertheless1 as no one must be allowed to snarl and bite without motive1 we insist on an explanation4 ,if the ,christian priesthood is not involved in his denunciations1 then ,mr4 ,youmans' eloquence is all thrown away2 for it is by the ,christian priesthood that the doctrine of hell has been most efficiently taught and inculcated all the world over4 ,if1 on the contrary1 as it is logical to assume1 the ,christian priesthood is involved in his denunciations1 then ,mr4 ,youmans' brain is surely not in a sound condition4 ,a man in full possession of his reasoning power would never have thought of connecting the ,christian priesthood with despotism1 or of charging them with plundering the people1 crushing their liberties1 darkening their hopes1 or cursing their lives4 ,no2 the professor is not in full possession of his faculties in this matter4 ,were it otherwise1 he would be guilty of the most odious slander4 ,in some of his articles1 which we have analyzed not long ago1 we had already found what might be taken as unmistakable signs of scientific aberration4 ,the reader may still remember how the professor countenanced the conception of the unthinkable1 how he advocated continuous evolution without any actual link of continuity1 and how he made life spring from dead1 inert matter4 ,but now it is the ,christian priesthood that makes an unholy alliance with civil despotism and crushes the liberties of the people6 ,this assertion cannot be excused by the plea of bad logic2 for it regards a matter of fact1 not of speculation1 and logic1 whether good or bad1 has nothing to do with it4 ,only a natural or preternatural derangement in a man's brain can account for the oddity of such a charge4 ,we say natural or preternatural1 because it sometimes happens1 even in this age of advanced civilization1 that a man who makes profession of militant infidelity is taken possession of1 either consciously or unconsciously1 by 8the father of lies10 who makes a fool of him in this world the better to secure his everlasting ruin in the other4 ,we repeat that a man of sound mind1 and free from satanic influence1 would never make such a silly and unhistorical denunciation of the priesthood as ,prof4 ,youmans has ventured to make4 ,he would rather say that the ,christian priesthood has been the most earnest champion of popular liberties in all times and in all countries1 as all ecclesiastical and secular history testifies4 ,he would say that their ascendency1 far from being despotic1 was kind and paternal1 and calculated to win1 as it did1 the love of the people without ceasing to command their respect4 ,he would say that this ascendency was not derived from their threats of the torments of hell1 but was the reward of their virtuous life1 ardent charity1 singular prudence1 and superior education2 and was used1 not to plunder the people1 but to protect them against baronial1 royal1 and imperial plunderers4 ,plundering is a masonic virtue2 witness the great ,french ,revolution in the last century1 and the policy of ,italy1 ,germany1 and ,switzerland in the present4 ,and who are the men that plunder the ,american people but the infidel politicians who do not believe in hell8 ,mr4 ,youmans may depend upon it1 no judicial1 legislative1 or executive power will ever put a stop to such a wholesale plundering until they humbly kneel before the priest1 and conjure him to take in hand the education of our citizens and to revive in them a salutary fear of hell4 ,it is not the fear of hell that 8curses the lives0 or 8darkens the hopes0 of men4 ,all the world knows1 on the contrary1 that there has never been on the face of the earth a thriftier and happier people than the ,christian has been4 ,of course criminals are troubled by the remembrance of hell1 their lives are galled1 and their hopes are darkened2 but we presume that ,mr4 ,youmans does not mean to patronize them4 ,after all it is not the priests that have created hell2 they merely warn the sinner of its existence1 that he may mend his ways and be saved4 ,indeed1 it is sin1 not hell1 that darkens the hopes and curses the life of man4 ,from the bitter tone of the passage we have been refuting it would appear that ,mr4 ,youmans is extremely jealous of the authority and ascendency of the priesthood4 ,the jealousy is very natural4 ,the priest1 who teaches the ,gospel backed by the authority of the universal church1 is a very serious obstacle to the propagation of false scientific or unscientific belief4 ,therefore it is that ,mr4 ,youmans cannot bear to see the ,christian priesthood revered and esteemed by the people1 and does his best to destroy their reputation and authority4 ,at this we are not astonished2 for modern unbelief is so destitute of intrinsic grounds and so incapable of defending itself that it is constrained to go out of its lines and try a diversion4 ,accordingly1 it takes the offensive4 ,but when the offensive is carried on with no other weapons than those recommended by ,voltaire1 8,mentez1 mentez toujours2 il faut mentir comme des diables10 then tranquillus judicat orbis terrarum1 the world1 though wicked1 will be heard to pronounce its sentence against the offender4 ,the professor adds3 8,so productive an agency of unscrupulous ambition could not fail to be assiduously cultivated1 and the conception of hell1 the most potent element in the case by its appeal to fear1 was elaborated with the utmost ingenuity4 ,language was exhausted in depicting the terrors of the infernal regions and the agonies of the damned4 ,we by no means say that these ideas were mere priestly inventions1 but only that they grew up under the powerful guidance of a class consecrated to their exposition and incited by the most powerful worldly motives to strengthen their influence4 ,in order to enforce belief1 to compel obedience to ecclesiastical requirements1 to coerce civil submission1 and to extort money1 people were threatened with the horrors of hell1 which were pictured with all the vividness of rhetorical and poetic fanaticism4 ,as the hierarchical spirit grew in strength and became a tyrannical rule1 obedience to its minutest rites was enforced by the most appalling intimidations40 ,we did not know1 before we read this passage1 that preaching the ,christian doctrine of hell was productive of 8unscrupulous ambition02 we rather thought that it was productive of deep and sincere humility4 ,the preacher of the ,gospel believes in the ,gospel1 and knows that hell is awaiting the bad and 8unscrupulous0 priest no less than the bad and unscrupulous layman4 ,hence1 if the priest assiduously cultivated the thought and elaborated the doctrine of hell1 it would appear that the priest could not be 8unscrupulous0--at least1 not so unscrupulous as those professors who get rid of hell by the final 8absorption of evil40 ,nor do we understand why a wise man should complain that the priests assiduously cultivated and elaborated the doctrine of hell1 and that 8language was exhausted in depicting the terrors of the infernal regions40 ,this fact should be a matter of congratulation1 not of blame2 for the terrors of hell 8exert a prodigious influence10 as the professor acknowledges1 in human affairs2 they discourage crime1 fortify virtue1 and contribute to the maintenance of those conditions without which human society would be transformed into a lair of ferocious beasts4 ,a professor who pretends to a high place among the friends of civilization should have seen this4 ,as to the motives which induced the priesthood to dilate so assiduously on the torments of hell1 we admit that they were 8powerful02 but that they were 8worldly0 we do not admit1 for had they been worldly they would have lost all their power4 ,in like manner we admit that the hierarchical spirit may have grown in strength2 but that it became a 8tyrannical rule10 enforcing the minutest rites 8by appalling intimidations10 we most confidently deny4 ,these malicious assertions cannot be substantiated4 ,and again1 we understand how the fear of the eternal torments may have helped to secure obedience to the lawful authorities1 whether civil or ecclesiastical2 but we do not see how this fear could be used 8to extort money0 from the people4 ,the thing is absurd1 as it involves the assumption that the most virtuous1 venerable1 and self-sacrificing friends of the people1 the ,christian priesthood1 were a set of knaves4 ,the professor's remark that 8the terrors of hell were not mere priestly inventions1 but grew up under their powerful guidance10 will receive more light from the passage which follows3 8,we must not forget that the future life1 being beyond experience and inaccessible to reason1 offers an attractive playground for the unbridled imagination4 ,it opens an infinite realm for sensuous imagery and creative invention1 stirs the deepest feelings1 and concerns itself with the mystery of human destiny4 ,it accordingly offers a favorite topic for poetic treatment1 and this is more especially true of the darker aspect of the future world1 poets having taken with avidity to delineations of hell4444 ,homer1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 and ,milton1 working through poems of immortal genius that have fascinated mankind1 some of them through thousands of years and others through centuries1 have thus combined to familiarize countless millions of people with the conception1 and to stamp it deep in the literature of all countries40 ,there is some truth in this2 for it is true that all our pictures of hell are drawn more or less from our imagination4 ,however1 we do not mistake our pictures for the reality4 ,no effort to depict what we have never seen can be a success4 ,but what of that8 ,the belief in the existence of hell is not derived from1 or subordinated to1 our mode of representing its torments1 just as the belief in the existence of heaven is not derived from our wild theories of celestial spaces or from our poor notions of happiness4 ,the future life is indeed 8beyond experience10 as ,mr4 ,youmans says1 but its existence is not 8inaccessible to reason10 as he sophistically assumes2 for it is by reasoning that both the ancient and the modern philosophers established the truth of the conception4 ,on the other hand1 our pictures of hell are not drawn exclusively from our imagination4 ,the lake of fire and brimstone1 the undying worm1 the weeping and gnashing of teeth1 the sempiternal horror1 the company of devils1 etc41 are mentioned in the ,bible4 ,hence1 when we use such words as these for describing the state of eternal damnation1 we use images authorized by ,him who knows what he has prepared for the unrepentant transgressor of his commandments4 ,from these remarks it clearly follows that if the poet can find in the notion of hell 8an attractive playground for the unbridled imagination10 such is not the case with the priest4 ,the imagination of the priest is not 8unbridled02 it is ruled by the ,scriptural language4 ,the preacher who would countenance ,dante's ,inferno from the pulpit would be accounted a traitor or a fool4 ,the hell of the poets may be highly amusing in spite of its terrors1 but it makes no conversions1 whilst the hell of the ,bible has converted millions upon millions of sinful souls4 ,prof4 ,youmans strives to confound the hell of the ,christians with the hell of the poets4 ,it is lost labor4 ,fecundity and sterility demand different subjects4 ,it is truth that fructifies4 ,fiction is barren4 ,and again1 to say that the poetic inventions of ,homer1 ,virgil1 ,dante1 and ,milton 8combined to familiarize countless millions of people0 with the conception of hell1 is to utter a paradox which has no foundation4 ,prof4 ,youmans mistakes the effect for the cause4 ,there has been no need of poesy to familiarize the countless millions with the conception4 ,the millions were familiar with it before they ever read the poets2 nay1 more1 it is from the popular conception that the poets collected the first materials for their descriptions of hell4 ,the multitude1 the millions1 do not read poets4 ,on the other hand1 before the invention of typography--that is1 for long centuries--books were extremely rare1 and the 8countless millions0 did not even know how to read4 ,hence ,mr4 ,youmans' attempt to trace the general belief in hell to poetical inventions is a manifest fallacy4 ,the professor now comes to our time1 and with an air of great satisfaction makes the following assertions3 8,yet the doctrine of hell is now growing obsolete4 ,originating in ages of savagery and low barbarism1 and developed in periods of fierce intolerance1 sanguinary persecutions1 cruel civil codes1 and vindictive punishments1 it harmonized with the severities and violence of society1 and undoubtedly had use as a means of the harsh discipline of men1 when they were moved only by the lowest motives4 ,but with the advance of knowledge1 and the cultivation of humaner sentiments1 the doctrine has become anomalous and out of harmony with the advance of human nature4 ,hence1 though still a cardinal tenet of orthodoxy1 it is now generally entertained in a vague and loose way1 and with reservations and protests that virtually destroy it4 ,only revival preachers of the ,moody stamp still affirm the literal lake of fire and brimstone1 and it is certain that the doctrine in any shape recurs much less prominently in current preaching than it did a generation or two ago4 ,sober-minded clergymen have got in the way of neglecting it1 except now and then when rehearsing the creed1 or1 as at present1 under the spur of controversy1 or when rallied about the decay of the old theology40 ,here ,mr4 ,youmans surpasses himself2 for1 though he has given us already other proofs of his recklessness1 yet here he displays his power of misrepresentation with an effrontery that beggars description4 8,the doctrine of hell is now growing obsolete06 ,is this a fact8 ,no4 ,it is only a desire and a delusion of the anti-,christian sects4 ,were it a fact1 the church1 too1 would be growing obsolete2 for the doctrine of hell is one of the 8cardinal0 tenets of the church1 as ,mr4 ,youmans himself testifies4 ,but we see1 on the contrary1 that the church is everywhere gaining new ground and extending her conquests4 ,we are not ignorant that a spirit of apostasy has pervaded a portion of the ruling classes1 and that ,freemasonry makes daily some converts to ,satan2 but1 while we are sorry to see this ruin of souls1 we are far from regarding it as a loss to the militant church4 ,the church cannot but thrive better when cowardice and hypocrisy cease to conceal themselves under her glorious banner4 ,can the apostasy of her unworthy sons cause her faith to grow obsolete8 ,no4 ,the third part of the angels1 according to a received view1 refused obedience to ,god and became his enemies2 yet obedience to ,god did not grow obsolete4 ,at the time of the ,lutheran ,reformation the authority of the popes was fiercely denounced1 vilified1 and rejected throughout all ,germany1 ,switzerland1 and other countries2 yet the pope's authority did not grow obsolete4 ,what does it matter1 then1 if a set of fools who have no ,god but the 8unthinkable0 agree to reject the doctrine of hell8 ,so long as two hundred millions of ,catholics believe the doctrine as a 8cardinal tenet0 of the church1 and so long as the rest of the world1 ,protestants1 ,jews1 and pagans1 believe either the same or an analogous doctrine1 it is absurd to call it obsolete4 ,opinions may grow obsolete1 dogmatic truths never2 for the church and her doctrine1 whether respected or disregarded by our modern wiseacres1 will last to the end of time4 ,the doctrine of hell 8originated in ages of savagery and barbarism06 ,the sapient writer who makes this assertion should be asked to point out a definite age in which the doctrine originated1 and to give some proof of the savagery and barbarism of such an age4 ,will ,mr4 ,youmans give us any evidence on these two points8 ,no2 he cannot4 ,he will merely appeal to prehistoric time--that is1 to the unknown and unknowable4 ,this is now the style of many scientific jugglers2 they draw their conclusions from unknown premises6 ,we have already shown1 by reference to the ,bible1 how the doctrine of hell originated4 ,let ,mr4 ,youmans examine our statement of facts1 and we do not doubt but that1 in a lucid interval1 he will see the absurdity of his assertion1 and the futility of his struggle against historical truth4 ,the doctrine of hell 8was developed in periods of fierce intolerance1 sanguinary persecutions1 cruel codes1 and vindictive punishments06 ,much might be said about this bold untruth4 ,perhaps we might reverse the whole phrase1 and say that it is the hostility to the doctrine of hell that was developed in a period of fierce intolerance1 sanguinary persecution1 cruel codes1 and vindictive punishments4 ,unbelief had a period of triumph in the great ,french ,revolution4 ,its intolerance was so fierce that it brought about 8the ,reign of ,terror02 its persecution was decidedly sanguinary2 its code the will of a drunken mob or the caprice of a profligate dictator4 ,that period is past1 but another1 and not a better one1 is approaching4 ,freemasonry is maturing new diabolic plans1 and1 if allowed to conquer1 when the time comes will not stop midway in their execution4 ,meanwhile these enemies of 8fierce intolerance0 are satisfied with a ,bismarckian humanity1 and these denouncers of 8sanguinary persecutions0 wash their innocent hands in the blood of ,colombian and ,ecuadorian citizens1 priests1 and bishops who have had manhood enough to oppose the tyranny of the sect4 ,we might add much more1 of course1 to unmask these virtuous ,pharisees1 who are so scandalized at the intolerance of ,christianity2 but we must return to our subject4 ,the assertion that the doctrine of hell 8was developed in periods of fierce intolerance10 etc41 is really nonsensical4 ,for the truth is that this doctrine was never developed4 ,the doctrine1 as now held in the universal church1 does not contain anything besides what it contained at the time of the apostles4 ,hence the development of the doctrine of hell is a 8scientific0 invention of ,mr4 ,youmans' brain4 ,nor can he exculpate himself by pretending that his phrase refers to the barbarous inhabitants of the primitive world4 ,for civil codes had then no existence1 and nothing allows the assumption that the early men passed through periods of fierce intolerance and sanguinary persecution4 ,these words are meant to stigmatize ,christianity and the middle ages as contrasted with the scepticism of the present age4 ,if our professor had a correct idea of what the middle ages really were1 we fancy that1 though a man of progress1 he would admire their culture1 wisdom1 and humanity4 ,the doctrine of hell was used as 8a means of harsh discipline when men were moved only by the lowest motives06 ,be humble1 ,mr4 ,youmans2 you are not a competent judge in matters of this sort4 ,first1 you know not the facts4 ,secondly1 you know not the nature and value of supernatural motives4 ,thirdly1 you know not that a 8harsh discipline0 is as much needed to-day to curb the unruly passions as it was a thousand years ago4 ,fourthly1 you do not know that the lowest motives do not exclude the highest4 ,fifthly1 you do not know that no motive is low which is suggested and inculcated by ,god4 ,sixthly1 you do not know that your words are a crushing condemnation of modern liberalism1 whose god is the almighty ,dollar1 and whose best motives are infinitely lower than those which animated the chivalric and high-spirited ,christians of the medival time4 8,with the advance of knowledge and the cultivation of humaner sentiments the doctrine of hell has become anomalous06 ,what does this mean8 ,did the advance of geography1 physics1 mechanics1 cosmogony1 chemistry1 or other branches of science alter the conception or diminish the certainty of the doctrine of hell8 ,common sense says no4 ,and yet these are the only branches of knowledge that claim to have advanced4 ,but we must notice that 8knowledge10 according to ,prof4 ,youmans' phraseology1 comprises all the wild hypotheses of our modern speculators1 and that among these there is a theory which has charmed our professor1 and to which he certainly alludes when he reminds us of the advance of knowledge4 ,this is ,darwin's theory of the descent of man4 ,if man is a modified ape1 it is quite plain that the doctrine of hell becomes 8anomalous02 for apes do not go to hell4 ,but1 if such be the case1 then 8the advance of human nature0 is retrogressive1 and we cannot boast of 8humaner sentiments0 without inconsistency4 ,the truth is that we have advanced a little in the knowledge of matter2 but our moral advance has been1 and still is1 badly cramped by false ideas of civilization4 ,the very effort of advanced thinkers to suppress hell reveals the hollowness of their humane sentiments1 and proves that their philanthropy is a sham4 ,the doctrine of hell 8is now generally entertained with reservations and protests that virtually destroy it40 ,by whom8--perhaps by the professor's friends4 ,and the doctrine is entertained 8in a vague and loose manner40 ,again by whom8--by sceptics1 we suppose4 ,but scepticism is ignorance2 it deserves pity1 not approval4 ,yet 8only revival preachers of the ,moody stamp still affirm the literal lake of fire and brimstone06 ,perhaps ,prof4 ,youmans will be glad to be informed that the literal lake of fire and brimstone is preached even now all over the earth1 and in the very centres of civilization1 by men of a far higher stamp of intellect than ,moody and ,sankey4 ,the 8sober-mindedness0 of the ,protestant clergymen who 8have got in the way of neglecting0 the ,scriptural hell is nothing but scepticism1 or1 worse still1 cowardice4 ,but the silence of these men proves nothing4 ,they have no mission to teach4 ,they are not 8the salt of the earth02 and their defection does no harm to the dogmas of ,christianity4 ,mr4 ,youmans concludes thus3 8,in the recent pulpit utterance there is a perfect chaos of discordant speculation1 open repudiation1 tacit disavowal1 and ingenious refining away1 but no stern and sturdy defence of it1 in the old form and spirit1 from any source that commands respect4 ,the doctrine of hell is still conserved in popular creeds1 but1 if not eliminated1 it will be pretty certain to carry the creeds with it into the limbo of abandoned superstitions40 ,this conclusion would be unanswerable1 if the ,protestant pulpit were the standard of religious doctrine4 ,but why did not ,mr4 ,youmans reflect that his clergymen are only leaders of sects whose ,christianity is nearly extinct1 and whose words have no authority8 ,is it not plain that1 if the blind lead the blind1 both will fall into a ditch8 ,but we must conclude without entering into further developments4 ,the ,christian doctrine of hell is incontrovertible4 ,it is universal1 it is reasonable1 and it is revealed in unequivocal terms4 ,advanced scientists may not like it2 yet1 instead of sowing malicious doubts about it1 they should bear in mind that they themselves are of all men the most likely to fall into the lake of fire in which they disbelieve4 ,to ,prof4 ,youmans we offer a text from ,st4 ,john's ,apocalypse1 chapter fourteen3 8,and the third angel followed them1 saying with a loud voice3 ,if any man shall adore the beast and his image1 and receive his mark in his forehead or in his hand1 he also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of ,god1 which is mingled with pure wine in the cup of his wrath1 and he shall be tormented with fire and brimstone in the sight of the holy angels1 and in the sight of the ,lamb2 and the smoke of their torments shall ascend up for ever and ever40 ,professor ,youmans need not be informed that this great beast with its adorers and followers is a symbolic representation of anti-,christianism4 ,its soul is the spirit of apostasy2 its heads and horns are governments and kings2 its body is an organic confederation of all secret societies1 comprising diplomatists1 statesmen1 politicians1 godless newspaper editors1 authors of infamous books1 writers of 8scientific0 articles against revelation1 and the whole army of the enemies of ,christ4 ,the beast will have great power1 ,god so permitting2 but its reign will be short4 ,jesus ,christ will defeat it1 and its followers will find no mercy4 ,their portion shall be 8in the lake of fire and brimstone10 and their punishment shall last 8for ever and ever40 ,we think that no sensible man can deceive himself so as to undervalue this solemn prophecy4 ,the great beast1 which is now walking upon the earth1 has been minutely described by the evangelist and by ,daniel2 and it would be odd to pretend that they could1 without a revelation from ,god1 foresee1 thousands of years ago1 what was to happen in this time of ours4 ,but if their words have come from ,god1 then the lake of fire and brimstone and the eternity of the torments deserve the most serious consideration1 especially on the part of our professors of anti-,christianity4 ,materialism will not help them in the day of wrath4 ,friends will not save them4 ,faith1 repentance1 and a timely satisfaction for past delinquencies are the sole chance of salvation4 ,we earnestly entreat ,prof4 ,youmans to ponder over this momentous truth4 ,it may be unattractive1 but it has the merit of being absolutely certain4 ,,sorrow4 ,sorrow and ,i so long have lived together ,how would it seem now if we had to part8 ,so many storms we two have had to weather1 ,such thunders heard6 following the lightning's dart6 ,come1 ,sorrow1 now what say you to a truce8 ,wilt lift the cloudy curtain so long hung ,around our fates1 those heavy rings unloose1 ,let fly the fetters that have made us one8 ,and yet it might be--,i should miss thee1 ,sorrow6 ,thy constancy to me has been so great1 ,thy shadow banished from my life to-morrow1 ,what earthly lover on me thus would wait8 ,for thou art sent from heaven1 a sacred guest4 ,and though1 sweet ,sorrow1 ,i'll not bid thee stay1 ,yet to those sins ,i bear one more confest ,were this3 that ,i turned ,heaven's guest away4 ,a4 ,t4 ,l4 ,,kitty ,,darcy4 8,you have overdone it1 ,bertram40 8,not a bit of it1 father40 8,you must get away40 8,can't afford expensive luxuries40 8,do you consider health a luxury80 8,a necessity40 8,and yet1 for the sake of piling up a few hundred dollars1 you fling1 yes1 actually fling1 it from you as though you were tired of it40 8,i love my profession too much not to make some little concession to it40 8,come1 now1 ,bertram1 this won't do4 ,you have overworked yourself1 and off you must go4 ,this is the right time to start40 8,whither80 8,to ,paris40 8,paris6 ,why not say ,timbuctoo80 8,i say ,paris40 8,you are surely jesting40 8,i do not jest on so serious a subject as your health1 my boy40 8,it can't be done1 father40 8,it must be done1 ,bertram4 ,your ,uncle ,kirwan starts on ,wednesday1 and with him you shall go4 ,he hopes to be in time for the opening of the ,exhibition40 8,my ,uncle ,kirwan goes on business40 8,his nephew shall go on pleasure4 ,why1 what's the matter with you8 ,half the young fellows in ,new ,york would be half-mad with delight to be in your place40 ,doctor ,bertram ,martin laughs4 ,the idea is ridiculous1 absurd4 ,he cannot1 he dare not leave his patients4 ,that delightful case of tetanus1 that splendid fracture of the hip1 that exquisite tumor yielding to a new treatment1 that interesting consumption1 that curious cardiac dropsy1 that superb typhus6 ,bertram ,martin1 although but twenty-four years of age1 is regarded by the profession as the coming man4 ,his work on aneurism is considered the ablest essay yet written upon the subject1 and his reputation with the 8knife0 is second to none4 ,he is highly cultured1 earnest1 a calm intelligence1 with the fires of enthusiasm well banked up2 but he is full of latent purpose1 an energy that is ever on the spring1 and of lava that eventually cools into solid success4 ,he has a great future before him1 and he feels it4 ,his father1 in whose ,turkey-rugged1 book-lined office he reclines in a low chair--one of those delightful chairs that fondle and caress the weary occupant--is also a physician1 and who1 having amassed a considerable fortune1 now that he has safely launched the good ship that bears his name1 is about to enjoy a well-earned otium cum dignitate4 ,bertram's mother has noted the increasing pallor in the young physician's face1 the drag under the eye1 the hard1 dark lines1 and the weariness of tone1 that denote an active brain heated to a white heat1 and has determined1 cote que cote1 that her eldest-born shall 8drop both spade and plough for a revel amongst the daisies40 8,exhibitions are played out1 father10 exclaims ,bertram4 8,the last and best was at ,philadelphia1 and no show on the earth could beat that40 ,he is intensely ,american1 regarding ,europe as effete1 old-world1 used up4 8,paris is not played out40 8,i should much prefer seeing ,paris at any other time40 8,that's what everybody will say who can't go4 ,i may as well tell you1 ,bertram1 that there's a little conspiracy got up against you1 and at the head of it is your mother40 8,yes1 ,bertie10 exclaims ,mrs4 ,martin1 who enters1 8we have undermined you4 ,your ,uncle ,kirwan starts on ,wednesday by the ,scythia1 and here's the ticket for your state-rooms10 handing him the article in question4 8,why1 mother--0 8,my darling child1 you look dreadfully ill1 and it is fretting my heart out4 ,i spoke to ,doctor ,lynch1 and he orders change of air and total cessation from work4 ,you never opposed me in your young life2 you are not going to commence now40 8,but--0 8,but me no buts1 ,bertie40 8,this trip would take two months40 8,three40 8,i should be out of the race in three months40 8,you'll return fresh and vigorous1 and to win40 8,this is sheer folly4 ,i never felt better in my life40 8,next ,wednesday1 ,bertie40 8,i could not1 even if ,i listened to this absurd proposal1 be ready before two weeks40 8,next ,wednesday1 ,bertie40 ,in vain does the young doctor expostulate1 contesting the ground inch by inch4 ,in vain does he plead for time4 ,his pickets are driven in1 the enemy is upon him in force1 and1 ere he can well realize the exact posture of affairs1 his mother has obtained his solemn promise that he will leave for ,europe by the ,scythia upon the following ,wednesday in company with his uncle1 ,walter ,kirwan4 ,a bright and joyous group was assembled at the ,cunard wharf to see him off1 and to bid him ,godspeed across the waste of waters4 ,mr4 ,kirwan1 a fine1 handsome man of five-and-thirty1 over six feet high1 with a winning eye and a wooing voice1 stood 8one bumper at parting0 in his state-room1 which was decorated with a profusion of glorious flowers1 the offerings of very near and very dear friends4 ,one bouquet1 composed exclusively of forget-me-nots and mignonette1 caused any number of 8,oh6 my's10 8,how beautiful60 8,isn't it lovely60 from pouting female lips4 8,who sent it to you1 ,bertram80 asked ,mrs4 ,martin4 8,it may not be for me1 mother40 8,oh6 yes1 it is2 here is the card with your name upon it40 8,i have no idea40 8,no idea80 8,none in the world40 ,a tall1 lithe1 graceful girl stands a little aside1 trifling with the fringe of her parasol1 as these questions are being put1 her embarrassed looks and blushing cheeks denoting fierce and scarce controlled agitation4 8,did you send me this bouquet1 ,miss ,reed80 asks ,bertram in a low tone4 8,i--,i--that is--,i hope you will--that they will--look pretty10 is the murmured response4 8,did ,carrie ,reed send those flowers to ,bertram80 asks ,mrs4 ,martin of her sister1 ,mrs4 ,kirwan1 in freezing tones4 8,yes2 ,i heard her admit it just now40 8,what a forward minx6 ,i've a great mind to tell her so40 ,how severe these mothers are when 8my son0 is approached by youth and beauty6 ,the idea of marriage is a horror4 99 99 99 99 99 8,and this is ,liverpool60 exclaims ,bertie1 as the good ship steams up the ,mersey4 8,i'm awfully sorry to have been asleep when we were at ,queenstown2 why didn't you shake me up1 uncle80 8,because you want all the sleep you can get4 ,you were nearly in for a dose of insomnia1 and that would have pretty soon squared your account1 my boy40 8,pshaw6 you all made me out worse than ,i really was40 8,not a bit of it4 ,you allowed a nice lot of sand to run out of your glass4 ,but isn't that a sight1 ,bertie8 ,there are masts--a forest4 ,there are docks--the docks of the world40 8,what docks we'll have in twenty years at ,new ,york60 8,you don't believe in anything outside of the stars and stripes40 8,not much10 with a laugh2 adding1 8,shall we make any stay in ,liverpool80 ,mr4 ,kirwan consults his watch4 8,we shall only just catch that train due in ,london at #f4dj4 ,the ,dover express starts at #g4ce4 ,this will decant us in ,paris to-morrow morning at six4 ,we shall have nice time for a big wash1 a big breakfast1 and then for the opening of the ,exhibition40 8,this is close shaving40 8,that's my principle4 ,narrow margins4 ,they pay best all round40 ,mr4 ,kirwan's calculations1 based ,upon professional experience1 proved correct4 ,a vague soup and an ill-dressed cutlet at ,charing ,cross1 a thick omelette and a thin wine at ,amiens1 did duty for refreshment4 ,in the sheen of dazzling early sunlight ,bertram ,martin first saw ,paris1 the bright1 the joyous1 the glittering1 the beautiful4 ,a dream of his life was about to be realized4 ,mr4 ,kirwan having telegraphed for apartments1 he with our hero was 8skied0 at the ,htel du ,louvre1 and after a breakfast which would have done honor to a navvy had been disposed of by ,bertie1 who in ,new ,york would flirt with a slice of toast and coquette with a fresh egg1 cigars were lighted and the two gentlemen set forth in the direction of the ,champ de ,mars4 8,this is the best sight ,i have ever seen10 cried the young physician1 as they strolled along the ,rue de ,rivoli4 8,why1 it's nearly as bright as ,broadway40 8,what a thorough ,yank you are1 ,bertie6 ,come here1 now2 just take a look around you1 and confess that you are fairly dumbfounded40 ,they stood at the ,place de la ,concorde4 ,the fountains were throwing feathery sprays high in air2 the flowers were blooming in a myriad hues4 ,thousands of vehicles were flashing past1 tens of thousands of pedestrians4 ,the great tide of human life had set in towards the ,trocadero4 ,regiments in gorgeous uniforms1 headed by bands playing superbly1 marched onwards1 quaint costumes of every nationality under the sun flitted by--bizarre groups chatting and laughing and gesticulating6 ,behind them the blackened walls of the ,tuileries1 in front the ,champs ,elyses and the ,arc de ,triomphe1 on the left the ,chamber of ,deputies1 on the right the glorious ,madeleine4 8,it is magnificent10 exclaimed ,bertie at length1 in a subdued tone of emotion4 8,nearly as bright as ,broadway10 laughed ,kirwan4 8,wait6 ,twenty years1 and our up-town will be as gorgeous as this4 ,we have the taste1 we have the money1 all we want is the time2 that we have not40 8,and never will have4 ,we rush too much4 ,but come along2 we must be at the ,exhibition building early or our chances of getting in will be a little thin4 ,we shall have1 as we say in ,new ,york1 to take a back seat1 doctor40 8,i should prefer to stop here4 ,what a sight this is6 ,what contrasts2 how vivid6 ,look at that grim sergent-de-ville1 and beside him that piquante girl in the ,normandy cap as high as his cocked hat1 and earrings as long as his sword4 ,see that ouvrier in the blouse2 how cheerfully he smokes his cigar1 carrying his two children6 ,i do believe he would carry his wife into the bargain4 ,how coquettishly she is attired1 and how cheaply6 ,see the artistic manner that two-dollar shawl is draped over her shoulder1 and how that five-cent ribbon hangs4 ,i'll wager that these fellows coming along as if walking on air are of the ,quartier ,latin1 the students' quarter4 ,they1 poor fellows6 have come to see the crowd4 ,i suppose their united wealth at this moment will scarcely do more than omelette and beer them4 ,what flashing equipages6 ,how beautifully finished6 ,we do want these liveries in ,central ,park4 ,imagine those yellows1 and purples1 and blues1 and saffrons1 and whites glancing amongst our green trees or up ,fifth ,avenue4 ,what cavalry6 ,how superbly those dragoons sit their horses--,centaurs every man of them4 ,it must have been by sheer force of numbers that they bit the dust in the late war4 ,what fountains6 what flowers6 what trees--four rows of them up to that magnificent arch--and what residences60 gushed ,bertram ,martin4 8,these gilded pagodas1 and ,swiss chalets1 and marble palaces1 and fairy bowers are for open-air concerts4 ,wait till you see them lighted up1 and ,i tell you what it is1 ,bertie1 you'll go into raptures4 ,why1 no tale in the ,arabian ,nights equals them for glitter4 ,and the music1 my boy1 sparkles like champagne10 cried ,kirwan enthusiastically4 ,arrived at the ,champ de ,mars1 the crowd gradually filtered into the ,exhibition building4 ,at the turnstile ,bertie was separated from his uncle1 who made a rush for another entrance4 ,immediately in front of him was a young girl1 lissome and lithe of figure1 attired in a raiment of soft1 filmy1 cloudy1 floating white4 ,he could detect a delicate little ear1 and a white neck from which the hair was scrupulously lifted and arranged--she had removed her hat--dark and lustrous1 tight and trim1 in a fashion exceedingly becoming to the beautiful1 but trying to the more ordinary of womankind4 ,have we not all at some time or another felt that something strange was going to happen to us8 that steps were coming nearer and nearer8 that a voice was calling to us at a great way off that would presently become more distinct8 ,a something urged ,bertram ,martin to see this girl's face4 ,was it mere curiosity8 ,no4 ,the impulse was indefinable as a subtle perfume1 indefinable as a sweet sound in music4 ,a shapely head1 and lustrous hair1 and a lissome form--this was a very ordinary scaffolding whereon to build a romance1 and1 although the young doctor would have laughed anybody to scorn who would have taxed him with being romantic1 there was no boy of half his age and quarter his experience more likely to make a fool of himself about a woman than ,bertie ,martin4 ,he had led his life amongst his books1 his profession his mistress4 ,too much absorbed in the engrossing duties attendant upon the alleviation of the ills the flesh is heir to1 he was in the world and yet not of it1 beholding it as through a polished sheet of plate-glass4 ,his mother1 a woman of the highest culture1 refinement1 taste1 and ability1 had vainly urged upon him the necessity of taking part in the gayeties of a very extended and highly fashionable circle--vainly1 indeed2 for having on a few occasions attended 8swell0 receptions and upper-crust entertainments1 he squarely pilloried himself in a cui bono8 and from that hour the butterfly world knew him no more4 ,he is tall1 lightly built1 graceful4 ,his eyes are dark gray1 full of earnestness1 and blazing with intelligence4 ,his mouth is absolutely faultless1 having at command a smile1 a veritable ray of sunshine4 ,his light-brown moustache and beard have never known the razor4 ,he dresses well1 and is a dandy in gloves and boots4 ,he must see that girl's face1 and he plunged forward despite the sacr-r-r of an infuriated ,frenchman and the full-flavored exclamation of a ,london cockney1 into whose ribs he had plunged his right elbow4 ,at this moment she turned her head a little to address a portly gentleman behind1 who1 with a flushed face and a general appearance of acute physical and mental suffering1 through heat1 crush1 and excitement1 had been urging her to push onwards4 ,her profile was simply lovely3 one inch of forehead2 a nose a trifle out of the regular line of beauty2 eyelashes that swept her cheeks2 a short upper lip with a tremulous curl in it1 a rich red under one1 and a chin worthy the chisel of ,phidias4 ,and yet1 despite its classical contour1 her face was ,irish--yea1 that delicious ensemble which ,erin bestows upon her daughters1 placing them above all in beauty1 in archness1 and in purity of expression4 8,she is lovely10 murmured ,bertie1 gazing at her with all his eyes4 ,a rush came1 a great pressure from behind1 and the wave flung him beyond the turnstile4 8,well done1 old fellow60 cried ,kirwan1 clapping him on the back4 8,where is she80 demanded the young physician1 gazing round him on every side1 as though his head were rotary4 8,just gone up this way with her son40 8,who8 ,what son80 8,why1 the ,duchess of ,lachaunay4 ,that's what caused the rush2 her toilet is by ,worth1 and cost twenty thousand francs40 8,hang the duchess60 groaned ,bertie4 8,i have lost sight of the loveliest girl ,i ever laid eyes on40 8,where was she80 8,there1 right in front of me40 8,never mind4 ,take heart of grace4 ,we'll pick her up by and by4 ,let's get our seats or we'll forfeit them40 8,you go1 uncle4 ,i'll do as ,i am1 ,i think ,i'll walk about40 ,kirwan looked at his nephew with a merry glance4 8,so badly hit as that1 ,bertie80 8,pshaw60 cried the doctor1 turning on his heel4 ,and they did not find her4 ,not a bit of it4 ,bertram walked1 and stalked1 and darted hither and thither1 until ,kirwan fairly let him have his own way1 giving him a rendezvous at the hotel for seven o'clock4 ,what cared ,bertram ,martin for the gorgeous array of foreign princes1 ambassadors1 commissioners1 presidents1 ministers1 deputations1 senators1 or deputies8 ,what cared he for the address to ,marshal ,mac,mahon1 or the one-hundred-and-one gun salute1 or the military music1 or the hoisting of flags1 or the playing of fountains8 ,what cared he for the procession1 with all its glittering magnificence1 or for all the treasures of the earth dug up by man and nurtured by art8 ,he sought the four-leaved shamrock in the bright young girl whose beauty had flashed upon him as a revelation1 and although he posted himself at the chief exit until he came to be regarded with suspicion by a grim sergent-de-ville1 in the hope of obtaining another glimpse of her1 he was doomed to disappointment1 and he returned to the hotel1 and to a petit dner ordered for the occasion by his uncle1 in the worst possible spirits4 8,did you find her1 ,bertie80 8,no40 8,if she's ,french she won't go to the ,exhibition again for some time4 ,she has done the opening1 and will take it now1 as the ,crushed ,tragedian says1 #8in sections4' ,but come1 ,bertie1 love or no love1 try this ,soupe la ,bonne ,femme2 it will ring up the curtain to a menu that even ,delmonico never dreamt of in his wildest imaginings40 99 99 99 99 99 ,for the two weeks that ,bertie remained in ,paris he sought the fair unknown--sought her in the ,exposition1 in the galleries of the ,louvre1 at ,versailles1 amongst the ruins of the palace of ,st4 ,cloud1 in churches1 on the boulevards1 in cafs--everywhere4 ,once he thought he caught a glimpse of her passing along the ,rue de ,rome1 and1 plunging from the top of the omnibus at the imminent risk of breaking his neck1 came up with a very pretty young girl who turned into the residence of the ex-,queen of ,spain4 8,it is a perfect infatuation10 wrote home ,kirwan4 8,bertie is crazed about some girl he saw on the opening day of the ,exhibition4 ,i can get no good of him4 ,i scarcely ever see him1 and when he is with me he is continually darting from me in pursuit of this will-o'-the-wisp1 or craning his neck in search of her4 ,and only to think of grave ,doctor ,bertram ,martin being in this horrid state60 ,it had been announced that the tour was to include ,london1 the ,english lakes1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 ,bertie voted ,london a bore1 the lakes a nuisance1 the land of cakes nowhere1 and declared in favor of a few days in ,ireland4 ,with a sigh1 as though tearing up his heart by the roots1 he took his departure from ,paris4 8,i shall never1 never see her again10 he groaned1 and was silent the whole way to ,calais4 ,kirwan fondly imagined that ,london would shake off this glamour1 and did his uttermost to bring all the attractions of the modern ,babylon into bold relief2 but four days seemed so thoroughly to weary his nephew that it was resolved to start for ,ireland without any further delay4 ,a glorious evening found them pacing the deck of the mail steamer ,connaught1 en route from ,holyhead to ,kingstown4 ,before them lay the ,dublin mountains1 bathed in glorious greens1 yellows1 and purples4 ,away to the left stretched the ,wicklow hills1 guarded by the twin sugar-loaves and backed by lordly ,djouce4 ,to the right the ,hill of ,howth1 the famous battlefield of ,clontarf1 and in the smoky distance the city of ,dublin4 ,kingstown1 its white terraces sloping to the sea2 ,dalkey1 its villas peeping timidly forth from the fairest verdure-clad groves2 ,killiney1 lying in the lap of a heather-caressed mountain2 ,bray1 like a string of pearls on the ocean's edge2 the dark-blue waters of the bay1 dotted here and there with snowy yachts1 or with the russet brown of the ,skerries fishing-smacks--what a coup-d'il6 8,it is glorious10 murmured ,bertie1 as1 leaning on the railing of the bridge1 he drained this cup of loveliness to the very dregs4 ,arrived at ,dublin1 they put up at the ,shelborne ,hotel1 in ,stephen's ,green1 whither they were borne from the dingy station at ,westland ,row on an outside car that jingled1 rattled1 creaked1 and groaned at every revolution of its rickety wheels4 8,what's this fur80 demanded the tatterdemalion driver1 got up in a cast-off suit of ,con the ,shaughraun1 as he glanced from half a crown lying upon the palm of his horny hand to ,kirwan and ,bertie4 8,what's this fur at all1 at all80 8,it's your fare1 my man10 said ,kirwan4 8,me fare8 ,an yez come from ,amerikey80 8,yes40 8,the cunthry that me sisther1 and me aunt1 an' me cousin ,tim1 an' me cousin ,phil is always braggin about8 ,wisha1 wisha1 but it's lies they're tellin' me1 sorra a haporth else4 ,the people over there must be regular naygurs afther all10 reluctantly preparing to pocket the coin4 8,it will never do to let the ,american flag go by the board10 whispered ,bertie4 8,here1 my man1 here is half a crown for the stars1 and here's half a crown for the stripes40 8,an' won't yer honor stand somethin' for the flagstaff80 with a grin of such unspeakable drollery that both the ,americans burst into a fit of laughter4 ,mr4 ,kirwan had been provided with a letter of introduction to a family residing in ,merrion ,square4 8,shall we look up the ,darcys1 ,bertie80 he asked one morning shortly after their arrival4 8,cui bono80 8,the ,joyces were so anxious about it4 ,it would never do to go back to ,new ,york without calling1 at all events40 8,at it1 then4 ,let's get it over1 and on to ,killarney40 ,the ,darcy mansion in ,merrion ,square was muffled in its summer wraps4 ,the shutters were closed1 the windows barricaded with newspapers1 the knocker removed1 while a profound air of dust and melancholy hung over it like a pall--this though the scarlet and white hawthorn1 the lilac and laburnum1 were shedding their delicious odors from the enclosure of the square opposite4 8,the famly is out av town10 responded a very dilapidated-looking old woman to ,kirwan's query4 8,indeed6 ,i shall leave a card40 8,av ye plaze2 but shure where's the use8 ,they'll not get it this three months40 8,where are they travelling80 8,in furrin parts40 8,i shall write a line40 8,step in1 sir1 and welkim40 ,this elderly damsel ushered them into an apartment from which the carpet had been removed1 the curtains taken down1 the gasalier and pictures muffled1 and the furniture piled up and partly concealed by matting4 ,kirwan took out his letter of introduction1 and1 opening it1 proceeded to write a line of regret upon missing ,mr4 ,darcy4 ,the young doctor moved about the room1 amusing himself by listlessly gazing out through the half-opened shutter4 ,presently he approached a massive book-case1 and endeavored to peer through the interstices afforded by the gaping of the brown paper that concealed the books4 ,little did he imagine what an influence this simple action was destined to bear upon his near future6 ,his wandering gaze suddenly merged into earnestness1 then it became fascinated1 then fixed4 8,come here60 he said to the attendant1 his voice hoarse from suppressed emotion4 ,the woman came to his side4 8,do you see that carte de visite80 8,cart o' what80 8,that photograph there1 lying on its side10 the words coming in hot gasps4 8,yes1 sir40 8,whose is it80 8,misther ,darcy's1 ,i suppose40 8,whose likeness is it80 clutching her by the wrist4 8,i dunno1 sir40 8,you don't know6 ,is it one of the family80 8,i dunno1 sir40 8,is--is there a ,miss ,darcy8 ,has ,mr4 ,darcy a daughter80 his impatience wrestling with a desire to throttle the caretaker4 8,i heerd that he has wan40 8,heard6 ,don't you know it80 8,i do not1 sir4 ,i'm a sthranger4 ,i come from ,stoneybatther1 beyant the wather1 but ,i heerd that ,misther ,darcy has a daughter1 and that she is married--0 8,married60 reeling as if he had been struck a heavy blow4 8,what's all this1 ,bertie80 asked ,kirwan uneasily4 8,that photo there40 8,yes1 ,i see it40 8,it's the photo of the girl ,i saw at the opening of the ,paris ,exhibition40 8,and a pretty girl she is60 exclaimed ,kirwan1 indulging in a prolonged whistle as he gazed at it sideways like a bird4 8,i must have it10 said ,bertram1 a dogged resolution in his tone4 8,how is that to be done8 ,you can't steal it1 ,bertie40 8,it shall be done fairly and squarely if possible2 if not1 ,i shall smash the glass40 8,tut6 tut6 man1 you're not thinking40 ,the wound had been nearly healed1 the memory of that girlish face was fast becoming a sweet treasure of a by-gone time1 to be lingered over at fitful intervals1 and always with rapture1 when this unlooked-for freak of destiny caused the wound to bleed afresh1 and memory to burst into rich and fragrant blossom4 ,during each of the three days that he remained in ,dublin ,bertram ,martin visited the deserted mansion in ,merrion ,square1 to gaze at that photograph1 all so near and yet so far4 ,could he have but obtained a solitary clue to the whereabouts of the ,darcys no earthly power would have prevented his following them2 but clue there was none4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the train clanked into the station at ,killarney in a mist as thick as a ladies' tulle-illusion veil4 8,if this sort of thing is going to last we sha'n't see much of ,kate ,kearney10 laughed ,kirwan4 8,i wish ,i had never left ,new ,york10 said ,bertie4 8,i did my very uttermost not to come1 but you set your trap1 all of you1 and ,i go back--what80 8,you can run over again40 8,never6 ,once back1 my profession shall have all my energy1 all my hope--my life40 ,they put up at the ,railway ,hotel1 and after dinner strolled out as far as ,ross ,castle4 ,the mist had cleared away1 and the view of ,innisfallen sleeping in the moonlight1 of the cluster of dreamy islands1 the soft outlines of the ,mangerton1 the purple mountain and the ,toomies bathed in liquid pearl1 the twinkling lights along the shore1 the mirrored waters of the lake shimmering in silver glory1 sent a wave of delicious reverie over the hearts of the two men1 as1 seated in silence on a ruined wall of the ivy-covered keep1 they gazed in solemn rapture upon a scene exquisite1 soothing1 sublime4 8,i wish to heaven your aunt was here to see this10 said ,kirwan1 lighting a fresh cigar4 8,i wish--0 but ,bertie did not utter another word4 ,the following morning was one in ten thousand--fresh1 sunny1 breezy1 inspiriting1 laden with the languor of summer1 rippling with the coquetry of spring2 a primrose light1 a violet shade4 ,our two friends joined a party bound for the ,gap of ,dunloe4 ,the ponies were sent on1 and a boat ordered to meet them at the upper lake with luncheon4 ,bertie was unusually depressed1 and1 despite the vigorous efforts of his uncle to pull him together1 he clung1 as it were1 to himself1 avoiding all intercourse with his fellow-man1 and especially his fellow-woman1 a buxom1 blithe1 hearty ,english lady1 who laughed with anybody and at everything1 and whose whole trouble lay in a morbid terror lest any accident should happen to the bitter beer4 ,after a two hours' drive through lovely and matchless scenery the carriage arrived at the entrance to the ,gap1 and here the party dismounted4 8,where do we meet the ponies80 asked ,kirwan4 8,a little bit up the ,gap1 sir40 8,any bitter beer up there80 laughed the ,english lady4 8,troth1 thin1 there's not1 but ,kate ,kearney'll give ye a dhrop o' the mountain dew1 me lady10 replied the driver4 ,bertie strode on before4 ,there was a something exhilarating in speeding up the craggy pass1 in bounding from rock to rock like a mountain deer1 in plunging through the purple heather1 and in leaping saucy brooklets flashing their glittering waters in the glorious sunlight4 ,in vain did ,kate ,kearney assail him with blarney1 blandishments1 and bog oak1 with 8a dhrop o' the craythur0 under the thin disguise of goat's milk4 ,in vain did arbutus-wood venders1 and mendicants1 and wild-flower girls trudge by his side and cling to his heels4 ,he distanced them all1 leaving them standing at different places in the middle of the road1 baffled and worsted in the encounter4 ,up against the sky line stood the ponies4 ,up against a sheer wall of dull gray rock covered with ferns1 and mosses1 and lichens leant a wooden shanty1 and for this shanty ,bertram ,martin made4 ,a party had ascended before him2 they were from the ,victoria ,hotel--two gentlemen and two ladies4 ,one gentleman was seated on a granite boulder as ,bertie reached this coigne of vantage4 8,glorious day1 sir10 exclaimed the tweed-covered excursionist4 8,superb10 replied ,bertie1 flinging himself on the purple heather to await the arrival of ,kirwan4 8,you're from the other side of the pond4 ,have a cigar10 flinging over his case in a right royal manner4 ,bertie selected a weed4 8,have a light10 shying a silver fusee-box which the doctor dexterously caught4 8,from ,new ,york80 8,yes40 8,do you know any people of the name of ,joyce80 8,daniel ,blake ,joyce1 of ,gramercy ,park80 asked ,bertie4 8,yes40 8,i know him and his family intimately40 ,the tweed-arrayed stranger jumped to his feet4 8,i call this jolly4 ,my name is ,o',hara40 8,not ,tim ,o',hara80 8,yes1 ,tim40 8,why1 my dear sir10 cried ,bertie1 8,i've heard the ,joyces speak of you fifty times40 8,this is first-class4 ,have a card4 ,you'll come and stop with me a week1 a month--six4 ,i live in the ,county ,wicklow40 8,i most seriously wish ,i could10 said the physician1 exchanging cards1 8but ,i leave by the ,asia on ,friday40 8,not a bit of it4 ,hi1 ,dick6 ,dick6 ,i say10 calling to a fat1 jovial-faced1 red-nosed elderly gentleman who had just emerged from the shanty4 8,here's a friend of ,dan ,joyce's1 of ,new ,york1 who says he's going to leave by the ,asia on ,friday4 ,will that fit80 8,i should say not10 said the other1 approaching4 ,where had ,bertram ,martin seen that face8 8,any friend of ,dan ,joyce's is our friend1 and shame be upon us if we let you leave ,ireland without at least giving us the opportunity of having a gossip and a bottle over ,dan40 ,where had ,bertram ,martin seen that face8 ,in a few words1 even while this perplexing thought was whirling through his brain1 ,bertie informed the new-comer--for ,o',hara had disappeared into the shanty in search of the ladies with his news--of his doings since he landed at ,liverpool4 8,at what time were you in ,paris80 asked the stranger4 8,on the opening day of the ,exhibition10 replied the doctor with a deep sigh1 as his thoughts flew back to the lovely girl he was destined never1 oh6 never1 to behold again4 8,i was in ,paris on that day10 said the stranger4 ,bertie seized him by the wrist4 8,you were8 ,i have it all now4 ,now ,i know where ,i saw you10 speaking with fearful rapidity4 8,it was at the entrance ,c----4 ,there was a fearful crush4 ,you were not alone4 ,you were with a young lady4 ,who is that girl8 ,where is she80 ,and he stopped1 a world of excited earnestness in his eyes4 8,that young lady is my daughter40 8,where is she80 8,she is here40 8,here80 a mad throb at his heart4 ,at this moment ,o',hara emerged from the shanty1 accompanied by two ladies1 one of them1 young and fresh and lovely1 hanging fondly on his arm4 ,bertie saw it all now4 ,one wild glance told him that she was as far from him as the fleecy cloud sailing above his head--that she was the wife of ,tim ,o',hara4 8,i don't think1 ,dick1 that ,i introduced you to my young friend1 ,dr4 ,martin4 ,doctor1 this is ,dick ,darcy1 one of the gayest fellows in all ,ireland4 ,get your legs under his mahogany in ,merrion ,square and----0 8,i have been in your house in ,merrion ,square4 ,i have a letter of introduction to you from ,mr4 ,joyce10 burst in ,bertie4 8,and you shall be again1 my young friend10 wringing his hand warmly4 8,mary10 to the elder lady1 8this is ,dr4 ,martin1 a friend of ,dan ,joyce's4 ,doctor1 this is my wife4 ,and this10 turning to the girl1 8is my daughter40 ,bertie took her courteously-proffered hand1 and held it for one instant in his4 ,he looked down1 down into those ,irish gray eyes1 where truth and innocence and purity lay like gems beneath crystal waters2 he gazed with a wild rapture upon the beauteous face that had haunted him day and night in its rosy radiance1 and then with a muttered exclamation was about to turn away when ,o',hara exclaimed3 8,miss ,darcy looks as if she had seen you before40 8,miss ,darcy80 cried ,bertie4 8,yes2 you wouldn't have her ,mrs4 ,darcy1 would you80 ,oh6 the weight lifted off his heart4 ,oh6 how gloriously shone out the sun1 how blue was the sky1 how radiant the flowers1 how sweet the song of the mountain thrush1 how delightful everything4 ,the great black shadow which had hung over him like a pall had passed away before the dayshine of her presence1 and1 borne on that sunlight1 came the message to his heart that ,kitty ,darcy was to be wooed1 and--possibly to be won4 ,kirwan's pleasure knew no bounds as he clasped the hand of ,dick ,darcy4 8,what a sorry opinion you would have had of the old country if you had only known its hospitality through the medium of a hotel1 ,mr4 ,kirwan60 laughed ,darcy as the party mounted their shaggy mountain ponies4 ,of course ,bertie rode beside ,miss ,darcy1 and descanted not as eloquently as he could have wished upon the glorious bits of scenery that revealed themselves at every turn in the ,gap4 ,he spoke glowingly of home1 of the lordly ,hudson1 the dreamy ,catskills1 the ,white ,mountains1 and the ,yosemite4 8,oh6 isn't that gloriously gloomy10 cried ,miss ,darcy1 as they emerged from the granite-walled ,gap to the ridge overlooking the ,black ,valley to the right1 stretching away in gray sadness1 locked in the embraces of mountains standing in ebon relief against the blue yet lustreless sky4 8,not unlike my own reflections for the last six weeks10 laughed the doctor2 8they were gloriously gloomy40 8,see the sunshine over the upper lake40 8,i accept the omen40 8,and the ,eagle's ,nest1 how superbly it towers over the water6 ,what greens6--from white to russet4 ,how charmingly the foliage of the arbutus seems to suit this lovely scenery60 ,and what a scene in its brilliance1 its repose1 its poetry6 ,verdure-clad mountains dreaming in the haze of summer1 lifting themselves to the blue vault of heaven1 the tender green mixing with the cerulean1 as a spring leaf with the forget-me-not2 mirror-like lakes reflecting every crag1 every tree1 every bud with that fidelity only known to nature's mirrors2 the path winding tortuously down to the lake1 now disappearing in a patch of wood1 now meandering through a waving meadow as yet uninvaded by the ruthless scythe4 ,away stretched the lakes1 away the old ,weir ,bridge--away in shimmering loveliness all too lovely to describe1 all too lovely save to gaze and gaze upon1 until heart and soul absorbed it in a thirsty greed4 ,three days spent in ,kitty ,darcy's society--three days in wandering through the ruins of ,muckross ,abbey1 that home of silent prayer1 that 8congealed ,pater ,noster10 by the low1 dulcet murmur of ,o',sullivan's ,cascade1 amid the leafy dells of 8,sweet ,innisfallen10 up the steep ascent of ,mangerton1 on the fern-caressed road to the police barracks1 stopping at the exquisite little chapel perched like an eerie up in its wooded nest and uttering an ,ave1 always by ,kitty's side1 always inhaling the subtle perfume of her presence--three centuries compressed into three days4 ,the ,darcys were en route to a fishing-lodge at ,valentia1 out where the cable flashes into the wide ,atlantic1 and the day arrived when farewell--a word that must be1 and hath been1 a sound that makes us linger--must be said4 8,are you going by the ,asia on ,friday1 uncle80 asked ,bertie4 8,why1 of course40 8,i am not40 8,no60 8,i go on to ,carrick-na-cushla with the ,darcys40 8,i thought as much1 ,bertie4 ,what shall ,i tell them in ,new ,york80 8,that ,i shall bring home a young1 lovely1 pure1 and charming wife1 if ,i can4 ,i have two letters for you1 one for my mother and one for my father4 ,if things turn out--all right1 ,i'll return2 if--0 here he paused with a writhe--8all wrong1 you won't hear of me for some time40 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,bertram ,martin's three months' vacation is not yet over4 ,it threatens to lengthen into six1 possibly into nine months2 and when he returns he will not return alone4 ,his uncle ,kirwan has had a sad time of it ever since2 and ,dr4 ,martin's fair patients are inconsolable4 ,,rosary ,,stanzas4 ,,prologue4 ,mulier amicta sole1 et luna sub pedibus ejus1 et in capite ejus corona stellarum duodecim4--,,apoc4 xii4 #a4 ,cloudless her early dawn1 more pure1 more bright ,than the blue sapphire of the eastern sky ,above her head4 ,to the prophetic eye ,all the long future lay in folds of light4 ,her noontide sun thick darkness veiled from sight1 ,prelude of rushing storms that moan and sigh ,among the forest-leaves1 then fiercely fly ,in wrath and ruin1 burying all in night-- ,to die in silence4 ,see6 the light returns1 ,a gathering splendor in its peaceful ray1 ,and all the western heaven at sunset burns ,and kindles to a golden after-glow1 ,bidding the tender hearts that love her know ,the fuller glory of her perfect day4 ,,joyful ,,mysteries4 ,i4 ,,luke i4 #ch4 ,and does the crownd one ever look back ,on her long sojourn in the vale of tears8 ,whate'er of earth her simple home might lack1 ,her blissful ,fiat filled those far-off years1 ,doubling their joys and calming all their fears4 ,her faithfulness to grace divine how great6 ,in the early time as when the goal she nears1 ,as the ,lord's handmaid1 or in queenly state1 ,content on his command expectantly to wait4 ,,ii4 ,,luke i4 #dc4 ,bride of the ,holy ,one6 of all his grace1 ,at the beginning1 full6 ,god's ,mother blest6 ,hope of the world1 the glory of her race6 ,when ,be it done was said1 awhile to rest ,within her quiet home were it not best8 ,she her aged kinswoman a kindness owes2 ,nor daunted by the desolate mountain-crest1 ,to sanctify the unborn infant goes3 ,better to love and serve than holiest repose4 ,,iii4 ,,luke ii4 #af4 ,long ago full of grace1 what is she now8 ,her time has come1 her ,god upon her knee-- ,reward how rich for her all-perfect vow6 ,fountain of grace unlimited to be2 ,every heart-pulse an act of worship free ,to ,him who visited his world forlorn4 ,mother of his divinest infancy1 ,bid our dull souls be as the ,newly-,born1 ,living henceforth his life who came that ,christmas morn4 ,,iv4 ,,hebr4 x4 #g4 ,with lowly willingness and simple awe ,the sinless ,mother and her sinless ,child ,offered themselves at bidding of the law3 ,she to be purified1 the ,undefiled6 ,while he on his redemption-offering smiled4 ,obedience6 never did thy secret power ,brood calmer o'er a world of passions wild ,than to ,god's temple1 in that silent hour1 ,when ,son and ,mother came1 wearing thy lowly flower4 ,v4 ,,luke ii4 #dh4 ,three days and nights the ,mother for her ,son ,in sorrow sought and self-upbraidings meek2 ,the joy of finding him her patience won3 ,she sought1 and he was found4 ,but for the weak1 ,the wandering1 his patient love must seek ',mong thorny by-ways of the world to find4 ,deign to the ,king for them a word to speak1 ,pray something for them of thy constant mind1 ,for ever to his ,heart all wayward souls to bind4 ,,relations ,,of ,,judaism ,,to ,,christianity4 ,i4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 founded by ,christ to be the depositary1 the guardian1 and the interpreter of his word1 was from all eternity in the mind of ,god1 not in the same manner as the other things that were made by him1 and which constitute the visible universe1 but as a creation apart1 far superior to the world that we see1 the completion of the designs of love which he entertained for men1 and the reason of the existence of everything else inferior to it4 ,it is the sublime theology of ,st4 ,paul3 8,all things are yours10 he writes to the ,corinthians--8the world1 life1 death1 things present and things to come4 ,and you are ,christ's1 and ,christ is ,god's40 ,from this it is easy to see the rank which the church holds in the divine plan4 ,christ stands first in the scale2 he is the link1 the ,supreme ,pontiff by whom all creatures are united with ,god2 the church1 his spouse1 is for him and forms one with him1 and has been ordained for the good of the elect and the sanctification of souls2 she is the mother of the living4 ,as ,christ is first in the intention of ,god1 the church1 which is so intimately connected with him1 is conceived along with him in the ,divine mind1 and has in it the precedence over all other things4 ,thus she can apply to herself the words of the inspired writer3 8,the ,lord possessed me at the beginning of his ways4 ,i was set up from eternity1 and of old before the earth was made4 ,when he established the sky above1 and poised the fountains of waters2 when he compassed the sea with its bounds1 and set a law to the waters that they should not pass their limits1 ,i was with him forming all things40 ,such being the case1 it is not astonishing to see the whole drama of human history turned towards a central figure1 ,christ and his church1 which are the grand objects contemplated by ,god in the universe4 ,nations rise and fall1 empires are founded which are succeeded by other empires1 each having a special mission1 that of preparing the way for the kingdom of ,god2 and when that mission is accomplished they disappear from the scene4 ,the barriers set up to divide nationalities are forcibly broken down2 conquest1 commerce1 the sciences and arts form a link between them2 languages are modified1 ideas are interchanged1 intellectual systems are brought in contact2 efforts are made sometimes in the right1 sometimes in the wrong1 direction2 men grope in the dark1 but some ray of light1 however faint it may have been1 is still there to urge them in their researches after truth2 views are conflicting1 but their very conflict paves the way to a broader spirit and more universal conceptions4 ,when we glance at the state of the human mind before the coming of ,christ1 it seems that all is confusion and a perfect chaos from which there is no possible issue2 but an attentive observer will easily discern1 even when obscurity is most intense1 the ,spirit of ,god1 as of old1 brooding over the vast abyss and ordering all things so as to make light finally shine out of darkness4 ,the providential action of ,god manifested in the gradual preparation of the world for the acceptance of ,christianity has always been considered one of the most striking proofs of its supernatural character1 and modern rationalism has completely failed in its attempt to destroy it4 ,to confine ourselves to the theories invented for that purpose1 and bearing on the subject which we have undertaken to treat in the present article1 the relation of ,judaism to ,christianity1 they may be briefly summed up as follows3 they peremptorily deny all supernatural agency in the march of events recorded in the sacred writings2 they equally deny the divine mission of ,jesus ,christ2 the apostles were1 it is affirmed1 men of their age1 and did not escape the influence of popular opinions1 which they knew how to use for their own ends2 as to ,christian dogmas1 they followed in their formation the law of progressive development and growth2 ,christianity is nothing else but an evolution of ,judaism or its various sects by a natural process and under the pressure of circumstances and prevailing ideas4 ,now1 every page of the ,jewish history contains a refutation of these doctrines4 ,there we see a people especially chosen by ,god1 among all others1 to be the authentic and accredited witness of the truth among the nations2 to keep alive in the world the belief in one true ,god and the hope of a future ,redeemer already promised to our first parents after the fall2 to be the depositary of that promise and the organ of its promulgation4 ,judaism1 therefore1 is related to ,christianity1 not as the seed to the plant1 but as the well-prepared soil to the harvest2 as the figure to the reality1 as the prophecy to its accomplishment2 as the harbinger to the ,king whose coming he announces to the populations that are to receive him4 ,it is1 as ,isaias expresses it1 8the voice of one crying in the desert3 ,prepare ye the way of the ,lord1 make straight in the wilderness the paths of our ,god0 7,isaias xl4 #c74 ,from the early dawn of their history the destiny of the ,hebrews is clearly defined4 ,they are a nation set apart to be a living protest against the prevailing idolatry of the times4 ,from the vocation of ,abraham to the promulgation of the law on ,mount ,sinai1 and throughout the succeeding periods of their existence1 the fundamental dogma of their religion is monotheism3 8,i am the ,lord thy ,god2 thou shalt not have strange gods in my sight4 ,thou shalt not make to thyself a graven thing1 nor the likeness of any thing that is in heaven above1 or in the earth beneath1 nor of those things that are in the waters under the earth4 ,thou shalt not adore them1 nor serve them40 ,another article of their creed equally pre-eminent as their belief in one ,god is their expectation of ,one who was to be sent for the restoration of mankind4 ,to ,abraham1 the progenitor of that race1 it was revealed that 8his posterity should be as the stars for multitude1 and that from them a blessing should go forth to all other nations40 ,later ,god had said to ,isaac3 8,i will multiply thy seed as the stars of heaven1 and ,i will give to thy posterity all these countries 7that is1 the land of ,chanaan71 and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed40 ,jacob had heard a voice from heaven1 saying3 8,i am the most mighty ,god of thy father3 fear not1 go down into ,egypt1 for ,i will make a great nation of thee there4 ,i will go down with thee thither1 and will bring thee back again from thence02 and when the aged patriarch is on the point of death1 ,god bids him fix his eyes upon the lion of ,juda1 and shows him all the nations blessed in a prince who is to come out from his lineage4 ,moses1 raised by the ,almighty to deliver the numerous posterity of ,jacob from the bondage of ,egypt1 had led to the threshold of the promised land that nation which ,god had chosen to give birth to the ,redeemer1 and to maintain upon earth faithful worshippers of his name4 ,he also was divinely apprised that a prophet would rise from his nation and from among his brethren whose voice all should hear4 ,hence it is that the ,old ,testament religion was prophetic in its whole nature4 8,the guides of the ,hebrew people10 says ,dr4 ,fisher1#ge 8were ever pointing to the future4 ,there1 and not in the past1 lay the golden age4 ,the ,jew might revert with pride to the victories of ,david and the splendor of ,solomon1 but these vanished glories only served to remind him of the lofty destiny in store for his nation1 and to inspire his imagination to picture the day when the ideal of the kingdom should be realized and the whole earth be submissive to the monarch of ,sion4 ,the hopes of all patriotic ,jews centred upon a personage who was to appear upon the earth and take in his hands universal dominion40 ,it is a most interesting study to follow the ,hebrew prophets in delineating so many centuries in advance the history of the ,messias1 and the principal features of that kingdom which is to embrace the earth under its sway4 ,the time and place of his birth1 the circumstances by which it is accompanied1 his character1 life1 sufferings1 and humiliations1 his death and final triumph--all is described with astonishing precision4 ,they openly speak of the object of the kingdom he is to establish1 which is the regeneration of man1 of his mind as well as of his heart1 the destruction of idol worship1 the adoration of the true ,god1 and the reign of holiness2 and this at a time when all was ,god except ,god himself1 when ,greece deified nature and ,egypt changed gods into beasts1 whilst ,babylon1 more corrupt1 fabricated impure monsters which they adored1 and ,gaul1 more ignorant1 saw the ,deity on the summits of mountains and in the depths of forests4 ,it was in this age of darkness that ,isaias sang the glory of the new ,jerusalem1 the church like to a mountain on which will be broken the chain of iniquity that bound all nations and the web that had been woven around them4 ,the universal diffusion of the ,messianic kingdom is also foretold by the prophets4 ,there is nothing more clearly expressed in the prophecies and so much insisted upon as this3 that the new alliance is not to be local and limited to one nation1 but that it will be extended to all nations4 ,we have already alluded to the prophecy of ,abraham and to that of ,jacob4 ,later ,david proclaims all nations of the earth to be the inheritance of ,christ4 ,isaias contemplates from afar a new sign1 the standard of the cross raised before the eyes of all nations2 he sees them bringing their children in their arms--that is1 those barbarian tribes that come to prostrate themselves at the foot of the cross and present their sons to the baptism of the church2 he announces the conversion of the kings of the earth and their submission to the spouse of ,christ2 he follows the apostles carrying the good tidings to the farthest ends of the world4 8,who are those10 he exclaims1 8who fly like clouds8 ,the far distant islands are in expectation1 and ships are waiting to carry them4 ,i shall choose from among my people men whom ,i shall send to the ,gentiles that are beyond the seas1 in ,africa1 in ,lydia1 in ,italy1 in ,greece1 to the islands afar off1 to them that have not heard of me and have not seen my glory40 ,again1 the reign of the ,messias is everywhere represented as having no end2 it is to endure for ever4 ,we shall only mention the prediction of the ,messianic kingdom contained in the book of ,daniel1 which was familiar to the ,jews1 and one in which they trusted4 ,after a description of the four kingdoms1 the last of which the ,roman1 as iron1 breaketh in pieces and subdueth all things1 the writer says that in the days of these kings shall the ,god of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed4 ,these doctrines were not to remain the exclusive appanage of the ,hebrews4 ,divine ,providence willed that they should be diffused among the nations1 and moulded the destinies of the chosen people for the furtherance of this design4 ,it is a remark of ,ritter that the ,supreme ,wisdom has allotted to nations their place on the globe in view of their destination4 ,it was by such a providential disposition that ,palestine was singled out as the habitation of ,god's chosen people4 ,assyria1 ,babylonia1 and ,persia on the east and north2 ,egypt and ,ethiopia on the south2 ,greece and ,rome on the west--all the great empires of antiquity will successively come in contact with it4 ,it is there1 at the confluence of human affairs1 in the centre of ancient civilization1 that the sacerdotal race is placed1 called to spread everywhere the true religion1 the knowledge of ,god and of ,christ the ,redeemer4 ,from that central point it will be easy to send messengers of the eternal truth to the most flourishing cities1 establish prosperous colonies in the important states by which it is surrounded1 and thus accomplish its mission to be 8a light for the ,gentiles40 ,the prodigies which1 under ,josue1 ,heaven had wrought in favor of the children of ,jacob1 had already fixed the attention of the other nations upon ,israel1 and had predisposed them to adore the ,god whom that people worshipped4 ,bossuet1 speaking of those miracles1 which were occasionally renewed1 and of the effect they produced among the heathens1 says that they undoubtedly brought about numerous conversions2 so that the number of individuals who worshipped the true ,god among the ,gentiles is perhaps much greater than is generally supposed4 ,in the times of the ,judges the frequent incursions of the neighboring tribes1 their partial occupation of ,judea1 their repeated strifes with the ,hebrews on the one hand1 and on the other intervals of peace1 commercial relations1 the advantages offered to those who were willing to embrace the ,jewish religion1 contributed to propagate with that religion the expectation of a ,messias4 ,under the ,kings1 the wars of ,saul1 the conquests of ,david reaching as far as the ,euphrates1 his domination over the country of the ,moabites1 of the ,ammonites1 the ,philistines1 spread among those nations the knowledge and fear of the true ,god4 ,from the prosperous reign of ,solomon to the glorious days of the ,machabees1 the alliances contracted with ,egypt1 ,phnicia1 and the neighboring kingdoms1 the great number of workmen whom those states placed at the disposal of ,israel for the cultivation of the soil1 the construction of its cities and fortresses--all contributes to the propagation of the sacred truth4 ,the ,israelites who repair to other countries for the sake of commerce speak of their traditions and leave after them the notion of their worship4 ,whilst the ships of ,israel go and deposit on far distant shores its consoling hopes1 travellers1 attracted by the beauty of the country1 the richness of its vegetation1 the mildness of its climate come to visit the hospitable people by whom it is inhabited1 and return initiated in the true faith4 ,they recount to other nations the magnificence of the monarchs of ,juda1 the justice of their laws1 the splendor of the solemnities of ,jerusalem4 ,kings1 legislators1 philosophers come to the holy city from all parts2 and ,solomon1 in the census he took of foreign proselytes1 found that their number amounted to more than a hundred and fifty thousand4 ,but it is not enough that the name of the ,lord should be known by the nations in the vicinity of ,judea2 the most distant tribes must be brought to adore him4 ,to this effect ,assyria1 whose domination extends to the remotest regions of ,asia1 successively subjugates the kingdoms of ,israel and of ,juda1 and disperses their inhabitants over the whole of its vast provinces4 ,it is expressly forbidden to the captives of ,israel to concentrate themselves on one point2 for ,providence intends that they should spread all over the ,east the light of truth and the earnest of salvation4 ,hala1 ,habor1 ,rages in ,media1 ,ara on the river ,gozan1 are made the residence of the ,jews of the ten tribes4 ,they advance beyond the ,tigris and the ,euphrates1 through ,armenia as far as ,colchis and ,georgia1 where they continue to dwell after the captivity1 unwilling to abandon their new home4 ,numerous families fix their abode in ,khaboul1 in the most important cities of ,chorasan and in ,herat4 ,others established at first at the sources of the ,indus1 descending that river1 reach ,india1 and give rise to the tribe of the ,afghans4 ,some even will cross the mountains of ,central ,asia1 and will found establishments in ,tartary1 and chiefly in ,china1 where later their descendants1 raised to the first dignities of the empire1 will teach the ,chinese the ,jewish religion4 ,some fragments of the books of ,genesis and of ,kings1 passages of the prophets1 written in the characters of that remote epoch1 sufficiently indicate that those exiles transmitted to their children and propagated the revealed truth in that country4 ,confucius1 the legislator of ,china1 in his travels towards the west1 derived from one of those colonies his ideas on the ,supreme ,being1 whom he designates by the ,hebrew name of ,jehovah1 scarcely altered1 as ,abel ,rmusat tells us4 ,at a later period the ,persian reformer ,zoroaster derived from the same source those flashes of truth which shine in the ,zend-,avesta by the side of glimpses of primitive revelation4 ,the ,jews of the kingdom of ,juda1 grouped1 on the contrary1 in the centre of ,chaldea1 establish colonies at ,sova1 at ,nahar1 and in other places as far as the confines of the desert2 and likewise at ,teredon1 at the confluence of the ,tigris and the ,euphrates2 at ,machusa1 ,annebar1 ,nisibis1 and on the spot where later ,bagdad shall rise4 ,all these colonies1 and many others1 which after the restoration will still remain in those countries1 will open schools to become centres of light to the heathens4 ,that permanent contact with the ,chaldeans shall allow the latter to recover a portion of the treasure of primitive truths which they had lost4 ,also do all agree in considering the ,chaldeans as the men of antiquity the most conversant with theological science4 ,whilst the ,jews of ,israel are carrying their faith to the extremities of the vast empire1 those of ,juda1 assisted by the translation of their sacred books into ,chaldaic1 diffuse it abundantly in the thickly-populated provinces of the centre4 ,assyria had fallen before the superior valor and military skill of the ,persians4 ,it was the time of the deliverance of the ,jews4 ,the most zealous among them availed themselves of the edict of ,cyrus to return to ,palestine and to rebuild the sacred places4 ,but their destiny was not altered2 they still went on fulfilling their sacred mission among the ,gentiles4 ,under the ,persian domination ,hebrew princes tell the monarchs of ,persia of the future divine ,liberator1 and these have sacrifices and prayers offered in the ,temple at ,jerusalem for the prosperity of their reign4 ,providence makes use of the high functions they exercise at the imperial court to lead those princes of ,juda to ,ecbatana1 to ,persepolis and ,suza1 that they might initiate the nobility of those important cities in the knowledge of the true ,god1 to speak to them of the ,messias whom the ,magi shall from that time expect4 ,distinguished ,jews are entrusted with the archives of ,ecbatana4 ,a great number of priests continue after the restoration to live among the ,persians1 and are disseminated all over the empire4 ,they spread their traditions and their dogmas among the heathen populations4 ,that sojourn of ,jewish priests in the land of exile1 after liberty had been restored to them1 and when honors awaited them in their own country1 evidently shows that it is the effect of a merciful design on the part of ,god1 who devises means for those populations to receive the light of truth4 ,ochus1 one of the last ,persian monarchs1 irritated against the children of ,israel1 sends a certain number of them in exile into ,hyrcania and on to the shores of the ,caspian ,sea1 and by this he unwittingly helps in spreading among those abandoned tribes the consoling promises of salvation2 for those violent measures1 as ,hecatus remarks in ,josephus ,against ,apion1 far from discouraging the ,jews1 serve to revive their patriotism1 their attachment to the faith of their fathers1 and their religious zeal4 ,if ,asia1 the land of great empires1 was favored in a special manner1 ,africa was not forgotten4 ,the ,hebrews had long before initiated ,egypt in the knowledge of the one true ,god and of a ,redeemer whose birth in future ages had been revealed to it by ,jacob in his last moments4 ,this first initiation had produced its fruits2 we know by the testimony of ,holy ,writ that when the ,hebrews went out of ,egypt a considerable number of ,egyptians followed them in the desert4 ,in the reign of ,solomon a small ,jewish colony followed the ,queen of ,saba to ,abyssinia4 ,according to ,bruce1 in his travels1 not only do the kings of that country claim to descend from ,solomon1 but1 furthermore1 the annals of ,abyssinia are full of details about the voyage which the ,queen of ,saba made to ,judea4 ,ethiopia thus received the sacred books and the religion of the ,israelites--a religion which they kept afterwards1 as the ,jewish ,ethiopian treasurer of the ,queen of ,candace1 whom ,st4 ,philip found reading ,isaias and whom he converted to ,christianity1 seems to prove4 ,at the time of the ,assyrian wars and of the great captivity a number of ,jews took refuge in ,egypt4 ,some went to ,abyssinia and other parts of ,ethiopia1 where they established powerful colonies by the side of those which already existed4 ,at a later period ,ptolemus ,i4 brought two hundred thousand ,jews into ,egypt1 where they established in all directions colonies which soon became prosperous under the protection of his successors4 ,numerous schools for the propagation of sound doctrine2 houses of prayer in cities2 a ,sanhedrim at ,alexandria1 the residence of learned ,greeks2 a temple near ,bubaste1 in which the ordinary sacrifices prescribed by the ,mosaic law were offered--all contributed to make of ,egypt a second native land for the ,jews4 ,the name of the ,lord was publicly revered and the worship of the true ,god practised everywhere4 ,the infidels had consequently full opportunity afforded them of knowing him and serving him2 and ,isaias affirms that1 in fact1 a great number embraced the true religion4 ,as the times approach for the coming of the ,messias1 the nation chosen to announce him to the world and to prepare his way multiplies its colonies and its schools4 ,during the whole period of the ,greek domination the ,hebrews avail themselves of the protection accorded them by ,alexander and his successors to extend in the east and west their beneficial influence1 and spread their salutary doctrines1 which shall predispose the ,grecian mind to receive the light of the ,gospel4 ,we find them in ,seleucia1 at ,ctesiphon1 and at ,chalcis1 where ,st4 ,jerome subsequently repaired to take lessons in the ,hebrew language2 at ,berea1 where he met with ,jews converted to ,christianity4 ,we find them at ,antioch1 where they shall soon suffer martyrdom for their faith2 at ,damascus1 a city in which they are in continual intercourse with the ,greeks who flock around the celebrated teachers of its schools2 at ,emesus1 ,nisibis1 and ,edessa4 ,in the principal cities of ,asia ,minor3 ,ephesus1 ,smyrna1 ,pergamus1 ,sardis1 ,philadelphia1 ,laodicea possess ,jewish colonies4 ,delos1 ,miletus1 ,halicarnassus1 ,iconium have their synagogues4 ,at ,philippi1 in ,macedonia1 there are houses of prayer for the ,israelites4 ,athens1 ,corinth1 ,salamis1 ,paphos count such a considerable number of ,jews mixed with their populations that1 as it is stated in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 synagogues are to be found in those places4 ,now1 synagogues were not only used for prayer but also for the interpretation of the sacred books1 and consequently as public chairs from which the revelation and hope of a divine ,redeemer were announced to the inhabitants4 ,the prophet ,abdias tells us that after the destruction of ,jerusalem by the ,chaldeans ,jews had sought refuge in ,sparta2 and ,arius1 ,king of the ,spartans1 writes to the pontiff ,onias that 8it was found in writing concerning the ,spartans and the ,jews that they are brethren1 and that they are of the stock of ,abraham40 ,during the period of the ,roman domination ,judea had colonies in all countries--in ,parthia1 among the ,medes and ,elamites1 in ,mesopotamia1 ,cappadocia1 ,pontus1 ,phrygia1 ,pamphylia1 ,egypt1 ,libya1 ,arabia1 in the island of ,crete1 and at ,rome4 ,it is an opinion which found credit with several learned men that some ,hebrews1 at the time of the ,assyrian invasions1 came to ,rome in the reign of ,numa and suggested to him what is best in his laws2 and1 in fact1 several of them seem to be modelled upon the ,hebrew legislation4 ,but it is certain that one hundred and forty years before ,christ the ,jews had erected public altars in ,rome1 and that a decree banished them from ,italy2 which is an indication that they must have been there in great numbers for a long time previous4 ,in the days of the ,machabees1 when the ,jewish nation1 to use the expression of the ,scriptures and of ,cicero1 was the friend of the ,romans1 the senate1 at the solicitation of ,jewish ambassadors1 wrote letters in favor of the ,jews of ,lampsacus1 ,sparta1 ,delos1 ,myndos1 ,sicyonia2 of those who inhabited ,gortyna1 ,cnidis1 ,caria1 ,pamphylia1 ,lycia1 ,samos1 ,cos1 ,sidon1 ,rhodes1 ,avadon1 the island of ,cyprus1 and ,cyrene4 ,no nation escaped the action of their zeal2 and the ,acts of the ,apostles1 enumerating the ,hebrews assembled at ,jerusalem on the occasion of the solemnity of ,pentecost1 tell us that 8there were ,jews1 devout men1 out of every nation under heaven40 ,such1 then1 was the mission of the ,jews2 they constitute the true church before ,christ for the preaching of ,god's future kingdom that shall have no end4 ,we see them dispersed throughout the world2 we meet them on all the highroads of humanity1 confessing the only ,lord of heaven and earth1 and holding in their hands their sacred writings1 showing to all that a peaceful ,ruler would rise from the land of ,juda and would restore all things4 ,and when the times were accomplished1 and the earth was to behold its ,saviour1 all nations were held in expectation of the mighty event4 ,we have here endeavored to give a brief sketch of the ,jewish history4 ,no one can deny that the very raison d'tre of the ,hebrew nation was the hope of a ,messias who was to restore all things and establish upon earth the kingdom of ,god4 ,the prophets speak of him and of his glorious reign2 they predict his universal dominion2 it will have no end in time1 and its boundaries will be those of the universe4 ,the destiny of the ,jews is unique4 ,after a comparatively short period of splendor which the conquests of ,david and ,solomon shed upon ,palestine1 they lose their political independence1 and henceforth they shall be forced to mingle with the ,gentiles1 whose social habits they will adopt1 but at the same time unflinchingly adhering to their own religious tenets4 ,the result is also an historical fact3 a ,liberator of the human race is expected by all nations1 et erit expectatio gentium4 ,is it possible for an unprejudiced mind1 for one who does not read history in the light of preconceived systems1 not to see in that well-connected whole a design of ,providence which ordains means to the obtaining of a clearly-defined end8 ,historical atheism refuses to recognize any such design1 as atheism1 in the conception of nature1 refuses to recognize an intelligent ,creator4 ,it gives us1 instead of life1 dry bones and ashes1 barren and unmeaning facts in history1 and in nature phenomena with no intelligible cause for their production1 and tending to no assignable end4 ,in every sphere of knowledge atheism does nothing else but spread darkness and desolation all around4 ,but as one who is not wilfully blinded will always discern by a kind of rational instinct the action of an infinitely wise and omnipotent ,being in the order displayed in the world1 so will he admit the action of ,god in the direction of human events in which a divine intelligence is no less clearly manifested4 ,the ever popular argument of ,st4 ,paul with its consequence1 against those men that detain the truth of ,god in injustice1 holds good in both cases3 8,that which is known of ,god is manifest in them2 for ,god hath manifested it unto them4 ,for the invisible things of him1 from the creation of the world1 are clearly seen1 being understood by the things that are made3 his eternal power also and divinity3 so that they are inexcusable0 7,rom4 i4 #ah-bj74 ,footnote #ge3 ,beginnings of ,christianity4 ,,the ,,lessons ,,of ,,the ,,caxton ,,celebration ,,of #ahgg4gf ,england's first printer was a ,catholic4 ,he lived and died in communion with the ,holy ,see4 ,he established his press in ,england beneath the shadow and on the grounds of the ,abbey of ,westminster1 protected and encouraged by its monks4 ,he translated and printed books of ,catholic piety1 and seems especially given to devotions for a happy death4 ,he made bequests to the church1 and the ,requiem was said at his death4 ,among all incunabula ,caxton's issues rank among the scarcest4 ,why8 ,the ,reformation made war upon them1 so that many have perished utterly2 six are known only by some scanty fragment preserved by being used to form part of a book-cover2 of thirty-two more only a single copy has been preserved to our day4 ,how many have perished and left no trace whatever1 no man can tell4 8,be it therefore enacted by the king1 our sovereign lord1 the lords spiritual and temporal1 and the commons in this present parliament assembled1 that all books called antiphoners1 missals1 grailes 7graduals71 processionals1 manuals1 legends1 pis1 portuasses 7breviaries71 primers in ,latin and ,english1#gg couchers1 journals 7diurnals71 ordinals1 or other books or writings whatsoever1 heretofore used for service of the church1 written or printed1 in the ,english or ,latin tongue1 other than such as shall be set forth by the king's majesty1 shall be by authority of his present act clearly and utterly abolished1 extinguished and forbidden for ever to be used or kept in this realm1 or elsewhere within any of the king's dominions4 8,and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid that if any person or persons1 of what estate1 degree1 or condition soever he1 she1 or they be1 bodies politic or corporate1 that now have1 or hereafter shall have1 in his1 her1 or their custody any the books or writings of the sorts aforesaid1 or any images of stone1 timber1 alabaster1 or earth1 graven1 carved1 or painted1 which heretofore have been taken out of any church or chapel1 or yet stand in any church or chapel1 and do not1 before the last day of ,june next ensuing1 deface and destroy or cause to be defaced and destroyed1 the same images and every of them1 and deliver or cause to be delivered all and every the same books to the mayor1 bailiff1 constable1 or church wardens of the town where such books then shall be1 to be by them delivered over openly1 within three months next following after the said delivery1 to the archbishop1 bishop1 chancellor1 or commissary of the same diocese 7to the intent the said archbishop1 bishop1 chancellor1 or commissary1 and every of them1 cause them1 immediately after1 either to be openly burnt or otherwise defaced and destroyed71 shall for every such book or books willingly retained 444 forfeit for the first offence ten shillings1 and for the second offence shall forfeit and lose four pounds1 and for the third offence shall suffer imprisonment at the king's will0 7,statute #c and #d ,edward ,,vi4 c4 x47 ,neglect on the part of the archbishops and the others named to burn the books involved a penalty of forty pounds4 ,thus ,protestantism destroyed ,caxtons4 8,a glance at the titles of the uniques will show that the books most liable to destruction1 probably owing in part to their being much used1 and in part to the destructiveness of religious sectarianism10#gh says ,blades1 8are those directly or indirectly of an ecclesiastical character--such as #8,hor1' #8,psalters1' #8,meditacions1' etc40 ,last year1 #ahgg1 being1 it was believed1 the fourth centenary of the first book printed by ,caxton at ,westminster1 a ,caxton celebration1 proposed by ,mr4 ,hodson1 was carried out in ,london with no little pomp and display4 ,caxton imprints were brought together from many choice collections1 with incunabula of all countries1 and especially editions of the ,bible1 from ,gutenberg's to one printed for the occasion at ,oxford4 ,the celebration was curious in the utter exclusion of any ,catholic element1 and in the machinery brought to bear to make the whole affair a glorification of the ,reformation and of the stale prejudices against ,catholicity4 ,in the face of the books brought together and the lessons they told1 this use of the first ,english printer1 a ,catholic1 whose ,catholic books the gentlemen of the ,reformation had under severe penalties consigned to the flames1 required in the managers no little assurance1 or perhaps a well-founded knowledge of the voluntary blindness of the masses4 ,they seem to have felt some sense of difficulty1 or ,english exclusiveness never would have called in the ,yankee adroitness of one of our countrymen rather inclined to play the buffoon in bibliography4 ,the ,english ,catholic body seems to have felt some compassion for their ,protestant fellow-countrymen in the strange attempt on which the latter were engaged4 ,they did not seek to force themselves into the affair1 nor greet them with merited ridicule4 ,we do not know whether they acted under a sense of pity or were merely apathetic4 ,yet we wish they had celebrated the anniversary of ,caxton's death or deposition1 or some day selected1 by a solemn ,mass of ,requiem in the ancient church of ,st4 ,etheldreda1 now happily restored to ,catholic worship4 ,the ,holy ,see would perhaps have sanctioned pro hac vice the use on that occasion of the ,mass for the ,dead in the ancient ,sarum ,missal1 such as was used at the obsequies of the good printer1 whose translation of the ,lives of the ,fathers of the ,desert was completed on the day of his death4#gi ,we do not know but that we should have applied to ,parliament for permission to celebrate a ,mass of ,requiem for ,caxton in ,westminster ,abbey church1 such as was said at his death4 ,the proposition would probably have struck some dumb from sheer amazement2 but ,parliament would either have granted it1 and permitted the funeral service of #adia to be repeated just as it was said after his death1 or they would have refused the request of the ,catholic body1 and made their bigotry one of the memorabilia of the ,caxton celebration4 ,no such step was taken2 and the managers of the ,caxton anniversary were left at full liberty to give all the false color they could1 to combine1 suppress1 distort as they chose1 in order to give the public an impression that printing was one of the boons conferred on mankind by the ,reformation4 ,this was actually done directly and indirectly2 and as ,kaulbach1 the painter1 in his great canvas of the heroes of the ,reformation1 introduces ,gutenberg and ,christopher ,columbus1 so these gentlemen in ,england used the good1 pious ,catholic ,caxton as the central figure in their tableau of the apotheosis of ,protestantism4 ,caxton left no dubious evidence of his practical faith as a ,catholic4 ,his ,four ,last ,things1 in ,french1 ends with an exhortation to good works1 8by which we attain to eternal life40#hj ,the ,english ,cordyale1 or ,the ,four ,last ,things1 ends3 8,which ,werke present ,i began the morn after the saide ,purificacion of our blissid ,lady1 ,whiche was the daye of ,seint ,blase1 ,bisshop and ,martir4 ,and fiinisshed on the even of thannunciacion of our said bilissid ,lady fallyng on the wednesday the xxiiij daye of ,marche4 ,in the xix yeer of ,kyng ,edwarde the fourthe40 ,the ,festial opens3 8,the helpe and grace of almyghty god thrugh the beseechynge of his blessed moder saynt mary40 ,it ends thus3 8,by the helpe of his blessid moder mary and his holy spowsesse saynt brygytte and all sayntes4 ,amen4 ,caxton me fieri fecit40 ,then there is 8the lyf of the holy and blessed vyrgyn saynt ,wenefryde 444 reduced in to ,englysshe by me1 ,william ,caxton40 8,a short treatyce of the hyhest and most worthy sacramente of crystes blessid body and the merueylles therof0 certainly sounds orthodox4 ,and the picture of the ,crucifixion1 inscribed3 8,to them that before this ymage of pyte deuoutly saye v ,pr nr v ,aues a ,credo pyteuously beholdyng these ar of ,xps passio ar granted xxxij ,m4 vii4 ,c4 lv yeres of pardon10 shows a belief in the power of the church to grant indulgences4 ,we know that the attempt has been made to persuade those eager to be deceived that ,caxton must have had ,lollard sympathies4 ,thus1 the editor of the reprint of the ,fifteen ,os says3 8,this collection is noticed by ,dr4 ,thomas ,fuller as being the first book of prayers tending to promote the ,reformation40 ,and again3 8,it is more than probable that this is the first book of prayers in ,english issued by the followers of ,wickliffe1 and cannot but be interesting as having prepared the way for the great moral and spiritual changes that ended in the ,reformation40 ,now1 the volume closes thus3 8,thiese prayers tofore wreton ben enprited bi the comadementes of the moste hye vertuous pryncesse our liege ladi ,elizabeth1 by the grace of god ,quene of ,englonde and of ,frace also of the right hye most noble pryncesse ,margarete1 moder unto our soverayn lorde the kyng1 c4 ,by their most humble subget and seruat1 ,william ,caxton40 ,there is certainly no suspicion of ,lollardism attaching to these ladies4 ,now let us examine the prayers4 ,the title ,fifteen ,os will not suggest to ,catholics now any familiar devotion2 but when we state that they are nothing more nor less than ,st4 ,bridget's ,prayers or ,meditations on the ,passion of our ,lord1 which have retained their place in our ,catholic prayer-books to this day1 they will utter at least fifteen 8ohs0 and be certainly hyely amused at the idea of their savoring of ,wickliffe4 ,,caxton4 8,o ,jhesu1 endless swetnes of louyng soules4 ,o ,jhesu1 gostly ioye passing excedyng all gladnes and desires4 ,o ,jhesu1 helth and tendre louer of al repentat sinners that likest to dwelle1 as thou saydest thy selfe1 with the children of men4 ,for that was the cause why thou were incarnate and made man in the ende of the worlde4 ,haue mynde1 blessed ,jhesu1 of all the sorrowes that thou sufferedest in thy mhode1 drawing nyhe to thy blessed passion40 ,,garden ,,of ,,the ,,soul4 8,o most sweet ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 eternal sweetness of those who love thee1 joy above all desire1 firm hope of the hopeless1 solace of the sorrowful1 and most merciful lover of all penitent sinners1 who hast said thy delight is to be with the children of men1 for the love of whom thou didst assume human nature in the fulness of time4 ,remember1 most sweet ,jesus1 all those sharp sorrows which then pierced thy sacred soul from the first instant of thy incarnation until the time of thy solitary passion10 etc4 ,among the prayers following those of ,st4 ,bridget is this3 8,o blessid lady1 moder of ,jhesu and virgyne immaculate1 that art wel of comforte and moder of mercy1 singuler helpe to all that trust to the1 be now1 gracyous lady1 medyatryce and meane unto thy blessid sone our sauyour ,jhesu for me1 that by thy intercessions ,i may opteyne my desires1 ever to be your seruaunt in all humylite4 ,and by the helpe and socour of al holy sayntes herafter in perpetuell ioye euer to liue with the4 ,amen40 ,evidently ,caxton would have had no difficulty in submitting to ,pope ,pius ,,ix4's definition of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,the next prayer is one 8,to the propre angell0--guardian angel1 as we now say4 ,further on we find a prayer to which indulgences for the souls in purgatory are attached4 ,these prayers certainly show no trace of ,wickliffe's doctrines4 ,the little book is one that any ,catholic would use now1 and which no ,protestant would or could use4 ,protestantism can lay no claim to the worthy1 upright1 laborious1 and learned ,catholic merchant who introduced printing into ,england1 and chose the precincts of her finest abbey for his labors4 ,his surviving friends shared his faith1 as witness this note in a very old hand on a copy of the ,fructus ,temporum3 8,of your charitee pray for the soul of ,mayster ,wyllyam ,caxton1 that in hys time was a man of moche ornate and moche renommed wysdome and connyng1 and decessed ful crystenly the yere of our ,lord ,,mcccclxxxxj4 8,moder of ,merci1 shyld him fro thorribul fynd1 ,and bryng hym to lyff eternall that neuyr hath ynd40#ha ,on the #agth of ,february1 #ahgg1 a meeting was held in the ,jerusalem ,chamber of the old ,catholic abbey1 not far from the presumed printing-office occupied by ,caxton in the ,almonry4 ,dean ,stanley presided1 and preparations were made for the exhibition4 ,the ,stationers' ,company offered their hall1 but it was deemed too small1 and a request was made for the ,western ,galleries at ,south ,kensington4 ,these were granted1 and every facility given to arrange and display properly the works collected4 ,one great object was to bring together and exhibit to the public as many copies as possible of works from ,caxton's press as could be obtained for the brief period from the public and private libraries1 with such other books1 especially of early date1 as would tend to show the progress of printing from its discovery4 ,the appeal was generously answered4 ,no less than one hundred and ninety copies of books printed by the good ,catholic ,william ,caxton were contributed to the exhibition--a greater number1 probably1 than have ever been seen together since the ,reformers made war on them1 and greater than are at all likely to be again collected4 ,they represented one hundred and four distinct works4 ,lord ,spencer sent fifty-seven ,caxtons1 early ,block ,books1 a ,gutenberg ,bible1 a ,mentz ,psalter2 the ,duke of ,devonshire eighteen ,caxtons2 the ,earl of ,jersey and the ,bodleian ,library each seven2 ,sion ,college six1 and the ,university of ,gttingen six2 ,queen ,victoria sent four and a ,mentz ,psalter4 ,the books were arranged in classes3 7a7 ,william ,caxton and the ,development of the ,art of ,printing in ,england and ,scotland4 7b7 ,the ,development of the ,art of ,printing in other ,countries4 7c7 ,the ,comparative ,development of the ,art in ,england and ,foreign ,countries1 illustrated by specimens of the ,holy ,scripture and ,liturgies4 7d7 ,specimens noticeable for ,rarity or for ,beauty and ,excellence of ,typography4 7e7 ,specimens of ,printing4 7f7 ,printed ,music4 7g7 ,book ,illustrations4 7h7 ,portraits and ,autographs of ,distinguished ,authors1 etc4 7i7 ,books relating to ,printing4 7k7 ,curiosities and ,miscellanies4 7l7 ,type and ,printing ,materials4 7m7 ,stereotyping and ,electrotyping4 7n7 ,copper-plate ,printing1 ,lithography1 etc4 7o7 ,paper and ,paper-making4 ,the great effort of the exhibition seems to have been directed to ,class ,c4 ,noble collectors and commoners1 universities and libraries1 the ,british and ,foreign ,bible ,society1 archbishops and bishops1 all contributed1 and it was this department above the others that was to invest ,protestantism with a peculiar halo4 ,yet the case presented difficulties of no ordinary character4 ,men like ,stevens rant about 8priestly dross and gloss0 and similar claptrap expressions to keep alive old myths1 but it required enormous assurance to advance these myths in the face of the collection gathered at ,london in #ahgg4 ,they may talk of monkish legends and fables1 but ,protestantism rests on legends and fables which men who know better still continue to circulate in defiance of bibliography and common sense4 ,in the present case they desired to present to the public a glowing picture4 ,there is a foreground in every picture1 and there is a background also2 there are clear lights which bring out the chief figures into bold relief1 and there are shadows where figures lie almost unnoticed4 ,the artists here knew well what to throw into the background and the shade4 ,fable the first was that the ,catholic ,church had ever been the enemy of the ,bible1 opposed to its circulation4 ,how is it1 then1 that when printing was invented the first book printed was the ,bible8 ,the church must have made the ,bible known1 or the early printers1 who were not priests or monks1 would have known nothing of such a book1 would not have known where to get copies to print from1 would not have known that anybody would know enough about the work to buy it if they printed it4 ,but the fact is that people knew about the ,bible1 manuscripts were easily obtained1 and many wanted them who could not afford to buy them4 ,the fact that the ,bible was selected to print shows that there was no impediment to its circulation1 that there existed a well-known demand for it1 and a call for cheaper copies4 ,stevens reluctantly gives us aid to demolish this fable of ,catholic darkness as to the ,bible3 8,the ,bible was the first book printed40 8,biblical bibliography proves that during the first forty years1 at least1 the ,bible exceeded in amount of printing all other books put together2 nor were its quality1 style1 and variety a whit behind its quantity40 ,and be it remembered that these forty years do not cover the whole period from the invention of printing to the commencement of the ,reformation4 ,bibles preceded all the ,latin and ,greek classic authors and all vernacular works1 not in one place but in almost every place where a printing-press was set up4 8,in a word10 says ,stevens1 8up to the discovery of ,america in #adib ,columbus might have counted upon his fingers all the old classic authors 7including ,ptolemy and ,strabo in their unbecoming ,latin dress7 who could throw any geographical light on the questions which the great discoverer was discussing with the theologians of ,spain2 while1 covering the same period1 the editions of the ,bible alone1 and the parts thereof1 in many languages and countries1 will sum up not far less than one thousand1 and the most of these of the largest and costliest kind40 ,this1 it must be remembered1 is no rash assertion1 but the truth wrung from this writer by the fact that the collection exhibited before his eyes at least three hundred out of the thousand to which he refers2 and this thousand--not thousand copies of the ,bible1 but thousand editions of the ,bible1 or parts such as ,new ,testament1 ,psalms1 etc4--includes only to #adib1 thirty years before ,luther issued his ,bible4 ,yet the monstrous figment is kept up to this day that in those dark and benighted ages the people were kept in ignorance of the ,bible1 that the ,catholic ,church suppressed it and kept it hid away1 and that it was only the 8glorious ,reformation0 which brought it from its obscurity4 ,stevens1 with all his assurance1 must have blushed as he wrote the words3 8,the church managed to have small call for the ,scriptures in the vulgar tongues which the people could read and comprehend40 ,he does not cite1 and knew that he could not cite1 any authority to show that the church did anything that could be construed into any such management4 ,the ,bible had come down in her keeping2 she preserved it1 diffused it1 and handed it down from generation to generation1 jealous of its purity and its traditional interpretation4 ,next to the fable of the hostility of the church to the ,bible1 and connected with it1 is the myth of ,luther's discovering an old copy of the ,bible when he was a priest and a monk1 that he thereupon set to work to translate it1 and that he first gave the ,scriptures to the people in the vernacular4 ,it was a very pretty story1 told down to our day by authors like ,d',aubign4 ,the ,caxton celebration1 though it did not contain specimens of all the editions of the ,scriptures printed before the ,reformation1 had enough to show how shamefully the ,protestant public had been deceived and imposed upon by this fable4 ,mr4 ,stevens' list begins with the ,gutenberg ,bible1 printed at ,mentz between #adej and #adee--;for a copy of that magnificent work was there1 lent by ,earl ,spencer1 perfect1 entire1 with its six hundred and forty-one leaves1 double column1 8the earliest book known printed with movable metal type40 ,then follows the ,psalms1 printed by ,fust and ,schffer at ,mentz in #adeg1 ,queen ,victoria lending a copy4 ,next comes the #adei ,psalter1 the second1 third1 and fourth ,latin ,bibles1 another ,psalter1 and then a complete ,bible in ,german1 printed1 ,mr4 ,stevens assumes1 at ,strassburg1 by ,mendelin1 in #adff4 ,queen ,victoria's magnificent copy1 richly illuminated in gold and colors1 was there for all to admire1 and beside it ,earl ,spencer's1 nearly as beautiful4 ,either by accident or design ,caxton's ,psalter was not obtained1 and this first known separate book of ,holy ,scripture issued in ,england between #adhj and #adhc was represented only by a fac-simile of a page of the copy in the ,british ,museum4 ,the various ,books of ,hours printed by ,caxton were similarly unrepresented4#hb ,then with other ,latin editions came the second ,german ,bible1 also in #adff2 the third1 ,augsburg1 #adgj2 and so on through the list1 fourth1 fifth1 sixth1 to the twelfth ,german1#hc printed at ,augspurg in #adij by ,henry ,schonsperger2 and two editions in ,low ,german1 ,cologne1 #adhj1 ,lubec1 #adia4 ,there was also a ,german ,psalter printed in #adib1 described by ,stevens as 8a fine specimen of an early pocket edition of the ,psalms in the language of the people40 ,thus the ,caxton collection presented no less than sixteen ,catholic ,bibles and ,psalters in ,german printed before ,luther's time2 and as translations were not made on the spur of the moment1 there must have been in existence many translations in manuscript1 some of which never found their way into print at all4 ,these sixteen volumes1 publicly exhibited at once and together in ,london1 are as many refutations of the ,protestant fables and legends4 8,prior to the discovery of ,america10 says ,stevens1 8no less than twelve grand patriarchal editions of the entire ,bible1 being of several different translations1 appeared from time to time in the ,german language2 to which add the two editions by the ,otmars of ,augsburg1 of #aejg and #aeah1 and we have the total number of no less than fourteen distinct large folio pre-,reformation or ante-,lutheran ,bibles4 ,no other language except the ,latin can boast of anything like this number40 ,the collection shows1 too1 that ,bibles in the vernacular were not confined to ,germany4 ,it could show some in other languages3 #fbh1 ,bible1 ,italian1 #caf1 #cca folios4 ,venice1 ,n4 ,jenson4 #adga4 #fdi1 ,bible1 ,italian4 ,venice1 ,bolognese1 #adgg4 #feb1 ,new ,testament1 ,french4 ,lyons1 ,buyer1 #adgg4 #fec-d1 ,old ,testament1 ,dutch4 ,delf1 ,zoen1 #adgg4 #ffi1 ,psalms1 ,dutch1 ,delf4 #adhj4 #fhh1 ,bible1 ,italian4 ,venice1 #adhg4 #fij1 ,bible1 ,bohemian4 #adhh4 #gjf1 ,psalms1 ,french 7,polyglot74 ,paris1 #aeji4 #gbe1 ,bible1 ,french4 ,paris1 ,petit1 #aebj4 ,the language of ,sir ,thomas ,more leads us to believe that some one of the ,catholic versions of the ,new ,testament at least was printed2 but if so1 the copies were suppressed so completely that none has reached our times4 ,the mere fact that no copy is now known does not prove that none ever existed1 when we consider the wholesale destruction by law of all ,catholic books of devotion4 ,these are not all the vernacular ,bibles issued in that period1 but1 as they stood there in the ,south ,kensington ,loan ,collection1 they furnished an irrefragable proof that printing originated in ,catholic times2 that the church was the first to use and encourage it2 that she multiplied editions of the ,bible in ,latin1 the habitual language of the church1 then the language of learning and science1 as well as in ,german1 ,italian1 ,dutch1 ,french1 and ,bohemian2 she printed1 too1 as a copy here showed1 the ,bible1 ,pentateuch1 and ,psalms in ,hebrew1 the ,bible and ,psalter in ,greek and ,chaldee1 and an ,arabic ,psalter4 7,see #fhb1 #fia1 #gjf1 #gaa1 #gah1 #gbj1 #gba47 ,catholic writers have frequently referred to these early-printed ,bibles and portions of ,scripture in the vernacular2 but to cite ,panzer or some other bibliographer is far different from referring to a copy of the book4 ,here in the ,caxton collection the very volumes stood to speak for themselves1 and the catalogue attests the fact that they were there1 tells us who owns each copy1 its condition and state4 ,what as a ,catholic argument seemed vague and hazy thus took solid form1 and became too substantial to doubt4 ,now1 how does ,mr4 ,stevens endeavor to elude the force of this array of solid proofs8 ,it is absolutely comical to see to what straits he is put4 ,the following platitude1 false statement1 and false deduction is about as curious as the ,caxton celebration itself3 8,as the discovery of ,america was the greatest of all discoveries1 so the invention of the art of printing may be called the greatest of all inventions4 ,but no sooner had ,columbus reported his grand discovery through the press than the pope assumed the whole property in the unknown parts of the earth1 and divided it 7sic7 all at once between the two little powers in the ,peninsula1 wholly disregarding the rights and titles of the other nations of ,europe4 ,the same little game of assumption has been tried1 from time to time1 with regard to this great invention1 but the press has a protective power within itself which the church can smother only with ignorance and mental darkness40 ,the figures are somewhat confused1 and we cannot exactly picture to our minds the church1 with the two pillows of ignorance and mental darkness which ,mr4 ,stevens can doubtless supply from his well-furnished store1 trying to smother a protective power4 ,the smothering of the children in the ,tower was nothing compared to it4 ,as for the 8little game of assumption10 we think the gentlemen of the ,reformation have played it long and successfully4 ,but we admit that we do not see what right and title the nations of ,europe had in the unknown parts of the earth1 or whence they derived any right and title4 ,so far as we have read1 no right or title was claimed except when based on discovery1 and then it was in the known and not in the unknown4 ,spain and ,portugal carried their rival claims to the ,holy ,see as a recognized tribunal1 and the line of demarkation in their attempts at exploration was a wise and peace-establishing provision4 ,it did not operate1 and was not intended1 to exclude the subjects of the pope1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,denmark1 or ,england from exploring4 ,the whole question is foreign to the subject of printing--so foreign that none of the ,columbus letters1 or the bull of ,alexander ,,vi41 was thought worth obtaining for the ,caxton exhibition4 ,we have looked carefully through the catalogue1 and1 if they are there1 they have certainly escaped us4 ,the array of books presented here shows that ,luther could not have received the education he really did in his monastery1 making him conversant with ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,hebrew1 without being aware of the existence in print of many of the more than a thousand editions in all languages that had already issued from the press4 ,it is not pretended that ,luther obtained his knowledge of languages by a miraculous gift2 he acquired them in the monastic schools1 and his attainments are a proof of the extent of their curriculum4 ,one of the great objects of the exhibition was to show the earliest ,english ,protestant editions4 ,tyndale's ,new ,testament1 supposed to have been printed at ,worms by ,peter ,schffer in #aebf1 was represented by the very imperfect copy owned by the dean and chapter of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral1 and by the ,antwerp edition of #aecd2 by the ,london edition of #aecf1 which had also at the end the 8,epystles taken out of the ,olde ,testament what are red in the church after the use of ,salsburye upon certen dayes of the year40 ,but the great pride of the exhibition was a series of ,coverdale's ,bibles and ,testaments1 over which ,mr4 ,stevens indulges in most rhapsodical eulogy4 8,let no ,englishman or ,american10 he exclaims1 8view this 7#gfe7 and the six following ,bibles without first lifting his hat1 for they are seven extraordinary copies of the ,coverdale ,bible1 containing1 with one important exception 7the ,marquis of ,northampton's copy71 all the variations known of the most precious volume in our language40 ,we cannot altogether share his raptures over this ,bible1 8faithfully and truly translated out of ,douche and ,latyn into ,english40 ,stevens sneers at the ,rhemish ,testament as 8a secondary translation from the ,vulgate10 but ,coverdale's1 translated out of 8,douche and ,latyn0 into ,english1 elicits no such sneer4 ,according to his theory1 set forth at great length1 this edition is due to 8,jacob van ,meteren1 of ,antwerp1 printer and proprietor1 and probably the translator1 by whom ,coverdale was employed to edit and see the work through the press10 and he gives ,antwerp as the place of publication4 ,the edition was bought by ,james ,nicolson1 of ,southwark4 ,though ,mr4 ,stevens elsewhere represents the ,english people at this time as hungering and famished for an ,english ,bible1 he admits 8that the ,english printer and publisher seems to have had as much trouble in working off his books as ,simmons had in selling ,milton's ,paradise ,lost1 if we may judge by the number of new titles and preliminary leaves found in different copies40 ,it contains a long and fulsome dedication to ,henry ,,viii4 and his dearest just-wife1 in some copies 8,anne0 7,boleyn71 in others 8,jane0 7,seymour74 ,the ,bible bearing the name of ,thomas ,mathew as translator 7,london3 ,grafton ,whitchurch1 #aecg7 he ascribes to the famous ,john ,rogers1 and maintains that it too was printed by ,van ,meteren at ,antwerp4 ,the ,latin-,english ,testament bearing ,coverdale's name 7,london #aech71 which he repudiated on account of its errors1 or perhaps the correction of some of his errors1 and that really issued by him at ,paris in the same year1 were both in the exhibition1 as well as that issued also in #aech at ,london bearing the name of ,johan ,hollybushe as translator4 ,these are very curious as being1 we think1 the only ,latin-,english ,testaments ever issued1 giving the ,vulgate and a translation based upon it4 ,no other has1 to our knowledge1 ever appeared in the lapse of more than three centuries since that year1 #aech4 ,as ,caxton's ,psalter was perhaps the first book of the ,vulgate printed in ,england1 these ,testaments of ,nicolson were the last portion of the ,vulgate printed there for more than two hundred and fifty years1 when the edition printed for the exiled clergy of ,france made its appearance4 ,unfortunately we do not find a copy of that edition in the list of those included in the exhibition4#hd ,the first ,testament professing to be translated directly from the ,greek is that numbered in the catalogue #hfd1 issued by ,gaultier1 #aeej2 and the first ,bible from the ,hebrew and ,greek is that printed at ,geneva by ,rowland ,hall in #aefj4 ,this shows how the people in ,england clung to the ,vulgate4 ,on the ,continent ,luther had abandoned it for such ,hebrew and ,greek texts as he could find1 and so led the way to the host of errors that prevail to this day2 but in ,england the versions were all based on the ,vulgate1 occasionally represented as compared with the ,greek4 ,it was not1 indeed1 till #afaa that the ,church of ,england1 by the translation then issued1 formally abandoned the ,vulgate1 as the ,calvinists had previously done4 ,mr4 ,stevens' sneer at the ,rhemish ,testament of #aehc1 as being a secondary translation1 applies with equal force to nearly all the ,english ,protestant editions then in the hands of the people4 ,now that the ,greek and ,hebrew texts have by the aid of the best manuscripts been restored to some degree of purity and accuracy1 ,protestant scholars are revising the translation of #afaa1 and the one remarkable fact appears constantly that every change made to bring them to correspond to correct texts brings them back to the early translations from the ,vulgate4#he ,this fact of ,english adherence to the ,vulgate shown in the collection of ,bibles at the ,caxton celebration goes far towards exploding another ,protestant myth and legend2 and that is that ,england welcomed the ,reformation with open arms1 that the whole nation went over to the new ideas1 and that ,catholicity was generally abandoned4 ,this is inculcated in a thousand ways in all the histories and popular literature of the day1 if not squarely asserted4 ,the ,caxton collection shows that for nearly a century the people of ,england clung to the old ,latin ,vulgate as a standard1 and that translations from it alone were read officially in the churches4 ,and to this day the ,book of ,common ,prayer is based on the ,vulgate4 ,although ,henry ,,viii4 broke off from ,rome1 he knew the temper of the people4 ,the ,english nation was in a manner bereft of its wonted leaders4 ,the civil wars of the ,roses had swept away most of the old nobility1 and had brought to the surface the worst1 most unscrupulous and grasping adventurers4 ,what this class was who clustered around the spendthrift ,henry ,,viii4 we can easily see by a study of our times1 after our experience of civil war4 ,they were men to whom nothing was sacred2 men determined to grasp and hold rank and wealth at any cost to the state or conscience4 ,the people1 bereft of their old leaders1 of the time-honored noble families1 could not effectively resist the set of new men4 ,to these the church offered a splendid field for plunder4 ,the ill-concerted insurrections against them were put down with merciless severity4 ,yet the attachment of the people to the old faith remained4 ,every step of ,henry ,,viii4 was gradual4 ,in his reign the ,mass and other offices of the church were maintained4 ,even in the reign of his boy son the unscrupulous men who coined a new faith and worship did not venture to go too far from the old forms4 ,like the ,chinese emperor1 they sought to destroy all trace of ,catholic worship by committing to the flame every book in ,england that could keep it alive4 ,what havoc they made we can learn and imagine from a view of the ,caxton collection4 ,mary's reign was too short to undo the mischief1 and ,elizabeth threw her whole influence into the scale against the church1 and1 against her own convictions1 upheld the ,anglican establishment as organized in her brother's name1 and finally gave it form and power2 but even she did not dare to bring it to the standard of the ,french1 ,swiss1 ,dutch1 and ,scotch ,protestants4 ,the ,church of ,england1 in obedience to the old ,catholic instincts of even those who submitted to force1 retained much of the old form1 and non-jurors1 ,puseyites1 ,tractarians1 ,ritualists are simply natural products of this old element4 ,yet1 with all the power of ,henry1 ,somerset1 ,elizabeth1 the mass of the ,english people had not become ,protestant or ceased to be ,catholic4 ,one of ,harper's ,half-,hour ,series is not likely to over-state the ,catholic side2 yet ,dr4 ,guernsey1 in his ,spanish ,armada1 says3 8,at the middle of the reign of ,elizabeth the population of ,england numbered something less than five millions4 ,of these1 according to the estimate of ,rushton1 one-third were ,protestants and two-thirds ,catholics4 ,lingard1 with less probability1 thinks that about one-half were ,catholic4 ,the ,italian ,cardinal ,bentivoglio reckoned the zealous ,catholics at only one-thirtieth part of the nation1 while those who would without the least scruple have become ,catholics1 if the ,catholic religion should be established by law1 were at least four-fifths of the whole2 and ,macaulay thinks this statement very near the truth4 ,we think a more accurate apportionment would be that one-fourth of the population were decided ,protestants1 another fourth decided ,catholics1 while the remaining half--the majority of them with a leaning to the old faith--were quite content with whatever form of religion should be ordained by the civil authorities for the time being40 ,if this was the state of ,england in the middle of ,elizabeth's reign1 after all connection with ,rome had been broken off for two generations1 all ,catholic books committed to the flames1 the ,mass and the priesthood outlawed1 how impossible to believe that the ,english people went as a body into the ,reformation6 ,if only one-fourth were then decided ,protestants1 how many were ,protestants when ,coverdale's ,bible was issued8 ,if ,england became ,protestant1 it was simply because the ,english people were dragooned into it by penal laws steadily and persistently applied4 ,the decided ,protestants from choice were few and their descendants are comparatively few4 ,the mass of ,english ,protestants are the descendants of cowards who yielded up their faith and their convictions to save property1 liberty1 or life4 ,the poorest ,irish ,catholic has a noble ancestry of men who suffered confiscation1 imprisonment1 hunting like wild beasts1 death itself1 rather than abandon the faith they sincerely believed1 and it is certainly not for the sons of poltroons to despise them4 ,the ,caxton collection thus1 by showing the adherence to the ,vulgate till a ,presbyterian king came to the throne1 shows how reluctantly ,england accepted ,protestantism1 and dispels many of the fine theories with which ,mr4 ,stevens mystifies the subject4 ,the collection had some editions of special interest to us ,catholics1 yet it lacked many which we would expect to find in so pretentious a series of books4 ,the ,gutenberg ,bible1 that glory of the church1 we have already noted4 ,few of our readers were or could well be present at the ,london exhibition1 but when the ,lenox ,library opens in ,new ,york they will be able to see a fine copy of this first of printed books--proof that in ,catholic times1 when the church was undisputed mistress of ,europe1 the first work deemed entitled to the honor of being reproduced by the new invention was the ,bible4 ,a ,catholic can point to it1 and say3 8,that is the first book ever printed2 it is our ,catholic ,bible1 printed by the ,catholic men who invented the art of printing40 ,the ,caxton collection contained also the first edition issued in the city of ,rome in #adga1 as well as the wonderful ,polyglot of the great ,cardinal ,ximenes1 and the ,polyglot ,psalter of ,bishop ,giustiniani with the first sketch of the life of ,columbus4 ,the ,bible issued as a standard by ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 in #aeij is represented by ,mr4 ,stevens1 most strangely1 as 8the first complete ,latin edition published by papal authority40 ,he does not tell us in what respect the previous ,latin ,bibles were incomplete1 or explain how none of them had any papal authority4 ,this ,sistine edition was contributed by ,earl ,spencer1 as well as a copy of the edition issued under ,pope ,clement ,,viii41 #aeib1 and the edition of the ,septuagint from the ,codex ,vaticanus1 issued at ,rome in #aehf4 ,the ,rhemish ,new ,testament1 #aehb1 and the ,old ,testament printed at ,douay in #afji-aj1 were also there1 but ,mr4 ,stevens is clearly in error in saying3 8,it is a remarkable circumstance that1 though these volumes bear the dates of #afji and #afaj they had not reached the hands of the translators of the #afaa version when their long preface was written4 ,there is distinct allusion to this work1 as if to disclaim any knowledge of it40 ,yet there is intrinsic evidence that they availed themselves of it before they put their own to press4 ,readings both in the ,old and ,new ,testament which had been preserved through the series of ,protestant translations were abandoned in the ,king ,james ,bible1 and ,douay renderings substantially1 if not literally1 adopted4 ,the ,king ,james ,bible1 of course1 figures in the collection4 ,but the question as to which is the editio princeps1 the standard for those who bow down to that version1 is a knotty one4 ,there is a 8,great ,he ,bible0 and a 8,great ,she ,bible0--two issues of the same year #afaa distinct through every leaf4 ,catholics will wonder at this distinction of sex in ,bibles1 and it may be well to state that in the endeavor to determine which of the two was the one originally issued by the translators1 scholars found a discrepancy in ,ruth iii4 #ae1 one reading3 8,he measured six measures of barley1 and laid it on her1 and ,he went into the city10 while the other reads1 8,she went into the city02 and as each of these1 although varying from each other in many places1 was taken as a standard for subsequent editions1 these ,protestant ,bibles are all ,he and ,she ,bibles to those who wish to know from which of the two #afaa editions they sprang4 ,mr4 ,stevens decides that the ,he ,bible1 evidently incorrect in its rendering1 was the original one4 ,he sets at rest another point in regard to this ,king ,james ,bible1 and that is the myth or fable of calling it 8,the ,authorized ,version40 ,he says3 8,we do not find any authority for calling it the ,authorized ,version1 the words #8appointed to be read in churches' meaning not authorized1 but1 as explained in the preliminary matter1 simply how the ,scriptures were pointed out or #8appointed' for public reading40 ,in other words1 to make the ,bible go down with the people of ,england1 who still clung to many old ,catholic ideas1 the epistles and gospels for the ,sundays and many of the holidays of the year1 as read from time immemorial in the ,mass1 were indicated or appointed in this ,bible4 ,this makes the ,king ,james ,bible1 whether a 8,great ,he ,bible0 or a 8,great ,she ,bible10 a document to prove how slow the ,english people were to go over to the ,reformers1 and how they clung to what little they could grasp of their old ,catholic faith and devotion4 ,mr4 ,stevens does not like it for this very reason1 and wants the title purified by leaving out 8appointed to be read in churches02 but leaving it out now will not destroy the force of the phrase as it stands on both the ,he and ,she ,bible of #afaa4 ,he claims the ,king ,james as the ,bible of all ,english ,protestant churches4 ,it has become so2 but it was not so originally4 ,he is historically wrong when he says3 8,it never was any more the ,bible of the ,church 7i4e41 of ,england7 than of the ,puritans40 ,it certainly was4 ,unfortunately there was no copy in this ,caxton celebration of 8,the ,souldier's ,pocket ,bible3 ,printed at ,london by ,g4 ,b4 and ,r4 ,w4 for ,g4 ,c41 #afdc10 or we could refer him to that constant companion of ,cromwell's soldiers to show that the ,puritans stuck to the ,geneva ,bible as late as the time of the ,commonwealth1 and left the ,king ,james and the ,bishop's ,bibles to the malignants4 ,he knows the early writings of his own ,new ,england divines too well not to be aware that their sermons and tracts quote the ,geneva and not the ,king ,james4 ,the incorrect editions of the ,geneva1 and the appointment of king's printers in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 with the exclusive right of printing ,bibles1 stopped the issue of any but the ,king ,james1 and it thus superseded the ,geneva1 and people took it as a matter of necessity1 not of choice or preference4 ,it is simply absurd to make it appear that the ,king ,james version was at once accepted and adopted generally4 ,the collection did very little in showing the various modifications of the ,douay ,bible4 ,after the edition of #afce there was scarcely anything in the ,caxton exhibition--no copy of ,nary's ,new ,testament1 which is certainly remarkable enough4 ,the first edition of the ,protestant ,bible printed in ,ireland dates only from #agad1 and certainly a ,catholic ,testament printed1 in spite of penal laws and persecution1 in #agai1 only five years later1 ought to have found a place there4 ,there was no copy of ,witham's ,new ,testament or of ,challoner's first ,testament1 or of the first edition of his ,bible4 ,nor does ,geddes appear4 ,america is not at all represented4 ,not a copy of ,eliot's ,indian ,bible1 or of ,sauer's ,german ,bible1 or the ,congress ,bible1 or the first ,catholic ,bible of #agij2 the ,bay ,psalm ,book stands almost alone4 ,the ,bibles sought for on account of curious renderings or strange blunders were pretty well represented1 such as ,matthews' ,bug ,bible3 8,thou shalt not nede to be afraid for any bugges by nyghte10 ,ps4 xci4 #e4 ,the second ,genevan1 #aefb3 8,blessed are the place-makers10 ,matt4 v4 #i4 ,bishop's ,bible1 #aefh3 8,is there no tryacle in ,gilead80 ,jerem4 viii4 #bb4 ,the ,wicked ,bible1 ,london1 #afca3 8,thou shalt commit adultery40 ,cambridge ,bible1 #afch3 8,whom ye may appoint10 ,acts vi4 #c1 for we4 ,the ,vinegar ,bible1 #agag3 8,the ,parable of the ,vinegar40 ,oxford ,bible1 #ahjg3 8,purge your conscience from good works10 instead of 8dead10 ,heb4 ix4 #ad4 ,oxford ,bible1 #ahaj3 8,hate not 444 his own wife10 for life1 ,luke xiv4 #bf4 ,still these are of no value except as cautions against typographical blunders4 ,but among the curious ,bibles and ,testaments we were surprised to see no copy of the now rare negro ,english ,testament1 published in ,london in #ahbi1 ,da ,njoe ,testament va wi ,masra en ,helpiman ,jesus ,christus4 ,the ,rev4 ,sydney ,smith immortalized it1 and ,notes and ,queries in #ahfd devoted some space to it4 ,renderings like these from a copy before us3 ,st4 ,matthew1 vi4 #g1 8,en effi oeni beggi1 oene no meki soso takkitakki1 leki dem ,heiden1 bikasi dem membre1 effi dem meki foeloe takkitakki1 ,gado so harki dem10 or vi4 #aa1 8,gi wi tideh da jamjam va wi10#hf are certainly as curious as anything exhibited4 ,an ingenious gentleman like ,mr4 ,stevens might perhaps have deduced from it a proof that ,caxton was a follower of ,wickliffe1 or that the ,catholic ,church showed no respect for the ,word of ,god4 ,a catalogue of books such as we have taken up seems to afford little scope for any but dry bibliographical notes1 but the ,caxton celebration has its lessons that can be gleaned even from a catalogue1 and if our readers have followed us we think that they will admit that the attempt to make ,caxton other than a pious ,catholic was a delusion2 and the exclusion of the ,catholic element1 and the attempt to make ,caxton a fulcrum for the exaltation of ,protestantism1 a failure4#hg ,as ,catholics we may be grateful for the unintentional evidence the collection afforded of the fact that the ,catholic ,church protected and preserved the ,bible1 made men esteem and desire it1 gave it to the newly-invented art of printing as the first work to issue1 fostered the publication of the original texts1 the authentic ,vulgate1 and of translations in the vernacular2 as well as incidentally of proof that the ,luther romance was a figment1 and proof that the ,reformation was forced on the ,english people1 that they clung to the ,bible1 liturgy1 and dogmas of the ,catholic ,church with the utmost tenacity1 and that they lacked only the courage of ,ireland and ,poland to have maintained their country ,catholic4 ,footnote #gf3 ,caxton ,celebration1 #ahgg4 ,catalogue of the ,loan ,collection of ,antiquities1 ,curiosities1 and ,appliances connected with the art of ,printing1 ,south ,kensington4 ,edited by ,george ,bullen1 ,esq41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,keeper of the ,printed ,books1 ,british ,museum4 ,london1 ,trbner2 xix4-#dgb pp4 ,the ,bibles in the ,caxton ,exhibition4 ,,mdccclxxvii42 or1 ,a ,bibliographical ,description of nearly one thousand representative ,bibles in various languages chronologically from the first ,bible printed by ,gutenberg in #adej-adef to the last ,bible printed at the ,oxford ,university ,press the #cjth ,june1 #ahgg4444 ,by ,henry ,stevens ,g4,m4,b41 ,f4,s4,a41 ,m4,a41 etc4 ,london3 ,h4 ,stevens4 #ahgg4 #hvo1 pp4 #aea4 ,footnote #gg3 ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin1 with other prayers4 ,footnote #gh3 ,the clown appears early in 8,what you ,will40 ,it has become the fashion to call our ,catholic institutions1 schools1 etc41 sectarian1 because apparently the sects are bitterly opposed to them2 and institutions in which the ,protestant sects have complete control and enforce their views are called non-sectarian4 ,no one would imagine that 8religious sectarianism0 here is a euphemism for 8,protestant intolerance40 ,footnote #gi3 ,we have always indulged the hope that the use of the ,sarum ,missal on some patronal feast will be permitted in the primatial church of ,england1 as the ,ambrosian and ,mozarabic are in ,italy and ,spain1 to show conclusively that we are the identical body who used that liturgy before the ,reformation4 ,footnote #hj3 ,while writing we read the following from ,blades' ,life of ,caxton to a ,catholic girl in her teens3 8,no4 #eg4 ,death-,bed ,prayers4 ,a ,folio ,broadside3 8,from the language of these prayers it is evident that they were intended for use by the death-bed4 ,they were probably printed in this portable form for priests and others to carry about with them4 ,although short1 their interest is great1 and the reader may not be displeased to read them in the following more modern dress than that of the original3 8#8,o glorious ,jesu6 ,o meekest ,jesu6 ,o most sweetest ,jesu6 ,i pray thee that ,i may have true confession1 contrition1 and satisfaction ere ,i die2 and that ,i may see and receive thy holy body1 ,god and man1 ,saviour of all mankind4 ,christ ,jesu without sin2 and that thou wilt1 my ,lord ,god1 forgive me all my sins1 for thy glorious wounds and ,passion2 and that ,i may end my life in the true faith of all holy church4'0 8,what a stupid man60 exclaimed my young hearer4 8,that is not any prayer for a priest to say by a dying person2 it's a prayer for a happy death1 and is it not a beautiful one8'0 ,she was certainly right1 and a ,catholic child could teach many of these people4 ,footnote #ha3 ,to the same purport is this colophon on ,bartholomus' ,de ,proprietatibus ,rerum1 issued by ,wynken de ,worde about #adie3 8,and also of your charyte call to remembraunce ,the soule of ,william ,caxton1 first prynter of this boke1 ,in laten tongue at ,coleyn1 hymself to auance ,that every wel disposyd man may theron loke40 ,footnote #hb3 ,stevens admits that there was no necessity for actually doing the printing of ,bibles in ,england4 8,the educated of ,england1 however1 were not ignorant of the ,scriptures1 for ,coburger1 of ,nuremberg1 and probably other ,continental printers1 had established warehouses in ,london for the sale of ,latin ,bibles as early as #adhj1 and perhaps earlier40 ,footnote #hc3 ,the ,paulist ,library in ,new ,york might have sent a fine copy of the ninth edition1 printed in #adhb1 the very year ,luther was born4 ,footnote #hd3 ,we have never seen the ,latin ,bible printed by ,norton at ,london1 in #afhj1 but think that the text of the ,vulgate was not followed4 ,footnote #he3 ,the natural history and topography of the #afaa ,bible are ludicrously incorrect1 because they abandoned the ,vulgate and translated at random4 ,yet the ,vulgate was translated from the ,septuagint1 and revised in the ,holy ,land by ,st4 ,jerome with the aid of ,jewish scholars who knew the geography and natural history of the country4 ,the ,septuagint was made in ,egypt1 while ,hebrew was still the language of the nation1 by men thoroughly acquainted with their native country4 ,was it not sheer madness for gentlemen in ,england in the seventeenth century1 with a mere smattering of ,hebrew1 to think that they could render geographical and zological terms more accurately8 ,is not their presumption the real matter to be sneered at8 ,footnote #hf3 ,written according to ,dutch rather than ,english4 ,this is very odd4 ,beggi is pray2 takkitakki is much talkee 7say72 jamjam is yam 7bread74 8,give we to-day the yams for we60 ,footnote #hg3 ,like ,caxton1 a ,catholic1 the writer has1 like ,caxton1 written1 translated1 edited1 printed1 and published1 and has had for years behind his chair in his dining-room an engraving of ,caxton examining his first proof-sheet4 ,his interest in ,caxton is1 therefore1 almost personal4 ,,malcolm1 ,,king ,,of ,,scotland1 ,,to ,,his ,,wife1 ,,st4 ,,margaret4 ,i4 ,god speed thee1 sweet1 in all thy tasks of love1 ,the daily round of thy heart's majesty-- ,thy dear lips opened unto clemency-- ,my ,margaret1 my pearl all price above2 ,my little kingdom1 where as king ,i reign ,o'er lands so fair ,i might with gladness give ,all earthly state in these alone to live ,where nothing base doth holy ground profane4 ,my queen1 my ,atheling1 true noble one1 ,that wearest on thy ,saxon brow a grace ,wherein all loyal hearts can true love trace ,to this north land the misty hills do crown4 ,my rose-lipped daisy1 lighting ,scotland's sod ,with happy faces lifted up to ,god4 ,,ii4 ,god speed thee1 sweet2 my heart so singeth e'er1 ,as grows more dear among our poor thy fame ,with every day4 ,o ,lady1 true of name1 ,giver of bread to all beneath thy care1 ,my royal-hearted queen and flawless pearl1 ,how shall my sin-stained prayers for thee avail1 ,that dost least fault with innocent tears bewail8 ,meek daisy1 whose white petals do unfurl ,from soul wherein all golden visions shine6 ,so near to ,god thou seem'st1 and pray'st so well1 ,the book ,i kiss whereon thy pure eyes dwell1 ,so grows my prayer the words that have been thine1 ,so surely grows it sweeter in ,his ear1 ,tuned to the music of thy singing clear4 ,,iii4 ,may that brave saint1 sweet wife1 whose name is thine1 ,whose virgin feet unharmed on dragons fell1 ,keep thee in grace with ,him thou lov'st so well ,till that far day when shall thy beauty shine ,with that light glorified her features wear4 ,blessed light6 fair even now encircling thee ,when1 bowed thy soul in fond humility1 ,thou kneelest1 of thy ,god possessed1 at prayer4 ,ah6 love1 with ,christ1 our ,lord1 forget not me ,who tread this tangled pathway here below ,with eyes more dim than thine and feet more slow2 ,so1 when in life eternal we are met1 ,i still may wear my pearl1 my ,margaret6 ,,have ,,we ,a ,,novelist8 ,scarcely fifty years have elapsed since ,sydney ,smith contemptuously asked3 8,who reads an ,american book80 ,john ,bull was delighted at this sneering query of the witty ,dean of ,st4 ,paul's4 ,it was so agreeable an expos of the literary poverty of a formidable rival4 ,it was so very consoling to find a weak point in the young giant who had twice beaten him in war4 ,could ,sydney ,smith rise to-day from his grave in ,kensal ,green he would witness a marvellous change4 ,the time has passed when he might triumphantly ask3 8,who reads an ,american book80 ,the time has passed when ,john ,bull might gloat over the poverty of ,american literature4 ,we have a literature--a noble literature--of which any nation might be proud4 ,we may confidently reverse the celebrated query of the wittiest of ,english divines1 and ask3 8,who does not read an ,american book80 ,who does not read the histories of ,prescott8 ,who does not read the charming writings of ,irving8 ,who does not read the wonderful tales of ,hawthorne1 the poems of ,longfellow1 of ,bryant1 of ,poe8 ,our literary temple1 like ,aladdin's palace1 is glorious2 but1 like ,aladdin's palace1 it is also incomplete4 ,while our literature is full and splendid in poetry1 in history1 and in science1 it has been strangely wanting in what ,prescott calls 8ornamental literature03 the romance4 ,the deficiency is more particularly remarkable when we consider the magnificent field which this country offers to the novelist4 ,our government1 our institutions1 our society1 our national manners1 the vice and extravagance of our great cities1 our political corruption1 the enterprising spirit of our people1 the rapid change of fortune in our commercial cities1 where the born beggar often dies a millionaire1 life at our watering-places--all present interesting and inexhaustible subjects for the romance-writer4 ,no country in the world affords such strong and striking contrasts of character as the ,united ,states4 ,here we have the gay and mercurial ,frenchman1 the practical and plodding ,german1 the generous and improvident ,irishman1 the reserved ,englishman1 the proud ,spaniard1 and last1 but by no means least1 the eager1 calculating ,american1 with his brain of fire and his heart of ice4 ,certainly there is no lack of materials2 the workers alone are wanting2 the harvest is abundant1 but the laborers are few4 ,we want a ,thackeray to expose the heartless extravagance of our best society2 a ,dickens to turn our hearts in generous sympathy towards the poor and suffering2 a ,bulwer to polish the manners of our people1 and illustrate the noble truth that knowledge is power1 money only its handmaiden4 ,within a dozen years this trio of novelists has passed away1 and they have left no successors4 ,except a few chapters in ,thackeray's ,virginians1 and some absurdly nonsensical scenes in ,dickens' ,martin ,chuzzlewit1 the works of the great ,english novelists are entirely foreign3 the characters1 manners1 scenes--all foreign to us4 ,but they are read here with as much pleasure as in ,england4 ,the ,americans are a nation of readers--men1 women1 and children1 all read4 ,the majority of our men read newspapers almost exclusively4 ,seven-eighths of the novel-reading of this country is done by women4 ,the statistics of any popular library will show that three novels a week form the average of these fair readers4 ,with so great and constant a demand for novels1 why have we no novelist among us8--a great novelist1 a national novelist1 an essentially ,american novelist1 as ,bulwer and ,thackeray are essentially ,english4 ,as there can be no effect without a cause1 there must be a cause for this deficiency in our literature4 ,there are two3 ,american publishers and ,american readers4 ,while an ,english magazine scarcely ever publishes an article by an ,american writer1 there is not a great ,english novelist of the last quarter of a century who has not written for one or other of the ,american magazines4 ,dickens1 ,bulwer1 ,thackeray1 ,wilkie ,collins1 ,charles ,reade1 ,george ,eliot1 ,trollope1 ,miss ,muloch1 etc41 etc41 have written more or less for our periodicals4 ,literature1 like love1 must be encouraged or it languishes and dies4 ,in addition to the want of encouragement given to ,american novelists by our publishers is the fact that ,american novel-readers affect to despise ,american novelists4 ,the novel-reading ladies who frequent circulating libraries1 demanding with one voice 8something new10 who prefer ,miss ,braddon to ,george ,eliot1 and ,mrs4 ,henry ,wood to ,thackeray1 say they 8cannot read ,american novels40 ,and yet three of the most popular novels of the last three years have been ,american1 viz43 ,infelice1 ,one ,summer1 and ,a ,question of ,honor4 ,we have seen an ,american lady take up ,the ,american1 by ,mr4 ,henry ,james1 ,jr41 and throw it down1 saying1 8,the name is enough40 ,we have seen ladies decline one of the charming stories of ,mr4 ,aldrich or ,mr4 ,howells1 and carry off in triumph the last production of ,mary ,cecil ,hay or the voluptuous 8,ouida06 ,if ,americans refuse to read ,american novels1 who will read them8 ,the indiscriminate and almost universal novel-reading now practised is a striking and alarming feature of ,american life1 when we consider the tone and character of so many of the modern novels4 ,judged by them1 divorces1 elopements1 intrigues1 and other crimes against society are the normal attendants of modern civilization4 ,they play a conspicuous part in most of the 8popular novels0 of the day4 ,yet such books are eagerly devoured by young girls1 whose minds are keenly susceptible to their dangerous influence4 ,an insidious poison is thus infused which often fatally corrupts the youthful imagination4 ,bad books are the devil's own instruments for the ruin of souls4 ,as it is impossible to deny the fact that novels form the staple reading of a majority of the world1 it is important that they should be not only pure but above suspicion4 ,the ,catholic press cannot too strongly condemn the scope and influence of the novel of to-day4 ,while ,scott and ,miss ,edgeworth are neglected1 the vile trash of ,rhoda ,broughton and ,mrs4 ,forrester is eagerly sought4 ,the good old habit of reading history1 travels1 biography1 essays1 etc41 is almost entirely abandoned4 8,we want something new and exciting10 is the general cry2 8history and biography are too deep40 ,and so they go on from week to week1 from month to month1 and from year to year1 reading nothing but novels1 and filling their minds with nonsense1 if nothing worse4 ,while we condemn indiscriminate novel-reading1 we do not condemn novels indiscriminately4 ,there are a few that can be read without detriment either to morals or religion1 and these1 we are sorry to say1 are the novels that modern readers pronounce 8flat40 ,during the century of our national existence we have had three genuine ,american novelists3 ,charles ,brockden ,brown1 ,james ,fenimore ,cooper1 and ,william ,gilmore ,simms4 ,the first of this trio possessed great natural gifts and enjoyed a liberal education4 ,the singular advantages which nature so lavishly bestowed upon ,brockden ,brown prevented him from being a popular novelist4 ,he was a pure idealist4 ,he lived in a world of his own4 ,his beautiful and fertile imagination created beings which never could exist in this world1 and these he made the heroes and heroines of his strange stories4 ,they may please the intellectual few1 but they possess no interest for the uncultivated many4 ,if ,brown's talents had been properly directed1 if he could have kept his soaring imagination fixed on the earth1 and been satisfied with describing men and things as they really exist1 his would have been a lasting fame4 ,but1 as it is1 he is not now read by one in ten thousand1 nay1 in ten times ten thousand4 ,cooper is second to ,brown in point of time and superior to him in point of popularity4 ,he threw a charm1 a grace1 and an interest around the life and character of the ,american ,indians which appear inconsistent in the light of recent experience4 ,in his sea-stories he succeeds where the greatest novelist signally failed4 ,cooper enjoyed a high reputation during life1 but his novels now rank with the writings of ,mayne ,reid1 and are almost exclusively read by boys4 ,simms' stories of the ,revolution and the border life in the ,south that succeeded the struggle for independence are excellent in their way4 ,his ,revolutionary romances afford glimpses of generous devotion to patriotism and an ardent zeal in the cause of liberty which ,americans might read with profit at the present day4 ,but those novelists belong to the past--the dead and buried past4 ,we want the present time described--the living1 breathing1 busy present4 ,there never was an age1 there never was a country1 that afforded such scope for the novelist as this age and country4 ,our cities are swarming with an eager1 reckless1 enterprising population1 presenting an infinite variety of characters1 each occupied with his own particular pursuits of ambition1 pleasure1 or wealth4 ,take ,new ,york as the representative city of ,america4 ,there are to be found the best and the worst features of our civilization2 the most unbounded wealth and the most squalid poverty2 the most exquisite culture and refinement and the most degraded and abandoned of the human race4 ,is not our society as vain1 frivolous1 false as that ,english society which ,thackeray satirized so unmercifully8 ,have we no ,vanity ,fair1 no heartless ,becky ,sharps1 no selfish ,george ,osbornes1 no wicked old ,steynes1 no disreputable ,rawdon ,crawleys8 ,our country is the last of nations in point of time1 but the first in all material prosperity4 ,like ,minerva1 it sprang into existence fully equipped for a career unparalleled in the annals of the world4 ,other nations have taken a thousand years to reach the position which the ,united ,states took at one bound4 ,we have more than realized the dream of ,plato4 ,but let us not imitate the philosopher of ,greece1 and banish poetry and pure fiction from our republic4 ,let us not hang the sword of ,damocles over the imagination1 but let it be purified4 ,let us not employ the scissors of ,atropos to cut the threads of fictitious narrative1 but let it be purged of its present loose and dangerous tendency4 ,sir ,walter ,scott declared novels to be 8a luxury contrived for the amusement of polished life1 and the gratification of that half-love of literature which pervades all ranks in an advanced stage of society1 and are read much more for amusement than with the least hope of deriving instruction from them02 yet ,ivanhoe throws more light upon the personal character of ,richard ,cur de ,lion1 ,kenilworth informs us more particularly about the court of ,elizabeth1 the ,fortunes of ,nigel gives us a better insight into the private life of ,king ,james1 than we derive from ,hume4 ,by his poems and novels ,scott threw a perpetual charm over the bleak hills of ,scotland2 he made its ruined abbeys as interesting as the ruined castles of ,germany2 he made its lakes the favorite resort of thousands of summer tourists4 ,author of the most celebrated novels that were ever written1 ,scott was unjust to the children of his mind when he spoke slightingly of novels4 ,it should be remembered that he also spoke unfavorably of the literary profession--a profession by which he made a million dollars and an immortal name4 ,when the author of ,waverley spoke disparagingly of novels that kind of literary composition was almost in its infancy1 certainly in its childhood4 ,richardson1 ,fielding1 ,smollett1 and ,goldsmith were the only great names in that department of ,english literature4 ,it was almost an uncultivated field1 but the reaper was at hand1 whose harvest should be abundant1 whose reward great4 ,the lordly halls of ,abbotsford still stand1 the magnificent result of novel-writing4 ,for every novel written during the time of ,scott there are at least one hundred written now4 ,the novels published during the last fifty years are far more numerous than all the novels that had previously existed in the world4 ,a hundred years since pamphlets were written to promote the success of a political measure1 to show that 8taxation0 was 8no tyranny10 to overthrow a minister1 etc4 ,now1 when ,disraeli wants to convince the country of his political sagacity1 he writes a novel2 when ,dickens wanted to show up a crying injustice to the poor he wrote a novel2 when ,thackeray wanted to expose the shams of ,english society he wrote a novel4 ,the age of pamphlets is gone1 the age of novels has succeeded4 ,statesmen write novels1 soldiers write novels1 clergymen1 lawyers1 doctors--all professions1 all classes and both sexes1 write novels1 and still the novel-reading ,olivers 8ask for more40 ,any person who visits a fashionable circulating library upon a ,saturday afternoon will see how great is the demand for new novels4 ,books which were1 in the last century1 read in mixed assemblages of young ladies and gentlemen could not now be read by old ladies in the privacy of their closets4 ,apropos of which is a story out of ,lockhart's ,scott3 8,a grand-aunt of mine10 said ,sir ,walter1 8was very fond of reading1 and enjoyed it to the last of her long life4 ,one day she asked me1 when we happened to be alone together1 whether ,i had ever seen ,mrs4 ,behn's novels4 ,i confessed the charge4 ,whether ,i could get her a sight of them8 ,i said1 with some hesitation1 ,i believed ,i could2 but that ,i did not think she would like either the manners or the language1 which approached too near that of ,charles ,,ii4's time to be quite proper reading4 #8,nevertheless1' said the good old lady1 #8,i remember them being so much admired1 and being so much interested in them myself1 that ,i wish to look at them again4' ,to hear was to obey4 ,so ,i sent ,mrs4 ,aphra ,behn1 curiously sealed up1 with #8private and confidential' on the packet1 to my gay old grand-aunt4 ,the next time ,i saw her afterwards she gave me back ,aphra1 properly wrapped up1 with nearly these words3 #8,take back your bonny ,mrs4 ,behn2 and1 if you will take my advice1 put her in the fire1 for ,i found it impossible to get through the very first novel4 ,but is it not1' said she1 #8a very odd thing that ,i1 an old woman of eighty and upwards1 sitting alone1 feel myself ashamed to read a book which1 sixty years ago1 ,i have heard read aloud for the amusement of large circles1 consisting of the first and most creditable society of ,london8'0 ,although a vast improvement has taken place in the tone of novels generally1 yet there are many still written which should not be read1 and many are read which should not be written4 ,it is a striking and lamentable fact that the worst novels of the day are written and read by women4 ,the miss scarcely in her teens reads books which her grandmother would be ashamed to read4 ,as the pampered palate of the epicure can only enjoy food highly seasoned1 so the vitiated minds of modern readers can only enjoy highly seasoned novels2 mysterious murders1 mad marriages1 runaway matches1 terrible secrets1 awful mysteries1 hidden perils1 etc41 are required to stimulate their jaded taste4 ,as a person who feeds only on dainties will soon have the dyspepsia1 so a person who reads only highly-seasoned novels will have a sort of mental dyspepsia4 ,scenes are described1 circumstances are mentioned1 conversations retailed1 vices introduced into modern novels which would cause any man to be banished from decent society who should so far forget himself as to allude to them4 ,yet such things are read without blushing by young ladies1 such books are discussed by ladies and gentlemen without shame4 ,if our young ladies are to read nothing but novels1 in the name of modesty let not their literary food be corrupt and corrupting2 let not their virgin minds be filled with foul images2 let not their ,christian souls be soiled with even a thought of vice4 ,queen ,anne could not enjoy her breakfast unless the ,spectator was by her plate4 ,were ,addison alive now and writing the ,spectator1 we doubt whether ,queen ,victoria would have it with her morning meal4 ,times change1 and kings as well as commons must keep pace with their age4 ,gibbon's vanity was gratified that his history was in every lady's boudoir and discussed in every fashionable drawing-room in ,london4 ,were ,gibbon writing in this present year of grace1 we do not think the ,decline and ,fall would deprive the last novel of its 8pride of place0 in my lady's boudoir4 ,about twenty-two years ago ,macaulay received that famous #bj1jjj check from the ,messrs4 ,longman for a volume of his ,history of ,england1 of which more than twenty-six thousand five hundred copies were sold in ten weeks4 ,macaulay's ,history was even more popular than ,gibbon's4 ,he said3 8,i shall not be satisfied unless ,i produce something which shall for a few days supersede the last fashionable novel on the tables of young ladies40 8,for a few days0 ,macaulay's history did 8supersede the last fashionable novel10 but we think we are safe in saying that it will have fewer readers this year than a new novel by 8,christian ,reid0 or ,mrs4 ,alexander4 ,take the average girl of the period1 question her about her reading1 and what is the result8 ,she averages six novels a week--three hundred a year4 ,certainly much in point of quantity1 but how about the quality8 ,has she read the ,spectator1 the ,vicar of ,wakefield1 ,macaulay's ,essays8 ,no4 ,they would be as tiresome to her as the compliments of an old beau--as old-fashioned as last year's bonnet4 ,mme4 ,roland when a girl slept with a volume of ,plutarch's ,lives under her pillow4 ,our girls1 who are more interested in contemporary society than in the lives of illustrious ,greeks and ,romans1 put the last novel under their pillow1 that they may continue the first thing in the morning the entrancing story of ,theo1 which 8tired nature0 compelled them to relinquish at midnight4 ,we trust they may never be called upon to display the lofty heroism of ,mme4 ,roland--that their only tears may be those shed over the woes of imaginary heroines1 their only sorrows as fictitious as those in the novels they love so well4 ,being an unquestionable fact that the reading millions of this last quarter of the nineteenth century devote themselves to novels more than to any other class of literature1 novels may be made the means of great and universal good4 ,we all know how rapturously the third tier applauds lofty moral sentiments2 how enthusiastically the 8gods0 of the gallery sympathize with virtue in distress2 how the protector of innocence is cheered and the villain hooted4 ,let this natural feeling of the human heart be turned to account in novels4 ,we have all laughed over that inimitable scene in ,the ,rivals between ,lydia ,languish and ,lucy1 her maid1 who has been sent to the circulating library for some late novels4 ,do not some of ,lydia's favorites suggest the names of popular novels that are in daily request at our fashionable circulating libraries8--the ,reward of ,constancy1 the ,fatal ,connection1 the ,mysteries of a ,heart1 the ,delicate ,distress1 the ,tears of ,sensibility4 ,have we not the ,fatal ,marriage1 the ,empty ,heart1 a ,woman's ,heart1 the ,curse of ,gold1 the ,mysterious ,engagement1 a ,clandestine ,marriage1 etc48 ,judging from the books they read1 our girls must believe with ,mrs4 ,malaprop that 8thought does not become a young woman40 ,a popular modern novel1 one which nine out of every ten readers pronounce 8so nice10 8so interesting10 8perfectly lovely10 is 8made up0 something after this manner3 ,a young girl1 one half of whose character entirely contradicts the other half1 engages herself to some worthy but commonplace young man1 who is more familiar with figures in his ledger than with figures of rhetoric1 who is more apt at writing business letters than love letters1 who is better acquainted with market quotations than poetical quotations1 who knows more about the ,corn ,exchange than about ,lucille--in short1 a man who takes a practical1 common-sense view of life4 ,the love of this romantic girl and this practical young man is not very ardent4 ,in the meantime there appears upon the scene a dark1 mysterious1 gloomy1 blas man of the world1 believing in nothing1 hoping for nothing1 and who looks upon existence as a curse4 ,he is as handsome as an angel1 cynical as a fiend1 sceptical as a modern philosopher4 ,his 8noble0 brow is often disfigured by a scowl1 his 8chiselled0 mouth is often marred by a sneer4 ,in a word1 he is a sort of fashionable ,lara4 ,this scowling1 sneering1 cynical gentleman has had an interesting history3 he was the hero of an unfortunate love-affair4 ,his heart is a burnt-out volcano4 ,in his early youth he had loved--madly1 wildly loved--a woman who was married to a brute4 ,he tells this woman his love4 ,she listens to his story1 laments that she is not free1 and bursts into tears4 ,he takes her in his arms1 swearing that she is the one idolized love of his heart4 ,at length she says they must part1 but bids him await her summons4 ,he leaves her1 goes abroad1 and tries to forget his sorrows in the sparkling ,lethe of dissipation4 ,in vain4 ,the sad form of his loved one is the skeleton at every feast1 and changes every ball into a funeral4 ,at last his long-expected summons comes3 the being he loves more than ten thousand lives writes him to come to her at once2 that her husband has struck her1 she is sick1 perhaps dying4 ,he flies to revenge her wrongs4 ,he finds her dead4 ,thus was his love lost1 his hopes crushed1 his life wrecked4 ,lara tells his story to our romantic girl one lovely ,june evening4 ,they are seated on a moonlit piazza4 ,the perfume of many flowers fills the air4 ,the sound of a distant river is heard4 ,it is a night and a scene meet for love4 ,in tones1 tender1 sad1 but sweet1 he tells her his heart has long been ashes2 that he never thought the fires of love could again be kindled there1 but she has taught him that there is peace1 happiness1 love for even him4 ,will she raise this dead heart to life8 ,she murmurs1 softly but passionately1 8,i love you1 ,arthur40 ,this is a rather mild and innocent specimen of the food that modern novel-readers feed on4 ,the object of fiction should be to represent life as it is--to 8hold the mirror up to nature40 ,just one hundred years since all ,london went wild over a new novel by a nameless writer4 ,the new novel was ,evelina1 the nameless writer was ,miss ,burney4 ,the characters in the book were commonplace1 the scenes uninteresting1 the story unexciting1 but it showed1 what no other novel of the time showed1 that a book could be lively without being licentious1 readable without being immoral4 ,nothing more clearly proves the poverty of the fictitious literature of the last quarter of the eighteenth century than that such a statesman as ,burke should sit up all night to read such a book as ,evelina4 ,nothing better proves how prejudice can sway a strong mind than that ,dr4 ,johnson should pronounce ,miss ,burney superior to ,fielding4 ,but it was extraordinary for a young lady to write a book one hundred years ago4 ,it was still more extraordinary for a young lady to write a novel that could be read with pleasure4 ,hence the furore that it created and the interest that its author excited4 ,miss ,burney did not 7as too many of our lady writers do71 upon the strength of one successful book1 rush a half-dozen inferior novels upon the world4 ,she waited more than four years before she published her next work1 ,cecilia4 ,for ,evelina she received #bj1 for ,cecilia #b1jjj4 ,we have mentioned ,miss ,burney1 because we consider her as an excellent example for the imitation of modern novelists4 ,she was willing to wait four years after publishing an unprecedentedly successful book before giving another to the world4 ,but1 when that other work did appear1 it was placed by general consent among the few classical novels in the ,english language4 ,nowadays it is the fashion for a popular writer to deluge circulating libraries with rubbish which1 in a few weeks1 finds its way to the junk-shop4 ,those who write for posterity write slowly1 correct carefully1 and publish seldom4 ,when we remember that this is peculiarly the age of the novel1 that more novels are now published in ,new ,york in one year than existed in the whole world one hundred years ago1 that the demand is still greater than the supply1 that we have long since broken the apron-strings that bound us to our literary mother1 ,england1 in every other department of letters1 we feel convinced that1 at no distant day1 our novelist will come4 ,but he must be true to his mission1 and give a faithful representation of ,american life and manners1 not a 8counterfeit presentment40 ,he must not sacrifice virtue and honor to present popularity1 he must not pander to the vicious tastes of a demoralized society1 but1 like ,addison1 he must purify the public taste by elevating it to his own high ideal4 ,such a writer would not violate the sanctities of domestic love or forget the obligations of social duty4 ,he might be witty1 but he would never be wanton2 he might be lively1 but he would never be licentious4 ,such a writer would be a benefactor to his country and to the world4 ,,anglican ,,development4 ,development implies a germ4 ,it is the growth of such qualities or characteristics as were inherent in the original principle4 ,if the principle was bad the development will be bad--if1 indeed1 there be development at all4 ,perhaps it will be truer to say that bad principles do not develop2 they rather generate fresh stages of decay4 ,corruption is the law of bad principles1 as development is the law of good principles4 ,the 8survival of the fittest0 is certainly true in the moral law1 even if it be not certainly true in the material4 ,six thousand years of human history have proved that divine principles 8survive02 and their survival has been their development1 in respect to the sphere of their empire4 ,the principles themselves do not grow1 but the world grows1 and with it divine government4 ,dr4 ,newman1 in his work on developments1 has drawn this distinction very luminously4 ,the church grows1 and its influence extends1 and its machinery is in constant operation2 yet its developments are not developments of its principles so much as of its qualities and capacities4 ,they are also developments of its power4 ,what the church was on the day of ,pentecost she is to-day2 it is her body which is grown1 not her spirit4 ,divine principles are immutable2 but because the world always changes the church must change too--not in her principles but in her action4 ,the converse of the development of ,catholicism is seen in the development of ,anglicanism4 ,whereas the church is more powerful in the proportion of antagonism1 ,anglicanism grows weaker and weaker4 ,whereas the church opposes dogma to heresy1 ,anglicanism suggests wider religious liberty4 ,whereas the church cuts off every withered branch1 ,anglicanism grafts the sticks on to its trunk4 ,thus the development of ,anglicanism is in the direction of corruption2 of the gravitation of new errors towards the parent one2 of the union in one society of every element of dissolution1 with a view to spasmodic vitality4 ,the older ,anglicanism grows the more decay it engrafts1 trying hard to look vigorous with life by the process of galvanizing death4 ,this is its general principle4 ,but1 particularly1 the modes of its experiment are as instructive and as lamentable as is its principle4 ,let us take a late example4 ,nearly five thousand ,anglicans have just petitioned their queen against the permitting confession in the ,church of ,england4 ,their motives may be left to their own consciences1 though they do allege1 by way of seeming to be in earnest1 that 8confession is subversive of the principles of morality1 social order1 and of civil and religious liberty40 ,among the petitioners are more than three thousand clergymen2 but there are also a vast number of signatories who are set down as 8,anglicans not classified40 ,now1 in what way are we to regard this grave petition as a development of the principles of ,anglicanism8 ,be it remembered that confession1 as practised by the ,ritualists1 was in itself a development of ,tractarianism2 that ,tractarianism was a development of the reaction which followed on the decay of ,evangelicalism2 that ,evangelicalism was a development of the reaction which followed on the decay of ,dry-,churchism2 and that ,dry-,churchism was the development of that ,erastianism which the house of ,hanover firmly rooted in the state church4 ,so that the huge gulf between confession and ,georgeism has to be bridged over by successive revolutions1 each perfectly natural in its reaction1 yet each naturally leading to fresh change4 ,here we see the distinction between the development of church vitality and the development of heretical restlessness4 ,as we have said1 church principles cannot change2 it is the action only of the church which becomes enlarged1 ,catholic principles not admitting of development save in the sense of extension of empire4 ,but ,anglican principles can be turned upside down1 or can be turned inside out1 a score of times4 ,there is no more affinity between ritualism and ,dry-,churchism than there was between ,evangelicalism and ,erastianism4 ,there is no more concord between ,dr4 ,pusey and ,canon ,ryle than there was between ,bishop ,butler and ,john ,wesley4 ,not more opposite was ,mr4 ,simeon to ,canon ,liddon than was ,archbishop ,whately to ,lady ,huntingdon4 ,these ,anglicans represent different churches4 ,and yet they all belong to the same church4 ,what1 then1 is the development of ,anglican principles8 ,obviously there is not development at all4 ,the word cannot be used in a ,christian sense4 ,there is reaction1 revolution1 novel apostolate2 there is not true ,christian development4 ,we may say of the great ,french ,revolution that it was a development of 7some of7 the principles of ,voltaire2 or that ,d',alembert and ,diderot1 with the ,encyclopdists generally1 planted seeds which sprang up into the guillotine4 ,yet the very point of such development was that it sprang not from principle but from the assertion that principle was not divine4 ,and so in ,anglicanism3 though the assertion was quite distinct1 there was no little affinity in the results4 ,the theory of ,anglicanism was that the ,catholic ,church was not divine1 but that ,church-of-,englandism had pretensions to be so2 or rather1 that the divine principles of the ,catholic ,church were purified to perfection in ,church-of-,englandism4 ,but a corollary of this theory was that the 7divine7 ,catholic ,church had no more authority than had 8,reformers0--an assumption which was fatal1 in argument and in fact1 to the immutability of principles4 ,accordingly we find that mutability has been the law of the whole system of ,anglican developments2 in other words1 that those developments have been as utterly contradictory as they have been numerous beyond computation4 ,is this a ,christian or a ,catholic development1 or a development of even a philosophic kind8 ,it is1 on the contrary1 proof positive that ,anglican principles are not divine1 for if they were divine they could not change4 ,it is not discipline which has changed1 nor external observance1 nor the relations of the church to the state2 such changes would be comparatively unimportant2 it is ,christian doctrine1 ,christian sacraments1 priestly powers1 and all that constitutes the idea of a church4 ,it is not that new doctrines have been added to old doctrines2 it is that old doctrines have been excised4 ,a perfectly brand-new theology has supplanted a defunct system2 and this not only once but fifty times4 ,so that we have to deny most positively that there has been 8,catholic0 development in that institution which ,queen ,elizabeth founded2 and we have to affirm that reaction and revolution have proved that institution to be human4 ,it has been argued--and it is still argued in ritualistic organs--that ritualism must be a ,catholic development2 for its spirit is in the direction of ,catholic truth1 and its labor is to restore ,catholic practice4 ,the answer is that such reaction is not ,catholic2 it is the aspiration of heresy towards the church4 ,we do not touch the delicate question--which belongs rather to spiritual science--the operation of divine grace outside the church2 this question does not enter into our argument2 we are speaking only of the distinctions between the development of true theories1 and reaction and revolution from false4 ,development in the ,catholic ,church has meant expansion of empire1 of inherent capacities of adaptation1 of definition in proportion of need1 and of anathema in proportion of desert2 it has never meant the least change of principle4 ,development in ,anglicanism--if we must still use the word--has meant new religions shooting up out of old1 with a chaos of old and new together1 and with no means of arguing from precedent to sequence what ,anglicanism may become this day twenty years4 ,this is certainly not ,christian development4 ,it may imply human energy1 with restlessness of will and a constant eagerness to keep moving for life's sake2 but as to calling it supernatural development1 the very suggestion appears profane4 ,those three thousand clergymen1 with 8,anglicans not classified10 who have just petitioned their queen against confession1 have asserted three things1 each of which is absolutely fatal to the assumption of ,christian development4 ,they have said that their sole head is the state2 and this is pure paganism and impiety4 ,they have said that they abhor a divine sacrament2 and this is anti-,catholic1 anti-,christian4 ,but they have said1 too1 that1 in the ,church of ,england1 there is to be both liberty of opinion and the forbidding of a ,christian practice to the laity2 and in saying this they have both cut short development and cut short its root and its principle4 ,development can only mean one of two things3 either the extension of the empire of one principle1 or the extension of the rights of religious liberty4 ,that it does not mean the first in the ,church of ,england we think that we have sufficiently shown2 and that it does not mean the second these memorialists against liberty have taken their best pains to demonstrate4 ,what development1 then1 is left to the ,church of ,england8 ,obviously there can be none1 save the increase of wrangling and the natural effort to crush one another's liberty4 ,yet there is one new development--to use the word conventionally1 and not in its scientific meaning--which has proved perhaps more shocking and more thoroughly unchristian than any which has ever gone before4 ,that development is modern ,broad-,churchism4 ,it is distinct from its antecedent in the ,georgian era1 being necessitated by totally different issues4 ,it is a compound of three things1 all kindred in kind and all mutually assisting one another3 repugnance to sacerdotal pretension2 indifference about dogmatic truth2 and a fondness for scientific infidelity4 ,this last is the worst of the three1 but it is in most men the parent of the other two4 ,it is an element of ,broad-,churchism which had positively no existence until after the full development of ,tractarianism4 ,curiously enough1 the return to the supernatural1 and the rejection of whatever is not natural1 have been almost twin movements in the ,church of ,england4 ,ritualism having failed to hold the intellects of shrewd men1 there were only two courses left open3 the one was to1 logically1 become ,catholics1 the other to deny the supernatural4 ,the birth of a new school of so-called scientists1 which school has sought to question revelation1 took place at the very crisis when ,anglicans were hesitating whether they ought to become ,catholics or not4 ,it furnished the exact pretext desired4 ,if there was doubt about the evidence for revelation1 it was useless to adopt all its consequences4 ,yet it was felt that it would not do to throw overboard ,christianity1 as at least the most admirable of ethic systems2 so the moral part of ,christianity was retained1 while the dogmatic part was put on one side4 ,hence a ,broad-,churchism which1 while being really quite sceptical1 covered itself with the mantle of ,christian morals4 8,i deeply regret10 said an ecclesiastic of this school1 when he came to the last hours of his life1 8that ,i ever preached anything but morals40 ,this was paganism1 virtuous paganism1 but it passed current for respectable ,broad-,churchism4 ,what it meant1 and what ,broad-,churchism now means in almost every one of its adherents1 was scepticism in regard to the ,incarnation1 but a natural admiration for natural virtues4 ,dean ,stanley is one of the doctors of this school1 and preaches rationalism in ,westminster ,abbey4 8,christian rationalism0 is that last new abortion which has been born of the failure of previous systems4 ,it had no existence in ,england until twenty years ago2 that is1 it was not formulated into a system4 ,in these days it is openly taught4 ,in the magazines there constantly appear brilliant articles which are directed against the ,christian revelation1 while yet advocating the beauty of ,christian sentiments1 of ,christian ethics and philosophy4 ,it is pure rationalism1 under the cloak of respectability4 8,we would not shock your pious prejudices10 these novel theorists seem to say1 8by telling you that ,christianity is false2 on the contrary1 we believe that there was a ,christ1 but he was not the ,son of ,god1 he did not rise from the dead1 he was only a most admirable doctor4 ,therefore hold fast to his philosophy1 which was amiable in the extreme1 and exquisitely adapted to social wants2 and1 if you like1 remain an ,anglican or a ,dissenter1 or even please your fancies with ritualism4 ,you cannot do better than remain a ,christian4 ,the ,christian system is full of beauty4 ,it is not divine2 it was not revealed2 it has not one shred of the supernatural2 but so useful a system has never before been developed2 indeed1 it includes the best philosophies4 ,therefore we advise you to stick to your ,christianity1 as you would stick to your domestic canons of harmony40 ,this kind of counsel has been given in the ,fortnightly and in answer to recent ,catholic publications4 ,its authors are obviously proud of their discovery4 8,christian rationalism0 will just suit a leisure age1 which is too intellectual yet too indifferent to be ,christian4 ,a recent writer has called modern ,broad-,churchism 8a fortuitous concourse of indifferentisms40 ,so it is in its acceptance by the majority4 ,but there is a very large section which goes far beyond indifference1 and which aggressively attacks ,christianity4 ,whately has the credit of having started the principle that intellectual inquiry is above faith4 ,the first duty of man is to be intellectual2 and he must never stand still in his inquiries4 ,when convinced that he has found out the truth1 he must proceed to inquire still more earnestly2 always despising the very issues of those inquiries which he places below inquiries themselves4 ,euclid1 when it says ,q4 ,e4 ,d41 ought to have made ,q4 ,e4 ,d4 an hypothesis4 ,reasoning is not intended to conduct to truth1 but should be pursued as in itself the chief good4 ,argument is above demonstration1 and search is far superior to discovery4 ,this is the theory of many modernists4 ,but it has only lately raised its votaries into a school4 ,mr4 ,kingsley1 when he said1 8,i am nothing if not a priest10 had no notion of eliminating ,christianity4 ,even the ,oxford essayists and reviewers shrank from this4 ,dr4 ,arnold1 who wished to remove the ,athanasian ,creed1 did not wish to remove ,christianity4 ,bishop ,butler1 whom some call the founder of ,broad-,churchism1 certainly never dreamed of rank scepticism4 ,the theory of ,frederic ,dennison ,maurice1 that revelation may be given differently to different centuries1 did not exclude revelation4 ,there was always1 until quite lately1 a clinging fast to the fond truth that ,christianity was a divine dispensation4 ,the last generation were quite sure of this4 ,but their grandchildren1 if they happen to live in ,england1 may be brought up to adopt the new religion4 ,they may proclaim frankly that ,christianity is a myth1 or that pagan virtue is the best ,christianity4 ,to such a depth has ,anglican 8development0 now sunk4 ,fathers fear not to talk cold-blooded scepticism before their little ones gathered round their knees1 and to poison their young natures with that most dreadful of inclinations--the doubting the pure instincts of their own souls4 ,sons of clergymen teach their sons that ,christianity may be true1 just as a particular political theory may be so2 but that to ally ,christian faith with the honor of ,god is a sign of feeble intellect or enthusiasm4 ,many thousands of ,english children1 sons of educated 8,anglicans10 now prattle their scepticism over their toys4 ,one hideous consequence of this growth of ,english rationalism--and ,broad-,churchism is practically rationalism--is that it has lowered the standard of personal aspiration by removing the certainties of objects4 ,protestantism had much of the sentiment of ,catholicity1 though it had little of its dogma or discipline2 but ,broad-,churchism is absolutely without sentiment1 save such as is common to pagans4 ,what the children of ,cicero may have been the children of ,broad-,churchmen may be4 ,the divine instinct of faith is reasoned down4 ,indeed1 ,cicero or ,terence1 ,plato or ,sophocles1 had a much higher object than the ,broad-,churchman2 for they professed that to know would be the chief good1 whereas ,broad-,churchmen pronounce knowing the chief evil4 ,it matters not by what name we call these men1 whether free-thinkers1 rationalists1 sceptics1 their aspiration is to be content with not knowing1 instead of regarding knowing as the chief good4 8,i think10 said an ,english gentleman a few weeks ago1 who had graduated at ,oxford1 and who has six children1 and whose father was a distinguished ecclesiastic1 8that the best way is to try to live honorably1 and not occupy one's mind with inquiry40 ,thus he and his six children have gone back two thousand years in intellectual--that is1 eternal--aspiration1 minus this advantage which the ancients had over them3 that the ancients wished to know what was true4 ,now1 it is manifest that the death of aspiration is the death of the finest qualities of the human mind2 and this is specially seen in the rising generation of ,english young men and young women4 ,where doubt takes the place of conviction1 and cold content of an animating faith2 where natural longings are the sole governing principles1 and all that is beyond the grave is dark cloud2 where the illumination of the intellect by the full knowledge of ,god--which is alone possible within the ,catholic ,church--is deferred to the petty quibblings of speculation1 it must follow that a lower type of men and women must succeed to our profound ,catholic ancestors4 ,there is no need to refer here to ,christian morals2 they are the exercise of obedience to particular laws4 ,nor is there any need to speak of mere worldliness1 which is often incidental1 circumstantial4 ,nor1 again1 need we allude to the immense varieties of natural temperament which bias people's lives1 people's loves4 ,let all questions of perfection or imperfection be set aside2 they are not the immediate points we are considering4 ,human nature is human nature in every one1 be he a ,catholic or a free-thinker2 and the extent to which human nature may be brought under control is a distinct question from 8,anglican development40 ,the sole point which we are now arguing is the intellectual consequences of the theory and practice of pure ,anglicanism1 and the conclusion we arrive at is that1 intellectually speaking1 ,anglicanism degrades the human mind4 ,the development of ,anglicanism is deterioration4 ,this is its intellectual development4 ,but when we speak of the intellect we are not speaking of talent1 of any natural gift1 or of industry4 ,we are speaking of intellectual aspiration2 for the true dignity of intellect is its object4 ,to separate the intellect from its object1 the dignity of the end from the means1 is impossible for any really earnest mind1 as1 indeed1 it is rationally impossible4 ,if1 then1 the object of an intellect be to not believe1 to eliminate the supernatural out of the world1 or to narrow the compass of aspirations1 it follows that the greater is the ignorance1 the greater is the dignity1 of the human mind4 ,this theory has been advocated by ,mr4 ,spencer4 8,our highest wisdom and our highest duty10 says this scientist1 8is to regard that through which all things exist as the unknowable40 ,so that not only to know nothing1 but to wish to know nothing1 of the will of our ,creator in regard to us is the highest aspiration of the trained intellect1 whether professedly ,christian or pagan4 ,now1 7popular7 ,broad-,churchism does not go so far as this1 for it would not be 8,christian0 to do so4 ,broad-,churchism affects to be ,christian1 though it includes within its pale many sceptics4 ,yet practically the assertion that opposite truths are the same truths1 or that no truth is a truth save to its votary1 is the assertion that there has not been a revelation1 or that if there has been it cannot be understood4 ,regard it as we will1 there is no escaping from the conclusion that ,broad-,churchism is inimical to ,christianity4 ,it is inimical to divine faith1 to divine love2 to the interior exercise of ,christian virtues2 to the perfecting those graces of character which are formed on the pattern of a divine ,lord4 ,in short1 it is fatal to sanctity4 ,instability of ,christian faith and stability of ,christian life are mutually opposed to one another4 ,the ,broad-,churchman may be an excellent man1 but he cannot be supernaturally a ,christian4 ,christianity is the divine life of man1 and it presupposes many postulates and axioms4 ,and since divine faith in the whole range of divine truth is the first requisite of the intellectual ,christian1 it follows that a ,christian who is intellectually not ,christian cannot spiritually advance to perfection4 ,thus intellectually and spiritually the ,broad-,churchman is at fault in regard to the ,christian life4 ,and this deterioration is the prevalent 8development0 of the later stages of ,anglican change4 ,broad-,churchism is the profession of most ,anglicans4 ,and in one degree or another it is the ruin of aspiration1 and therefore of the intellectual ,anglican4 ,but young people1 whose intellects are undeveloped1 are of necessity chiefly nourished by their affections2 and unhappily the enfeebling of their faith is the enfeebling the objects of those affections4 ,thus parents ruin children by enfeebling the objects1 and with them the affections which need objects4 ,intellectually and spiritually1 sensitively and instinctively1 ,broad-,churchism is the ruin of children4 ,and that huge waste of object1 of affection1 of sentiment1 which the disease of ,broad-,churchism necessitates1 stints the growth1 both religious and natural1 of the majority of the rising generation4 ,this is the last ,anglican development4 ,and it threatens to breed a race of pagans4 ,there is the profession1 of course1 of some sort of ,christian life--for ethically every ,englishman must be ,christian--but the ,christianity is a natural sentiment1 it is not a supernatural life4 ,and must we not call this the intellectual degradation of the heirs of two thousand years of truth8 ,the spasmodic attempts of the ,ritualist sect to revive certain fragments of ,catholic truth1 or the earnest aspirations of warm-hearted puritans to love all that they know how to believe1 are both admirable efforts1 though not true successes2 and they are the efforts of a comparatively small number4 ,nationally ,england is ,broad-,church1 and the majority of ,broad-,churchmen are sceptical4 ,what stage of development can come next8 ,if in ,westminster ,abbey 8,christian rationalism0 is triumphant1 what will become triumphant in country parishes8 ,and if the feeble reasonings of ,dean ,stanley1 his serene platitudes or pretty sentiments1 are pabulum sufficient for the well educated1 what descent into weakness1 into indifference or impiety1 may we not look for among the poorer classes8 ,scepticism among the poor means simple grossness1 unrelieved by the scholarliness of the rich1 and uncomforted by even the ease of this life4 ,yet there is an immense spread of scepticism among the poor4 ,there is even blatant hostility to all religion4 ,broad-,churchism is the parent of this evil4 ,the final harvest has not yet been reaped4 ,yet it seems certain that in the next quarter of a century we must either see the ,english multitude become ,catholics1 or we shall see them go down into a state of irreligion which will be simply paganism minus its gods4 ,,saint ,,francis ,,of ,,assisi4 ,a ,,sketch ,,from ,,the ,,paradiso ,,of ,,dante4 ,between ,tupino's wave and that which sends ,its flood from blest ,ubaldo's chosen seat1 ,a fertile mount an airy coast extends1 ,wherefrom ,perugia feels both cold and heat ,through ,porta ,sole1 and behind it weep ,gualdo and ,ncera their grievous yoke4 ,there1 on that side of it where most the steep ,in its declivity is sharply broke1 ,unto the world another ,sun was born1 ,like this1 our daily planet1 whose glad face ,beams forth from ,ganges1 bringing ,europe's morn4 ,therefore let no man speaking of that place ,ascsi say--too briefly by that name ,describing it2 but let him say the ,east6 ,if he would properly enforce its claim4#hh ,not much his light had from its dawn increased1 ,when he began throughout his land to inspire ,some comfort from a purity so great2 ,since yet a youth he fought with his own sire ,for sake of her against whom ,pleasure's gate ,men bar1 of her face as of death afraid3 ,and so before his ,father1 and the ,court ,spiritual1 with her a marriage made1 ,and grew in love the more they did consort4 ,she1 slighted widow6 reft of her first spouse1 ,more than eleven hundred years remained ,despised1 obscure--no lover paid his vows ,to her till this one her affection gained2 ,it naught availed 7to move men in their choice7 ,to read how ,csar found her undismayed ,with poor ,amyclas1 hearing his dread voice2 ,nor aught availed the courage she displayed1 ,and the fierce constancy which so sufficed1 ,that while below heart-broken ,mary prayed ,her lofty spirit climbed the cross with ,christ4 ,but1 lest my sense ,i too obscurely screen1 ,take for these lovers of my large discourse ,francis and ,poverty1 for them ,i mean4 ,their concord and glad looks1 the gentle force ,of love and wonder1 their demeanor sweet1 ,were cause that holy thoughts did much increase2 ,bernard first bared his venerable feet ,to run behind him1 after so great peace1 ,and in his running felt himself too slow3 ,o unknown riches6 ,o thou good most true6 ,after the spouse whose bride enchanteth so ,egidius bares his feet1 ,silvester too4 ,footnote #hh3 ,dante does not overestimate the importance of this little town of middle ,italy to a religious mind4 ,every ,christian must be piously impressed by the subjoined inscription over the gate of ,assisi which greets a traveller coming from ,rome4 ,these words are believed to have been the dying benediction of ,st4 ,francis as he looked out from his pallet over the roofs of the mountain city which has become through him a place of pilgrimage3 ,benedicta tu civitas a ,domino3 ,quia in te multi servi ,altissimi habitabunt3 ,et a te multi animi salvabuntur3 ,et de te multi eligentur in regna terna4 ,blessed be thou1 ,o city6 by the ,lord6 ,for in thee many servants there shall dwell ,of the ,most ,high2 and many souls1 restored ,through thee to grace1 shall be redeemed from hell2 ,and many shall be called to their reward1 ,in everlasting kingdoms1 444 from a cell4 ,,the ,,socialist ,,idea4#hi ,a moderate degree of attention bestowed on the signs of the times apparent in society1 and a consideration of the social convulsions which among ourselves seem only to end that they may begin again1 will make it impossible not to perceive1 within the bosom of this society1 some permanent1 chronic evil1 seated at its very core1 and ready to bring to the surface the seething elements from below by a series of eruptions recurring at shorter and shorter intervals4 ,this social evil1 which for nearly a century has subjected us to periodical revolutions1 as certain diseases subject a patient to periodical fits or crises2 this evil1 whose many roots reach back to causes more or less remote and more or less appreciable2 this evil1 which marches through the world of to-day like the hurricane that sweeps over cities and plains1 and which we see uprooting principles in its passage1 corrupting morals1 and undermining society--for society is directly and particularly threatened by its stormy progress2 this social evil--,i give it the name it gives itself--is socialism3 socialism--that is1 a body of doctrines1 passions1 and plots that attack and would fain uproot the actual social system1 or1 if you prefer this definition1 armed1 passionate1 and doctrinal aggression against society2 socialism1 which forty years ago the mass of earnest thinkers scarcely thought it worth while to take into account1 so hidden was it then in the depths of mere theorizing1 and so dimly perceived by a few thoughtful men1 who saw it half covered by the veil of utopianism2 socialism1 which practical men of that time1 in their ,olympic repose1 deemed too self-condemned by its obvious extravagance to be capable of doing harm2 socialism1 which even now still finds a few self-styled conservatives so blinded as to join hands and conspire politically with it for the furtherance of their own plans2 socialism1 which1 emancipated from the region of dreams and speculations1 and realized for a moment on the burning stage of contemporary history1 has shown us its hideous form by the light of incendiary fires1 and still points out to us1 by the light of a threatening present1 the possibility of a frightful future4 ,let us begin at the beginning1 and ask ourselves the question1 ,what is ,socialism8 ,i hasten1 at the outset of a subject which touches on such delicate ground1 to state that ,i intend taking my stand above politics or party spirit4 ,i fight only under two flags1 that of society and that of ,christianity4 ,even in the harshest strictures ,i may make ,i shall attack things1 not men--things which we are bound to oppose1 not men1 whom we are bound to love4 ,to come to a full understanding of contemporary socialism it is necessary to look at it under a triple aspect--as an idea1 as a passion1 and as an action2 as an idea which gains ground1 a passion which kindles itself1 an action which organizes itself more and more under our eyes2 as an idea which gains ground by every channel controlled by the contemporary press2 as a passion which is enkindled by every phase of contemporary realities2 as an action which organizes itself and conspires by every lever known to contemporary revolutionism--that is1 in three words1 the socialist idea1 the socialist passion1 the socialist action4 ,it is these that we must fathom and examine1 if we would understand what socialism is and means4 ,i shall be satisfied if ,i succeed in developing this time what is socialism as an idea1 and what is the scope of this idea2 in what does the socialist idea consist1 and what are its immediate consequences4 ,it is necessary to grasp the nature of the parent idea which nursed socialism in its bosom1 and has brought it forth as it appears to-day4 ,such a movement in the world of reality would be inexplicable without a corresponding1 anterior movement in the world of thought4 ,ideas1 in the social system1 are as germs in the animal and vegetable systems1 and germs in a very practical sense1 for they are the seed of things that come to light later on1 and grow according to the kind of soil and the degree of heat with which they come in contact4 ,socialism1 as a whole1 though intelligible as the result of causes not belonging to the world of ideas1 is1 however1 the product of an idea which has grown and thriven long before it came to the surface4 ,i do not mean by this the body of ideas which has helped to create it1 but its own parent idea1 that which1 if ,i may say so1 constitutes the socialist credo4 ,it is true that1 if we consider socialism in what appears its only living and real aspect1 we are brought face to face with something quite alien to the world of ideas4 ,what we see is not unlike a lion or a tiger obeying its instincts and roaring in the desert for its prey4 ,we have no longer to face a doctrinal socialism with pretensions to a plausible theory1 but a brutal socialism claiming no right save that of might2 not a dreamy socialism such as forty years ago still carried away generous enthusiasts1 but an aggressive socialism hurrying by force to the fulfilment of its programme2 not a contemplative socialism parading through the world of ideas a ,platonic love for humankind1 but a destructive socialism eager to carry through the ruins of the world of realities the bloody banner of its brotherhood4 ,what we see before us might be more fitly called the socialism of torch and dagger than the socialism of ideas and doctrines4 ,still1 it cannot be denied that socialism heralded itself above all as an idea which was to make the mightiest revolution in the midst of humanity that the world had ever seen4 ,what was this idea1 and what1 in this era of social revolution1 were its starting-point1 its path1 and its goal8 ,i have long attentively followed the course of this new planet1 and marked in the changing sky of our social world its chief appearances4 ,i saw it rise as in the dawn of a bright morning1 then grow amid the clouds of a thousand systems more or less important or obscure1 then at last reach its zenith1 and throw over our modern society the baneful light in which we see it arrayed at present4 ,at first the socialist idea gave itself out as the idea of social reform2 later on in its progressive movement it became the idea of social transformation2 and now that it has fully developed itself1 it stands forth as the idea of social destruction4 ,if we follow up the stream of theories which distinguished the beginning of this century and the end of the last1 we shall find that the parent idea of socialism first embodied the longing for social reform1 and tended to restore universal harmony to the new world4 ,to listen to our pretended prophets and ,messiahs1 one would be led to believe that the great law of universal harmony in the social world had been lost amid conflicting human interests1 and needed to be restored or re-enacted2 while the systems of philosophy of that period insisted that within the near future a regeneration of human nature and a social reform would take place such as the world had never seen or history chronicled--a greater reform1 indeed1 than that accomplished by the divine ,reformer in behalf of poor humanity4 ,these philosophical systems1 full of a dreamy poetry1 were nothing but humanitarian idyls1 delightful pastorals1 pointing in the future1 through a tinted medium1 to a rose-colored humanity smiling under blue skies and an unclouded sun--a humanity free from all the contradictions and antagonisms of the past1 and1 like the planets1 or better even than they1 revolving round its centre in the undisturbed and beatific equilibrium of universal harmony4 ,harmony was everywhere in these fair dreams and easy utopias3 there was the harmony of all minds in truth1 the harmony of all hearts in love1 the harmony of will in liberty1 the harmony of passions in pleasure1 the harmony of interests in community1 the harmony of labor in organization1 the harmony of men in brotherhood1 the harmony of families in the state1 and1 finally1 the harmony of all peoples and nations in the unity of a government that should rule all alike4 ,the omniarch1 or universal monarch1 of this universal society appeared in the distance1 in the centre of the human world1 as the moderator and ruler of this gigantic harmony of brotherly nations4 ,in a word1 there was nothing but harmony1 everywhere and in all things1 harmony easy and spontaneous1 springing up from1 and flourishing naturally in1 the regular play of all human forces1 replaced as they would be1 so said this new language1 in their normal motion around their harmonious centre4 ,this alluring theory1 sung by all the bards of the social philosophy1 or rather poetry1 of that time1 marched triumphantly along its flower-strewn path1 escorted by all the errors and negations of which it was the result and the essence1 and proclaiming to the gaping world3 8,i am the revelation of the new world4 ,i am ,social ,reform40 ,it is worth noticing that while the working of so many unhealthy doctrines gave birth1 as to its natural product1 to this growing socialist idea1 so the new world of men seemed to grow towards it by every breath it emitted1 to call for it and drink it in by the diseased organs of its own unhealthy body4 ,the idea of reform is always and will always be captivating to humanity1 because there is in humanity always something to be reformed2 but at that time the state of the popular mind1 by enhancing its prestige1 was preparing for this notion a greater influence over the rising and future generations than it had ever won in foregoing ages4 ,humanity was then bleeding from the pitiless wounds made by the doctrines of the eighteenth century4 ,men's souls1 especially in the lower strata of society1 cruelly felt the void created by the ,voltairian creed of individualism4 ,these generations1 cut adrift from ,christianity1 felt themselves smothered by the monster of human selfishness4 ,humanity1 literally disinherited of the love of ,god1 was dying of the selfishness of ,voltaire4 ,from the heart of this diseased society came a despairing cry for love1 brotherhood1 association4 ,then started up innovators on all sides to turn this great need of the human soul to their own account4 ,they proclaimed universal association through universal love2 and as ,newton had reconciled by the discovery of gravitation the forces of earth and air1 so they pretended to build on the attraction of love a permanent harmony between human nature and society4 ,such was the first appearance on our stage of this comparatively new element1 socialism--i4e41 the general and yet undetermined formula of social reform4 ,its claims1 thus put forward in public1 with a popularity they had never reached before1 startled many men1 even those thinkers who had scarcely suspected the existence of such ideas4 ,it was1 however1 no new notion1 and had lain undeveloped in society certainly as far back as the beginning of this century4 ,it glimmered forth among the fogs of socialist metaphysics wherein ,fourier and ,saint-,simon groped after their ideal of universal reform2 it grew under the pens of writers in reviews and newspapers celebrated in their day--rash innovators who carelessly questioned every basis of human society1 and propounded theories whose fulfilment involved nothing less than a radical change of the organic conditions of society1 in the magical name and under the shield of social reform4 ,the world of ideas had never witnessed such a confusion of mind1 such an upsetting of fixed landmarks1 such a perversion of language4 ,an intellectual orgy gravely took its seat in the social world under the name and disguise of science2 absurdities dubbed themselves philosophies1 folly called itself reform2 indeed1 the passage of these eccentric theories and these grotesque utopias was one of the great surprises that attended my curious and truth-seeking youth4 ,they were a source of pure stupefaction to me4 ,the socialist idea hitherto had been almost confined to the exclusive domain of philosophical abstractions and social ideology4 ,after long wandering through the twilight of various conflicting systems1 it emerged from these doubtful regions1 where only a few innovators perceived its presence1 and came down to the level of the people1 stirred as the latter were by new aspirations and hopes4 ,from henceforward the socialist idea1 the idea of social reform1 was not only a theory broached by philanthropists1 discussed by scientists and philosophers1 and taught by intellectual apostles from tribune and printing-office1 but it became a living1 acting reality1 a watchword of the laboring classes1 a personal question among workmen4 ,once there1 ripening as ideas do quickly in the fervid soul of the people1 and pushing on towards its development1 it strode forward apace1 its evolution only waiting an opportunity to perfect itself abundantly4 ,the people1 little used to the hair-splitting of socialist metaphysicians1 soon saw either that all this talk meant nothing or that it meant a fundamental transformation of actual social life1 and consequently the road to1 or1 as it was grandiloquently called1 the new birth of1 a state of comfort and power hitherto unknown4 ,each one made the dazzling formula1 8,society must be reformed10 cover his own special grievances or aspirations1 his pet theories1 his individual hopes and dreams4 ,it soon became patent to all that even the apostles of the new idea meant not only that the new world should be a reformed one1 in the common acceptation of the word1 but a radically reformed--that is1 a transformed--world4 ,the fathers of the socialist idea had already become aware that the present organization of society presented insurmountable obstacles to the realization of their favorite law of harmony as applied to their theory of a future society2 they felt that the organic conditions of society as it is were invincibly opposed to their idea1 which1 in order to triumph in the end1 must become not only a reform1 nay1 not only a transformation1 but such a transformation as should change from the very roots all existing vital conditions of society4 ,to reform was not enough2 they determined to transform4 ,one idea had thus quickly displaced or succeeded the other4 ,stripped of the wordy disguises in which it still affected to wrap itself1 it was simply a theoretical denial of society1 such as society has been since men have lived together2 a radical change of the social mechanism adopted in principle and in practice by all nations and acknowledged in all ages2 a triumphal progress of revolution--indeed1 social revolution itself4 ,up to that period men who worked on the passions of the masses to compass their own ambitious ends had contented themselves with handling political problems1 stirring up political revolutions4 ,the game played by leaders of riots or leaders of parties consisted in changing a monarchy for a republic1 a republic for an empire1 an empire for a monarchy1 and one species of monarchy for another2 but this was child's play to the growing power and genius of socialism4 ,social revolution1 as set forth by the socialist idea1 had far other ends in view2 it did not care to stir the surface only of things1 but to undermine1 or1 as we say now1 revolutionize1 their foundations4 ,this is the difference between socialism1 or social revolution1 and political revolutionism1 properly so-called2 the former seeks to disembowel society itself4 ,common--that is1 purely political--revolutionism only affects the surface of society2 it strides over the ruins of governments shattered by the popular arm2 it overturns a throne1 then another2 drives out one dynasty1 then a second2 creates a republic1 then another2 improvises a constitution2 plays1 if ,i may use the expression1 among the dust of institutions1 whether demolished thrones1 torn constitutions1 broken governments or legislatures2 it grows excited and drunk with enthusiasm and ambition in the midst of these shifting scenes of the political world1 on whose stage actors1 now hissed1 now applauded1 by no rule but the arbitrary passion of the multitude1 play ever-varying parts--parts barren and ephemeral1 and the common result of which is to wear out those who play them1 to sicken them of men and things1 to make them drop from the stage stripped of their prestige1 and too often covered with popular derision1 as despairing actors are wont to fly from the theatre where they have hopelessly 8broken down40 ,it was thus that between the tides of opinion and action political revolution pursued its course1 leaving ruin and bloodshed in its track4 ,but after the flood of these monarchies and republics1 these constitutions and governments1 these kings and emperors1 these presidents and dictators1 these ministers and lawgivers2 after all these sledgehammer blows of force1 these coups d'tat1 or these sensational changes on a stage where revolution had long since decreed that no government1 no constitution1 no statesman should ever remain permanently2 behind what we may call the political phenomenon1 one thing remained firm--namely1 society4 ,it was always fundamentally the same1 and stood on a substantial1 unalterable basis1 above which1 but not reaching it nor attempting to injure it1 flowed the tide of political revolution2 it had mechanisms more or less different in appearance in each century1 but the same vital permanent conditions2 it kept its necessary balance between authority and liberty1 between progress and stability2 it guarded its three treasures1 which to destroy is to kill society--i4e41 the family1 religion1 and property4 ,this is the secret that explains why1 after so many ruins heaped up and so many battles won1 the genius of revolution could not rest content4 ,it soon perceived that in spite of its gigantic efforts1 and even after the immensity of its triumphs1 it had only achieved a surface work4 ,its dreams of governments more or less constitutional and representative1 more or less monarchical or republican1 had collapsed with the ruins of these governments1 thrown down by its own hand2 it felt the emptiness and disappointment of these political revolutions1 whose commonest result was an increase of wretchedness and a decrease of peace4 ,then it said to itself3 ,i will go further2 ,i will dig below the very foundations of this society1 which ,i find everlastingly the same1 with its old vices1 its incurable abuses1 and its obstinately recurring tyrannies4 ,i will reach its heart1 the very source of its life1 the very core of its being4 ,there ,i shall discover the true vital principle of human society1 and1 whether it will or no1 ,i will force it to take part in outer actions1 and take its place among the realities of history4 ,i will not only reform but transform this rotten and disorganized society4 ,thus the idea of transformation quickly superseded that of reform2 but even a transformation of the conditions of social life1 in the ordinary acceptation of the term1 would not have contented the thoroughgoingness of the socialist idea4 ,no doubt it was better than reform1 for it was a fuller development of the socialist principle1 but it did not constitute a perfect development1 it was not the ultimatum of the idea4 ,transformation was not enough in the eyes of radical socialism1 or1 if you like the term better1 socialist radicalism2 destruction was better1 and1 to speak plainly1 its conception of the former was equivalent to the latter4 ,socialism had dissected the body of society1 examined and analyzed it in all directions1 and then pronounced its verdict in these words1 brimful of supreme contempt3 8,rottenness6 ,let the corpse perish1 and the true social body1 moulded by our hands1 spring from its remains40 ,socialism had examined and probed the still standing building of our past and present social polity1 and had said3 8,it is evident to all that the building is bad2 better rebuild it1 from cellar to attic4 ,the human abode is not stable2 to buttress it is useless2 let us destroy it4 ,this is no longer the time to reform1 or even transform2 nothing short of destruction is of any avail4 ,let the old social ,babylon crumble and decay1 and from her fruitful ruins1 if needful even watered with blood1 let the new ,jerusalem of society come forth4 ,social reform was the dream of our fathers2 social transformation is but another dream1 a generous fallacy1 but still a fallacy1 attempting impossibilities and ending in nothingness4 ,a ruin cannot be reformed nor a crumbling shed transformed2 we see only a building to pull down and a building to put up4 ,what ,i will do is this3 ,i will use the popular arm to destroy1 and on the ruins of the past ,i will erect the edifice of the future40 ,the socialist idea1 in its logical march irresistible as fate1 had reached its inevitable goal4 ,it began by deciding to reform1 then it said1 8,i will transform10 and finally it announced boldly1 8,i will destroy1 shatter1 and demolish40 ,the beginning was reform with its alluring utopias of social unity and harmony2 the middle stage was transformation1 with specious promises of improvement and hopes of a renewed social youth2 the ending is destruction1 with open threats of anarchy and social annihilation4 ,it is impossible to cherish illusions any longer on this subject3 the reformers glided into transformers and the transformers coolly turned destroyers1 not in haste and passion1 but in cold blood1 theoretically1 we might almost say dogmatically2 for radical destruction1 or the uprooting of the existing social order1 is the foremost doctrine of the syllabus of the socialist idea1 which is itself the most perfect outcome of the revolutionary idea4 ,living socialism--that is1 socialism personified in its real representatives--no longer makes any mystery as to this1 and cannot pretend to feel itself injured or calumniated if we reproduce and lay bare its own formulas4 ,it is its own voice that cries aloud over the world3 8,society as it is must perish1 and from its ruins a new social system shall and must spring forth40 ,the first prophets and teachers of the socialist idea had hoped that the idea in itself1 and for its own sake1 would be accepted at once1 and that humanity would spontaneously open its heart to it1 as it does its eyes to the rays of the sun4 ,the disciples have far outrun the programme of their masters2 they no longer mention the ideal revolution1 and if the ideal alone1 preached by word of mouth1 should not be strong enough to fulfil the programme at any given time1 they mean to back it with the strong hand1 and force it by violence to become a fact and hasten towards its definitive triumph4 ,social destruction is at present the latest phase of the socialist idea1 which boldly comes forward1 programme in hand1 and bids us accept it and help to build up its rule as an inevitable necessity4 ,it summons living society publicly and contemptuously to its bar1 and bids it be ready to be demolished and afterwards re-established according to the fancy of this evil spirit1 powerful indeed to destroy1 but helpless to create4 ,thus it is that this doctrine--if it can be called a doctrine--so philanthropic at the outset1 so peaceful1 so brotherly2 this doctrine1 which announced itself as a new gospel of peace1 freedom1 and brotherhood1 has come to speak sternly of war1 of massacre1 of destruction2 has sworn that no matter what opposition it raises and what blood it costs1 the socialist idea shall triumph1 and has decided that if it be necessary to reach the throne at which it aims over ruins and over corpses1 it will stride over ruins and over corpses6 ,let the human sacrifices seal1 if need be1 the bloody covenant of the new social order4 ,it will scarcely be believed that this work of social destruction has been compared to the work of ,christ1 the reformer and transformer of society4 ,it is so1 however2 and this new era which is before us has actually been likened to the social transformation1 or rather restoration1 achieved by ,christianity--as if anything could be more flagrantly antagonistic to the great transformation worked by the ,christian idea than this pretended transformation dreamed of and sung by the prophets of the socialist idea2 as if a revolution brought about by force and violence could ever be compared to a restoration accomplished through love and self-sacrifice6 ,you reformers and innovators1 do you forget that ,jesus ,christ attacked nothing by force and destroyed nothing by violence2 that in his divine wisdom he was content to sow truth in men's souls and love in their hearts as the husbandman casts seed into the furrow2 and that truth and love have done their work among humankind as germs in the earth1 as the blood in our veins1 as electricity throughout nature--that is1 in mysterious silence1 with a strength full of gentleness and patience1 yet with unerring certainty8 ,you forget that if ,christ cursed the unjust rich man--that is1 wealth abusing its privileges1 wealth without love1 compassion1 or sympathy for others--yet he never dreamt of leading the poor against the rich1 but simply placed between the two the powerful but sweet link of charity4 ,you forget that if he delivered captives from their bonds and slaves from their chains1 he never incited master or slave to wage fratricidal war on each other1 and that it was only as his teaching sank into the heart of the master that the fetters of the slave set free through love dropped of themselves1 as ripe fruit drops from the tree in its good time and season4 ,you forget that if the divine ,reformer came to found a new society1 it was by a new creation1 and not through destruction2 that he came to rehabilitate even bodily society while he created the true kingdom of souls2 and that1 far from breathing into it the spirit of social hatred and jealousy1 he came to restore1 or rather found within it1 the rule of love and social self-denial4 ,the very goal which the socialist idea has reached by identifying itself with the idea of social destruction is itself the best proof of the irreconcilable antagonism between socialism and ,christianity4 ,i do not say that each individual in the ranks of contemporary socialism defines and adopts this programme of destruction so clearly and so resolutely as ,i have stated4 ,under all standards there are many men who neither see nor understand where the chiefs whose orders they obey are leading them--honest1 upright men1 duped by villains2 passionate lovers of good1 while strayed and lost in the great army of evil4 ,i fully admit these exceptions1 possible1 nay1 probable1 everywhere2 and1 indeed1 why deny their existence8 ,nevertheless1 the mainspring of socialist action in our day lies in the idea of destruction1 and the problem which contemporary socialism no longer seeks to veil is simply this3 8,what are the speediest means for completely demolishing the old structure of society1 which is already bursting asunder in all its parts2 and when down1 what is to be done to rebuild from its ruins the edifice of the new social order80 ,yes1 such is the problem whose solution socialism boasts of finding1 even though it be through rivers of blood and mountains of corpses2 and yet this social body1 rotten as it is said to be1 still rests on strong foundations as old as humanity itself4 ,property is its material foundation1 the family its human foundation1 and religion its divine foundation2 and therefore the logical march of the socialist idea drives it1 like fate1 to clamor not only for the reform and transformation but for the ruin and destruction of these three things on which rests the whole of society1 religion1 family1 and property4 ,i do not hesitate to declare it1 in spite of the vehement denials of men still unaccountably blinded to facts3 the real scope of the socialist idea when pursued to its logical conclusion is the radical transformation or the utter uprooting of these stable and ancient institutions1 as old as human society itself--property1 family1 and religion--and thereby the fall of our whole social system1 as of a building on its shattered foundations and its broken supports4 ,there are many theoretical socialists who do not dare to exhibit their theory in terms whose brutality seems to exceed even the grotesqueness of the idea they embody1 and many who still cling to a few illusions and have a regard for decency4 ,such as these protest against what they call our calumnies and exaggerations4 ,destroy8 they exclaim2 we do not wish to destroy1 we only long to transform4 ,there was a time when1 with mistaken faith in the honesty of purpose ,i loved to find or imagine everywhere1 ,i1 and you perchance1 were deceived by this specious excuse1 these alluring formulas2 but to-day it is impossible to mistake the sense of this former mystery2 it has too disastrously been revealed to us4 ,the socialist idea directly attacks the principle of property--that is1 individual possession of one's fields1 house1 capital1 or patrimony1 so happily called the domain2 property--that is1 in the common order of things1 the fruit of individual labor or of the labor and self-denial of one's forefathers2 property--that is1 the pledge of man's independence1 and the sign of his kingship in his own home1 small as it may be2 property1 which in all nations and ages has been sheltered under the triple shield of nature1 justice1 and religion2 property1 the material basis of society--indeed1 its necessary condition and the link by which the family is bound to its native soil as the tree by its roots2 property1 always and everywhere looked upon as sacred and inviolable among nations who have claimed the honors of civilization2 property1 which all societies have acknowledged even while appearing to deny its rights1 violating them by force2 property1 in a word1 which is a thing so familiar to us that the least infraction of its laws would cause us a remorse only to be allayed by reparation4 ,such is the nature of property2 and shall we believe the teaching of this new jurisprudence1 the propagators of these new laws1 who maintain that there is no question of destroying but only of reforming1 or at most transforming1 the nature of property8 ,in what does this miraculous1 proposed transformation consist8 ,the expedient is very simple--namely1 to strip the mass of owners in order to constitute one sole and supreme owner2 for it is obvious1 after all1 that some one must still possess the earth4 ,this legal spoliation1 no doubt1 will be a work of time1 but it will be sure4 ,and who is the new owner to be1 in whom the right of universal property shall be vested1 and on whose shoulders will be flung the burden of universal wealth8 ,the state1 forsooth2 the god-state1 the 8state0 which may be an honest man to-day1 but to-morrow may be a rogue2 the god-state1 whom infatuated philosophers are constantly working to aggrandize1 to make all-powerful1 and for which they strive night and day to win more worshippers4 ,this is to be the one owner and possessor of all2 the state shall have all1 organize and work all1 distribute and apportion all1 be the centre1 the fountain head1 and the goal of all2 while in this universal domain where the state controls all1 this huge arsenal where the state produces1 executes1 or orders all1 society shall become a human hive1 vast as the earth itself1 but in which every individual shall be reduced1 as a terse writer has put it1 to the size and functions of a bee4 ,this is the masterpiece elaborated by the socialist idea--the dream of universal property1 which is likewise a dream of universal levelling1 universal stuntedness4 ,individual responsibility or initiative is swept away2 human kingship and free-will disappear2 domestic society is left without a material basis1 and even public society without a foundation2 the right of all is practically the right of none1 and the result is universal slavery to universal despotism4 ,such is the miracle of this transformation of property1 so glibly promised by the socialist theory to future generations2 and though all who fight under the banner of legal spoliation do not carry thus far their social ideal1 and do not look forward to such absolute communism1 all are on the road to it by the very fact of vesting in their god-state the right of increasing and decreasing1 making or unmaking1 individual property under the name of taxes on the rich and rates for the poor4 ,what astonishes me above all in this respect is to see in certain men1 the most interested personally in the upholding of the conservative principle of property1 a certain pandering to1 or half-support of1 this eminently anti-social idea4 ,the same socialism which attacks the immemorial constitution of property attacks likewise the immemorial constitution of the family4 ,the socialist idea attacks specially in the family1 together with the principle of property1 the three things which are its pride1 its strength1 and its stability--namely1 unity1 indissolubility1 and inheritance1 which1 it is needless to say1 uphold its permanence and perpetuity4 ,first of all1 it attacks unity1 and unity in trinity3 one man1 one woman1 and one whole family springing from both2 one life produced by two sources fused into one--a unity which1 in the family as everywhere else1 is the essential condition of harmony1 order1 beauty1 and happiness4 ,this unity does not please the socialist4 ,an advocate of free morals and free love1 he prefers polygamy1 as allowed by the ,koran and practised by ,moslems1 to the conjugal unity enjoined by the ,gospel and sanctioned by the teaching and practice of ,christendom4 ,socialism attacks the indissolubility--that is1 the permanence--of the marriage tie4 ,such an indissolubility before ,god and before the state is in its eyes only the civil and religious endorsement of slavery1 the legal and theological confiscation of liberty4 ,the apostles of free love are unable to understand the principle which binds two human beings to each other for ever and under no matter what circumstances4 ,what revolution allows to society socialism would fain make accessible to the family--that is1 perpetual change and unlimited option concerning divorce and separation4 ,socialism claims unblushingly1 in the name of nature and progress1 the revolutionary right of a husband to send away his wife1 and a wife to leave her husband1 as easily as a nation disposes of its sovereigns and its governments--a right equivalent to a permanent revolution in the family and the state1 and bearing as its fruit the abolition of inheritance4 ,inheritance means the tradition of a patrimony2 it is the pledge of the stability and perpetuity of domestic or home society2 bereft of it1 the family1 without moorings in the past or hopes in the future1 becomes1 like the individual1 an ephemeral phenomenon1 gone in a breath and holding to nothing but the present hour4 ,this right of inheritance has its place in ,god's plan and man's laws2 it represents to coming generations the labors1 the benefits1 the sacrifices of their forefathers2 it extends the influence of the latter over their descendants4 ,but socialism does not shrink from questioning it in theory and attacking it in practice4 ,how1 it asks1 should the will of a dying man be able to transmit beyond his grave a domain to his posterity8 ,down with a privilege which gives man1 when he is a corpse1 a posthumous omnipotence in contradiction with the very condition of the dead1 and injurious to the freedom of action of the living6 ,socialism thus saps every conservative family principle1 and the spirit it instils into the human mind is destructive to the foundations of home society1 in order that it may prepare a clearer path to the eventual destruction of public society4 ,it is scarcely necessary to follow the socialist idea throughout its destructive march in order to realize the havoc it makes of domestic society2 a glance at its practice is enough4 ,look at the homes and hearths where this idea has seated itself and taken practical possession4 ,what homes1 great ,god6 and what morals2 they might astonish even a heathen4 ,the acknowledged reign of license and disorder1 sanctioned by a so-called doctrine1 and careless of any outward badge of respectability1 whether civil or religious2 a boasting display of a foulness for which the very faculty of blushing is lost1 for the socialist idea1 breathing its poison over these hearths1 has extinguished the lamp of domestic virtue1 and tossed into the mire not only the ideal of ,christian perfection but that of moral blamelessness4 ,no wonder that men preaching such doctrine and practising such morals should be eager to transform the family2 they do it1 indeed1 in a strange and appalling manner by turning the sanctuary of honor and virtue into a sink of corruption and vice4 ,furthermore1 ,i maintain that they would turn the home1 the school of faith and religion1 into a school of unbelief and impiety2 for socialism1 which detests the family and property1 hates religion still worse1 because it is the chief bulwark of property and the family4 ,it hates religion as such--not only this or that religion1 but the very principle of communication between ,god and man1 and the main object of the socialist idea is to transform--that is1 destroy--this element in mankind4 ,the fiat has gone forth1 the watchword is given1 8,no more religion in humanity02 and the ideal of progress1 as pointed out to the world by the socialist1 is simply the suppression of all religion1 which he dubs with the unpopular names of fanaticism1 superstition1 clericalism4 ,the cry is not only no more property1 no more family1 no more homestead1 no more hearth2 but the frantic cry takes up other matters and echoes to the ends of the world a more sweeping denunciation3 ,no more religion1 no more altars1 no more priests1 no more churches1 no more ritual1 no more oblation1 no more ceremonies1 no more religious festivals4 ,the like has never before been seen in history2 it could not have been even conceived4 ,this public attempt to drive out all religion from humanity in the name of progress is an absolutely unparalleled phenomenon1 not only within but beyond ,christianity4 ,it is a monster in human history1 the deformity of the nineteenth century4 ,our age will appear before history with this shameful inscription on its forehead1 which will sufficiently brand it in the opinion of after ages3 8,i1 the nineteenth century1 have proclaimed by the voice of a million of atheists1 as the law and condition of all progress1 the abolition of all religion40 ,and yet you will find religion attending the birth of every new society2 you will meet it at the source of every growing society1 and will perceive it shining and triumphing when that society has reached its utmost greatness and perfection1 for a great heathen writer has truly called it the motive force of all things3 ,omnia religione moventur4 ,religion is to the world of men what sap is to the plant1 blood to the animal1 electricity to the system of nature--an indispensable condition of life1 of motion1 of fruitfulness4 ,who would dare undertake to drive from the earth and uproot from the soul of man this divine link between ,god and human nature1 this boundary of human life1 this vivifying force which permeates all1 fertilizes all1 directs and controls all8 ,why1 ,i ask these frantic demolishers1 why not pluck electricity from nature1 sap from the plant1 and blood from our veins8 ,for it is true that it were easier for the tree to live without sap1 the plant without root1 the body without blood1 than it is for the human soul to exist without religion--religion1 that need of something divine1 that longing after something durable1 that step towards the infinite2 religion1 that natural breath of the soul1 as the air is of the body1 that attraction heavenwards which corresponds to the physical attraction earthwards of our body6 ,a mysterious but very sensible force draws us towards our physical centre of gravity1 but a force still more mysterious1 more sensible1 and1 above all1 more powerful draws us towards our heavenly1 our spiritual centre2 and while we are physically bound by a chain as strong as life to the stage of our earthly existence1 yet spiritually we soar by as irresistible an impulse towards the place of spirits1 the eternal and the infinite4 ,the flagrant antagonism between the socialist idea and the religious idea is easily explained4 ,socialism knows by instinct that in religion1 and especially in ,christianity1 the religion above all others1 exists the divine foundation of the world2 that as long as this foundation is not shaken the social polity can never be thoroughly destroyed2 that religion1 even stripped of direct and1 as it were1 official influence in the political and social order1 is still the last bulwark that interposes between socialism and its avowed object2 in a word1 that there rests the supreme force1 the insurmountable obstacle to the new ideas1 there the truth that repudiates the new errors1 there the holiness that repudiates the new corruption1 there the authority that repudiates the new anarchy1 there the divine ,might which says to the idea of devastation what ,god the ,creator says to the ocean3 8,so far shalt thou go1 and no further0--8huc usque venies40 ,to sum up1 there is a disastrous idea prowling through the modern world--the socialist idea4 ,this idea1 which at first was only that of social reform1 and later became that of social transformation1 has developed at present into that of social destruction4 ,and whereas every social structure rests on three foundations1 property1 the family1 and religion1 so the socialist idea more or less directly attacks these three foundations4 ,the socialist idea1 or socialism looked upon as a theory1 pushes its anti-social aggression up to this climax2 it stands there in radical and fearful opposition1 threatening all that is most vital and most fundamental in society4 ,therefore we are bound to resist it face to face1 everywhere and always1 and do battle against the socialist idea--that is1 the idea of destruction1 disaster1 and ruin4 ,i impress upon you the necessity of1 and claim your help in1 a doctrinal resistance to this idea1 a defence of all it attacks1 an assertion of all it denies2 a sturdy repetition of the credo of universal affirmation1 and not only a repetition1 but a publication1 a triumphant challenge1 to the socialist idea which embodies in itself a universal negation4 ,footnote #hi3 ,from the ,french of ,pre ,flix1 published as an article in the ,revue ,catholique des ,institutions et du ,droit 7,april number1 #ahgh74 ,the article is a reproduction of one lecture out of a series1 on the subject of socialism1 given at ,grenoble1 and shortly to be published entire by ,jouby-,roger1 ,rue des ,grands ,augustins1 ,paris4 ,a ,,romaunt ,,of ,,the ,,rose4 ,a fairer light than ever since has shone ,fell on that garden where ,queen ,eve's sweet bower ,was hid in roses and the jasmine flower1 ,curtained with eglantine1 and overrun ,with morning-glories glowing in the sun ,late into noon1 unheeding of the hour ,when now they close3 these were our mother's dower2 ,she lived and loved amid all flowers1 save one4 ,there was no red rose in the garden wide ,of all her world1 until its mistress went ,from out its gates with roses in her hand1 ,spoil of past joys2 then1 like a new-made bride1 ,she blushed in shame1 and that first blush has lent ,the rose its color over all our land4 ,,helen ,,lee4 ,a ,,romance ,,of ,,old ,,maryland4 8,i maintain it is a glory for the ,catholics of ,maryland that1 in this age of religious strife1 our colony has been made a home for the persecuted1 and that we are the first to proclaim the equal rights of all who profess to be ,christians40 ,these words were spoken by a young man named ,william ,berkeley1 who formed one of a group of five persons seated under the shade of an oak-tree one summer afternoon in the year #afcf4 ,his companions were ,sir ,charles ,evelyn1 who was of about his own age2 an old gentleman1 ,sir ,henry ,lee2 his daughter1 a maiden of three-and-twenty2 and1 lastly1 a way-worn traveller1 whose sad1 wan face and unkempt locks told that he had suffered much and been long in reaching a place of safety and repose4 8,yea1 ,mr4 ,berkeley1 this colony hath set a glorious example10 answered the last-mentioned individual4 8,and ,i wish my worthy friend ,roger ,williams had accompanied me hither1 instead of halting where he did on ,narraganset ,bay2 for he hath a rigorous climate to contend with4 ,oh6 how cold it was last winter1 how bitter cold1 as we journeyed through the wilderness4 ,and1 moreover1 the ,puritans of ,massachusetts1 not content with having exiled him once for his religious opinions1 may claim jurisdiction over the haven where he is now resting1 and drive him still further away40 8,well1 ours is indeed a charming country10 spoke ,helen ,lee4 8,it is now two years since we landed from the ,ark and the ,dove1 and we have all enjoyed uninterrupted good health1 while our numbers1 which at first were only two hundred1 are now much increased4 ,oh6 ,st4 ,mary's is a blessed spot40 8,and we shall very soon have our church finished10 observed the young baronet1 who sat between ,helen and her father4 8,the big wigwam which the ,indians kindly gave us wherein to celebrate holy ,mass is become a great deal too small and many are obliged to kneel outside40 ,after a little further conversation1 and after again praising the climate and people of ,maryland1 ,roger ,williams' friend arose2 then1 having thanked ,sir ,henry for his hospitality--the latter had entertained him at dinner--he silently waved his hand to the others and bent his steps towards the town4 8,i am glad that stranger has found his way here10 said ,berkeley almost as soon as his back was turned2 8and to-morrow ,i will try to get him employment40 8,i entertained the fellow at my table2 ,i could not have done less10 growled ,sir ,henry1 knitting his brow4 8,but ,i hope ,i have seen the last of him40 ,at this remark ,helen turned towards ,berkeley1 making him a sign with her finger1 which unfortunately he did not perceive4 ,she knew her parent's hasty temper1 his bitter feelings against ,dissenters1 and feared lest they might engage in a dispute over the question of religious toleration4 8,the true glory of our charter10 went on ,berkeley1 8consists in--0 8',tis precisely its weak point10 interrupted ,sir ,henry1 who knew well what he was about to say4 8,ay1 this religious freedom which you so much admire will one day prove our ruin4 ,only let enough ,puritans and fellows like him who has just quitted us settle here1 and then you and ,i and ,lord ,baltimore1 in fact every ,catholic and ,anglican1 will be hurried out of the colony40 8,i do not believe it10 said ,berkeley4 8,but ,i do2 and it shows what little sense you have10 continued ,sir ,henry1 now quite red in the face4 ,we need not give the rest of the discussion between them1 which waxed louder and hotter1 until finally1 at something the old gentleman said1 ,berkeley got up1 made a silent bow to ,helen1 and walked away4 ,in a moment ,evelyn followed him4 8,what6 go back and make peace with ,sir ,henry80 exclaimed ,berkeley1 as the other took his arm--8after calling me low-born1 and saying that was the reason ,i sympathized with common folk and ,puritans8 ,no1 no1 ,i cannot40 ,to any one of a less generous nature than ,evelyn this might have been a welcome announcement1 for both he and ,berkeley were suitors for ,helen's hand4 ,but ,evelyn did not let this fact for a moment lessen his desire to restore harmony between his rival and ,helen's father4 8,look10 he said1 8how pained his daughter is6 ,she is weeping4 ,do return and be friends for her sake40 8,you are a noble fellow to speak thus10 answered ,berkeley4 8,but ,i cannot2 for1 besides calling me what he did1 he bade me henceforth hold aloof from him1 and ,i will obey4 ,as for ,helen1 she is too good1 too meek1 too patient2 she is a martyr40 ,after they had walked together a short distance1 ,evelyn1 finding that his efforts to persuade ,berkeley to retrace his steps were vain1 let him go his way1 and during the rest of the afternoon he had ,helen all to himself4 ,these two had been friends from childhood1 and their natures were much alike4 ,both were dreamers4 ,well-nigh as far back as their memories went they had built castles in the air2 and after they had been strolling hand-in-hand1 as they oftentimes used to do1 amid the pleasant groves of ,evelinton ,park1 ,yorkshire1 the boy would always bid his gentle comrade good-by with a kiss2 then little ,helen would betake herself to her father's mansion1 which was next to that of ,sir ,charles ,evelyn's1 and pass the time until she was put to bed thinking about the pretty boy1 who had made so many vows to be with her all through her life2 and she closed her eyes with his words ringing in her ears3 8,if a giant comes to attack you1 ,helen1 or a dragon1 ,i will defend you2 ,i will kill the horrid beast or wicked man40 ,and often in sleep she witnessed a desperate fight1 wherein her knight1 after many wounds received in her defence1 always came off victorious4 ,happy indeed were those days of childhood4 ,and when in the course of time ,helen grew to be a woman and ,charles a man1 it was wonderful how little they had changed1 how like children still they were4 ,indeed1 the only new thing which ,helen observed in him was that he did not kiss her any more as he used2 while the youth occasionally saw a flush steal over her cheek as she listened to some innocent speech of his--innocent yet full of rapture--wherein he said there might be maidens in heaven who were like herself1 but only in heaven4 ,and so they continued to be much in each other's company2 and when at length ,helen's father fell into debt--for old blood is spendthrift blood--and determined to cross the sea with the hope of retrieving his credit and decayed fortune in the ,new ,world1 ,evelyn would not stay behind4 ,sir ,henry ,lee1 let us here remark1 was a cavalier of the truest stamp2 chivalrous1 devoted heart and soul to his king1 utterly careless of money4 8,and never was there a queen like ,queen ,henrietta ,maria10#ij he would say4 ,her being a ,catholic mattered not a jot2 for1 although he himself belonged to the ,church of ,england1 he had married a ,catholic wife and allowed his daughter to be brought up a ,catholic4 ,the only people he hated were ,presbyterians1 and his beau ideal of the devil was ,john ,knox4 ,as soon as ,sir ,henry had resolved to join the company of ,lord ,baltimore he sent for a surveyor to make a map of his encumbered estate1 which he could no longer afford to hold2 and the surveyor's name was ,william ,berkeley4 ,while the latter was engaged on this work ,lady ,lee would often go and talk with him2 and among the last words which this excellent woman spoke to her daughter before she died were these3 8,helen1 you are now of an age to marry4 ,yonder is a man who would be of great help in mending our shattered fortune4 ,william ,berkeley is a ,catholic1 and he tells me that he too intends to go with ,lord ,baltimore4 ,as for his having no title1 think none the less of him for that2 he hath a pedigree--'tis even said he comes down from ,robin ,hood4 ,child1 you might do worse than wed that honest1 able yeoman40 ,and the girl treasured up these words2 and now this summer evening1 while ,evelyn is alone with her in ,sir ,henry ,lee's new home in ,maryland1 trying to console her for the harsh language which the old gentleman had used towards ,berkeley1 her mother's advice came back upon ,helen's memory with very great force1 and she asked herself3 8,what should we do if ,mr4 ,berkeley were henceforth to hold aloof from us80 ,for he was a worker1 not a dreamer4 ,he gave ,sir ,henry good counsel which might in time be listened to2 and if a day of urgent need ever came1 he would be a useful friend4 ,whereas since they had been at ,st4 ,mary's what had the gentle ,evelyn done to better his condition8 ,and his father1 like her own1 was overwhelmed with debt3 old blood is spendthrift blood4 ,true1 his morals were correct2 he was the very soul of honor1 well educated1 and of distinguished mien and manners4 ,but as time wore on ,helen felt more and more convinced that there was something wanting in ,evelyn's character1 and1 were she to give him her hand1 was it not only too probable that they would grow poorer and poorer8 8,for1 alas60 she would sigh1 8,i am too much of a dreamer myself1 and we cannot live on dreams40 ,moreover1 ,helen believed that ,evelyn's love for her partook too much of a religious devotion2 what he had told her years before he kept telling her still--she was his angel2 and ,helen shrank from taking a step which might undeceive him3 8,for ,i fear if ,i became his wife ,i should cease to be his angel40 ,the room1 where they now sat conversing together was the one known as the queen's room2 for1 besides the portraits of the family1 it contained a picture of ,queen ,henrietta ,maria by ,van ,dyck4 ,nothing in the world did ,sir ,henry treasure more than this work of art by the great master1 unless1 perhaps1 his own daughter4 ,yet even this priceless gem he might ere long be obliged to part with1 as he had already parted with his old wine1 in order to pay off fresh debts4 8,in a day or two10 spoke ,evelyn1 8,i will make another effort to reconcile your father to ,berkeley4 ,i do hope ,i shall succeed40 8,i pray that you may10 answered ,helen4 ,then1 as he toyed with one of her rich chestnut curls1 8,helen10 he added1 8,i am going to paint a grand picture--,st4 ,george delivering ,st4 ,margaret from the ,dragon--and ,i want you to sit for my model of ,st4 ,margaret4 ,will you80 8,i fear ,i am not worthy of such an honor10 replied ,helen4 8,poor me6 ,what am ,i80 8,you are the inspiration of my life10 pursued ,evelyn4 8,yes1 the little ,i have accomplished is all owing to you4 ,but for you ,i should never have touched a brush40 8,well1 well1 ,i'll be ,st4 ,margaret2 but who is to be ,st4 ,george80 8,myself4 ,and now1 when may ,i begin80 8,to-morrow1 if you like40 8,to-morrow8 ,good60 ,with this ,evelyn withdrew1 leaving ,helen meditating on his words3 8,you are the inspiration of my life02 and she said to herself3 8,alas6 would that ,i had known how to inspire you better1 good1 kind ,evelyn1 my earliest friend4 ,but all ,i have taught you to do is to play artist2 and you would starve on the proceeds of your brush40 ,then presently her thoughts turned to her other lover1 the strong1 active1 practical ,berkeley1 who never fell into rhapsodies over her eyes--her eyes1 deep as the sea1 blue as the sky1 bright as the stars--as ,evelyn did1 nor said that his prayers were little worth unless she were kneeling near him4 ,berkeley showed his feelings in a plain1 healthy way by a hearty squeeze of the hand1 and by now and again begging her to mend his buckskin gloves4 8,because no girl in ,st4 ,mary's can sew like you1 ,helen40 ,and1 as might be expected1 the young surveyor was bettering his condition every year1 and had always something to give away to those who were not so well off as himself4 ,helen knew1 too1 how he had bestirred himself to find a purchaser for her father's wine1 and it was through him she had disposed of several jewels--precious heirlooms from her mother4 ,in fact1 ,berkeley seemed able to do everything2 and few people in ,st4 ,mary's began anything important without first consulting him4 ,then ,helen recalled one of the old fairy tales which ,evelyn had told her when they were children1 and wished that she were a fairy4 8,for then10 she said1 8,i would quickly wave my magic wand over ,evelyn's head and change him into ,berkeley1 and so make everything smooth1 and my poor heart would be at peace40 ,she was beginning1 moreover1 to agree with ,berkeley that it was not wise to undertake to build a castle2 a simple log-house would be much better4 ,already her father was involved in fresh trouble on account of this folly4 ,yet1 even after selling his wine1 and she her jewels1 there was still money owing2 and only one tower was finished4 ,evelyn1 on the contrary1 had praised the undertaking1 and told ,sir ,henry that as soon as the edifice was completed he would make a fine painting of it4 ,thus from musing over days gone by--the happy days in ,england1 when her dear1 prudent mother was living1 who always had urged economy--and the sad present1 tears came to ,helen's eyes1 while the chamber grew darker and darker1 until she could no longer distinguish ,queen ,henrietta ,maria's face looking down upon her from the wall4 ,by and by she groped her way to her harpsichord1 and began to play a mournful tune which was in harmony with the shadows and her own thoughts4 8,well1 really1 child60 exclaimed ,sir ,henry1 entering presently with a light1 8as if this abode were not cheerless enough with only you and me to inhabit it1 you must needs give me melancholy music40 ,quick ,helen changed the air and struck up something full of life and gladness1 8,a ,carol to the ,sun0 'twas called2 and when he asked where she had got this delightful music--for it was new to him--and she answered1 8,from ,evelyn10 her father seemed much pleased4 8,but1 child10 he said1 8why do you hesitate so long about accepting ,sir ,charles8 ,is it because ,berkeley is courting you too8 ,why1 one has a title and is of gentle blood2 the other is a plebeian1 and ,i hope will make his visits less frequent in future4 ,i spoke sharply to ,berkeley to-day--did ,i not8--and if he comes again ,i'll speak more sharply still40 ,seeing that ,helen made no response1 ,sir ,henry continued3 8,why1 the fellow actually had the impudence to advise me not to go on with this castle1 which ,i intend to make the finest structure in the colony4 ,but ,evelyn has better taste2 blood tells in everything1 and he agrees with me that ,lord ,baltimore will be highly gratified when it is finished1 and will write to the king about it40 8,well1 there is indeed a magnificent view from the top of the tower10 observed ,helen timidly4 ,then1 plucking up a little courage1 8,but1 father10 she added1 8think of the money it will cost2 think of the future40 8,a view6 ,a magnificent view60 cried ,sir ,henry4 8,god-a-,mercy6 is that all you have to say in praise of this tower8 ,a magnificent view6 ,would you have the portrait of our gracious queen hanging in a log-cabin8 ,and that suit of armor which your ancestor wore at ,agincourt1 which bears upon it the dents of a battle-axe--would you wish to see it in a log-cabin8 ,child1 you are not worthy of your name40 ,then1 after a pause1 during which he strode excitedly back and forth1 ,sir ,henry continued3 8,as for money1 ,i never trouble my head about money4 ,but when you bid me think of the future--well1 ,i have indeed bitter thoughts when ,i allow my mind to dwell on the future40 ,this was true enough4 ,helen's father was no longer young4 ,helen had not yet chosen a husband2 would he live to see a male descendant of his house8 8,oh6 it wrings my heart10 he murmured half aloud--and his daughter heard the lament--8it wrings my heart to think of the old stock dying out40 ,after giving vent to his sorrow even by tears1 the old gentleman bade ,helen commence the usual evening reading4 ,and let us here observe that the only book he cared for was ,don ,quixote1 which ,helen read to him in the original2 for he had been in ,spain and had taught her ,spanish4 ,accordingly1 she opened the volume--'twas the third time she had gone through it--and began to read in a loud1 clear voice1 while ,sir ,henry sat with his back towards her and his eyes resting on the ancient suit of armor1 whence they never strayed1 except for a moment to glance at the portrait of the queen4 ,helen had found ,don ,quixote quite entertaining the first time she had perused it2 but now the interest was all gone1 and only the dread of offending her father kept her from often pausing and nodding her head4 ,but this she durst not do2 and so on and on she read through five chapters1 without so much as lifting her eyes off the page1 after which ,sir ,henry told her to put the volume aside1 then withdrew in what for him was a very genial humor4 ,the night which closed this summer day was a restless one for ,helen ,lee4 ,she lay awake several hours listening to a whip-poor-will perched on a tree by her window4 ,she got thinking about her father1 whom1 despite his acerbity of temper1 she dearly loved2 she thought of the rash way he was squandering his means1 and said to herself3 8,dear mother was right3 in order to save ourselves from utter ruin we should live as economically as possible4 ,but1 alas6 he will not do it1 and we may be forced ere long to sell our new home here1 as we did our old home in ,england40 ,and when at length she fell asleep1 these mournful thoughts followed her in a dream4 ,the next morning ,helen repaired to ,evelyn's abode1 which stood on the outskirts of the town1 and found him all ready to begin the painting of which he had spoken the day before4 8,you look a little pale1 ,helen10 he said as she entered his studio4 8,you are always as blooming as a rose4 ,are you not well80 ,the girl did not answer1 and presently her countenance brightened1 for by nature she was of a cheery disposition1 ever hoping for the best1 even when the sky looked darkest2 and1 besides1 it was never difficult for the companion of her earliest years to interest her4 8,look10 continued ,evelyn1 8look at that oriole singing on the elm-tree yonder2 his mate is hidden in the deep pear-shaped nest1 with a tiny door on the side1 which you see dangling from the end of the limb4 ,well1 ,i have given that beautiful bird a new name2 ,i have christened it the ,baltimore bird1 because we find in its golden plumage1 mixed with deep black1 the colors of ,lord ,baltimore's arms4 ,and his lordship was highly pleased yesterday when he heard the new name40 8,what a fanciful boy you are60 answered ,helen1 smiling4 8,and1 ,helen10 he went on1 8,i am composing a new song for your harpsichord4 ,you see you have inspired me to become a poet as well as an artist40 8,i sometimes fear that ,i have caused you to dwell too much in ,cloud-land10 said ,helen4 ,then1 a little abruptly1 8,evelyn10 she added1 8did you ever cut down a tree80 ,ere the young baronet could make reply ,berkeley1 with an axe strapped across his shoulders1 galloped up to the open window of the studio4 8,good morning6 good-morning60 cried the surveyor4 8,why1 ,helen1 ,i am lucky to catch you here2 ,i was going as nigh the tower as ,i durst venture1 in order to bid you good-by40 8,good-by6 ,what mean you80 exclaimed ,helen1 betraying in her voice and looks the anxiety she felt4 8,i am going forty miles up the ,potomac1 in order to lay out a new settlement10 answered ,berkeley2 8for our colony is growing1 you know1 and ,i am kept pretty busy40 ,then1 bending down from the saddle and taking her hand1 8,helen10 he added1 8please tell ,sir ,henry how sorry ,i am that ,i showed so much temper yesterday4 ,i ought to have held my tongue1 or not spoken out so openly1 for ,i might have known that we should not agree4 ,tell him ,i ask his pardon40 ,helen gazed up in ,berkeley's face a moment1 then her eyes dropped and she murmured3 8,yes1 ,i will tell him40 8,but of course10 pursued her lover1 8,i do not change my opinion4 ,i still firmly believe that the example of religious toleration which ,maryland has set will in time be followed by the other colonies2 and who knows what a century may bring forth8 ,why1 ,i believe the day is coming when all ,north ,america will be occupied by ,english-speaking commonwealths1 where there will be no religious wars as in ,europe2 ,catholics and ,protestants will dwell in harmony together1 and then it will be said3 #8,maryland began it4 ,god bless ,maryland6'0 8,you have quite won me over to your way of thinking10 interposed ,evelyn4 8,a man may be tolerant of the views of others without being himself indifferent40 8,why1 ,roger ,williams' friend1 whom we saw yesterday10 spoke ,helen1 8was drawn hither by our very toleration4 ,yes1 we have outstripped the ,puritans in common sense1 and who knows but this poor exile may end by embracing the true faith80 8,but now1 to change the subject10 went on ,berkeley1 who saw a fresh canvas spread out and a crayon in his friendly rival's hand1 8are you about to begin a new picture80 8,yes10 said ,evelyn2 8a picture of ,st4 ,george rescuing ,st4 ,margaret from the ,dragon1 and ,helen is to sit for ,st4 ,margaret40 8,indeed60 ,here ,berkeley meditated a moment in silence4 ,the fact is1 he feared lest he might be absent from ,st4 ,mary's three or four months--perhaps longer3 would it not1 therefore1 be wise1 if he wished to secure ,helen for his bride1 to ask her forthwith to plight him her troth8 ,had he not already deferred it long enough8 ,he could now afford to marry2 and if he still put off the weighty question1 might not ,evelyn during his absence become the chosen one8 8,why wait10 he asked himself1 8until ,i have made friends with ,sir ,henry8 ,he never would look with a favoring eye on our union1 for ,i have no title2 ,i am plain ,william ,berkeley4 ,yet ,helen is of age1 she is not a slave1 ,i love her dearly2 and if she loves me enough to accept me1 why1 in ,god's name1 let us be married40 ,then aloud he said3 8,evelyn1 before ,i go ,i must pass a few minutes in your studio1 just to see you commence the picture40 8,yes1 do2 and let me call a servant to take your horse to the stable10 said ,evelyn4 8,thanks4 ,i'll take him there myself10 answered ,berkeley1 who was now determined not to set out for the wilderness without knowing his fate4 8,how well he rides60 observed the artist4 8,what a soldierly bearing he has60 ,then1 gazing earnestly in ,helen's face1 he added3 8,berkeley would make a capital ,st4 ,george4 ,would he not8 ,shall ,i put him in the painting instead of myself80 ,at this question ,helen's cheek crimsoned1 and without making any response she awaited ,berkeley's return2 while ,evelyn murmured to himself3 8,alas6 alas6 ,i see ,i should do well enough for a picture2 but he would be her real ,st4 ,george40 ,in a few minutes ,berkeley reappeared1 and as he entered the room he seemed to read ,helen's thoughts at a glance2 for the first words he uttered were3 8,evelyn1 may ,i enquire who is to sit for ,st4 ,george80 ,here ,evelyn turned to ,helen1 upon whom ,berkeley's eyes were fastened1 saying3 8,dear ,helen1 please answer for me40 ,this was a cruel moment for the girl--most cruel6 ,what a throng of memories rushed upon her6--memories of far-off1 sunny days1 when she and the pretty boy used to saunter and dream hand-in-hand together along the shady paths that lay between her native home and his4 ,and now all these memories became so many voices pleading powerfully in ,evelyn's behalf2 he had loved her from the beginning1 and she had only met ,berkeley when she was grown up to womanhood4 ,but when she thought of the latter1 she remembered her dead mother and what she had said of him--of his inner worth1 his talents1 his energy4 ,then1 too1 since ,helen had been in ,maryland1 ,berkeley had shown in many ways that he was attached to her2 and1 moreover1 he was a man in the truest sense of the word--a man on whom she and her heedless father might lean and find support4 ,his every waking hour was devoted to some useful employment4 ,far and wide he was known as an able1 active1 daring man2 and at this very moment he stood before her all equipped to plunge into the trackless forest to pioneer the way for another settlement4 ,his views1 too1 of the future had won ,helen's heart2 she believed1 as he did1 that in ,america the church was destined to spread and to glean a more golden harvest than in old1 worn-out ,europe4 ,and so1 after a painful inward struggle1 which revealed itself not faintly in her countenance1 ,helen's response came1 and1 turning with tearful eyes to ,berkeley1 she said3 8,william1 do you be my ,st4 ,george40 8,for life1 ,helen80 8,yes1 for life40 ,at these words of doom poor ,evelyn1 who had felt what was coming1 averted his face and stared on the vacant wall4 ,then1 presently1 bidding them remain a short while in his studio1 that he would not be gone long1 the heart-broken man hurriedly quitted the house4 ,the church whither he went was close by2 and there at the foot of the altar he flung himself1 bowed down his head1 and tried hard to breathe a prayer4 ,but he had never suffered before as he was suffering now1 and it was not easy for him to be resigned1 to have a ,christian spirit1 to say1 8,god's will be done40 ,for a moment even a rebellious1 devil-sent word quivered on his lips2 and thus did he kneel dumbstricken before the altar1 until by and by--brought to him1 perhaps1 by his guardian angel--came a sweet1 holy calm2 the storm passed away1 and1 spreading forth his arms1 he gazed upon the ever-burning lamp which told of the ,blessed ,presence of his ,saviour truly near him4 ,and as he gazed upon it ,evelyn took a high resolve2 the words of the ,psalmist came to him3 8,when my heart was in anguish1 thou hast exalted me on a rock4 ,thou hast conducted me2 for thou hast been my hope4444 ,in thy tabernacle ,i shall dwell for ever40#ia ,then straightway followed a flood of joy2 like a bright1 sunshiny wave it flowed over his soul4 ,in his rapture he sang aloud the ,gloria1 the ,magnificat1 the ,te ,deum ,laudamus4 ,after which1 rising up off his knees1 he went back to his friends1 who were wonder-stricken at the change that had come over him in the brief space since he had left them4 ,evelyn's whole countenance beamed with a fire that was in striking contrast with his former listless self2 and in a voice wherein was no tone of sadness he addressed ,berkeley1 saying3 8,now to work6 ,let me quick begin ,st4 ,george2 ,i will draw rapidly1 and in a couple of hours you shall be free to depart40 ,accordingly the picture was commenced1 nor had the artist's crayon ever touched the canvas so deftly before2 indeed1 so swiftly did he work that by the time the ,angelus bell told them it was noon the rough sketch was finished4 ,nor did the parting betwixt ,berkeley and ,evelyn bear the least trace of coldness2 they seemed like two brothers1 and ,helen like an affectionate sister between them4 8,and now10 spoke ,evelyn1 when the other was gone1 and as he and ,helen turned towards the tower--8now ,i'll go see your father1 and try my best to appease his anger against your betrothed40 8,oh6 how kind1 how good you are10 answered ,helen1 who would fain have said more2 but how could she8 ,what language could express her gratitude to ,evelyn for being so forgiving8 ,and she inwardly owned that1 whatever his weak points were1 he was a rare1 high-minded man--a man the like of whom this world had few indeed4 8,sister10 pursued ,evelyn1 in the tender accents she knew so well1 8,i am only too happy to serve you2 and you know it is now more important than ever to soften ,sir ,henry's heart towards ,berkeley40 8,yes10 said ,helen1 8otherwise ,i foresee great trouble in store for me40 8,but if ,i do not succeed1 why1 then you must speak to him yourself10 added ,evelyn4 ,a half-hour later the young baronet and ,helen's father were closeted in the queen's room1 engaged in earnest talk4 8,well1 ,i have known many good ,papists in the course of my life10 spoke the old gentleman1 8but upon my word you are the best one of all4 ,why1 you ought rather to rejoice to have ,berkeley hold aloof2 yet here you are pleading his cause40 8,berkeley is a most honorable1 excellent fellow10 rejoined ,evelyn1 8and--0 8,oh6 there you go again10 interrupted ,sir ,henry4 8,your charity gets the better of your common sense4 ,why1 what is he if you strip him of all disguises--what is he but the son of a forester1 who1 having turned surveyor1 is no doubt earning money8 ,but does that make him a gentleman--a fit one to be your rival for my daughter's hand80 ,then1 after pausing and wiping his brow1 ,helen's father continued3 8,no1 indeed6 ,and ,i would be really thankful1 ,sir ,charles1 if you would prevent him from ever coming again within a mile of my castle40 8,how might ,i accomplish that80 inquired ,evelyn1 inwardly smiling4 8,how8 ,why1 by asking ,helen's hand4 ,from her cradle she has known you1 and you her2 she cannot help but love you if she has any heart at all--and she has a heart2 oh6 yes1 a warm1 loving heart40 8,sir ,henry10 replied ,evelyn1 with a faint tremor in his voice1 8,helen can never be more than a dear friend1 a sister1 to me2 ,i intend to become a priest40 8,what6 a priest80 cried ,sir ,henry1 utterly amazed4 8,a priest6 ,o ,evelyn6 ,evelyn60 ,then1 dropping his forehead in his hands1 he began to sigh and wail4 8,i counted upon you10 he said in accents of unfeigned grief4 8,i counted upon you4 ,but now1 alas6 all my bright hopes are vanished--all6 all60 ,then presently1 clenching the hilt of his rapier--the old cavalier always carried a rapier--8,but ,berkeley shall not have her10 he thundered1 working himself up to a violent passion4 8,no6 by heaven1 he sha'n't6 ,never6 never6 ,i swear by--0 ,leaving ,sir ,henry storming and invoking anything but blessings on poor ,berkeley's head1 ,evelyn withdrew to seek ,helen1 whom he found waiting outside the door4 ,the girl trembled when she learnt the result of his interview with her father1 and scarcely had courage to enter the latter's presence4 ,urged1 however1 by ,evelyn1 she overcame her timidity and passed into the room2 then1 in as firm a voice as she could command1 she told ,sir ,henry that ,berkeley had requested her to beg his pardon for having angered him4 ,helen told him1 too1 that the surveyor was gone off forty or fifty miles from ,st4 ,mary's2 and concluded by reminding her father of the high opinion which her mother had entertained of the young man1 of his industry1 honor1 manly courage4 8,and dear mother was not given to praising people unless they were really good and worthy of praise4 ,so1 father1 ,i implore you1 do not harbor any ill-feeling against ,william ,berkeley4 ,indeed1 ,i am quite sure my mother would have agreed with him40 ,here ,helen paused to hear her father's answer2 if he relented--and she hoped that he might1 for1 despite the rage he was in1 he had listened without interrupting--if he relented1 she intended immediately to reveal her engagement4 ,but if he did not relent--what then8 ,with heart violently beating she watched him2 his hand was still upon his sword1 and after waiting a good minute1 as if to see whether she had aught else to say1 ,sir ,henry replied3 8,you tell me ,berkeley has quitted ,st4 ,mary's for a while2 well1 ,i hope he will remain away4 ,as for what ,lady ,lee may have thought of him--alas6 your mother held certain very unseemly opinions1 which more befitted ,wat ,tyler's wench than a nobleman's spouse4 ,why1 she once even denied to my face the divine right of kings2 and she was obstinate--most obstinate4 ,but1 nevertheless1 ,i little doubt that the ,almighty hath already granted her forgiveness4 ,o child6 although ,i am not a ,papist1 ,i own there is much consolation in your doctrine of purgatory2 it is a most consoling doctrine40 ,knowing that to stay and argue with her father in his present mood would only make the matter worse1 ,helen was about to withdraw when she was startled by a loud groan which escaped him3 8,evelyn a priest6 a priest6 a priest60 ejaculated the old knight4 8,what6 is he going to become a priest80 exclaimed ,helen1 turning back from the door4 8,oh6 then he has chosen wisely4 ,father1 do not deplore it4 ,let us say rather1 #8,god be praised6'0 8,then you did not know this8 ,it is news to you80 inquired ,sir ,henry1 eyeing her closely4 8,upon my honor ,i knew it not10 replied ,helen1 trembling1 for she feared lest he might follow up his question by another1 which she would dread to answer4 8,well1 now leave me10 continued her father1 waving her off4 8,leave me alone a space4 ,go6 ,i am heart-sick40 ,for well-nigh a week ,sir ,henry remained inconsolable2 even ,don ,quixote's adventures failed to entertain him1 nor his daughter's cheeriest music and blithest songs move him to mirth4 ,the workmen1 too1 whom he was fond of superintending and thus whiling away some hours each day1 did not come any more to labor at the castle walls2 for ,sir ,henry's funds were running low and he had not wherewithal to pay their wages4 ,his favorite haunt was a small island christened the ,island of ,tranquil ,delight4 ,it was named after a pretty isle in a lovely stream which flowed hard by ,sir ,henry's old home in ,england4 ,but in several respects the two islands differed greatly3 one was shaded by the wide-spreading branches of an oak--an oak planted in the days of ,william the ,conqueror--and at the foot of this venerable tree lay the ruins of what once had been a hermit's cell4 ,the other island had a persimmon-tree growing in the middle of it1 and every time ,sir ,henry approached this retired corner of his domain he espied an opossum waddling off2 and the name of both tree and animal sounded exceedingly vulgar to his ears4 ,but1 as we have remarked1 this was his favorite spot4 ,here he loved to come and listen to the murmuring brook1 to see the trout jump up1 and watch some beautiful lilies1 the bulbs of which he had brought over from his native land4 ,one day ,helen determined to go down to the ,island of ,tranquil ,delight and make another attempt to soften her father's heart towards her future husband4 8,and then10 she said to herself1 8,i'll tell him that ,i am ,william's betrothed2 and oh6 what a weight will be lifted off my heart40 ,accordingly1 she repaired thither4 ,but ,sir ,henry quickly checked her1 saying3 8,why1 child1 one might think from the interest you take in ,berkeley that you were fast in love with him4 ,good ,god6 child1 ,i hope not4 ,i--0 ,what else he might have spoken we cannot tell1 for just at this critical moment who should be seen advancing towards them but one of ,sir ,henry's oldest and best friends1 a boon companion of his youth1 who had just arrived from ,england2 and in the hearty greeting and long talk that followed all thought of ,berkeley was happily driven out of the old gentleman's mind4 ,we may imagine what a ,godsend this proved to be for ,helen4 ,and1 moreover1 her father's friend was invited to make the castle his home as long as he remained at ,st4 ,mary's1 so that his visit afforded the girl not a little spare time2 for ,sir ,henry did not oblige her to read to him a couple of hours daily nor sing and play for him on the harpsichord4 ,indeed1 he took his watchful eye off her movements entirely2 neither asked whither she was going when she went out1 nor where she had been when she returned home2 and language can but faintly express the blessings which ,helen breathed on her father's guest for thus unwittingly procuring her so much liberty4 ,every day she spent some time in ,evelyn's company1 whose newborn energy gave her as much wonder as delight4 ,nothing he had ever painted before was so instinct with life1 showed such marks of genius1 as the painting he was now engaged upon4 ,and seeing her there so often1 and hearing them converse together so familiarly1 caused more than one gossip to say3 8,there will be a wedding ere long at the ,tower40 ,but ,sir ,charles did something else besides ply his crayon and brush3 he was up every morning as early as the oriole whose nest hung close by his window1 studying and otherwise preparing himself for his new life2 and the stars were long twinkling in the heavens when he retired to rest at night4 ,and if sometimes in the still hours a vision of what might have been passed before him--a vision of home1 of a hearthstone of his own1 of wife and children gathered around him--the sweet vision vanished1 nor left a pang behind1 as soon as he opened his eyes and murmured a prayer4 ,thus passed away ,august1 ,september1 ,october1 and ,sir ,henry began to hope that ,evelyn had got over his folly--for such he called the notion of becoming a priest2 and this hope1 together with the companionship of his friend 7who ,helen prayed might never go away1 and who had brought over from ,london a pipe of ,canary1 which he insisted on sharing with his host71 caused ,sir ,henry's spirits to revive greatly2 and one morning he kissed ,helen1 and said in what for him was a very mild voice3 8,child1 when will you bring me the glad tidings ,i am yearning to hear80 ,whereupon she smiled1 rubbed her cheek against his grizzly beard1 and without answering thought to herself3 8,the fantastic plan which came last night in a dream will succeed2 ,i feel sure it will4 ,and though ,i shall have to brave your wrath once more1 in the end1 father1 you will forgive me40 ,and now was ushered in the loveliest season of the year--,indian ,summer4 ,of an early morning on one of these lovely days ,helen mounted a pillion behind ,evelyn1 and1 accompanied by her waiting-woman1 set out for ,st4 ,joseph's1 which was the name ,berkeley had given to the new settlement1 and where report said he was become the chief man4 ,her father made no objection to her taking this trip1 for he knew there was a widow lady1 with whom ,helen had been once exceedingly intimate1 who was now living at ,st4 ,joseph's1 and it was quite natural that the girl should wish to visit her4 ,moreover1 good ,father ,mc,elroy--formerly ,helen's confessor--was living there too2 so that the old gentleman1 as guileless as he was proud1 did not suspect the real object of this journey1 for he had not heard ,helen breathe ,berkeley's name in several months4 ,as for ,helen daring to wed him1 nay1 even to plight ,berkeley her troth--this ,sir ,henry could have sworn that his meek1 obedient child never would do4 ,accordingly1 as we have said1 ,helen departed for ,st4 ,joseph's1 her father wishing her 8,god speed6 and come back soon10 and she waving her hand to him until the forest hid him from view4 ,then ,sir ,henry turned to his old comrade1 saying3 8',tis well ,i have you with me1 ,dick1 otherwise this castle would be horribly dull now02 on which the other answered3 8,depend upon it1 ,harry1 there's a match brewing 'tween ,miss ,helen and ,sir ,charles4 ,ay1 ,i can tell by the sparkle of a lassie's eye when she's in love2 nor is there any thought of priesthood in ,evelyn4 ,and at the wedding feast we'll drain dry my cask of ,canary and set the whole town in a roar40 8,may the ,lord hasten that day60 returned ,sir ,henry4 8,oh6 ,i long with a longing words cannot express to see a grandchild ere ,i die40 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ,footnote #ij3 ,queen of ,charles ,i41 and in whose honor the colony was called ,maryland4 ,footnote #ia3 ,ps4 lx4 #c-e4 ,,the ,,future ,,of ,,faith4 8,looking1 then1 at the ,church of ,rome from a strictly logical stand-point1 it is hard to see how1 if we believe in free will and morality in the face of these modern discoveries1 which1 as far as they go1 show us all life as nothing but a vast machine--it is hard to see how we can consider the ,church of ,rome as logically in any way wounded1 or crippled1 or in a condition1 should occasion offer1 to be less active than she was in the days of her most undisputed ascendency4 ,i conceive of her as a ship that seems now unable to go upon any voyage1 or to carry men anywhere1 but that this is not because1 as was said not long since1 that her #8hull was riddled by logic1' or that she is dismasted or has lost her sails1 but merely because she has no wind to fill them4 ,in other words1 with regard to supernatural religion1 and ,catholicism as its one form that still survives unshattered1 ,i conceive that the imagination of the world has been to a great measure paralyzed2 but that it may be seen eventually that it never was in any way convinced2 and that nothing is wanting to revive the ,roman ,church into stronger life than ever but a craving amongst men for the certainty1 the guidance1 and the consolation that she alone offers them4 8,the only question is whether such an outburst of feeling is in any way probable4 ,it is possible that the world may be outgrowing such a craving as that ,i speak of2 or that it may find some new way of appeasing it40 ,such is the conclusion of an article on 8,the ,future of ,faith10 by ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 in the ,london ,contemporary ,review1 ,march1 #ahgh4 ,it goes without saying that the writer is not a ,catholic2 his very phraseology sufficiently shows this4 ,his testimony1 therefore1 to the truth1 the strength1 and the stability of the ,catholic ,church is the more important as being that of an outsider4 ,he is a man1 judging by such of his writings as we have seen1 who in a time of intellectual doubt and questioning1 almost of despair1 is searching honestly and earnestly for some truth on which to rest1 if truth there be4 ,he examines all things1 shirks nothing1 shrinks from nothing4 ,he is not terrified by phrases2 he is not to be put off with jargon1 scientific or otherwise4 ,if a man descants to him on 8the great ,unknown and ,unknowable10 he listens with calm politeness1 and then asks quietly1 ,what is the great ,unknown or the great ,unknowable8 ,and so with any other term and real or alleged fact4 ,he sifts and sifts until he gets at the bottom4 ,if the bottom is emptiness he says so2 if he finds something there he says so4 ,he acknowledges established facts1 whether or not those facts go against his natural inclinations1 or his preconceived theories1 or the prejudices that in the course of a lifetime grow up around even the broadest and most honest minds2 for pure intelligence is a rare quality indeed in man4 ,the testimony1 then1 of a man like ,mr4 ,mallock1 a man who in every line he writes shows a keen intelligence1 a mind formed by careful study and stored with knowledge1 a rare culture1 and a thorough honesty of purpose--the testimony1 we say1 of such a man is of real value on any subject of which he treats1 and worthy of all respect4 ,the article which we purpose examining1 and presenting in great part to our readers1 seems to us to be almost the closing link in a long chain of reasoning4 ,it is closely connected with other writings by the same author1 and1 though complete and independent in itself1 thanks to the writer's skill and logical strength1 it ought really to be read with them in order to grasp its full force and significance as intended by the author himself4 ,it should be read in connection with ,the ,new ,republic2 or1 ,culture1 ,faith1 and ,philosophy in an ,english ,country ,house 7,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co41 #ahgh72 8,is ,life ,worth ,living80 7the ,nineteenth ,century1 ,september1 #ahgg1 and ,january1 #ahgh72 to which may be added 8,positivism on an ,island0 7the ,contemporary ,review1 ,april1 #ahgh74 ,all of these bear one upon another4 ,in them the most brilliant and refined satire alternates with1 may be said rather to lighten1 illustrate1 and render fascinating1 the most eager and earnest and searching inquiry into the very foundations of all that constitutes human society1 especially in its modern and unchristian form4 ,mr4 ,mallock does not laugh simply for the laugh's sake4 ,indeed1 there is a deep mournfulness in his satire1 notwithstanding its brilliancy--an undertone of sadness that causes one to doubt sometimes whether it is a laugh or a wail that we hear4 ,it seems to us that the highest satire should always leave this doubt on the mind--the satire that is only bitter with the healthy bitterness of truth cleverly presented4 ,however1 we will not discuss that matter now2 and with the mere mention of ,mr4 ,mallock's other writings1 and the recommendation of them as affording reading that is at once very pleasant while it is healthy and strong1 we turn to the more immediate subject of our article4 ,the future of faith is of course a question that deeply concerns all the world1 more especially in these days1 perhaps1 when faith in its honest old meaning is dying according to some1 dead according to others1 an effete and pitiable superstition according to very many more4 ,delightful and quaint and chivalrous old ,kenelm ,digby would seem half inclined to restrict the ,ages of ,faith to days when ,christian knights went forth to battle for the ,holy ,sepulchre1 when there was in all ,christendom but one ,christian faith held by all1 and when ,europe was forming and emerging out of paganism and barbarism under the beneficent hand of the ,catholic ,church4 ,those old days have passed away1 and with them1 according to many modern and enlightened thinkers1 has passed the old faith4 ,christendom itself has passed away1 too4 ,those were the days of the infancy of ,christian nations1 and an infantine belief akin to1 where it was not wholly1 superstition befitted them1 according to what claims to be modern enlightenment4 ,one religion was very natural then1 and did much good1 perhaps1 in softening and checking barbarism and saving the very life of ,europe4 ,but as the infants grew into youth1 and the youth developed into manhood1 it was only natural that they should cut aloose from their leading-strings1 tire of the mother who had watched so tenderly over their birth and growth and development1 and discover that she was a shrewish old termagant1 who wanted to keep them in leading-strings all their lives4 ,so they cut their leading-strings and emancipated themselves1 and believed as they liked and did as they liked1 and left their mother to live or die as she might4 ,mother-like she refused to die2 she lived for them4 ,though grown to man's estate1 they were still her children4 ,though they would disown her1 she was still their mother4 ,and her eyes went out wistfully after them2 her heart yearned always for their return2 her prayers went up unceasingly to heaven for them4 ,will the 8,ages of ,faith0 ever come back1 the old unity1 the old simplicity8 ,is such a thing as the old faith ever dreamed of in this faithless age8 ,is there a desire anywhere among men for ,christian unity1 or is the tendency not rather the other way1 towards still greater disintegration1 until the very name of faith be banished from the world1 and all mankind shall have attained to the supreme scientific beatitude of placid disbelief in a ,god whom they cannot see with their earthly eyes1 touch with their earthly hands1 set under their microscopes1 examine and analyze and measure and weigh8 ,this is really the question to which ,mr4 ,mallock applies himself4 ,to those who note the signs of the times there is observable a strong centripetal as well as an equally strong1 and perhaps more pronounced1 centrifugal moral force working among men to-day4 ,the centre from which the one party seeks to fly1 and to which the other party seeks to turn1 is ,rome1 the centre of ,catholic unity4 ,take the ,anglican ,church as an instance4 ,more than once in its history of three centuries has there been an attempt among some of its members to turn backwards to ,rome4 ,never was that attempt more open and avowed than it is to-day1 and1 on the other hand1 never was that attempt more bitterly resented by an opposing and more numerous party in the same church than it is to-day4 ,there were at one time1 under ,alexander ,i41 strong hopes of ,russia becoming reconciled to the mother church4 ,the sudden death of the emperor effectually quenched those hopes for the time being4 ,the very large and ever-increasing number of conversions to the ,catholic faith within the last half-century1 of men of every form of belief or of no belief1 very many of whom have been conspicuous for their learning and ability1 some of them for their genius1 is another indication of the real existence and strength of what we have termed this centripetal moral force4 ,we only note these facts now1 without stopping to inquire into their cause4 ,but whether we be right or wrong in our belief that there is a strong and growing tendency towards reunion in ,christendom1 there is no denying that outside of the ,catholic ,church there never did exist so open and pronounced a feeling of religious unrest and disquietude as exists to-day among all bodies of professed ,christians4 ,what they have of religion1 and what their fathers professed1 no longer satisfies them4 ,what were once held to be indisputable articles of faith are so no longer4 ,deep mistrust of the old ways1 disbelief in the old tenets1 have set in1 and men who wish to be ,christians find themselves without any fixed ground of faith4 ,thus infidelity is reaping a rich harvest1 for the reason that ,christianity in the minds of non-,catholics was identified with ,protestantism in its various forms4 ,but ,protestantism now is found insufficient and wanting4 ,it has fallen to pieces under the attacks of its own children1 who to-day find themselves without a faith1 and without any positive moral guide save such fragments of the truth as are still left to them1 and to which the best of them adhere as a matter of necessity without exactly knowing why4 ,they feel that ,christianity is right1 is the best2 but they have not quite made up their minds as to what ,christianity is or where it is4 ,in fact1 they shrink from the painful inquiry1 and naturally enough2 for the very fact of such an inquiry is an admission that there is something very wrong in their system1 and that the wrong is an old growth4 ,this general feeling of unrest and disquietude shows itself in a thousand ways1 and in no way more conspicuously than in the literature of the day1 even in its lighter forms4 ,what newspaper is without its 8theologian08 ,we keep a theologian1 say the newspapers1 as the lady of the nouveaux riches said3 8,we keep a poet40 ,in days when religion is by many advanced minds supposed to be altogether out of date we find no subject of more general and entrancing interest than religion4 ,the first question asked when a respectable rascal is exposed is1 ,to what church did he belong8 ,and so seemingly advantageous is religion1 at least in a social point of view1 that it generally turns out1 especially1 we are sorry to confess1 in our own country1 that the rascal was 8a leading member of the church0 and 8in good standing40 ,we know to our cost what the school of 8,christian statesmen0 means4 ,even these degrading and disgraceful spectacles show that ,christianity cannot be so very dead when its profession is found to be so very profitable a moral investment and so strong a guarantee of good character and sound morals4 ,the evidence is that1 whatever may be said1 people still cling to it as something sacred and above suspicion1 and their sense is undoubtedly right1 however often and however sadly they may find themselves mistaken4 ,it is not yet a reproach to a man that he is a professed ,christian4 ,on the contrary1 it is the greatest stigma1 as it ought to be1 on his character when he falls4 ,if he avowedly believed in nothing1 in no moral law1 men could easily understand why he should refuse to be bound by any moral law4 ,but when he professes to be a follower of ,christ and betrays his trust1 even the infidel is shocked and turns with special loathing from the hypocrite4 ,emerson1 who is avowedly no ,christian1 in these his late days--and1 let us hope1 his best--can find no subjects so interesting as morals1 religion1 ethics2 and his tendency1 allowing for his early training1 his acquired habit of mind and expression1 is unquestionably in the right direction4 ,some of ,carlyle's latest and noblest utterances are ,christian in spite of himself4 ,at least he can find nothing in the world1 which he long ago consigned1 to the devil1 of such real worth as ,christian faith4 ,bulwer ,lytton's last and1 to our thinking1 his best story presents a noble ,catholic youth as the very beau ideal of excellence1 and excellent because of his ,catholicity4 ,thackeray sighed long ago for what to him seemed a hopeless reunion with ,rome4 ,george ,eliot's stories are a perpetual wail of despair for lack of fixed belief and a moral right which she cannot see4 ,others1 the scientific minds more especially1 are fiercer and bitterly attack anything that recognizes the supernatural4 ,james ,anthony ,froude1 while confessing that ,protestantism as a whole has gone to the devil and allowed ,protestants to go wholesale the same way1 is startled at a 8revival of ,romanism40 ,we are only taking these few and varied instances as characteristic of the multitude of non-,catholics to-day who would fain believe in something and take refuge from the awful blank of infidelity4 ,the magazines are full of them and of many like them4 ,mr4 ,disraeli moves ,england with a religious novel2 and his political rival1 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 has only lately deserted ,rome to take up the ,turk4 ,indeed1 he seems to take even a more passionate interest in his theological than in his political discussions2 and1 facilis descensus1 our own ,secretary of the ,navy shows his supreme fitness for his position by writing a remarkably bad and stupid book--remarkably bad and stupid even for him--against ,rome4 ,we have not lost sight of our subject nor parted company with ,mr4 ,mallock4 ,all that has been said has only been intended to show how general is the interest to-day among all classes of minds in religious discussion4 ,this of itself is an assurance that there is something to discuss2 that there are disputed questions abroad which interest all men alike2 and that these questions are not settled4 ,and that is the point to which we wish to call special attention4 ,outside of the ,catholic ,church there is no body to-day claiming to be ,christian which is fixed and steadfast in its belief2 and this is only another way of saying that there is no belief which wholly commends itself to its professed followers1 save the ,catholic4 ,mr4 ,mallock does not write for ,catholics4 ,they are1 as he acknowledges1 and as all acknowledge1 at least firm and steadfast4 ,there is no shaking them4 ,they may be wrong1 utterly wrong1 but at least men can see exactly what they believe and why they believe4 ,are they right in their belief1 or are others right8 ,is there any such thing as faith in this world to-day1 and is there any reasonable hope of its holding its ground and approving itself to the intelligence of mankind8 ,these are the questions which ,mr4 ,mallock puts in the calmest of tempers and with the thorough honesty of purpose we have already noticed4 ,in discussing 8the future of faith0 ,mr4 ,mallock naturally turns his attention to those who profess to have and to hold ,christian faith4 ,the prospects of faith in the present order of the world he does not find very encouraging4 ,what is called modern thought is against it2 modern tone is against it--8a tone of confident and supercilious animosity that is gradually dying into triumph40 8,it is true10 says ,mr4 ,mallock1 8that this leaven in its full bitterness is to be found only in a narrow circle2 but flavors of it1 more or less diluted1 meet us far and wide4 ,indeed1 it is difficult to find any place where they are not traceable40 ,this is undoubtedly true2 it is equally true that 8there is doubtless much definite religion left around us1 and many firm believers4 ,but the modern tone has its influence even on these4 ,religion must be changed in some ways by the neighborhood of irreligion40 ,this he explains by showing the amicable social relations that exist between religious and irreligious people in these days4 8,they are united by habits1 by blood1 and by friendship2 and they are each accustomed to ignore or to excuse what they hold to be the errors of the other4 ,in a state of things like this it is plain that the convictions of believers can neither have the fierce intensity found in a minority under persecution1 nor the placid confidence that belongs to an overwhelming majority4 ,they can neither hate the unbelievers1 for they daily live in amity with them2 nor despise altogether their judgment1 for the most eminent thinkers of the day belong to them4 ,the believers are forced into a sort of compromise1 which is a new feature in their history4 ,they see that the age is against them2 and they are obliged to make excuses for their enemy40 ,mr4 ,mallock1 it will be seen1 does not here characterize his 8believers40 ,we are not prepared to agree altogether with what he says in this4 ,at the very least the influence resulting from a social truce between believers and unbelievers need not tell entirely on the side of unbelief4 ,there is no reason why believers should not be as steadfast in a drawing-room as in a church or on a battle-field1 and politeness to an opponent does not of necessity imply a concession of weakness4 ,religious fervor is by no means incompatible with civility2 but doubtless ,mr4 ,mallock has in view more particularly ,protestant believers1 though he would not seem to restrict himself to them1 judging from the following passage3 8,if the modern tone has thus affected even those who ye most opposed to it1 what must not its effect be upon those who have1 in part of their own free will1 adopted it8 ,and these form to-day a great mass of our educated public4 ,a large number of these still call themselves ,protestants2 and were the matter to be treated lightly1 they might afford countless studies for the humorist4 ,the state to which they have reduced their religion is indeed a curious one4 ,with a facile eclecticism that is based on no principle1 and that changes from year to year1 or more probably from mood to mood1 they pick and choose their doctrines1 saying3 #8,i keep this and ,i reject this1' in some such manner as the following3 #8,of course the ,apostles' ,creed is true1 and of course the ,athanasian ,creed is false4 ,and then1 after all1 suppose neither is true1 the meaning of the thing is the real heart of the matter4' ,such is the ,protestant language of to-day4 ,nor is it the language of foolish or of ignorant people2 it is the language of countless clever men who have much to do1 and of countless clever women who have nothing to do40 ,the author proceeds to test the actual value on a person's life of such a faith as this--a faith that has nothing really fixed in it1 and that varies with the mood of the holder4 ,there come the great trials of life1 when those who sorrow or those who suffer or are sorely tempted require all their fortitude1 must trample on themselves and on their own feelings and natural instincts1 or yield to despair and give way to wrong4 8,a great sorrow comes1 or a great temptation comes4 ,at once the tone of to-day grows more pronounced1 and a new set of arguments suggest themselves with singular readiness3 #8,god is not good1 or he would never have robbed me of so good a husband'2 or1 #8,god is not good1 or he would never have let me marry such a bad one'2 and then follows1 as a corollary to these propositions1 #8,god is nothing if not good1 and therefore there is no ,god at all4' ,or the syllogism1 especially in the feminine mind1 takes not uncommonly some such form as this3 #8,if there was a ,god he would put me into hell for being in love with so-and-so2 but ,i am certain in my own mind that ,i do not deserve hell2 therefore ,i am certain in my own mind that there can be no ,god to put me there4'0 ,the aptness and force with which ,mr4 ,mallock brings the application of these vague speculations about religion and these loose principles of belief home to daily life is characteristic of the man4 ,he is not content with wandering in the clouds4 ,he brings everything down to solid earth1 and tests and weighs it there4 ,he does not ask1 ,how will this appear to the philosopher8 but ,how will this affect the lives of men and women8 ,religion is not for the philosophers only1 but for every man born into this world4 ,a recent trial in ,brooklyn gives peculiar point to his remarks on this head4 8,in former times10 says ,mr4 ,mallock1 8when such thoughts occurred to men1 the whole weight of the world's opinion always was ready to condemn them as vain and wicked4 ,but now the case is just reversed4 ,however foolish may be the actual conduct of such reasoning1 the opinion of the enlightened world is ready to corroborate the conclusion40 ,he goes on to take another circle1 8a probably far larger one40 ,this is made up of men who are in suspense altogether4 8,they see much to revere and to regret in ,christianity1 but they make no pretence of believing in its details4 ,they do not even think them worth arguing against40 ,and1 lastly1 8there are the extreme destroyers1 who would break altogether with the past2 and who1 though probably wishing to retain some of the emotions that were once directed to ,god and to heaven1 would give them an entirely different object in the shape of humanity1 and would never suffer them to wander from the earth's surface40 8,such are the various parties that the world of thought now shows to us10 says ,mr4 ,mallock--a small body who cling heart and soul to the past2 a small body that would utterly break with the past2 and between them 8a vast and varied crowd1 tinged in various proportions with the colors of each extreme4 ,and amongst them all there is a continual arguing1 and anxiety1 and perplexity40 ,there is no denying the truth of this picture4 ,such is ,christendom to-day1 and what is to be the outcome of it all8 ,the keen and truthful observer whom we are quoting thinks 8it cannot be doubted that the modern tone is spreading10 and the tendency is therefore against faith4 8,to all except a small minority faith1 in the old sense of the word1 is growing a cold and shadowy thing40 8,the dogmas1 the services1 the ministers of the church are coming all of them to have a belated look for us4 ,they seem out of place in the busy world around us4 ,ever and again we hear of a new ,catholic miracle and the fame of some new pilgrimage4 ,and the strange effect that these things have on us shows us how far our minds have travelled4 ,do such things still exist8 we ask in surprise and irritation1 and we set them down as #8the grimacings of a dead superstition' galvanized into a ghastly imitation of life4 ,and then from the modern miracles the mind goes back to the older ones1 once held so sacred and so certain4 ,and they1 too1 have undergone a change for us4 ,not only are ,lourdes and ,paray-le-,monial contemptible1 but ,calvary is disenchanted4 ,there may have been a death there1 but there was never a ,sacrifice4 ,scales have fallen from our eyes4 ,we see it all clearly4 ,the creed we were brought up in is an earthly myth1 not a heavenly revelation4 ,we know exactly whence it came1 and we see pretty certainly whither it is going4 ,the signs of it still survive2 but they signify nothing4 ,they will soon be swept away1 and will make place1 we hope earnestly1 for something better40 ,such is the modern tone1 wonderfully well presented4 ,is it so universal as ,mr4 ,mallock seems to think1 or so deeply rooted in the minds and hearts of men8 ,he himself is in doubt on this point1 and proceeds to inquire with characteristic honesty and persistence4 ,he takes up and classifies the various objections against ,christianity that are popular to-day3 the objections priori1 which are opposed to all religion1 natural as well as revealed2 and the objections posteriori1 which are opposed to revealed religion only4 ,we must refer the reader to ,mr4 ,mallock's article for these objections1 as space does not allow us to present them1 nor is their presentation necessary to our immediate purpose4 ,the conclusion at which he arrives is briefly this3 8,if ,christianity relies for support on the external evidence of its truth1 it can never again hope to convince men4 ,these supports are seen to be utterly inadequate to the weight that is put upon them4 ,they might possibly serve as props1 but they crash and crumble instantly if they are used as pillars40 ,we are not so much arguing with ,mr4 ,mallock as allowing him free utterance1 therefore we make no formal exception to what he here says4 ,but1 he goes on1 8it is as pillars that the whole ,protestant community uses them10 the 8props0 above mentioned1 and he takes up ,protestantism as the religion of the ,bible4 8,there10 it says1 8is the word of ,god2 there is my infallible guide4 ,i listen to none but that4 ,it is my first axiom that the ,bible is infallible2 and granting that1 history teaches me that all other churches are fallible4 ,on the ,bible1 and the ,bible only1 ,i rest myself4 ,out of its mouth shall you judge me4 ,and for a long time this language had much force in it1 for the ,protestant axiom was received by all parties4 ,it is true that it might be hard to decide what ,god's word meant2 but still every one admitted that ,god's word was there1 and it at any rate meant something4 ,but now all this is changed4 ,the great axiom is received no longer4 ,many1 indeed1 consider it not an axiom but an absurdity2 at best it appears but as a very doubtful fact2 and if external proof is to be what guides us1 we shall need more proofs to convince us that the ,bible is the word of ,god than that ,protestantism is the religion of the ,bible40 ,we agree with ,mr4 ,mallock that if this be ,christianity1 ,christianity has lost its use and its place in this world4 ,reasonable men cannot be brought to understand how so stupendous and vast an edifice as ,christianity can by any possibility rest on so very narrow and shaky a foundation as that presented by ,protestantism4 ,the whole thing is either a gigantic sham1 which has enslaved and overshadowed men's minds too long already and wrought infinite mischief in the world1 or else we must seek some deeper and broader foundation for it than this4 8,in this country0 7,england71 says ,mr4 ,mallock1 8nearly all the ablest attacks upon supernatural religion have been directed against it as embodied in the ,protestant form2 and they have widely1 and not unnaturally1 been regarded as quite victorious40 ,there is left then only one of two alternatives3 either ,christianity is false1 or ,protestantism is not ,christianity4 ,protestantism has fallen1 as we said1 under the hands of its own children4 ,they have demolished it1 and left only scattered fragments of what was a body with something like life in it4 ,in destroying it have they destroyed what they identified with it--supernatural religion1 or ,christianity8 8,it seems to escape the assailants10 observes ,mr4 ,mallock1 8that though they may have burnt the outworks1 there is still a citadel inside1 which1 though it seems to them almost too contemptible to take account of1 may yet not prove combustible1 and1 when the conflagration outside has subsided1 may still remain to annoy them4 ,they forget altogether1 ,i mean1 the ,church of ,rome2 nor do they seem to consider that1 though for other causes she may perhaps be dying1 yet many of their logical darts can do nothing to hasten her end40 ,having found ,protestantism so complete a failure1 ,mr4 ,mallock turns to the ,catholic ,church and examines it4 ,he finds that 8,catholics have one characteristic which fundamentally separates them from the ,protestants0 with respect to the chief points at which modern thought and science have assailed revealed religion4 ,protestantism1 he says1 offers itself to the world as a strange servant might--bringing with its number of written testimonials to character4 ,it expressly begs us not to trust to its own word4 ,the world examines the testimonials carefully2 8it at last sees that they look suspicious1 that they may very possibly be forgeries2 it asks the ,protestant ,church to prove them genuine1 and the ,protestant ,church cannot40 ,catholicism comes in an exactly opposite way4 ,it brings the very same testimonials1 but sets itself above them4 ,it speaks with its own authority4 ,it speaks as ,christ spoke1 ,who said openly and boldly3 8,believe in me2 ,i am the way1 the truth1 and the life2 the ,father and ,i are one40 ,he used the ,scriptures also1 but only as adjuncts to his own teaching4 ,his credentials were exclusively his own4 ,the ,scriptures were his2 he was not the ,scriptures'4 ,and so the church which he founded surely ought to speak--the church which is his living body1 higher and greater than any ,scriptures4 8,it0 7the ,catholic ,church71 says ,mr4 ,mallock1 8asks us to make some acquaintance with it2 to look into its living eyes1 to hear the words of its mouth1 to watch its ways and works1 and to feel its inner spirit2 and then it says to the world1 #8,can you trust me8 ,if so1 you must trust me all in all1 for the first thing ,i declare to you is that ,i have never lied4 ,can you trust me thus far8 ,then listen1 and ,i will tell you my story4 ,you have heard it told one way1 ,i know2 and that way often goes against me4 ,i admit myself that it has many suspicious circumstances4 ,but none of them positively condemn me4 ,all are capable of a guiltless interpretation2 and now you know me as ,i am1 you will give me the benefit of every doubt4' ,it is in this spirit that ,catholicism offers us the ,bible4 #8,believe the ,bible for my sake1' it says1 #8not me for the ,bible's4' ,and the book1 as thus offered us1 changes its whole character40 ,we have no fault to find with this presentation of the ,catholic claims so far4 ,mr4 ,mallock has here fully grasped an essential difference between ,catholics and ,protestants which few non-,catholics are able to grasp4 ,how clearly and well he elucidates this important point will be seen by those who care to read his article1 of which we can only present the substance4 ,his conclusion with regard to ,catholicity and the ,bible is3 8,as ,catholicism stands at the present moment1 it seems hard to say that1 were we for any other reasons inclined to trust it1 it makes any claim for the ,bible that would absolutely prevent our doing so40 ,that being the case1 it follows as a matter of course that all the 8logical darts0 aimed at the ,bible fall harmless from the invincible armor of the ,catholic ,church4 ,he then goes on to consider the various doctrines of the ,catholic ,church1 and herein he shows the same capability of appreciating the ,catholic stand-point1 an appreciation of which stand-point is1 of course1 necessary to any one who would honestly inquire into what ,catholicity really is1 and what ,catholics actually do believe4 ,these doctrines1 he says1 8though it is claimed that they are all implied in the ,bible1 are confessedly not expressed in it1 and were confessedly not consciously assented to by the church till long after the sacred canon was closed40 ,we would here remark that this is true only of some ,catholic doctrines4 ,well1 says ,mr4 ,mallock1 8let us here grant the extreme position of the church's most hostile critics4 ,let us grant that all the doctrines in question can be traced to external and often to non-,christian sources4 ,and what is the result on ,romanism8 ,does this go any way whatever towards logically discrediting its claims80 ,we will let him answer his own question in his own way3 8,if we do but consider the matter fairly1 we shall see that it does not even tend to do so4 ,here1 as in the case of the ,bible1 the ,roman doctrine of infallibility meets all objections4 ,for the real question here is not in what store-house of opinions the church found its doctrines2 but why it selected those it did1 and why it rejected and condemned the rest4 ,history cannot answer this4 ,history can show us only who made the separate bricks2 it cannot show us who made and designed the building4444 ,and the doctrines of the church are but as the stones in a building1 the letters of an alphabet1 or the words of a language4 ,many are offered and few chosen4 ,the supernatural action is to be detected in the choice4 ,the whole history of the church1 in fact1 as she herself tells it1 is a history of supernatural selection4 ,it is quite possible that she may claim it to be more than that2 but could she vindicate for herself but this one faculty of an infallible choice1 she would vindicate to the full her claim to be under a superhuman guidance4 ,the church may be conceived of as a living organism1 for ever and on all sides putting forth feelers and tentacles1 that seize1 try1 and seem to dally with all kinds of nutriment4 ,a part of this she at length takes into herself4 ,a large part she at length puts down again4 ,much that is thus rejected she seems for a long time on the point of choosing4 ,but however slow may be the final decision in coming1 however reluctant or hesitating it may seem to be1 when it is once made it is claimed for it that it is infallible4 ,and this claim1 when we once understand its nature1 will be seen1 ,i think1 to be one that neither our knowledge of ecclesiastical history nor of comparative mythology can invalidate now or even promise ever to do so40 ,it will be seen that we are a long way from ,protestantism already1 and that we have here a very different kind of church1 which1 be it right or wrong1 rests on a very deep and firm foundation4 ,at least this must be said of it by all3 ,granting its truth1 there is no stronger foundation conceivable4 ,granting it to be false even1 it is hard to conceive a stronger foundation1 or one that could commend itself with more force and assurance of safety to reasonable men4 ,if there be a ,god living and moving in this world1 this looks very like ,god's handiwork4 ,mr4 ,mallock concedes that 8the ,catholic ,church can still claim1 in the face of all the new lights thrown on her history1 to be sprung from a supernatural root40 ,but it may be that she 8will be found to be betrayed by her fruits0 when these are inspected in detail4 ,her primary dogmas and her general sacred character may be conceded2 but 8numberless deductions from them and indirect consequences0 may 8revolt our common sense and our moral sense1 though we have no exact means of disproving them40 ,such difficulties1 he finds1 do exist2 8but if we examine them carefully1 many1 at least1 will be found to rest upon misconceptions40 ,the difficulties in question are that ,catholicity 8makes salvation depend on our assenting to a number of obscure propositions02 that to many ,catholic ritual seems to be an integral part of the church's mystical body1 and that thus salvation is made to hang 8not only on an assent to occult propositions of philosophy1 but upon altar-candles and the colored clothes of priests02 again1 8the temper and intellectual tone which she seems to develop in her members0 makes the church 8a rock of offence to many02 there are 8a number of miraculous legends and quaint beliefs which are or have been prevalent amongst ,catholics40 ,of all these difficulties ,mr4 ,mallock himself very lucidly and effectively disposes1 and shows that they 8will be seen to be not really formidable40 ,there are other difficulties1 however1 which he finds 8worse than these40 ,they consist of 8certain moral objections to the ,catholic ,church's scheme altogether1 and objections of science and common sense to other necessary parts of it40 8,the moral objections consist principally of these3 the exclusiveness of the church1 which leaves the rest of mankind uncared for2 the church's doctrine of rewards and punishments1 which are barbarous or ridiculous in their details1 and which1 besides that1 make all virtue venal2 and the doctrine of a vicarious satisfaction for sin1 which to many minds carries its own condemnation on the face of it4 ,lastly1 besides these1 there is the entire question of miracles40 ,into all these matters ,mr4 ,mallock goes with the same patient purpose and honest mind that distinguish him everywhere4 ,his conclusion1 as a whole1 is given at the head of this article4 ,space forbids us to follow him any farther1 but we cannot resist the temptation to quote for the benefit of our non-,catholic readers what he says on infallibility and on the 8exclusiveness0 of the ,catholic ,church3 8,the doctrine of the church's infallibility10 he says1 8has a side that is just the opposite of that which is commonly thought to be its only one4 ,it is supposed to have simply gendered bondage1 not to have gendered liberty4 ,but as a matter of fact it has done both2 and if we view the matter fairly we shall see that it has done the latter at least as completely as the former4 ,the doctrine of infallibility is undoubtedly a rope that tethers those that hold it to certain real or supposed facts of the past2 but it is a rope that is capable of indefinite lengthening4 ,it is not a fetter only2 it is a support also1 and those who cling to it can venture fearlessly1 as explorers1 into currents of speculation that would sweep away altogether men who did but trust to their own powers of swimming4 ,nor does1 as is often supposed1 the centralizing of this infallibility in the person of one man present any difficulty from the ,catholic point of view4 ,it is said that the pope might any day make a dogma of any absurdity that might happen to occur to him2 and that the ,catholic would be bound to accept these1 however strongly his reason might repudiate them4 ,and it is quite true that the pope might do this any day1 in the sense that there is no external power to prevent him4 ,but he who has assented to the central doctrine of ,catholicism knows that he never will4 ,and it is precisely the obvious absence of any restraint from without that brings home to the ,catholic his faith in the guiding power from within40 ,of the 8exclusiveness0 of the ,catholic ,church1 or1 as it is more commonly put1 of the doctrine that 8out of the ,catholic ,church there is no salvation10 ,mr4 ,mallock thus writes3 8,as to the exclusiveness of the ,catholic ,church1 it must be of course confessed that much perplexity is caused by any view of the world which obliges us to think of the most saving truths1 and the most precious helps to a right life1 being confined to a minority of the human race4 ,but1 supposing we attach to a knowledge of the truth any real importance1 let us hold the supreme truths of life to be what we may1 until the whole human race are unanimous about them we shall have to regard a part1 probably through no fault of their own1 as condemned to disastrous error4 ,but of all creeds ,catholicism is the one that does most to alleviate this perplexity4 ,of all religious bodies the ,roman ,church has the largest hope and charity for those outside her own pale4 ,she condemns men1 not for not accepting her teaching1 but only for rejecting it2 and they cannot reject it until they know it1 what it is--know its inner spirit as well as its outward forms and formulas4 ,such a knowledge1 in the opinion of many ,catholics1 it may be a very hard thing to convey to some men4 ,prejudices for which they themselves are not responsible may have blinded their eyes2 and if they have been blind they will not have had sin4 ,they will be able to plead invincible ignorance2 and the judgments the church pronounces are not against those who have not known1 but against those only who have known and hated4 ,nor is it too much to say that a zealous ,catholic can afford to harbor more hope for an infidel than a zealous ,protestant can afford to harbor for a ,catholic40 ,and now comes the final question1 ,what is to be the future of faith8 ,as we regard the matter1 the answer to that1 humanly speaking1 rests mainly with those who have the faith4 ,faith is a sacred deposit1 to be used1 spread1 and propagated over the world2 to lead men to a right manner of living1 to the true knowledge of ,god1 and up to ,god4 ,thus the future of faith is in the hands of the faithful4 ,faith has two antagonists3 the devil and1 in a sense1 man's free-will4 ,of course modern thought scornfully dismisses the first antagonist as a myth4 ,we cannot follow modern thought in this2 we have a very profound belief in the existence of an ever-active and intelligent spirit of evil1 who can and does tempt man into revolt against ,god1 and who finds his readiest instrument1 where he ought to find his chief resistance1 in that highest prerogative of freedom which ,god confers on man4 ,we take1 then1 first the devil1 and1 in a secondary sense1 man's free-will as the two great antagonists to faith4 ,that is to say1 if man will rebel1 if he will not accept the faith1 there is no power to hinder his rebellion4 ,and here we leave the devil aside and turn only to man4 ,the future of faith is for him to say4 ,what will he do with it8 ,why does he not accept it8 ,why should his free-will reject it1 if it is good and approves itself so strongly to human intelligence1 and if1 moreover1 ,god and all heaven are for ever standing on its side8 ,there was at one time a united faith in ,christendom2 why was it ever broken8 ,of course we can lay a great deal on the back of the devil and on the perversity of the human will4 ,but it may be as well to remember also that those who have the faith may prove false to their trust4 ,st4 ,james tells us that even the devils believe and tremble4 ,and so a man may possess the letter of the faith in full with very little of its spirit4 ,a man may know ,st4 ,thomas from cover to cover1 and assent to all his propositions1 yet lead a bad life4 ,faith without works is dead4 ,christians must show forth in their lives whose disciples they are4 ,if their lives are good2 if the lives of a large body of believers are good2 if they are chaste1 charitable1 honest in word and deed1 and if such be the normal condition of their lives1 men will not have far to go to look for faith4 ,virtue is the great preacher and converter4 ,even natural virtue--courage1 sobriety1 manliness1 self-restraint--wins universal admiration4 ,supernatural virtue proclaims its godhead4 ,if the world is to be converted to faith1 it will only be converted by the good lives and works of the faithful4 ,the human intellect may carp at intellectual difficulties1 but the human heart is overcome by goodness1 by charity1 by chastity4 ,faith is now what it always was2 men are as they always were4 ,but from a faithless and corrupt generation the inheritance is taken away4 ,thus the ,jews lost it1 thus ,christian nations lose it4 ,had there been no corruption among the faithful there would have been no ,protestant ,reformation4 ,had there been no corruption in ,france1 had the leaders of the people been true to the faith that was in them1 infidelity would never have made such fearful havoc in a land of saints4 ,and so with ,germany1 ,england1 ,scotland1 ,austria1 ,italy1 and the other nations2 when we examine closely we shall find that the revolt had its origin less in pride of intellect than in the concupiscence of the flesh and the pride of life4 ,intellectual assent to ,god's teaching is not enough to lead a man to heaven4 ,there must be a corresponding moral assent in his life4 ,why did ,ireland1 the weakest of the nations1 not lose the faith8 ,she was decimated1 starved1 made ignorant1 brutalized as far as inhuman legislation can go to brutalize man1 but she never lost the faith4 ,why8 ,because her sons and her daughters1 whatever they may have known or not known of theology1 of science1 of philosophy1 of literature1 lived the faith1 kept it stored up in their hearts1 died for it1 bequeathed it as a sacred legacy--their only legacy--to their children4 ,ah6 it is on this that the future of faith hangs more than on intellectual discussion1 articles in magazines1 or theological writings4 ,shall we to-day doubt or hesitate about the future of faith--we the members of a church that numbers its millions by the hundred thousand8 ,are not we the children of ,peter1 of ,paul1 of ,christ himself8 ,have not we the deposit that he confided to the twelve8 ,did they hesitate to face a world from which faith was almost blotted out1 a world steeped in iniquity8 ,they went out--twelve men2 they preached ,jesus1 and him crucified2 they lived what they preached1 they suffered for what they preached1 and1 when nothing more was left for them to do1 they died for it4 ,we are not called upon to die for it to-day4 ,the church is established4 ,its temples cover the world4 ,its children are in every land4 ,from the rising of the sun to the going down thereof the living ,sacrifice of ,christ's redeeming body and blood is daily offered up to ,god from the world and for the world4 ,can we tremble for the future of faith8 ,of course sin and schism and infidelity will exist in the world till the end2 but great multitudes may be saved and brought back if only the faithful are true4 ,one great opposing element to the advance of faith is dissolving before our eyes--,protestantism4 ,shall all the children of ,protestants perish and be given over to infidelity8 ,are there no earnest and well-inclined minds among them1 no good people8 ,there are multitudes of such1 who are wavering and in doubt and sore perplexity because such support even as they had is slipping from under them1 and beneath they see nothing but a blank and awful abyss4 ,we do not anticipate that they will come back to us in multitudes4 ,we scarcely look for that general 8craving amongst men for the certainty1 the guidance1 and the consolation that the ,catholic ,church alone offers them10 as ,mr4 ,mallock puts it4 ,we do not rely upon 8such an outburst of feeling02 and yet even that might come4 ,sensim sine sensu will the wanderers come back4 ,what we ,catholics have to consider is our duty in the matter4 ,we can indeed hasten that coming4 ,if we would do so effectually we must be brothers to them in charity1 examples to them in our lives1 above them in intelligence as in that faith which is the highest intelligence4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,elements ,,of ,,ecclesiastical ,,law4 ,by ,rev4 ,s4 ,b4 ,smith1 ,d4,d4 ,second edition1 revised and enlarged4 ,benziger ,bros41 ,new ,york4 ,we are glad to see that the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,smith has been obliged to issue a second edition of his ,elements of ,ecclesiastical ,law so soon after his first edition4 ,this is an evidence that his book was a desideratum in our country4 ,though considered as a missionary country and under the direction of the ,propaganda1 yet1 owing to the progress which the church has made here during the last twenty-five years1 we have almost all the qualifications for being put on the same regular footing as the oldest churches of ,europe4 ,at all events it cannot be denied that we are steadily and swiftly approaching that stage4 ,very soon the church in this country will assume the regular canonical status of the churches on the ,continent of ,europe4 ,the necessity1 therefore1 is apparent of studying the common legislation of the church universal1 in order to assimilate ourselves to the spirit and1 as far as possible1 to the letter of that legislation1 and to apply its general principles to the particular conditions1 wants1 and requirements of our country4 ,this has been ,dr4 ,smith's aim in the ,elements he has published4 ,he gives1 in the first place1 an idea of law and jus in general1 and in particular of canon law with its divisions4 ,next he inquires into the sources of canon law--which are the ,scriptures1 tradition1 apostolic enactments1 decrees of the ,roman pontiffs and of the councils1 cumenical1 national1 provincial1 and diocesan1 the ,roman congregations and customs--along with a history of canon law in the ,latin church1 and especially a history of canon law in our country4 ,this occupies the whole of the first part4 ,in the second part our author treats of jurisdiction in general as vested in ecclesiastical persons1 of the different kinds of jurisdiction1 of the manner of acquiring it in general and in particular1 of the manner of resigning and losing jurisdiction1 and of the right and duties of such as are vested with ecclesiastical jurisdiction2 hence in the third part he speaks in particular of the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 his election1 primacy1 and other prerogatives1 of cardinals and of the ,roman congregations1 of legates1 nuncios1 of patriarchs1 primates1 metropolitan bishops1 auxiliary bishops1 coadjutor-bishops1 vicars-general1 deans and pastors1 etc41 of the rights1 privileges1 and duties of all these respective dignitaries4 ,it might be said against this book that all these things are treated in every elementary treatise on canon law4 ,of course the author of the book before us does not claim to discuss any matter which has not found its place already in the canonical legislation of the church4 ,but that does not make ,dr4 ,smith's book less valuable nor its author less worthy of praise for having rendered a great service to the church in this country4 ,in the first place1 he has put together in a comparatively small volume and at great labor what would only be found scattered in many books4 ,in the second place1 he has given us his ,elements in the ,english language1 so that every one1 even those who are not familiar with the ,latin tongue1 can acquire a fair knowledge of the church's legislation4 ,thirdly1 and above all1 he has taken great pains to give us the particular legislation of our country as derived from the first and second ,plenary ,councils of ,baltimore1 of both of which he has fairly interpreted the spirit and the aim4 ,at the first glance1 and upon a superficial perusal of their enactments1 it would seem that the whole tendency of these two councils was a centralization of power as vested in the hierarchy--as1 for instance1 the power of governing without consulting the chapter or the advisers of the bishop2 the power of having seminaries regulated altogether by the bishop without the three canonical committees of the clergy1 one to look after the spiritual welfare1 the other two after the temporal interests1 of seminaries2 the power of appointing priests to parishes without the concursus1 or competitive examination2 the power of moving priests from parishes1 and many other instances1 would seem to indicate a tendency of centralizing all power in the hierarchy4 ,yet the spirit of the two ,plenary ,councils of ,baltimore was far from intending any such thing1 as is evident by other enactments1 and by the desire which the fathers of the council frequently express of conforming themselves as far as possible to the general legislation of the church1 and by the regret which they manifest that1 owing to the particular circumstances of our country1 they are unable to adopt the general canon law of the church in many things4 ,dr4 ,smith's book clearly puts forward this spirit of our two plenary councils1 and the enactments which the fathers made in order to put a just and fair limit to their power1 as in the question of removing pastors2 in which case the last ,plenary ,council of ,baltimore enacted that no bishop should remove a pastor without a proper cause4 ,in questions which these two councils left undecided our author1 with all proper respect1 gives a decision more consonant with the general canon law of the church and with the dictates of natural jus1 thus conforming himself to the spirit of the two councils4 ,how far it would be desirable to adopt the common canonical law in this country1 or whether the time has fully arrived for doing so1 the author very properly leaves for the decision of the hierarchy and the ,holy ,see4 ,we do not deem it inconsistent with the respect we owe to our ,american prelates in coinciding with the desire expressed by the ,council of ,baltimore that some few things pertaining to the common canonical law of the church might be carried out2 for instance1 the exacting of a concursus for parishes4 ,our bishops could require a concursus at least for the larger parishes1 and abstain from appointing any one to such parishes except one of those who have received a sufficient number of points required for approbation4 ,this would secure always for the larger parishes at least an occupant sufficiently instructed in moral as well as parenetic theology4 ,it would also be a great inducement for the younger clergy to cultivate these sciences1 and not to abandon them as soon as they are out of the seminary4 ,our bishops would attain these great beneficial results without losing their perfect right and freedom of appointment1 as they would not be bound to give the parish to the best in learning1 but to the best all things considered1 learning as well as probity1 prudence1 and ability in looking after the temporal welfare of the church2 as1 indeed1 they would not be bound to give it to the best at all1 but only to one of the approved4 ,with reference to other things our opinion would be to let things remain as they are2 because the common canonical law as it stands only obtains in a very few parts of ,europe1 and we may say that the church legislation1 owing to the circumstances of the times1 is in a transition state4 ,when the ,vatican ,council opens again--and we hope our ,holy ,father ,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 may soon see fit to reopen it--many changes may take place in the legislation of the church4 ,it will be time enough then for the ,american ,church to adopt such legislation as will be conformable with the common law of the church4 ,dr4 ,smith deserves high praise for his work1 and our seminarians and clergy would do well to study his book as eminently useful and important1 giving us quite an accurate idea of the common canonical law and of the particular legislation of the ,american ,church4 ,,the ,,book ,,of ,,psalms4 ,translated from the ,latin ,vulgate1 etc4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this small and neat edition of the ,psalms is most welcome4 ,with all respect we apply to it the words of an old ,english ,catholic poet1 ,crashaw3 8,lo6 here a little volume1 but large book1 ,much larger in itself than in its look40 ,cardinal ,manning has written the preface1 and the ,psalms are enriched throughout with explanatory notes as the church requires for the ,scriptures in the vulgar tongue4 ,the ,psalter of ,david was among all classes of ,christians1 from the beginning1 the favorite expression both of private and public devotions4 ,the apostles themselves 7,ephes4 v4 #ai1 ,coloss4 iii4 #af7 instructed the faithful in the use of these inspired canticles1 and we learn from various passages in the writings of ,tertullian1 ,augustine1 ,jerome1 and ,ven4 ,bede particularly1 how familiar the early ,christians must have been with them until the eighth century1 when public or liturgical psalmody was left to the clergy exclusively4 ,we hope that a taste for the reading of the ,sacred ,scriptures1 and the devotional use of the ,psalms especially1 will increase--we had almost said will revive--among the laity4 ,,books ,,for ,,summer ,,reading4 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,company has just published quite a batch of very seasonable and interesting books4 ,for those looking for summer reading nothing better could possibly be recommended than the graphic sketches of ,italian life and manners1 of scenery and monuments of faith and history1 embodied in the charming ,six ,sunny ,months1 which ran as a serial in this magazine4 ,its gifted author1 the writer of the ,house of ,yorke1 ,grapes and ,thorns1 etc41 needs no introduction to our readers4 ,a companion volume to this is the ,letters of a ,young ,irishwoman to her ,sister1 which excited so much interest and no little controversy while appearing in these pages4 ,the pictures of ,french home-life and scenery1 of ,french and ,irish character1 of thrilling contemporary events1 given in these letters are to our thinking unsurpassed in unaffected grace and nave simplicity1 while the growing sadness of the end lifts what was intended to be the unpublished narrative of unassuming everyday existence to the heights of tragic pathos4 ,sir ,thomas ,more carries us back into other days and weaves history into a powerful romance4 ,the ,trowel and the ,cross1 from the strong pen of ,conrad von ,bolanden1 gives us the ,german social and political life of the day with a force and a truth and a deep philosophical insight that very few pens can command4 ,bolanden has ,disraeli's art of throwing the living problems of the day in social and political matters into interesting stories1 with the saving gift1 that ,disraeli has not1 of truth and right4 ,of lighter calibre1 yet thoroughly charming and well adapted to while away the lazy summer hours1 are ,assunta ,howard and ,other ,stories1 ,alba's ,dream 7by the author of ,are ,you ,my ,wife87 and ,other ,stories1 ,stray ,leaves from a ,passing ,life and ,other ,stories4 ,nothing better1 in the way of light literature1 than any or all of these books issues from the press1 and nothing better can be done by ,catholics who read at all than to read their own literature and support the efforts of those who devote their gifts exclusively to the ,catholic cause4 ,pious books especially adapted for this season are the ,hand-book of ,instructions and ,devotions for the ,children of ,mary 7translated from the ,french by ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,o',connell1 ,d4,d471 ,the ,love of ,jesus to ,penitents 7by ,cardinal ,manning71 and ,the ,young ,girl's ,month of ,june 7a companion to the ,month of ,may1 noticed last month1 and translated by ,miss ,mac,mahon74 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #afj4--;,,july1 #ahgh4 ,,german ,,socialism4 ,during the last two months our daily journals have contained reports of the doings and the threatenings of numerous mysterious associations in our ,western cities4 ,from these reports it is clear that attempts were being made to organize and arm the disaffected against the present constitution of society1 and that the purpose of these proposed assaults was utterly destructive1 and not at all constructive2 everything as it exists was to be swept away1 but there was no agreement as to what should take the place of the destroyed system4 ,to the tail of the serpent there seemed to be no head4 ,each of the leaders in the agitation1 when personally questioned by the agents of the daily press1 spoke for himself1 with more or less obscurity of meaning1 but with no recognition or mention of a general organization or a directing head4 ,in ,st4 ,louis1 ,cincinnati1 ,chicago1 ,milwaukee1 ,san ,francisco1 and a score of other cities companies of men are meeting secretly night after night1 and are drilling to accustom themselves to the use of arms2 when they are not drilling they are listening to speeches in which most inflammatory language is used3 in this place a certain list of 8demands0 is formulated2 in another these so-called reforms are scouted as merely palliative in their nature and as unworthy of consideration4 ,but amid this confusion it was seen clearly that the inspiration of the agitation came from ,german sources1 and that the men engaged in fanning the flame of the inchoate conflagration were chiefly of ,german birth4 ,here we resist a temptation to diverge into an examination of the causes of the origin and growth of this revolutionary agitation in the ,united ,states--a most fecund and interesting theme4 ,but just at this time the life of the ,emperor of ,germany is attempted by one of his own subjects2 and it is made to appear that the would-be assassin made the criminal attempt in the interest of the socialistic agitation in ,germany4 ,each branch of the ,german socialists1 of course1 condemns and disowns him2 he appears to have been initiated into the secrets of the councils of many of these associations2 he certainly was thoroughly impregnated with the theories of the ,german socialistic philosophers of the most advanced schools4 ,these theories are destructive and not constructive2 the man ,hoedel had probably convinced himself that it was time to begin this work of destruction1 and that it would be well to commence at the root of the tree4 ,so he struck at the emperor--happily with a bad aim4 ,here1 then1 we have a striking illustration of the fruition of ,german socialism at the very time when we see its initial workings in our own country4 ,this flower of the tree--the man ,hoedel--may1 however1 be said to be a premature and unnatural product of the plant4 ,the educated classes in ,germany1 we believe1 will not think so4 ,if they are blind to the natural tendency of the socialistic theories of their own philosophers1 it is not for lack of plain warnings and demonstrations from authorities whom they are accustomed to respect4 ,the anxiety of the government regarding the spread of revolutionary and subversive opinions has long been well known4 ,it is only a short time ago that a thorough review of ,german socialism was published in the ,deutsche ,rundschau--the 8,german ,contemporary ,review0--a monthly magazine of high standing1 printed at ,berlin4 ,this review extended through two numbers of the magazine1 and at once attracted attention by the thoroughness and acumen with which the subject was treated4 ,its author is ,dr4 ,ludwig ,bamberger1 a gentleman whose own history is curious4 ,born in ,mayence1 in #ahbb1 he studied for the law at ,giesen1 ,heidelberg1 and ,gttingen1 and in #ahdh-di he edited the ,mainzer ,zeitung4 ,carried away by the revolutionary excitement of that period1 he took part in the insurrection in the ,rheinphalz1 and was elected to the ,frankfort ,parliament4 ,instead of taking his seat1 he wisely went into ,switzerland and thence to ,london1 where he devoted himself to the study and practice of banking4 ,in #ahea he founded a banking-house in ,rotterdam1 and two years afterwards found himself at the head of a large financial institution in ,paris1 which he conducted with great success for thirteen years4 ,he has written several works of importance2 his last production1 a volume published in ,german and in ,french at ,paris1 in #ahfi1 on ,count ,bismarck1 was not the least notable of his books4 ,this is the author whose dissertation upon ,german socialism has appeared so opportunely4 ,it is worthy of the most serious attention1 and we give the substance of it in the following pages4 ,dr4 ,bamberger is not a ,catholic4 ,he is decidedly anti-,catholic1 as will be seen1 and as we allow him to appear2 he discusses his subject without the slightest aid from the light which true reason1 aided by religion1 would throw upon it4 ,but we shall take him on his own ground1 and1 without attempting to translate him fully1 follow with fidelity his line of thought4 ,i4 ,the people of ,germany1 he says1 are to-day waging as wordy a war as did the nobility of ,france a century ago4 ,the men who best know this are those who for a generation have devoted themselves to fomenting the war of those who have nothing against those who possess everything1 and who are to-day the leaders of the proletariat4 ,the contrast between the theories and the practice of these men is ludicrous4 ,a small number of gifted1 learned1 diligent men1 they dwell in peace and luxury2 they enjoy life like connoisseurs2 from these secure and pleasant ports they sail forth to attack the economy by which the machinery of society is kept in motion4 ,in this amusement there seems to be a species of demoniacal pleasure4 ,if they were sincere1 the contrast between their habits and their professed aims would be ludicrous4 ,the equalization they call for can only be realized by placing an equal proportion of the means necessary for gaining a livelihood within the reach of all4 ,every ownership exceeding this minimum would be divided to increase the necessary quota4 ,is it objected that this is looking at the question from the darkest side8 ,it is true that great movements should not be measured by those nearest to them4 ,but events can never be separated from those who bring them about4 ,moreover1 we are not now concerned with history but with to-day4 ,in the demonstration of philosophical principles it may be asked whether the teacher is a philosopher in his own life2 this curiosity is still less indiscreet when the issue is one of life and death4 ,the originators of ,german socialism--,lassalle and his eulogist1 ,herwegh--were luxurious men of the world1 for whose desires the voluptuous apparatus of modern cities alone sufficed4 ,their successors are like unto them4 ,to meet them is to scoff at the idea that these men should have described1 as participants1 the grim battle for existence fought by the common people4 ,an ingenious psychological explanation is offered for them4 ,the conjunction of bodily comfort with intellectual distinction which they enjoy causes them to shudder at the thought of a life hard1 painful1 and colorless4 ,their sympathy to this extent may be genuine2 but so much the greater is the hypocrisy of their battle-cry for a universal economy whose cardinal principle shall be the equal abnegation of all4 ,these men are not ,catilinical but ,herostratic4 ,we can have some sympathy with the man who1 thrown out of his path1 angry with the whole world on account of his evil fortune1 seeks for a new order of things4 ,but these leaders1 from ,marx to ,bakumin1 from the caustic diatribe of the poisoned pen to the torch steeped in petroleum1 exclaim3 8,for the world as it is we care not6 ,if we can proclaim our contempt for it by destroying it1 let it perish60 ,this is the cry that has been growing louder for thirty years--from the date of the appearance of the first socialistic articles in the ,cologne ,zeitung to the present moment4 ,the public of to-day know the high-priests of socialism only from the thick books in which their solemn declarations are spread out1 and from the interpretations of these given at working-men's congresses4 ,the personal motives from which the whole movement sprang are forgotten4 ,carl ,marx1 when he gazes over from his ,london cottage upon the new ,german ,empire1 can exclaim with pride that after thirty years his seed has brought forth abundantly4 ,whoever wishes to see this sower more closely and in his true character need only read ,carl ,vogt's pamphlet1 ,life of ,fugitives in ,london4 ,here are the revelations not of an opponent but an adherent of the cause and an admirer of ,marx1 but a disillusionized admirer4 ,he sees that the meanest of tricks were practised by ,marx and his entourage in the meanest manner2 and that the desire for power is as strong among these levellers as it is in the court of a king4 ,here1 for instance1 are extracts from ,carl ,vogt's pamphlet3 8,in the end it is all the same whether this contemptible ,europe falls--an event that must presently occur without the revolution4 ,they 7,carl ,marx and his ,janissaries7 care nothing for the ,german common people4 ,they desire only to remain eternally in the opposition1 without which the revolution would go to sleep4444 ,we drank first porter1 then claret1 then red ,bordeaux1 then champagne4 ,after the red wine ,marx was quite drunk4 ,this was very desirable1 for he became more open-hearted4 ,i heard much that otherwise would have been concealed4 ,but he kept up the conversation to the end2 he impressed me as a man of singular mental superiority and of remarkable personality4 ,had he as much heart as mind1 as much love as hatred1 ,i would go through the fire for him4 ,i am sorry for our cause that he does not possess a noble heart4 ,his ambition has eaten up all the good qualities in him4 ,he laughs over the fools who repeat his proletariat catechism1 as well as over communists la ,willich or the bourgeoisie4 ,he cares only for the aristocrats1 purely and consciously so4 ,to drive them from power he employs a force that he finds only in the proletariat1 and for that reason has adapted his system to it40 ,so much for ,marx4 ,the true portraiture of ,lassalle would be as amusing4 ,but the contrast between the living and the preaching1 between the private mode of thought and the public utterances of the ,german upper and middle classes generally1 is equally observable4 ,and in this respect they remind one of the marquises and viscounts of the eighteenth century4 ,they do not dance on the volcano1 but gather the fuel for the pile on which they themselves are to be consumed2 and the cry ,sancta simplicitas6 resounds1 not sympathetically from the mouth of the victim1 but mockingly from the throat of the executioner4 ,the fact that the internationalists1 far away from ,german shores1 send mandates from beneath the shelter of their ,english homes for the destruction of our civil comity1 would give us little cause for alarm1 if men unwillingly united1 and doubly important by their positions and their number1 were not seeking to accomplish this work within our own walls4 ,the fruits of their activity are observable everywhere4 ,many will answer3 ,in these symptoms appears the development of a healthy process1 similar to the unconscious self-dissolution of the ,french aristocracy which brought about the revolution and thus conferred the greatest benefit upon posterity4 ,so it is now the duty of the people--8the third class0--to make room for its legitimate successor1 8the fourth class40 ,whether it was fortunate for the world that the ,french ,revolution was accomplished we shall not say4 ,there is1 however1 not a single analogous characteristic between the epoch of that revolution and the present time4 ,one of the most absurd weaknesses of our time is that it hurries on with formulas of a dialectic development1 and transforms them into the business of life before they are properly digested4 ,what is more ludicrous than the introduction of parliamentary systems into countries semi-barbarous8 ,the attempt to cure ,russia1 ,turkey1 ,roumania1 and ,egypt with parliamentary constitutions reminds us of the peasant who1 when the doctor has prescribed a medicine for him1 employs the same for his wife and child in every disease4 ,he falls into the same error who fancies that the ,german people have arrived at that stage of their development when1 like the ,french nobility of the eighteenth century1 they should betake themselves with a good grace out of the world4 ,the very contrary is the case4 ,never have extremes met more closely than in the common attack of reaction and socialism against the ,german people4 ,while the temperate socialistic ideal has for its end the revival of the state of society during the middle ages1 the internationalists aim at the dissolution of all that has been gained since our ancestors were barbarians4 ,there is a lower depth yet1 for a school exists which1 going only a step farther1 calls itself 8anarchist40#ib ,the support given the socialists by the agrarians and the ultramontanes is more than an ordinary political coalition4 ,their sympathy reposes on inward concurrence2 and for ,germany it is especially dangerous1 because their attacks are directed against a people neither matured nor secured4 ,germany is almost wholly wanting in everything needful for the formation of a united1 intelligent1 and independent body politic4 ,the strong material groundwork is yet wanting4 ,the complaints made against our industrial products are not groundless4 ,nor can they be ascribed to the passing influence of commercial folly which characterized the period immediately following the war4 ,we have to do with evils as old as the century4 ,improvement of workmanship1 increase of general prosperity1 and elevation of political prestige bear the closest relationship to each other4 ,the intoxication of victory led to a foolish application of the booty extorted from ,france4 ,those who undertook the solution of this stupendous financial problem approached it with too small a measure of its importance4 ,but everywhere we meet with the same technical inadequacy in ,germany4 ,earnest work alone in domestic as well as public economy can lead us to the firm establishment of a healthy1 civilized state4 ,only fools can propose to dispense with the forms requisite for the collection of strength which has made possible the stage of culture we now are in1 and only sophists can attempt to establish this power without capital1 and capital without property4 ,but instead of allowing the ,german people to attain its development1 the inimical elements are now all pouncing upon it1 and telling it that it has outlived itself and is ready for dissolution4 ,in ,england1 ,france1 and ,italy there is an aristocracy with strong self-respect and conservative principles--an erudite community1 filled with the quiet consciousness of its intellectual superiority4 ,but these classes do not separate the task of their self-preservation from that of the preservation of the people4 ,there he who seeks to bring forward particular ideas endeavors to carry them into the great community of the people4 ,there are eccentric persons everywhere2 but only in ,germany exist entire groups of aristocratic1 learned1 and religious men who make war upon the people their business4 ,aristocrats who take the field against capital1 professors who teach that the road to wealth leads to prison1 bishops who conspire with demagogues1 are to be found only in ,germany4 ,first one and then another of these groups wish to make experimentum in anima vili with the people4 ,its pains give them no care--nay1 in some cases secret joy2 all are deluded by the idea that they can abuse it without imperilling their own safety4444 ,the nation1 as a whole1 does not feel responsible for its own support4 ,it still believes that the supreme power1 reposing upon itself1 would take care to preserve order4 ,for this reason it does not permit any interference with attacks against itself1#ic and sometimes takes pleasure in joining in the sport4 ,the ruling class is scarcely wiser4 ,its nerves are somewhat more susceptible2 but as for a true insight into the state of affairs it is as much in the dark as the governed4 ,it suspects1 in small degree1 the extreme danger that threatens1 but it is at sea concerning the origin and nature of the danger4 ,if alarmed by a fresh incident1 it thinks that more stringent laws are all that is needed1#id or the revival of a buried belief4 ,it is an error to measure ,germany by ,english or ,french ideas4 ,here immature conditions have penetrated over-ripe ideals4 ,the lesson of the war of classes has1 with us1 fallen on a soil which for pernicious growth is better adapted than that of any country in the world1 ,russia excepted4 ,the conjunction of our strongly-developed intellectual life with our crude and immature political and social systems has generated an atmosphere in which the poisoned germs of these seeds yielded fruit with unparalleled rapidity and plenty4 ,germany has become the special field of this war of classes1 because she is a country divided into many classes4 ,here every individual holds to his own claims or promulgates new ones2 and no one feels himself united with the whole4 ,no group hesitates to assail the foundations of society1 if anything dissatisfies them4 ,our class strifes are kindled and fomented from all sides--from above as well as from below4 ,no class knows for whom it is really working4 ,only the professional agitators know it2 these are careful not to divulge the secret1 and strive to make it appear that they do not suspect the connection between their conscious conspiracy and the unconscious conspiracies of all the other parties4 ,they know that their principal strength lies in this quiet coalition4 ,in this unconscious raving against ourselves lies our chief danger4 ,this assertion applies not only to the bourgeoisie but to all classes up to the highest4 ,all seem to be living in blessed ignorance of the real drift of affairs4 ,their efforts are always futile2 they always take hold of their subject at the wrong end4 ,let us relate a parliamentary incident4 ,the question of the best method of opposing the socialistic movement was recently debated in the ,reichstag4#ie ,a decree forbidding attacks in the press upon the family1 property1 and religion was introduced4 ,the government attached the greatest importance to the passage of this decree4 ,it was to be the bulwark of existing institutions4 ,the ,prussian ,minister of the ,interior1 ,count von ,eulenburg1 made his first appearance in the ,reichstag to advocate this measure4 ,the minister betrayed his fear that the ,parliament would not consent to increase the restrictions upon the press by reason of the ignorance of members concerning the intrigues and dogmas of the social democrats4 ,his lively and exhaustive delineation of these dangers bore the stamp of a work ordered for the purpose by the department to which he belonged1 which had supplied him with the necessary data for the instruction of the blind or unsuspecting parliamentarians4 ,so far all was well4 ,but when members arose1 and1 without contesting the reality of the danger1 reminded the minister that the enemy in his own camp was the most dangerous2 that the pet decree would find no favor with these arch-conspirators2 that it would merely divert the danger from its least perilous direction2 in short1 that socialism had penetrated and found a home in conservative and governmental circles--then it became evident that 8the world was nailed up before the eyes of the government40 ,they had no suspicion of what was really going on around them2 the minister had no real knowledge of what he wished to explain4 ,he felt harshly assailed1 and disappeared2 on the ,right of the chamber there was confusion2 as a closing scene ,monfang and ,bebel swore with touching unanimity that they did not know each other4 ,is anyone surprised to find the most select audience in ,germany so unprepared1 so ignorant of the real state of affairs8 ,it is always a mistake to presuppose too much wisdom4 ,a little keener scent of the secret forces that serve the socialistic propaganda has been gained by ,prince ,bismarck2 but this is due to the fact that the intrigues directed against his person did not hesitate to employ socialistic partisans and catch-words4 ,in this way the existence of this unnatural combination was forced upon his notice4 ,under other circumstances it was not to be expected of him that he should trouble himself about socialism4 ,his method is to employ every element of power to his advantage according to circumstances1 and to spare every one that does not thrust itself with hostile intent across his path4 8,it is fortunate for us that a few social democrats have taken service in the camp of the ultramontanes and junkers1 and thereby called attention to the consanguinity of their beautiful souls40#if ,,ii4 ,germany is the only great country in which exists a social-democratic party--using the word party in the sense of a compact political union which promulgates as its official platform the determination to secure by whatever means domination over the state and society4 ,even in the much-agitated kingdom of ,denmark socialism has not yet attained parliamentary recognition4 ,in ,england the mass of laborers organized for common purposes is disproportionately larger than in ,germany1 and all politicians there discuss the problems proposed by the workmen4 ,the programme of a state reposing on a communistic groundwork1 built upon the ruins of the present system1 there is advocated but by few4 ,with us this is the only solution sought by the entire social democracy2 of late it has become the official profession of faith of the whole body4 ,in ,england the dissension is confined to the employer and the employed4 ,the one tries to secure the best terms from the other4 ,political objects confine themselves within limits which1 compared with the professed aims of the ,german social democrats1 are very narrow4 ,extension of the suffrage1 limitation of the labor of women and children1 free education--these are demands which do not imperil the foundations of society4 ,in ,france the reaction from the ,commune has swept away all tangible remains of the social-democratic party4 ,france has fought against communism in the streets4 ,no peaceful overtures have been made to socialism1 as in ,germany4 ,with us it is recognized as a political organization representing a particular line of thought4 ,this constitutes its great strength1 and all that strengthens it weakens us4 ,in ,germany almost all the reactionary parties strive to obtain the support of the social democrats4 ,the ,protestant hypocrite1 the ,catholic clergy1 the combination of protectionists and agrarians1 offer their hands to the social democrats in solemn pledges of brotherhood4#ig ,thiers1 in his political will1 bequeathed the ,commune to us4 ,france1 he said1 has overcome this misery2 in her place ,germany must carry the cross4 ,the old man knew what he was talking about4 ,when with ,bismarck at ,versailles he said his greatest fear was of the coquins of ,paris4 ,after him came ,jules ,favre1 who opposed the disarming of the national guard1 and sublimely exclaimed3 8,there is no mob in ,paris60 ,we have our ,favres1 who pretend to be in love with all the world4 ,woe unto us if we should be placed on trial6 ,the elevation of the social democracy to a recognized power dates from the creation of the ,german ,empire4 ,the causes were many2 the decisive one was universal suffrage4 ,this is made the scape-goat of many sins--most unjustly4 ,the harm it carries in its train does not lie in the fact that it permits the expression of the opinions of all classes4 ,on the contrary1 this is a gain4 ,it has only worked badly because it appeared as a new1 powerful incentive to greater activity to those into whose heads confused notions are sought to be instilled4 ,while the new elective law brought to its support a part of the population which had until then not possessed the right of suffrage1 it compelled those desirous of gain to devote themselves mainly to this fresh ground4 ,to beget dissatisfaction1 vague desires1 and unlimited hopes was very easy here4 ,those who expected to gain the advantage of leadership from it determined quickly to take possession of this inviting land4 ,the regular organization of the socialistic party dates only from #ahfg4 ,a careful dissemination of ideas had first been accomplished4 ,the new constituencies had been imbued with the notions of the propaganda1 and the way to obtain their votes was to advocate these notions4 8,if you wish to be elected to the ,reichstag1 apply yourself with all energy to the new voters10 was the mot d'ordre4 ,the sentiment of hatred against property-owners1 and hunger for the distribution of estates1 now became merchantable commodities4 ,thus the election of a new ,german ,reichstag offered a premium for the propagation of socialistic ideas4 ,the leaders of the combination took immediate advantage of this4 ,the necessary freedom accompanying the election cleared the road of a mass of police and legal obstacles4 ,the rostrum of the ,reichstag is of immense use4 ,those elected attain greater respect both in and outside their party4 ,we should never have heard of the most renowned socialists--of ,bebel or ,liebknecht1 of ,most or ,hasselmann--if a nomination to the ,reichstag had not put them in a position of importance4 ,besides1 the leaders learn much in ,parliament1 and take advantage of the opportunities given them4 ,there is1 for instance1 no doubt that the introduction of free passage by railroads for the benefit of members of the ,reichstag will be successfully employed for the dissemination of socialistic teachings1 and perhaps gain new members of like tendencies4 ,per diems 7,tagegelder7 would of course prove even more valuable4 ,the socialistic organization at present pays each of its representatives nine marks per day during his stay in ,berlin4 ,if they were paid by the state the saving to the socialistic treasury would be thirty thousand marks2 and this increase of the sinews of war would result1 at the next election1 in new accessions of strength4 ,there are only a dozen socialists in the ,reichstag1 but they rely upon the support given by the divisions of the other parties2 and this is a peculiarity which runs through our whole national character4 ,every person pursues his own private and local ends1 and there is no united feeling4 ,it is for this reason that the socialists and ultramontanes make such rapid headway4 ,through the narrow-minded system of electing men to the ,reichstag as a reward for local services1 men of great talent are often neglected4 ,the ,reichstag has three hundred and ninety-seven members1 among them twelve socialists4 ,deducting the latter1 there are altogether only seven districts which are represented by deputies who are not natives of the places from which they were returned4 ,but how is this picture changed as soon as we look upon the social democrats6 ,here national unity is the rule4 ,of the twelve elected1 eight are without any local relation to their districts4 ,even with the other four birth1 representation1 and residence do not go hand-in-hand4 ,bebel1 though residing in ,saxony1 is a native of ,rhenish ,prussia2 ,fritzsche is a native of ,saxony1 but lives in ,berlin2 ,motteler lives in ,saxony1 but is a native of the ,palatinate4 7,these three were elected in ,saxony47 ,the only one who falls within the general rule is ,rittinghausen1 who represents ,solingen4 ,the kingdom of ,saxony1 the hot-bed of particularism1 is the rendezvous of the whole ,german social democracy4 ,auer1 ,kapell1 ,bracke1 ,liebknecht1 ,most1 and ,demmler were returned from that kingdom4 ,the same is true of ,schleswig-,holstein2 and if it were an independent duchy instead of a ,prussian province1 it would probably have sent three social democrats into the ,reichstag4 ,the ,german people have not attained a degree of development sufficient to permit of their coping successfully with the political and social problems spread before them4 ,meanwhile socialism is widening its sway4 ,whither it tends we shall proceed to show4 ,,iii4 ,in ten years the ,german social-democratic party has sprung into importance4 ,in the ,american ,congress no representative of the social democracy is yet seated4 ,in the ,french ,assembly no member would subscribe to the confession of faith of the ,german socialists4 ,in the ,english ,house of ,commons there are two working-class members--,burt and ,macdonald--but neither have ever thought of the abolition of private industry1 the organization of the proletariat with state capital1 or the destruction of private property4 ,in ,denmark no socialist has yet gained an entrance into ,parliament4 ,the ,german nation alone is represented by men who have declared war against our whole political and social economy4 ,there are twelve of them4 ,ever since a ,german ,reichstag has existed they have increased4 ,in #ahfg two of them entered the constituent ,reichstag2 in #ahfh five entered the ,north ,german ,reichstag2 in #ahga two entered the first ,german ,reichstag2 in #ahgd nine entered the second ,german ,reichstag2 in #ahgg twelve entered the present ,parliament4 ,to understand these figures it must be noticed that ,south ,germany was without influence in this regular increase1 for the districts beyond the line of the ,main have not as yet returned one social democrat2 the increase occurred wholly on the old ground4 ,the figures speak still more convincingly when we go from the elected to the electors4 ,in the year #ahgd only #cej1jjj votes were cast in favor of the social democracy2 in the year #ahgg they received #dhe1jjj--;an increase of well-nigh forty per cent4 ,the whole number of electors who cast valid votes in #ahgg was #e1ece1jjj4 ,of this total #c1fjj1jjj votes were cast for the successful candidates4 ,the last number divided by #cig 7the number of members7 gives us the average of the number of voters which go to a representative1 #i1jjj4 ,the same process applied to the twelve social-democratic representatives1 and the #aaa1jjj votes which are united upon them1 makes the proportion remain the same3 each one elected represents #i1bjj votes4 ,a different picture is presented if we regard the votes lost by scattering4 ,the #c1fjj1jjj successful voters are in the ratio of #fg per cent4 of the total number of voters4 ,this repeats itself if we apply the investigation to the several parties4 ,the total of votes for the national-liberal party was #a1eid1jjj4 ,the number of votes represented in the ,reichstag of this persuasion is #a1jhb1jjj--that is1 a little more than #fg per cent4 of those #a1eid1jjj4 ,by comparing with this the corresponding proportion between the number of social-democratic votes and the number which obtained representation1 we find that this party has not attained to an equal degree of concentration in its elective elements4 ,against #dhe1jjj votes cast we find here only #aaa1jjj at the back of successful deputies--i4e41 only #bc per cent4 of the voters have effected representation4 ,if the general proportion had gained expression here1 the number of social-democratic deputies would be thirty-two1 or almost as many as the members of the ,german liberal party4 ,only for this reason1 that #gg per cent4 of these votes were scattered1 whereas by the general rule only #cc per cent4 are scattered1 have we escaped the fate of giving the world1 in tangible figures1 an idea of the intensity of the disease which is threatening our nation4 ,but if for the present we remain safe from such a humiliation1 it is none the less true that our political thinking and feeling are already as strongly affected as these figures attest4 ,there may not as yet be any immediate danger from the action of the ,reichstag4 ,but in the very fact which is as yet paralyzing the effectiveness of the socialistic elective power lies the greatest danger4 ,for this scattering of votes is an omen of a distribution of advance posts throughout the whole empire1 which1 if particular circumstances favor it1 will suddenly gain in strength1 and1 joining hands1 can obtain control of the country4 ,had we introduced a method of minority representation into the elective law1 the socialistic faction would already be on an equal footing with the other parties4 ,if we had the ,french method1 by which several deputies in large districts are elected on one list1 we would1 perhaps1 already number two dozen social-democratic members in the ,reichstag4 ,the socialistic party may justly boast that it is stronger than it appears to be by its representation in the ,reichstag1 and that it may reasonably hope for a speedy development of its parliamentary power4 ,but even to-day it is strong4 ,the twelve socialistic members may possibly hold the balance of power4 ,a closer inspection of the election returns shows that nearly one-half of the voters in #ahgg were hostile to the development of the ,german ,empire on its present basis4 ,poles1 ,welfs1 ,swabian democrats1 protesters from ,alsace1 social democrats1 added to the ultramontanes who serve them as a firm nucleus1 bring the sum of the combination up to #b1cie1jjj voters out of #e1ece1jjj4 ,an increase of but three or four hundred thousand votes would deliver the empire into the hands of its foes4 ,besides1 circumstances favor the socialists4 ,in large cities like ,berlin1 ,hamburg1 ,breslau1 ,eberfeld1 ,bremen1 and ,lbeck a strong working-class element is easily concentrated4 ,seven of the twelve socialist members of the ,reichstag were elected in ,saxony4 ,but wherever the local mind has had a definite and fixed idea socialism has made no progress4 ,it is thus in the ,catholic portions of ,bavaria and in ,alsace-,lorraine4 ,in other quarters1 where opinions are more divided1 the ,catholics form coalitions with the socialists4 ,in ,france a large class of property-owners incline to ,catholicism1 because they believe that through it they can save the state and society4 ,in ,germany ,catholicism throws itself into the arms of inimical elements1 in order to strengthen itself4 ,the official reports of the annual congress of the socialists are highly instructive4 ,the ,protocols of the ,socialistic ,congresses are issued at ,hamburg1 8printed and published by the brotherhood's book-printing establishment40 ,for twenty-five cents as much instruction may be gleaned from them as in the whole mass of socialistic literature4 ,until recently the socialists were divided into two factions1 each represented by a journal which attacked the other violently4 ,but in #ahge they settled their differences1 and united in issuing a paper called ,forwaerts1 or 8,progress40 ,this is the official organ2 but besides it there are forty-one socialistic journals in ,germany1 one of them an illustrated paper1 ,the ,new ,world2 and fourteen industrial journals1 more or less imbued with the spirit of socialism4 ,of these forty-one organs of the social democracy thirteen appear daily1 thirteen tri-weekly1 three bi-weekly1 and eleven weekly4 ,twenty-five of them are printed in offices belonging to the brotherhood4 ,eighteen of these journals have had their birth within the last year4 8,the rapid augmentation of our press10 says the report of the last congress1 8is enormous1 not only in the number of journals but in the number of subscribers40 ,germany is the breeding-house for the representation and distribution of socialistic teachings in the rest of the world2 it is the apostolic seat of the new faith1 whence missionaries are sent to all lands1 preaching in all tongues4 ,wherever in ,europe or ,america a communistic congress or insurrection is to be noted1 ,germans are at its head1 or exercise control4 ,at the congresses of the ,international1 held since #ahff in ,geneva1 the ,hague1 and ,brussels1 ,germans have always taken the front seats4 ,the ,english communists were represented in ,geneva in #ahgc by the tailor ,eccarius1 a ,german ,swiss1 with whom1 in truth1 the congress of ,english workmen which met at ,sheffield in #ahgd wished to have nothing to do4#ih ,next to ,eccarius1 the ,germans ,johann1 ,philip1 ,becker1 and ,amandus were especially prominent at ,geneva4 ,at the ,congress of the ,international at the ,hague in #ahgb ,carl ,marx presided in person4 ,this ,german ascendency is seen also in ,america4 ,here ,dr4 ,bamberger enters into a long description of our railway strike last summer1 tracing its origin to ,german influences4 ,the beginning of all socialistic combinations in ,america1 he says1 can be traced to ,german origin4 ,the 8,international ,working ,confederation0 of #ahfg was founded by ,german emissaries from ,marx's mother-lodge1 and ,chicago was its headquarters4 ,the point is made that at the meeting in ,new ,york on the #beth of ,july last ,germans were prominent2 at a similar meeting in ,st4 ,louis1 suppressed by the police1 among the arrested leaders were ,germans1 one of whom on the #bfth of ,july1 when the mob for a moment seemed victorious1 had sent this despatch to ,leipzig3 8,st4 ,louis1 a city of three hundred thousand souls1 is in our power40 ,in ,switzerland1 ,dr4 ,bamberger goes on to say1 the international element is strongest where the ,german influence is greatest--in ,zurich4 ,the intellectual head of the whole international propaganda is the ,german ,carl ,marx1 whose first lieutenant is the ,german ,friedrich ,engels4 ,marx framed the foundation of the ,international4 ,the congress of the sect at the ,hague in #ahgb was his work4 ,among the sixty-five members of that body twenty-five were ,germans2 ,new ,york and ,zurich were there represented by ,germans4 ,the ,french socialism which ruled the field from #ahcj to #ahej has been laid aside and forgotten4 ,but the ,german socialism of to-day has the ,french system for its foundation4 ,to ,st4 ,simon and ,fourier1 to ,cabet and ,considrant1 however1 reference is no longer made4 ,louis ,blanc's 8organization of labor0 has been scientifically1 and even piously1 absorbed into 8systematic production40 ,proudhon has long been branded as a 8miserable bourgeois0 while the most devout of ,german ,protestants1 ,pastor ,todt1 does not hesitate to exclaim in his latest organ3 8,the war of competition 7,concurrenzkampf7 today is nothing but a system of expropriations1 shrouded in illusions with regard to property0 7,eigenthumsillusionen74 8,la proprit c'est le vol40 ,the pastor says the same thing1 only in other words4 ,the sum total of the theories in all their gradations1 from the formulating of the brutal war of classes to the most honey-toned appeal to the duties of men and ,christians1 to-day bears the predominating stamp of ,german invention4 ,no country in the world can point to so extensive an existence of learned and unlearned literature in this province4 ,especially in the province of learned socialistic theories ,france and ,england stand far behind us4 ,socialism in ,italy is confined to a small number of younger savants1 who understand ,german1 and acknowledge themselves pupils of our masters4 ,the most prominent trait of the national character of ,german socialism is the trace of scientific coloring which is retained in the rudest revolutionary circles4 ,scientific epicures like ,marx and ,lassalle have written the gospels of the new brotherhood of working-men2 professors and philosophically learned men like ,schaeffle and ,adolph ,wagner1 ,rodbertus1 ,duehring1 and ,lange1 have assorted them canonically2 and even with the smell of powder and petroleum emitted by the congresses of socialists1 composed mainly of working-men1 is mingled something of the delicate perfume of quintessent abstraction4 ,herr ,liebknecht1 a man of learning1 is the real spiritus rector of the whole brotherhood1 and it was his energy which finally triumphed over the different sects of the party and consummated the difficult work of consolidation4 ,perhaps there is no man in or out of ,germany better versed in the literature and history of socialism than this vaunter of the praises of the ,commune4 ,has not this something attractive besides so much that is repulsive8 ,is it not touching to hear that the same ,herr ,liebknecht who in the tribune of the ,reichstag agitates the nerves of his colleagues to excess by his strongly-spiced speeches1 honors their library continually by collections of interesting works from the province of his 8science08 and that1 according to competent evidence1 the social-democratic deputies are not only the most industrious readers of this library1 but distinguish themselves by a prompt return and respectful treatment of the books8 ,we could even find a touching symptom in the comical appearance of the deputy and former book-binder1 ,most1 who is vieing with ,prof4 ,mommsen for the palm in the investigation of ,roman history4 ,as if there was nothing more important to do than to allow one's self to be touched6 ,in fact1 this hobnobbing with science is resorted to for the purpose of misleading the noblest tendencies of the ,german character4 ,something further is to be noted here3 nothing less than the organic connection between the best and the worst which is in us4 ,not for nothing has ,marx furnished with a highly-learned scaffolding his international platform which appeals to 8the proletarians of all lands40 ,lassalle is prouder of nothing than that1 after the appearance of his books on ,herakleitos and ,the ,system of ,acquired ,rights1 ,humboldt and ,boeckh should have counted him as their equal4 ,the militant social democracy well understand how to keep up this delusion4 ,at their last congress it was proposed to issue in ,berlin1 bi-monthly1 8a scientific review in an appropriate form40 ,the scientific contributors to the ,forwaerts1 the central organ of the sect1 had overburdened it2 if these had a journal to themselves the ,forwaerts could devote more space to its work of agitation4 ,one of the delegates1 ,herr ,geib1 said that by this step an alienation between science and the workmen would not be caused1 as some feared2 and to anticipate the review he recommended a half-monthly scientific supplement to the ,forwaerts gratis4 ,another delegate said that 8the more political life stepped into the foreground1 the farther did the scientific side of life recede1 unless official efforts were made to promote it4 ,it was necessary that this should be cared for1 in order to prevent the levelling of the party40 ,the proposition was adopted1 and the scientific review1 ,the ,future1 has appeared regularly since ,october last in the 8appropriate form0 of a red-covered magazine4 ,the commanders of the socialistic army are wise in thus enlisting scientific officers on their general staff4 ,they gain by this1 in literary circles1 the position of 8the best-favored nation40 ,in the vast number of publications lately issued on 8the social question0 we seldom meet one which1 even if inspired with the utmost disfavor for the new dogma1 does not approach it with respectful and ludicrous timidity4 ,the social democracy has for its first article of faith open hostility to all other parties2 their extinction is its aim4 ,but almost all confutations1 on the other hand1 strike the key-note of a defender who is only pleading for milder conditions4 ,by aid of the 8scientific0 coloring the social democracy has moved into a position to which every assailant makes an obeisance before firing4 ,through the anti-socialistic literature runs a tone of humble apology that seems to say3 8,excuse us that we belong to the contemptible class of the bourgeoisie1 and believe our promise of future reform40 ,as with the cause1 so do we approach the individuals with uncovered head4 ,all presentations of the life and teaching of ,lassalle accept the ,titan's diploma which he has given himself4 ,if unbelievers and half-believers do this1 how natural that the social democracy has decreed him ,godlike honors after his demise6 ,if we1 however1 look with impartial eye into the biographic material which is available to us1 we are struck by the characteristic trait of grotesque mockery overshadowing all4 ,were it not sinful to recount the names of ,germany's great men--those who still live as well as those who have left us--in one breath with the name of this talented agitator1 we might be tempted to draw a parallel between the letters which we possess of the former and those which the ,lassalle literature has brought to light4 ,an instructive antithesis1 forsooth3 the simple1 human self-sacrifice1 thought1 and feeling of truly great souls1 and the hollow pretensions of a proletariat rescuer1 who lifts his martyrdoms into the skies1 in order to step down from them into perfumed boudoirs6 ,this man writes to young women that he was born to wage a contest with the world1 and in the same text explains to them that never had a woman resisted him1 but he had never yet done homage2 for him it was only to accept1 not to give4 ,how modest1 in comparison with this1 does the address sound with which ,saint-,simon had himself awakened every morning3 8,levez-vous1 ,monsieur le ,comte1 vous avez de grandes choses faire40 ,,iv4 ,fallacious as it might be to judge of the effective socialistic strength in time of war from the number of votes it controls in time of peace1 it remains true that the growth of these numbers points to a change in the sentiments of the voters4 ,there is something more at the disposal of the leaders than a mass accidentally thrown into their hands4 ,we must guard against too trivial an appraisement of human appearances1 especially in ,germany1 where thought enlarges its sway more than in any other land4 ,ideals1 real or false1 cannot become powerful with us without going through the earnest-thinking process of the nation4 ,the socialistic leaders have fully recognized and acted on the principle that he who wishes to have an interest in4 the future must first do his share for science4 ,the ,german mind being thus constituted1 we must1 to explain the spread of socialism1 find the fountains of its source4 ,this is easy4 ,the professors of political economy in our high-schools at the beginning of this century turned their attention to the socialistic problem4 ,the university professors1 even1 have lately declared that they accept the socialistic stand-point sans phrase4 ,the word expressing the nature of the whole movement would not have gained an introduction into the language had not the characteristic symptoms demanded an expression4 ,the phrase 8platform socialism0 is not permitted to be left out of any ,german dictionary4 ,the ,german ,socialistes de la chaire are as familiar to ,french writers as the ,socialisti della ,cattedra are to the ,italians4 ,all manner of shades of opinion have been developed from this academic socialism4 ,but a series of stereotyped formulas have come into existence with which every one1 in the press and on the platform1 plays2 as1 for instance1 that the inequality of property is greater now than formerly2 that the masses are more unhappy2 that wealth remains confined to the few and flows only to them2 that capital rules supreme over labor and prescribes its laws4 ,from these premises1 which are all false1 the conclusion is drawn that the present social system must be rejected and replaced by another2 that it was the government's business to do this2 and that 8science0 should furnish a plan for a righteous economy1 and a guardian to regulate the same for all time to come4 8,science0 did not wait for a second invitation4 ,young souls devoted themselves to the projection of plans for the salvation of society2 systems were invented for the organization of working-men into historical and organic groups1 in order to enable them to withstand capital2 others discovered methods of taxation by which the inequalities of ownership could be neutralized4 ,he who had too much1 in the opinion of 8science10 was to be deprived of it1 and it was to be given to him who had too little2 persons were to be prevented from getting rich by ingenious plans for equalizing prices4 8,permissible luxury0 was divided from prohibited enjoyments2 8science0 undertook to prescribe the limits of individual action4 ,former times offered stronger contrasts1 perhaps1 of luxury and misery4 ,but the complaint now is that some persons have by certain manipulations become rapidly rich1 and have made a 8loud0 use of their wealth4 ,but are the hereditary ownerships of nobles or of extensive mercantile houses more sacred than the newly-won riches of stock speculators8 ,does the ancient castle with its solemn walls fit better into the new system than the luxurious villa of the parvenu8 ,is one's desire for equality less offended by the velvet train which a page bears behind a duchess than by the satin skirt which the wife of a contractor draws behind her in the dust of the promenade8 ,the bourgeoise spirit has nothing in common with the principles of socialism1 nor with the sentiments of the proletariat4 ,but the fountain of civil dissatisfaction has fed the torrent of socialistic agitation4 ,many a man1 ruined by gambling1 becomes a convert to the idea of a more just division of property2 many1 from grief over unlucky stock speculations1 have written essays on the immorality of the acquisition of capital4 ,why has ,german science1 justly renowned for its exactness1 and often accused because of its heaviness1 hurled itself into this whirlpool1 in order to rise again1 dripping with foul water1 and with its hands full of prospectuses for the eternal freeing of the world from evil8 ,well1 one can have too much of a good thing4 ,the scientific spirit can be driven to excess4 ,science has done so much for us that it was easy to believe that it could accomplish everything4 ,science and its disciples suddenly proposed to solve all the problems of life2 and every one with a project was compelled to give out his method for science to decide upon4 ,your ,german1 as1 a rule1 has more adaptability for theoretical learning than for practical action4 ,into his head everything penetrates1 and in his head he accomplishes everything4 ,other people do much with their five senses and ten fingers without their minds giving much attention to it4 ,we have more learning than action2 more criticism than taste2 we do better when we work with circumspection than when we attempt to improvise4 ,when1 therefore1 in the space of a few years1 we had conquered two powerful states in war and in diplomacy1 and the world asked whence we had taken the means1 we reflected upon the secret of our success1 and believed that we had found the correct answer in this3 8,the school-teacher has won the battle of ,sadowa60 ,in all probability it was a school teacher who invented this saying1 for fecit cui prodest4 ,already has ,lasker warned us of the folly of this dictum4 ,nothing can be less acquired in school than genius1 and the decisive turn toward greatness which ,germany has accomplished was given by the genius of the great men who in the right moment took its destiny into their hands4 ,statesmanship and war are two arts1 not two sciences4 ,to trace the secret of the power of the commander is not vouchsafed us2 but as regards the political side of the question1 it is certain that no ,german was ever less of a pedagogue than the imperial chancellor4 ,we might almost ask how a man who is so exactly the opposite of a school-teacher could be born in ,germany4 ,germany has at length broken through the chain which so long held it prostrate1 just because it found a statesman who was so entirely differently constituted from all the rest4 ,for those who desire to make nature and destiny democratic by teaching that no one is irreplaceable this fact is unwelcome2 but nothing is more aristocratic than nature and destiny4 ,but as the schoolmaster carried off and appropriated the laurels of #ahff1 these of #ahgj were awarded to him without question2 and when1 in the ,german ,empire which he was supposed to have founded1 a breach showed itself here and there1 who should be called upon to fill it but he8 ,the question was seriously proposed whether society should not be reconstructed from the core4 ,and the schoolmaster undertook to reply4 ,the turn which public life has thereby taken is of a very dangerous character4 ,if we do not soon turn away from this overrating of the school we shall destroy the whole of ,german life4 ,by imposing upon science tasks that do not belong to her we would destroy life through science1 and science through life1 and that which was ,germany's pride and safeguard1 her learning and knowledge1 would become a burden and a curse4 ,science and life have constantly to learn from each other4 ,in an exchange of their riches is to be found their salvation1 not in the domination of the one over the other4 ,the much-praised student-life itself does its part in imbuing the student with the inclination for an isolated existence4 ,many remain students all their lives1 and a love for the practical tasks of life is not thereby fostered4 ,the consciousness of high scientific attainments gives a degree of self-confidence which is easily carried too far when applied to worldly affairs4 ,to this temptation more than one succumbed when he was told that it was his task to reconstruct the social structure4 ,the cry was that the whole existing order of things had become 8bankrupt40 ,by what rules1 then1 was the new order to be established8 ,these were sought and ranged1 as the expression went1 in a scientific way4 ,the first of these rules is3 8,the weak person must be protected against the strong40 ,how much can be brought under this formula6 ,we can pledge ourselves with its aid to work out every communistic programme to the smallest details4 ,if we only once lose the sense of discrimination between theoretical knowledge and practice1 no limit can be placed upon self-confidence4 ,science applied to dogs and frogs is one thing1 but it would not do to apply the same rules to men4 ,for the communists to assume for their method of regulating society by scientific means the title of a historical school is indeed a piece of communism6 ,how was it possible that a number of scholars1 to whom no one can deny ability and purity of intentions1 could permit themselves to be led on to such extravagances8 ,the overrated conception of the avocation of the teacher is not sufficient to explain this4 ,another exaggeration had to combine with this3 the exaggerated conception of the avocation of the state4 ,teaching was to prescribe all1 the state to execute all4 ,in regard to the state we have fallen from one extreme to the other4 ,after it had sunk to the level of a caricature during our political degeneracy1 the recognition of its high vocation overcame us1 and we made an omniscient and omnipotent deity of it4 ,when we say 8state0 philosophy takes a hand in the matter1 and immediately the conception of absoluteness and divinity is apparent--the 8state0 becomes a god in whom we can place unlimited confidence and from whom we can expect everything4 ,the truth that after all the 8state0 is only a term for a body of individual ministers or legislators has been forgotten4 ,we make a secret idol of the state4 ,to look behind the curtain is forbidden4 ,but the less the state benefits one1 just so much the more does he expect and demand from it4 ,he beats his idol in order to compel it to work miracles4 ,as ,herbert ,spencer says1 it is the fashion to scold the government in one breath for its awkwardness in the most trifling matters1 and in the next to demand from it the solution of the most difficult problems4 ,statecraft1 at its best1 is only the work of individuals2 it must lose in fineness in proportion to the number of those who participate in it4 ,there is a thousand times more wisdom in hero-worship than in the adoration of the intangible collective being to which1 under the name of the state1 we do divine honors only because we cannot see it4 ,a parliament can be observed at its work2 even ministers appear in flesh and blood as parliaments do4 ,but of a sudden parliaments and ministers end their work2 the curtain falls2 second act3 the state6 ,it is divine6 ,curiously enough this adhesion to the collective system coincides with the time of the disappointment over this system4 ,for the financial grief of the last few years is nothing but sorrow for the losses to which stock-companies have led4 ,if the anonymous corporation could puzzle so many heads1 it is due to the fatal charm which the apparatus of the collective system exercises4 ,whenever a man withdraws from the eyes of men2 where in place of the individual a corporation acts1 under whose name the individual is lost to view1 there a curtain is drawn which excites the fancy of those without4 ,even those who partake of the labor inside the curtain are enshrouded by the clouds of anonymousness1 and believe more in themselves as a part of the abstract whole than they would believe in themselves as individuals4 ,nothing is more calculated to make intelligible the mixture of deceiving elements which lie latent in abstract authorities than the famous sixth great power1 the press4 ,how much better were it for that other abstraction1 8public opinion10 if it kept in mind that it is only a man 7and often what a man67 that stands behind the thought6 ,it has been attempted to remove this cloud1 and to force men to see1 by compelling every one to sign his articles with his own name4 ,but this was of no avail4 ,the law never was enforced in its true sense4 ,public opinion as an abstraction feels the need of intercourse with something of a kindred nature far too deeply to be willing to miss an abstraction representing that opinion in the form of an anonymous press4 ,it is the same with anonymous business corporations as with the press4 ,all efforts have failed to effect a reform in the laws relative to stock-gambling by means of which the personal responsibility of the board of control of an anonymous corporation could be brought home to individuals4 ,a piece of fiction will and must always remain here4 ,if the lawmaker were to take upon himself the task of changing this fiction into reality the result would be the same as with the press4 ,those associations are the best which are most tyrannically administered1 and in which the director has the least respect for his executive committee4 ,tant vaut l'homme tant vaut la chose6 ,there will be no relief until the stockholder knows that in entering a company he sacrifices a part of his motive for self-sustentation4#ii ,v4 ,science is not all in all4 ,to the department of the 8highest powers0 reason also belongs4 ,reason must decide where the domain of science begins and ends4 ,when science1 because it has studied history1 feels called upon to make history2 when1 because it observes developments1 it believes itself bound to work out plans of development for the future2 when it sends out its champions into political assemblies--why1 then it is out of its own sphere4 ,in a country which1 more than all others1 lives on 8the milk of the mind10 the pest of socialistic nonsense could not have spread so widely if the unwholesome ingredients of this lacteal fluid had not impregnated the country4 ,for him who studies men and things in proximity it is curious to observe that when ministers come into ,parliament to thunder against socialism1 the offices under their control are filled with younger officials who have imbibed socialism with the mother's milk of the high-schools1 and who esteem it their duty1 as far as their position admits1 to aid in the inauguration of small socialistic experiments4 ,at times the jargon of social democracy even finds its way into their official reports4 ,still more noticeable is this in journalism4 ,the official organs which the congress at ,gotha mentioned as being in its service are really only a weak auxiliary corps to the great power which works in the civilian press for the social democracy4 ,the same reader who would grow pale were he to discover on the last page of his newspaper the news of a sudden fall in stocks1 is delighted to peruse1 on its first page1 a leading article presaging the speedy coming of the day of vengeance for the proletariat4 ,such readers count upon the protection of the army in the event of this theoretical revolution becoming practical4 ,but this does not hinder them from assailing 8militaryism40 ,that the strong and strictly-disciplined armed power would still remain indispensable for internal war1 even were the danger of outward war removed1 is a natural thought4 ,but this consolation1 if it be one1 is not of so trustworthy a character as is commonly supposed4 ,so long as the quiet course of history follows its accustomed path ,germany need not fear the dissolution of her army organization by socialistic agitation4 ,but who can say what a systematically-conducted dissemination of ideas may not in the end accomplish8 ,in ,wrtemberg1 ,saxony1 ,hesse1 and ,holstein the social democrats have entered the municipal governments4 ,the number of socialistic students is large2 in ,schleswig-,holstein and ,saxony the rural population has allowed itself to be drawn into the net of the propaganda4 ,of course all this can go much farther without changing the outward aspect of life1 and the suggestion that life is threatened with a radical alteration will only arouse incredulous laughter1 as being an outgrowth of terror or the 8red ghost40 ,but we should take into consideration the possibility of a great catastrophe1 and remember how1 in the breaking-out of a storm1 all the elements of evil augment themselves1 unite1 and fall upon everything with destructive force4 ,thus would ,christian socialists1 social-political-socialists1 tax-reformers1 and local-economic-reformers unite2 and among the leaders themselves one would be dragged on by ambition1 the other by a sense of his responsibility4 ,the motto of ,carl ,marx1 8,the liberation of labor must be the work of the working-class1 to which all other classes are only a reactionary mass10 has now become the mot d'ordre of all the socialistic organizations in ,germany4 ,the 8,brotherhood of ,locomotive ,engineers10 which last year formed the nucleus of the terrible railway insurrection in ,america1 began in #ahfc in an association for mutual aid in cases of sickness1 and for temperance in the taking of spirituous liquors4 ,this insurrection is in its way better adapted than the ,paris ,commune for the study of those who are anxious to ascertain how much longer the fire can smoulder1 and how suddenly and with what irresistible force it may break forth4 ,faithful to their tender predilections in favor of socialism1 many ,german papers have found in the destruction and incendiarism at ,chicago1 ,cincinnati1 ,reading1 ,pittsburgh1 ,columbus1 ,baltimore1 and ,martinsburg only material for throwing light upon the ,american speculative mania2 and the terrible devastations which shadowed with gloom a third of the ,union were mostly presented as though they were only to be ascribed to transgressions in the financial economy4 ,the truth that for years the propaganda had won the mass of the working-class1 and had reared a conspiracy extending over the whole country1 remained in the background4 ,the season in which the ,west sends its many products to ,eastern ports1 and receives in return the means for carrying on its business1 was selected as the moment for interrupting traffic4 ,at a certain hour all trains were to stop1 and not again move until all the workmen had achieved their object1 whose principle was that industry was bound1 even in times when it does not produce much1 to pay just as high wages to working-men as in seasons of the utmost prosperity--a principle which is announced in the writings of the ,christian socialists of both confessions4 ,after the population had recovered it asked how it had been possible for it to be beset by such a monster1 whose existence it had not before dreamt of8 ,and yet three years before1 on ,christmas day of #ahgd1 a similar attempt1 though on a smaller scale1 had been made4 ,on that day at the stroke of twelve the engineers of all locomotives which transported trains between the ,states of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,kentucky1 and ,missouri stepped down1 left the cars and passengers where they were1 and refused to serve any farther until their demands had been complied with4 ,but in that widely-agitated country this note of warning was soon forgotten4 ,must nations experience everything for themselves8 ,does man learn nothing from the misfortunes of others8 ,forsooth1 he seems to learn nothing from his own4 ,not insensibility to the wants of the weak dictates the principle that no legislation on the part of the state can prevent poverty1 inequality1 and suffering4 ,insight into the nature of man shows us this truth4 ,this insight teaches us that growths in freedom1 in acquirement1 in diligence1 and in possessions bear inseparable relations to each other and lead to the good of all4 ,it is not true that the proportion of the poor and unhappy is larger than formerly2 not true that the contrast between rich and poor is harsher2 not true that the weak is more at the mercy of the strong4 ,it is only true that the greater approximation between all classes compels us to become more sensitive to diversities of conditions and to regard them as intolerable4 ,the idea of a mechanical levelling of the fortunes of all is the non plus ultra of folly1 which in the course of realization will result in nothing but the destruction of all liberty1 for which reason all reactionary instincts feel themselves attracted to socialism4 ,socialism1 it is true1 has not been productive wholly of evil1 because there are no absolute truths 7sic71 and every anomaly1 in its way1 performs a service4 ,it has led1 and will in the future lead1 the community and individuals to understand the connection between true interest and true humanity4 ,more important than to set in motion the motive of self-interest is it to direct attention to real abuses4 ,for1 say what we may1 never has a time possessed more sensitiveness for every ill and more craving after justice than ours4 ,footnote #ib3 ,the man ,hoedel1 who sought to kill the emperor1 stated that he belonged to this school2 he had swung around the circle1 and had ended as an 8anarchist40 ,footnote #ic3 ,but this interference is now to be insisted upon1 for ,prince ,bismarck has instructed the ,parliament to pass laws for the suppression of the publication and spread of socialistic and revolutionary doctrines4 ,footnote #id3 ,just as the emperor and the chancellor are now urging upon ,parliament the passage of laws to restrict the right of public meeting and of free speech on the platform and in the press4 ,footnote #ie3 ,it is now being debated there under the direct orders of the emperor and the chancellor4 ,footnote #if3 ,we give this passage literally1 in order to furnish an indisputable evidence of the animus of ,dr4 ,bamberger when he writes of the church or of ,catholics4 ,we shall see1 as we go along1 how this spirit colors his reasoning4 ,footnote #ig3 ,dr4 ,bamberger utterly misrepresents the attitude of the ,roman ,catholics in ,germany towards the socialists4 ,in the debate of ,may #bc-bd in the ,reichstag1 on the proposed restrictive measures against the socialists1 the ,catholic members aided in defeating the government's bill3 on the very rational ground that the laws already in existence were sufficiently strong to accomplish all that the government required1 if only they were properly applied4 ,in any case it is to be hoped that a man may defend freedom of speech and public assembly without necessarily being ranked among the socialists4 ,men may defend right principles without at all defending a wrong application of them4 ,the ,protestants and ,national ,liberals who1 in this instance1 joined with the ,catholics in condemning what was essentially a tyrannous measure1 were not 8hypocrites40 ,all condemned alike the wicked attempt on the life of the ,german emperor4 ,but even that attempt did not justify what practically amounted to a wholesale gagging of the ,german people4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #ih3 ,as a matter of fact1 ,mr4 ,eccarius could not have gone to this congress at all had not the ,london correspondent of one of our ,new ,york journals furnished him with the necessary funds for his journey1 taking his letters as payment4 ,mr4 ,eccarius1 who is an able writer and personally an estimable man1 made excellent use of his visit1 as the ,london ,times took his letters from the congress and paid him at the rate of #b a column for them4 ,footnote #ii3 ,here ,dr4 ,bamberger portrays at great length and in a bantering manner the demands of those who believe that the state can remedy all evils1 and describes with humor the various programmes for state administration of domestic life1 public amusements1 education1 and what not4 ,he quotes the ,italian proverb that 8a fool in his own house is smarter than a wise man in another's mansion10 and says that the state falls into folly when it penetrates the houses of its subjects and regulates for them their domestic economy4 ,,helen ,,lee4 ,a ,,romance ,,of ,,old ,,maryland4 ,,conclusion4 ,it were difficult to describe how intensely ,helen enjoyed her ride through the wilderness4 ,a good part of the way they followed an ,indian trail which skirted the bank of the ,potomac2 but occasionally they were guided in the right direction by blazed trees4 8,the work of my dear ,william's axe10 thought ,helen4 ,in the most beautiful parks in ,england she had never beheld any scenery like this2 an ancient ,greek might have told her that the wood-nymphs and fauns had come forth from their sylvan retreats to deck her progress through their dominion4 ,it looked1 indeed1 like a festive march2 the gentian flowers were a-bloom in every open spot2 the ,american ivy flung out her gorgeous banners of orange and yellow2 the cedars were draped in scarlet woodbine2 the maple1 the gum1 the pepperidge-tree1 and the sassafras1 each one wearing a color of its own1 added glory to the landscape2 while from amid clusters of berries and chestnuts the yellow-hammer and blue-jay called out to ,helen in shrill1 gladsome notes4 8,i agree with you at last10 said ,evelyn--8,i agree with you3 the ,old ,world has no season which can compare in loveliness with the ,american ,indian ,summer40 8,and whatever father may say10 observed ,helen1 reaching out her hand as they jogged past a persimmon-tree1 8,i do love ripe persimmons4 ,nor have ,i any objection to a fat 'possum4 ,look6 look6 there goes one40 ,and sure enough ,evelyn caught a glimpse of one of those 8low1 plebeian brutes10 as ,sir ,henry ,lee called them1 making off through the bushes4 ,it was late in the evening when they reached ,st4 ,joseph's4 ,the ,angelus bell had long rung2 but there was a full moon shining1 the air was balmy1 and ,helen1 tired though she was1 was not willing to forego the pleasure of a stroll with the surprised and enraptured ,berkeley at this witching hour4 ,and as they sauntered along she gave him an account of her life since they had parted2 after which he gave her an account of his1 then ended by making a fervent appeal to her not to return to ,st4 ,mary's except as his wife4 8,does this startle you80 he asked1 as ,helen stopped short and half withdrew her arm from his1 murmuring3 8,my father6 my father60 8,oh6 ,i entreat you1 do not let ,sir ,henry stand in the way of your plighted troth4 ,think--think of me6 ,loving you with my whole heart1 yet condemned to live separated from you--,helen1 it is cruel4 ,no1 no6 ,let the holy sacrament of matrimony make us one2 then1 if circumstances still force us asunder1 it will be most consoling to know that the separation is only for a brief space4 ,i am sure ,god will soften your father's heart towards me1 and that ere long he will call me son4 ,o ,helen6 answer4 ,do not refuse my petition40 ,while her lover was speaking ,helen remembered the dream she had had1 and the ingenious method which had occurred to her in that dream for overcoming her parent's aversion to the young man4 ,at the same time her heart whispered a thousand tender things1 such as only a heart deeply in love can ever whisper2 and now when ,berkeley ended his supplication all fear of her father had vanished from her mind1 and1 looking up at him1 she said3 8,dear ,william1 ,i consent2 let it be as you wish40 8,my own dear girl60 cried ,berkeley4 8,and now1 my darling1 you have only to name the happy day4 ,when shall it be80 8,well1 let us be wedded to-morrow4 ,i will tell ,father ,mc,elroy our whole story2 when he hears it ,i am certain he will marry us40 ,and ,helen was right4 ,the wise1 kind-hearted priest1 after lending an attentive ear to what she narrated to him early the next day1 agreed to perform the ceremony forthwith4 ,indeed1 there was nothing ,father ,mc,elroy liked better than to see young folks united in wedlock1 and whenever a young couple announced to him that they were betrothed he always clapped his hands and cried3 8,good6 good6 ,my children1 you could not bring me better news40 ,the wedding was as private as possible4 ,then ,helen abode a fortnight at ,st4 ,joseph's--a blissful fortnight--after which she went back to her father1 who1 when he saw her coming towards him1 exclaimed3 8,the jaunt has done the child a world of good6 ,she needed a change of air40 ,whereupon ,sir ,henry's friend answered3 8,ay1 ,harry1 her cheeks are rosier1 and she is every way prettier1 than when she left us40 ,the winter that followed this glorious ,indian ,summer was a very happy winter indeed4 ,almost every evening ,evelyn visited the tower and passed an hour in the queen's room1 where ,helen played merry airs and sang joyous songs2 and so pleased was ,sir ,henry at the way she behaved towards the baronet that he laid aside his gruff manner entirely1 and addressed her always in the kindest voice2 for which1 we may be sure1 ,helen felt extremely grateful to generous ,evelyn1 who was playing his part to perfection4 ,and once when the old gentleman kissed her and asked when the happy day was to be--8,for1 child1 ,i am growing old2 don't put it off much longer0--,helen answered3 8,i promise1 father1 that ,i will yet make you the happiest man in the colony40 ,at which he gave her another kiss1 then1 walking up to the ancient suit of armor1 he began talking to it in an undertone1 to the no small amusement of his friend ,dick1 who had heard him say that this armor was haunted by the ghost of one of his forefathers4 ,but nothing contributed so much to ,helen's peace of mind as a certain resolution which her father came to towards ,christmastide4 ,sir ,henry had resolved to make a visit to his native land in the company of his friend ,dick1 who would be obliged to return in spring4 ,the ,ark1 the same vessel that had brought him to ,maryland1 would sail for ,england early in ,march1 and the temptation to see his birth-place once more ere he died was too strong to be resisted4 ,sir ,henry announced his intention to ,helen with a tear in his eye4 8,but ,i'll not be long gone1 child4 ,i'll be back again before autumn40 ,which when ,helen heard1 instead of looking pensive1 as her father thought she would1 she sat down to her harpsichord and played the most gleeful air he had ever heard in his life--an air which ,helen herself had composed during her honeymoon at ,st4 ,joseph's4 ,many times that winter did she repeat this happy air1 and more than once1 too1 when she finished playing it1 she burst into a merry laugh2 and whenever ,sir ,henry begged to be told what pleasant thought was amusing her1 she only laughed on1 then ended by twining her arms about his neck and saying3 8,dear1 dear father6 don't be longer away than the last day of summer40 ,as for ,evelyn1 during those months he was happy too4 ,yes1 he truly was1 and often said to himself3 8,thank ,god6 ,i am awakened from the listless and supine life ,i was leading40 ,and he inwardly confessed that ,helen's refusal of him had kindled him into a man4 ,father ,mc,elroy1 to whom he made known his resolve to enter the priesthood1 was delighted1 and lent him several books which it was needful that he should read2 and having already taken his degree at ,oxford1 ,sir ,charles was not ill prepared for his glorious vocation4 ,yes1 those days were days of peace and sunshine for the young wife1 and when by and by ,march arrived and her father bade her adieu1 she did not feel lonesome for being left all alone in the tower4 ,the ,ark1 she knew1 was a stanch craft1 and would carry ,sir ,henry safe across the ocean1 helped by her prayers2 then back in a few months he would come1 to meet a joyful surprise4 ,of ,helen's life during this spring and summer naught need be said4 ,time flew swiftly by2 every opportunity brought a letter from her dear ,william2 and now we find ourselves verging towards ,september1 and ,helen is gazing anxiously from the highest window of her home to catch sight of ,the ,ark1 which may any hour be expected4 ,at length1 on the very last day of ,august1 ,the ,ark appeared2 and was ever ship so beautiful in ,helen's eyes8 ,happy indeed was the meeting between father and daughter4 8,but you look a little pale1 child--a little pale10 spoke ,sir ,henry1 as he clasped her in his arms4 8,worrying1 no doubt1 about me4 ,well1 we had a tempestuous voyage last spring1 and coming back the sea was not much smoother2 ,i once thought we might never reach land4 ,but1 nevertheless1 here ,i am safe and sound1 and now your cheeks must bloom again40 ,then1 after the fond greeting was over1 ,sir ,henry set out1 accompanied by ,evelyn1 to inspect his domain4 8,let us first go see how your lilies are thriving10 suggested the latter--8the lilies which you planted by the ,island of ,tranquil ,delight40 8,yes1 yes1 we will visit them first of all10 answered ,sir ,henry4 ,accordingly1 off they went1 briskly too1 for the old gentleman was delighted to find himself on solid earth again1 and from a distance he caught sight of the lilies1 and of something else besides which was not a lily1 but lovely1 wonderful1 bewitching1 half hidden in a small birch canoe that floated in the midst of the beautiful flowers4 8,well1 ,i do declare1 here is a baby--a winsome blue-eyed baby60 cried ,sir ,henry1 beside himself with astonishment1 as he bent his rheumatic back over the little mortal1 who seemed to know him1 for the prettiest of blue peepers began straightway to wink and make love to him2 and as soon as he lifted it out of the canoe1 deep into his grizzly beard its tiny fingers dove and wove themselves4 8,well6 well6 ,this is truly amazing60 he continued4 8,some villanous ,indian must have stolen it from its mother4 ,but ,i will rescue it40 8,so it would seem10 remarked ,evelyn1 with difficulty repressing a smile1 8for here are a bow and arrows and deerskin blanket40 8,the wretch6 the vile kidnapper60 went on ,sir ,henry4 ,then1 wrapping the infant in his coat1 8,come1 come10 he added2 8although 'tis a warm day1 yet this poor wee creature might take its death of cold4 ,come1 ,i must hurry home2 and do you make all speed to the town and fetch a nurse40 8,helen6 ,helen6 ,where are you80 cried ,sir ,henry the moment he reached the tower4 8,quick1 ,helen6 and look what ,i have found4 ,helen6 ,helen60 ,but his daughter did not appear for half an hour1 by which time a nurse had been procured and was already bestowing all needful attention on the little stranger4 8,why1 father60 exclaimed ,helen1 with radiant countenance1 as the old gentleman led her into the baby's presence1 8why1 what a treasure this is6 ,it will no doubt bring you good luck40 8,i verily believe it will2 perhaps money enough to finish my castle10 said ,sir ,henry4 8,although0--here he looked yearningly at his daughter--8although this is not the babe ,i am longing to greet40 8,well1 well1 we will do our best to make the pretty waif at home among us10 pursued ,helen4 8,i am sure we shall get to like it4 ,why1 see6 see6 'tis reaching out its hands towards you1 father40 8,just what it did when ,i first discovered it among the lilies10 said ,sir ,henry4 8,but now let us retire and leave it awhile with the nurse2 for the little darling must need sleep40 ,accordingly they withdrew2 and through all the rest of that memorable day ,sir ,henry could do nothing except talk about his wonderful discovery by the ,island of ,tranquil ,delight4 ,during the week which followed ,sir ,henry paid frequent visits to the nursery1 and his fondness for the infant grew with the hours4 ,like many a stern1 imperious nature1 he completely unbent2 he became woman-like in his devotion to it4 ,closely and with fluttering heart did ,helen watch him as he fondled the babe1 who never whimpered when he approached1 but1 on the contrary1 always smiled and made funny signs with its fingers1 which ,sir ,henry declared that he understood4 ,then her father would take it in his arms and speak to it2 and once he carried it into the queen's room1 where he showed it the rusty armor and portrait of the queen4 ,it was during one of these pleasant promenades that he turned to ,helen and said1 8,my daughter1 ought we not to have the little one baptized80 ,helen breathed a short prayer ere she answered1 then spoke3 8,father1 the baby is already baptized2 his name is ,harry ,lee40 8,harry ,lee6 ,what mean you80 exclaimed ,sir ,henry1 giving a start2 and he might have let his precious charge drop1 had not its mother sprung forward and caught it4 ,then1 while she pressed it to her bosom1 the truth like lightning flashed upon him4 8,and ,i am now ,helen ,berkeley10 went on ,helen4 8,but we have christened our darling ,harry ,lee40 8,good heavens60 cried ,sir ,henry1 utterly aghast4 8,good heavens6 ,how you have deceived me60 ,as he spoke his brow grew dark as a thunder-cloud and the mother trembled4 ,presently1 clasping her infant still closer to her bosom1 8,o father6 father60 she sobbed1 8forgive me6 forgive me60 ,and while ,helen sobbed and implored1 and while the old knight was trying to calm himself sufficiently to go on and vent his indignation in measured terms1 the baby1 for the first time since he had found it among the lilies1 turned away from him and began to cry4 ,this was more than ,sir ,henry could stand4 ,its wailing accents pierced deep into his heart4 ,there was a moment's struggle within him2 then1 going up to it1 he let fall a tear on its bare head1 saying3 8,harry1 ,harry1 don't cry4 ,for love of you ,i will forgive all40 ,berkeley1 who had been for the past three days at ,st4 ,mary's1 was not long in answering his wife's summons to speed to the tower1 and with him came ,father ,mc,elroy1 who offered to take the whole blame on himself4 ,but all was blue sky now2 the baby had triumphed1 and as ,sir ,henry grasped the hand of his son-in-law he said3 8,i thank you1 ay1 from the bottom of my heart ,i thank you1 for christening the child ,harry ,lee4 ,i hope it is his whole name1 no addition80 8,harry ,lee and nothing else10 replied the happy ,berkeley2 whereupon ,sir ,henry1 in the fulness of his joy1 took the child away from ,helen1 and1 kneeling down at ,father ,mc,elroy's feet1 said1 ,anglican though he was3 8,reverend father1 may ,i ask your blessing on me and my grandson80 ,then1 when the blessing had been pronounced1 he rose up off his knees1 and exclaimed with a voice and mien which those who were present never forgot3 8,o ,god be thanked6 ,i shall not be the last of the ,lees40 99 99 99 99 99 ,one autumn day in the year #affj a young pale-face might have been seen entering an ,indian village which stood on the western slope of one of the ,alleghany mountains and not far from the source of the ,monongahela4 ,he was a tall1 handsome youth1 with long1 chestnut hair resting on his shoulders2 yet withal he had a somewhat girlish countenance which sorted ill with the deep scar across his left cheek1 that looked very like a sabre-cut4 ,presently he reined in his steed in front of a big cabin forming the centre of the village1 and on top of which was a cross1 and said to himself1 8,this must be the church02 then inquired for ,father ,evelyn4 ,a few minutes later the young man entered a wigwam close by1 and found himself face to face with his god-father2 but neither recognized the other4 8,are you truly ,harry ,lee80 exclaimed the priest1 with visible emotion4 8,why1 ,harry1 ,i have not laid eyes on you since you were a child4 ,is this indeed you80 ,we may be sure that ,harry was warmly welcomed to the missionary's humble abode1 where for a score of years he had dwelt with his savage flock around him2 but no1 not savages any longer4 ,virtue reigned in the midst of this happy tribe1 and no prisoner had been put to the torture by them for well-nigh a hundred moons4 8,you tell me ,sir ,henry is dead10 said ,father ,evelyn1 after the first words of greeting were over4 8,well1 well1 ,god rest his soul60 8,dear grandfather60 said ,harry4 8,not many like him left in this world4 ,he was so loyal2 he was steel itself4 ,why1 he took to his bed the very day the news reached him of the battle of ,naseby1 and never left it again--no1 never--and died within twenty-four hours after hearing of the king's execution4 #8,damn the ,roundheads6' he cried1 as he rose up on his pillow--#8damn the ,roundheads6 ,no1 no2 ,god--,god forgive them--,god save the king6' ,oh6 ,i shall never forget his expression as he uttered these his very last words40 ,here ,harry brushed away a tear and was silent a moment4 8,before dying10 went on the youth presently1 8he gave me this book0--as he spoke he drew from his pocket a well-fingered copy of ,don ,quixote--8and mother has taught me ,spanish1 and ,i carry this book about with me wherever ,i go40 8,your mother10 said ,father ,evelyn1 8your mother--tell me how she is40 8,thank ,god6 mother is in excellent health10 answered ,harry4 8,but it was long before she recovered from the shock of my father's death4 ,we have a comfortable home at ,jamestown1 ,virginia2 we want for nothing40 7,berkeley would have died a much richer man1 except for his father-in-law's debts1 which he paid47 8,but mother cannot get over her love for ,maryland1 and last year we made a visit to ,st4 ,mary's4 ,but we did not stay long2 'twas too sad4 ,there the tower stands1 half hidden by wild vines and creepers1 and surrounded by persimmon-trees4 ,once a rude churl dared to call it #8,lee's folly'2 but ,i made him rue the day--rue the day40 ,as ,harry spoke he sprang to his feet2 his face1 a moment before as mild and tranquil as a woman's--his very mother's face1 which ,father ,evelyn remembered so well--changed in an instant2 and while the lightning darted out of his eyes1 the priest beheld the face of old ,sir ,henry4 ,ay1 and farther back1 too1 it went through the generations--back1 back3 it was the self-same look which ,harry's ancestor wore who fell at ,agincourt4 8,well1 is the old home deserted80 asked ,father ,evelyn1 after calming him and persuading him to resume his seat4 8,no2 it is used for a look-out tower1 and from its summit you can see ships a long distance down the river40 ,presently ,harry noticed a painting hanging on the wall above a rude book-case1 and1 after eyeing it a moment1 said the two faces in the picture reminded him of his father and mother4 ,to this the priest made no response1 except to observe that he intended to bequeath him this painting when he died4 8,my good ,indians will keep it safe for you1 ,harry4 ,do not forget to come for it40 ,then after a pause1 during which he ruthlessly crushed many a golden memory1 ,father ,evelyn added3 8,the scene represented is not strictly historical1 for ,st4 ,george lived some time later than ,st4 ,margaret4 ,but in one of the old miracle plays of the middle ages the knight is made to rescue ,st4 ,margaret from the dragon40 ,harry ,lee tarried a week under his god-father's roof1 and a pleasant week it was2 after which he returned to his far-off home in ,virginia4 ,but before departing ,father ,evelyn took his hand in his1 and1 pressing it1 said3 8,harry1 who knows when we may meet again8 ,so listen well to what ,i am about to say4 ,your dear father ,i knew most intimately4 ,in the colony of ,maryland there was no better man than ,william ,berkeley2 none more active2 none to whom1 after ,lord ,baltimore himself1 the people have been more indebted for their prosperity and happiness4 ,therefore tread in his footsteps4 ,you tell me that you are a surveyor4 ,well1 labor hard and honestly at your profession4 ,learn betimes to measure life2 stay true to the faith2 and above all things don't dream--don't dream40 ,,hermitages ,,in ,,the ,,pyr,n,,es ,,orientales4 8,let man return to ,god the same way in which he turned from him2 and as the love of created beauty made him lose sight of the ,creator1 so let the beauty of the creature lead him back to the beauty of the ,creator40--,st4 ,isidore of ,seville4 ,,ii4 ,three miles from the village of ,passa is the hermitage of ,st4 ,luc on an elevated plateau1 surrounded by thorny furze and the cistus1 and a few old mulberry-trees4 ,it overlooks a vast plain dotted with villages1 and in the distance is the ,mediterranean--no melancholy main1 but a golden sea of light beneath a burning sun4 ,this is a place of strategical importance1 and in time of war has been alternately occupied by ,french and ,spanish troops4 ,the chapel has been restored1 and a hermit lives in the adjoining cell4 ,near by is a fountain shaded by plane-trees to slake his thirst4 ,on great festivals the peasants come to sing the ,goigs relating to the chapel1 and votive ,masses are frequently offered up for the cure of various maladies4 ,about two miles from the little walled town of ,ille in the valley of the ,tet1 on the side of the mountains that separate it from the valley of the ,tet1 is the hermitage of ,st4 ,maurice shaded by walnut-trees 7what we call the ,english walnut74 ,it is a lonely spot1 but there is an agreeable view over the broad valley4 ,the chapel is dear to the people1 and they come here with holy songs on the feast of ,st4 ,maurice1 who is invoked for fevers1 common in this region4 ,over the altar is his statue as a ,roman soldier1 and near him are two sainted virgins who overcame the fiery dragon--,st4 ,martha and ,st4 ,marguerite4 ,in the pavement is inserted--a rare thing to find in these chapels--the tombstone of an old hermit who died here in #ageh1 with its ,pregau per ell4 ,further up1 on the right bank of the ,tet1 you came to ,prades1 a village north of the ,canigou1 in a valley teeming with wheat1 vines1 delicious peaches noted in the market of ,toulouse1 and fruit of all kinds4 ,the very hills are terraced for cultivation4 ,a few miles distant is the hermitage of ,st4 ,etienne on a spur of the ,canigou inaccessible to carriages--a wild1 desolate place where rocks are piled on rocks1 out of which gush clear1 sparkling rills that keep alive the few plants and shrubs that grow wherever soil can collect4 ,it once belonged to the counts of the ,cerdagne4 ,the chapel often serves as a refuge to the shepherds of the mountain in storms4 ,here is a picture of ,st4 ,stephen with a stone on his head1 as he is painted by ,carpaccio4 ,just beyond the chapel rises the ,roc del ,moro1 a high peak crowned by the ruins of an old watch-tower--perhaps a ,moorish ,atalaya4 ,near ,prades1 on an elevation overlooking the fertile valley1 is the ancient hermitage of ,st4 ,jean ,baptiste1 now private property1 though the chapel is open to the public4 ,the ,canigou presents an imposing aspect from the terrace1 and not far off are the interesting ruins of an old monastery4 8,the long ribbed aisles are burst and shrunk1 ,the holy shrines to ruin sunk1 ,departed is the pious monk1 ,god's blessing on his soul60 ,the hermitage of ,st4 ,christophe is on a mountain shelf shaded by a venerable hermit oak1 looking off over a beautiful valley sprinkled with villages such as ,ria1 ,sirach1 etc4 ,beyond tower the calm1 grand heights of the ,canigou1 that1 like the contemplative soul1 stands above the world1 its gray sides relieved by no soft green pasture-land1 and yielding no corn or oil to man1 but holding in its stern recesses the cold glacier springs whose waters pour down through summer heat from its storehouses of ice and snow to refresh the thirsty plain1 fit emblem of the holy influences that rain down from the sanctuaries it overshadows4 ,the huge ,st4 ,christopher may well be set up among these giant peaks1 'mid flood and fell4 ,his beautiful legend is told in a series of bas-reliefs around the walls of the old chapel of rubble-work4 ,on the #ajth of ,july1 when he is specially honored here1 as in ,catalonia1 the surrounding villages come here in procession1 stopping on the way to pray at the oratory of ,st4 ,sebastian4 ,after their devotions at ,st4 ,christopher's they eat their lunch among the rocks and drink from the stone basins in the caves4 ,not far off is ,ria with its castle--the cradle of an historic race from which descended the old counts of ,barcelona1 as well as many a king and queen of ,aragon1 ,navarre1 ,france1 etc4 ,several of the present sovereigns of ,europe1 in fact1 might trace their descent from the old lords of the obscure hamlet of ,ria4 ,the valley of the ,tet contracts to a mere gorge at ,villefranche1 where there is barely room for the river and the two streets that constitute the town4 ,this is one of the first places fortified by ,vauban4 ,further on there is only a mule-path along the ravine shut in by wild1 rocky mountains whose sides are lashed by fierce torrents4 ,on one of these is the hermitage of ,st4 ,pierre de la ,roca1 reached by climbing a steep path cut in the sides of the cliff4 ,the chapel fell to ruin at the ,revolution1 and the ,madonna1 which had been found ages before in a cave1 was carried to the parish church4 ,it is now owned by private individuals1 who have had it restored4 ,adjoining is the hermitage1 that looks down on the beautiful villages of ,fulla and ,sahorre4 ,directly behind rise tall cliffs1 and beyond is a vast amphitheatre of mountains1 above which towers the majestic ,canigou4 ,a convent once stood close by1 the monks of which served the church of the ,tour ,carre at the foot of the mountain1 now in ruins4 ,the convent1 too1 is gone4 ,you see only the remains of the old kitchen with its marble pavement and fine cistern2 and1 climbing up the side of the cliff by means of a ladder1 you come to a terrace where the monks had their parterre of flowers for the garden4 ,close by is the ,virgin's ,cave1 where the ,madonna was found4 ,the chapel1 which is only twenty-five feet long and ten wide1 has few ornaments except the statues of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,teresa4 ,before the entrance are several tombstones1 on one of which is this inscription3 8,thou who regardest this tomb1 why dost thou not despise that which is mortal8 ,a similar dwelling is reserved for all mankind4 ,what thou art1 ,i was4 ,what ,i am1 thou wilt be4 ,i was honored in the world1 and now ,i am laid away and forgotten in the tomb4 ,i shone in the world with my rich garments2 now ,i am naked in the grave4 ,i only inspire horror4 ,i lived in delights44440 ,unfortunately the inscription is incomplete4 ,there is no name1 no device1 to indicate who it was that had thus tested the pleasures of life4 ,the stone only echoes the eternal refrain3 ,vanitas vanitatis4 ,the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,doma ,nova is on a peak in the ancient seigneurie of ,domanove4 ,at the foot is a rivulet that feeds the stream of ,riu-,fags4 ,the terrace is shaded by evergreens4 ,you enter by a pretty porch and find yourself before a medival-looking altar with a ,madonna dressed in the ,spanish style4 ,this statue was found under a juniper by means of a lamb that had strayed thither4 ,among the ex-votos on the walls is a painting of a hermit tied to a pillar by a band of ,huguenots who are setting fire to the chapel he is in4 ,this commemorates a pleasing instance of ,protestant toleration in #aehj4 ,the ,huguenots of ,barn made several raids into ,roussillon in the sixteenth century1 and a company was organized to resist them1 for which several communes were rewarded by the king of ,spain with special privileges4 ,ille1 for instance1 was allowed to hold a fair4 ,the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de la ,roca stands on a naked cliff not far from ,nyer4 ,in the depths of the ravine below flows the ,mantet 'mid rocks and frightful precipices4 ,near by are the ruins of an old battlemented tower1 and on the other side of the stream1 in a still wilder1 more inaccessible spot1 is the cave where the ,madonna was found by a girl in search of fagots4 ,the chapel is vaulted and adorned in ,spanish fashion1 with a retablo over the altar1 on the panels of which are painted the mysteries of religion4 ,the ,virgin and ,child are in silken garments2 and an iron reja protects the sanctuary4 ,people come here to pray in time of calamity1 and often hang their votive offerings on the wall4 ,the hermitage of ,st4 ,jacques de ,calahors is but little frequented4 ,it has a poor desolate chapel with rude images of the ,virgin and ,st4 ,james1 and an altar to ,st4 ,antich1 probably some ,spanish saint4 ,if any one wishes to live in poverty and undisturbed solitude1 he could find no more suitable place than the wild1 desolate region of which ,st4 ,jacques is the culminating point4 8,never was spot more sadly meet ,for lonely prayer and hermit feet40 ,the hermitage of ,la ,trinit is known to have existed in the ninth century4 ,think of that6 ,a thousand years of prayer in this sacred desert6 ,what fruits of immortal life from this obscure region6 ,the present chapel is of the twelfth century4 ,here is a curious crucifix known as the ,santa ,majestad1 said to have come down from the age of ,charlemagne4 ,it is in great veneration1 and sung in quaint ,catalan ,goigs perhaps as ancient as the image itself4 ,the ,christ is clothed in a long tunic that allows only the hands and feet and head to be seen4 ,he is fastened to the cross by four nails1 and around the head project long rays4 ,there are several of these singular crucifixes in the ,pyrnes ,orientales1 and we remember seeing a similar one at ,naples1 clad in its long crimson tunic4 ,the chapel is surmounted by three crosses1 of which the central one is the highest4 ,behind rises a peak1 on which stands the old donjon of ,belpuig that dates at least from the thirteenth century4 ,la ,trinit is very popular in this pastoral region1 and on ,st4 ,peter's day and ,trinity ,sunday the mountains ring with the ,goigs of the shepherds and herdsmen4 ,one of the most picturesque hermitages in the valley of the ,tet1 and certainly the most popular1 is ,notre ,dame de ,font ,romieu1 a mountain solitude surrounded by pines1 delightful in summer1 but so snowy in winter that the chapel is closed to the public about the middle of ,november1 and scarcely opened again till spring4 ,but in the summer it is open night and day1 that the shepherds may come here at any hour they are at leisure4 ,the actual chapel is of the seventeenth century1 but it is on the site of one much older1 built to receive the ,virgin found here in #aaac4 ,this venerated statue is kept at ,odello the greater part of the year4 ,on ,trinity ,sunday it is brought here in solemn procession and left for a few months1 when it is carried back with equal pomp4 ,on these days there are five or six thousand pilgrims4 ,the ,virgin and ,child are crowned and clothed in rich garments1 so their faces alone are visible1 but they are evidently very ancient4 ,the fountain that1 according to the ,goigs1 sprang up where the statue was discovered is beneath the high altar1 and the water is conveyed by pipes beneath the pavement of the chapel to the court1 where the pilgrims go to drink4 ,it is remarkably pure and cool4 ,one pipe extends to a private room1 where there is a large reservoir1 twelve feet square1 made of a single block of granite1 for the purpose of bathing4 ,this tank is inscribed3 ,fons salutis ,maria4 ,those who come here to bathe first say the rosary before a statue of the ,virgin at one end of the room1 after which they walk several times around the reservoir1 praying ,our ,lady de la ,salud as they go4 ,a short distance from the hermitage is another fountain1 called ,st4 ,jean4 ,one peculiarity about the chapel is that one-half of it is higher than the rest4 ,you traverse part of the nave1 and then ascend seven steps to the remainder1 into which open the side chapels and the sanctuary4 ,the retablo of the high altar is covered with bas-reliefs of the life of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which1 as well as the other sculptures1 were done by ,suer1 an artist of the seventeenth century from ,manresa1 ,spain4 ,the walls are covered with an infinite number of ex-votos1 such as crutches1 long tresses of hair1 rude pictures of the ,virgin invoked in time of danger1 etc4 ,the whole edifice is rich with gilding and sculpture1 and1 when filled with lights and flowers on great festivals1 is quite dazzling4 ,over one of the altars in a niche is an old painting of ,san ,ildefonso of ,toledo receiving the ,santa ,casulla from the hands of the ,virgin4 ,we love to find this great servant of ,mary in her churches--him who seemed clothed with her virtues as with the garment she gave him1 and who is never weary of dwelling on her exalted mission4 8,lo1 by means of this ,virgin the whole earth is filled with the glory of ,god60 exclaims he4 ,the ,mass here on his festival is obligatory for the parish of ,odello4 ,near the church is a still higher eminence1 to which you ascend by a path winding around the mount with the ,stations of the ,cross up the sad1 funereal way1 terminating in a ,calvary with the uplifted image of ,him who alone can heal the serpent's wounds that filled our souls with death4 ,the buildings at ,font ,romieu are quite extensive4 ,there is a hostelry with a gallery of eleven arcades in front1 where meals are prepared and rooms furnished those who wish to make a retreat4 ,during the summer not a day passes without visitors4 ,but the great day of the year is the patronal festival on the #hth of ,september1 when the people of all the neighboring valleys come here1 displaying a variety of physiognomy and costume hardly to be found elsewhere4 ,sometimes they amount to ten or twelve thousand4 ,from the earliest dawn you can see them flocking in from every quarter1 in the costume of their own valley1 praying aloud or singing sacred hymns4 ,as soon as they come in sight of the ,calvary they fall on their knees to salute the uplifted ,image so powerful to save1 and again at the sight of the holy chapel4 ,they hear ,mass1 go to ,holy ,communion1 and1 after completing their devotions1 they scatter over the green to eat their lunch1 when the whole scene assumes the aspect of a rural festival full of innocent gayety4 ,venders of fruit1 cakes1 and all kinds of wares1 secular and holy1 fasten themselves upon you with amusing pertinacity1 while wandering musicians1 in hopes of a few sous1 begin to play on various rustic instruments--the flageolet1 oboes1 and perchance1 at a proper distance from the holy chapel1 the tambourine and bag-pipe4 ,meanwhile1 ,goigs succeed each other all day long in the chapel1 sung by peasants to rude mountain airs quite in harmony with the words and place4 ,every valley awaits its turn to sing its hymn before the ,holy ,mother of ,god4 8,love of ,mary is to them ,as the very outer hem ,of the ,saviour's garments blessed60 ,one would think the age here still ,golden1 so nave is the piety1 so simple the manners1 of these mountaineers4 ,we come now to the valley of the ,tech1 abounding in harvests and rich meadows kept verdant by the mountain streams4 ,the air is pure and exhilarating4 ,the pastures are full of sheep and goats4 ,on one hand are the ridges of the ,canigou with watch-towers and ruins of old castles on the tops1 and mines of iron ore in their bosom4 ,the sides of the gorges are bristling with gloomy pines1 and the rocky cliffs aflame with the rhododendrons that grow in their crevices4 ,on the other hand is the long line of the ,albres with pleasant villages in their folds1 and torrents of crystal coursing down their sides4 ,beyond is ,spain1 true land of ,mary4 ,prats-de-,mollo is the last town on the frontier4 ,it is an old place1 at the very source of the ,tech1 surrounded by the fortifications of a bygone age1 and commanded by a fort on one of the heights above4 ,a few miles from the town is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,coral1 delightfully situated on a mountain among trees that afford an agreeable shade to the weary pilgrim1 while cool springs are at hand to quench his thirst1 and rooms provided should he wish to tarry4 ,the ,madonna is in great repute1 not only in the province but across the border4 ,the word coral is supposed to refer to the heart of the oak in which the ,virgin was found4 ,but that was ages ago4 ,it is known to have existed in #abfa4 ,this ancient image is now enclosed in another1 likewise very old1 as if to enshrine it4 ,it is over the high altar1 behind which is a stairway that enables the votary to approach it4 ,at one of the side altars is another of those ancient crucifixes similar to the ,santa ,majestad at ,la ,trinit1 supposed to be of ,spanish origin4 ,it came from an old hospice at the entrance of a ,coll1 or mountain pass1 not far from ,prats-de-,mollo1 where lodged pilgrims to ,compostella in the middle ages4 ,there is still a round building remaining that formed part of this hospice1 with four openings towards the different points of the compass1 in which lights used to be placed to guide the traveller by night4 ,the chapel1 too1 called ,notre ,dame du ,coll d',ares1 is still standing1 but is sequestrated4 ,but to return to our hermitage4 ,among the numerous ex-votos on the chapel walls is a curious painting of a young man1 seized by two demons1 invoking the aid of the ,virgin1 who appears and carries him off by the hair of his head4 ,beneath is the inscription3 8,this miracle was wrought by ,maria ,santissima del ,coral in favor of ,joan ,solna in the year #aeii4 ,thomas ,solna1 his descendant1 had this painting done in #agjd for the honor and glory of the ,verge ,purissima40 ,mgr4 ,gerbet1 ,bishop of ,perpignan1 visited this hermitage in #aheg1 and commemorated his visit by a graceful poem which runs thus in more sober ,english prose3 8,seora del ,coral1 for ages the protectress of the pious people of ,prats1 ,tech1 and ,st4 ,sauveur1 as soon as a turn in the mountains brought thy chapel in view1 the song of the pilgrim burst from my heart4 ,the rock of ,aras1 once consecrated to false gods1 exorcised at thy coming1 has ever since proclaimed the true ,lord4 ,let thine ancient power be again renewed4 ,destroy in us all devotion to worldly idols with their lowering influences4 ,and accept this ephemeral homage in union with the ,goigs that for so many ages have resounded in these mountains4 ,let my verse mingle with these ancient hymns1 as among thy venerable elms the flower of a day springs up and then dies40 ,between ,prats-de-,mollo and ,tech1 not far from the source of the ,comalada1 a branch of the ,tech1 is the hermitage of ,st4 ,guillem de ,combret in the midst of the ridges that shoot off from the ,canigou like huge buttresses4 ,in ancient times there was a ,pausa here where pilgrims to ,spain found shelter--a kind of station or hostelry1 where pious people exercised their charity in allaying the fatigue of such holy wanderers4 ,the ,pausa ,guillelmi is spoken of in the donation of a part of ,mt4 ,canigou to the abbey of ,st4 ,martin by ,count ,wifredo of ,barcelona4 ,in the eleventh century it seems1 however1 to have belonged to the ,benedictines of the neighboring village of ,arles1 whose church1 still standing1 contains the shrine of ,,ss4 ,abdon and ,sennen1 noted for the perpetual flow of miraculous water4 ,these saints are very popular all through these valleys1 and are called by the peasants ,los ,cossos ,santos1 or the ,sewed-,together ,saints1 perhaps because they are never mentioned apart4 ,there is only a part of their remains here1 brought from ,rome at some remote period1 as the guide-book sneeringly says1 to free the neighborhood from the dragons and other wild animals that infested it4 ,we know that when these saints were exposed to the fury of two lions and four bears in the ,coliseum1 the animals became tame and harmless before them4 ,no wonder that1 crowned in heaven1 they should be equally powerful against error1 or the wild beasts1 whichever it might be1 that infested these mountains4 ,the lives of the saints do not mention ,st4 ,william of ,combret1 but the ancient ,goigs and sculptures of the chapel set forth a few details of his life4 ,according to these1 he was a ,frank who came to seek solitude and oblivion among these ,pyrenees4 ,the wild goats used to come and offer him their milk for nourishment4 ,and to confound the impiety of the smiths 7who are still numerous at ,arles7 he wrought1 as by miracle1 a bell in their presence that still rings the hour of prayer--an iron bell1 very broad in shape and sharp of clang4 ,the rough altar of solid stone he is said to have brought here unaided4 ,he died at ,alp in the ,spanish ,cerdagne1 and two blind women are known to have recovered their sight at his tomb4 ,his statue in the chapel represents him with book and crosier1 as if an abbot4 ,beside the hermitage is a small garden and a fountain of delicious water4 ,on ,st4 ,guillem's day the parish of ,tech comes here in procession2 ,high ,mass is offered2 four gospels are sung in the open air1 as if to proclaim it to the four quarters of the globe2 benediction is given with a relic of the ,true ,cross2 and pains bnits are distributed in remembrance of the hospitality of the old ,pausa4 ,prats-de-,mollo comes here on ,st4 ,magdalen's day1 for to her the place was dedicated before the time of ,st4 ,guillem4 ,religious traditions never seem to grow dim in the memory of these tenacious mountaineers4 ,three miles from the watering-place of ,amlie-les-,bains is the hermitage of ,st4 ,engracia in a green valley that once belonged to the ,benedictines of ,arles4 ,the cell is in ruins1 and the little chapel very poor4 ,the walls are about four feet thick1 and the dim light makes it seem like a cave4 ,there is only one altar1 with the virgin martyr of ,zaragoza on it1 a palm in her hand and a nail piercing her brow4 ,her legend is told in some old paintings on the wall4 ,there are statues1 too1 of the ,cossos ,santos4 ,coming down to ,ceret1 where the ,albres sink into the plain1 the ,tech is spanned by an immense arch1 by no means so pretentious in the spring1 when the snow melts in the mountains and the waters come pouring down through the wild gorges1 sweeping everything before them4 ,a little way from the village is the hermitage of ,st4 ,ferrol on the plateau of a mountain4 ,the road to it passes through vineyards1 and is bordered by cherry1 walnut1 and other trees4 ,the chapel is in such veneration that the peasants often used to ascend the mountain on their knees with a candle in their hands1 in fulfilment of their vows1 and perhaps do so still4 ,before it is a terrace shaded by elms1 beneath which are two springs4 ,here is a fine view over the valley of the ,tech extending to the very sea1 while in the background are the everlasting mountains4 ,in the chapel is a statue of ,st4 ,ferrol in the garb of a ,roman soldier1 with a sword in his left hand4 ,he is said to have been an officer of some high grade1 martyred for the faith at ,vienne1 in ,dauphin1 in #cjc4 ,there is an altar here to ,notre ,dame dels ,desemparats--the ,catalan for abandoned or forsaken4 ,there are times in every one's life when one feels the need of invoking such a ,madonna1 and she may well be set up here in a solitude that harmonizes with the feelings of those who have need to appeal to her4 ,to be friendless is solitude1 says ,epictetus4 ,the women of ,valencia wear combs on which is graven the image of ,nuestra ,seora de los ,desemparados1 but whether this is by way of bewailing their forsaken condition1 or to announce their readiness to be consoled1 or merely by way of averting the possible contingencies of life1 we cannot say4 ,a ,catalan inscription on the holy-water vase states that it was given by a hermit of ,st4 ,ferrol who had been a slave at ,constantinople twenty-four years4 ,the chapel is specially frequented in time of epidemics1 and on the festivals of ,,ss4 ,lawrence and ,ferrol1 when worship is conducted with great pomp1 the ,goigs never cease around the altars4 ,the hermitage of ,notre ,dame del ,castel is on a mount belonging to the chain of the ,albres1 a few miles from the pretty village of ,sorrde4 ,the pathway up the height is bordered with violets1 wild thyme1 furze1 and various shrubs4 ,you pass three crosses1 and a small oratory where the processions of ,rogation week stop on their way to the mount to sing a hymn to the ,virgin4 ,the hermitage is in a fine position1 shaded by trees1 the terrace overlooking a vast extent of country with the immensity of the sea in the distance4 ,in sight are several places of interest--the rock of ,montblanc1 where once stood a royal chteau2 the ,cova de las ,encantadas1 or the fairies' cave2 and1 on the top of an isolated peak1 the ruins of the old castle of ,ultrera1 which history says was taken by ,wamba1 ,king of the ,visigoths1 in the seventh century4 ,don ,pedro of ,aragon received its keys from ,don ,jaime of ,majorca in #acdd4 ,finally1 it became the property of the lords of ,sorrde4 ,marshal ,schomberg took it from the ,spanish in #afge1 and the place his troops occupied is still pointed out as the ,camp des ,franais4 ,the castle being dismantled by order of ,louis ,,xiv41 ,jeanne de ,barn1 who had seigneurial rights over it1 took possession1 among other things1 of the ancient ,madonna in the chapel1 and built another to receive it4 ,this statue had long before been miraculously discovered in a cave of the mountains4 ,there is a singular expression of sweetness in the face1 and both ,mother and ,child are considered muy hermosos4 ,she is dressed in ,spanish style1 the veil that falls around her partly covering the ,child4 ,great crowds come here on the festivals of the ,virgin1 where ,mass is sometimes sung at an altar under the trees1 and the people1 spread around on the neighboring heights1 give it the aspect of an amphitheatre4 ,not a mile from the hamlet of ,la ,roca1 where ,philip le ,hardi in his campaign against ,aragon lodged with all his court1 is a pleasant valley watered by a limpid stream and shaded by trees4 ,out of it rises a low hill from which you can see the ,albres and their forests of cork-trees1 and among them the ruins of the castle of ,la ,roca1 where the king of ,majorca took refuge from ,don ,pedro of ,aragon4 ,here is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,tanya1 with a well before it shaded by fine old plane-trees4 ,on the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary the people of ,la ,roca come here in procession4 ,there are daily services during the octave1 among which is the rosary at sunset4 ,on the eighth day there is a ,mass of thanksgiving1 after which the people return processionally to ,la ,roca4 ,near the ,coll de ,prunet1 through which passed ,hannibal and the hosts of the ,csars1 is ,notre ,dame del ,coll1 shut in by the mountains and their forests of evergreen oaks and cork-trees--a popular chapel1 where people come to pray to be delivered from the gotre and all throat diseases common in the mountains4 ,the ,goigs contain the only accounts of its history1 from which it appears that the chapel was built in the ninth century to receive a ,virgin discovered by means of an ox4 ,there is a painting over the altar of a herdsman and dog kneeling before the ,virgin4 ,the statue has been gilded1 and the dress only allows the head to be seen4 ,here are manacles worn by captives in ,moorish times1 brought in gratitude for their deliverance and suspended before the image of ,him 8whose pierced hands have broken so many chains0 other than those of material bondage4 ,there is an altar1 too1 to ,st4 ,quitterie of ,aire1 to whom there are also special ,goigs4 ,she is invoked for hydrophobia4 ,about two miles from ,argels is the hermitage of ,st4 ,ferrol in a wild1 solitary place among the cliffs of the ,albres1 the savage aspect of which is softened by the almond1 fig1 cherry1 and oak trees4 ,before the chapel ran the ancient 8,carrera de ,espagna10 by which ,philip le ,hardi went with his army when he undertook the disastrous war against ,pedro ,,iii4 of ,aragon1 in #abhe1 continuing along beneath the castle of ,ultrera to the ,coll de la ,massane4 ,the chapel used to have two holes in the wall to receive the alms of the passer-by when the doors were closed4 ,it has been restored from the ruin into which it had fallen1 but is seldom visited4 ,on a bare rock not far from ,argels is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,vic1 apparently very ancient1 from the thick walls and low heavy arches of the chapel4 ,just below is a dark ravine lined with trees1 and a cistern that catches the water trickling down the rocks4 ,a family now lives in the hermitage4 ,from it you can see over a vast plain1 and beyond is the ,mediterranean ,sea1 a perpetual beauty in itself4 ,the hermitage of ,notre ,dame des ,abeilles is near the sea-coast1 not far from the ,spanish frontier1 in a region once noted for its honey4 ,in some seasons it is approached by the dry bed of a mountain torrent that comes down in the spring through the undulating hills covered with vines and olives4 ,as far back as #afeg the chapel was known as the ,capilla ,antigua1 and was famous for the perpetual miracle of its ever-open door which no human hand could keep closed4 ,it contained one of those images which was 8not willing to be shut up40 ,this was an old ,madonna1 black as that which ,giotto loved to pray before1 with a honeycomb in her hand1 sweet to the taste as the knowledge of wisdom to the soul1 reminding one of the spouse of the ,canticles1 whose lips drop as the honeycomb4 ,people used to come from ,spain to revere this ,virgin1 but it was removed for safety in #agic1 and is now in the parish church of ,banyuls-sur-,mer1 where1 as in ancient times1 a lamb is offered at her altar on ,whit ,tuesday1 the feast of ,notre ,dame des ,abeilles1 which is afterwards sold to the highest bidder to defray the expenses of the festival4 ,on the top of a neighboring mountain1 about two thousand feet above the level of the sea1 may be seen the old historic tower of ,madeloc4 ,three miles from the town of ,collioure is the hermitage of ,notre ,dame de ,consolation1 to which you ascend out of vines and plantations of olives1 almonds1 and figs by a path cut in the rocks4 ,by the wayside is an oratory here and there with some saint in the niche1 as ,st4 ,james1 ,st4 ,ann1 and ,our ,lady of ,many ,griefs4 ,you seldom find a more charming spot in summer4 ,the terrace before the chapel is shaded by alleys of lindens1 chestnuts1 and elms1 some of which are of enormous size1 and beneath them are fountains that diffuse their cooling waters4 ,below is a vineyard noted for its products1 and through an opening between two hills can be seen the fortress of ,miradon1 the belfry of ,collioure1 and the sea in the distance4 ,the ancient image of ,our ,lady has disappeared1 but there is a modern one in the sculptured retablo4 ,here on certain days1 as ,st4 ,ferrol's1 is a great gathering4 ,the popular ,goigs are sung to airs of simple melody1 and every one goes down the eighteen steps to drink at the miraculous fountain4 ,he who has prayed in this mountain chapel among the pious peasantry1 and wandered in the shady alleys of the delightful terrace1 and drunk of the waters1 finds it difficult to tear himself away4 ,such are a few of the ancient hermitages of the ,pyrnes ,orientales4 ,not one is without some beauty of its own that would commend it to the heart of the poet2 not one without the balmy fragrance of some holy legend so attractive to the imagination2 not one without its altar where ,god has for ages revealed himself1 and the solitude where he loves to speak to the heart4 ,well may we exclaim with one#ajj who was himself a hermit for a time on the shores of this very sea3 8,how delightful this boundless solitude where nature silently keeps watch6 ,this silence has a thousand tongues that prompt the soul to soar away to ,god and wrap it in ineffable delights4 ,here no noise is heard but the human voice rising heavenward4 ,these sounds full of sweetness alone trouble the secret solitude4 ,its repose is only interrupted by murmurs sweeter than the repose itself--the holy murmur of the lowly psalm4 ,from the depths of the fervent soul rise melodious harmonies1 and the voice of man accompanies his prayer to heaven40 ,footnote #ajj3 ,st4 ,eucher4 ,,rosary ,,stanzas4 ,,glorious ,,mysteries4 ,i4 ,,psalm cxxv4 #e4 ,once lost and found1 again the ,lost is found6 ,drinking his voice1 and feeding on his face1 ,again her care and grief of heart are crowned2 ,her lifelong grief outmeasured by the grace ,that rained upon her in each moment's space ,as she beheld ,him living who was dead4 ,away the clouds of ,time such meetings chase4 ,wells of delight like those by tears are fed2 ,the soul to joy like hers by sorrow must be led4 ,,ii4 ,,psalm lxxxiii4 #f-h4 ,the mountain-roots lie in the lowly vale4 ,mother bereaved6 from height to vaster height ,ever ascending1 his last triumph hail6 ,on wings of fire her love has taken flight1 ,to follow where he is gone beyond her sight2 ,heaven is not far off1 ,love's wing is strong4 ,she sees the royal portals clothed in light2 ,to ,son and ,mother there high thrones belong3 ,whom dying will unite1 life cannot sever long4 ,,iii4 ,,acts i4 #ad4 ,in the pale light of subterranean glooms1 ,rude art of early centuries portrays ,upon the wall of ,roman ,catacombs ,jesus' great ,mother1 ,mary1 as she prays1 ,with arms uplifted1 while apostles gaze4#aja ,even so she prayed before the ,spirit came ,to consecrate the ,pentecostal days1 ,with rushing power and tongues of lambent flame4 ,can aught be then denied1 if prayed in her great name8#ajb ,,iv4 ,,cantic4 ii4 #ag4 ,shades yield to light4 ,the ,twelve from every land ,are gathered round the dying ,mother's bed2 ,tranquil she lies1 awaiting the command ,to arise and come4 ,she hears1 and bows her head3 ,one ,fiat more1 and ,mary is with the dead2 ,but1 sought the third day in her empty tomb1 ,on wings of angels borne1 had upward fled1 ,where flowers of ,paradise undying bloom1 ,and glories passing thought her future home illume4 ,v4 ,,john xvii4 #bb4 ,from tiny rills the mightiest rivers grow2 ,insensibly from small to great they glide1 ,city and plain rejoicing as they go4 ,but never less than great the treasures wide ,of ,mary's peerless grace4 ,full they abide ,for evermore2 and deep and strong and free ,the current of that overflowing tide2 ,beyond all ear can sound1 all eye can see1 ,mingling her glorious wealth with the ,everlasting ,sea4 ,footnote #aja3 ,le ,oranti of the archologists4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,john xvi4 #bf4 ,,pantheism ,,versus ,,atheism4 ,protestantism is very unfortunate in its warfare against modern unbelief4 ,it is daily losing battles1 losing men1 and losing ground2 and it feels so little reluctance to give up one dogma after another as to create the impression that the time is not far off when it will deliver up its last citadel and accept the yoke of the enemy4 ,the fact is so well known that it needs no proof2 nevertheless1 as we have a striking illustration of it in a phase of the struggle which is now going on between ,protestant and infidel thought on the all-important dogma of the existence of ,god1 we will make it the subject of a short discussion1 that our readers may form a clearer conception of the suicidal strategy of some ,protestant controversialists4 ,a work has recently appeared which purports to be a natural history of atheism4#ajc ,its author is an accomplished ,protestant scholar1 a learned professor1 an elegant writer1 and an earnest advocate of religious ideas in accordance with the ,bible as interpreted by his private judgment4 ,his object is to refute atheism4 ,of course history1 reason1 and revelation are all on his side1 so he is well armed2 whilst his antagonist1 though boisterous and aggressive1 is by no means formidable1 having had his strength thoroughly broken by former defeats4 ,in such a condition of things the victory should evidently belong to the champion of ,divinity4 ,and yet no4 ,our champion strikes1 indeed1 some heavy blows1 but while thus struggling with the enemy he falls into a quagmire4 ,in other words1 he grapples with a senseless atheism only to plunge into an equally senseless pantheism4 ,with regard to the first chapters of the work we have little to say4 ,the author proves pretty conclusively that atheism is against reason4 ,he shows that the belief in the existence of ,god has been universal not only among civilized nations but also among barbarous tribes4 8,atheism10 says he1 8is a disease of the speculative faculty40 8,it indicates a chaotic state of mind40 8,it is a doctrine so averse from the general current of human sentiment that the unsophisticated mass of mankind instinctively turn away from it1 as the other foxes did from that vulpine brother who1 having lost his tail in a trap1 tried to convince the whole world of foxes that the bushy appendage in the posterior region was a deformity of which all high-minded members of the vulpine aristocracy should get rid as soon as possible40 ,this argument against atheism was well known to the ancients1 who laid great stress upon it1 as they saw that a universal agreement of mankind on the existence of ,god could not but proceed from our rational nature2 but our author considers it as a simple 8presumption10 rather than a proof in favor of the theistic doctrine4 ,he then argues from the principle of causality and from the wonderful wisdom displayed in the architecture of the universe4 ,this1 too1 is very good4 ,next1 he meets the objection drawn from the existence of evil in the world4 8,if there were no poverty10 says he1 8where were charity8 ,if every person were equally independent and self-reliant1 where would be the gracious pleasure on both sides which arises from the support given by the strong to the weak8 ,where again would be the topping virtue of moral courage1 unless the majority1 at some particular critical moment1 were cowards8444 ,in fact1 always and everywhere the development of energy implies the existence of that which energy must subdue--namely1 evil in some shape or other4 ,therefore the existence of evil is not a proof that there is no ,god2 but it is by the overcoming of evil constantly that ,god proves himself to be ,god1 and man proves himself to be ,god-like1 when in his subordinate sphere he does the same40 ,this answer is tolerably good2 but we doubt if the atheist will be silenced by it4 ,the author should have distinguished physical from moral evil4 ,the existence of physical evil he could have shown to be perfectly reconcilable with ,god's infinite goodness and providence2 whereas the existence of moral evil should have been shown to be in no manner derogatory to his infinite sanctity4 ,this has been done very fully by a multitude of philosophers and theologians2 but it could not be done consistently by our pantheistic writer1 because1 as we shall see1 all moral evil1 according to his pantheistic theory1 would either emanate from ,god or be immanent in him1 with a total ruin of his infinite sanctity4 ,hence the atheist1 after all the reasonings of the learned professor1 may still urge that the existence of a ,god is incompatible with the existence of sin2 and we think that the professor will be at a loss how to answer the difficulty so long as he holds to his pantheistic views4 ,as to the genesis of atheism the author makes many good and thoughtful remarks4 ,there is a sort of atheism which arises from an absolute feebleness or babyhood of intellect4 ,this he calls 8atheism of imbecility02 but1 says he1 8we need not detain ourselves with this type of intellectual incapability4 ,it is not atheists of this class that we are likely to meet with in the present age2 and if we did meet them we should be much more likely to remit them summarily to some hospital of incurables than to a thinking school40 ,the next type of the atheistic disease has its origin in moral depravity4 ,there are men whose career is 8like a piece of music made up of a constant succession of jars1 which shakes the strings so much by unkindly vibrations that the instrument1 from the force of an unnatural strain1 cracks itself into silence prematurely4 ,now1 unharmonized characters of this description are naturally indisposed1 and practically incapacitated from recognizing order1 design1 and system in the constitution of the universe1 and of course cannot see ,god40 ,this root of atheism is very well illustrated by ,mr4 ,blackie4 ,here is a beautiful passage3 8,it occurs to me to set down here the features of one of the most notable of those disorderly characters who lived in ancient ,rome at the same epoch when the hollow atheism of ,epicurus was dressed up for a day in the garb of poetical beauty by a poet of no mean genius called ,lucretius4 ,the man ,i mean is ,catiline4 ,hear how ,sallust in a well-known passage describes him3 #8,lucius ,catiline1 born of a noble family1 a man of great strength1 both of mind and body1 but of a wicked and perverse disposition4 ,to this man1 from his youth upwards1 intestine broils1 slaughters1 rapines1 and civil wars were a delight2 and in these he put forth all the energy of his youth4 ,he could boast of a bodily frame capable of enduring heat and cold1 hunger and watching1 beyond all belief2 he had a spirit daring1 cunning1 and full of shifts1 ready alike to simulate what he was not and to dissimulate what he was1 as occasion might call4 ,greedy of others' property1 he was lavish of his own2 in passion fiery1 in words copious1 in wisdom scant4 ,his unchastened ambition was constantly desiring things immoderate1 incredible1 and beyond human reach4' ,this is exactly the sort of character1 to whose completeness if anything like a philosophy is to be attributed1 atheism will be that thing40 ,in our age1 however1 according to the author1 all the varieties of speculative and practical atheism which we meet with in common life are 8weeds sprung from the rank soil of irreverence40 ,man being naturally a religious animal1 atheism can then only spring up when1 in the individual or in society1 any influence arises which nips the natural bud of reverence in the soul4 ,thus power may foster a strong feeling of independence1 which may end in a monstrous self-worship4 ,but liberty also1 as the author well remarks1 when unlimited1 leads to godlessness4 ,there is an atheism of democracy no less than of despotism4 ,from extreme democracy1 as from a hot-bed1 atheism in its rankest stage naturally shoots up4 ,there is nothing in the idea of mere liberty to create the feeling of reverence4 ,the desire of unlimited liberty is an essentially selfish feeling1 and has no regard for any ,power from above4 ,the fundamental maxim of all pure democracy is simply this3 8,i am as good as you1 and perhaps a little better2 ,i acknowledge nobody as my master1 whether in heaven above or on earth beneath2 ,i will not be fettered40 ,but1 continues the author1 unlimited power and unlimited liberty are not the only social forces that are apt to run riot in the exaggerated assertion of the individual and the negation of all superhuman authority4 ,there is the irreverence begotten of pride of intellect4 ,knowledge1 of course1 does not directly produce irreligion or extinguish piety1 on the contrary1 the more a wise man knows of the universe1 the more he is lost in admiration of its excellence4 ,but the knowing faculty is not the whole of a living man1 and to bring forth its healthy fruits it must go hand-in-hand with a rich moral nature2 divorced from this1 knowledge begets intellectual pride and opens the way to godlessness4 ,here the author points out the fact that there is something in the researches of modern science1 at least in certain conditions of the intellectual atmosphere1 not apparently favorable to the growth of piety and the cultivation of religious reverence4 ,in not a few modern books of physical science we find nothing but 8a curious fingering of wretched dumb details utterly destitute of soul4 ,whatever is in the book1 depend upon it1 ,god is not there4 ,you will hear no end of talk about laws and forces1 developments and evolutions1 metamorphic forms1 transmuted energies1 and what not2 but it is all dead--at least all blind4 ,for seeing intellect and shaping reason there is no place in such systems40 ,the author strongly condemns this godless science1 and shows at length its fickleness and unwisdom2 and we might almost mistake him for a ,catholic apologist1 were it not that he ventures to speak of 8non-sense0 in connection with the ,council of ,trent1 at which he irreverently sneers4 ,in the next chapter he treats of polytheism1 whose origin he traces to misdirected reverence towards the powers of nature4 ,he shows that polytheism was not atheism1 and that polytheistic society could reach a certain degree of morality not to be found among atheists4 ,to our mind1 this chapter1 though learned1 is nearly superfluous2 for it has scarcely any bearing on the history of atheism4 ,in like manner we think that the chapter on ,buddhism1 which comes immediately after1 and which fills seventy pages1 was uncalled for4 ,the author says that the ,british atheism of ,bradlaugh1 ,john ,stuart ,mill1 ,miss ,martineau1 ,tyndall1 and others called his attention to the assertion that in the far ,east atheism had been publicly professed for more than two thousand years1 and was at present the corner-stone of the faith of more than four hundred millions of the human race4 ,could such an assertion be true8 ,he could not believe it4 ,to talk of a religion without ,god was1 to his mind1 8as to talk of the propositions in ,euclid without the postulates on which they depend40 ,he therefore determined to get at the root of the matter1 and thus he discovered that ,buddhism was not atheism4 ,it is to show this that he gives an elaborate explanation of the ,buddhistic system4 ,we need not discuss it1 though we believe that some ,buddhistic errors which he points out are somewhat exaggerated4 ,we only repeat that the natural history of atheism would have lost nothing1 and perhaps gained something1 if this long digression on ,buddhism had been omitted4 ,and now we have reached the last chapter of the work1 where the author endeavors to make theologians responsible for a kind of modern atheism which he calls 8atheism of reaction10 and where he makes his strange and foolish profession of pantheism4 ,it is with this chapter alone that we shall be concerned in the following pages2 for it is the evil doctrine contained in this objectionable chapter that spoils the whole work and gives it a totally anti-,christian character4 ,is the author a ,freemason8 ,is he the mouth-piece of the ,scotch and ,english lodges1 whose members are anxious not to be ranked among atheists1 though they have no definite creed8 ,we do not care to know4 ,but we may well affirm that his book is full of the ,masonic spirit1 and answers so well the present needs of ,british ,freemasonry that we cannot be much mistaken if we call it a ,masonic work4 ,it is well known that the ,english ,freemasonry1 either because less advanced or because more prudent than the ,masonry of ,france1 thought it necessary to protest against a suicidal resolution lately passed by the latter1 which permits the admission of candidates to membership irrespective of their belief or disbelief in the ,great ,architect of the universe4 ,this resolution was strongly condemned by the ,english lodges1 which lost no time in sending out a public official declaration that1 so far as the ,english fraternity was concerned1 no member would be recognized who did not profess to believe in the ,great ,architect1 according to the old ,masonic constitution4 ,the wisdom of this measure cannot be doubted2 for the ,english ,masonry enjoys still a certain degree of respectability1 which must not be compromised by a low sympathy with the desperate atheism of the ,french communists4 ,nevertheless1 so long as they talk of a 8,great ,architect of the universe0 without explaining more particularly what they mean by these words1 there is reason to fear that their protest against the ,french infidels is a deceit4 ,the pantheist1 the ,buddhist1 and the agnostic1 and even the materialist and the fatalist1 can admit an ,architect of the universe1 provided they are allowed to put upon these words a free construction4 ,one will identify him with ,law1 another with ,nature1 a third with ,force1 a fourth with ,matter1 and perhaps a fifth with ,satan himself2 for1 as the old ,manichans held that this material world was the work of a bad principle1 so there are now men 7not unknown to ,freemasonry7 who consider ,satan as their friend1 their master1 and their god4 ,there are lodges where the 8,great ,leonard10 a satanic apparition1 is an object of worship4 ,no doubt these lodges recognize him as the 8,great ,architect of the universe40 ,and ,proudhon was so bold as to publish that he was in love with ,satan3 8,viens1 ,satan2 viens1 que je t'embrasse60 ,at any rate1 if the book we are criticising has been written in the interest of the ,british ,freemasons1 it fails to show that they are more orthodox than their ,french brothers whom they have excommunicated4 ,the pantheism professed in the book is just as worthless as the ,french atheism2 for pantheism1 just as much as atheism1 makes all religion impossible4 ,hence a book which refutes atheism in order to establish pantheism1 however filled with ,scriptural quotations to make it look religious1 is an anti-,christian book4 ,the atheism of reaction1 of which the author speaks in the first part of this chapter1 is1 according to him1 8a recoil0 from the exaggerations and dictatorial imperiousness of theological orthodoxy4 8,even theism10 he remarks1 8the only reasonable theory of the universe1 in the blundering fashion in which you state it1 may possibly produce atheism1 the most unreasonable of all theories40 ,the ,reformation 8was unquestionably a reaction from the excess of sacerdotal assertiveness1 and the abuse of ecclesiastical power in the latter centuries of the middle ages40 ,this excess 8gave sharp offence to the delicate conscience of ,martin ,luther1 and roused his sleeping wrath into a thunder-storm of holy indignation40 ,how8 8,by parading the public places1 and marching through the highways of ,christendom with a sacerdotal gospel of salvation by works--by conventional and arbitrary works1 penances1 and payments of various kinds imposed by authority of the all-powerful clergy1 and having little or nothing in common with the morality of a pure life and a noble character40 8,against this abuse ,luther protested exactly in the same way1 and with similar effect1 as ,st4 ,paul protested against the ritualism of the ,jews40 8,the just liveth by faith4 ,this great doctrine has saved the world twice1 once from the cumbrous and narrow-minded ceremonialism of the ,jews1 and again from the despotic and soul-stupefying sacerdotalism of the ,romanists40 ,all this trash is beneath discussion2 it only shows that the author is little acquainted with the men and the doctrines to which he refers4 ,he seems never to have reflected that such 8delicate consciences0 as that of ,martin ,luther had as little scruple about falsifying history as they had about marrying nuns1 rebelling against authority1 or shedding blood4 ,even ,protestants would now smile at the 8thunder-storm of holy indignation0 roused in the good soul of ,luther at the thought of a gospel of salvation by works of penance4 ,well might even ,lucifer's 8delicate conscience0 have burst into a storm of 8holy indignation10 as he could not work out his salvation without controlling his pride2 and he might have protested against ,god's orders1 just as ,luther did1 by alleging that 8the just liveth by faith40 ,how the reformers succeeded in 8saving the world0 by this doctrine of salvation without works1 can be argued from the fact1 attested by our author himself1 that 8anarchy and confusion1 with the braying of a theological ass here1 the cackling of a clerical goose there1 and the raving of a sectarian madman in a third quarter1 began to show face to such a degree that sensible and quietly-disposed men1 like ,erasmus1 became seriously alarmed before the spirits they had conjured up1 and retreated1 with a devout timidity1 into the sacred ark of the old ,catholic ,church40 ,this confession speaks volumes4 ,the author describes a sort of rampant orthodoxy which delights in doctrinal exaggeration of mysteries1 and which is never so happy as when it can plant itself behind the broad shield of unintelligible formulas and traditionary shibboleths1 to pluck ,reason by the beard1 and bid open defiance to the grand principle of the ,scottish philosophy called common sense4 ,and this1 he says1 excites an atheistical reaction4 ,we really do not know of any orthodoxy which delights in 8plucking ,reason by the beard40 ,the ,scotch ,presbyterians may have done something of the kind1 but they have no claim to orthodoxy4 ,true orthodoxy is nowhere but in the church whose centre is ,rome4 ,but the ,roman ,church never used unintelligible formulas1 never had shibboleths1 and never plucked ,reason by the beard1 but on the contrary made use of the plainest language and the best cultivated reason to teach the revealed truth1 and to defend it against heretics and unbelievers4 ,had the ,protestant sects as much regard for ,reason1 and for the great principle of the ,scottish philosophy called common sense1 they would soon perceive that their claim to orthodoxy is nonsensical and their ,christianity a delusion4 ,and if they were logical1 they would not1 when their ministers pluck ,reason by the beard1 feel inclined to an 8atheistical reaction10 but would only conclude that their ministers do not belong to ,god's church1 and have neither grace nor mission to teach ,christianity4 ,the author admits the necessity of faith2 but he scouts the doctrine that whoso believes not every dogma about the divine nature shall be eternally damned4 8,the spirit10 he says1 8from which damnatory declarations of this kind proceed is a mingled spirit of ignorance1 conceit1 presumption1 insolence1 and pedantry1 and has more to answer for in the way of creating atheism than any other fault of ,christian preachers that has come under my observation4 ,against declarations of this kind1 however solemnly made1 and however traditionally hallowed1 the moral and intellectual nature of the most soundly-constituted minds rises up in instinctive rebellion3 the intellectual nature1 because the propounding of dogmas in a scholastic form about the nature of the ,supreme ,being shows an utter ignorance of the proper functions and limits of the human intellect2 and the moral nature even more emphatically1 because to make fellowship in any religion conditional on the merely intellectual acceptance of an abstract proposition addressed to the understanding1 is to remove religion altogether out of its own region1 where it can bear fruit1 and to transplant it into a soil where it can show only prickles that fret the skin1 and thorns that go deeply into the flesh40 ,this is wisdom6 ,therefore1 according to this writer1 to believe in three divine ,persons1 ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,ghost1 is unnecessary for salvation1 and to say the contrary is conceit1 insolence1 and pedantry4 ,it is difficult to conceive how a ,christian could fall into such absurdity4 ,the mystery of the ,holy ,trinity is the very base of ,christianity4 ,it is in the name of the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost that we are baptized2 it is by the ,son of ,god that we are redeemed2 it is by the ,holy ,spirit that we are sanctified4 ,without this faith there is no ,christianity1 and without ,christianity there is no salvation4 ,we need not be afraid that 8the moral and intellectual nature of the most soundly-constituted minds should rise up in instinctive rebellion0 against this doctrine2 for the history of eighteen centuries proves very conclusively that soundly-constituted minds have never rebelled against dogma4 ,nor do we see why the intellectual nature should denounce the use of the scholastic form in the propounding of dogmas4 ,such a form is clear1 precise1 and full of meaning2 it is therefore the best intellectual form4 ,and as to the moral nature1 we can only say that nowhere is it more cultivated than in the ,catholic ,church--a truth which no one disputes--whilst the assumption that 8the merely intellectual acceptance of an abstract proposition0 suffices to qualify a man for religious fellowship1 is a clear proof that the author has never read our ,christian catechism4 8,but10 says he1 8it is not only in their way of presenting faith generally1 but in their rash and unreasoned statement of special points of ,christian belief1 that our theologians have greatly erred40 ,and he mentions the doctrine of predestination and reprobation1 the doctrine of original sin1 the doctrine of eternal punishment1 the doctrine of creation out of nothing1 and the doctrine of ,god's providential intervention in human affairs4 ,we do not deny that the doctrine of predestination and reprobation has been discussed rashly and in an irreverent manner so as to create scandal and discord2 but it is on the ,protestant1 and especially on the ,calvinistic1 preachers and writers that lies the responsibility of such deplorable quarrels4 ,it was their private judgment pushed to excess and their pride that roused the storm4 ,of course our ,catholic theologians could not look silently on such a wanton perversion of truth2 to defend human liberty on the one side and ,god's justice on the other they had to take part in the difficult controversy4 ,they often differed in matters of detail1 but their conclusions as to the main point--that is1 as to the dogma--were uniform and irreproachable4 ,mysteries1 however1 do not cease to be true because men cannot unravel them4 ,theologians do not claim the privilege of tearing asunder the veil through which mysteries are seen2 but they claim the honor of defending the objective truth of mysteries against the attacks of heresy and unbelief4 ,this is why theologians investigate and expound mysteries2 and to contend that the result of their labors is to encourage atheism is to abandon 8the great principle of the ,scottish philosophy called common sense10 or1 to use another phrase of the author's1 8to pluck ,reason by the beard40 ,the author says that he has brought forward this matter 7of predestination and reprobation7 specially because the ,calvinistic view of it1 as laid down in the catechism used in the elementary schools of ,scotland1 occasions 8no small amount of misery and self-torture to young persons beginning seriously to look into the great truths of religion and morals40 ,we agree with him4 ,the ,calvinistic doctrine of reprobation makes man the helpless victim of a tyrannical and cruel ,god1 destroys all the seeds of piety1 and fosters despair4 ,but if its adoption may lead to atheism1 it is not the fault of theology2 it is the fault of ,calvin's rebellion against the church4 ,the next good service done by theologians to the anti-,christian tendencies of some 8respectable0 787 classes of the community has been1 according to our author1 their inculcation of the doctrine of original sin4 8,original sin10 says he with ,coleridge1 8is not a doctrine but a fact02 by which he means1 we suppose1 that the first man sinned1 but that from this fact we cannot conclude that his children are born in sin4 8,moral merit and demerit are in the very nature of things personal2 to imagine their transference is to destroy their definition4 ,if every baby when born1 in virtue of an act of transgression committed some six or eight thousand years ago by the father of the race1 must be confessed a #8hell-deserving sinner1' and lying on the brink of eternal damnation as soon as it lies on its nurse's lap1 then every man of sound moral feeling is entitled to protest against a doctrine of which such a cruel absurdity is a necessary postulate40 ,here again the author is at fault4 ,the dogma of the inheritance of guilt from our first parent is not an invention of theologians1 but an explicit doctrine of the ,new and even of the ,old ,testament4 ,to omit other quotations1 ,st4 ,paul the apostle1 whose authority is so frequently appealed to by our author1 declares that ,adam sinned1 and that in him all men have sinned4 ,now1 if ,st4 ,paul cannot be charged with doing a good service to anti-,christianity by preaching this doctrine1 why should theologians be denounced for preaching it8 ,the author argues that 8merit and demerit are personal10 and that 8to imagine their transference is to destroy their definition40 ,yes2 but the dogma of original sin does not imply any such transference4 ,the original sin is personal and inherited1 not transferred4 8,out of good seed10 as the author tells us1 8a good plant will grow1 and out of bad seed a bad plant40 ,is the badness of the plant transferred8 ,no2 it is inherited4 ,and so it is with the stain of original sin4 ,we are born of a degraded father1 and we are a degraded race--degraded not only physically but morally2 that is1 deprived of the supernatural grace which accompanied the original justice in which man had been created4 ,this is what ,st4 ,paul expresses by saying that we are born 8children of wrath40 ,it is not in virtue of an act committed six thousand years ago that every baby is formally a sinner2 he is a sinner owing to his own personal destitution of supernatural grace1 just as the child of a redskin is formally a redskin1 not by the skin of his father but by his own4 ,this doctrine has been taught and held from the origin of ,christianity by the most learned1 the most acute1 and the most holy men1 without their sound moral sense being hurt by it2 it was reserved to our vicious and ignorant generation to take scandal at the pretended cruelty involved in such divine dispensation4 ,what a pity that ,god1 in shaping his decrees1 forgot to consult our learned professor of ,greek6#ajd ,the doctrine of eternal punishment is1 according to ,mr4 ,blackie1 another 8stone of stumbling0 set up by the ,christian doctors4 ,the ancient ,greeks1 he remarks1 had also taught this doctrine2 but they taught it in a very modified form4 ,only a few flaming offenders were condemned to a state of helpless reprobation and inexhaustible torture4 ,but the ,christian churches 8committed themselves to a theology drawn up by scholastic persons in a series of formal propositions which challenge contradiction and refuse compromise4 ,therefore the doctrine of infinite torture for finite sins is still stoutly maintained as a point of ,christian faith1 and as stoutly disowned by a large class of benevolent and thoughtful persons1 who look upon such a doctrine as utterly inconsistent with the conception of a wise and benevolent ,being40 ,he then adds that if there were not a great deal of dogmatic obstinacy1 a fair amount of hermeneutical ignorance1 and a considerable vein of cowardice also in the ecclesiastical minds1 this stumbling-block might easily be removed4 ,for 8it does not require any very profound scholarship to know that the word 1 which we translate everlasting1 does not signify eternity absolutely and metaphysically1 but only popularly1 as when we say that a man is an eternal fool1 meaning only that he is a very great fool40 ,this last argument is easily answered4 ,in fact1 it does not require any very profound scholarship to know that the word here means everlasting in the sense of perpetual duration4 ,this is evident from collateral passages of ,scripture1 from which we know that the fire of hell 8shall not be extinguished10 that1 the smoke of the torments of the wicked 8shall ascend for ever and ever10 that their worm 8shall never die10 etc41 all which expressions1 according to our 8hermeneutical ignorance10 more than suffice to annihilate the professor's pretension4 ,besides1 the ancient translators of the ,bible were as good professors of ,greek1 to say the least1 as ,mr4 ,stuart ,blackie2 but they never suspected that there would come a time when such slang as 8an eternal fool0 would mean 8a very great fool40 ,it is too late now for any professor to pretend that the ancient ,greek had no correct interpretation till ,english slang made its appearance4 ,the other argument consists in saying that a finite sin cannot deserve an infinite punishment4 ,this1 too1 is easily answered4 ,the act of sin is finite1 but it violates the infinite majesty and sanctity of ,god1 and on this account it partakes of infinity4 ,however1 let us drop this consideration1 which is too scholastic to be understood by certain modern professors of ,protestant institutions4 ,we have another answer4 ,a man can dig out his eyes in less than a minute2 the act is finite1 but its result is perpetual blindness4 ,in like manner a man loses1 by sinning1 his fitness to see ,god in his glory2 the act is finite1 but the consequent unfitness is1 of its nature1 everlasting4 ,god alone can restore the sinner to his previous condition2 but this he is not obliged to do4 ,the rehabilitation of a sinner is a real miracle1 just as the resuscitation of ,lazarus1 and miracles are not the rule but the exception4 ,god warns us that 8the hope of the sinner shall perish10 that 8now is the acceptable time10 and that after death 8there is no redemption40 ,and yet we are accused of 8dogmatic obstinacy0 because we do not renounce this doctrine of faith6 ,we are told that there is a large class of 8benevolent and thoughtful persons0 who look upon such a doctrine 8as utterly inconsistent with the conception of a wise and benevolent ,being40 ,but our 8dogmatic obstinacy0 compels us to remark that this wise and benevolent ,being knows much better than those 8benevolent and thoughtful persons0 what his wisdom and benevolence require2 and therefore it is from his word1 not from those 8thoughtful persons10 that we must accept the solution of the problem4 ,it may be that in doing so1 we exhibit 8a considerable vein of cowardice02 but it is wise to fear ,god4 ,we are weak and he is almighty4 8,another stumbling-block which theologians have laid in the way of the devotee of physical sciences is the creation out of nothing4 ,this dogma1 which1 as every scholar knows1 is not necessarily contained in any place1 whether of the ,old or ,new ,testament1 arose in the ,jewish ,church1 and has been stamped with orthodox authority in ,christendom1 partly from a pious desire to magnify the divine ,omnipotence2 partly from the timid stupidity of clinging to the letter instead of breaching the spirit of ,scripture2 and partly also from the evil trick which we have just mentioned of importing metaphysics and scholastic definitions into the ,bible1 from which all the ,scriptures are the furthest possible removed4 ,now1 the objection to this doctrine on the part of modern thinkers ,i conceive to be this3 that1 though not perhaps absolutely impossible1 it is contrary to all known experience1 and highly improbable if we are to judge of the constitution of things from what we see1 not from what we choose to imagine4 ,it is the vulgar imagination which delights to represent the ,supreme ,being as a sort of omnipotent harlequin1 launching the fiat of his volition1 as the nimble gentleman in the pantomime strikes the table with his wand1 and out comes a man1 or a monkey1 or something else1 out of nothing4 ,this is man's crude conception2 but ,god's ways are not as man's ways1 and his way is evolution4 ,nothing is created out of nothing2 and mere volition1 even of an omnipotent ,being1 cannot be conceived as bringing into existence a thing of an absolutely opposite nature1 called matter40 ,to answer these reckless assertions in detail would take a volume4 ,fortunately1 however1 we may be dispensed from such a task1 as there are hundreds of excellent books1 both philosophical and theological1 where the dogma of creation is fully established and victoriously vindicated4 ,on the other hand1 our professor does not give any proof of his infidel view2 he merely asserts what has no possibility of proof4 8,nothing is created out of nothing10 says he2 but philosophy demonstrates that nothing is1 or can be1 created but out of nothing4 8,god's way is evolution40 ,no2 ,god's way is creation4 ,evolution is man's way1 as ,mr4 ,darwin and all his admirers know2 and1 since 7as the author reminds us7 ,god's ways are not as man's ways1 it follows on his own showing that ,god's way is not evolution4 ,evolution is impossible without antecedent creation4 ,the subject of evolution is matter1 and matter is a created being4 ,to deny the creation of matter is to assume that matter is eternal and self-existent1 or1 in other terms1 to make it an independent being or an appurtenance of ,divinity2 and this colossal absurdity even the author must reject1 as he confesses that the nature of matter is 8absolutely opposite0 to the nature of ,divinity4 ,the author imagines that the absolute opposition between ,god and matter makes it impossible for ,god to create matter1 because 8mere volition1 even of an omnipotent ,being1 cannot be conceived as bringing into existence a thing of an absolutely opposite nature40 ,these words show the author's philosophical ignorance of the law of causation4 ,the law is that efficient causes must always be of a nature entirely different from that of their effects4 ,the efficient cause of gravitation at the earth's surface is the substance or matter of the earth itself2 but gravitation is neither matter nor substance1 but something entirely different4 ,the soul is the efficient cause of the voluntary movements produced in our organism2 and yet those movements have nothing common with the substance of the soul4 ,and the same is to be said of all other effects as compared with their efficient causes4#aje ,hence it is idle to argue that an omnipotent ,being1 owing to his spirituality1 cannot create matter4 ,the author will say that every effect must be contained in its cause1 and that matter is not contained in ,god4 ,to which it must be answered that effects are eminently and virtually1 not formally1 contained in their efficient causes4 ,if the effect existed formally in its cause its production by the cause would become a contradiction2 for the effect would exist before its effection4 ,effects are said to be pre-contained in their causes only in this sense3 that causes possess a power competent to produce their effects4 ,causation is action1 and action is the production of an act4 ,every act produced is the formal principle of a new existence1 or of a new mode of existence4 ,to say that ,god cannot create matter is to say that ,god cannot produce an act giving formal existence to matter2 which amounts to the denial of omnipotence4 ,still1 the existence of matter must be accounted for4 ,matter undergoes modifications and is subject to natural agents2 it is therefore essentially potential and contingent4 ,how1 then1 did it come into existence8 ,and how is it potential1 if it is not created out of nothing1 since nothingness is the only source of potentiality8 ,but we are told that creation out of nothing 8is contrary to all known experience40 ,this shows what new kind of philosophers nowadays we have to deal with4 ,they want to see ,god making a few acts of creation before they consent to believe1 just as they want a lecturer to prove his theories by a series of visible experiments4 ,god1 of course1 will not satisfy their curiosity2 he has given them the light of reason and the light of revelation1 which are quite enough4 ,but were ,god to condescend to their yearning1 would they believe even then8 ,would not these men1 who have the impudence to speak of an 8omnipotent ,harlequin10 declare with equal profanity any visible fact of creation to be jugglery8 ,the author tells us also that 8if we are to judge of the constitution of things from what we see1 not from what we choose to imagine10 we shall find out that creation is improbable4 ,at this we need not wonder2 for the author is a great enemy of scholastic definitions and of metaphysics--that is1 of intellectual light4 ,he sees with the eyes of his body1 but he shuts the eyes of his reason4 ,had he less horror of metaphysics1 he might learn that 8the constitution of things0 proclaims in the loudest and most unmistakable language the fact of creation2 and that every change or movement in the universe furnishes a peremptory demonstration of it4 ,but what can a man see who discards definitions and disregards the principles of real philosophy8 ,and now let us see to what conclusions the author is led by his style of reasoning4 ,he says3 8,to us dependent ephemeral creatures all existence is a divine miracle2 and the continuity of that divine miracle in the shape of what we call growth is1 so far as we can see1 the eternal form of divine creativeness4 ,the absolute dualism of mind and matter which is implied in the received orthodoxy of the church is not warranted by any fact that exact science can recognize2 nowhere do we find mind acting without a material instrument1 nowhere matter absolutely divorced from the action of inherent forces1 inasmuch as even the most motionless statical condition of things most solid is always produced by a balance of forces in some way or other--forces which1 if they are not blind1 but acting according to a calculated law1 as they manifestly do1 are only another name for ,mind4 ,this view of the constitution of the universe 444 is generally disowned with a certain pious horror as pantheism1 a word to which a great chorus of thoughtless and ill-informed people are straightway ready to echo back atheism1 with the feeling that the two terms1 though etymologically as opposed as white and black1 are practically the same4444 ,pantheism1 scientifically understood1 has nothing to do either with materialism or with atheism4 ,it 444 simply denies the existence of two opposite entities in the world of divine reality1 while it asserts the existence of only one4 ,the world is essentially one2 and the ,all1 though externally many1 is1 when traced to its deepest roots1 not different from the ,one2 as the human body1 for instance1 is both one and many4444 ,the term pantheism1 therefore1 is not opposed to unity1 or to the principle of unity in the world1 which is ,god2 and a pantheist1 as ,hegel well said of ,spinoza1 may more properly be said to deny the world than to deny ,god40 ,this is the quagmire into which the professor1 as we said at the beginning of this article1 has fallen4 ,the view he takes of 8the constitution of the universe10 the assertions he makes1 and the arguments he employs are a mass of confusion to which no more appropriate name can be given than nonsense4 ,we are 8dependent ephemeral creatures40 ,yes4 ,but how could he call us 8creatures10 he who denies creation8 or 8dependent10 he who makes us one with ,god8 or 8ephemeral10 he who includes us in the eternal ,all8 ,is not this a flagrant contradiction8 ,to us 8all existence is a divine miracle40 ,if so1 the author cannot consistently be a pantheist4 ,miracles are facts transcending the power and exigencies of nature4 ,pantheism divinizes nature1 and admits of nothing transcending the power and exigencies of nature2 and therefore pantheism can admit of no miracle4 8,growth is1 so far as we can see1 the eternal form of divine creativeness40 ,growth implies change1 whereas the eternal form of divine creativeness is altogether unchangeable4 ,hence1 so far as we can see 7and we see it most evidently71 growth is not what the professor imagines4 8,the absolute dualism of mind and matter is not warranted by any fact that exact science can recognize40 ,if so1 then exact science should find a way of reconciling the well-known inertia of matter with the equally well-known immanent and reflex self-activity of mind4 ,for1 as the latter excludes the former1 their existence is the most incontrovertible evidence of the absolute dualism of matter and mind2 and this evidence is quite scientific1 too1 for it is the result of universal and unexceptionable experience4 ,but our men of science1 who profess to deal with nothing but matter1 are not the best judges about the attributes of mind4 ,they are gross and material2 they must see1 and touch1 and smell1 and subject everything to chemical analysis2 and spiritual substances refuse to be thus manipulated4 ,hence no wonder if these latter substances are not recognized in any fact of exact science so long as 8exact science0 is confined to the study of matter4 8,nowhere do we find mind acting without a material instrument40 ,be it so2 it does not follow that matter and mind are one and the same thing4 ,the organ is not the organist1 and the instrument is not the artist4 8,nowhere do we find matter divorced from the action of inherent forces40 ,quite true2 but these forces of matter are absolutely blind4 ,the author pretends that they are not blind1 because 8they act according to a calculated law02 but this is a new blunder4 ,it is not the forces of matter that have calculated the law1 it is ,god that subjected them to the law2 and their acting according to the law is a mechanical necessity4 ,the very fact of their inviolable subjection to the law proves their utter blindness2 for were they intelligent1 they would have given before now some instances of proud rebellion at least in the hands of the torturing chemist4 8,this view 444 is generally disowned as pantheism40 ,certainly4 ,let the author remember 8the principle of the ,scottish philosophy called common sense10 and let him ask himself if a view generally disowned deserves the honor of being adopted by a professor of a ,scotch university4 8,pantheism1 scientifically understood1 has nothing to do with atheism40 ,may we ask how pantheism can be 8scientifically understood08 ,science is concerned only with material phenomena4 ,god1 mind1 and spiritual things in general are beyond its reach4 ,how1 then1 can what is above science be understood 8scientifically08 ,and1 again1 how can pantheism be 8understood0 at all1 since it is as contradictory as a changeable immutability1 a compounded simplicity1 or a sinful holiness8 ,that the terms 8pantheism0 and 8atheism0 are etymologically opposed is quite clear2 but our question is one of things1 not of mere terms4 ,the atheist says to ,god3 8,thou hast no existence02 the pantheist says3 8,thou art a compound of matter40 ,which of them is better8 ,which is less irrational--the one who degrades his ,creator1 or the one who merely shuts his eyes that he may not see him8 ,after all1 neither the one nor the other has an object of worship--the atheist because he denies its existence1 the pantheist because he denies its superiority2 and thus the atheist and the pantheist are twin-brothers1 with this only difference3 that the latter wears a mask of hypocrisy1 that he may the easier seduce those who would be disgusted with the impudence of the former4 8,the world is essentially one40 ,no greater blunder could be uttered4 8,the ,all1 though externally many1 is not different from the ,one40 ,the truth is that things cannot be 8externally many0 unless they be also intrinsically and substantially many4 ,thus in the human body1 which the author brings forward as a fit illustration of his view1 the limbs are many because each one substantially differs from each other4 ,it is the negation of identity that makes things be many2 and no such negation can be conceived without entities intrinsically distinct4 ,hence1 if the ,all is 8many10 it must intrinsically differ from the ,one4 8,pantheism is not opposed to the principle of unity in the world1 which is ,god40 ,to this we say1 first1 that pantheism is opposed to the fact of plurality in the world4 ,this fact is so manifest that no professor can plead ignorance of it4 ,we say1 secondly1 that the world has unity of design1 of composition1 and of government1 but no unity of substance4 ,this1 too1 is as evident as noonday4 8,spinoza may more properly be said to deny the world than to deny ,god40 ,were this granted1 it would still be supremely foolish to trust and follow a leader who denies the world4 ,but ,spinoza denies ,god as well1 if not explicitly1 at least by implication4 ,to set up a mass of contradictions1 and to call it 8,god10 is to declare that there can be no ,god2 and this is just what ,spinoza did1 through ignorance1 we suppose1 rather than malice1 though not without a sovereign arrogance and presumption4 ,before we end we must take notice of an attempt1 on the part of ,prof4 ,blackie1 at answering the objection that pantheism destroys religion1 8because it destroys human personality1 and denies individual responsibility1 on the foundation of which all human society1 as well as all religious obligation1 is constituted40 ,he answers thus3 8,freedom1 personality1 and responsibility are facts which no theological or metaphysical theories can meddle with1 any more than they can with generation1 or appetite1 or digestion4444 ,the answer to all such speculative objections from transcendental theories1 when brought into the world of practice1 is a fact and a flogging40 ,bravo6 ,freedom1 personality1 and responsibility are facts4 ,the pantheistic theory contradicts them1 but cannot interfere with them any more than with generation1 appetite1 and digestion4 ,hence when any one argues from the pantheistic theory against freedom1 personality1 and responsibility1 he must be answered with 8a fact and a flogging40 ,and1 vice versa1 if any one from freedom1 personality1 and responsibility argues against the pantheistic theory which makes these things inexplicable and impossible1 he1 too1 must be answered with 8a fact and a flogging40 ,does the reader understand the excellence of this liberalistic logic8 ,yes1 with a fact and a flogging2 for the eloquence of the scourge sometimes replaces with advantage the doubtful efforts of a hesitating tongue3 ,si non prosunt verba1 prederunt verbera4 ,what a candid confession of pantheistic impotence6 ,but then1 if flogging is to be resorted to1 who shall be found more worthy of it than the pantheist himself1 who wantonly contradicts by his theory what his common sense recognizes to be a fact8 ,the book we have thus far examined contains many other errors on important points of religion2 but our readers need not be detained any longer in their refutation4 ,the author admits a general providence1 but a providence which imparts particular favors in reward of prayer he does not admit4 ,answers to prayers he considers to be 8as ridiculous as interpretations of judgments are presumptuous40 ,for him 8the idea of a ,god1 constantly interfering in answer to prayer1 or otherwise1 is one of the most anthropomorphic of theological conceptions40 8,asceticism and monkery form a very sad and lamentable chapter in the history of the church40 ,abstinence and mortification are 8a pedantic and ridiculous sort of virtue10 and they are 8abnormal1 monstrous1 inhuman1 and absurd40 ,then 8there is1 and can be1 no such thing as a priesthood in ,christianity40 ,it would take too long to enumerate all his theological1 philosophical1 and historical blunders1 for his book is full of them2 so we must give up the task4 ,in the last pages of the work we find a fairly good refutation of atheism1 as maintained by ,miss ,martineau1 ,mr4 ,atkinson1 and ,prof4 ,tyndall4 ,but what is the use of such a refutation1 if it is intended merely as a first step towards pantheism8 ,a pantheist has no right to refute atheism4 ,whatever he may say against it can always1 in one manner or another1 be retorted against himself2 and when the retorsion is pushed on to its last consequences1 his defeat takes the aspect of an atheistic victory4 ,thus nothing is gained1 and discussions become interminable1 to the great satisfaction of the sceptics4 ,it is for this reason that most of the ,protestant controversies on religious topics cannot be settled4 ,truth1 if mixed with error1 has little1 if any1 chance of victory2 and books in which truth is compelled to minister to error are all the more pernicious because their poison is less recognizable4 ,if this ,natural ,history of ,atheism is what we assume it to be--a ,masonic work--then we must confess that the ,scottish ,masons could not be served better than by such a baneful mixture of ,calvinistic dogmatism and pantheistic dreams4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,the ,natural ,history of ,atheism4 ,by ,john ,stuart ,blackie1 ,professor of ,greek at the ,university of ,edinburgh4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgh4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,children dying in original sin1 though children of wrath1 are not necessarily 8hell-deserving sinners10 as the author objects4 ,most ,catholic theologians maintain with good reasons that they will be in a state of natural happiness1 though debarred from the vision of ,god4 ,footnote #aje3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,february1 #ahgd1 where we have proved that all efficient cause is infinitely more perfect and of an infinitely better nature than any of its effects 78,the ,principles of ,real ,being10 p4 #ehd74 ,,the ,,created ,,wisdom4#ajf ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,i4 ,created ,wisdom at the gate ,of ,heaven1 ere ,time began1 ,i played2 ,the ,eternal ,wisdom ,uncreate ,beheld me ere the worlds were made4 ,i danced the void abyss above3 ,of lore unwrit the characters ,i traced with wingd feet1 and wove ,the orbits of the unshaped stars4 ,when first the sun and moon had birth1 ,when seas rushed back1 and hills up sprang1 ,before ,god's eyes in sacred mirth ,once more ,i circled1 and ,i sang4 ,i flashed--a ,thought in light arrayed-- ,beneath the ,eternal ,wisdom's ken3 ,when came mine hour ,i lived1 and played ,among the peopled fields of men4 ,blessed is he that keeps my ways1 ,that stands in reverence on my floor1 ,that seeks my praise1 my word obeys1 ,that waits and watches by my door4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,proverbs1 cap4 viii4 ,,conrad ,,and ,,walburga4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 8,moida6 ,moida6 you were right2 you knew him better than ,i did3 ,conrad ,seinsheim has already proposed10 were ,walburga's first words as she entered her home in ,fingergasse1 where her friend was awaiting her to go out for a walk4 8,oh6 good1 good4 ,how delighted ,i am6 ,you'll soon be back in your old castle10 cried the joyous ,moida1 springing up from her seat by the window and dancing round the room4 8,alas6 ,i scarcely dare yet to give full rein to hope10 added ,walburga1 shaking her head4 8,what is that8 ,i didn't understand you60 said the other1 abruptly pausing in her merry skips4 8,of course you said yes to him8 ,of course you did80 8,i said neither yes nor no2 he is to return in three days for an answer40 8,o you naughty1 puzzling creature6 ,why didn't you tell the poor fellow yes on the spot1 as ,i did to my darling ,ulrich80 8,why80 said ,walburga1 looking pensively at her2 then1 after hesitating a moment3 8,well1 ,moida1 it was because ,i have thus far adroitly1 but perhaps foolishly1 concealed something from him2 you know what ,i mean4 ,and1 like a coward1 when the crisis arrived1 when he asked for my hand1 ,i still put off the revelation for a brief space40 8,well1 ,mr4 ,seinsheim will be a fool1 a big fool1 if he doesn't marry you2 that's all ,i can say10 replied ,moida1 tenderly twining her arms about her friend's neck4 8,and1 what's more1 if ,i didn't think we were all of us going to live near one another at ,loewenstein1 ,i'd hate him for trying to take you away from me40 8,well1 you and ,i have certainly been very happy together1 have we not1 ,moida80 8,oh6 very1 very1 very2 and you should have kept your pretty nightingale1 so as to have brought him with us to ,tyrol40 8,perhaps ,i ought10 answered ,walburga1 her countenance now clearing up2 for hope1 sweet hope1 was just at this moment flashing its rays into her bosom and inspiring her to believe that ,conrad would surely accept her1 accept her exactly as she was1 and1 like a brave1 good husband1 bear upon his own shoulders as much of her cross as he was able4 ,a few minutes later the two friends were passing through the park on their way to ,foering4 ,this place is simply a beer-garden--one of the many within an hour's walk of ,munich4 ,here on the warmest summer day the air is cool1 for the spot is high and commanding1 and1 moreover1 well shaded by elm-trees4 ,but better than breeze or shade is the beer--beer such as one can taste only in ,southern ,bavaria4 ,in the middle of the garden is a platform elevated a few inches above the ground1 where those who are fond of dancing may trip it merrily to the music of a fiddle1 harp1 and flute1 dropping now and again a copper into the tin plate which one of the minstrels passes through the crowd4 ,when ,moida and ,walburga arrived ,foering was well-nigh deserted1 and they had no difficulty in being helped at once to whatever they wanted1 for the good-natured waiter-girl had only them to wait on4 ,but ere long other people began to come4 ,first appeared a husband and wife1 the former carrying the baby--the best of all babies1 of course--and so bound up in swaddling-clothes that the little thing could do naught except wink4 ,then followed a soldier hand-in-hand with a buxom lass1 with nature's own rouge glowing on her cheeks2 and hand-in-hand these two sat down1 and hand-in-hand they quenched their thirst out of the same mug1 the beverage tasting all the more like nectar for this sweet communion of lips4 ,presently a pursy gentleman waddled into the garden1 his respiration so laborious that you could hear him from afar1 and dropped heavily down upon the same bench where ,moida and ,walburga were seated4 ,to judge by his appearance you would have declared there was not a spark of sentiment in his whole composition2 he looked to be a sheer mass of beer-drenched humanity4 ,yet this was wide1 wide of the truth4 ,herr ,wurst was organist of the cathedral1 was passionately fond of poetry1 and knew by heart every song of the ,minnesingers4 ,in short1 he was a ,bavarian every inch of him1 and never was so much soul hidden in a sausage4 ,and thus on1 on the people came1 all jovial1 all orderly1 and to look at them you might have fancied they had not a care or trouble in the world4 ,then by and by the music commenced4 ',twas a waltz from ,strauss1 and the corpulent organist1 who knew our young friends--for they both sang in his choir--danced thrice round the platform with each2 and the baby in swaddling-clothes lay upon the bench like a little ,stoic while its daddy and mammy whirled round too2 and the buxom lass and the soldier likewise danced--danced so hard1 threw such life into their motions1 that when at length they paused to give their hearts a rest you might have thought they had been out in a shower of rain4 8,how often dear ,ulrich and ,i have enjoyed ourselves here60 spoke ,moida1 when she and ,walburga were once more seated over their beer-mugs4 8,i do believe we once danced a whole hour without stopping4 ,and oh6 how sweet it was to coo and whisper our love to each other while we flew round4 ,why1 ,i don't think ,i knew what life was till ,i became his betrothed40 8,well1 ,i hope you each had a glass of your own to sip the beer from10 remarked ,walburga1 smiling4 8,no indeed2 we went halves in everything4 ,and now--just think--we are soon going to be married6 ,and you too4 ,o ,walburga6 ,walburga60 ,the latter1 who was still under the radiant influence of hope1 and who seemed to feel anew the warm touch of ,conrad's lips1 cried3 8,yes1 yes1 my future is bright1 and ,i will prove by my devotion to him how grateful ,i am2 and there'll be no happier husband than ,conrad ,seinsheim60 ,presently1 however1 her countenance fell1 and in a low1 grave tone she added3 8,but suppose all this were not to happen8 ,everything must remain in doubt and uncertainty till ,i meet him again1 you know40 8,oh6 but he is so full of good sense1 so unlike the rest of the world1 that you may dispel all doubt4 ,conrad is sure to take you--sure10 answered ,moida4 ,cheered by these words1 ,walburga1 who was not blest with the same even temperament as her friend1 and who too easily flew from one extreme to the other1 became once more blithe and cheerful1 and she proceeded to speak of ,conrad in a strain which their brief acquaintance hardly justified4 ,but love engenders love2 and excited by the thought that she was loved by him 7,walburga had never had a lover before71 a tender1 responsive passion now inspired her tongue1 and during the rest of the afternoon even ,moida's high spirits did not soar higher than her own4 8,and now10 said ,walburga1 when the sun was verging near the horizon--8now let us seek the grove into which my dear nightingale flew2 ,i long to hear him singing his song in liberty40 8,and making love to some other pretty bird10 returned ,moida1 as she rose from the table4 ,accordingly1 they wended their way back to the park2 and in about half an hour ,walburga came to a halt and said3 8,here is the spot2 just among these bushes he disappeared40 ,then1 after listening a moment1 she added3 8,and that is his voice4 ,hark60 8,may it not be another nightingale80 observed ,moida4 8,well1 let us approach softly and try to get a peep at the one that is now singing2 if 'tis mine ,i'll know him by a bit of blue ribbon ,i tied about his neck40 ,presently they caught a glimpse of the little songster amid the green leaves1 and1 by the ribbon he wore1 'twas undoubtedly ,walburga's pet4 8,oh6 how glad ,i am ,i set him free10 spoke the latter in an undertone1 as if she feared to disturb his roundelay4 ,then1 pointing towards a neighboring bush3 8,and look6 look6 ,yonder is his mate40 ,walburga had scarcely breathed these words when the other bird took wing and perched itself close beside hers4 ,and now the song waxed softer and more melodious1 and a tear glistened in her eye as she gazed upon this happy scene of love-making4 ,presently a rushing1 swooping sound was heard2 'twas like a blast of wild wind1 and the girl gave a start4 ,moida was startled1 too1 and wondered what it was4 ,but before either of them could utter a cry or hasten one step to the rescue1 a hawk had pounced upon ,walburga's sweet warbler and carried him away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the next three days were anxious ones for ,conrad and ,walburga4 ,the former endeavored to beguile his thoughts by watching the work which was going on at the castle1 and spent as much time as possible beside ,ulrich1 under whose skilful hand the pristine beauty of the interior of the tower was fast returning4 ,whenever the youth spoke of ,moida1 ,conrad's face would light up1 and he would exclaim3 8,yes1 yes1 a happy day is coming for her and you and all of us40 ,yet down deep in his heart he felt a strange misgiving4 ,he remembered the pensive look which more than once had shadowed ,walburga's countenance whilst they were conversing together2 nor did ,conrad forget the tear--the tear he had been so tempted to kiss away4 8,and there was a shyness1 too1 about her which ,i cannot understand10 he said to himself4 8,she seemed afraid to look at me4 ,and when finally ,i proposed1 instead of answering yes or no she put me off for three long days40 ,conrad's own temperament1 as ,moida ,hofer had discerned1 was not unlike ,walburga's2 and now the thought of waiting this space of time was very trying to him4 ,at one moment he was full of hope2 at another he was certain that he would be rejected1 and then he was plunged in despair4 ,yet1 singular to relate1 when at length the dawn of the third day did arrive1 ,conrad was seized with a mysterious impulse not to leave ,loewenstein2 and ,ulrich1 to whom he had opened his heart and confided all his thoughts1 was unable to comfort him and give him courage to shake off the gloom which had come over his spirits4 8,i had a dream last night10 spoke ,conrad--8a dream that has wrought on me a most vivid1 painful impression4 ,i believe ,i shall never get over it--never60 8,pray1 what was the dream80 inquired ,ulrich4 8,i thought ,i was standing on the brink of a river1 whose dark waters as they rolled by me gave forth a moaning1 melancholy sound2 and ever and anon along the surface of the flood there passed a human head2 and every face of the many1 of the thousands1 ,i saw float by wore traces of pain and woe1 while some were stamped with a sorrow perfectly indescribable4 ,and1 oh6 one of these faces0--here ,conrad shuddered--8was the face of ,walburga4 ,and she watched me and watched me until she disappeared in the distance with a mournfulness no human tongue can express4 ,then when she was gone ,i heard a voice cry out3 #8,this stream hath its fountain in the heart of poor humanity2 and these waters are all the tears which have been shed since ,paradise was lost4'0 8,what a curious dream60 said ,ulrich4 8,but ,i beg you to forget it4 ',tis only a dream40 ,walburga1 too1 was impatient and anxious for the time to fly by4 ,and now while she sat at her easel waiting for ,conrad to appear--'twas the morning of the day she had named--her heart fluttered at every footstep that approached4 ,her countenance was paler than usual1 and on it were marks of grief4 ,nor ought we to smile at the girl for feeling so acutely the death of her nightingale2 it was such a cruel death1 and she had loved the bird so much4 ,indeed1 it was her very love for it that had prompted her to set it free4 ,only for this her pet would still have been warbling in its cage2 now nothing remained of it save a few scattered feathers4 8,alas6 will my heart1 perhaps1 be torn like his80 she sighed1 as she waited and listened4 ,but hour after hour went by1 and still ,conrad did not come2 nor did he show himself at all this day1 nor the following day either4 ,and then ,walburga murmured to herself3 8,ah6 ,i might have known it would be so4 ,he has been told by somebody else what ,i should have let his own eyes discover4 ,now ,i shall see him no more40 ,the evening of the sixth day1 after having waited for him at the ,pinakothek1 but1 as before1 in vain1 the poor girl went her way home1 where she might bow her head on ,moida's breast and silently lament4 ,but lo6 on reaching her humble abode her friend was not to be found--,moida was gone6 ,on the pin-cushion was found a slip of paper1 whereon was written3 8,stay calm1 dear ,walburga1 and trust in me2 ,i'll be back to-morrow40 ,moida did not reveal that she was gone to ,loewenstein to learn what had become of ,conrad ,seinsheim4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as changeable in spirits as the one whom he so passionately loved1 ,conrad arrived in ,munich1 his heart ravished with joy at the prospect before him2 for ,moida had assured him beyond the shadow of a doubt that ere the clock struck noon ,walburga would be his affianced bride4 8,she has been expecting you day after day10 said ,moida2 8and ,i can hardly forgive you for putting her patience to such a trial40 ,the day was anything but pleasant2 the rain poured down like a deluge1 and the streets were gloomy and deserted4 ,but when there is blue sky in our heart all the clouds in the heavens cannot shut it out2 and so ,conrad did not heed the tempest in the least4 ,at length he reached the ,pinakothek2 and when ,walburga found him once more by her side1 she had to call forth all her resolution1 in order to preserve a mien of calm and dignity4 ,only by a great effort she succeeded2 at least her eyes did not stray from the canvas1 and1 except for a flush of color which came over the paleness of her cheek1 one might have fancied she was not even aware of his presence4 8,gracious lady10 began ,conrad in faltering accents1 8,i am come late--very late1 ,i know4 ,but ,i hope not too late80 8,oh6 no1 sir4 ,i forgive you10 answered ,walburga1 with a smile which at once doubly assured him that the happy moment was indeed close at hand4 8,but pray be patient yet a little while10 she added1 8and watch well what ,i am about to do2 'tis the finishing touch to my picture40 8,your beautiful picture60 ejaculated ,conrad4 8,how ,i long to see it hanging in ,loewenstein ,castle40 ,and now1 while ,walburga went on with her brush1 he fell into attentive silence4 ,but he said within himself3 8,only for what ,miss ,hofer has told me of you1 of your kind heart1 ,i should set you down as the cruelest of mortals for keeping me in a fever of suspense during such an age as a single minute40 ,presently ,conrad's expression became one of amazement1 and1 quite unable to contain himself1 he exclaimed1 8,why1 what are you doing80 ,but without making any response the girl continued her work2 and her hand was wonderfully steady1 considering that ,conrad's trial1 great as it was1 was not greater than her own4 ,nay1 the agony of waiting was tenfold more poignant for her than for him4 ,in a few minutes she had finished1 and then again he cried out1 this time loud enough to be heard in the main gallery3 8,why1 why do you disfigure your chef d'uvre by a hideous birthmark80 ,with a tremor and cheek white as death ,walburga here let her brush fall1 then abruptly cut short ,conrad's exclamations of regret at what she had done by saying3 8,pray listen1 sir2 ,i am about to answer the solemn question you put to me a week ago40 ,but before going further she paused a moment1 perhaps to smother a wail of anguish that was ready to burst from her lips2 and while she paused ,conrad leaned towards her to catch the coming words1 and you might have heard the beating of his heart4 ,then ,walburga spoke3 8,my response1 sir1 is--,no60 ,there are times in life when we scarce can put faith in what our ears plainly tell us2 to ,conrad ,seinsheim this was such a time4 ,his expression when these words reached him1 it were impossible to describe2 he stood like one petrified4 ,in another moment1 with astonishment1 and wrath1 and grief struggling madly in his breast1 he turned and hastened out of the ,pinakothek2 and as he went1 oh6 bitterly did he curse the hour1 the fatal hour1 when he first laid eyes on this beautiful but utterly heartless and deceiving woman4 ,o ,conrad1 ,conrad1 ,conrad6 why didst thou not stay thy rash flight an instant--only an instant--and give ,walburga one other glance8 ,hadst thou done this1 we verily believe1 nay1 we are certain1 thy flashing eyes would have softened to tenderness and pity4 ,for at the sound of thy departing steps she turned round towards thee1 and her face was as the face thou sawest in thy dream4 ,but destiny shaped it otherwise3 thou didst not pause1 and ,walburga floated down the dark stream1 away from thee for ever and for ever4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ulrich retired to rest1 the night which closed the stormy day when ,conrad went to ,munich1 in a very happy mood4 ,not only did he believe himself on the high-road to success1 for ,conrad had promised to find him steady employment1 but the absence of his benefactor made the youth confident that ,walburga had put an end to his suspense by giving him a favorable answer4 8,yes1 ,conrad told me that if she accepted him ,i need not expect him back till to-morrow1 or the day after at the very soonest40 ,nor even when five days elapsed1 and the owner of the castle still remained absent1 did ,ulrich think it strange4 8,i am sure10 he said to himself1 8,i didn't leave my ,moida's side for five days after we were betrothed--no indeed40 ,but why none of them dropped him a line to impart the glad tidings did surprise him a little2 ,moida1 at least1 might have written two words4 ,finally1 a letter did come from ,moida1 but it brought anything save good news2 and when the poor fellow had read it through he sank down on the grass near the ancient tombstone and wept bitterly4 ,when this day closed ,loewenstein was quite deserted1 except by ,caro1 the aged poodle1 who wandered all about the dusky ruin1 whining and wondering what had become of his master4 ,yet1 cheerless as ,loewenstein was this evening and many an evening afterwards1 'twas less cheerless than the erewhile happy home in ,fingergasse4 ,but ,conrad ,seinsheim knew naught of this2 he believed all the grief1 all the lamentations1 to be his own4 ,and1 indeed1 he suffered much4 ,from hateful ,munich he sped away he did not care whither3 to ,nuremberg1 to ,dresden1 to ,prague--on1 on he travelled1 half distracted2 until by and by1 after three weeks of aimless1 feverish wandering--his heart spoke to him and said3 8,thou hast been hasty2 return to the ,pinakothek and ask ,walburga once more to be thy spouse40 ,and ,conrad listened to the voice of his heart and went back4 99 99 99 99 99 ,three weeks have passed away since ,walburga pronounced that doomful ,no--only three weeks4 ,yet what changes may be wrought in this brief space of time6 ,is yonder haggard visage moving through the ,pinakothek the visage of ,conrad ,seinsheim8 ,yes1 it is he2 and how his deep-sunken eyes glow as he draws nigh to the spot where hangs ,carlo ,dolce's picture of ,innocence6 ,like sparks out of a tomb they seem4 ,but she whom ,conrad is looking for is gone4 8,pray tell me10 he said1 addressing one of the custodes--8tell me where is the young lady who was copying this painting a few weeks since4 ,is she anywhere in the gallery80 8,she is dead1 sir10 answered the other1 quietly tapping a little black box with his knuckles and taking out a pinch of snuff2 8and she is to be buried to-day40 8,dead60 repeated ,conrad1 starting back4 8,dead60 ,in another moment he was hastening with winged feet to the ,god's-acre4 ,and as he sped along the streets1 every merry laugh that reached his ears sounded like a dismal croak2 and the sky overhead1 albeit never so cloudless and bright1 seemed to shadow every object like a vast funeral pall4 ,how bitterly did ,conrad now reproach himself for the rash words he had uttered when he saw ,walburga tracing the birthmark on her picture6 8,fool1 fool1 fool that ,i was6 ,i should have divined in an instant what she thus meant to convey to me1 and ,i should have answered3 #8,even so1 dear girl1 ,i will take thee and cherish thee6'0 ,when ,conrad reached the ,leichen-,haus#ajg the funeral bell was already tolling--the ,leichen-,haus1 whose ghastliness cannot be dissipated by all the bright-burning tapers and garlands of sweet-scented flowers which surround the dead4 ,breathless he turned to the sheet of paper posted by the doorway1 whereon are written the names and station in life of those who are to be buried2 and breathless he read the names4 ,walburga's stood third on the list1 and1 as coffin number two was just passing out of the building1 ,conrad saw that he was not more than in time4 ,he pushed his way through the crowd1 and in another moment found himself beside ,walburga4 ,she was the only one of the departed who retained any look of life about her2 you might almost have fancied she was blushing at the curious eyes which were staring upon her1 as she lay still and motionless in the narrow box1 and that she heard them whispering1 8,how handsome she would have been1 except for that ugly birthmark60 ,we need not tell what ,conrad felt at this moment2 those who noticed him nudged one another1 and said in undertones3 8,her lover1 perhaps4 ,poor fellow60 ,not many followed ,walburga to her last resting-place2 for she had been of a retiring nature1 and had kept much to herself and her one devoted friend4 ,there might have been five or six persons in all who saw her lowered into the grave2 and among the few who sprinkled holy water upon her there was ,conrad ,seinsheim4 ,as he did so an inner voice whispered to him and said3 8,walburga is near thee2 she sees thee2 she is immortal and happy for ever40 ,then1 when the last clod of earth had been well packed down by the grave-digger's spade1 ,conrad turned away to seek ,moida ,hofer4 ,ulrich accompanied him1 and when they gained the high-up chamber where ,walburga had lived so many peaceful years1 they found ,moida standing beside a table on which lay ,master ,eckart and ,blessed ,henry ,suso's ,little ,book of ,eternal ,wisdom1 an empty bird-cage1 and a tress of golden hair4 8,she loved you truly10 spoke the girl1 looking at ,conrad through her tears4 8,she told me so2 they were almost her last words to me40 8,oh6 ,i know it now1 but1 alas6 too late4 ,she is gone60 replied ,conrad2 and the word gone sounded through the room with long-drawn pathos4 ',twas as if his voice had passed the word on to other voices1 who kept repeating3 8,gone6 gone6 gone60 ,here ,moida and ,ulrich fell to weeping2 and when by and by they uncovered their faces1 they were surprised to find that ,conrad had disappeared4 ,he must indeed have glided away like a spirit1 for neither of them had heard his footstep2 and1 to their further wonder1 the sunshiny curl had vanished too4 99 99 99 99 99 8,how strangely things turn out60 spoke ,moida to her betrothed one evening1 as they were seated side by side at the foot of ,loewenstein tower1 watching the sun go down4 8,strangely1 strangely60 answered ,ulrich4 8,poor ,conrad60 went on ,moida4 8,had he come back only a few days sooner--and he came with the full intention of proposing again--if he had arrived even one day before the saddest of all the days ,i have known1 ,walburga might have lived40 ,to this the youth made no response2 he could not speak1 and his tears set ,moida weeping again2 while old ,caro1 who perceived that his mistress was in sorrow1 let droop his head1 and his tail ceased to wag4 ,presently the sun disappeared4 ,but still in the twilight the lovers remained thinking of the past4 ,by and by a voice was heard singing within the tower1 and after listening a moment and sighing1 8,poor1 poor ,conrad60 ,moida rose up and peeped through the lowest of the grated windows4 ,ulrich did the same1 and what did they behold8 ,wrapped in a long1 flowing gown1 and pacing round and round the room1 was ,conrad ,seinsheim4 ,yet not everybody would have recognized him2 for his hair1 which now reached down to his shoulders1 was turned quite gray1 and so was his beard1 and you might have taken him for an aged man4 ,the song he was singing was one full of tenderness and love2 and ever and anon ,conrad would pause and listen1 and press to his lips a lock of sunny hair4 ,then suddenly1 like a person who hears an answering voice1 his ghostlike visage would glow with rapture1 and you might have fancied he had caught a vision of heaven4 8,really1 ,i sometimes think ,conrad is not mad at all10 observed ,moida solemnly4 8,at this moment ,i do believe he sees dear ,walburga4 ,look6 look6 ,he is beckoning60 8,it may be so10 returned ,ulrich4 8,at any rate1 he is infinitely happier1 judging by his expression and his songs1 than many a man who is not mad40 8,well1 ,i'll not say #8,poor ,conrad6' any more10 added ,moida4 8,for ,i verily believe he knows ,walburga is ever hovering near him2 nay1 that at times he actually sees her4 ,there1 look again6 look6 ,how he smiles6 ,and his outstretched hands may indeed be clasping hers now1 albeit they are invisible to you and me40 ,here there was a brief silence1 after which ,ulrich remarked1 8,i am very pleased1 my love1 that you keep the little lamp so nicely trimmed before the image of our ,blessed ,mother3 for the image belonged to ,walburga4 ,see1 now ,conrad is praying before it40 8,oh6 'tis not ,i who trims the light10 replied ,moida4 8,conrad takes entire charge of the shrine2 ,i merely bring him oil and tapers40 8,but1 darling10 continued ,ulrich somewhat abruptly1 and with a look of seriousness1 8if ,conrad's mysterious condition last much longer 'twill plunge us into still greater difficulties2 will it not8 ,why1 already all your slender means have been swallowed up1 as well as the few florins ,i had1 in paying off the swarm of laborers who were employed upon this ruin4 ,now all work is stopped1 and 'twill be a bitter cold place to spend the coming winter in4 ,yet what can we do8 ,we must surely stay by ,conrad1 for he was extremely generous to you and me2 and if we abandoned him in this dark hour 'twould be very cruel40 8,ay1 let us prove his stanch friends1 now that he is unable to help himself10 answered the girl1 brushing away a tear4 8,well1 if he could only sleep he might grow better10 pursued ,ulrich4 8,our kind friend hasn't closed his eyes in ever so many nights10 said ,moida4 8,nor does he take enough nourishment to keep another person from starvation4 ,in fact1 his condition is exceedingly mysterious4 ,an inward fire seems to be consuming him2 you can see it shooting out of his eyes2 but still on he lives--on and on2 apparently happy1 too1 withered to a skeleton though he is40 8,ay1 what can keep good ,conrad alive80 said ,ulrich4 8,might it be that ,walburga's spirit feeds him80 spake ,moida1 in an awe-stricken whisper4 ,here the subject of their remarks rose up from his knees and began again to sing3 8,und weil es nicht ist auszusagen1 ,weil's ,lieben ganz unendlich ist1 ,so magst du meine ,augen fragen1 ,wie lieb du mir in ,herzen bist60#ajh ,when the song1 of which we have given but a stanza1 was ended1 ,caro uttered a melancholy howl that awakened the echoes far up the mountain and set the owls in the ruin hooting2 then following his mistress1 who passed into the tower to make sure that ,conrad's door was properly fastened for the night1 the old dog curled himself up on a rug and was soon asleep4 ,moida1 however1 went out again to spend a half-hour more with her betrothed1 watching the stars and wondering what fate was in store for herself and him4 8,if these stones could only speak1 what tales they'd tell60 observed ,ulrich1 after she had nestled down beside him and flung half her shawl about his shoulders1 for the air was rather chilly4 8,yes1 very interesting stories no doubt10 returned ,moida4 8,they'd tell us of many a brave knight and fair lady1 of many a pageant and tournament4 ,but remember1 dear boy1 what ,i have often said to you3 beware of dwelling on those dead and buried days4 ,and ,i1 too1 must beware2 for1 do you know1 since ,i am here ,i occasionally feel myself drifting into a dreamy state1 and ,i might almost fancy this ruin is enchanted and that it has thrown a spell over me4 ,but believe me1 ,ulrich1 believe me1 the past is past and can never1 never come back4 ,whatever your forefathers were1 however wealthy and noble and powerful--some of them even placed kings on the throne--you1 at least1 must toil to win your daily bread2 and ,i mean to help you4 ,therefore be of stout heart and look only to the future4 ,and even if we have to live like these owls we will marry some time or other2 and happy days are in store for us yet40 ,moida had scarcely spoken these words when she and her betrothed were startled by a loud1 wailful cry which seemed to proceed from ,conrad's chamber4 ,nor can we wonder that it made them both spring to their feet2 for not once since poor ,seinsheim had been confined had he wept a tear or uttered a single lamentation4 ,yet 'twas undoubtedly his voice they had just heard4 ,but what could have wrought this sudden change in him8 ,in another moment they were within the tower4 ,then ,moida with trembling hand turned the key of his door and entered1 followed closely by ,ulrich4 8,o ,moida6 ,moida60 cried ,conrad1 as she advanced toward him1 8why did you wake me8 ,why did you not let me sleep on8 ',twas a celestial vision ,i had--oh6 celestial4 ,but1 alas6 now ,i am awake--stark awake2 and now it all comes back to me--all1 all4 ,she is dead6 dead6 dead60 ,here he burst into a paroxysm of grief1 and uttered anew the shriek of woe which had been heard a minute before4 8,i do believe his reason is restored10 whispered the girl1 turning to her betrothed4 8,oh6 let us thank ,god10 answered ,ulrich4 8,conrad1 dear1 good ,conrad10 spoke ,moida1 now gently taking his hand in hers1 8you have been living indeed in a vision for many days past2 but now you appear to be yourself again4 ,so do not mourn2 rather kneel and pray1 and ,i will pray with you1 and so will ,ulrich4 ,let us offer thanks to ,god for your happy recovery40 8,well1 yes1 ,i will pray--pray to be taken where ,walburga is10 answered ,conrad1 in a somewhat calmer tone1 yet still weeping bitterly4 8,o ,moida6 if you only knew how happy ,i have been4 ,why1 blessed ,walburga was near me all the while2 and every time ,i sang she responded in a strain such as only angel lips can breathe4 ,but now--now her face has disappeared1 her voice is silent--she is gone6 ,o ,moida6 if my blissful vision was madness1 then would to ,god ,i had stayed mad60 8,well1 dear friend1 ,walburga is no doubt in heaven1 and ,i believe she does often hover round you2 for she loves you1 and knows that you love her2 and ,i am confident nothing would so rejoice her soul as to have you pray--to see you back once more in the faith of your youth4 ,on her dying bed this was her ardent hope4 ,oh6 do1 do40 8,i am what ,i used to be in my early years10 replied ,conrad1 a glad smile lighting up his wan face4 8,i am1 indeed4 ,blessed ,walburga led me back--and-- ,but hark6 ,she is calling me6 ,hark6 ,hark60 ,here ,conrad sank slowly to his knees1 while an expression came over him which filled the other two with alarm4 ,then ,ulrich1 without losing a moment1 hastened with all speed to the monastery for a priest4 ,the path down the mountain was a difficult one1 especially at this hour4 ,on the way back the good father and ,ulrich might have gone astray and arrived too late1 but for their meeting a man with a lantern1 who offered to light them up the rugged ascent4 ,nigh unto death as he was1 ,conrad's soul lingered yet an hour in its mortal tenement--a long enough time for him to be shriven and to receive the last sacrament of the church2 after which the man with the lantern--and who1 by a happy providence1 turned out to be the village notary--drew up in brief words ,conrad's will and testament1 whereby ,loewenstein ,castle1 and all his other property besides1 was bequeathed to ,ulrich4 8,and now1 ere ,i depart hence10 spoke ,conrad in a voice barely loud enough to be heard1 and placing ,moida's hand in the hand of her betrothed1 8let me see you joined in matrimony4 ,ay1 let the holy bond be made right here by my couch1 and do thou1 reverend father1 pronounce them man and wife40 ,such a ceremony at such a time and place the latter had never yet performed4 ,but so urgent was ,conrad's appeal to have it done on the spot1 without an instant's delay1 that he overcame a little scruple4 ,then1 just as ,conrad's immortal part was winging its flight1 ,moida1 the patient1 faithful ,moida1 who had waited so long for this golden moment to arrive1 found herself the bride of her own dear ,ulrich2 and like a bright rainbow illumining a rain-beaten landscape1 a gleam of joy1 great joy1 shone through her tears1 and never before was happiness so strangely blended with sorrow as here in this chamber of death4 ,then1 kneeling down side by side1 ,moida and ,ulrich breathed a prayer for the repose of the soul of him who had been so very good to them4 ,and may we not hope that near them at that solemn moment was the soul of ,walburga1 greeting the spirit of the one whom she loved1 and ready to be his guide in the dark1 dismal region which ,conrad had still to pass through ere he came to the home of the blest8 ,,end4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,a building in the ,munich cemetery to which all are taken immediately after death--no exception1 save for the royal family4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,words by ,jean ,paul4 8,and as 'tis not for tongue to tell1 ,for love knows naught of time or space1 ,so diving down my eyes' deep well1 ,find graven on my heart thy face40 ,,dante',s ,,purgatorio4 ,,translated ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,parsons4 ,,canto ,,seventeenth4 ,now1 that thy mind with more expanded powers ,may conceive this1 give me thy mind1 nor shun ,to reap some harvest from this halt of ours4 ,bethink thee1 reader1 if thou e'er hast been ,among the ,alps o'ertaken by a cloud1 ,through which all objects were as blindly seen ,as moles behold things through their visual shroud2 ,how1 as the vapors dank and thick begin ,to thin themselves1 the solar sphere's faint ray ,scarce pierces them1--and readily may'st thou ,conceive 7when first ,i saw it7 in what way ,to me the sun looked that was setting now4 ,from such a cloud1 and following as ,i went ,my master's faithful steps with even pace1 ,i came to where the day's last rays were spent ,on the low border of the mountain's base4 ,o gift imaginative6 that dost so ,of ourselves rob us1 that oft-times a man ,heeds not though round him thousand trumpets blow6 ,if thee sense move not1 whence the power that can8 ,a light moves thee1 ,heaven-kindled1 that doth flow ,by will divine directed1 or its own4 ,my fancy with her fury was engrossed ,who took the shape of that sweet bird#aji well known ,to be of his own song enamored most2 ,and here my mind was in itself so chained ,that it received no object from outside4 ,then into my high fantasy there rained ,the image of a person crucified1#aaj ,fierce in his aspect1 with a face of hate1-- ,and in this look despitefully he died4 ,round him there stood ,ahasuerus great1 ,esther1 his spouse1 and ,mordecai the true1 ,of whose just word just action still was mate4 ,and1 as this image from my mind withdrew1 ,of itself breaking1 as a bubble does1 ,failing the water under which it grew1 ,a damsel#aaa weeping on my vision rose1 ,moaning aloud and crying3 8,why1 ,o queen6 ,hast thou through anger wished thyself undone8 ,not to lose thy ,lavinia1 thou hast ta'en ,thy life and lost me6 ,mother1 ,i am one ,doomed to mourn thee before a husband slain60 ,even as our slumber1 when a flash of light ,a sleeper's eyes doth suddenly confront1 ,is broken1 quivering ere it dieth quite2 ,so fell my vision1 as a beam past wont ,in its excess of splendor smote my sight4 ,i turned to see where 'twas ,i had been brought1 ,when a voice called to me3 8,climb here the hill60 ,this put all other purpose from my thought1 ,and gave such eagerness unto my will ,of him who counselled thus to mark the mien1 ,as rests not wholly satisfied until ,face unto face the speaker may be seen4 ,and1 as one sees not the sun's figure clear1 ,through light's great superflux that blinds our gaze1 ,so was my visual virtue wanting here4 8,this is a heavenly spirit0 7,virgil says71 8,that with his splendor veils him from thine eye1 ,and guides us our way up1 nor waits for prayer4 ,he does by us as men would be done by2 ,for who sees need1 and doth1 till asked1 forbear1 ,already seems ill-purposed to deny4 ,such invitation let our feet obey6 ,haste we to mount before the darkness grow1 ,for then we could not till return of day40 ,so spake my leader3 ,i beside him slow ,pacing1 we bended toward a stair our way2 ,and1 as my foot the first ascension pressed1 ,i felt a movement near me as of wings ,fanning my face1 and then a voice said3 8,blest ,are the peacemakers6 them no bad wrath stings40 ,already overhead the sun's last rays ,were so uplifted1 followed by the night1 ,that round us many a star began to blaze4 ,and1 as ,i felt my body's waning might1 8,why dost thou fail me1 ,o my strength80 ,i said3 ,but having come now where we climbed no more1 ,on the stair's brink we ceased our toilsome tread1 ,fixed as a vessel that arrives at shore4 ,i stopped awhile1 and waited as to hear ,in this new circle aught perchance of sound2 ,then thus addressed my lord3 8,my ,father dear6 ,say1 what offence is punished in this round8 ,stay not thy speech although thy feet are stayed40 8,the love of good10 thus ,virgil me bespoke1 8,wherein deficient here is perfect made2 ,here the slow oar receives amending stroke4 ,but that thy mind with more expanded powers ,may conceive this1 give me thy mind1 nor shun ,to reap some harvest from this halt of ours4 8,never creator0#aab 7he began71 8my son1 ,was without love2 nor anything create2 ,either love natural1 or that nobler one ,born of the mind2 thou know'st the truth ,i state4 ,natural love ne'er takes erroneous course2 ,through ill-directed aim the other may1 ,or from excess1 or from a want of force4 ,while o'er its bent the ,primal ,good hath sway1 ,while with due check it seeks the inferior good1 ,it cannot be the source of wrong delight4 ,but when it swerves to ill1 or if it should ,seek good with more or less zeal than is right1 ,against the maker doth his work rebel4 ,whence may'st thou#aac comprehend how love in you ,must of all virtue be the seed1 as well ,as of each action to which pain is due4 ,now since love must look ever towards its own ,subjects' well-being1 things are from self-hate ,saved2 and since naught can be supposed alone ,to exist1 from the ,first ,being separate1 ,hatred of ,him is also spared to men4#aad ,remains 7if rightly ,i divide1 ,i say7 ,the ill that's loved must be a neighbor's then1 ,and in three modes this love springs in your clay4 ,one1 through the crushing of his fellow1 fain ,would come to eminence1 with sole desire ,his greatness o'er that other's to maintain4 ,one at another's rising feareth loss ,of power1 fame1 favor1 and his own good name2 ,so sickens1 joying in his neighbor's cross4 ,and there is one whom wrong so weighs with shame1 ,that greed of vengeance doth his heart engross2 ,and such must needs work evil for his brother4 ,this threefold bad love those mourn here below3 ,now ,i would have thee learn about another1 ,which runs to good but doth no measure know4 ,all vaguely apprehend a good wherein ,the soul may rest itself2 and all men woo ,this imaged good1 and seek its peace to win4 ,to look thereon if languid love#aae draw you1 ,or ye be slow to seek it1 such a sin1 ,after meet penitence1 on this round ye rue4 ,there is another good1#aaf but far from bliss6 ,nor makes man happy3 it is not the true ,essence1 of all good fruit the root3 ,to this ,the love which too much doth itself resign ,is mourned for in three cornices above2 ,but how tripartite#aag ,i will not define2 ,thou shalt1 by seeing1 learn about that love04 ,footnote #aji3 8,who took the shape of that sweet bird40 ,reference is here made to the story of ,procne1 wife of ,tereus1 ,king of ,thrace1 and sister of ,philomela4 ,to revenge herself on her husband1 ,procne murdered their child1 ,itys1 cut him into pieces1 and served up the flesh to the father4 ,tereus1 discovering the truth1 pursued and was on the point of overtaking her when1 at her prayer1 she was changed by the gods into a nightingale1 and her sister ,philomela into a swallow1 according to ,probus1 ,libanius1 and ,strabo4--,purg4 ix4 #ae4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,this is ,haman1 who was hanged upon the gallows that he had prepared for ,mordecai1 as we read in the ,book of ,esther2 but ,dante's word is crocifisse4 ,footnote #aaa3 8,a damsel10 etc4 ,this was ,lavinia1 daughter of ,king ,latinus and ,amata4 ,lavinia had been secretly promised in marriage by her mother to ,turnus1 ,king of the ,rutuli4 ,the marriage was displeasing to the gods1 and the oracles declared that ,lavinia should marry a foreign prince4 ,the foreign prince was neas1 who1 on his arrival in ,italy1 became the friend and ally of ,latinus1 and won his favor as suitor to ,lavinia4 ,turnus thereupon declared war against both1 and was killed in battle by neas4 ,amata1 having been informed prematurely of the death of ,turnus1 and enraged at being unable to prevent the marriage of ,lavinia with neas1 hanged herself in despair4 ,footnote #aab3 8,never ,creator 4440 ,in this passage ,virgil explains to ,dante the nature of love according to the medival philosophy1 viz41 ,god is love4 8,deus caritas est10 and so are all created things1 as derived from him4 ,love in man is natural or rational--that is1 of the mind4 ,natural love1 or the love towards all things necessary to one's preservation1 cannot err4 ,rational love can err in three ways3 first1 when directed to a bad aim--that is1 to evil2 secondly1 when directed excessively to earthly pleasures2 thirdly1 when directed feebly to those things truly worthy of love1 the celestial4 ,as long as love turns to the ,primal ,good1 the celestial1 or seeks with due check the inferior1 or terrestrial1 it cannot be the source of wrong1 or sin4 8,but when it swerves to ill10 444 etc4 ,footnote #aac3 8,whence may'st thou 4440 ,love is the source of good works1 as of bad ones2 thus1 according to ,st4 ,augustine1 8,boni aut mali mores sunt boni aut mali amores40 ,footnote #aad3 8,hatred of ,him 4440 ,love cannot turn against its subjects 7viz41 men cannot hate themselves72 and as these subjects cannot exist separate from their ,first ,being1 they cannot therefore hate ,god4 7,men may deny or blaspheme1 but not hate1 ,god47 ,it follows1 therefore1 that1 as no bad love can be directed against one's self or against ,god1 that it can only be against one's neighbor1 and this can be in three forms3 viz41 by ,pride1 or the love of good to ourselves and of evil to others2 by ,envy1 or the love of evil to others1 without cause of good or evil to us2 by ,anger1 or the love of evil to others on account of real or imaginary evil to us4 ,footnote #aae3 8444 ,languid love 4440 ,sloth2 indolence to seek the true good1 which is ,god4 ,footnote #aaf3 8,there is another good 4440--the love of this world and earthly pleasures4 ,footnote #aag3 8,tripartite 4440--three other bad loves3 ,avarice1 ,gluttony1 ,lust4 ,,the ,,tractarian ,,movement ,,in ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,the ,,church4 ,a generation has passed away since the beginning of that which is commonly known as the ,tractarian movement in the ,church of ,england2 the early leaders of the little band whose influence has been and still is felt throughout the length and breadth of the land have1 with two exceptions1 gone from among us2 the names of ,father ,newman and ,doctor ,pusey are known to all our readers1 the one as that of a devoted son of ,holy ,church1 the other as that of an ,anglican still firmly attached to the cause which he espoused in early life4 ,which of these eminent men is to be taken as a fair example of the results of the movement8 ,what is the tendency of the ,high-,church party8 ,do its doctrines and practices lead people to the ,catholic ,church or keep them out of it8 ,questions like these can hardly fail to occur to the mind of any intelligent observer of the state of religion in ,england in the present day1 and on them must chiefly centre the interest of ,catholics in the subject4 ,the different parties contained in the ,church of ,england give contrary answers to the questions we have proposed4 ,low-,church or ,evangelical ,anglicans are unanimous in their denunciations of 8,puseyism0 and 8,ritualism0 as the high-road to ,rome2 some of them even go so far as to say that the ,jesuits are the hidden but real promoters of what they look upon as a return to the errors and evils swept away by the ,reformation4 ,the ,high-,church portion of the ,church of ,england is equally earnest and positive in the assertion that what it calls the revival of ,catholic teaching and ,catholic practice does not lead men to ,rome1 but keeps them1 to use its own language1 true to the faith of their baptism4 ,in face of these conflicting statements we turn to the testimony of ,catholic priests engaged in the work of conversion1 and to the personal experience of converts4 ,we believe that every priest who has experience in conversions will unhesitatingly endorse the statement that most of the converts received into the ,catholic ,church come from the ranks of the ,high-,church or ,tractarian section of the ,anglican communion4 ,many of these converts1 especially of those who were formerly ,anglican clergymen1 have felt it right to lay before the public the motives which determined them to take a step so serious in its nature and consequences4 ,we have therefore a considerable number of published documents to refer to1 and the testimony that they bear is in perfect accordance with that of our priests4 ,the question1 however1 is not so easily settled4 ,if you lay these facts before a ,ritualist he will at once assure you that those who have left the ,church of ,england were weak1 or unstable1 or impatient1 or that they were driven from their position by the imprudence or fault of others1 most probably by the errors of their bishops4 ,they will1 in fact1 deny that conversions are the natural and legitimate result of ,high-,church teaching1 and will treat them as exceptional cases1 to be blamed1 indeed1 and deplored1 but not to be viewed as indicating a general tendency4 ,it will therefore be interesting to examine a little into the work of the ,high-,church movement1 and to judge for ourselves how it bears on the interests of the church4 ,we begin at once by admitting that the ,high-,church party is opposed to the ,catholic ,church--deliberately and actively opposed4 ,the language in which it condemns converts is at least as strong as that in use among ,evangelicals4 ,the principle of private judgment1 which furnishes the convert with an argument unanswerable in the case of his ,low-,church opponent1 is not recognized by the ,high-,churchman1 although we do him no injustice in saying that it underlies his whole course of action4 ,the ,high-,churchman's belief in ,anglican orders1 coupled with his ignorance as to the meaning of jurisdiction1 enables him to suppose that the ,catholic ,church in ,england is schismatical1 and to denounce those who submit to her authority as guilty of grave1 if not of unpardonable1 sin4 ,if1 then1 the ,high-,church or ,tractarian party does in any sense or to any degree promote the cause of conversion1 or prepare the way for souls to return to ,god's church1 we must say that such work is done unconsciously and involuntarily4 ,the original principle of the ,high-,church movement was reverence for antiquity2 it was1 in the intention of its leaders1 a return to the old paths4 ,the past has ever had a charm for minds of a certain order2 to those who have not realized the supernatural character of the church1 who have not grasped the great fact that1 in virtue of the promise of her divine ,lord and of the power of his ,spirit1 she is ever the same1 ever preserved from error1 ever guided unto all truth1 antiquity is a matter of primary importance4 ,ignorant of the existing ,divine authority1 the ,protestant who believes that our ,lord founded a church upon earth goes back to the earliest days of its history2 he traces the stream to its source2 he thinks that there it must needs be purest4 ,it may be that the labor is great1 that the study required is beyond the reach of many1 and that1 after all1 the materials at his command are too often insufficient1 and that he is ultimately compelled to fall back on the exercise of his private judgment2 but in the absence of a living authority there is nothing that he deems more likely to guide him aright4 ,the view1 we must admit1 is from his position perfectly reasonable1 and we may bless ,god that the reverent and conscientious study of the past has brought many of the best and most gifted of the ,anglican body to bow their heads in allegiance to the ,vicar of ,christ2 they have found that the truth they sought is1 to use the words of ,moses1 not above them nor far off from them1 but very nigh unto them4 ,but the influence of this awakening of reverence for the past has told upon many who have not joined the ,catholic ,church2 it has even left its mark on material things4 ,the old churches which our ,catholic forefathers built1 wherein they worshipped and beneath whose shadow they rest1 have been restored2 through the length and breadth of the country they stand in their venerable beauty1 and seem at once to bear testimony to the piety of former ages and to await ,england's return to the faith4 ,we believe the ,high-,church section of the ,anglican communion to be promoting the cause of conversion in several ways4 ,first1 by the valid administration of baptism4 ,high-,church clergymen know what is essential to the validity of baptism2 they believe baptism to be a sacrament and necessary to salvation1 and consequently they are very careful in instructing their people as to its importance and in giving it properly4 ,in former days1 and in the case of ministers who did not believe that baptism really affected the eternal salvation of an infant1 there is reason to fear that there was an immense amount of neglect4 ,by baptism1 as we know1 the habit of faith is implanted in the soul1 and accordingly in converts from ,anglicanism we often find a wonderful power of grasping the truths of the ,catholic religion2 as soon as a doctrine is presented to them the mind seems at once to respond to it2 faith is there1 as it is in the soul of the baptized child4 ,most of the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church are preached and taught by the ,high-,church clergy with more or less distinctness2 and here we must observe that in speaking of the ,high-,church or ritualistic body we are compelled to use terms whose signification is somewhat vague4 ,the ,church of ,england may be said to contain three different schools of opinion1 ,high ,church1 ,low ,church1 and ,broad ,church2 but no one of these has any definite standard4 ,among those who are called1 and who would call themselves1 ,high-,churchmen there are many varieties and shades of opinion2 the writings or sermons of one ,high-,church clergyman may1 of course1 be disavowed by another4 ,up to the present time ,dr4 ,pusey1 who more than any other man might seem to have been a leader1 does not feel it necessary to adopt the ritual for which some of his disciples are so earnestly contending4 ,all that we can1 therefore1 hope to do is to give a general idea of ,high-,church and ritualistic teaching1 premising that on most points there is more or less divergence amongst the teachers4 ,it is not surprising that many of those who look back to the past for guidance and instruction should have come to view the so-called ,reformation with regret4 ,the ordinary ,protestant boldly declares it to have been a necessity1 but many ,high-,churchmen openly deplore it2 they repudiate the name of ,protestant1 and1 in defiance at once of history and of etymology1 call themselves ,catholics4 ,there is something1 however1 in a name1 and we may fairly believe that the disavowal of the epithet ,protestant tends to educate people out of the idea of protesting2 it is certainly true that if the ,church of ,england ceases to be ,protestant1 she cuts the very ground from under her feet1 and abolishes her only plausible raison d'tre2 but the ,english mind1 with all its good qualities1 is not1 generally speaking1 logical1 and words are too often used without a very accurate idea of their derivation or import4 ,those ,catholic doctrines which have been most fiercely opposed and most grossly misrepresented in ,england are now openly and earnestly inculcated4 ,we may almost say that the conflict is gradually being narrowed to the one subject of the authority of the ,holy ,see and the questions immediately depending on it4 ,for the ,high-,church ,anglican believes that our ,lord founded a church2 he professes to take that church as his guide1 though he strangely persuades himself that its authority is at present in abeyance4 ,he would obey the voice of a general council1 but in order to have a general council it is absolutely necessary that his bishops should take part in the deliberations2 in the expectation of an impossible conjuncture of circumstances he practically disobeys every one who in the meantime claims his allegiance4 ,but a vast amount of ,catholic teaching is1 as we have said1 finding its way into the minds and hearts of ,englishmen2 ,catholic practices and devotions are being revived1 the way is being prepared for the church4 ,there is a wonderful connection between the different doctrines of our holy faith2 the soul that earnestly and devoutly believes one truth is1 if we may so speak1 predisposed to believe the next that may be presented to it1 and this not only from a reasonable perception of the beauty1 the fitness1 and the mutual relations of the different truths1 but from the habit of mind which is produced and cultivated by acts of faith4 ,each act of faith contains or implies an act of homage to the truth of ,god2 the soul that worships is on the way to receive fuller light4 ,we have in a former paper#aah dwelt at some length on the subject of confession in the ,church of ,england2 we have shown that it is habitually practised by a considerable number of earnest ,anglicans1 and that it is publicly urged upon people by some of the clergy as the ordinary remedy for post-baptismal sin4 ,it is quite certain that confession is believed in very much more widely than it is practised4 ,the most extreme of ,anglicans cannot possibly maintain that the ,church of ,england requires it of every one2 to the majority of people1 especially if early habit has not facilitated the practice1 there can be no doubt that it is painful and difficult4 ,we therefore often find persons who thoroughly believe that the ,english clergy possess the power of the keys1 and yet never themselves seek for the benefit of absolution4 ,the matter is left quite optional1 or rather the penitent is to be judge in his own case1 and to decide whether he does or does not require this special means of grace4 ,the scanty utterances of the ,book of ,common ,prayer seem to imply that peace of mind is the principal object to be attained by confession4 ,if1 therefore1 an ,anglican can 8quiet his own conscience10 he is quite justified in doing so without any extraneous aid2 and1 indeed1 in so doing he would seem to be carrying out the intention of the framers of the ,prayer-,book4 ,the doctrine of the ,real ,presence is perhaps the one which has taken the deepest root in the mind of advanced ,anglicans4 ,we might multiply extracts from their books of devotion and instruction conveying the ,catholic faith on this point in its completeness4 ,our prayer-books1 especially the ,golden ,manual and the ,garden of the ,soul1 are largely used4 ,many ,catholic books of devotion have been translated for ,anglicans1 and1 although most of the translations are more or less spoiled by a process of adaptation1 in many of them the doctrine of the ,holy ,eucharist is unimpaired4 ,the ,lauda ,sion1 the ,pange ,lingua1 and the ,rythma of ,st4 ,thomas are preserved and faithfully translated4 ,nor is the teaching confined to words2 the meaning of the ritual1 of which we hear so much in the present day1 is to be found in the belief in the ,presence of our ,lord which it expresses and inculcates4 ,the so-called altars of many ,anglican churches are decked with flowers2 the crucifix stands upon them2 lights are burned2 the clergy wear vestments like those used in the church2 celebrations of the communion are multiplied--it is made the central act of worship2 fasting communion is insisted on2 confession is recommended as the fitting preparation for communion4 ,a confraternity has been founded with the name of the ,confraternity of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and with the object of promoting the devotion which naturally flows from a belief in the ,real ,presence of our ,lord4 ,attendance of non-communicants at the communion service is in many churches recommended and encouraged1 and devotions for such worshippers have been published4 ,incense and music are employed in the service2 chancels are richly adorned4 ,in some chapels communion is reserved1 and a rite1 evidently imitated from the ,catholic ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 is practised4 ,ritualists have also learned to invoke ,our ,lady and the saints4 ,fifty years ago ,keble wrote3 8,ave ,maria6 ,thou whose name ,all but adoring love may claim60 and now the ,angelus and the ,memorare1 the ,little ,office of the ,blessed ,virgin and the ,rosary1 are in use in the ,english ,church4 ,the saints are honored and their intercession is sought4 ,extreme ,unction is considered to be a lesser sacrament1 and sick persons are anointed4 ,the dead are prayed for in the touching and beautiful words which holy church puts into the mouths of her children4 ,it is needless to say that the doctrine of apostolic succession is most firmly maintained by ,high-,churchmen4 ,not only are the ,catholic doctrines which have furnished the chief mark for ,protestant hostility and the principal subjects of misrepresentation now maintained and inculcated1 but others which1 without being formally contradicted1 have been obscured and neglected are now brought forward with a clearness which leaves little to be desired4 ,the ,catholic devotions to the ,sacred ,heart1 to the ,holy ,child1 to the ,incarnation1 ,passion1 and ,resurrection of our ,lord1 cannot fail to make those who use them enter more and more into the great mystery which lies at the very foundation of the ,christian faith4 ,moreover1 the idea of duty1 of conscience1 of a work to be done in the sanctification of one's own soul1 is constantly kept before the mind4 ,daily self-examination is part of the rule of life4 ,the fasts of the church are observed often1 indeed1 with a severity greater than that required by the church1 but natural among those who have no guide save their own conscience for the details of their practice4 ,her sacred feasts are also kept1 and thus our separated brethren have some share in the holy teaching which each season of the ecclesiastical year impresses on the heart4 ,during the ,holy ,week which has just passed the ,tenebr were sung in many ritualistic churches4 ,on ,good ,friday the ,three ,hours' ,agony was preached in several places1 the ,reproaches were sung1 and a devotion somewhat resembling that of the ,stations of the ,cross was practised4 ,on ,easter day the communion was celebrated as early as five o'clock and repeated several times4 ,the histories of the saints are being made familiar to people's minds4 ,the literature of ,ritualism might of itself furnish the subject of an interesting study4 ,the ,imitation of ,christ is one of the most familiar books of piety1 and among the books adapted from ,catholic sources are the ,spiritual ,combat1 many of the works of ,fnelon and ,bossuet1 ,rodriguez1 ,courbon1 ,pinart1 ,avrillon1 and other spiritual and ascetic writers4 ,faber's hymns are constantly sung in churches4 ,the ,catechism of ,christian ,doctrine1 with some variations1 is in the hands of the children of ,ritualists4 ,the ,catholic ,breviary has furnished the material for the day and night ,hours used in many of the religious houses1 and the very prayers of the ,mass have been interwoven in the ,anglican ,office for ,communion4 ,an ample supply of juvenile literature places the doctrines of which we have spoken in an attractive form before the minds of children4 ,catholic pictures are to be seen everywhere4 ,several newspapers and magazines are devoted to the publication and discussion of matters relating to the interests of the ,high-,church party4 ,a very important feature in the revival of the last thirty years is the foundation of religious houses in the ,church of ,england4 ,there are now upwards of thirty ,anglican convents1 in which women lead a life of seclusion and devote themselves to the practice of works of charity and piety2 they are in many cases bound by vows and live in obedience to authority4 ,a few communities of men also exist4 ,these ,anglican religious call themselves monks and nuns1 and wear a dress unlike that of secular persons4 ,they keep the canonical hours of prayer1 they give up all earthly ties1 and their rule is in some cases taken from one of those originally framed by a saint and sanctioned by the church4 ,retreats and missions more or less resembling our own are given by some of the ,anglican clergy4 ,we have recently heard that in a place where the conversion of some of the clergy seemed likely to be followed by that of a considerable body of their congregation1 a retreat has been given with the special object of settling the minds of the waverers in their allegiance to the ,church of ,england4 ,after all that we have said it will not surprise our readers to hear that people are often received into the church who thoroughly believe every ,catholic doctrine1 and1 on making their submission1 have no difficulty to surmount and nothing new to learn4 ,prejudices are being dispelled2 an interest in that body which has ever held the doctrines now recovered by ,anglicans has been awakened4 ,on their own principles ,high-,church people who go abroad feel bound to attend ,catholic churches2 the ,catholic religion is better understood than it used to be1 our ceremonies are imitated1 our works of charity and devotion appreciated4 ,a work1 then1 is being done by that party in the ,church of ,england commonly known as the ,tractarian or ,high-,church party4 ,its influence has reached many whom we could not have hoped to reach4 ,it has put many in a position where they are accessible to conversion4 ,it has taught many souls the need and the value of sacraments4 ,it has awakened a hunger and thirst whose ultimate satisfaction is only to be found in the church4 ,it has trained souls to habits of self-examination1 of self-denial1 of earnestness1 of meditation1 and of generosity4 ,it has1 we may trust1 kept many from ever falling into grievous sin2 and while we are of course unable to admit the validity of ,anglican orders1 and consequently of sacraments dependent on such orders1 we rejoice to think that what the devout soul believes to be a sacramental communion may prove a spiritual communion and be a means of grace and blessing4 ,can we1 then1 as ,catholics hold out the right hand of fellowship to those ,anglicans who believe so much of ,catholic doctrine1 and who would fain persuade us that they have a right to the name we bear8 ,can we bid them ,god-speed and wish them success8 ,alas6 we cannot4 ,whilst we appreciate their self-denying labors1 whilst we admire their devotion and believe that the grace of ,god is leading them on to better things1 we are constantly and sadly reminded that as yet they are in schism1 that they are defying or ignoring the authority which in the name of ,christ claims their obedience4 ,the opposition to the church is a feature of the very advanced party which we cannot overlook2 it is impossible to say how many souls its influence has kept out of ,god's church4 ,the means used to hinder the work of conversion are various and too often successful4 ,we began by the statement that most of our converts come from the ranks of ,ritualism1 but we must in some degree qualify it by saying that to many it has only been the final stage2 that they have passed through it on their way from dissent or ,low-,church ,protestantism into the church4 ,whether they would have come to their true home more speedily if they had not on the way been attracted by that which has so great a semblance of truth we cannot say4 ,conversion is of course a work of ,god's grace2 but we cannot help feeling that while ,high-,churchmen have got rid of many of the prejudices and misconceptions which keep other ,protestants out of the church1 they are themselves surrounded by influences hard to overcome4 ,there is more to satisfy both taste and devotional feeling in ,ritualism than in ordinary ,protestantism2 there is more to keep the mind back from honest inquiry4 ,the ordinary ,protestant is bound to 8prove all things and hold fast that which is good40 ,if he has a doubt1 on his own principles he ought to follow it up1 to question1 to examine1 and reason till he arrives at conviction4 ,the ,ritualist is too often taught to put away a doubt or question as a sin4 ,he is hedged in on every side4 ,he is forbidden to inquire4 ,if he be in perplexity he is recommended to devote himself to good works2 he is told to avoid controversy4 ,the branch theory and the dream of corporate reunion are constantly brought forward to combat the convictions of those who are drawing near to the church1 and to defend a position which is felt to be exceptional4 ,the branch theory maintains that the church of ,christ is divided into three distinct branches1 the ,roman1 the ,greek1 and the ,anglican2 each one of these1 according to its adherents1 has preserved all the essentials of a church1 and each one claims with equal authority the obedience of the faithful over whom it reigns4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 accordingly1 is the teacher appointed by ,god for ,christians who live in ,italy or ,spain2 the ,greek ,church is in the same manner the guide of the inhabitants of ,russia1 and the ,anglican ,church of those in ,england and her dependencies4 ,the divergence or contradiction that may be observed in the teaching of these three bodies is ignored1 or it is asserted that they are one on all essential points4 ,the church1 according to this view1 is more or less a national institution4 ,st4 ,paul1 indeed1 declared that there was neither barbarian nor ,scythian2 but this theory boldly asserts the distinction between ,englishmen and ,romans1 and again between ,englishmen and ,russians4 ,perhaps national vanity may find some satisfaction in the idea of a branch church specially for ,british subjects4 ,some curious consequences follow from the view we have explained4 ,in the first place1 a man is bound to change his religion as often as he crosses the ,channel4 ,the ,anglican would1 he is told1 be guilty of an act of schism by worshipping in a ,catholic church in ,england2 as soon as he arrives at ,calais1 however1 it becomes his bounden duty to attend ,mass on all ,sundays and days of obligation1 and if he were to be present at any ,protestant worship1 even though conducted by one of his own ministers1 he would commit an act of schism4 ,church and schism1 in fact1 change places4 ,no ,protestant is stronger in his condemnation of those who become ,catholics than are many of the clergy who hold the branch theory4 ,it might1 indeed1 appear that if each of the three branches has an equal claim to be called a church there could be little objection to the change2 and yet these teachers declare it to be in ,england a sin even to enter a church belonging to the 8,roman branch10 and to become a ,catholic is said to be risking one's salvation4 ,closely connected with this theory is what we must call the dream of corporate reunion4 ,it is of course evident to all who have read our ,lord's words in his ,gospel that all ,christians ought to be one1 and though people may persuade themselves of an invisible unity in essentials1 few can feel that the present state of things is altogether as it should be4 ,the wish for union1 coupled with an absolute confidence in the reality of ,anglicanism1 has led to the hope that terms may at some time be made with the ,catholic ,church4 ,the duty of submission is thus evaded2 people are told that they are bound to wait till common action can be taken4 ,it is hoped that in some mysterious manner 8,rome0 will yet be induced to see her errors in regard to ,england4 ,people who have a strong leading idea look at everything through a medium of their own4 ,they grasp at straws2 the kindly courtesy of some good priest1 or the ignorant credulity of some poor peasant1 is taken as a token of the coming amalgamation4 ,the fact that the ,catholic ,church has in the strongest manner condemned the scheme of reunion is ignored1 the insuperable obstacles which at once present themselves are unheeded1 and for the sake of an unreal and unfounded dream those who would fain submit to ,god's church are held back4 ,besides the expression of these general principles there is a vast amount of special and personal action hostile to the church4 ,it is not enough to assure the poor famishing soul that the ,church of ,england supplies its every want1 that it has never turned the graces already bestowed to sufficient account2 it is also warned that it is a sin even to think of leaving its present position4 ,the obedience claimed by and rendered to ,anglican directors is such as would astonish ,catholics4 ,the ,anglican director1 generally speaking1 has not learned to obey1 and this may be the reason why his manner of ruling is so absolute4 ,it is no uncommon thing to find people forbidden to enter a ,catholic church1 although the director himself believes our ,lord to be present on its altar2 conversation or correspondence with ,catholic friends about the church is in some cases prohibited1 as well as the reading of ,catholic books4 ,the director will sometimes promise to answer for the soul that blindly obeys him4 ,means such as these are used to bind the conscience1 and it is probable that they keep back many who would bravely face persecution4 ,it is to be feared that the temper of mind prevalent among the ritualistic clergy is one little likely to lead to submission to the church2 for we must receive the kingdom of ,god as little children1 and nothing can seem less indicative of the childlike spirit than the tone of insubordination constantly to be met with4 ,the authority of the crown is set at naught2 that of their own bishops is defied2 obedience is little known amongst them2 nevertheless by ,god's grace many a soul from among the clergy as well as from among the laity bursts the trammels that have bound it1 and finds its true home and rest4 ,it is said that the present year is bringing into the church a harvest greater than that of any year since the time of ,father ,newman's conversion2 and if it be so1 we may well appeal to all ,catholic hearts for the aid of their prayers4 ,we look towards these separated brethren with a longing sympathy4 ,we feel that the grace of ,god is appealing to their hearts in a very special manner4 ,we acknowledge that the difficulties which keep them back are of no common order4 ,we admire their earnestness1 their devotion and charity2 we appreciate the courage and constancy with which they suffer for what they believe to be the truth2 and if we are compelled at times to use language which has a tone of harshness or sternness1 it is because we are solemnly bound to be faithful to ,god's church1 and because we know that we can do them no greater kindness than to convince them that they are spending their labor for that which cannot satisfy them1 and to lead them on to the enjoyment of all the blessings which the ,precious ,blood has purchased for them4 ,we believe that the influence of the ,tractarian movement has been felt even in ,america1 and we hope that the sketch here given of its bearing on the great work of conversion may not be devoid of interest to those who would deem it a joy and a privilege to help a soul into ,god's church--a work for which the power of sympathy and the intelligent comprehension of its position and difficulties are most important qualifications4 ,footnote #aah3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world for ,february1 #ahgh1 8,confession in the ,church of ,england10 by the ,right ,rev4 ,mgr4 ,capel1 ,d4,d4 ,,the ,,newspaper ,,press ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,one of the most remarkable features of this most remarkable century is the unparalleled growth of that branch of ephemeral literature known par excellence as the press4 ,this increase has not been confined to any particular nation or locality1 but is as observable in conservative ,europe as in expansive ,america4 ,still1 in this country1 and particularly in ,new ,york1 newspapers have multiplied during the last fifty years with a rapidity that has astonished not only the public but even their projectors and proprietors4 ,it is within the memory of many now living when our city knew not the luxury of a daily journal1 and its most inquisitive and anxious inhabitants were obliged to wait a whole week for current news and editorial comments thereon4 ,now we are so imbued with a craving for early information that few persons in active life are satisfied with a morning paper1 but must have likewise two or three evening editions4 ,the last generation were content to wait for an indefinite period for intelligence of what was going on in the ,old ,world2 to-day we are sadly disappointed if we cannot read over our toast and coffee of what has happened a few hours previously at the principal points of interest throughout ,christendom4 ,business enterprise1 competition1 steam power1 and the telegraph have been mainly instrumental in changing the character of journalism and creating wants hitherto unfelt2 increase of population and a love of superficial reading1 which1 like jealousy1 makes the food it feeds on1 have done the rest4 ,before proceeding to point out some of what seem to us to be the grave defects of the secular press1 we freely and thankfully admit that its tone as regards the ,catholic ,church has greatly improved within the last few years4 ,those who remember the scoffs and sneers1 the outrageous calumnies and downright falsehoods1 which were usually associated with everything ,catholic in so many ,new ,york journals a quarter of a century ago1 now look with more than complacency on the comparative fairness which at present characterizes their reports1 correspondence1 and editorials4 ,the manner in which the life and death of the late ,pope1 the venerable ,pius ,,ix41 was treated and commented upon is a notable example of this growing spirit of liberality and good sense alike gratifying to their ,catholic readers and honorable to themselves4 ,now and then1 of course1 we found expressions and sentiments opposed to our sense of historical truth and moral rectitude2 but as a whole the non-,catholic press have expressed very just and impartial views of the multifarious labors and shining virtues which distinguished the career of the wonderful man who was lately called to his reward4 ,the same may be said of their allusions to his successor1 ,leo ,,xiii4 ,abandoning the senseless and mischievous course of their ,european contemporaries previous to the meeting of the conclave1 they gave us a truthful and succinct account of the meeting of that august body1 the result of its solemn deliberations1 and excellent sketches of the life and services of the illustrious prelate selected to bear the burden laid down by ,pius ,,ix4 ,for all this1 considering how ,catholic questions were formerly treated1 we ought to be1 and are1 thankful4 ,again1 looking nearer home1 the services and ceremonies of the church are described with much more regard to their sanctity and less to the gratification of idle curiosity and insensate popular prejudice than formerly4 ,some of the press accounts of the nature and reason of fasts and feasts1 abstinence1 prayer1 and good works1 which are especially enjoined at particular periods1 have been so precise and discriminating that the conviction is forced upon us of their having been written1 or at least dictated1 by persons fully in accord with ,catholic teachings4 ,yet while we cannot but admit this salutary change and admire the variety1 system1 and attention to details exhibited in the mechanical arrangement of news1 and the extraordinary industry displayed in the general manufacture of our modern newspapers1 it must be confessed with regret that in elevation of tone and honesty of purpose there has been little or no improvement on the slower and less attractive productions of our ancestors4 ,we may take as an example the metropolitan press of ,new ,york1 which in point of ability1 influence1 and circulation far surpasses that of any other city on the continent4 ,let any impartial person1 after the careful perusal of any one of our five or six prominent daily newspapers which are supposed to control and lead public opinion1 ask himself what there is in its pages to command the attention of the moralist1 or to move the sceptical or thoughtless to a sense of his duty to ,god and his neighbor3 what stern rebuke has been administered to the growing spirit of peculation and heathenism which is constantly gnawing at the vitals of society4 ,how seldom do we find in the labored essays1 the disjointed platitudes1 the pretentious diatribes1 the ornate editorials1 or the epigrams which distinguish our prominent journals a sentiment or an argument based on sound views of morality and religion6 ,with a constituency at least professedly ,christian1 they bandy with words and phrases1 opinions and speculations1 essentially anti-,christian4 ,one sneers at the ,catholic ,church and everything we hold sacred2 another patronizes us in a manner more insulting than complimentary2 while the others1 when not openly misrepresenting and maligning us1 allude to our faith in a manner even more objectionable4 ,all without exception1 possibly without knowing it1 are the advocates of the secret societies abroad1 which are endeavoring to undermine the fabric of social order and ,christian civilization1 and the apologists for those home fanatics who seek to excite public prejudice against us1 and oppose class to class and creed to creed for their own selfish and diabolical ends4 ,of course we do not expect secular newspapers to become active exponents of the great truths of religion1 nor should it even be required of them to give undue prominence to the publication of matters of a religious character4 ,that is not their province4 ,but appearing as they do in a ,christian community1 and being supposed to reflect in a great measure the feelings1 views1 and moral status of the people who support them1 we have a right to demand that they adhere to the teachings of that moral law which ought to govern us all1 and that when they treat of sacred things1 and deal with questions affecting faith and religion1 it shall be done with that serious reverence which persons are bound to observe in social life4 ,neither do we ask that they advocate the superior claims of ,catholics1 nor even enter upon our defence against the many unscrupulous enemies who are constantly rising up against us2 but we do insist that we shall not be insulted1 that our opinions be respected1 and that the code of morals which all who profess to be ,christians acknowledge be not constantly and persistently outraged4 ,the secret of this apparently unanimous anti-,catholic feeling which we lament in the ,new ,york daily press is to be found in the mental1 not to say moral1 inferiority of the editorial fraternity as a class4 ,since the death of ,greeley and ,raymond and the practical retirement of ,bryant we have had no really able journalist among us2 while1 unlike ,paris1 ,berlin1 ,london1 and other ,european cities1 where the foremost statesmen and most profound thinkers scorn not to take up the editorial pen occasionally1 we have no voluntary contributors above the level of mediocrity4 ,a ,new ,york editor is usually a man paid to write something or anything on certain subjects1 whether he be familiar with them or not4 ,he writes not to express his own well-considered convictions1 or to give the public the benefit of his study and experience of a particular topic1 but simply to meet a special emergency1 and to embody1 more or less lamely1 the half-formed notions of his employer1 who is as likely as not an uncultured man himself4 ,hence the greater number of what are called leading articles which appear in our daily papers1 instead of presenting clear views1 sound reasoning1 and reliable information artistically epitomized1 are seldom other than a mass of hasty1 crude1 and shallow speculations on topics of the greatest importance4 ,with the mass of casual readers1 who are too busy to look beneath the surface1 such productions pass for gospel truths1 and therefore are likely to do more harm than more elaborate articles2 but to the intelligent reader it soon becomes obvious either that the heads of the writers are astray or that their hearts are not in their work4 ,the latter surmise1 we are inclined to believe1 is more generally correct4 ,how can a ,hebrew1 for instance1 write a eulogium on the glories of the ,catholic ,church2 a ,catholic1 no matter how lukewarm1 praise the ,communists and applaud the ,carbonari2 or a follower of the stern precepts of ,calvin glorify free love and exalt the doctrines of universalism8 ,yet such anomalies are frequently found in ,new ,york journalism1 where every man seems to be in the wrong place4 ,the well-known fact that the editorial staff of all our large dailies is principally made up of persons of diverse nationalities1 creeds1 and opinions accounts for the discordance noticeable in every one of their pages4 ,they have no fixed principles4 ,no matter what political party journals may support1 and how emphatic they may be in their advocacy of this or that public measure1 when they come to treat a great social question1 or one of vital importance to the honor and reputation of the republic1 one column of the same paper is usually found to contradict the other1 and the principles advanced to-day are in imminent danger of being condemned to-morrow4 ,to this rule1 however1 there is an exception4 ,it seems to be a canon of the press of this city1 and we might add of the entire country1 that ,catholics can be abused1 scoffed at1 and misrepresented with impunity4 ,their religion is unfashionable2 their social1 commercial1 and political influence small in comparison with their numbers2 the world is not their friend1 nor the world's law1 and therefore the generous and large-minded editors of our newspapers1 when at a loss for something else to say1 have always an arrow in their quiver for the 8tyranny of ,rome10 and the dangers to which their beloved country is exposed from the 8machinations and encroachments of ,romanism40 ,vulgar nicknames and insulting epithets applied to the church and the religious orders1 which have long since been banished from the vocabularies of other countries1 are freely used with a coolness and a facility which show that the writers are either too ignorant to know when they are vulgar1 or so barren of ideas and expressions that they are compelled to borrow those which have done service in the days of a bigoted and fanatical generation4 ,but turning from the editorial page to what constitutes the bulk of our journals1 we find their dangerous character revealed4 ,what mainly fills their capacious pages and constitutes their principal attraction for the generality of purchasers8 ,extended reports of divorce cases1 criminal trials1 matrimonial escapades1 and the minuti of executions2 8spicy0 paragraphs and indecent anecdotes to which the ordinary and instructive news of the day is only an adjunct4 ,the sensational style of reporting1 the dressing-up of disgusting topics in romantic phraseology1 though unknown a few years ago1 or confined to a few disreputable weekly papers1 is fast becoming a distinctive feature in ,new ,york journalism4 ,it is a growing evil1 as well as a most insidious one1 and the keen competition which exists between proprietors of daily journals for popular patronage has a direct tendency to develop it still further4 ,so much1 indeed1 do our papers1 big and little1 vie with each other in catering to the depraved taste of a certain portion of the people that it has become a matter of serious consideration with many persons whether they can safely introduce into their families the papers they are obliged to take for business purposes4 ,it is very safe to assert that too many of those who collect the city and suburban news for the daily press are as devoid of conscience in their method of communicating as they are often shameless in their manner of procuring their information4 ,they seem to think that a reporter1 in his official capacity1 has no moral responsibility1 and act consistently with the supposition4 ,they fairly revel in scandal2 consider vice only something to be elaborately depicted in their respective newspapers1 and crime1 no matter how heinous1 a fitting theme for their nimble and facile pens4 ,their excuse for all this prostitution of ability which might be turned to some good account is that the public demand this highly-seasoned style of reporting1 forgetting that they themselves have excited this prurient taste1 and that if1 repenting of their past misdeeds1 they were to return to the old-fashioned method their present admirers would soon follow them4 ,it is certain that the degeneracy of the newspaper press in this respect is fast sapping the morals of the community1 particularly the younger portion of it4 ,once familiarized with crime of every sort and degree through the florid descriptions of the reporters1 our young men and women must necessarily become mentally debased4 ,their thoughts1 unbidden1 will stray to matters of which they have lately read1 a dangerous curiosity will be excited1 and from constant reflection they will begin to lose that horror of sin which is one of the safeguards of virtue1 which every pure-minded youth should keep constantly before his eyes4 ,the mind once disturbed1 the imagination led astray1 every defaulter and swindler1 if he be a criminal on a large scale1 is apt to appear to them as 8a smart fellow02 the betrayer of female innocence1 the faithless husband or disloyal wife1 as one more sinned against than sinning2 and even the murderer1 whose sayings and doings are faithfully chronicled1 and whose solemn exit from the world is made the occasion of a grand dramatic scene1 becomes in some degree a hero and a victim of revengeful law4 ,of course it is easier to point out the evils which disgrace the editorial profession1 and so materially impair the usefulness of the press1 than to suggest an adequate remedy for them4 ,it is useless to appeal to the conductors of newspapers2 for as long as ,catholics can be abused with impunity1 and the moral sense of the community be shocked by vile and obscene descriptions of crime and criminals with profit to themselves1 they will heed neither advice nor remonstrance4 ,the cure rests with the public who purchase and support such journals4 ,as far as ,catholics are concerned1 the true course would be to establish a daily paper of their own1 which would reflect their sentiments and opinions1 and furnish them with reliable foreign and domestic news collated in unobjectionable style2 but this1 it seems1 is impossible at present4 ,the embarrassed financial condition of the country is opposed to the initiation of such an enterprise4 ,our only present resource1 as long as so many of us must read daily papers1 is to concentrate our patronage on that journal which presents the least objectionable features1 and1 by encouraging it to do better things1 prove to its contemporaries by the strongest of all arguments to them--their decreased circulation--that the ,catholics of this city and vicinity will no longer pay to be abused and calumniated4 ,but there are many among us who from habit take daily papers with which we can well dispense4 ,we advise them to discontinue their misdirected patronage and bestow it on our struggling weekly ,catholic journals4 ,they will thus administer a wholesome lesson to bigotry and immorality1 and at the same time give encouragement and life to ,catholic serial literature4 ,there are1 however1 other and more cogent reasons why the reading of daily papers1 now so prevalent1 should be discouraged1 or at least confined within reasonable limits4 ,there can be little doubt that their constant and persistent perusal is apt to create a distaste for more profound and healthful reading4 ,drawing our opinions mainly from the hastily composed contributions of overworked correspondents and editors1 we are pretty sure to fall into the habit of reaching conclusions and entertaining views of life neither logical nor well considered4 ,like those who feast overmuch on sweets1 we conceive a dislike for solids and as the body suffers in the one case1 the mind naturally is impaired by indulgence in the light and meretricious literature of which newspapers are1 if not the worst1 certainly the most widespread and exemplary1 types4 ,americans1 to paraphrase a well-known expression1 are a newspaper-ridden people4 ,we must have some sort of paper at breakfast1 dinner1 and supper4 ,we are not even satisfied with one each day1 but require two or three more every twenty-four hours4 ,the time that should be devoted to the study of good books1 wherein can be found solid instruction and food for reflection1 is thus too often wasted on the lucubrations and speculations of half-informed men who are as incapable of emitting sound ideas as they are of appreciating the immoral drift of much that daily falls from their own pens4 ,hence inordinate readers of newspapers necessarily become shallow-minded1 superficial thinkers2 their intellectual tastes are vitiated1 and their judgment is weakened and perverted4 ,like a shattered mirror1 their minds are incapable of reflecting one entire well-defined image1 but present only fragments of thought in forms indefinite and distorted4 ,the higher aspirations of our nature1 those sublime conceptions which lift us above the grosser things of earth1 and1 even in this life1 bring us nearer and nearer to our ,creator1 can never be generated by ephemeral newspaper literature4 ,while we may feel compelled by business considerations or a natural political curiosity to glance over the columns of our daily journals1 we should not forget that the intellect receives neither health nor strength from prolonged indulgence in such enervating pursuits4 ,newspapers undoubtedly have their use and mission2 they have become an important factor in our present system of civilization1 and are capable of accomplishing much good in their own sphere2 but their effect and scope are limited1 and should be circumscribed so that they be not permitted to interfere with the reading of solid history1 the works of our best writers1 and the essential duties of life1 among which must be considered the pursuit of ,christian knowledge and the elevation and purification of the immortal part of our being4 ,,my ,,friend ,,mr4 ,,price4 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,newport4 ,the summer was upon me1 and with it the yearning for the dulcet plash of the salt sea wave4 8,whither80 became the vexed question of the hour1 and ,newport made reply to it4 ,to ,newport ,i accordingly transported myself4 ,i shall not say whether it was last season1 or the season before1 or even the season before that again4 ,the readers of this narrative must determine the exact date4 ,i refuse point-blank to do so4 ,newport was in the height of the season when ,i entered my humble name1 ,john ,v4 ,crosse1 ,lexington ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 on the leaf of the register at the ,ocean ,house4 ,it was a lovely evening in ,august1 and the piazza of the hotel was crowded with high1 mighty1 and fashionable humanity4 ,dinner was a thing of the past1 and the drive was looming in the near future4 ,ladies were chatting in parti-colored groups1 men smoking in acrobatic postures4 ,a delicious stillness prevailed--a warm1 life-caressing glow4 ,a wooing message from the sea1 laden1 as it sped upon its errand inland1 with the perfume of a myriad glowing flowers1 fanned the cheek4 ,the sun shot bars of molten gold between the trellised branches of the slumbering trees1 and the indolence of waking repose descended upon everything like a rosy cloud4 ,i went on the piazza1 and1 selecting an able-bodied wooden chair1 flung myself into it1 placing my feet on the iron railing in front of me1 ere proceeding to light a cigar4 ,when ,i had succeeded in emitting half a dozen puffs of my most excellent weed ,i looked right and left of me4 ,on my right sat a man of about thirty1 or perhaps more1 apparently tall1 and slender to leanness4 ,he was dark as a gipsy1 with coal-black hair waving naturally but sparse upon the temples--he had removed his hat--which had a craggy look4 ,his large eyes were deep-set1 while his mouth wore an expression of superb self-complacency4 ,he was clean-shaved1 except for a fringe of long1 silky black whisker far back upon the cheek1 but both moustache and beard were clearly marked by the blue-black shade on his lip and jaw4 ,the man was not ugly--just escaping ugliness by a very narrow margin4 ,he was well dressed in a suit of light ,scotch tweed that fitted him like 8the paper on the wall10 whilst a certain je ne sais quoi bespoke the ,englishman4 ,on my left lounged a handsome young fellow with clear blue eyes1 a fair moustache1 and one of the brightest smiles ,i have ever seen upon a human countenance4 ,he twirled an unlighted cigar between his red lips1 and as vehicle after vehicle dashed up to the 8ladies' entrance0 fair dames and damosels gave him cheery and gracious salutation1 cheerily and graciously responded to1 accompanied by the flourish of a rakish little straw hat perched on the side of his superbly-set head4 ,with these two personages the narrative has much to do4 ,i sat smoking the one post-prandial cigar allowed me by my doctor1 contemplating with indolent satisfaction the fragrant greenery in front of me1 when my meditations apropos of nothing were brought up with a sudden jerk by the young fellow on my left asking to be permitted to light his cigar from mine4 ,now1 as a matter of fact1 ,i have a very decided and deep-rooted objection to surrendering my cigar to anybody1 rich or poor1 gentle or simple2 ,i like no one to handle it but myself2 and therefore1 instead of transferring the glowing weed to his expectant fingers1 ,i dived into the breast-pocket of my coat1 and producing a tin box containing wax matches1 placed it1 together with its contents1 at his disposal4 8,you are an ,englishman10 he gaily exclaimed1 extracting a vesta as he spoke4 8,no1 but very ,english on the subject of the handling of my baccy10 ,i laughed4 8,you are not far astray4 ,you should have seen the tramp that deprived me of a genuine ,lopez this morning4 ,i couldn't refuse him1 so ,i left him the weed40 8,i consider that the----0 8,per ,bacco6 there she goes10 he suddenly interposed1 and1 flinging my match-box into my lap1 he vaulted over the railing into the carriage-drive beneath4 ,two ladies seated in a pony-phaeton flashed past4 8,i'm ,english10 exclaimed my right-hand man1 tapping the ash from his cigar with a finger white and delicate as wax1 8and ,i'm glad to find that one ,american sees the abomination of handing every cad his cigar who chooses to ask for it40 ,being very ,starry and ,stripey1 ,i was about to defend the practice in vogue amongst my countrymen1 although thoroughly against my convictions1 when he asked3 8,do you know who that fellow is80 8,what fellow80 8,that long-eared1 long-legged jackass who took that railing as if he was at school40 8,i never saw him before40 8,you'll see him again4 ,i lay seven to two4 ,and ,i'll take the odds that he tells you that he's ,grey ,seymour1 whatever that may be2 that he's over his long ears in love with a ,miss ,hattie ,finche1 whom he followed here from ,martha's ,vineyard2 and that she has five hundred thousand dollars40 8,i suppose that one of the ladies in the pony-carriage was ,miss ,hattie ,finche80 8,the whip--yaas40 8,i wonder can she be a daughter of ,wilson ,finche1 of ,new ,york80 8,the tallow-man1 ,beaver ,street and ,fifth ,avenue80 8,ay1 and ,chicago and ',frisco10 ,i added4 8,that's the identical geranium40 8,and is ,wilson ,finche in ,newport80 8,he has taken a cottage on the ,ocean ,drive for the season40 8,i must look him up40 8,are you acquainted with him80 the languor of manner disappearing1 and a vivid interest rushing to the front4 8,very well indeed40 8,and with his daughter80 8,why1 certainly40 8,stop a minute60 fumbling in his breast coat-pocket4 8,you'll introduce me40 ,the coolness of this proposition actually staggered me4 ,introduce a man of whose name even ,i was in total ignorance6 8,i could not venture to do such a thing10 ,i responded somewhat gruffly4 ,i did not relish the idea of being treated in this off-hand way--of being openly and deliberately made a cat's-paw4 8,oh6 yes1 you will4 ,here's my card4 ,let's have one of yours10 thrusting his pasteboard almost into my reluctant hand4 ,with very considerable deliberation ,i searched for my double eye-glass hidden away somewhere in the depths of my capacious waistcoat--,i was fat1 and fair1 and fifty-five at that date--and1 carefully wiping it with a scarlet silk handkerchief1 adjusted it to my eyes and read3 ,mr4 ,herbert ,price1 ,temple1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 8,let's have your card10 said ,mr4 ,price1 as though ,i were a tradesman with whom it pleased his high mightiness to have dealings4 8,i am not in the habit of0-- 8,there1 now1 you're going to put me aside4 ,where's the use8 ,why wouldn't you help a poor hungry1 briefless ,english barrister to this piece of gilded gingerbread8 ,you're not going for her yourself80 ,oho6 ,i inwardly chuckled4 8,not much4 ,i have seen too many of my peers wrecked upon the rock-bound coast of matrimony to permit my argosy within those shallow and treacherous waters40 8,i guessed you were a bachelor10 observed ,price facetiously4 8,and might ,i ask1 sir1 how you were led to imagine this80 ,i felt curious to hear what the fellow would say4 8,i'll tell you1 ,mr4 ,smith40 8,i am not ,mr4 ,smith40 8,well1 ,mr4 ,jones40 8,i am not ,jones40 8,robinson40 8,your pertinacity1 sir1 ought to make your fortune at the ,old ,bailey40 8,well said1 ,thompson4 ,now1 you wish me to tell you how ,i guessed you were a bachelor4 ,firstly10 putting up his finger and tapping it with his cigar1 8your general complacency2 secondly1 your linen--no married man ever commands the linen of a bachelor2 thirdly1 your gaiters--such fit1 such polish6--fourthly1 your isolation2 and1 fifthly1 the methodical way in which you do everything1 from lighting a cigar to playing a fantasia on your handkerchief with your nasal organ40 8,i am not aware that ,i am more methodical than other men of my age and habits40 8,are'n't you8 ,then just watch yourself40 8,you are a very peculiar specimen of your country1 ,mr4 ,price40 8,i can return you the compliment2 and as one good turn deserves another1 you'll introduce me to ,miss ,finche40 8,you must excuse me1 ,mr4 ,price40 8,but ,i won't40 8,i beg to differ from you40 8,we shall see40 8,we shall40 ,mr4 ,price rose and quitted the piazza1 returning after a brief absence4 8,now1 ,mr4 ,john ,v4 ,crosse1 of ,lexington ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 as you say in this queer country1 ,i have posted myself4 ,you are confoundedly rich1 living on your dollars1 and are not a half-bad sort of elderly gentleman40 8,may ,i ask to whom ,i am indebted for this portrait1 sir80 ,somehow or other ,i couldn't get up a feeling of anger4 ,i tried1 but it wouldn't come4 8,the clerk inside4 ,i know you now1 and you know me4 ,i am the son of ,sir ,harvey ,price1 of ,holten ,moat1 ,sevenoaks1 in ,kent4 ,the ,moat is about one of the last of the ,tudor residences in ,england4 ,we have been in that one corner since the battle of ,hastings1 and the ,moat has never run dry since ,queen ,bess visited us1 when the waters were turned off and red wine turned on4 ,i am the sixth son1 and poor as a sixth son ought to be4 ,i was sent to the bar because ,i had an uncle on the bench4 ,my uncle died while ,i was keeping my terms4 ,i am an honor-man of ,oxford1 and last year my brief-book showed one hundred and fifty pounds4 ,about ten weeks ago my godmother died2 she left me five hundred pounds4 ,i paid my tailor just enough to maintain a doubtful confidence in me1 my boot-maker ditto4 ,like an able general1 who always prepares beforehand for a retreat--although ,wellington1 our best man1 failed to do this at ,waterloo1 having the forest of ,soignies at his back--,i have paid for the rent of my chambers in advance4 ,i have come here just to ascertain for myself if red ,indians are to be met with on ,broadway1 and buffalos to be potted on ,fifth ,avenue4 ,this is the story1 and here is the man4 ,will you introduce me to ,miss ,finche now80 ,i must confess that the story1 brief though it was1 and told in a short1 sharp1 jerky way1 somewhat interested me4 ,i had no reason to doubt it1 and yet ,i was too old in the devious paths of the world to accept either the narrative or the man at sight4 ,surely1 if he were so well connected1 he should be able to obtain letters of introduction to some persons in society1 and then it would be plain sailing enough for him4 8,you won't take me on trust80 he exclaimed after ,i had said as much to him4 8,i have arrived at that time of life1 ,mr4 ,price1 when ,i take nothing on trust4 ,i must know my butcher1 my baker1 my wine merchant1 my boot-maker1 et hoc genus omne40 8,never mind10 he gaily cried4 8,you'll be sorry by and by1 when you see me engaged to ,miss ,finche40 8,you seem to have a tolerably strong belief in your powers of--0 8,audacity4 ,you are right4 ,toujours de l'audace4 ,i am a man of a single idea2 the idea at present on my groove of thought is the gold ,finche4 ,the lion in my path is ,grey ,seymour4 ,if he were poor ,i wouldn't have a chance2 but he has millions1 and money doesn't fall in love with money4 ,your heiress always spoons on a pauper1 while your aurati juvenes go in for penniless governesses4 ,ne c'est pas1 mon vieux8 ,give us a match4 ,i'll go and take a swim2 and you go and call on ,wilson ,finche4 ,his direction is--stay2 ,i'll write it down for you4 ,there60 he exclaimed1 handing me a card3 8#8,wilson ,finche1 ,esquire1 ,sea ,view ,cottage1 ,the ,cliff4' ,you'll find him at home now1 ,crosse1 and in that beatific condition which is the outcome of a ,chteau ,lafitte of the '#ed vintage4 ,adios60 ,obeying the mandate of this very peculiar young man1 ,i strolled down to ,the ,cliff4 ,the wide sea heaved and plashed beneath me with a dull1 dulcet murmur4 ,away out on its unruffled bosom lay great patches of purple1 denoting the passage of some fleecy cloud onwards1 ever onwards4 ,white sails dotted the deep green sea like daisies on a dappled field4 ,the shingle caressed by the wooing wavelets was red and brown1 while the wave-kissed pebbles flashed in the sunlight4 ,boats like specks were drawn up on the beach1 and sailors were busy with sails and cordage and the impedimenta of their craft4 ,finche's marine residence stood boldly prominent1 all corners and gables like an old cocked hat4 ,it was new and pert-looking1 and wore the air of a coquette in a brand-new toilette from ,worth's4 ,a ribbon border of glowing scarlet geraniums led from the lich-gate to the ,queen ,anne porch1 whereon sat1 or lay1 or reclined--it was all three--my old friend1 his body in one of those chairs which invalid passengers on ocean steamers much affect1 to the envy of all who do not possess the luxury1 his feet on a camp-stool1 beside him a small marble-topped table1 whereon stood a bottle of claret1 a crystal glass of wafer-like thinness1 and a box of cigars4 ,price had spoken wisely4 ,after the usual exclamations of greeting had dried up ,i complimented ,finche on the beauty of the location4 8,yes1 sir2 it costs money1 but what's money if you don't get value for it8 ,thompson--you know ,thompson1 of ,brand ,thompson--that man1 sir1 has four millions1 sir1 and what value does he take out of it1 sir8 ,a back-room in ,thirteenth ,street2 a breakfast at a foul-smelling restaurant1 sir2 a five-minute dinner at ,cable's2 an unhealthy supper at another restaurant1 and half a dozen of newspapers4 ,that's what he has for his four millions40 8,you are wiser in your generation1 ,finche40 8,i am wise in this way1 sir0--,finche is very sententious1 and his shirt-collar is always troubling him--8,i must have value for my money4 ,one hundred cents for my dollar is good enough for me4 ,if1 sir1 ,i can get one hundred and fifty1 so much the better2 but1 sir1 ,i never take ninety1 or ninety-five1 sir1 or ninety-and-nine1 sir4 ,help yourself to that claret--it's a ,nat ,johnson1 sir2 ,i paid twenty-five dollars a case for it in the year '#gj4 ,it's value for the money1 sir1 ,i tell you40 8,you are here with your ,lares and ,penates10 ,i observed1 after some further remarks upon the value of the surroundings4 8,what do you mean1 sir80 ,finche is as ignorant as a chimpanzee4 8,your household gods40 8,yes1 sir4 ,i am here with my daughter and my wife4 ,my daughter gets value1 sir1 in the hops at the ,ocean ,house1 and the nice society she meets with--real bang-up swells1 sir4 ,my wife gets value out of the salt water1 sir--health1 sir1 which improves her body and her temper1 sir4 ,she is a quick-tempered woman is ,mrs4 ,finche1 and when she's ill1 sir1 she's ugly40 ,at this moment the pony phaeton which ,i had observed from the piazza of the hotel dashed up to the lich-gate4 8,my daughter and her friend1 ,miss ,neville1 an ,english girl1 sir1 of a very high family1 poor as cheap claret1 sir1 but proud as a coupon1 sir4 ,she's on a visit to us1 but we get value out of her4 ,she sings lovely1 sir2 you shall hear her4 ,it entertains our swell friends1 and thus we strike a balance4 ,the tall one is my daughter1 sir40 ,i saw a slim but well-proportioned figure1 clad in a rich black silk dress1 the cut of which1 even to my masculine eyes1 betrayed the hand of an artist2 a face1 though not beautiful by any means1 earnest and interesting1 surmounted by a profusion of little fair curls1 arranged1 as was the fashion1 so as to conceal the forehead2 a picturesque hat1 a pair of diamond solitaire earrings1 and upon the whole a person decidedly 8fetching40 ,her companion was petite1 and constructed1 as they say of saucy steamers1 upon the most perfect lines4 ,she was a clear brunette1 and as she swept somewhat haughtily past the glowing ribbon borders ,i bethought me of ,cleopatra1 and the passage down the ,cydnus of that boat which wrecked the fortunes of the luckless ,antony4 ,of course ,i gazed at the possessor of five hundred thousand dollars1 as the 8penniless lass wi' a lang pedigree0 counted for nothing4 8,hattie1 this is my old friend1 ,mr4 ,crosse1 of ,noo ,york1 who has come to ,newport to take some value out of the summer-time40 ,miss ,finche was very gracious1 presenting me with a hand encased in a glove of many buttons1 and flashing a row of magnificent teeth between each smile4 8,are you a #8cottager1' ,mr4 ,crosse80 8,unfortunately1 no40 8,are you at the ,ocean or the ,acquednuk80 8,the ,ocean40 8,the other is quieter40 8,there is better value at the ,ocean1 ,hattie10 observed her father4 8,one sees everybody worth seeing there4 ,isn't the piazza charming1 ,mr4 ,crosse80 8,of its kind1 yes2 but ,i would prefer a little of this10 sweeping the horizon with my hand4 8,it is very beautiful10 said a sweet1 low voice by my side1 a voice that 8chimed0 into my ear--,i can use no other word4 ,it was ,miss ,neville who spoke4 8,there is great value to be got out of that view at sunset1 sir--yellows and reds1 sir1 that would set up a painter1 if he could only fetch up to the right color and give good value to the buyer40 ,miss ,neville imperceptibly shrugged her shoulders1 while ,i winced at this commercial view of marine painting4 ,i wondered what ,mr4 ,hook1 ,r4,a41 or my rising young friend ,mr4 ,quartly would have said to the man of tallow4 8,hattie1 another bottle of this wine1 although it's a pity to drink it on a hot day2 one doesn't get the value out of it4 ,get into the house1 girls2 ,i want to have a talk with my friend ,crosse here4 ,what is ,bullandust going to do in ,lake ,shores80 addressing me4 ,i protested4 8,finche10 ,i said1 8,i've come down here for sea1 and sky1 and trees1 and dolce far niente40 8,what's that1 sir80 8,well1 loafing10 ,i laughed4 8,there an't no value to be got out of that40 8,isn't there1 though8 ,and ,i mean to drop ,wall ,street1 and scrip1 and shares1 and every sort of business4 ,i won't even look at a newspaper till ,i choose to go back40 8,you an't in earnest80 said my host1 gazing at me in solemn astonishment4 8,a fact1 upon my honor40 8,well1 that--say1 there's some one saluting4 ,it's not me--,i don't know the man4 ,it must be a friend of yours1 sir40 ,i adjusted my double glass and gazed towards the lich-gate4 ,a slight sense of shock vibrated through my system4 ,leaning upon the gate1 and nodding at me like a ,chinese mandarin1 was ,mr4 ,herbert ,price1 ,temple1 ,london1 ,e4 ,c4 8,you seem to be having a good time there1 my friend10 he gaily cried4 ,what could ,i say8 ,what could ,i do8 8,it's awfully hot for walking40 8,won't you step in1 sir80 said ,finche4 ,i could not say1 ,don't ask this man4 ,of course a gossip and a glass of wine1 and a mere formal introduction to ,finche1 meant nothing4 8,his name's ,price10 ,i hurriedly whispered--8stopping at ,ocean ,house--,london barrister--don't know him40 ,whether these last three words were lost upon ,finche or not it is impossible to determine1 inasmuch as he took no notice of them whatever4 8,glad to see you1 ,mr4 ,price4 ,any friend of my friend ,mr4 ,crosse is welcome here1 sir4 ,get a chair4 ,take that other one1 sir1 with the back to it2 you'll get more value out of it4 ,that's my principle--take value out of everything4 ,a glass of wine1 sir8 ,it's a ,chteau ,lafitte that cost me twenty-five dollars a case in '#gj1 sir4 ,touch that gong1 sir60 ,a servant appeared in obedience to the tocsin4 8,ask ,miss ,finche to send me another bottle of this wine1 then take the empty bottle4 ,put it carefully by1 ,mary1 as all the bottles have to go back after ,i have taken the value out of them1 which ,i guess ,i do10 with a chuckle4 8,did you walk down1 ,mr4 ,crosse80 asked ,price4 8,yes40 ,i was on the borderland of indignation4 ,i felt foolish--checkmated4 8,you had no difficulty in finding the place40 8,i can always find my friend's house1 ,mr4 ,price40 8,you were dull enough about it on the piazza when we were speaking about ,mr4 ,finche4 ,what a glorious spot you have here6 ,it reminds me of ,devonshire4 ,ah6 you ,american millionaires know how to live40 8,we try to get value out of the world40 8,and you succeed4 ,your good health1 ,mr4 ,finche4 ,ah60 smacking his lips1 8that is wine4 ,what a superb thing to sit beneath one's vine or fig-tree1 drink such nectar as this1 and to be able to--pay for it60 with a light laugh4 8,you are from ,london1 sir1 my friend ,crosse tells me40 ,i could have flung the contents of my glass into ,finche's face4 ,price would perhaps think ,i had been singing his praises4 8,yes1 ,i hail from that little village on the ,thames40 8,a lawyer80 8,one of the briefless4 ,i did not choose the profession1 ,i assure you4 ,like my first frock1 it was chosen for me1 and ,i was thrust into it bon gr mal gr4 ,i'll tell you who ,i am and what ,i am4 ,i have told my friend ,crosse already40 ,and he summed up the case1 much in the same words as he had addressed to me4 ,finche was impressed by the mention of the title1 and deeply interested in a detailed description of the ,moat4 8,i am happy to meet you1 sir1 and should be glad to visit ,sir ,harvey ,price at ,holten ,moat when ,i go to ,england next year1 sir4 ,do you purpose taking much value out of this country1 sir80 ,price actually winked at me1 and that wink spoke the following words3 8,i mean to take five hundred thousand dollars if ,i can40 ,a bell sounded4 8,supper1 gentlemen60 said ,finche4 8,let us get in4 ,no ceremony here1 ,mr4 ,price4 ,we have no ,moats for three hundred years in our family1 although we see them every day in our neighbor's eye--ha6 ha60 ,it would never do to have this pickpocket1 for aught ,i knew to the contrary1 enter beneath my friend's roof under the very peculiar circumstances of the case4 ,had he been an ordinary travelling acquaintance it would not have much mattered1 but a penniless adventurer bent upon matrimonial designs--never6 8,mr4 ,price and ,i are going back to the ,ocean ,house10 ,i said in my sternest tone1 and in a manner so marked as to bear but the one interpretation4 8,what do ,i hear1 ,mr4 ,crosse80 exclaimed ,miss ,finche1 emerging from the interior1 arrayed in a bewitching toilette of fleecy white and delicate lilac4 8,my dear1 this is--0 8,i beg your pardon1 ,finche1 but could ,i--0 ,i burst in4 8,this is ,mr4 ,price1 of ,london1 a friend of--0 8,finche1 ,i may as well0-- ,but the pompous old ass would have his bray1 and ,price was conversing with ,hattie ,finche ere ,i could utter the words of explanation that were ready to spring from my lips4 8,gentlemen1 you would like to wash your hands4 ,just step up to my sanctum4 ,tompkins0 7to a servant71 8show these gentlemen to my sanctum40 ,when the door had closed upon us1 8,mr4 ,price10 ,i said1 8do you call this fair80 8,everything is fair in love40 8,bosh1 sir6 ,you find in me a man unwilling to wound the feelings of another4 ,i have gained nothing by acting the part of a gentleman40 8,i deny that60 his coat off1 his head deep in the marble basin4 8,you've made me your friend for life40 8,and who might you be80 8,i've told you4 ,see1 now10 his hands dripping1 8here10 plunging one of them into the breast-pocket of his coat1 which was lying on a bed--8here's a ten-pound note2 spend every shilling of it in cablegrams4 ,you have my own1 you have my father's address4 ,wire him1 wire anybody you like1 you'll have your reply to-morrow4 ,my story will be corroborated in every particular4 ,that ought to satisfy you40 ,i shook my head4 8,time with me is money4 ,this fellow1 ,grey ,seymour1 is to meet her to-morrow at a garden-party at ,mrs4 ,dyke ,howell's4 ,his millions will come into play1 and such heavy artillery will sweep my rusty flint-locks into ash-barrels4 ,a duel with artillery is all very well1 but when the batteries are all on one side one side wins4 ,my chances depend on what running ,i can make to-night4 ,i can talk to women as few men can4 ,it is my faculty4 ,i know where to reach them1 and how4 ,it is nascitur non fit with me4 ,i don't go on ,doctor ,johnson's idea of making an idiot of a girl's understanding by flattery4 ,that is false in theory1 false in practice4 ,now1 you are not half bad4 ,stand by me10 placing his hand on my shoulder1 8and1 by ,george6 ,i'll do something for you yet40 ,he was thoroughly in earnest1 and hang me if ,i could refuse him4 ,i suppose it was my bounden duty to have done so4 ,common sense and common prudence nudged me ere ,i took his proffered hand1 but1 heedless of the whisperings of still1 small voices1 ,i permitted myself to go with the tide4 ,it was treating my friend ,finche badly2 it was placing myself in a false1 if not a worse1 position2 and yet--,i could not utter that absurdly small word 8no40 ,the morrow would tell its own tale1 for ,i had resolved upon telegraphing without the assistance of ,mr4 ,price's ten-pound note1 and a few hours could do no possible harm4 ,if ,miss ,finche were to lose her heart in the space of an evening1 she would prove a very noteworthy exception to the great sisterhood to which she belonged4 ,the addition to her dinner table did not seem to please ,mrs4 ,finche1 an emaciated1 waspish1 red-nosed lady1 whose thin lips had an unpleasant twitch in them1 and whose bright1 beady black eyes darted angrily hither and thither like a pair of beetles in search of prey4 ,i sat next to her2 opposite to me ,miss ,neville2 ,finche was at the foot of the table2 on his right my friend ,price1 on his left the heiress4 8,what brings you to this fashionable place1 ,mr4 ,crosse80 asked mine hostess1 the inference being 8plain to the naked eye40 8,well1 ,i thought ,i'd like to take a peep at the gay goings-on40 8,ah60 an icy chill in the monosyllable4 ,mrs4 ,finche being very silent1 and1 if not silent1 snappish1 ,i directed my conversation to ,miss ,neville1 whom ,i found to be absolutely charming4 ,i had travelled a good deal1 and1 from the loneliness of my life1 read about as much as ordinary men1 and ,i discovered1 to my most intense pleasure1 that there was at least one young girl in the nineteenth century the possessor of ideas above the level of sweet things in sheathe-like costumes1 or the latest methods for beautifying the human face divine4 ,miss ,neville was thoroughbred1 and all unconsciously showed her lustrous lineage in every movement1 every gesture1 every word4 ,blood will tell1 and it spoke its own emblazoned story in the winsome elegance of this 8rare bit o' womankind40 ,mr4 ,price laughed and talked1 and narrated piquant anecdotes1 and kept ,miss ,finche well in hand1 causing the host 8all the time0 to indulge in a vast1 expansive smile4 ,finche was getting the value of his mutton and his claret out of his friend's friend4 ,he was satisfied4 ,after dinner the young ladies returned to the ,queen ,anne porch1 while the waspish hostess proceeded to take forty wide-awake winks4 ,we mankind talked generally1 and1 although pressed to remain at our wine1 ,price and ,i were glad to get from beyond the range of our host's perpetual 8values40 ,as we were seated upon the wooden steps at the feet of the fair ones1 gazing out across the wide1 wide ocean1 gilded with the expiring rays of the setting sun1 and canopied by a sky of pale blue merging into delicate green1 and again into white1 the lich-gate swung back and ,grey ,seymour swung in4 8,what a glorious evening6 ,are you for a walk on the cliff80 asked the new-comer1 eyeing ,price and myself as he spoke4 8,how do80 he added1 addressing me4 8,mr4 ,seymour1 ,mr4 ,price10 said ,miss ,finche1 while the two men nodded stiffly4 8,a walk on the cliff1 by all means2 don't you think so1 ,maude80 asked ,miss ,finche1 addressing ,miss ,neville4 8,comme vous voulez40 8,let's go as we are40 ,we sallied forth4 8,what a nuisance1 this fellow's turning up60 whispered ,price angrily4 8,i shall have to fall back40 ,seymour and ,miss ,finche led the way4 ,i did the elderly and protecting party4 8,i place them in your charge10 were the parting words of mine host4 8,the youngsters will take value out of one another2 you take value out of the whole lot40 ,i dropped behind1 and proceeded to enjoy the glories of the night in my own way4 ,soon came that entrancing blue light which steals in between day and dark1 and the stars began to throb in the great canopy1 and that 8hush0 which ,night sends as her envoy to earth was passing over hill and hollow1 and land and sea4 ,i sat down in a little nook on the cliff--a corner that seemed almost clean out of the world1 and as if the earth had suddenly ended there4 ,i thought over many things1 and in the bizarre reflections consequent upon the adventures of the day came a dreamy sensation of admiration for the fair young girl whom destiny had thrown beneath the roof-tree of my friend ,wilson ,finche4 ,i felt strangely interested in her already4 ,why1 ,i did not ask myself4 ,she was a blaze of intelligence1 a mine of intellectual wealth4 ,i do not mean for one second to say that she was a genius1 but there was a tone of high culture about her that shed itself like a fragrant perfume4 ,miss ,finche appeared to me to be a very nice1 ladylike1 ordinary class of girl--one of those patent-mannered1 warranted-to-go-well sort of young ladies who rove at their sweet wild will in the garden of society2 but beside ,miss ,neville she was absolutely colorless4 ,i sat thinking over the strange freaks of fortune1 that give thousands of dollars to some girls1 leaving others without a dime1 when the sound of approaching voices scattered my reverie to the night breeze that gently fanned my pepper and salt--too much salt--whiskers4 ,i was in a hollow beneath the cliff4 ,the speakers were ,grey ,seymour and ,hattie ,finche4 ,miss ,finche's tone was cold and resolute4 8,i do not love you1 ,mr4 ,seymour4 ,i never could4 ,i will not hold out a particle of hope40 8,don't say that1 ,hattie--anything but that4 ,hope is all ,i have to live for10 he cried in a quivering1 agonized way that made me sad to hear4 8,i tell you fairly ,i can give you no hope40 8,try and love me4 ,i can make life a dream to you4 ,your every wish shall be gratified4 ,my whole time shall be spent in anticipating your lightest fancy4 ,o ,hattie6 do not drive me to despair1 desperation40 ,she was silent4 ,they had stopped right opposite to where ,i sat concealed4 ,i frankly confess ,i was too much interested to think of making my proximity known4 ,it was a mean thing to remain where ,i was4 ,i reproach myself while ,i write4 8,i do not care for your money10 he raved on4 8,i have millions1 ay1 millions at my command1 and those millions shall be spent to make your life an idyl40 8,did ,i not tell you that ,i could not care for you last season8 ,did ,i not repeat it at ,martha's ,vineyard two weeks ago8 ,now ,i repeat it again and for the last time4 ,let us be friends40 8,friends60 he bitterly cried4 8,yes1 friends1 and good friends4 ,why not8 ,in a short time you will wonder you ever were in love with me1 and--0 8,never60 he burst in4 8,oh6 yes1 you will4 ,and1 what is more1 you will fall in love with somebody else40 8,do you wish to drive me mad80 8,on the contrary1 ,i wish to bring you to your senses4 ,listen to me calmly40 8,i cannot40 8,but you must4 ,this passion of yours is a boyish love40 8,it is my life40 8,nothing of the kind4 ,i don't want your love4 ,i could not return it40 8,but you won't try40 8,i will not indeed4 ,i am selfish enough to care for my own happiness1 and my happiness--that is1 the matrimonial part of it--does not lie with you4 ,you are very fond of me80 8,i--0 8,now1 don't rhapsodize4 ,you would do a good deal to make me happy80 8,anything40 8,would you be willing to make a sacrifice for me1 if ,i earnestly asked you80 8,try me1 ,hattie60 8,well1 then1 ,i'll put you to the test40 8,do10 firmly1 resolutely4 8,you know ,maude ,neville4 ,she is young1 beautiful1 penniless4 ,she hasn't a friend in the world4 ,be her friend40 8,what am ,i to do80 8,marry her40 ,there was a sound as though he had sprung backwards4 8,this is insolence1 ,hattie10 he exclaimed hotly4 8,don't be silly10 coolly observed ,miss ,finche1 and ,i heard no more1 for they had moved onwards4 ,this was a strange experience--a woman refusing a man1 and then asking him to make love to another4 ,i had read much of the doings of the sex1 but this situation beat anything ,i had ever seen on the stage4 ,miss ,finche's evident self-possession1 not a ripple in her voice1 told how truly she spoke when she told the luckless love-sick youth she did not care for him1 while the coolness1 not to say the audacity1 of the proposition almost staggered me4 ,and ,miss ,neville--was not she to be consulted in the business8 ,i was very much mistaken in my estimate of that young lady if she would haul down her colors at the bidding of any captain afloat1 if she had not a mind so to do herself4 ,when ,i arrived1 all alone1 at the cottage1 it was to find ,miss ,finche flirting heavily with ,mr4 ,herbert ,price1 ,miss ,neville playing a brilliant fantasia of ,chopin's upon the piano1 and1 mirabile dictu1 ,mr4 ,grey ,seymour1 his face1 his neck1 his ears in a rosy glow1 leaning over her and turning the leaves of the music4 ,could he have--pshaw6 impossible4 8,you know ,mrs4 ,dyke ,howell80 was ,mr4 ,price's observation1 as we turned out of ,sea ,view ,cottage on our way to the ,ocean ,house4 8,very slightly40 8,but you do know her80 8,well--yes40 8,you'll get me a card for her garden party to-morrow80 8,well1 considering that ,i haven't got one for myself1 ,i--0 8,that's nothing to the point4 ,a man can ask a favor for a friend he wouldn't ask for himself1 you know40 8,but you are not my friend40 8,i mean to be1 though4 ,friendship must begin somewhere1 and ours flourishes like ,jack's bean-stalk40 8',pon my word1 ,i--0 8,there1 now1 you'll write for the card to-night3 #8,mr4 ,john ,v4 ,crosse presents his compliments to ,mrs4 ,dyke ,howell1 and would feel much obliged for an invitation for an ,english friend'--it looks well to have an ,english friend--#8for her garden party to-morrow1' or words to that effect4 ,we'll send it off to-night1 and you see1 old man1 it will get you an invitation as well40 8,you are the coolest hand ,i ever even read of40 8,must be4 ,my godmother's legacy1 like ,bob ,acre's courage1 is oozing out at my fingers' ends1 and ,i've nothing but my return ticket and my audacity to look to4 ,come1 now1 ,crosse1 don't do things by halves4 ,you've introduced me to a very nice family4 ,can't say ,i admire my mother-in-law4 ,what son-in-law does1 though8 ,the old boy is no end of a bore1 but ,hattie is all there40 8,i did not introduce you1 ,mr4 ,price2 you introduced yourself40 8,never could have done it but for you2 ergo1 logically1 you introduced me40 ,to my shame be it said1 ,i wrote a note from the ,ocean ,house to ,mrs4 ,dyke ,howell1 a haughty lady of cadaverous aspect1 and a nose resembling that of the late ,duke of ,wellington1 who believed in that small monarchy called ,knickerbockerdom1 and in everything high1 and mighty1 and fashionable4 ,the cards came without note or comment1 and my friend ,price and ,i started for ,hawthorndale4 ,he wore a frock-coat that1 even irritated as ,i was1 evoked admiring comment1 and a tall hat so shiny that ,i felt ,i could have shaved by it4 ,before starting ,i telegraphed to ,sir ,harvey ,price1 ,bart41 ,holten ,moat1 ,sevenoaks1 ,kent1 ,england1 in the following words3 8,is your son ,herbert in ,america8 ,is he a barrister8 ,describe him4 ,of the utmost importance4 ,telegraph instantly to 8,j4 ,v4 ,,crosse1 ,ocean ,house1 ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a40 ,i chuckled as ,i handed over my greenbacks4 8,he doesn't think ,i've taken him at his word4 ,a few hours will unriddle him10 were my thoughts as we emerged from the hotel4 ,i had seen ,grey ,seymour that morning en route to bathe4 ,there were black shadows beneath his eyes1 and the great brightness which ,i had so much admired the day before had faded out of his face4 ,what was the issue of that most remarkable conversation8 ,he was the first person ,i encountered after passing through the icy fingers of ,mrs4 ,dyke ,howell1 and much of the old look had returned4 8,have you seen the ,finches80 he asked4 8,no40 8,by the way1 who is your friend ,mr4 ,price80 8,he's no particular friend of mine--merely a travelling acquaintance4 ,he's a member of the ,english bar1 and very clever40 ,this latter assertion ,i believed in my heart4 8,is he rich80 8,oh6 dear1 no40 8,unmarried80 8,yes4 ,that is1 ,i believe so40 8,i see him here to-day4 ,i suppose ,mrs4 ,howell knows him40 ,i was considerably relieved when young ,roadwell1 of the ,coaching ,club1 cut in with a query as to a pair of roans which ,seymour was about to put under the hammer1 and left the pair diving 8full fathom five0 into the mysteries of horse-flesh4 ,the ,finches arrived later on in full force--,mrs4 ,finche in yellow and green and red like a mayonnaise of lobster2 ,hattie in floating white2 ,maude ,neville in black and orange4 ,my friend ,price clung to ,miss ,finche's side like her breloquet1 while ,grey ,seymour seemed to devote himself to the brunette4 8,ma foi10 thought ,i1 8can the convocation of last night have so soon borne fruit8 ,it would not be difficult to fall in love with ,miss ,neville1 but the falling out of it first is the trouble40 ,i did not see ,price until eleven o'clock that night4 ,he had gone home with the ,finches--,i was left out in the cold--and returned to the hotel in splendid spirits4 8,anybody there80 ,i asked with assumed carelessness4 8,nobody but ,seymour40 8,ah6 ,spooning over ,miss ,finche80 8,not a bit of it2 it's over the other one4 ,he was with her all day to-day1 and by ,jove6 sir1 to-night they were on the balcony doing moonlight like anything40 8,where is he8 ,did you leave him behind you80 8,no2 we left together1 but he didn't seem to want me1 and--0 8,and did you see that80 ,i sneered4 8,why1 of course ,i did4 ,i wasn't going to do ,the ,cliffs at this hour4 ,i prefer my cigar on the piazza here40 ,i did not see either of my gentlemen the following day1 save in a casual way4 ,seymour appeared to be picking up his good looks1 and as the table to which ,i was relegated was within range of his quartier1 ,i could perceive1 from the flotilla of plates and dishes around him at breakfast1 that his rejection by ,hattie ,finche had in nowise impaired his appetite4 ,i was in love once1 twenty-five years ago1 and ,i lived on it4 ,a sweet cake and a glass of champagne twice a day kept me in the flesh4 ,i wouldn't undertake to try that 8little game0 again4 ,judging from my own symptoms at that critical period of my existence1 ,i fairly argued that ,grey ,seymour had either over-lived his passion for the heiress1 that he was off with the old love and on to the new1 or that his mistress and he had come to an understanding after they had passed beyond my coigne of vantage4 ,i must own ,i was 8sairly and fairly0 puzzled4 ,the reply to my cablegram was anxiously awaited4 ,properly speaking1 it was due upon the evening of the day on which ,i set the wires in motion4 ,allowing for the difference in time between ,newport and ,london1 say six hours and a half1 and having despatched it at #i ,a4,m41 ,i might fairly have reckoned on a reply that night4 ,the ,moat1 however1 was some little distance from ,sevenoaks1 so ,i shouldn't be utterly disappointed were forty-eight hours to elapse ere tidings would reach me4 ,as it was1 however1 the appearance of every despatch boy sent a thrill of expectation through me1 and a pang of corresponding disappointment when ,i sought the message on the rack under the letter ,c4 ,it was upon the second morning that ,price came down to breakfast arrayed in nautical costume1 deep1 dark1 desperate blue flannel1 with a superb ,marchal ,niel rosebud in his button-hole1 and a genuine air of festivity in his whole appearance4 8,what mischief are you up to to-day80 ,i asked4 8,a sail with my friends the ,finches40 8,my friends1 if you please1 ,mr4 ,price40 8,to be sure2 ,i quite forgot4 ,doosid nice people4 ,i say1 ,i am making the running1 and ,i mean to win1 as we say in the race-course1 #8hands down4'0 8,ahem6 ,it doesn't follow that if you win the daughter you'll get over the father10 ,i observed with a knowing air4 8,oh6 ,i'm not going to trouble myself about him4 ,you'll square him for me40 8,what do you mean1 ,mr4 ,price80 almost aghast at this cool impudence4 8,i mean that old fogies understand one another4 ,you'll rub it into him that ,i am a man of considerable genius2 of keen perception1 calm deliberation2 in the habit of hand-balancing conflicting propositions1 a brilliant orator1 and that ,i have tact1 which is better than talent1 and audacity1 which is better than either or both40 8,if ,i were to speak about you at all to my friend ,mr4 ,finche1 ,i should certainly pay a glowing tribute to this last quality10 sneeringly4 8,that's a good fellow4 ,you're a brick of the most adhesive quality4 ,you go for ,finche when ,i give you the word4 ,i mean to pop for ,hattie the first good chance40 8,well1 really1 ,i--0 8,i know what you're going to say3 #8,man is man and master of his fate4' ,shakspere says #8sometimes4' ,i mean to play the waiting race4 ,the man who can afford it gets three to one in his favor4 ,i can only be beaten by a dash-horse now4 ,here comes the man whom ,i imagined was the favorite1 and he is not entered for the race at all40 ,grey ,seymour joined us1 also arrayed in dark blue1 a red rose in his button-hole4 8,these are our favors10 laughed ,price3 8,miss ,finche yellow1 ,miss ,neville red4 8#8,oh6 my love is like a red1 red rose that sweetly blows in ,june6'0 ,and gaily humming that song which ,sims ,reeves has made all his own1 he lounged out of the immense salle manger1 casting criticising glances en passant4 ,i am fond of the sea4 ,i never was sick in my life1 and once upon a time thought of running a saucy schooner4 ,would ,i1 like ,paul ,pry1 drop into this party with an 8,i hope ,i don't intrude08 ,the hour was rapidly approaching when ,i must take action with reference to my friend ,mr4 ,price4 ,he had entered ,finche's house under my gis1 and ,i was bound in honor to protect ,finche and ,finche's child4 ,yes1 ,i would join the yachting excursion bon gr mal gr1 and in a few straight words tell ,wilson ,finche exactly how the land lay4 ,i donned a blue flannel suit--no man goes to ,newport without one--and taking an old-fashioned telescope under my arm1 went upon the piazza to await the appearance of ,grey ,seymour1 who was still occupied in going through the entire menu for his matitudinal meal4 8,a telegram for you1 sir10 said the clerk1 as ,i passed the desk4 8,at last10 ,i muttered1 as ,i tore it open4 ,it was from ,lady ,price1 and dated ,holten ,moat3 8,my son is in ,america4 ,barrister4 ,tall1 thin1 dark4 ,black mole under left ear4 ,scar on right wrist4 ,telegraph if in trouble40 ,at that particular moment ,mr4 ,price appeared on the corridor1 engaged in chewing a tooth-pick4 ,i went to him1 and1 without a single word1 seized his right hand1 baring his wrist4 ,the scar was there4 ,i then wheeled him round1 and took a rapid and searching look behind his left ear4 8,ah60 he laughed1 8looking for the macula materna8 ,so you've been telegraphing home1 you incredulous old codger10 scanning the open telegram4 8,read it10 ,i said4 ,i should mention that the black mole was in its place4 8,why1 you'll frighten the old lady into fits4 ,write her at once1 ,crosse1 and tell her ,i'm as safe as the milk in a cocoanut4 ,don't spare your dollars1 old man60 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,i left ,newport the ,finches were still at ,sea ,view ,cottage1 and my friend ,mr4 ,price on a visit in the house4 ,about six months later ,i received cards to attend at the nuptials of ,miss ,hattie ,julia ,maria ,anne ,finche to ,herbert ,price4 ,an attack of the gout prevented my putting in an appearance1 but ,i sent both bride and groom a little present4 ,to the daughter of my old friend ,i gave a pearl necklace2 to his son-in-law a diamond ring1 with the words inscribed in raised letters1 8,de l'audace4 ,toujours de l'audace40 ,i may mention that ,grey ,seymour and his charming bride honored me with a visit some time1 later on1 en route to ,europe4 ,,the ,,principle ,,of ,,beatitude ,,in ,,human ,,nature4 ,st4 ,thomas defines beatitude1 in respect to man1 to be 8the perfect good in which the natural tendency of the human will to universal good attains complete rest40#aai ,this is beatitude objectively considered4 ,subjectively1 it is the actual fruition consequent upon attainment1 and rest in the quiet possession1 of the perfect good which is the object of volition4 ,this fruition is an immanent act within the nature of the human subject1 and must therefore proceed from a principle within the human nature4 ,nature denotes the same thing with essence1 expressing only as a distinctive term its being a principle of activity4 ,by reason of his essence1 the human being has within him a principle by virtue of which he desires1 seeks1 and is impelled by the movement given him by his ,first and ,final ,cause toward the attainment of beatitude4 ,as intelligent1 universal truth is his object1 to which his intellect is connatural2 as volitive1 universal good is his object1 to which his will naturally corresponds4 ,the idea of universal good is obviously the one which lies at the foundation of this conception of beatitude4 ,it is well known that the notion of good as a universal is one of the transcendental predicates2 that is1 of those which are outside of everything which does or can mark out any generic ratio1 or diversity of kind between any existing or possible beings4 ,good is not a genus or kind1 in opposition to some diverse genera or kinds which are not good2 and1 fortiori1 it is not a species1 under which individuals are to be classed as specifically different1 by the note of goodness1 from other individuals who by their specific difference are something else than good4 ,it is the species which completely determines the essence of every existing thing1 and the specific difference which marks its essential unlikeness to other things whose essence is other than its own4 ,therefore no being can be essentially unlike any other by reason of one being good and the other somehow dissimilar to good4 ,the predicate of good belongs to all genera1 and1 of course1 to all species and individuals1 as a universal notion transcending all their respective determining notes1 and identifying itself1 in the analogical sense proper to each of them1 with all and singular of these notes4 ,good is whatever is consonant to nature1 whatever is a perfection1 or subserves to the conservation and increase of a perfection4 ,it is coextensive with being1 and identical with it1 as are all the transcendental notions1 which merely present the same object of thought under various phases4 ,whatever is thinkable1 as an object is an entity2 as having its own entity undivided in itself and divided from every entity other than itself1 is a unity2 as an intelligible entity is a verity2 as containing in itself reason for the volition that it should be what it is1 it is a good4 ,all these notions are contained in the notion of being1 and are as universal as being1 which has in opposition to it only nothing1 that is1 no-being1 no-one-thing1 no-true-thing1 no-good1 mere negation and nullity4 ,we are at present concerned only with actually existing rational nature1 in its relation to universal being as the object of its volition1 or movement towards the universal good in which it seeks for beatitude4 ,whatever is consonant to rational nature1 gives it perfection or subserves to its perfection1 is its good4 ,good is being regarded in its aspect as something desirable1 in which the will can rest with complacency4 ,every actual1 concrete essence is good1 as such1 because it has being1 and in so far as it has being2 and it presents1 therefore1 an object to the will which is desirable and in which it can have complacency4 ,the rational nature is in itself a good as an actual being1 and it is a good to itself1 or1 in other words1 it is a good for it that it exists4 ,the universe in which it exists is all good in essence and nature4 ,universal nature is in consonance with itself1 and its laws tend to the perfection1 conservation1 and augmentation of being1 throughout its whole extent4 ,the movement of will in rational nature toward the universal good is only a higher kind and mode of an operation which is common to all nature4 ,things destitute of sense are put into operation toward the general end of the universe by blind and fatal laws1 which receive their impulse and direction solely from the will and motive power of their creator4 ,those which have sense but not reason are incited to movement by a vital impulse and the excitement of their sensitive faculties by external objects4 ,rational nature moves itself by intelligence and will toward the good which is its object4 ,intellect has for its connatural object universal being as verity1 and tends toward an adequation between itself and its object4 ,so1 likewise1 the will in respect to the good of being4 ,this adequation constitutes the beatitude of rational nature1 and an approximation to it is an approach toward beatitude which constitutes a greater or lesser degree of imperfect felicity4 ,the principle of beatitude has therefore been pointed out and proved to exist in human nature4 ,the intense longing for it is matter of self-consciousness to every human being4 ,the natural tendency and longing for beatitude cannot have been implanted by the ,creator in order to be frustrated4 ,there is no place in the nature of things for any other intention and end of creation1 except to produce the good of being in all its grades and orders1 according to the determinate measure prescribed by the divine intellect and the divine will4 ,the good of inanimate nature necessarily falls short of any final and complete term in itself1 because it does not contain any faculty of apprehension and complacency4 ,mere sensitive apprehension and complacency in living1 irrational beings do not adequately supply this deficiency1 because they attain only to the lowest and most imperfect good1 in a partial and deficient mode4 ,all nature below the rational1 therefore1 furnishes only an element1 an inchoate and incomplete material substratum for the formal and complete good of created being1 which can only possess a final actuality and become an end in itself in rational nature4 ,material beings have only their own essence and existence1 which are exclusive and isolated1 determined by necessary laws to merely extrinsic states and movements1 in which they are totally inert4 ,they have no return upon themselves and no capacity of receiving any other being into their own4 ,therefore they can have no self-consciousness or self-activity1 no cognition or sentiment4 ,sensitive beings have a partial return upon themselves by sensation and sensitive cognition1 and a limited self-activity4 ,a spirit returns upon itself with a complete retroaction1 and can receive other beings into itself according to the mode of the recipient1 that is1 ideally4 ,it has therefore complete self-consciousness and self-activity1 intelligence and volition1 and in the human essence1 by virtue of the union of the rational part with the animal1 it has also a more perfect kind of sensitive life4 ,it apprehends and possesses its own being1 and universal being outside of itself1 as a verity by intelligence1 as a good by volition4 ,when it is perfect and permanent in its natural good1 the possession of this good is in itself beatitude4 ,there is no other term or effect which can possibly have the ratio of an end to the intention of the ,creator in the creative act1 for it is the only complete and final good of being4 ,created being is nothing but a participation of the uncreated and necessary being1 and an imitation of it in the finite order4 ,finite beatitude is1 therefore1 a participation of the infinite beatitude of the divine nature1 and an imitation of it4 ,god alone is ,,the ,,being1 who exists by his essence1 and possesses being absolutely and in plenitude4 ,in the same sense in which ,he alone is1 whose ,name is ,,ego ,,sum ,,qui ,,sum1 ,he alone is good and ,he alone is blessed4 ,that is1 ,he alone is good by his essence actually and in plenitude1 and is alone by his essence possessed of the plenitude of blessedness4 ,boethius defines the eternity of ,god as 8the perfect possession1 all at once1 of boundless life40 ,this may answer as a definition of the beatitude of ,god4 ,his being is living being1 in all respects boundless1 and so absolutely in act that it is incapable of any increase or diminution4 ,the being of ,god is essentially good1 and an object of complacency4 ,the life of ,god consists in the act of intelligence and volition in which he knows and wills his own being1 as infinitely intelligible and infinitely desirable4 ,for ,god1 to be and to live is to be blessed4 ,the vision of his own essence presents to him an object of infinite complacency in which his will rests with a perfect and eternal quietude4 ,what his essence is1 and what that good is which constitutes the infinite beatitude of ,god1 we cannot know except in an analogical manner4 ,the universe of created being is an image and imitation of the divine essence4 ,whatever being and good we can perceive in the works of ,god we know must have its archetype in the essence of ,god1 existing in a supereminent mode and an infinite plenitude4 ,created beauty is something which being seen pleases1 in which the will reposes with complacency when it is apprehended by the intellect4 ,infinite1 absolute1 uncreated beauty must please infinitely the infinite intelligence which beholds it by a comprehensive vision4 ,this is the nearest approach we can make to a conception of the beatitude of ,god4 ,the being of ,god is the archetype and source of all created being1 and his infinite beatitude the archetype and source of all finite beatitude in created1 intelligent beings4 ,creation proceeds not from want but from fulness of good in the infinite ,being2 not from necessity but from free volition4 ,it is an overflow of power1 intelligence1 and love1 diffusive of the good of being from the boundless sea of the divine essence into the streams which it fills4 ,its ideal possibility is in the divine essence as imitable1 presenting to the divine intelligence innumerable terms of the divine omnipotence1 and to the divine will innumerable objects of volition and complacency4 ,the act which brings it out of nonexistence into existence proceeds from the three ,persons of the ,blessed ,trinity equally and indivisibly4 ,the origin of the creative act is in the ,father1 the medium in the ,son1 the consummation in the ,holy ,spirit4 ,the almighty word of intelligence and volition calling the nonexistent universe into existence1 proceeding from the ,father as the origin of infinite and finite essence1 in the ,word is the creative ideal and measure of all the intelligible and intelligent creation1 in the ,spirit is the cause and principle of all created good4 ,the formal principiation of the divine essence1 proceeding from the ,father and the ,son as its active principle1 whose term is the person of the ,holy ,spirit1 is pure ,love4 ,love is the consummation of the infinite being of ,god1 and its eternal efflorescence is beatitude1 the perfect possession of boundless life which is a boundless good1 totally1 existing in a present whose duration is without any before or after1 without beginning or end or successive parts1 and unchangeable by any increase or diminution4 ,it is a maxim of philosophy that operation is in accordance with the nature of the operator4 ,an artist produces a work corresponding to the nature of his art4 ,the work of the ,holy ,spirit is like himself4 ,the divine essence in his person being love1 the consummation of the divine work in creation effected by him must be good2 and that good in its last result is beatitude4 ,he is 8,the ,lord and ,giver of life40 ,the life of the intelligent creature is like the life of ,god4 ,he is finite1 and therefore his duration is not eternity4 ,it has a beginning1 and a before and after1 and its totality is not possessed all at once in one present1 but its parts succeed each other without end4 ,although he cannot possess his past and future at one time1 he possesses always his present1 which glides with him through all time1 and is an imitation of the eternal1 ever-enduring present of eternity4 ,the perfect possession of all that constitutes his life1 without any fear of losing it1 constitutes his beatitude4 ,divine love1 diffusive of the good of being out of its own plenitude1 can have no other end in creation1 in so far as this end is contained within the creation itself1 except the beatitude of intellectual creatures4 ,the idea from which creation receives its form is in the ,word1 and intellectual creatures are specially made in his image4 ,in the ,incarnation1 the ,word united to his divine nature a rational nature1 consubstantial with that which is common to the whole human race1 and allied generically to the highest as well as to the lowest orders of created beings1 that is1 both to the spiritual and the corporeal extremes of nature4 ,the created nature thus assumed into personal unity with the divine nature in ,immanuel1 who is the only-begotten ,son of ,god the ,father from eternity1 has become the nature of ,god1 and as such entitled to receive from the divine nature the communication of its plenitude of being and of good1 in so far as this is communicable in a finite mode and measure4 ,the ,holy ,spirit1 who proceeds from the ,son1 both in the eternal order of the ,trinity and in the temporal order of creation1 is communicated to the human nature of ,immanuel as the principle of life and beatitude4 ,the hypostatic union of created and uncreated nature in the person of ,jesus ,christ is the masterpiece of the ,lord and ,giver of life1 the ultimate term of his creative act4 ,the beatitude which he imparts to the human nature of ,jesus ,christ is the supreme participation of its rational intelligence and will in the divine act of comprehensive vision of the divine essence and infinite complacency in its absolute beauty1 which constitutes divine beatitude4 ,the angels were destined to the same beatitude1 and1 those excepted who forfeited their right by sinning1 they have attained it4 ,the human race was created for the same destination1 and the elect will receive their perfect consummation in the same sempiternal glory and blessedness which belongs of right to the humanity of the ,eternal ,son1 on the day of the universal resurrection4 ,it is evident that this supernatural beatitude in ,god completely fulfils the definition of beatitude given by ,st4 ,thomas as bonum perfectum quod totaliter quietat appetitum4 ,the object of the rational human appetite1 that is1 of the will1 is universal good1 which is in ,god in the most absolute and perfect plenitude4 ,but universal good is also in creatures by participation1 and presents a proper object of complacency to the will in perfect harmony with its primary object of beatific love4 ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ in his human mind and human heart not only has the immediate intuition of ,god and of all things in ,god1 together with the love which accompanies this highest mode of knowledge1 but also the mode of knowledge and love which is strictly natural4 ,he delights in the contemplation of the beauty of his own human nature1 in the works which he performed through it1 in its dignity and exaltation1 in the splendor of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 of the angels and the saints1 in his entire and universal kingdom both of mind and matter4 ,he delights in loving his companions in celestial glory1 and in receiving their love1 in radiating light and beauty and happiness all around himself through countless realms of space and numberless multitudes of beings4 ,his human nature was not essentially changed at the resurrection1 but only glorified4 ,he has therefore that sublimated corporeal and sensitive life which is proper to the nature which he assumed1 with the sensitive cognition and enjoyment resulting naturally from its attributes and faculties4 ,the kingdom of heaven has therefore its visible and natural as well as its divine aspect4 ,natural beatitude in the possession of universal created good1 in the enjoyment of the works of ,god1 in science1 in the sentiment of the beautiful in created objects1 in activity1 in society and friendship1 co-exists with the uninterrupted contemplation of the divine essence1 and the perfect quietude of everlasting repose on the bosom of ,god4 ,the quiet and repose of the spirit in beatitude by no means signifies inaction and the slumber of the faculties4 ,god1 who is immutable1 is most perfect act1 and the first mover of all things4 ,the rest of beatitude is in opposition to the restless inquietude of a spirit which has not found its equilibrium1 and is impelled by unsatisfied longings to seek for its perfect good4 ,its rest consists in its having found its equilibrium in the stable possession of the perfect good4 ,but the presence of the due object to the intellect and the will calls forth their most perfect and intense activity1 and the very qualities of the glorified bodies of the blessed saints in heaven prove that they also will be active1 and not for ever standing still in one posture or reclining indolently on grassy meads1 as some seem to imagine is the ,christian belief4 ,it is indeed most difficult to form any imaginary pictures of the future life which are in any way satisfactory to reason4 ,but whatever we can represent to ourselves by such efforts which can give some idea of a glory and a beatitude worthy of rational beings in a perfect state1 assuredly will be realized in a way far beyond our conceptions4 ,the aim of the foregoing exposition has been to prepare the way for presenting1 in the natural element which exists in supernatural beatitude1 that which is the purely natural good due to the intellectual nature left to itself in its own native sphere1 the underworld below heaven4 ,we call this sphere of pure nature native to the intellectual nature in general1 because it belongs there by virtue of its essential being1 prescinding from any higher destination given to it gratuitously1 whether simultaneously with its original creation or subsequently to it4 ,it is an underworld relatively to the supernatural order whose last complement is in the hypostatic union realized in the ,incarnation4 ,the state of pure nature in respect to the only species of simply intellectual or rational creatures known to us1 is treated by ,catholic theologians in a merely hypothetical manner2 as a possible state1 in which angels and men might have been constituted by the ,creator1 or in which he could1 if he pleased1 place other beings generically similar to angels or men1 in other spheres of the universe which are distinct from our earth and the celestial abode of the angels4 ,whether there are now or ever will be such beings1 inhabiting the numerous worlds with which the vast extent of real space is filled1 can only be matter of conjecture4 ,but the human species1 and the hierarchy of pure spirits with which it is in present relation1 were destined for the supernatural order immediately depending from the royal seat of ,immanuel1 the sovereign head of the host of deified intelligences1 as its centre4 ,in respect to the human race1 therefore1 the state of pure nature is presented under another aspect as a state of lapsed nature1 and the sphere of the underworld is its native sphere actually and by virtue of natural generation1 by reason of a fall and a sentence of deprivation4 ,on this account1 the permanent future state of all human beings who are finally excluded from heaven1 in ,christian eschatology is primarily considered as a state of loss4 ,whatever felicity is possible in this state appears as something remaining from the original destination of mankind1 and not as the complete good of human beatitude4 ,for this reason1 we have presented first the total ratio of beatitude in respect to human destiny1 before considering what remains after the sum of supernatural good has been deducted4 ,substantially1 the state of lapsed nature as denuded is the same with pure or nude nature4 ,the question of the object and nature of pure natural beatitude is the one to be decided1 in order to determine what amount of good in the endless life of human beings who lack the beatific vision of ,god is conceivable and possible4 ,there is only one serious difficulty in this question4 ,it arises from the consideration of the very essence of intelligence as related to the universal truth1 and will as related to the universal good4 ,the intellect1 as such1 by its very nature1 seeks for the deepest cause1 and for an adequation with the intelligible being of its universal object1 and the appetite of the will follows it4 ,how1 then1 can the intellect rest in any object except the absolute1 necessary1 infinite essence of ,god1 apprehended by a clear and immediate intuition1 or any other object but this perfectly quiet the appetite of the will8 ,it is evident that if the intellectual nature1 as such1 has in it an exigency and a longing which cannot be satisfied with any good to which its faculties are commensurate1 beatitude is something essentially supernatural4 ,in this case1 the natural order must be merely inchoate1 potential1 needing to be completed by the supernatural4 ,intellectual beings could not1 then1 be created for a purely natural end and destiny2 the only end suitable and fit for them would be that which reaches its consummation in the beatific vision4 ,defrauded of this in any way1 even without any voluntary fault of their own1 they must be miserable during eternity through the suffering of the pain of loss1 or at least continue for ever in a state of arrested and imperfect development1 in which absence of suffering would be due only to insensibility1 with an imperfect kind of felicity similar to that which men possess in this earthly condition1 from the common enjoyments of human life4 ,we deny1 however1 that there is any exigency in created nature for the supernatural good4 ,the difficulty above stated1 that ,god is necessarily the supreme object of the created intellect and the created will1 we answer as follows4 ,intellect1 by nature1 seeks ,god1 according to its own mode and measure4 ,the operation of the will is determined by the intellect4 ,nil volitum nisi prius cognitum4 ,the divine intellect1 which is the divine essence considered as intelligent subject1 is in adequation with the divine essence considered as intelligible object4 ,god has immediate1 comprehensive cognition of himself by his essence4 ,every created essence is infinitely different from the divine1 and therefore has an operation intrinsically unequal to the act in which the divine life consists4 ,operatio sequitur esse4 ,the being of an intelligent creature is within the order of the finite1 of the imitated1 participated existence1 activity1 enjoyment1 which is a diminished image of the archetypal reality in the ,creator4 ,all this is within the circle of nature1 and when this circle is perfect1 including whatever belongs to it1 there is no exigency of anything beyond4 ,the knowledge of ,god1 not as he is in his essence1 within his circle of immanent being1 but as he is in the terms of his creative act1 in the universe1 in the intellectual light and intelligible essence of the created spirit itself1 is within the circle of nature4 ,as the ,author of nature he is knowable and lovable1 by perfect and well-ordered faculties of pure nature without grace and without defect4 ,natural beatitude does not require the immediate and intuitive1 but only the mediate and abstractive cognition and contemplation of ,god1 and does not exact any kind of union of the will to ,god as the sovereign good1 except that which terminates by natural sequence its own rightly directed and completed spontaneous movement4 ,even now we can find ,god by reason1 and take complacency in his perfections4 ,much more can beings of a higher perfection attain to the knowledge of ,god in a manner proportionate to their kind or degree of perfection1 and with a complacency corresponding to their knowledge1 if their intelligence and will are rightly co-ordinated1 and directed toward their proper object4 ,as respects the universal verity and good of being in the created universe1 there is no difficulty whatever in supposing that it can be attained within any finite limits1 in a state of pure nature4 ,this inferior sphere of natural beatitude being thus theoretically possible1 it is most reasonable to suppose that all human beings who at the general resurrection are dispossessed of any right to the kingdom of heaven1 and at the same time free from all actual sin1 receive their ultimate destination in such a sphere4 ,there is no reason in the order of justice why they should be deprived of any perfection or good of which they are naturally capable4 ,in the 8restitution of all things10 the 1 there will be no deordination left in the universe1 and no imperfection of order belonging to an inchoate condition of nature4 ,venit dies1 dies tua1 in qu reflorent omnia4 ,inanimate creation will become resplendent with the beauty which the last touches of the divine ,artist have given to his consummate work4 ,the influence of the life-giving ,spirit will be poured in a full torrent through all parts of the universal realm of living being4 ,in this general restitution we may be certain that the thousands of millions of human infants who have never attained to the use of reason in this world1 and have never received the grace of regeneration1 will be raised up1 by the bounty of their ,creator1 in the full perfection of their human nature1 both corporeal and intellectual1 to live for ever in the enjoyment of all the good which is due to pure nature1 participating in their own inferior degree in that excellence and felicity which in its highest perfection belongs to the blessed in heaven as an adjunct of their supernatural glory and beatitude4 ,moreover1 it is altogether congruous to the order of redemption in ,jesus ,christ1 and probable1 that they will receive1 in common with the whole creation1 their own special benefit and increase of natural good1 through the ,incarnation4 ,there is no obstacle in their nature to the reception of any good except that of the beatific vision4 ,they may1 therefore1 enjoy the vision of the glorified humanity of the ,lord1 worship him and love him as their creator and benefactor1 see and converse with the angels and saints1 and in every respect enjoy a better and more desirable immortality than that which would be possible in another system of divine providence which did not contain a supernatural order4 ,besides those who die in infancy1 there are many adults who may be considered as on the same level with infants in respect to moral responsibility4 ,balmes proposes the opinion that a large proportion of the most ignorant and spiritually undeveloped part of mankind1 especially those who are born and brought up in a low state of barbarism1 never attain the rational level of a well-instructed ,christian child of five or six years old1 who1 nevertheless1 is regarded in ,catholic theology as incapable of mortal sin4#abj ,among the whole multitude of those who are destitute of the ordinary means of salvation1 each and every individual either has the use of reason sufficiently for full moral responsibility1 or he has not4 ,if he has not1 he is1 in the moral relation1 an infant1 at most capable of venial sin2 but if he has1 either he has divine faith sufficient for obtaining salvation1 or the sufficient grace and means for attaining the faith1 or neither of these requisites for working out his salvation by his own voluntary efforts4 ,in this last case his lack of faith is no sin1 and he is only accountable for the observance of the natural law according to his own conscience4 ,if he keeps this natural law1 he is subject to no eternal penalty besides the privation of supernatural beatitude4 ,all men1 therefore1 who really incur the responsibilities and the risks of a moral probation1 have an opportunity of meriting heaven1 or at least of attaining that natural felicity hereafter which is the lot of infants who die without baptism4 ,from all these premises we deduce one general conclusion1 that the notion of a doom to everlasting infelicity and misery1 which is a dire and inevitable calamity involving the great mass of mankind1 by reason of the state in which they are born into this life1 is a chimera of the imagination1 and not any part of the ,catholic faith or a just inference from any revealed doctrine4 ,the sufferings of those who have not deserved punishment by their own voluntary transgressions of the divine law are temporary1 disciplinary1 intended for a final good1 and in the end abundantly compensated4 ,many of the sufferings which have the nature of punishment are condoned altogether1 and many others are temporary and in their last result beneficial to those who are subjected to their infliction4 ,no rational and immortal being is permanently deprived of the proper perfection and good of his nature by fate or destiny1 or by the arbitrary will of the ,creator and sovereign ,lord of the universe4 ,the order of reason and justice of itself produces only universal good1 and this universal good embraces the private and personal good of each individual being1 except in so far as he has freely and wilfully made himself unfit and unworthy to participate in it4 ,eternal retribution is awarded solely to personal merit or demerit in proportion to its quantity4 ,outside of the order of just retribution1 there is no action of ,god upon his creatures except that of pure goodness and love1 bestowing gratuitously1 unmitigated good without any mixture of evil4 ,the desire for permanent beatitude in endless life1 and the natural principle of beatitude implanted in every rational nature1 are not frustrated and thwarted through any deficiency in nature1 or failure of divine ,providence to carry out his original design and intention to its complete and ultimate term4 ,the only failure is in the free and concreative cause to which ,god has given dominion over itself and its acts and the effects of those acts1 with power to produce in prescribed limits as much or as little good as it chooses4 ,this free cause is free-will1 which is the only cause1 in every rational creature finally deprived of his original right to beatitude1 of the state of irreparable privation in which he is placed by the 8restitution of all things40 ,the restitution brings all nature into order and to perfection1 in so far as each thing in nature is receptive of its proportionate good4 ,rational nature is receptive according to its rational appetite or the attitude of the will4 ,those rational beings who have determined themselves to a state of volition contrary to the order of reason and justice are1 in so far as they are affected by this state1 receptive only of a violent reaction of order against their will1 repressing and confining their inclination to a perverse activity4 ,the privation of beatitude is co-extensive with the contrariety between the will and the permanent1 irreversible order of reason2 and this contrariety is proportional to the misuse of freewill by sinning during the term of probation4 ,their evil is nothing but spoiled good1 and they are themselves the spoilers4 ,it is through no defect of goodness in ,god1 or deficiency of good in the order of nature1 that they are what they are4 ,every thing and every person in this order is in the right place and the due relation1 according to the highest reason and the most perfect justice4 ,god has made all things well1 they are what they ought to be1 and there is no flaw or defect in the bonum honestum of the universe4 ,god must take complacency in the fulfilment of his own wise and just will1 and every rational being must concur with intellect and will in that which ,god wills4 ,this is precisely what ,st4 ,thomas affirms when he says that the beatitude of the just will be increased by their knowledge of the eternal punishment of sinners1 and there is no sense or reason in the diatribes of rationalists against him or any other theologian who does not overpass the limits of ,catholic and rational doctrine on this head4 ,another conclusion which may be reasonably deduced from sound theological principles and probable opinions is1 that the majority of mankind1 and of rational beings in general1 are in a state of perpetual felicity in the world to come4 ,there is no reason whatever for supposing that more than a third part of the angels fell with ,lucifer4 ,it is probable that the greater number of adults who live and die in the faith and communion of the church are finally admitted into heaven4 ,we cannot deny that numbers of those who have lived under the natural law1 without any explicit faith in ,jesus ,christ1 have been also saved by extraordinary grace4 ,nor is it possible for us to determine what proportion of the great mass remaining may eventually attain some degree of inferior natural felicity similar to that which is the lot of infants dying in original sin4 ,the number of infants who have received baptism and have died before the use of reason at least equals the number of the baptized who have attained adult age1 and to these must be added all those who died in infancy before the sacrament of baptism was instituted1 and had received remission of original sin under the ancient covenant of grace4 ,the entire multitude of infants who have died since the beginning of the world at least equals the number of adults1 and it is therefore certain that the majority of all human beings will possess in the future life either supernatural or natural beatitude4 ,there is no reason1 therefore1 for the supposition that the ,christian and ,catholic doctrine represents the vast majority of human beings as destined to a state of everlasting misery4 ,if any one is disposed to entertain the hypothesis that the universe is filled with a multitude of rational beings who are neither angels nor men1 whose number bears a quantitative proportion to the physical magnitude of the vast cosmical system of the starry heavens1 there is as much reason for supposing that they are all eternally good and happy as for supposing that they have existence4 ,in respect to mere extensive and numerical quantity1 the amount of good resulting from the creative act of ,god far surpasses the sum of that possible additional good which has been frustrated by the failure of free1 concreative causes to co-operate with the first cause toward the great1 final end of creation4 ,in reality1 the absolute1 eternal decrees of ,god are not in any way frustrated by the failure of a certain number of creatures to attain the good for which they were destined4 ,they leave no gap in the universal order which the foresight of ,god has not filled up4 ,their loss is exclusively their own1 and their sins have only furnished an occasion for bringing out of the evil which they have attempted a far greater good than they could have effected by a faithful co-operation with the will of ,god1 greater glory to the ,creator and to the universe1 more splendid merits in the just1 a more magnificent exhibition of wisdom and love in the cross1 through which the divine ,redeemer of men triumphed over sin and death4 8,he humbled himself1 becoming obedient unto death1 even the death of the cross4 ,wherefore ,god hath also exalted him1 and hath given him a name which is above every name3 that in the name of ,jesus every knee should bow1 of those that are in heaven1 on earth1 and in hell2 and that every tongue should confess that the ,lord ,jesus ,christ is in the glory of ,god the ,father40#aba ,the perfection of the whole creation1 in subordination to the sphere of supernatural glory inhabited by the sons of ,god1 is also clearly declared by ,st4 ,paul to be a consequence of the exaltation of ,jesus ,christ through the cross4 8,for the expectation of the creature waiteth for the revelation of the sons of ,god4 ,for the creature was made subject to vanity1 not willingly1 but by reason of him that made it subject1 in hope3 because the creature also itself shall be delivered from the servitude of corruption into the liberty of the glory of the children of ,god4 ,for we know that every creature groaneth1 and is in labor even until now4 ,and not only it1 but ourselves also1 who have the first fruits of the spirit1 even we ourselves groan within ourselves1 waiting for the adoption of the sons of ,god1 the redemption of our body40#abb ,satan himself1 with all those whom he has seduced into sin in the mad hope of thwarting the divine work of the ,incarnation1 has only contributed by his efforts to destroy the universal order1 under the overmastering intelligence of ,god1 to increase its splendor4 ,in the end he will be found to have wound himself up by going around in his circuit4 ,a few years ago there was a bear in the ,central ,park1 who was permitted to live on a grass-plat1 fastened by a long chain to a stake in the middle4 ,by going continually round and round his post1 he used to wind himself up so tightly that he could not stir4 ,satan is like this bear4 ,his great achievement1 and masterstroke of policy1 was the crucifixion of the ,son of ,god1 by which he was exalted and obtained a name above every name1 before which every knee in hell shall bow and every tongue confess that the ,lord ,jesus ,christ is in the glory of ,god the ,father4 ,this is the one great example of the universal action of divine ,providence in bringing out of all evil a greater good than that which the evil destroys or prevents4 ,st4 ,paul anticipates an objection1 which is likely to occur to some minds1 in respect to the justice of ,god in the unequal distribution of grace1 and the withholding of mercy from those whom he permits to work out their own final perdition4 8,thou wilt therefore say to me3 ,why doth he then find fault8 ,for who resisteth his will80 ,the answer is a rebuke of the presumption of those who pretend to dispute the sovereign right and dominion of ,god over his creatures1 and thus in reality make the divine ,majesty subservient and responsible to his own subjects4 8,o man1 who art thou that repliest against ,god8 ,shall the thing formed say to him that formed it3 ,why hast thou made me thus8 ,or hath not the potter power over the clay1 of the same lump to make one vessel unto honor and another to dishonor80#abc ,the whole mass of mankind being destitute of any right to supernatural grace and beatitude1 there can be no complaint against the sovereign will of ,god for conferring the grace of regeneration upon some and withholding it from others4 ,none of those who have made themselves positively unworthy of everlasting glory by their sins are entitled to mercy4 ,that ,god withheld all hope of pardon from the fallen angels and gave that hope to men1 that to some sinful men he gives more grace than to others1 and that he compels those who rebel against him to glorify him against their will in their own defeat and the overthrow of all their plans1 is no ground of complaint against the divine justice4 8,jacob ,i have loved1 but ,esau ,i have hated02 that is1 loved less1 and excluded from certain special1 gratuitous blessings bestowed on ,jacob4 8,what shall we say then8 ,is there injustice with ,god8 ,god forbid60 ,no creature is made to suffer without sufficient reason or deprived of any natural or acquired right4 ,but in respect to gratuitous gifts1 and especially graces conferred upon the unworthy1 ,god is absolute master4 8,for he saith to ,moses3 ,i will have mercy on whom ,i will have mercy40 ,it enters into the very notion of grace and mercy that they should be purely gratuitous4 ,the whole order of grace in respect both to angels and men is purely gratuitous4 ,it is therefore absurd to argue from the justice and goodness of ,god1 and from the superabundant mercy which he shows toward sinners in this world1 especially when they are within his special circle of grace1 the ,catholic ,church1 that he will give grace or show mercy after the day of judgment1 in derogation of the order of justice4 ,it was a purely gratuitous act of goodness in ,god to elevate human nature by the hypostatic union1 and to give angels and men a share in the privileges of the sacred humanity4 ,the rewards conferred on merit in this order are indeed rewards of justice1 but the whole basis of the justice by which glory is proportioned to merit is laid in a gratuitous grant of the very conditions of merit1 the grace which made it possible1 and the promise of reward on which the title to the kingdom of heaven rests4 ,absolute1 indefeasible1 personal right to the glory of heaven does not exist except in ,jesus ,christ the ,lord1 who is a divine person1 and whose merits are infinite and equal to all the benefits conferred by the ,father upon creation4 ,the rights of all those who share with him1 the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary included1 have been conferred by him upon them4 ,the beatific vision is a pure boon of goodness to every creature who attains its possession4 ,all might have been left in their natural state without any possibility of attaining it1 without any derogation of the order of eternal law in respect to intellectual nature4 ,there is no reason1 therefore1 why the number of the elect1 once completed1 should ever be increased1 or the gates of heaven reopened to admit new citizens and princes of the celestial ,jerusalem4 ,those who have never forfeited a right to admission through their own fault have no reason to bewail their exclusion4 ,those who have lost their right cannot possibly hope to recover it1 because they are left in their despoiled nature1 utterly impotent to turn back toward the supernatural good1 deprived of all grace and beyond the reach of the economy of mercy1 which has passed away for ever4 ,in respect to supernatural life they are dead1 and as incapable of resuscitation by any effort of their own as a corpse is incapable of repossessing itself of the soul which has departed from it4 ,the is not a resurrection to spiritual life in grace1 for this belongs to the preceding1 initial order of regeneration which has terminated with the end of the present world4 ,the bodily resurrection and restitution of nature gives only to human beings the complement of the life which they already possess1 whether supernatural or merely natural1 and to the physical universe its complement of perfection in the eternal order4 ,the angels remain intrinsically unchanged in their spiritual1 incorruptible nature1 as ,god made them in the beginning4 ,the holy angels continue in the possession of the supernatural mode of being which they acquired by their free and active co-operation with grace1 before the probation of man commenced1 without any increase of essential glory and beatitude4 ,the fallen angels remain in the state into which they voluntarily precipitated themselves at the same time4 ,the change which takes place at the end of human probation is1 for the angels1 only extrinsic4 ,the holy angels cease to combat with the demons1 and to minister in the economy of redemption4 ,the demons are compelled to desist from their war against ,immanuel and his kingdom1 and are relegated to their destined abode4 ,all human beings are placed in the state and condition in which they are to remain for ever1 those who have followed the demons in their rebellion in a state similar to theirs1 as those who have obeyed ,god are in a state similar to that of the holy angels4 ,it is this part of the ,christian doctrine which ,origen wholly misunderstood4 ,he may be excused from wilful and contumacious heresy1 on account of the paucity of means at his command for learning the complete doctrine of the apostles1 and the modest1 hypothetical manner in which he proposed his erratic theories4 ,we may also give him the benefit of the doubt respecting the entire purport of what he really and persistently did teach out of all that mass of wholly uncatholic and in a great measure absurd opinions1 so justly condemned by the patriarchal synod at ,constantinople in its fifteen anathematisms1 and in a general way by several subsequent cumenical councils4 ,it is impossible to doubt1 however1 that one fundamentally erroneous conception was fixed in his mind1 and gave occasion to the fanciful hypotheses of aeons and ages1 and transitions of spirits up and down through the scale of being4 ,this conception was an exaggeration of the freedom of will inherent in rational nature4 ,because no creature is either holy or wicked by his essence1 but every one is capable of good or evil1 he argued the perpetual flexibility and vertibility of free-will between good and evil4 ,permanence in good must therefore be attributed only to a habit of right determination1 and permanence in sin to an opposite habit or obstinacy of purpose to do wrong4 ,perhaps his various and apparently conflicting statements can be reconciled1 if we suppose that he admitted the actual perseverance of some in holiness through a kind of moral impeccability acquired by long and persistent efforts1 with a consequent eternity of unchangeable beatitude2 and an opposite state of irreclaimable perverseness in others with everlasting misery as its necessary penalty4 ,those who are in the middle between these two extremes are then variable1 vacillating between the opposite poles of moral good and evil1 happiness and infelicity1 at least during indefinite periods of duration4 ,our modern rationalistic ,christians to a certain extent are involved in the same imperfect philosophical notions which ,origen1 in the lack1 of a ,christian philosophy1 borrowed from ,neo-,platonism4 ,they do not understand the nature of grace1 which gives immutable holiness and impeccability as a perfection to a created essence which in itself is capable of defect4 ,hence1 they cannot get a clear idea of a permanent state of indefectibility in good except as a moral habit resulting from a series of acts4 ,nor can they understand the opposite state of deficiency and privation as something permanent in itself1 apart from the habit of sinning which has been contracted by acts of sin and may be removed by contrary acts under the influence of moral discipline4 ,they choose to consider the state of those who become perfectly good1 here or hereafter1 and attain the felicity of heaven1 as something fixed1 because it is agreeable to the feelings to think so4 ,they also strive to make the prospects of those who are not very good1 and even of those who are very bad1 as hopeful as possible1 in view of a certain1 or probable1 or at least possible1 future conversion at a more or less remote onian period1 because it is likewise agreeable to the feelings to anticipate this happy change4 ,moreover1 they are very willing to accept the teaching of the ,bible and the ,christian tradition concerning the eternity of heaven1 without seeking too anxiously for metaphysical or moral demonstration of its intrinsic credibility1 because it satisfies the natural desire of the heart for perfect good4 ,we do not deny that there is some truth in their reasonings concerning acquired habits of virtue and vice1 but they are defective as an argument for the determination of the future destiny of souls4 ,the certainty of a fixed and immutable state of sanctity and beatitude for the just in heaven does not depend either on these reasonings1 or on an exegetical and critical interpretation of certain words in ,holy ,scripture4 ,it has a deeper foundation4 ,the human soul of ,jesus ,christ is impeccable because of its indissoluble union with the divine nature in his person4 ,the angels and saints are impeccable because they also are united to ,god by an indissoluble union4 ,the ,holy ,spirit is in them as the principle of their spiritual life4 ,they love ,god above all things by a happy necessity1 and their intuitive vision of his essence1 the infinite good1 with the perfect quietude of the will in the enjoyment of this good1 raises them above all possibility of attraction toward any object which could allure them from their willing worship and allegiance to their sovereign ,lord4 ,moreover1 they actually possess the inferior good in the most perfect manner1 with an unbounded liberty to follow all their inclinations1 which are all innocent1 in conformity to reason1 and identical with the will of ,god4 ,the indestructibility and immortality which belong to their essence as spirits1 by nature1 pervades their entire actual being with all its accidents1 so that they are incapable of suffering any deterioration or injury4 ,in the natural order of beatitude1 the perfect intellectual cognition of ,god accompanied by perfect natural love to him as the most perfect being1 together with the complete possession of all connatural good1 removes all tendency to evil4 ,nature seeks good by a necessary law1 rational nature by its spontaneous1 voluntary movement4 ,no rational being seeks evil gratuitously or for the sake of evil1 but only under the aspect of good1 not sub ratione mali but sub ratione boni4 ,where no illusion is possible1 no sin is possible4 ,liberty of choice between the contraries of good and evil is not intrinsic to liberty of will1 or a perfection of liberty1 but a defect4 ,it belongs to a defective order and to a defective subject1 an order of probation and a subject placed under a trial of his obedience4 ,the order and the subject are arranged to suit each other4 ,the subject is required to move toward his end by using his reason and will rightly1 and concurring with the ,creator in bringing the inchoate order of creation to its due perfection4 ,the order is such that it is not yet perfect1 but capable of being made so by the operation of free1 intelligent beings upon it4 ,when the time of the end is reached1 in the 1 this moral order is superseded2 there is nothing which can be injured or abused or misdirected4 ,intelligent creatures which are made perfect have no more scope for election between contraries2 their spontaneous and voluntary action is necessarily toward the true1 universal good1 and their liberty of choice has no possible terms which are not within the circle of order4 ,they cannot think or will otherwise than right1 because they are perfect and all things which come in contact with them are perfect4 ,in this way they are brought into a similitude with ,god4 ,he is what he is by necessity of nature1 though he is most pure and simple act1 wholly free from any extrinsic limitation or intrinsic contradiction to his will4 ,he does what he will beyond his own being1 but only that which is good4 ,it is a perfection of his will that he cannot sin1 as it is of his intellect that he cannot err or be ignorant4 ,falsehood and evil are nothing1 and cannot terminate a divine act4 ,bonum ex integr caus1 malum a quovis defectu--,good is from complete cause1 evil from any defect4 ,god is absolute1 infinite1 first cause1 and no defect in his causality is possible4 ,second causes1 when they possess and exert their integral causality1 are deficient in nothing which belongs to them4 ,all those beings which are constituted in their ultimate perfection are in this integral state1 and therefore are above all liability to evil throughout eternity4 ,this flexibility and vertibility in respect to good and evil1 imagined by ,origen as perpetually inherent in rational creatures1 is a mere figment of his imperfect philosophy4 ,he had scarcely any books to read which could help him to satisfy his unbounded curiosity to penetrate into the rational sense of the doctrines of revelation4 ,besides the ,scriptures themselves1 there was only pagan philosophy for him to study4 ,our modern philosophers have cast away the ,catholic theology and philosophy1 and strive to reconstruct the higher science for themselves1 though with very poor success4 ,the old ,protestant theology was a doctrine of cruel1 inexorable fate1 which suppressed all freedom and justice in the moral order4 ,the new theology which has subverted it restores the freedom of the will1 and protests against the gloomy exaggerations and perversions of ,christian dogmas which make them incredible and insupportable4 ,but1 in the effort to substitute more rational ideas1 it overthrows or weakens the stability of the whole order of creation in its relation of dependence on the sovereign power and will of ,god4 ,the wisest and most sober of those who are seeking for some stable and certain doctrine regarding the destiny of man and the final cause of creation1 confess that they are in doubt and cannot solve the most momentous of the problems which force themselves on their attention4 ,they never will find the light of truth until they return to the true church of ,jesus ,christ1 and by her lamp recover the lost clew which guides the steps of the wayfarer through the labyrinth4 ,the one dark mystery which like a cloud overshadows the bright disc of light 8which enlighteneth every man coming into this world10 the mystery of moral evil and its punishment1 cannot be ignored or reasoned away4 ,catholic theology does not create this mystery but finds it existing4 ,it cannot remove it1 but it1 so to speak1 absorbs it in another1 the mystery of moral probation4 ,and this mystery1 awful as are the responsibilities and risks which it presents to view as environing those beings who are called to run and to contend for the supernal prize upon the arena1 has in it more of light than of darkness4 ,it throws new splendor upon the in which the order of reason and justice finally and universally triumphs4 ,its dark spot is reduced by the exposition of the ,catholic doctrine as authoritatively taught by the church1 in connection with certain or probable and permissible reasoning from revealed or rational premises1 to its smallest limits4 ,the gloom of doom and fate in the destiny of rational beings is scattered like an unwholesome mist from the swamps of error1 in the light of this doctrine4 ,the universality and perpetuity of the struggle and danger of probation are reduced to the limits of a relatively small number and brief period of duration4 ,the numerical proportion of the losers to the winners in the strife is reduced to the lowest terms which are consistent with a fair and judicious estimate of the probabilities of the question4 ,moreover1 the multitude of beings1 whether greater or lesser1 who suffer eternal loss as the penalty of their irreparable failure1 are not losers through mischance or inferiority to competitors1 as in a strife where one person wins at the expense of a less capable or less fortunate rival4 ,neglect or contempt of their own supreme good1 deliberate and wilful wasting of their day of grace1 are the sole causes of their failure4 ,their loss of beatitude is the penalty of their demerit4 ,it is equally proportioned to their ill-desert1 and this is limited to the sins committed during the time of probation which have never been remitted4 ,the demerit of the angel which determines his eternal destiny is the demerit of one act only1 the sin by which he fell from grace4 ,the demerit of the man is confined to the sins of his mortal life unforgiven at the moment when this life ceases4 ,the notion of an eternal increase of demerit1 and a corresponding augmentation of torment without end1 is a mere human invention without any foundation in ,catholic doctrine4 ,god has set bounds to the dangerous liberty of choice between good and evil1 and to the evil as well as the good resulting from its exercise4 ,hell can become no worse than it is when the last sentence of the ,judge has been pronounced1 and the active hostility of the powers of hell against the kingdom of ,god is suppressed for ever when they are made to bend the knee before the name of ,jesus1 and to confess his glory4 8,qui crucem sanctam subiit1 infernum confregit40 ,the unending warfare between good and evil1 the perpetual strife1 the infinite series of changes1 the eternal fluctuations and revolutions of ,neo-,platonic philosophy1 are a wild dream4 ,the inventions and exaggerations and distortions produced by the working of the human intellect and imagination upon a mystery of ,god1 have no value and are not to be confounded with the revealed truth made known through the teaching of the church4 ,clear and adequate knowledge of the future life is reserved for the future life4 ,in the obscurity of this present state we not only have the veracity of ,god as the motive and ground of faith1 but also the perfect1 unerring intelligence of the human soul of ,jesus ,christ as the medium of transmitting to us the revelation of those things which are not seen but believed1 and its pure love for humanity as the warrant of confidence in the divine goodness4 ,human reason and justice1 impersonated in their ideal and integral perfection in union with the divine wisdom in ,immanuel1 will be the standard and measure of the final judgment by which the destiny of all men and all creatures will be determined for eternity4 ,we need not have any misgivings1 lest the ways of ,god should not be vindicated before the whole rational universe4 ,footnote #aai3 ,these are not the exact words1 but they express the exact sense of ,st4 ,thomas in the following passage3 ,beatitudo est bonum perfectum quod totaliter quietat appetitum4444 ,objectum autem voluntatis1 qu est appetitus humanus1 est universale bonum4 ,summa ,th41 #d1 ii4 q4 #b4 a4 #e4 ,footnote #abj3 ,mlanges1 ,french translation1 vol4 i4 ,essay on the ,maxim1 ,no ,salvation out of the ,catholic ,church4 ,footnote #aba3 ,philipp1 ii4 #h-aa4 ,footnote #abb3 ,rom4 viii4 #ai-bc4 ,footnote #abc3 ,rom4 ix4 #ai-ba4 ,,english ,,statesmen ,,in ,,undress4 ,,earl ,,derby1 ,,john ,,bright1 ,,and ,,mr4 ,,gladstone4 ,the recent resignation of ,earl ,derby was an act entirely characteristic of the man4 ,he is not at all like ,mr4 ,gradgrind1 but he reminds one very forcibly of that unamiable stickler for1 and worshipper of1 facts4 ,let one come to ,earl ,derby with a new fact1 or1 better still1 with a new application of old facts1 and he is sure of a patient1 candid1 and intelligent hearing2 but if he approaches him with a theory1 or a sentiment1 or a hypothetical conclusion based upon 8ifs10 ,earl ,derby will be as unresponsive and immovable as a statue4 ,his ruling passion is to be1 or at least to appear1 positively practical2 the phrase most often on his lips is 8common sense40 ,his illustrious father was a writer of established fame2 a gay man of the world2 fond of society and proud of his popularity with 8the sex02 a captivating orator and an extremely skilful ,parliamentary debater2 moreover1 he did not disdain to stoop to tricky devices when sober argument and sound reason would not ensure success4 ,the present ,earl ,derby is prosaic to an almost painful degree2 he cares little for society1 and has not even 8a redeeming vice02 his political and personal honesty is unimpeachable2 he is as incapable of wilfully deceiving or misleading a foreign diplomatist as he would be of cheating his butcher2 his speeches1 in and out of ,parliament1 are models of wise dulness and calm force2 they may in vain be searched through and through for a flight of fancy or an extravagant expression2 and as for a joke--his lordship1 as seen and heard in public1 is apparently incapable of either making or understanding one4 ,sometimes those listening to him are tempted to laugh at him2 but he never invites them to laugh with him4 ,to hear him discourse for forty minutes at a time upon the comparative advantages of closed and open sewers1 or demonstrating1 with mathematical exactness1 the superiority of natural manure over artificial compounds1 is instructive1 but it is not exhilarating4 ,lord ,derby1 however1 is not without ideas4 ,it was he who furnished ,mr4 ,disraeli with a popular cry in #ahgd1 when1 hard pressed for a policy1 and finding that appeals concerning the ,straits of ,malacca failed to fire the popular heart1 that versatile and humorous statesman startled the country by declaring that the most pressing1 inspiriting1 and noble duty of the government at that moment was to improve the drainage of the kingdom4 ,this was ,earl ,derby's happy thought1 and ,mr4 ,disraeli was enraptured when1 on asking his lordship to put it in shape1 the latter proposed the formula1 8,sanitas sanitatum2 omnia sanitas40 ,there is a belief entertained by some of ,earl ,derby's more intimate friends that at heart he is a sentimental1 romantic1 susceptible person1 and that he is so morbidly timid of being suspected of such amiable weaknesses that he has fabricated for himself an artificial disguise for public wear1 in which he may appear as the hard1 dry1 prosy1 unsentimental1 matter-of-fact business man4 ,it does not stand to reason1 it is claimed1 that any man1 and above all an ,english nobleman with practically boundless wealth1 in the enjoyment of vigorous health1 and in the prime of his life 7he is now only fifty-two years old71 could possibly be so preternaturally dry and skilfully prosaic as is ,lord ,derby4 8,it must be put on10 they say1 8to hide the natural romance and tenderness of his disposition02 and as one of the proofs of the correctness of this theory they relate the story of his first and only love2 of its frustration by accidents not wholly beyond his control2 of his long and patient1 but not hopeless1 waiting for the death of the rival who had carried off the prize2 and of his calm confidence1 fully justified by the result1 that he in his turn would win the lady4 ,the story is true2 but it may bear a different moral than the one assigned to it by those who fancy that ,earl ,derby1 reversing the plan adopted by ,hamlet1 has chosen to put a solemn disposition on to hide the antic joyousness of his real nature4 ,a sufficient acquaintance with ,earl ,derby will establish the fact that1 if he wears a disguise1 it fits him so well that no one can detect the imposition4 ,he always seems to be exactly the same2 never hot1 never cold1 never excited1 never listless1 attentive to everything that is said to him1 replying without hesitation but without haste1 most often in words that might have been cut and dried six months before4 ,his resignation1 as previously remarked1 was entirely characteristic of the man4 ,he will not be led along a tortuous path2 and the policy of ,lord ,beaconsfield on the ,eastern question has been very crooked4 ,its very success depended on its crookedness4 ,the two earls are great friends2 in fact1 ,lord ,beaconsfield would be guilty of ingratitude if he should ever cease to regard ,lord ,derby with affection4 ,nor is it to be supposed that ,lord ,beaconsfield is a whit more patriotic than ,derby1 or that he has a keener sense of what is necessary for the safety of the empire4 ,the difference between them is the difference between the daring yet keen speculator and the staid and methodical merchant4 ,lord ,beaconsfield is sometimes willing to try the hazard of the die4 ,something may always turn up2 there is the possibility of an alliance with ,austria2 there is the chance that ,italy may be willing to repeat the part that ,sardinia played in #ahed2 it is on the cards that the death of ,bismarck or of the ,emperor ,william may effect a radical change in ,germany's foreign policy2 it is possible that ,france may be magnanimous enough to forget how ,england left her naked to her enemy in #ahgj1 and that the allied ,french and ,english armies may again fight together in the ,crimea4 ,lord ,beaconsfield is popularly supposed to argue thus2 but ,lord ,derby is subject to no such illusions4 ,at least1 he will take no chances4 ,he has no sentimental horror of war1 as ,john ,bright has4 ,he would fight soon enough if he saw his way clearly to a successful issue of the conflict2 but he does not see his way4 ,for ,england to enter single-handed into an armed struggle with ,russia would in his opinion be madness2 and he is convinced that she cannot count upon a single ally4 ,it is true that some of the ,german people are not much in love with ,russia2 but the ,german government1 ,lord ,derby affirms--and he ought to know--is altogether on the side of ,russia1 and an unkind neutrality is all that ,england can expect from that source4 ,as for ,france1 not a single ,french politician would advocate an ,english alliance for war2 the ,crimean ,war was never popular in ,france1 and the #ajj1jjj ,french lives lost in that struggle are still lamented4 ,sardinia joined ,england and ,france in the war of #ahed because she was in a position in which an adventurous policy was desirable2 but now ,sardinia is swallowed up in ,italy1 and ,italy has all she can do to make both ends meet at home4 ,the great hope lies in ,austria2 but ,earl ,derby knows that ,francis ,joseph1 ,alexander1 and ,william are three sworn friends1 and he sees1 moreover1 that one of these would not be likely to break with another of the triumvirate unless he were assured that the third would either aid him or remain neutral4 ,still more plain is it to ,earl ,derby's cool perception that the internal divisions of ,austria are so grave that she would be mad to engage in a war which1 if unsuccessful1 would split the empire in twain4 ,the ,magyars sympathize with ,turkey1 the ,slavs with ,russia1 the ,austro-,germans with neither2 the army could not be trusted2 and the finances of the empire are in such a condition that it was with the greatest difficulty that the government the other day raised a loan of twenty-five millions of dollars4 ,it is clear enough to ,lord ,derby that ,england1 without an ally1 would be worsted2 and it is equally clear that she cannot safely count upon an ally4 ,of course all things are possible4 ,she may secure an ally2 but it is only a chance1 and ,lord ,derby will take no chances4 ,there is another fact that weighs upon him3 the consideration that the war1 if entered upon1 has no definite1 practical object4 ,the cant is that it is necessary in order to regain for ,england influence in ,europe2 but this is a consideration that has no weight in ,lord ,derby's mind4 ,he sneers at it in his dry1 prosaic manner as something that is ridiculous4 ,in a certain sense he is a democrat4 ,he recognizes fully the fact that ,england is practically a democracy1 and on a memorable occasion he shocked the ,lords by telling them that the people were their 8employers40 ,but he is keenly alive to the fact that a government which shapes its course in accordance with the ever-shifting breeze of popular caprice cannot have an intelligible or consistent record2 and the other day he took occasion to point out that the 8employers0 of the government1 in regard to the ,eastern question1 had not been of the same mind for six months together4 ,two years ago it was as much as one's life was worth to say a word in favor of the ,turks or against the ,russians2 now it is all the other way4 ,turkey might have been saved1 and not a voice was raised2 now she is irretrievably lost1 and every one is crying out that she must be saved4 ,so ,earl ,derby refuses to help his 8employers0 to embark in a war without an object well defined1 without reasonable hope of success1 and without an ally4 ,he does it without the passion that ,mr4 ,gladstone displays2 without the rhetoric ,john ,bright uses1 without a flourish1 or a poetical quotation1 or a sarcasm--simply as a dry1 shrewd1 cold-blooded1 and clear-headed merchant would do when asked to imperil his fortune by wild investments on the ,stock ,exchange4 ,one of the writer's most memorable conversations with ,lord ,derby was on a summer morning in #ahgb1 when he was resting in the cool shade of the ,opposition1 and had plenty of time on his hands to devote to those subjects of social science and political economy in which one might imagine he takes more real personal interest than in adjusting the balance of power in ,europe or in maintaining the prestige of ,england on the continent4 ,the ,stanleys for four centuries1 and ,i know not how long before1 have been large landholders4 ,the first ,earl ,derby was created by ,king ,henry ,,vii4 in #adhe--seven years before ,christopher ,columbus discovered ,america--but the family had been a rich and powerful one long ere that4 ,the ,lord ,stanley whose designed failure to bring up his contingent to the support of ,richard ,,iii4 at the battle of ,bosworth ,field had so much to do with the defeat of that resolute monarch was the father-in-law of his conqueror and successor1 ,henry ,,vii42 and the young ,george ,stanley whose head was so opportunely saved by the suggestion of the ,duke of ,norfolk1 that there would be time enough to decapitate him 8after the battle10 was the fifteenth predecessor of the present earl4 ,i was accompanied in this visit by an ,english commoner1 who was greatly interested at that time in certain projects for the systematic improvement of the dwellings of the working-classes--projects which ,earl ,derby also regarded as worthy of his attention4 ,the large estates of the family in ,england and ,ireland have always1 or at least for a very long time1 been well administered4 ,neither the former nor the present earl has been accused of being a bad landlord2 they were not given to rack-renting1 and their tenants did not fear to ask them for favors4 ,the former earl was perhaps more quick to grant a request from a tenant than the present one2 but if the plea be a good one the applicant will not go away denied4 ,but it must be a good one2 of all men in ,england ,lord ,derby is perhaps the least easily deceived4 ,there is nothing imposing in his town-house4 ,it is not a palace1 like the magnificent mansion of the ,marquis of ,westminster2 nor does it stand apart in dull and ugly grandeur1 as does ,devonshire ,house2 nor bewilder and delight the visitor by the splendor of its saloons and the beauty of its grounds1 as does ,stafford ,house1 the glories of which so dazzled the ,shah of ,persia that he asked the ,prince of ,wales1 who had just entertained him in shabby ,marlborough ,house1 why he permitted the ,duke of ,sutherland1 a subject1 to dwell in a state so superior to that which royalty itself maintained4 ,earl ,derby's town residence is a plain building in ,piccadilly1 not far from the almost equally unostentatious house where the richest lady in ,england resides4 ,there are houses on ,park ,avenue1 ,new ,york1 which are finer than the ,london residences of either ,lord ,derby or the ,baroness ,burdett-,coutts2 and there is little in his lordship's dwelling that is either rare or strange4 ,the great historical and romantic heirlooms of the family are elsewhere--at ,knowlsey ,park1 for instance4 ,we held our conversation on the occasion referred to in a room looking out upon ,st4 ,james' ,park and the ,green ,park4 ,the windows were open2 the sweet1 fresh air of the morning came freely in4 ,from the leather-cushioned chair in which ,i sat ,i could see a portion of the faade of ,buckingham ,palace1 the west front of ,westminster ,abbey1 and the towers of the ,parliament ,house4 ,the earl questioned me for some time concerning the actual condition of affairs as they then were in ,america2 and his questions were sometimes hard to answer4 ,one thing impressed me as rather remarkable3 he made no mistakes in his questions2 that is1 he did not ask how far ,chicago was from ,illinois1 or whether ,new ,york and ,washington were under the same municipal government--interrogatories which another very studious and painstaking ,english nobleman once put to me4 ,had we yet made any satisfactory progress in solving the problem of the true relations between capital and labor8 ,we had certain facilities at our command for working out that solution2 would we work it out1 and if so1 how8 ,was there any common interest and common feeling between ,american workmen and ,american masters8 ,the abolition of slavery was doubtless a fine thing2 but had it not been accompanied with1 or followed by1 a long series of financial1 industrial1 and political mistakes8 ,it was with a feeling of relief that ,i found my examination ended1 and became a listener instead of a talker4 ,on the subject of improved dwellings for the working-classes he held very firm convictions4 ,unquestionably these were needed1 but he did not wish to be a party to any scheme which proposed to build little palaces for working-men1 and to rent them at one-tenth of their value1 making up the deficiency by contributions from the rich4 ,that was all nonsense4 ,nor was he very much enraptured with the ,peabody buildings2 they were well enough in their way1 but they were not available for those who most needed them4 ,the thing to be done was to make the workmen help themselves4 ,how8 ,well1 possibly by co-operation4 ,the earl thought that much might be accomplished by an aggregation of sixpences4 ,as for co-operation in distribution1 that had already demonstrated its own usefulness2 would it not be well to attempt the experiment of co-operation1 strictly confined to the workmen themselves1 in buying lands1 erecting houses1 and selling them1 on long time1 to themselves8 ,he had in a drawer of his table an elaborate calculation of what might be accomplished in this way2 but after producing it he suggested so many objections to its practicability that ,i soon regarded it with contempt4 ,the agitation concerning the demands of the agricultural laborers was at this time just beginning to make itself felt2 and the conversation drifted into a rather desultory discussion of that subject4 ,the earl made two points very clear3 in his opinion the extension of the suffrage to the agricultural laborers would greatly increase the strength of his own party1 and if he cared only for that he would advocate it2 but it would not advance the interests of the peasants nor promote the general welfare of the country4 ,he made some very hard and dry statements on this point4 ,i was rather taken aback by them1 but did not attempt to controvert them4 ,subsequent events in the ,united ,states have shown that the earl had a prophetic ken4 ,he disclaimed1 with something like animation1 the idea of comparing the liberated and enfranchised slaves of our ,southern ,states with the ,english peasants2 but he said that the party that had enfranchised the slaves would not retain their political allegiance1 and would probably owe its ultimate overthrow to them4 ,men are not grateful beings1 he said2 it is a great mistake to count on their gratitude4 ,besides1 the negroes will believe that they were enfranchised not so much for their own sakes as for the reason that they might aid in keeping their liberators in power4 ,unless negro human nature was unlike ,anglo-,saxon human nature1 the enfranchised negroes would say to themselves3 8,what has been given to us belonged to us2 the men who gave it wished to buy us to serve them2 but they have only given us what was rightfully our own1 and they have nothing more to give us4 ,a vote is nothing to us1 save for the use we can make of it4 ,we do not care whether this man or that man is ,president2 but we do care whether our rent is lowered or raised1 or whether we are on good or bad terms with our landlords40 ,it was in this way that ,earl ,derby demonstrated to me that the negro vote in the ,south1 so long as the rights of property were held sacred and order was preserved1 would always be at the disposal of the land-owners of that region2 and he drew the same conclusion as to the results of the enfranchisement of the ,english peasants4 ,affairs were bad enough as they were2 despite all the new devices for securing the purity of elections1 they were not pure1 and he did not see how they were ever to be made pure4 ,it was in #ahdi1 if ,i remember correctly1 that ,earl ,derby visited the ,united ,states and the ,west ,indies4 ,he was then a very young man4 ,mr4 ,fillmore was ,president4 ,a very different political atmosphere prevailed at ,washington and elsewhere from the present one4 ,the young ,lord ,stanley observed affairs for himself and drew his own conclusions4 ,at heart ,i think he was more pleased with the ,south than with the ,north or ,west2 and1 without saying so in words1 he left upon me the impression that he did not entertain a very high opinion of our ,republican statesmen4 ,it is more pleasant to hear him talk in private than to listen to him in public4 ,but he is not a bad speaker1 as ,english speakers go4 ,he was better in the ,commons when ,lord ,stanley than in the ,lords as ,earl ,derby4 ,but whenever he speaks he impresses you as being an earnest and sincere man--not earnest in the sense of enthusiastic1 but sober1 steady1 and fully believing in the truth of what he is saying and of the necessity of his saying it4 ,he is not what is called a popular man1 but he is esteemed and respected by every one4 ,his father died in the autumn of #ahfi2 the nine years that have since passed have been eventful ones for the present earl1 and his responsibilities have been heavy4 ,but they have not dismayed or disheartened him1 and when ,i last met him he was looking younger and rather less grave--more happy1 ,i thought--than usually4 ,in certain respects ,mr4 ,john ,bright resembles ,earl ,derby2 in others he is the very contradiction of the earl4 ,physically the two men are not very unlike4 ,either of them would do very well for a model of the traditional ,john ,bull2 indeed1 ,punch has often used both of them for this purpose4 ,mr4 ,bright is fifteen years the senior of ,earl ,derby1 and two years younger than ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,earl ,derby has been in active political life for twenty-six years2 ,mr4 ,bright for thirty-five years2 and ,mr4 ,gladstone for forty-six years1 for he was returned as the ,tory member for ,newark in #ahcb1 when ,earl ,derby was a child of six years2 and he had sat in ,parliament eleven years before ,mr4 ,bright entered the ,house in #ahdc as member for ,durham4 ,it is a curious fact1 to which ,i have heard ,mr4 ,bright refer with some mirthfulness1 that he sat in the ,house for four years without opening his mouth4 ,it was not until #ahdg that he made his maiden speech in the ,house2 it was a plea for extending the principles of free trade1 and it gave him a national reputation4 ,as between ,derby1 ,bright1 and ,gladstone1 the latter must be admitted to be the greatest man--greatest in his acquired knowledge1 greatest in his natural genius1 greatest even in his oratorical power4 ,but there is at times a charm in the speeches of ,john ,bright that the finest utterances of ,mr4 ,gladstone never carry with them4 ,mr4 ,gladstone captivates the fancy1 pleases the taste1 convinces the judgment1 for the time being at least2 ,mr4 ,bright touches the heart and subdues it4 ,i am not certain but that his skill in this depends upon a trick4 ,mr4 ,bright in his life has been the doer of some heartless and cruel things2 he has wrought more mischief than most men of his age2 his idea of progress has been that of the bourgeoisie1 not that of the workman2 his beau ideal of a country is a republic where there is no titled aristocracy1 but where the working-classes1 having fair wages1 are quite content with their station and have no inconvenient aspirations beyond it4 ,the manufacturers and the traders are ,mr4 ,bright's 8people02 he would like to see nothing above them2 he thinks those below them should be content with the station wherein ,god has placed them4 ,mr4 ,bright has often fanned popular discontent1 but it has been too often for the purpose simply of using the power thus evoked to pull down something that stood above him4 ,the mercantile spirit is strong in him4 ,anything that was for the good of trade was good in his eyes2 the trader was always his idol4 ,but he had 8a way with him0 that enabled him to carry along the hearts of the workmen4 ,his personal appearance and deportment had something to do with this3 his round1 florid1 solid1 8,english0 face1 his almost magical voice1 the ease and power of his delivery1 his wonderful mastery of plain and forcible but really elegant ,english1 the aptness with which he could introduce a quotation from ,holy ,writ or from some familiar ,english poet or rhymster4 ,i find myself unconsciously writing of ,mr4 ,bright in the past tense4 ,it is only while revising these lines for publication that the sudden death of his wife occurs4 ,that bereavement will be very hard for him to sustain2 it is probable that his public career has ended4 ,when the utter breaking down of his health compelled him to retire from ,mr4 ,gladstone's cabinet in ,december1 #ahgj1 he was in a deplorable condition4 ,after many months of entire abstinence from mental excitement of any kind his mind began to resume its strength4 ,but from that time there has always been danger of another collapse4 ,an intimate friend of his family told me that ,mr4 ,bright was in the condition of one whose arm had been broken and who had the bones reset4 8,so long as he does not use the arm1 and allows it to rest in its sling1 all will go well2 but if he strikes a blow with it1 it will fall shattered at his side40 ,it was during this period of convalescence and rest that ,i saw ,mr4 ,bright most frequently4 ,the attachment between his wife and himself was very evident4 ,he petted her as if she had been a bride in her honeymoon4 ,on one occasion1 when breakfasting with them1 the conversation turned chiefly on the then recent declarations of ,president ,grant in his ,des ,moines speech concerning secular education and the rights of the ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states4 ,this must have been some time in ,december1 #ahge4 ,i was grieved1 although not surprised1 to hear ,mr4 ,bright express sentiments of very bitter hostility to the church1 and a desire to see education wholly taken from her control4 ,he confessed that he did not know anything about the merits of the question as it stood in the ,united ,states1 but he applauded the ,president for his boldness in bringing the subject forward4 ,mrs4 ,bright1 seeing that the topic was an agitating one to both of us1 adroitly turned the conversation into another channel1 and ,mr4 ,bright was presently telling me stories of ,mr4 ,cobden and of the early struggles for free trade4 ,he said that one of the things he most prized was a copy of a resolution passed in #ahfb by the ,new ,york ,chamber of ,commerce1 expressing its sense of the devotion which he had manifested to the principles of international justice and peace4 ,mr4 ,bright is a fascinating conversationalist1 and it is a great pleasure to listen to him4 ,like most men who have not been born to high positions1 but who have attained them by the force of their own genius1 there is sometimes observable a little stiffness1 or mauvaise honte1 in his manner4 ,there is some difficulty here in expressing one's self clearly without seeming to be offensive4 ,mr4 ,bright has often expressed great contempt for the ,english hereditary nobility2 and he is1 or was1 in the habit of regarding them as a pack of fools4 ,the aristocracy of ,england have not failed to afford abundant instances of what ,mr4 ,bright was fond of calling their 8unwisdom40 ,more than this1 the personal littleness1 meanness1 duplicity1 and cruelty of some of these hereditary noblemen cannot be denied4 ,but it would be impossible for one of them1 if you were lunching with him1 to tell you that the sherry you were drinking cost ninety shillings a dozen1 and therefore must be good4 ,mr4 ,bright has very frequently expressed an ardent admiration for ,american institutions1 and he has often been accused of wishing to ,americanize the ,british ,constitution4 ,had ,mr4 ,bright been born to an earldom1 he would have been the greatest stickler for the rights of his class who has lived since the days of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,a dozen ,english noblemen could be named who are more ardent republicans than is ,john ,bright4 ,he does not like to see men above him2 but he is quite content to see any number below him1 so long as they help him to lower those above him to his own level4 ,men speak of him as a radical2 but he is nothing of the kind4 ,mr4 ,gladstone is tenfold more of a radical4 ,if ,john ,bright lived in the ,united ,states he would belong to the conservative party1 whatever its name might be4 ,between him and such men as ,auberon ,herbert1 ,charles ,bradlaugh1 and the other republicans in ,england there is a great gulf fixed2 and this not at all by reason of the irreligious opinions of these men4 ,he would like a republic well enough1 if he were always to be ,president1 and if the rights of property were secure from all infringement4 ,it is an utter misconception of ,mr4 ,bright's character to rank him among enthusiastic1 unselfish1 and theoretical reformers and philanthropists4 ,his passions are strong1 but his hate is far fiercer than his love is powerful2 and he cares infinitely more for the 8freedom of trade0 than for the freedom of man4 ,his opposition to the bill for preventing and punishing the adulteration of articles of food illustrates this curious trait in his character4 ,he said1 almost in so many words1 that it were better that the people were half poisoned and wholly cheated than that the government should interfere between buyer and seller1 to protect the former and lessen the gains of the latter4 ,this is the true ,manchester spirit--the spirit that has led the cotton-makers of ,lancashire to load their fabrics for the ,eastern markets with so much glue and chalk that a fabric which appeared of the best quality became a worthless rag as soon as it was wet--a deception1 by the way1 that has now cost ,england the loss of a very large share of her ,chinese and ,indian trade4 ,mr4 ,bright is also violently inconsistent at times4 ,we conversed once for a long time on the question of the extension of the suffrage to the agricultural laborers and to women4 ,some of his remarks reminded me of that shrewd ,american politician who was in favor of the ,maine ,liquor ,law1 but was opposed to its enforcement4 ,mr4 ,bright and his party had recently suffered some mortifying disillusions4 ,the new voters1 enfranchised by the ,reform ,bill1 which ,mr4 ,disraeli had taken up and passed after the ,liberals had dallied with the question for years1 began to manifest evidences of insubordination--not at all1 however1 in the right direction1 from ,mr4 ,bright's point of view4 ,it must be understood that a superstition had sprung up to the effect that all the new voters must necessarily be on the side of the ,liberals2 just as it was supposed that the enfranchised negroes in the ,united ,states must all vote the ,republican ticket for ever and a day4 ,there was this difference between the two cases3 the ,republicans had actually freed the negroes2 the ,english ,liberals1 led by ,bright and ,gladstone1 had talked about enfranchising the lower classes in ,england1 but1 while talking about it and disputing where the line should be drawn1 the ,tories1 led by ,disraeli1 stepped in and accomplished the work by establishing what is virtually household suffrage4 ,the former ,earl ,derby1 led an unwilling captive by ,disraeli1 had reluctantly given his assent to this measure1 which he called 8a leap in the dark02 but at the time of which ,i speak it was becoming plain that this leap had landed the ,conservative party upon very good ground4 ,the new voters1 instead of swelling the ranks of the ,liberals1 were to a great extent found in the train of the ,tories1 and ,mr4 ,bright was disgusted with them4 ,i have good reason to know that he disliked the idea of universal suffrage1 and that he had quite as sincere a horror of the residuum as that which ,mr4 ,lowe expressed4 ,the 8conservative working-man0 was beginning to show that he really existed and was not a myth4 ,the voters of the kingdom had been vastly increased in numbers2 but the new voters1 when they came to the polls1 were found to be quite as conservative1 and in many cases more so than the old constituencies4 ,this was a source of keen mortification and disappointment to ,mr4 ,bright1 and the first results of the ,ballot ,bill caused him no less chagrin4 ,he had indulged in two illusions3 let us have a general suffrage 7not universal but general7 and secret voting1 and we shall carry every election district and be masters of the situation for ever more4 ,household suffrage and the ballot were provided1 and from that day to this the ,liberal party has grown weaker4 ,mr4 ,bright took no care to conceal from me the annoyance that these results gave him2 and it was plain that his faith in the good sense and integrity of the masses was weakened4 ,the impression he left on my mind in this conversation was that he would have preferred a much more limited suffrage2 no one should vote1 for instance1 who did not pay a rental of perhaps six pounds a year4 ,as for the future1 there were two classes yet to be enfranchised--the agricultural laborers and the women4 ,with regard to the latter ,mr4 ,bright referred me to his brother ,jacob4 8,he is the great man for the women10 said he4 8,he has that matter in charge2 he can tell you more about the merits of their demands than ,i can4 ,i am a little afraid of women as voters4 ,women are naturally easily led away by romance and glitter2 and ,i suspect a showy ministry would always be more apt to secure their support than a sober and dull administration40 ,with regard to the claims of the agricultural laborers for the suffrage he was cold and guarded in his expressions4 ,theoretically they should have what they asked2 but as a practical measure1 and one of immediate action1 it was plain that he preferred to allow affairs to rest as they were4 ,he feared that the peasants with votes in their hands would be seduced by the ,tories1 as the new voters in the boroughs had been4 8,a little more education would be desirable before thus increasing the constituencies10 said he4 8,what kind of education1 ,mr4 ,bright80 8,well1 certainly not that of the parish school1 with the parson as the real teacher2 and that1 as affairs now are1 is almost all they can have40 ,the study of ,mr4 ,bright's course upon the great question of the present day in ,england--war with ,russia or surrender to her--is full of interest to those who wish to closely analyze his character4 ,eighteen months ago ,mr4 ,bright--,quaker as he is1 apostle of peace as he is1 trader and manufacturer as he is--was altogether in favor of war2 that is1 of a certain war--the war of the ,russians against the ,turks4 ,in the ,christmas-tide of #ahgf ,mr4 ,bright could say nothing too harsh in condemnation of those who were attempting to prevent ,russia from entering into the war with ,turkey4 ,he spoke1 he said1 in the name of ,christianity1 but only to remind his hearers that the ,russians were ,christians and that the ,turks were ,mohammedans4 ,very curious language at that time came from the lips of this great peace advocate4 ,in substance it was an appeal to ,englishmen to encourage ,russia in her attempt to drive the ,turks from ,europe1 8bag and baggage10 as ,mr4 ,gladstone has it4 ,english ,christians were bade remember by this ,quaker peace-apostle that seven hundred years ago their ancestors fought to regain possession of ,bethlehem and ,calvary and the ,mount of ,olives2 and that those sacred places now1 as then1 were in the possession of the infidels whom ,russia1 if not interfered with by ,england--would soon drive forth4 ,england should stand by4 ,if she interfered she would prevent the war2 she must not lift a finger nor say a word save in approval of the ,russians2 and they must be left to wage war as they wished or as they could4 ,eighteen months have passed2 the ,russians have waged their war2 it has been marked at every step with revolting horrors2 half a million of ,mohammedans and hundreds of thousands of ,christians have perished in it2 and ,mr4 ,bright ought to feel satisfied4 ,but now that ,england proposes to interfere and to fight a little on her own account1 ,mr4 ,bright boils over with rage1 and calls all ,england to observe the unparalleled wickedness of the government in proposing to employ its ,indian troops to sustain the empire4 ,it is infamous to employ them1 especially against 8,christian ,russia40 ,war conducted by ,russia is not at all shocking2 war waged against her is the unpardonable national sin4 ,russia might shed oceans of ,christian blood in her wars1 and ,mr4 ,bright be content2 but when ,england proposes to use ,mohammedan soldiers in efforts to save ,english interests in the ,east from utter ruin1 ,mr4 ,bright raises his hands in horror and declaims against the wickedness of war4 ,radical inconsistencies like these are natural to ,mr4 ,bright4 ,they are observable in many of his acts2 they crop out in his conversation4 ,he has spoken eloquently against persecution for opinion's sake2 but1 to judge him by his tone1 he would burn ,earl ,beaconsfield at the stake to-morrow4 ,in all my conversations with ,mr4 ,bright there were two things that impressed me3 his indifference to1 and want of sympathy with1 the question of university education in any of its aspects1 and his perfectly ignorant hostility to the ,catholic religion4 ,this hostility was not active1 or it was rarely so2 but it was implanted deep in his mind1 and it colored to a great extent some of his most important actions4 ,without knowing anything at all about the church1 and without1 as ,i believe1 having even so much as read a ,catholic book1 he had put it down among his self-evident truths that the church was the foe of what he most held dear1 and he hated her accordingly4 ,mr4 ,bright's instincts are clear1 and they did not deceive him here4 ,the church is the foe of what he most holds dear2 for in the ideal society which ,john ,bright would create1 if he had his way1 the temple would be a cotton-mill1 the priests would be the manufacturers1 and the people would have 8free trade0 for their god4#abd ,mr4 ,gladstone has within him the power of being as plodding and patient in his search for dry facts as ,lord ,derby is2 he is as passionate in his hatreds and as inconsistent in his affections as is ,mr4 ,bright2 but he has what neither ,derby nor ,bright possesses--genius4 ,he is a far more attractive man than either4 ,it was my dear friend1 the late ,john ,francis ,maguire1 who first brought me into personal contact with ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,we were talking together in the lobby of the ,house of ,commons one summer evening in #ahgj1 the year after the passage of the ,irish ,church ,disestablishment ,bill1 when ,mr4 ,gladstone came by and stopped to speak to ,maguire1 to whom he was very much attached--as who was not that knew him8 ,after a few moments ,mr4 ,gladstone complained of the heat in the lobby4 8,let us go out on the terrace10 said he4 8,but ,i must not leave my ,american friend2 come along1 ----4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 permit me to present my friend40 ,we moved along the long corridor to the terrace that overhangs the ,thames2 and here1 while they continued their conversation1 which was of no interest save to themselves1 ,i had ample opportunity to regard at close range the then ruler of ,england4 ,he was sixty-one years old2 he is now sixty-nine4 ,the disappointments1 defeats1 and ardent but unsuccessful conflicts he has fought during the last four years have aged him2 but he is still hale and vigorous1 and1 for all that one can see1 may count upon many years of active life1 which indeed no man will begrudge him4 ,he is not by any means an ,adonis1 and never has been2 but as we sat together that evening on the stone bench of the terrace he seemed to me a fascinating man4 ,his voice in conversation is melodious and pleasant1 with an occasional touch of a strange1 melancholy minor key4 ,if he be interested in his subject and on good terms with the person to whom he is speaking1 he is a most charming conversationalist4 ,he was educated at ,christ ,church1 ,oxford2 he entered ,parliament as the member for ,newark in the ,tory interest in #ahcb4 ,he has had forty-six years of almost uninterrupted public life4 ,he was under-secretary for the colonies in #ahce under ,sir ,robert ,peel1 and vice-president of the ,board of ,trade in #ahda2 he revised the tariff in #ahdb1 and was president of the ,board of ,trade in #ahdc2 he was returned for ,oxford in #ahdg1 and became a ,liberal in #ahea on the questions of university reform and ,jewish disabilities2 he was ,chancellor of the ,exchequer in the ,coalition ,ministry of #aheb1 and was sent on a mission to the ,ionian ,islands by the then ,lord ,derby in #aheh2 he was ,chancellor of the ,exchequer again under ,palmerston in #ahei1 and repealed the paper duty1 making possible the establishment of the penny newspaper2 he aided ,cobden to accomplish his commercial treaty with ,france1 and amused himself by interfering officiously with the domestic government of the kingdom of ,naples2 he was defeated for ,oxford in #ahfe1 but immediately returned for ,lancashire1 and after the death of ,palmerston became leader of the ,house as ,chancellor of the ,exchequer under ,russell4 ,he brought in his ,reform ,bill in #ahff1 was defeated on it1 and went into opposition2 he brought in and succeeded in effecting the passage of his ,irish ,church resolutions in #ahfh2 he was defeated for ,lancashire at the general election of #ahfh1 but returned for ,greenwich1 and took charge of the government as ,prime ,minister in that year4 ,he disestablished the ,irish ,church in #ahfi2 passed the ,irish ,land ,bill in #ahgj2 abolished purchase in the army in #ahga by the arbitrary exercise of the prerogative of the crown1 and negotiated the ,treaty of ,washington4 ,in #ahgd1 anxious to finish his ,irish work1 he evolved from out of the depths of his own inner consciousness an ,irish ,university ,education ,bill1 and had the extreme mortification of seeing it not only rejected by the ,catholics but violently opposed by the ,english and ,scotch ,liberals4 ,he appealed to the country1 not on that question but on a new project invented by himself for the abolition of the income tax2 his majority of sixty members was turned into a minority of as many1 and his old foe1 ,disraeli1 came marching into power with drums beating and colors flying4 ,since then ,mr4 ,gladstone has conducted a species of independent opposition of his own2 he has sought to punish the ,catholics for their refusal to accept his ,university ,bill by writing several venomous pamphlets to show that ,catholics could not be loyal subjects2 he has endeavored to upset the ,disraeli administration on various occasions2 he conducted the ,bulgarian outrage excitement with great skill2 and for the last few months he has been almost incessantly engaged in the most strenuous and violent efforts to prevent ,england from interfering in any way with ,russia in the execution of her designs against ,turkey4 ,this was the extraordinary man with whom ,i was sitting on that summer evening4 ,after a while he turned to me to ask me about some of his ,american friends1 and thus ,i was drawn into the conversation4 ,mr4 ,maguire1 for my benefit1 ,i think1 diverted it into the channel of the then remaining causes of ,irish discontent2 and the conversation became animated and ran on until the unlucky ringing of a division bell compelled both the premier and the ,irish member to run off and leave me alone--not1 however1 before ,mr4 ,gladstone had given me an invitation which ,i was not slow1 in future days1 to accept4 ,thus it came about that many conversations were held between us1 and the memory of them is for the most part extremely pleasant4 ,we spoke generally on the immediate questions of the day1 occasionally diverging into wider and more fragrant fields4 ,he had at this time a very wide circle of ,roman ,catholic friends2 and he was so fond of their society that ,mr4 ,newdegate and ,mr4 ,johnson1 of ,edinburgh 7the secretary of the ,anti-,papal ,league71 got up the story that he was about to be received into the church4 ,this rumor grew into the fact that he had been actually received2 but to this there was the variation that he had become a communicant of the ,greek ,church6 ,there never was any foundation for these stories2 but it is probable that there was a period in ,mr4 ,gladstone's life when1 had he not been ,prime ,minister of ,england1 he would have become a ,catholic4 ,this reminds me of a story that ,cardinal ,manning once told me4 ,he and ,mr4 ,gladstone were very old and very dear friends2 and this friendship continued unbroken until ,mr4 ,gladstone's assault upon the church in his 8,vatican0 pamphlets4 ,i do not think the friendship thus sundered has ever been restored4 ,but the story was this3 ,one day the premier was talking with the archbishop1 and after a little pause he said3 8,what a pity you ever left us1 ,manning6 ,had you remained with us you would have been ,archbishop of ,canterbury to-day1 with #ae1jjj a year60 8,i clasped my hands10 said his grace1 8looked up to heaven1 and exclaimed with all my heart1 #8,thank ,god for having saved my poor soul6'0 ,mr4 ,gladstone's town residence in ,carlton ,house ,terrace was pleasant to visit4 ,he had enjoyed being a victim to the old-china and ,wedgwood mania1 and some of the rooms were crammed with his successes in the collection of 8uniques0 in this line4 ,he--or some one in his confidence--had had good taste in pictures1 and some excellent works of old and new masters hung upon his walls4 ,it was wonderful to hear him talk about blue china1 but ,i think his strong point in this line is ,wedgwood4 ,it was pleasanter1 however1 to draw him away from his china and lead him on to talk about men or books4 ,he discussed both1 on occasion1 with a freedom and incisiveness that were somewhat startling4 ,it was amusing to see the care with which he sometimes avoided speaking about ,mr4 ,disraeli1 and the latitude which he allowed himself on other occasions in denouncing and ridiculing him4 ,he once complained bitterly that ,disraeli was not an ,englishman and had no ,english blood in him2 and when ,i ventured to suggest that the wretched malefactor could scarcely be blamed for circumstances so wholly beyond his control1 he looked very glum for some moments1 and then turned the conversation aside1 as if disinclined to accept even that apology for his foe4 ,it is that curious trait in ,mr4 ,gladstone's character which makes it so difficult for him in his public speeches to make a statement without qualifying it1 or amplifying it1 or stating several hypothetical cases with reference to it1 that renders his conversation so charming4 ,beginning to tell you something about ,pius ,,ix41 for instance1 he will branch off into a story about ,father ,newman1 an anecdote of ,mazzini1 a reminiscence of ,orsini1 ,palmerston1 or ,louis ,napoleon1 an adventure that happened to himself in ,naples1 his feelings when he recognized an old college chum of his as a bare-footed friar in a monastery on the ,alps1 and so on4 ,it is like the ,arabian ,nights1 for one story grows out of the other1 and all the time he does not forget the original subject1 the ,pope1 but comes back to him1 and winds up with the story about him1 told with all due emphasis and action4 ,there was a time when for ,pius ,,ix4 ,mr4 ,gladstone entertained what seemed to be a truly sincere admiration and respect2 occasionally the feeling appeared to be even that of affection4 ,as for the insensate hatred and dread of the church which fills the breasts of ,messrs4 ,newdegate and ,whalley1 ,mr4 ,gladstone never shared it4 ,this1 however1 did not prevent him from making his outrageous attacks upon the church1 in order to revenge himself upon the ,irish and ,english bishops for refusing to support him in his ,university ,bill4 ,his passions are very strong4 ,the difference between him and ,mr4 ,disraeli is that the latter seems never wholly in earnest1 while the former always is4 ,some of the language in which he has allowed himself to indulge in his recent speeches on the war question have been marked with a degree of passionate violence that would seem to indicate a mind overwrought4 ,there used to be a cruel saying in the ,london clubs that 8,mr4 ,gladstone would die either in a mad-house or a monastery40 ,i believe the credit of the mal mot was given to ,mr4 ,disraeli4 ,there seems small hope left of the monastery1 and there was probably never any danger of the mad-house4 ,but ,mr4 ,gladstone has now been out of power for four years2 he reflects that his own imprudence thrust him out2 he can see no prospect of a return to power2 and he feels that under the guidance of ,earl ,beaconsfield ,england is being led into grave dangers4 ,he chafes and frets1 and the apparently unreasonable violence of his language is only the candid expression of his sincere wrath and fear4 ,of these three statesmen1 ,earl ,derby1 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and ,mr4 ,bright1 ,mr4 ,bright is the dandy4 ,the earl is negligent in his dress1 and thrifty therein2 but his valet1 or some one else1 manages to turn him out neatly every morning4 ,mr4 ,gladstone is positively careless as regards his attire1 and one imagines that nobody but himself has anything to do with it4 ,it has been whispered about that ,mr4 ,gladstone's tailor pays a large sum every year to have his identity concealed1 for ,mr4 ,gladstone's clothes fit him so badly1 or seem to do so1 that the tailor's business would be ruined if his name were known4 ,the shocking bad hat of ,mr4 ,gladstone1 and his baggy 8,sairey ,gamp0 of an umbrella1 so often pictured in ,punch1 are no exaggerations2 the last time ,i saw him he was sailing down ,pall ,mall under full steam for the ,reform ,club1 with this identical hat and umbrella4 ,there is a deep mystery connected with his legs1 or with his trowsers1 for they bag to an incredible extent at the knees1 and are always too long at the lower extremities4 ,i have said that he was not an ,adonis1 but when he is pleased and happy there is something winning in the expression of his mouth1 and his eyes are wonderfully eloquent4 ,mr4 ,bright's rich but plain costume is always faultlessly neat and clean2 his linen spotless2 his shoes have an almost unearthly lustre2 his hat shines in rivalry with them4 ,when1 on the occasion of his taking office as chancellor of the ,duchy of ,lancashire1 he went to ,windsor 8to kiss hands10 the queen1 it is said1 was enchanted with him1 and the ,princess ,beatrice1 who is much given to speaking out her mind1 is reported to have exclaimed3 8,ever since ,louise married young ,mr4 ,argyll1 ,i have supposed that nothing was left for me but one of ,marshal and ,snelgrove's young men4 ,but if any one of those tradesmen were as handsome and good as this old tradesman1 ,i'd take him in a moment40 ,mr4 ,bright's handwriting is small1 elegant1 and beautifully distinct4 ,mr4 ,gladstone writes a rapid1 bold1 and running hand1 at times rather illegible4 ,he is somewhat too fond of his pen2 of late he has written too much on unimportant subjects4 ,earl ,derby has a happy dread of committing himself on paper1 and writes but few letters4 8,do not write to me10 he said one day2 8come and talk with me2 it will be better for each of us40 ,mr4 ,gladstone once made a very happy retort to a question put to him in the ,house of ,commons concerning one of his letters4 ,mr4 ,bouverie1 with all due solemnity1 and after having given a day's notice of his question1 asked the premier if his attention had been called to a letter published in the ,times1 purporting to have been addressed by him to the correspondent of a ,new ,york journal1 and whether he had really written the letter4 8,it is quite true10 ,mr4 ,gladstone replied4 8,mr4 ---- addressed me a very proper and courteous letter1 upon certain matters connected with the ,treaty of ,washington and the negotiations at ,geneva1 and ,i replied to it4 ,he subsequently obtained my permission to make the letter public4 ,and ,i have to add that ,i often have to write letters to much less important persons than the representative of an influential ,american journal40 ,as he had recently written a letter to ,mr4 ,bouverie1 the hit was thought to be a good one1 and the ,house laughed4 ,footnote #abd3 ,the writer1 for whose opinion we have all respect1 has the advantage over us of a personal knowledge of ,mr4 ,bright1 and an acquaintance with his public career to which we cannot pretend4 ,so far1 however1 as our knowledge goes1 our estimate of ,mr4 ,bright is far from agreeing altogether with that of the writer4 ,we always believed ,mr4 ,bright to be a man of large heart1 of generous impulse1 and of large mind1 circumscribed by certain defects of education and inherited prejudice2 but always a man wishing to see right done and to do right4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,relations ,,of ,,judaism ,,to ,,christianity4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,influence ,,of ,,jewish ,,ideas ,,on ,,heathen ,,philosophy4 ,strabo1 after having mentioned the great number of ,jews residing in ,cyrene1 a city celebrated for its schools of ,greek literature1 adds that 8it would be difficult to show a spot upon earth where they were not found and where their influence was not felt40 ,the influence of which he speaks must not be restricted to that which they acquired everywhere by their remarkable industry1 commercial capacity1 and wealth2 it was felt in the higher field of thought1 and was brought to bear on heathen philosophy1 in which it produced considerable modifications4 ,we are chiefly concerned with the ,greeks1 whom all admit to be the representatives of philosophical speculations in the ages we are reviewing4 ,it is the opinion of ,aristobulus1 of ,aristeas1 and of ,philo that the ,greek philosophers were acquainted with the sacred books of the ,hebrews1 and that they derived from them those great truths relating to ,god1 the soul1 a future life which we find in their writings4 ,we can easily understand this to have been the case when we reflect that the ,hebrews were already in ,egypt in great numbers1 when the learned men of ,greece repaired thither in search of knowledge2 and in order to account for the opinion just mentioned it is by no means necessary to have recourse to the national pride with which its supporters are supposed by our rationalists to have been animated4 ,because ,aristobulus1 ,aristeas1 and ,philo were ,jews it does not follow that they should have been so blinded by the desire of glorifying their nation as to make them lose their well-known critical acuteness4 ,besides1 they were not the only ones who perceived that the ,greeks had borrowed from the ,hebrews4 ,antiquity is at one in recognizing the fact4 ,the ,fathers of the primitive church who had occasion to touch upon the subject do not hesitate to affirm it from observations of their own4 8,our sacred books10 says ,tertullian1 8are the treasure from which philosophers have drawn all their riches4 ,who is the poet1 who is the sophist1 that has not borrowed from the prophets8 ,it is at those sacred sources that the philosophers have striven to quench their thirst4 ,these men1 impelled by their passion for glory1 endeavored to reach the sublimity of our ,holy ,scriptures1 and when they found in them anything that suited their views they made it their own4 ,but as they did not consider them as divine1 they made no scruple to alter them4 ,and1 moreover1 they could not understand many a passage the sense of which was obscure even for the ,hebrews1 to whom the books belonged40 ,st4 ,justin equally affirms that 8,plato took from ,moses his doctrine of creation1 as well as his notions on the ,word1 or ,logos1 and the ,energy or ,spirit of ,god1 though all these truths appear strangely disfigured in the ,athenian philosopher40 ,again1 ,clement of ,alexandria tells the ,neo-,platonics that their master1 ,plato1 had borrowed from the books of ,moses his most sublime doctrines and purest moral precepts1 and adds3 8,we state the fact that the ,greeks1 not satisfied with transferring to their writings the wonderful events related in our sacred books1 have stolen from us our principal dogmas in altering them4 ,they are caught in the very act of theft as to what regards faith1 wisdom1 knowledge and science1 hope and charity1 penance1 chastity1 and the fear of ,god1 which virtues are the offspring of truth alone40 ,eusebius tells us that ,pythagoras had held communications with the prophets at the time when the ,jews were exiles in ,egypt and ,babylonia4 ,hennippus1 according to the testimony of ,josephus1 confirms that fact by saying that ,pythagoras had embraced and professed a part of the doctrines of the ,jews1 and had transmitted their philosophy to the ,gentiles4 ,clearchus affirms that ,aristotle had spoken to him of his conversations with a ,jew 8from whom much was to be learnt40 ,theodoret is not less positive4 8,anaxagoras and ,pythagoras10 he says1 8in their travels in ,egypt1 had made the acquaintance of learned men of that country and of ,judea4 ,it is to the same source that ,plato came later in search of knowledge1 as we are informed by ,plutarch and by ,xenophon40 8,what is ,plato80 said the ,pythagorean ,numerius4 8,he is a certain ,moses who speaks ,attic40 ,the negations without proofs which men of rationalistic tendencies oppose to this view cannot stand before the overwhelming testimony of the ,fathers1 doctors1 and historians of the primitive church1 corroborated as it is by more than one pagan author4 ,our modern ,catholic writers1 without any exception that we know of1 have recognized that influence of revelation on the heathen mind4 8,the laws which ,solon gave to the ,athenians10 remarks ,fleury1 8had a great analogy with those of ,moses4 ,the principles of ,socrates are founded on those of the ,hebrew legislator2 his notions of the unity of ,god1 the immortality of the soul1 the distinction between good and evil1 the merits and rewards of virtue1 the chastisements of vice1 are all derived from the sacred books4 ,the political system exposed by ,plato in his ,republic1 in which he enjoins that every one should live by his own labor1 without luxury or ambition1 without innovation or change1 under the sway of justice the greatest of all goods1 and the government of a wise ruler devoted to the happiness of his subjects1 is nothing else but the theory of the constitution which governed ,judea40 8,aristotle10 says ,m4 de ,maistre1 alluding to a passage already quoted1 8conversed with a ,jew in comparison with whom the most distinguished philosophers of ,greece seemed to him but barbarians4 ,the translation of the sacred books into a language which had become that of the universe1 the dispersion of the ,jews over the whole world1 and man's natural curiosity for everything new and extraordinary had caused the ,mosaic law to be known everywhere1 which thus became an introduction to ,christianity40 8,the doctrine of the ,hebrews10 writes ,m4 de ,bonald1 8was spread with their writings in those parts of ,asia and of ,europe bordering on ,palestine4 ,it was not unknown to the ,greeks1 and undoubtedly gave to the philosophy of ,plato that stamp of elevation and of truth by which it is characterized40 ,but it is to ,alexandria that we must turn in order to follow the developments and modifications of ,greek thought in the three centuries which immediately preceded1 and in the four centuries which followed1 the coming of ,christ4 ,ptolemy ,i41 during his glorious reign1 that lasted from #cjf-bhe ,b4,c41 among other monuments with which he adorned the city of ,alexander1 established the famous ,museum or ,university of ,alexandria1 with its vast library1 which is said to have contained seven hundred thousand volumes4 ,it soon became the centre of intellectual life4 ,there the most renowned teachers in philosophy1 poetry1 mathematics1 astronomy1 and the arts lived and taught4 ,thither would resort the learned of many countries and religions4 ,from the time of its foundation to that of ,proclus1 the most important of the ,neo-,platonics1 who died four hundred and eighty-five years after ,christ1 that school continued to flourish1 but then began to decline until every trace of it disappeared before the invasions of the barbarian ,mussulman4 ,for a long time the philosophy of the ,museum consisted in commentaries on ,plato and ,aristotle4 ,but the ,jews of the ,greco-,egyptian city1 which had become after ,jerusalem the most important seat of their religion1 were destined to give a new direction to these speculations2 and from it arose that peculiar school of thought denominated ,neo-,platonism4 ,it was an effort made to reconcile together popular belief with philosophic thought1 and was common both to the ,jewish and to the ,grecian schools4 ,the first endeavored to blend ,judaism with ,hellenism1 as the latter did to give a logical and doctrinal foundation to heathenism4 ,it is not easy to fix the date when the movement began4 ,some trace it back to ,aristobulus4 ,he lived under ,ptolemy ,euergetes1 whose reign extended from #bdg-bba ,b4,c41 and had been the teacher of that illustrious prince1 who1 disdaining the coarse divinities of ,egypt1 addressed his homage to ,jehovah1 the ,god of the ,hebrews1 and sacrificed in the ,temple of ,jerusalem1 where he left marks of his munificence and of his piety4 ,it is true that ,aristobulus appealed to ,orphic poems in which ,jewish doctrines are found in support of the assertion that the ,greek poets and philosophers had borrowed their wisdom from the ,jews4 ,but this opinion1 which is shared by ,aristeas and others in those ages1 is not peculiar to ,neo-,platonism1 and is by no means one of its characteristics4 ,others pretend that the earliest traces of ,jewish-,alexandrian philosophy are to be found in the ,septuagint4 ,according to them1 the authors of this version of the ,biblical writings into ,greek1 made by order of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7#bhe-bdg ,b4,c471 knew and approved the principal doctrines of this philosophy1 and contrived to suggest them by apparently insignificant deviations from the original text4 ,but the passages on which they rest their argument do not necessarily force us to admit this conclusion4 ,we find that they avoid representing ,god under sensible forms2 such ideas as ,god's repenting1 being angry1 etc41 are toned down in their expression2 in the same way euphemisms are used when there is question of sensible manifestations of the ,divinity2 there are omissions and explanations in the translation which are not authorized by the original text4 ,it is evident that the translators were influenced in their work by the dread they had lest ,jehovah should be assimilated to the false divinities of pagan mythologies4 ,all this competent critics concede1 but fail to see in the ,septuagint a union of ,greek philosophemes with ,jewish ideas4 ,be this as it may1 it was at the dawn of ,christianity1 when the ,ptolemies had gone and the ,romans came in1 that the ,neo-,platonic movement was really inaugurated2 and if it did not originate with ,philo1 it was in him1 at any rate1 that it first attained to importance4 ,philo belonged to a rich family of ,alexandria1 and was born about twenty-five years before our era4 ,he lived long enough to be placed at the head of the legation to ,caligula in favor of his people1 and to write an account of it in the reign of ,claudius4 ,what gives a special interest to his writings is that they were composed at the very last period of the ,jewish nation1 before the appearance of ,christianity4 ,in religion a zealous ,jew penetrated with the truth and goodness of the ,hebrew revelation1 and a ,greek by education--a man1 besides1 of high intellectual gifts--it is no wonder that he should wish to blend in a harmonious whole the two elements of his own being1 and to fuse the form of ,greek thought with the substance of ,jewish belief4 ,in his endeavors to realize this object ,philo falls into grievous errors1 and on several points deflects from the ,jewish faith into ,greek views4 8,his love of ,greek philosophy10 says ,allies1 8had led him1 as it seems unconsciously1 to desert the divine tradition of ,moses and the orthodox ,jewish belief40 ,here1 then1 we are concerned with two questions3 first1 ,what did ,philo contribute to ,greek thought8 and1 secondly1 ,how far his orthodoxy suffered by its contact with it4 ,philo introduced into philosophy two principles the result of which can be traced throughout the whole subsequent periods of ,neo-,platonism3 the principle of faith1 or the need of a revelation in order to acquire the knowledge of ,god and of the great problems relating to human life2 and the principle of grace1 or of a special assistance from heaven in order to make this knowledge practically available4 ,now1 these principles had been either entirely ignored by the ,greek philosophers or had remained without any significance to them down to ,philo's time4 ,reason was the only light by which they were guided1 and scientific thought their only source of knowledge4 ,we find in them no assumption of supernatural revelation1 no requirement of contact with the divine other than what might be produced by the effect of thought itself4 ,greek philosophy in its whole tenor was rationalistic4 8,on the contrary10 observes ,allies in his ,formation of ,christendom1 8the religious and philosophical system of ,philo is based upon the idea of a revelation made to man by ,god1 and of holiness1 the result of divine assistance4 ,his conception of ,god is derived to him from the theology of the ,old ,testament2 it comes to him as a gift from above1 not as an elaboration of his own mind40 ,hence it is that his notion of the ,supreme ,being is so much above that given us by ,plato and ,aristotle4 ,the ,god of ,plato is an ideal and metaphysical ,god1 not absolutely personal1 not free2 the ,god of ,aristotle1 or his ,primum movens1 the first ,motor1 is mechanical1 and holds in the universe the office of the spring in a watch1 by which all its parts are moved2 but the ,god of ,philo is life1 and1 as he constantly calls him1 8the living ,god40 8,he is one1 simple1 eternal1 unoriginated1 and absolutely distinct from the world which is his work4 ,his own being is incomprehensible4 ,we can only predicate of him that he is #8,he who is4' ,he is most pure and absolute mind1 better than virtue and better than knowledge1 better than the idea of goodness and the idea of beauty4 ,he is his own place1 and full of himself1 and sufficient for himself1 filling up and embracing all that is deficient or empty1 but himself embraced by nothing1 as being one person and yet everything0 7,legis ,allegor41 l4 xiv41 quoted in ,allies74 ,his providence is fully recognized4 8,those who would make the world to be unoriginated1 cut away1 without being aware of it1 the most useful and necessary constituents of piety--that is1 the belief in ,providence4 ,for reason proves that what has an origin is cared for by its father and maker4 ,for a father is anxious for the life of his children1 and a workman aims at the duration of his works1 and employs every device imaginable to ward off everything that is pernicious or injurious1 and is desirous by every means in his power to provide everything which is useful and profitable for them4 ,but with regard to what has had no origin there is no feeling of interest1 as if it were his own1 in the breast of him who has not made it4 ,it is a worthless and pernicious doctrine to establish in the world what would be anarchy in a city1 to have no superintendent1 regulator1 or judge by whom everything must be distributed and governed0 7,de ,mundi ,opificio1 apud ,allies74 ,in his work entitled ,quod ,deus est ,immutabilis ,philo ascribed to ,god absolute knowledge4 8,to ,god10 he says1 8as dwelling in pure light1 all things are visible1 for he1 penetrating into the very recesses of the soul1 is able to see transparently what is invisible to others1 and by means of prescience and providence1 his own peculiar excellences1 allows nothing to abuse its liberty or exceed the range of his comprehension4 ,for1 indeed1 there is with him no uncertainty even in the future2 for there is nothing uncertain and nothing future to ,god4 ,it is plain1 then1 that the producer must have knowledge of all that he has produced1 the artificer of all that he had constructed1 the governor of all that he governs4 ,now1 ,father1 ,artificer1 and ,governor he is in truth of all things in heaven and the world4 ,and whereas future things are overshadowed by the succession of time1 longer or shorter1 ,god is the ,maker of time also4444 ,for the world by its motion has made time1 but he made the world1 and so with ,god there is nothing future1 who has the very foundations of time subject to him4 ,for their life is not time1 but the archetype and model of time1 eternity2 and in eternity nothing is past and nothing is future1 but there is the present only40 ,in his conceptions of the ,godhead and of his attributes it is evident that ,philo1 as long as he follows the light of revelation and keeps clear of the false notions which he had drawn from ,greek sources1 rises far above the speculations of the ,greek philosophers on the same subjects4 ,plato himself in his happiest moments never reached such heights4 ,for ,philo1 ,god is goodness and sanctity itself4 ,by this he does not mean only that he is the boundless ocean of all perfections1 the archetype of all holiness and of everything that is good1 but that he is the origin of all human virtue1 which flows from him into his rational creatures as from its only source4 8,it is ,god10 he writes in his ,allegories of the ,law1 8who sows and plants all virtue upon earth in the mortal race1 being an imitation and image of the heavenly40 ,according to him1 man1 in order to reproduce in himself the divine resemblance in which holiness consists1 must be freed from the influence of his sensuous nature1 the source of his weakness and sinfulness4 ,but in that nature no power is to be found to transform itself1 as no nature has the power of changing itself into anything other than what it is4 ,the consequence is that 8he must betake himself to a higher power1 and receive from it as a loan that strength which fails in himself40 ,the difference between this doctrine and that of the older philosophers is palpable4 ,when ,plato and ,pythagoras recommend to their disciples the subduing of the senses as a condition to reaching truth1 they suppose that man can do it by his own efforts and without any help from above2 and this is precisely what ,philo denies4 ,furthermore1 the knowledge of ,god1 in which man finds his perfection and supreme happiness1 is not a mere ray of cold light1 but it leads to an intimate union with him1 which is the ultimate point of ,philo's system2 and this union1 as everything perfect in human nature1 is an immediate gift of ,god4 ,thus ,philo would reach knowledge and virtue by the gift of ,god1 bestowed through his grace1 whilst down to his time ,greek philosophy1 adhering to its own principle1 scientific thought1 would reach them by the exercise of reason alone4 ,it is impossible to overrate the influence which ,philo1 with his powerful genius and vast erudition1 must have exercised not only among his co-religionists but among the ,greek-speaking populations of ,alexandria and other countries4 ,the most authorized writers have at all times rendered justice to his great merits4 ,josephus says that he was 8a man illustrious in all things02 ,eusebius extols 8the abundance1 the richness1 the sublimity of his style and the depth of his thoughts02 ,st4 ,jerome1 speaking of his works1 says that 8they are most remarkable and innumerable02 ,st4 ,augustine praises him as 8a philosopher of universal erudition1 whose language the ,greeks do not hesitate to compare to that of ,plato40 ,photius also testifies that 8his writings gave him an immense reputation among the ,greeks40 ,this truly admirable man went1 as did all the great philosophers of antiquity1 over the whole range of human knowledge3 history1 ethics1 jurisprudence1 politics1 metaphysics1 cosmogony1 physics1 mathematics--no department of learning did he leave unexplored4 ,in morals he rises far above ,stoicism1 and approaches to the sublimity of the ,gospel--a fact which probably was the origin of the opinion entertained by some that ,philo had embraced ,christianity4 ,but the glaring errors which are found in his works on several important points show that he was rather the disciple of ,plato than a follower of ,christ4 ,no ,christian would have held1 as he did1 the independent existence of matter1 which is the subversion of the dogma of creation ex nihilo taught us by revelation4 ,for ,philo ,god is not1 strictly speaking1 the ,creator1 but the ,demiurgos1 the ,artificer and ,arranger of the world4 ,he admitted the ,stoic doctrine of the human soul being a fragment or derivation of the divine ,mind4 ,he places the origin of evil in the conflict of matter and spirit4 ,accordingly1 the body is an absolute contradiction to the mind1 and1 as such1 the source of all evils4 ,he thinks that the earthly shell is a prison out of which the soul longs to be set free4 ,thus it is not the abuse of free-will1 but rather the conflict between the flesh and the spirit1 which is made the source of evil4 ,on these four points ,philo's ideas are identical with those of ,plato and the ,greek school4 ,philo is further notorious for his extravagant use of allegory in the interpretation of ,scripture on the one side1 and in giving a moral sense to the ,greek myths on the other2 besides1 it is asserted that his doctrine on the ,logos1 or divine ,word1 is erroneous1 and has thrown considerable obscurity over his otherwise elevated and exact conceptions of ,god4 ,according to the ,alexandrian philosopher1 the ,logos1 or the ,word1 would be 8an intermediary being between ,god and the world10 8the first-born of ,god10 8the highest of all the divine forces or potencies10 8a creature whose instrumentality he used to give existence to all other creatures10 8a second ,god40 ,the ,logos is also the directing power of the world1 the divine ,providence that governs all things4 8,the divine ,word10 he says1 8flows down as from a fountain1 like unto a stream of wisdom1 to inundate souls enamored with heavenly things4 ,it is by his ,word that ,god gives to the children of the earth the knowledge of that which is40 ,finally1 the ,word holds the office of mediator between man and ,god2 in this regard it is 8the ,supreme ,pontiff10 and may be called 8the ,paraclete1 or ,consoler40 ,if we take some of these expressions in their literal meaning--if the ,logos is1 properly speaking1 a creature1 and yet a second ,god endowed1 as it appears from the passages which we have just quoted1 with the attributes of the ,divinity--there is no doubt that ,philo is at variance with the orthodox teaching of the ,jews1 who were always averse to anything that would in the least go against their belief in the unity of ,god4 ,creation in the first book of ,genesis is simply attributed to ,god3 8,at the beginning ,god created heaven and earth10 and in the ,book of ,wisdom and other passages of ,biblical writings there is nothing to indicate that the ,word1 the ,energy or the ,virtue of ,god1 by which he created all things1 is not identical with ,god4 ,in ,ecclesiasticus xxiv4 #ad1 ,wisdom is said to have been created before the world4 ,but there is no question here of any creative act1 properly so-called4 ,the meaning is that the ,word1 who is the ,wisdom of the ,father1 was produced from eternity by an ineffable generation2 for ,wisdom is spoken of as existing before all time1 and therefore is eternal and ,god himself4 ,the notion of the ,logos which is attributed to ,philo would likewise be at variance with that of his master1 ,plato4 ,the doctrine of ,plato on the subject is contained in his theory of ideas1 the types1 exemplars1 or immutable reasons of things1 present to the mind of the ,creator1 which determine in him the essence of each class of beings1 and direct him in the production of his works4 ,did ,plato make of those types or ideas separate existences and substantial beings distinct from ,god8 ,aristotle interpreted in this sense certain expressions of his teacher4 ,but in antiquity as well as in our own days ,plato found strenuous defenders who refused to admit that he ever intended such an absurdity4 ,for our own part1 we believe that the whole of his doctrine is faithfully exposed in the following passage of ,atticus1 apud ,eusebius1 one of his most illustrious disciples3 8,plato10 he says1 8had recognized ,god as the ,father and ,author1 the ,master and ,administrator1 of all things4 ,understanding1 by the very nature of a work1 that he who produces it must first of all conceive its plan in his mind to give it existence afterwards according to that type1 he saw that the ideas of ,god were anterior to his works2 that they were the immaterial1 purely intelligible1 eternal1 immutable exemplars of everything that exists2 that in them was the first being1 the being par excellence from which all things derive their being1 since they are only in the measure in which they reproduce their types4 ,being fully aware that those truths are not easily understood1 and that language is inadequate to formulate them in a clear manner1 ,plato discoursed of them as best he could1 opening the way to those who would come after him2 and absorbed in that consideration1 making his whole philosophy converge towards that object1 he declared that wisdom consisted in the knowledge of the divine exemplars1 and that such was the science which would lead man to his end or beatitude40 ,again1 if it be true that ,philo conceived the ,logos as a being distinct from ,god1 his doctrine has nothing in common with the ,christian dogma of the ,word as exposed in the ,gospel of ,st4 ,john4 ,the ,word that was at the beginning1 and by whom all things have been made1 was with ,god1 and the ,word was ,god4 ,but it would not be fair to condemn a man before having made honest endeavors to give to his words the most favorable interpretation of which they are susceptible4 ,when ,philo calls the ,word 8the first-born of ,god10 8the first creature10 nothing forces us to attach to these expressions any other meaning than that we give to similar locutions which we find in ,scripture1 and in some of the early ,fathers2 as1 for instance1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,coloss4 i4 #ae1 who1 speaking of the ,word1 says that 8he is the image of the invisible ,god1 the first-born of every creature02 and ,clement of ,alexandria1 who declares that the ,word is 8the first created wisdom40 ,besides1 it is probable that ,philo had some idea of the personality of the ,word4 ,we must not forget that he based all his philosophical speculations upon revelation as found in the ,old ,testament1 and that he could not have been wholly ignorant of the teachings of ,christianity4 ,when1 therefore1 he uses the expression 8second ,god10 or 8the other ,god0--alter ,deus--it is possible that he intends to designate by it the ,second ,person of the ,blessed ,trinity4 ,be this as it may1 certain it is that ,philo's ideas are found permeating ,neo-,platonism in that phase of it into which it entered in his time1 and which is also denominated ,neo-,pythagoreanism1 because in that school an attempt was made to revive the doctrines and method of ,pythagoras1 as well as his mode of life4 ,it will be sufficient here to direct our attention to ,apollonius of ,tyana1 the chief representative of the ,neo-,pythagoreans of that period4 ,he was a contemporary of ,christ4 ,his life1 written by ,philostratus in the third century1 is a philosophico-religious romance in which the ,neo-,pythagorean ideal is portrayed in the person of ,apollonius4 ,he had visited many countries and sojourned with the sages of ,india1 whom he admired1 and whose pantheistic notions he adopted4 ,his doctrine is no more that of the old ,greek philosophers1 who considered reason as the only means of knowledge4 ,he pretends to be in direct communication with the ,deity1 from which he derives light and strength2 and in this immediate contact with ,heaven his whole being is purified and elevated to a degree of power which gives him1 as he pretends1 the dominion over the forces of nature4 ,and as the soul is1 according to him1 a portion of the divine intelligence1 and the source of all good to man1 so the body1 which is regarded as the prison of his higher nature1 must be the source of the disordered affections which gain mastery over his soul4 ,all the ascetic life of ,apollonius is therefore directed to subdue this tyranny of the body4 ,this he must do first in himself and then in those around him4 ,there is no doubt that this tone of mind1 which began to prevail at the very time ,christianity made its appearance in the world1 was favorable to it4 ,henceforth the several schools of philosophy shall be brought in contact with ,christian dogma and the contest carried on in the same field4 ,on the one hand1 the ,greek philosophers were in search of a light which they did not possess2 they were forced to acknowledge in spite of themselves that the speculations and systems had failed to give a solution to the most important problems with which humanity is concerned2 they had been made aware of the insufficiency of reason to effect this purpose2 they felt the need of a special assistance from above as a check to the corruption of nature4 ,and1 on the other hand1 the champions of a new religion saw the necessity of becoming thoroughly acquainted with the ideas of their opponents1 in order to meet them on their own ground and gain admittance into the very heart of pagan learning4 8,in the truest sense of the word10 says a writer in the ,dublin ,review1 8,christianity is a philosophy1 and1 what is more to the purpose1 in the sense of the philosophers of ,alexandria it was a philosophy4 ,the narrowed meaning that in our days is assigned to philosophy1 as distinguished from religion1 had no existence in those times4 ,wisdom was the wisdom by excellence1 the highest1 the ultimate wisdom4 ,it meant the fruit of the highest speculation1 and at the same time the necessary ground of all important practice4 ,a system of philosophy was1 therefore1 at that period1 tantamount to a religion4 ,when the ,christian teachers then told the philosophers of ,alexandria that they could teach them true philosophy1 they were saying not only what was perfectly true but what was perfectly understood by their hearers4 ,the catechetical school was1 and appeared to them1 as truly a philosophical lecture-room as the halls of the museum40 ,it was in this light that the ,neo-,platonics must have looked upon such men as ,clement1 ,origen1 and other writers of the ,christian school4 ,they listened with deep interest to the words of those teachers1 who1 with a clearness and authority which they had not known before1 propounded doctrines that had already found an echo in their hearts4 8,your masters in philosophy10 they were told1 8are great and noble2 but they did not go far enough1 as you all acknowledge4 ,come to us1 then1 and we will show you what is wanting in them4 ,listen to these old ,hebrews whose writings you have in your hands4 ,they treated of all your problems1 and had solved the deepest of them whilst your forefathers were groping in darkness4 ,all their light1 and much more1 is our inheritance4 ,the truth which you seek we possess4 #8,what you worship without knowing it1 that we preach to you4' ,god's ,word has been made flesh1 has lived on earth1 the ,perfect ,man1 the ,absolute ,man4 ,come to us1 and we will show you how you may know ,god through him1 and how through him ,god communicates himself to you4 ,asceticism and the subduing of the flesh by mortification are good and commendable1 but the end of it all is ,god and the love of ,god1 and this end can only be attained by a ,christian40 ,thus those very matters of intellect and high ethics in which they especially prided themselves were brought back to them with an intensity of light that made visible the darkness which surrounded the teachings of their old masters4 ,it does not matter that ,christianity found its most bitter enemies in the ranks of ,neo-,platonism4 ,it was a great advantage for it to be brought hand-to-hand with all forms of error4 ,the battle raged for three hundred years2 but from the very first ,christianity proved itself superior to its antagonist by the influence which it exerted even then on heathen philosophy1 whose tone and temper were completely changed as early as the time of ,plutarch--that is1 about fifty years after ,philo4 ,that influence is unmistakable1 as ,champagny clearly shows in his ,antonines4 ,philosophy has become more pious1 more worshipful4 ,the idea of one supreme ,god is more definite2 ,god is spiritual1 not material2 he is the pattern of every virtue1 and his providence extends over the world and man4 ,the principles of morality are purer and in many cases recall the spirit of the ,gospel4 8,in the time of ,severus10 says ,allies1 8all the thinking minds have become ashamed of ,olympus and its gods4 ,the cross has wounded them to death40 ,it is in vain that the later ,neo-,platonics and court philosophers strive to shelter retreating heathenism in a last fortress4 ,they only prepare the way for the ,christian faith1 which they strenuously combat4 ,when the ,emperor ,severus1 regarding with the eye of a statesman and a soldier that faith1 contemplates its grasp upon society1 and decrees from the height of the throne a general assault upon it2 when his wife encourages ,philostratus to draw an ideal heathen portrait1 that of ,apollonius of ,tyana1 as a counterpart to the character of ,christ1 tacitly subtracting from the ,gospels an imitation which is to supply the place of the reality1 they confess by the very fact the weakness of heathenism and the ascendency which the religion of ,christ had already obtained4 ,soon after ,origen could discern and prophesy the complete triumph of that religion4 ,to ,celsus1 who had objected that1 were all to do as the ,christians did1 the emperor would be deserted and his power fall into the hands of the most savage and lawless barbarians1 he replied3 8,if all did as ,i do1 men would honor the emperor as a divine command1 and the barbarians1 drawing to the ,word of ,god1 would become most law-loving and most civilized2 their worship would be dissolved1 and that of the ,christians alone prevail1 as one day it will alone prevail1 by means of that ,word gathering to itself more and more souls0 7,orig4 contra ,celsus1 apud ,allies74 ,philo1 therefore1 in inaugurating the ,neo-,platonic movement in philosophy1 was only fulfilling the mandate delivered to his people1 that of preparing the way of the ,lord and disposing the nations for the acceptance of the ,gospel4 ,the church succeeds the synagogue as the divinely-accredited teacher of mankind2 the long-cherished hope of the ,hebrews is realized1 and the true kingdom of ,david1 is established upon earth to hold universal sway4 ,the ,gentile world1 through the instrumentality of the chosen people1 had been made to share in the great hope of a ,redeemer1 and within it aspirations had been developed and longings were felt which philosophy was unable to satisfy2 and at the very time when its inanity appeared more manifest ,christ reveals himself to that world as 8the ,way1 the ,truth1 and the ,life10 and presented to it in his own person that form of virtue which ,plato thirsted to see embodied4 ,under his influence the face of the earth is renewed2 what human genius1 with all its efforts1 had failed to accomplish1 what such men as ,plato1 ,pythagoras1 and others could not accomplish1 even among a small number of adepts--this and infinitely more was realized1 not merely within the narrow circle of a few privileged disciples1 but among the masses1 among the learned and the ignorant1 the rich and the poor1 the rulers and the ruled1 the powerful and the weak2 not in one corner of the globe1 but all over the world1 from north to south and from east to west2 not only in countries favored by great intellectual aptitudes1 where the arts and sciences flourished1 where civilization with all its refinements had reached the highest degree of perfection1 but in countries most abandoned1 among savage tribes and barbarous nations plunged in utter darkness4 ,surely a new principle of life has taken possession of the earth--a divine principle which gives rise to those heroic virtues which we see displayed in every rank of society and in all climes1 and by which the human race is transfigured4 ,this result was foretold centuries before2 it is the new creation spoken of by the ,psalmist3 8,thou shalt send forth thy spirit1 and they shall be created2 and thou shalt renew the face of the earth0 7,ps4 ciii4 #cj74 ,it was preceded by a series of events so combined that it is impossible not to see in them the supernatural action of divine ,providence and the profound wisdom of ,god1 who makes use of apt means for the furtherance of his end4 ,besides1 there is a wonderful unity of truth discernible from the very beginning1 and which appears in an unbroken chain throughout the course of ages4 ,it is the same ,word1 the same light1 which was communicated to our first parents that we see increasing in intensity until it reaches in ,christ the splendor of the full day4 ,the first revelation of the ,word to man is to be found in his natural reason1 which is pervaded with primary truths that are axioms in the intelligence of mankind4 8,but on these10 says ,cardinal ,manning 7,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost71 8descended other truths from the ,father of light1 as he saw fit to reveal them in measure and in season1 according to the successions of time ordained in the divine purpose4 ,the revelations of the patriarchs elevated and enlarged the sphere of light in the intelligence of men by their deeper1 purer1 and clearer insight into the divine mind1 character1 and conduct in the world4 ,the revelations to ,moses and to the prophets raised still higher the fabric of light1 which was always ascending towards the fuller revelation of ,god yet to come4 ,but in all these accessions and unfoldings of the light of ,god truth remained still one1 harmonious1 indivisible2 a structure in perfect symmetry1 the finite but true reflex of truth as it reposes in the divine intelligence40 ,none of the much-boasted theories of our modern rationalists gives us that unity which is the test of truth4 ,the restoration of our fallen race by the manifestation of the ,word is the leading principle of ,schlegel's ,philosophy of ,history2 and the greatest minds1 as ,st4 ,augustine and ,bossuet1 admitted no other in their immortal works4 ,how puerile1 in comparison with their grand and luminous conceptions1 are all those systems which would fain explain the destinies of man without ,god6 ,to the dreamers who have invented them can be applied the words of ,st4 ,paul3 8,they detain the truth of ,god in injustice4 ,they have become vain in their thoughts1 and their foolish heart has been darkened0 7,rom4 i4 #ah-ba74 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,divine ,,sanctuary4 ,a series of ,meditations upon the ,litany of the ,most ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus4 ,by the ,very ,rev4 ,thomas ,s4 ,preston1 ,v4,g41 ,pastor of ,st4 ,ann's ,church1 ,n4 ,y4 ,new ,york3 ,robert ,coddington4 #ahgh4 ,we welcome most gratefully this new book for the month of ,june4 ,we hope it will go a long way towards placing the observance of this month on a level with that of the month of ,may2 for the more the devotion to the ,sacred ,heart increases among us the more abundant will be the graces it always brings4 ,the book1 however1 is not intended for the month of ,june alone1 but can be used at any time1 and particularly on the first ,friday or ,sunday of every month4 ,the author's idea1 in choosing the ,litany of the ,sacred ,heart and forming a meditation on each of the invocations to this 8divine sanctuary10 is a very happy one4 ,he has divided the whole into three parts1 viz43 8,the ,glories of the ,sacred ,heart10 as shown in the first thirteen invocations2 8,the ,sorrows of the ,sacred ,heart10 as contemplated in the next eight2 and 8,the ,offices of the ,sacred ,heart10 as appealed to in the remaining nine4 ,at the head of each meditation is an appropriate passage of ,holy ,scripture4 ,as to the excellence of the meditations themselves1 there is no need of our dwelling on it4 ,it is enough to know1 from his past efforts1 what ,father ,preston is capable of in dealing with devotional subjects4 ,this kind of book is his peculiar forte4 ,we are sure the little volume will be highly prized by all lovers of the ,sacred ,heart1 who will also find the ,litany itself1 together with a beautiful ,act of ,consecration1 immediately following the list of contents4 ,,good ,,things ,,for ,,catholic ,,readers3 ,a ,miscellany of ,catholic ,biography1 ,history1 ,travels1 etc4 ,containing ,pictures and ,sketches of ,eminent ,persons1 representing the ,church and ,cloister1 ,state and ,home1 etc41 etc4 ,with over two hundred ,illustrations4 ,second edition1 with ,additions4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,company4 #ahgh4 ,this large and very handsome volume is in every way a gem4 ,it contains more varied and interesting information--much of it of positive and immediate value--than any work we know4 ,it is called 8second edition10 but really it is a new volume1 containing twice as much matter as the original4 ,its sketches of ,catholic biography1 with excellent portraits1 are brought down to the present year4 ,the last face that looks at us from the pages is the beautiful one of the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,m4 ,m4 de ,st4 ,palais1 the lamented ,bishop of ,vincennes1 who died in ,june1 #ahgg4 ,near him is the noble countenance of ,bishop ,von ,ketteler4 ,dear old ,father ,mc,elroy looks out at us with his bright eyes1 his head leaning against his hand4 ,archbishops ,bayley and ,connolly and ,bishop ,verot are there4 ,there is also the leonine head of ,dr4 ,brownson1 and an excellent sketch of his life4 ,but it is dangerous to begin the list of these ,catholic heroes and holy men whose portraits and biographies are here given us4 ,one lingers by each one1 for each one is full of attraction4 ,a good sketch and an excellent portrait of our late ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 catch the eye as we open the volume of #fch pages4 ,interspersed with these biographical sketches and portraits is every kind of interesting matter with pleasing illustrations4 ,no book could make a more acceptable present2 for it is indeed an exhaustless mine of 8good things0--things1 too1 which young and old will find equally good4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are in receipt of a number of volumes and pamphlets1 many of which have been noticed and the notices are already in type1 but owing to a variety of necessities have been regretfully held over from month to month4 ,we trust to satisfy everybody in our next number4 ,a word to publishers3 ,they are very apt to send in what are called 8seasonable0 books on the eve of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world's going to press1 and appear to be surprised at not seeing a notice duly appear 8in season40 ,for instance1 devotional works intended for the month of ,may come to us by the dozen when the ,may number of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world is already passing through the press4 ,if all publishers bore in mind1 as some do1 that the magazine is to all intents and purposes prepared a month ahead of date1 there would be no surprise at the long delay which 8seasonable0 books that arrive out of season have to endure4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #afa4--;,,august1 #ahgh4 ,,dr4 ,,ewer ,,on ,,the ,,question1 ,,what ,,is ,,truth8#abe ,ten years ago ,dr4 ,ewer produced an argument proving the failure of ,protestantism by some solid reasons1 which he avers have been met 8not by argument1 but by a gale of holy malediction and impotent scorn10 on the part of those who were included in his indictment4 ,dr4 ,ewer being an accredited minister of a society whose official designation in its own ecclesiastical law and before the civil law of the land is 8the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states10 it was a very natural inquiry whether he had not indicted his own church and himself as participants in this general failure or religious bankruptcy1 and was not morally bound to abandon an institution denounced by himself as not only insolvent but fraudulent4 ,the late illustrious ,dr4 ,brownson did the reverend gentleman the great honor of reviewing the argument which he had put forth1 in the pages of this magazine4 ,not with malediction and scorn1 but with sober logic1 he pointed out his inconsistent and self-contradictory position1 as a ,protestant minister denouncing ,protestantism1 and proved that the only possible logical alternative of ,protestantism1 for one who admits the divine origin of the ,christian religion1 is the genuine and pure ,catholicism of the holy1 ,catholic1 apostolic ,roman ,church4 ,to the many failures of ,protestantism1 not only to construct any real form of ,christian religion1 but also to destroy the actual and historical ,christianity which it has renounced1 ,dr4 ,ewer added another in his own person by failing to answer the arguments of ,dr4 ,brownson4 ,although strongly urged to undertake the task1 he absolutely declined to do so2 and in presenting himself anew1 after a lapse of ten years1 with the proffer of something which he is pleased to call 8,catholic ,truth0 as a substitute for ,protestant error1 he does so under the great disadvantage of having failed to vindicate himself from the charge of teaching what is only one of the ,protean forms of the very error which he so solemnly denounces as subversive of all faith or even natural religion4 ,the present lecture1 besides containing a renewal of the indictment of ,protestantism1 and a restatement of the assertion that the truth opposite to its errors is embodied in the infallible teaching of a ,catholic ,church existing in his own imagination1 has also what purports to be a palmary refutation of the dogma of ,catholic faith defined by the ,council of the ,vatican respecting the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,perhaps the lecturer considers that this is a sufficient though late rejoinder to the arguments of ,dr4 ,brownson in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,not so4 ,dr4 ,ewer's ,catholic ,church has been proved to be an ens rationis1 an abstraction1 and its imaginary infallibility to be mere moonshine of the fancy4 ,the logical idea of organic unity1 of corporate1 ,catholic1 unerring teaching and legislating and grace-giving hierarchical authority1 representing ,christ on earth from his ascension to his second coming1 has been demonstrated to have no counterpart and expression in the order of real and actual existence1 except in the one church over which ,peter presides in his successors4 ,if it is proved that the successor of ,peter1 with the concurrence of the bishops1 clergy1 and faithful who obey his supreme authority1 has committed an act of self-stultification1 this lamentable catastrophe affords no more ground to ,dr4 ,ewer and his little party to claim a gain of cause for their petite glise than it does to the ,rev4 ,john ,jasper to maintain the triumph of his ancient and primitive doctrine that 8the sun do move40 ,let us suppose that the utter failure of ,protestantism is demonstrated4 ,let us suppose1 also1 that the ,church of ,rome has erred4 ,does it follow by any logical reduction that the party of ,dr4 ,ewer1 however respectable in regard to learning and intellectual ability1 morality and religious zeal1 is not also in error8 ,by no means4 ,the only conclusion which does logically follow is that two-thirds of those who are called ,christians are very seriously in error regarding the true and real nature of the ,christian religion which they profess4 ,it is possible that the remainder may also have erred4 ,the ,greek ,church may have erred1 the ,church of ,england may have erred1 the ,oriental sects may have erred4 ,some of them must have erred1 for they disagree among themselves in regard to two important matters1 one as to what pertains to the essence and integrity of ,catholic faith1 the other as to what pertains to the essence and integrity of ,catholic order4 ,there is a general disagreement and disunion1 without any external criterion or legitimate tribunal of judgment by which their differences can be adjudicated and terminated4 ,the appeal which some of our ,anglican friends are wont to make to an cumenical council of ,christendom is about as practical a method of constituting such a tribunal as an appeal would be to ,moses1 to the twelve apostles1 to the ,council of ,nice1 or to a special commission of archangels4 ,failing all possible recourse to an actually existing and infallible tribunal1 we are thrown back upon the necessity of judging for ourselves between the various systems and forms of doctrine professedly ,christian1 on their intrinsic merits1 and the rational evidence which each of them can adduce in its own behalf4 ,whoever thinks that we are really in this predicament will1 if he holds firmly to ,christianity and at the same time follows the dictates of reason1 conclude that the various forms of ,christianity are only differentiations of the same generic ratio1 and will seek for some rationalistic or broad-church basis of reconciliation and union among ,christians4 ,if he does not hold by some kind of strong1 and dominant conviction to the ,christian religion1 he will adopt the opinion of ,mr4 ,froude and many other men of the nineteenth century1 that it is a religion destined to become obsolete and be replaced by a new religion or by nihilism4 ,so far from liberating those who are 8breast-deep in torrents of scepticism10 ,dr4 ,ewer plunges them with a stone to their feet to the bottom of the sea of scepticism4 ,he loudly proclaims that there is no remedy for doubt1 misery1 and spiritual ruin except in the coming and the remaining upon earth1 in visible1 audible form and presence1 of ,god made man1 by his natural and mystical body1 through whose organs of human speech the truths of salvation are infallibly declared to those men who are willing to hear4 ,yet he denies all the evidence there is that any such mystical body of ,christ1 possessing and exercising the requisite power of infallible speech1 has continuously existed1 and does now exist1 on the earth1 giving to men an unerring external criterion of judgment whereby they may discern ,catholic truth from ,protestant errors4 ,having first swept away rational theology and all certitude concerning revealed truth which can be gained from the private study of the ,scriptures1 he annihilates the living1 teaching authority of the perennial church1 and leaves nothing whatever which can furnish a refuge from the universal sea of doubt1 not even a ,noe's ark4 ,the land which he points out is a mirage1 the ark of safety is a phantom-ship4 ,man is justified1 according to the gospel of ,dr4 ,ewer1 not by faith alone1 but by theory alone2 not by the works of the law1 but by the plays of the imagination4 ,with very great pomp of language he exclaims3 8,in this ,god embodied in the one church1 in this ,god continuously visible and audible1 therefore1 behold1 gentlemen1 the fountain of infallibility which you seek2 for ,god himself cannot err nor falsify40 ,this is an encouraging and promising invitation4 ,surely1 if we can find this divine oracle1 this sacred tabernacle over which a pillar of fire reposes all through the hours of this present darkness as a token of the abiding of the ,spirit of ,truth within its sacred enclosure1 we may be satisfied1 and if this bright cloud precedes we may march with confidence through the desert toward the promised land4 ,let us be sure that the ,son of ,god has come into the world1 that he has founded a church with sovereign and unerring authority to teach his truth and his law1 that we know with certainty which is this church1 and it is obvious that all reasonable cause for doubting in regard to things necessary to our interior peace of mind and our eternal salvation is removed4 ,dr4 ,ewer's theory is right and consistent so far4 ,but he fails to verify his own conditions1 and does not designate any real and concrete body which fulfils the exigencies of his theory4 ,he asserts that whoever holds his theory is a ,catholic1 and that there are three1 and only three1 churches which are parts of the one body that1 according to the theory which he calls ,catholic1 must necessarily be identified and recognized as the mystical body of ,christ4 ,he exhorts his hearers to listen1 8as the one ,holy ,catholic ,church in all its parts1 ,his own body1 raises its voice10 which he says is 8the voice of ,god on earth1 chanting aloud that all the people in all time may hear1 and be without excuse1 the unaltering1 irreformable truth40 ,what is the sum and substance of this truth8 ,it is1 he informs us1 8the solemn1 ,catholic ,creed of ,nice1 ,constantinople1 and ,athanasius40 ,this creed1 moreover1 he asserts1 has been chanted 8in unison round and round the world in unbroken strain1 following the tireless sun1 through the centuries and the millenniums10 by his imaginary catholic church1 a body existing in separate parts1 without any head or unity of organization4 ,dr4 ,brownson has demonstrated that such a body cannot exist either in the realm of nature or in that of grace1 and we need not repeat his arguments4 ,we simply affirm1 at present1 that this unison of voices without discord or interruption1 chanting continuously from the apostolic age the three creeds above mentioned1 is a myth1 and no historical fact4 ,dr4 ,ewer appears to rely on it as the external criterion of ,catholic truth1 and if it vanishes1 as it must under the historical test1 he is left to the mercy of the torrents of scepticism1 along with the other ,protestants4 ,the creeds1 in their external form1 are a growth and a development from the germ which first existed under a simpler form4 ,the slightest acquaintance with early church history suffices to show how long and violent a warfare was necessary in order to establish the ,nicene ,creed with its test-word of orthodoxy1 8consubstantial with the ,father10 as the permanent1 universal1 and unchangeable formula of faith1 even among those who truly held and confessed the ,catholic faith itself in regard to the true and proper divinity of the ,son4 ,the additions made by the ,first ,council of ,constantinople were not universally adopted1 or the council itself completely ratified and recognized as cumenical1 until at least seventy years after its celebration4 ,if the doctrine contained in the creeds is regarded in itself1 prescinding from its verbal expression1 the case is much worse for ,dr4 ,ewer's theory4 ,the ,arian heretics were numerous and powerful1 and they were able to persecute the ,catholics and lay waste the church in a fearful manner4 ,they were nevertheless ,catholics1 according to ,dr4 ,ewer's definition4 ,they professed to have the genuine1 apostolical1 and primitive faith1 and accused the ,catholics of having altered and corrupted it4 ,they recognized the visible church1 the apostolic succession1 the hierarchical order1 the sacrifice and sacraments instituted by ,christ1 and continued the outward show and appearance of conformity to established ,catholic usage1 and even to the language of the ,fathers respecting the mysteries of faith4 ,they were intruded into the possession of the titles1 churches1 and other temporalities of many of the most important episcopal sees1 and sustained in their usurpation by the civil power4 ,after the extermination of the ,arian heresy came the ,nestorians4 ,they also professed to be orthodox and ,catholic1 anathematized the ,arians and all the previous heretics1 confessed the ,nicene ,creed1 and1 when they were condemned and cut off from the church1 so far from ceasing to exist1 they increased and flourished in a remarkable way for centuries1 and still remain as a separate organization with their bishops1 who have succeeded in an unbroken line from those of the fifth century4 ,the ,eutychians or ,monophysites received the decrees of the councils of ,nice and ,ephesus1 anathematized the ,nestorians1 and denounced the ,catholics as ,nestorian heretics4 ,after the ,council of ,chalcedon1 which condemned them1 they persisted in maintaining their position as being the genuine ,catholics1 and formed a new sect1 which still subsists in ,egypt and the ,east4 ,a century after the ,council of ,chalcedon1 out of six millions of ,christians in the patriarchate of ,alexandria1 there were only three hundred thousand ,catholics1 and in ,asia ,minor the divisions and dissensions caused by the ,monophysite and ,nestorian heresies were so great that the peace and stability of the ,eastern empire were seriously compromised4 ,this was the occasion of an effort at reconciliation made by the ,emperor ,heraclius1 in concert with ,sergius of ,constantinople and ,cyrus of ,alexandria1 which brought in a new heresy1 the ,monothelite1 with new disorders1 new persecutions1 and another violent struggle for life on the part of the ,catholic faith1 that resulted after fifty years in a sixth cumenical council1 where the ,monothelite heresy was condemned4 ,what reason has ,dr4 ,ewer for excluding these heretical ,eastern sects from his comprehensive ,catholic ,church8 ,they have always received the creeds of ,nice and ,constantinople4 ,they hold fewer heresies than those which are admitted by the ,church of ,england1 and1 apart from their special heretical tenets1 are in close conformity of doctrine and order with the ,greek ,church4 ,they always protested that they held the primitive1 ,catholic faith1 and that they were unjustly condemned because they resisted the effort to impose new dogmas and additions to the creed as terms of ,catholic communion4 ,the history of the whole period of the first six councils completely falsifies and nullifies ,dr4 ,ewer's theory1 and shows his fanciful chant in unison to be as mythical a song as was ever sung in the brain of a woman with a bee in her bonnet4 ,it has a very nice sound to appeal to the first six councils4 ,even the ,presbyterian ,general ,assembly could vindicate their orthodoxy before ,pius ,,ix4 by loudly proclaiming their assent to all the dogmatic definitions of the first six councils4 ,but what do the majority of men know about these councils8 ,the same objections which ,anglicans make against the seventh1 and ,greeks and ,anglicans alike make against the councils of ,lyons1 ,florence1 ,trent1 and the ,vatican1 are of equal force against those of ,nice1 ,constantinople1 ,ephesus1 and ,chalcedon4 ,the number of bishops present in each of them varied from one hundred and fifty to six hundred and thirty1 out of a whole number of prelates certainly much larger even in the beginning of the fourth century1 and estimated by the emperors themselves1 who must have had better means of information than any others at the time1 as having increased in the fifth century to a total of five or six thousand4 ,the church went on very well for three centuries without any cumenical councils4 ,when the necessity arose1 each council was sufficient for the present emergency1 but not sufficient for the new ones which arose and demanded new councils and new decisions1 of equal authority with the preceding4 ,each one has met the violent opposition of the rebellious1 the schismatical1 and the heretical appellants from the present1 actual authority of the church to some ideal tribunal of their own imagination1 in the past or in the future1 which they can call what they choose1 the ,catholic ,church or the ,word of ,god4 ,their word of ,god is their own private interpretation of ,scripture1 or of ,scripture and tradition together2 their ,catholic ,church is themselves and their particular party1 pretending to speak in the name of the church and to be her interpreters4 ,the whole is worth as much as the cumenical council forged by ,photius1 acts1 decrees1 signatures1 and all1 and promulgated at large among the ,eastern bishops1 in support of his usurpation of the see of ,constantinople4 ,the council of ,photius was ,photius himself1 and the ,catholic ,church of ,dr4 ,ewer is ,dr4 ,ewer and the other members of his party4 ,there is no really existing and speaking society which says3 8,i am the church1 composed of three parts1 ,roman1 ,greek1 and ,anglican40 ,this is the language of certain individuals put into the mouth of an imaginary society4 ,the principle of individualism1 which is the first principle of schism and heresy1 is just as really at the bottom of ,dr4 ,ewer's theory as it is at the bottom of ,chillingworth's4 ,it breeds the same discord and disunion1 and leaves men exposed to the same inroad of scepticism4 ,controversies concerning what the church is1 what her authority and infallibility are1 which are the true councils1 which is the true ,catholic communion1 who are the lawful pastors to whom obedience is due1 confuse and disturb the mind and conscience as much as controversies concerning the true sense of ,scripture1 the true doctrine of the ,person of ,christ1 or the conditions of salvation in general4 ,there must have been an external criterion1 a rule of determination1 by which the orthodox faith and ,catholic communion could be discerned from ,arian1 ,nestorian1 ,monophysite1 and ,donatist counterfeits4 ,that same rule must exist now2 it must be an infallible test of every kind of spurious ,christianity and spurious ,catholicity4 ,it is necessary that this rule1 if it be really sufficient1 should determine not only between ,caiphas or ,mohammed and ,christ1 between apocryphal and genuine ,scriptures1 between ,arius and ,athanasius1 ,macedonius and ,basil1 ,nestorius and ,cyril1 ,dioscorus and ,leo1 ,pyrrhus and ,maximus1 but also between ,calvin and ,bellarmine1 ,elizabeth and ,pius ,v41 ,nicholas and ,pius ,,ix41 ,dllinger and ,cardinal ,manning1 ,dr4 ,ewer and ,dr4 ,brownson4 ,it must determine not only between church and no-church1 ,bible alone and ,bible with apostolic tradition1 priest and preacher1 but between bishop and bishop1 the usurpation and the just right of ecclesiastical jurisdiction1 the pretence and the reality of infallible authority1 the minimum and the maximum of doctrine which must be accepted as pertaining to ,catholic faith4 ,these are not non-essential matters or questions of debate between theological schools4 ,they relate to obligations of conscience in which the salvation of the soul is involved1 and are eminently practical4 ,the ,spanish prince ,hermenegild had such a practical rule1 and obeyed it by sacrificing his life rather than to receive communion from an ,arian bishop4 ,marie ,antoinette had the same1 and died without the ,viaticum rather than to receive it from a constitutional priest4 ,an ,anglican living in ,st4 ,petersburg1 and in doubt whether he was bound to remain in his own sect1 to join the ,russian national church1 or to become a ,catholic1 or was at liberty to choose between the three1 would need the same rule4 ,who could decide the doubt for him8 ,his own clergy8 ,the ,russian clergy8 ,catholic priests8 ,the judgment of any of these1 as private individuals1 is not infallible4 ,they can only help him to find some rule under which they are personally acting1 and which proceeds from an authority superior to themselves4 ,according to ,dr4 ,ewer1 neither of these authorities is supreme or infallible in itself2 it is only in so far as they agree in transmitting the judgments of an authority in abeyance1 that they can furnish an infallible rule4 ,this is no rule which meets his case4 ,they agree only in telling him that he must obey the rule recognized by the first six councils4 ,where is that voice of ,god which is audible to all men who will hear8 ,where is the embodied ,christ who will take him by the hand8 ,what has become of the chant in unison of the one1 ,catholic ,church1 musically uttering unalterable truth8 ,suppose that the ,christians of the first seven centuries had been left without any better rule than this1 what perplexity and unutterable confusion would have been the result--quite as bad if not worse than that which exists among our modern ,protestant sects4 ,an extrinsic and infallible rule of faith must be one that in a self-evident manner manifests itself as really extrinsic to those who present it1 and superior to their individual judgment1 and it must be universal4 ,the teacher and the judge must speak in the name of a really existing society which is actually one and universal1 and in a manifest identity with itself in the past1 by unbroken continuity of life and self-consciousness from the time of its origin in the divine institution of ,christ4 ,the instructor of the one who seeks the truth must teach him what the church thinks and commands1 and give him a criterion of certainty that she does think and command what he ascribes to her1 so that if he falsifies her teaching he will disclose and betray his own deception in the very act of deceiving1 like one who hands over a package of money which had been entrusted to him with a letter containing a description of its contents4 ,such a rule of faith1 with its criterion of certainty and of self-verification1 without any doubt the ,catholics of the first seven centuries possessed4 ,their living and immediate rule was a church really one and obviously one with itself in its present and in its past4 ,it declared itself to have always held and meant just what it was now saying4 ,the faithful believed and obeyed it1 because its continuity and identity from ,st4 ,peter and the apostles were obvious by manifest signs and tokens which could not deceive them4 ,heretics and schismatics could not successfully mimic the voice of the true church4 ,their lack of continuity1 i4e41 apostolicity1 of unity1 of ,catholicity1 and of sanctity as well1 was obvious4 ,their counterfeits were always put forth as the genuine coin of ancient stamp1 but as coin which had been hidden or defaced until they had discovered it1 or burnished it anew4 ,the lawful issues of new coin from the old mint they denounced as counterfeit or adulterated4 ,their very pretence of returning to a kind of old ,catholic doctrine more ancient and more ,catholic than that of the present church1 was a sure1 detective test of their spuriousness4 ,continuity could not be in them1 or universality1 or unity2 because their only claim to a hearing1 and their only justification of their rebellion1 implied that the church had not preserved these notes unimpaired4 ,they were self-contradictory1 and affirmed and denied the ,catholic ,church in the same breath4 ,so likewise their successors4 ,the so-called ,greek ,church is a contradiction to itself1 in respect to its schismatical position1 and a concrete absurdity4 ,the ,anglican sect is not on a par with the schismatical and heretical churches of the ,east in any way1 and deserves no consideration in the treatment of the question of the actual extension of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the theoretical church called ,anglo-,catholic is an ens rationis4 ,we give it only a hypothetical position in our discussion1 as a possible society which might be organized in accordance with ,dr4 ,ewer's theory1 if there were one real bishop to undertake the experiment4 ,this hypothetical church is an hypothetical absurdity1 as the ,greek ,church is a real one4 ,the absurdity consists in the contradiction between the concrete and practical actuality of separate existence as a partial and incomplete church1 and the confession of faith in one1 holy1 ,catholic1 and apostolic church1 having infallible authority in faith and morals4 ,if the one church continues to exist as a complete1 integral whole1 there is no place for another partial and incomplete church1 and any society which exists under that name is condemned by itself as an anomaly and a crime4 ,if it does not exist1 the church has failed4 ,there being no whole1 there can be no parts4 ,there is no church at all of divine institution1 no mystical body of ,christ on earth4 ,there are only human organizations1 each of which is changeable and fallible4 ,the profession of belief in the one1 holy1 ,catholic1 and apostolic church is1 therefore1 a profession of belief in a falsehood4 ,mentita est iniquitas sibi4 ,in that part of his theory which is ,catholic ,dr4 ,ewer affirms as a necessary consequence from the nature of ,god as a ,god of love1 together with the method which he has chosen for manifesting his love through the ,incarnation1 that the ,catholic ,church must be really existing3 8that ,god has still remained1 and will to the end of time remain1 in a one1 undying1 ever-fresh1 amazing1 organic1 visible1 audible1 tangible1 and recognizable body of human matter1 known as the mystical body of ,god on earth40 ,once more he says3 8,as ,jesus ,christ was the only being who dared to call himself ,god1 so ,catholicity is the only ,christian body that dares to call itself infallible2 that dares to begin its discourses1 to give its truth1 to pronounce its judgments1 and to pardon sin1 #8,in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4'0 ,this is given as a token of the true church1 the real possessor of infallible authority4 ,from this it follows that the church whose supreme ruler is the ,roman ,pontiff is the one1 ,catholic ,church1 complete and integral in itself1 and in no sense a compart with the ,greek and ,anglican churches as other parts making up with it1 as a composite totality1 the ,catholic ,church4 ,the members of this church are on the same footing with the ,catholics of the earlier ages1 and have the same rule4 ,they recognize one church1 distinct and separate from all others1 as perfect and infallible1 with its continuous series of cumenical councils4 ,this church1 and this church alone1 dares to assume the exclusive name and prerogatives of ,catholicity1 to proclaim itself infallible1 and to command obedience to its decrees as the necessary condition of salvation4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff of ,rome1 and he alone1 dares to call himself the ,vicar of ,christ and the ,head of his entire mystical body1 the church4 ,but that most illogical and inconsistent of men1 ,dr4 ,ewer1 confronted by ,pius ,,ix4 and the cumenical ,council of the ,vatican1 and feeling himself and his pseudo-,catholicism smitten by their anathemas1 suddenly drops his ,catholic disguise1 and1 showing himself in his true character as a ,protestant and a sceptic1 cries out3 8,,let ,,us ,,examine40 ,we have no objection to an examination4 ,for a ,catholic1 to examine the dogmatic decrees of an cumenical council or of the pope in respect to matters of faith1 with an examination of doubt and hesitancy1 is ipso facto a renunciation of his rule of faith and an act of apostasy4 ,for one who is in inculpable ignorance or doubt concerning the criterion of truth and the proximate rule of faith1 to examine with sincerity and honesty of purpose is a duty as well as a right4 ,dr4 ,ewer puts himself and his auditors into this position1 as seekers1 inquirers1 who are invited to 8go back and start all over again--without a ,bible1 without a church1 without sacraments1 without any religious notions--and see where we shall come out40 ,an interesting exploration1 assuredly6 ,dr4 ,ewer1 and those who follow his guidance1 come out1 by a tolerably short path1 to a logical position1 which is the next one to a final term of the process4 ,nothing remains to be determined1 except the subject of the attribute of infallibility1 in its specific and individual being as really existing1 and representing the sovereign authority of ,christ on earth4 ,even this is determined in respect to the past existence of the body which is recognized as the one1 true church1 and was assembled in the first six councils4 ,the one point to be examined is whether the body assembled in the ,council of the ,vatican is identical with the one1 true church assembled at ,nice1 ,chalcedon1 and ,constantinople1 in cumenical council4 ,if it is1 the examination is terminated2 the infallible church is found really existing in the present1 with the same specific and individuating notes by which it is identified as existing in the past4 ,if not1 the examination is equally terminated1 for there is no other body even ostensibly similar to this one which remains to be examined4 ,consequently1 ,dr4 ,ewer and his followers have come out into a cul de sac1 or no thoroughfare4 ,dr4 ,ewer1 having examined the claim of the ,vatican ,council to be the ,ecclesia ,docens1 defining the ,catholic faith with infallible authority equal to that of the ,council of ,nice1 does not merely dispute or deny it1 but scouts and ridicules it with most contemptuous language1 unsurpassed by any ever used by ,arians or ,eutychians against previous councils and definitions4 ,its great dogmatic decree defining the infallibility of the ,roman ,pontiff he vituperates as 8this flagrant instance of the fallacy known as #8begging the very question at issue'2 an instance which is perhaps the sublimest in its presumption1 and the most absurd in its simplicity1 that the world ever stood amazed at40 ,this is a strong assertion and powerful rhetoric6 ,but what we want is evidence and logic4 ,has ,dr4 ,ewer furnished any8 ,there is some pretence of an argument1 and1 such as it is1 we will endeavor to sift its value4 ,the argument is briefly this4 ,the dogmatic decree is the product of two factors1 the collective judgment of the bishops apart from that of the pope1 and the judgment of the pope himself4 ,the judgment of the bishops being confessedly not final and infallible in itself1 it is the judgment of the pope which must make the decree defining his infallibility final and infallible4 ,therefore1 he defines his own infallibility by the same infallibility4 ,he declares himself to be infallible because he is2 the reason why we are bound to believe is identical with the very object of belief1 idem per idem4 ,we will first point out the consequences to ,dr4 ,ewer's own theory from the argument he has used against the infallibility of the pope1 and show its thoroughly sceptical tendency1 and afterwards refute it in a more direct manner4 ,the infallibility of the church or of cumenical councils has never been defined by any of the councils acknowledged by ,dr4 ,ewer4 ,it has always been taken for granted4 ,suppose that the ,council of ,nice had explicitly declared this doctrine as a dogma of ,catholic faith4 ,it would have affirmed the infallibility of a council as its own infallible judgment1 and the infallibility of this judgment itself would rest on the infallibility of the church in council1 the very thing defined1 as much as the infallibility of the judgment of ,pius ,,ix4 rested on his own declaration that he was infallible4 ,it would be the same in the case of the imaginary future council gathered from the three parts of ,dr4 ,ewer's catholic church4 ,the taking of infallibility for granted was just as much a begging of the question1 on the part of the ,ecclesia ,docens1 in her ordinary universal teaching and her solemn definitions1 as if she had expressly defined it4 ,according to the same logic1 the affirmation of their infallibility and inspiration by the twelve apostles would have been a begging of the question4 ,it would have been a demand for belief in their inspiration1 because they declared that they were inspired4 ,even so with our ,blessed ,lord4 ,he declared that he was the ,son of ,god1 and required absolute faith in his words because he was the ,son of ,god1 and the very reason for believing his declaration rested on his actually being the ,son of ,god4 ,it is exactly the same with the intellect and reason of man4 ,the demonstrations of reason rest on first principles which are taken for granted4 ,why do you take them for granted1 we may ask of the intellect4 ,because they are evident to me4 ,what is the proof that what is evident to you is truth8 ,i am intellect1 and am made to see truth8 ,by what authority do you affirm that8 ,by my own1 because ,i am intellect and reason4 ,but ,i want an authority1 extrinsic to you1 as a warrant that you do not err when you say you are intellect and reason1 and that what you call self-evident is really so1 and not a mere hallucination4 ,there is none4 ,let us go back to ,god himself4 ,we believe ,god on his veracity1 i4e41 because he is truth in his essence1 his knowledge1 and his manifestation of the same to us4 ,this veracity of ,god1 which is the reason for believing whatever he makes known to us by revelation1 is made known to us by ,god himself1 and we depend on his truth for the certainty that it is truth1 that he exists1 and that he has manifested to us the truth4 ,if1 therefore1 the declaration of the infallibility of the pope by the pope himself is a logical fallacy because the infallibility of the person and the act declaring it is implied and presupposed1 there is a logical fallacy at the bottom of all faith and all science1 of the first acts of reason and intellect1 of the very idea of being and reality4 ,this is ,kantian and transcendental scepticism and nihilism pure and simple4 ,being and nothing are identical4 ,we are swallowed by the abyss of the unknowable1 and the only fate possible or desirable for us1 phantoms of a nightmare1 is to be swallowed by the lower abyss of dreamless unconsciousness4 ,there is a real affinity between the pseudo-,catholicism of ,oxford and scepticism4 ,the former breeds the latter1 and has actually been succeeded by it in the ,english universities and in many individual minds4 ,its sophistical methods pervert the reasoning faculties and undermine the basis of certitude4 ,there is1 moreover1 a reaction caused by the refusal to draw from premises which can only find their just conclusions1 their logical consequences1 in genuine and complete ,catholicity1 which drives men back upon a rejection of all ,christianity and all rational theology4 ,as for the great mass of the present doubting generation1 they are disgusted and repelled1 if they are not rather moved to laughter and contempt1 by the exhibition of such an illusory and fantastic claim of authority1 before which they are exhorted to bow down4 ,if ,protestantism is a failure1 and the authority of the ,roman ,pontiff and the great councils which have been celebrated under his presidency is futile1 and the doctrine of the ,greek ,church is only ,catholic in so far as the ,church of ,england agrees with it1 and this final measure of truth is only ascertained by taking the opinion of one small party of individuals1 most men will conclude that ,catholic authority is the most baseless of pretensions1 and that ,christianity itself is a failure4 ,it is very unwise for any man to attempt to play the prophet1 and assume to speak to men with a solemn air in the name of ,god1 in these days1 unless he has very authentic credentials4 ,the pope can speak to the world as the ,vicar of ,christ1 and receive some respectful attention4 ,any ,catholic priest preaching ,catholic doctrine has the pope1 and the whole hierarchy1 and many past centuries behind him1 to overshadow him with their majesty4 ,but the world cares nothing for what is said officially by the ,patriarch of ,constantinople or the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 much less for ,dr4 ,ewer1 and others like him who attempt to play the priest and imitate the ,doctors of the church4 ,in the great controversies of the age they count as a cipher4 ,whatever else the men of the coming age may do1 they will not become ,greco-,russian or ,ritualistic4 ,the issue is between ,rome and anti-,christianity4 ,our only reason for noticing such a theory as that of ,dr4 ,ewer is that numbers of individual members of his communion who are personally worthy of all respect are hindered by its speciousness from perceiving clearly the truth over which it casts a haze1 and that others are likely to be prejudiced against the truth which it misrepresents and denies4 ,it is a pseudo-,catholicism4 ,those who imbibe its ,catholic ingredient are hindered from embracing the genuine ,catholicity1 toward which they have a tendency4 ,those who assimilate its uncatholic and sceptical element are hardened in their unbelief4 ,we have said enough to show that it is no substitute for pure ,catholicity and no antidote against scepticism4 ,we drop this theory now out of sight1 and during the remainder of this article we shall present to the candid inquirer for truth whose mind may have become confused by following the exposition of sophistry1 a brief counter exposition of the integral ,catholic truth in respect to that extrinsic1 infallible criterion and rule by which it is ascertained with certitude1 and all ,protestant errors1 or errors in faith or morals of any kind1 are rejected4 ,in the first place1 we repudiate utterly that extravagant fideism1 if we may call it so1 which makes an extrinsic rule1 an authority exterior to the individual intellect and reason1 and a faith or belief on testimony or authority1 whether human or divine1 the ultimate and only source and basis and rule of certitude in knowledge of the higher truths4 ,we can never begin with any such source and criterion1 and of course never progress and finish4 ,discursion of the reason1 and faith as well1 must have an intrinsic starting-point1 which for man is in both the senses and the reason4 ,we want no other light1 and can have none1 by which to see light itself1 or rather to see illuminated objects in and by light4 ,the intellect is a spiritual light4 ,all men who have the use of their senses in a normal and healthy condition1 and likewise their reason1 see and feel and hear and understand and reason and know1 without doubting2 and when they reflect1 they are certain that they do perceive sensible and intelligible objects4 ,each one knows this for himself1 independently of the rest of mankind1 as well as by the agreement and common sense of all4 ,the intellect and reason of each one1 and the intellect of mankind in general1 is that to which we appeal1 as containing the first principles and the intrinsic criterion of truth4 ,whoever pretends to doubt these first principles1 or asks for somewhat above them and exterior to them1 throws himself out of the rational sphere1 and with him it is useless to argue4 ,by intuition and discursion1 by self-evident principles and demonstration1 a great amount of certain science1 even in natural theology1 is attainable4 ,belief on testimony is rationally based on the evidence of the veracity of the witnesses1 and furnishes another great amount of knowledge4 ,besides what is thus made metaphysically1 or physically1 or morally certain1 there is a much larger quantity of that which is probable1 in philosophy1 physics1 history1 and all kinds of higher science4 ,in respect to those things which are made known by divine testimony1 that is1 by divine revelation1 the fact of the testimony is accredited1 and made rationally credible1 by the motives of credibility attesting and authenticating the revelation4 ,the veracity of ,god is known by the light of reason4 ,that which is really contained in the revelation1 however it is transmitted1 whether by books or by tradition1 can be known in a great variety of ways1 like other facts and ideas of the purely natural and human order4 ,it is by no means absolutely necessary to prove the infallible authority of the church before we can refute scepticism1 false philosophy1 infidelity1 or heresy4 ,christianity and ,catholic theology rest on a sound rational basis and can be proved to the reason of one who is competent to understand the arguments4 ,revelation itself is absolutely necessary only for the disclosure of truths which are above reason4 ,and these very truths can be demonstrated1 not indeed by their intrinsic connection with truths of natural theology1 but by their extrinsic connection with the veracity of ,god1 through a logical syllogism4 ,whatever ,god testifies is true2 but ,god has testified the mysteries contained in the ,holy ,scripture2 therefore these mysteries are true4 ,it is only necessary to prove the minor1 and the demonstration is complete4 ,the greatest part of the distinctively ,catholic doctrines can be proved historically1 critically1 and logically1 without resorting to the divine authority of the church4 ,in great measure its human authority suffices1 together with extrinsic sources of proof4 ,in this way many ,protestants have conclusively proved a great quantity of the truth contained in the ,christian revelation4 ,even infidels are able to perceive and to prove that the religion established by ,christ is the ,catholic religion1 and that whoever believes in the divine mission of ,christ1 or even in the existence of ,god1 is logically bound to believe in the supremacy of the pope and in all the doctrines defined by the ,roman ,church4 ,what1 then1 is the necessity of revelation8 ,it is absolutely necessary for the disclosure of truths above reason1 and morally necessary for the instruction of the great mass of men in all religious and moral truth1 in a perfect1 certain1 and easy way1 adapted to their spiritual needs4 ,what is the necessity of an infallible authority in the church8 ,it is necessary as the ordinary means of applying this instruction efficaciously and unerringly1 in respect to all the dogmatic and moral truths and precepts1 with absolute and universal certainty1 to the minds of all men1 in a simple1 easy1 and unmistakable manner1 and of determining finally controversies and condemning heresies4 ,a specious and fallacious objection is made on the very threshold of the argument on infallibility to show that there is necessarily a begging of the question from the start1 and that some prior infallibility must be assumed as a reason for affirming any infallible extrinsic authority whatsoever4 ,this is the very sophism we have previously brought to view1 and which is the very essence of universal scepticism4 ,it is objected that we cannot really identify and appropriate an infallible rule without a previous infallible criterion1 and that we cannot apply it without the same criterion4 ,the mind of man is fallible in determining that there is an infallible authority1 what is that authority1 what it teaches4 ,but if ,i am fallible in the very judgment upon which rests the infallibility of the criterion which ,i assume as a safeguard against my own liability to error1 ,i can never get beyond a fallible conclusion4 ,this is the very argument of sceptics and probabilists against physical and metaphysical certitude4 ,the senses are fallible1 reason is fallible4 ,men are sometimes deceived by trusting to their senses1 to their reason1 to the testimony of others4 ,therefore we ought to doubt everything1 or at least to rest satisfied with probability and a kind of blind1 instinctive assent4 ,we must substitute practical reason for pure reason4 ,this is all sophistry and false philosophy4 ,fallibility is not essential but accidental in sensitive and intellectual cognition4 ,it is a deficiency of nature1 not a natural incapacity for certitude4 ,some would say that the intellect and reason are infallible within a certain sphere1 so that by reason the mind infallibly joins itself to the higher infallibility of the church1 and infallibly receives the truth from its teaching4 ,we think it more accurate to restrict infallibility to that criterion which is absolutely and universally exempt from all liability to the accidental defect of error4 ,in respect to the senses and to reason1 we say they are fallible per accidens and by a deficiency in their operation4 ,nevertheless1 we can be certain1 in many cases1 that they do not and cannot fail to give us certitude through any such accidental failure and deficiency4 ,we can test their accuracy1 as in observing sensible phenomena1 and in mathematical calculations4 ,this is enough to overthrow scepticism and probabilism4 ,there is such a thing as rational certitude1 and this suffices for our purpose4 ,by rational certitude human reason can obtain1 without any fear of error1 its infallible criterion4 ,by the same it can receive and apply its infallible judgments without fear of error4 ,we are not analyzing supernatural and divine faith1 but the rational process which underlies1 accompanies1 and follows faith with more or less explicitness and completeness1 and which is the preamble of faith for those who are not yet in possession of ,catholic faith1 but are sincere inquirers4 ,no one is asked to grant any begging of the question of infallibility1 or to accept any proof of idem per idem1 or to give unqualified assent to a mere probability4 ,the truth of ,christianity1 and the identity of ,catholicity with it1 are proved with conclusive certainty by the motives of credibility4 ,the same proof which establishes the divinity of ,jesus ,christ establishes the divine authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,this authority is infallible because divine and supreme1 and having the right to command the firm1 undoubting assent of the intellect to its teaching1 and the unconditional submission of the will to its precepts4 ,the authority of the church once established1 its testimony to its own character and prerogatives must be received as true4 ,the divine mission of ,jesus ,christ was proved by his miracles1 and his own affirmation of his divinity was thus made credible4 ,the mission and authority of the apostles are authenticated by his commission1 and the church founded by them is identified by the manifest notes of unity1 sanctity1 apostolicity1 and catholicity4 ,the hierarchical organization of the church1 its principles of unity and government1 the constitution of its tribunals1 and the respective attributions of the ruling1 teaching1 and judging magistrates who preside over the whole or particular parts1 must be determined by its own traditions1 laws1 usages1 and declarations4 ,in any matter of controversy respecting any of these things1 the supreme authority must decide without appeal4 ,find the sovereign authority to which the whole church is subject by its organic law1 and there can be no further question4 ,in every perfect and unequal society there is a sovereignty which is considered as practically infallible1 that is1 as a tribunal of last resort1 from which no appeal can be taken4 ,in a society having divine authority to teach and judge in matters of faith and morals in the name of ,god1 this practical infallibility must be a real infallibility in the strict sense of the term4 ,from this principle springs the reason and obligation of the recognition of infallibility in cumenical councils4 ,they are supreme1 because they contain all the authority which exists in the church4 ,although the entire episcopate numerically is not present in such a council1 the authority which it possesses is equivalent to that of the whole episcopate4 ,the accession of the suffrages of the bishops who are absent from the council supplies what is wanting in respect to numerical quantity in the representation of the whole body at the deliberations and decisions of the council4 ,their tacit assent1 which in due time becomes the explicit and formal profession of complete concurrence1 adds moral weight and invincible force to the authority of the conciliar decisions4 ,this is augmented by the assent of the whole body of the clergy and laity4 ,it is no matter how numerous dissidents and recusants may be among bishops1 clergy1 and people1 or how long their protest and rebellion may continue4 ,they separate themselves from the true body1 and are legitimately excluded from it1 and therefore their suffrages do not count4 ,that unanimity which is a criterion of truth is not a unanimity of ,catholics1 heretics1 and schismatics together1 but of ,catholics alone4 ,there is requisite1 therefore1 some certain mark by which ,catholics can be discerned4 ,the ,catholic episcopate1 the ,catholic priesthood1 the ,catholic people1 ,catholic councils1 ,catholic creeds and confessions1 the ,catholic communion1 must be discriminated in some plain and obvious manner from all their counterfeits1 however great the semblance of reality which these counterfeits bear on their surface4 ,the test of separation from the true faith and the true church1 and the authority which judges of the fact of separation1 must be clear and indubitable4 ,the cumenical council must have its complete and legitimate authority1 in which the authority of the whole church and the whole episcopate is concentrated and applied1 independently of the assent or dissent of any number of individuals1 even bishops or patriarchs1 who are not actually concurring in its judgment4 ,it must have power to command assent and to punish dissent1 or its authority is nugatory4 ,it is a plain1 historical fact that the supremacy of the ,apostolic ,see of ,st4 ,peter gave to the episcopate its unity1 and to the episcopate assembled in general council its final authority1 from the first age of the church1 and from the beginning of its action through cumenical councils4 ,the councils were not complete without the pope1 and it was his ratification which confirmed and made irreformable their judgments4 ,the ,council of ,nice and the ,council of the ,vatican are precisely alike in this respect4 ,the bishops possess now1 as they have always possessed1 conjudicial authority in deciding matters of faith with the pope1 whether in or out of council1 as they are1 in all other respects1 jure divino co-regents with him of the universal church4 ,but they do not share in his supremacy and sovereignty1 even though they may be bishops of apostolic sees and have patriarchal jurisdiction4 ,he is the supreme judge1 as he is the supreme ruler4 ,as such1 his right to judge in matters of faith1 without the aid of a general council1 as well as to make laws and exercise all the plenitude of jurisdiction1 has been acknowledged by all the cumenical councils and by the whole church in every age4 ,it is false to say that the dogmatic decree of the ,council of the ,vatican made any change in doctrine or law respecting the authority of the pope over the episcopate1 whether assembled or dispersed1 and over the universal church4 ,the ,council of ,florence1 to go no higher1 defined the plenitude of his power4 ,the ,creed of ,pius ,,iv41 to which every bishop1 and every particular council since ,trent1 has been obliged to swear assent1 proclaims the ,roman ,church 8,the ,mother and ,mistress of ,churches10 denoting by the words 8,magistra ,ecclesiarum0 not supremacy in government but in defining and teaching doctrine4 ,the undoubted authority of the pope to teach and define doctrine by his apostolic authority1 to condemn heresies and errors1 and to command not only exterior but interior obedience and assent even from bishops1 was universally recognized before the ,council of the ,vatican assembled4 ,appeals from his judgments to an cumenical council have been forbidden for centuries past1 under pain of excommunication4 ,the infallibility of the pope in his decisions ex cathedra is a necessary logical deduction from his supreme authority in teaching and judging4 ,it is false to say that it was doubtful before the ,council of the ,vatican defined it4 ,it has been implied and acted on1 as a fundamental principle of the ,catholic ,church1 from the beginning4 ,some ,catholics doubted or denied it1 and the church wisely tolerated their error for a time1 as she tolerated the ,semi-,arians1 awaiting the opportune occasion of destroying the error without damaging the cause of truth and the salvation of her children4 ,that some few bishops at the ,council of the ,vatican still held to the ,gallican error1 that it was taught by a few professors and learned writers1 that it was held by a small minority of the clergy and educated laity1 and that a still greater number were not clearly aware of the true and ,catholic doctrine1 does not prejudice the case in the slightest degree4 ,all these were bound as ,catholics to recognize the infallibility of the definition solemnly promulgated by the pope with the assent of a majority of the bishops4 ,those who refused were excommunicated as heretics4 ,the pope1 together with all the bishops1 clergy1 and faithful of the ,catholic ,church1 are united in the profession of the faith as defined in the ,vatican ,council1 precisely as they were united in the profession of the dogmas defined at ,nice1 ,ephesus1 ,chalcedon1 and ,constantinople1 at ,florence and at ,trent4 ,it is absurd to deny to a tribunal competent to define with metaphysical accuracy the most abstruse truths concerning the trinity of persons in the ,godhead1 and the divinity and humanity of the ,incarnate ,word1 an equal ability to determine the attributions of the distinct parts of the ,catholic hierarchy1 and to define clearly how the infallible church is constituted in respect to the relations between her head and members4 ,it is absurd to recognize the ,council of ,nice as infallible1 and to deny the infallibility of the ,council of the ,vatican4 ,they rest upon the same basis1 the divine constitution of the ,catholic ,church in the episcopate as the ,eccelesia ,docens1 with authority to teach and to command assent1 under the supremacy of the successor of ,st4 ,peter in the ,roman ,see4 ,this is not an arbitrary authority to impose any opinion which may happen to command a majority of suffrages and receive the sanction of the pope4 ,neither is it an original authority1 founded on inspiration1 to propose truth immediately revealed4 ,it is authority1 in the first place1 to deliver authentic testimony of the faith handed down by tradition from the beginning and continually preserved in the church1 but especially in the ,roman ,church4 ,it is authority1 in the second place1 to interpret and declare the true sense of all past decrees and decisions1 of the general teaching of the church in past ages1 of the doctrine of the ,fathers and ,doctors of the church1 and of all records in which evidence is found of the traditional doctrine derived originally from the apostles4 ,in the third place1 to interpret and judge of the true sense of the ,holy ,scriptures1 the principal source from which knowledge of revealed truth is derived4 ,finally1 to declare the revealed dogmas contained in the ,written and ,unwritten ,word1 in ,scripture and ,apostolic ,tradition1 in clear and precise terms which are fit and proper to express them intelligibly1 that is1 to define dogmas of faith1 and to require universal assent to these definitions under pain of anathema4 ,the inerrancy1 or infallibility1 is a security from the accident of error in these dogmatic definitions1 which results from a supernatural and divine assistance1 overruling the conclusions of the human judgment which have been reached by a human and rational process1 so far as needful1 in order that they may not be faulty either by excess or defect as an exact expression of the revealed truth4 ,this divine assistance is not given exclusively to the pope as an individual1 to regulate the acts of his own mind1 in thought or investigation regarding the revealed truths4 ,it extends itself over the church universally1 and over all the processes and methods by which the doctrines of revelation are preserved and developed in her living consciousness1 and proclaimed through her organs to the world in their integrity4 ,in the councils of the church it is by the assistance of the ,holy ,spirit to the deliberations of the bishops and theologians1 as well as by his overruling direction of the exercise of his office of supreme judge by the pope1 that the result is reached in the solemn and final decisions4 ,this result is not a blind determination1 a passive reception of an impulse superseding reason4 ,it is a rational certitude1 an enlightened judgment based on motives which are convincing and conclusive4 ,it has the highest human authority1 apart from the divine sanction which confirms it4 ,when the prelates of the ,vatican ,council presented the dogmatic decree defining the infallibility of the pope1 to ,pius ,,ix4 for his sanction1 history1 theology1 the consent of ,fathers1 ,doctors1 councils1 and ,catholic ,christendom1 and the ,holy ,scriptures as interpreted by a series of the most learned and holy men who have adorned the annals of the church1 demanded through them the solemn confirmation of this decree4 ,pius ,,ix4 was called upon to declare the tradition of the ,roman ,church1 the doctrine of his predecessors1 the principle upon which the ,holy ,see had always acted in defining faith and condemning heresy4 ,he was asked to complete and confirm by his supreme authority the explicit or implicit judgment of nine-tenths of the ,catholic episcopate4 ,the absolute finality and divine authority of his judgment was not dependent upon his personal assertion of his own belief in his infallibility1 as its support4 ,his right and power to determine that the decree of the council should be final and irrevocable were beyond question or controversy4 ,the fact that1 by virtue of his right as ,vicar of ,christ1 he defined something respecting the nature and extent of that right is irrelevant as an objection1 and to make use of it as one is a sophistical artifice4 ,if ,almighty ,god is credible when he declares his own veracity1 if ,jesus ,christ is credible when he declares his own divinity1 the ,vicar of ,christ is credible when he declares his own infallibility4 ,if ,god is ,god1 he must be veracious2 if ,christ is ,christ1 he must be ,god2 if the ,vicar of ,christ is his ,vicar1 he must be infallible4 ,god does not command our belief without giving us evidence that he is ,god2 ,jesus ,christ does not require our submission to his divine authority without giving us evidence that he is the ,son of ,god2 the pope does not exact our obedience to his infallible judgments without giving us evidence that he is the ,vicar of ,christ and the ,vicegerent of ,god on earth4 ,the ,catholic religion makes no demand for irrational assent to anything4 ,it is not mere logic and philosophy1 but it contains both in their ultimate perfection1 and will bear the most rigorous rational examination4 ,it is logically consistent and consequent throughout1 from its first principles to its last conclusions4 ,there is no other religion or philosophy which is so1 and the most illogical of all is pseudo-,catholicism4 ,footnote #abe3 ,a lecture by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,ewer1 8,catholic ,truth and ,protestant ,error10 reported in the ,new ,york ,tribune of ,may #aa1 #ahgh4 ,,child-,,wisdom4 ,a little maiden1 dear through kindred blood ,and loving from her very birth begun1 ,stood at my side one summer afternoon ,and hearkened quiet stories3 bits of verse ,that told of shipwreck and of strong sea-birds ,that rode on sunny waves or beat their wings1 ,storm-driven1 'gainst the sea-washed beacon-light4 ,delighting in sad tales1 wide-eyed she gazed1 ,yet fearing1 half1 their ends might be too sad2 ,still1 bidding e'er1 with doubtful joy in grief1 ,the repetition of each dolorous strain4 ,then1 choosing 'mong my books some pictured page1 ,she took my ,roman missal on her knee1 ,turned o'er its many pages one by one1 ,seeking the prints that there lay interleaved1 ,still patient turning as with conjurer's touch ,to win a richer harvest than she found4 ,from these oft-questioning1 full-budded lips ,no ave e'er had dropt in that sweet faith ,that holdeth brotherhood with ,bethlehem's ,babe ,blessing from ,mary's knees--true1 guileless faith ,that1 suing so ,god's ,mother1 dares to share ,with ,him dear claim unto her mother-love4 ,the thoughtful maiden's little1 childish life ,had grown 'mid alien faith where men half feared ,to honor her whom ,god hath honored most1 ,even while cherished they as solace sweet ,through sorrow's hours1 and sickness' length of days1 ,some picture of the ,maid ,immaculate ,with heaven-bent eyes and meekly-folded hands1 ',mid luminous clouds1 the cherubs at her feet-- ,the sinless ,maiden dowered with quenchless grace1 ,filling earth-weary hearts with rest and trust ,by the mute strength of her soul's purity4 ,and knew the little child of ,jesus' name-- ,by reverent mother and much-loving aunt ,told the sad story of ,jerusalem's loss4 ,so1 still with constant question turning o'er ,my pictured hoard1 she begged that of its wealth ,some might to her be given1 choosing first ,what brightest shone with color deep and rich1 ,and1 though1 because to each least line there clung ,some precious thought1 her question oft denied1 ,persisting ever2 till at length were found ,some little prints1 less treasured1 at her will4 ,one1 holy ,joseph1 with enraptured gaze1 ,the blossoming palm of justice at his side1 ,the ,sun of ,justice shining on his arm2 ,another1 our dear ,mother ,undefiled ,clasping in loving arms her ,child ,divine2 ,this favor found1 but gave not perfect joy1 ,since all uncolored1 and so lacking worth ,in ever-longing gaze of wide gray eyes ,that pleaded softly1 while the small child-lips ,begged that at least the little plain black print ,might have some color sweetness on it set1 ,winning so heightened beauty as complete ,as the bright pictures that she might not have4 ,the missal's store no longer coveted1 ,it was laid by2 the fairy colors brought ,that should with simple touch the magic work ,that might for all that wealth denied atone4 ,expectant stood the little maid demure1 ,the round cheeks bent intently o'er the work1 ,the eyes drawn very near to closely watch ,each line of added joy the swift brush gave4 ,clothed was the ,mother in her cloak of blue1 ,and crowned the ,child ,divine with halo wide ,that in its golden light still sadly bore ,the shadow of his cross4 ,with lesser glow ,was drawn the shining ring that loving wreathed ,the ,queen of ,grace1 crowned fairest in her ,son4 ,not so the little maid would have it done3 ,just such bright halo cruciform must shine ,round ,mary's head1 and spreading1 too1 more wide ,than his1 her ,child's--his ,mother1 was she not8 ,more near the round cheeks drew3 protesting lips ,would have the ,mother with ,his glory crowned4 ,telling the little one how ,god alone ,the nimbus wears wherein is lined the cross1 ,i traced along the ,mother's simpler ring1 ,with gilded brush1 a circle of fair stars ,that in the asking eyes by far outshone ,the shadowy cross's sorrow-dimmed halo4 ,and so the maiden was well comforted1 ,and bore in triumph her much-prized spoils ,of that still1 sunny afternoon's calm talk ,and pictured pages of my holy books4 ,and ,i a fine-wrought1 warm-hued picture kept ,that looked from innocent eyes of truthful soul ,with child-wise lips and pure1 unconscious heart1 ,sweet witness bearing to our ,mother's state-- ,god's stainless ,mother with his glory crowned1 ,and in his sorrow sharing for our sake4 ,,parisian ,,contrasts4 ,,the ,,paris ,,of #ahga ,,and ,,the ,,paris ,,of #ahgh4 ,,paris1 ,may #bb1 #ahgh4 ,scenes and sensations there are in life which seem to cut themselves into the soul as diamond cuts into glass1 and on ,may #bb1 #ahga1 occurred one of this kind4 ,on the afternoon of that day ,i was sitting on the balcony of a house in ,london with a large and merry party watching the 8return from the ,derby0 up ,grosvenor ,place1 every house and balcony in which was similarly draped in red and filled with bright faces and brighter dresses1 with youth1 beauty1 and fashion1 when a friend appeared amongst us1 sad and solemn1 come from his club in breathless haste1 evidently burdened with some important news4 ,in a few seconds a thrill of horror ran through the lively circle1 for he had announced that the 8,tuileries was burning6 ,paris was in flames60 ,never shall ,i forget the sensation4 ,all at once the countless carriages below1 full of ladies and children1 ranged in a line along the street2 the four-in-hands coming back from ,epsom1 driven by1 and filled with1 the reigning 8hopefuls0 of the 8,upper ,ten10 whose faces as they passed betrayed the varied effect of the race on purse and betting-book2 the dust-stained inmates and blue-veiled coachmen of the open landaus and hansoms1 with their emptied picnic-baskets slung behind2 the serious countenances of some1 the smiling features of others2 the thousand-and-one comic-tragic incidents of the motley multitude which make the return from this annual ,british ,olympic game so celebrated--all suddenly faded from our view1 for the eyes of the soul became transfixed on the appalling scenes then occurring in ,paris1 and their possible consequences caused all hearts to feel sick with anxiety and dismay4 ,l'imagination travaille1 it is true1 at such moments1 and is prone to exaggerate2 but had not the ,versailles troops succeeded in entering the city1 our fancy would in no way have outstepped the reality4 ,until that day all had believed themselves prepared for the worst4 ,the murder of the archbishop and his martyred companions had sorely grieved mankind1 and a repetition of the guillotine scenes of the ,reign of ,terror we felt might any day occur2 the idea was not unfamiliar1 but so wholesale an instrument of destruction as petroleum1 such demons has les ,ptroleuses1 had never entered into our wildest calculations4 8,the terrible year10 as the ,french have since so aptly named it1 #ahga most truly was1 not only for them but for the thinking world at large1 who1 from the universal confusion1 the ungoverned passions1 the fast-increasing atheism1 had need of a confidence in ,providence1 supernatural in the highest degree1 not to lie down and die of sheer despair4 ,eighteen months later ,i passed through ,paris on my way home from ,switzerland1 but so dolorous was the impression that ,i had fain leave it in a couple of days4 ,ruin1 desolation stared one in the face at every step1 and the smell of petroleum seemed to haunt one at every turn4 ,the blackened shells of the historic ,tuileries1 of the beautiful ,htel de ,ville1 the ,conseil d',etat1 the ,ministry of ,finance1 the ,gobelin tapestry manufactory with its art treasures accumulated there during the last three hundred years1 the blank in the ,place ,vendme caused by the destruction of its splendid column1 the felled trees in the ,bois de ,boulogne1 and the complete annihilation of ,st4 ,cloud1 town and palace1 were sights which deprived us of all happiness during the day and of peaceful rest at night4 ,not less melancholy was the effect of the sad countenances of the inhabitants4 ,the elasticity and cheerfulness which had formerly seemed to be a component part of ,paris air was gone1 and in its place one only heard tales of their sufferings in those days of anarchy1 of the ,ptroleuses seen gliding stealthily through the streets1 of the petroleum strewn round ,st4 ,roch and the chairs piled up in the nave of ,notre ,dame1 so that both churches might be set on fire1 when the troops providentially entered just in time to prevent this and many other wicked designs being carried out4 ,instead of the brightness one remembered of yore1 people seemed to have a suspicious dread of their neighbors1 and veiled communism undoubtedly still lurked even in the best quartiers4 ,one notable instance of the kind will never be effaced from my memory1 and even now1 though mayhap unjustly1 makes me view ,parisian cabmen with anything but affection4 ,my friend and ,i1 feeling dejected and oppressed by sad thoughts1 one morning determined to indulge our feelings by a kind of pilgrimage to the scene of the massacres1 especially as we had known and revered the sainted archbishop at the time of the ,vatican ,council in ,rome4 ,calling a cab1 therefore1 on the ,boulevard des ,capucines1 we quietly desired the grinning coachman to drive us to the ,rue ,haxo4 ,in an instant his expression changed to one of sturdy anger4 ,he knew no such street2 had never heard of it before2 could not possibly take us there4 ,perceiving at once the spirit we had to deal with1 and that he had divined our object1 no other cab1 moreover1 being within view1 we insisted no further on the point1 but tranquilly told him to drive instead to ,la ,roquette--the prison where the unfortunate victims had been confined4 ,knowledge of so large a place we knew he could not deny1 and1 trusting to our own general idea of its position1 we felt satisfied when he apparently started in that direction4 ,however1 on and on we went1 in and out of lane and street1 without seeming to approach the object of our search1 but as we proceeded soon found ourselves amongst a most forbidding population1 men and women looking stern and sulky as we passed1 and exchanging glances with our driver1 who appeared known to many1 while on more than one window were the ominous words1 8,ici on vend le ptrole60 ,an involuntary shudder seized us1 not diminished on reaching an open height whence we beheld ,la ,roquette in a distant part of the town1 and our horse's head turned exactly the opposite way4 ,the truth suddenly flashed upon us4 ,our ,communist driver1 possibly one of the undetected incendiaries or murderers himself1 calculating on our ignorance1 while unable to plead such on his own part1 had cunningly outwitted us by driving in and out toward a different point1 whither doubtless he would have gone on indefinitely but for our unexpected discovery4 ,it was too dangerous a neighborhood in which to quarrel with him1 even though but mid-day2 therefore1 merely telling him that we had altered our intentions1 we tranquilly desired him to return to our original starting-point on the ,boulevard des ,capucines4 ,most curious was it then to note the same instantaneous change of countenance as before1 but this time to an exultant expression as undisguised as the sulky mood of the previous hour4 ,and how could we wonder at it8 ,for had he not succeeded in defeating the object we had in view1 and1 moreover1 inspired us with so much fear that we sighed to get away from such a population and never breathed freely again until safely back in the more civilized quarters8 ,our courage1 however1 then revived1 and1 determined not to be altogether conquered1 we bade him turn aside and stop at the ci-devant ,htel de ,ville4 ,incredible as it now sounds1 again he feigned ignorance1 then pretended to have lost his way1 and at length1 when we forced him to 8land0 us there1 the scowl and growl he honored us with made us realize1 more than any description ever could1 what such a being might be if uncontrolled1 above all if multiplied indefinitely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day1 the #bb;d of ,may1 #ahgh1 as ,i stand in the new building on the ,trocadro and behold the scene before me1 thinking of this recent past1 ,i am tempted to doubt my own identity4 ,paris--the same ,paris that was in flames on this day seven short years since--now lies1 like a vision of beauty1 outstretched around2 the pretty ,seine winds beneath its beautiful bridges1 the countless boulevards are thick in shade and perfumed blossoms1 the then unfinished streets finished1 the scars and wounds well-nigh 7though not completely7 removed1 all faces bright and people civil1 and the whole city still hung with the thousand flags spontaneously hoisted on the opening day of the ,exhibition1 when ,england and ,america were everywhere given the posts of honor beside the tricolor4 ,opposite1 the huge main building of this same ,exhibition1 standing on the ,champ de ,mars1 is crowded with its fifty and sixty thousand daily visitors2#abf the gardens between it and this ,trocadro1 connected by the bridge of ,jna1 are covered with a moving mass of all nationalities1 while the ,spanish restaurant1 ,turkish kiosk1 ,chinese 8summer palace10 ,english buffet1 ,hungarian cafe1 dotted with others around the grounds1 tell of peace1 and of a national revival unparalleled for its rapidity in the history of the world4 ,and what subjects for deep thought1 what food for philosophic meditation1 as one gazes at this glorious landscape1 and from the hidden recesses of one's memory spring forth recollections of the past few years6 ,my own acquaintance with this ,champ de ,mars dates from #ahfe1 when in the ,august of that year ,i here witnessed a review of fifty thousand men in honor of ,don ,franois d',assise1 ,king ,consort of ,spain4 ,on this last #ast of ,may1 #ahgh1 the same royal personage1 long since classed amongst the ex's residing in this capital1 walked beside the ,marshal-,president1 ,mac,mahon1 and the ,prince of ,wales in the procession which opened the ,exhibition1 and it were but natural to presume that thoughts of his previous visit must now and then have flitted across his royal brain4 ,on that former occasion military of all arms lined the sides of the then arid square1 while the imperial party advanced from the ,porte de ,jna up its centre to a tribune in the ,ecole ,militaire4 ,first came the empress1 beautiful and popular1 loudly cheered as1 in her open carriage1 she passed along the lines2 next appeared the little ,prince ,imperial1 not more than nine years old1 riding far in front quite alone on his tiny pony1 followed by his father1 the emperor1 and his royal guest1 ,don ,franois d',assise1 escorted by an apparently brilliant gathering of distinguished military men4 ,no prophetic eye was there to point out those who in brief time were to court the national defeat1 or whose names would soon become bywords for corruption and incapacity4 ,nor in the large mass of soldiery who required two hours and a half to march past1 albeit in quick time1 could any one discern the possibility of coming gigantic disasters4 ,alas6 alas6 what reputations have since then been blown into thin air1 what calculations dashed to the ground1 what history 8acted out10 fearful suffering endured1 theories exploded6 ,such thoughts are overpowering--sufficient to make the giddiest spirits ponder4 ,and such1 in truth1 has been their effect of recent years in ,france2 for1 side by side with the marvellous material resurrection of this energetic nation1 its religious revival has grown to astounding proportions4 ,not that we ever can admit with many passing observers that the ,french people were so completely devoid of religion as it has been somewhat the fashion to affirm--and on this point we thoroughly agree with the article by an eloquent ,protestant writer in the ,blackwood of last ,december--but the terrible events of #ahga have made the most frivolous more sober-minded1 forced many an indolent mind to reflect1 and from thoughts have made them now proceed to acts1 to good works and alms-deeds4 ,above all they seem to have learnt the necessity of expiation and of prayer1 and the whole ,catholic portion of the ,french community since then have fallen upon their knees and endeavored to pray4 ,their pride1 it is true1 has been humbled1 but they have taken the lesson properly to heart1 and appear to have realized the truth that in all things1 human as well as divine1 8in order to live we first must die10 and that without supernatural aid even humility itself cannot be acquired4 ,and here it must be noted that mortifying as the defeat by the ,prussians has been to ,french pride1 it never could have produced the permanent effect on their characters which has been achieved by the frantic outbreak of the ,commune4 ,this it is which has so thoroughly sobered the entire nation and made them feel that every one must combine as against a common enemy4 ,the republic1 too1 whether destined to last or not1 has been productive of one incalculable service in depriving all its citizens of the possibility of shirking individual responsibility by throwing the blame1 as heretofore1 of every failure on some supposed or real despot2 so that1 while they have arisen from this death-struggle wiser and better men1 ,frenchmen now see the necessity1 almost for the first time in their history1 of taking an active part in public affairs and putting their own shoulders to the wheel4 ,but leaving these reflections1 let us turn to the ,champs ,elyses and take a seat beneath its trees4 ,what a contrast between the ,may of '#ga and this one of '#gh6 ,that all terror and woe1 this one all joy and contentment4 ,french mothers with their bonnes and babies are in groups around far and near1 mingled with foreigners of all sorts and nationalities4 ,faultless carriages pass by1 drawn by magnificent1 high-stepping horses1 of a size and breed formerly unknown in ,france1 and which make many an ,englishman exclaim with wrath3 8,this is the way in which all our horses are taken out of our country60 ,doubtless he is right1 though only to a certain degree2 for the perfection to which horses now attain in ,france is said to be mainly due to the climate1 which has been found to suit equine nature in a way undreamt of some few years since4 ,thus the breed1 when once imported1 is improved on ,french soil1 and easily accounts for the multitude of fine horses at present met with all over ,paris4 ,this fact1 however--together with the taste for horses1 driving1 and every other thing connected with the existing ,anglomania1 so foreign to the ,parisian natures of forty years ago--owes its discovery to the late emperor1 little as any ,frenchman now likes to admit its possibility4 ,before his day no one ever thought of holding the reins1 and almost as little of riding1 not only in ,france but on the ,continent1 leaving such matters to grooms1 as ,easterns leave dancing to hired performers4 ,but if these tastes were fostered by him before the war1 the extraordinary development they have since acquired is one of the remarkable changes in modern ,paris1 and denotes both greater wealth--despite the ,prussian indemnity--and more manly habits than in the 8good old days long1 long ago40 ,louis ,napoleon no doubt laid the foundation1 but during the republic the edifice has been raised4 ,he it was who inspired the tastes1 prepared the ways and means1 laid out the roads and drives--the marshal-president and his 8subjects0 who now profit by them4 ,perhaps one of the prettiest and most interesting sights nowadays in this beautiful city is the daily ,parisian overflow of riders to the ,bois de ,boulogne between the hours of eight and ten1 not only of men but of ladies1 whose wildest dreams in former times never aspired to such an expensive pleasure4 ,on a fine ,may morning 8,rotten ,row0 has here a formidable rival both in numbers and in the steeds1 with the difference1 too1 that instead of riding up and down a monotonous1 straight road1 the happy-looking parties of equestrians in ,paris1 almost invariably numbering many ladies1 turn off into the fifteen small and large roads that surround the lake in the ,bois1 and there for a couple of hours enjoy a genuine country canter or a walk beneath pleasant shade4 ,and mingled with these are pony-phaetons well driven by ladies1 returning later laden with ferns1 wild flowers1 and greenery of various kinds4 ,there is true enjoyment in sitting on a bench in the ,avenue de ,boulogne 7once de l',impratrice7 and watching the well-shaped horses1 their healthy looks and glossy coats1 which would awake the envy of many a ,london groom1 and are not more striking than the good seats of the fair riders and the vast improvement in those of the younger men4 ,of the number in the early morn the soldier-like ,president may here be seen1 accompanied more than once during this month of ,may by the ,prince of ,wales or some other royal visitor4 ,but this is the afternoon1 and1 though our thoughts have flown back to the morning1 we are sitting in the ,champs ,elyses and the hour for driving has arrived4 ,here comes a four-in-hand1 driven1 though somewhat badly1 by the young ,marquis de ,chteau ,grand--strictly l',anglaise1 as he fondly hopes--closely pursued by the ,duc de ,grignon in his pretty dog-cart1 attended by his ,english groom4 8,victorias0 with duchesses and countesses--the bluest blood of the blue faubourgs--follow in countless numbers4 ,but whose is this open landau with its four black horses and gay postilions1 containing two ladies in close converse as they pass along8 ,the stout one is ,isabella1 ex-,queen of ,spain--what memories her name evokes6--the younger 8,la ,reine ,marguerite10 as her intimates love to call her2 in other words1 the wife of ,don ,carlos1 now the inseparable companion of ,isabella1 with that remarkable disregard to conventionality1 considering the remonstrances of her son's government1 which has always been as strong an element in her character as the bonhomie that has led her into this intimacy1 and also makes her love her present ,parisian life almost as much as she ever did her throne4 ,a few seconds later a handsome man rides slowly by1 attended only by his groom1 his sad1 pensive countenance amidst this gay throng telling a tale of care and inward sorrow4 ,it is ,amadeus1 son of ,victor ,emmanuel1 but unlike him in most respects1 now ,duke of ,aosta1 once too 8,king of ,spain10 and still grieving for his lost wife4 ,then1 turning round to look again at the mass of children1 vou to the ,blessed ,virgin1 driving up and down in their blue and white perambulators1 and which thus silently bear witness to wide-spread ,french devotion amid all the seeming worldliness1 the eye falls on ,general de ,charette as he walks by with some old friend1 and whom we last saw commanding the ,papal ,zouaves in ,rome during that eventful winter of #ahgj4 ,since then he has seen fire and fought valiantly for his own native land1 he and his corps1 as in the ages of faith1 first making a public act of consecration to the ,sacred ,heart1 the scapular being emblazoned on their regimental colors4 ,trial and suffering1 however1 have rather improved than injured him1 for he has grown in size and freshness1 mayhap owing somewhat to present happiness and the fair ,american who has lately brought him both wealth and beauty4 ,looking towards the road again1 the ,crown ,prince and ,princess of ,denmark are seen driving past1 but only to make us miss the sweet1 smiling face of the ,princess of ,wales and the pleasant manners of the ,prince1 seen here on their road to the ,exhibition every afternoon until last week1 but now returned to ,england1 not1 however1 until they had become such universal favorites and so completely won ,french hearts that if this were #ahhj and not #ahgh1 universal suffrage1 it is said1 if ,paris were a criterion1 would be very likely to offer ,queen ,victoria's heir the doubtful honor of ,mac,mahon's place4 ,nor does this in any way complete the list of royal representatives during this month of ,may in ,paris4 ,archdukes of ,austria1 princes of ,belgium and ,holland1 with ,orleans princes and princesses1 old and young1 and1 neither last nor least1 the blind ,king of ,hanover1 ,bismarck's victim1 and now permanently settled in the gay capital1 may be here discerned by those who care to penetrate their incognito4 ,and not only during the day but at night is the city gay and full of life1 for balls and ftes are going forward1 where twelve and fourteen royalties may often be seen at a time2 nay more1 unlike as in imperial days1 the faubourg has come forth from its retreat1 and legitimacy has opened its doors with hospitality1 oftentimes with regal splendor4 ,where1 then1 are the signs of poverty and depression which the enormous indemnity paid to ,prussia and the sad events of recent years might lead a foreigner to expect8 ,naught but wealth and comfort is apparent2 money and money's worth2 the rich showing every outward mark of luxury1 the people well clad and housed2 that squalor which makes itself so painfully visible by the side of ,london riches here entirely absent1 life bright and cheerful as far as casual observers can perceive4 ,but beneath all this enjoyment1 the flutter of flags on the 8opening day10 the gathering of foreign princes as in the palmiest period of imperialism1 and the evident revival of trade1 in no other country is there so great a dread of impending evil1 such a vague1 undefined fear1 baseless it may possibly be1 but which it were folly to ignore4 #ahhj and the termination of the ,septennate are ever before ,french minds1 and the dreaded lack of durability1 of a firm basis to their edifice1 and the possible renewal of the ,commune horrors seem nowadays always uppermost in their thoughts4 ,despite the outward symptoms of brightness1 perhaps even frivolity1 no change is more impressive to any one formerly acquainted with ,france than the grave and sobered character of the nation2 the reflection which misfortune seems to have evoked1 and the subdued tone their crushing defeat has stamped upon the entire people4 ,the old crowing of the ,gallic cock1 so ,napoleonic and offensive to strangers of yore1 has1 at least for the present1 entirely disappeared and been exchanged for a tranquil manner1 a greater civility in answering questions1 and a total absence of the 8swagger0 so universal in the ante-war period4 ,hence1 too1 springs a sudden awakening to the possibility of other nations having special merits unnoticed formerly1 with a studying of their minds and habits as compared with their own both in the press and private circles1 which unconsciously betrays how terrible an ordeal the ,french have been passing through and how little they count upon its being as yet fully past4 ,nothing1 therefore1 is so interesting and at the same time touching to any one who has not been in ,paris since #ahfg as to note the signs of change in these respects which meet us at every turn4 ,one time it is the eloquent tribute of the ,figaro to the reign and subjects of ,queen ,victoria on the birthday of that constitutional monarch2 at another1 the strict neutrality1 so foreign to their natures1 which this excitable people are maintaining in the present turmoil of the ,eastern question2 yesterday ,i noticed it at a dinner1 when a heedless remark about the ruined ,conseil d',etat caused all the party to shudder and to exclaim1 one after the other1 that hard as it had been to eat horses--nay1 dogs1 and even cats1 as many of them had had to do during the siege--the suffering was as naught compared to the terror of those fearful ,commune days4 ,one who had lived near the ,palais ,royal had seen the ,tuileries burning from the end of her own street1 another had been roused from her work by a shell throwing the opposite chimney down into her court-yard--and now that it is rebuilt an inscription records the fact--while a third had slept for the two worst nights1 if sleep it could be called1 in the cellar of her house1 amongst the odds and ends of a band-box maker's stock1 who occupied the place4 ,but the most singular experience of all1 perhaps1 was that of a family who then lived at their villa twelve miles outside of ,paris1 and became aware of the ,conseil d',etat being in flames from a shower of burnt paper falling on their lawn on that ,may evening of the #bb;d1 #ahga1 of which some scraps showed the government stamp and belonged to documents of the state4 ,and1 perhaps1 of all the ,commune misdeeds the burning of this building and the ,htel de ,ville was the most malicious1 for in both places marriage contracts and family deeds were kept or registered1 and the loss and confusion which have hence ensued in families can never properly be estimated4 ,but it is especially in the churches1 just where passing travellers have neither the time nor opportunity for observation1 that the strides in religious fervor become most apparent4 ,above all in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germain is one at once conscious of breathing a different atmosphere4 ,there the bells1 as in old ,catholic ,swiss and ,german towns1 wake one at five or half-past five o'clock of a summer morning1 and keep up a constant call to ,mass thenceforward until a late hour4 ,there1 too1 should one turn in to a church on coming home from the ,exhibition1 he is certain to find devout women1 and men also1 lost in meditation before the ,blessed ,sacrament4 8,kneeling-work0 7as a late writer names this uvre7 and 8reparation0 are the practice of the day in the orthodox quarter4 ,but especially before the ,grotto of ,lourdes in the ,jesuits' ,church1 ,rue de ,svres1 is the crowd of ardent petitioners never ceasing and intensely fervent4 ,i have watched them with admiration the many times ,i have been there myself1 and the thousand ex-votos1 many from military men1 prove that their prayers have not been made in vain4 ,the faubourg is also like a network of 8,mother ,honors10 second only to ,rome itself in their number and variety4 ,sisters of ,charity especially flit about it in every direction1 and are even to be met with in the omnibuses or shopping with the utmost simplicity amidst the vast crowds of the ,bon ,march4 ,the devotions of the 8,mois de ,marie10 moreover1 lend the district at this moment an additional source of ardor4 ,may1 too1 has ever been the month of ,first ,communions1 and those who know ,french life understand what this implies4 ,the whole winter1 nay1 for many previous years1 the catechism has been leading up to this point1 and now since ,easter ,sunday the examinations have been constant and severe4 ,each parish has a day set apart in ,may for this great event1 preceded by a short retreat1 attended many times a day by all the children4 ,then on the happy morning the whole church is given up to the ceremony4 ,all is arranged most systematically3 the nave set apart for the two hundred or three hundred young communicants--rich and poor mixed together--the boys in front with white rosettes in their new jackets1 the girls in rows behind enveloped in long white veils4 ,beautiful hymns are sung by the whole congregation1 led by one of the priests2 a touching sermon is preached by the cur2 the parents are in the aisles1 and many follow their children to the holy table4 ,in the afternoon the little ones again meet to renew their baptismal vows in presence of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 and the day closes by ,vespers and ,benediction4 ,on that day week1 before they lose their first fervor1 in the same church the same children receive confirmation4 ,these have been fte days for the whole family1 nay1 parish2 and as parishes and churches are numberless in ,paris1 tiny brides and white-rosetted boys are met in all quarters during the whole of this beautiful month4 ,if any of these children have the misfortune in after-years to lose their faith1 their parents and the clergy at least have faithfully and zealously fulfilled their share of duty1 while1 on the other hand1 it is a certain fact that in most cases this care lays the foundation of the solid virtues and tender piety1 of that religious element in ,french life so well described by ,mme4 ,craven and others1 and which1 side by side with the frivolity1 is now making such sure and steady progress in every part of ,france4 ,the month of ,may1 too1 is here1 as in ,england1 the period of charitable bazaars1 annual meetings1 and rendering of accounts4 ,amongst others1 two societies1 the immediate offspring of the ,commune1 are now attracting much attention4 ,one is that of ,st4 ,michael1 to whom devotion as ancient patron of ,france has revived with marvellous ardor1 and under whose protection has been placed the society for the distribution of good books2 the other1 8,les ,cercles ,catholiques10#abg or ,working-men's clubs1 more deeply interesting than any other of the present day4 ,at this present moment ,paris counts its eighty different 8,cercles10 while the provinces possess not less than two thousand4 ,the third ,sunday after ,easter1 the ,patronage of ,st4 ,joseph1 is their annual feast1 and on that day1 while gay ,paris was attending the races in the ,bois de ,boulogne1 we were present at the afternoon service in the ,cathedral of ,notre ,dame4 ,a more imposing sight1 with greater promise for the future1 it were impossible to conceive2 for six thousand members1 but only that portion which consists of the schools and apprentices--many from the ,belleville quarters--had marched thither1 each headed by their own chaplain and carrying handsome banners1 unfolded as they entered the church4 ,for them the nave was set apart1 all others being in the aisles1 while the meek1 venerable ,cardinal-,archbishop of ,paris sat opposite the pulpit during the sermon1 the blind ,monseigneur de ,sgur at his side1 the ,comte de ,mun and other gentlemen of the society directing the general arrangements4 ,the now celebrated hymn of the ,sacred ,heart composed by the blind old bishop was first sung2 and if the sensation of the ,derby ,day in ,may1 #ahga1 had cut deeply into my soul1 it was now all but effaced by the sublime1 thrilling emotion caused by this vast multitude answering each verse chanted by the choir by the famous1 heart-stirring chorus of ,dieu de ,clemence1 ,dieu ,vainqueur1 ,sauvez1 sauvez la ,france ,par votre sacr ,cur4 ,the effect at any time would have been marvellous1 but with the knowledge that these six thousand youths had almost all been to ,holy ,communion that very morning1 with such a past in one's memory1 and a congregation composed of such elements before one1 it became simply overpowering4 ,moreover1 we all knew that at the same hour1 nay1 at the same moment1 the same prayer was being offered up in two thousand other churches in ,france2 for1 the provincial branches had made arrangements that their ceremonies should thus coincide with those of ,paris4 ,a procession1 rendered picturesque as well as impressive by the six thousand lighted tapers winding in and out of the nave and aisles of this grand1 historic cathedral and headed by the cardinal-archbishop1 followed the short sermon1 when a public act of consecration1 with ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 brought this most heart-stirring and encouraging celebration to a close4 ,and now1 on the #cjth ,may1 since writing the above lines1 another impressive ceremony has taken place in the same cathedral1 but strikingly illustrative1 too1 of the increasing influence the religious element is obtaining in ,france--namely1 a public act of reparation for the intended celebration of ,voltaire's centenary and in memory of ,joan of ,arc4 ,good principles have certainly made more progress than was supposed1 for public opinion and the protests of the religious portion of the nation have forced the government to forbid the demonstration in honor of the enemy of ,christianity4 ,but1 to show even-handed justice1 they equally forbade all homage to ,joan of ,arc1 even that of depositing wreaths around her statue in the ,rue de ,rivoli--erected1 by the way1 on the spot where she was wounded when attacking ,paris for the king4#abh ,no authorities1 however1 could or would interfere inside a church4 ,hence at three o'clock precisely the act of reparation commenced1 every spot in the vast cathedral being occupied by a crowd1 composed in greater part1 too1 of men1 though the ladies1 especially the 8,enfants de ,marie10 distinguished by their lighted tapers1 mustered strong under their president1 the ,duchesse de ,chevreuse4 ,amongst the number1 in her ,spanish mantilla1 ,i recognized 8,la ,reine ,marguerite10 with many another high-born dame of far-sounding title4 ,it was purely a work of devotion--vespers and benediction1 the ,miserere chanted by this enormous congregation1 constituting the 8reparation10 followed by a 8,regina ,cli0 which in beauty nothing could surpass4 ,but the countenances of all present were a perfect study in themselves1 showing the depth of their emotion and how different such ceremonies are in a country like this1 where every one attends them for a solemn and public purpose1 far more than for private1 individual motives4 ,it lends a sublimity to such acts that raises the spirit high above ordinary moments4 ,who1 for instance1 could behold the vast multitude beneath the roof of this lofty nave1 which goes back to the ancient days of ,france1 without remembering that ,providence had saved it seven short years since from destruction by its own sons1 and that the chairs whereon they were kneeling had been piled up in that same spot1 in the hope of putting an end to all ceremonies or worship of this kind8 ,as one listened to the 8,regina ,cli10 and gazed on the beautiful statue of the ,virgin ,mother presenting to us the ,divine ,infant1 and which stands amidst the lights and flowers over the altar outside the choir1 courage and hope revived1 and all left the sacred edifice with renewed grace to encounter their struggles in the cause of right4 ,most surely prayer and expiation are the strength and the duty of modern ,france1 and with such reward as has been already vouchsafed to them her sons and daughters need no longer despair4 ,footnote #abf3 ,the largest number at the ,exhibition was on a ,sunday1 when upwards of #aaa1jjj entered the building4 ,footnote #abg3 ,for a full description of these excellent associations see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,january1 #ahgh1 8,catholic ,circles for ,working-men in ,france40 ,footnote #abh3 ,the ,place des ,pyramides in the ,rue de ,rivoli is on the site of the ancient ditch of the fortification in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,honor1 and is known to be the spot where ,joan of ,arc was wounded4 ,,the ,,created ,,wisdom4#abi ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,ii4 ,behold6 ,i sought in all things rest3 ,my ,maker called me3 ,i obeyed3 ,on me he laid ,his great behest1 ,in me ,his tabernacle made4 ,the world's ,creator thus bespake3 8,my ,salem be thy heritage3 ,thy rest within mine ,israel make3 ,in ,sion root thee1 age on age40 ,within the ,city well-beloved ,thenceforth ,i rose from flower to fruit3 ,and in an ancient race approved ,behold thenceforth ,i struck my root4 ,like ,carmel's cedar1 or the palm ,that gladdens 'mid ,engaddi's dew1 ,or plane-tree set by waters calm1 ,i stood2 my fragrance round ,i threw4 ,behold6 ,i live where dwells not sin3 ,i breathe in climes no foulness taints3 ,i reign in ,god's fair court1 and in ,the full assembly of ,his saints4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ecclesiasticus xxiv4 ,,the ,,venerable ,,mother ,,mary ,,of ,,the ,,incarnation4 ,a decree of the late ,holy ,pontiff permitted the introduction of the cause of the canonization of ,mary ,guyard ,martin1 known in religion as ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 foundress of the ,ursuline ,convent at ,quebec4 ,there is in this much to console and encourage us4 ,up to this step no servant of ,god who lived or labored even transiently in any part of our continent lying north of the ,rio ,grande had ever been proposed for that exceptional public honor which the church permits by a decree of canonization4 ,to any servant of ,god whose life1 stamped with the impress of sanctity1 seems to justify a belief on our part that he is now reigning with ,christ in glory1 we may address our prayers to obtain those more abundant temporal and spiritual graces which we crave as a means to our ultimate end1 salvation2 but this devotion is for our own closet4 ,the church permits no public honors till she has examined with the closest scrutiny the life1 writings1 virtues1 and miraculous gifts of the one whom thousands are honoring in private4 ,exalted sanctity was developed in the mission life in our northern wilds1 in the first rude cloisters1 in laborious ministry1 in patient suffering2 but there were no monarchs or wealthy communities to undertake the long and often expensive investigations and evidence demanded at ,rome1 where1 as the saying is1 it almost requires a miracle to prove a miracle4 ,spanish ,america under the ,catholic kings was differently situated1 and that part of the western world numbers not a few canonized or beatified1 as well as many whose process of canonization1 begun long since1 has been laid aside amid the changes in the political world1 which in this century show us the government in almost all ,spanish-speaking countries the enemy of religion4 ,mexico and ,peru were the two great centres of ,spanish power1 originally rich1 prosperous1 semi-civilized states4 ,in and between these two states flourished nearly all those whose canonization was undertaken or completed4 ,it would be an error1 however1 to suppose that the ,spanish colonies were all that the church desired1 or that they were models for a ,christian state4 ,the popular picture of them is dark enough1 and the untempered zeal and vivid imagination of ,las ,casas gave to the enemies of ,catholicity and ,spain an authority for the most fearful charges4 ,calm ,spanish accounts1 however1 reveal facts which show that1 in the mad rush for wealth aroused by the opening of these golden realms1 an immigration poured into our shores which made light of the salutary teachings of ,catholicity1 and even of humanity or the natural law4 ,the sudden wealth did not tend to chasten or spiritualize these natures in which pride1 avarice1 and lust held such sway4 ,yet it was with adventurers of this kind that the church began her mission to bring the ,indian to the ,gospel1 the ,spaniard back to the spirit of the ,gospel4 ,there was opposition alike from ,indian and ,spaniard4 ,if missionaries fell1 slain by the ,indians whom they sought to enrich with blessings beyond all price1 a bishop died like ,st4 ,thomas of ,canterbury1 slain by his own ,christian countrymen4 ,shining sanctity1 however1 exerted its influence and ultimately prevailed4 ,in ,mexico the humble ,franciscan brother ,sebastian de la ,aparicion filled ,puebla with the odor of his virtues1 and the process of his canonization attested his sanctity so clearly that he was beatified by ,pope ,pius ,,vi4 ,the causes of the ,venerable ,gregory ,lopez and of the ,venerable ,john ,palafox1 ,bishop of ,puebla and ,viceroy of ,new ,spain1 were also introduced1 while missionaries either born in ,mexico1 like ,st4 ,philip of ,jesus1 or laborers for a time in that field1 won in ,japan the crown of martyrdom1 recognized by the beatification of the church4 ,st4 ,louis ,bertrand for several years illumined by his holy life and gospel eloquence the coast of ,south ,america from ,panama to ,santa ,marta and ,carthagena1 laboring among the ,spaniards and the conquered ,indians1 and endeavoring1 as did all his order1 to save the latter from misery here and hereafter1 as well as to bring his own countrymen to the practice of the religion which they professed4 ,as though one saint prepared the way for another1 ,blessed ,peter ,claver came in the next century to devote his life on that same coast to a still more degraded race1 the enslaved ,african4 ,new ,granada thus has her saints1 but ,peru is the favored spot in our whole continent--,peru1 where religion seems at so low an ebb1 where governments of a day1 put up for sale by prtorian guards1 agree only in one point3 hostility to the church of ,god and to the well-being of the people4 ,peru was above all other parts blessed by the example of exalted sanctity4 ,st4 ,toribius ,mogrobejo1 called from among the laity to the archiepiscopal see of ,lima1 illustrated his stewardship by untiring zeal--reviving religion in the clergy and people1 extending the missions1 erecting institutions of learning and charity--and by the wise decrees of synods and councils confirming his holy work4 ,among those who labored in his diocese was the holy ,franciscan ,st4 ,francis ,solano1 whose zeal has made his memory hallowed from ,tucuman1 in the ,argentine ,republic1 to ,panama1 but who is honored especially at ,lima1 long the scene of his apostolic ministry4 ,his heroic virtues1 the miraculous gifts with which ,god endowed him1 gave a force to his words that no human eloquence could equal and the most hardened sinners could not resist4 ,while ,lima1 the ,city of the ,kings1 had these two brilliant examples before her1 a child of benediction was born of a father ,spanish in origin and an ,indian mother4 ,little ,isabel ,flores y ,oliva was1 however1 known from her cradle as ,rose1 and the church1 in canonizing her1 adopted this name1 which ,st4 ,toribius1 too1 gave her when he conferred the sacrament of confirmation4 ,her wonderful life of austerity and zeal1 of intense love of ,god and her neighbor1 has made the name of the ,lima virgin known throughout the world2 and even before her canonization she was declared protectress and principal patron of all the churches of the ,new ,world4 ,she is one of the glories of the ,order of ,st4 ,dominic1 and in her day two humble lay brothers1 in convents of the same order in ,lima1 were conspicuous for sanctity4 ,blessed ,martin ,porras1 a mulatto1 holy1 zealous1 full of love for the sick1 the poor1 and the afflicted1 was looked upon by all as a saint and an angel of mercy4 ,his labors and his fame were shared by the ,spanish lay brother ,blessed ,john ,massias4 ,what a privilege it must have been to have lived at that time in ,lima6 ,coeval with the last of these flourished in ,quito the secular virgin ,mariana de ,paredes y ,flores1 whose life so resembles that of ,st4 ,rose that she has been called the ,lily of ,quito4 ,her beatification by the late ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 gave us another patroness for the western world4 ,the canonized and beatified in ,spanish ,america thus represent all states and ages3 the episcopate1 the priesthood1 the religious state1 and secular life4 ,spanish ,america1 in the wild rush of the restless and adventurous to its rich and luxuriant soil1 resembled ,california and ,australia as we have seen them in our days1 could we imagine the tide of emigration ,catholic1 with some of the knightly graces of chivalry still powerful1 and devoted clergy and religious striving manfully to recall the wild horde from their temporary forgetfulness of religion1 morality1 and civilization4 ,when we turn from this picture to that of ,canada1 we find a contrast as striking as the difference of the climes4 ,in ,canada labor1 hardship1 the deepest religious feeling prevailed from the outset and left their impress on the colony4 ,the world has rarely witnessed a community so completely guided by religion and morality as the first ,canadian settlers1 and so deeply imbued with them as to elevate to its own standard the repeated emigrations of more than half a century4 ,the austere virtue of ,canada was gay and cheerful2 it had none of the ferocious ,puritanism of ,new ,england1 which enforced religious tyranny1 and pursued with unrelenting hate alike dissenting whites and unbelieving natives4 ,while ,new ,england1 narrow and restrictive in character and territory1 hugged the bleak coast of the ,atlantic1 ,canada1 under the broader1 higher impulse of ,catholicity1 won the friendship of countless native tribes and pushed her conquest thousands of miles into the heart of the continent4 8,peaceful1 benign1 beneficent were the weapons of this conquest4 ,france aimed to subdue not by the sword but by the cross2 not to overwhelm and crush the nations she invaded1 but to convert1 to civilize1 and to embrace them among her children10 is the testimony of one to whom ,catholic piety seems only a wild dream4 ,time has shown on what a solid foundation they built who laid the corner-stones of the ,canadian colony4 ,at a critical moment1 when the court of ,france1 yielding to the spirit of licentiousness and infidelity which had leperized the higher classes1 was forging a rod of iron wherewith in the hands of the neglected and demoralized masses to chastise the monarchy and the aristocracy1 ,god in his providence saved ,canada by what seemed a death-blow1 by allowing it to pass under the sway of ,england1 the bitter enemy of ,catholicity and ,france4 ,but though the ,french spirit in the colony died out1 her teeming population is intensely ,catholic1 well trained1 well guided1 holding their own against ,protestant and infidel influence4 ,with such results we may look to the founders of the ,canadian commonwealth for examples of high and exemplary virtue4 ,the history of the ,canadian ,church has not been written even in ,french1 and does not exist in ,english2 it has seemed scarcely necessary to write separately the history of a church when the history of the colony is so imbued with the religious element that1 deprived of it1 her annals would be almost a blank4 ,in every history of ,canada we trace the life of the church2 we see governors whose lives were models of ,christian piety1 of strict administration1 of skill and courage2 priests and missionaries whose austerity1 zeal1 and piety shrank from no hardship1 no peril1 no torture2 religious devoting their lives to education and works of mercy2 colonists1 the whole tenor of whose career recalls us to the days of the primitive church1 influenced by the highest motives of faith4 ,among all the founders of ,canada the eye rests especially on her martyred missionaries2 on ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 foundress of the ,ursuline ,convent1 ,quebec2 on ,margaret ,bourgeoys2 on ,bishop ,laval2 on ,catharine ,tehgahkwita1 the ,mohawk maiden1 who rose to such sanctity4 ,to them devotion has been constant though private1 fervent1 and not unrewarded4 ,the time has come when the ,head of the church has been solicited to sanction and confirm the devotion so long entertained for one of these heroic souls--,mary ,guyard ,martin1 known in religion as ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation4 ,she was born at ,tours1 in one of the loveliest provinces of ,france--one that gave that kingdom some of its master-minds and ,american colonization some of its most energetic and manly pioneers4 ,her father1 ,florence ,guyard1 was a wealthy silk manufacturer1 and her mother belonged to the noble house of ,babou de la ,bourdaisiere1 one of her ancestors having been deputed by ,louis ,,xi4 to escort ,st4 ,francis of ,paula to his states4 ,the hereditary piety of the family was marked by a special devotion to this servant of ,god4 ,mary was born on the #ahth day of ,october1 in the year #aeii1 and showed from her cradle marks of ,god's predilection4 ,her childish soul had no greater passion than a lively charity and most tender compassion for the poor and the sick1 viewing in them the beloved of ,jesus and ,mary1 whose names were the first she learned from a pious mother's lips4 ,on one of her little errands of mercy she was caught by the shaft of a cart and thrown so violently to the ground that bystanders rushed to raise the child1 whom they supposed terribly injured1 only to find that she had escaped unharmed1 protected1 as she always believed1 by the influence of the prayers of the poor and afflicted4 ,when only seven she had a vision1 in which our ,saviour called her in an especial manner to be his alone4 ,her docile heart responded to the divine vocation1 and from the age of nine or ten she sought the most retired places and least-frequented churches1 in order to spend a considerable part of the day in communion with our ,lord4 ,she watched the devout persons at prayer1 and imitated their humble and pious attitude1 and1 ignorant of meditation or mental prayer1 made her spontaneous acts of virtue1 repeated the prayers she knew or ejaculations prompted by her own innocent heart4 ,as she grew and began to study1 the influence of her girlish companions could not wean her from her love of spiritual things4 ,in pious books she found her greatest and most unwearied delight1 and her piety only grew more solid as her mind was enabled to understand the mysteries of faith and the immensity of ,god's love and mercy4 ,her whole soul tended to the consecration of herself to our ,lord in some religious retreat1 and she expressed to her mother her desire to enter the ,benedictine convent at ,tours1 then the only one in the city2 but as her pious mother1 after advising her that she was yet too young to take such a step1 heard no further allusion1 she supposed it a mere passing thought and not a solid vocation4 ,the child had not the advantage of a wise and prudent director at this moment1 and her future was apparently to lie in secular life2 yet ,providence was but guiding her surely to her real vocation4 ,at the age of seventeen her parents proposed that she should accept the hand of a young man of good character who solicited her as his wife4 ,she evinced the greatest repugnance to enter a state so incompatible with the recollection and prayer which were her great desire4 ,but as her parents had accepted the offer she durst not resist4 8,mother10 she exclaimed1 8as the whole thing is determined and my father insists on it1 ,i feel obliged to obey his will and yours2 but if ,god does me the grace to give me a son1 ,i here promise to consecrate my son to his service2 and if he restores me the liberty ,i am now about to lose1 ,i promise to consecrate myself to him40 ,the young wife accepted her new life courageously4 ,her husband1 ,mr4 ,martin1 was a silk manufacturer1 employing many operatives1 and she had a certain supervision over a number of them who lived on the place4 ,but these new duties did not cause any relaxation in her pious practices2 she heard ,mass every day1 and gave a considerable time to meditation and pious reading4 ,affection founded on the purest motives united her and her husband1 who soon learned to revere the holy wife whom ,god had granted him4 ,yet her life was not free from bitter trials4 ,even greater were in store4 ,she had passed but two years in the marriage state1 and had been but six months a mother1 when her husband was almost suddenly taken from her4 ,the widow of nineteen1 with her helpless child1 saw her property swept away1 law-suits encircle her in their deadly meshes1 and a lot of almost absolute destitution await her4 ,she soon returned to her father's house1 and in a garret room led the life of a recluse4 ,god now began to favor her by interior lights1 and placed her under the guidance of experienced directors4 ,she consecrated herself to his divine service1 but the future was not made clear to her1 and a further period of trial was to purify her virtue4 ,a sister1 also married1 urged her to come and aid her in the business that devolved upon her4 ,mme4 ,martin reluctantly yielded1 but was ungratefully made the drudge of the house1 and then burdened with the superintendence of her brother-in-law's extensive forwarding business4 ,amid all this distracting toil1 apparently so incompatible with high spirituality1 the servant of ,god maintained an almost uninterrupted union with ,god4 ,amid all the din and bustle of business life she was raised to the highest contemplation4 ,in all this she subsequently beheld ,god's providence4 ,writing at a later date from ,quebec1 she said3 8,i see now that all the states1 all the trials and labors through which ,i passed1 were a preparation to form me for the work of ,canada4 ,this was my novitiate1 from which ,i issued far from being perfect1 but yet1 by the grace of ,god1 in a state to bear the difficulties and hardships of ,new ,france40 ,heaven was fitting her alike for the external work in founding a religious community in a scarcely-organized colony1 and for conducting its members with the experience of the highest mystical knowledge4 ,as the ties which bound her to the world fell away her longing for the religious life increased4 ,her director1 however1 deemed it her duty to remain in the world in order to superintend the education of her son2 but he ultimately allowed her to make vows of poverty1 chastity1 and obedience1 the last referring to her director1 and in temporal affairs to her sister and brother-in-law4 ,her austerities at this time were constant and severe4 ,she slept on a bare board1 wore hair-cloth1 mingled wormwood in her scanty food1 and by frequent disciplines--even with nettles--and fastings mortified a body already over-burdened with daily toil4 ,for this privileged soul1 raised to the highest contemplation1 and prepared by the heavenly ,bridegroom for the most sublime union1 mortifying the body with austerities that rivalled the anchorets of ,thebais1 was not even in a religious cloister1 but immersed from morning to night in those business cares and details which seem so incompatible with a spirit of prayer and of recollectedness4 ,she not only gave so much of her time to ,god and made all her labor one prayer1 but in her great heart was always solicitous for her neighbor4 ,over the working-people under her direction she exercised the greatest influence1 giving them from time to time clear and persuasive instructions suited to their understanding1 and by counsel and mild reproof guarding them from offending ,god or recalling them from danger4 ,but it was especially in the hour of sickness that they found her a true mother1 rendering them all the service and care that the best of mothers could lavish on them4 ,it was not to be wondered at that she came to be regarded as a saint2 but ,god1 to purify her and preserve her from any self-esteem1 permitted her suddenly to fall into the greatest aridity4 ,her fidelity when all sensible consolation was withdrawn was rewarded by extraordinary favors--visions in which the most profound mysteries of faith seemed laid open to her gaze4 ,the period at last arrived when she could place her son in a suitable institution and follow the inclination which had so long been to her as a vocation4 ,yet she was far from beholding to what order she was called4 ,her first inclination had been towards the ,ursulines1 while the contemplative order of ,mount ,carmel seemed most in unison with her whole spiritual life4 ,her director was a father of the order of ,feuillants1 and the general1 desirous of securing for a convent of nuns of his rule a soul so privileged and so highly advanced in the ways of perfection1 offered to assume the education of her son4 ,while she remained thus undecided the ,ursulines founded their first house at ,tours4 ,she felt at once that ,providence wished her among them4 ,a knowledge of their rule and of their profession of serving their neighbor confirmed this impression1 and she felt convinced that she was not called to a purely contemplative life4 ,a pious bishop1 about to found a ,visitation monastery at his see1 heard on his way through ,tours of the pious widow1 and called upon her4 ,he pressed her earnestly to join the community he projected1 but all confirmed her in believing that the ,ursuline was the order into which she must enter4 ,she did not1 however1 propose the step either to her director or to the superior of the convent1 with whom she soon formed a holy friendship2 but one day1 visiting the convent to felicitate ,mother ,mary of ,st4 ,bernard on her re-election as superior1 it came into her mind that her friend would offer her admission into the community1 and she had no sooner congratulated her than the superior exclaimed3 8,i know well of what you are thinking3 you believe that ,i am going to offer you a place in our community4 ,i do indeed1 and it depends on yourself to become one of our number40 ,her director1 however1 showed no favor to the project until the divine call became so distinct and irresistible that he could not oppose it4 ,the ,archbishop of ,tours authorized the convent to receive her without a dowry2 her sister assumed the education and future care of her son1 and1 giving him her last instructions1 she parted with him and her aged father4 ,then1 with the blessing of the archbishop1 she entered the convent1 expecting to commence her novitiate as a lay sister1 but to her confusion was placed among the choir nuns4 ,she had reached the haven for which she had so long prepared herself by prayer and mortification2 but a storm soon arose4 ,her son1 excited by some who disapproved of her course1 made his way into the convent1 and by cries and complaints and boyish threats so interfered with the order of the community that it seemed impossible to retain the novice4 ,a ,jesuit ,father1 however1 becoming acquainted with her great virtues and the difficulty of her position1 took charge of young ,martin's education and placed him in a college of his order4 ,thus freed from the last care1 ,mme4 ,martin took the white veil of a novice1 and assumed in religion the name of ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation4 ,in the sacred abode of piety new lights seemed to be given her4 ,a knowledge of ,latin was imparted to her without study1 and an infused understanding of the ,scriptures4 ,her fellow-novices listened to her eloquent and solid expositions with breathless wonder4 ,but in a moment darkness overspread her soul1 and she was assailed by the most horrible temptations4 ,all her spiritual life seemed an error and an illusion2 a self-deceit and a deceit in her director4 ,unfortunately her wise and experienced spiritual guide was removed about this critical time1 and was replaced by one who regarded her as an ill-directed visionary4 ,her devotions in behalf of the obsessed sisters of ,laudun made her the object of terrible visitations4 ,her son1 after a brilliant opening at college1 was led astray1 and tidings came that he was threatened with expulsion4 ,everything seemed to thwart the vocation of the servant of ,god2 but for two years amid all these trials she persevered in her novitiate1 and when her superior directed her to prepare for her profession she obeyed1 and pronounced her vows on the #beth of ,january1 #afcc1 rewarded for a brief period with the highest spiritual consolation1 only to be followed by a fresh season of trial4 ,at last a new and experienced director enlightened and relieved her soul2 and this strong woman1 taught in the bitter school of experience1 became mistress of novices4 ,soon after in a prophetic vision she saw the ,blessed ,virgin and our ,lord overlooking some vast land sunk in the depths of heathen darkness4 ,without knowing yet to what part of the world this vision seemed to call her1 she became filled with a desire to aid by her prayers and other good works the missionaries laboring in pagan lands4 ,but this did not divert her from her duties as mistress of novices4 ,her instructions to the young candidates were full of unction1 and based especially on the words of ,holy ,writ4 ,she explained fully and clearly to them the ,psalms of ,david1 which form so large a part of their office1 and the ,canticle of ,canticles1 in which the great masters of spiritual life have seen such mysteries of the union between the elect souls of predilection and our ,lord4 ,she also composed for their use a catechism1 which the judicious ,father ,charlevoix1 the historian of ,new ,france1 regarded as perhaps the best then extant in ,french4 8,we may at least aver10 he adds1 8that there is none in which the truths are explained with greater order1 precision1 and conciseness4 ,the selection and application of the passages of ,scripture show that ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation was one of those who in her age knew the ,holy ,scriptures most thoroughly4 ,all breathes a wonderful simplicity which avoids that dangerous curiosity1 the ordinary cause of pride1 levity of mind1 and insensibility of heart40#acj ,the novices formed by her showed how solidly she had grounded them in spiritual life1 and how fully her great experiences and trials had enabled her to guide them through all the dangers of that period where unwise and rash directors make shipwreck of so many vocations or hurry the unstable and doubtful into professions for which they have no grace of state4 ,the novices of ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation can be traced among the superiors and important officers of many of the greatest ,ursuline convents of ,france4 ,the interior sense of a vocation to the foreign missions grew steadily within her till her very body wasted under the longing and yearning to know the will of ,god4 ,her prayer was incessant4 ,at last a divine light suffused her soul1 and at the same time these words were spoken to her3 8,ask me through the ,heart of ,jesus1 my most amiable ,son2 it is through it that ,i shall grant thy desire40 ,from that moment1 she declares1 she felt so intimately united to the ,heart of ,jesus that she spoke and breathed only through it4 ,among the points she often inculcated on the novices was a constant devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 of which she was one of the early propagators1 although ,god did not make her the instrument of its general diffusion4 ,she would say to her novices3 8,the ,eternal ,father has made known to a person that he is ever disposed to grant what is asked of him through the ,heart of his ,son40 ,one day she explained to her director1 the ,jesuit ,father ,dinet1 her interest in the foreign missions and her mysterious dream4 ,he remarked that it seemed very possible1 and that ,canada was probably the country designated in the vision4 ,she had never heard of the colony begun there by ,france some twenty-five years before1 and knew absolutely nothing about it2 but some days afterwards1 while in choir1 she had an ecstasy and the vision was repeated1 but she heard distinctly3 8,it is ,canada that ,i show thee2 and thou must go thither to found a house in honor of ,jesus and ,mary40 ,god's designs were becoming clearer2 and when a few days later she received from the ,jesuit ,father ,poncet--now known for his labors and sufferings in ,canada and ,new ,york1 but then a perfect stranger to her--one of those ,jesuit ,relations which our bibliophiles so eagerly seek1 and a pilgrim's staff from ,loretto1 she felt that the land for her future labors and prayers was beyond the ,atlantic4 ,father ,poncet sent with the pilgrim's staff these words3 8,i send you this staff to invite you to go and serve ,god in ,new ,france40 ,in her heart she responded fully2 but how was she1 a cloistered nun1 to begin a convent in a distant colony of a few log huts1 a colony with no female population1 where everything was poor1 scanty1 struggling1 and laborious8 ,how was she to become the pioneer nun among the backwoodsmen who had begun to clear the ,canadian forest8 ,nothing could seem to most minds more preposterous in a nun in a quiet convent in a quiet provincial town in ,france4 ,yet ,providence was guiding her surely to her work4 ,a holy young widow1 ,mme4 de la ,peltrie1 who had reluctantly entered the marriage state when her heart was in the cloister1 had responded to a call in a ,jesuit ,relation of ,canada1 where ,father ,le ,jeune exclaimed3 8,alas6 cannot some good and virtuous lady be found willing to come to this land to gather up the blood of ,jesus ,christ by instructing the little ,indian girls80 ,she resolved to devote herself1 and1 when stricken down by illness and given up by physicians1 she made a vow to ,st4 ,joseph1 promising to consecrate under his patronage her fortune and her life to the service of the ,indian girls4 ,a recovery from the very brink of the grave1 that seemed a miracle1 confirmed her4 ,baffling all the objections of her family1 she sought some community of religious to begin the work in which she desired to take an active part4 ,the ,jesuit missionaries from the shores of ,lake ,huron were writing to ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation2 the ,jesuits in ,france had resolved to attempt an ,ursuline convent in ,new ,france4 ,mme4 de la ,peltrie and ,father ,poncet wrote to ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation to undertake the great work4 ,the divine call so mysteriously given was at last accomplished4 ,her letter to the holy widow shows the fulness of her heart4 8,ah6 my dear lady10 she writes1 8beloved spouse of my divine ,master1 in finding you ,i have found her whom ,i love in truth1 since there is no greater or truer love than to give one's self and all one has for the person beloved4 ,and since it has pleased ,his mercy to give me the same sentiments1 it seems that my heart is in yours1 and that both together are but one in that of ,jesus1 amid those vast and infinite spaces where we embrace the little ,indian girls1 teaching them how to love ,him who is infinitely amiable4 ,do you really mean1 madame1 to do me and those of my companions whom ,god well chose this favor1 to take us with you and connect us with your noble design8 ,for five years now have ,i been awaiting the opportunity to obey the urgent summons which the ,holy ,ghost has made me2 and1 not to speak untruly1 ,i believe that you are the one whom his divine ,majesty wishes to employ to enable me to enjoy this blessing40 ,this was in ,november1 #afch4 ,so rapidly did all progress that early in spring two pious companies gathered at ,dieppe to found amid the unbroken wilderness of ,canada the first convents of religious women--the first1 indeed1 between the ,mexican frontier towns and the icy ocean4 ,on a vessel devoted to ,st4 ,joseph1 already designated to ,mother ,mary as the patron of ,northern ,america1 embarked ,may #d1 #afci1 ,mme4 de la ,peltrie and her attendant1 ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 and ,mother ,st4 ,joseph1 the only ,ursuline of ,tours who was permitted to join her1 though all desired to do so2 with ,mother ,cecilia of the ,holy ,cross from the ,ursuline convent at ,dieppe1 three ,hospital ,nuns of the order of ,st4 ,augustine1 ,father ,vimont1 ,superior-,general of the ,jesuit ,missions in ,canada1 with two missionaries for that field1 ,father ,chaumonot and ,father ,poncet4 ,the voyage was menaced at first by pirates and cruisers2 was long and stormy1 and the vessel escaped as by a miracle being crushed by a mountain-like iceberg4 ,yet1 amid storm and blast1 the vessel was a monastery and chapel2 ,mass was said1 and the nuns1 in two choirs1 chanted the office of the day4 ,on the #aeth of ,july they reached ,tadoussac1 at the mouth of the ,saguenay1 and the passengers in a smaller vessel then ran up the river to ,quebec4 ,at daybreak on the #ast of ,august the whole population of the little settlement was gathered on the height1 their eyes fixed on ,ile ,orleans4 ,at last boats were seen putting out4 ,the ,chevalier de ,montmagny1 ,knight of ,malta1 ,governor of ,canada1 marched to the water-side with his garrison1 followed by all the settlers1 and the cannons of the fort saluted the sisters as their barks touched the strand4 ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation had reached the field of her labors1 designated so long by heaven4 ,it was a land endeared to her by the will of ,god4 ,when she stepped ashore she and her companions prostrated themselves and kissed with respect the land so long desired4 ,they were then escorted to the ,church of ,our ,lady of ,recouvrance1 where a ,te ,deum was chanted and ,mass offered up4 ,all communicated1 and ,mother ,mary remained long before the altar in a holy ecstasy4 ,the work of building up her convent began4 ,after visiting the ,indian mission at ,sillery the ,ursulines took up their temporary residence in a little house in the lower town4 ,one of the two rooms was choir1 dormitory1 and refectory2 the other a school1 where their first pupils were six ,indian and some ,french girls born in the colony4 ,a little chapel was erected beside this rude convent1 and here this little community spent three years amid trials1 hardships1 and suffering1 awaiting the completion of the new structure4 ,quebec was but a hamlet of two hundred and fifty souls1 and1 though ,mme4 de la ,peltrie generously devoted her fortune1 the work made but slow progress4 ,in the selection of the site ,mother ,mary showed not only a superior judgment and prudence but a holy submission of her will4 ,when the question of the site was raised their director1 ,mme4 de la ,peltrie1 and the sisters fixed upon a spot4 ,mother ,mary alone recommended a different one1 and gave her reasons4 ,her opinion was rejected almost without examination1 and the building was begun at the proposed place2 but the difficulties and disadvantages were soon seen4 ,the work was stopped1 and the site suggested by the servant of ,god was adopted as really the only practicable one4 ,when the ,ursulines were installed in this temporary convent ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation was at once elected their superior4 ,the instruction of the ,indian girls being one of the principal objects of the foundation1 ,mother ,mary commenced the study of the ,algonquin language1 spoken by all the tribes on the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,it was no easy task1 but she acquired it with an ease that astonished all4 ,the discomforts of these pioneer nuns were not yet completed4 ,their little convent was crowded to its fullest extent with ,indian girls1 whom they washed and clothed1 and were endeavoring to form to ,european life1 when the good nuns were dismayed to find the smallpox make its appearance in the ,indian villages4 ,their school became an hospital1 and the ,ursulines stripped themselves of all their linen for the use of the sick4 ,the arrival of two sisters from the ,ursuline convent at ,paris gave the holy superior great joy1 but the members of the little community were now from three different houses1 each with special rules of its own1 and great diversity of opinion prevailed as to the rule to be adopted4 ,the patience1 piety1 and caution displayed by ,mother ,mary were those of a saint2 and her really great mind and thorough knowledge of nature and grace enabled her to blend all into one happy community actuated by the same spiritual instinct4 ,but the very existence of the house was menaced4 ,the expenses1 especially in the great multitude of articles that it was necessary to import constantly from ,france1 and the aid given to the ,indians in health and sickness1 exceeded all their income1 and ,mme4 de la ,peltrie withdrew for a time to ,montreal1 depriving them of her usual and stipulated contribution4 ,their agent in ,france assured them that the establishment must be abandoned1 that there was no way left except to return to ,france4 ,but ,mother ,mary was undisturbed4 ,her holy soul never lost its calm1 its union with ,god4 ,she wrote incessantly1 and her appeals to hundreds of charitable souls in ,france brought alms that saved the convent4 ,mme4 de la ,peltrie returned to the community she had helped to found1 and on the #bast of ,november1 #afdb1 the ,ursulines took possession of their new monastery4 ,it was not the only consolation of the venerable superior4 ,letters from ,france announced that her son1 after securing a favorable position at court1 had abandoned the world and entered the novitiate of the learned order of ,st4 ,benedict1 where in time he became an illustrious member4 ,the new building was spacious1 but in their poverty they still had much to suffer1 especially in the long ,canadian winters4 ,then came the overthrow of the ,hurons in ,upper ,canada1 the massacre of many holy missionaries personally known to ,mother ,mary1 who beheld at her doors a crowd of fugitive ,hurons4 ,their language she learned1 to be able to labor for their good1 if ,god spared the colony2 for the ,iroquois1 intoxicated with success1 now ravaged the valley of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 and no one was safe even at ,quebec4 ,while all were paralyzed by fear1 and the colony in its sorest distress1 fire broke out in the convent one ,december night toward the close of the year #afej1 and before dawn naught remained but the walls4 ,mother ,mary was the last to leave the burning structure4 ,the whole community and their pupils were left in the snow1 in their night-dresses1 nothing having been saved of their clothing or stores4 ,the ,hospital ,nuns received them with open arms and the whole town endeavored to meet their wants4 ,all was gone4 ,there seemed no course but to return to ,france4 ,such was not1 however1 the decision of ,mother ,mary and her heroic companions4 8,the resolution was that1 without further delay1 we should rebuild on the same foundation1 inasmuch as our courage had not been crushed by the weight of this disaster1 and as our vocations were as strong or stronger than before1 and the girls of ,french and of ,indian origin needed our services40 ,the work was begun at once1 ,mother ,mary and the other sisters helping to clear away the ruins4 ,a little house which ,mme4 de la ,peltrie had erected became their temporary convent1 while by loans they paid the workmen to continue the work on the new building4 ,the work cost thirty thousand livres1 and the furnishing and supplies required still more4 ,yet all came so wonderfully that ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation declared it to be a miracle and ascribed it to the special protection of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,soon after an ,iroquois army spread terror through ,canada1 till a heroic band sacrificed themselves in an attack on the ferocious enemy1 and by a glorious death so crippled them that the savages retired4 ,during the panic caused by these cruel invaders the ,ursulines were forced to leave their convent1 which became a fortified house4 ,then came an earthquake which convulsed the whole country1 attended by meteors that filled all with terror and alarm4 ,amid all these dangers ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation preserved unruffled her calm and serenity of soul4 ,one of the founders of the colony1 she lived to see it develop and strengthen2 children born on the soil had grown up under her guidance and become mothers of families1 handing down to coming generations the solid ,christian instruction imparted to them by ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation and her sisters in religion4 ,canada had grown1 too1 from a mere mission to an organized church with a holy bishop at its head1 a seminary for the training of candidates for the priesthood1 a ,jesuit college1 and inferior schools4 ,her work was well-nigh accomplished4 ,in #affd she felt the first symptoms of the disease which was to terminate the long death of her earthly existence and unite her for ever to her heavenly ,spouse4 ,extenuated by austerities1 labor1 and vigils1 she was attacked by a continued fever1 accompanied by effusion of bile and violent pains which gave her no rest by night or day4 ,her constitution1 naturally so strong and enduring1 could no longer resist the inroads of the malady4 ,she was soon at the point of death1 and received the last sacraments amid the sighs and tears of her spiritual children4 ,all ,quebec was in tears1 for there was scarcely a family in which she was not looked up to as a guide and mother4 ,the continual prayers seemed to move ,heaven to spare her to them for a time4 ,but she survived only to remain on the cross in a state of continual suffering4 ,masses1 novenas1 prayers were offered for her complete recovery2 but she herself offered none4 ,several persons1 among others ,bishop ,laval1 who visited her regularly1 implored her to solicit her cure from ,god2 but she replied that she felt utterly unable to frame such a prayer4 8,of what use can an infirm old woman of sixty be8 ,oh6 do not prolong my exile2 let me go to my ,god40 ,she did not even beg for a cessation of her pain or her state of suffering4 ,the office of superior had been for the third time conferred upon her2 from this she now asked to be relieved1 as she was unable to discharge the duties incumbent on it4 ,but when her director declined to permit this she submitted without a murmur and continued to bear the burden4 8,my present condition10 she wrote to her son1 8is most dear to me1 because the cross is the pleasure and the delight of ,jesus4 ,i can never recover from my long malady1 which has very painful and torturing consequences4 ,but nature grows tame to suffering and becomes familiar with pain4 ,i even feel attached to it2 and ,i fear that my tepidity will oblige the divine goodness to deprive me of it1 or at least to moderate it4 ,everything ,i take is like wormwood1 and constantly brings to my mind the gall in the ,passion of our ,lord4 ,this makes me love this state40 ,yet in a state which would have kept most persons prostrate on a bed she labored as unremittingly as ever4 ,she rose the first and retired the last1 attended all the duties of the community1 conducted an extensive correspondence1 and1 when too weak to do other work1 employed her time in painting or embroidery4 ,her existence during the eight years she spent in this state was as great a mystery as her whole mystical life had been4 ,her missionary zeal never flagged1 and the great consolation of these years was to instruct in the ,algonquin and ,huron languages the younger members of the community1 to enable them to continue after her death the instructions which she had been in the habit of giving4 ,it would seem as if her wish had been gratified1 for two centuries after her death ,huron girls were among the pupils in the convent she founded1 playing beneath the very tree where she and ,mme4 de la ,peltrie had washed1 dressed1 and instructed the ,indian children4 ,her works compiled for the use of the sisters1 had they escaped the conflagrations of the monastery1 would give her a high rank among the authors in ,indian languages1 for they comprised two extended ,algonquin dictionaries1 an ,iroquois catechism1 and a huge volume of ,bible stories in ,algonquin4 ,she could now walk only when supported4 ,mother ,mary of ,st4 ,joseph went to receive her reward4 ,mme4 de la ,peltrie was also taken from her4 ,on the night of the #aeth of ,january1 #afgb1 an oppression of the chest seized ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 attended with incessant vomiting and fever4 ,the end had come1 but amid the most exquisite suffering not a sigh1 not a complaint1 scarcely the quivering of a muscle1 betrayed what she was undergoing4 ,she seemed absorbed in an ecstasy4 ,she received the last sacraments with unspeakable joy1 and asked pardon of her director1 her superior1 and the community for all the trouble she had given them4 ,she spoke to the younger sisters in the most touching and eloquent terms to excite them to esteem their vocation and to encourage them to care for the ,indian children4 ,but the community could not part with its founder4 ,they offered up earnest prayers in her behalf1 and her director1 ,father ,lalemant1 commanded her to join her prayers with them4 ,though anxious to be united to ,god1 she obeyed4 ,an immediate improvement ensued4 ,she rallied so as to join the community in the devotions of ,holy ,week4 ,on the evening of ,good ,friday the pain of two tumors that had formed became intense4 ,an operation was performed1 but she sank gradually1 and on the #cjth of ,april entered into her agony4 ,it was long2 but the strength of purpose evinced in life enabled her even then to raise the crucifix repeatedly to her lips when speech and hearing were gone4 ,at six o'clock in the afternoon1 after looking around on her sisters1 as if to take a last farewell1 she gave two sighs and expired4 ,the news of her death spread rapidly4 ,she had been regarded as a saint1 and all flocked to the convent4 ,every pious person in ,quebec desired some relic2 so that everything belonging to her was carried away1 and the ,ursulines had great difficulty in retaining her large rosary1 which has been preserved to this day as their chief relic4 ,her funeral service was attended by all the dignitaries in church and state1 and a sermon by ,father ,jerome ,lalemant1 her chief director during her long mission in ,canada1 depicted her labors and her sublime virtues4 ,her body was interred in the chapel vault1 and amid all the vicissitudes of war1 conflagration1 and change of nationality the ,ursulines have continued guardians of the precious remains of their foundress4 ,she had in life impressed all as one elevated above the common order1 one who received extraordinary graces from ,god1 and who corresponded with them4 ,the missionaries1 men versed in the direction of souls and the paths by which divine grace leads them1 all entertained the highest esteem for her virtues4 ,her fellow-,ursulines living with her1 watching her minutely from day to day and from year to year1 could aver that they had never seen her commit a fault against meekness1 patience1 humility1 charity1 modesty1 poverty1 or obedience1 and that she never let an occasion pass unheeded of practising those virtues4 ,when1 therefore1 all could piously believe that she was reigning with ,christ1 the confidence of the afflicted led them to seek her intercession1 and the consolation derived has kept alive devotion to her to this time2 while her letters1 published by her son1 revealed to the masters of spiritual life the wonderful interior and mystic life led by this nun in a rude convent amid the handful of log-houses which constituted the capital of ,new ,france4 ,father ,charlevoix alludes to the opinion of 8two learned prelates who have not always been of the same opinion evidently ,bossuet and ,fnelon1 but who1 nevertheless1 agree in regarding her as one of the brightest lights of her age40 ,bossuet in one of his arguments says3 8,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 ,ursuline1 who is called the ,teresa of our days and of the ,new ,world1 in a lively impression of the inexorable justice of ,god1 condemned herself to an eternity of pain and offered herself for it1 in order that ,god's justice might be satisfied1 provided only1 she said1 #8that ,i be not deprived of the love of ,god and of ,god himself4'0 ,mr4 ,emery1 superior of ,st4 ,sulpice at ,paris1 wrote3 8,the ,venerable ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation is a saint whom ,i revere most sincerely1 and whom ,i place in my esteem beside ,st4 ,teresa4 ,in my last retreat her life1 her letters1 and her meditations alone constituted my reading and the subject of my mental prayer40 ,father ,charlevoix wrote her life in gratitude for favors obtained by her intercession4 8,indebted10 says he1 8as ,i have reason to believe1 to the merits of the foundress of the ,ursulines in ,canada that ,i did not end my days in a foreign land in the flower of my life1 it seemed to me that ,i could not do less than extend her knowledge among men4 ,not that she was hitherto unknown4 ,the eulogium pronounced upon her by the greatest men1 and her own works1 in which we admire an exquisite taste1 sound reason1 a sublime genius1 and that divine unction which so well distinguishes the writings of the saints1 have already placed her in the rank of the most illustrious women40 ,father ,galifet1 in one of his spiritual works1 says3 8,her life was full of marvels by the heroic virtues she practised1 by the supernatural gifts with which she was endowed1 by the choicest favors of her divine ,spouse1 by unspeakable communications of the ,divinity1 by the wisdom she derived from the ,scriptures and from the mysteries of faith1 and finally by the experience she had of all conditions of interior life1 which rendered her a thorough mistress in this ,divine knowledge4444 ,this wonderful servant of ,god had an extraordinary devotion for the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus at a time when this devotion was yet unknown4 ,she could have learned nothing about it from men4 ,it was from ,god himself that she learned this in a heavenly revelation40 ,even ,protestant writers1 to whom all ,catholic spiritual life is something unreal and deserving only of scorn and contempt1 blasphemantes qu ignorant1 recognize in ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation a woman of a rare and singular combination of qualities1 and never ascribe to her a fault4 8,she had uncommon talents and strong religious sensibilities10 says ,parkman4 8,strange as it may seem1 this woman1 whose habitual state was one of mystical abstraction1 was gifted to a rare degree with the faculties most useful in the practical affairs of life40 8,her talent for business was not the less displayed40 8,now and henceforward one figure stands nobly conspicuous in this devoted sisterhood4 ,marie de l',incarnation1 444 engaged in the duties of ,christian charity and the responsibilities of an arduous post1 displays an ability1 a fortitude1 and an earnestness which command respect and admiration40 8,marie de l',incarnation in her saddest moments neither failed in judgment nor slackened in effort4 ,she carried on a vast correspondence1 embracing every one in ,france who could aid her infant community with money or influence2 she harmonized and regulated it with excellent skill2 and in the midst of relentless austerities1 she was loved as a mother by her pupils and dependants4 ,catholic writers extol her as a saint4 ,protestants may see in her a ,christian heroine1 admirable with all her follies and faults40 ,the follies and faults consisted in her being a ,catholic1 a nun1 and in rising to the higher states of mystical life4 ,and how are we to regard this inner life of this remarkable woman8 ,was this clear and gifted mind1 this pure soul1 this person devoting a long life to incessant occupation and free from all selfish taint1 one to be readily self-deceived8 ,was anything that passed in her soul1 as described by her1 without its parallel in the history of the church8 ,by no means4 ,it is1 indeed1 the state to which few comparatively are called by ,god1 and to which all who are called do not rise4 ,but it is one recognized by the church1 which is the pillar and ground of truth1 and from the case of ,st4 ,paul there have been ever in the church remarkable examples of great souls combining the exterior activity with the highest contemplation4 ,wise and spiritual directors are seldom wanting as guides1 and the highest authority in the church is frequently called upon to decide questions that arise4 8,moreover10 says ,father ,charlevoix1 in reference to this very case1 8we have general rules which1 being founded on good sense1 are within the reach of all2 and they are given to us by the ,doctors of the church and by all the masters of interior life1 as sure means to guarantee us against seduction4 ,i will not mention all1 as the detail would lead me too far1 and the rules can readily be found4 ,i shall speak of only one of the most important1 which includes the principles of all the others4 ,according to this rule1 we may believe that what passes in the soul is a favor of heaven1 if in the conduct of the person who receives it1 in the matter in question1 in the manner in which it occurs1 and in the effects which it produces1 there is nothing that does not lead to ,god1 nothing savoring ever so little of one's own mind1 or which can come from a suggestion of the devil4 ,for if in a vision1 revelation1 or any similar impression nothing can be discovered that is not conformable to pure doctrine and sanctity of life1 if there is no ground for prudently fearing surprise or deceit1 on what basis can we pronounce the whole to be frivolous8 ,it may be that after all it is only an effect of the imagination1 but1 at least1 nothing is risked if the soul in which it occurs remains in distrust of self and in humility4 8,but if it is only an operation of the enemy of salvation to seduce and lead into sin1 a little application and experience will soon reveal the venom hidden under the appearance of piety4444 8,when1 then1 we are told of a person to whom it is said that ,god communicates himself in an extraordinary manner1 if this person is recognized by all acquainted with him to have a sound and upright reason1 a firm mind1 imagination under control1 solid virtue based on ,christian simplicity1 humility1 and distrust of self2 if his conduct never belies itself2 if he perseveres to the end in the exact discharge of his duties2 if on all occasions he does works worthy of that sublime state in which he is represented to be--there is1 ,i admit1 no indispensable obligation of giving credit to what is said in regard to him2 but there is1 it seems to me1 a reasonable prejudice in favor of this person1 and we can scarcely avoid a want of the respect due to ,god's gifts in a soul which has all the appearances of being so singularly adorned4 ,i may even go further1 and if ,lactantius has proved the truth of the ,christian religion by showing that it is in all points conformable to reason and nothing contradicts it1 would ,i not have some right to maintain that we can recognize ,god's operation in a soul when what passes there is in perfect accord with good sense1 faith1 reason1 and itself80 ,when two centuries had elapsed after the holy death of ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 and her memory was still fresh in the minds of the ,canadian people and of the few remaining bands of ,indians1 and temporal and spiritual graces were constantly ascribed to her intercession1 a process in due form was drawn up by the authority of the ,archbishop of ,quebec in regard to the miracles attributed to the servant of ,god4 ,this was duly authenticated1 and sealed and despatched to ,rome in #ahfh by a clergyman selected for this duty4 ,these documents were presented to the secretary of the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites1 and1 according to a wise regulation1 must lie there untouched for ten years1 during which time nothing is to be done in regard to the desired beatification4 ,the ,ursulines solicited the beatification of the illustrious member of their order2 the remnant of the once powerful ,huron nation attested the traditional reverence for her who had welcomed them when wretched fugitives from ,iroquois cruelty1 and had lavished her kindness on the hapless women and children1 teaching them to suffer as ,christians and training them to die worthy of the name4 ,the hierarchy of ,canada1 assembled in ,provincial ,council in that year1 gave to the ,holy ,see their testimony in regard to the fame of the servant of ,god4 8,nearly two centuries have elapsed10 say these venerable prelates1 8since the death in the ,lord of ,mary ,guyart1 called in religion #8,mary of the ,incarnation1' first superior and foundress of the ,ursuline convent erected in this city of ,quebec4 ,how illustrious she was both in the theological virtues and in the observance of the religious life is attested by history and by constant tradition4 ,the tree is still shown under which she sat and taught the ,indian girls the rudiments of the faith2 the wandering tribes still retain a tradition of the benign mother who first introduced into this land1 then seated in darkness and in the shadow of death1 such an illustrious example of monastic life in her sex4 8,as years have gone by1 the fame of her sanctity and her miracles has not decreased1 but is rather increased from day to day1 especially as many aver openly every day that they have obtained great temporal and spiritual benefits through her invocation4444 8,assembled in provincial council1 turning to your paternity with the utmost confidence1 we cannot refrain from expressing our most ardent desire1 as well as that of our diocesans1 and of all the ,ursulines scattered throughout the whole ,catholic world1 of soon publicly and solemnly invoking her whose assistance we now often implore privately but efficaciously40 ,such was the testimony of the ,archbishop of ,quebec and the bishops of ,montreal1 ,ottawa1 ,hamilton1 ,st4 ,boniface1 ,kingston1 ,toronto1 ,st4 ,hyacinth1 ,three ,rivers1 ,st4 ,germain1 and ,sandwich1 given in the most solemn form4 ,the ten years of patient waiting had almost ended in #ahgg1 and further steps could be taken4 ,the documents were by a special permission opened1 the life of the servant of ,god and her writings were proposed4 ,it was then for the ,holy ,see to decide whether they presented such a case that the cause of her beatification could be introduced1 and the long law-suit1 so to say1 be commenced in which her life1 writings1 and miracles should be subjected to the severest scrutiny4 ,the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites reported favorably1 and one of the latest acts of the great ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 was3 8,our most ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 having deigned to permit on the #ith of ,september of last year that the question of the signature of the commission charged with introducing the cause of the servant of ,god1 ,sister ,mary of the ,incarnation1 be brought up in the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rites1 in ordinary session1 and without the participation and the vote of the consultors1 although it is not ten years since the day of the presentation of the process of the ordinary in the ,acts of the ,congregation of ,rites1 and that the writings of the said servant of ,god have not been inquired into or examined2 8,the ,most ,eminent and ,most ,reverend ,cardinal ,aloysius ,bilio1 ,prefect of the said congregation1 in the name and in the absence of the ,most ,eminent ,cardinal ,bartolini1 reporter of the cause1 at the instance of the ,rev4 ,benjamin ,paquet1 ,private ,camerlengo to his ,holiness1 and ,dean of the ,faculty of ,theology at the ,catholic ,university of ,quebec1 designated as postulator in this cause1 in view of the postulatory letters of a great number of cardinals of the holy ,roman ,church1 of venerable prelates and persons illustrious by their ecclesiastical and civil dignity1 to-day proposed at the session of the ,sacred ,rites1 held at the ,vatican1 the discussion of the following question3 #8,should the commission of introduction of the cause1 in the case and for the object in question1 be signed8' 8,the same ,sacred ,congregation1 having maturely examined all things1 having heard the address and report of ,father ,lorenzo ,salvati1 promoter of the faith1 has decided to answer affirmatively1 that is1 that the commission should be signed1 if such was the will of the ,holy ,father4--,september #ae1 #ahgg4 8,the undersigned secretary having then made a true report of all the foregoing to our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 ,his ,holiness ratified and confirmed the decision of the ,sacred ,congregation1 and signed with his own hand the commission of introduction of the cause of the venerable servant of ,god1 the said ,mary of the ,incarnation4--,september #bj1 #ahgg4 8,a41 ,bishop of ,sabina1 ,,cardinal ,,bilio1 ,prefect4 0,,placidus ,,ralli1 ,secretary40 ,years will be spent in the investigation2 and meanwhile the hearts of the devout1 not only in ,canada but throughout this country1 will turn with confidence to this wonderful and holy woman1 this early propagator in the western world of devotion to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus1 soaring to the highest mystical contemplation1 yet immersed in constant1 active labor--a fitting patroness indeed for so many of us who find the best and holiest impulses of our lives choked and stifled by the thorns and brambles of earthly cares and duties4 ,her intercession will be as powerful as it has been1 and it may be in ,god's providence that confidence will be rewarded by some striking mark of favor to attest the sanctity of his servant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the body of the ,venerable ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 at the time of the removal of the remains of the deceased members of the community to the new choir in #agbd1 was placed in a leaden coffin with those of ,mme4 de la ,peltrie and ,mother ,st4 ,joseph4 ,they were again taken up in #agii and placed under the communion screen4 ,on the #cjth of ,april1 #ahcc1 the ever-constant devotion to ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation led to another verification of her relics4 ,the leaden coffin was found full of clear1 limpid water1 which was devoutly preserved as a relic of the holy foundress1 and has been1 under ,god1 the instrument of many cures which are regarded as miraculous4 ,the first of these occurred1 we may say1 on the spot4 ,one of the scholars1 ,miss ,margaret ,mary ,gowan1 had for a year been deprived of the use of an arm4 ,full of confidence in the ,venerable ,mother ,mary1 she began a novena1 applying the water that had touched her venerated relics4 ,a total cure followed4 ,this remarkable restoration was soon made known1 and far and wide the afflicted turned as of old to this holy servant of ,god for temporal and spiritual aid4 ,cures like that of ,father ,charlevoix had taken place from time to time1 but the authentications had been neglected or perished in the repeated destructions of the convent by fire4 ,the miracles of recent date are well attested4 ,miss ,gowan became a ,sister of ,charity1 and is1 we believe1 still alive to give her testimony of the cure wrought in #ahcc4 ,the devotion of the ,venerable ,mother ,mary is generally a novena1 using especially her prayer to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus#aca and the application of the water4 ,among the prodigies ascribed to this servant of ,god are the cure of ,mary ,cot1 a girl of twelve living at ,black ,river4 ,she had been blind for five years after an attack of small-pox4 ,no pupil1 iris1 or cornea could be distinguished in either eye1 and the pain1 especially in winter1 was intense4 ,dr4 ,morin examined her and declared it an incurable case of leucoma4 ,by the advice of ,miss ,bilodeau1 the teacher at the place1 to whom the child was brought to prepare for her ,first ,communion1 she began a novena to ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation1 applying a drop of the water4 ,on the fourth day1 during ,mass1 the child felt all pain leave her eyes1 and1 raising them for the first time1 saw the altar and a large statue of the ,blessed ,virgin upon it4 ,on examining the eyes they were found clear and limpid4 ,a few reddish stains remained for some days in the left eye1 but gradually disappeared4 ,the cure was complete and durable1 and was attested by the physician1 the teacher1 and others who were eye-witnesses4 ,this remarkable cure occurred ,june #h1 #ahfg4 ,the cure of ,james ,mc,cormac1 a boy five years old1 in #ahfh1 is also attested in a most satisfactory manner4 ,he suffered from terrible internal pain1 especially in the bowels1 and from a contraction of the leg1 and hip disease4 ,no sooner had a novena been begun and the water applied than the pain ceased and the child was able to get upon his feet and walk1 though uncertainly1 like a young infant not yet accustomed to step4 ,at the end of the novena he walked perfectly1 and from that time enjoyed complete health4 ,damian ,gavard was similarly cured at ,st4 ,alban in #ahgf4 ,the devotion to the ,venerable member of their order extended to the ,ursuline convents in ,europe1 and cases are reported from ,aubresles1 ,quimperl1 ,carhaix1 ,blois1 ,mons1 in ,france and ,belgium1 as though ,providence was preparing near the ,eternal ,city testimony of the sanctity of the ,canadian nun4 ,footnote #acj3 ,it was published in ,france in #afhd under the title of ,l',ecole ,chrtienne4 ,footnote #aca3 ,prayer of the ,venerable ,mother ,mary of the ,incarnation3 8,it is through the ,heart of ,jesus1 my way1 my truth1 and my life1 that ,i approach thee1 ,o ,eternal ,father4 ,through this divine ,heart ,i worship thee for all who worship thee not2 ,i love thee for all who love thee not2 ,i acknowledge thee for all the wilfully blind who through contempt acknowledge thee not4 ,i wish by this divine ,heart to fulfil the duty of all men4 ,in spirit ,i traverse the whole world to seek all the souls ransomed by the most precious ,blood of my divine ,spouse1 in order to satisfy thee for them all by this divine ,heart4 ,i embrace them in order to present them to thee through it1 and by it ,i ask of thee their conversion4 ,wilt thou1 ,o ,eternal ,father1 suffer them to be ignorant of my ,jesus1 or live not for him who died for all8 ,thou beholdest1 ,o divine ,father1 that they live not yet4 ,oh6 make them live through the divine ,heart4 ,,mabel ,,willey',s ,,lovers4 ,early one ,june morning1 not many years ago1 a young couple might have been seen strolling along by the side of a babbling brook a short distance from the village of ,north ,conway1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,harry ,fletcher1 although a late riser when at home1 had determined to be up betimes this morning and catch a mess of trout for breakfast4 ,not for his own breakfast1 however1 but for that of ,miss ,kitty ,gibbon1 who1 like himself1 had come to pass a few weeks at the ,kearsarge ,house4 8',twill please her10 thought ,harry1 8to hear how ,i left my comfortable couch for her sake1 at an hour when only farmers are stirring40 ,but ,miss ,gibbon1 who had seen him the evening before making ready his fishing-tackle1 had said to herself3 8,i'll be up early1 too1 and go with him40 ,and she kept her word2 nay1 she was down before her admirer4 ,and when the latter discovered ,kitty seated on the piazza reading ,middlemarch1 he of course invited her to accompany him2 which invitation ,kitty accepted1 but not until he had asked her a second time2 and then she closed the book slowly1 lingering a moment over the last line and exclaiming3 8,what an interesting tale this is60 ,so that ,harry was half tempted to apologize for thus interrupting her reading4 8,the truth is1 ,miss ,gibbon10 he said1 as they wended their way toward the stream--8the truth is1 ,i know that you like fresh trout4 ,for no other human being would ,i have risen at such an unearthly hour40 8,indeed60 returned ,kitty with an air of perfect indifference4 ,yet1 accustomed as she was to receiving attention and to hear flattering words1 she could not prevent a tiny rose from blooming on her pallid cheek when ,harry went on to assure her upon his honor that this was the truth4 ,in our opinion ,miss ,gibbon is an attractive young lady4 ,but most people might not agree with us2 and not a few of her rivals declare it is only her money that makes her so pleasing to the gentlemen4 ,there is1 indeed1 a slight cast in one of her eyes1 and her forehead is somewhat too broad for a woman's4 ,but then she is gifted with a melodious voice 7a rare gift among ,american women7 and has exquisite teeth1 which she knows how to display to the best advantage by a merry laugh practised before the mirror4 ,her hair1 too1 wonderful to relate1 is all her own1 and1 despite the care which she bestows on her toilet1 one glossy ringlet always manages to escape from its thraldom and fly hither and thither4 ,but the best feature ,kitty possesses--at least so think we--is her nose4 ,it is a bold ,roman nose1 which proclaims her to be a girl of character2 and we are convinced that1 however spoilt she may be by fortune1 there is a solid groundwork of worth in ,kitty which would reveal itself if the occasion demanded it4 ,her mother1 who is a rich widow1 has been living five or six years abroad1 most of the time in ,paris1 and ,mrs4 ,gibbon only came home this summer because she thought that a trip across the ocean would be good for her daughter's health4 ,harry ,fletcher1 ,kitty's companion this ,june morning1 is the son of a prominent ,new ,york banker2 and as it seems to be one of the laws of nature that wealth should attract wealth1 we cannot wonder if he and ,miss ,gibbon have very soon become known to each other4 8,he will be as good a catch for you1 child1 as you will be for him10 spoke the watchful mother4 8,and if you play your cards right we may be back in ,paris before ,october1 bringing ,mr4 ,fletcher along with us2 and1 considering his prospects1 he will do almost as well as a count40 ,it would be untrue1 however1 to say that there was no real love between this youthful pair4 ,money may1 indeed1 have first drawn them together2 but now1 after only a fortnight's acquaintance1 we doubt1 if one of them were suddenly to be stricken with poverty1 whether poverty would separate them4 8,how charming this walk is60 exclaimed ,harry1 as he took ,kitty's hand to help her over a fallen tree4 8,in ,paris such a delightful walk would not be possible10 answered ,kitty4 8,do you really enjoy it80 said ,harry4 8,it must seem so different from the ,champs ,elyses and the ,bois de ,boulogne40 ,his companion was silent a moment1 and 'twas not until he repeated that the pine woods and stony fields of ,new ,hampshire must appear very rugged and unpleasant to her that she said3 8,well1 but here1 sir1 ,i do for once in my life feel that ,i am free4 ,why1 at the fashionable pensionnat where mother put me ,i was not allowed to walk out alone even with my cousin ,arthur40 8,oh6 you can't imagine how ,i long to see ,paris10 continued ,harry4 8,well1 despite what ,i have just said10 answered ,kitty1 8it is a most fascinating city--the queen of cities2 and there is a large colony of ,americans there1 who have made up their minds to die in ,paris1 and who look upon their countrymen here as semi-barbarians40 ,in a few minutes they reached the brook and ,harry cast in his fly4 ,but no fish rose2 and presently he gave another throw4 ,this time it was not skilfully done1 or rather it was most skilfully done1 for the fly1 as it went circling round his head1 got caught in ,kitty's truant curl1 who laughed and said3 8,you have hooked a big trout now1 ,mr4 ,fletcher40 8,well1 ,i came purposely to catch a mess for you10 returned ,harry4 8,but may ,i crave leave to keep this one dear fish all for myself80 8,what do you mean80 laughed ,kitty1 as he tried to disentangle the fly4 8,i mean--0 here his fingers stopped working and his voice trembled4 8,i mean--0 ,kitty1 who understood him well enough1 in another moment gave the happy response1 and ,harry was so overjoyed that he wound up his line and did not fish any more4 ,but they did not return immediately to the village2 they felt drawn nearer to each other in the lonely woods1 with only the trees and the brook to watch them2 and so on and on they wandered1 until by and by they emerged from the forest and saw before them an old farmhouse with moss-covered roof1 on which the morning sun was shining1 and round about the homestead the stream made well-nigh a circle--a bright1 silvery circle1 murmuring sweet music to those who dwelt there4 ,the lovers paused a moment and gazed upon the scene without speaking4 ,then presently ,kitty said3 8,i could live in such a spot all my life40 8,so could ,i10 said ,harry1 turning his sparkling eyes upon her4 8,with you ,i could live anywhere40 8,let us draw nearer10 continued ,kitty1 8and speak to the young woman who is feeding the turkeys by the door2 and quite a pretty girl she is10 ,kitty added in an undertone1 as ,mabel ,willey turned towards them4 8,yes1 if one admires a dark complexion10 said ,harry4 8,and buried among these hills60 continued ,kitty compassionately4 8,but ,i forgot what ,i said a moment ago2 if ,i could be happy here with you1 dear ,harry1 why1 she may have a lover too1 and not pine one bit for city life40 ,the genial way in which ,mabel returned their greeting quite won ,kitty's heart1 while ,harry inwardly confessed that1 although he did not like brunettes1 she was the handsomest one he had ever seen4 ,and when presently he glanced down at her bare feet she did not blush1 but quietly remarked3 8,i have been gathering lilies1 sir1 at the pond1 and ,i had to wade in after them40 ,but ,harry thought no excuse was needed2 for ,mabel's foot was as perfectly shaped as her hand--a sculptor might have chosen it for a model4 8,what a sweet home you have60 observed ,kitty4 8,and the swallows love it1 too2 how many there are skimming over the grass60 8',tis not my home10 returned ,mabel4 8,i am here only on a visit to my grandfather40 8,indeed6 ,well1 may ,i ask where your home is80 continued ,kitty4 8,in ,illinois4 ,my parents settled there twenty-three years ago1 when they were first married1 and ,i was born there1 and ,i like it much better than ,new ,hampshire40 8,do you8 ,and what part of ,illinois are you from80 8,lee ,county2 and we live on the bank of a beautiful river called ,rock ,river1 which is full of black bass and pickerel1 and in autumn 'tis covered with mallard and teal4 ,oh6 ,i love ,rock ,river40 8,well1 if your home is a more delightful spot than this it must be exquisite indeed40 8,i never saw a finer beech-tree than that one yonder10 put in ,harry4 ,then turning to his betrothed and dropping his voice1 8,let us go cut our names upon it1 ,kitty1 to preserve the memory of this happy day40 8,oh6 do10 answered ,kitty aloud4 ,then1 taking ,mabel's hand1 she added3 8,you must know1 my dear1 that he and ,i are just engaged4 ,i spoke the sweet yes to him as we were strolling up the brook--this never-to-be-forgotten brook40 8,engaged--going to be married10 said ,mabel in a musing tone and fixing her dark eyes upon ,harry1 who wondered what she was thinking of while she watched him so wistfully4 ,then presently ,mabel went on3 8,yes1 do cut your names on the tree1 for you must never forget this day--never2 and your names will be visible upon it many years to come40 ,all three now bent their steps to the beech1 where ,harry deftly carved his name and the name of his betrothed upon the bark4 8,why1 how strange60 cried ,mabel when he had finished4 ,then1 taking ,kitty by the sleeve1 she drew her to the other side of the tree1 where1 lo6 in letters almost obliterated by ,time1 was written ,harry ,fletcher--,mabel ,willey6 8,then you have a lover1 too1 of the same name as mine10 observed ,kitty4 8,i a lover6 ,i have none10 returned ,mabel4 8,besides1 do you not perceive that these names have been here a long time1 for the bark has nearly grown over them80 8,well1 who were these lovers1 then8--for such no doubt they were10 said ,kitty4 8,i do not know2 ,i only discovered the names yesterday4 ,i'll ask grandpa as soon as he comes back from the mill40 8,do10 said ,harry1 8for ,i am curious to know40 8,and before you return to ,illinois10 continued ,kitty1 8please come to the ,kearsarge ,house1 in order that ,i may see you again2 for where your home is1 is far1 far from where ours is going to be40 8,we intend to live in ,paris10 said ,harry4 8,in ,paris80 observed ,mabel4 8,you mean1 of course1 the ,paris that is in ,france80 8,is there any other80 said ,kitty1 inwardly smiling at her simplicity4 8,oh6 yes4 ,there is a ,paris in ,oregon and another in ,texas40 ,here the talk ended by ,mabel promising to visit ,kitty ere many days were over4 8,i should not have expected to meet such a fine-looking1 well-mannered girl in a place like this10 spoke ,miss ,gibbon1 when she and ,harry were out of ,mabel's hearing4 8,in ,america pretty girls are as plenty as blackberries10 answered ,harry4 8,well1 we certainly carry off the palm in ,europe10 added ,kitty4 8,but this young woman is a peasant40 8,a farmer's daughter10 said ,harry4 8,oh6 we should call her a peasant in ,france1 ,harry dear4 ,and ,i have some misgivings as to what mother will say when she hears that ,i have invited ,mabel to visit me at the hotel40 8,well1 she is dark-complexioned1 and ,i'll swear she is an ,italian baroness10 returned ,harry1 laughing4 8,oh6 yes1 do4 ,a capital joke6 ,why1 we know ever so many baronesses abroad4 ,ma has a large circle of noble acquaintances40 8,really60 8,yes4 ,and ,i know three ,american girls married to counts4 ,but there was no love between them during the courtship--not a spark--'twas all pure business from beginning to end1 and ,i am told the young ladies are now very unhappy40 8,well1 our way of courting is the best10 said ,harry4 8,judging from my own experience it undoubtedly is10 continued ,kitty1 looking tenderly at him4 8,the walks we have enjoyed together have taught me what you are1 and taught you what ,i am2 and1 oh6 how fortunate it is that ,i came back to ,america this year40 8,most fortunate for me10 said ,harry4 8,and for me1 too1 dear boy4 ,but now1 to speak seriously about ,mabel2 ,i am in a quandary4 ,what shall ,i do8 ,ma will see at a glance that she is a peasant40 ,mrs4 ,gibbon was highly pleased when her daughter told her of her engagement to ,henry ,fletcher1 ,jr4 8,console toi1 ma fille10 she said4 8,s'il n'a pas de titre1 l'argent au moins ne lui manque pas40 ,but1 as ,kitty had feared1 she was not at all pleased when she heard about ,mabel ,willey4 8,mais1 mon ,dieu6 ,c'est une paysanne60 groaned the widow1 who was wont to speak ,french to ,kitty1 and spoke it well1 too--8une paysanne60 ,then1 sinking down in a rocking-chair1 8,mon ,dieu60 she sighed1 8mon ,dieu6 quel scandale40 ,here the matter was let drop1 for ,mrs4 ,gibbon was too delighted with ,kitty's engagement to remain long out of humor4 ,three days later1 while the widow was seated on the piazza1 fanning away the mosquitoes and wishing with all her heart that she was at ,biarritz or ,trouville1 up rattled a farm-wagon4 ,an old man was driving1 his back pretty well bent with years1 and beside him sat ,mabel4 8,grandpa1 ,i'll not be long10 said the girl1 alighting from the vehicle1 and speaking loud enough to be overheard by a number of guests4 8,mon ,dieu60 groaned ,mrs4 ,gibbon1 who guessed who it was4 ,now1 ,mabel did not know ,kitty's mother1 but it so happened that it was she whom the girl first addressed4 8,i am come to call on ,miss ,gibbon4 ,can you tell me1 madam1 whether she is in80 inquired ,mabel4 8,go ask one of the servants10 replied the widow1 her eyes darting flashes of anger as she spoke4 ,then suddenly a bright thought struck her2 quick a change came over her features1 and1 dropping her voice1 she added just as ,mabel was turning away1 8,stop6 ,i remember now ,miss ,gibbon has gone on a picnic and won't be back till quite late40 8,oh6 too bad10 ejaculated ,mabel4 8,i may never see her again40 ,in another moment the wagon drove off and the girl was on her way to the ,west4 ,when ,harry returned the following week to ,new ,york and told his father of his betrothal to ,miss ,gibbon1 the heiress1 ,mr4 ,fletcher senior was as pleased as ,kitty's mother had been4 8,but now1 my son10 he said1 8you must not be idle any longer2 you must come down town and learn business40 8,business60 exclaimed ,harry with an air of surprise4 8,why1 yes4 ,have ,i not been steadily at work in ,wall ,street more than twenty years8 ,during all that time no holiday have ,i taken--not one1 except a fortnight after your mother's death4 ,then ,i own ,i did pass a short while in the country1 for grief rendered brain labor out of the question4 ,and now ,i am worth a million at the very least2 and with such an example as ,i have set you would you lead a drone's life80 8,well1 but1 father1 ,i am quite satisfied with our fortune2 'tis large enough1 and ,i--,i have promised ,miss ,gibbon that we should make our home abroad40 ,mr4 ,fletcher was so taken aback by these words that he could only knit his brow2 he could not speak4 ,then ,harry proceeded3 8,and1 father1 ,i think you ought to take a holiday this season4 ,what is the use of racking your brains for more money1 since you have a million8 ,oh6 ,i wish you had been with me at ,north ,conway4 ,i had such pleasant rambles among the hills1 such fine trout-fishing6 ,and in one of my walks--'twas the morning ,i proposed to ,kitty--,i found our name carved on a tree40 ,the youth now described the big beech and the brook and the old farm-house2 for it was a never-to-be-forgotten morning1 and he loved to tell all he remembered of those happy hours4 ,while he was speaking the look of displeasure which had clouded his father's face when he began gradually passed away2 the stern1 matter-of-fact business man grew pensive2 and when at length ,harry came to describe ,mabel--dark-eyed1 barefooted1 graceful ,mabel ,willey--the attentive listener shaded his eyes with his hand1 and ,harry could not imagine why his parent sighed4 ,but the young man adroitly took advantage of his emotion to again ask if he might not go live in ,paris4 8,i promised ,miss ,gibbon1 father1 that we would make our home there4 ,you surely would not have me break my word80 ,mr4 ,fletcher merely answered3 8,hush6 speak no more about it4 ,go6 go60 ,whereupon ,harry1 now in the blithest of moods1 hurried off to get his trotting-wagon2 for he had invited ,kitty to take a drive in the ,central ,park4 ,at this same hour1 while ,harry and his betrothed were enjoying themselves together1 conversing chiefly about ,europe--their own country seemed to hold very little place in their thoughts--,mabel ,willey was engaged in household duties with her mother4 ,mabel was right when she praised her ,western home3 a log-house standing on a knoll which overlooked a swift-flowing river2 beyond the river a broad expanse of rolling prairie1 where the grouse were wont to gather in springtime1 and for hours long their voices1 saying1 8,coo-ooo1 coo-ooo1 coo-ooo10 would reach ,mabel's ear2 while ever and anon a black bass would spring up out of the flood1 marking the spot where he fell back into the water by a ring of widening1 quivering ripples4 ,and1 oh6 how the girl loved these sights and sounds4 ,but most of all did she love the deer1 who would steal out of the forest of a moonlight night in autumn and make incursions into the corn-field hard by4 ,nothing had ever disturbed the harmony of this sweet spot4 ,husband and wife loved each other with true love1 and ,god had blessed them with six children1 of whom ,mabel was the eldest2 and when you saw ,robert ,willey felling a tree or following the plough you knew where his offspring had derived their health and strength from1 while in the mother's face still lingered traces of the beauty which young ,mabel had inherited4 ,but ,robert did not perceive that his ,mabel was changed3 no1 as fair in his eyes was she now as when he wooed her in the far-off days of his youth4 ,above the broad fireplace in the room where the family assembled of an evening1 to chat and make merry after the labors of the day were over1 were these words1 painted in large letters and taken from the ,book of ,proverbs3 8,give me neither beggary nor riches3 lest perhaps being filled1 ,i should be tempted to deny1 and say3 ,who is the ,lord8 or being compelled by poverty1 ,i should steal1 and forswear the name of my ,god40 ,what a happy hour this evening hour was6 ,sometimes ,mr4 ,willey would tell the young ones a story2 and when he began1 what a scramble there was for his knees6 ,sometimes he would look over the columns of the ,prairie ,farmer1 gleaning therefrom useful hints for his vocation4 ,while he was thus occupied his wife would read aloud to the children4 ,but she did not select anything from a silly dime novel or illustrated paper1 but generally something in ,washington ,irving's ,sketch-,book1 or one of ,cooper's tales2 and let us say that the tale they all liked best was ,the ,pioneers4 8,i am glad you enjoyed your visit to grandpa10 spoke ,mrs4 ,willey one morning1 as she rested awhile at the churn4 8,oh6 ever so much10 answered ,mabel1 who1 with sleeves rolled up1 was busy skimming cream4 8,but ,i forgot to tell you1 mother1 that a few days before ,i left him there came to the house1 at a rather early hour1 a young gentleman and lady from one of the hotels in ,north ,conway4 ,they had strolled up ,wild-cat ,run1 which1 you know1 winds almost round grandpa's home1 and had become engaged to each other on the way4 ,i told them it was quite romantic4 ,the girl was stylish-looking1 but didn't appear to be strong2 her face was like wax-work1 and her dress was made in such a fashion that ,i think she must have found it hard work to breathe4 ,but she was exceedingly polite1 and ,i was quite taken with her before we parted4 ,the young gentleman likewise was a very pleasant fellow1 and much better-looking1 too1 than she was4 ,i judged by his hands that he has never done any work in his life1 and his moustache was twisted and curled in the most coquettish way imaginable--just like this40 ,here ,mabel put her fingers to her upper lip1 then twirled them round and round to ,mrs4 ,willey's great amusement4 8,but what ,i want most to speak of10 she continued1 8is the big beech-tree40 ,mabel now proceeded to tell how ,harry had carved his name and ,kitty's upon it1 and how she had discovered the names of ,harry ,fletcher and ,mabel ,willey upon the same tree in letters barely legible4 8,o child60 exclaimed her mother1 when she was done speaking1 8you cannot imagine how vividly my girlish days come back upon my memory when you speak of that old beech4 ,yes1 ,i can see ,harry ,fletcher cutting his name and mine upon it just as plainly as if it were yesterday4 ,a handsome fellow was ,harry4 ,he wanted me to be his wife4 ,i did not dislike him--no1 indeed4 ,we were good friends2 we sat side by side at school2 we picked huckleberries together4 ,many folks thought ,i should marry him4 ,but there was another young man courting me1 one who bore the same name as myself1 though no relation2 and one day we all three met1 and my lovers agreed that ,i should then and there decide which of them ,i'd choose4 ,and 'twas your father1 ,mabel1 who won me2 nor have ,i ever for a single moment regretted my choice4 ,yet ,harry ,fletcher was a brave1 generous fellow1 very smart1 too1 and ,i have often wondered what became of him4 ,all ,i know is that soon after ,i refused him he quitted our part of the country to seek his fortune elsewhere40 8,right1 wife1 right6 ,a splendid fellow60 cried ,mr4 ,willey1 entering the dairy to get a cup of milk4 8,why1 ,i was thinking about him myself only a few minutes ago while ,i was looking at our corn--and a fine crop it's going to be1 a mighty fine crop4 ,and ,i wondered whether ,harry1 if he is still in the land of the living1 has a farm like ours and a snug log-house to shelter him4 ,many things may happen in the length of time since he and ,i parted2 this world has many ups and downs--it's a regular seesaw40 ,after talking awhile about ,harry ,fletcher ,farmer ,willey said3 8,come1 wife1 let's take a row2 and ,i'll bring my rod along and catch a mess of black bass for supper40 ,mrs4 ,willey1 who liked to see her husband play as well as work1 gladly assented4 ,they did not fish much1 however1 for the skiff was long and broad and leaked never a drop2 and the six happy children went a-rowing too4 ,it did your eyes good to look at them1 and your ears good1 too1 to hear them--so healthy and strong and rollicksome they were2 dipping their hands in the water1 sprinkling each other's faces1 singing1 laughing2 and finally barefooted ,dick1 who was ten years old1 wittingly tumbled overboard and played fish around the boat--the boy could swim like a fish--to the great amusement of his brothers and sisters4 ,three months after this pleasant excursion on the river ,mabel found herself again in ,new ,hampshire4 ,the truth is her grandfather1 whose feelings had been much wrought upon by the visit she had paid him in summer1 could not bear to be separated any longer from those whom he loved1 and1 moreover1 he was of an age when farm-labor was getting rather irksome4 ,accordingly1 he had written to ,mrs4 ,willey1 telling her that he wished to spend the rest of his days in ,illinois1 and begged that he might have the company of young ,mabel in the long1 tiresome journey to the ,west4 8,for she is a bright girl10 he said1 8and can take charge of me and my trunk1 and of herself too40 ,so ,mabel1 who1 fond as she was of home1 was not averse to seeing a little of the world1 went to fetch her grandfather2 and now in ,october we find her passing with him through the city of ,new ,york4 8,it's just like a beehive1 this town10 spoke ,mabel1 as she paused a moment in ,broadway near the ,astor ,house to try and discover the ticket-office of the ,michigan ,southern ,railway4 8,such a crowd makes my head swim10 said the old man1 who was leaning on her arm4 8,well1 ,i'll ask somebody where the ticket-office is10 added ,mabel4 ,and she did ask somebody1 and that somebody happened to be no other than ,harry ,fletcher1 ,jr41 who was on his way down town with his father4 ,right cordial was the meeting between them4 8,i have often thought of you10 said ,harry4 8,indeed6 ,well1 the morning we first met was a blissful morning for you--was it not80 returned ,mabel1 with a laughing gleam in her eye4 8,pray1 sir1 how is ,miss ,gibbon80 8,oh6 extremely well4 ,she is now in ,philadelphia1 bidding good-by to some friends1 for we sail shortly for ,europe40 8,but you will not really settle abroad1 as you once told me80 said ,mabel4 ,then1 with a little hesitation1 she added3 8,men like you1 sir1 ought to live in their own country40 8,you are more eloquent than you imagine10 answered the youth4 8,but ,i have promised ,miss ,gibbon that we should make our home in ,paris40 ,here ,mr4 ,fletcher senior shook his head1 while ,mabel's grandparent observed3 8,why1 young man1 isn't this country big enough for you80 ,harry made no response1 but1 taking a pretty rosebud from his buttonhole1 he presented it to ,mabel1 saying3 8,we may never meet again1 but ,miss ,gibbon and ,i will often speak of you when we are far away40 ,closely during this brief conversation had ,harry's father watched ,mabel1 and now he took her hand and pressed it1 and the girl wondered why he gazed upon her with moistened eyes4 ,then1 after showing her the ticket-office1 ,mr4 ,fletcher went to a flower-stand near by and bought her a beautiful bouquet which quite threw into the shade ,harry's rosebud4 8,oh6 thanks1 sir10 said ,mabel1 as she accepted the flowers4 8,how delicious they are60 ,when presently they parted ,harry said to his father3 8,miss ,willey is a very fine girl1 isn't she8 ,and ,i'll not let ,kitty call her a peasant any more40 ,mr4 ,fletcher did not seem to hear this remark2 he appeared like one absorbed in a reverie4 ,but of a sudden he burst out3 8,a peasant6 a peasant6 ,by heaven6 there is not a princess in ,europe better than ,mabel ,willey40 8,well1 ,kitty would not call her a peasant except for her mother10 continued ,harry4 8,but ,mrs4 ,gibbon has filled her head with foolish notions40 8,such as living in ,europe10 answered ,mr4 ,fletcher4 ,then1 with a sigh1 he added1 8,o ,harry6 how you have disappointed me4 ,why1 ,i would rather see you wed a girl like ,mabel1 even if she were poor1 than have you pass your days in a foreign land40 8,would you really80 exclaimed ,harry4 8,but1 alas60 went on ,mr4 ,fletcher1 now speaking to himself--8alas6 'twas ,i who urged him to make a rich match4 ,yet ,i have been rolling up money for years and years2 and now1 when ,i am worth a million1 my only child is going to spend my fortune among foreigners40 ,as they pursued their way to ,wall ,street1 ,harry noticed the unhappy look on his father's face and again advised him to take a holiday4 ,but ,mr4 ,fletcher answered3 8,i wish ,i could4 ,but ,i have been so long in the treadmill of business that now ,i should not know how to play if ,i went away40 ,and so the millionaire went down to his office1 while the heir to all his wealth1 with a fresh rosebud sticking in his buttonhole1 repaired to ,delmonico's to kill time1 as he expressed it--to kill time sipping sherry and thinking about ,paris and ,kitty ,gibbon4 ,but the banker's thoughts were of ,mabel ,willey4 8,she brings me right back to the dear old days10 he sighed--8the dear old days4 ,she is the living image of her mother40 ,for once in his life ,mr4 ,fletcher was absent-minded1 and the president of a trust company1 who came to talk with him upon important business1 fancied that he did not evince his usual shrewdness and penetration4 ,they were still engaged in earnest conversation when a piece of news reached them1 a startling piece of news1 that made them both stare and wonder if their ears told the truth3 the ,confidence ,trust ,company had closed its doors6 ,but ,harry1 who heard of it at ,delmonico's1 was not startled in the least2 nay1 he rather enjoyed the excitement which quickly followed4 ,he was rich2 how could this failure harm him8 ,ere long other failures were announced1 and ,wall ,street became filled with an excited crowd--so filled that it was well-nigh impossible to move about2 crash followed crash1 and1 judging by men's faces1 you might have thought the end of the world was at hand4 ,yet ,harry calmly edged his way through the throng1 always careful of the pretty rosebud1 over which he frequently placed his hand for protection4 ,but ere this memorable day came to an end ,harry grew serious4 8,this is going to prove the greatest financial crash our country has known since the ,revolution10 said ,mr4 ,fletcher to him in the evening2 8and1 my son1 ,i may be utterly ruined40 8,and ,i'll not be able to go to ,paris10 said ,harry inwardly4 8,oh6 what will ,kitty say80 ,but it was not so much ,miss ,gibbon as ,miss ,gibbon's mother1 who took to heart the sudden1 unexpected1 astonishing change in ,mr4 ,fletcher's fortune2 for the banker1 who had been entangled in many speculations1 did indeed lose nearly all he possessed--so little had he left that the widow made up her mind that her daughter should not marry his son if she could prevent it4 ,a few days after the panic ,harry called on his betrothed1 who was now back from ,philadelphia4 ,he meant to tell her the whole sad truth1 and afford her an opportunity to break off the engagement1 if she wished to do so4 ,in the parlor he found ,mrs4 ,gibbon1 who seemed to be expecting him 7he had written ,kitty a note to say he was coming71 and the widow's countenance chilled his heart as he entered4 ,harry began by making a commonplace remark about the weather--the equinoctial was raging--then went on to speak of the unhappy change in his father's fortune1 wondering all the while why ,kitty did not appear4 8,we have heard of it10 answered the other1 8and needless to tell what a shock the news gave us4 ,however1 such misfortunes will happen--c'est la vie4 ,and now that you have been so frank with me1 ,mr4 ,fletcher1 let me be equally frank with you1 and say that my daughter and ,i have had a long1 serious talk on the subject4 ,miss ,gibbon1 you know1 has set her heart upon living abroad--indeed1 we wish to be back again by the end of the month1 and--0 8,and now that ,i am penniless10 interrupted ,harry1 8perhaps you deem it best that the engagement be broken off40 8,i regret to say it is the conclusion we have come to40 ,harry1 who had feared this would be the step which ,mrs4 ,gibbon would urge ,kitty to take1 nevertheless wished to see the young lady in person1 and so he said3 8,but may ,i not speak with ,miss ,gibbon a moment8 ,i--,i--0 8,she has a bad headache and is confined to her room10 interrupted the widow4 8,besides1 sir1 ,i am fully authorized to speak for my daughter1 who1 you are aware1 is not yet of age40 8,oh6 but do tell her ,i am here2 let me speak only a word to her10 said ,harry in a pleading tone4 8,i am sorry that ,i cannot grant your request10 answered ,mrs4 ,gibbon firmly4 ,with this the interview closed1 and ,harry departed in a sorrowful mood indeed4 ,for a while the blow quite stunned him4 ,the tears did not flow2 he could only sigh and groan4 ,he wished he had been born poor1 and that ,kitty had not been an heiress4 8,for then poverty would not have separated us2 we should have toiled for our daily bread1 and been as happy as if we had lived on ,fifth ,avenue40 ,the following week he read in a newspaper the names of ,mrs4 ,gibbon and her daughter among the passengers by the steamship ,russia for ,liverpool4 8,well1 ,harry1 let us not despair10 said ,mr4 ,fletcher a month after the panic4 8,happy days may yet be in store for us40 ,and as he spoke his thoughts turned westward to ,rock ,river--to ,mabel ,willey4 8,and why not80 he asked himself1 after musing a moment4 8,why not8 ,many a man as old as ,i am has married a girl as young as ,mabel40 8,well1 yes1 father1 ,i do believe happy days are in store for us10 returned the youth1 his countenance brightening2 for he was beginning to recover from the blow which his heart had received 7young people easily recover from such blows74 ,besides1 he had come to the conclusion that all had happened for the best4 ,miss ,gibbon was not worthy of him1 otherwise1 despite her mother1 she would certainly have managed to communicate with him ere she sailed4 ,it was only his money she cared about4 8,and1 father10 he added1 8,i could be perfectly content on a farm2 yes1 ,i know ,i could1 and you have enough left from the wreck of your fortune to buy a farm1 and we might live together on it very happily4 ,suppose1 therefore1 we go ,west--say to ,illinois1 where ,mabel ,willey's father lives40 8,just what ,i was thinking of10 said ,mr4 ,fletcher1 with a tender throbbing of the heart1 which might have changed to a bitter pang had he known what was passing through ,harry's mind2 for ,harry1 too1 had asked himself3 8,why not8 ,i abominate rich girls now4 ,mabel is quite good enough for me40 ,accordingly1 to ,illinois they went1 and arrived in the most glorious time of the year--,indian summer4 8,why1 ,i do declare6 ,can it be possible8 ,is this really my old friend ,harry ,fletcher80 cried ,mr4 ,willey1 as he grasped the other's hand1 while ,mrs4 ,willey and ,mabel and all the little ones stood in a gaping circle round them4 8,yes1 ,i am he and nobody else10 was the response1 given in a voice quivering with emotion4 8,well1 you are welcome--a thousand times welcome60 put in the wife1 a tear glistening in her eye4 8,ay1 ,harry1 it makes us young again to look at you40 8,and here is the image of yourself in the dear old days10 spoke ,mr4 ,fletcher1 turning towards ,mabel1 who blushed and looked very pretty1 while ,harry ,fletcher1 ,jr4--who did not dream of his parent falling in love--whispered to ,mabel3 8,how romantic this is60 8,very10 answered ,mabel4 8,but pray1 sir1 why didn't you bring ,miss ,gibbon8 ,or perhaps you are married1 and ,i should say ,mrs4 ,fletcher80 8,i'll tell all about it by and by10 said ,harry in a low tone4 8,it is an exceedingly painful subject4 ,i am trying to forget it40 ,then1 after a pause1 and drawing the girl aside1 he added3 8,i may as well tell you now3 our engagement is at an end--,miss ,gibbon is in ,europe40 ,when ,mabel heard this her kind heart was deeply moved for ,harry as well as for ,kitty4 ,mabel had no lover1 but she had often thought that if she had one how dearly she would love him4 8,and if our engagement were to be broken off1 ,i hardly think ,i should ever smile again40 8,well1 ,harry10 continued ,mr4 ,willey1 addressing his old friend1 and at the same time sweeping his hand over the landscape1 8is not this a charming country8 ,look1 yonder is the prairie2 and there is ,rock ,river--isn't it a fine stream8 ,and there you see my timber--,i have fifty acres of it2 and that is my corn-field--a good fifty acres of corn2 and there are my cattle2 and ,i have no end of chickens and turkeys2 and ,i have a good orchard4 ,in fact1 ,i want for nothing1 absolutely nothing40 8,well1 you ought to be happy10 answered ,mr4 ,fletcher4 8,happy isn't the word10 put in ,mrs4 ,willey4 8,right1 wife10 said the farmer4 8,i'd not change places with the richest man in ,new ,york4 ,people talk about the panic4 ,why1 it hasn't harmed me a bit4 ,my corn is ripening just as well now as before the crash2 my land is all paid for2 ,i owe not a dollar to anybody2 and ,i really don't know what worry means40 8,no worry60 murmured ,mr4 ,fletcher1 pressing his hand to his brow4 8,alas6 when have ,i been free from it80 8,well1 it is worry and not work that kills people10 went on ,mr4 ,willey4 8,so stay out here and buy a quarter section2 'twill make you ten years younger4 ,no life so happy as a farmer's life40 8,the very thing ,i intend to do10 said ,mr4 ,fletcher4 ,here ,mabel clapped her hands1 and all the little ones laughed and clapped their hands too2 while ,mrs4 ,willey said to herself3 8,how very pleasant it would be if the son of my old lover were to marry ,mabel60 ,it was long since ,mr4 ,fletcher had passed a happier day than this first day in ,illinois2 the balmy air1 the entire change of scene1 the gladsome faces around him1 but above all the company of sweet ,mabel1 who insisted on showing him all over the homestead1 obliterated from his mind the troubles and worries he had gone through and really made him feel many years younger4 ,the following week ,mrs4 ,willey was delighted when she heard ,harry ask her daughter to take a row on the river4 8,i have only a short letter to write10 said the youth1 8then ,i'll be ready4 ,will you come80 8,suppose we take a row10 said ,harry's father to ,mabel a few minutes later--he had not heard ,harry's invitation4 8,to be sure10 replied ,mabel4 8,but shall we go immediately1 sir1 or wait for your son8 ,he asked me to go with him as soon as he had done a little writing40 8,oh6 indeed10 said ,mr4 ,fletcher2 and now for the first time it occurred to him that perhaps ,harry might fall under the influence of this simple yet bewitching maiden4 8,well1 if he does10 he added inwardly1 8dearly as ,i feel that ,i could love her--for her mother's sake1 dearly1 dearly--,i'll not stand in my boy's way40 ,however1 ,mr4 ,fletcher and ,mabel did go down to the river without waiting for ,harry1 who made his appearance on the bank in less than twenty minutes1 waving his hand and shouting lustily4 ,but ,mr4 ,fletcher seemed not to hear his voice2 at least he did not hear it for a long time--so long that ,mabel fancied the old gentleman1 as she inwardly called him1 must be a little deaf4 ,at length she made bold to inform him that his son was calling2 whereupon ,mr4 ,fletcher looked round and exclaimed3 8,oh6 ay1 to be sure1 so he is40 ,and now the bow of the skiff was turned slowly shoreward4 ,but the oars did not move very briskly2 nay1 so sluggishly were they plied that the boat drifted a good half-mile below the landing-place--poor ,harry following it along the shore1 while ,mabel was tempted more than once to ask her companion to let her have the oars4 8,well1 well1 ,i have had my day10 sighed ,mr4 ,fletcher1 about a quarter of an hour later1 as he sat on a stump watching with tearful eyes his son1 whose vigorous young arms were now sending the boat upstream as rapidly as he himself had sent it down with the current4 8,no1 ,i must not lament2 ,mabel is worth a dozen city flirts1 and ,i hope that ,harry will fall in love with her40 8,is it not a beautiful view from this knoll80 spoke a voice1 presently1 close behind him2 and1 turning1 ,mr4 ,fletcher beheld ,mabel's mother1 who had approached him unheard over a bed of moss4 8,it is indeed60 he replied4 8,and the most beautiful object in the whole landscape is your daughter40 8,well1 ,mabel is a jewel1 and no mistake10 continued ,mrs4 ,willey4 8,and right glad am ,i that she and your son are enjoying themselves together on the river40 ,but even as she spoke a strange thought flashed upon the mother1 for she perceived that the eyes of her old suitor were moistened with tears4 8,can it be possible10 she said to herself1 8that he1 too1 is falling in love with ,mabel8 ,well1 ,i hope not2 for there will be a poor chance for him while young ,harry is about40 ,we need scarcely say that for ,harry ,fletcher1 ,jr41 this was only the first of many pleasant excursions on the river with ,mabel2 and day by day the recollections of his former life--the dinner-parties1 the operas1 the balls he had gone to1 the pretty girls he had danced with--grew dimmer and dimmer in his mind's eye4 ,more than once1 too1 did ,mrs4 ,willey discover ,harry's father watching the happy couple from the stump on the knoll4 8,how strangely things turn out60 spoke ,mr4 ,fletcher1 a fortnight later1 when ,mabel's mother once more approached him over the bed of moss4 8,perhaps you are thinking of just what ,i am thinking10 returned ,mrs4 ,willey4 8,if so1 it is indeed strange1 and1 ,i may add1 a most romantic way of taking revenge on me2 eh1 ,harry80 8,ah6 little did ,i dream of this the day when ,i proposed to you and you refused me10 continued ,mr4 ,fletcher1 shaking his head4 8,it seems only yesterday4 ,yet here is a son of mine1 with beard on his chin1 as much in love with your daughter as ever ,i was with you40 8,and ,i guess there'll not be any nay spoken this time10 answered ,mrs4 ,willey4 ,at these words ,mr4 ,fletcher buried his face in his hands and sighed1 while the other1 who remembered the tears which had once moistened his eyes as he sat looking at ,harry and ,mabel from this same spot1 felt more than ever convinced that her child had two lovers1 and wished that she had two ,mabels1 in order to be able to give one to each4 ,yes1 ,harry and ,mabel were already deeply in love1 and ,mabel1 for whom it was quite a new experience1 trembled every time the youth met her--and he met her very often between sunrise and sunset3 at the churn1 feeding the poultry1 gathering chestnuts--8,for now ,i am sure he is going to propose10 she would say to herself4 ,at length a morning came when ,harry resolved to put the all-important question4 ,why dally any longer8 ,he had made up his mind to become a farmer2 ,mabel would be just the wife for him2 she was not only handsome but healthy--no headaches1 no dyspepsia4 ,if her hands were not so soft as ,miss ,gibbon's1 what of it8 ,they were industrious1 willing hands1 and able to do almost everything except thrum on a piano4 ,accordingly1 ,harry went in quest of ,mabel1 who1 one of the children told him1 had gone to pay a visit to their neighbor4 ,whereupon he took the lane which led to the adjoining farm1 and had proceeded about half way when he saw the girl coming towards him4 ,she did not walk with her usual elastic step2 her eyes were cast upon the ground1 nor did she raise them until he was quite close1 and then ,harry perceived that she was very pale1 and seemed to be startled1 as if she had not heard him approaching4 8,dear ,mabel1 what is the matter80 said ,harry1 taking her hand as he spoke4 8,i never saw you look troubled before4 ,are you ill80 ,in a voice wonderfully firm1 considering the poignant anguish she was suffering1 and forcing to her lips the ghost of a smile1 ,mabel answered3 8,ill8 ,no1 indeed1 sir6 ,and ,i should not have been moving at such a snail's pace2 ,i should have been running1 flying1 for ,i bring you great news--news that will ravish your heart with delight40 8,really6 ,well1 pray1 what is it80 said ,harry1 who felt the hand which he clasped growing colder4 8,miss ,gibbon has arrived10 continued ,mabel4 8,she is at our neighbor's2 she mistook the road1 and went there instead of coming to our house2 and ,i told her to wait where she was until ,i found you and broke the glad tidings ,so1 ,mr4 ,fletcher1 make haste1 do1 for ,miss ,gibbon is longing to meet you40 ,here ,mabel1 who could not trust herself to utter another syllable1 tore away from him1 leaving ,harry perfectly dazed and bewildered4 ,but ,mabel did not go home4 ,no1 into the woods she plunged1 where no eye might witness the tears which now rolled down her cheeks4 ,and it happened that somebody else was strolling among the trees at the same time1 pensive and musing over days gone by4 ,suddenly the girl found herself face to face with ,mr4 ,fletcher4 ,in vain she strove to hide her grief--too late2 not ten paces separated them4 8,why1 ,mabel1 dear1 darling ,mabel10 cried the other1 who fancied that a lover's quarrel had broken out between herself and ,harry1 8what has happened8 ',tis the first time ,i have seen anything but gladness on your sweet face40 ,as ,mr4 ,fletcher spoke he drew her affectionately towards him4 ,but it was several minutes ere she could check her sobs sufficiently to answer4 ,finally1 yielding to his solicitations1 ,mabel opened out her heart2 she told him the whole truth1 and we may faintly imagine what ,mr4 ,fletcher's feelings were as she went on to confess her love for his son1 and the cruel shock which her heart had received a half-hour since when she met ,miss ,gibbon4 8,and ,miss ,gibbon told me1 sir1 that she loved ,harry as much as ever2 that she had sold all her diamonds1 run away from her mother1 come alone the whole way from ,paris to find him1 and that her mother should never part them again40 ,a spell of silence followed ,mabel's confession1 and during the silence ,mr4 ,fletcher's heart throbbed violently4 8,well1 ,mabel10 he began presently1 and looking her full in the face1 8you have unbosomed yourself to me1 let me now reveal my inmost feelings to you4 ,i1 too1 have a cause for sorrow--one which ,i find it impossible to overcome4 ,nobody can remove it except you2 but you can remove it--you may make me the happiest man in ,illinois1 if you choose40 8,i60 exclaimed ,mabel in surprise4 8,o sir6 ,i will do anything1 anything to make you happy40 8,ay1 child1 the happiest man in ,illinois10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,willey1 who had caught these last words as she pushed her way through the trees1 and was determined to back him up in his suit with all the authority she could command4 8,o mother1 mother60 cried ,mabel1 leaving ,mr4 ,fletcher and flinging herself in her parent's arms4 8,come1 come1 child6 ,don't take on so about it10 continued ,mrs4 ,willey4 8,i know what the trouble is4 ,but it can't be helped4 ,harry loved ,miss ,gibbon before he ever laid eyes on you1 and she loved him1 and they were once engaged to be married2 and now they are engaged anew--not the least doubt about it1 for ,i have just left them walking arm-in-arm1 cooing together like a pair of doves4 ,so1 ,mabel1 dry your tears1 and let me declare you would make me the happiest woman in the ,state1 if you would accept the hand of my dear1 good friend ,henry ,fletcher40 8,what6 marry the old gentleman80 whispered ,mabel1 looking up in her mother's face2 then turning she gazed furtively on ,mr4 ,fletcher1 who had retired a few steps1 while a smile1 a very faint smile1 played on her lips4 8,hush1 child60 returned ,mr4 ,willey in an undertone4 8,he is not old2 his heart is just like a boy's40 ,here ,mabel again hid her face in her mother's bosom1 and the latter began to feel a little vexed1 for she fancied that she heard ,mabel laughing4 8,be my wife1 ,mabel60 exclaimed ,mr4 ,fletcher1 drawing near1 8and then ,i'll settle here1 and ,harry will too1 and we will all be happy neighbors4 ,oh6 speak1 dear ,mabel1 speak40 8,give me until to-morrow10 answered ,mabel1 with her face still concealed4 8,surely ,i will10 said ,mr4 ,fletcher4 8,o child6 be business-like and arrange the matter at once10 urged ,mrs4 ,willey4 8,not now2 to-morrow10 said ,mabel--8to-morrow40 ,and she ended her words with a sigh4 ,with this ,mr4 ,fletcher withdrew1 and mother and daughter went their way home--the mother eloquently pleading the cause of her old lover1 ,mabel patiently1 reverently listening2 and when they reached the log-house1 whom should they meet standing by the porch but ,harry4 ,he was alone1 and appeared much confused as ,mabel fastened her eyes on him--poor ,mabel6 ,then in broken accents he said3 8,mabel1 ,mabel1 can you forgive me8 ,i--0 8,forgive you6 ,pray1 for what80 she exclaimed1 interrupting him4 8,did ,i not tell you ,i brought glad news8 ,and ,i hope that you and ,miss ,gibbon will live long and happily together40 8,oh6 how good1 how generous1 how noble you are10 said ,harry1 who knew full well that ,mabel loved him2 in more ways than one she had let the dear secret escape her4 8,and fortunate will be the man who wins you60 ,here the girl stood silent a moment2 a violent struggle was going on within her4 ,then1 a sunny look beaming over her face1 8,who has won me10 she replied4 8,well spoken1 child60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,willey1 clapping her on the shoulder--8well spoken60 8,why1 ,harry10 added ,mabel1 8,i am going to be your step-mother40 8,really1 truly60 cried a voice from an upper window4 8,my ,harry's step-mother60 ,in another moment ,kitty ,gibbon came rushing down the staircase at a break-neck pace1 and half choked ,mabel with her embraces4 ,her arms were still clasping ,mabel's neck when the elder ,harry appeared on the scene2 and we may imagine1 if we can1 what his feelings were as ,mabel stretched out one of her hands towards him4 ,presently ,mr4 ,willey arrived2 then the grandfather and all the little ones2 and while they were rejoicing together a man on horseback galloped up4 8,is there a lady here named ,miss ,gibbon80 inquired the stranger4 8,yes1 ,i am she10 answered ,kitty1 looking somewhat agitated1 for she could not imagine what the fellow wanted2 all sorts of things passed through her head4 8,well1 ,i have a telegram for you10 continued the man1 handing her an envelope4 8,a telegram6 ,why1 so it is1 and from ,europe1 too60 cried ,kitty4 ,then1 tearing it open1 she read as follows3 8,kitty1 ,i forgive you4 ,will allow you #e1jjj per year4 ,count de ,montjoli heart-broken4 ,write at once4 ,god bless you60 8,oh6 it is from mamma10 she said1 after reading it to herself4 8,and now ,i'll read it aloud4 ,and1 ,harry1 listen well1 for it's jolly4 ,but let me say before ,i begin--and ,i wish mother could hear me--you are worth1 dear boy1 all the counts in the world40 ,here ,kitty read over the telegram1 after which followed a general round of embraces4 ,all were indeed happy beyond measure1 ,mabel as well as the rest2 and the girl said to her mother1 8,you have chosen a husband for me1 and no doubt chosen for the best40 ,then1 with a smile1 she added3 8,and ,i promise to grow older every day and catch up to him by and by40 8,and you will teach me how to be a farmer's wife10 said ,kitty to ,mabel4 8,and ,i'll play boss over you all10 spoke ,farmer ,willey1 spreading forth his brawny arms so as to covey the whole group4 8,yes1 yes10 said young ,harry1 8and ,i will write to ,new ,york and tell others who are crying over hard times to follow our example and come ,west40 8,do1 do60 exclaimed ,harry's father4 8,here is health and no worry1 sound sleep by night1 and--0 8,wives to be had without much wooing10 interrupted ,mabel1 glancing archly at her future husband4 8,darling girl60 replied ,mr4 ,fletcher1 with tender pathos in his voice4 8,this is the blessed end of an old1 old courtship4 ,ay1 ,mabel1 the shadow of my days1 like ,hezekiah's1 runs backward when ,i gaze upon you40 8,well spoken60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,willey1 with tears of joy glistening in her eyes--8well spoken6 ,and1 oh6 most sincerely do ,i thank ,god that my old lover has won his ,mabel at last40 ,,on ,,the ,,summit ,,of ,,mount ,,lafayette1 ,n4 ,h4 ,i4 ,thou rear'st thy graceful head1 thy serrate crest1 ,o noble mountain1 o'er the busy vale1 ,franconia's seething1 motley-crowded dale3 ,below1 we inly chafe2 on thee1 we rest4 ,the scars that seam thy fir-crowned1 rocky breast1 ,the rifts that rend thy floating1 cloud-spun veil1 ,tell but of nature's laws the ordered tale-- ,each change with seal of sovereign might impressed4 ,if void of man's proud gift1 a living soul1 ,at least thou knowest naught of rebel will1 ,of petty passions1 pettier aims1 that toll ,the knell of love and praise his days should fill4 ,here rest we1 while thine anthems heavenward roll1 ,and list the voice of ,god1 so sweet1 so still4 ,,ii4 ,ay1 rest1 poor human soul1 but not for long3 ,that searching voice hath bid thee look below1 ,where freshening streams by dusty roadsides flow1 ,where sunlit dwellings vales and uplands throng4 ,it bids thy fretted1 fainting heart be strong1 ,it whispers of a glory passing show1 ,of loftier intercommune thou mayst know ,than mountain top1 skies' sweep1 or forest song4 ,above yon hamlet gleams a glittering cross1 ,a beacon light to show where dwells the ,lord4 ,he calls6 our brethren call6 ,can that be loss ,which brings us nearer ,him whose life outpoured ,hath power to right all wrongs1 lift this poor dross ,to heights where thought of man hath ne'er yet soared8 ,,the ,,prussian ,,persecution ,,exhibited ,,in ,,its ,,results4 ,seven years ago the government of the new ,german ,empire1 pursuing the ,protestant traditions of ,prussia1 and spurred on to action by the occult power of ,freemasonry1 began its gigantic attack on the ,catholic ,church4 ,it opened hostilities without the customary declaration of war1 and1 in order to hide the real motives and aims of the campaign1 its crafty rulers professed well-meant intentions and a sincere solicitude for the welfare of the church1 declaring over and over again that the religious policy they were inaugurating was exclusively directed against the ,jesuit or ultramontane influence in the church4 ,soon1 however1 and as the government gradually unfurled the banner of persecution1 the dark designs of ,freemasonry appeared in their real light and character4 ,whilst the ministers moved heaven and earth to produce some plausible pretexts in justification of the announced legislation1 such as the pope's infallibility1 the pretended encroachments of the ,roman ,church on the domains of the state1 the creation of the ,centre party1 etc41 the national liberals in the ,landtag dogmatized on the religion of the future1 the first mission of which was to bring ,christianity into harmony with the spirit of the age1 or1 as one of their leading organs put it1 8to reconcile the faith of our forefathers with the reason of their children40 ,at last1 when the legislators had gained the conviction that the reasons alleged for the ,may ,laws found neither credence with ,catholics nor favor with honest ,protestants1 they threw off the mask1 and ,infidelity1 fully armed and with colors flying1 boldly entered the lists of the ,kulturkampf4 ,the final aim of the struggle1 so long and persistently denied1 now openly acknowledged1 was nothing less than the annihilation of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 and thereby of ,christianity itself4 ,whatever exception ,prince ,bismarck may have taken to this sweeping programme in favor of his own idea of a ,german state church1 with the emperor for its head1 appears irrelevant before the extraordinary fact that he placed himself at the head of the enemies of ,christ1 and with their help worked for the destruction of his religion4 ,for this end1 and for this end only1 did the ,german infidels devise and pass the ,may ,laws4 ,have they succeeded8 ,will they ever achieve their object8 ,to these questions we unhesitatingly oppose a decided never4 ,as ,catholics we have the promise of ,christ that his church here on earth will last to the end of the world2 as witnesses of the persecution and its results we proclaim with unspeakable satisfaction that the attempt to destroy the church in ,germany has completely failed4 ,although the body of the church has been roughly handled1 although it bleeds from a thousand wounds1 and stands mutilated1 disfigured1 a most piteous sight1 still the church itself1 the ,catholic faith1 has remained untouched and shineth forth with increased splendor1 strength1 and beauty4 ,men have suffered1 not their religion4 ,taking a bird's-eye view of the present condition of the ,catholic ,church in ,prussia1 we discover an immense field of desolation on which a seven years' relentless war has spread intense misery and suffering1 heaped ruins upon ruins1 and well-nigh destroyed every monument of ,christian faith and piety4 ,the guides and pastors of the church are dispersed1 the whole hierarchy is broken up1 hundreds of priests eat the bitter bread of exile1 many more waste their lives in prison1 and greater still is the number of those for whom the exercise of priestly functions is accounted a treasonable crime4 ,more than one million of loyal ,prussian subjects are doomed to live and die without the blessings of the church4 ,in more than seven hundred parishes no sacraments can be received1 no ,mass be heard1 no ,christian burial obtained4 ,new-born children must be baptized by lay hands or carried with personal danger to distant parishes4 ,the sick and dying are denied the last sacraments1 unless they1 too1 can be conveyed to neighboring churches4 ,all ,catholic seminaries1 schools1 and educational establishments are either closed altogether or taken possession of by the ,protestant government4 ,convents and monasteries are empty or inhabited by criminals1 their former saintly inmates driven out of their homes and country4 ,catholic orphanages1 hospitals1 reformatories1 all charitable institutions are suppressed1 and the church property of dioceses deprived of their bishops is sequestrated by the civil power4 ,catholic religious instruction in popular and higher schools1 no longer under the control of the church1 is now exclusively taught in the name and by authority of the ,prussian government4 ,this sad work of destruction and persecution appears sadder still when viewed in the ghastliness of its details4 ,by clause #a of the law of ,may #aa1 #ahgc1 all papal jurisdiction in matters of church discipline was transferred from the pope to the ,german ecclesiastical authorities1 or1 in other words1 ,german ,catholics were1 declared cut off from the visible head of their church4 ,this law1 on the very face of it1 could have no practical meaning in the nineteenth century1 and therefore remained a dead letter4 ,beyond a certain number of penalties inflicted on priests and editors for publishing papal documents addressed to ,german bishops and priests1 or forwarding letters of excommunication to apostates1 no harm was done to any one by this law1 and diocesan communications are uninterruptedly carried on by the pope1 not publicly1 it is true1 but almost as completely and safely as if the ,holy ,father enjoyed the ,prussian government's sanction for it4 ,far more mischievous1 downright disastrous to the ,german hierarchy1 became the various laws concerning the education and appointment of priests to the ecclesiastical office4 ,with regard to the clause prescribing a state examination in science for ecclesiastics over and above the usual examination in philosophy and theology1 its severity could not hitherto be tested2 for1 although the official list of thirty-four examiners is every year published in the leading newspapers1 not one ,catholic candidate has presented himself for examination4 ,this clause1 too1 may therefore be termed a failure4 ,on the other hand1 the appointing and not appointing of priests to vacant parishes became fatal to all ,prussian bishops4 ,whenever they proceeded to such appointments without giving the required notice to their respective ober-presidents1 or if they failed to comply with the latter's orders to fill up vacant parishes1 the bishops were in all cases prosecuted1 fined1 or imprisoned4 ,for a time fines were paid by some good diocesans1 or the bishops' sold furniture was bought back and restored to their owners2 but when1 from the continued and increased severity of such prosecutions1 it became evident that the well-meant aid of good ,catholics contributed only to enrich the persecuting government without removing their chief pastors' difficulties1 perhaps also on the express wish of the exalted victims themselves1 the generous practice was discontinued1 and the bishops1 some reduced to utter poverty and unable to pay the ever-increasing penalties1 were ignominiously dragged into prison4 ,the ,archbishop of ,cologne alone was condemned to pay at very short intervals #abj1 #aej1 #cjjj1 #ba1jjj1 #hh1ejj1 in all #aab1ggj marks4 ,his brother bishops1 even those not deposed1 had to suffer similarly high and numerous penalties4 ,what made a great many of these condemnations appear excessively hard and unjust was the bishops' inability to fill up the vacancies2 for they had no longer priests at their disposal1 since the closing of the seminaries made new ordinations impossible4 ,thus the government asked an impossibility and punished the bishops for not achieving it4 ,with the exception of the ,prince ,bishop of ,breslau and the ,bishop of ,limburg1 who escaped imprisonment by going abroad1 all the ,prussian bishops had to go to jail1 some for months1 others for years4 ,as soon as their imprisonment was over proceedings for their 8deposition0 were instituted at the royal ,tribunal of ,ecclesiastical ,affairs in ,berlin4 ,to the official summons to lay down their offices the bishops answered in substance that1 the state not being a spiritual power capable of investing them with or depriving them of their ecclesiastical offices1 they did not consider themselves empowered to accede to the government's request2 and that as the church alone--i4e41 her head1 the pope--had endowed them with the said offices1 she alone possessed the spiritual power to dismiss them4 ,the answers which priests gave to the government1 when summoned to lay down their offices as parish priests1 were couched in equally decided language4 ,thus ,dean ,leineweber1 of ,heiligenstadt1 wrote to the ober-president that1 according to the principle and teaching of the ,catholic ,church1 ,bishop ,martin1 although 8deposed0 by the state1 was still their bishop1 and that consequently no priest was released by this 8deposition0 from the vow of obedience by which he is bound to his bishop2 moreover1 that a faithful priest is a better and more loyal state officer than an unfaithful priest1 and therefore could not in any way admit that his removal from office was required by the interest of the state4 ,the government1 however1 paying no heed to the bishops' refusals to resign1 summoned them one after the other before the ,supreme ,tribunal of ,ecclesiastical ,affairs4 ,after a short trial1 at which the accused bishops neither appeared in person nor were represented by counsel1 the court pronounced sentence of dismissal from their offices as ,prussian bishops on the ground that 8the accused had so grossly violated their duties as servants of the church that their remaining in office involved a serious danger incompatible with public order40 ,in this way the ,prussian government managed to get rid of seven bishops--viz41 ,archbishop ,melchers1 of ,cologne1 who is supposed to reside in ,holland2 ,cardinal ,ledochowski1 ,archbishop of ,gnesen-,posen1 now in ,rome2 the ,prince ,bishop of ,breslau1 living in the ,austrian part of his diocese2 ,bishop ,martin1 of ,paderborn1 now in ,belgium2 ,bishop ,brinckmann1 of ,mnster1 present residence unknown2 ,bishop ,blum1 of ,limburg1 somewhere with the ,benedictines2 ,dr4 ,janiszewski1 suffragan ,bishop of ,posen1 in ,cracow4 ,the three episcopal sees of ,treves1 ,fulda1 and ,mayence being vacant through the death of their former occupants1 there are now nine dioceses without visible spiritual administration in ,prussia4 ,the only remaining bishops are those of ,hildesheim1 ,osnabrck1 ,ermeland1 and ,kulm4 ,for what reason these church dignitaries are allowed to remain in office1 although they committed the same transgressions of the ,may ,laws and are in every respect in the same position as their brethren1 is indeed difficult to say2 the only reasonable explanation we can venture to offer for this forbearance is either the government's determination to discontinue the useless persecution1 or the emperor's unwillingness to consent to the expulsion of all the ,catholic bishops from the country over which he rules4 ,even an emperor may dread the verdict of history4 ,as was to be expected1 the 8deposed0 bishops1 although far away from their flocks1 found the necessary means and ways to carry on the spiritual administration of their dioceses1 either by appointing secret delegates or with the help of certain priests with whom they keep up regular communications4 ,of course their conduct involved1 in the eyes of the government1 fresh and very grave offences1 which were resented by endless prosecutions not only against the bishops themselves but all persons1 laymen as well as priests1 whom the public prosecutor suspected of helping the bishops in the exercise of their 8illegal0 episcopal functions4 ,summonses to appear again before the royal tribunal in ,berlin were nailed on the doors of the bishops' former residences1 and in the trials which ensued the accused were sentenced in contumaciam to fines and years of imprisonment4 ,and as the government could neither exact the inflicted penalties nor lay hold of the convicted dignitaries1 it issued disgraceful writs of arrest in which the ,prussian gendarmes were ordered to watch for the said criminals1 and1 when apprehended1 to deliver them to the next police station for the execution of the sentences passed upon them4 ,the bishops1 in their safe retirement1 could afford to smile at these futile attempts on their liberty1 but those persons who remained within the grasp of the government had to suffer many hardships for the support they had lent to their bishops4 ,hundreds of priests are constantly harassed with summonses to make depositions concerning the secret delegate1 but1 to their glory be it said1 all proved faithful1 all persistently refused to give the demanded evidence1 declaring their inability to recognize the authority of civil courts of justice in purely ecclesiastical affairs4 ,the only case in which the prosecution was successful is that of ,dean ,kurowski1 of ,posen1 who1 on secondary evidence1 was pronounced to be the secret delegate of ,cardinal ,ledochowski1 and sentenced to two years and four months' imprisonment4 ,released in ,october1 #ahgg1 he received his dismissal from office in the beginning of the present year4 ,connected with the illegal exercise of episcopal functions was the persecution of the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,kantecki1 editor of a ,polish newspaper1 who sat six months in prison without trial simply because he refused to turn king's evidence2 and that of ,fathers ,herold and ,pudenz1 of ,heiligenstadt1 who were kept in jail for more than one year for not revealing the name of the secret delegate4 ,another deplorable consequence of the law concerning the education and appointment to ecclesiastical offices is the closing of all priests' seminaries1 which took place almost immediately after the promulgation of that law in #ahgc1 in consequence of the refusal of the authorities to admit the delegates of the government as inspectors of these purely ecclesiastical institutions4 ,since then not one priest has received ordination in ,prussia4 ,that is not1 however1 a great hardship1 as no new priests can1 under the present circumstances1 be appointed in ,prussia1 and a great many ,prussian young men are constantly ordained abroad who will one day return to their country4 ,on the other hand1 the number of vacant parishes increases rapidly every day4 ,at the present moment there are in ,prussia about #gjj parishes deprived of priests--viz41 in the archdiocese of ,cologne1 #aba2 in the diocese of ,treves1 #aec2 ,paderborn1 #fh2 ,mnster1 #gj2 ,limburg1 #cc2 ,fulda1 #cj2 ,hildesheim1 #bb2 ,osnabrck1 #bc2 ,kulm1 #ad2 ,ermeland1 #ac2 ,breslau1 about #ajj2 ,posen1 about #ajj2 in the principality of ,hohenzollern1 #ai1 to which must be added more than #ajj curacies4 ,of the exiled secular priests of ,prussia about three hundred found a field for their labors in ,bavaria2 the others went chiefly to ,belgium1 ,austria1 ,italy1 ,england1 and ,america4 ,as the religious orders were expelled from the whole ,german ,empire1 their members had to settle outside of ,germany2 they emigrated either to ,america1 or went as missionaries among the heathens1 or transferred their establishments to ,belgium1 ,england1 etc4 ,the number of ,prussian ,catholics deprived of church ministrations now amounts to one million and a half4 ,if these wish to hear ,mass on ,sundays or receive the sacraments1 they must attend the services in churches of their neighborhood1 and sometimes walk as far as ten and fifteen miles4 ,in a great many places1 and now in nearly every widowed parish1 so-called lay services have been arranged by the parishioners1 at which one of them reads the prayers of ,mass1 and1 if not forbidden by the local police1 a sermon as well4 ,in the afternoon they sing ,vespers and hymns in the same manner4 ,at first it was feared that even this poor comfort would be taken away from the desolate parishes1 for in many places the conductors of lay worship were prosecuted and heavily fined for exercising illegal functions in church2 but later on both the officials and the judges took a more lenient view of these cases and abstained from interfering with them4 ,now and then1 however1 the forsaken parishes have the unexpected joy of hearing ,mass in their own churches4 ,in every diocese1 especially in that of ,posen1 banished or newly-ordained priests travel in disguise through the country1 baptizing1 hearing confessions1 giving the last sacraments to the dying1 and saying ,mass in every deserted church they can reach4 ,notwithstanding the greatest vigilance by day and by night1 the police seldom succeed in arresting one of these faithful shepherds1 for the parishioners exercise a strict watch over the police and give their pastors timely warning of the enemy's approach4 ,when found out the itinerant priests invariably undergo a severe punishment of two or three years' imprisonment1 followed by banishment from their country4 ,how loyal to these priests not only the ,catholic but even the ,protestant and ,jewish population is may be seen from the following case1 taken out of many4 ,from ,schwerin-on-the-,wartha1 diocese of ,posen1 ,father ,logan1 whom the government had exiled several years ago1 managed for a whole year to administer a parish in the neighborhood1 and to carry the consolations of his ministry wherever they were required4 ,during that time he kept a well-attended shop in the little town1 and travelled about in the neighborhood apparently as a cattle-driver1 in reality as a good shepherd of souls4 ,at last discovered and tried1 he was committed to prison for thirteen months4 ,forty-six such priests1 mostly newly ordained1 are said to administer the vacant parishes of this much-troubled diocese1 in which meritorious work they are successfully assisted by the great landowners1 who provide them with food and shelter1 and1 when wanted1 with safe hiding-places4 ,several of them have lately been discovered and thrown into prison4 ,greatly and unnecessarily increased was the number of vacant parishes by the arbitrary decision of some ober-presidents1 that junior priests1 after the death of their elders1 should abstain1 under pain of expulsion1 from all parochial work1 even from saying ,mass4 ,in vacant parishes the dead themselves fell under the application of the law1 for ,dr4 ,falk decreed that founded ,masses cannot be said in such parishes1 but must stand over until the vacancies are filled up with legally-appointed priests4 ,according to one of the ,may ,laws1 a parish which has stood vacant for one year possesses the right of electing a new priest4 ,this law was evidently passed with a view of destroying the authority of priests as well as bishops2 in fact1 it was a bait thrown out to ,catholics to join the state church4 ,but ,catholics at once understood the malign intention1 and spurned it1 to the amazement and discomfiture of the persecuting party1 which had built its brightest hopes on the working of that law4 ,not one vacant parish in the whole kingdom of ,prussia has as yet been found willing to elect a new pastor4 ,whenever the ,landrath convened an election meeting for that purpose1 the invitation was either not responded to at all1 or1 if for prudence's sake the electors appeared at the meeting1 it was decidedly refused with the declaration that the parishioners had no power to elect their own priests1 and that they would never acknowledge a pastor who was not sent to them by their bishop4 ,such being the firm attitude of all ,prussian parishes towards that particular law1 how could the government flatter itself with the hope that its own nominees would be received and acknowledged by the faithful8 ,and yet ,dr4 ,falk1 disregarding all previous experience1 went on imposing state priests on protesting parishes wherever he found an opportunity for it1 to the great injury of the faithless priests themselves1 who were excommunicated1 to the parishes that rejected them1 and to government1 which made itself only the more odious4 ,by this time1 however1 the ministry must see their mistake1 for1 in spite of the many enticements and premiums offered to priests of doubtful character and doctrine1 the government during the interval of three years has not been able to gather more than twenty-one apostates round its state-church banner4 ,twenty-one out of ten thousand6 ,with the exception of one1 all these misguided men belong to the provinces of ,silesia and ,posen4 ,here is a complete list of them3 ,mr4 ,mcke in ,gross ,strelitz2 ,kolany in ,murzyno2 ,nowacki in ,obornik2 ,lizack in ,schrotz2 ,kubezak in ,xionz2 ,brenk in ,kosten2 ,kick in ,khme2 ,gutzmer in ,grtz2 ,wrtz in ,grabia2 ,moercke in ,podwitz ,golembiowsky in ,plusnitz2 ,sterba in ,leschnitz2 ,pischel in ,girlachsdorf2 ,kenty in ,boronow2 ,grnastle in ,csel2 ,sabotta in ,kettch2 ,czerwinski in ,zirke2 ,bchs in ,gross ,rudno2 ,rymarowicz 7,posen72 and ,glattfelder in ,balg 7,baden74 ,besides these state priests who profess to remain faithful to ,rome1 the ,prussian government introduced two apostates in vacant parishes1 one of whom is the ,old ,catholic pastor1 ,struckberg1 presented by the ,protestant ,baron von ,dyherrn to the fat living of ,oberherzogswaldau in ,silesia1 and the other the notorious ,suszynski1 the married state-priest of ,mogilno1 who enjoys the emoluments of his sinecure comfortably at ,knigsberg4 ,in all these state parishes the faithful refuse to entertain any communication1 social or religious1 with the intruders1 and fulfil their religious duties in other churches4 ,as to the congregations of these state priests1 they principally consist of a few bad ,catholics or government officials1 such as burgomasters1 policemen1 etc42 in some even ,protestants and ,jews attend1 and several count no other members than the clergyman's housekeepers4 ,as the sect of ,old ,catholics must be looked upon as forming part of ,prince ,bismarck's intended state church1 it may fittingly be mentioned in connection with the state parishes4 ,none of the #bf ,kulturkampf laws issued in ,prussia and the ,german ,empire since #ahga has been more abused1 more arbitrarily and unjustly applied by the government1 than the so-called ,old ,catholic law1 which grants to ,old ,catholic communities the joint use of ,catholic parish churches and cemeteries1 and the joint possession of the ,catholic ,church property1 wherever a considerable number of these sectarians exist4 ,how ober-presidents apply that law and determine the meaning of the word 8considerable0 may be seen by the two cases of ,braunsberg and ,knigsberg1 where in the one case about #bj and in the other about #dj ,old ,catholics formed1 in the governor's estimation1 a sufficient number to allow the application of the law1 and to rob as many as #aj1jjj ,catholics in one instance of their churches and property4 ,the ober-president's partiality and self-contradicting conduct received a further illustration by the treatment of the ,catholics of ,hohenstein1 who1 although numbering #a1ejj1 were refused permission to build a church in the town because the number #a1ejj was not considered 8considerable0 in the meaning of the law4 ,the thousand ,catholics of ,willenberg who petitioned the government for the same purpose received a similar answer4 ,thanks to this unjust application of the law1 the ,old ,catholics obtained hitherto possession of #ac beautiful ,catholic churches--viz41 in ,witten 7#aj1jjj ,catholics to #gf ,old ,catholics72 in ,breslau the ,corpus ,christi ,church 7#bj1jjj ,catholics to a few hundred ,old ,catholics72 in ,neisse the ,church of the ,cross2 in ,hirschberg ,st4 ,ann's ,church 7#c1jjj ,catholics to #bej ,old ,catholics72 in ,knigsberg2 in ,wiesbaden 7#ae1jjj ,catholics to #bej ,old ,catholics72 in ,bochum 7#aj1jjj ,catholics to about #bjj ,old ,catholics72 in ,cologne ,st4 ,gereon's ,church 7#aj1jjj ,catholics to #hg ,old ,catholics72 in ,crefeld ,st4 ,stephen's2 in ,boppard the ,carmelite ,church 7#e1jjj ,catholics to #de ,old ,catholics72 in ,coblentz the ,jesuit ,church2 in ,bonn the ,gymnasium ,church2 and quite recently the parish church of ,gottesberg in ,silesia4 ,in nearly all these churches the ,old ,catholics made their first entrance with the help of the police1 the doors being forced open with hammer and crow-bar4 ,since they fell into ,old ,catholic hands most of them stand empty4 ,on ,easter ,sunday about #bj to #cj worshippers attended in the robbed church in ,wiesbaden2 in several places grass is growing on the pavement surrounding the churches1 and in others mushrooms are springing up freely at the very foot of the altars4 ,there can be no doubt that the sect is already declining4 ,were it not for the aid in money and other advantages which its members receive from the ,prussian government1 it would probably by this time have shared the fate of ,rongeanism4 ,according to the report read at the fourth ,old ,catholic synod at ,bonn1 in ,may1 #ahgg1 there were at that time #ce ,old ,catholic communities in ,prussia1 counting in all #f1eaj people with civil independence2 in ,baden there were #dd communities1 in ,bavaria #ca1 in ,hesse #e1 in ,oldenburg #b1 in ,wrtemberg #a4 ,the total number of adherents1 women and children included1 amounted in ,prussia to #bj1ebd1 in ,baden to #ag1bjc1 in ,bavaria to #aj1ajj1 in ,hesse to #a1jdb1 in ,oldenburg to #bdj1 in ,wrtemberg to #bbc--;in all #di1cdb out of a population of #ad millions4 ,the number of ,old ,catholic priests in the whole ,german ,empire is now #ef4 ,in the course of last year four of them and a good many laymen from ,wiesbaden and ,dortmund retracted their error and returned to the mother church2 others became ,protestants4 ,although passed in ,may1 #ahge1 the law ordering the dissolution of ,catholic religious congregations has not yet been fully carried into execution1 not out of regard for the establishments themselves1 but because the state interest required a departure from the rule4 ,the last term granted to ,catholic sisters engaged in education expires on the #ast of ,october next4 ,their expulsion is causing the deepest grief among all classes of ,german ,catholics1 for the good sisters have1 by their noble and self-sacrificing exertions1 so endeared themselves to the hearts of the people that they are looked upon as--what they really are--the greatest benefactors of the people1 without whose help the moral and religious training of the young will remain defective4 ,more than all do the poor and unhappy feel their departure1 for it was chiefly on orphanages and other charitable institutions that the expelled nuns exercised their salutary influence4 ,now that these establishments no longer stand under the direction of those ministering angels1 who work only for the love of ,god and man1 the respective parishes have to grant salaries to their successors1 for which the poor as well as the rich are compelled to contribute4 ,in a great many towns1 however1 they cannot be replaced at all1 not only for want of means but also for want of the competent persons1 and about #aj1jjj orphans of the poor are left destitute by the expulsion of the nuns4 ,no wonder1 then1 if under such circumstances the parting scenes were everywhere heart-rending2 not only sobbing children thronged round their foster-mothers in uncontrollable grief1 but the inhabitants1 burgomasters1 and magistrates came to express their thanks for the eminent services they had rendered to their parishes1 and their deep regret at seeing them driven out of home and country--their own beloved benefactresses4 ,no exact statistics regarding the number of expelled nuns have as yet been published1 nor is it possible to say what has become of them all4 ,it is1 however1 computed that about #ejj houses have been broken up1 which must have included at least between two and three thousand inmates4 ,the ,ursulines of ,dorsten transferred their establishment to ,holland1 where forty pupils followed them on the very day of their expulsion4 ,the house of ,posen went to ,cracow2 those of ,cologne1 ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,duderstadt1 ,kitzlar1 etc41 emigrated partly to ,north ,america1 partly to neighboring countries4 ,the ,sisters of ,our ,lady1 whose convents had been established more than #bjj years in ,essen and ,coesfeld1 went #bej strong across the ,atlantic1 and the ,school ,sisters either returned to their families or left off their religious habits and continued their calling as lay teachers4 ,the names of the other congregations that had to leave this year are chiefly the following3 ,the ,english ,ladies 7,fulda and ,mayence71 the ,franciscans 7,frankfort1 ,erfurt1 ,treves1 ,fulda1 ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,bonn1 ,oberwesel1 ,emmerich71 the ,sisters of ,mercy conducting orphanages 7,posen1 ,breslau1 ,lauban1 ,myslowitz1 ,steinfeld1 ,bromberg1 ,peplin1 ,dsseldorf1 ,crefeld1 ,bonn1 ,dortmund1 ,berncastle1 ,malmedy1 ,lannerz1 ,berge-,borbeck1 ,mayen1 ,rheinberg1 ,paderborn1 ,schroda1 ,dren1 ,bitburg1 ,neuss1 ,neustadt1 ,osnabrck1 ,salzkotten71 the ,sisters of ,st4 ,charles 7,boppard1 ,oberglogau1 etc471 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul 7,deutz1 ,nippes1 ,ehrenfeld71 the ,daughters of the ,holy ,cross1 and the ,poor ,sisters of ,christ4 ,those ,sisters of ,mercy who exclusively devote themselves to hospital work have been allowed to remain2 their exact number was a short time ago #e1gfc4 ,of all the laws enacted since #ahga against the ,catholic ,church in ,prussia1 none will be attended with more injurious effects than the law regulating school supervision and religious instruction in popular schools4 ,not content with having removed nearly all ecclesiastical district and local school inspectors1 and appointed ,protestants and 8liberal0 ,catholics in their place1 the government has also forbidden the priests to teach the ,catholic religion anywhere except in church out of school hours4 ,in a decree issued by ,dr4 ,falk in ,march1 #ahgf1 the right of parents to bring up their children in accordance with their religious principles is virtually denied1 at all events practically destroyed1 for it places the whole teaching and supervision of ,catholic religious instruction under the supreme control of the ,protestant government1 and thus arbitrarily cancels clause #bd of the ,prussian constitution1 which guarantees to recognized religious societies the right of conducting religious instruction either through their priests or laymen invested with the missio canonica4 ,by virtue of this ministerial ordinance the government1 feeling its hands strengthened and unshackled1 proceeds to all kinds of arbitrary and unjustifiable changes in matters of religious teaching4 ,it sets aside ,catholic catechisms and reading-books hitherto used in schools with ecclesiastical approbation1 and replaces them by works more in harmony with the spirit of the age2 it commissions schoolmasters 7now already about #a1jjj7 to teach the ,catholic religion only in the name and by order of the civil power1 threatening them with prosecution if they ask for or accept the missio canonica from church authorities2 it either dissolves ,catholic schools or amalgamates them with ,protestant institutions under the name of simultan-schools1 all of which stand under exclusively ,protestant direction2 it appoints ,protestant and ,jewish teachers to purely ,catholic schools2 it compels1 as was recently done in ,crefeld1 ,catholic children to attend ,protestant school prayers2 it limits the hearing of ,mass to two days in the week1 and strictly forbids ,catholic teachers to exhort their pupils to a greater frequency of the ,sacraments of ,penance and ,holy ,communion2 in one word1 it uses all possible means to ,protestantize ,catholic children in popular schools4 ,priests and parents1 school boards and parishes1 have sought redress of this bitter grievance in innumerable petitions and protests addressed from all parts of the country to the emperor1 the ministers1 to both houses of ,parliament1 demanding in the name of liberty1 of justice1 of the constitution1 of natural and human rights1 that the teaching of their religion should again be declared free and placed under the only rightful authority1 that of the church2 but neither the prayers of distressed parents nor the powerful agitation got up by the leading ,catholic representatives proved of any avail1 ,dr4 ,falk invariably rejecting all petitions on the ground that the grievances complained of did not exist--an assertion which the minister1 if he had ventured to do so1 could not have reconciled with the truth of facts4 ,as ministers and national liberals alike expect the realization of their plans from the destructive school policy rather than from any of the other ,may laws1 the ,prussian government feels the less disposed to make concessions on this question1 as it enables them to administer the poison of infidelity to the rising generation in a quiet and imperceptible but systematic and effective manner4 ,catholics have therefore nothing to hope from the present rulers of ,prussia towards an equitable settlement of the religious question1 as party interest1 and not justice1 is the moving principle of the ,may legislators4 ,if the faith of the next generation is to be saved1 it must be done by the parents themselves2 if they take the religious instruction in their own hands1 if by vigilance and self-devotion they detect1 counteract1 and destroy the evil influence of heterodox school-teaching1 no power on earth will be able to interfere with their children's faith2 but if they neglect this solemn duty1 which now devolves upon them with a fearful responsibility1 they will have to bear the guilt of their children's apostasy4 ,happily there is little or no ground for such apprehensions1 now that bishops1 priests1 and laity have all so manfully withstood the storm and so far passed unscathed through the crucible of the persecution4 ,persevering in their course of loyal attachment to the church1 ,catholic parents of all classes of society look after their children's faith and teach them catechism at home1 in which excellent work they are effectually assisted by the advice and practical help of numerous societies instituted for that purpose all over ,prussia4 ,whilst ,catholics heartily rejoice at the failure of their enemies' endeavors to destroy their church in ,germany1 they deeply feel the enormous losses and sufferings which the application of the ,may ,laws has so wantonly inflicted on so many thousands of their innocent co-religionists4 ,apart from the innumerable convictions of bishops1 priests1 and laymen for so-called ,may-law transgressions1 ,prince ,bismarck alone instituted more than #g1jjj prosecutions for alleged offences against his person4 ,in his eagerness to silence opposition he spared neither sex nor age1 neither office nor rank1 proceeding with equal animosity against statesmen and artisans1 distinguished writers and poor peasants1 washerwomen and children4 ,the sums paid in fines and the time spent in prison for ,kulturkampf offences are said to be enormous2 our readers may form an idea of the magnitude of the penal results of the persecution by the perusal of the following statistics3 ,within the first four months of #ahgg ,prussian courts of justice pronounced sentences of imprisonment amounting to #ee years1 #aa months1 and #f days1 and fines to the amount of #bg1hdc marks4 ,the victims were #bda priests1 #baj laymen1 and #acf editors of newspapers4 ,imprisonment of #ab years1 #h months1 and #ad days was decreed for offences against the emperor1 and #h years1 #d months1 #g days for #fh ,bismarck offences4 ,besides these penalties1 the police made #ee arrests1 #gd domiciliary visits1 and #ef dissolutions of unions and assemblies4 ,a compositor of a ,mayence paper1 father of eight children1 was sentenced to three months' imprisonment for having used a disrespectful expression towards his majesty whilst in a state of intoxication2 a doctor had to spend a whole year in a fortress for a similar offence2 a rag and bone gatherer got five and a half months1 and a poor servant-girl of nineteen years of age one month's imprisonment4 ,a few more instances1 taken at random from the masses of ,kulturkampf convictions1 will further exemplify the nature of the offences and the penalties with which they were visited4 ,bishop ,brinckmann received one year's imprisonment1 ,vicar-,general ,giese two years1 ,father ,fievez three months1 ,father ,haversath four weeks1 for alleged embezzlement of diocesan money2 in reality for preventing certain church funds from falling into the hands of the government1 which had no claim whatever to them4 ,in ,mnster #b1ejj heads of families were fined for not sending their children to school on ,corpus ,christi day4 ,the successive editors of the ,kuryer ,poznanski1 the ,germania1 and the ,frankfort ,zeitung have for several years past gone to prison1 some for publishing papal and episcopal documents1 others for offending the emperor1 ,prince ,bismarck1 and other members of the administration4 ,father ,isbert1 of ,namborn1 ,treves1 spent #ijc days in the prison of ,saarbrcken for 8illegally0 saying ,mass1 hearing confessions1 etc4 ,in ,april1 #ahgf1 the priests of the diocese of ,posen had to pay #afc1dfc marks for similar offences4 ,father ,simon was sentenced to seven months' imprisonment because he removed the sacred ,host from the church of the ,girlachsdorf the day before state priest ,pischel's installation4 ,fathers ,bruns of ,geldern and ,kroll of ,adekerke were prosecuted and punished for refusing absolution to two penitents4 ,a ,french priest accidentally staying in ,hanover was condemned to a fine of #d1hjj marks for saying ,mass in a private chapel4 ,dean ,leineweber1 of ,heiligenstadt1 went to prison for #ah months for granting dispensations2 ,father ,nawrocki two years for secretly administrating the parish of ,goszieszy4 ,besides endless prosecutions1 hundreds of the inhabitants of ,marpingen had to pay fines for granting hospitality to pilgrims4 ,but the ,catholic clergy had to suffer for not acknowledging the ,may ,laws as well as for transgressing them4 ,by the so-called ,bread-basket ,law1 intended to starve the priests into submission1 many thousands lost their income and had to bear great misery1 especially in poor parishes1 where church offerings usually consist of farthings4 ,in the diocese of ,fulda1 for instance1 the average income of a great number of parish priests fluctuated between twelve and twenty pounds a year4 ,in other districts they fared in so far better as their parishioners indemnified them for the loss of their state emoluments and homes by voluntary contributions or gifts in kind1 such as meat1 bread1 firewood1 etc4 ,this help1 if lastingly established1 might have considerably alleviated the existing distress2 but unfortunately the ,prussian government forbade public offerings and collections for the relief of priests in distress1 on the ground that such illegal remunerations encouraged resistance to the state laws4 ,this harsh1 not to say inhuman1 proceeding1 however1 only harmed its victims for a time2 for very soon the inventive spirit of the faithful found out other means of relief1 over which the most watchful officials could obtain no control4 ,in addition to secret parish subventions the priests now receive regular assistance from the ,paulinus ,verein1 which charitable association collects contributions not only in ,germany but also from foreign countries1 among which ,england especially has distinguished itself4 ,destructive as the ,kulturkampf has been to the outward organization of the church and the happiness and worldly interest of the people1 its consequences have in many other respects proved an immense blessing to the ,catholic ,church in ,germany4 ,instead of having been destroyed or weakened1 as her enemies hoped1 she has1 on the contrary1 become stronger and more powerful in her influence over the masses1 more respected by her adversaries1 better understood by ,protestant ,christians1 better loved and obeyed by her own children4 ,lukewarm ,catholics1 formerly almost ashamed of professing their religion in public1 now no longer shrink from manifesting their loyal attachment to the church2 nay1 more1 they stand up in her defence1 and edify others by the regular fulfilment of their religious duties4 ,the devout crowds that fill the churches on ,sundays and all festive occasions2 the enormous increase of regular communicants2 the frequent processions from widowed dioceses to cathedrals of other dioceses for the reception of the ,sacrament of ,confirmation2 the deep and universal grief shown by the people at the death of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 and their cordial rejoicing at the election of his successor2 the numerous addresses of loyalty sent on every possible occasion to the banished bishops by millions of the faithful2 the touching attachment of the masses to their pastors--all these and a great many more significant manifestations afford ample proof that the ,catholic ,church has gained1 and not lost1 by the ,kulturkampf4 ,and it may not be exaggeration to say that never at any time did the religious sentiment among ,german ,catholics shine forth so brightly1 their piety so fervently1 their spirit of self-sacrifice so strongly1 their love for their church so unboundedly1 as now after seven years of relentless persecution4 ,giving to the state what belongs to the state1 but fearlessly obeying the church in all matters that regard their eternal salvation1 the ,german ,catholics1 bishops1 priests1 and people1 stand firm and unshaken in their resolution to remain true to ,god and his church1 and to lose wealth1 freedom1 life itself1 rather than give up one particle of their faith4 ,nor are the beneficial consequences of the persecution limited to a revival in religion2 they are also felt1 with almost equal power1 in the political and literary life of the ,catholic portion of the ,german nation4 ,purified1 ennobled1 raised from a state of political servility to a sense of self-dignity1 the persecuted ,german ,catholics feel their love of freedom rekindled1 their sunken courage revived1 and a hitherto unknown power--the power of outraged honesty and truth--growing and spreading among them1 and defending their inalienable rights with energy and success1 in society1 in parliament1 in the press1 and in general literature1 wherever religious and political liberty and independence are wont to assert themselves4 ,the ,catholics of ,prussia now constitute a political body second only in importance to the national liberals1 whose influence in the country is rapidly declining4 ,if the wishes for a return to a religious policy1 as expressed by the emperor shortly after the late attempt on his life1 should be carried out by his ministers1 we may live to see ,prince ,bismarck courting the help of the ,catholic ,church to save that same state which resolved upon and worked for her destruction4 ,how valuable the support of the ,catholic party would be to the perplexed ,german government in these critical times is sufficiently shown by the number of its representatives in the various parliaments3 in the ,reichstag the ,catholic ,centre party counts #ih members2 in the ,bavarian ,chamber of ,deputies it commands the majority2 in ,baden1 where only one ,catholic sat in parliament before the year #ahgj1 there are now #ac ,catholic deputies4 ,the best illustration of the growth of the ,catholic party in ,germany was furnished at the last elections1 when1 in spite of the arbitrary dissection of ,catholic voting districts1 ,catholic members were returned with overwhelming majorities wherever a sufficient number of constituents made such elections possible4 ,the same success attended the elections of municipal officers1 but unfortunately to no purpose1 as the ,prussian government1 contrary to right and justice1 annulled all elections of ,catholic burgomasters and appointed its own creatures to the vacant posts4 ,another creation of the ,kulturkampf for which we cannot be too thankful is the ,german ,catholic press1 which for its tone1 skill1 influence1 and general success stands unrivalled by any press in the world4 ,beyond a few more or less obscure provincial papers1 ,germany possessed no ,catholic press organization before the year #ahgj2 now nearly #bjj of these spirited children of the persecution flourish in the ,german ,empire4 ,foremost among all appears the ,germania1 of world-wide reputation1 which expounds and defends the political programme of the ,catholic party with such statesmanlike ability that ,prince ,bismarck himself1 in one of his parliamentary speeches1 was fain to acknowledge the superior character and excellence of the paper4 ,worthy associates of the ,berlin central organ of ,catholic publicity are the great provincial daily papers1 such as the ,deutsche ,reichszeitung in ,bonn1 the ,klnische ,volkszeitung in ,cologne1 the ,westphalian ,merkur1 and last1 not least1 the smaller provincial and local papers1 all of which1 in the involuntary absence of the chief pastors of the church1 teach and guide the people in the paths of religion as well as in those of public life4 ,the influence of the ,catholic press over the people was felt in two ways3 in the first place1 it succeeded in preserving and consolidating among them that spirit of union1 order1 and loyalty of which the bishops and priests had given such admirable examples2 and in the second place it prevented1 by its wise admonitions1 the exasperated people from abandoning the policy of passive resistance as recommended by the bishops1 so that1 in the midst of incessant1 almost unbearable provocations1 the ,catholic population of ,prussia has not been found guilty of one single act of rebellion or open resistance to the state power4 ,the difference of the effects which the ,may-law legislation has had on the ,catholic and the ,protestant inhabitants of ,prussia must strike every one4 ,whilst to the former the ,kulturkampf has been a school of improvement1 of moral and religious regeneration1 the latter have derived none but deplorable results from it2 witness the general lawlessness1 the frightful increase of crime1 the sunken state of morality1 and the all but complete extinction of ,christianity which now prevails among the ,protestant people4 ,according to the ,nord ,allgemeine ,zeitung1 ,prince ,bismarck's non-official organ1 not a day passes in ,prussia without murder and manslaughter1 and the demoralization of the lower classes has reached such a depth that there is no longer any security for life and property1 that the son murders his father1 that the intoxicated father stabs his son1 and that the servant kills his master on the slightest provocation4 ,school-boys have become regular frequenters of public-houses2 they fight duels in love affairs1 commit suicide for the most trifling causes1 and help to fill the overcrowded prisons4 ,since #ahgd the number of prisoners has increased by nearly two hundred per cent4 ,to mention a few instances only1 in #ahgb the town of ,frankfort-on-the-,main had #a1jgb convicts2 in the present year it has #e1cbc4 ,in the province of ,east ,prussia more crimes were committed in #ahge than in the #bj preceding years together4 ,sacrileges1 theft1 murder1 suicide1 immoralities are the crimes of most frequent occurrence in ,protestant ,prussia4 ,in the one small province of ,schleswig-,holstein not less than #bab suicides were recorded in the year #ahgd2 and in the city of ,berlin in #ahge there were #bhd 7#bac men and #ga women7 cases1 besides #ch corpses found in the ,spree4 ,in one month of the year #ahgf the army counted #bf suicides--i4e41 one-fifth of the whole mortality4 ,another offence1 formerly little known in ,prussia1 but now spreading in an extraordinary manner1 is the wholesale evasion of the obligatory military service4 ,according to official returns the number of young men who evaded that duty by going abroad increased within the period of #ahfb to #ahgb from #a1fdh to #aj1jfi4 ,last year it was about twice the latter number4 ,we may here add that ,catholic priests are now also obliged to serve in the army as private soldiers4 ,it is a remarkable fact1 perhaps only a coincidence1 but at all events one of the fruits of ,bismarck's anti-church policy1 that socialism has grown in ,prussia in proportion as crimes have multiplied4 ,in the year #ahga the socialists had only two members in ,parliament2 now they have #ac1 representing two millions of adherents1 who support #de socialist newspapers4 ,the party has not reached its maturity yet2 but if the ,prussian government1 disregarding the disapproving vote of the ,reichstag1 should proceed against it with violent repressive police measures1 it is sure to grow rapidly into a dangerous power that may one day shake the new ,german ,empire to its very foundation4 ,prince ,bismarck did not intend to injure the ,protestant ,church by his ,may legislation1 but1 whether intended or not1 it is now an undeniable fact that the two great results of that legislation are the growth of socialism and the accelerated extinction of ,christianity in the ,german ,protestant ,church4 ,when preachers of the ,gospel are allowed to declare from the pulpit that to them the ,bible is nothing but ,jewish literature1 that our ,lord ,jesus ,christ was a mere man1 that the idea of a ,trinity1 sacraments1 miracles1 etc41 are human inventions1 can it surprise any one if socialists go further still1 and in numerously-attended meetings openly deny the existence of ,god and eternal life8 ,enabled by the ,may ,laws to utter any blasphemies they like1 the ,german infidels carry on their anti-,christian propaganda on a very extensive scale1 and succeed in drawing hundreds of thousands of ,protestants out of the established church4 ,they alone make use of the so-called ,alt-,catholic law1 which gives freedom to leave a church without joining another1 and which was passed for the purpose of inducing ,catholics to follow the lead of the ,alt-,catholic ,bishop ,reinkens4 ,this ostentatious secession from the ,protestant ,church1 however1 is not its greatest loss2 far more disastrous to its existence is that wholesale defection which takes place quietly1 without people thinking it worth while to go out of the church4 ,they simply abstain from frequenting places of worship1 and refuse all ministrations from their clergymen for themselves and their children4 ,during the last three months of #ahgd--that is to say1 in the year following the promulgation of the ,may ,laws--#af1fca ,protestant children remained unbaptized1 and #h1cdf ,protestant couples refused to be married in church4 ,in the year #ahge ,berlin alone had #i1ifd civil marriages without church blessing1 and #ae1jjj children who received no baptism4 ,in ,knigsberg the number of civil marriages not accompanied by any church ceremony was #cf per cent41 in ,dantzic #dg per cent41 in ,breslau #ec per cent41 in ,stettin #fh per cent4 ,in ,berlin #gj1jjj ,protestants reject their church altogether4 ,there only #ah per cent4 of the whole ,protestant population go to church2 in ,worms #f per cent41 in ,mayence #e per cent41 in ,giessen #e per cent41 in ,darmstadt #c per cent41 in ,chemnitz #c per cent41 and in some other places of ,saxony only #a per cent4 ,in short1 the ,protestant ,church in ,germany is irretrievably lost4 ,thus it has come to pass1 under ,god's providence1 that the blow which ,prince ,bismarck aimed at the ,catholic ,church glided off from the ,rock of ,peter1 and fell with deadly effect on the ,protestant ,church1 of which he counts himself a stanch adherent4 ,,sonnet4 ,,the ,,moral ,,law1 ,,and ,,the ,,utilitarian ,,philosophy4 ,that law which cynic-sophists desecrate1 ,creation deft1 they boast of mortal hand2 ,custom's weak nurseling2 or1 by sea and land1 ,a tyrant's edict fencing doubtful state1 ,is older than the brazen books of ,fate2 ,a bondage unto liberty2 a grand ,and circumscribing harmony1 unplanned1 ,but from the breasts of all things good and great ,where'er the flame of thought and feeling played1 ,issuing divine1 a universal birth1 ,before the first-born zephyr sang its ode1 ,before pines grew on mountains of the north1 ,before the greater light1 or less1 had flowed ,o'er the glad bosom of the new-shaped earth 8,,the ,,religion ,,of ,,humanity40#acb ,the strangest and saddest commentary upon that dreary religious sentimentality known as positivism1 or the ,religion of ,humanity1 was the infatuation of ,auguste ,comte and ,john ,stuart ,mill with regard to two very commonplace women whom these men1 one the founder and the other the ablest exponent of the religion1 foolishly loved and worshipped in life1 and actually deified after death4 ,guizot says that ,comte was crazy1 but ,mill was confessedly a man of rare logical acumen1 thoroughly-trained intellectual powers1 and with no trace of mental alienation4 ,one does not know whether to laugh at or to pity the maudlin sentimentalism of his love for his wife1 the idolatrous honors he paid to her portrait and bust1 and the painful conflict of his soul1 halting between a frantic wish to believe in the presence and intimations of her disembodied spirit1 and the necessity of rejecting1 according to his theory1 all hope or belief in the hereafter4 ,there is something at once ludicrous and shocking in this1 the only religious sentiment that such a mind as ,mill's would admit--the worship of a woman's memory as the full satisfaction and highest reach of religion4 ,the worship of woman irresistibly suggests the crowning of the ,goddess of ,reason by the ,french ,revolutionists2 and we trust our reflection will not be misconstrued when we say that woman holds her true and rightful position only in the ,catholic ,church4 ,the tolerance of divorce in ,protestantism is an injury to the sex1 and when we glance at woman's relations to most of the philosophico-moral systems that have been the outgrowth of the religious rebellion of the sixteenth century1 we see how wise and tender the church has ever been in her treatment of the weaker vessel4 ,st4 ,paul has laid down for all time the true idea of woman in her religious relations1 and every attempt to change those conditions has resulted in failure and shame4 ,the ,religion of ,humanity is one of those vague terms which logic rejects with scorn4 ,the phrase has a certain hazy beauty for hazy minds2 but its gross spirit means the deification of man1 the boundless extent of his natural powers1 a worse than ,pelagian confidence in his own moral strength1 and the natural1 social1 and civil equality of woman4 ,in our own country the system has not revealed all its deformity1 nor are its principles apparently very familiar even to its advocates2 but all its hideousness is laid bare in the writings of the ,german ,feuerbach1 and it is sad to think that ,mrs4 ,lewes 7,george ,eliot7 devotes her uncommon powers to the exposition of its distinctive doctrinal phase--namely1 that all religion is a diseased state of our consciousness1 and its exercise through any form or in any sphere gives us neither present comfort nor future hope4 ,a primal instinct and yearning of the human heart tends toward an object of infinite blessedness and beauty4 ,descartes inferred from our knowledge and love of ,infinite and ,absolute ,being1 in which all glory1 perfection1 mercy1 and power co-exist1 that such a ,being really does exist2 and this famous proof of the existence of ,god has never been shown to be false or unwarranted1 though some philosophers have held that it is not strictly a demonstration4 ,our readers know how cogently and eloquently ,dr4 ,brownson expatiates upon that beautiful formula1 ,ens creat existentias4 ,,god ,,is4 ,every affirmation and reality announces that glorious and all-sufficient ,being4 ,nothing less than himself can satisfy our immortal longings and aspirations4 ,the very difficulties that enshroud our ideas of the ,supreme ,being seem to be only 8dark with excess of light40 ,nor has this truth1 on which man's feet have been stayed since the creation1 ever been shaken4 ,dr4 ,newman1 using ,lamennais' argument from universal authority1 but without falling into ,lamennais' mistake of its being the only argument1 challenges the world to explain away the universal consent of mankind to the divine existence4 ,cicero only echoes ,plato when he says that there never was a nation1 no matter how barbarous1 that had not some idea of the existence of ,god4 ,talleyrand used to say3 8,there is somebody that has more intellect than ,napoleon and more wit than ,voltaire1 and that somebody is--mankind40 ,the great heart of the world leaps to its ,creator1 and the testimony of individual experience in all ages but repeats the saying of ,st4 ,augustine3 8,thou hast made us for thyself1 ,o ,lord6 and our hearts are restless until they rest in thee40 ,if we compare this noble and sublime creed1 8,i believe in ,god the ,father ,almighty10 with the hollow metaphysical and humanitarian beliefs of our unhappy age1 we at once recognize the profound truth and beauty of many of the utterances of the ancient ,fathers upon the subject of religion4 ,their simple and antique majesty of thought and phrase is like a statue of ,michael ,angelo's alongside of a bizarre specimen of fashionable ceramics4 ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria holds that there is only one religion1 and the great argument of ,st4 ,augustine's ,city of ,god is the essential unity of the divine cultus1 coming from ,adam1 through the patriarchs1 the prophets1 fully revealed in ,christ the ,son of ,god1 and destined to endure for ever4 ,all theology germinates from the invocation of the three divine ,persons4 ,when we bless ourselves we worship ,god1 with the worship of unending ages1 from everlasting to everlasting4 ,the church condemned the proposition that all the virtues of the pagan philosophers were vices4 ,christ1 the ,god-,man1 is the object of religion1 and1 as thus presented1 he fulfils all the yearnings and hopes spoken of by the humanitarians1 who1 in making the human race at once the subject and object of worship1 fail to see that ,catholicity gratifies man beyond his wildest dreams of exalted manhood and infinite progress2 for humanity cannot be raised higher than it has been raised by the ,eternal ,son of ,god1 who1 clothed with our glorified humanity1 which he will never lay aside1 8sitteth at the right hand of the ,majesty on high40 ,it seems an unworthy concession to a very weak school of scepticism for ,max ,mller1 in the ,may number of the ,contemporary ,review1 to propound the queries1 ,what is religion8 ,have we any religion8 and1 after giving a long and flattering notice of every fool that says in his heart there is no ,god1 to inform us graciously that there is a term for ,god in every language with which he is acquainted4 ,the logical vice of nearly all non-,catholic scientific men here and in ,europe at the present day is an ignorant and unwarranted obtrusion of their crude theories upon the subjects of religion4 ,they have no perception of the exquisite sense and appositeness of the old saying1 ,ne sutor ultra crepidam4 ,a satirical friend1 after listening to ,proudhon's theories about the creation1 remarked to him3 8,what a pity ,god had not the benefit of your suggestions when he made the world60 and such was the hebetude of the infidel that he rejoined3 8,in that event creation would have been infinitely better40 ,huxley1 who is pronounced a scientific charlatan even in those studies upon the invertebrata to which he has devoted twenty-five years1 has the blasphemous audacity to call his ,creator 8a pedantic drill-sergeant02 and ,tyndall refers to his ,god as an 8atom-manufacturer40 ,max ,mller has far greater reverence1 but his latest utterances convict him hopelessly of pantheism1 which is about the absurdest form of 8religion0 that any unfortunate man can adopt4 ,it is a curious exemplification of the state of religious thought in ,england when such a man as ,mller is selected to deliver a course of lectures upon theology4 ,his only qualification is his philological learning1 of which ,scaliger1 the greatest of modern philologists1 said its value in theology has been very much over-rated4 ,to such an extent does ,mller carry his linguistic fanaticism that he derives all reason and all truth from language4 ,he settles a controversy by appealing to the root of a word4 ,the most cursory study of etymology suffices to show that it is in the main a vague guess-work2 and the words we employ to express the subtlest operations of the intellect are so many metaphors or images drawn from sensible objects4 ,the word religion may be derived from three distinct roots1 relegere1 to read back1 to retrace2 or religere1 to collect2 or religare1 to bind together2 and an enthusiastic etymologist1 warming with the subject1 would run us back to ,babel4 ,who would suppose that the word goose1 for example1 which1 on the 8bow-wow0 theory of language1 must have originated with an old farmer driving his poultry to market1 is traceable directly to the ,sanscrit1 through the ,teutonic1 ,gothic1 ,latin1 and ,greek1 and enjoys a proud pedigree of ,aryan etymology8 ,like all modern specialists1 ,mller drives his philological hobby through all theological science4 ,he has done a very great injury to religious thought by his constant prating about the essential oneness of all creeds1 and his studied purpose to represent ,christianity as only a modification of the great 8world-creeds10 with a very decidedly expressed preference for the ,vedas over the ,gospels and for ,zoroaster over ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist4 ,if ,protestantism continues to disintegrate as rapidly in the next decade as it has in the last two1 our theological professors may skip all the tracts at present devoted to the refutation of the principles and consequences of the ,reformation4 ,the older controversial works are already antiquated1 and the theological lore of thirty years ago is no longer available4 ,yet it is very doubtful if any solid advantage can be gained by the study of modern philosophy4 ,the ,holy ,ghost1 ever ruling the mind of the church1 brought about the definition of ,papal ,infallibility at the most opportune period of the world's history4 ,the only salvation for the human intellect is the dogmatic authority of the church1 and the clearer this is shown and enforced the better for the world4 ,the day of tedious ,christian controversy is gone for ever4 ,amicable discussions upon controverted points of doctrine are no longer possible4 ,the field has been narrowed down4 ,the contest now is conducted upon the primal bases of the primitive truths--,god or ,satan1 heaven or hell4 8,under which king1 ,bezonian8 ,speak or die60 ,when the admired and acknowledged 8leaders of modern thought0 are come to such a pass as to ask if life is worth living8 is there a hell8 is not man the beginning and end of himself8 was not ,christ sublimely self-deceived8 does not matter contain the promise and potency of all life1 and is not immortality a splendid dream8 it is manifestly useless labor for a ,catholic theologian to pore for years over the question of ,anglican ,orders or the ,donation of ,constantine4 ,our objection to the prolonged study of philosophy must be understood not of ,catholic philosophy1 which is the handmaid of revealed truth1 but of those degrading systems that the materialistic mind of the age is constantly spawning4 ,the facilities of the printing-press1 and the habit of writing philosophical articles and systems in the common languages1 have familiarized the world with a vast amount of error4 ,one advantage of the learned tongues lay in their preventing many people from obtaining the little learning which is proverbially a dangerous thing4 ,in our day we not only have technical treatises on science1 philosophy1 and theology1 but popular hand-books which aim at the greatest simplicity and directness4 ,materialists give illustrated lectures to unscientific people1 and labor strenuously to accommodate their ideas even to the unformed mind of childhood4 ,the newspapers teem with all sorts of crude theories1 and no effort is spared to disseminate the most outrageous fallacies4 ,when ,diderot and ,d',alembert started the ,encyclopdie there were protests and remonstrances from the church and from scientific bodies2 but few persons could afford to purchase the huge tomes1 as compared with the multitudes that now can buy for a few cents a dangerous publication at any news-stand4 ,the ,new ,york ,daily ,graphic1 not content with printing a likeness of ,mller1 gave also long extracts from the article to which we have adverted2 and nothing is commoner than a so-called philosophical essay even in our lightest magazines4 ,with the help of a learned and often unintelligible phraseology the impression is left that a mighty mind1 after many mental throes1 has given birth to a wonderful truth or profound reflection destined to influence modern thought and lead eventually to the widest-reaching social results4 ,the only remedy for such a delusion is to impress readers with a modest consciousness of their own ability to penetrate the sibyllic meaning1 which1 if they fail to do1 is very likely without any meaning at all4 ,by this manly and rational process it is surprising how quickly one sees through absurdities1 and catches a glimpse of the ass' ears under the lion's skin4 ,our present study of the ,religion of ,humanity will illustrate this idea 7not in our own case1 of course74 ,let us take up a few of the most famous dicta of humanitarianism4 ,note the obscurity of the language1 which in many cases is intentional4 ,in ,eckermann's ,conversations with ,goethe1 who may be regarded as the first arch-priest of positivism1 the sage of ,weimar expressly remarks that philosophical writers contemporary with him had told him that when they were most perplexed and confused1 that was the very time when they courageously wrote on6 ,this is enough to make a man give up metaphysics for the rest of his days4 8,my theory10 says ,feuerbach1 8may be condensed into two words--nature and man4 ,the cause of existence is not ,god--a vague1 mysterious1 and indefinite term--but nature4 ,the being in which nature becomes conscious of itself is man4 ,it follows that there is no ,god--that is to say1 no abstract being1 distinct from nature and man1 which disposes of the destinies of the universe and mankind at its discretion2 but this negation is but the consequence of the cognition of ,god's identity with the essence of nature and man40 ,what does ,feuerbach mean by nature8 ,something distinct from man1 evidently1 for he continually separates them4 ,ah6 man is the being in which nature becomes conscious--of what8 ,then nature1 ,god1 and man are said to be identical in essence4 ,but if ,god is only an abstract term1 how can an abstraction enter into a conscious essence1 and how does it follow that after all there is no ,god8 ,oh6 you mistake4 ,this negation 7of what87 is a consequence of a cognition1 etc4 ,now1 all this stuff amounts to nothing but low1 base materialism4 ,there is not a particle of reasoning1 fancy1 or poetic beauty in the entire book from which this extract1 which is clear by contrast with others1 is taken4 ,yet ,george ,eliot1 who is trumpeted through the world as a glorious prophetess of humanity1 deemed it worth her patient toil to translate this bathos into ,english4 ,in the foregoing extract are used at random words of deep and pregnant import1 the meaning of which has been fixed by the sharp and subtle but eminently truthful and honest minds of ,catholic philosophy and theology4 ,these words are vilely misused by reputed philosophers1 until there is no clearness or exactitude of statement in half the philosophical treatises that one takes up to read4 ,the church herself1 in her dogmatic infallibility1 has defined for all time the meanings of certain expressions which she has made touchstones of the faith--tesser fidei4 ,the devil was the first to equivocate1 and his children have always followed his example4 ,the term 8nature0 has an exact philosophical meaning which ,feuerbach knew1 and his school know4 ,essence1 existence1 cognition1 and cause are words that have to be weighed with the nicest care when used in a philosophical disquisition4 ,if these writers are sincere they should speak their meaning plainly1 and not darken counsel with vain words4 ,the plain ,english of the extract is this3 8,there is no ,god in the sense of creator or judge of man4 ,man is his own ,god4 ,we cannot know that anything exists outside of our own consciousness40 ,even this is obscure1 because there is darkness upon the face of these abysmal depths of unbelief1 over which the ,spirit of ,god never moved4 ,the ,religion of ,humanity1 in contradiction to the very consciousness and irresistible instincts and traditions of the human race1 thus assumes that there is no ,god but man1 out-,mohammeding ,mohammed1 who admitted that there is one ,god1 and contented himself with the humbler title of prophet4 ,it stands alone in its horrible deformity4 ,it is a leper from which all other creeds shrink4 ,it has attempted to prove its identity with many of the old pagan beliefs1 but1 notwithstanding a cumbrous and learned exposition of mythology1 no such identification could be proved4 ,there are some gibing comments upon the gods in ,lucian1 and ,juvenal at times hints slyly at the amours of ,olympic ,jove2 but there is no student of mythology but knows the depth of the religious sentiment in the vast masses of the ,greek and ,roman states4 ,the worship of the earth1 sea1 and skies was idealized4 ,it may be boldly asserted that ancient history does not present any traces of the gross materialism of modern times4 schylus repeatedly declares that there was a power superior to ,jove himself1 and the researches of ,niebuhr have established the virtual monotheism of ,greece and ,rome4 ,despite the multitude of gods1 there was the ,deus ,optimus ,maximus1 clearly spoken of by ,tully1 and not obscurely intimated in nearly every relic of ancient literature and art4 ,the attempt to trace the ,religion of ,humanity back to the beginnings of the human race proved a complete failure4 ,man never worshipped himself as the ,supreme ,god4 ,there was a broad distinction made between the heroes or the emperors to whom divine honors were decreed and the gods themselves4 ,these are but the commonplaces of the history of religion2 but the attempt showed a consciousness of weakness on the part of this wretched school of unbelief4 ,euripides himself would have upbraided them3 1 4 4#acc ,every effort that has been made to find a purely natural and human cause for religion has failed4 ,the wide study of religion which modern scepticism has unweariedly pursued always results in perplexing it the more4 ,volney went to ,palestine to disprove the ancient prophecies1 and his book shows their literal and startling fulfilment4 ,fichte used to open his lectures upon ,god with the blasphemous remark1 8,gentlemen1 to-day let us construct the ,supreme ,being10 but all attempts at such construction have only brought out more clearly the immemorial belief of his creatures in his existence4 ,the permanency of the original traditions of the human family is so remarkable a phenomenon1 in view of the perishableness of merely human records1 that the most sceptical minds have been struck with fear and amazement4 ,it is like the living proof of the ,psalmist's words3 8,if ,i go up into heaven1 thou art there4 ,if ,i take the wings of the morning1 and flee to the outermost ends of the earth1 thou art there60 ,even the pantheism of ,brahminism is something entirely distinct from the confusion and chaos of the ,religion of ,humanity4 ,strauss1 in his last book1 ,the ,old and the ,new ,faith1 asks if the modern world is as religious as the ancient world was1 and he appears to derive satisfaction from his conclusion that there is a vast falling off in religion4 ,but as he does not deign to define what he means by religion1 we are left in the dark4 ,one loses patience with the perverse stupidity of the ,british and ,american public1 that have always their ears erect for what ,strauss will say1 and sceptics will complacently assure you that there are arguments in ,strauss that have left ,christianity in a deplorable plight2 whereas the fact is1 ,strauss' ,life of ,christ is familiarly cited in the schools of ,germany as an illustration of the futility of an argument against well-authenticated human testimony4 ,whately wrote a book to prove that such a person as ,napoleon ,bonaparte never existed1 and ,strauss wrote a book to prove that ,christ never existed1 both with equal success4 ,the true animus of ,comte1 ,strauss1 ,renan1 and the other heads of this school is demoniac hatred of ,christ4 ,why are they for ever attacking him1 if1 as they claim1 all religions are preparative of the advent of this ,religion of ,humanity8 ,why can they go into hysterics of admiration over ,socrates1 ,voltaire1 and ,shakspere1 yet foam with fury at the name of ,jesus8 ,they will not even credit our ,saviour with effecting the slightest moral good in the world1 but refer to his blessed religion as a darkness and blight on the human intellect4 ,surely no true measure for the elevation of humanity would throw aside ,christianity4 ,but it is clear that these men have no true love for man4 ,it is only their insufferable pride that will not bend the knee before ,christ1 or bend it in mockery like ,renan and the author of ,ecce ,homo4 ,they cry out1 8,son of ,david1 what have we to do with you80 and their cry is that of lost souls4 ,all the infidel literature about ,christ that has appeared so abundantly in the past score of years bears traces of this humanitarian spirit4 ,they fain would make out ,christ to be a mere man1 but they are in this quandary3 that he had no 8humanitarian0 notions4 ,he came to do the will of his ,father4 ,he said nothing about the ,sublime ,humanity1 the greatness and glory of this world1 the god-like intellect of man1 the progress of vast ideas1 the universal diffusion of knowledge1 the infinite progressiveness of the species1 the force of cosmic influences1 and the gorgeous future that will dawn for woman4 ,therefore1 worse than paganism1 the ,religion of ,humanity will not erect a statue to him4 ,comte1 desirous of giving hierarchical form to positivism1 invented a worship and a calendar in which were commemorated three hundred and sixty-five 8eminent servitors of humanity0 in place of the saints of the ,catholic ,church4 ,he began with ,moses and ended with himself4 ,among the saints were ,bichat1 ,condillac1 ,gutenberg1 and ,frederick ,,ii4 of ,prussia4 ,he also invented a public service1 a hymnal1 and a certain form of worshipping the ,sublime ,humanity1 by which he probably meant himself4 ,he himself adored the ,sublime ,humanity as embodied and idealized in a very commonplace lady4 ,guizot says of him that he made repeated attempts to commit suicide1 and in his review of positivism seems to think the insanity of its founder a sufficient refutation of his strange opinions4 ,he admits1 however1 that long before ,comte's death his religion had made considerable progress in ,france and in ,england1 where it was enthusiastically embraced by two men who1 one would suppose1 would be the last to adopt a fantastic creed--,j4 ,s4 ,mill and ,wm4 ,hartpole ,lecky1 the historian of rationalism4 ,toning down the sublimities of the irrepressible ,comte1 and not deigning to admit his hierarchy or his saints--which1 to say the truth1 smacked too much of ,catholicity--the positivists of ,england and ,america contented themselves with a denial of all supernatural religion1 and announced with a flourish of trumpets the infinite perfectibility of the human race1 the glory of humanity1 the cosmic emotion which is the deepest religious feeling of humanity1 and the superiority of aggregate immortality to a private or personal existence after death4 ,man1 very much in the abstract1 was exalted to the throne of the ,deity4 ,all this blatant puffing of modern progress1 development1 and evolution is kept up by these man-worshippers4 ,the spirit is the spirit of pride4 ,but it must in justice be said of ,mr4 ,frothingham that he is not so enthusiastic in the cause of humanity as he might be4 ,his book on the subject is quite tame when contrasted1 say1 with ,comte's ,woman and ,priest4 ,he does not gush enough1 and he has not the irreverent boldness of his master1 ,theodore ,parker4 ,mr4 ,frothingham is not by any means an emotional man1 and this is fatal to his humanitarian progress4 ,nor is he a deeply-read man even in his own theology1 though1 to be sure1 no sane man would blame him for that defect4 ,the doctrine of the infinite progressiveness of man is another of those high-sounding phrases that no logic will tolerate4 ,there can be no internal progress in religion4 ,all the scientific discoveries that may be made to the end of time will not have the slightest influence upon one jot or one tittle of revealed truth4 ,nor will they have any essential or related power over the truths of natural theology1 or what is generally known as such4 ,the relations of man to ,god1 the coming of ,christ1 the establishment and conservation of his church1 are truths and facts that can never be changed4 ,heaven and earth shall pass away1 but the word of ,god shall not pass4 ,this is why the church is so calm when all ,protestantism is in a ferment about science4 ,the two spheres of truth1 divine and human1 supernatural and natural1 can never collide4 ,man may progress in many things1 but religion1 the ,everlasting ,yea1 as ,carlyle calls it1 cannot from its very nature change1 transform1 advance1 increase1 or diminish4 ,the humanitarians long for the day when there will be no sects and no religious differences4 ,then the best plan is for all the sects to enter the ,catholic ,church4 ,they want a religion for man1 and surely that religion is the best which ,god himself made for man4 ,there is a great deal of speciousness in this cry of progress1 culture1 and modern enlightenment1 and even ,catholics are deceived by the spirit of pride1 for man from the beginning loved to consider himself a god knowing good from evil4 ,humanitarianism gains adherents in ,catholic countries who would roar with laughter at the idea of turning ,protestants4 ,france never forgets those delusive words1 liberty1 fraternity1 and equality1 and this religion of humanity has blazoned them over the world4 ,the restlessness under church government1 the rational submission which the faith exacts1 the lessons of mortification1 and the stern portrayal of man which ,christianity presents are all influences that tend to the progress of humanitarianism4 ,no man likes to hear the dread truth regarding his slavery to the devil1 the necessity of grace1 the duty of confessing1 and his unutterable weakness4 ,it is these that are the unpalatable truths which spoil the teaching of the ,ideal ,man1 as they call our ,saviour4 ,comte would not suffer him to be enrolled among his saints1 perhaps for the reason that ,st4 ,frederick the ,great of ,prussia used to refer to our ,lord as ,l',infame4 ,if there is one truth most saliently brought out in the ,gospel1 it is that without ,christ we can do nothing1 and this would never suit the apostles of the infinite progressiveness of the human race4 ,this latter absurdity1 most ridiculous when applied to religion1 is not a whit more reasonable as applied to science4 ,there must be a limit4 ,the human mind is not infinite4 ,no doubt we shall continue our improvements in machinery4 ,there can be no vast progress made in literature or art4 ,it seems from the history of the race that our powers are limited1 and1 though we boast of our great mechanical improvements1 ,washington ,irving said that he would not be surprised if they yet unearthed a locomotive engine from the ruins of ,persepolis4 ,infinite progress would seem to be only a figment of the brain of a poetic humanitarian4 ,it is well known that ,don ,quixote1 who certainly gave himself up to redressing the wrongs of humanity1 was peculiarly eloquent upon the charms and perfections of ,dulcinea2 though the honest old knight1 crackbrained though he was1 would have crossed himself devoutly at the idea of ,dulcinea being a divinity in any other sense than that familiar to true lovers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the motives for moral action presented by the humanitarian theory are very noble but1 alas6 very impracticable4 ,while we entirely dissent from the opinion of ,bentham and ,paley1 that selfishness is the guiding principle of our actions--an opinion which is at once an insult and a falsehood--still the vast majority of mankind cannot be influenced by the very airy and sublime notions of our philosophers4 ,even natural goodness appears to be prompted by heavenly intimations and aids4 ,gratia supponit naturam4 ,of course a good work1 to merit salvation1 must be attended with grace from its origin to its consummation4 ,but our humanitarians will not even promise us happiness hereafter1 and we know how slim are the chances for happiness in this world4 ,this great humanity for which we must labor is only an abstraction4 ,no doubt a man may have a real and pure love for his fellow-man on merely speculative grounds or through natural kindness of heart2 for have we not a ,bergh for the brutes8 ,all of us1 however1 feel how vague and impotent such a feeling must be or is likely to become4 ,christ unites love of our neighbor with love of ,god1 its reason and cause1 and there is a world of sweet philosophy in this precept on which depend the law and the prophets4 ,it is the only motive that has been found fruitful in any age4 ,charity is a ,christian growth4 ,there was not one hospital in pagan ,athens or ,rome1 though there were numerous coteries of eminent philosophers4 ,from whatever side we view this strange 8religion10 its hollowness and absurdity become apparent4 ,its genesis in a morbid mind clouded at times with insanity1 and its elaboration in other morally unbalanced intellects1 awaken at the outset doubts of its coherency4 ,the vagueness of its formulas wearies and confounds the critic4 ,it has no philosophical structure1 and1 we are afraid1 no theological results4 ,its literature is marked with weak sentiment and an effusive love and praise of mere naturalism--we were going to say mere animalism--which cannot hold any mind that has a perception of the true dignity and exaltation of human nature as created by ,god and redeemed by his only ,son4 ,so far as we are aware1 it has exerted no appreciable influence upon the morality of the world1 and its failure to commend itself generally to the humanity it so loudly praises would indicate that men perceive its intrinsic weakness and ineptitudes4 ,we know that many ,protestants condemn and detest this creed as heartily as does the church1 which in simple and noble language condemned it in the very first session of the ,vatican ,council4 ,but we cannot help thinking that ,protestantism has had much to do in bringing the monster to birth4 ,it is the logical evolution of ,protestant right of private judgment1 of personal independence of the doctrinal authority of the church1 and of unwise tolerance of all sorts of mischievous religious vagaries4 ,stripped1 of all disguises and forced to speak in true tones1 this deified man of the ,religion of ,humanity is the ,antichrist1 setting himself up as ,god and claiming to be ,god4 ,it is the apotheosis of man1 who renews the folly of building a tower of pride in which he may secure himself against the wrath of the ,eternal4 ,but before the face of ,his wrath who can abide8 ,it will not do to speak of the ,omniscient as the ,unknowable or the ,unknowing4 ,the worst feature of this placitum is that it is militant and aggressive4 ,comte1 as we have said1 established a regular system of worship1 and what passes under the more respectable name of ,unitarianism is really formulated positivism4 ,we should care little for it1 did it openly profess its origin and purpose1 but it works under a false name and has no scruples about deceiving the confiding and unwary4 ,the ,boston ,index would be highly indignant if asked to defend ,comte's calendar of saints and to explain the culte of the ,sublime ,humanity2 and ,george ,eliot places in the mouth of ,daniel ,deronda the most exquisite praise and appreciation of the ,hebrew creed4 ,comte says that the day advances when we shall worship no being inferior to man2 and as no man is very much disposed to think another greater than himself1 especially under the religious teachings which we have analyzed1 each of us will act practically upon ,satan's declaration to ,eve1 8,you shall be as ,god40 ,there is no doubt that as the doctrinal authority of ,protestantism fades away year by year1 this pronounced individualism will more boldly assert itself4 ,the gospel of vulgar and intense selfishness will triumph1 and the worst phases of paganism will return4 ,st4 ,paul complains of the heathens that they were without affection1 and this was because of their creed4 ,the spirit of modern infidelity hates and despises the poor1 the ignorant1 and1 like the ,spartans of old1 would soon dispose of the sick1 the lame1 and the blind4 ,herbert ,spencer luckily is no philosopher1 though he labors hard to synthetize humanitarianism4 ,should this monstrous parody on religion ever take clear and scientific form1 all traces of faith and charity in ,protestantism will disappear4 ,fetichism itself would be better than this horrible worship and deification of selfishness4 ,if a man believes in anything outside of himself as something diviner and better than he1 there is hope for him2 but woe to him and to his neighbor when he enthrones himself upon an altar and worships his humanity4 ,it is to be hoped that much of the excessive laudation of ourselves in these days springs from no deeper source than an overweening opinion of our abilities4 ,it may be only vanity4 ,it may not be spiritual and intellectual pride4 ,this question we leave to the reflection of our readers1 with a concluding remark that all exaltation of the merely natural powers of the human intellect is attended with extreme danger to moral sanity4 ,the man who has cast off the yoke of the church1 the traditions of his race1 and the honest suggestions of his conscience has already joined the ranks of the arch-deceiver who first flattered us with hopes of divinity1 and now tempts us with unbounded visions of the enlightenment of the world1 social progress1 the political amelioration of the human race1 the downfall of all tyranny in church and state1 and the splendid advent of the coming man2 but he only lures us to that awful destruction which hurled him from heaven because of the usurping thought1 8,i will become like unto the ,most ,high40 ,footnote #acb3 #a4 ,gottheit1 ,freiheit und ,unsterblichkeit4 ,von ,l4 ,a4 ,feuerbach4 ,leipzig4 #b4 ,the ,essence of ,christianity4 ,idem4 ,translated by ,george ,eliot4 ,london4 #c4 ,the ,religion of ,humanity4 ,by ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham4 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #acc3 ,hecuba4 ,,sonnet4 ,,unconscious ,,faculties4 ,say1 do the mighty winds in silence sweep ,the crystal breadth of ocean's quivering plane8 ,the unmeasured forests1 quickening in their sleep1 ,breathe they no sound1 or breathe that sound in vain8 ,say1 can our compass small of ear and brain ,with ,nature's boundless concords measure keep8 ,not so6 ,her lyre1 we know1 hath tones too deep1 ,too high1 for man to hear1 or to sustain4 ,nor doubt that likewise in this soul of ours ,functions and faculties there work alway ,below the level of our conscious powers2 ,and chords whose music--were there aught to wake ,its echoes 'mid that inner world--would shake ,to dust our tenement of mortal clay4 ,,pearl ,,by ,,kathleen ,o',,meara1 ,,author ,,of 8,,iza',s ,,story10 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,empire10 8,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife80 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,the ,,redacres4 ,the ,redacres were at home on ,saturday evening--at home in the pleasant1 simple way that used to be the fashion in ,paris some twenty1 or even ten1 years ago4 ,they lived in an entresol in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,honor and their friends flocked to them in troops regularly every ,saturday1 crowding the spacious1 old-fashioned salon1 where there was always a cordial welcome to be had1 cheerful conversation1 excellent tea1 and a blazing hearth when the weather was cold4 ,it was bitterly cold on this ,january evening when ,i beg to introduce you to the ,redacre family4 ,the head of the house1 ,colonel ,redacre1 was a retired cavalry officer1 who had lost his left leg at ,balaklava2 ,mrs4 ,redacre had been a beautiful1 and was still a lovely1 woman2 there were two sons who were at ,eton1 and two daughters1 both at home1 ,pearl and ,polly4 ,the colonel had spent ten years in ,india1 and his wife had become so acclimatized to those burning skies that she could not bear the climate of ,england on leaving them4 ,she was1 indeed1 a chronic invalid1 and this was why they lived abroad4 ,at least1 ,colonel ,redacre always gave his wife's health as a reason for not living in ,england1 and took no small share of credit to himself for making this sacrifice of personal choice to his duty as a husband4 ,when old friends1 who knew how strong were his ,english predilections1 pitied him for having to reside in ,france1 he would heave a sigh1 and1 looking towards his wife reclining on her cushions1 say3 8,yes1 yes2 but she's worth it1 bless her60 ,and nothing was prettier than the smile with which ,mrs4 ,redacre would thank him for this remark when it was made in her hearing1 as it generally was4 ,it was past nine1 and there were a good many people in the salon4 ,some of the ladies were in full evening dress1 having turned in for an hour before going to some larger assembly2 but the greater number were in plain morning dresses4 ,there was a whist-table in a far corner of the large1 square room1 and the players were deep in their game1 the partners being ,mrs4 ,monteagle and the ,comte de ,kerbec1 the ,comtesse de ,kerbec and ,mr4 ,kingspring4 ,polly ,redacre was singing1 accompanied by her sister ,pearl4 ,polly was a beauty4 ,the most fastidious critic could not have found a fault in her face2 the lines and the coloring were alike perfect4 ,and yet1 when you had paid this inevitable tribute of admiration to the chiselled features and brilliant complexion1 to the harmonious grace of her movements1 your eyes turned to ,pearl's face and lingered there1 riveted by some more potent spell than mere beauty4 ,you never dreamed of analyzing ,pearl's face2 you enjoyed it1 and you said involuntarily1 8,what a sweet girl6 ,i should like to talk to her4 ,what a spirit there is in her eyes6 what fun in those dimples60 ,and your own face broke into sympathetic smiles4 ,there was a close family likeness between the sisters2 both were rather above the medium height1 and both were very fair4 ,polly's eyes were deep blue1 almond-shaped1 and black-fringed4 ,pearl's were brown1 bright and limpid as a ,scotch pebble2 as to their shape1 you never gave that a thought2 you only saw that1 whether the light in them was soft1 mischievous1 or merry1 they were good to look at4 ,the song was over4 8,mme4 la ,baronne ,lopold1 ,mme4 ,blanche1 et ,m4 le ,capitaine ,lopold60 called out the servant4 ,pearl and ,polly flew to greet ,blanche1 who was ,polly's bosom-friend1 and the three girls betook themselves to a private corner of their own1 and were soon deep in confidential talk4 ,mme4 ,lopold got out her tapestry1 and began stitching away by the shaded lamp near ,mrs4 ,redacre's sofa2 and ,lon1 after doubling himself in two before the ladies of the house three separate times1 fell in with a group of gentlemen on the hearth-rug4 ,presently ,mme4 ,lopold looked up from her floss silks and called out to the young girls3 8,have we interrupted the music1 mesdemoiselles8 ,i implore of you to go on with it6 ,my son will be in despair if you don't2 he perfectly adores music4 ,i hope you will induce him to sing a duet with you--that one from ,fra ,diavolo that goes so well with your voice1 ,pearl4 ,do make him sing it1 dear child1 ,i pray you60 ,thus adjured1 ,pearl drifted away to capture the reluctant and1 so far1 unconscious songster1 who again doubled himself in two1 and vowed that he was a miserable singer1 but at the orders of ces demoiselles4 8,are we not to see ,lopold this evening80 inquired ,col4 ,redacre in his loud military tones4 8,can ,i say8 ,he is so busy4 ,he keeps me hard at work1 too2 ,i write twenty letters a day for him1 and still he can't get through all his correspondence4 ,one must have real patriotism to serve one's country in ,france1 my dear colonel40 8,humph6 ,it is easy enough to serve it when one can stay at home and keep one's legs10 grunted the colonel4 8,i should not mind writing five hundred letters a day if ,i could get my leg back40 8,ah6 but you are a hero10 smiled ,mme4 ,lopold4 ,presently1 throwing aside her tapestry1 she sallied over to the card-table1 and1 laying her hand on ,mrs4 ,monteagle's shoulder1 8,will your game soon be done1 chre madame80 she said4 8,i want to have a little chat with you1 and it is so difficult for me to get to you in the day6 ,m4 ,lopold1 since he is in the ,chamber1 works me to death4 ,not that ,i complain of it4 ,i am proud to be of use to him2 but it is a life of sacrifice40 ,and the patriot's wife sighed4 8,my dear baronne1 if there be a thing ,i resent it is having my game of whist interfered with10 burst out ,mme4 de ,kerbec before ,mrs4 ,monteagle could answer4 8,how is ,mrs4 ,monteagle to give her full attention to the game1 if you stand there watching the minutes till it is over80 ,and the irate whist-player turned down her hand and looked indignantly at the intruder4 ,mme4 ,lopold fled with a pretty pretence of terror2 and ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 whose attention had been disturbed by the interruption1 after nervously surveying a wretched set of cards1 threw a low trump--on her partner's ace4 ,m4 de ,kerbec uttered a meek 8,oh60 of expostulation4 8,i feel for you1 ,jack--,i do indeed10 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 8,the idea of having a partner that trumps one's ace the second round60 8,dear me6 ,i thought it was the third round10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 8that was why ,i risked my little trump40 8,then you deserved to lose your little trump60 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 8,you should have trumped high if you trumped at all2 third in hand always plays high60 8,ma chre amie10 put in meekly ,m4 de ,kerbec1 8one plays as one can2 my partner may not have any high trumps40 8,good heavens6 count10 screamed his wife1 8the idea of your exposing your partner's hand in this way60 8,ma chre amie1 ,i am not exposing it2 ,i merely suggest that--0 8,hold your tongue1 count6 ,what business have you to suggest8 ,what sort of whist is this8 ,i thought whist meant hush2 and you have done nothing but chatter ever since we sat down40 ,when ,mme4 de ,kerbec addressed her husband as 8count10 those who knew ,m4 de ,kerbec felt for him2 when she called him 8,jack0 they congratulated him4 ,his real name was ,jacques2 but though she had been married to him for thirty years1 and lived nearly all that time in ,france1 his wife had never modified her hard ,english ring of the soft ,french name1 hammering it out with three k's at the end4 8,it sounds so uncommonly like whack0 ,col4 ,redacre used to say1 8that ,i feel for poor ,kerbec1 as if ,i saw the stick coming down on him40 ,he jocosely called ,mme4 de ,kerbec 8,captain ,jack0 one day1 and the name stuck to her1 as appropriate nicknames sometimes will4 ,and yet ,captain ,jack was very kind to her husband1 letting no one bully him but herself4 ,her partner this evening1 ,mr4 ,kingspring1 was an excellent player1 but he had his temper so well in hand that no one suffered from this superiority4 ,if his partner had trumped his ace on the first round1 he would have received the stab with a lovely smile2 but when he succeeded in trumping his adversary's ace1 or some such indelicate feat1 he had a way of quietly chuckling that was very offensive to ,capt4 ,jack4 ,to-night1 however1 they being partners1 she beamed on him4 8,ha6 ha6 ,this time we looked out10 said ,m4 de ,kerbec4 8,when monsieur leads trumps we know that means mischief40 8,what do you mean by making such remarks80 demanded ,mme1 de ,kerbec4 8,will you hold your tongue and attend to the game8 ,go on1 partner2 very well played4 ,oh6 it is my turn40 ,the game went on in silence for a couple of rounds4 8,humph60 muttered ,mme4 de ,kerbec1 putting the ten of clubs on ,mrs4 ,monteagle's deuce2 ,m4 de ,kerbec threw the knave1 and ,mr4 ,kingspring took it with his queen4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle looked aghast4 8,why1 count10 she said1 8,i made sure you had either ace or king4 ,i led from nothing40 8,really1 ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 you are past praying for60 exclaimed ,mme4 de ,kerbec indignantly4 8,i was certain my partner had the ace10 pleaded the culprit4 8,how could he have it when ,i took the very first trick with it80 8,so you did1 ma chre amie10 said the count1 8and ,i quite forgot it1 or ,i should have played my king2 but ,i thought monsieur had the ace1 and would have come down on me with it40 8,you thought1 forsooth6 ,what business had you to think at all8 ,you know the rule--third in hand2 you should have stuck to the rule and taken the consequences40 8,ma chre amie1 you sometimes remind me that it is part of genius to know when to break rules40 8,don't throw my words in my face1 count4 ,and don't argue with me about whist4 ,i have been playing whist with you these thirty years1 and everybody knows ,i am a better player than you60 8,shall ,i bring you some tea now80 said ,pearl1 advancing to the whist-table and cutting short the little discussion between the count and ,capt4 ,jack4 8,i shall be most thankful for a cup1 my dear10 said that lady in an aggrieved tone2 8but not strong4 ,i can't have my night's rest spoiled for anybody4 ,jack1 you know how ,i like my tea2 just go and get me a cup1 if it's not too much trouble40 ,the obedient ,jack flew to obey4 ,the large room was now very full2 there were a few groups of splendid ladies in diamonds and shining silks and a great many gentlemen in uniform that gave quite a brilliant air to the unceremonious gathering4 ,polly ,redacre was a picture to look at as she moved about in her white muslin1 her bright gold hair shining more effectively than any coronet of jewels1 and her cheeks flushed with pleasurable excitement to the brightest rose tint4 ,she knew she was by far the loveliest object in the room1 and she took great pleasure in the thought4 ,and who shall blame her8 ,pearl certainly did not4 ,indeed1 ,pearl had a great deal to answer for in the way she ministered to her sister's vanity2 for she was ten times as vain of ,polly's beauty as ,polly herself was4 ,col4 ,redacre was talking very loudly1 while his right hand expostulated with ,balaklava1 his wooden leg1 so called in memory of the field where he lost the original4 ,every change in the weather affected ,balaklava painfully2 for the colonel declared that his wooden limb had more sensibility in it than all the rest of his body combined4 ,to-night the sudden frost that had set in was shooting fifty razors a minute in and out of it4 ,he was confiding this detail to ,m4 de ,kerbec's sympathizing ear in his very loudest tones when a voice called out3 8,jack1 is this tea sweetened80 8,certainly1 ma chre amie2 that is--,i really don't know1 now ,i remember4 ,mlle4 ,pearl prepared it1 and ,i have no doubt it is well sweetened40 8,you have no doubt6 ,i dare say not4 ,you care very little about what interests me1 count4 ,pray don't trouble yourself about it now40 ,and ,jack retreated1 meek and snubbed4 8,the selfishness of men60 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec1 as she helped herself from the bowl ,pearl held out--8the selfishness of men6 ,he knows if there is a thing ,i detest it is tasting my tea without the sugar40 ,while the tea-serving was going on ,lon ,lopold stood with his back to the wall and watched the pretty tea-table with its glistening silver and porcelain1 and graceful cup-bearers hurrying to and fro2 he never dreamed of lending more than a moral assistance to the latter1 as an ,englishman in his place would have done4 ,blanche was intimate as a sister with ,pearl and ,polly ,redacre2 but ,lon seldom showed himself on a ,saturday evening4 ,he was on the most distant terms of acquaintanceship with the ladies of the family1 with whom he was always as silent as a sphinx4 ,no wonder ,polly voted him a muff4 ,but ,pearl declared her belief that ,lon had plenty of fun in him1 if one only could get at it4 ,he was very good-looking1 rather striking1 indeed1 in appearance2 not tall but finely proportioned1 with a blue shaven chin and a short black moustache1 and solemn1 coal-black eyes that had a way of looking at you1 ,pearl said1 as if to see whether you or he should look longest without laughing4 ,colonel ,redacre thought highly of him1 and said he had the making of a first-rate soldier in him2 but ,pearl declared this was because ,lon listened so attentively to the description of the ,balaklava charge every time her father related it1 which was pretty nearly every time he met ,lon4 8,and that song we were to have had from your son80 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 taking her tea-cup to a seat near ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,i have a poor opinion of a young man who can sing and won't sing2 either he is shy1 which means that he is a goose1 or he wants to make a fuss over it1 which means that he is a coxcomb40 8,my dear boy1 you must execute yourself after that60 exclaimed his mother1 laughing4 8,i but await the orders of ces demoiselles10 protested ,lon1 starting from his position against the wall and doubling himself in two before ,pearl4 ,he went straight to the piano1 and soon the room was echoing to the lament of the disconsolate lover to his ,elonore4 ,lon had a fine voice1 fairly cultivated1 and1 if he had not sung exactly as if he had been a wooden man1 it would have been very pleasant to listen to him2 but ,pearl said it was just like accompanying an automaton4 8,how well they suit60 observed ,mme4 ,lopold in a sotto voce1 as she glanced towards the piano1 where ,lon's black head showed above ,pearl's fair face and dancing brown eyes4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle knew at once why she had been convened to a little chat by ,lon's mother4 8,yes2 they make a good effect as contrasts40 8,and both are so musical6 ,my son has a passion for music40 8,if he has all his passions under as good control as he seems to have this one1 he is a model young man--indeed1 a model man for any age10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle with a little grunt that was peculiar to her4 ,to judge of ,mrs4 ,monteagle's character from seeing her at whist would have been a grievous mistake2 you would have supposed she had not the spirit of a mouse1 whereas she had1 on the contrary1 a very high spirit1 and held her own everywhere and against all comers except at cards1 and above all when ,mme4 de ,kerbec was playing4 ,she laughed at ,mme4 de ,kerbec everywhere except at the whist-table1 and there she was completely cowed by her4 8,i suppose ,i am not a witness to be trusted10 remarked ,mme4 ,lopold2 8but ,i can testify that he is a model man4 ,he is certainly a model son1 and a good son is generally good in every other relation40 8,that depends4 ,he loves you1 so it costs him nothing to be good to you4 ,we are all of us good to those we love40 8,and why should he not love his wife8 ,is there any reason why he should not love her80 8,not that ,i know of2 but ,i did not know he had a wife40 8,ah6 but ,i have got one for him4 ,chre madame1 that is why ,i wanted to have a little chat with you4 ,i have found a perfect wife for my son1 and ,i want you to arrange it4 ,do you not guess80 ,yes1 ,mrs4 ,monteagle did2 and involuntarily her eyes wandered to the piano1 where ,pearl was striving earnestly1 but in vain1 to draw out by her passionate accompaniment some responsive spark from the dark face that was solemnly appealing to his ,elonore1 her own face meanwhile flushed with the effort and the music2 perhaps also by her endeavors to keep those dimples under control1 for they seemed actually bursting with suppressed laughter4 8,how lovely she is60 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 instead of answering the eager mother4 8,she is a most sweet girl1 and would1 ,i feel sure1 make a perfect wife for my ,lon40 8,and you are equally sure that he would make her a perfect husband80 8,chre madame6 can you look at him and doubt it80 8,is he so very much in love with her80 ,mme4 ,lopold gave an imperceptible start1 and put her handkerchief to her mouth with a little cough2 but the pantomime was lost on her companion1 who was watching ,pearl and observing mentally1 8,she is not in love with him1 at any rate40 ,the brown eyes were sending forth sparks of merriment1 and looked as if they were on the point of exploding outright with fun4 8,my son is the very soul of honor10 ,mme4 ,lopold went on to explain4 8,before doing anything that could in the faintest degree compromise ,mlle4 ,pearl1 it was necessary for me to arrange all the essentials2 and1 as an old and valued friend of the family1 ,i thought you would be1 of all others1 the person to help me in this4 ,let us1 therefore1 come to the point at once in all simplicity4 ,what is her dot80 8,her dot6 ,good gracious6 how should ,i know80 8,not1 perhaps1 the exact sum1 but you surely must know -peu-prs1 intimate as you are40 8,i have not the remotest idea on the subject4 ,i never heard that she had a dot at all4 ,now you mention it1 ,i should think it highly probable she had not4 ,but if your son be really attached to her1 that--0 8,bont divine6 ,no dot6 ,a man of ,col4 ,redacre's position not give his daughter a dot6 ,you are surely not serious80 8,indeed ,i am4 ,he has two sons to provide for1 and in ,england the sons come first2 the daughters are provided for by their husbands4 ,your son being an only son and so well off1 it does not--0 8,but his sons will have a carrire2 and besides there is an estate that is to come to the eldest1 ,i understand4 ,then there is the mother's fortune to be divided amongst the younger children4 ,surely the girls' dot will come out of that80 8,you seem to be much better informed about the family affairs than ,i am10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,i know nothing about ,mrs4 ,redacre's fortune2 but1 now you mention it1 ,i dare say it will be divided amongst the younger ones4 ,in any case ,i should think your son ran no risk in trusting all that in ,col4 ,redacre's hands40 8,there can be no question of risk4 ,i know my duty to my son better than to let him run any risk on such a point as that4 ,it must be all clearly and distinctly understood before he is committed in any way40 8,it seems to me he is committed very extensively1 if he has fallen in love10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,you should not have thrown him in ,pearl's way1 if you were not prepared for his running risks40 8,qu'elle est donc romanesque60 exclaimed ,mme4 ,lopold1 putting her handkerchief to her mouth1 as if she were exploding with laughter2 but ,mrs4 ,monteagle could see that she was not laughing at all4 8,what is it that you wish me to do in the affair80 she inquired4 8,do you want me to sound ,pearl and find out whether she returns your son's affection80 8,grand ,dieu6 that would be madness4 ,i would not breathe a word that could disturb the dear child's peace of mind until we find out what the exact figure of her dot is4 ,surely you can help me to do this40 8,what odd people you ,french are6 ,ha6 ha6 ha60 ,and ,mrs4 ,monteagle fell back in her chair and had her laugh out1 in spite of ,mme4 ,lopold's agonizing pressure of the hand and imploring eyes at her to be quiet4 8,col4 ,redacre would think ,i had taken leave of my senses if ,i were to go and catechise him about his money affairs10 said the incorrigible confidante when she had sufficiently recovered herself4 8,but through the family lawyer you might do it4 ,chre amie10 pleaded the mother1 8could you not ask him80 8,he would tell me to mind my own business4 ,besides1 ,i don't know the man's name1 or where he lives1 or anything about him40 8,but you could easily find out4 ,how do families do in ,england in such cases8 ,how do the parents find out about the young people's fortune before they ask for them in marriage80 8,they don't find out1 and they don't ask2 the young people manage their own affairs first1 and leave the parents to fight over settlements afterwards40 8,and if it turns out there is nothing to settle on either side8 ,suppose the young folk have become engaged without any money between them80 8,that is their affair2 they must get out of it as well as they can40 8,and the young lady's name is compromised1 and if she loves the man she breaks her heart and dies6 ,very sensible and very pretty indeed60 8,tut6 tut6 ,they don't die off so easily as all that1 pretty dears6 ,every girl ,i know has had her little romance before she marries2 and all the better for it4 ,it takes the nonsense out of a girl to be crossed in love40 8,how shocking60 cried ,mme4 ,lopold1 lifting up her hands4 8,with us a young girl goes to the altar with the virgin bloom of her heart untouched40 8,pish6 ,don't talk such stuff to me1 my dear lady10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle with a contemptuous grunt4 8,virgin bloom1 forsooth6 ,you marry your daughters before they are out of the nursery1 while they are ignorant babies that have had no time to develop either mind or heart or character4 ,and what comes of it half the time8 ,when one sees the way you ,french people arrange your marriages1 the wonder is that you are not ten times worse than you are--ten times worse60 ,there was plenty of noise in the room1 and1 what between ,polly's performance on the piano and the general buzz of voices all round1 there was little danger of the private conference being overheard2 still1 ,mme4 ,lopold cast nervous glances on either side while ,mrs4 ,monteagle thus denounced the evil courses of the ,french people4 8,then you decline to be my intermediary in this matter80 said the disappointed mother1 lowering her voice to the most confidential tone4 8,i decline to commit an impertinence that would lead to my being shown to the door--and very properly2 but ,i shall be most happy to convey the offer of your son's hand to my young friend ,pearl1 if you and he honor me with the mission40 8,thank you1 dear madame2 you are very kind4 ,i must consult first--0 8,m4 le ,baron ,lopold60 called out the servant4 ,mme4 ,lopold started1 and with a discreet pressure of the hand moved away and joined the group gathered round ,mrs4 ,redacre's sofa4 8,who expected to see you appear this evening1 legislator8 ,i thought you were at headquarters governing the country10 said ,col4 ,redacre1 propelling reluctant ,balaklava to meet the deputy4 8,i have just come from the ,intrieur1 where we have been holding a little private council10 said ,m4 ,lopold1 a fine1 solid sort of man1 whom you might fire jokes at for an hour with impunity1 so well encased was he in good-natured self-approval4 ,everybody was glad when he appeared1 for the deputy was delighted to see everybody1 was always in good temper1 and always had some bit of pleasant news--news1 that is1 that he considered pleasant4 ,in person he was the very opposite of his son ,lon2 very stout1 and tall in proportion1 florid in complexion1 a shining bald head1 and bland1 fussy manners4 ,this evening he looked big with some mighty intelligence4 8,what news8 ,are we to have war or not80 asked ,mr4 ,kingspring1 who with several others crowded round the deputy4 8,i myself think we are10 he replied2 8but ,i have been talking with ,canrobert1 and he thinks it will blow off40 8,quel malheur60 said a voice from behind him4 ,it was ,lon's4 8,ah6 you soldiers call it a misfortune when you miss the chance of having your heads blown off40 8,or our legs1 which is much worse10 growled ,col4 ,redacre2 8when a man is shot at all he ought to be shot outright40 8,my dear ,hugh60 protested ,mrs4 ,redacre from her sofa4 8,and so ,canrobert thinks it will blow over80 said ,lon1 who was another man now that he felt himself safe amongst his fellow-men4 8,that is hard on us1 after calling us back from ,marseilles just as we were going to embark4 ,we made certain there was war in the wind when the order came to return4 ,the colonel will be horribly disappointed2 he was sure to get his command if war had been declared40 8,well1 my opinion is that it will be declared10 said the baron2 8so cheer up and hope for the best40 8,if you go to war ,i don't see how we are to keep out of it10 said ,col4 ,redacre4 8,that would be most unfortunate10 said ,m4 de ,kerbec4 8,i should have to leave ,france40 8,why so8 ,you are not a naturalized ,englishman1 are you80 said ,m4 ,lopold4 8,not exactly2 but our property is in ,england2 and besides1 my wife hates living there4 ,but of course ,i could not consider that2 a man must overrule his wife and take her interests in hand1 even against her will1 when his judgment dictates4 ,i invariably do so40 8,you poor creature60 thought ,col4 ,redacre4 8,but ,i don't contemplate our going to war with ,france10 he added aloud2 8we should take sides with her against ,austria--that is to say1 if ,prussia joined her--0 8,which she won't10 said ,m4 ,lopold emphatically4 8,i have just been saying so to one of the ministers--,i won't name him1 because what he said to me was confidential--0 8,and what did he say80 inquired ,m4 de ,kerbec4 8,he said--,i don't mind repeating it1 as ,i have not mentioned names--he said that it was impossible at this stage of affairs to say what ,england or ,prussia would or would not do40 8,i could have said as much myself10 said ,col4 ,redacre2 8one need not be a minister of state to say that40 8,he said a great deal more than that1 though10 said the deputy4 8,he told me several facts connected with the state of the army and the condition of the troops that threw a great light on future probabilities4 ,he seems to think our arsenal1 and artillery1 and all that are in a much more flourishing condition than either ,austria's or ,prussia's1 and he has not the smallest doubt as to the issue if we go to war4 ,his facts and figures were1 indeed1 perfectly conclusive to my mind40 8,it was the ,minister of ,war1 then10 said ,col4 ,redacre4 8,come1 now1 baron1 don't be playing the diplomat with us already4 ,you are not at the ,foreign ,office yet40 8,my dear friend1 ,i beg of you don't let this go beyond ourselves60 said ,m4 ,lopold1 his bland features assuming an expression of fussy concern4 8,you know ,i speak out here as amongst friends whose discretion ,i can trust40 8,who the deuce1 now1 should we go and denounce you to80 said his host4 8,what else did la guerre say80 8,you must not ask me2 ,i really must not say any more10 said ,m4 ,lopold4 8,the emperor is very anxious1 it appears2 he has not slept for three nights40 8,no more have ,i10 said the colonel2 8but that was ,balaklava's fault10 and he tapped angrily on the offending limb4 8,if these arm-chair soldiers had a touch of the frost in a wooden leg1 they would not be in such a hurry to go to war40 8,it would be much worse if you were in ,england2 the damp would kill you10 said ,m4 de ,kerbec1 meaning to be consolatory4 8,you are greatly mistaken2 it would do nothing of the sort10 snarled the colonel4 8,the climate of ,england agreed with me perfectly2 ,i never enjoyed a day's perfect health since ,i left it4 ,you don't suppose it is for my pleasure that ,i live out of my own country8 ,it is on account of my wife's health2 she could not bear the damp40 8,no more could ,balaklava1 papa10 said ,pearl1 slipping her hand into his arm and looking archly into her father's face4 8,you minx6 ,how dare you contradict me80 said the colonel1 scowling down on the saucy brown eyes4 8,you know very well if it was not for your mother's sake ,i would not stay an hour in this country40 8,mon cher colonel60 protested three ,frenchmen in chorus4 8,oh6 you are very good fellows1 you ,french1 and your climate is not so bad1 and ,paris is a pleasant enough place2 but there is no place like one's own country40 ,and the exile heaved a sigh that would have melted a stone4 8,england is the most delightful place in the world to live in when one has an estate and a good rent-roll10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring2 8but under other circumstances it is not so pleasant40 8,when one is hard up1 you mean4 ,i don't know the place that is pleasant under those circumstances40 ,and the colonel almost groaned this time4 8,your property is in ,devonshire1 is it not80 inquired ,m4 de ,kerbec1 who liked to show off his knowledge of ,english country geography4 8,it is in the moon1 sir10 replied ,colonel ,redacre4 8,i have a worthy cousin who has a property in ,devonshire which it is generally supposed he means to leave to me1 which in fact he must leave to me2 but unless he leaves something more than the estate as it stands it will be of precious little use1 ,i suspect4 ,a fancy place1 sir1 a fine1 picturesque old place1 but brings in nothing and takes a deal of keeping up40 8,he is a very old man1 the dean1 is he not80 said ,m4 de ,kerbec4 8,he is nothing of the sort4 ,am ,i an old man8 ,he is five years older than ,i am--a most worthy1 excellent man4 ,i wish him a long life2 ,i have no murderous thoughts concerning him4 ,his fortune would be a boon to a family man like myself2 but one gets used to dragging the devil by the tail40 8,i hope the devil gets used to it1 too10 said ,m4 ,lopold4 8,if he doesn't1 the poor wretch must find it very uncomfortable40 8,the wonder is that he has any tail left1 considering how half the world is engaged in pulling at it40 ,the colonel laughed1 and so did everybody else4 ,the deputy's little joke proved rather a relief4 ,colonel ,redacre had a way of airing his pecuniary grievances in public that was sometimes embarrassing to people2 it was difficult to know what to say4 ,french people especially were at a non-plus on these occasions2 but they mostly set down the colonel's grumbling to the evil behavior of ,balaklava4 ,if ,balaklava was making him miserable1 then there was no pleasure to be got out of life4 ,when a man had only one leg he should at least have had ten thousand a year as a set-off to the accident2 this would enable him to travel about in the wake of the sun with his household gods around him4 ,he could not do this with three thousand a year--not as an ,english gentleman understands travelling4 ,you have already discovered that ,pearl's father was the last man to mislead any one intentionally as to her fortune4 ,if ,mme4 ,lopold or anybody else assumed that she was to have a large fortune because the colonel lived like a gentleman1 that was no fault of his2 it was absurd and unreasonable to imagine that he could do otherwise4 ,nobody expected a man to pinch and screw for the sake of saving dots for his daughters out of an income that was barely sufficient for his wants4 ,least of all did the daughters expect it4 ,they preferred infinitely that their father should give them a carriage and a couple of riding horses than economize for the sake of leaving or giving them a fortune on their marriage4 ,besides1 there was ,broom ,hollow and the dean's money1 which they were safe to inherit some day4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,mrs4 ,,monteagle4 8,heaven knows ,i wish ,darrell a long life and a happy one10 said ,colonel ,redacre1 heaving a sigh from the bottom of his heart2 8but when one sees how he suffers from this terrible rheumatism1 one can't help feeling that death would be a blessed release to him1 poor fellow60 8,it is dreadful6 ,i wonder if he has ever tried homopathy80 said ,mrs4 ,redacre4 8,not he6 ,he is too out-and-out a conservative to go in for any of those new-fangled systems10 replied the colonel4 8,that is so foolish6 ,i really think ,i will write and urge him to call in a homopathist40 8,it would not be of the slightest use10 said her husband4 8,my dear ,hugh6 ,how can you say that when you know that my father's life was prolonged ten years by homopathy8 ,you know ,dr4 ,new rescued him1 one may say1 out of his coffin that time40 8,i mean there would be no use in your writing to ,darrell about it4 ,he would laugh at you40 8,i don't mind his laughing1 if ,i could persuade him to try it4 ,he has always been civil to me1 and ,i have not written to him for an age4 ,i will write to him this very day40 8,you will do nothing of the sort10 snapped the colonel2 8he is quite old enough to manage his own affairs and look after his own health40 8,my dear ,hugh1 a man never knows how to manage himself10 protested ,mrs4 ,redacre gently4 8,you all want a woman to do that for you2 and it seems to me the dean is a particularly helpless creature4 ,he does absolutely nothing for his rheumatism1 and if it goes on as he describes it it may go to his heart one of these days and carry him off in an instant40 8,do as you like2 you always get your own way10 said the colonel4 8,my opinion is you had better not meddle with ,darrell's concerns2 if he gives in to you1 and if the rheumatism goes to the heart1 people will say it was homopathy that killed him40 8,let them say what they like4 ,the rheumatism is much more likely to kill him if it is left to itself4 ,if he goes on in this agony without something being done to relieve him1 he can't hold out many months1 ,i feel certain40 8,do as you like1 do as you like10 said the colonel4 8,now1 don't say that1 my dear ,hugh4 ,you know how ,i hate you to give in to me in that way4 ,i won't write1 if it annoys you40 8,why the deuce should it annoy me8 ,you don't suppose ,i wish him dead8 ,heaven knows ,i want the money4 ,it is becoming impossible to make ends meet on our present income1 and things grow worse and worse in this infernal country1 where the rent is perpetually being raised1 and where a tradesman can't send in a bill without announcing that tout est augment1 monsieur1 as an excuse for swelling his items4 ,i don't know where it is to end--,i don't1 indeed40 8,we have no debts1 at any rate1 thank ,heaven60 said ,mrs4 ,redacre4 8,no10 assented her husband2 8,i would rather live on beefsteaks and beer than swindle a tradesman4 ,all the same it is hard work1 this screwing one's wants within one's income2 and poor ,darrell1 if the ,almighty called him away1 could not leave his money to anybody harder up for it than myself40 ,mrs4 ,redacre made no comment1 but went on sorting her wools1 while her husband turned over the pages of the newspaper with an ill-humored jerk and an occasional grunt4 ,she was puzzled and pained4 ,could it be possible that his reluctance to let her write to the dean sprang from any unworthy motive8--he who was so emphatic in declaring in season and out of season that he devoutly wished his cousin to outlive him1 that it was only on account of his children he cared for the inheritance1 his present income sufficing for his own wants2 and as to ambitions1 he had none4 ,every now and then within the last few years ,col4 ,redacre had thrown out hints of some remote but possible catastrophe overtaking them all2 he never said anything definite1 but in a vague1 moody way would remark that there was no saying what straits they might not be one day reduced to1 and that it was well to look the danger in the face1 so as not to be taken altogether by surprise if a catastrophe occurred4 ,when he first took to saying this sort of thing ,mrs4 ,redacre was very miserable1 and conjured up all kinds of dreadful spectres to explain the mysterious words4 ,she first thought he gambled2 but after watching him for a time as a cat watches a bird1 she gave that up and took to suspecting him of betting on the turf2 but this1 too1 proved itself a chimera4 ,then she began to suspect him of having made some bad investments and being in terror of a sudden collapse2 but this was in its turn dispelled by a conversation with their man of business1 who assured her that ,col4 ,redacre's money--or rather his wife's1 for he had1 so to speak1 none of his own--was safe beyond the reach of speculating schemers4 ,when everything was tried and found non-proven ,pearl set down the gloomy forebodings to ,balaklava4 8,you may be sure1 mamma1 it is all the east wind or some turn in the weather--nothing else4 ,i have noticed that we never hear of the #8catastrophe' except when ,balaklava is worrying papa40 ,and ,mrs4 ,redacre was thankful to believe that this was really the word of the riddle4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle lived on the floor above the ,redacres4 ,she received on no particular evening1 but she was at home every evening in general1 seldom going out anywhere except to her old friends' on the entresol4 ,pearl and ,polly were up and down all day long with her1 and she declared they hardly ever came near her4 8,why should you1 my dears8 ,a tiresome old woman--what should you young things have to say to her8 ,but ,i am very glad whenever you have time to pop in for five minutes4 ,not that ,i care much about seeing anybody4 ,one gets selfish as one grows old2 one cares for nobody4 ,and really1 living amongst these ,french people1 it is no wonder4 ,what a set they are1 to be sure6 ,and what a government6 ,good gracious6 when ,i remember how it used to be when ,i came to ,paris first4 ,we had a court then1 and real nobles attended it4 ,they were not much to look at1 ,i must say2 you never saw such toilettes in your life as they used to wear coming to make their court to ,mme4 d',angoulme1 and the ,duchesse de ,berri1 and all of them4 ,but it was much pleasanter4 ,people got themselves up like guys1 but nobody minded that1 and they had not to ruin themselves in fine clothes4 ,i remember one evening the ,duchesse de ,r---- presented herself in a dyed pea-green gown with dirty feathers and lace that was the color of strong tea4 ,i felt ashamed for her1 poor thing6--,i did indeed2 but1 goodness me6 nobody saw it1 ,i believe1 but myself2 the ,duchesse d',angoulme received her as if she had been dressed like the ,queen of ,saba4 ,they knew how to receive1 those princesses--not like this little woman you have at the ,tuileries now4 ,but it won't last1 my dear4 ,things are going from bad to worse1 ,i hear4 ,people fancy that because ,i don't go dans le monde1 as they call it1 ,i know nothing about what is going on4 ,ha6 ha60 ,and the old lady shook her finger at some invisible contradictor4 8,i can tell you ,i know a great deal more than any of you4 ,i hear many things that ,i keep to myself2 but ,i can tell you things are looking very badly indeed4 ,i suppose you are going to the ball at the ,tuileries to-morrow night1 all of you80 8,polly and ,i have our dresses ready10 said ,pearl2 8but ,i am afraid papa won't be well enough to come with us40 8,what's amiss with him8 ,balaklava troublesome80 8,yes1 dreadfully4 ,i wonder if ,mme4 ,lopold is going8 ,i dare say she would take us1 if papa asked her40 8,he mustn't1 though2 he mustn't do that1 my dear10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle very emphatically2 and then1 seeing ,pearl's brown eyes widening in wonder1 she added4 8,it would never do to have you sallying in after ,blanche1 my dear2 three young girls in a group are sure to interfere with each other4 ,it wouldn't do at all40 8,what a funny idea60 ,and ,pearl laughed merrily4 8,and besides1 the ,lopolds are such out-and-out ,bonapartists your father would not care to have you appear under their flag10 continued the old lady2 8not that he thinks as much of that as he ought to do1 ,i'm sorry to say4 ,we ,english get into very loose ways when we live abroad2 going to the theatre on ,sunday1 and going to these pinchbeck people at the ,tuileries1 and doing all sorts of improper things4 ,it is very naughty of us--it is indeed2 for we ought to know better4 ,as to those ,french people1 one never expects anything from them2 there is no truth in them2 they all tell lies1 every one of them--they do indeed1 my dear40 8,if we can't go with ,mme4 ,lopold ,i don't see whom we can go with10 said ,pearl musingly4 8,polly will be awfully disappointed4 ,there was to be a cotillon2 it is in honor of the little archduchess4 ,she can't wait for the petit ,lundi1 and the empress said she should have the cotillon to-night4 ,polly would have looked so lovely in her new dress60 8,where do you expect to go in the next world1 you vain minx60 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,you are a great deal too conceited about ,polly40 ,pearl laughed4 8,is there to be anybody at this ball to-morrow that she is particularly anxious not to disappoint80 inquired the old lady1 looking hard at ,pearl4 8,no2 she doesn't care a straw for one of them4 ,i wonder if she ever will8 ,i can't imagine ,polly in love40 ,and ,pearl laughed gently to herself4 8,more's the pity4 ,i don't like a girl who goes flirting on her way1 making every man she meets fall in love with her1 and not caring a straw for one of them4 ,i suppose she means to marry for money1 or rank1 or something of that sort40 8,o dear ,mrs4 ,monteagle6 how could you say such a thing of ,polly80 said ,pearl4 8,she is incapable of marrying for anything but love60 8,then1 you silly puss1 what did you mean by saying that she could not fall in love80 8,i meant--well1 ,i don't know exactly4 ,only there is nobody going to-morrow that she is the least in love with40 8,and you8 ,is there to be any one you are not cruel to8 ,come1 tell me all about them like a good child40 ,pearl tossed back her sunny head and laughed4 8,as if anybody would look at me when ,polly is there60 8,nonsense6 that is a matter of taste4 ,if ,i were a young man ,i know what would be my taste10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 8and ,i shrewdly suspect there is a certain young gentleman who is of the same opinion40 ,she looked steadily at ,pearl as she said this1 and1 raising a finger1 shook it at the laughing1 astonished face4 ,pearl looked as unconscious as a baby at first1 but as the finger continued its slow1 significant shake she grew a little confused1 then she blushed1 first slightly1 but the pink tint rapidly deepened to scarlet and spread all over her face and neck4 8,ha6 you naughty puss4 ,i knew ,i should find you out10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle with a mischievous laugh4 8,i know all about it1 and1 since you care for him1 it is all right4 ,i think he is a good fellow1 although ,i confess ,i should have preferred your marrying an ,englishman2 however1 since you are in love with one another1 one must make the best of it40 8,dear ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 what do you mean80 said ,pearl1 who had now recovered her self-possession1 and was looking mystified and curious1 but not the least guilty4 8,i know all about it1 my dear4 ,i tell you ,i know more about most things than people imagine4 ,i have been watching this little game quietly in my corner while you and ,m4 ,lon were singing and playing at your piano40 8,m4 ,lon8 ,capt4 ,lopold80 8,capt4 ,lopold1 of the ,third ,hussars1 officier de la ,lgion d',honneur1 and heir to the title of baron4 ,i don't begrudge him any of his glories1 my dear2 ,i only wish there were ten times more4 ,i suppose he will be very well off2 not that you care about that40 8,no1 indeed1 ,i don't60 cried ,pearl4 8,why should ,i80 8,nonsense1 child1 nonsense6 ,all the same ,i like to hear you say it4 ,nowadays you young girls are so worldly-minded you only think of what a husband can give you4 ,it is dreadful--it is indeed2 as to these ,french1 it is positively frightful to think of the way they go about it--just as if they were buying a horse or hiring a house4 ,but your ,frenchman will1 ,i am sure1 prove an exception4 ,of course he is supposed not to have said a word to you himself2 but you don't expect me to believe that--0 8,indeed1 dear ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 ,i give you my solemn word of honor--0 broke in ,pearl4 8,ah6 yes1 my dear4 ,words of honor in a case like this are made to be broken2 but has his mother spoken to you--that is to say1 to your father yet80 8,dear ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 ,i don't know what you are talking about--,i don't indeed6 ,m4 ,lon has never opened his lips to me on such a subject1 and ,i feel sure he hasn't to papa either40 8,well1 perhaps not2 you young people have a way of understanding each other without much talking4 ,i know all about it2 ,i was young once myself1 though you may not believe it4 ,i know that in my time a young man could tell a girl he adored her without putting it in so many words40 8,i dare say they can do so nowadays1 too10 said ,pearl2 8but ,i know that ,m4 ,lon never told me1 in words or in any other way1 that he adored me40 8,tut6 tut6 ,then he made his sister say it for him2 these ,french people have peculiar ways ,i know4 ,i dare say the little ,french girl did it40 8,blanche8 ,she declares that ,lon adores only two things1 fighting and jam4 #8,set him before the enemy or before a pot de confiture and he is the happiest of men6' ,that is what ,blanche says of him40 8,good gracious6 what a character for any girl to give her brother4 ,she had a motive in it1 my dear--depend upon it she had a motive4 ,she wanted to stand in your way1 to prevent the marriage4 ,i always thought she was a sly minx2 they all are1 those ,french girls1 though they look as if butter would not melt in their mouths40 ,pearl was going to enter an indignant protest against this attack on her friend1 but she was prevented by the arrival of visitors4 ,mme4 de ,kerbec and ,mme4 ,lopold entered together4 ,pearl started up from her seat of honor on the sofa beside ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 and as ,mme4 ,lopold came forward1 profusely affectionate1 to embrace her1 she blushed scarlet4 8,chre petite60 said the fond mother1 playfully stroking the warm red cheek1 of which ,pearl for very rage with herself could have scratched the skin off4 ,it was tantamount to confessing herself in love with ,lon to blush up and look so confused the moment his mother appeared4 ,mme4 ,lopold and ,mrs4 ,monteagle evidently thought so1 too1 for they laughed significantly at one another as they shook hands and glanced at ,pearl4 ,mme4 de ,kerbec wondered what the little joke was about4 ,she was not in the intimacy of ,mme4 ,lopold1 because1 as she put it1 the deputy and his wife were not de notre monde4 ,they were of the court set1 and ,mme4 de ,kerbec was of the faubourg2 so1 at least1 she said1 and as nobody of the other set had the entre of the faubourg1 nobody contradicted her4 8,how is every one chez vous1 mon enfant--your dear mother and your excellent father8 ,i suppose we shall meet him with you both to-morrow evening80 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,i hope so1 madame2 but papa is not very well44440 ,pearl began to explain4 8,no2 and very likely he will ask you to--0 interrupted ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 but ,pearl made such imploring eyes at her and gave her hand such a terrible squeeze that the old lady did not finish the sentence1 but turned off the subject by exclaiming on the splendor of ,mme4 de ,kerbec's dress4 8,you talk of the extravagance of the ,tuileries set2 but if we are to judge your old faubourg by you1 countess1 you are a great deal worse4 ,good gracious6 what a superb costume1 to be sure4 ,in my young days one never saw such things1 except it might be at court2 and even there1 poor old ,queen ,charlotte and ,queen ,adelaide never were much to speak of in the way of elegance2 and as to the people here at the ,tuileries in those days--0 ,when ,mrs4 ,monteagle was thus fairly embarked ,pearl seized the opportunity to slip away4 8,what a sweet girl she is60 said ,mme4 ,lopold as the door closed on the slight young figure4 8,she is charming10 assented ,mme4 de ,kerbec2 8but ,polly's beauty throws her quite into the shade40 ,both the ,french lady and ,mrs4 ,monteagle exclaimed at this4 8,i think her face more sympathetic and her manner infinitely more so60 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,no comparison60 chimed in ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 8and she has three times the brains of ,polly40 8,one does not want much brains with such an amount of beauty10 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 8,polly is sure to marry much better4 ,men don't care for clever wives2 they are jealous of them40 8,that may be the case with ,englishmen1 but ,i protest in the name of my own countrymen10 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,i never knew a ,frenchman yet who objected to his wife having brains40 8,very likely not10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 8provided she has money1 ,i don't suppose a ,frenchman would object to anything1 even to her being a lunatic40 8,you are severe1 chre madame10 said ,mme4 ,lopold1 looking hurt4 8,mrs4 ,monteagle suspects every ,frenchman of marrying for money10 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 ,this was a tender point with her1 for everybody1 of course1 knew that ,m4 de ,kerbec had married her for her money1 and that she had married him for his title4 8,i can only judge by what ,i see10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 8and ,i see that the first and last and only thing that they ask1 or rather that their family asks1 about a young lady is1 #8,how much money has she8'0 8,you do us an injustice there2 that may be the first question1 because it is after all the essential one1 but it is not the last10 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,and ,i can assure you our young men of the present day follow very much the ,english fashion in marrying2 they like to marry themselves1 and they often feel a great1 a very decided sympathy for their fiance before the family interferes at all4 ,my son always said he would marry himself l'anglaise40 8,i am glad to hear it1 madame1 and ,i hope you will let him have his way10 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 8,certainly2 my dearest wish is to see him happy10 replied ,mme4 ,lopold1 and she looked at ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 ,it was immediately borne in on ,mme4 de ,kerbec that there was a marriage in the air between ,lon and ,pearl1 and that ,mme4 ,lopold was here to discuss the matter with ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 and1 being a kind woman1 she naturally felt at once a deep interest in the match4 8,i suppose ,col4 ,redacre will give very handsome fortunes to both his daughters10 she remarked2 8but ,i think that arrangement very unjust4 ,pearl should have it all2 ,polly has beauty enough to make a queen's dower40 8,for my part1 ,i would rather have ,pearl without a penny than ,polly with the two dots together10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle with a little angry grunt4 8,their mother was an heiress1 so there will be plenty for all the children10 ,mme4 de ,kerbec went on2 8and then ,dean ,darrell is enormously wealthy1 and his money all comes to the ,redacres4 ,to be sure he may live twenty years yet40 8,i did not know they had such great expectations10 said ,mme4 ,lopold1 her interest kindling as she listened to these details4 8,who is this ,m4 ,darrell80 8,he is a cousin of ,col4 ,redacre's1 and holds the property which comes to the ,redacres at his death4 ,it is not much to speak of1 ,i believe2 but the ,dean is very rich1 and will leave them all his money4 ,he is ,pearl's godfather1 too1 and they say he will leave a very large sum to her40 8,she deserves it2 she is a most angelic girl4 ,i never saw any girl ,i admired so much10 said ,mme4 ,lopold1 waxing enthusiastic as ,pearl's merits were thus unfolded to her4 8,you know what ,i feel about her1 chre madame10 she added1 addressing ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 ,other visitors came in1 but ,mme4 ,lopold contrived when saying au revoir to whisper to ,mrs4 ,monteagle a request that she would1 at her earliest convenience1 speak to ,col4 ,redacre upon the subject 8near our hearts40 8,and ,m4 ,lon's heart80 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle once more before committing herself4 8,chre madame6 why will you doubt my dear boy80 said the mother with a smile4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,voltaire ,,and ,,his ,,panegyrists4 ,voltaire has to this day1 among a certain class of people1 the unenviable privilege of sharing with his great friend and patron the devil a popularity which he richly deserves4 ,he belongs to that race of scoffers and liars that has never been wanting in the world since the arch-deceiver was allowed entrance into it1 and will never be wanting as long as he sees in it anything bearing the image of ,god which he may hope to destroy1 any truth which he may contradict1 any beauty which he may defile1 any goodness which he may turn into evil4 ,celsus1 ,porphyry1 ,jamblichus1 ,julian the ,apostate1 ,luther1 were of that race2 and if ,voltaire be inferior to most of these in genius1 he has nevertheless done the work of their common master as zealously1 and certainly as successfully1 as any of his predecessors4 ,give1 then1 the devil his due1 and let the philosopher of ,ferney have the admiration of his votaries4 ,let him inhale in long draughts the incense which they offer him4 ,it is not the rich perfumes of ,arabia that they burn upon his altars4 ,the god of the ,revolution would have very little relish for anything sweet and pure4 ,he delights in filth1 and filth they serve him in abundance4 ,from every cess-pool and garbage-plot1 from every loathsome swamp and poisonous marsh1 from every infected spot1 a thick cloud laden with nauseous odors and death rises up to his nostrils4 ,surely the god must be satisfied4 ,what else has he sought during his long career from his boyhood to his old age8 ,to what did he devote his wonderful activity but to create those very sinks of moral degradation which send back to him from their unclean depths the impure homage which they are fit to give8 ,voltaire deserves a statue2 let him have it4 ,why should the ,french government hesitate to comply with the desires of the ,commune in this regard8 ,what more worthy hands can they find for the purpose than those stained by the blood of so many innocent victims8 ,why should not one who thirsted during his whole life for the destruction of what is most sacred suffer the well-merited punishment of having a monument raised in his behalf by cut-throats to perpetuate his ignominy8 ,a statue to ,voltaire8 ,yes2 and in ,paris1 too4 ,only choose the right place1 and let it be emblematical of the lewdness with which the works of that infamous man reek4 ,the fitting spot is that where all the sewers of the great city empty themselves into the ,seine4 ,the idol of the ,french ,commune is not without his admirers on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,one of our leading journals1 speaking of the demonstration that took place on the #cjth of ,may in the ,french capital in honor of ,voltaire1 gave us the following eulogistic and edifying editorial1 which we quote as a fair specimen of the cant that is now and then reproduced in this country from the ,french radical papers of the most advanced school3 8,france1 it is said1 celebrated in a characteristic way the memory of one of her great men1 one of the makers of the great ,revolution4 ,voltaire did ,france more service than any twenty generals1 but did it by strictly intellectual methods2 by operation on the national mind2 by exposure of the shams1 pretences1 villanies1 and oppressions of the system of organized wrong that those exposures did so much to undermine and destroy4 ,he created in great part that public opinion1 that common judgment of the nation1 in the presence of which it was impossible that the ancient rgime should continue to exist beyond the day when the power to end it fell into the hands of the representatives of the people4 ,as his influence was felt by its intellectual results1 it is characteristic and just that his memory should be celebrated1 not by monuments or other preservations of a great man's name1 but by the dissemination of a printed volume of his own best thoughts1 so distributed that a copy may be given to every ,frenchman4 ,by this method honor is done to ,voltaire and good is done to the people2 for the world is very much as yet in the condition in which he criticised it1 and his keen1 sound judgments on liberty1 on the rights of the people and persons1 on the church1 on law1 on government1 on freedom of the press1 may yet continue his influence with great advantage to society0 7,new ,york ,herald1 ,may #ca74 ,it would be difficult to condense into a short page a greater number of false assertions1 of wrong appreciations and misleading suggestions4 8,mentons2 il en restera toujours quelque chose10 the favorite motto of ,voltaire1 continues to inspire his disciples all over the world4 ,it is the idiosyncrasy by which the members of the family are recognized4 ,the result of these often-repeated falsehoods is1 in ,france1 to keep the people in a chronic state of dissatisfaction periodically finding vent in those violent up-heavings of society which have more than once during the last hundred years brought that beautiful country to the verge of ruin2 and though1 in other places where they are rehearsed1 they may not produce the same fatal effects1 they serve1 nevertheless1 to make dupes of the ignorant who are unable to judge for themselves of the truth or falsity of assertions stated with such unhesitating boldness and assurance that the most glaring errors are accepted by them as articles of faith2 they are an insult to the conscience not only of ,catholics but of all those who still profess to retain the least vestige of ,christianity2 they are a gross calumny thrown in the face of ,france herself1 who1 by the voice of her most illustrious children and by a vast majority1 protests against the idea that ,voltaire is one of her great or representative men4 8,lately10 says a ,french writer 7the ,correspondant1 ,may #be71 8the radicals conceived the purpose of showing to ,europe the genius of ,france1 personified in the image of ,voltaire4 ,a lying symbol1 assuredly4 ,for if it be the glory of ,france that they intended to represent1 there are in our history twenty reputations nobler1 wider1 purer which would contend with our rivals for the admiration of the world4 ,voltaire possessed only one feeble spark of the ,french genius2 but1 thank ,god1 the flame has been more powerful and shone with a deeper and brighter lustre1 it ascended to greater heights1 with ,st4 ,bernard1 ,pascal1 ,bossuet1 ,corneille1 ,racine1 ,molire1 ,mirabeau1 ,chteaubriand1 ,lamartine2 and as to the other qualities that are characteristic of the ,french people1 ,france would disavow them had they their type and model in ,voltaire2 and1 in fact1 how could she recognize in him that generosity which is foremost amongst the gifts of her race1 her warm heart1 her heroic soul1 her chivalrous valor1 her ,christian beneficence1 her love for the weak and the oppressed1 her loyalty1 her passion for great ideas and great actions8 ,how could she sacrifice to the genius of ,voltaire all that she had of ,french genius in those times of ,charlemagne1 of ,godfrey de ,bouillon1 of ,st4 ,louis1 of ,joan of ,arc1 of ,richelieu1 of ,louis ,,xiv41 when those who were her chief ornaments by their brilliant virtues so little resembled ,voltaire8 ,to pretend that a nation which has deserved to be called by ,shakspere #8the soldier of ,god'2 a nation that has given to religion so many saints and heroes1 so many doctors and martyrs2 a nation that has raised by its thought and art so many monuments to ,catholicity2 a nation that can cite so many names dear to the church from ,st4 ,jerome1 ,pope ,sylvester1 ,peter the ,hermit and ,suger1 to ,st4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,de ,brulle1 ,fnelon1 ,massillon1 and ,lacordaire--to pretend that such a nation ought and desires to have its personification in ,voltaire is a mockery40 ,bold indeed is the man who dares associate the idea of greatness with the name of ,voltaire in presence of the evidence we have to the contrary1 and which cannot be ignored by any one who has the slightest acquaintance with the literature of the last century4 ,he uses words at random and cares very little about their true signification1 or he unduly presumes on the ignorance of others4 ,we find in ,voltaire no element that constitutes the great man4 ,he lacks those qualities of the heart which ennoble their possessor and surround him with a halo of serene splendor even in the lowliest station2 his private life from beginning to end is there to show us all the meanness of his character4 ,he had no civic virtue2 he denied his country and despised the people4 ,as a philosopher he has discovered no truth1 elucidated none1 contributed nothing to the advancement of knowledge4 ,what he did was to direct all his efforts to obscure by sophistry and revile by sarcasms those truths of which mankind was in time-honored possession4 ,he has no claim to the reputation of a great poet2 all critics worthy of the name1 even those of the age in which he lived1 are at one in assigning to him an inferior rank in this regard4 ,voltaire tried his hand in every department1 in literature1 in the natural sciences1 in philosophy1 in politics1 in history1 in theology1 and has only succeeded in giving proofs of his ignorance of the subjects he attempted to treat or of his mediocrity4 8,voltaire10 says ,w4 ,schlegel 7,dramatic ,literature1 lect4 xix471 8wished to shine in every department2 a restless vanity permitted him not to be satisfied with the pursuit of perfection in any single walk of literature2 and1 from the variety of subjects in which his mind was employed1 it was impossible for him to avoid shallowness and immaturity of ideas4444 ,he made use of poetry as a means to accomplish ends foreign and extrinsical to it2 and this has often polluted the artistic purity of his compositions40 ,we often read in the lives of holy personages that1 in their very infancy1 they gave signs of their future greatness and sanctity4 ,as to ,voltaire1 he manifested in his early youth a degree of perverseness which foreshadowed but too well what he subsequently proved to be4 ,the precocity of his mind showed itself by his precocious unbelief4 ,every one knows the prediction which his impious sneers at religion elicited from ,father ,le ,jay when at the college of ,louis-le-,grand--a prediction which was so truly realized afterwards3 8,wretch10 said the father to him1 8you will one day be the standard-bearer of infidelity in ,france40 ,expelled several times from his father's house for improper conduct1 he pursues his career in the world1 which he fills with the scandals of his life4 ,his disgraceful intrigues in politics and in love1 his dishonesty in business matters1 his greed of money1 his writings breathing lust and revolt1 fixed upon him the attention of the police1 and more than once brought him to the ,bastille and sent him into exile4 ,he had no heart2 he proved it by the contempt he entertained for his nearest relations4 ,he felt no shame in destroying the reputation of his mother2 from allusions he makes in a letter addressed to ,richelieu1 and in other passages of his works1 he throws suspicions upon the legitimacy of his birth4 ,voltaire at first signed his name 8,arouet02 but soon this family name disgusted him1 as he himself avows1 and he rejected it for that of ,voltaire4 ,to discard the name of one's own family is certainly no sign of a good son4 ,he was no better citizen4 ,the ,french having been beaten at ,rossbach by the ,king of ,prussia1 ,frederick ,,ii41 ,voltaire1 who kept a correspondence with that prince1 ridiculed his countrymen1 and heaped upon them the most injurious epithets4 ,he wishes a ,prussian officer to come and take a certain city of ,france4 ,he writes to the ,king of ,prussia3 8,look upon me as the most devoted subject that you have1 for ,i have no other1 and wish to have no other1 master but yourself4 ,it is to my own sovereign that ,i write40 ,the vile and crouching sycophant goes so far as to call ,frederick 8a god0 and 8the son of ,god40 ,is it not incredible and the height of impudence that men who call themselves ,frenchmen should urge their country to decree national honors to be paid to this idolatrous worshipper of ,prussia1 and that after the disasters of #ahga8 ,these men deserve the scorn of the whole world4 ,not satisfied with having turned ,prussian1 the ambition of ,voltaire was to become ,russian1 and for this purpose he disowned ,france4 ,in a letter of the #ahth of ,october1 #agga1 to the ,empress of ,russia1 ,catherine ,,ii41 after having called the ,french who had gone to the assistance of ,poland fools and boors1 he adds3 8,it is the ,tartars who are civilized1 and the ,french have become ,scythians4 ,please to observe1 madame1 that ,i am not ,welsh 7that is1 ,french72 ,i am a ,swiss1 and1 if ,i were younger1 ,i would become ,russian40 ,and ,russian he soon became in spite of his old age1 and ,catherine could send him her felicitations on his being already 8so good a ,russian40 ,we shall not transcribe the words of sacrilegious adulation which he addressed to his idol1 to a woman stained with the blood of her husband and living in adultery4 8,to make of the flatterer of ,frederick ,,ii41 the adulator of ,catherine ,,ii41 the adorer of ,mme4 de ,pompadour1 a republican citizen1 would be a difficult task4 ,but to make a patriot of the man who applauded the victory of ,rossbach1 who saw without pity the blood of ,france flow1 who defiled the reputation of ,joan of ,arc with the loathsome profanation that we know1 and who aspired to the happiness #8to die a ,prussian1' would be a want of respect for ,france and of pride for the republic4 ,in presence of the victors of ,metz and of ,sedan1 in presence of ,alsace-,lorraine1 ,france would betray herself and the republic would disown ,france1 were the one with the help of the other to erect the image of ,voltaire as that of our wounded country1 which stands waiting and hoping0 7,correspondant74 ,we must never be astonished at anything from such a courtier of ,fortune as ,voltaire was4 ,the most irascible of poets is the most flexible servant of the reigning powers4 ,if1 to use an expression of ,diderot1 he bore a grudge to every pedestal placed in the path of his literary glory1 no one more grovellingly than he kissed the dust before every statue of success raised to command men or to impose upon them4 ,he deserts to the ,king of ,prussia after the defeat of ,de ,rohan1 he kisses the blood-stained hand of that other ,lady ,macbeth seated on the throne of ,russia2 he will do more3 he will lower the purple of ,richelieu before that of the ignoble ,dubois1 to whom the ,revolution alone could give notoriety4 ,young1 he had not the dignity which talent imparts2 old1 he had not that of his gray hairs4 ,his pretty prose and his small1 prurient madrigals will be scattered freely in the antechamber of every courtesan who has usurped for the time being the rightful place of the queens of ,france4 ,it is to a ,marquise de ,prie1 mistress of the heart and of the politics of the ,duke of ,bourbon1 or to a ,mme4 de ,pompadour1 that he offers his mean and impure adulations4 ,mme4 de ,pompadour1 metamorphosed into an ,agnes ,sorel1 is still but a mortal2 ,mme4 du ,barry will be a divinity in this distich of the octogenarian of ,ferney3 8,c'est assez aux mortels d'adorer votre image1 ,l'original tait fait pour les ,dieux40 ,so much for the irreproachable citizen who reviled his country1 rejoiced at her misfortunes1 and sold himself to her enemies2 so much for the model republican who fawned on despots and courted the good graces of the most abandoned characters1 provided they stood around a throne4 ,but what of ,voltaire1 the great democrat1 the devoted friend of the people8 ,those who wish to enlighten the working classes by the dissemination among them of a printed volume of ,voltaire's own best thoughts have taken care1 of course1 to exclude from the precious popular volume1 destined to perpetuate the great man's influence in ,france1 such passages as these1 which clearly show his sentiments on the subject4 ,he writes to a friend3 8,i believe that we do not understand each other on the question of the people1 who1 according to you1 deserve to be instructed4 ,i understand by people the populace1 or those who are forced to gain their livelihood by the labor of their hands4 ,i doubt whether that class of citizens will ever have the leisure or the capacity required for instruction4 ,it appears to me essential that there should be #8ignorant boors4' ,when the vulgar begin to reason1 all is lost4 ,the absurd insolence of those who tell you that you must think like your tailor and your washerwoman should not be tolerated4 ,as to the canaille1 it will never be anything else but the canaille4 ,i have nothing to do with it40 ,and again3 8,the canaille whom every yoke fits is not worth enlightening40 ,that hatred for the poor1 the laboring classes1 the people1 is a satanic trait characteristic of ,voltaire4 ,were the principles which he sought to establish to obtain in the world1 we would soon see the worst times of paganism return1 when the vast majority of men were slaves under unfeeling masters4 ,from this abject condition ,christianity rescued the human race4 ,it is ,christianity that can still make the people free2 it is ,christianity that saves it now1 in spite of the efforts made to exclude ,christ's influence from the face of the earth and substitute for it that of ,freemasonry1 socialism1 and radicalism1 which would willingly replace the worship of the ,redeemer by that of a ,voltaire or a ,mazzini4 ,were it possible to abolish the ,christian religion in the world1 the earth would at once become a den of wild beasts tearing one another to pieces4 ,witness the ,french ,revolution4 ,it is ,christ who said3 8,come to me1 all you that labor and are burdened1 and ,i will refresh you02 it is ,christ who ennobled labor by embracing a life of toil2 it is ,christ who taught the poor that poverty is no disgrace1 but rather an honor1 ever since the ,king of ,kings sanctified it and glorified it in his own person2 it is ,christ who gave us the true signification of sufferings1 and revealed to us their chastening and purifying influence when they are borne with resignation4 ,but it is ,christ also who taught the rich to be charitable to those not possessed of the goods of this world1 and to consider themselves but as ,god's stewards in favor of the needy4 ,in the acceptance of those principles is to be found the solution of the social problems which become more and more entangled in proportion as society withdraws itself from the light of the ,gospel4 8,jesus has wept and ,voltaire has smiled10 said ,victor ,hugo at the celebration of the #bjth of ,may1 8and from those divine tears and that human smile the sweetness of our civilization was the result10 and the crowd applauded4 ,foolish and blasphemous words6 ,to associate ,christ and his reviler in the same mission for the regeneration of the human race6 ,voltaire never smiled--he grinned1 and in his infernal sneer he embraced those for whom ,jesus especially came and wept1 suffered and died4 ,but the tactics of the evil one are always the same and are followed by his disciples1 to draw men into his snares by creating illusions around them4 ,the age of ,voltaire had no philosophy4 ,its great voice was silent1 and was heard no more until it resounded again in the first part of this century in ,de ,maistre and ,de ,bonald4 ,the generation of ,malebranche1 ,descartes1 and ,bossuet had passed away1 and was succeeded by a sect of sophists headed by ,voltaire1 whom they nicknamed the 8,philosopher of ,ferney40 ,the eighteenth century was the reign1 not of philosophy1 but of philosophism1 which consisted in an abuse of reason directed to the demolition1 by means of sarcasm and ridicule1 by the corruption of morals and by falsehood1 of the religion of ,christ and of all the principles upon which human society is based4 ,the pretended ,reformation had given the signal2 in weakening the foundations of faith and the respect for spiritual authority it opened the door to every error1 to revolt1 and to all corruptions4 ,germany began1 ,england followed1 and from ,england came out that spirit of incredulity and atheism which would have plunged ,europe into all the agonies of dissolution1 and made it a prey to renewed barbarism1 had not the terrific thunder-peals of the ,french ,revolution awakened it on the brink of the abyss and warned men to turn their eyes towards ,god and his church4 ,rousseau gives us in his ,emile a faithful picture of those mad dreamers1 possessed by the genius of evil1 who in his time proudly called themselves philosophers3 8,turn away from those who1 under pretext of explaining nature1 sow in the hearts of men subversive doctrines1 and whose apparent scepticism is a hundred times more affirmative and dogmatic than the decided tone of their adversaries4 ,under the haughty pretence that they alone are enlightened1 true1 and sincere1 they impose upon us their peremptory decisions1 and pretend to give us for the true principles of things the unintelligible systems which their imagination has built4 ,besides overthrowing1 destroying1 and trampling upon everything that men revere1 they take away from the afflicted the last consolation in their miseries1 from the powerful and the rich the only check of their passions2 they snatch from the depth of the human heart remorse for crime1 the hope which supports virtue1 and still boast of being the benefactors of mankind4 ,never1 do they say1 is truth injurious to men4 ,i believe as they do1 and it is1 in my opinion1 a strong proof that what they teach is not the truth40 ,of all those who1 at that period1 took part in the infernal struggle against ,christianity1 ,voltaire was the recognized chief and leader4 ,he and ,rousseau are the two men who did most to undermine the foundations of religion1 to extend the reign of unbelief1 and destroy the bulwarks that protect order and the family2 the former by his inexhaustible fund of impious raillery that scoffed at everything1 and the latter by an affectation of sickly sentimentality that paved the way but too well for the atrocities by which the last years of that disgraceful century were polluted4 ,the eighteenth century is appropriately called the ,sicle de ,voltaire2 it will be its eternal shame4 ,for ,voltaire1 notwithstanding his sparkling wit and a few happy productions in literature1 will remain eternally the type of a mean character1 of a corrupt intellect and perverted reason4 ,it is the conclusion to which men will necessarily arrive who wish to draw their knowledge of ,voltaire from another source than that of an ignorant fanaticism1 and who1 not satisfied with vague sounds floating in the air1 will take the trouble to study his life and his works4 ,not long ago the illustrious ,bishop of ,orleans1 from his senator's seat1 instructed the radicals of his country on this subject1 and his method is sure4 ,it would be more in the interest of truth to re-echo his voice on our shores than to spread amongst us those groundless and erroneous appreciations issuing from disordered brains maddened by passion4 ,he cited to them the judgments of men whom their party chiefly consults1 to whom they defer1 whom they admire and revere most1 as ,rousseau1 ,marat1 ,branger1 ,victor ,hugo1 ,louis ,blanc1 ,sainte-,beuve1 and ,renan4 ,he placed before their eyes the very writings of ,voltaire2 and thus1 by testimony that commanded their confidence1 he taught them what ,voltaire was worth as a democrat1 a citizen1 a patriot1 and even as a philosopher4 ,we have no space to give quotations from those writers2 but we cannot resist the temptation to place before our readers a few lines written by ,victor ,hugo himself1 when he had not as yet lent his unquestionable genius to the vagaries of modern radicalism4 ,they tell us what the distinguished poet then thought of the man whom he now extols to the skies and dares to put on a level with ,christ4 ,he speaks of that filthy production of ,voltaire's pen1 ,the ,maid of ,orleans1 and warns purity and innocence to beware of the poison contained in that infamous book3 8,an old book is there1 a romance of the last century6 ,a work of ignominy6 ,voltaire then reigned1 that monkey of genius1 sent on a mission to man by the devil himself4 ,o eighteenth century1 impious and chastised1 society without ,god1 struck by ,god's hand6 world-blind for ,christ1 which ,satan illumines6 ,shame on thy writers in the face of nations6 ,the reflection of thy crimes is in their renown6 ,beware1 ,o child6 in whose tender heart no tainted breath has as yet been felt4 ,o daughter of ,eve6 ,poor young mind6 ,voltaire the serpent1 ,doubt1 and ,irony is in a corner of thy blessed sanctuary2 with his eye of fire he spies thee and laughs4 ,tremble6 ,this false sage has caused the ruin of many an angel4 ,that demon1 that black kite1 pounces upon pious hearts and crushes them4 ,oftentimes have ,i seen under his cruel claws the feathers fall one by one from white wings made to rise and take flight towards heaven0 7,rayons et ,ombres74 ,voltaire was not a great thinker1 not a great poet1 not a great historian1 not a great novelist1 and not a great manager or man of action4 ,of his twenty-eight or thirty dramatic pieces scarcely one rises to the highest line of dramatic art2 his comedies1 like his epics1 are no longer read2 his histories are sprightly and entertaining1 but not authentic2 and his essays1 both in prose and verse1 with perhaps the single exception of his historical disquisitions1 have ceased to instruct4 ,this is the judgment about the man which we find recorded in the ,american ,cyclopdia1 and we have no doubt of its correctness4 ,if we seek1 then1 for the secret of his success1 we must turn not to his lighter compositions1 as has been advised1 but to the corruption of the age in which he lived4 ,voltaire found around him a society in a state of disorganization produced by the orgies of the ,regency1 and the spirit of incredulity which had invaded the whole of ,europe4 ,he seized upon those materials which he used against ,christianity4 ,he wished to destroy it4 ,his intention was not doubtful2 it had been clearly revealed by his ,mahomet1 a tragedy given to the public in #agda4 ,the piece had no success at first1 or rather people were frightened by it4 ,christianity was too openly attacked in it not to revolt public opinion1 which was as yet profoundly ,christian4 ,it was withdrawn after three representations2 but1 resumed ten years later1 it was received with enthusiasm4 ,it is at that date and with that the eighteenth century properly begins4 ,in #agea all was changed4 ,religion1 morals1 taste1 national honor1 military glory were soon to disappear from the soil of ,france4 ,fleury had ceased to live1 and voluptuousness had seated a ,pompadour upon the throne2 flattery erected altars in her honor1 whilst a philosophy1 the enemy of ,god and of the laws1 placed itself under the protection of that worthy patroness4 ,it was not difficult to see already looming on the horizon the horrors of #agic4 ,voltaire1 undoubtedly1 was one of the makers of the great ,revolution--8that grand conflict which10 as ,schlegel says1 8must be looked upon in no other light than as a religious war2 for a formal separation1 not only from the church1 but from all ,christianity1 a total abolition of the ,christian religion1 was an object of this ,revolution40 ,it is no wonder1 then1 that all revolutionists have made an idol of ,voltaire1 who played so prominent a part in bringing it about4 ,it is still ,voltaire the enemy of ,christianity whom they celebrate4 ,this they openly avow4 ,one of the organs of the party1 the ,bien ,public1 declared that it was not the centenary of ,voltaire the man of letters that they intended to celebrate1 but that of him who had said 8crasons l'infme0 7,let us crush the wretch74 ,the ,droits de l',homme also wrote3 8,voltaire had no respect for things established2 he dared look ,christ in the face2 he insulted him4 ,this is the reason why we have chosen ,voltaire to pay him our respects40 ,it is his hatred for the religion of ,christ which they wish to propagate4 ,the volume containing ,voltaire's best thoughts1 ordered to be printed and distributed among the people1 tells us that 8everything which is related of ,jesus is worthy of a pack of fools02 that 8miracles are ridiculous and the work of charlatans02 that 8,christ himself was a vile mechanic from the scum of the people1 a seducer who had lost all scruple02 that 8our sacred books are the work of insanity1 and that ,christians are dupes1 fools1 and cowards40 ,and they desire such a book to replace among the masses the catechism and the ,gospel6 ,do so1 and you have wolves instead of men4 ,,breton ,,legends ,,of ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,the steadfastness of ,breton ,catholicity is proverbial4 ,from the far-away time when the disciples of the good ,st4 ,patrick1 among whom1 says the ,breton legend1 8he was like a nightingale among wrens1 or a beech-tree among ferns10 first planted the cross in ,armorica1 up to that last crusade in defence of it wherein only yesterday1 as it were1 ,lamoricire and ,pimodan and their gallant comrades sacrificed themselves as chivalrously as any knight of old on the fatal field of ,castelfidardo1 the ,breton has never wavered in his faith4 ,evil example has not availed to weaken it2 persecution has only made it stronger2 the poisoned arrow of the scoffer1 deadlier than the ,moor's1 has fallen blunted on the armor of its tranquil simplicity4 ,when all ,france beside1 with few exceptions1 had sunk into indifferentism or infidelity1 ,breton peasant and ,breton gentleman still held fast to their fathers' creed1 still doffed their hats as reverently as of yore to wayside cross or ,madonna1 still knelt as devoutly side by side in the little rustic chapels which so cover the land 8that10 says a sympathetic writer1 8it seems fertilized by so many holy shrines40 ,some idea may be had of the number of the religious monuments of ,brittany from the fact that when1 at the ,restoration1 the proposition was mooted to replace the wayside crosses which the iconoclastic frenzy of the ,revolution had overturned1 it was found that #a1ejj1jjj francs would be needed to restore those in the department of ,finisterre alone4 ,indeed1 it may be said that the ,revolution in ,brittany took the form not so much of a political struggle as of a religious proscription4 ,it was not the royalist so much as the ,catholic who was there the object of partisan fury4 ,to the butchers of the ,temple1 the mad idolaters of ,reason1 religion was a crime even greater than loyalty4 8,it was10 says the author already quoted1#acd 8a conflict between the guillotine and a people's faith--a merciless conflict1 in which the guillotine blunted its knife and was baffled40 ,catholic ,brittany offered but a passive resistance to her persecutors1 but it was a resistance none the less stubborn1 unflinching1 unconquerable4 ,on her knees with clasped hands she defied the noyades of ,carrier and the bayonets of ,hoche4 8,nothing10 says ,m4 ,souvestre1 8could alter the freshness of her faith4 ,she gave way neither to anger nor to fear4 ,the red cap might be put upon her head1 but not upon her thoughts4 8#8,i will throw down your belfries1' said ,jean ,bon-,saint-,andr to the mayor of a village1 #8so that you will have no longer any reminder of your effete superstitions4' 8#8,you will still have to leave us the stars1' returned the peasant1 #8and we can see them farther than our belfries4'0 ,nevertheless1 the threat was carried out1 at least so far that the churches were closed1 the celebration of ,mass was made a crime1 the priests were hunted like wild beasts1 and the faithful were reduced to much the same straits as their ,english co-religionists under ,elizabeth1 or as ,irish ,catholics under the ,penal ,laws4 ,among the many shifts they were put to to evade their savage pursuers1 the coast population were often driven to take to their boats and put to sea1 where1 under favor of the midnight1 the faithful pastor offered ,mass upon a raft4 ,surely the people who could resort to such measures rather than forego the exercise of their faith must have been devoted to it4 ,it may seem strange that so brave and hardy1 nay1 so fiery1 a race as the ,bretons should submit so tamely to provocation so bitter4 ,unlike ,la ,vende1 ,brittany never1 as a province1 made any effectual head against the ,revolution1 which made so ruthless an onslaught upon all that ,breton and ,vendean held most sacred4 ,the uprising in ,upper or ,western ,brittany which broke out just as the ,vendean insurrection was about being crushed1 and which is known to history as the ,chouannerie1 or war of the ,chouans1 was but a desultory guerilla warfare1 confined for the most part to that division of ,brittany which has preserved fewest of the ,breton characteristics4 ,the only important engagement which took place in ,lower ,brittany during the ,revolution was the surprise of ,fort ,penthivre by ,hoche1 when 8the sickle sweep of ,quiberon ,bay0 reaped its harvest of slaughter2 and there the royalists were in the main composed of emigrs1 nobles1 and ,chouans from ,western ,brittany4 ,even the brothers ,cottereau1 nicknamed ,chouan1#ace who gave its name to this insurrection1 were not ,bretons1 but from ,maine4 ,doubtless had not ,de la ,rouarie's plot miscarried through treachery and the premature death of that far-seeing and audacious schemer1 the result might have been otherwise4 ,as it was1 the counter revolution took in ,brittany and ,la ,vende very different directions4 ,in the former it was the hostility of the 8patriots0 to the church that was most deeply felt and most bitterly resented2 while the ,vendeans fought for their faith1 indeed1 and their army bore the name of 8,catholic and loyal10 but they fought at least as directly for their king4 ,we have not space to philosophize upon this curious distinction1 further than to point out that ,brittany1 so far as the bulk of its population is concerned1 has always been rather ,catholic than royalist4 ,it is not so very long ago that a ,frenchman was nearly as much of an alien as the hated ,saozon or ,saxon#acf himself to the man of ,trguier or the ,lonnais2 even two centuries of submission to an enforced and distasteful union scarcely sufficed to make the ,breton look upon the ,french king as other than a usurper4 ,in this1 as in devotion to the faith1 which the same apostle brought to both1 and in readiness to give up all for it1 the parallel between ,brittany and that other great ,celtic colony1 ,ireland1 is of the closest kind4 ,true1 the union of ,brittany and ,france1 like that of ,england and ,scotland1 was effected through marriage1#acg and not1 as in the ,irish union1 by force and fraud4 ,but it was none the more popular for that2 and though all overt opposition was effectually crushed with the overthrow of the ,league1 headed by the ambitious and self-seeking though gallant ,duc de ,mercur1 in the early part of the seventeenth century1 there still remained a smouldering fire of resentment and dislike which only lately1 if ever at all1 has been extinguished4 ,and from that time1 too1 to quote ,m4 ,souvestre again1 of the two sovereign powers on which the feudal edifice was based1 the nobility and the church1 the latter alone preserved its authority in ,brittany4 ,deceived and disappointed in his worldly leaders1 it seemed as though the ,breton peasant turned more implicitly to his spiritual guides4 ,certain it is that in no ,catholic land1 not even in ,ireland1 has the priesthood retained more ascendency1 nor1 if we may trust writers who cannot be accused of partiality1 deserved it more4 ,the spirit of devotion breathes all through the ,breton's daily life4 ,no important act is begun without its appropriate religious ceremonies4 ,is it a house or a barn that he has built8--he will use neither till they have been blest1 as in ,aubrey de ,vere's 8,building of the ,cottage03 8,mix the mortar o'er and o'er1 ,holy music singing2 ,holy water o'er it pour1 ,flowers and tresses flinging4 ,bless we now the earthen floor2 ,may good angels love it6 ,bless we now the new-raised door1 ,and that cell above it60 ,he thinks1 with the poet1 8,better to roam for ay than rest ,under the impious shadow of a roof unblest40 ,in little acts as in great ones it is the same4 ,the knife does not cut the loaf until it has made over it the sign of the cross2 the children tell their ages by the number of ,easters they have made2 the sowing of the grain is preceded by a solemn procession4 8,the barren field10 says the ,breton proverb1 8grows fertile under the stole of the priest40 ,in all his thoughts the religious idea is uppermost4 8,i was walking in the fields10 says ,m4 de la ,villemarque1 8reading a book1 when a peasant accosted me4 #8,is it1' said he1 #8the ,lives of the ,saints you are reading8'0 ,and the strongest idea a ,breton can give you of the truth of any book is that it was written and printed by a priest4 ,it is not surprising1 therefore1 that among a people of such simple and fervid faith devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin should especially have flourished4 ,the popular impulse towards the expression of piety which displayed itself in ,france in the sixteenth century1 and which soon covered the land with ,calvaries and ,chapels of ,notre ,dame1 was nowhere more outspoken or lasting than in ,brittany4 ,mme4 ,marie de ,bon ,secours1 mre des pcheurs--,mme4 ,mary of ,good ,help1 mother of fishermen--is invoked as heartily on the coast of ,trguier as ,notre ,dame de tous les remdes--,our ,lady of ,all-,healing--on the mountains of ,cornouailles4 ,and1 as might be looked for in an impressionable and imaginative race1 this devotion has entwined itself with many quaint and curious legends4 ,it is a general belief in ,brittany--as1 indeed1 it is among the peasantry elsewhere in ,france1 and we believe in some parts of ,spain--that our ,lord and his ,blessed ,mother visited their country in propria persona after the ,resurrection4 ,ask a peasant of ,vannes1 for example1 the origin of the galgals1 or heaps of pebbles which diversify the monotony of his vast ,landes1 and he will tell you that the ,blessed ,virgin carried them there in her apron4 ,the folk-lore of the country turns largely upon her intervention for the protection of those who call upon her4 ,two of the most curious of these legends we propose to give our readers from ,m4 ,souvestre's very interesting collection entitled ,le ,foyer ,breton4 ,so far as we know they have not been rendered into ,english except in a mutilated and imperfect version styled ,popular ,legends and ,tales of ,brittany1 which is simply the translation of a ,german adaptation of ,souvestre's book1 and in which the essentially ,catholic features of the original are for the most part studiously eliminated4 ,this process of 8evangelizing0 ,catholic literature is familiar enough from ,dies ,ir down2 it is to be regretted that ,catholic publishers are sometimes found willing to father and to circulate such counterfeits4 ,the first of our legends is one current in the country of ,trguier--the ,lower ,breton still divides his beloved province1 not into the departments fixed by the ,revolution1 but as of old into the four bishoprics of ,lon1 ,trguier1 ,vannes1 and ,cornouailles--and is known as ,les ,trois ,rencontres1 or1 as we shall call it1 ,,the ,,three ,,beggars4 ,once upon a time1 in the days when ,jesus ,christ and his ,mother came often to visit ,lower ,brittany1 when along the roads there were as many cells of holy hermits as there are now new houses with a manger and a branch of mistletoe by the door1 there lived in the bishopric of ,lon two young lords as rich as heart could wish1 and so handsome that even their mother could not have wished them better-looking4 ,they were called ,tonyk and ,mylio4 ,mylio1 who was the elder1 was going on sixteen1 while ,tonyk was but fourteen4 ,both had taken lessons from masters so able that there was nothing to hinder them from becoming priests at once1 if they had been old enough and had had a vocation4 ,now1 ,tonyk was pious1 ever ready to help the poor and forgive injuries4 ,money stayed no longer in his hand than anger in his heart2 while ,mylio would give to no one more than his due1 and even haggled over that1 and if anybody offended him he never rested until he had avenged himself to the utmost of his power4 ,as ,god had taken their father from them while they were still in long clothes1 the widow1 who was a woman of great virtue1 had brought them up herself2 but now that they were well grown1 she deemed it time to send them to an uncle of theirs at a distance1 from whom they might look for good counsel as well as a great inheritance4 ,so one day1 making each of them a present of a new hat1 shoes with silver buckles1 a purple cloak1 a well-lined purse1 and a horse1 she bade them be off to the house of their father's brother4 ,the two lads set out1 glad enough of the chance to see strange lands4 ,their horses went so fast that at the end of some days they found themselves in another kingdom1 where the trees and grain were unlike any they had seen at home4 ,but one morning1 as they were passing a cross-roads1 they spied a poor woman sitting by the cross1 her face buried in her apron4 ,tonyk pulled up his horse to ask her what was the matter4 ,the beggar-woman told him with sobs that she had just lost her only son1 who was her all1 and that she was thrown upon the charity of ,christians4 ,the lad was greatly touched2 but ,mylio1 who had stopped some paces off1 cried out with a jeering air3 8,you are not going to swallow everything the first whimpering old woman tells you8 ,that creature is there only to trick travellers out of their money40 8,hush1 my brother10 replied ,tonyk1 8hush1 in ,god's name6 ,your words make her cry still harder4 ,do you not see that she has the years and mien of our own mother1 ,god bless her60 ,then1 bending forward and handing his purse to the beggar-woman1 8,take it1 poor woman10 he said2 8,i can only help you1 but ,i will pray to ,god to console you40 ,the beggar-woman took the purse1 and1 kissing it1 said to ,tonyk3 8,since your lordship has wished to enrich a poor woman1 you will not refuse to take from her this nut1 which holds a wasp with a diamond sting40 ,tonyk took the nut1 thanked the beggar-woman1 and went his way with ,mylio4 ,the two soon came to the edge of a wood1 where they saw a little child1 nearly naked1 who was prying about in the hollows of the trees1 and singing the while an air sadder than the chants of the ,mass for the ,dead4 ,often he stopped to slap his little frozen hands together1 saying in a kind of sing-song1 8,i'm so cold6 ,i'm so cold60 ,and then they could hear his teeth chatter4 ,at this sight ,tonyk felt like crying1 and he said to his brother3 8,for pity's sake1 ,mylio1 do you see how this poor little innocent suffers from the cold80 8,he is a great baby1 then10 said ,mylio4 8,i1 for my part1 do not find the wind so cold40 8,because you have on a velvet vest1 and over that a cloth coat1 and over that again your purple cloak1 while he is clad only in the air of heaven40 8,well1 what of it80 said ,mylio4 8,he is only a little peasant40 8,alas60 replied ,tonyk1 8when ,i think that you might have been born in his place1 my brother1 my heart bleeds and ,i cannot see him suffer so40 ,with these words he drew rein1 called the little boy1 and asked him what he was doing there4 8,i am looking for the winged needles#ach that sleep in the crannies of the trees10 answered the child4 8,and what wouldst thou do with these winged needles80 said ,mylio4 8,when ,i have enough of them ,i will sell them in the city and buy a coat which will keep me warm as if it was always sunshine40 8,hast thou found any yet80 went on the young noble4 8,but one10 replied the child1 showing a little cage of rushes within which he had shut the blue fly4 8,very good1 ,i will take it10 broke in ,tonyk1 throwing him his cloak4 8,wrap thyself up in that precious cloth1 little one1 and add every evening in thy prayers a ,hail ,mary for ,mylio and another for her who bore us both40 ,the two brothers went on their way1 and ,tonyk at first suffered much from the wind for want of the cloak he had given away2 but when they had got through the wood the wind fell1 the air grew milder1 the fog lifted1 and a vein of the sun#aci shone along the clouds4 ,just then they came to a meadow where there was a spring1 and by the side of it an old man in rags carrying upon his shoulder the sack of the seekers for bread4#adj ,when he saw the two cavaliers he called to them in a supplicating voice4 ,tonyk went up to him4 8,what would you1 father80 he asked1 lifting his hand to his hat out of respect for the beggar's age4 8,alas6 dear sir10 replied he1 8you see how white my hair is and how wrinkled my cheeks4 ,i am grown so weak from age that my legs can no longer carry me2 so ,i must needs die in this spot1 unless one of you will sell me his horse40 8,sell thee one of our horses1 bread-seeker60 cried ,mylio with a scornful air4 8,and wherewith wilt thou pay us80 8,you see this hollow acorn80 said the beggar4 8,it holds a spider which can spin webs stronger than steel4 ,let me have one of your horses1 and ,i will give you the spider and the acorn for it40 ,the elder of the two lads burst out laughing4 8,do you hear1 ,tonyk80 he cried1 turning to his brother4 8,by my baptism6 there must be two calves' feet in this man's sabots40#ada ,but the younger replied gently3 8,the poor man can offer only what he has40 ,then1 getting off his horse and going up to the old man1 8,i give you my horse1 my good man10 said he1 8not because of the price you put on it1 but in remembrance of ,him who has said that the seekers for bread were his elect4 ,take it as your own1 and thank ,god1 who has made use of me to offer it you40 ,the old man murmured a thousand blessings1 got upon the horse with the lad's help1 and was soon out of sight across the meadow4 ,but ,mylio could not forgive his brother this last almsgiving1 and it led to an outbreak4 8,big mouth60#adb he cried to ,tonyk1 8you ought to be ashamed of the plight your folly has brought you to4 ,you thought1 no doubt1 that1 once stripped of everything1 you would be let share my money1 my horse1 and my cloak2 but do not hope it6 ,i want the lesson to do you good1 that by feeling the hardships of prodigality you may be more thrifty hereafter40 8,it is indeed a good lesson1 my brother10 ,tonyk answered mildly1 8and ,i am perfectly willing to take it4 ,i never thought to have any part in your money1 your horse1 or your cloak2 so go your way without troubling yourself about me1 and may the ,queen of the angels guide you60 ,mylio deigned no answer and set off on a trot1 while his young brother kept on afoot1 watching him from afar and bearing him no grudge in his heart4 ,they came thus to the opening of a narrow pass between two mountains which lost themselves in the clouds4 ,it was called the ,cursed ,pass1 because a ,rounfl1 or ogre1 dwelt upon the cliffs1 and there lay in wait for travellers as a hunter lies in wait for the game4 ,he was a giant1 blind and without feet1 but of so quick an ear that he could hear the worm working underneath the ground4 ,his servants were two eagles he had tamed1 one white and the other red 7for he was a great magician71 and he sent them out to seize his prey when he heard it coming4 ,so the people of that country1 whenever they had to go through the pass1 carried their shoes in their hands1 like the girls of ,roscoff when they go to the market of ,morlaix1 scarce daring to breathe for fear the ogre should hear them4 ,mylio1 who had no warning of this1 rode in on his horse1 and the giant was aroused by the noise of the hoof-strokes on the flint4 8,ho1 there6 my eagles10 cried he1 8where are you80 ,the white eagle and the red eagle ran to him4 8,go get me for my supper what is going by10 cried the ogre4 ,like two balls from a gun they plunged to the bottom of the pass1 seized ,mylio by his purple cloak1 and bore him away to the ogre's dwelling4 ,at this moment ,tonyk reached the mouth of the pass4 ,he saw his brother carried off by the two birds1 and with a cry ran towards him2 but the eagles and ,mylio were out of sight in the clouds which covered the highest mountain4 ,the lad stood for a moment rooted to the spot and beside himself with grief1 staring at the sky and the cliff as steep as a wall2 then he sank upon his knees with clasped hands and cried3 8,almighty ,lord1 ,creator of the world1 save my brother ,mylio60 8,trouble not ,god the ,father for such a trifle10 replied three small voices which he heard all at once near by4 ,tonyk turned round wonder-stricken4 8,who spoke then1 and where are you80 he asked4 8,in your waistcoat pocket10 replied the three voices4 ,the lad felt in his pocket1 and pulled out the nut1 the acorn1 and the little cage of rushes1 wherein were the three insects4 8,is it you1 then1 who wish to save ,mylio80 said he4 8,yes1 yes1 yes60 replied they in their three different voices4 8,and how will you go about it1 my poor nobodies80 said ,tonyk4 8,open our cages and you will see40 ,the lad did as they asked2 then the spider made up to a tree1 against which she began a web shining and strong as steel2 then she got upon the winged needle1 who wafted her gently into the air1 while she went on with her web1 whose threads were far enough apart to make a kind of ladder1 reaching higher and higher as they went up4 ,tonyk followed them up this wonderful ladder until he had reached the top of the mountain4 ,the wasp flew in front of him1 and together they came to the giant's house4 ,it was a cave hollowed in the rock and as high as a church4 ,in the middle of it sat the ogre1 without eyes or legs4 ,he kept rocking himself to and fro like a poplar1 while he sang these words to an air of his own3 8,the ,lonard's flesh ,i love to eat1 ,fed is he on the fattest of meat2 ,the man of ,trguier tastes beside ,of sweet new milk and pancakes fried2 ,but ,vannes and ,cornouailles who could eat1 ,bitter and tough as their coarse buckwheat80 ,all the while he sang this song he got ready slices of pork to roast ,mylio1 who lay at his feet1 his legs and arms tied upon his back like a chicken trussed for the spit4 ,the two eagles held a little aloof1 near the chimney1 and one set the turn-spit while the other stirred up the fire4 ,the noise the giant made in singing1 and also the care he gave to getting ready his slices of pork1 had kept him from hearing the approach of ,tonyk and his three little servants4 ,but the red eagle spied the lad2 he darted upon him1 and was about to make off with him in his claws when the wasp pierced his eyes with her diamond dart4 ,the white eagle ran to help his brother1 and his eyes were put out too4 ,then the wasp flew to the ogre1 who had sprung up on hearing the cries of his two domestics1 and fell to piercing him with her sting without let or truce4 ,the giant roared like a bull in ,august4 ,but it was in vain for him to dash his arms about like the sails of a windmill2 he could not catch the wasp for want of eyes1 and no more1 for want of feet1 could he get away4 ,at last he dropped face down upon the ground to escape the sting of fire2 but the spider at once came up and wove about him a net which held him fast4 ,in vain he called his two eagles to his aid4 ,mad with pain1 knowing the ogre was helpless1 they wished to avenge their long slavery2 with flapping wings they rushed upon their former master and sought to tear him to pieces under his net of steel4 ,at each stroke of their beaks they tore away a shred of flesh1 and never stopped till they had picked his four bones clean4 ,then they lay down upon the carcass of the ogre1 and1 as the magician's flesh was indigestible1 they never got up again1 but burst there on the spot4 ,as to ,tonyk1 he had untied his brother's bonds1 and1 after embracing him with tears of joy1 led him out of the ogre's house to the edge of the cliff4 ,the winged needle and the wasp were soon at hand1 harnessed to the little cage of rushes1 now changed to a coach4 ,praying the two brothers to take seats1 while the spider posted herself behind like the lackey of some great house1 the equipage went off with the speed of the wind4 ,tonyk and ,mylio in this way crossed with the utmost ease meadows1 mountains1 and villages 7for in the air the roads are always in good order7 until they were come to their uncle's castle4 ,there the carriage alighted and rolled towards the drawbridge1 where the brothers saw their two horses waiting for them2 but at ,tonyk's saddlebow hung his purse and cloak2 only the purse was bigger and much better lined1 and the cloak was all embroidered with diamonds4 ,the wondering lad would have turned to the carriage to ask the meaning of this2 but the carriage was gone1 and in place of the wasp1 the winged needle1 and the spider there stood only three angels dazzling with light4 ,the two brothers1 confounded1 fell upon their knees4 ,then one of the angels drew near ,tonyk and said to him3 8,be not afraid1 dear youth2 for the woman1 the child1 and the old man thou didst succor were no other than the ,virgin ,mary1 ,jesus her ,son1 and ,st4 ,joseph4 ,they have given us to thee that thou mightest make the journey without danger1 and1 now that it is ended1 we go back to ,paradise4 ,bethink thee only of what has happened to thyself1 and let this be a warning40 ,with these words the three angels spread their wings and flew off like three swallows1 chanting the hosannah which is sung in the churches4 ,the motive of this tale1 it will be observed1 is the beauty of charity1 and it is perhaps another form of the ancient legend of ,st4 ,julian which is found1 in one shape or another1 in the traditions of many peoples4 ,but charity and hospitality are pre-eminently ,breton as they are ,irish virtues4 ,with a 8,god save all here60 the beggar walks unbidden and unrepulsed into the first cabin he comes to1 and takes his seat1 as one expected1 by the fireside or at the table4 ,no one dreams of turning him away1 for he is the guest of ,god4 ,the following legend also turns on the same virtues2 but it is peculiar in introducing a personage almost unique in ,breton tradition--viz41 a wicked priest4 8,in our pious ,armorica10 says ,m4 ,souvestre1 8the respect accorded to the priesthood partakes of worship4 ,the tonsure is a crown which gives a right to royal homage40 ,but in proportion to the veneration paid to the good priest is the contempt and detestation visited upon the derelict1 as the few 8constitutional0 curs whom the ,revolution found among the ,breton and ,vendean clergy were made fully aware4 ,the reader of ,carleton's ,tales and ,legends of the ,irish ,peasantry may discover here another element of likeness in the kindred race4 ,,mao1 ,,the ,,lucky4 ,christians who wish a powerful protectress in heaven cannot do better than address themselves to ,notre ,dame de tous remdes 7,our ,lady of ,all-,healing71 near the ,city of the ,beech4#adc ,she has in that place the richest chapel that the hand of man ever built4 ,all inside it is filled with golden statues2 the belfry1 which is brother to that of ,kreisker1 has more windows in it than there are holes in a ,quimper waffle1 and there is near the church a fountain of masonry whose waters wash away all evil of soul and body4#add ,our ,lady of ,all-,healing is one of the four great ,pardons of the ,virgin ,mary in ,lower ,brittany4 ,the others are at ,auray1 at ,bois du fou 7,fol-goat1 or ,madman's ,wood71 and ,callot4 ,it was to ,our ,lady of ,all-,healing that ,mao stopped to pray4 ,mao was on his way from ,loperek1 a pretty parish between ,kimerc'h and ,logoma4 ,he had neither kith nor kin1 and his guardian had put in his hand a frappe-tte#ade with three silver crowns1 telling him to seek his fortune where he would4 ,after saying at the foot of the great altar all the prayers his nurse and the rector had taught him1 ,mao left the church to go his way4 ,but as he was about passing through the hedge he saw a crowd of folks gathered about a dead body lying on the grass at the door of the priest's house2 and he was told it was a poor bread-seeker who had given up his soul the night before1 and whom the priest refused to bury4 8,was he1 then1 a pagan or a wretch who had denied his baptism80 asked ,mao4 8,he was a true sheep of ,god's fold10 made answer all who were there2 8and even when hunger pressed him sore he would have taken neither the three ears of corn nor the three apples which custom permits the wayfarer to pluck40 8,why1 then1 does the rector deny him the holy water and the consecrated earth80 asked the youth4 8,because poor ,stevan left nothing to pay for the prayers of the church10 replied the spectators4 8,what60 cried ,mao1 8is there a priest in this country1 so hard-hearted that he shuts the door on the poor while living and will not open to them when dead8 ,if it is money is wanted1 here are three crowns4 ',tis all ,i have in the world2 but ,i give it with all my heart to open to a ,christian the consecrated earth40 ,the unworthy priest was called2 he took the three crowns1 rattled off the prayers for the dead in as little time as it takes a carrier's horse to eat his truss of hay1 dumped poor ,stevan into a hole in the ground1 and went off to see that the sucking pig which was a-cooking for his dinner was properly done on both sides4 ,as for ,mao1 he made a cross with two branches of yew1 planted it on the grave of the poor seeker of bread1 and after saying a ,de ,profundis went on his way to ,camfront4 ,but after a time ,mao grew hungry and thirsty1 and bethought him that he had nothing left of what his guardian had given him to buy food and drink4 ,so he set about finding some mulberries or wild sorrel or wild plums1 and all the while he hunted for them he kept looking at the birds who were picking away in the thickets1 and saying to himself3 8,those birds there are better off than baptized creatures2 they want neither for inns nor butchers1 nor bakers nor gardeners2 ,god's heaven is all their own1 and the earth spreads itself before them like a table always served2 the little insects are their game1 the seeds are their fields of standing corn1 hips and haws their dessert2 they have the right to take everywhere without paying or as much as saying by your leave4 ,so the little birds are gay1 and they sing all day long40 ,turning these thoughts in his mind1 ,mao slackened his pace1 and at last sat down under a great oak and fell fast asleep4 ,but1 lo and behold1 all of a sudden while he slept there came to him a saint1 all dressed in shining stuffs and crowned with a halo1 and the saint said to him3 8,i am the poor seeker of bread1 ,stevan1 to whom thou hast opened the gates of ,paradise by buying for his body a consecrated grave4 ,the ,virgin ,mary1 whose faithful servant ,i was on earth1 has just had me made a saint1 and she has let me come back to thee as the bearer of good tidings4 ,believe no longer that the birds of the air are happier than baptized souls1 since for these the blood of the ,son of ,god has been shed and they are the favorites of the ,trinity4 ,hear1 then1 what the ,three ,persons have done to reward thy piety3 8,near by1 beyond the meadows1 is a manor which thou wilt know by its red and green weathercock4 ,there lives a lord named ,trhouar1 who is the father of a daughter as lovely as the day and as gentle as a babe in the cradle4 ,go and knock this evening at his door1 and say that thou comest for what he well knows2 he will receive thee1 and the rest thou wilt learn thyself4 ,remember only1 if thou hast need of help1 thou must say1 8,come1 dead beggar1 come quick to aid ,here am ,i all helpless stayed40 ,with these words the saint vanished and ,mao awoke4 ,his first care was to thank ,god for the safeguard he had sent him2 then he took his way towards the meadows in order to seek the manor-house4 ,as night was falling1 he had at first some trouble to find it2 but he saw at length a flight of pigeons and followed them1 sure they could lead him only to a noble house4 ,sure enough1 he spied at last the red and green weathercock peeping above some trees loaded with black cherries--for that is the country where they grow4 ,it is the mountain parishes which send all the wild cherries you see laid out on straw at the ,pardons of the ,lonnais1 and which lovers bring to the pennrz#adf in their great felt hats4 ,mao crossed the lawn set out with walnuts1 knocked at the smallest door he could find in the manor-house1 and said1 as the saint bade him1 that he came for what they knew4 ,the gentleman was told at once4 ,he came shaking his head1 for he was old and feeble1 but leaning upon his granddaughter1 who was young and fresh2 so that to look at them you would have said it was a ruined wall held up by a blooming honeysuckle4 ,both1 with the utmost politeness1 bade the young man come in2 he was given a carpet-covered stool by the old man's arm-chair1 and served with sweet cider while supper was getting ready4 ,mao wondered greatly at this greeting1 and could not keep his eyes off the young girl as she ran about getting everything ready and singing like a lark4 ,the more he looked the prettier he found her1 and his heart beat like a clock4 8,alas60 he thought1 8he alone may call himself happy who will be able to talk with the pennrz of the manor behind the gable40#adg ,at last1 when supper was over1 the grandfather had ,lizenn 7that was the young girl's name7 clear away the things1 and said to ,mao3 8,we have given you of our best and according to our means1 young man1 but not according to our wish1 for the house of ,trhouar has long suffered from a grievous wound4 ,once upon a time we reckoned here as many as twenty horses and forty cows2 but the fiend has made himself master of cattle-sheds and stables2 cows and horses have vanished one after another and as often as they have been replaced1 until ,i have sunk all my savings4 ,all our prayers to conjure away the destroying spirit have been in vain2 we have had to resign ourselves1 and for lack of live-stock my lands are now lying fallow4 ,i had some hopes of my nephew ,matelinn1 who has gone to the ,french wars2 but as he never came back ,i have caused it to be given out through the country1 at sermons and elsewhere1 that the man who freed the manor should have ,lizenn to wife1 and my whole estate after me4 ,but all who have come here to this end and watched in the stable have disappeared like the cows and horses4 ,i pray ,god you may have better hap40 ,mao1 whom the remembrance of his vision emboldened to take the risk1 answered that1 with the grace of the ,virgin ,mary1 he hoped to overthrow the hidden demon4 ,with that he asked for some fire to keep his limbs from getting stiff1 took his frappe-tte1 and besought ,lizenn to think of him in her prayers4 ,the place to which they brought him was a great shed divided into two parts for the cows and the horses2 but it was wholly empty1 and spiders had spun their webs upon the feed-racks4 ,mao lit a fire of furze upon the great stones which served for pavement1 and betook himself to his prayers4 ,for the first quarter of an hour he heard only the crackling of the flame2 for the second quarter of an hour he heard only the wind whistling sadly through the cracks of the door2 for the third quarter of an hour he heard only the little death's hammer#adh which sounded in the wood-work2 but at the fourth quarter a muffled sound was heard under the pavement1 and at the end of the building in the darkest corner he saw the largest stone rise slowly and a dragon's head come out of the ground2 it was as big as a cheese-trough1 flat like a viper's1 and all about its forehead flashed a row of parti-colored eyes4 ,the animal set two paws with red claws upon the edge of the pavement1 looked at ,mao1 and left his hole with a hiss4 ,as he drew near ,mao could see his scaly body unroll itself1 coming out from under the stone like a great cable from the hold of a ship4 ,although the lad was bold enough1 yet his blood ran cold1 and as he felt the fumes of the dragon's breath he cried3 8,come1 dead beggar1 come quick to aid6 ,here am ,i all helpless stayed40 ,that very instant the shining shape he had summoned stood by his side4 8,fear nothing10 said he2 8the wards of the ,mother of ,god will always prevail against the monsters of the earth40 ,so saying1 ,stevan stretched forth his hand1 spoke some words of the language they talk in heaven1 and instantly the dragon rolled over on his side1 struck dead4 ,at sun-up next morning ,mao went and woke all the people of the manor and took them to the stables2 but at sight of the dead beast the boldest fell back ten paces4 8,have no fear10 the young man said to them2 8the ,virgin ,mary has helped me4 ,the monster that devoured the cattle and their keepers is now but lifeless clay4 ,go fetch cords and drag him hence to some deserted quarry40 ,they did as he bade them1 and when the dragon had been dragged from his lair the entire body went twice round the buckwheat-thrashing yard4 ,overjoyed to be freed from so dangerous a foe1 the grandfather kept his promise to ,mao and gave him ,lizenn to wife4 ,the young pennrz was led to the church at ,camfront1 her right arm encircled1 as usual1 with a band of silver lace for each thousand francs in her dowry1 and the story goes that she had eighteen4 ,once married1 ,mao bought live-stock1 hired servants1 and the lands of the manor were soon worth more than ever4 ,then it was that the grandfather went to receive his reward from ,god1 leaving all he owned to the young couple4 ,these last were happier than any other baptized creatures--so happy that every evening they could find nothing to ask of ,god1 and could only thank him4 ,but one day1 just as they were sitting down to supper with their servants1 who should come in with one of the maids but a soldier1 so tall that his head touched the beams of the ceiling1 and whom ,lizenn knew at once for her cousin ,matelinn4 ,he had come back from the ,french wars to marry the pennrz1 and1 learning what had passed while he was away1 great indeed was his wrath2 but he took good care not to show it to the young couple1 for he was a dissembler by nature4 ,mao1 nothing doubting1 welcomed him with open arms2 he gave him of the best in the manor1 had the best room made ready for him1 and rode with him everywhere about his fields1 now covered with harvests4 ,but the taller ,matelinn found the flax1 and the heavier the wheat1 the angrier he grew that all these things were not his1 without speaking of his cousin ,lizenn1 who seemed to him prettier than ever4 ,so one day he got ,mao to hunt with him on the downs of ,logoma1 and brought him to a far thicket where there was an abandoned windmill1 against which bundles of furze had been piled for the baker of ,daonlas2 arrived there1 he turned his eyes towards ,camfront and said all of a sudden to the young man3 8,look6 ,i can see from here the manor with its great court40 8,which way80 asked ,mao4 8,behind that little beechwood3 don't you see the windows of the great hall80 8,i am too short10 said ,mao4 8,you are right10 cried ,matelinn1 8and it is a great pity1 for ,i see my cousin ,lizenn in the little paddock by the garden40 8,is she alone80 8,no2 she is talking to some gentlemen1 who are whispering in her ear40 8,and what is ,lizenn doing80 8,lizenn is listening to them and twisting the strings of her apron40 ,mao stood on tip-toe4 8,oh6 how ,i wish ,i could see10 he said4 8,nothing is easier10 replied ,matelinn2 8you have but to go up to the top of the mill1 and you will be taller than ,i40 ,mao thought well of the advice and climbed the old ladder4 ,when he was come to the top his cousin asked him what he saw4 8,i see only trees which seem as near the earth as two-months corn10 answered he1 8and houses which seem as little as shells left dry stranded on the shore40 8,look nearer10 said ,matelinn4 8,nearer ,i see only the sea with barks that skim the water like gulls40 8,nearer yet10 continued the soldier4 8,nearer yet is the heather in bloom and the golden gorse40 8,but below you80 8,below me60 cried ,mao in a fright1 8instead of the ladder to get down ,i see flames coming to devour me40 ,and he saw truly1 for ,matelinn had taken away the ladder and set fire to the heaped-up piles of furze1 so that the old mill was in the midst of a furnace4 ,in vain ,mao begged the giant not to leave him to perish1 in so cruel a manner2 he turned his back and went off along the downs1 whistling4 ,then the young man1 feeling himself near to stifle1 repeated the invocation3 8,come1 dead beggar1 come quick to aid6 ,here am ,i all helpless stayed40 ,instantly the saint appeared1 holding in his right hand a rainbow one end of which sank in the sea while the other shed a heavy dew1 and in the left hand ,jacob's ladder which joined heaven and earth4 ,the rainbow put out the fire1 while ,mao climbed down on the ladder and made his way back to the manor without the slightest hurt4 ,at sight of him ,matelinn was thunderstruck2 sure that his cousin would denounce him to justice1 he ran to get his arms and his war-horse1 but as he was going out of the great court ,mao went up to him and said3 8,have no fear1 cousin2 for no man on earth will know what has passed on the heath of ,daonlas4 ,your heart was sickened that ,god had given me more prosperity than you2 ,i wish to cure your heart4 ,from to-day on1 while ,i live1 you will have the right to half of all that is mine1 save my dearest ,lizenn4 ,go1 then1 cousin1 and have no more bad thoughts against me40 ,this agreement was drawn up by the notary in due form1 and ,matelinn had every month half of all the produce of the fields1 the poultry-yard1 and the cattle4 ,but this generosity of ,mao only embittered the venom of his heart4 ,for undeserved benefits are like wine drunk without thirst2 they give neither joy nor profit4 ,he no longer sought ,mao's death1 for1 ,mao dead1 he would lose the allotted share of his wealth2 but he hated him as a caged wolf hates the master who feeds him4 ,what heightened his wrath was that all turned to gold for his cousin4 ,up to that time only a child was wanting to his happiness1 and ,lizenn now brought him a handsome1 hearty boy who was born without a tear4 ,mao sent word to all the gentlefolks for more than five leagues round1 praying them to the christening feast2 they came from ,braspars1 from ,kimerc'h1 from ,loperek1 from ,logoma1 from ,faou1 from ,irvilhac1 and from ,saint ,eloi--all mounted on well-caparisoned horses1 with their wives or daughters on pillions behind them4 ,the baptism of a prince of ,cornouailles would not have drawn together more people of rank4 ,all were gathered in front of the manor1 and ,mao was come to get the new-born infant in ,lizenn's chamber with those who were to hold it at the font and his nearest friends1 when in comes ,matelinn1 wearing on his face a treacherous smile4 ,at his entrance the sick mother gave a cry1 but he drew near1 twisting his shoulders1 and with many compliments thanked her for the present she had made him4 8,what present80 asked the poor woman in bewilderment4 8,have you not just added an heir to my cousin's wealth80 said the soldier4 8,and if ,i have80 said ,lizenn4 8,a deed on parchment entitles me to half of all that shall belong to ,mao1 save your dearly-beloved self10 added ,matelinn1 8and ,i come1 therefore1 to claim my half of the new-born heir40 ,all present cried out1 but ,matelinn repeated coldly that he must have his share of the infant1 adding that if denied he would take it himself2 and he showed a great knife for cutting up pork which he had brought with him for the purpose4 ,vainly did ,mao and ,lizenn beseech him with clasped hands and on bended knees to give up his right2 the giant's only answer was to whet his knife on the steel which hung from his girdle4 ,at last he was in the act of tearing the child from the young woman's arms when ,mao bethought him all at once of the appeal to the dead beggar1 and repeated it aloud4 ,he had no sooner ended than the room was flooded with a heavenly light1 and the saint was descried upon a cloud with the ,virgin ,mary by his side4 8,i am here1 good people10 said the ,mother of ,god2 8my faithful servant has had me come from the starry realms to judge between you40 8,if you are the ,mother of ,god1 save the child10 cried ,lizenn4 8,if you are the ,queen of ,heaven1 make them give me my due10 said ,matelinn with effrontery4 8,listen to me10 said ,mary4 8,you first1 ,mao1 and you1 ,lizenn1 draw near with the babe4 ,until now ,i had given you only the joys of life2 ,i wish to do more1 and so ,i give you the joys of death4 ,you will follow me into the ,paradise of my ,son1 where neither sorrow nor treason nor sickness comes4 ,as for you1 ,goliath1 it is your right to share the new good which is given them1 and you will die like them1 but to descend twelve hundred and fifty leagues#adi into the kingdom of the evil one40 ,with these words she held out her hand1 and the giant was swallowed up in a gulf of fire1 while the young husband and wife with their child bent towards each other like a family asleep1 and disappeared1 borne upon a cloud4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the incomplete version referred to the beggar-man is changed into a spirit of the air like the genii of the ,arabian ,nights1 the ,blessed ,virgin1 it is needless to say1 makes no appearance at all1 and the beautiful touch at the end1 possible only in a ,catholic legend1 by which ,mao and ,lizenn receive the crowning reward of their virtue on being translated to ,paradise1 is altogether omitted2 so that all that is truly significant and characteristic in the story is lost4 ,footnote #acd3 ,m4 ,emile ,souvestre has done more than almost any of his countrymen1 except ,m4 de la ,villemarque1 to illustrate and set forth the ,breton character4 ,footnote #ace3 ,a corruption of chat-huant 7screech-owl71 the cry of which bird the brothers1 who were salt-smugglers1 used as a signal to inform one another of their whereabouts at night4 ,footnote #acf3 ,the ,breton has preserved a thoroughly ,celtic hatred of his ancient conqueror4 8,yes10 said a little peasant girl1 describing a shipwreck2 8,i saw them buried here in the sand2 they were ,saxons1 you know1 not ,christians2 and many an evening ,i have come with the village children to dance on the graves of the ,englishmen who were turning to dust below there40 ,footnote #acg3 ,namely1 of ,anne1 daughter of ,francis ,,ii41 the last duke1 to ,charles ,,viii41 and after his death to ,louis ,,xii4 of ,france4 ,brittany was her dowry4 ,footnote #ach3 ,the insect popularly known as dragon-fly the ,bretons call nadoz-ar1 or 8needle of the air40 ,footnote #aci3 ,goazenn-,hault--,breton expression for a ray of sunlight piercing the clouds4 ,footnote #adj3 ,chercheur de pain1 ,klasker--the ,breton name for beggar4 ,footnote #ada3 ,treid lu zo n voutou--i4e41 he must be an idiot4 ,footnote #adb3 ,genowek--a ,breton insult equivalent to 8imbecile40 ,footnote #adc3 ,faou1 in the department of ,finisterre 7the ancient ,pays de ,cornouailles71 was so called4 ,footnote #add3 ,we are not to take literally1 says ,m4 ,souvestre in a note1 these ,breton exaggerations4 ,the church of ,rumengol 7corruption of remed-ol tous les remdes7 is remarkable without being a wonder2 the golden statues are gilded figures of rude workmanship1 and the spire is far from being comparable to that of ,kreisker at ,st4 ,pol de ,lon4 ,footnote #ade3 ,pen-god or pen-scod--literally1 a maul-pate1 the ,breton shillelagh4 ,footnote #adf3 ,pennrz--,breton for heiresses1 marriageable girls4 ,footnote #adg3 ,lovers met behind the gable end1 because there there were no windows from which they could be overlooked2 hence the expression for courtship1 to talk behind the gable4 ,footnote #adh3 ,morzolik an ankou the ,bretons call the wood-louse1 in allusion to its faint1 regular rapping4 ,cf4 our ,death-watch4 ,footnote #adi3 ,the precise distance at which the ,bretons locate hell4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,philochristus4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgh4 ,the peculiar merits of this book cannot be too highly valued by any sincere lover of ,christ4 ,its sweet1 earnest1 intensely religious tone leads the reader through its learned pages over a most delightful walk of spiritual and intellectual recreation4 ,dry and unsatisfactory discussion is wholly avoided1 and the all-absorbing subject1 the human life of the divine ,redeemer1 is pictured in a light glowing with fascinating love and luminous with precise intelligence4 ,assuming the character of a disciple who actually lived with and followed ,christ until the ,ascension1 the author represents himself as writing in ,alexandria ten years after the destruction of ,jerusalem1 and when1 he says1 8almost all those disciples who with me saw the ,lord ,jesus in the flesh are now fallen asleep40 ,he admits the impossibility of portraying ,christ 8as he was in himself10 but he 8determined rather to set forth an history of mine own life1 wherein1 as in a mirror1 might perchance be discerned some lineaments of the countenance of ,christ1 seen1 as by reflection1 in the life of one who loved him40 ,the book opens with a brief but strikingly graphic statement of the condition of ,judea1 both religiously and politically1 at the time of our ,lord's public appearance4 ,its subjection to ,roman domination had eliminated its existence as an independent state1 whilst the excessive love of ceremonial into which the law had degenerated betokened the need of a new law and a new law-maker4 ,for to be pious in those days meant 8to be obedient to the light precepts of the law1 such as the laws concerning the exact observance of the ,sabbath1 and concerning purifications1 and concerning the consumption of nail-parings and the like0 7p4 #bg74 ,the nicety to which these casuistic pietists carried their human observances is shown from the example of one of them1 ,abuyah1 who extolled the ,law of the ,tassels as most perfect2 and so1 he says1 8once1 because ,i had chanced to tread upon a portion of the fringe of my garment1 going up a ladder1 ,i steadfastly refused to move from the spot where ,i stood till such time as the rent had been repaired40 ,it was this same pious man that chid his mother 8because she wore on her dress a ribbon that was not sewn but only fastened to her vesture1 for thus she transgressed the law by bearing burdens on the ,sabbath40 ,bringing in ,philo and some ,alexandrine ,jews1 with an exposition of their philosophical opinions1 adds much interest to the narrative4 ,the patriotic spirit of the enthusiastic ,galileans who hastened to gather around ,jesus1 whom they thought to have come for the restoration of the ancient glory of ,israel1 is well depicted1 and shown to have been the chief motive leading so many from that province to follow him4 ,how slowly even the disciples learned the true mission of our ,redeemer appears from the fact that ,philochristus himself had no definite conception of it in the beginning4 ,conversing with ,gorgias1 a travelled ,jew1 he sees advancing the tetrarch's ,thracian guard1 whose description1 as well as that of the ,roman soldiers1 is admirable3 8,i looked and saw a band of about three hundred men1 of a wild and savage aspect1 bearing targets and girt with scimitars4 ,but ,gorgias1 noting1 as ,i suppose1 the anger in my countenance1 answered3 #8,these dogs 7may the ,lord destroy them root and branch67 are swift indeed to shed the blood of women and children1 but they are as naught compared with the ,romans4 ,couldst thou see a ,roman legion how they march1 these would seem unto thee but as jackals at the lion's tail4 ,mark but how the dogs straggle4 ,but when the ,romans march the spears in their hands all point one way1 and the swords by their sides hang all after one fashion1 and even their stakes and tools 7which they carry behind their backs7 do all swing to one time1 and their feet1 arms1 and heads1 yea1 even to the winking of their eyes1 go all together after the manner of a five-banked corn-ship of ,alexandria1 with her five hundred oars all keeping time2 and when they charge1 they charge like ten thousand elephants clad in iron4444 ,verily these ,roman swine are all as children of ,satan2 but a ,roman legion is as ,satan himself'0 7p4 #abf74 ,as he had been listening to ,christ teaching that whosoever would enter the kingdom should become as little children1 it seemed not easy to him to reconcile this with the temporal restoration of ,israel1 and 8methought10 he says1 8it would be very hard to overthrow these ,thracians1 and much more the ,romans1 by becoming as little children0 7ibid47 ,although the work does not come out as a ,catholic production1 it is very encouraging to those who desire the spirit of ,christ to be more universally diffused to find such books receiving extensive circulation4 ,dogmatic or formally doctrinal propositions are not to be found in it1 yet the substantial doctrine of the ,gospel is clearly discernible in the body of the work4 ,excepting the brief exposition of the doctrine of divorce at p4 #bac1 there appears nothing in the whole book inconsistent with a candid1 ,catholic exegesis of ,scripture4 ,the beautiful exposition of ,peter's faith and the founding of the church thereupon1 at p4 #bdi1 could not be easily surpassed4 ,it is a good sign when ,protestants have such works placed in their hands1 and the publishers deserve well of the public for the creditable manner in which they have brought out this admirable volume4 ,no professing ,christian can read it without very much profit1 and1 indeed1 he will be filled with the author's declaration concerning ,christ3 8,for in his presence ,i find life2 but to be absent from him is death0 7p4 #bdb74 ,,holy ,,church ,,the ,,centre ,,of ,,unity2 or1 ,ritualism compared with ,catholicism4 ,reasons for returning to the ,true ,fold4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,shaw4 ,london3 ,r4 ,washbourne4 #ahgg4 ,this pamphlet is not a little remarkable among those which issue from the pens of converts4 ,it is very different from what its title leads us to expect4 ,but perhaps it will take the ,protestant mind all the better for its peculiarities4 ,we confess1 for our own part1 to being disappointed at the same time that we are pleased4 ,there is occasionally an exhibition of something like bad taste4 ,there is extravagant use of italics--the effect of which is always weakening4 ,there are outbursts of pious sentiment--a thing never suitable to polemical pages4 ,then1 too1 there is no continuity of argument4 ,each chapter stands by itself and needlessly repeats what other chapters have dealt with4 ,still1 in spite of these defects1 there is an earnestness from beginning to end which cannot fail to impress the mind of a real inquirer4 ,and together with this earnestness there is a force in the way some of the arguments are put which is greater1 by contrast1 than it would appear in pages of the usual style of controversy4 ,the writer begins by telling us that he has been 8for nearly fifty years a member of the ,church of ,england40 ,he is therefore no hot-brained undergraduate4 ,he adds that his 8misgivings were first aroused as early as the year #ahea02 and that his 8convictions have become matured by means of earnest prayer for ,divine guidance40 ,here is a mental process that ought to strike a ,protestant1 and make him ask his conscience3 8,am ,i seeking that ,i may find8 ,am ,i praying for light as this man did8 ,can ,i believe that such persistent prayer has ended in delusion80 ,the author's next paragraph is a specimen of his way of putting things3 8,regarding the ,church of ,england--to say nothing of the overwhelming testimony against her through lack of #8apostolic commission' and her want of unity in doctrine--the endowments1 the system of patronage1 the untrained priesthood1 are in themselves facts glaringly inconsistent with the idea of the guidance of the ,spirit of that ,god who is the author and source of all unity4 ,there is no trade or profession for which it is required that a youth should go through less training than that which suffices for the ,english clergy4 ,almost any scholar would pass for holy orders whose father had a lucrative benefice at his disposal4 ,is it so in ,rome8 ,i rather think that learning1 self-sacrifice1 and poverty are the main worldly requirements4 ,which most corresponds to our ,blessed ,lord's life upon earth1 whose #8kingdom is not of this world'80 ,on pages #bb-be he quotes from ,father ,harper's reply to ,dr4 ,fraser1 ,bishop of ,manchester1 on infallibility4 ,the learned ,jesuit is appealing to the testimony of the ,third1 ,fourth1 and ,sixth cumenical ,councils4 ,all ,anglicans profess to receive the ,third and ,fourth1 some even the ,sixth4 ,if their divines should honestly state1 as arguments on the ,catholic side1 the passages cited by ,father ,harper1 their cause would be a lost one indeed1 as many of them know but too well4 ,it is therefore a great service to lay these passages before the candid inquirer1 who1 in all probability1 has never heard of ,father ,harper's 8reply10 or would fear to read it if he had4 ,further quotations follow1 from page #be to page #bg1 showing how the dogma of ,papal ,infallibility1 like all other definitions1 is 8at once old and new10 and thus refuting the stale charge of innovation4 ,we conclude our notice with another piece of excellent advice to professed inquirers3 8,we should call a man insane who endeavored to roof in his house before he had laid the foundation or measured its dimensions2 just so it is in fact when people seeking the true church begin by attacking and trying to understand every dogma4 ,these can never be fully understood4 ,it is only as the house becomes built up that the roofing begins2 so it is in the spiritual house of the soul4 ,faith leads us to the church4 ,faith is1 then1 the foundation4 ,as the soul grows in grace and humility1 so the mysteries of godliness expand before the eye of the soul1 revealing that which at one time appeared most obscure4444 ,the great thing needed is divine faith2 and this is never found by mere arguing and reading4 ,it is the free gift of ,god1 to be obtained only by earnest prayer4444 ,get this1 and then search whether ,jesus ,christ did establish a visible church40 ,the 8faith0 here spoken of is not fides formata1 for that 8comes by hearing02 but the grace of a right disposition for accepting the 8word of ,christ40 ,and this disposition is not merely an attitude of earnest attention1 but1 essentially1 a spirit of humility--the 8becoming as a little child40 ,it is precisely the lack of this child-like spirit that makes our arguments barren of result even where they are listened to with respect4 ,,life ,,of ,,st4 ,,winfrid1 ,,or ,,bonifacius1 ,,martyr1 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,mentz ,,and ,,apostle ,,of ,,germany4 ,by the author of ,st4 ,willibrord4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this latest life of the great apostle of ,germany is a truly interesting contribution to the early missionary history of the church1 and as such seems to commend itself in an especial manner to those of his wandering ,anglo-,saxon children who would fain be of the church without being within it2 since in this short narrative these may learn how1 in the eighth century1 their great ,english saint laid his spiritual allegiance at the feet of ,peter before he went forth successfully to undertake the conversion of the heathen and the reform of abuses among half-hearted and unruly ,christians4 ,and might not these also ponder on the counsel of ,pope ,st4 ,zacharias1 addressed to the ,saxon monk1 when commenting on certain of the ,gallic clergy who held nationality above unity1 the fringes of the episcopal robe of greater value than the seamless raiment of the ,bride of ,christ8 8,preach1 dearest brother10 writes the holy pope1 8the rule of ,catholic tradition we have received from the ,holy ,roman ,church which we serve1 and of which ,god is the founder40 ,the present ,english biographer of ,st4 ,boniface has enriched the historical account of the saint's labors with letters that give a vivid picture of the faith and simplicity of those troubled times that seem so confusing a maze as we look back on them with the clouded memories of early school-days1 when ,english history was a tangled web of ,ethelwulfs and ,ethelberts4 ,to ,american ears the name of ,st4 ,boniface grows familiar through the churches that rise in his honor among his ,german children in the ,united ,states1 yet1 while we seem to know him better under the title given him at ,rome1 we heartily enter into the feeling of loving pride that makes his ,english biographer dwell on the sweetness of the ,saxon name1 and with its peaceful syllables waken patriotic echoes among the forests of ,thuringia and the waves of the ,zuyder ,zee--,boniface or ,winfrid1 he is alike peacemaker and worker of good for all the nations4 ,,voyage ,,of ,,the ,,paper ,,canoe3 ,a ,geographical ,journey of two thousand five hundred miles1 from ,quebec to the ,gulf of ,mexico1 during the years #ahgd-e4 ,by ,nathaniel ,h4 ,bishop1 ,author of 8,one ,thousand ,miles' ,walk across ,south ,america10 and corresponding ,member of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 and of the ,new ,york ,academy of ,sciences4 ,boston3 ,lee ,shepard2 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,t4 ,dillingham4 #ahgh4 ,mr4 ,bishop has given us a most interesting and instructive book4 ,it cannot fail to be interesting to every one who has any love for nature1 or any appreciation of out-of-door life and adventure2 and it is instructive in two ways3 first1 by showing what can be done by a paper boat 7a thing which most people know little or nothing about7 under skilful management1 and1 secondly1 by the information it gives regarding that remarkable inland line of navigation which runs along almost our whole ,atlantic coast1 the very existence of which is perhaps known to comparatively few persons4 ,mr4 ,bishop started from ,quebec on ,july #d1 #ahgd1 in a large wooden canoe1 with which he had at first proposed to make his journey1 under the impression1 in which well-informed seamen shared1 that two hundred miles of his route would be on the open ocean4 ,with this boat he ascended the ,st4 ,lawrence and ,richelieu rivers to ,lake ,champlain1 thence proceeding by the ,champlain and ,erie canals to ,albany4 ,at this point he concluded to adopt a lighter craft1 which was made for him at ,troy by ,mr4 ,waters4 ,this was the paper canoe with which the rest of the voyage was made2 it was only one-eighth of an inch in thickness1 and weighed only fifty-eight pounds4 ,in this seemingly frail but really very strong boat he rowed along down the ,hudson1 through the ,kill von ,kull1 up the ,raritan1 through the canal to the ,delaware1 down the ,delaware to the bay and ,cape ,henlopen1 thence along the coast nearly to ,cape ,charles4 ,here he had to take the steamer across ,chesapeake ,bay2 but thence1 with the exception of short land-portages1 the voyage was pursued through the sounds and inlets skirting the coast1 and the ,waccamaw ,river1 to the ,florida line at ,st4 ,mary's1 and across ,florida by the ,st4 ,mary's and ,suwanee ,rivers to the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,we have given a short sketch of what ,mr4 ,bishop did2 but how he did it1 and the various incidents and adventures of his trip1 must be learned from the book itself1 which we commend heartily to the perusal of all who like to read a most interesting story1 which has the advantage of being true from beginning to end4 ,,seven ,,years ,,and ,,mair4 ,by ,anna ,t4 ,sadlier4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahgh4 ,this is a pleasing and graceful little tale quite out of the common track4 ,it opens amid the wild scenery and the wild people of the ,shetlands1 passes thence to ,france1 and goes back to a happy ending in its ,shetland home4 ,the out-of-the-way scenery and characters afford unusual scope for a picturesque imagination1 which ,miss ,sadlier seems to possess in a very high degree1 but which she holds under1 a wise restraint and never allows to run away with her4 ,she delights in the long1 low sunsets1 the gloom of night1 the roar of the tempest1 the swell of the sea1 the grey and the rosy dawn of morning1 the solemn beauty of the starry night4 ,all these have a meaning1 a poetry1 almost a life for her2 and she is very happy in her descriptions of them4 ,these are enhanced by a sweet1 clear ,english1 which she has doubtless caught from a mother whose name is and will long remain a household word among ,catholic readers4 ,the narrative is fresh and pure and simply quaint4 ,miss ,sadlier does not affect to depict the psychological monstrosities which are the ambition of most of the story-writers of the day4 ,she avoids microscopic inspections of the interiors1 so to say1 of impossible personages1 and gives us instead a pleasing story of the romantic style1 with a few characters strongly marked and well contrasted1 the whole forming a refreshing change from the average fiction of the day4 ,,the ,,christian ,,reformed ,,in ,,mind ,,and ,,manners4 ,by ,benedict ,rogacci1 ,s4,j4 ,the translation edited by ,henry ,james ,coleridge1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this volume is the twenty-third of the quarterly series brought out by the ,jesuits in ,london4 ,the original is a work of the seventeenth century4 8,it may be considered10 says the editor1 8as the fruit of the great experience of ,father ,rogacci in giving retreats10 and 8is one of those series of meditations in which the whole substance and system of the ,exercises of ,st4 ,ignatius are worked up1 although not precisely in the form in which they lie in the ,exercises themselves40 ,moreover1 8the meditations are meant for persons of all classes1 not only for religious persons2 and those who are familiar from practice with the text of the book itself of ,st4 ,ignatius will not fail to see how perfect an acquaintance with and mastery of it must have been possessed by ,father ,rogacci40 ,the meditations are arranged for an eight days' retreat1 at the rate of four a day4 ,but since this may be considered excessive1 a 8selection0 is given on page xii4 8for persons who desire to make only three a day40 ,indeed1 ,father ,rogacci's own practice was 8not to give more than three meditations a day1 with a repetition1 or some practical considerations helping to the reformation of life1 in the afternoon40 8,the place of these considerations10 continues the editor1 8is supplied in the present work by a number of practical reflections which he calls rforme1 one of which he would have the exercitant read each day at the time of the consideration4 ,there are sixteen of these considerations1 in order that the exercitant may choose for himself1 or as directed by his spiritual guide1 whose assistance is supposed in works like this1 according to his special needs40 ,our own judgment of the work is that it is most excellent as a whole1 and we recommend it specially to those who are called upon from time to time to give retreats1 whether to religious or to sodalities4 ,we regret1 however1 that the meditations on hell1 which are assigned to the fifth day1 have been left without annotations for those who may use the book in private4 8,pious0 exaggerations and figures of speech which may be necessary1 by way of economy1 to impress gross and sensual natures are very much out of place1 we think1 in a work of the kind before us4 ,,our ,,sunday ,,fireside3 ,,or1 ,,meditations ,,for ,,children4 ,by ,rory of the ,hill4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,the author of this series of stories1 as we find stated in the preface1 aims 8to supply1 for the use of children1 some meditations on the choice of life10 while he endeavors so to clothe1 in a garb attractive to childish minds1 great truths of salvation and of every-day morality--as well as the more complex relations of 8church and state0--that1 the picturesque raiment winning the eyes1 the soul may be led to weigh the half-hidden substance4 ,how far he has attained his aim remains for the children to prove to whom his words shall be read4 ,to us the garb seems1 in many cases1 too deep-freighted with cabalistic embroidery for little hands to lift1 and the substance too heavy with the world's fate for little minds to weigh4 8,many carps are to be expected when curious eyes come a-fishing10 says gentle ,robert ,southwell1 and so our curious eyes open wide with wonder at the wise little maiden of thirteen years who discourses of 8amphibologics0 and 8the hypodichotomy of petty schisms02 who quotes from ,renan and ,voltaire1 ,walpole and ,de ,tocqueville1 citing almost volume and chapter1 and who sets before her younger brothers and sisters the question of the great social conflict of the age1 the ceaseless war between ,christ and the world in its modern phase of 8,liberalism0 versus the divine voice of the church of ,god4 ,in his ardent interest in the subjects whereof he treats we fear the scholar has often forgotten himself1 and so has failed to stoop low enough1 or rise high enough1 to reach the hearts of the little people for whom he writes1 picturesque as are his descriptions and full of meaning as are his tales1 among which we like best 8,the ,way of ,life10 for the greater simplicity of its action2 8,forgiveness10 for the ,christian pathos of its close2 and 8,the ,last ,mass10 for the solemn beauty and true poetry of its cathedral vision4 ,a ,,manual ,,of ,,nursing4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 #ahgh4 ,in reading this little volume it will be seen that nursing is an art only to be acquired by a large experience and under competent instruction4 ,although this ,manual has been published expressly for the ,training ,school for ,nurses at ,bellevue ,hospital1 nevertheless it would repay perusal by any person who is liable to be called upon to act as nurse4 ,as is truly remarked in the preface1 the infirm and superannuated are not suitable as nurses4 ,the young and vigorous are the proper subjects to act in such capacity4 ,judging from its past record1 the ,training ,school is a success1 and its pupils are far in advance of the old-time nurses who vegetated about ,bellevue and charity hospitals4 ,many physicians state that numbers of patients are lost through injudicious acts on the part of the nurse4 ,a careful perusal of this ,manual1 and a careful attention given to the physician's advice1 will certainly be important1 and would repay the trouble a hundred-fold4 ,,frederic ,,ozanam1 ,,professor ,,at ,,the ,,sorbonne3 ,,his ,,life ,,and ,,works4 ,by ,kathleen ,o',meara4 7,first ,american ,edition47 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 #i ,barclay ,street4 #ahgh4 ,we greet with pleasure the appearance of an ,american edition of this delightful biography1 an article on which appeared in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,february1 #ahgg1 on the event of its publication in ,england4 ,this edition has1 we understand1 been published at the request of the ,supreme ,council of the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul of this city1 and we trust there is not a member of the society in the country who will not read this life of one of the founders1 in fact we may say the founder1 of the great and useful ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,,vacation ,,days3 ,a ,book of ,instruction for ,girls4 ,by the author of ,golden ,sands4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahgh4 ,this is another of the admirable little series of devotional and instructive works which ,miss ,mc,mahon has been the happy means of setting before the ,english-reading public4 ,vacation ,days follows ,golden ,sands in its method of appealing simply and tenderly and with apt illustration to the young heart4 ,we recommend it strongly to young people who have the opportunity of idling during these idle days4 ,a passing glance once a day at a page or two of it will form an excellent antidote to the literary trash which nowadays constitutes the staple commodity of summer reading4 ,,select ,,works ,,of ,,the ,,venerable ,,father ,,nicholas ,,lancicius1 ,s4,j4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this is the first volume of a selected edition of the works of one who was a very holy ,jesuit and great master of spiritual life during the first half of the seventeenth century4 ,it is a spiritual treatise developing the eight days' retreat which is founded on the ,exercises of ,st4 ,ignatius1 and contains many pious considerations supported and illustrated by opinions of the saints4 ,we do not question the doctrine of the book2 it is solid1 orthodox1 and inviting2 but we believe the book is one which1 on the whole1 is not adapted to people living in the world1 and had better be confined to that class of persons1 religious and people retired from the world1 for whom it was originally written4 ,some of the examples taken from the lives of saints are 8hard to be understood10 and several of the illustrations given in the chapter on 8,helps to escape ,purgatory0 are not specially edifying to us4 ,we do not care to believe in the vision of a certain monk1 or even to think about numerous souls impaled upon spits and roasted like geese before a large fire1 with a lot of devils around them acting the part of cooks4 ,the work is well translated from the ,latin1 and contains a short preface by ,father ,gallwey1 ,s4,j41 whose name stands deservedly high in ,england4 ,,the ,,mysterious ,,castle3 ,a ,tale of the ,middle ,ages4 ,translated from the ,french by ,mrs4 ,kate ,e4 ,hughes4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co4 ,this quaint autobiography of the ,baron de ,rabasteins is charmingly written4 ,it is full of pleasant1 lively incidents of travel1 with descriptions of the life and manners of the ,french people during the middle and latter half of the last century1 a period which can hardly be classed as medival1 as the title given to the translation imports4 ,the adventures of the young baron in the so-called 8mysterious0 castle of ,monsgur surpass any story of the kind we have ever read in fiction4 ,if they knew what a treat was in store for them by its perusal1 there is not one of our young folks who would not like to get it as a school premium or as a ,christmas present4 ,however1 we feel it our duty to say that there are numerous faults in translation which in future editions should be corrected4 ,as1 for example1 on the first page we are confronted with the expression 8decision of the holy siege10 by which we presume is meant 8the judgment of the ,holy ,see40 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,knowing ,,ourselves1 etc4 ,by ,father ,john ,peter ,pinamonti1 ,s4,j4 ,with ,,twelve ,,considerations ,,on ,,death1 by ,father ,luigi ,la ,nuza1 ,s4,j41 and ,,four ,,on ,,eternity1 by ,father ,john ,baptist ,manni1 ,s4,j4 ,translated by the author of ,st4 ,willibrord4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 ,,daily ,,meditations ,,on ,,the ,,mysteries ,,of ,,our ,,holy ,,faith1 and on the lives of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ and of the ,saints4 ,first ,part1 containing ,meditations for the five weeks of ,advent1 for the six weeks after ,christmas1 as also on the ,mysteries of the ,life of ,christ4 ,translated from the ,spanish of ,rev4 ,father ,alonso de ,andrade1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,here are two more volumes of meditations written for other times and rescued from oblivion4 ,of the three brief treatises contained in the first volume1 the 8,,art ,,of ,,knowing ,,ourselves0 is a veritable gem4 ,it may well be called 8the looking-glass which does not deceive40 ,regarding the other two treatises--the 8,twelve ,considerations on ,death0 and the 8,four on ,eternity0--we have to remark again that there is much in them unsuited to the present age4 ,we greatly prefer the second volume from the ,spanish of ,father ,andrade2 for though here1 too1 in the meditations for the first week of ,advent1 will be found things rather calculated to irritate than to edify1 yet the rest of the book is the more delicious for its quaintness1 and has a way we have never seen surpassed of making us familiar with ,jesus and ,mary as our models1 and of showing us what wealth is treasured up in the gospels which the church has chosen for her ,mass4 ,,st4 ,,teresa',s ,,own ,,words2 or1 ,instructions on the ,prayer of ,recollection1 etc4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this is a good ,english translation1 by ,bishop ,chadwick1 of ,st4 ,teresa's admirable method of interior prayer4 ,it contains the sense and substance of the whole third book of the ,imitation of ,christ1 showing us in brief how ,truth speaks within1 without the noise of words2 and that interior conversation of ,christ with the faithful soul is the surest means of possessing our ,sovereign ,good in this world and the next4 ,it is1 as ,edmund ,waller says1 8infinite riches in a little space40 ,,the ,,notary',s ,,daughter4 ,from the ,french of ,mme4 ,donnet1 by ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 ,as the translator1 ,lady ,fullerton1 announces that this very pretty tale is an adaptation1 and not in a strict sense a translation1 we are assured that the gifted authoress of ,lady ,bird has not only avoided servility in translating the parts of ,un ,mariage en ,province which she has decided to employ1 but has added to a very charming ,french story some of her own excellent ideas1 both in relation to plot and dialogue4 ,the story brings us to the south of ,france1 about ,toulon1 and is strikingly illustrative of the ,french theories in regard to matrimony4 ,a notary1 ,m4 ,lescalle1 who possesses great political influence1 has a very pretty daughter1 ,rose1 whom he successively offers to all the great men in the neighborhood1 desirous of his support1 as a suitable wife for their sons4 ,his offer is accepted by a rich roturier1 but is abruptly broken off by ,m4 ,lescalle himself1 in consequence of another offer of marriage by ,m4 le ,comte de ,vdelles1 in behalf of his younger son1 ,george4 ,now ,george1 being considered a fada--namely1 a half-witted person--is an object of aversion to ,mlle4 ,rose2 but1 in spite of her repugnance1 the ceremony takes place4 ,it is needless to say that ,george is not a fada1 but is a poet1 unappreciated by his relations1 and so everything is brought to a happy conclusion4 ,the dialogue is above the average of novels1 but even so1 it is not very sprightly4 ,the moral tone is exceptionally good4 ,the plot affords an opportunity of condemning the system by which marriages are arranged in ,france1 and invites reflections which cannot be discussed in a brief criticism4 ,,the ,,precious ,,pearl ,,of ,,hope ,,in ,,the ,,mercy ,,of ,,god4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,we welcome this beautiful little book as a great addition to our ascetical literature4 ,it is translated into ,english from the ,italian1 and1 to judge by its grace and elegance1 by a master of both languages4 ,the aim of the pious author was to awaken and increase in us a sense of confidence in ,god1 which is so necessary to our spiritual life2 and he admirably answers objections drawn from certain passages of the ,sacred ,scriptures which heretics and others have abused1 and from some opinions of the ,fathers insisting on the severity of the divine judgments4 ,we are reminded by this little work of the great and constant account which the early ,christians made of the virtue of hope1 whose symbol was an anchor--suggested by ,st4 ,paul to the ,hebrews vi4 #ah-ai--;and which1 either alone or in connection with the fish 7symbol of our ,lord and ,saviour71 or combined with a cross1 substituted for the ring by which the anchor is attached1 was a very common device cut or impressed on lamps1 rings1 and other objects of daily use4 ,among early ,christian inscriptions1 also1 few are more frequent than those which express hope in the mercy of ,god1 such as ,spes in ,deo1 ,spes in ,christo1 ,spes in ,deo ,christo4 ,,thalia4 ,from the ,french of ,abb ,a4 ,bayle1 by a ,sister of ,st4 ,joseph4 ,philadelphia3 ,peter ,f4 ,cunningham ,son4 ,the vast majority of the lovers of light literature look upon classical stories with a certain mistrust4 ,they fear them either to be too pedantic or wanting in 8esprit40 ,thalia opens in ,arles1 thence we voyage to ,alexandria1 then to ,rome1 from ,rome to ,nicomedia1 and so on4 ,there are a few good scenes and descriptive passages2 but1 although a somewhat agreeable way of learning the history of the time1 it does not necessarily make a pleasing romance4 ,a ,sister of ,st4 ,joseph has translated ,thalia into very correct ,english4 ,the book is likely to be discarded as a light production by one who can appreciate its learned allusions1 and to one who cannot1 to read it will seem a task rather than a pleasure4 ,,ireland1 ,,as ,,she ,,is1 ,,as ,,she ,,has ,,been1 ,,and ,,as ,,she ,,ought ,,to ,,be4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,clancy4 ,new ,york3 ,thomas ,kelly4 #ahgg4 ,the comprehensive title of this work indicates the author's intentions in giving it to the public1 and1 if he has not succeeded in doing justice to a theme so important1 he has at least produced a very readable book1 in which will be found many historical facts clearly and succinctly stated1 and several suggestions that will command the attention of the thoughtful reader4 ,with some of ,mr4 ,clancy's views on the past and present of his native country we cannot agree4 ,they are those entertained by a certain class of radical and impracticable politicians whose sole claim to attention consists in the fact that they are continually inveighing against the inevitable1 and criticising the acts of the able men who1 like ,edmund ,burke and ,daniel ,o',connell1 have conferred dignity on their native land and earned for themselves the world's applause4 ,still1 the author of the book before us advances his opinions with so much comparative moderation that1 while they do not compel conviction1 they certainly command our respectful consideration4 ,those who have read ,mr4 ,sullivan's ,new ,ireland will probably like to read this ,irish-,american version of the oft-told tale of ,ireland's wrongs and rights4 ,,wrecked ,,and ,,saved4 ,by ,mrs4 ,parsons4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,the author of this very pretty and instructive tale is already well known to the public as the writer of several moral stories which1 while thoroughly ,catholic in tone and interesting in plot1 are sufficiently attractive in an artistic point of view to command the attention of all intelligent readers4 ,wrecked and ,saved is a story of everyday life very simply and gently told4 ,the hero1 who has been a shipwrecked babe1 passed through all the phases of the life of a foundling1 winning to himself friends by his good conduct1 cheerful disposition1 and intrinsic merits4 ,wrongfully accused of a heinous crime1 he suffers imprisonment and mental torture1 but1 having finally been proven innocent1 all ends happily4 ,the plan of the book can scarcely be called original1 but the lessons of patience1 industry1 and dependence on the will of ,providence inculcated are excellent4 ,,forbidden ,,fruit4 ,from the ,german of ,f4 ,w4 ,hacklnder4 ,by ,rosalie ,kaufman4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgh4 ,this is a novel with the threadbare plot of a young heir being obliged to marry before a certain age or lose a considerable fortune4 ,there is no grace or lightness about the dialogue1 and scarcely a particle of humor in the entire book4 ,there are one or two characters well drawn1 of whom an old gentleman named ,renner1 and a young and vivacious beauty1 ,frulein ,clothilde1 are possibly the best4 ,as a rule1 this kind of novel does not prove a success when translated for an ,american public4 ,how it may succeed in ,germany it is impossible to say1 but certainly the book is even uncommonly stupid4 ,when it is remarked that all the young ladies and gentlemen are distinguished for their elegance and beauty1 the character of the story will be appreciated4 ,,total ,,abstinence ,,in ,,its ,,social ,,and ,,theological ,,aspects4 ,an address by the ,rev4 ,james ,j4 ,moriarty1 ,catholic pastor of ,chatham ,village1 ,n4 ,y4 ,published by special request4 ,chatham ,village1 ,n4 ,y43 ,courier ,printing-,house4 #ahgh4 ,this is a very earnest and eloquent address1 which was delivered to a mixed audience of ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,studiously popular in its style1 it is for that reason especially adapted to go home to the hearts of the people4 ,father ,moriarty has happily hit on the peculiar danger and fascination of the vice of intemperance in the following passage3 8,it is a vice that lies in wait for the most prominent members of society1 the highest in station1 the most influential over their fellow-men4 ,it is not the vice of the naturally mean1 the selfish1 or the miserly4 ,it is more apt1 of its nature1 to attack those of the finest mind1 the most brilliant talent1 the brave1 the frank1 the generous-hearted1 those open to the influence of the highest1 the purest1 the noblest sentiments40 ,,erleston ,,glen3 ,a ,lancashire ,story of the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,by ,alice ,o',hanlon4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,the scene of this tale1 as the title indicates1 is laid in ,england1 and the time is that of ,queen ,elizabeth1 before the ,catholic gentry of the country became almost extinct1 and the persecuting spirit of the 8,reformers0 had died out for want of material upon which to exercise its fanaticism4 ,the plot of the book is simple1 and the story is1 taken all together1 sad4 ,two happy1 unobtrusive families1 allied by long acquaintance and sincere friendship1 but still more by the bond of a common faith1 are suddenly and cruelly interrupted in their retired happiness by the agents of that government which it is the boast of some modern historians to characterize as one of the most glorious ,england has ever had4 ,then follow espionage1 arrests1 mental suffering and physical torture1 that1 though less than historical facts and by no means distorted from the truth1 sicken the heart and move us to thank ,god we live in the nineteenth and not in the sixteenth century4 ,as a work of art ,erleston ,glen is by no means perfect4 ,its stiffness of style argues an unpractised hand1 and the incomprehensible ,lancashire dialect is too often introduced to suit the general reader2 but as a picture of ,english life as it was during the sudden paroxysm of ,protestant reformatory zeal which characterized the reign of ,elizabeth1 it is both truthful and vivid4 ,many who do not care to read the more serious works lately printed in ,england on the same topic--the sufferings of ,catholics in that country--will be both edified and instructed by a perusal of ,miss ,o',hanlon's clever book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,company has in press1 and will shortly issue1 one of the most important of its excellent series of educational works4 ,this is the ,history of the ,united ,states 7for the use of schools71 advance sheets of which lie before us4 ,it is written by one of the most experienced and cultured of our writers1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,g4 ,hassard1 author of the ,life of ,archbishop ,hughes1 ,life of ,pius ,,ix41 etc4 ,its letter-press1 illustrations1 and maps are beyond criticism4 ,its method is singularly well adapted to assist both scholar and teacher4 ,at the foot of every page are questions on what has gone above4 ,the ,history begins with the discovery of ,america and brings us down to our own times4 ,it has this special distinction to recommend it3 it gives ,catholics their due prominence in a history of which they occupy so large a place1 but a place that has hitherto been resolutely denied them4 ,it is well1 it is necessary1 that ,catholic children should feel and know that they have as grand a share in the history1 the development1 the life1 the struggles1 the triumphs of their country as has any other class4 ,placing this ,history in their hands at school is the very best means of instilling into their minds facts which it has been the custom to ignore in the histories thus far published4 ,the work is intended for the more advanced students in our schools and colleges4 ,for younger scholars an ,introductory ,history1 arranged on the catechetical plan1 has been prepared as an abridgment of the larger work1 and will be issued simultaneously with the latter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we would again call the attention of our readers to the new and excellent works published by the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 and especially intended for light summer reading4 ,such are ,six ,sunny ,months1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,letters of a ,young ,irishwoman1 ,alba's ,dream1 and the various volumes of stories collected from ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,we only call attention to these because they are the most recent of their kind4 ,the field of ,catholic fiction is now happily a large and rich one1 and ,catholics who are given to this kind of reading might well turn aside from the foolish romances that are made to suit a vicious popular taste to works which are fully as interesting as the others without their nauseous flavor and immoral tone and tendency4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvii41 ,no4 #afb4--,,september1 #ahgh4 ,,the ,,mathematical ,,harmonies ,,of ,,the ,,universe4#aej ,,argument4 ,the primary light of reflection which awakens the human mind to a distinct consciousness of itself at the same time reveals a world of unknown forms1 the universe of space and succession1 teeming with evolutions of order1 beauty1 and power4 ,with the dawn of reason comes also the principle of causality1 and man asks himself1 ,what mean these mighty changes on earth and in the sky8 ,what urges the wonderful motions of wind and wave1 of sunshine and of shadow1 and yonder golden fires that sparkle and burn in the high vault of heaven8 ,whence are they all1 and whence am ,i8 ,and the very first attempt to answer these spontaneous questions produces the first theory of natural theology1 inaugurating the reign of the earliest natural religion4 ,but the curiosity of the intellect never slumbers1 and the problem repeats itself from age to age3 ,what is the magnificent and mysterious power above man and before nature1 the primordial ,cause of all phenomena8 ,and in response to this constant and ever-recurring interrogatory the annals of speculation have presented several contradictory solutions1 as the atheistic1 the sceptical1 and the pantheistic1 none of which ,i shall now pause to criticise4 ,i shall simply undertake to prove1 in accordance with the rigorous rules of inductive logic1 that the great cause1 the fundamental efficient of all facts whatsoever1 must possess the attributes of intelligence1 and especially mathematical reason4 ,it will be remembered1 however1 that on the subject of causation1 as to the reality of the abstract idea itself1 the schools of both ancient and modern philosophy stand divided4 ,the disciples of one sect assume the existence of secret forces in the bosom of nature1 whose development results in those varied manifestations of mingled matter and motion which become perceptible to our senses2 while their opponents1 now including the lite of the most enlightened thinkers1 as strenuously contend that the knowledge of efficient causes lies altogether beyond the reach of the human faculties2 that our science must therefore be limited to the strict generalization of phenomena according to their invariable conjunctions of simultaneity and succession1 without the possibility of discovering any hidden nexus or closer tie between them4 ,this is the doctrine taught alike by the great names of ,reid1 ,locke1 ,hume1 ,brown1 ,kant1 and ,comte4 ,but it is fortunate that the path of the present argument will not carry us into the mist of that interminable controversy4 ,i shall not pretend to determine the specific qualities of causation in general4 ,on the contrary1 the whole extent of my purpose is to show that the fundamental efficient of all material facts1 whatever else it may or may not be1 must be endowed with the attribute of rationality4 ,i will begin by laying down the universal proposition3 ,every natural phenomenon having the characteristics of mathematical order and harmony1 to the exclusion of chance1 must be the effect of a rational cause4#aea ,now1 it is evident that the foregoing assertion1 the major premise of my intended syllogism1 predicates a uniformity of relation between a certain class of facts and the power which produces them4 ,in other words1 it affirms an invariable correspondence betwixt a given quality in the consequent1 or effect1 and a like definite attribute in the antecedent1 or cause1 whichever terminology different schools may prefer4 ,the existence of this relation would by some be deduced from priori principles founded on a mental analysis of the abstract notion of causation1 while a large majority of mankind actually take it for granted as an intuitive axiom of self-evident truth2 and thus1 wherever they behold the appearances of design or the beautiful evidence of mathematical order1 their inference of previous or contemporaneous causal intelligence is immediate and irresistible4 ,but neither of those procedures can be regarded as either certain or scientific4 ,no sequence of events can attain to the dignity of a general and philosophic law until the antecedent and consequent are brought face to face and tested by the rigid rules of an infallible induction4 ,the complicated web of circumstances must be unravelled to eliminate the extraneous facts1 and discover what precise quality alone in the cause produces mathematical harmony in the effect4 ,for example1 it is known that the air supports animal life as well as combustion4 ,but that same atmosphere consists of two elements1 oxygen and azote2 how1 then1 shall it be ascertained which ingredient is the supporter of life and flame8 ,to determine this question the natural philosopher performs an experimentum crucis by plunging a bird or a lighted candle in a jar of pure azote from which the oxygen has been removed1 when the bird instantly dies and the candle is extinguished4 ,the problem is solved according to the inductive canon of difference4 ,nevertheless1 to make sure he reverses the experiment1 and treats the animal or the flame with oxygen instead of azote1 when the functions of vitality and combustion proceed without disturbance--indeed1 with additional vigor4 ,here there can be no longer any room for doubt4 ,it is manifest as any demonstrated theorem in geometry that of the two elements in atmospheric air1 the oxygen1 and not the azote1 sustains both life and combustion4 ,and as ,i said before1 this is the procedure of induction by what ,mill so happily terms the method of difference--the most potent and unerring of all the five canons for the investigation of causes4 ,now1 what we need for our induction as to the real and absolute efficient of mathematical order and harmony in the motions of the universe is a similar analyzed instance1 where the naked antecedent and consequent shall be detected in the very act of conjugation4 ,and1 by a propitious arrangement of nature in the great fact of our complex organization1 we have it in our power to perform this decisive experiment in the same manner and with as much certainty as in the previous example4 ,we can act as individual causes1 either with or without the presence of a rational purpose4 ,then1 let the student seat himself1 pen or pencil in hand1 to make marks on the paper1 without any intelligent design1 as we sometimes do in a state of reverie when the reason is exclusively occupied with some other subject4 ,the result is a medley of irregular and disconnected figures1 of letters and words written mechanically1 without beauty1 order1 or consecutive meaning4 ,again1 let the experimentalist apply the test of his intelligence4 ,the effect is a series of united diagrams solving some profound problem in geometry1 or a divine page of impassioned and classical eloquence1 or the elegant delineation of any particular object of nature or art1 according to the specific intention of the person4 ,here the analysis is perfect1 and realizes the exact conditions imposed by the inductive canon of difference4 ,the circumstances are all precisely identical in both cases1 save the presence of rationality and its consequent mathematical harmony in the one instance1 and their absence in the other4 ,hence there can be no question that in human causation the attribute of reason is the actual efficient of every species of order4 ,besides1 even nature herself presents the same experiment in every case of total insanity4 ,the madman is deprived of reason1 but not of simple volition or bare causal power2 and the consequence is utter disorder and want of method in his actions4 ,he cannot produce mathematical effects1 because he is deficient in mathematical intelligence4 ,the same general law is demonstrated also by the canon of agreement4 ,universal experience shows in every department of science1 industry1 literature1 and art that intelligence is the invariable antecedent of order1 and that the absence of that mental quality involves the corresponding absence of all regular and harmonious sequence4 ,it remains1 however1 to prove our major premise by the method of concomitant variations1 the canon of which has been expressed with such clear and scientific accuracy in ,mill's ,logic3 8,whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner1 is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon1 or is connected with it through some fact of causation40 ,for instance1 in the case of heat1 by increasing the temperature of a body we enlarge its bulk1 but by enlarging its bulk we do not increase its temperature2 therefore heat must be the cause1 and not the effect1 of expansion4 ,in a similar manner philosophers demonstrate the first law of motion1 or uniform velocity in a straight line1 by showing that retardation1 or divergence1 is always in the definite ratio of the obstacles encountered by the moving body4 ,the application of this rule to our argument1 although its force cannot be augmented1 gives the evidence the greatest variety and splendor4 ,for the annals of all ages and nations1 without one single exception1 bear witness that1 in exact proportion to the increase of rationality1 the human mind has always displayed corresponding effects of beauty and order in every sphere of art and civilization4 ,what investigators have extended the limits of natural knowledge by perfecting the science of geometry1 or discovering the differential calculus1 or fixing the true principia of the material universe8 ,not a low class of intellects with feeble faculties of reason and no broad sweep of mathematical perception1 but men of the loftiest genius1 such as the immortal names of ,euclid1 ,archimedes1 ,leibnitz1 or ,newton4 ,but ,i have already spent sufficient1 and perhaps the reader will think too much1 time on this primary induction1 which indeed1 from the universality of the law1 has every appearance of being self-evident4 ,nevertheless1 this fulness of discussion was indispensable to my purpose1 that being to place all the premises of the argument on a scientific rather than a popular basis4 ,and1 if ,i am not mistaken1 we are now entitled to consider the first proposition as completely proven3 8,that all natural phenomena having the attributes of mathematical order and harmony to the exclusion of chance must be the effects of a cause1 or of causes1 possessing rationality40 ,i am aware1 however1 of the specious objection that the general induction is too wide for the warrant of its particular instances4 ,it may be urged that although the demonstration is perfect as to the logical relation of intelligence as a cause and harmony as the consequent1 yet still we are not justified in affirming that no other cause is capable of producing the same result4 ,for example1 a hundred separate antecedents may lead to death2 and many ordinary facts follow very different material or mental efficients4 ,upon what principles1 then1 it will be asked1 are we enabled to pronounce the universal negative that there cannot exist any unintelligent forces in the bosom of nature entirely adequate to the production of the mathematical order which we behold in the world of time and space8 ,i state the adverse criticism in all its strength1 because it is the only answer that can be interposed by the sceptical philosopher2 and1 besides1 it constitutes the main difficulty in the minds of the multitude4 ,nevertheless1 it cannot claim the slightest pretension to the dignity of a scientific argument4 ,in the first place1 ,i remark that the objection1 if it has any semblance of validity1 proves too much1 as it goes to overthrow every general proposition which can possibly be framed on the subject of causation1 so far as assertion can proceed from the antecedent to the consequent4 ,it cuts off from the realms of logic1 at one reckless blow1 the whole category of universal as to the predication of any causal sequence even among perceptible phenomena4 ,nay1 it also denies the legitimacy of particular affirmations in all cases of causation2 for if the sceptic has the logical liberty to assume the hypothesis of unknown and invisible efficients in one instance1 he may with equal plausibility do so in all2 and therefore these secret and unseen causes may be the real producing antecedents of every phenomenon whatever1 and thus all knowledge must be reduced to naked conjecture4 ,by what rule1 let me inquire1 are we justified in extending the sublime law of gravitation to the various planets of the solar system1 and even as high as the fixed stars8 ,obviously for the only reason that we perceive in the magnificent evolutions of the celestial bodies the same class of effects which appertain to terrestrial attraction4 ,and upon that identical principle we are entitled to infer the existence of a rational cause wherever we behold mathematical harmonies or the manifest evidences of intelligence and design4 ,the most stringent canons of induction give us this right1 and ,i can see no motive for refraining from its exercise1 if the process should perchance conduct us to the recognition of a ,supreme ,being4 ,but as to this last point1 we have not yet advanced far enough in the discussion to venture a positive declaration4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that the axiom by which we are enabled to deduce a cause with specific attributes from any definite facts1 such as we know by previous experience to be the natural consequents of that particular efficient1 must be restricted to the special case where we have no acquaintance with any other cause competent for the production of the given phenomena4 ,and this is precisely the condition of the case in our present argument4 ,we have the most abundant and perfect experience that intelligence is adequate to produce the harmonious regularity and beautiful order of nature2 but we are altogether destitute of scientific1 or even superficial1 knowledge as to the reality of any different cause which might yield those results4 ,as ,i have already observed1 the most advanced schools of modern sensist philosophy entirely ignore the investigation of efficient or producing causes1 as removed beyond the sphere of the human senses4 ,on this point the ,scotch metaphysicians speak as decidedly as the disciples of ,locke and ,hume1 or the more profound and intensely critical ,kant4 ,indeed1 ,dr4 ,thomas ,brown has clearly demonstrated that in the physical world we can never hope to discover by sensation anything save phenomena1 either antecedents or consequents1 with their invariable laws of simultaneity and succession2 while the deepest as the most laborious thinker of all1 ,m4 ,auguste ,comte1 refuses even so much as to use the term cause in his ,course of ,positive ,philosophy4 ,on the other hand1 those who aver the existence of imperceptible powers and occult qualities as the actual efficients of phenomena do not attempt to define their character1 nor pretend that they fall within the limits of sensible or intellectual cognition4 ,a member of that sect1 like the pedant in the old play1 may explain 8that opium produces sleep because it has a soporific property02 but if you ask him how he knows it to possess such a property1 he can only answer1 from the fog of his vicious circle1 8because it produces sleep40 ,and such must ever be the virtual avowal of utter ignorance as to the nature of causation by the adherents of this obsolete school4 ,and could they thus solve1 even to their own satisfaction1 the question of secondary causes1 they leave the question of the ,first ,cause untouched4 ,it therefore follows1 in accordance with all the rules of the most rigid and thorough induction1 that the mathematical harmonies of the universe furnish conclusive proofs of an intelligent cause2 and if we reject this inference there is not1 and cannot be1 the faintest shadow of a possible hypothesis for the explanation of natural phenomena4 ,i will next proceed to state my second proposition3 ,all natural phenomena have the characteristics of mathematical order and harmony to the exclusion of chance4 ,now1 it is evident that a generalization so sweeping and universal as the above could only be made good by an immense1 an almost infinite series of inductions4 ,nevertheless1 we are not bound to assume an onus of such overpowering magnitude4 ,for as the syllogism of our argument belongs to the first figure1 and we have to deal at present with the minor premise1 that may well be particular2 and the conclusion will be valid as to everything embraced within its terms1 and that will be found sufficient to warrant our conclusion4 ,as a preliminary1 however1 it becomes necessary to explain the logical process for the exclusion or mathematical elimination of chance4 ,suppose there be two dice in a box1 what are the chances of our turning an ace at a single throw8 ,obviously one-sixth1 leaving six chances minus one against the probability2 while the chances against our throwing two aces1 or any other equation1 may be set down1 with sufficient accuracy for the purpose of this argument1 as the square of the last number1 or thirty-six4 ,the chances against an equation of four dice are #a1bif2 while against eight they amount to the enormous sum of #a1fgi1faf--;an impossible throw1 unless the cubes have been loaded4 ,and it is manifest from this example how very soon the multiplication of coincidences indicative of order must demonstrate causation to the utter elimination of chance4 ,i will now commence with the particular cases of the general law announced in my second premise4 ,,instance ,i4--,,myself4 ,i survey my right hand3 it has five fingers2 ,i look at my left3 it has five also--the other member of an algebraic equation4 ,i then turn to my feet1 and behold a similar equation of five toes on each4 ,i next turn to my bodily senses1 and again find the mystic five4 ,the wonder is increasing4 ,and now all the incalculable millions of my fellow-men rise up and sweep before the eye of the mind1 in all the rich and radiant1 or coarse and unseemly1 varieties of humanity2 and all these1 too1 present the identical ,god-announcing miracle1 the quintuple equation of fives4 ,let us1 however1 apply the rigorous rules for the calculation of chances1 not forgetting the judicious remark of ,whately3 8,that the probability of any given supposition must be estimated by means of a comparison with each of its alternatives40 ,now1 there can be but two suppositions possible as to this uniform combination by which the number five is five times repeated in the human organism4 ,the cause1 whatever that may be1 which produces these invariable equations must be endowed with intelligence or not4 ,there is no other conceivable alternative2 for the abscissio infiniti effected by the word not1 in logical division1 always exhausts the whole category of things1 both real and imaginary4 ,every object must be rational or not--rational in thought and in fact4 ,therefore all these millionary equations of fives must have been produced by a cause1 or causes1 possessed of reason1 or by a power destitute of that attribute4 ,if we assume the first alternative there will be no chances for calculation1 the efficient itself being amply adequate to develop the mathematical harmony4 ,but take up the other and only remaining supposition1 that the causal agent producing the human organism is mere blind force of some unknown and unimaginable nature2 what are the chances against such a hypothesis8 ,we might say1 in all logical strictness1 that as we have no scientific knowledge of any such unintelligent cause capable of effecting the given phenomena of order1 while we are acquainted with an efficient fully competent for the purpose1 the chances against the naked assumption of blind force must be stated as infinity to zero4 ,the chances against the equation of five fingers on each hand would be twenty-five4 ,add the five toes on each foot1 and the chances will be six hundred and twenty-five4 ,then incorporate into the calculation the five senses1 and the chances are three thousand one hundred and twenty-five4 ,let me procure a larger sheet1 as the measureless sea of infinite and nameless numbers is flowing fast upon me4 ,next reckon the chances in the case of two persons1 and they swell to the vast sum of nine millions1 seven hundred and sixty-five thousand1 six hundred and twenty-five2 while the chances for four men will be the square of that number1 and so on for ever4 ,but the enormous sums soon overpower all the magnificent processes of our algebra1 and no logarithmic abbreviations can aid us to grasp what stretches away into the unexplored fields of immensity4 ,the attempt to apply the calculation even to the inhabitants now living on the globe would be as idle as the endeavor to enumerate the sunbeams shed during a solar year4 ,the arithmetic of the archangel would perhaps be insufficient for the mighty computation4 ,in reference also to a single individual the subject might be pushed indefinitely farther--to the bones of the arms1 head1 feet1 and the convolutions of the brain2 for everywhere1 and all through the physical framework1 there runs a wonderful duality1 where the series of constant equations counterbalance each other4 ,it must be borne in mind that ,i have shown in my major premise the necessity of rationality in the cause which effects mathematical order in the sequences of any natural phenomena4 ,hence such a cause is demonstrated for the whole of humanity4 ,but1 apart from the rigid logic of the argument1 the question presents itself to popular apprehension3 ,could a cause without the intellect to perceive1 the faculty to calculate and arrange1 numerical relations1 produce this infinity of mathematical harmonies8 ,if it be answered that the efficient is some unknown power or secret quality involved in the facts themselves or concealed beneath them1 the problem still remains unsolved and rebounds upon us with accumulated force3 ,is that supposed secret power or occult quality self-conscious8 ,hath it the attribute of mathematical reason competent to the calculation and production of all these beautiful and boundless equations8 ,,instance ,,ii4--,,chemistry4 ,let us take our next comparisons from chemistry1 that youngest sister of all the sciences1 the splendid child of the galvanic battery1 whose birth was brilliant as that of lightning4 ,go analyze a cup of water4 ,you find it composed of two parts of hydrogen to one of oxygen by volume1 and eight parts of oxygen to one of hydrogen by weight4 ,nor do these numerical ratios ever vary4 ,freeze it into ice hard as the crystal of the jewelled mountains2 dissipate it into vapor of such exquisite tenuity that a million acres of floating mist would scarcely form a single dewdrop2 bring it from the salt solitudes of the ocean1 or from the central curve of a rainbow1 and submit it to the test of analysis2 and still the pale chemist1 as he watches the evolutions of the perpetual wonder from the depths of his laboratory1 calls out3 8,two to one1 and one to eight1 now and for ever60 ,let no one hope to estimate the chances against the hypothesis of the production of these mathematical relations by an unintelligent agent1 unless he can first reckon the drops of a thunder-storm or measure the capacity of the sea4 ,a similar numerical harmony prevails in the atmosphere1 which contains twenty parts of oxygen to eighty of nitrogen in every one hundred by volume1 very nearly2 the definite proportions never varying4 ,can it be imagined that the cause of this constant order1 which rolled the aerial ocean of the breath of life forty-five miles deep around the globe1 is itself destitute of the reason to perceive the ratios of its own wonderful works8 ,but select as another example a bit of limestone4 ,you discover its elements to bear a quadruple proportion4 ,there are twenty-two parts by weight of carbonic acid1 and twenty-eight of lime4 ,lime yields on analysis twenty parts of the white metal calcium and eight of oxygen gas2 while carbonic acid is composed of sixteen parts of oxygen to six of pure carbon4 ,and these fixed relations of numbers are the same in every particle of limestone on the earth3 in the snowy stalactite torn from the roof of coral caverns1 in the ponderous fragment hurled up from the heart of the globe by the fiery hand of world-rocking volcanoes1 and in the gleaming pebble which the child picks up from the waters of the brook4 ,what a field is here for the calculation of chances6 ,what a theme for devout and transcendent wonder6 ,what a magnificent ,bible with leaves of crystal is this among the old silent rocks6 ,must not such marvels of mathematical order have been produced by an efficient endowed with rationality--a cause that1 to borrow the sublime language of ,hebrew poetry1 had the skill 8to weigh the mountains in scales and the hills in a balance08 ,but not only do we find numerical ratios here2 symbolical angles are also detected4 ,all the hundred forms of carbonate of lime split into six-sided figures1 or regular rhombohedrons1 whose alternate angles measure #aje deg4 #ee min4 and #ge deg4 #e min4 ,let the mathematician come with his trigonometry fresh from the schools to study this lofty lesson2 although no science can avail for the computation of the chances against the hypothesis of an unintelligent cause for this celestial geometry of the crystal mountains4 ,,instance ,,iii4--,,botany4 ,we will make our next inductions in that study so charming to all genuine lovers of nature4 ,not over smoky furnaces or in darkened chambers will we read this division of our theme1 but out in the sunny fields1 and in the green-robed valleys1 among the silken sisterhood of vegetable beauties1 and beneath the radiant smile of the blue-eyed heavens4 ,the first ten classes of ,linnus are arranged simply according to the number of stamens presented in each blossom4 ,for example1 let us analyze a flower of the tobacco plant4 ,it is of the fifth class1 and of course has five stamens4 ,but the equation does not end here2 its corol has five parts1 and the emerald cup of its calyx as many points4 ,now1 suppose that every bloom is produced by some efficient which cannot count2 what are the chances against this combination of fives three times in a single specimen8 ,obviously one hundred and twenty-five2 while for two flowers they amount to the sum of fifteen thousand1 six hundred and twenty-five4 ,for four blossoms the chances would be the square of the last number1 and so on ad infinitum4 ,what1 then1 must be the chances against the supposition of atheism in the flowers of a solitary field1 in all the fields of a solar summer1 in all the summers of sixty centuries8 ,but similar equations hold with all the vegetables to be found on the globe1 and in their fruit as well as flower4 ,some blossoms are perfect time-pieces1 marking the eternal march of the celestial lights in the firmament4 ,many open to the morning sun2 some only to the fiery kisses of noonday2 others at purple twilight when the gentle dews begin to fall2 and a few in the depth of darkness1 as it were to gaze on the glory of the midnight stars4 ,,instance ,,iv4--,,light4 ,i shall not hazard a remark as to the nature of that wonderful agent whose coming at the dawn of every day is like the sweet smile of some viewless yet omnipresent divinity1 bringing with it the revelation of a new world4 ,at present we have only to deal with mathematical evolutions1 and not with the substantial essence of any fact or phenomenon4 ,the first law of light is an algebraic formula3 ,the intensity of the fluid decreases as the square of the distance increases1 and vice vers4 ,the second law is equally mathematical3 ,the angles of incidence and reflection are equivalent for every ray4 ,thus a sunbeam1 falling on the table before me at an angle of forty-five degrees1 will be reflected at the same angle4 ,here1 then1 in the development of these two general laws1 we behold the miracle of innumerable squares1 circles1 angles1 such as sweep over countless millions of leagues in the stellar spaces1 with a regularity that no ,euclid or ,legendre might ever hope to trace4 ,and can it be possible that after all the great cause which thus geometrizes may be devoid of all geometrical knowledge--nay1 of even the faculty of rationality8 ,if so1 then might a blind mole1 or the abstraction of a nonentity1 compose a system of beauty and order superior in both accuracy and splendor to the ,principia of ,newton or the sublime theories of ,la ,place6 ,you can scarcely commence the estimation of chances in reference to these luminous angles being continually formed all over the material universe4 ,even imagination reels before the immensity of the conception4 ,think of all the fire-beams that emanate from the sun during one long summer day--of all the rays which flash out from the high stars for only a single night6 ,then let the mind travel back over the march of dim and distant centuries1 gathering age upon age1 rolling cycle after cycle1 in those vast segments of eternity where the ,alps and ,andes seem evanescent as the snow-flakes that ride on the gyrations of the whirlwind around their hoary summits2 where ,platonic years are fleeting as the pulsations of the pendulum1 and even the starry galaxies come and go 8like rainbows40 ,then bid your soaring fancy lift her lightning-wings away from world to world1 and behold the horizon of the space which hath no limits1 still opening for ever onwards and upwards1 and thickening all around with serial columns of suns and stars1 and undulating like some shoreless sea with its waves of nebulous light4 ,then tell me the number of rays that have shot athwart this teeming expanse of immensity since the sons of heaven shouted their choral hymns in the morning of creation4 ,and answer me1 who shall calculate the chances against the sceptical hypothesis here8 ,only a ,god of infinite intelligence may solve this infinite problem4 ,,instance ,v4--,,astronomy4 ,the first law of the celestial motions discovered by ,kepler1 like all the rest1 expresses a mathematical formula3 ,all the planetary orbits are regular ellipses1 in the lower focus of which stands the sun4 ,now1 as the ellipse contains an infinite number of geometrical points1 it follows that the chances against the repetition of this figure by the progress of the same body along the same path in space must be infinity multiplied into infinity1 compared with zero4 ,the second law is equally decisive4 ,it may be stated thus3 ,the times occupied by a planet in describing any given arc of its orbit are always as the areas of the sectors1 formed by straight lines from the beginning and end of the arcs to the sun as a common centre4 ,and here it cannot fail to be remarked that every term of the enunciation is purely mathematical4 ,but the third law of ,kepler is still more astonishing4 ,the squares of the periods of the planetary revolutions vary as the cubes of their distances from the sun4 ,what amazing evolutions are these to be the work of unthinking masses of matter6 ,what angel's music is this among the stars to be chimed by the choir of tongueless atoms6 ,and well might the inspired old man exclaim when the heavenly harmony first broke upon his ear3 8,i have stolen the golden secret of the ,egyptians4 ,i triumph4 ,i will indulge my sacred fury4 ,i care not whether my book be read now or by posterity4 ,i can afford to wait a century for readers1 when ,god himself has waited six thousand years for an observer40 ,we will not speak of chances in the production of such a mathematical marvel4 ,we dare not approach the stupendous calculation1 unless we might borrow the geometry of the morning star4 ,but every region of astronomy overflows with similar wonders2 yet ,i have only time to adduce one more4 ,the sun and all his suite of luminous attendants rotate from west to east1 on axes that remain nearly parallel to themselves4 ,la ,place has computed the probability to be as four millions to one that all the motions of the planets1 whether of rotation or revolution1 originated in a common cause4 ,is it1 then1 even so much as conceivable that the efficient of such an endless order should be itself destitute of all reason and foresight8 ,for it is universally conceded that the discovery and quick perception of mathematical relations evince intellect of the most lofty character2 how incomparably superior1 therefore1 must have been the rationality required for the primary composition and arrangement of these relations6 ,if to think geometrically demands intelligence1 can any cause work geometrically without possessing the attributes of thought8 ,we admire the genius of a ,kepler and of a ,newton as almost superhuman1 because they were enabled to understand the harmonious laws of the heavenly bodies2 what madness1 then1 must it be to deny the existence of mind as the necessary efficient for the production of these very harmonies6 ,i might go on to career all over the fields of science1 and show the prevalence of mathematical ratios and equations in every department of approachable nature4 ,but on the strength of the instances already adduced ,i think we are entitled to assume our minor premise as thoroughly proven3 that all natural phenomena have the characteristic of mathematical order and harmony to the exclusion of chance4 ,and this induction1 although it only rests for support on the canon of agreement--per enumerationem simplicem1 ubi non reperitur instantia contradictoria--nevertheless has as broad and firm a basis as the philosophic axiom that every fact has a cause4 ,for as we have never found a phenomenon without an efficient1 so neither can we ever find one without its relations of mathematical order4 ,and now calling to mind our major premise--that every natural phenomenon having the characteristics of mathematical order and harmony must be the effect of a rational cause--it follows irresistibly by the rules of logic1 from the conjugation of the two propositions1 that all natural phenomena are the effects of a rational cause4 ,but we are not yet justified in dignifying the efficient of all these natural phenomena with the name of ,god4 ,for the cause1 though demonstrated to be intelligent1 may be one or many1 permanent or transient1 good or evil4 ,we have only inquired as to its existence1 without considering any other attribute4 ,however1 we have not far to go in the sequel of the investigation1 as the laws of logical inference founded on our previous inductions will enable us to give a speedy solution of the remaining problems1 at least so fully as they may be susceptible of scientific explanation4 ,on the subject of causal unity it may be laid down as a general principle3 ,that in the same sphere of time and space the identity of an efficient is to be concluded from the identity of the phenomena which experience has shown it to be capable of producing4 ,thus we refer all the electrical facts in the universe to a single imponderable agent2 and we always predicate the power of heat whenever we witness its usual and well-known effects4 ,nevertheless1 these instances are only analogous4 ,but the following are precisely in point4 ,the affirmation of a single human being1 the truth of his separate existence as a real and rational unit1 is inferred alone from his manifestations as a cause in time and space4 ,he stands demonstrated1 present or absent1 by the power that he develops1 or has developed1 in his individual sphere4 ,his physical features may change1 yet he will still be revealed in his intelligent actions4 ,the divine pictures of a ,raphael or a ,rubens may be identified for long ages after the hand that sketched the now immortal lineaments of some mortal face has been mouldering1 like the lovely original1 in darkness and dust4 ,no two persons--that is to say1 human causes--present exactly the same effects4 ,every fact evolved will differ more or less4 ,and1 lastly1 every cause is manifested as a unit by its occupation or pervasion of a given space4 ,applying1 then1 this axiom of identity to the efficient of natural phenomena1 the unity of the great ,cause becomes at once apparent4 ,everywhere we behold the same laws of mathematical harmony4 ,the identical principle of gravitation1 which we have proved to be the effect of a sublime rationality1 carries us away to the utmost limits of the solar system1 and shows us one sovereign efficient1 one pervading force1 that we may henceforth call ,god1 all over those immeasurable fields of infinite azure4 ,and when this path grows so dim and distant amidst that far-off wilderness of flaming worlds that we can no longer trace the footsteps of attraction1 there still remains heaven's own highway of radiant light to conduct us on and on towards the centre1 or perchance it may be the circumference1 of the universe1 revealing the same ,god enthroned on every sun2 because every ray that flashes from the great blue deep of the firmament preserves the same identical laws of reflection and refraction4 ,who can elevate his mind to the contemplation of these amazing and magnificent depths of distance1 those profound caverns of space1 teeming and sparkling with worlds like crystals8 ,that light which travels almost two hundred thousand miles in a second does not reach us from the star #fa ,cygni until after a journey of nine years and three months2 and yet that is one of the nocturnal luminaries which may be termed the nearest neighbors of our system4 ,the number of registered stars amount to two hundred thousand2 while the entire host accessible to the sweep of the telescope have been reckoned as a hundred millions1 from some of which it takes the luminous rays thousands of years to fly down to the earth4 ,what mathematician1 then1 shall measure this celestial expanse1 brimming over with suns and stars1 and swarming with galaxies of living flame8 ,imagination stoops beneath such a giddy summit1 nor dares attempt to scale those cliffs of golden fire4 ,reason1 faltering on the brink of that boundless ocean of immensity1 recoils as from the verge of annihilation4 ,none but ,god can walk the heights of those starry pinnacles1 and the light that burns and flashes around his feet falls down to man as the proof of the divine presence4 ,in fine1 if we had never before known a ,deity1 the telescope would have revealed him4 ,the unity of ,god being established1 can we predicate his eternity8 ,in the first place1 all history bears witness to the permanence of the same grand principles of causation1 since the primary annals of the species2 and then geology takes up the subject1 and carries it back for countless ages through those records inscribed on the ancient rocks by the pencil of central fire1 or the fierce pen of earthquakes and blazing volcanoes2 and still everywhere we see the evidence of the same mathematical laws1 the same attraction and gravitation4 ,everything alike shows the existence of the same all-creating ,deity as anterior to itself2 and further than this the canons of mere induction cannot go4 ,nor can the goodness of ,god be demonstrated in the precise and conclusive manner which has marked our previous propositions4 ,the beauties of nature and the blessings of ,providence are sufficient proofs to the majority of mankind2 and for all the rest one must depend on priori reasoning1 or look to the clearer light of a divine revelation4 ,it must be observed that the foregoing argument differs essentially from that of the celebrated ,paley4 ,his is founded on the mechanical phenomena of the universe1 but this on the mathematical relations of order and harmony--on the present as well as the past physical evolutions in time and space1 thus proving the continued agency of the supreme ,cause1 the ,deity1 both in immanence and in act4 ,but it is not my purpose to criticise other theories1 nor to answer objections1 which must be impotent unless they can overthrow the legitimacy of my inductions4 ,accordingly1 ,i submit the whole4 ,footnote #aej3 ,the following article was recently found in ,chicago among the posthumous papers of ,judge ,arrington1 who died in that city nine years ago1 a convert to the ,catholic ,church4 ,it was written twenty years previous1 when he was struggling to escape from the meshes of pantheism1 and seems to be a vigorous effort to prove to his own satisfaction the reality of a personal1 rational ,deity4 ,some of the illustrations are recognized as having been used in a similar article published in the ,democratic ,review about thirty years ago1 which was extensively copied1 and even translated into the ,french and ,german languages4 ,the present is a much more elaborate statement than that1 as if the author still dwelt upon the subject1 and as the years rolled on wished with increasing knowledge to more strongly substantiate to his intellect what his higher nature so instinctively craved4 ,at the bar ,judge ,arrington stood almost without a peer in the great ,northwest for legal learning and oratorical power4 ,whenever he indulged in the luxury of literary and poetical composition he showed an ability that promised a like pre-eminence in those pursuits1 had he devoted himself to them4 ,this struggle of a great mind to fling off the incubus of modern error1 whose every maze he had thoroughly explored1 coupled with his subsequent conversion to ,catholicity and his saint-like death in its communion1 is an admirable practical illustration of the truth that nothing short of the light and grace to be found only in the true church of ,christ can ever thoroughly satisfy a great soul4 ,footnote #aea3 ,judge ,arrington had devoted much time and attention to studying the nature and results of sagacity in animals2 but he so distinctly saw that they are not responsible agents1 and that the harmonious and orderly results produced by them--as1 for example1 the mathematical regularity of the cells of bees--are to be attributed not to them but to the ,author of their wonderful instinct1 that he does not even pause to treat this as an objection to his proposition or to draw a distinction between mediate and immediate causes4 ,,pearl4 ,,by ,,kathleen ,o',,meara1 ,,author ,,of 8,,iza',s ,,story10 8,a ,,salon ,,in ,,the ,,last ,,days ,,of ,,the ,,empire10 8,,are ,,you ,,my ,,wife80 ,,etc4 ,early next day ,mrs4 ,monteagle sent down to the entresol to know if ,col4 ,redacre was well enough to come up and see her1 or1 if not1 could she go down and see him2 she wanted to speak to him on a matter of importance4 ,the answer came on a card of ,mrs4 ,redacre's1 written in pencil3 8,i am so sorry6 ,hugh is really not able to see any one this morning4 ,i hope you will come down to-morrow4--,yours affectionately1 8,a4 ,r40 ,mrs4 ,monteagle was surprised4 ,there was nothing in the fact that the colonel was not able to come up-stairs--,balaklava sometimes made a great difficulty about stairs2 but why could she not go down to him8 ,the hope that she 8would come down to-morrow0 was clearly an intimation that she was not to go to-day4 ,why should she not go and see ,mrs4 ,redacre1 even if her husband was not in a humor to see people8 ,the forenoon passed1 and neither of the girls came near her4 ,she inquired if the doctor had been sent for1 but the servants said not4 ,m4 le ,colonel had nothing the matter with him2 he complained of ,balaklava just as usual2 there was no question of such an extreme measure as sending for the doctor4 ,this made it all the more curious why an old friend like herself should be kept out for the day4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 however1 was not a gossip1 and1 after turning it in her mind for a reasonable time1 she concluded that it was no business of hers1 and that it would be a nuisance1 having friends living in the same house with one1 if one could not be left alone for a day without their seeing a mystery in it4 ,late in the afternoon she went out to pay some visits4 ,it was ,mme4 de ,kerbec's day4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle had rather a horror of 8days10 but she was pretty regular in attending this one4 ,mme4 de ,kerbec was very particular about people calling on her day1 and apt to take offence if they neglected it4 ,to her it was the grand recurring opportunity of her life4 ,she loved dress with a passionate love1 tenderly1 humanly2 and her day was an opportunity for doing it honor1 making a kind of feast to it4 ,this was a trial to some of her friends2 they felt obliged to respond to the challenge and come always finely dressed1 and many were not inclined to don their first-best costumes on so ordinary an occasion4 ,people1 however1 like ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 who had passed the age when society exacted this kind of homage from them1 found great amusement in looking at the fine fashions1 laughing at them very often1 and at the mistress of the house1 who1 fat1 fifty1 and not fair1 sat on her crimson satin sofa1 with the latest and most magnificent costume spread out over it4 ,to-day she was gorgeous in a ,bismarck-en-colre moire antique1 so trimmed that the original material nearly disappeared under elaborate passementerie1 lace1 and fringe4 ,nothing pleased her like being complimented on her dress2 and ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 though she was fond of snubbing people when they deserved it1 was fond1 too1 of pleasing them1 and occasionally gratified this weakness of ,captain ,jack4 8,how beautiful ,mme4 de ,kerbec's dress looks60 said some one1 breaking a pause in the languishing conversation4 8,that's because it is beautiful10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle in her literal way4 8,where do you get those splendid costumes1 countess8 ,one does not know which to wonder at most1 their magnificence or their variety4 ,i suspect you have a ,titania who works some time of the night weaving those lovely silks and making them up into costumes40 8,oh6 no10 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec gravely4 8,i never would keep my maid up of a night working1 and ,i always tell the dressmaker that ,i would rather wait any time than have her keep those poor girls up all night at my dresses2 but ,i dare say she does it all the same--they are so selfish1 that class of people40 8,will you tell me the class that is not selfish80 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 but she happened to catch ,mr4 ,kingspring's eye1 and there was a dangerous twinkle in it which made her look quickly away and observe that there would be a fine display of dresses at the ball to-night1 no doubt4 8,yes1 ,i should think there would be10 said ,mme4 de ,kerbec1 composing her countenance1 as she always did when dress was spoken of1 assuming that peculiar gravity of manner which many people put on when anything connected with the life to come is mentioned4 8,it is a pity you don't go to the ,tuileries1 countess10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring2 8you would cut them all out with your dress40 8,it is a pity in one way10 she replied2 8but one has a principle or one has not4 ,it would make no end of a scandal if we were to be seen at this court4 ,the count would never be forgiven by the faubourg2 and ,i have to consider his position before my own pleasure40 8,of course1 certainly10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring4 8,it is to be an unusually brilliant affair to-night2 the ,redacres are going1 ,i believe10 some one remarked4 8,i fancy not2 the colonel is not well10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,the young ladies are going with ,mme4 ,lopold10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring4 8,i met her just now1 and she told me ,mrs4 ,redacre had written to ask her to chaperone them1 as their father would not go40 ,mrs4 ,monteagle looked at ,mr4 ,kingspring as he announced this1 and she fancied there was a glance of answering intelligence in his eyes4 8,the colonel is not seriously ill80 inquired ,mme4 de ,kerbec1 who was rather proud of her intimacy with the ,redacres4 8,he's not ill at all10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring4 8,then why is he sending his daughters to the ball with ,mme4 ,lopold80 8,i really can't say1 unless it be that he is not in a humor to go2 a man does not always feel inclined to go to a ball1 especially a man like ,redacre40 8,ah6 to be sure4 ,balaklava is a constant trial to him1 poor1 dear man60 sighed ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 8,have you seen him lately80 inquired ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,yes10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring4 8,i turned in there this morning for a moment4 ,what does ,m4 de ,kerbec say of the #8situation1' as they call it8 ,does he think we shall have war80 ,this was to ,mme4 de ,kerbec4 8,he never tells me what he thinks10 said the lady in an aggrieved tone4 8,i have1 in fact1 given up asking him4 ,he only cares to talk politics with men2 that is the way with most of you40 ,mrs4 ,monteagle began to be seriously mystified4 ,this sudden interest in ,m4 de ,kerbec's view of the situation did not deceive her4 ,mr4 ,kingspring evidently had turned off the conversation from ,col4 ,redacre on purpose4 ,and why8 ,she was not a meddling person or touchy1 but really it was enough to set her wondering1 this odd behavior of the ,redacres4 ,they were distinctly keeping her out of the way while ,mr4 ,kingspring was allowed to come in6 ,and then ,mrs4 ,redacre writing to ,mme4 ,lopold to chaperone the girls to-night6 ,what did it all mean8 ,suddenly it flashed on her that they were anxious to bring about a marriage between ,pearl and ,lon1 and had seized on the ball to-night as an opportunity for suggesting the same idea to the ,lopolds4 ,on the other hand1 this was such a thoroughly un-,english way of proceeding that it was hardly fair to suspect the ,redacres of adopting it4 ,pearl1 too1 was the last girl she knew who would be likely to fall in with such ,french manuvring4 ,altogether it was puzzling4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle was angry with ,mr4 ,kingspring1 turned her back on him1 and began to converse with a ,french lady near her4 ,people were dropping in in ones and twos1 and ,mme4 de ,kerbec was in high delight1 sweeping her glittering train behind her as she rose to greet each new-comer4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle took advantage of one of these triumphant moments to say good-by1 and1 without casting a glance on the offending ,kingspring1 made her exit4 ,just as she reached her own porte cochre ,mr4 ,kingspring overtook her4 8,are you going in to see the ,redacres80 he said4 8,no2 ,mrs4 ,redacre sent me word that she hoped ,i would go to-morrow1 which meant evidently that ,i was not to go to-day40 8,if ,i were you ,i would not mind that2 ,i would go at once4 ,you are their oldest friend here2 they will be the better for seeing you40 8,there is something amiss1 then80 ,and ,mrs4 ,monteagle forgot her grievance in real concern4 8,there is4 ,i can't tell you any more4 ,they will tell you themselves2 you had better go in and see them40 ,he shook hands and hurried away1 fearing to say more if he loitered with her4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle went slowly up to the entresol1 and1 after an interval of hesitation1 she pulled the bell4 8,the idea of my being nervous at pulling ,alice ,redacre's bell60 she said to herself4 ,it was answered quickly4 8,madame ne reoit pas aujourd'hui10 said the servant4 8,she is not well80 8,madame is a little indisposed2 ,m4 le ,colonel also40 ,mrs4 ,monteagle left her compliments and regrets1 and went on her way up-stairs4 8,it is quite clear they do not wish to see me10 was her comment4 8,what can it mean8 ,it looks odd--it is odd10 she added1 correcting herself1 as she was in the habit of doing to other people for the same inaccurate mode of speech4 ,great was her surprise an hour later to see the two girls going out on horseback1 accompanied by an old general officer who sometimes replaced their father in this way4 ,would they also go to the ball1 in spite of the something that was amiss8 ,they always ran up to show themselves to ,mrs4 ,monteagle in their ball-dress whenever they went out2 but she did not expect they would do so this evening4 ,at nine o'clock1 however1 there was a ring1 and in they came4 ,pearl looked sad1 though there was no sign of tears in her face2 but ,polly looked1 as she always did on occasions like this1 a vision of triumphant beauty4 ,her blue-black eyes were all aglow with soft1 tender lightnings1 her curved red lips parted1 her delicate skin bright as tinted alabaster4 ,if the combined misfortunes of life had fallen on her as she stood there in her exulting loveliness1 ,polly might have defied them4 ,she looked a creature born to happiness1 buoyant1 supple1 invulnerable2 you might as well have tried to hurt the mounting flame by sticking pins in it as to quench the glory of her youth in that royally beautiful maiden4 8,does she not look pretty80 said ,pearl1 surveying the young queen proudly4 8,she is pretty1 you vain puss60 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,but why do you always wear white1 my dear8 ,pink would suit your brown eyes better1 eh80 8,white is ,polly's color1 and any color does for me10 said ,pearl4 8,papa likes us to dress alike10 said ,polly2 8and pink does not go very well with my hair40 8,tut1 nonsense1 child6 ,duckady mud would go well with your hair10 said the old lady4 8,but ,pearl spoils you--that's what it is40 8,she does indeed60 said ,polly heartily1 and she twined her lovely arms around ,pearl and kissed her4 ,a voice came from the stairs announcing that ,mme4 ,lopold's carriage was at the door4 ,the two girls kissed ,mrs4 ,monteagle and hurried away1 looking very like a couple of swans as they floated off with their waves of white tulle round them4 8,come up early to-morrow morning and tell me all about it10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle in a sotto voce to ,pearl2 8of course it will be settled to-night40 ,pearl blushed up1 and there was a sudden look of distress on her face as with an exclamation of protest she hastened after ,polly4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,captain ,,leopold ,,introduces ,,his ,,friend4 ,blanche ,lopold was in great delight at having ,pearl and ,polly with her4 8,we are just like three sisters1 are not we1 petite maman80 she said1 as they lightly tossed their skirts over each other so as not to crush them4 8,exactly1 chres enfants60 said ,mme4 ,lopold1 with a smile at both her protges2 but it was ,pearl's hand she pressed1 it was ,pearl's forehead that she stooped to kiss1 in answer to ,blanche's appeal4 8,is ,m4 ,lon to be at the ball80 inquired ,polly4 8,of course he is6 ,what a question1 you wicked child60 said ,lon's mother2 and then she turned to ,pearl and laughed1 and pressed her hand again4 ,pearl's cheeks were burning like two live coals1 but nobody saw this in the dim light of the carriage4 8,i thought he was on duty at the ,etat ,major this evening80 persisted terrible ,polly4 8,so he was1 but he contrived to get off10 said ,blanche4 8,a higher duty called him to the ,tuileries to-night10 said his mother4 8,oh6 the emperor has named him on his staff8 ,how glad ,i am60 said ,polly1 and ,pearl longed to choke her4 8,yes1 it will be very nice for you to have him in the emperor's service10 went on the incorrigible ,polly1 as innocent as a babe of any mischievous intentions4 8,you are sure to be asked to the ,petits ,lundis now2 and we shall enjoy them more for having you all there4 ,are you very deep in engagements to-night1 ,blanche80 ,they compared notes and discussed partners till they drew up before the palace2 that is to say1 ,blanche and ,polly did4 ,pearl lay back very silent all the way1 and when they alighted ,mme4 ,lopold noticed that she was very pale and seemed provokingly out of tune with the gay scene4 ,who that has ever beheld it can forget how gay it was1 that brilliant gathering in the old palace8--the blaze of light1 the flashing uniforms1 the splendidly-attired women1 all the stars of fashion and wealth forming a dazzling galaxy round the beautiful ,spaniard's throne1 she herself the centre of the firmament1 outshining all in grace and beauty and magnificence of attire4 8,there is ,lon60 cried ,blanche the moment they entered the ,salle des ,marchaux4 ,and ,lon1 obeying the magnetic attraction that we all know of1 suddenly turned round1 and1 across the crowd of 8fair women and brave men10 espied his mother and her maidens1 and at once made towards them4 ,he was very striking in his picturesque hussar uniform with its hanging dolman4 8,il n'est pas trop mal1 mon fils80 said ,mme4 ,lopold1 glancing from him to ,pearl and smiling at the latter4 ,but ,pearl made no answer1 only crimsoned and looked away4 8,how late you are60 exclaimed ,lon4 8,i have been on the watch for you this last hour4 ,are you all engaged1 mesdemoiselles80 bowing in one sweep to the three young ladies4 ,they all were1 but their partners were not to the fore yet1 and they might not meet for a long time4 8,les absents ont toujours tort10 said ,lon2 8so ,i claim the privilege of replacing one of them40 ,it was to ,polly he spoke2 she responded by holding out her hand1 and in a moment they were wheeling along in a waltz4 8,that is a bit of masculine coquetry2 he fancies he will make somebody jealous10 said ,mme4 ,lopold1 trying to look as if the joke amused her very much2 but she was really annoyed with ,lon4 ,pearl set her face like a flint this time1 and1 without blushing happily1 looked about her with an unconcerned air4 ,she and ,blanche were not left long waiting4 ,partners quickly found them out1 and came up in a body1 quarrelling over their claim to priority4 ,before ,pearl had come to a decision ,mr4 ,kingspring was at her elbow1 and proclaimed his right to the first quadrille over all comers4 ,she caught at this with avidity and hurried away with him4 8,how ,i hate being here to-night60 she said when they were out of ,mme4 ,lopold's hearing4 8,i can't imagine why mamma insisted on our coming4 ,you could tell me if you liked80 ,mr4 ,kingspring was taken aback by this direct appeal4 ,he was very fond of ,pearl1 and she treated him with a sisterly sans faon that he was proud of4 ,they were friends1 in fact4 ,he might easily put her off with some platitude or prevarication now1 but he felt this would not be acting as a loyal friend4 8,is it fair of you to ask me8 ,if your father has not let you into his confidence yet1 it would not be honorable in me to do so4 ,it would not be acting as one gentleman should towards another4 ,you would not have me do this8 ,you would not have one whom you call your friend act otherwise than as a gentleman80 8,i can't imagine why there should be a mystery about it10 sighed ,pearl4 8,if anybody was dead1 we should not have been sent to a ball1 ,i suppose80 ,mr4 ,kingspring coughed and muttered a vague assent4 8,is ,cousin ,darrell dead80 asked ,pearl abruptly4 8,no1 no2 it is nothing about ,darrell40 8,is it anything about money80 8,well1 perhaps it may be2 but ,i hope not4 ,i mean ,i hope it will turn out a mistake40 8,mamma was crying this morning10 said ,pearl2 8she does not cry for nothing40 8,i hope there may be no real cause for her tears4 ,i believe myself there is not40 8,papa was in a dreadful state10 continued ,pearl4 8,i heard him storming in his study for more than an hour4 ,was it about a letter he got from ,england80 8,there was a letter4 ,but don't cross-examine me2 don't1 ,pearl4 ,it is not fair1 and ,i really must not speak40 ,pearl never remembered him calling her by her name before1 though he declared he used to do so when she was a baby4 8,to think of their insisting on our coming here to-night when there is this horrible anxiety at home60 she said1 and her eyes began to fill in spite of her4 8,there is no certain cause for it so far10 protested ,mr4 ,kingspring4 8,don't worry till you know there is real cause for it2 there is no use in saying good-morrow to the devil till you meet him4 ,let us take a turn with the waltzers2 you have done me out of my quadrille40 ,they took a few turns down the long gallery1 now densely crowded1 and then he stopped to let her rest4 8,who is that ,polly is dancing with80 said ,pearl1 as she spied her sister in the distance with a tall1 distinguished-looking man in the uniform of the hussars4 8,i don't know2 probably some fellow ,lopold has introduced40 ,while they were still standing in the embrasure of a window ,lon came up4 8,may ,i claim the honor of a dance1 mademoiselle80 he said1 doubling himself in two before ,pearl4 8,i don't feel a bit in the mood for dancing10 said ,pearl1 8the rooms are so hot and so dreadfully crowded4 ,do you know who that is that my sister is waltzing with80 8,captain ,darvallon1 one of the most distinguished officers in the service1 and quite the best fellow ,i know2 he is a great friend of mine40 8,then it was you who introduced him to her80 8,i was proud to procure him that honor40 8,poor devil60 said ,mr4 ,kingspring4 8,i suspect you have done for him2 if he has such a thing as a heart he will go home a miserable man to-night4 ,i never saw ,mlle4 ,polly looking so unmercifully pretty4 ,d',arres-,vallon you say his name is8 ,does he spell it in one word or two8 ,i used to know two families of that name2 one spelt it ,d',arvalhon1 the other ,d',arres-,vallon4 ,which is his80 8,neither2 he writes it in one word with a big ,d2 he does not boast the noble particule40 8,then he is a man of no family80 8,none whatever4 ,he is what we call the son of his works2 he has risen in his profession by sheer force of intelligence and moral worth4 ,there is not an officer in the army more respected than ,darvallon40 ,pearl looked again at ,polly's partner1 and he struck her as still more prepossessing than at the first glance4 8,amongst military men ,i can imagine its making no difference2 but socially his low birth must subject him to disagreeables now and then10 observed ,mr4 ,kingspring1 following the direction of ,pearl's eyes1 and surveying the hussar with the sort of interest one bestows on a curious variety of animal new to one's experience4 8,the man who would subject ,darvallon to anything of the sort would be either a fool or a snob10 replied ,lon coldly4 8,i suppose there are plenty of both going about the world2 but men like ,darvallon have a sort of charm that keeps them at a distance40 ,mr4 ,kingspring felt that this remark addressed to him was not that of a perfect gentleman2 it sounded too like a snub4 ,but the ,lopolds1 as ,mme4 de ,kerbec said1 were after all only ,empire people1 ,lon's grandfather having been made a baron by the first ,napoleon4 ,pearl admired ,lon for standing up so bravely for his friend2 there was that in her which responded instinctively to everything noble1 even when it was violently against her own opinions or sympathies4 8,he must be a nice man1 as well as clever10 she said4 8,introduce him to me when he has finished his waltz with my sister40 8,reward me beforehand for that act of generosity by finishing the waltz with me10 said ,lon4 ,and ,pearl did1 ,mr4 ,kingspring being left alone to meditate on the low ideas of modern ,frenchmen and the strange inconsistencies of well-born ,english maidens4 8,mademoiselle1 may ,i have the honor of presenting to you my friend and brother officer1 ,captain ,darvallon80 ,m4 ,darvallon bowed low1 and when he looked up ,pearl's soft brown eyes met his with a glance of interest so full and frank that1 if he had been a coxcomb1 he might have flattered himself he had slain her on the spot4 ,polly was a little tired and said she wanted an ice1 so ,lon offered her his arm to the buffet1 and ,pearl followed with her new acquaintance4 ,he was a tall1 powerfully-built man1 with a ,gothic head set on broad shoulders1 and long1 well-bred hands and feet4 ,judging from his hands and feet1 ,captain ,darvallon might have had the blood of the ,montmorencis in him2 not that he needed this cachet of distinction to redeem his appearance otherwise or stamp him outwardly as a gentleman4 ,pearl1 even in the distance1 had singled him out as somebody above the common4 ,his head1 massive as it was1 had nothing coarse about it2 his features1 without being handsome1 were marked by an expression of energy1 intelligence1 and refinement that impressed you more than mere good looks2 and though the prominent characteristic of his whole appearance was power1 it was too tempered by gentleness to be alarming or repulsive4 ,an array of stars and crosses on his breast bore witness to his prowess on the field1 but his manner had borrowed no tinge of soldierly roughness from the camp2 it was1 on the contrary1 marked by a courtesy towards the fair sex rare enough in these days1 when the independence of women who have rights is too often pleaded as an excuse for forgetting that they still have privileges4 8,what a crowd there is to-night60 said ,pearl4 ,it was a silly remark1 but she wanted to say something that would put her companion at his ease4 ,it was the first time that she had been in the company of a man who had risen from the ranks1 and she fancied the experience on his side must be novel enough1 too1 to be embarrassing4 8,just at this point the crush is rather great2 but ,i don't think the rooms are more crowded than usual4 ,is it your first ball1 mademoiselle80 8,oh6 no2 ,i came out last season in ,london4 ,you have never been to ,england1 monsieur80 8,pardon me2 ,i spent five months there three years ago40 8,indeed6 ,and did you think it a horrible place8 ,was it raining all the time80 8,no2 it behaved very well in that respect1 and ,i liked the country very much1 and ,london especially2 perhaps it was owing in a measure to all the kindness ,i received there40 ,pearl wondered who the people were who had shown him so much kindness2 good-natured middle-class people1 no doubt1 who thought it rather fine to have a ,french officer to entertain4 8,the ,english understand the virtue of hospitality in a charming way10 continued ,m4 ,darvallon2 8the mere fact of your being a stranger opens every door to you40 8,whereas in ,france it shuts them80 said ,pearl4 8,i am sorry if that is your experience of us1 mademoiselle40 8,i don't say that2 ,i only thought you meant to say so4 ,but it is true2 we are fond of foreigners in ,england40 8,nothing is more delightful1 certainly1 than the way in which you make them welcome4 ,i was staying at our embassy--,i went over with the ,comte ,x---- as military attach--but it was merely a kind of nominal headquarters2 ,i spent most of the time in the houses of ,english people4 ,the ,duke of ,s---- was particularly kind to me4 ,i had known his brother in the ,crimea1 and he made this a pretext for receiving me as an old friend2 so did ,lord ,b----4 ,i spent two days at his place on the ,thames4 ,what a little paradise it is6 ,the grounds and the house and the view combine to make it a perfect ,eden4 ,some of the country places of your old aristocracy are the most magnificent residences in the world1 ,i suppose2 but they are so home-like1 there is such a genial atmosphere in them1 that one is not oppressed by the magnificence40 8,i am glad to hear you say so2 one so often hears foreigners complain of our morgue and stiffness40 8,i saw none of it40 8,did you visit any of our palaces80 8,yes2 ,st4 ,james and ,buckingham ,i saw at once1 of course4 ,but ,windsor is glorious4 ,we have nothing like ,windsor in ,france4 ,i have seen the finest palaces in ,europe1 and to my mind ,windsor is the most beautiful of all4 ,there is such a prestige of historic interest about it1 added to its artistic beauty2 then the grounds and the surrounding country are so beautiful4 ,nature and art have put forth their best to make it a worthy abode of royalty40 8,and our royalties--did you approve of them1 too80 8,most highly10 said ,m4 ,darvallon1 smiling2 8they are excellent hosts1 since we are on the subject of hospitality4 ,no one is overlooked4 ,la ,reine ,victoria has in a high degree that royal faculty of making all her guests1 from the highest to the humblest1 feel that they are duly noticed in her salon40 ,so these were the middle-class people who had been ostentatiously civil to the ,french officer4 ,pearl was laughing to herself at the false hit she had made1 and also at her foolish idea that he needed to be encouraged to be put at his ease4 ,it was impossible to be more entirely simple and free from all shyness and affectation than he was4 ,they had reached the buffet now1 and ,lon and ,polly were pushing their way to get next to them4 ,this was not so difficult1 for the crowd fell back1 as it instinctively does for all royalties1 and made way for ,polly as she advanced4 ,pearl looked up at her companion1 and saw his eyes fixed on her sister with an expression of admiration so unfeigned1 and so full of respect at the same time1 that she felt quite tenderly toward the stalwart hussar4 8,monsieur le ,capitaine10 said ,polly1 as soon as they all came together round the ices1 8he insists that it was you who took ,sebastopol all by yourself60 8,voyons1 ,lopold1 don't push modesty too far10 protested ,m4 ,darvallon4 8,you lent me a hand2 he did1 ,i assure you1 mademoiselle40 8,don't believe him2 he is a flatterer4 ,it is a trick he learned at courts10 said ,lon1 and his solemn black eyes stared ,darvallon full in the face without a smile2 but ,pearl detected an expression of almost feminine fondness in them as they met the gray eyes looking down on him4 8,i don't believe either of you took it10 she said1 with saucy defiance2 8it was my papa who took it4 ,did ,m4 ,lopold tell you our father is a soldier too1 and that he lost a leg at ,balaklava80 8,col4 ,redacre's name and valor were known to us all in the ,crimea1 mademoiselle10 said ,m4 ,darvallon1 bowing deferentially4 ,both the girls blushed with pleasure1 and turned a smile of fullest approbation on the speaker4 8,i told you he was a flatterer10 said ,lon4 ,before ,m4 ,darvallon could enter a protest some one spoke from behind him4 8,i say1 ,lopold1 you are going to catch it for staying away from your mother so long with these young ladies4 ,she's very angry with you40 8,it's no fault of ,m4 ,lon's10 said ,polly4 8,we stayed ourselves1 dancing2 that's what we came for40 8,we had better go back to my mother and make an acte de prsence10 said ,lon4 8,where is she1 ,kingspring80 8,where you left her1 in the ,salle du ,trne4 ,i have just conducted ,mlle4 ,blanche there after waltzing with her40 ,mr4 ,kingspring moved towards ,pearl1 as if he expected to conduct her back2 but ,m4 ,darvallon proffered his arm1 and she took it4 ,on their way through the long ball-room they met ,blanche waltzing down on them with a slim1 sallow-faced partner1 of the type that ,polly called 8scrubby40 ,the partners pulled up1 and then she saw that ,blanche was radiant with smiles1 and listening with delighted attention to whatever the scrubby man was saying4 8,qui est ce monsieur80 ,polly inquired of ,lon4 8,that monsieur is the ,marquis de ,cholcourt1 the greatest parti in ,france just now40 8,is he amusing80 8,i really don't know4 ,i shouldn't say he was1 to look at him40 8,blanche is listening to him as if she thought him so40 ,lon made no remark1 and they went on till they reached the ,salle du ,trne4 ,there they saw ,mme4 ,lopold1 just where they had left her2 but she had risen from her velvet seat1 and was expostulating in an excited manner with ,m4 ,lopold1 who had just joined her1 and who seemed vainly endeavoring to pacify her4 ,madame shook her head1 and opened and shut her fan1 talking all the time volubly1 and with a countenance disturbed by no pleasant emotion4 ,when she caught sight of ,lon and his companion she became suddenly silent1 and awaited their approach with an air of grave displeasure4 8,mesdemoiselles1 you forget you are not in ,england2 you must know that it is not the custom here10 she began2 but the good-natured deputy cut short the scolding1 and broke out into compliments to the two delinquents3 they were the stars of the ,imperial firmament to-night2 every ,french girl in the room was dying with jealousy1 etc4 ,mme4 ,lopold was not sorry to have their attention drawn away from herself for the moment1 and while this bantering went on with ,pearl and ,polly she said in a sotto voce to ,lon3 8,my son1 you have behaved with criminal imprudence4 ,have you said anything to compromise you8 ,tell me the truth40 8,compromise6 ,what on earth do you mean1 mother80 said ,lon in amazement4 8,i have spoken to no one but these two young ladies40 8,that is just it6 ,you have been parading yourself with ,pearl for the last hour4 ,have you said anything to lead her to hope--0 ,lon began to understand1 and the look of indignant surprise that answered his mother completely reassured her4 8,thank ,heaven60 she muttered under her breath4 8,i knew you were incapable of it1 my son1 but--0 ,lon did not wait to hear more2 he abruptly turned away1 fearful lest ,pearl should have overheard his mother's offensive insinuations2 but a glance at her face showed him she had heard nothing4 8,are you engaged for the cotillon1 mademoiselle80 he said4 8,no40 8,then may ,i claim your hand for it80 8,good gracious1 my son6 you are not so selfish as to want to keep me here till four in the morning8 ,i am worn out already--,i am indeed10 protested the terrified mother1 whom her son and everybody else knew to be simply indefatigable when the duty to society was in question4 8,pray don't let us detain you here1 madame10 said ,polly with a certain asperity2 8we shall be glad to go the moment you feel inclined40 ,she saw that a change had come over their chaperon1 and she was annoyed at the way she snapped at ,lon about the cotillon4 8,is it indeed true8 ,you would not mind coming away now8 ,i am so exhausted by the heat6 ,i never knew the palace so overheated4 ,but ,marguerite wishes to remain for the cotillon80 8,i have not the least wish to remain for it1 madame10 said ,pearl2 the sudden change from affectionate familiarity to being called 8,marguerite0 showed that she had in some way incurred ,mme4 ,lopold's displeasure4 8,then let us come10 said that lady1 signing to her husband to give his arm4 8,and ,blanche80 said ,lon4 8,good gracious6 ,it shows how ill ,i am that ,i could have forgotten her4 ,where is she8 ,it appears that ,english manners are la mode everywhere to-night4 ,why is your sister so long away from me8 ,who is she with80 8,i saw her dancing with ,m4 de ,cholcourt2 but it is some time ago10 said ,m4 ,darvallon4 8,she was dancing with him again then1 five minutes ago10 said ,polly4 8,m4 de ,cholcourt60 repeated ,mme4 ,lopold in a tone of unmistakable satisfaction4 8,are you sure80 8,m4 ,lon told me that was his name10 said ,polly4 8,i asked him because ,blanche seemed particularly to enjoy his conversation40 8,dear child6 ,i am glad she is amused4 ,i wonder if she has made an engagement for the cotillon80 ,this was said interrogatively to the two girls and the two gentlemen with them4 ,nobody knew4 ,meantime1 ,lon had gone in pursuit of ,blanche1 and it was not long before he returned with her4 ,she looked angry4 8,what is the matter with you1 mamma80 8,chrie1 ,i am rather tired to-night1 and these good children are anxious to get home40 8,it was hardly worth coming to go away so soon10 said ,blanche1 8and ,i have made an engagement for the cotillon40 8,with whom80 8,the ,marquis de ,cholcourt40 8,ha6 ,my dear child1 ,i am always ready to sacrifice myself to your pleasure4444 ,if your young friends don't mind waiting1 ,i will stay for the cotillon40 8,pardon1 ma mre10 said ,lon1 8,blanche prefers your comfort to her amusement2 she will go home now40 8,my son1 you should consider your sister4 ,if she has made an engagement44440 8,i will make her excuses to ,cholcourt40 ,mme4 ,lopold looked exceeding displeased1 and tried to convey the full motives of her displeasure to ,lon through her eyes4 ,but ,lon would not see it4 ,blanche saw there was a conflict between the two1 and she sided with her brother4 8,yes1 you will tell ,m4 de ,cholcourt10 she said4 8,we had better go at once1 mamma1 as you are not well40 8,what an angel she is60 said the enraged mother1 swallowing her vexation under the fondest smile4 ,the drive home was performed almost in silence4 ,mme4 ,lopold lay back with a pretence of utter exhaustion1 and never said a word4 ,blanche and ,polly sat opposite1 and had a little confidential talk to themselves4 8,is he nice1 that marquis who was dancing with you80 inquired ,polly4 8,nice6 ,he is the greatest parti in all ,france4 ,he is heir to the dukedom1 and he has a fortune now of two hundred and fifty thousand francs a year2 besides that he is heir to his aunt1 who has enormous property in the south2 and ,i believe1 only ,i am not sure1 that the ,comtesse de ,v---- has left all the family diamonds to him--just think60 ,blanche summed up all this in a voluble whisper to her friend4 8,what a catch he will be60 said ,polly4 8,i hope he may fall in love with you1 ,blanche40 8,pas tant de chance1 ma chre2 my dot will be a drop compared to ,m4 de ,cholcourt's4 ,i have not the ghost of a chance of making a marriage like that40 ,and the young ,french girl sighed4 8,he might fall in love with you10 suggested ,polly4 8,his family would never allow him40 ,they drew up at ,colonel ,redacre's door1 and the two girls1 thanking ,mme4 ,lopold for her kindness1 wished her and ,blanche good-night4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at a preternaturally early hour next morning ,mme4 ,lopold presented herself at ,mrs4 ,monteagle's4 8,i make no apologies10 she said on being admitted into that lady's dressing-room4 8,the case is so urgent that ,i could not delay an hour4 ,did you speak yesterday to the ,redacres about that absurd idea of mine80 8,you mean did ,i offer your son's hand to ,pearl80 8,oh6 you have done it4 ,we are compromised60 exclaimed ,mme4 ,lopold in despair4 8,console yourself1 madame2 ,i had not an opportunity of doing your commission--0 8,you have said nothing6 ,i thank ,heaven6 ,then indeed we have had a narrow escape4 ,my son is so chivalrous there is no saying what folly he might have committed had he known it40 8,known what80 8,that ,i had asked ,pearl in marriage for him4 ,happily1 he has not the faintest suspicion of anything4 ,but ,i am heartily sorry for the poor child10 continued ,mme4 ,lopold1 finding room in her heart to pity ,pearl the moment her terrors for ,lon were allayed4 8,i feel deeply for her4 ,the disappointment will be a terrible blow1 she is so much in love with my son4 ,that is the dreadful part of your ,english way of doing things2 but it is no fault of mine40 8,ha6 ha6 ha60 laughed ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,a terrible blow to ,pearl1 you say8 ,my good lady1 take comfort2 ,pearl is perfectly heart-whole4 ,your son is the only person to be pitied in the affair4 ,ha6 ha6 ha6 ,capital6 ,so you thought ,pearl was in love with him8 ,what an excellent joke60 ,mme4 ,lopold did not see the joke1 and was deeply offended by this manner of treating the matter4 8,i see nothing surprising in the fact of my son's inspiring a sentiment10 she replied4 8,you yourself seemed of that opinion yesterday4 ,as to ,lon1 he could not deny it when ,i put it to him2 he had to admit that it was true40 8,true that ,miss ,redacre had a passion malheureuse for him8 ,he says so1 does he8 ,then ,i heartily congratulate ,pearl on escaping him10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 bridling with the spirit of a gentlewoman and a loyal friend4 8,i thought your son was a gentleman2 it seems he is a cowardly coxcomb40 8,madame60 ,mme4 ,lopold stood up in wrath4 8,i sincerely congratulate my young friend on escaping such a husband60 8,you mean to insult me80 8,i mean to speak my mind4 ,i am sorry if it insults you2 but you may tell your son from me1 madame1 he is stating what is false when he says that ,miss ,redacre is in love with him3 it is a delusion of his own vanity40 8,he never said it10 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,when ,i said so he did not deny it2 he feigned not to believe it2 but when ,i persisted in affirming it he spoke in the kindest terms of ,miss ,redacre1 and declared he was ready to make any sacrifice of his own inclination and happiness if it was necessary to--0 8,pray tell him nothing of the sort is necessary4 ,i am sure it is most kind of him10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle with a contemptuous chuckle4 8,he never will have the luck to get such a wife2 he is not worthy of her40 8,madame60 8,but since we are on the subject1 may ,i ask why you have so suddenly changed your views about this marriage80 8,have you not heard8 ,they are ruined40 8,who8 ,the ,redacres80 8,yes4 ,is it possible you have not heard of it80 ,mrs4 ,monteagle stared at ,mme4 ,lopold with a troubled countenance for a moment4 8,sit down1 ,i beg of you1 and tell me what all this means10 she said1 her tone changed in a second from anger to one of intense and painful interest4 ,mme4 ,lopold was not sorry for the change as regarded her share in it2 she did not want to quarrel with ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 and she felt that the wrong had been on her own side4 ,she sat down and told all she knew4 ,it seemed that a letter had arrived on the previous day1 by the early post1 with news of the death of some person1 who by dying in this sudden way let ,colonel ,redacre in for an enormous sum of money--in fact1 utterly ruined him4 ,this was all that ,mme4 ,lopold knew4 ,who the man was1 or how the money was gone1 she had not heard2 but the main fact was positively true4 ,m4 ,lopold heard it from ,m4 de ,kerbec1 who knew more than he liked to tell2 ,mme4 ,lopold had heard it from her husband at the ball last night4 ,mr4 ,kingspring knew it too2 he had been to see the ,redacres in the morning4 ,apparently they wanted to keep the affair quiet for some little time1 and this was why the door was closed yesterday on the plea of the colonel's not being well4 8,and this was why they sent the girls to the ball1 no doubt10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,it is a most extraordinary affair4 ,do you know1 ,i am inclined to think there is some mistake4 ,i don't believe ,colonel ,redacre ever speculated to the extent of half a crown in his life2 in fact1 he had nothing to speculate with1 as he tells you himself2 the money is his wife's1 and that1 ,i know1 is bound up so that he could not touch it40 8,i know nothing except that in some way they are ruined10 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,the letter fell on them like a bombshell4 ,i am very sorry for them--very40 8,to me it is like a personal misfortune10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,and to think of their not sending for me at once6 ,how did ,m4 de ,kerbec hear it1 do you know8 ,but ,i tell you there is some mistake2 ,i feel certain there is4 ,those poor1 dear girls6 ,it is heartbreaking to think of them if this be true4 ,and the boys--what is to become of them80 8,boys always pull through somehow10 said ,mme4 ,lopold4 8,it is the girls that my heart bleeds for4 ,i suppose they will have to go out as governesses--,pearl at least4 ,polly's beauty would make it impossible for her to do anything2 no family would run the risk of letting that face in amongst them40 8,they shall never be asked to run the risk so long as ,i can prevent it10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle with a touch of her old asperity4 8,while ,i have a home those children have one40 8,that is real friendship2 it consoles me wonderfully to hear you say so1 chre madame40 ,mrs4 ,monteagle made no answer4 ,she was speculating on the possible truth of this story of sudden ruin1 and it occurred to her how mysterious ,mr4 ,kingspring had been on the subject of ,mrs4 ,redacre's not receiving the day before4 8,i will go down the moment ,i am dressed10 she said4 8,i can't lose an hour till ,i know the truth40 ,mme4 ,lopold rose to go4 8,have you breakfasted1 or will you stay and have a cup of tea with me80 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,thank you2 ,i had my coffee before ,i came out4 ,you will not mention that ,i have been here8 ,they think at home that ,i am gone to see my poor people2 ,i always go early1 because then they do not interfere with my day40 ,mrs4 ,monteagle hurried through her breakfast and went down to the entresol4 ,she was admitted at once4 8,what is this8 ,what does it all mean80 she said1 as ,mrs4 ,redacre1 who was not lying on the sofa1 but actively sorting letters at a table1 stood up with an exclamation of welcome and hastened to meet her4 ,the colonel was standing with his back to the fire4 8,it means this3 that we are beggared10 he said4 8,only for a few years1 ,hugh4 ,don't speak in that despairing way about things60 said his wife1 and she cast a look of tender entreaty at him4 8,tell me1 for goodness' sake1 what has happened10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,i hear that somebody has died and that you are ruined by their death40 8,that is about it10 said the colonel4 8,i put my name to a bill for #cj1jjj some five years ago1 and the man for whom ,i did it is dead1 and died a bankrupt1 leaving me to pay the money40 8,thirty thousand pounds60 repeated ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,we can pay it1 ,hugh1 and ,providence will come to our aid10 said his wife4 8,by sending us another income when every penny has gone to meet this bill80 8,i don't know how2 but trust me1 dearest1 help will come4 ,if only you won't break down under it6 ,what does poverty or anything matter so long as we are left to bear it together80 ,he made no answer1 but stooped down and gave the fire a savage poke4 8,what madness possessed you1 ,redacre8 ,i always thought you had a horror of speculation10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 her resentment against him rising at the sight of ,alice's gentle face of anguish4 8,it was no speculation10 said the wife quickly2 8he did it to oblige a friend4 ,any one would have done it in his place40 8,any fool would10 thought her friend1 but she said nothing4 8,fortunately we can meet it10 ,mrs4 ,redacre went on4 8,i thought at first that it might have been paid off at once with my fortune2 but it shows what a goose ,i am in practical things10 she said1 trying to laugh4 8,my money is so tied up that neither ,hugh nor ,i can alienate the capital2 all we can do is to surrender the income for a few years till the debt is paid off40 8,she means that we must raise the money to pay it off1 and pay back the loan by mortgaging our income for about ten years40 8,it may not be for half that time1 dearest4 ,providence may shorten the trial for us unexpectedly40 8,you mean that ,darrell may die4 ,he is more likely to bury us all4 ,those kind of men live for ever4 ,i am sure ,i don't want to hurry him away2 ,i have made a point of wishing him a long life4 ,you have always heard me say ,i hoped he might have a long life8 ,of course1 if the ,almighty saw fit to call him home1 ,i could not but feel that the loss would be also a gain to me--to you and the children1 that is2 for myself1 ,i count no man's money40 8,has he a very large property to leave80 inquired ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 ,col4 ,redacre talked very openly about his money affairs1 but in such a vague1 exaggerated way that one never knew what to believe about his prospects or his difficulties4 8,broom ,hollow is a glorious old place10 he said1 8but it brings in nothing2 that must come to me4 ,darrell himself is a rich man1 but he may leave his money to whom he pleases4 ,as likely as not he will leave it to pay off the national debt4 ,he is just the man to do a thing of that sort40 8,my dear ,hugh6 he told you himself that you were to be his heir2 that he had made his will and left you sole legatee60 said ,alice4 8,that's just it4 ,when a man tells you he has made his will in your favor1 be you sure you will never see a penny of his money4 ,i make a point of never believing what men say about their wills40 8,the dean is not the least likely to tell a falsehood1 dear1 even about his will10 said ,alice4 8,i don't say he is4 ,i never said he was not a truth-telling man2 but people have crotchety notions about wills4 ,however1 we are a long way off from the settling of that question1 ,i fear--that is to say1 ,i hope2 ,i devoutly hope the poor fellow may live for twenty years4 ,at the same time1 if the ,almighty sees good to call him to his reward sooner1 and that he leaves me his money1 he will do as good an action as he ever performed in his life40 8,have you written to him about this unfortunate business80 inquired ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,no4 ,i will worry nobody about it4 ,what is the use8 ,we are beggared1 and there is an end of it40 8,there is no use making things out worse than they are10 said his friend4 8,they are bad enough as it is2 but1 as ,alice says1 ,providence will pull you through somehow4 ,i may turn out of some use myself2 but we will come to those matters by and by4 ,the thing is1 ,what are you going to do now8 ,is it out of the question--your getting something to do8 ,you have friends who have influence2 so have ,i40 8,what could they do for me8 ,could they get me back my leg8 ,if it were not for ,balaklava ,i should not let this catastrophe cast me down a bit2 but it makes all the difference when a man has to face the world with one leg40 8,nonsense60 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,you have not half the sense ,i gave you credit for1 ,redacre4 ,what difference can it make1 your having one leg or two8 ,i don't expect you to enter an infantry regiment and go on the march4 ,there are appointments to be had where legs are not wanted at all4 ,my nephew1 ,percy ,danvers1 has an appointment of fifteen hundred pounds a year at the ,horse ,guards40 8,but ,danvers has both his legs80 8,but he doesn't write with his legs1 and the work he does is all writing40 8,how did he get the appointment80 8,his father got it for him4 ,and1 by the way1 he had no legs at all1 poor fellow2 he lost one in the ,crimea and the other in ,china4 ,and he used to joke about it1 and say that the loss of his legs was the best investment he ever made1 and the only one that paid regularly40 8,that's just it3 if a man loses both he is a hero2 if he loses only one he is a cripple4 ,balaklava never did anything for me but worry my life out40 8,that is a most excellent idea60 said ,mrs4 ,redacre1 turning with a look of sunny hopefulness to ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,i don't see why ,hugh should not get something at the ,horse ,guards4 ,we know so many old generals1 and some of them are influential1 and ,i am sure all our friends will be kind and anxious to help us4 ,hugh1 dear1 we must lose no time in seeing about this40 8,first of all1 we have got to pay this #cj1jjj4 ,when that is done1 it will be time to think of the other4 ,but with the government we have now ,i don't expect we would succeed4 ,they are a beggarly lot1 who toady all the self-made men1 as they call them--fellows who have risen ,heaven knows from what1 and to whom it is as well to throw a bone to stop their mouths4 ,i would see them farther before ,i asked a favor of them if ,i had my two legs to stand on40 8,where are the girls80 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 she was losing patience with these lamentations over the missing leg4 8,i sent them out for a ride before breakfast2 they may as well enjoy it while they can1 poor darlings60 ,and the mother's voice faltered a little4 8,have you told them80 8,not the whole terrible truth4 ,i prepared them for it yesterday a little1 and again this morning4 ,but they guess that worse is coming1 and they are very brave40 ,the noise of hoofs pattering under the porte cochre announced that the girls had come back4 ,in a few minutes they both entered the room4 ,the fair young things1 in their beautifully-fitting habits1 their complexions freshened by exercise in the morning air1 their features lighted up with the buoyancy of youth hitherto untouched by sorrow1 made a pathetic and striking contrast with the group they broke in upon--the father stern and irritable1 his fine face ploughed into sudden furrows of care1 the mother courageous and tender1 with undried tears on her cheeks4 ,pearl spied the tears at once1 and1 taking a bunch of violets out of her riding-habit1 she went and kissed the wet face lovingly and fastened the flowers in her mother's breast4 8,my darling6 ,have you had a nice ride80 8,yes2 but we had no heart to care about it4 ,i wish you would let us stay at home with you1 and not send us off to amuse ourselves while you are worried4 ,it is not kind of her1 is it1 ,mrs4 ,monteagle80 ,polly was standing at the table1 holding up her habit1 and looking from one to the other of them all1 with an expression of awakening terror in her large1 lustrous eyes4 8,i don't know what it all means10 she said4 8,is it very bad8 ,is it going to last long8 ,papa1 we are not babies2 you ought to tell us the truth40 8,i ought1 my dear2 but ,i have not the courage to do it4 ,ask your mother40 8,redacre1 you are a selfish brute60 burst out ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 glaring at him4 8,oh6 don't10 cried ,alice1 with a look at once imploring and angry4 8,of course it is my duty1 but ,i am such a coward60 ,she let her head fall on ,pearl's shoulder1 and sobbed aloud4 8,for ,god's sake1 ,alice1 don't give way60 cried her husband4 8,i can bear anything but that2 ,i can indeed1 my love4 ,it is quite true ,i am a selfish brute4 ,i ought not to have asked you to tell them4 ,come1 now1 don't6 ,it will all come right1 if you will only cheer up and help me to bear it40 ,and he went over and laid his hand on her shoulder4 8,help you to bear it60 repeated ,mrs4 ,monteagle2 but she checked herself as she met ,alice's eyes uplifted in supplication through her tears4 8,come with me both of you1 children10 said the old lady2 8,i know all about it now1 and ,i will tell you everything4 ,come1 and leave the colonel and your mother to themselves a little2 they were very busy when ,i came and interrupted them40 ,the two girls kissed ,alice with many a tender endearment1 and followed ,mrs4 ,monteagle up to her own apartment4 ,she told them the truth as gently as possible1 but without disguising anything4 8,then we have nothing at all to live on except papa's half-pay80 said ,polly1 her eyes wide open in dismay1 her lily-white hands lying motionless on her knees4 8,i fear not1 my dear child2 but ,i hope we will soon be able to get an appointment for him4 ,meantime you must not worry too much4 ,i have some money lying by that he can have and welcome2 he won't refuse me an old friend's privilege at a moment like this4 ,you must both do your very best to help him and your mother to bear it4 ,you will not let them see you cast down40 8,and the boys10 said ,pearl--8they must come home and grow up dunces2 that is the worst of all4 ,what is to become of the boys80 8,what is to become of any of us80 said ,polly4 8,what could have possessed papa to promise to pay such an enormous sum of money for any one8 ,it was very wicked of him40 ,and the big tears welled up and came streaming down the lovely face4 8,has he written to ,cousin ,darrell80 said ,pearl4 8,no10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,i asked him1 and he said he would not write2 that it would worry the dean40 8,but he might give us the money to pay this1 or some of it1 at any rate10 argued ,pearl4 8,i am certain he would2 since we are to have all his money by and by1 he would not refuse a portion of it now to do us such a service40 8,i would not be too sure of that1 dear ,pearl10 said her friend1 with a dubious shake of the head4 8,giving and bequeathing are very different things4 ,still1 ,i agree with you1 ,colonel ,redacre ought to write and tell your cousin the truth2 he owes that to the dean and to you all40 8,i will make him do it60 said ,polly1 brushing away the tear-drops and shaking back her head with a resolute air2 8and if he won't write1 ,i will40 8,you mustn't do it against papa's will1 ,polly10 said ,pearl1 a little frightened by this unexpected display of will4 ,polly had always had her own way hitherto without making any effort to get it4 8,i think we had better go down now10 she said1 not answering ,pearl's remark4 ,there was an energy in her manner and look that amazed ,mrs4 ,monteagle4 8,perhaps you had1 dears10 said their friend2 she was anxious to have a little private talk with ,pearl on other things1 but she did not venture to ask her pointedly to stay4 8,i will go to papa at once1 and tell him he must write to ,cousin ,darrell10 said ,polly2 and gathering up the folds of her long habit1 she walked away1 too absorbed in her own thoughts to say good-by or notice if ,pearl was following her4 ,mrs4 ,monteagle signed to ,pearl to stay4 ,the idea that this misfortune was weighted to ,pearl with a super-added individual sorrow had been in her friend's mind ever since ,mme4 ,lopold had announced the bad news to her4 ,when that lady declared so emphatically that ,pearl was attached to her son1 ,mrs4 ,monteagle had denied it and laughed to scorn the pretended compassion of the manuvring mother4 ,this was clearly her duty as a stanch friend1 whether she believed or not that ,pearl loved ,lon2 but1 indeed1 she so earnestly desired at the moment not to believe it that she concluded she did not1 that it was a delusion of ,lon's vanity or his mother's2 but now there recurred to her ,pearl's vivid blush at the mention of ,lon's name1 and her confusion when ,mme4 ,lopold was announced4 ,it was dreadful if the young heart was to set out on the rude battle of life with its bloom rubbed off and all its brightness quenched4 ,but though she had a true woman's heart1 ,mrs4 ,monteagle indulged little in sentiment4 ,if the mischief was done1 it must be undone as quickly as possible1 and ,pearl was a girl of rare sense4 8,my dear1 did ,lon ,lopold propose to you last night80 said the old lady when they were left alone4 8,no10 said ,pearl1 looking her straight in the face4 8,what put that into your head80 8,but he ought to do so1 ought he not8 ,he has been paying you a great deal of attention40 8,lon60 ,the old innocent laugh rang out in spite of all her trouble1 as ,pearl repeated in amazement1 8,lon80 8,and you really don't care for him80 8,not ,i1 and ,i should be very sorry to think that he cared for me2 but ,i am perfectly certain he does not4 ,if ,i were a pot de confiture he might40 8,you relieve me immensely1 my dear10 said ,mrs4 ,monteagle1 quite at rest now on the score of ,pearl's heart4 8,it would have been dreadful had you been in love with that young man40 8,it would indeed10 assented ,pearl4 8,i had better be going now2 ,i don't like leaving mamma alone--without me1 that is4 ,poor darling mamma1 if ,i could take some of the worry off her6 ,what are we to do8 ,i'm sure ,i don't know40 8,keep a cheerful spirit and a brave heart2 that is all you have to do for the present4 ,i promise you things will come right in good time40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,kingspring called very early1 and was closeted a long time with ,col4 ,redacre4 ,pearl met him in the hall as she was coming out of her father's study1 and whispered to him3 8,make papa write to ,cousin ,darrell40 ,mr4 ,kingspring nodded yes and went in4 ,it had got wind that the ,redacres were ruined1 and everybody was very sorry for them4 ,it was all conjecture yet how the ruin came about4 ,the general belief was that a banker with whom he had lodged his money had 8gone smash40 ,mr4 ,kingspring and ,m4 de ,kerbec were the only two who had known the truth from the first1 and they were not communicative as to details2 ,mr4 ,kingspring from innate discretion1 ,m4 de ,kerbec from friendly desire to shield ,col4 ,redacre from the ridicule which awaited a man imbecile enough to fool away his money by signing a bill4 8,no1 ,i can't write to ,darrell10 said ,col4 ,redacre in answer to ,mr4 ,kingspring's urgent advice that he should at once apply to his rich cousin4 8,darrell is a man who never did a foolish thing in his life1 and he despises people who do4 ,if he knew ,i had been idiot enough to put my name to a bill1 he would disinherit me for a fool2 he is a most eccentric fellow40 8,but he is sure to hear of it10 said ,mr4 ,kingspring1 8and he will be more likely to resent it if you seem trying to hide it from him40 8,i don't see that he need ever hear of it4 ,he never sees any one1 never writes to any one1 ,i believe1 except his medical man1 and his lawyer perhaps2 he leads the life of a hermit down there with his books4 ,if he does not hear of this miserable business from ourselves1 he is likely never to hear of it40 ,mr4 ,kingspring could not press the point after this4 ,pearl1 meantime1 was on the watch to catch him when he left the study1 and in answer to her eager 8,has he promised to write80 ,mr4 ,kingspring only replied1 8,no2 he says it would do no good2 and ,i think he is right40 ,pearl was disappointed1 and took the news to her sister1 who was awaiting it in her own room4 8,it is nothing but pride that prevents him10 said ,polly1 angry and impatient2 8it is cruel and selfish of papa to sacrifice us all to spare his own pride40 8,he is sacrificing himself as well as us10 said ,pearl2 8and ,i don't believe it is pride4 ,i am sure papa has some good reason for it2 he knows ,cousin ,darrell better than we do40 8,do you write to him10 said ,polly2 8he is your godfather1 and he pretends to be greatly interested in you4 ,tell him you will have to go out as a governess if he won't come to papa's help40 8,i could not write against papa's will10 said ,pearl4 8,stuff6 ,then ,i will40 ,and ,polly tossed back her head1 and her almond-shaped eyes had a light of dangerous wilfulness in them as she rose and went towards her writing-table4 8,o ,polly6 you must not do that2 papa would be so angry10 pleaded ,pearl4 8,he will forgive me when ,cousin ,darrell sends the money40 ,and ,polly sat down and opened her dainty blotting-book and prepared for action4 8,polly1 you sha'n't4 ,i will go and tell mamma of it4 ,i won't be a party to your defying papa in this way10 said ,pearl resolutely1 moving towards the door4 ,polly started up4 8,come back2 you need not play tell-tale4 ,i won't write40 ,and she shut the blotting-book and flung the pen angrily aside4 8,i am sure it is better not1 darling10 said ,pearl4 8,we can't know as well as papa in a matter of this kind40 ,she went over to ,polly and would have kissed her2 but ,polly repulsed the caress with an impatient movement of her head4 ,pearl did not force the kiss on her1 but she felt the tears rising as she turned away and left the room4 ,if misfortune was going to change ,polly like this1 it was a worse sorrow than anything she had anticipated4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ,,the ,,espousals ,,of ,,our ,,lady4#aeb 7,,scene3 ,before the ,temple47 ,,st4 ,,joseph4 ,from boyhood up ,i had but one desire3 ,to live alone with ,god--as much alone ,as wholesome concourse with my fellow-men1 ,and scope of humble traffic1 would allow3 ,not sullenly churlish--with a helping hand ,for others' need--but peacefully obscure4 ,and so1 when came the glow of youth1 and thoughts ,of woman's love dawn'd roseate1 ,i upraised ,my heart to ,him who was indeed to me ,the ,good ,supreme1 the ,beauty ,infinite1 ,and made1 at once1 a vow perpetual ,of perfect chastity2 and straightway knew ',twas ,he had drawn me to it4 ,strangely1 then1 ,sounded the ,high-,priest's message1 summoning ,the unwed of ,david's lineage who had claim1 ,by sacred right of kinship1 to espouse ,its sole surviving maiden--bidding them ,bring each a wand1 whereby the ,lord might show ,whom he had chosen--and1 among them1 me1 ,nearest of kin1 but hoping to lie hid ,half-way in the fifth decade of my years6 ,but1 ever wont to obey the voice divine1 ,within heard or without1 ,i came1 and stood ,unseemly 'mid the suitors4 ,then the wands ,were laid upon the altar--the ,high-,priest ,seeking the sign to ,moses given of yore1 ,when1 in the wilderness1 the tribes rebelled ',gainst privileged ,aaron4#aec ,so we knelt1 and went1 ,and waited on the ,lord4 ,and ,i1 that night1 ,like ,joseph1 son of ,jacob1 dream'd a dream4 ,i saw a maiden1 robed in purest white1 ,sit throned where once1 in ,solomon's vanished fane1 ,reposed the ,ark beneath the ,mercy-seat1 ,within the ,holy of ,holies4 ,while ,i gazed1 ,behold1 a sudden vista of long light ,opened as into heaven2 and1 swiftly1 a dove ,descended on the maid1 yet settled not1 ,but o'er her head hung brooding6 ,then a voice ,said softly3 8,fear not1 ,joseph1 for thy vow4 ,bride of the ,dove is she2 and thou1 her spouse1 ,shalt guard her for her ,spouse40 ,whereat ,i woke1 ,astonished3 and to find1 upon the morrow1 ,that one of the rods had budded in the night-- ,budded and blossom'd2 and that rod was mine6 ,,sings3 ,though the dream brought me peace1 there is mystery still3 ,but in time ,he will solve it1 the ,lord of my love4 ',tis enough that ,i know ,i am wedding ,his will-- ,beheld in this maiden1 the 8,bride of the ,dove40 ,ah1 who can she be--there enthroned as a bride ,where the ,ark of the ,covenant rested of old8 ,is it ,she for whose advent our fathers have sigh'd-- ,the long-promised ,virgin ,isaias foretold8 ,and what was the ,dove8 ,when the voice said 8her ,spouse10 ,did it mean that ,jehovah had seal'd her his own8 ,has she too1 like me1 made the sweetest of vows-- ,to live evermore for ,divine love alone8 ,but she comes3 and ,i feel that the angels are here4 ,their charge to be mine6 ,they will share it1 then1 still4 ,and the dear ,god himself1 was ,he ever so near8 ,be at peace1 ,o my soul6 ,thou art wedding ,his will4 ,,mary 7,,sings74 ,my ,god1 to ,thee ,i bow3 ,thy will is ever mine4 ,thy grace inspired the vow ,that made me wholly thine4 ,if ,thou dost bid me wed1 ,thou canst but guide aright4 ,i follow1 darkly led1 ,till break the perfect light4 ,i take my chosen lord1 ,and plight him troth for ,thee4 ,so find thy sovran word ,its handmaid still in me4 ,,chorus4 ,all hail1 blest pair1 all hail6 ,as yet ye little know ,what words that cannot fail ,to after-times will show4 ,not angel eyes command ,the glorious lot that waits1 ,as1 meekly1 hand-in-hand1 ,ye leave the temple's gates6 ,,may1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,written for a children's 8,may ,cantata40 ,footnote #aec3 ,numbers xvii4 ,,the ,,bollandist ,,acta ,,sanctorum4 ,for many reasons the ,bollandist series of saints' lives is one of the most remarkable works that ever issued from the pen of man4 ,as a serial publication1 what other work of the kind extends over a period of nearly two centuries and a half1 comprises upwards of sixty volumes in large folio1 and is still advancing1 with upwards of one-sixth part of the whole remaining to full completion8 ,or as a monument of devotion to the saints of ,god1 as a vast storehouse of example and instruction in the way of eternal life1 there is nothing that can be put in competition with it4 ,even this view of it is narrow1 as compared with other claims to regard which it possesses1 and which are fully recognized by literary men1 even among those who have little or no sympathy with the religious side of this great work4 ,the whole range of history1 from the foundation of ,christianity1 forms an essential portion of it4 ,the lives of the apostles demand the investigation of all that is known of that remote period2 a large proportion of the ,roman pontiffs are among the canonized1 and their records belong to the history of the ,christian world1 including that of the middle ages4 ,the sainted founders of religious orders1 from ,benedict to ,ignatius1 from ,anthony to ,paul of the ,cross1 cannot be described without entering at length into the origin and progress of their holy institutes1 many of which were asylums and homes of refuge for letters and learning during the darkest and most troubled periods of ,european history1 and others served as training-places1 whence the confessors and martyrs of the ,christian faith went forth to the ends of the earth to propagate divine truth and love at the sacrifice of everything that humanity holds dear1 even of liberty and life itself4 ,or1 if it is question of kings and emperors whom the church venerates as saints1 the secular history of their dominions naturally falls within the scope of their biographies3 as of ,hungary under ,st4 ,stephen2 of ,germany under ,henry ,,ii42 of ,england under ,edward the ,confessor2 of ,denmark under ,canute ,,iv42 of ,spain under ,ferdinand ,,iii42 and of ,france under ,louis ,,ix4 ,not unfrequently the biography of a saint comprises the history of his age3 as of the fourth century in the life of ,st4 ,athanasius2 of the eleventh in that of ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii42 of the twelfth in that of ,st4 ,bernard2 and of the thirteenth in those of ,st4 ,dominic and ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi4 ,the limits of the ,acta are not confined to ,europe2 they are as wide as our globe itself4 ,wherever the seed of the ,gospel has been sown or watered by the blood of martyrs1 among every race of mankind1 from ,china to ,paraguay1 from ,lima to ,japan1 nothing is foreign to the ,bollandists' pen2 their work embraces1 incidentally or formally1 all the history of all nations4 ,intimately connected with the historical researches of their work are several auxiliary branches of knowledge which largely enter into it and cannot be overlooked in estimating its scope and value4 ,the aid of geography1 for example1 had to be called in to settle the boundaries of episcopal sees1 of provinces1 of kingdoms2 to reconcile history with topography by determining the obsolete or corrupted names of certain places1 about which different authors may have held different opinions4 ,several treatises on chronology entered into the general scheme4 ,archology furnished the means of a minute and complete examination into ancient manners1 rites1 laws1 arts1 and the rudiments of languages1 and of a comparison among the sacred and secular monuments of various nations4 ,then1 again1 the art of employing the materials1 characters1 and other portions of ancient ,,mss4 for the determination of dates engaged the attention of the ,bollandists1 and of ,pre ,papebroch in particular2 and this father1 with the frankness inseparable from true genius1 did not hesitate to acknowledge his debt to the illustrious master ,rei ,diplomatic1 the ,benedictine ,mabillon4 ,as might have been expected1 theology1 canon law1 and ecclesiastical history are largely represented in those sixty volumes4 ,the teaching of the holy fathers1 the decrees of councils1 the laws of the church constantly demanded scientific statement and vindication1 as also did the perpetual glory of miracles1 of prophecy1 of celestial revelations1 and the undying gift of the loftiest contemplation1 as against a class of critics who1 while affecting to patronize letters1 assume that the lives of saints must be nothing more than a tissue of idle tales and old women's fables1 or at least speak of them as if they thought them so4 ,in the judgment1 however1 of several eminent critics of the modern school even the legends of saints1 regarded as popular beliefs in a remote and half-instructed age1 have their value as evidence of the ideas1 manners1 and customs of the people in the middle ages4 ,m4 ,guizot was at pains to count twenty-five thousand legends in the ,bollandists' work2 and these1 he remarks1 were the real literature of the first half of that period1 and served for aliment to the intellectual1 moral1 and sthetic life of those ages1 and1 from a historian's point of view1 were on that account beyond all price4 ,another ,french critic1 ,m4 ,renan1 also regarding the ,acta from an external point of view1 expresses himself in language of eulogy little to have been anticipated3 8,quelle incomparable galerie1 en effet1 que celle de ces #be1jjj hros de la vie dsintresse6 ,quel air de haute distinction6 quelle noblesse6 quelle posie6 ,il y en a d'humbles et de grands1 de doctes et de simples2 mais je n'en connais pas un seul qui ait l'air vulgaire4 ,tous m'apparaissent tels que les pose ,giotto1 grandioses1 hardis1 dtachs des liens terrestres1 et dj transfigurs4 ,ils plaisent peu au sens positif1 je l'avoue2 mais qu'ils ont1 aprs tout1 mieux compris la vie1 que ceux qui l'embrassent comme un troit calcul d'intrt1 comme une lutte insignifiante d'ambition et de vanit40 ,such being the character of the ,acta1 who conceived the comprehensive scheme and gave it actual form and being8 ,the names of its originator and early continuators are preserved in the following lines3 ,quod ,rosweydus preparaverat1 ,quod ,bollandus inchoaverat1 ,quod ,henschenius formaverat1 ,perfecit ,papebrochius4 ,herbert ,rosweyd1 a native of ,utrecht in ,holland1 entered the ,society of ,jesus in #aehi1 at the age of twenty1 and taught philosophy and theology successively at ,douay and ,antwerp4 ,he was a man in whom great learning was united to great piety4 ,he composed and edited many works in ,latin and ,flemish1 and among the rest published an edition of the ,oriental ascetic ,moschus' ,spiritual ,meadow1 and an original treatise on the ,imitation of ,christ to prove its author to have been ,thomas ,kempis4 ,eleven years before his death1 in #afbi1 ,pre ,rosweyd published the ,lives of the ,fathers of the ,desert1 in a folio volume1 at ,antwerp4 ,it may be regarded as a first instalment of the ,acta ,sanctorum4 ,while he was engaged on one of his books the idea occurred to him to collect in some twelve volumes the lives and acts of the beatified and canonized saints of the ,catholic ,church4 ,at the time when he first conceived his great plan he was too deeply committed to other literary works to take it up at once2 but the idea never was abandoned1 and death alone prevented him from at least commencing it4 ,when the project was mentioned to ,cardinal ,bellarmine1 he inquired if ,pre ,rosweyd expected to live two hundred years2 such was the cardinal's estimate of the magnitude of the undertaking--an estimate fully borne out by the result4 ,yet1 as we shall presently see1 in the first century and a half of the work not a dozen only but four times that number of volumes were published2 and if twelve volumes could have comprised it the end would have been reached in little more than forty years from its commencement4 ,what ,papebroch said of ,bolland may be said of ,rosweyd3 ,it was providential that he who first started such a work could not foresee its vast extent4 ,who but a rash man1 or one assured by divine revelation of his success1 would otherwise ever have dared to extend his plans and hopes to an age beyond his own1 or counted upon the co-operation of future authors yet unborn in an association of labor up to that time without a parallel in the history of letters8 ,it was probably only in the bosom of a religious order like the ,society of ,jesus1 in which years count for days and centuries for years1 that such a scheme could ever have been carried out4 ,rosweyd1 then1 was dead1 but his conception survived him4 ,the duty of giving effect to it devolved on ,john ,bolland 7,latinized1 in the style of the period1 into ,bollandus71 after whom the whole body of succeeding editors has since been named ,,bollandists4#aed ,bolland was by his birth1 ,august #ac1 #aeif1 a native of ,tillemont1 in ,flanders4 ,at the age of sixteen he entered the society1 and professed the four solemn vows ,january #bg1 #afcj4 ,his studies had been distinguished1 and as a professor he stood high in many various attainments1 in letters and in ,oriental and other languages4 ,but1 better still1 his piety and religious fervor kept equal pace with his other acquirements4 ,even after his appointment to carry on the work suggested by ,pre ,rosweyd1 ,pre ,bolland would never intermit the duties of the confessional in the church of ,st4 ,ignatius attached to the house of the professed fathers of the society at ,antwerp--now the church of ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 at the corner of ,wyngard ,street and the ,katelina ,rampart4 ,it was only the spare time unoccupied by hearing confessions that he gave to sacred literature4 ,a glance at what had been previously done in the way of saints' lives will enable us the better to understand the plan now adopted by ,pre ,bolland4 ,of the acts of the martyrs and the other saints the very earliest form is the record of ,st4 ,stephen's origin1 arrest1 trial1 condemnation1 and martyrdom1 contained in the ,acts of the ,apostles4 ,similar records began to be kept first of all in the ,roman ,church by order of ,pope ,clement4 ,notaries were appointed for the purpose of collecting and authenticating the acts of martyrs4 ,the testimony of eye-witnesses was taken down1 and1 when duly attested1 the records were submitted to the judgment of the pope4 ,similarly the martyrologies took their origin from the burying-places of the martyrs in the catacombs4 ,when a martyr was carried to his rest from the ,amphitheatre an inscription was placed beside him1 a name1 a date1 a title1 a palm-branch or a dove1 perhaps a monogram4 ,such were the rudiments of the earliest martyrologies4 ,the ,roman martyrology1 in a few lines1 each day records the names of the martyrs of the day under the favorite term of ,depositio4 ,the earliest calendar of the ,roman ,church is composed of a list of depositions copied as it were from the galleries of the cemeteries4 ,these honored names thence passed into the diptychs1 and were read aloud to the ,christian assemblies on public occasions4 ,separate churches had their own diptychs1 and frequently exchanged them with one another4 ,at first martyrs only were admitted among the select number2 but in the fourth century in the ,western ,church the first exception was made in favor of ,st4 ,martin4 ,in the ,east the lists were opened to confessors somewhat earlier in favor of ,,ss4 ,ephrem1 ,athanasius1 ,hilarion1 and ,antony4 ,as regarded confessors1 the acts were in fact an authenticated narration of their lives4 ,in this way the martyrologies and acts of the martyrs and other saints assumed the form we now know1 subject to the scrutiny of the bishops of particular sees1 till a later date1 when the admission of a new name into the calendar was reserved for the ,supreme ,pontiff4 ,during the middle ages the literature of saints' lives was in great part the work of the monasteries4 ,eusebius1 the ecclesiastical historian1 at an earlier period laid the foundation of this class of composition4 ,prudentius1 in the third century1 celebrated in verse the martyr's crown of victory4 ,there was the ,spiritual ,meadow of ,moschus1 and the ,mirror of ,vincent of ,beauvais2 and1 most celebrated of all1 the ,legends of the ,saints1 composed by ,da ,varaggio1 or ,de ,voragine1 ,archbishop of ,genoa--a work better known by its title of the ,golden ,legend1 given it by its admirers4 ,this collection was by far the most popular of all the works of the kind1 and was translated into nearly every ,european language4 ,it was one of the earliest books printed in ,england by ,caxton1 in #adhc1 in folio4 ,to a somewhat later period belonged ,surius the ,carthusian1 from whose ,lives1 in seven folio volumes1 we find ,charles ,kingsley admitting that he had picked up his knowledge of ecclesiastical history4 ,after ,surius came ,pre ,ribadeneira1 the ,spanish ,jesuit1 author of the ,flower of ,saints' ,lives4 ,the work contemplated by ,rosweyd and put in hand by ,bolland was different from everything of the kind that had gone before it4 ,the new scheme aimed at the collection and publication of the original acts and lives of all the saints in the order in which they stand in the ,roman calendar and martyrology4 ,difficult and obscure passages were to be elucidated4 ,it was adopted as a general rule that no testimony could be admitted which the editors had not thoroughly examined2 that1 in adducing an important witness1 the age he lived in1 his trustworthiness and judgment as an author1 should be rigorously estimated4 ,nothing which tended to fuller acquaintance with any saint was to be slurred over without discussion2 no place to be deemed too obscure1 no people too ignoble1 no country too remote1 to which a saint had at any time belonged2 and1 in a word1 no language too rude to occupy their careful attention1 as far as either the intervention of published and unpublished authors1 or correspondence1 or the agency of ubiquitous friends could utilize human labor4 ,their plan was not simply to write a history of the church in numerous countries1 strenuously as they meant to labor for that2 its scope included the particular foundations of bishoprics1 of cities1 of monasteries1 and of religious orders1 the successive stages of whose histories they professed1 to the full extent of their powers1 to investigate4 ,pre ,bolland's first care was to collect materials for so extensive a work4 ,he opened a correspondence with churches and monasteries all over ,europe and beyond its limits1 inquiring in all directions for offices peculiar to different places1 and for copies of the rarest archives of the religious houses4 ,these he gradually accumulated1 until the foundation of a valuable library and museum was established1 which long occupied the upper floor of a detached building in the professed house at ,antwerp4 ,out of these materials ,pre ,bolland then commenced to form his ,acta for the month of ,january4 ,six years he toiled single-handed2 but in #afce a coadjutor was given him in ,pre ,godfrey ,henschen1 ,s4,j41 a native of ,gueldres1 in ,holland1 then in the thirty-sixth year of his age and the sixteenth of his religious profession4 ,the fathers prosecuted the work in company for eight years1 and in #afdc the first two volumes were published1 comprising the saints belonging to the month of ,january1 to the number of upwards of twelve hundred4 ,pre ,bolland struck the keynote of his great work at a sublime height in these few words of dedication3 ,,sancto ,,sanctorum ,,jesu ,,christo ,,terno ,,pontifici ,,eiusque ,,inter ,,mortales ,,vicario ,,urbano ,,octavo ,,romano ,,pontifici4 ,it was no exaggeration of the fact when ,pre ,paul ,oliva1 afterwards elected father-general of the ,jesuits1 thus addressed ,pre ,henschen3 8,your reverence and your coadjutor are dwelling1 in your every thought and with your pen1 in the church in heaven40 ,the success of the ,january volumes was from the first assured1 and went on increasing after the publication of the ,february saints1 in three volumes1 followed in #afeh4 ,pope ,alexander ,,vii41 the reigning pontiff1 recorded his opinion that 8a work more useful to the church of ,god or more glorious for her had never been accomplished1 or even begun1 by any one40 ,about the same time a second coadjutor was taken into the work in ,pre ,daniel ,papebroch1 ,s4,j41 a native of ,antwerp4 ,his family was originally from ,hamburg1 but at the ,reformation his father removed to ,antwerp1 where ,daniel was born in #afbh4 ,at the end of the usual studies he entered the ,society of ,jesus in #afdf1 three of his brothers eventually following his example4 ,pre ,papebroch was ordained in #afeh1 and called from the chair of philosophy at ,antwerp to assist ,,pp4 ,bolland and ,henschen in the ,acta4 ,after the ,february volumes appeared the pope invited the ,bollandist ,fathers to ,rome4 ,pre ,bolland himself was too infirm to accept the invitation1 but his younger coadjutors went instead of him4 ,they left ,antwerp ,july #bb1 #affj1 old ,pre ,bolland accompanying them as far as ,cologne4 ,their literary tour1 which lasted about two years and a half1 was eminently successful4 ,they visited monasteries and libraries without number all over ,germany1 ,italy1 and ,france2 every door1 every drawer was thrown open to them4 ,hundreds of precious documents were copied by them and for them2 their library and museum were enriched1 beyond the expectation of the most sanguine1 with manuscripts and books2 with missals1 breviaries1 martyrologies1 sacramentaries1 rituals1 graduals1 antiphonaries1 and other similar works of many various rites or 8uses10 such as the ,mozarabic in ,spain1 the ,ambrosian at ,milan1 the ,sarum in ,england1 and its ,aberdeen daughter in ,scotland4 ,when at its best this library possessed some twelve thousand volumes1 and in value and rarity is believed to have surpassed either the ,barberini in ,rome or the ,mazarine in ,paris--collections especially noted for their pre-eminence in similar works4 ,pre ,bolland1 who was now approaching his seventieth year1 survived the return of his coadjutors from their tour only a few months4 ,to the last he took part in the work of the museum1 while the fervor of his regular and holy life seemed to increase4 ,the #bith of ,august1 #affe1 was the last day he visited the working-room1 but on a proof-sheet being put into his hand he was forced to lay it aside and retire to bed4 ,he lingered about a fortnight1 and then expired1 after receiving all the sacraments of the dying4 ,in his life and in his death1 as well as with his indefatigable pen1 he proved how well he had studied the saintly models he had been for upwards of thirty years daily contemplating4#aee ,the next issue of the ,acta1 in three volumes1 comprising the saints for ,march1 appeared in #affh1 the joint work of ,,pp4 ,henschen and ,papebroch4 ,it was memorable for more reasons than one4 ,with it began one of the customs of the ,bollandists1 to open a new volume with a biographical notice of any of their number who had died since the issue of the last4 ,the first volume for ,march opened with an ,eloge of ,pre ,bolland1 accompanied by an excellent engraving of his fine head1 taken from a portrait of him executed by ,fruytiers1 a pupil of ,rubens4 ,the first difficulty that beset the undertaking arose from passages in the same volumes1 in which a favorite opinion of the ,carmelite ,order1 that their founder and first general was the prophet ,elias1 was quietly ignored4 ,not only had ,baronius and ,bellarmine anticipated the ,bollandist view of the question1 but it had already been taken for granted by two preceding authors belonging to the ,carmelite ,order itself4 ,the ,flemish ,carmelites1 however1 took umbrage at ,pre ,papebroch's opinion1 and a quarto volume soon afterwards appeared in opposition1 the first in a tolerably long series of publications resulting from this curious controversy4#aef ,the ,bollandists took no notice of their opponents until the publication of the saints' lives for ,april1 in three volumes1 in #afge1 afforded an opportunity of repeating and confirming their view of the actual origin of the order in question in the twelfth century of the ,christian era4 ,the ,flemish ,carmelites again asserted the more ancient origin2 and when it was known in #afhj that three volumes of the ,may saints' lives were about to appear1 containing the life of another ,carmelite saint1 the order addressed an unusual request to ,pre ,papebroch that a copy of the life might be shown them before publication4 ,after some difficulty the ,bollandist forwarded a copy to his father-general in ,rome to be shown to the general of the ,carmelites there4 ,for a long time no answer was returned2 three of the ,may volumes were ready2 the bookseller was impatient2 and ,pre ,papebroch was on the point of leaving home for ,westphalia4 ,he therefore permitted the volumes to be issued for sale4 ,he had hardly gone when ,pre ,henschen received an order from ,rome to suppress the life of ,st4 ,angel1 and despatched it to ,pre ,papebroch4 ,but by this time many copies of the ,bollandist ,may lives had got into circulation2 it was too late to attempt the suppression of the life in question1 and his father-general accepted ,pre ,papebroch's apologies4 ,the result was another large volume from a ,carmelite pen4 ,up to this time the dispute had been restricted to the ,flemish province of the ,carmelites1 but in #afhb its area was extended to ,france by the casual discovery of an opinion favorable to the ,bollandist view1 expressed by ,ducange1 the illustrious archologist1 in a private letter to a friend4 ,the provincial of the ,flemish ,carmelites next called on ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 to interpose his authority in the matter2 and ,pre ,janning1 a younger member of the ,bollandist body1 was sent to ,rome to watch the proceedings4 ,in #afij1 two-and-twenty years after the dispute began1 ,pre ,papebroch was summoned to the tribunal of ,pope ,innocent ,,xii41 who referred the matter to the ,congregation of the ,index4 ,rome1 however1 did not move fast enough for ,carmelite zeal4 ,the ,acta were denounced1 #afia1 before the ,spanish ,inquisition as a work originating within the dominions of the ,catholic king4 ,four years later a decree of the ,inquisition condemned the ,march1 ,april1 and ,may volumes of the ,acta as 8containing erroneous propositions1 scenting of heresy1 dangerous to faith1 scandalous1 impious1 offensive to pious ears1 schismatical1 seditious1 presumptuous1 offensive10 etc41 etc4 ,that this was a bitter trial to ,pre ,papebroch and his coadjutors cannot be doubted4 ,all the learned men of ,europe were on their side1 and the ,jesuits succeeded in obtaining a subsequent decree of the ,inquisition1 #afif1 permitting the ,bollandists to appear and answer the charges2 for the former decree had been pronounced in their absence4 ,upon this ,pre ,papebroch produced a categorical defence of everything laid to his charge1 in three volumes 7#afif-afii74 ,the ,carmelites also were quite as busy4 ,meanwhile1 also in #afif1 ,innocent ,,xii4 forbade the disputants to attack each other4 ,the ,carmelite general1 little satisfied with a neutral decision1 petitioned ,his ,holiness to end the dispute by a positive decree4 ,after consulting the ,congregation of the ,council the pope decided to impose silence on the whole question regarding the origin of the ,carmelites1 and issued a brief to that effect1 dated ,november #bj1 #afih4 ,the judgment of the ,spanish ,inquisition1 ,june #aa1 #afig1 prohibited all the books relating to the dispute1 but presumably excluding the ,acta themselves2 for in #agjg an index of forbidden books1 published at ,madrid under the authority of the ,inquisition1 made no mention of the ,bollandist lives4 ,for thirty years1 then1 ,pre ,papebroch had to bear this unwelcome interruption2 and forty years after his death circumstances made it desirable to restate his defence4 ,in #agee a ,supplementum ,apologeticum took its place in the ,bollandist series1 containing all the apologetic volumes published in defence of ,pre ,papebroch's view in his ,carmelite controversy4 ,the successors of the early ,bollandists had a noble opportunity1 and used it nobly1 to bury all former rancors1 in the first volume of their revived work1 in #ahde1 and the fifty-fifth of the series4 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,teresa1 the great ,carmelitess1 occupies nearly the whole of its seven hundred folio pages--the largest scale on which any one life had hitherto been executed by the ,bollandists4 ,it was the solitary work of its author1 ,pre ,vandermoere1 and was illustrated by drawings of places in ,spain connected with the saint1 and engraved in the highest style of art4 ,pre ,henschen lived to see the first three ,may volumes issue from the press in #afhj1 and the following year closed his useful life1 of which forty-six years had been devoted to work as a ,bollandist4 ,pre ,papebroch was now at the head of the work1 and had for his assistants ,,pp4 ,janning and ,baert4 ,it went steadily on1 and before his death1 in #agad1 ,pre ,papebroch saw five volumes of the month of ,june1 and of the series twenty-four1 completed4 ,for five years preceding his death he was nearly blind1 and when it occurred he had reached the age of eighty-seven4 ,this second founder of the great series was the author of several other important works1 such as the ,annals of the ,city of ,antwerp and the ,acta ,vit ,scti4 ,ferdinandi ,regis ,castill4 ,it would protract our sketch beyond all reasonable limits if we were to follow the progress of the great work1 during the sixty years following ,pre ,papebroch's death1 with as much detail as we have hitherto given4 ,let it suffice to say that it was prosecuted by fifteen ,jesuit fathers in succession in addition to those already named2 and when the work was suspended in #aggc1 the year in which the ,society of ,jesus was for the time suppressed1 fifty volumes of the ,acta had appeared1 and the fiftieth was the third of the month of ,october4 ,the plan of the work had indeed grown and expanded since ,rosweyd estimated its contents at twelve volumes1 since ,bolland found two sufficient for the month of ,january1 ,february1 ,march1 and ,april had each of them occupied three1 ,august six1 ,june and ,july seven1 ,may and ,september eight4 ,the chief sources relied upon for the heavy expenses of such a work were at first the gifts of private persons1 bishops1 abbots1 and others1 the patrimony of ,pre ,papebroch and his sister forming no inconsiderable item in the account4 ,afterwards the sale of the volumes ensured a limited annual profit2 and in #afhh the court of ,vienna granted the fathers a pension1 but burdened with the condition that subsequent volumes should each of them be dedicated to some member of the imperial house4 ,hence1 after that date1 every volume bears at the head of it an engraved portrait of an emperor or empress1 of an archduke or archduchess4 ,the ,bollandists also enjoyed a certain revenue from their monopoly of the sale of classical books in the ,jesuit colleges of ,belgium4 ,a word as to the place where they lived and worked4 ,travellers who have visited ,antwerp must remember the handsome ,renaissance tower of ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo's ,church1 on the corner of the ,katelina ,rampart and ,wyngard ,street4 ,that church was originally dedicated to ,st4 ,ignatius1 the great first ,jesuit1 and was once a museum of ,rubens' art4 ,at the suppression of the society its best ornaments were removed to ,vienna1 where many of them may be seen in the public gallery4 ,the church itself perished by fire in #agah1 but soon rose again as before4 ,the small square it stands in is formed on two sides by massive buildings1 formerly the ,antwerp house of the professed fathers of the society4 ,in the upper floor of the building opposite the church ,pre ,bolland established his museum and printing-press1 and there the work was carried on for nearly one hundred and fifty years4 ,few places in the history of ,christian literature have a better title to be remembered with honor4 ,in another article we shall trace the progress of the ,bollandist ,acta after the suppression of the ,jesuit fathers until the long suspension of the work itself consequent on the ,french ,revolution4 ,we shall then give our readers an account of its revival some forty years ago1 together with a description of the new museum and library in the ,collge ,st4 ,michel1 ,brussels1 which the writer had the honor of visiting a short time ago4 ,footnote #aed3 ,nothing could give a truer idea of the fog of misconception and ignorance that envelops every subject connected with ,catholicity in ,england than an incident which occurred to the writer in the course of last summer4 ,he had applied to the editor of an influential monthly of high standing1 published in ,london1 for permission to contribute a paper on the ,bollandist ,acta4 ,the editor in reply said that he should be happy to receive an article on such a subject1 adding1 8,they were old friends and benefactors of mine40 ,the phrase was somewhat puzzling2 but it was fully explained to the writer by a literary friend of great experience as referring to the respectable family of the late ,baron ,bolland1 a judge of the ,english ,exchequer ,court4 ,the ,catholic ,bollandists were strangers even in name to the popular editor4 ,footnote #aee3 ,among the numerous errors in the few lines devoted to the ,bollandists in the new ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 not the worst is the statement that ,pre ,bolland was only a short time engaged on the ,acta4 ,more than one-half of a life of sixty-nine years was spent in the production of five folio volumes for his own share1 besides superintending the preparation of others4 ,footnote #aef3 ,particulars may be found in the ,bibliothque des ,ecrivains de la ,comp4 de ,jsus1 of the ,pres de ,backer1 ,s4,j4 ,lige1 #ahed4 ,also in ,nicron1 ,histoire des ,hommes ,illustres1 ,,ii4 ,,tombs ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,savoy4 8,let us sit upon the ground ,and tell sad stories of the death of kings40--,shakspere4 ,one of the most secluded and picturesque valleys of ,savoy is to be found about twenty miles north of ,chambry1 shut in1 as by cyclopean walls1 among gray jagged rocks1 height piled on height--,mont du ,chat on the one hand1 and the mountains of ,beauges on the other1 while away to the north1 through the gorges that give passage to the arrowy ,rhone1 is the dark ,jura range1 and to the south-east1 rising into the very clouds1 shine the everlasting glaciers of the ,alps4 ,at the base of ,mont du ,chat1 which here rises abruptly fifteen hundred feet from the shore1 is the beautiful lake of ,bourget1 clear1 calm1 and pure as the bright summer sky which is reflected in its bosom4 ,it is the lac enchant of ,lamartine1 who opens his impassioned romance of ,raphael upon its shores1 and under the inspiration of the glorious scenery wrote his poem of 8,le ,lac10 in which he calls upon the hours on these enchanted waters to suspend their course1 and thus prolong a bliss which1 to use his expression1 neither time nor eternity could ever restore4 ,in the fulness of delight and feeling he cries3 8,assez de malheureux ici-bas vous implorent1 ,coulez1 coulez pour eux1 ,prenez avec leurs jours les soins qui les dvorent1 ,oubliez les heureux60 ,the lake of ,bourget winds for several leagues in and out among the capes and headlands1 forming a beautiful series of bays and inlets which wash picturesque cliffs and verdant slopes covered with vines and fig-trees and fields of waving corn4 ,towards one end is the little islet of ,chtillon1 with an old manor-house that seems to grow out of the rock1 the seat of an ancient race1 flanked with towers1 and surrounded by gardens with steps cut in the rock leading from terrace to terrace where grow fruitful espaliers and the fragrant jasmine4 ,further south is the promontory of ,saint-,innocent1 with its granite cliffs and ancient chteau jutting into the lake1 of which it commands the entire view4 ,not far from the eastern shore is ,aix-les-,bains1 whose hot sulphur springs were frequented in ancient times by the ,roman emperors1 and are still resorted to for health or pleasure4 ,between ,aix and the lake is the verdant hill of ,tresserves1 that rises almost perpendicularly from the water1 covered with enormous old chestnut-trees4 ,to the south you can see the mountains gradually descending towards the ,arcadian valley of ,chambry1 with many a village spire peering forth amid the dark walnut groves1 or the tower of some ancient castle with battlements still frowning1 though they now only serve to point a moral and adorn the landscape1 if not1 perchance1 a tale4 ,on the other side1 at the foot of ,tresserves1 is the chteau of ,bon ,port1 overshadowed by trees1 near a sheltered bay where boats are to be found for crossing the lake4 ,every one goes over to the western shore1 where in the gloomy shade of ,mont du ,chat1 which veils it from the glare of the sun the greater part of the day1 is the royal abbey of ,hautecombe1 the ancient burial-place of the house of ,savoy4 ,the profound solitude1 the grandeur of the scenery1 varying from stern mountain height to fair1 sunny slopes and luxuriant valleys1 and the pure1 limpid waters of the tranquil lake giving expression to the landscape1 render it one of the most lovely as well as peaceful spots in which to rest after life's fitful fever4 ,the luminous sky1 the purple1 light on the mountains1 the stately colonnade of the pines with their solemn shades1 the lulling sound of the torrents and cascades1 the wind murmuring through the defiles1 the sunny terraces where the eye passes from gloom to light1 as the soul from darkness to joy1 all dispose the heart to peace4 ,hautecombe may be reached in less than an hour1 but there is a delicious charm in floating idly around this gem of a lake1 all blue and gold1 giving one's self up to dreamy thought1 breathing the mountain air1 listening to the gentle waves as they break against the shore and to the melancholy songs of the boatmen1 and looking at the chalets on the hillsides1 the meadows and pastures1 the herds with their tinkling bells1 the insects floating in the sun1 the quivering leaves and shimmering lights1 and the dark pile of the abbey with its shadowy cloisters on the further shore4 ,at length we land on the terrace at the foot of a tall1 octagon tower that looks like a pharos1 and1 indeed1 serves as one4 ,the vast buildings that constitute the abbey1 the ,gothic church with its painted walls1 its storied windows1 the tombs and cenotaphs on every side1 and the three hundred statues that people its chapels and aisles1 are well worth a visit4 ,more than one tomb tells of the brave exploits of a valiant race1 the glorious part its chiefs took in the ,crusades1 their attachment to the ,holy ,see1 for which they often shed their blood in the continual wars of ,italy1 and their prowess on every battle-field of ,europe4 ,all these monuments of white stone1 and these pale statues standing in niches or lying on tombs1 have a somewhat ghastly1 ghostly look that is the more striking from the groundwork of black schist4 ,the house of ,savoy1 which gradually rose by the bravery1 policy1 and fortunate alliances of its counts1 first ruled over a sterile domain in the ,cottian ,alps of which ,chambry was the principal town4 ,these princes were remarkable for their political sagacity and gallantry on the battle-field4 ,this was in part owing to their peculiar position4 ,savoy was in the middle ages a border-land which forced its knights to live in the saddle and hold themselves in readiness to meet the enemy1 whether on the side of ,france or the vast domain of the ,german ,empire4 ,and when not needed at home they were always at the service of their allies1 so that they took part in all the wars of the times1 and led a life of knight-errantry that often bordered on romance4 ,humbert aux ,blanches ,mains1 the first count1 was a descendant of ,duke ,witikind1 a contemporary of ,charlemagne4 ,his benefactions to the churches of that day are still on record4 ,the line of counts ended with ,amde ,,viii41 who was created duke in the fifteenth century4 ,the ducal line extended through three centuries1 when the peace of ,utrecht in #agac recognized ,victor ,amde as ,king of ,sardinia4 ,the abbey of ,st4 ,mary of ,hautecombe was founded in the year #aabe by ,count ,amde ,,iii4 through the influence of ,st4 ,bernard and ,st4 ,gurin1 with whom he had intimate relations4 ,combe is an old ,french word signifying a valley between two mountains4 ,the ,cistercians generally built their convents in a valley4 ,the first abbot was ,st4 ,amde d',hauterive1 of a distinguished family in ,dauphin1 who passed his youth at the court of the ,emperor ,henry of ,germany1 but afterwards became a monk at ,clairvaux1 and was appointed abbot of ,hautecombe by ,st4 ,bernard himself4 ,the ,emperor ,conrad ,,ii4 held him in such esteem that he made him a member of his council1 and ,frederic ,i41 his chancellor4 ,and when1 in the time of the ,second ,crusade1 preached by ,st4 ,bernard1 ,count ,amde took the cross at ,metz in presence of an immense multitude1 and set forth with his nephew1 ,louis ,,vii4 of ,france 7in #aadg71 he left both his son and estates to the guardianship of the holy abbot of ,hautecombe1 who proved himself fully equal to the trust4 ,he was an able writer also1 and left eight homilies in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which still form part of the collection of the fathers4 ,they used to be read on certain days of the year in the churches of ,lausanne1 of which he died archbishop in #aaeh4 ,his tomb is still to be seen in the cloister at ,hautecombe4 ,the second abbot was ,st4 ,vivian1 likewise a disciple of ,st4 ,bernard's4 ,by his exalted sanctity he gave additional renown to the abbey1 which so prospered that when ,st4 ,bernard visited it a few years after its foundation it already numbered two hundred monks4 ,many eminent prelates have sprung from this house1 two of whom were elevated to the pontifical chair--,geoffroy de ,chtillon in #abda1 under the name of ,celestin ,,ii41 and ,nicholas ,,iii4 in #abgg1 who belonged to the ,orsini family4 ,it was the latter who gave the highest sanction to the devotion of the scapular of ,mount ,carmel by the beatification of ,simon ,stock1 who died at ,bordeaux in #abfe1 in the hundredth year of his age4 ,hautecombe does not seem to have been at first intended as a place of sepulture4 ,count ,amde ,,iii4 died two years after his departure1 on the isle of ,cyprus1 of some epidemic in the camp4 ,his son1 ,humbert ,,iii41 succeeded him4 ,this prince was an able ruler1 as brave as he was pious1 and valiantly defended his domains against ,guy ,,iv4 of ,dauphin4 ,he also distinguished himself at the siege of ,milan1 and was always the ally and ardent defender of the rights of the ,holy ,see4 ,the religious education he had received from ,st4 ,amde gave him a proper estimate of earthly things1 and he would have gladly renounced the world and become a monk at ,hautecombe1 had it not been for the remonstrances of his people4 ,he often retired here for a season1 as well as at ,notre ,dame des ,alpes1 and when he felt his life was drawing to a close he took the holy habit and died a few days after with a reputation for sanctity which time has not dimmed4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 authorized public honors to be paid him1 and ,savoy celebrates his festival on the #dth of ,march1 believed to be the day of his death4 ,it was he who conceived the idea of making ,hautecombe the burial-place of his family1 and he was the first to find a grave here4 ,the statue on his tomb represents him in the ,cistercian habit with sabots on his feet4 ,two brothers of ,humbert the ,saint1 as he is called1 ,peter and ,john1 and a sister named ,margaret1 embraced the monastic life and died in the odor of sanctity4 ,several other members of the house of ,savoy have also been raised to our altars4 ,a grandson of ,humbert's1 buried behind the high altar at ,hautecombe1 was beatified by ,pope ,gregory ,,xvi4 in #ahch under the name of the ,blessed ,boniface4 ,his festival is on the #acth of ,march4 ,he was styled1 when young1 the ,absalom of the age1 on account of his personal beauty1 but he early sought refuge from the seductions of the world in the ,grande ,chartreuse1 where he took the habit of ,st4 ,bruno4 ,he was subsequently called forth from his cell and appointed archbishop of ,canterbury and primate of ,england4 ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 consecrated him at ,lyons4 ,he was noted for his charity1 and was at once an able theologian and jurisconsult4 ,he defended the rights of the church against ,henry ,,iii4 with energy1 and showed equal zeal in supporting the royal authority amid the disaffections of the times1 thereby inspiring so much confidence in the king that he appointed him regent when he went to ,france in #abei4 ,having gone to ,savoy in #abgj to visit his brother1 ,count ,philip1 ,archbishop ,boniface fell ill and died1 after an episcopate of twenty-five years1 at the castle of ,st4 ,hlne1 in the valley of the ,isre1 and was buried at ,hautecombe4 ,the statue on his tomb represents him with a serpent at his feet1 emblem of prudence1 and a bas-relief depicts him defending the rights of the church before ,henry ,,iii4 ,count ,amde ,,ix4 and two princesses of the house of ,savoy are also invoked as saints4 ,there is a statue of ,st4 ,margaret of ,savoy in the chapel of ,st4 ,felix at ,hautecombe1 representing her in a monastic dress1 her hands meekly crossed on her breast4 ,she was a daughter of ,amde1 prince of ,achaia1 and after the death of her husband1 the ,marquis of ,montferrat1 having been wholly converted to ,god by the preaching of ,st4 ,vincent ,ferrer1 she entered a monastery and devoted herself to the care of the sick in a hospital4 ,she was canonized by ,pope ,clement ,x4 ,the ,blessed ,louise of ,savoy was an angel of piety from her childhood1 and after the death of her husband1 ,hugues de ,chlons1 prince of ,orange1 she being then twenty-seven years of age and free from all obligations to her family1 was solemnly veiled a nun in the convent of the ,clairists at ,orbe1 which had been founded by a princess of her husband's family early in the fifteenth century1 and still observed the rule in all its primitive rigor4 ,here she died in #aejc at the age of forty-two4 ,fifty years after her death the ,calvinists of ,switzerland overthrew the altars of the conventual church1 and gave the nuns the choice of going into exile or renouncing the monastic life4 ,they chose the former1 but before quitting the cloister they sent a crier through the streets to proclaim at the sound of a trumpet that if they had offended any one whomsoever they humbly begged his forgiveness1 and declaring that for the love of ,god they forgave the offence committed against themselves in being banished from their monastery4 ,they were nineteen in number4 ,they took with them some chalices1 ornaments1 and rich vestments they owed to the liberality of the ,princess ,louise1 and a ,madonna of carved wood1 called ,notre ,dame de la ,grce1 which she had given the convent at her entrance into religion4 ,at ,ouchy they embarked in three small boats for ,evian1 on the southern shore of the ,lake of ,geneva1 then faithful to the device on one of its gates3 ,deo regique fidelis perpetuo--gates opened more than once1 at that disastrous period1 to exiles of the faith4 ,the sky was clear when the nuns set forth1 but a sudden tempest sprang up which threatened destruction to their frail barks4 ,the boatmen themselves were alarmed1 much more these timid doves just driven from their nest1 and to lighten the boats they threw all their effects into the water4 ,they succeeded1 however1 in getting ashore1 and the magistrates and people of ,evian came forth in procession to meet them1 the bells meanwhile ringing out a peal of welcome4 ,a few nights after some fishermen found ,notre ,dame de la ,grce gleaming among the cliffs of ,meillerie1 and the people of ,evian went forth again with white banners to receive and convey it to the church4 ,some years later ,count ,emanuel ,philibert built these exiles a convent at ,evian1 where this ,madonna was preserved for more than two centuries2 but in #agib the nuns were again dispersed and the ,virgin concealed4 ,the convent is now used as a ,petit ,sminaire1 but people from all the country around still go to the chapel to pray before the ,madonna of the ,blessed ,louise of ,savoy4 ,another princess1 but not of the house of ,savoy1 is specially honored at ,hautecombe--,st4 ,erine1 daughter of the ,emperor ,licinius1 and niece of ,constantine the ,great4 ,she was taken captive in the ,east by the army of ,sapor ,,ii4 of ,persia1 and martyred because she would not renounce the faith4 ,her body was afterwards taken to ,patras1 and ,anselmo1 a bishop of the ,morea in the thirteenth century1 who had great devotion to her1 gave a portion of her remains to the abbey of ,hautecombe1 which1 in spite of many vicissitudes1 is still preserved here in a reliquary of silver given by ,charles ,felix1 ,king of ,sardinia4 ,the boatmen on the ,lac du ,bourget invoke ,st4 ,erine in perilous storms1 and many miracles are attributed to her intervention throughout the valley4 ,on ,whitmonday her relics are solemnly exposed to veneration in the church4 ,in one of the aisles at ,hautecombe is the tomb of ,beatrice1 daughter of ,count ,thomas ,i41 and granddaughter of ,humbert the ,saint--one of the most beautiful and accomplished princesses of that age4 ,she married ,raymond ,brenger1 the last count of ,provence1 and was not only one of the most brilliant queens of the ,court of ,love1 but rivalled the troubadours themselves in the ,gai ,science4 ,one of her songs1 addressed to her husband1 has been preserved3 8,i fain would think thou hast a heart1 ,although it thus its thoughts conceal1 ,which well could bear a tender part ,in all the fondness that ,i feel2 ,alas6 that thou wouldst let me know1 ,and end at once my doubts and woe4 8,it might be well that ,i once seemed ,to check the love ,i prize so dear2 ,but now my coldness is redeemed1 ,and what is left for thee to fear8 ,thou dost to both a cruel wrong3 ,should dread in mutual love be known8 ,why let my heart lament so long1 ,and fail to claim what is thine own80#aeg ,what is unique in history1 this ,beatrice of ,savoy had four daughters and three granddaughters who were all queens or empresses4 ,as ,dante says3 8,four daughters were there born ,to ,raymond ,berenger2 and every one ,became a queen1 and this for him did ,romeo40 ,it was this ,romeo de ,villeneuve1 the able minister of ,count ,raymond1 whom ,dante finds worthy of a place in his ,paradise1 who is said to have first foreseen the grandeur of united ,france1 and who negotiated the grand alliances of his master's daughters4 ,one married ,st4 ,louis of ,france2 another1 ,henry ,,iii4 of ,england2 a third1 ,richard of ,cornwall1 afterwards ,emperor of ,germany2 and the fourth1 ,charles of ,anjou1 ,king of ,naples and ,sicily4 ,as for the granddaughters1 ,beatrice of ,sicily became ,empress of ,constantinople2 ,margaret of ,england1 ,queen of ,scotland2 and ,isabella of ,france1 ,queen of ,navarre4 ,beatrice of ,savoy was first buried at ,echelles1 where a magnificent tomb was erected1 on which she lay1 surrounded by the statues of her children and grandchildren with their consorts--twenty-six in number1 all of white marble2 but the tomb was destroyed at the ,revolution1 and her remains afterwards transported to ,hautecombe1 or at least what was saved of them1 and placed in a new tomb4 ,it was her daughter1 the fair ,eleanor of ,provence1 a princess of remarkable beauty and talent1 who married ,henry ,,iii4 of ,england4 ,through her influence her uncle ,boniface1 of whom we have spoken1 was appointed successor of ,st4 ,edmund of ,canterbury4 ,the ,english historians do not speak so favorably of ,archbishop ,boniface1 but the number of foreigners who followed ,eleanor to ,england gave great offence to the people4 ,many of them married rich heiresses1 and several families1 like the ,fletchers1 ,butlers1 and ,grandisons1 can trace their descent from a ,grandson1 ,boutillier1 and ,la ,flchire of that period4 ,that part of ,london called the ,savoy was so named from another uncle of ,queen ,eleanor's--,peter1 brother of ,archbishop ,boniface1 who was created earl of ,richmond1 and had this tract of land given him by the king in the ,strand1 where he built a palace4 ,this was afterwards rebuilt on a grander scale by the first duke of ,lancaster1 and became a place of historic interest4 ,it was appropriated to the use of ,king ,john of ,france while a captive in ,england 7#acef-acfd71 and 8thyder came to see hym the kyng and quene often tymes1 and made hym gret feest and cheere40 ,and here1 by the way1 ,king ,john brought his ,bible in the vernacular1 and thumbed it well too1 it appears1 for in the account of his expenses is recorded the sum of thirty-two pence paid 8,margaret the bindress0 for a new cover with four clasps4 ,in the ,savoy1 too1 lived ,john of ,gaunt1 8time-honored ,lancaster10 to whom the place descended1 and here the poet ,chaucer was his frequent guest4 ,one of the scenes in ,shakspere's 8,richard ,,ii40 is supposed to be laid here1 though at that date the palace had been sacked and destroyed by ,wat ,tyler's followers4 ,this ,peter1 ,earl of ,richmond1 who gave the name to the ,savoy1 was called the ,petit ,charlemagne on account of his valor and other eminent qualities4 ,he acquired great influence over ,henry ,,iii41 but returned to his native land at the death of his brother1 to whom he succeeded in the government1 being then sixty years of age4 ,the abbot of ,st4 ,maurice1 in gratitude for his services in behalf of the ,valaisans against their suzerain1 who oppressed them with his tyranny1 gave him the celebrated ring of ,st4 ,maurice1 that was henceforth used as the symbol of investiture by the counts of the house of ,savoy4 ,count ,peter died at the castle of ,chillon in #abfh4 ,his tomb1 the richest at ,hautecombe1 has ten pale mourning figures around it1 called pleureuses1 and a bas-relief represents him as ambassador at the court of ,louis ,,ix41 arranging a treaty of peace between ,france and ,england4 ,over his tomb is painted on the wall the burial of ,christ1 and near by is the raising of ,lazarus1 with their lessons of hope beyond the grave4 ,archbishop ,boniface1 ,beatrice1 ,countess of ,provence1 etc41 were the children of ,count ,thomas ,i41 whose first wife1 ,beatrice of ,geneva1 is buried here4 ,she was called the ,mater ,comitum1 or the ,mother of ,counts1 because three of her sons1 ,amde ,,iv41 ,peter1 and ,philip1 all succeeded to the government of ,savoy4 ,it was she who1 being at ,susa when ,st4 ,francis of ,assisi passed through1 promised to build a convent of his order if he would give her a piece of his habit4 ,he tore off one of the sleeves and gave it to her4 ,it was long preserved in the chapel of the princes of ,savoy1 whose descendants have driven the ,franciscans of these days from their homes4 ,this relic is still preserved in the church of the ,capuchins at ,chambry4 ,at ,hautecombe1 too1 is buried ,beatrice ,fiescha1 wife of ,count ,thomas ,,ii41 and niece of ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 ,she belonged to the great ,genoese family from which afterwards sprang the mystic ,st4 ,catherine of ,genoa4 ,it was her son1 ,amde ,v41 surnamed the ,great1 whose large tomb1 inscribed ,belli ,fulmen1 stands on one side as you enter the nave4 ,his is the most glorious name of the house of ,savoy4 ,he was famed for his deeds of valor1 which read like a chapter from the old romances of chivalry4 ,he is said to have taken part in twenty-two pitched battles and thirty-two sieges4 ,his most famous exploit was his expedition to ,rhodes to aid the ,knights of ,st4 ,john in defending the island against the ,turks4 ,at the request of the grand master he took the white cross on a red shield#aeh instead of the eagle1 the original cognizance of the house of ,savoy4 ,he likewise assumed the famous device1 ,f4 ,e4 ,r4 ,t41 which is generally interpreted1 ,fortitudo ejus ,rhodum tenuit--,his valor saved ,rhodes4 ,he was on intimate terms with his royal kinsman of ,england1 was present at the marriage of ,edward ,,ii4 with ,isabella of ,valois and at ,edward's coronation1 and was employed in negotiations between ,england and ,france4 ,here1 too1 lies his daughter ,agnes1 with her recumbent statue on the tomb1 clasping a crucifix to her breast1 remarkable for pose and expression4 ,count ,aimon comes next4 ,he and his wife ,yolande lie on a tomb in the ,chapelle des ,princes1 his feet on a lion1 hers on a dog1 beneath a baldachin1 surrounded by saints and quaint pyramids4 ,he was the second son of ,amde ,v41 and destined at first to the ecclesiastical state1 but1 his elder brother having died1 he succeeded to the title and displayed great military ability on the side of the ,french in their wars with ,england and the ,netherlands4 ,he protected the poor1 loved justice1 established courts of assizes1 and founded hospitals and churches4 ,pope ,benedict ,,xii4 had a special esteem for him1 and gave him and his successors the first place after crowned heads at the coronation of the ,sovereign ,pontiffs4 ,he married ,yolande de ,montferrat1 of the imperial family of ,palologus4 ,amde ,,vi41 son of ,aimon1 called the ,comte ,vert1 or ,green ,count1 was one of the most chivalric knights of the fourteenth century4 ,his whole life was spent on the battle-field1 and he rendered his name immortal by his courage and gallant deeds4 ,he gained the battle of ,abrets against ,france1 aided ,pope ,gregory ,,ix4 and the ,emperor ,charles ,,iv4 in crushing the ,visconti1 and rescued the ,greek ,emperor ,john ,palologus from the hands of the ,bulgarians1 who held him prisoner at ,gallipolis1 and replaced him on the throne of ,constantinople4 ,the tournament he gave at ,chambry in #acdh1 on the ,place de ,verney1 was celebrated by the poets and romancers of the day4 ,the colors he wore on this occasion1 as well as his followers1 and even his steed1 procured for him the name of the ,comte ,vert4 ,he founded the supreme order of the ,annonciade1 one of the most ancient known1 in honor of ,our ,lady1 consisting of fifteen knights2 and built a ,carthusian convent at ,pierre-,chtel for fifteen monks1 whose duty it was to say a daily ,mass in honor of the fifteen mysteries of ,our ,lady's life1 for the fifteen knights of the order4 ,charles ,,iii4 of ,savoy afterwards added fifteen golden roses1 part enamelled red and part white1 to the collar1 and the medal of the ,annunciation4 ,the king of ,sardinia is still grand master of the order1 and its collar is the most glorious decoration he can confer4 ,two of the original collars1 presented by the ,comte ,vert1 were long preserved at ,hautecombe4 ,amde ,,vi4 also created a charitable office called the ,advocate of the ,poor1 still kept up--a magistrate supported by the government for gratuitous services to the poor1 whom he is bound to defend at court when their cause is just4 ,like all the old knights1 ,amde was devout to ,our ,lady1 and has left a monument of his piety 8,o les grands chtaigniers d',evian penchent l'ombre40 --the church of ,notre ,dame1 which stands in a beautiful spot overlooking ,lake ,leman4 ,he died of the plague at ,naples in #achc1 but his body was brought to ,hautecombe for burial4 ,twenty-four prelates and a host of lords from ,savoy and the surrounding countries attended the obsequies4 ,his wife was ,bonne de ,bourbon4 ,amde ,,vii41 styled the ,comte ,rouge1 or the ,red ,count1 from the color of his hair1 was the son of the ,comte ,vert4 ,he married ,bonne de ,berry1 daughter of ,john of ,france1 ,duke de ,berry4 ,he added ,nice and ,ventimiglia1 and the valley of ,barcelonette1 to the domains of his ancestors1 thus extending them to the sea4 ,the gradual acquisitions of the house of ,savoy gave rise to the witty saying that the kingdom thus formed was like an artichoke that had been plucked leaf by leaf4 ,the ,conte ,rosso was remarkable for personal address and valor1 which he loved to display at jousts and tournaments4 ,he made his first essay at arms against the sire of ,beaujeu1 and at a tournament at ,bruckberg defeated the earl of ,huntingdon with the lance1 and the earls of ,arundel and ,pembroke with sword and battle-axe4 ,his judgment and prudence caused him to be repeatedly chosen mediator by the sovereigns of ,europe4 ,he was a patron of letters and founder of the ,university of ,turin4 ,he died in his thirtieth year at ,ripaille1 some say of a fall from his horse2 others1 that he fell a victim to poison or the medicaments of a ,bohemian quack1 who promised him a luxuriant head of hair and an improved complexion4 ,the statue on his tomb represents him in armor1 resting on his sword after victory4 ,in a bas-relief he is fighting for ,charles ,,vi4 of ,france1 at the head of seven hundred ,savoyards1 against the ,english and ,flemish at the siege of ,bourbourg4 ,the ,conte ,rosso's widow1 ,bonne de ,berry1 left ,savoy in #acie and married her cousin-german1 ,bernard ,,vii41 ,count of ,armagnac1 who became head of the ,orlans faction when his daughter ,bonne married the young ,duke ,charles1 and was murdered in a frightful manner by the ,burgundians at ,paris in #adah4 ,her first husband poisoned1 her second murdered1 ,bonne de ,berry amply expiated her strong ambition and ended her days at ,rhodez in the practice of the most heroic piety4 ,she left in ,savoy1 besides her son ,amde ,,viii41 two daughters1 one of whom married ,louis1 the last prince of ,achaia1 at whose death in #adah ,piedmont was united to ,savoy4 ,this princess1 named ,bonne1 like her mother and grandmother1 left one of the most curious legacies on record--a bequest for a daily ,mass of ,requiem in the chapel of the princes of ,achaia1 in the church of the ,franciscans at ,pignerol1 for twelve thousand years6 ,she evidently thought the end of the world very remote1 and had great confidence in the stability of human affairs and the scrupulous fidelity of her heirs4 ,one of the chapels at ,hautecombe was founded by the ,count de ,romont1 a natural son of the ,conte ,rosso4 ,he went to the ,holy ,wars1 and was a captive seven years among the ,saracens4 ,the shield on his statue is sown with crescents1 and here and there on the border of his garments is the ,arabic word ,alahac--,god is just--recalling his exploits in the ,east4 ,twenty-eight princes and princesses of the house of ,savoy have been buried at ,hautecombe1 but the place lost its prestige when ,turin became the capital4 ,in #agic the monks were driven out1 and the lands sold as part of the national domains4 ,the republican commissioners went down into the vaults1 opened the tombs1 and carried off all the precious objects they could find2 among others the ducal crown from the tomb of ,duke ,philibert in the caveau of the ,chapelle des ,princes4 ,the ancient resting-place of sovereigns was turned into a fabrique de faience1 and the buildings had partly fallen to ruin when they were redeemed by ,charles ,felix1 ,king of ,sardinia1 in #ahbd1 from his own private means4 ,he began the restoration of the church1 and peopled the abbey again with ,cistercians4 ,and here he was buried1 at his own request1 in ,may1 #ahca4 ,his wife1 ,marie ,christine1 completed the work and found a grave here in her turn4 ,amde ,,viii41 the son of ,bonne de ,berry and the ,red ,count1 was not buried at ,hautecombe1 but at ,ripaille1 on the southern shore of ,lake ,leman4 ,few travellers visit this place1 though it is one of the most interesting excursions to be made from ,geneva4 ,it stands on a point of land projecting into the lake just beyond ,thonon1 but seems so low and hidden from the water that it might be taken for a mere grange and its dependencies in the midst of orchards and woods4 ,a pleasant walk from ,thonon brings you to a grove of linden-trees that shade a monastic-looking establishment with pepper-box turrets and long corridors leading to monk-like cells4 ,connected with it is a church of the ,renaissance1 with pillars of gray marble in front1 and above is the cross of ,savoy serving as a support to the tiara and keys of the ,papacy6 ,here was buried the first duke of ,savoy1 the last of the anti-popes1 the 8bizarre ,amde10 as ,voltaire calls him2 8the ,solomon of his age10 as he is styled by others4 ,ripaille seems to have been a place of great antiquity1 for ,roman inscriptions and remains have been found here1 as well as ornaments of the time of the ,merovingians1 but it was only a maison de plaisance in the time of ,amde ,,vi41 who left it to ,bonne de ,bourbon4 ,amde ,,vii4 made it a hunting-lodge and here died4 ,it was ,amde ,,viii4 who gave it a world-wide celebrity1 and by his life here unwittingly added a new expression to the ,french language4 ,he married ,mary of ,burgundy and had nine children4 ,he united ,savoy and ,piedmont1 over which he ruled forty years4 ,he entertained the ,emperor ,sigismund with such splendid hospitality on his way to ,italy that he elevated him to the rank of duke4 ,this was in #adaf4 ,after the death of his wife1 but still while in the height of his influence and prosperity1 he suddenly retired from the world to ,ripaille1 taking with him six noblemen who had participated in the most important transactions of his reign4 ,he rebuilt the old manor-house1 surrounded it with moats1 and flanked it with seven seigneurial towers1 with a suite of apartments connected with each1 communicating with each other by a long corridor4 ,the tower next the lake was loftier than the others1 and connected with a square edifice of villa-like pretensions reserved for his own use4 ,the others were for the six lords who accompanied him4 ,to the east was a park planted with oaks in the form of a star1 still to be seen1 venerable and broad-spreading4 ,this park was surrounded by a wall and laid out with alleys and winding paths4 ,amde and his companions did not retire here to become monks1 nor did he at first give up the reins of government1 as some have declared4 ,but he laid here the foundation of the order of chivalry known as the ,knights of ,st4 ,maurice--a semi religious establishment in his day1 under the direction of the canons of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,its members assumed a particular costume1 consisting of a gray habit and cowl1 and a gold cross suspended from the neck4 ,they divided their time between religious exercises and affairs of the state4 ,they constituted1 in fact1 a permanent senate to manage the government1 for which they fitted themselves by meditation and prayer4 ,and ,amde wished his successors to have recourse to the ,knights of ,st4 ,maurice on all important occasions4 ,they were always to be seven in number1 and recruited from the highest class4 ,here the duke married his son1 gave judgment in certain cases1 and showed by numerous acts that1 though he had appointed his son lieutenant-general1 he had by no means abdicated4 ,of course the world took it up4 ,there were two reports4 ,some said the duke had given himself up to mortification and penance with a view to the ,papacy4 ,others declared he and his followers led a life of debauchery4 ,the expression faire ripaille#aei is said to be derived from the unfavorable reports spread abroad respecting their manner of life4 ,but it was not used in his time1 nor1 indeed1 till the seventeenth century4 ,these imputations are not derived from any writer of the day1 unless we except ,monstrelet1 who in his ,chronicles thus speaks of the duke's life at ,ripaille3 8,he and his followers are served1 not with roots and water from the fountain1 but with the best wine and best meats that can be found40 ,this is by no means a proof of sensuality1 and1 as the knights were under no vow to live on roots and pure water like the hermits of ,thebad1 there was no reason why they should not select the best meats and use the purest wine at their repasts4 ,what would have been a simple1 abstemious life for a prince and his courtiers might seem luxurious to the peasantry around1 who perhaps gave rise to such reports4 ,but ,monstrelet1 who had been made governor of ,cambrai by the duke of ,burgundy--a prince exceedingly hostile to ,amde--would be likely to take an unfavorable view of the life at ,ripaille4 ,this is why ,guichenon considers his chronicle untrustworthy in everything relating to the history of ,savoy4 ,and he was too far distant to have a personal knowledge of what was occurring there4 ,oliver de la ,marche1 who also belonged to the court of ,burgundy1 is not so unfavorable to ,amde4 ,he says 8he governed so wisely in the time of ,french divisions that ,savoy was the richest1 safest1 and most productive of any country around40 ,two other writers are more explicit as to the duke's manner of life4 ,raphael ,volaterra1 speaking of the election of ,amde as pope under the title of ,felix ,v4 by the ,council of ,ble1 says he was 8chosen on account of the fame of his mortifications40 ,jean ,gobelin1 the duke's secretary1 declares he led a very austere life4 ,onofrio ,panvini1 an ,augustinian monk1 says his life was 8angelic40 ,the ,pre ,daniel1 a conscientious historian1 after examining the case1 says it is certain he led an innocent life here1 without any scandal4 ,and neas ,sylvius1 secretary of the ,council of ,ble1 eminent as a writer1 and who became pope under the name of ,pius ,,ii41 visited ,amde at ,ripaille and bears this testimony3 8,the one who had more votes than the rest was the most excellent ,amadeus1 ,duke of ,savoy1 dean of the ,knights of ,st4 ,maurice in the diocese of ,geneva4 ,the electors1 considering that he was leading the life of a celibate1 and that his conduct was that of a religious1 thought him worthy of governing the church10 and1 after eulogizing the duke at some length1 adds that 8he only wore what garments were necessary to protect him from the cold1 and only ate enough to keep him from dying of hunger40 ,when the members of the ,council of ,ble wished to set up a pope of the ,gallican race in opposition to ,eugenius ,,iv41 it is evident that they would only choose1 after serious consideration1 a person of irreproachable life4 ,in fact1 they did make the most minute inquiries1 which led to the explicit statement that the duke1 though not in orders1 had 8always been regular in his habits1 assiduous at the offices of the church1 and exact in saying his breviary40#afj ,it was ,voltaire who made the calumny popular4 ,the calumnies concerning ,amde have been caught up and perpetuated by a school always glad to find an ecclesiastical dignitary1 even if an anti-pope1 suspected of excesses1 and have led some grave historians like ,duclos to state that the duke and his followers led a voluptuous life at ,ripaille4 ,amde certainly should not be excused for yielding to the solicitations of the ,council of ,ble and usurping the tiara4 ,pre ,monod says he resisted for a while and shed torrents of tears1 dwelling on the difficulty of the oaths to be taken1 and even pleading the cause of his competitor1 ,eugenius2 but the members made him believe it would be for the welfare of the church1 and he yielded4 ,a deputation from the council came to ,ripaille to offer him the tiara1 and he was enthroned with great pomp in his church ,december #ag1 #adci1 on which occasion he abdicated the government in favor of his son ,louis1 drew up his will1 and gave the ,knights of ,st4 ,maurice a new dean1 or prior1 chosen from their number4 ,but he atoned for his weakness a few years after by the voluntary resignation of his usurped office1 and retired a second time to ,ripaille1 as cardinal of the title of ,st4 ,sabina1 legate of the ,holy ,see1 and administrator of the dioceses of ,lausanne and ,geneva1 thus restoring peace and unity to the ,catholic ,church4 ,after spending two years in retirement he died1 and was buried in his church at ,ripaille4 ,the eventful life of a prince who by turns had been count1 duke1 anti-pope1 cardinal1 and bishop1 who was married1 a widower1 and a cenobite1 is not without a certain dramatic interest that needs not the shading of calumny4 ,a grandson of ,amde ,,viii41 ,louis ,,ii41 the dethroned king of ,cyprus1 came also to ,ripaille to die4 ,he married ,charlotte de ,lusignan1 heiress of the king of ,cyprus1 and she and ,louis were crowned as king and queen of ,cyprus1 ,jerusalem1 and ,armenia--high-sounding titles that soon became a mere name1 for they were forced to fly before ,james1 a natural son of the late king1 who had married ,catherine ,cornaro of ,venice1 and was aided by the soldan of ,egypt4 ,queen ,charlotte made a solemn donation of ,cyprus to her nephew ,charles1 and died a guest of ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv4 at ,rome in #adhg1 the last of the illustrious house of ,lusignan1 which had ruled over ,cyprus for three hundred years4 ,in #aecf ,ripaille was devastated by the ,bernese--that is1 the abbey4 ,they respected the chteau4 ,the tomb of ,amde ,,viii4 was broken to pieces1 and his remains at a later day were taken to ,turin4 ,in #aege ,ripaille was restored to the order of ,st4 ,maurice1 which ,gregory ,,xiii4 united to that of ,st4 ,lazare three years later4 ,when ,st4 ,francis de ,sales was ,bishop of ,geneva he placed ,carthusians at ,ripaille4 ,now it belongs to a private gentleman4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,costello's translation4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,the white cross of ,savoy1 won by a chivalric knight of the ages of faith1 but which one now learns to loathe in ,italy--the cross of torture3 crux de cruce--for ,pius ,,ix4 of blessed memory4 ,footnote #aei3 ,the more ancient writers use this expression in the sense of enjoying the pleasures of the country or making good cheer1 without any invidious meaning4 ,voltaire is one of the first to imply by its use a life of luxurious and sensual indulgence4 ,footnote #afj3 neas ,sylvius4 ,a ,,true ,,lover4 ,at her heart's door he knocked and cried1 8,love6 art thou there8 ,so long to find thee ,i have tried4 ,sweet ,love6 dost hear80 ,but ,love sat silent all the while1 ,nor did he give ,one token--neither tear nor smile-- ,that he did live4 ,that knock so light it might have chanced ,love heard no sound1 ,and in so fair a place entranced ,in sleep lay bound4 ,for sure no deepening of her cheek ,that touch awoke2 ,no drooping of her eyelids meek1 ,love's light to cloak4 ,he knocked more loudly than before3 8,dear maid1 give ear4 ,lo6 here ,i wait at thy heart's door ,this many a year4 8,first did ,i seek from thy true eyes ,if love dwelt there2 ,i saw in them sweet thoughts arise-- ,love had no share4 8,oft from the rose of thy pure cheek1 ,in my sad quest1 ,did ,i an answer's shadow seek1 ,but none possessed4 8,from thy sweet mouth ,i thought to win ,some trembling sign1 ,if that love's life could but begin-- ,thine linked with mine6 8,the even sunshine of thy lips ,too calmly fell2 ,if love sat there in sweet eclipse ,i could not tell4 8,in thy pure speech's spotless gold ,some link ,i sought ,wherewith the love ,i begged1 to hold1 ,but gathered naught4 8,no thrill unconscious in thy hand ,wherein ,love spake1 ,too calm and gracious didst thou stand ,my touch to wake4 8,lo6 ,i have asked of hand and cheek1 ,dear mouth and eyes2 ,now in thy very heart ,i seek ,if ,love there lies4 8,ah6 ,sweet1 my life is not misspent ,because ,i wait ,like soldier in his camping tent ,at thy heart's gate3 8,each day my life's work still goes on1 ,my duty done1 ,for thee1 as time comes and is gone1 ,each honor won2 8,and bears my life1 though sadly weak1 ,a pure renown3 ,with honor must ,i honor seek-- ,thy love1 my crown6 8,i dare not1 if in things most high ,i held no part1 ,e'er win such love as sure must lie ,within thy heart4 8,i seek thy blessing on my life2 ,lo6 here ,i wait ,that holy gift for strength in strife ,at thy heart's gate40 ,he knocked more loudly than before1 ,and ,love awoke1 ,soft loosed the latch of her heart's door1 ,and softly spoke2 ,quick speeding unto cheek and eyes1 ,all unforbid1 ,trembling in speech so pure and wise1 ,no more heart-hid4 ,her lover waits no more to win1 ,early and late2 ,love-crowned1 he proud hath passed within ,her pure heart's gate4 ,,st4 ,,paul ,,on ,,mars' ,,hill2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,meeting ,,of ,,christianity ,,and ,,greek ,,philosophy4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no other episode in the adventurous journeyings and heroic life of the ,apostle ,paul so full of interest as his visit to ,athens4 ,to all those whose acquaintance with ,grecian history enables them to take in the peculiar surroundings and associations of that visit it certainly affords the most fascinating incident in connection with the progress of the ,christian faith2 and it has always been regarded as the most interesting event in the heroic age of ,christianity4 ,for what other event presents such striking antithesis8--the newly-established religion of ,jesus of ,nazareth face to face with the intellect and cultivation of ,greece1 the disciple of a crucified ,galilean come to dethrone the disciples of ,plato1 a semi-barbarian ,jew come to teach the mighty ,athenians1 who had taught the world4 ,the historical outline of the subject is thus given in the seventeenth chapter of the ,acts of the ,apostles3 8,and they that conducted ,paul1 brought him as far as ,athens1 and receiving a commandment from him to ,silas and ,timothy1 that they should come to him with all speed1 they departed4 ,now whilst ,paul waited for them at ,athens1 his spirit was stirred within him1 seeing the city wholly given to idolatry4 ,he disputed therefore in the synagogue with the ,jews1 and with them that served ,god1 and in the market-place1 every day with them that were there4 ,and certain philosophers of the ,epicureans and of the ,stoics disputed with him1 and some said3 ,what is it that this word-sower would say8 ,but others3 ,he seemeth to be a setter-forth of new gods3 because he preached to them ,jesus and the resurrection4 ,and taking him they brought him to ,areopagus1 saying3 ,may we know what this new doctrine is which thou speakest of8 ,for thou bringest in certain new things to our ears4 ,we would know therefore what these things mean4 7,now all the ,athenians1 and strangers that were there1 employed themselves in nothing else but either in telling or in hearing some new thing47 ,but ,paul standing in the midst of ,areopagus1 said3 ,ye men of ,athens1 ,i perceive that in all things you are too superstitious4 ,for passing by and seeing your idols1 ,i found an altar also on which was written3 #8,to the unknown ,god4' ,what therefore you worship1 without knowing it1 that ,i preach to you4 ,god1 who made the world and all things therein1 seeing he is ,lord of heaven and earth1 dwelleth not in temples made with hands4 ,neither is he served with men's hands as though he needed anything1 seeing it is he who giveth to all life1 and breath1 and all things3 and hath made of one1 all mankind1 to dwell upon the whole face of the earth1 determining appointed times1 and the limits of their habitation4 ,that they should seek ,god1 if haply they may feel after him or find him1 although he be not far from every one of us3 for in him we live and move and are3 as some also of your own poets said1 #8,for we are also his offspring4' ,being therefore the offspring of ,god we must not suppose the divinity to be like unto gold or silver1 or stone1 the graving of art and device of man4 ,and ,god indeed having winked at the times of this ignorance1 now declareth unto men1 that all should everywhere do penance4 ,because he hath appointed a day wherein he will judge the world in equity1 by the man whom he hath appointed1 giving faith to all1 by raising him up from the dead4 ,and when they had heard of the resurrection of the dead some indeed mocked1 but others said3 ,we will hear thee again concerning this matter4 ,so ,paul went out from among them4 ,but certain men adhering to him1 did believe3 among whom was also ,dionysius the ,areopagite1 and a woman named ,damaris1 and others with them40 ,st4 ,paul went to ,athens direct from ,bera in ,macedonia2 he had had a most successful apostolate among the ,berans1 and had no intention of quitting the place so soon1 were it not that his old enemies1 the ,jews of ,thessalonica1 came down upon him and compelled him to flee for his life4 ,it was only seventeen miles to the coast1 and some of his ,beran converts conducted the persecuted apostle as speedily as possible to the sea4 ,from where they embarked it was a sail of three or four days in a small boat to the ,pirus4 ,if the great apostle of the ,gentiles had an eye for the beautiful in nature1 if scenes consecrated by historic association had any charm for him1 he must have revelled in this quiet sail on the ,interior ,sea4 ,as soon as he cleared the headlands of the ,macedonian shore he saw ,mount ,olympus towering close above him2 and as he drew near the ,thessalian ,archipelago ,mount ,athos and the picturesque coast-line of ,attica began to be visible4 ,for a distance of ninety miles on his voyage the long island of ,euba forms the outer boundary of the narrow sea1 and every spot on either shore is classic ground1 hallowed by some association of the past4 ,on the northern shore of ,euba itself is the pass of ,thermopyl2 opposite the southern extremity1 on the coast of ,attica1 are the plains of ,marathon2 and when the little vessel rounded the cape of ,sunium1 gina1 ,salamis1 and the beautiful isles of ,greece were in full view4 ,but although one can scarcely imagine ,st4 ,paul to have been wholly insensible to the surpassing beauty of such scenes1 the historic associations which they recalled gave him but little concern1 for he was going to ,athens to preach ,jesus ,christ and him crucified1 and this was his all-absorbing thought4 ,how little did the fishermen who tended their nets on the gean ,sea think what destiny the white sail that passed them bore to ,attica2 and how little did the people who came down to the beach to see the strange vessel come in imagine what a conqueror they had received on their shores6 ,after landing at the ,pirus ,st4 ,paul at once sent back to ,bera for ,silas and ,timothy4 ,and it might appear from the account given in the ,acts as if he were afraid to begin work in ,athens alone2 but if he had any such hesitation his natural courage and burning zeal soon overcame it1 and he lost no time in entering upon his labors4 ,over the ruins of the long walls which in the days of ,pericles were the bulwark of ,greece1 ,paul of ,tarsus passed on to ,athens4 ,as he entered the gates of the city a sight met his eye which 8stirred up his spirit within him10 and inflamed the passionate ardor of his zeal for the knowledge of the one true ,god4 ,evidences of the grossest idolatry everywhere met his view4 ,turn which way he would1 statues of ,minerva1 ,jupiter1 ,apollo1 ,bacchus1 and the ,muses were before him2 on every street-corner1 in every portico1 he saw altars raised to the false gods of ,greece4 ,it was the custom of ,st4 ,paul1 as1 indeed1 it was of all the apostles whenever they entered a strange city1 to seek out the ,jews--who were even then scattered all over the civilized world--and to begin his public teaching in the synagogue4 ,and it may have been with this object in view that he went to the ,agora1 or market-place1 for he well knew where the trading proclivities of his countrymen would make them apt to congregate4 ,but the ,agora of ,athens was a place of pleasure rather than of business2 ideas were the chief commodities exchanged there1 and it was far more the resort of philosophers and sophists than of merchants and money-changers4 ,it was1 in fact1 a sort of ,city ,hall park filled with statues and fountains and plane-trees1 and1 as a matter of course1 with loungers2 and in those degenerate days nearly all the men of ,athens were loungers1 and did little else than loll around the ,agora1 inquiring after news and discussing the events of the time4 ,such was the market-place of ,athens1 where ,st4 ,paul disputed every day for we know not how many days4 ,let us picture to ourselves the great apostle of the nations1 clad in the toga of a philosopher visiting the ,agora from day to day to break the ,gospel tidings to all who would listen to him4 ,at one moment we can fancy him seated under a plane-tree in earnest conversation with a venerable ,israelite1 who nervously strokes his beard as the apostle insists that ,christ was the true ,messias1 and in him was the fulfilment of the prophecies and the only hope of ,israel4 ,at another moment he is in the midst of a group of scoffing sophists1 hotly disputing with them the unity of the ,godhead and the immortality of the soul4 ,and again we can picture him walking alone through the market-place1 absorbed in his thoughts1 and with an expression of sadness on his countenance as he contemplates the gross errors that surround him in the 8city wholly given to idolatry40 ,the monuments of ,athenian glory1 the masterpieces of ,athenian art1 the works of ,phidias1 of ,praxiteles1 in the midst of which he moved1 had no charm for ,paul of ,tarsus2 they but 8stirred up his spirit within him40 ,he longed to sweep them all away and plant in their stead the rude cross of ,jesus ,crucified4 ,renan1 in his life of ,st4 ,paul1 works himself up into a rhetorical frenzy over the feelings awakened in the apostle by the beautiful statues of ,greece4 ,he makes an apostrophe to them and warns them of their danger4 8,ah6 beautiful and chaste images10 he writes1 8true gods and true goddesses1 tremble4 ,here is one who will raise the hammer against you4 ,the fatal word has been pronounced--ye are idols4 ,the error of this ugly little ,jew will prove your death-warrant40#afa ,the popular religion of ,greece was a religion of the senses2 it had little or no hold on the soul and none at all on the intellect4 ,in its first developments it was the religion of patriotism--patriotism elevated into a divine sentiment4 ,its gods and goddesses were the supposed founders and promoters of the state4 ,in its later developments it was the religion of beauty and art--an adoration of the ideal in form and feature--and its gods and goddesses became the gods and goddesses of beauty2 hence the production of those masterpieces in architecture and art which are still so despairingly inimitable4 ,if art alone could ensure the perpetuity of a religion1 the religion of ,greece would still remain4 ,neither the eloquence of ,st4 ,paul nor the sublime maxims of the ,gospel which he preached would have been able to supplant it4 ,but ,god has implanted in the mind of man the desire for the true as well as for the beautiful2 and the possession of truth alone can satisfy the soul4 ,the ,athenians were always in great unrest on religious matters2 they were ever inquiring1 ever disputing1 ever seeking out new gods and new forms of worship1 and of course were never satisfied4 ,how1 indeed1 could they be satisfied1 seeing that their religion had no foundation in reason1 and hence no foundation in truth8 ,it is one of those strange1 unaccountable phenomena in the history of the development of the human mind that a people so intellectual as the ,athenians1 and having such a grand philosophy1 should have held to such an absurd1 unreasoning system of religion4 ,reason and religion in their minds appeared to have been wholly separate4 ,philosophy had its sphere1 religion had its sphere1 and there was little or no contact or relation between them4 ,in this connection ,m4 ,renan makes a remark which is unusually profound and is well worth quoting4 ,speaking of the philosophers of ,athens1 he writes3 8,the aristocracy of thinkers cared very little for the social wants which made their way through the covering of so many gross religions4 ,such a divorce is always punished4 ,when philosophy declares that she will not occupy herself with religion1 religion replies to her by strangling her4 ,and this is just2 for philosophy is nothing1 unless it points out a path for humanity--unless it takes a serious view of the infinite problem which is the same for all40#afb ,but although ,greek philosophy did not seek to reconcile the popular religion of ,greece with reason1 which in truth it would have been vain to attempt1 it did effect a reconciliation of supreme importance to mankind--it reconciled the mind of ,greece and of the civilized world to some of the fundamental doctrines of ,christianity1 and so prepared the way for the coming of ,christ and the preaching of ,st4 ,paul4 ,it will hardly be a digression here to look a little into the origin of ,greek philosophy and the glimpses of truth to which it attained4 ,socrates was the father of ,greek philosophy4 ,there were philosophers before him and there were far greater philosophers after him2 but those who preceded him1 such as ,thales and ,pythagoras1 were physicists1 and their speculations were almost wholly confined to the material universe2 and those who succeeded him were his pupils1 and simply followed up the new field of investigation he had thrown open to them4 ,socrates was the sage par excellence1 the first to turn his looks within and explore the regions of the soul4 ,he was the true founder of moral philosophy1 the first to lay down the great maxim that 8the proper study of mankind is man40 ,the human mind1 its powers and moral perfectibility1 was the one great subject of all his speculations4 ,socrates was born in ,athens #dfi ,b4,c41 and he died there #cii ,b4,c4 ,he died a martyr--the first great martyr in the cause of moral truth and liberty of conscience4 ,his father was an indigent sculptor1 and for a time he himself followed the same profession1 but he early abandoned it for the pursuit of wisdom4 ,he was a self-taught man1 and the means that he took to discipline his will and obtain the mastery over his passions and senses were almost the same the saints have used4 ,he practised self-denial and mortification in a remarkable degree2 and the forbearance and long-suffering he exercised towards his violent-tempered wife1 ,xanthippe1 betoken the sublimest patience4 ,the apostle of wisdom1 ,socrates went about the streets and squares of ,athens day after day for many years1 questioning1 catechising1 reasoning with all who would listen to him1 insisting ever on the wisdom of his great maxim1 --know thyself4 ,he felt himself commissioned by the gods to teach the higher laws of conscience to the ,athenians4 ,nor was he so very far astray in this1 for we cannot fail to recognize the providence of ,god in the mission of ,socrates4 ,he undertook the direction of individual consciences1 and his relations towards some of his friends more nearly resembled those of a father confessor than anything else4 ,the tie that bound the brilliant ,alcibiades to the uncouth philosopher was peculiarly tender4 ,socrates saved his life at the battle of ,potida1 and he in turn saved the life of ,socrates at the battle of ,delium4 ,the friendship that grew up between the profligate youth and the austere sage was a strange one4 ,it was the wonder of all ,athens2 and whenever they appeared together in public ,alcibiades was jeered at by the youth of the city4 ,socrates for a time exercised the greatest influence over his young friend1 and restrained those passions in him which seemed ungovernable4 ,such was the power of ,socrates over minds the least disposed to receive his moral teachings and submit to their restraints4 ,but what were the moral doctrines of ,socrates8 ,and in what way were the teachings of this sage a preparation for ,christianity1 so that he should merit to be called the precursor of ,st4 ,paul at ,athens8 ,in the first place1 ,socrates laid down those principles of moral ethics which are also in part the basis of ,christian ethics4 ,he taught that the supreme good of man lay in the path of wisdom and virtue1 and he declared fidelity to conscience to be the highest law of life4 ,with him began that new departure in philosophy which directed the attention of mankind to mind rather than matter4 ,the pleasures and possessions of the world are contemptible when compared with wisdom and virtue and the perfection of the soul1 in the teachings of ,socrates as well as in the teachings of ,st4 ,paul4 ,in his system1 too1 every other consideration must yield to the law of conscience and of ,god4 8,the word of ,god10 he says1 8ought to be first considered02 and in the exhortation which he is represented in the ,phdo as making to his friends to care for their souls he appears to strike the key-note of the ,gospel4 8,o my friends10 he said1 8if the soul is truly immortal1 should we not take the greatest care of her1 not for the short period of life but for eternity8 ,and the danger of neglecting her eternal destiny does appear dreadful0 7,phd4 #ajg74 ,were not these words the remote echo of the great question of the ,gospel1 8,what doth it profit a man444408 ,the language of reproof which ,socrates addressed to the gross-minded and sensual1 whose only aspiration in life is self-indulgence and sensuality1 reminds one of the energetic rebukes of ,st4 ,paul to those who make a god of their bellies and their passions4 ,and the declaration of liberty of conscience which ,socrates made before his judges when his life was trembling in the balance was worthy of a ,christian martyr4 8,a man who is good for anything10 he said1 8ought not to calculate the chances of living or dying4 ,he only should consider whether in doing anything he is doing right or wrong1 acting the part of a good man or a bad one0 7,mem4 ii4 #a4 #bh74 ,besides these moral teachings1 ,socrates maintained the existence of a ,supreme ,being1 who exercised a care over all things and preserved harmony in the universe4 ,he did not1 however1 break through the pagan influences that surrounded him sufficiently to hold to the belief in one only ,god1 but1 while he accepted the doctrines of polytheism1 he maintained that there was one ,supreme ,lord1 who exercised a universal providence over all things2 and he further taught that in the eyes of this ,supreme ,being all men were equal and there was nothing meritorious but virtue4 ,this was a bold innovation when we remember the ,athenian notions of race and caste4 ,he was also of opinion that the gods exercised a watchful care over men and frequently inspired their actions2 and the demon of ,socrates1 about which we hear so much1 appears to have been a sort of guardian spirit1 whose promptings1 though always negative1 he constantly looked for and never disregarded4 ,these certainly were somewhat ,christian conceptions of morality and of ,god1 and although they are rather offset by other teachings and views of the ,greek sage1 yet in the main his doctrines foreshadow the light of the ,gospel4 ,were it not1 however1 for the great disciple who immediately followed up his teaching and threw the light of his genius around it1 the system of ,socrates1 if it can be called a system1 would have accomplished little in the way of preparation for ,christianity4 ,for the last eight or nine years of his life ,socrates had had ,plato for his disciple1 and it was through ,plato that his teachings were transmitted and developed into that sublime system of philosophic truth which ,st4 ,augustine so greatly admired and approved4 ,plato1 the prince of human intellects1 by his unaided reason attained to the knowledge of many of the truths of revelation4 ,the notion of a ,supreme ,being which he received from ,socrates he developed into an almost ,christian conception of ,god and his attributes4 ,in his system the ,supreme ,deity is not merely the source of the harmony of the universe1 but he is also the ,father who created out of goodness2 and he is in himself so good and perfect that no unrighteousness1 no imperfection can be conceived as existing in him4 ,plato even appears to have had some notion of the trinity of ,persons in the ,godhead1 though of course vague and indistinct4 ,his speculations on the destiny of man and the immortality of the soul are wonderfully luminous4 ,he recognized after a fashion the fallen nature of man and the need of some divine mediation or redemption to raise him up2 but in his theory of ,fall and ,redemption moral and physical defilement and regeneration are strangely and somewhat incongruously blended4 ,plato's conception of virtue was exalted and his definition of it singularly ,christian4 8,virtue10 he said1 8is the resemblance to ,god according to the measure of our ability40 8,be ye imitators of ,christ10 8,be ye ,god-like10 says ,st4 ,paul2 and to become ,god-like is to become 8holy1 just1 and wise10 according to ,plato4 ,he also held the doctrine of future rewards and punishments1 and he gave it as his opinion that the rewards and punishments of this life are as nothing compared to those 8that await both the just and the unjust after death40 ,he encouraged the just to be patient in all their trials and afflictions in life1 assuring them that everything would work together unto their good1 for the gods would have a care over them and see to it that no enduring misfortune should happen to them1 and the only great and irreparable evil1 after all1 was 8to go to the world below having a soul which is like a vessel full of injustice and impiety40 ,the lofty speculations of ,plato in the domain of religious truth have led many to suppose that he was acquainted with the ,jewish ,scriptures and drew some of his inspiration from them4 ,and this is by no means improbable4 ,the ,jews were wanderers and exiles as early as ,plato's time2 and if he did not himself read their law1 he certainly1 in his extensive travels1 must have met and conversed with those who were acquainted with the teachings of the ,hebrew ,bible4 ,at all events he must have known something of the primitive traditions of mankind2 and we are not forbidden to think that1 though a pagan1 such a pure and lofty soul may have had some light from on high to enlighten him4 ,it is well known what a harmony ,philo ,judus and the ,alexandrian school established between the teachings of ,plato and the principal doctrines of the ,jewish dispensation2 and what a near approach ,neo-,platonism made to ,christian philosophy in the first centuries of the ,christian era4 ,next to ,socrates and ,plato the man who did most to create ,greek philosophy1 and change the current of thought of the ancient world in the direction of ,christianity1 was undoubtedly ,aristotle4 ,though a disciple of ,plato1 he did not follow in the wake of his great master1 but struck out a new course for himself4 ,the genius of ,aristotle was neither so lofty nor so speculative as that of ,plato1 but his intellect was1 if possible1 more acute and his mind far more systematic4 ,he made a complete analysis of the human understanding1 and laid down those rules of logic and principles of certainty which are to guide men in the search after truth4 ,he reduced all knowledge to a system1 and made the grasp of the principles of all science possible to the human mind4 ,his grand argument for the existence of a ,supreme ,being from the necessity of a prime mover--,primus motor--has never been surpassed1 and has done good service in every age for the cause of theism4 ,the moral doctrines of ,aristotle1 though not so much in harmony with ,christianity as those of ,plato1 were on the whole not adverse to it1 and they exerted at least a negative influence1 in preparing the minds of men to receive the morality of the ,gospel4 ,greek philosophy reached its acme in the schools of ,plato and ,aristotle2 after them there were no more great creative minds4 ,the philosophers who succeeded them did but borrow from them2 they were the sources whence all future philosophic wisdom was drawn2 they were the recognized masters of human thought1 not alone to the ,greeks but to the ,romans1 to the civilized and intellectual world2 and the influence they exerted in giving direction to the current of thought of the ancient world can scarcely be over-estimated4 ,here1 then1 four hundred and fifty years before ,st4 ,paul set foot in ,athens1 were three great pioneers of truth who prepared the way for him4 ,they were raised up by the providence of ,god1 in the midst of the darkness and superstition and sensuality of the pagan world1 to remind man of his destiny1 to teach him that he was made for wisdom and truth4 ,they were set up as the partial teachers of truth to the gentile world until the divine ,teacher should come who would teach them all truth4 ,during four centuries their doctrines of the existence of a ,supreme ,being1 of the providence of ,god over men1 of the immortality of the soul1 of moral responsibility and fidelity to the law of conscience1 filtered through the generations1 until in the fulness of time ,paul of ,tarsus came to engraft their wisdom on the divine philosophy of ,jesus ,christ4 ,that we should not hesitate to recognize the special providence of ,god in the development of ,greek philosophy1 that we should not refuse to ,socrates1 to ,plato1 to ,aristotle a providential mission in the ancient world1 are opinions for which some of the greatest doctors of the church have contended4 ,their philosophy certainly tended to do away with polytheism and to establish the unity of the ,godhead4 ,it led the human intellect in the pursuit of wisdom and the search after truth4 ,it created a lofty ideal of intellectual wisdom and morality1 and by elevating the moral above the material1 the future above the present1 it prepared the way for the spiritual reign of ,christianity4 8,plato and ,aristotle10 says a ,protestant author1 8have had a great work appointed them1 not only as the heathen pioneers of truth but as the educators of the ,christian mind in every age4 ,the former enriched human thought with appropriate ideas for the reception of the highest truth in the highest form4 ,the latter mapped out all the provinces of human knowledge1 that ,christianity might visit them and bless them0 7,conybeare1 ,life of ,st4 ,paul74 ,and here we skip over four hundred years of the reign of ,greek philosophy1 and come at once to the actual meeting of ,christianity and ,greek philosophy in ,athens4 ,the schools of philosophy that were dominant in ,athens at the time of ,st4 ,paul's visit were the ,stoics and ,epicureans4 ,the ,stoics were pantheists1 and the ,epicureans were not far removed from atheists--poor representatives both of the noble systems of ,plato and ,aristotle4 ,in their hands ,greek philosophy was rapidly declining4 ,athens1 which in the century before had been the school of ,csar and ,brutus and ,pompey1 whither ,cicero and ,atticus and ,horace had gone to receive instruction1 had now no higher wisdom to impart than the philosophy of pleasure and pride4 ,nothing could be more opposed to the spirit of ,christianity than the system of ,epicurus1 which made the highest good of man to consist in the pursuit of pleasure alone1 denying the immortality of the soul and rejecting all notion of a hereafter1 and having for its first principle1 8,eat1 drink1 and be merry1 for to-morrow we die40 ,nor had the system of ,zeno and the ,stoics very much in it that was in harmony with ,christianity1 although there were some points of affinity4 ,the ,stoics taught that ,god was merely the soul or mind of the universe2 that the soul of man was corporeal1 and after death would be consumed by fire or absorbed in the infinite4 ,the highest aspiration of man in the ,stoic system should be to attain to the state of complete apathy1 perfect indifference to all things4 ,there should be in the human breast neither passion nor pity1 no sense of pleasure or pain4 ,their moral doctrines1 however1 were based on those of ,socrates1 and hence they inculcated a practical rule of life and morality1 and they laid great stress on fidelity to the dictates of reason4 ,this1 and the heroic spirit of fortitude which the ,stoic discipline strove to impart1 were its only points of affinity with ,christian teaching4 ,to be sure some of the later or ,roman ,stoics1 such as ,seneca1 ,marcus ,aurelius1 and ,epictetus1 made a very near approach to ,christianity in many things1 but then they lived more in the light of ,christian truth4 ,the worst feature in the ,stoic philosophy was the view it took of suicide4 ,self-destruction was not only permitted but was positively approved by the ,stoics1 and nearly all the great leaders of the sect set the example of it4 ,such were the philosophers with whom ,st4 ,paul disputed every day in the market-place of ,athens4 ,the doctrines of the ,stoics at least were not new to him2 for ,tarsus in ,cilicia1 where ,saul was born and educated1 was a great centre of ,stoic philosophy1 and from his youth up he must have been more or less familiar with the salient points of the ,stoic system4 ,the 8,painted ,porch10 the headquarters of the ,stoics in ,athens1 was situated in the ,agora1 and the ,garden of the ,epicureans was close at hand1 so that in the market-place ,st4 ,paul was in the midst of the rival sects of philosophers--in fact1 on the battle-ground4 ,we can have little doubt of the kind of reception the ,epicureans would give him4 ,it was a part of their system to make light of everything1 and to treat nothing seriously except their dinners4 ,he spoke to them about 8,jesus and the resurrection40 ,of course they called him a 8word-sower0 or a 8babbler10 though ,renan will have it that they called ,st4 ,paul a 8babbler0 because he spoke bad ,greek4 ,the ,stoics were grave men1 however1 and they gave him a respectful hearing4 ,he knew the current of their thoughts and how to address himself to them2 and his doctrines must have excited their curiosity1 if not their interest4 ,they it was1 doubtless1 who invited him to the ,areopagus1 the supreme tribunal1 where every important question in religion1 law1 and philosophy was heard and pronounced upon4 ,it was an exceedingly great mark of respect for ,st4 ,paul and his opinions that he should be invited from the vulgar discussions of the ,agora to speak before the most ancient and most august assembly of ,greece2 it shows the impression he must have made by his learning and eloquence on the cultivated men of ,athens1 and it is a proof that after all ,st4 ,paul must have spoken pretty good ,greek4 ,the ,areopagus1 or 8,council of ,twelve10 was a tribunal set up in the earliest days of ,grecian autonomy to try capital offences4 ,solon1 #fjj ,b4,c41 made it a sort of high council of state and bestowed upon it the power of veto4 ,only men of unblemished reputation1 who had rendered signal services to their country1 were eligible to become members of it4 ,the ,athenians regarded it as the most sacred institution of their state1 and it was1 in truth1 the most venerable tribunal of the ancient world4 ,though it had been stripped of many of its prerogatives1 it still retained its prestige and took cognizance of all matters relating to religion and education in ,greece4 ,had ,st4 ,paul been invited to address the ,roman ,senate in the days of its greatest glory1 he would have spoken before a more powerful but not a more august assembly than was the ,areopagus the day that he stood before it on the summit of ,mars' ,hill4 ,it was one of the great events that mark an epoch in the world's history when ,christianity1 in the person of ,st4 ,paul1 was summoned to appear for judgment before that high tribunal wherein all the cultivation and wisdom and intelligence of the gentile nations were concentrated4 ,it was a solemn moment for the ,christian cause1 and what must have been the feelings of the great apostle as he ascended the long flight of stone steps that led him up to ,mars' ,hill and into the midst of the sacred circle of the ,areopagus8 ,the curious multitude pressed after him2 the twelve venerable judges1 seated in benches hewn out of the rock1 awaited him1 impatient to dispose of this 8setter-forth of new divinities40 ,it was a scene around which was gathered the glory of the ancient world and the expectation of the new4 ,from the summit of that hill which overlooked ,athens ,st4 ,paul could1 as it were1 survey all the wisdom and philosophy and religion of the past4 ,his eye could rest on the spot of the ,academy where ,plato taught1 and on the ,lyceum where was the school of ,aristotle4 ,right before him stood the ,temple of ,mars and the ,pantheon of ,minerva1 and rising close above him was the ,colossus of ,athens1 cast out of the brazen spoils of ,marathon4 ,the ,acropolis1 ,athens1 ,greece were before him1 and they summed up nearly all that was great in the past4 ,it was not the first time that ,st4 ,paul had preached ,christ before a great assembly1 and we may be assured that he entered upon his subject with his accustomed boldness4 ,standing up in the midst of the ,areopagus1 with outstretched hand1 he began his abrupt exordium4 ,even the pagan poet ,longinus1 in his list of the orators of ,greece1 includes the name of 8,paul of ,tarsus1 the patron10 as he says1 8of an opinion not yet fully proved40 ,and ,st4 ,paul's speech on this occasion must have called forth the full powers of his oratory4 ,by all accounts the personal appearance of the great apostle was not striking1 and we can hardly conceive of him as possessed of the graces of oratory2 but these count for little in addressing popular assemblies4 ,his power lay in the divine earnestness of his faith and his burning zeal for its propagation4 ,he always spoke with the light that struck him blind on the road to ,damascus shining in upon his soul1 and the ,voice that he heard ringing in his ear4 ,jesus ,christ and his ,gospel were an actuality to him1 and he made them an actuality to all who heard him4 ,there was no doubting the sincerity of his conviction--every tone of his voice1 every expression of his countenance1 every motion of his body was a declaration of the supreme power of the faith that possessed him4 ,it was a novel experience to the free and easy ,athenians1 who were never thoroughly in earnest about anything1 to have a man so consumed with earnestness make an appeal before them1 and it must have impressed them not a little4 ,they must have been a good deal taken by surprise also by the manner in which ,st4 ,paul introduced his subject4 ,instead of feeling his way timidly in the presence of so august an assemblage1 he made a bold dash1 carried the war at once into the enemy's country1 fought them on their own ground and with the weapons they themselves had furnished him4 ,the people of ,athens were so religious or so superstitious1 or both1 that they wanted to make sure that no god should be left unhonored in their city2 and after raising an altar to every god of whom they had heard1 they bethought themselves that there might still be some god of whom they had not heard1 and so they raised an altar and dedicated it 8,to the unknown god40 ,pausanias states that there were several such altars in ,athens1 and ,petronius declares that so bountiful were the ,athenians in providing altars and statues for the gods 8that it was far easier to find a god in ,athens than a man40 ,st4 ,paul might take it for granted that every false god was honored in ,athens by name1 and the only god who was 8unknown0 was the one true ,god whom he came to preach to them4 ,this gave him at once an opening and a way to escape the accusation that he was a 8setter-forth of strange divinities10 which would have been prejudicial to his cause before the ,areopagus4 ,it was a master-stroke1 and in it we discover a good illustration of that cunning of the serpent which the apostles were told to imitate4 ,it is supposed that we have only the outline of ,st4 ,paul's speech on ,mars' ,hill preserved to us in the ,acts of the ,apostles2 and yet the outline is in itself complete and perfect in its adaptation to the audience4 ,the ,athenians were above all things proud of their city1 and ,st4 ,paul told them that he was struck by its aspect2 he noticed the religious feeling manifested in the setting up of so many objects of worship2 and after having thus engaged the attention of the people he proceeded to lay before them the ,christian conception of the ,supreme ,being1 which must have recalled to the philosophers present the highest flights of ,plato and commanded their attention4 ,he struck directly at the atomic theory of the ,epicureans by asserting the creative act of ,god and the divine ,providence that rules the universe and orders all things4 ,he spoke of the 8,god in whom we live1 move1 and be40 ,and the ,stoics were full of interest2 he appeared to side with their pantheistic notions of the ,deity2 he even quoted one of their poets--,aratus of ,cilicia--and we can almost fancy some of the grave philosophers of this sect rising to applaud him4 ,but in the next breath he crushed them1 for he declared that ,god is a personal being1 that he is equally the ,father of all men1 and that there is only one way to approach him--the same for all--the philosopher must come down from his high conceits and do penance just the same as the poor and illiterate4 ,he broke down the barrier of race and national pride by declaring 8that ,god made of one blood all the nations of mankind10 and the past times1 however glorious they might appear1 were in reality times of ignorance when the truth was not known4 ,and to their utter astonishment he makes the 8foolishness0 of ,christ and his resurrection the basis and proof of all religious truth and righteousness4 ,this was the least philosophical part of ,st4 ,paul's discourse and created the most opposition2 but it was the most irresistible1 for it was a fact4 ,athens had heard great orators before1 but this was the most immortal speech ever uttered in her hearing2 even apart from its sacred character it would hold its own for eloquence and skill among the greatest productions of the past4 ,it is the true model of ,christian eloquence1 and illustrates that economy in the way of presenting divine truth which is the most striking feature in the teaching of ,st4 ,paul4 8,instead of uttering any invective10 says ,dr4 ,newman1 8against their polytheism1 he began a discourse upon the unity of the divine nature1 and then proceeded to claim the altar consecrated in the neighborhood to the unknown god as the property of ,him whom he preached to them1 and to enforce his doctrine of the divine immateriality1 not by miracles but by argument1 and that founded on the words of a heathen poet40 ,but the speech was not well received1 nay1 it was interrupted1 cut short1 and1 powerful as it was1 only a very few persons in that large assembly were converted by it1 and of these two only are mentioned--,dionysius1 a member of the ,areopagus1 and the woman ,damaris1 of whom nothing is known4 ,it created a profound impression1 nevertheless4 ,it took the philosophers of ,athens completely by surprise2 they were wholly unprepared to meet it1 and the only part to which they could make an immediate objection was the ,resurrection1 and they took advantage of this to postpone the discussion and so escape the relentless logic of ,st4 ,paul4 ,nor did they give him another hearing1 as they had promised4 ,they were insincere2 like the modern triflers with truth1 they were afraid they might hear too much1 and so took refuge in evasion4 ,such are still the tactics of flippant philosophers and men of bad faith all the world over4 ,they simply do not want to know the truth1 and hence they mock at it and evade it4 ,but even the conversion of one member of the high council of ,greece was a great gain for ,christianity4 ,dionysius was a conquest worthy of ,st4 ,paul1 and to have given to ,france her glorious ,st4 ,denis was a result that well repaid the highest effort of ,christian eloquence4 ,thus it was that ,christian philosophy encountered ,greek philosophy on the summit of ,mars' ,hill1 and silenced and dethroned it2 and during twenty centuries thus has it silenced and dethroned every system that has come in conflict with it2 and although its supremacy has been constantly disputed1 it still remains supreme in the domain of reason and of truth4 ,in cultivated ,athens we behold the highest point to which unaided human reason can attain1 and it is in cultivated ,athens that we first find ,christianity asserting its claim to be the gospel of reason as well as of faith4 ,christianity is the only system of religion that has made philosophy its handmaiden and used it to elucidate its doctrines4 ,it is1 in fact1 the only religious system that can confidently appeal to the higher powers of reason1 and hence it is the only creed that has ever made really intellectual conquests1 that has ever compelled rationalism and scepticism to pause before it and believe1 or at least doubt4 ,christianity alone1 among all the religions of the world1 has been able to exact the complete homage of the minds as well as the hearts of cultivated men4 ,but although philosophy to a certain extent prepared the way for ,christianity1 and ,christianity constantly uses philosophy and appeals to it1 it is a great mistake to suppose that philosophy played a very important part in the formation and propagation of the ,christian faith4 ,the religion that bears the name of ,christ is not a theory gradually developed1 but from the very first a definite system of religious teaching resting on facts4 ,the logic of facts1 not of philosophy1 has propagated ,christianity4 ,st4 ,paul appealed to philosophy in ,athens1 and he converted two persons4 ,st4 ,peter appealed to facts in ,jerusalem1 and he converted eight thousand4 ,this is about the proportion of the relative influence of philosophy and fact in the propagation of the ,christian religion4 ,jesus and the ,resurrection1 the facts at the bare mention of which the ,athenians mocked1 were the facts that a century later converted ,greece when the tide of human testimony spread on from ,judea and confirmed them4 ,philosophical theories have never founded a religion1 they have never wrought any great revolution in the belief of mankind2 facts alone can produce wide-spread conviction and change4 ,the rationalism of our day affects to treat ,christianity as a theory of religion1 a mere phase in the development of the religious thought of mankind1 and as such to judge it and dispose of it2 it feigns to ignore altogether the ,christian religion as a system resting on facts4 ,this is certainly a crafty move2 for it is easy to get rid of a theory1 but facts cannot well be explained away4 ,once they are well established1 facts are invincible4 ,and the evidences of ,christianity are facts--well-established1 invincible facts--that can neither be ignored nor explained away4 ,the ,christian religion is a philosophical religion1 inasmuch as it is in complete harmony with whatever is sound in the philosophy of any age2 but it is also an historical religion1 and in its origin and progress rests on the certain basis of human testimony4 ,the divine ,founder of ,christianity did not appear in a remote age of darkness and obscurity1 but in an age of intellectual culture and enlightenment--in an age when history had already attained to its full purpose and perfection4 ,so that the life and doctrines of ,jesus ,christ1 and the progress of the religion he founded1 at once dropped into the stream of history and became a part of it4 ,this is shown by the fact that so many contemporary pagan historians have in their writings referred to ,christ1 his miracles1 his doctrines1 and his sufferings4 ,the ,great ,teacher who came to give true light to the world was not afraid of the light2 and it was without doubt a part of the eternal design that he should appear in an era of intellectual activity and culture and criticism1 so that human reason might have no excuse for rejecting him1 and the future enemies of ,christianity could not upbraid it with being a system hatched out in darkness and obscurity4 ,here is a point we should particularly insist upon3 ,jesus ,christ has his place in history as much as ,csar or ,napoleon or ,washington or any other great man of the past4 ,his miracles are as much matters of history as the victories of ,csar2 his law is as much a matter of history as the ,code of ,napoleon2 and the kingdom of ,christianity which he founded is as palpable a fact to-day as the republic of ,george ,washington4 ,christianity is only a theory1 say the rationalists4 ,what a barefaced falsehood in the face of all history6 ,christianity an effect without an adequate cause1 say they4 ,what an outrage on reason6 ,verily1 the theories by which the rationalistic school would account for ,christianity are on a par with the ,hindoo theory of the world1 for they also rest on nothing at all4 ,christianity is not a natural outgrowth or development of ,judaism2 it is not a skilful adaptation of ,oriental liturgy and ,greek philosophy2 but it is a religion of reason and truth1 resting on the eternal facts of the ,incarnation1 ,passion1 ,death1 and ,resurrection of ,jesus ,christ1 the only-begotten ,son of the ,god of all truth4 ,footnote #afa3 ,renan4 ,vie de ,saint ,paul1 chap4 vii4 p4 #abf4 ,footnote #afb3 ,renan1 ,vie de ,saint ,paul1 c4 vii4 p4 #ace4 ,,one ,,to ,,one4 8,the one soul to the one ,god40--,,rev4 ,,henry ,,giesen1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 8,one unto one60 ,o ,jesus1 can thy creature ,be truly one to one with thee1 her ,king8 ,can the poor sinful heart for which thine suffered ,to thee alone in love and sorrow cling8 ,to thee1 the ,son of ,god1 the ,word ,eternal1 ,so dreadly pure1 so infinitely just8 8,one unto one06 ,my ,god1 when ,i would say it1 ',tis answered me1 8,remember thou art dust40 8,one unto one06 ,o ,jesus1 meek and loving1 ,and humbled down to ,bethlehem for me1 ,humbled to own a human heart and nature1 ,jesus1 my ,saviour1 now ,i come to thee6 ,i see thee on thy ,virgin ,mother's bosom-- ,an infant1 though a ,god1 a ,judge1 a ,king3 8,one unto one06 ,ah6 yes1 my infant ,saviour1 ,to thee at last ,i dare my love to bring4 ,again1 in prayer and sorrow ,i behold thee ,prostrate beneath the olive-trees' dark shade1 ,the blood of agony for us outpouring1 ,the burden of our sins upon thee laid4 8,one unto one06 ,yes1 here too may thy creature1 ,with all her sins before her1 bring her heart ,near unto thine2 for she is only asking ,that in thy agony she may have part4 8,one unto one06 ,the thorny crown1 the scourges1 ,the gall1 the nails1 the cross1 the cruel spear1 ,the death-swoon1 and the last dear words--,o ,jesus6 8,one unto one0--how can ,i say it here8 ,only thy ,mother with her priceless dolors1 ,methinks1 can rightly say this daring word2 ,she who shared all thy passion1 meekly standing ,beside thy cross1 soul-pierced with ,simeon's sword4 ,dead is the ,son of ,god1 the ,son of ,mary2 ,dead for our love--for very love of me6 8,one unto one06 ,o ,jesus1 my ,redeemer1 ,grant that my life may die for love of thee4 ,grant that thy cross may be my only treasure1 ,thy blood my riches1 and thy grace my prize2 ,until1 my penance done1 my sins all pardoned1 8,one unto one10 to thee my spirit flies6 ,,his ,,irish ,,cousins4 ,mr4 ,eugene ,percival was seated in the dining-room of the ,garrick ,club1 ,london1 engaged in discussing a quiet little dinner consisting of a plate of real turtle1 a red mullet1 and a pin-tailed duck1 preparatory to turning into ,covent ,garden to hear ,titiens in ,semiramide1 when a servant approached him1 bearing two letters upon a silver salver4 8,irish mail1 sir40 8,for me80 8,yes1 sir40 ,mr4 ,percival quietly finished his glass of pale sherry and ordered a clean plate ere he troubled himself about his ,hibernian correspondence4 8,irish letters60 he murmured4 8,who could write to me from that out-of-the-world country8 ,jack ,hotham1 possibly4 ,his regiment is quartered on some solid bit of bog called the ,curragh40 ,he leisurely took up the nearest epistle4 8,a woman's hand1 by ,jove6 ,and such a hand4 ,how she does scatter the ink6 ,place aux dames4 ,now1 madam1 ,i am prepared for the worst40 ,and throwing himself back in his chair1 he proceeded to open the envelope4 ,the letter ran as follows3 8,,ballybo1 ,,co4 ,,mayo1 ,june #a1 #ahg-4 8,,dear ,,cousin3 ,a very nice young man1 who says he is intimate with you1 has been stopping here for a few days for the salmon-fishing4 ,by the merest accident your name came on the tapis1 and ,i immediately claimed you as a kinsman1 my mother and your father having been second cousins4 ,as kinsfolk should at least become acquainted with one another1 ,i take this opportunity of letting you know that my eldest boy1 ,charley1 and his sister ,geraldine1 are going to visit ,london next week1 when any attention you can show them will be most gratefully received by your affectionate cousin1 8,,martha ,,mary ,,grace ,,devereux4 8,p4 ,s4 ,they will stop at the ,charing ,cross ,hotel4 ,charley is twenty-three and ,geraldine four years younger40 8,of all the cool epistles ,i ever read this is the coolest10 muttered ,percival1 holding the letter at arm's length1 as though it were combustible4 8,i never heard of ,martha ,mary ,grace ,devereux before4 ,i have no relations in ,ireland4 ,the idea of having a hulking savage with a brogue that would peel a potato1 and dressed like a navvy1 and an awkward1 dowdy1 gawky girl1 thrust upon me is rather too good4 ,no1 no1 my ,irish friends4 ,i respect you at ,bally--,bally-what-you-may-call-it1 but in ,piccadilly not quite40 ,here he commenced his ripe ,stilton4 8,the idea of my being seen in ,mayfair with--,pshaw6 it's too good40 ,he turned the second letter over with his knife4 8,a school-boy's hand4 ,i suppose this is from ,charley1 with a modest demand for a box at the opera for himself and his sister for every night during their stay1 seats on one of the ,four-in-hand ,club coaches1 tickets for the ,zoo for ,sunday1 invitations to swell balls4 ,i know what ,irish cousins mean1 and1 per ,bacco6 ,i'll keep the ,channel rolling between us4 ,let's see what ,charley says4 ,a monogram1 ,c4 ,d4 ,gorgeous6 ,who'd have thought of so much civilization in ,mayo--wherever that may be80 8,,ballybo4 8,mr4 ,charley ,devereux' compliments to ,mr4 ,percival0--that's civil at any rate--8and begs to say that in order to oblige his mother0--whose mother8 ,my poor mother died when ,i was toothless--8he writes this note4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,d4 doesn't believe in bothering people who don't care about him0--come1 now1 this is a sensible lad--8and he doesn't care for people whom he doesn't know0--sensible again4 8,if ,mr4 ,percival wants to see ,mr4 ,c4 ,d41 he will find him at the ,charing ,cross ,hotel on and after ,monday next40 99 99 99 99 99 8,i say1 ,minniver1 just come over and take your ,lafitte here4 ,i have such a bon bouche for you60 said ,percival1 addressing a gentleman seated at a neighboring table4 8,what's the row80 demanded ,mr4 ,minniver1 a tall1 aristocratic man1 whose hair was parted in the centre and whose eye-glass was the sole occupation of his life4 8,two letters from ,ireland40 8,no60 8,fact40 8,take my glawss and decanter over to ,mr4 ,percival's table10 said ,mr4 ,minniver1 addressing a waiter4 8,shall ,i read 'em to you1 ,minniver80 8,are they in ,irish80 8,oh6 dear1 no40 8,then let me have the two barrels40 8,congratulate me1 old fellow40 8,on what80 8,i have been claimed by ,irish cousins40 8,what a nuisance60 observed ,mr4 ,minniver in a tone of intense disgust1 and letting his eye-glass fall on the table with a click1 whilst he took a sip of the rich1 tawny wine4 8,that's not enough4 ,to claim me does not fill their cup of happiness4 ,they are coming over to see me40 8,by ,jove60 wiping the glass carefully and screwing it hard into the corner of his eye4 8,yes4 ,just read this letter4 ,this is the one that claims me1 that takes me into the fold1 and here's another that repudiates me40 8,that's a very extraordinary document1 ,percival10 observed ,mr4 ,minniver with an owl-like glance1 solemn1 important1 but vacant withal4 8,read this now2 it's from ,charley40 8,why1 this ought to be framed and glazed4 ,how old ,thackeray would have chuckled over this in the smoking-room6 ,you must let us have it in the smoking-room2 the fellows are infernally dull just now40 8,take both1 my dear boy40 8,thanks4 ,what are you going to do80 8,preserve a masterly inactivity40 8,you'll reply80 8,i think not40 8,drop a pasteboard at the ,cross80 8,cards are expensive luxuries just now4 ,you forget it's the height of the season1 ,minniver60 8,then you'll let it sink80 8,most unquestionably40 8,i s'pose you're right40 8,well1 rather4 ,i can stand a good deal but ,irish cousins4 ,as the ,princess ,huncomun says in #8,tom ,thumb1' #8,i shudder at the gross idea4'0 8,it would never do1 ,percival--never1 never40 ,and wagging his empty head sagaciously1 ,mr4 ,minniver again dipped his beak in the juice of the grape4 ,mr4 ,eugene ,percival is a swell of the first water2 a bureaucrat in the most exalted sense of the term2 a clerk in the ,foreign ,office1 with expectations of a third secretaryship at no distant date4 ,his mother1 an heiress1 died in giving him birth2 his father1 a captain in the ,seventeenth ,lancers1 fell in the bloody ride of death at ,balaklava4 ,a guardian took possession of the boy1 and1 having placed him at ,eton1 later on transplanted him to ,cambridge1 where he took a degree1 making a fair fight for honors4 ,the failure of the banking firm of ,overend ,gurney1 of ,lombard ,street1 deprived ,percival of over half his property1 and then he resolved upon work4 8,i cannot live upon fifteen hundred a year and idleness10 he said4 8,i could live1 and live well1 on a hundred a year with work40 ,through the influence of no less a personage than ,benjamin ,disraeli he was installed at the ,foreign ,office at a nominal salary1 and the evening upon which this story opens he was twenty-five years of age1 five feet eight inches in height1 with yellow hair closely cropped1 as is the fashion amongst the golden youth of the present hour1 his eyes dark blue1 his nose a delicate aquiline1 his mouth and teeth unexceptionable1 and the whole man bearing the unmistakable stamp of gentleman4 ,a few days subsequent to the receipt of his ,irish letters ,mr4 ,eugene ,percival strolled from the ,garrick into ,covent ,garden ,market1 but little altered in its appearance since the days when ,sam ,johnson and ,topham ,beauclerk went on a rouse amongst the vegetable wagons1 and at unhallowed hours1 as the worthy lexicographer subsequently--and sorrowfully--admitted4 ,taking the central arcade1 the bureaucrat stopped to admire bouquets that would have brought tears of envy into the pretty eyes of ,mlle4 ,louise of the ,march aux ,fleurs1 so fearfully and wonderfully were they made up1 so delicious in their harmonies1 such veritable tone-poems in their lustrous yet satisfying effects4 ,stepping into a flower-shop1 he invested in a two-shilling moss rosebud reclining upon the petals of a sprig of stefanotis1 attached to his coat by a young lady who addressed him by name4 8,mr4 ,pommery #8as just been 'ere1 ,mr4 ,percival40 8,what6 another bunch of violets80 8,yes1 sir10 she replied with a saucy laugh4 8,why1 he must be spending a small fortune40 8,these wiolets come from ,algiers40 8,and he sends a bunch every day80 8,every day1 sir40 8,and you are sworn to secrecy80 8,yes1 sir40 8,and you won't tell to whom those violets go80 8,not for anything40 8,where do they go80 ,the young lady shook her head4 8,it is refreshing10 laughed ,percival as he quitted the shop1 8to find one woman who can keep a secret40 ,he strolled down the arcade1 gazing at the flowers and fruits1 and the bizarre crowd that gently surged hither and thither1 from the costermonger who came for his salad and radishes1 to the 8,dook0 who sought his five-guinea bouquet2 from the weedy-looking woman1 smelling horribly of gin1 who shelled peas1 to the countess in search of an orchid to make up her priceless collection4 ,he was standing opposite a window wherein lay exposed a basket of ,belle ,angevine pears labelled 8#cj a dozen10 when a hand was laid on his shoulder and a cheery voice exclaimed3 8,not thinking of that lot1 ,percival80 8,not quite1 ,pommery4 ,they're a cut above me4 ,my buying price is sixpence1 and ,i falter at anything above that lordly sum40 8,they're not much1 these ,angevines4 ,i had a cut into one last night at a little dinner ,baby ,bowles gave six of us at the ,star and ,garter--a pre-marital affair40 8,pre-marital6 ,has the ,baby surrendered at discretion80 8,he has surrendered1 which says little for his discretion40 8,pauvre garon6 ,by the way1 you've been away1 ,pommery80 8,yaas40 8,whither80 8,guess40 8,norway1 after the salmon80 8,no40 8,monaco1 after ,rouge et ,noir80 8,no40 8,paris1 after a good dinner80 8,you'd never guess4 ,hold on to your umbrella now1 ,percival1 for ,i'm about to startle you4 ,i've been in ,ireland40 8,never60 8,a fact1 ,i assure you40 8,and you're alive to tell the tale80 8,ireland is not bad quarters1 ,i can tell you4 ,i was capitally fed4 ,i had a game of ,polo in the ,phnix ,park--and that is a park4 ,i had as good a rubber at the ,kildare ,street ,club as ever ,i played at the ,raleigh4 ,i saw some very fit soldiering at the ,curragh of ,kildare4 ,i landed my thirty-seven-pound salmon from a river with an impossible name in ,connemara4 ,i took to ,connemara con amore--excuse the pun1 it's rather early4 ,and ,i'll let you into a secret1 ,percival3 ,i mean to return for the grouse on the #bjth of ,august40 8,apropos of ,ireland1 get ,minniver to show you two letters ,i received last week from some people calling themselves my cousins2 they are the richest things in town4 ,they have had nothing in the smoking-room of the ,garrick so good since the night old ,fladgate told ,thackeray that1 in order to render his lectures on the ,four ,georges a success1 he should hire a piano40 ,jack ,pommery is a clever1 hard-working young barrister--a coming man4 ,he was senior wrangler of his year at ,cambridge1 and carried off one or two 8big things40 ,he rowed in the #8varsity eight and boxed like a prize-fighter4 ,pommery1 while he believes in work1 stoutly maintains that the brain can only do a certain amount of it1 and under cover of this theory casts aside wig and gown for a run with the ,pytchley1 a pull on the ,thames1 a breezer in the ,channel under double reefs1 a month on the moors--in a word1 he goes in for what ,micky ,free termed 8hapes o' divarshin40 8,i've just seen your fleuriste1 ,jack4 ,she still keeps the key of the blue chamber40 8,she'll not sell me40 8,and you won't let me into the secret--you won't divulge the name of the violet lady80 8,some day40 8,some day is no day40 8,it's a caprice1 ,percival4 ,every clever man has a caprice40 8,bravo6 ,let me hear you blow that trumpet again4 ,why1 the guard of the ,windsor ,coach doesn't use his yard of tin with greater effect10 laughed ,percival4 8,bah6 chaff6 ,the story is very simple4 ,it is idyllic4 ,i meet a girl1 no matter where4 ,she has violet eyes4 ,she is as modest as a violet4 ,qui me cherche me trouve is her motto--a true woman's motto1 my man4 ,i went spooney on her4 ,i am spoons still4 ,i told her that until ,i met her again ,i would send her a bunch of violets every day4 ,i send the bunch of violets every day1 et voil tout60 8,very pretty and sentimental1 'pon honor--worthy of being written by ,wilkie ,collins and set to music by ,arthur ,sullivan4 ,i won't press you on the subject1 ,jack1 but ,i'll tell you what ,i will press you to do40 8,what's that80 8,come back to the ,garrick and have a steak--one of our famous fat slugs of beef that ,thackeray revelled over after his favorite dish of tripe40 8,try a chop at the ,albion with me4 ,it's a real ,english chop-house1 a tavern in the best sense of the good old ,english word4 ,we'll be sure to meet some queer people there4 ,the theatrical stars most do congregate within its precincts4 ,toole1 ,irving1 ,barry ,sullivan haunt it when not #8on circuit4' ,confound their impudence in appropriating the pet terms of my honorable profession60 8,have at thy chops1 slave60 cried ,percival melodramatically as they passed along through groves of cabbages1 batteries of turnips1 golden vistas of carrots1 groups of women engaged in shelling peas4 ,the two entered the tavern1 and1 having seated themselves in a sort of loose box constructed of black oak1 with a table set in the middle1 ,pommery gave the order to a waiter whose pronounced accent bespoke an intimate acquaintance with the road that leads from the ,upper ,lake at ,killarney to ,gougawn ,barra4 ,he was an honest-looking1 open-faced1 elderly man1 civil without being servile1 and the possessor of a twinkle in the corner of his eye that proclaimed the land of his nativity equally with his unctuous and oily brogue4 ,a loud rapping on the table in the next compartment made itself heard1 while an authoritative voice called3 8,has that sheep been caught yet80 8,it's on the fire1 sir10 responded the waiter4 8,i suppose you intend that as a sample of ,irish wit40 ,this said with a sneer4 8,troth1 mebbe it's good enough for--0 and the man checked himself4 8,let me have none of your impertinence1 fellow4 ,you ,irish require to be kept under heel1 every one of you40 8,do we80 8,you do1 and it takes an ,englishman to do it40 8,see that1 now10 said the waiter1 angrily brushing the table1 and by a vigorous effort keeping back the fierce retort that was on the leap in his heart4 8,get me my chop40 8,i'll get it1 never fear10 hurrying away4 ,percival and his companion overheard this dialogue4 8,if ,i were that waiter10 exclaimed ,pommery1 8,i'd chuck the chop at that insolent fellow's head40 8,what can the poor wretch do8 ,he's paid for this sort of thing40 8,he's not paid to be insulted by a man who1 the chances are1 considers himself a gentleman40 8,it's very bad form40 ,the waiter returned with the autocrat's luncheon4 8,how dare you bring me a chop cooked in this way8 ,do you imagine ,i am in an ,irish pig-sty8 ,send me an ,english waiter40 ,at this moment a tall1 awkward-looking youth1 attired in a home-spun suit of gray frieze1 ill-fitting if not shabby1 slowly arose from a table right opposite1 and1 lounging over1 quietly asked3 8,will ,i do80 8,do what1 sir80 demanded the irate ,saxon4 8,wait on you40 8,wait on me8 ,you are not a waiter40 8,i am an ,irishman2 perhaps ,i might be able to please you better than my countryman40 ,pommery leaned over to ,percival3 8,there's some fun here40 8,there's danger10 was the reply4 ,the bully stared very hard at the young ,irishman1 surveying him from head to foot4 8,i don't want you10 he growled4 8,oh6 you don't10 still in the same calm tone4 8,no40 8,you're certain80 8,you've had your answer1 my gentleman4 ,go back to your luncheon40 8,not for one moment4 ,i've not quite done with you yet4 ,i have heard your observations to this helpless old man0--his voice quivering1 his eye flashing--8your brutal insolence40 8,sir60 starting as if he had been stung4 8,your ruffianly comments10 continued the other4 8,you knew that your eighteen pence was your armor1 and that you could insult both him and his country with impunity4 ,now1 my good fellow1 ,i am an ,irishman1 and1 only that ,i happen to be in a very particular hurry1 ,i'd compel you to eat that chop40 8,what do you mean1 sir80 he gasped4 8,precisely what ,i say10 replied the other4 8,how dare--0 8,see here1 now1 my good fellow1 keep your hectoring for helpless waiters and feeble women4 ,i come from a country where the word dare reaps a crop of broken bones4 ,i know you and your mongrel class4 ,and before ,i leave let me give you a bit of advice4 ,don't speak disrespectfully of ,ireland until you are sure of your company4 ,the moment you find yourself surrounded by your own set fire away40 ,and nodding jauntily1 he walked to the cashier's desk1 paid his bill1 gave the now hilarious waiter a shilling1 and sprang into a hansom that awaited him at the door1 leaving the bully turning red and white by turns and looking the very impersonation of baffled hate and rage4 8,that's no end of a brick10 cried ,pommery glowingly4 8,a gentleman to the back-bone40 8,i'll swear it40 8,blood will tell40 8,i wonder who he can be8 ,depend on't he's of the right lot40 8,what a nice touch of the brogue60 8,just a soupon4 ,i'm awfully sorry he didn't whip the fellow40 ,after some fierce yet gloomy consultation with the manager and a couple of obsequious waiters the autocrat approached the table at which the two swells were seated4 8,you have been witness to a ruffianly act10 clearing his throat1 8on the part of a scoundrel who has just left4 ,it amounts to an assault in the eyes of the law4 ,i do not intend to let the matter drop here4 ,i'm an ,englishman1 and ,i'd take it out of that sneak in double-quick4 ,you saw a gentleman assaulted--0 8,i saw him assault no gentleman10 said ,percival4 8,you saw him assault me1 sir10 retorted the other loftily4 8,i did2 but ,i saw him assault no gentleman10 coolly surveying the bully from head to foot4 8,you1 sir1 are what we call a cad4 ,come1 ,pommery40 ,the autocrat muttered something with reference to 8swells10 eyes1 blood1 and other full-flavored language as the two young men sauntered forth in the direction of 8the ,garden40 8,there's nothing to be done at the office to-day2 suppose we go to the ,park--the ,ladies' ,mile4 ,alice ,lindsay has been presented by her uncle1 ,sir ,winifred1 with a superb mount2 let's see how she takes to it40 ,it is right genial pleasure to lean upon the rails in ,hyde ,park and watch equestrians and equestriennes flash past on satin-coated1 arch-necked1 dainty-limbed horses2 to meet one's friends beneath the shade of the elms1 and to enjoy a good round gossip1 than which there is nothing pleasanter under the sun4 ,percival and ,pommery knew everybody worth knowing4 ,nods1 becks1 and wreathed smiles greeted them right1 left1 and centre4 ,fair dames showered graciousness upon them1 handsome cavaliers nodded familiarly4 8,well1 you ,pylades and ,orestes1 ,castor and ,pollux1 ,siamese twins1 how am you80 exclaimed a dapper little gentleman mounted upon a rattling cob1 reining in and addressing our two friends4 8,ah6 ,lindsay1 you here8 ,i thought you were in ,constantinople10 greeted ,percival4 8,so ,i were10 perverting his ,english2 8but ,i left my fez behind me to show my 'fiz' here4 ,twiggey voo80 8,how is your sister80 8,pretty bobbish40 8,i hear she has a superb mount40 8,too superb1 mon camarade4 ,she's a lucky girl if her collar-bone isn't fractured before twenty-four hours4 ,the brute is a good brute1 but just as fit for a woman to ride as a wild zebra4 ,here she comes4 ,by ,jove6 she can't hold him40 ,a young girl cantered up1 very red in the face from hard pulling4 8,well1 ,alice1 you've had enough of that brass elephant1 hasn't you80 8,not a bit of it10 cried ,miss ,lindsay1 a bright1 aristocratic-looking1 blue-eyed1 tow-haired young lady1 with lines of decision around a saucy mouth1 and with a form that bespoke the use of dumb-bells and all those minor appanages relating to the development of muscular ,christianity4 8,shall ,i ride with you80 8,no1 ,fred2 ,i can do the mile with ,bertie10 a younger brother astride a shaggy ,shetland4 8,don't you see two fellows whom you know1 ,alice80 8,why1 of course ,i do4 ,i've nearly nodded my head off at both of them1 and they have jerked the rims of their beavers out of shape10 laughed the girl4 8,allons1 ,bertie40 ,and lightly touching the magnificent but vicious-looking animal1 which she sat ravir1 she started off like an arrow from a bow1 followed by the shaggy ,shetland4 8,have a lift behind1 queer fellows8 ,no8 ,then ,i'll leave you to your meditations40 ,and ,fred ,lindsay trotted off in the direction taken by his sister4 8,that's the happiest dog ,i know1 ,percival10 observed ,pommery4 8,ten thousand a year1 a house in ,may-,fair1 a villa on the ,thames1 a shooting-box in ,scotland1 a loving tailor1 a careful cook1 and the constitution of a horse and cart40 8,he has1 as the ,americans say1 a good time of it4 ,by the way1 who's to woo and win his sister80 8,dymoke1 of the ,guards40 8,why1 he hasn't--but1 ,i say1 what's this8 ,a runaway1 by ,george6--a woman4 ,she'll get thrown2 she reels in the saddle10 jumping excitedly on a seat4 8,she's a brick4 ,she's pulling the brute4 ,yes--no--it's ,miss ,lindsay4 ,she can do nothing4 ,she'll be killed if she loses her seat4 ,the pace is awful4 ,she's lost her head4 ,she's done for40 ,such were the exclamations rapidly uttered by ,eugene ,percival as the fainting form of ,miss ,lindsay was borne past him like a flash4 8,magnificently done60 shouted ,pommery4 8,that fellow is a man1 whoever he is40 ,just as the young girl was swaying heavily from side to side in her saddle1 and about to sink fainting to the earth1 one of the onlookers plunged forward1 and1 seizing the reins of the maddened horse in a grasp of steel1 brought the animal almost to his haunches4 ,the swooning girl was thrown violently forward1 to be received in his arms as though she were a down pillow cast at him in play4 ,percival and ,pommery forced their way through the crowd4 8,make way1 please2 we are friends of this lady10 cried ,percival4 8,let her have air4 ,carry her into the shade40 ,miss ,lindsay was borne to the pathway and placed upon one of the benches1 while some cold water was dashed in her face4 8,how splendidly she behaved60 cried one of the bystanders4 8,such nerve60 8,such ,english pluck60 8,pshaw60 exclaimed the gentleman who had been the means of rescuing her1 8,i know twenty ,irish girls who would have brought that brute to his senses without any of this sort of fuss40 ,at this juncture ,fred ,lindsay galloped up4 8,is she much hurt80 he anxiously demanded4 8,she's not hurt at all2 she's frightened40 ,and half a dozen persons volunteered a statement of the occurrence1 all speaking together4 8,how can ,i thank you80 said ,lindsay1 turning to the stranger4 8,let me have your name and address4 ,by ,jove6 ,i must do something to express our gratitude40 8,i stop twenty horses a day in the fields at home1 and wickeder brutes than that1 so don't say one word40 ,and ere ,lindsay could interpose the other had mingled with the crowd4 8,did you see him80 asked ,percival of ,pommery4 8,who80 8,the young fellow who rescued ,miss ,lindsay40 8,not particularly40 8,why1 it's our ,irishman40 8,so it is4 ,i'm awfully sorry not to have spoken to him4 ,what a fellow he is1 to be sure60 99 99 99 99 99 ,eugene ,percival1 amongst other invitations1 received a card for a dinner-party at the ,lindsays' for the following ,tuesday4 8,we've been sadly put about10 said ,miss ,lindsay as he arrived1 8groomed to a hair40 8,our party was made up1 fitting oh6 so nicely4 ,i had my old man and my old lady1 and the man who can talk opera1 and the girl who can talk ,tennyson1 and my ,m4 ,p4 who can talk politics4 ,i had the agricultural element and the lawn-tennis element1 and a man who can talk across the table1 and the man who knows everything--yourself--and lo6 a wicked fairy bon gr mal gr adds two unexpected guests to my party by a wave of her wand1 and spoils it4 ,isn't it awful80 cries the hostess piteously1 elevating a superb bouquet to her dainty nose4 8,what did she give you80 8,only fancy--two ,irish people60 8,this is ironical of destiny10 laughed ,percival4 8,i won't know what to say to them1 what to do with them4 ,i want you to stand in the gap1 ,mr4 ,percival1 to see me through this miserable contretemps40 8,put me down for anything1 from the ,annals of the ,four ,masters to dancing an ,irish jig4 ,i haven't the faintest idea who the ,four ,masters are1 and ,i've never seen the jig danced1 but 'shure ,i'll troy1'0 endeavoring to imitate the ,irish brogue1 and failing dismally1 as does every cockney rash enough to venture upon the experiment4 8,i've never seen these people4 ,i called at their hotel yesterday1 but they were out doing ,st4 ,paul's1 or the ,tower1 or the ,houses of ,parliament1 or the ,thames ,tunnel1 as is the habit of tourists proper40 8,how did you drop into this trap1 ,miss ,lindsay80 8,this wise3 ,my uncle1 ,sir ,winifred1 spent some weeks last autumn with them in ,ireland4 ,he is a man who is ever anxious to repay a courtesy twofold40 8,i wonder1 if ,i lent him ten sovereigns1 would he return me twenty80 laughed ,percival4 8,if it was en rgle1 he would most decidedly4 ,he1 it appears1 met them--wherever do you think80 8,i'm sure ,i cannot say40 8,at ,madame ,tussaud's40 8,sir ,winifred at such a place6 ,what an old wax-work it is60 8,he loves that ,chamber of ,horrors1 and every time a murderer's head is added to it my uncle potters off directly to have a look at it4 ,he encountered his ,irish friends in this ,chamber last ,saturday1 and instantly takes them to the ,star and ,garter at ,richmond to dine4 ,he had them at the ,zoo on ,sunday1 last night at the opera1 and to-night he has foisted them on me2 so you won't mind roughing it a little1 will you80 8,certainly not4 ,is there anything ,irish in the house8 ,one must talk ,ireland1 you know40 8,nothing except a genuine ,ulster that never crossed the ,channel in its life4 ,we bought it last year at the ,robber of the ,north's1 ,mc,dougal1 at ,inverness40 8,were you in ,scotland lawst year80 drawled a pink-faced young man1 lounging up4 8,oh6 yes2 we did the ,kyles of ,bute1 and the ,crenan ,canal1 and ,oban1 and on by ,ballachullish to the ,pass of ,glencoe1 and we slept at ,bannavic1 and went up the ,caledonian ,canal40 ,and ,miss ,lindsay went off into a gush of rapture over the glorious scenery of the land o'cakes4 ,a powdered-headed flunky announced ,mr4 and ,miss ,devereux1 but in such a manner that the name might as well have been ,smith4 ,miss ,lindsay courteously advanced to receive her guests with 8,so pleased to see you6 ,called at your hotel yesterday4 ,how long have you been in ,london8 ,how do you like ,babylon8 ,your first visit80 ,charley ,devereux--for 'tis he--gazes very hard at his hostess4 ,could he be mistaken1 or is not this the young lady whom he 8chucked off0 the runaway horse8 8,are you fond of riding80 he abruptly asked4 8,oh6 passionately4 ,i ride every day40 8,did you ride in the park on ,friday80 8,yes1 and was nearly killed4 ,my horse1 a thoroughbred1 bolted4 ,i fought him as long as ,i could4 ,i got giddy1 and ,i can recollect nothing till ,i found myself stretched on a bench beneath one of the trees on the side path40 8,were you thrown80 asked ,miss ,devereux1 of whom more anon4 8,well1 yes and no4 ,a man in the crowd--a young mechanic1 my brother says--stopped the horse and caught me as ,i was flying through the air40 8,charley1 don't you know something--0 ,a look from her brother silenced ,miss ,devereux4 8,were you present80 asked ,miss ,lindsay4 8,i should rather say he was10 interposed ,lindsay1 who had just entered1 giving a finishing touch to his toilette as he bounded down the stairs4 8,why1 hang it1 ,alice1 don't you know that it is to this gentleman you probably owe your life80 ,miss ,lindsay opened her blue eyes very wide4 8,is this possible80 she cried4 8,why1 of course it is4 ,my dear fellow10 exclaimed ,lindsay1 seizing ,charley ,devereux by both hands1 8need ,i say what intense pleasure it is to find my sister's rescuer in the person of a friend of my uncle80 8,mr4 ,devereux10 added ,alice1 presenting two dainty hands in gloves of many buttons1 and impulsively flinging away her brother's hands1 8this is a joyous surprise4 ,why1 ,fred told me you were a mechanic--that is10 she added with a blush--8you see he is awfully near-sighted40 8,don't apologize1 ,miss ,lindsay4 ,my old home-spun suit is becoming very dingy1 but ,i like it so well that ,i wouldn't part with it for one of ,smallpage's marvellous frocks40 ,the pompous flunky announced dinner4 8,you will take me down1 ,mr4 ,devereux4 ,i shall jilt ,lord ,jocelyn for the preux chevalier who has so charmingly proved that the age of chivalry is not yet dead4 ,by the way1 ,i must do my devoirs40 ,and summoning ,percival from a distant corner of the room1 she presented him to ,miss ,devereux4 ,he did not catch the name1 but1 offering that young lady his arm1 he moved towards the door4 8,now for pigs and potatoes10 he thought4 ,he took a good look at the young girl on his arm1 and he beheld a very charming form1 soft brown wavy hair in a glorious luxuriance1 tastefully and neatly bound up in plaits1 a fair skin slightly freckled1 a nose a little tip-tilted like the petal of a flower1 a rich red mouth1 and earnest gray eyes shaded by long1 sweeping lashes4 8,your first visit to ,london80 8,my first40 ,she turned her face to him1 and then he perceived its delicate oval1 its low1 straight forehead1 its pencilled brows1 its charming innocence and purity of expression4 ,this was not the brogue he expected to hear4 ,this was not the face or form he had so dreaded to meet4 ,why1 he could get on with this charming bit of ,emerald without any reference to the ,isle1 save what it might please her ,serene ,greenship to indulge in4 8,and how do you like ,london80 he asked1 after the gentle fuss of seat-taking had subsided1 and every person had opened his or her napkin after his or her own particular fashion4 8,it oppresses me40 8,in what way80 8,it is too vast1 too grand1 too colossal4 ,it wearies4 ,i have had more headache since ,i came here than ever ,i earned over my ,latin grammar40 8,latin grammar6 ,are you so deep as ,latin80 8,i have taught ,latin10 and1 seeing his puzzled expression1 8to my very young brothers40 8,by ,jove60 ,it's all ,percival has to say1 and he says it4 ,miss ,devereux indulged in a low1 musical laugh at her cavalier's expense4 8,you're laughing at me80 said the bureaucrat1 giving a tremendous tug to his moustache4 8,i am10 was her reply4 8,why80 8,it's singularly amusing to hear an ,englishman focus all his energies upon his favorite exclamation40 8,and what do you say in ,ireland80 he retorted1 somewhat nettled4 8,you must ask my brother40 8,if he waits till ,i ask him10 thought ,percival1 8he'll be as gray as a badger40 ,mr4 ,percival indulged in another gaze at his fair companion1 who was engaged in the unromantic task of enjoying her dinner1 while he found himself hors de combat after a spoonful of soup and a devilled whitebait4 ,he discovered a certain magnetism about her that irresistibly attracted him4 ,the charm of her beauty was not in her golden hair1 whose wavelets threw up the brilliancy of her rich color2 not in the pure cream-tinted skin1 not in the exquisitely delicate curve of the chin and cheek1 nor in the sauciness of her retrouss nose2 it was the unconscious pleasure in her face1 a joy that positively breathed happiness from every feature4 8,how does it come that you have no brogue80 he abruptly asked4 8,oh6 dear1 yes ,i have4 ,i would shame the bogs of ,ballynashaughnagaun if ,i did not fairly represent them in the land of the ,saxon40 8,do pronounce that jaw-breaker again40 8,ballynashaughnagaun40 8,how dreadful60 8,we have longer names than that40 ,and ,miss ,devereux1 to ,percival's intense amusement1 proceeded to run over the townlands surrounding her wild ,connemara home4 8,only fancy if a man got lost in ,knocka-what-you-may-call-um2 why1 he'd perish by the wayside ere he could ask his way to the place from whence he came40 8,i am quite prepared to think that you would10 she laughed4 8,i'm rather a dab at languages10 he said1 with a certain tinge of self-satisfaction in his tone4 8,i beg your pardon--a what80 8,a dab40 8,may ,i ask which of your languages is that word borrowed from1 ,mr4 ,percival80 8,it's supposed to be ,english10 he laughed4 8,oh6 ,i am so relieved4 ,i was afraid you were going to attach it to ,ireland1 and then--0 8,and then80 8,guerra al cuchillo--war to the knife40 8,are you a dab8--,i beg pardon2 do you speak ,spanish80 8,i do2 we are quite an ,irish-,spanish colony40 8,an ,irish-,spanish colony6 ,in the name of wonder what is that80 8,i'll tell you4 ,the ,infanta1 one of the largest of the vessels attached to the ,spanish ,armada1 was wrecked on the coast of ,mayo4 ,the survivors settled along the coast as far as ,galway4 ,my great1 great1 great1 ever so great-grand-mamma was a daughter of one of the officers40 8,how is it that you come to have such glorious gray eyes80 ,this was said enthusiastically4 8,do not let that iced soufflet pass1 ,mr4 ,percival2 it is too good to snub so unmercifully40 8,what a facer60 thought the ,foreign ,office clerk as he called back the servant with the entre in question4 ,miss ,devereux did not understand any gentleman's gushing in this manner upon an acquaintance of twenty minutes4 ,if young ladies would only ice menkind occasionally1 instead of permitting them to say what they will1 their sway would be absolutely without limit2 but1 alas6 the girls of to-day are too--but ,i will not be cynical4 8,what part of ,ireland do you come from1 ,miss ----80 ,he has not heard her name1 and mumbles something unintelligible to fill up the gap4 8,connemara40 8,i know some people living out there40 8,indeed6 ,as ,i know everybody living out there1 ,i am quite sure we shall discover mutual friends40 ,now1 ,mr4 ,eugene ,percival1 not having the remotest idea of who ,miss ,devereux might be1 imagines that this is a very good opportunity for being very amusing1 and he accordingly plunges in medias res without more ado4 8,the name is ,devereux10 he said4 8,devereux80 she repeated4 8,there is but one family of that name in ,mayo40 8,of ,bally--something40 8,ballybo80 8,that's it4 ,ballybo4 ,do you know them80 ,she gave one short1 sharp glance at him4 ,was this ,englishman about to amuse himself at her expense8 ,was he going to exercise his ,english stupidity in a practical joke8 ,no2 she instinctively felt that ,percival was a gentleman and would not dare take a liberty2 and she perceived him so full of suppressed mirth that she resolved upon letting him have it all his own way4 8,yes1 ,i know them10 she replied4 8,what sort of people are they80 8,oh6 very commonplace1 and somewhat old-fashioned in their ways10 hardly able to keep back a burst of laughter4 8,i thought as much4 ,i'll tell you a capital thing that has occurred within the last week40 ,here he indulged in a series of gentlemanly chuckles4 8,i had a letter from ,ballyporeen40 8,ballybo8 ,you1 ,mr4 ,percival80 she exclaimed in a surprised way4 8,yes1 from an excellent lady1 who addresses me as her cousin1 and signs herself ,martha ,mary ,grace ,devereux1 and who informed me that her son and daughter were coming to town1 and begged of me to take care of them40 ,miss ,devereux1 dropping her knife and fork1 gazed steadily at ,percival4 ,she became very white1 while a sudden anger flamed in her expressive eyes4 8,you1 then1 are ,mr4 ,eugene ,percival80 she said1 a harshness in her voice4 8,yaas40 8,of the ,foreign ,office80 8,i have the honor to be attached to that blundering institution40 8,if ,i do not mistake1 ,mr4 ,percival1 you received more than one letter from ,ballybo40 8,yaas1 ,i got one from a sulky young ,irishman who--0 8,have you met him80 she interrupted4 8,no1 thank ,heaven6 and ,i hope ,i never shall40 ,this was uttered so fervently that ,miss ,devereux1 yielding to an ungovernable impulse1 rang out a peal of musical laughter so bright1 so joyous1 so contagious that the remainder of the company ceased their colorless prattle in order firstly to listen and then to join in it4 8,you are having all the fun to yourself10 cried ,lindsay1 addressing ,geraldine ,devereux4 8,what is the mot8 ,do send it round2 we want something more piquante than an entre at this stage of the proceedings40 ,geraldine1 all blushes at this unlooked-for notoriety and isolation1 declared that her laughter arose from a story that was being narrated to her by ,mr4 ,percival4 8,it's the first time ,percival ever succeeded in making anybody laugh with him10 exclaimed a sour-looking old gentleman who wore the red ribbon of a ,c4 ,b4 round his neck4 8,let us have it1 ,percival1 pro bono publico40 8,is it any secret of the office1 ,mr4 ,percival80 demanded ,miss ,lindsay4 8,because if it is there's 'a chiel amang ye takin' notes4' ,eh1 ,lord ,jocelyn80 8,like the ghost of ,hamlet's father1 ,i am forbid to tell the secrets of my prison-house10 was ,percival's retort4 8,is it worth hearing8--that is the question40 8,very well worth hearing10 said ,geraldine4 8,it's merely an ,irish adventure10 observed ,percival4 8,merely8 ,why1 where is adventure to be achieved1 if not in ,ireland8 ,come1 ,percival1 let us have it10 urged his host4 ,this was too good a chance for the member of ,parliament4 8,i was in the ,house the night the ,home-,rulers--0 ,and he commenced an anecdote under cover of which the ,foreign ,office clerk was enabled to beat a retreat4 8,it's an awfully funny story1 but some of the people here wouldn't see it1 you know40 8,i can't see it yet1 ,mr4 ,percival2 you have only just commenced4 ,pray proceed40 8,well1 you see1 ,i got this letter raking me up1 you know1 and the other letter from the young ,irish wolf-dog1 who wouldn't have me at any price4 ,how awfully emerald these people must be to imagine that ,i could--may ,i use an ,irish word80 8,no10 hotly4 8,bother myself about them1 especially in the height of the season40 ,and ,mr4 ,percival emptied a glass of champagne to his own sentiment4 8,poor things6 ,and you don't intend taking any notice of them80 8,no more than if they never existed40 8,and are you their kinsman80 8,i believe so1 now that ,i have looked into the matter40 8,don't you think you are acting rather shabbily80 8,so ,jack ,pommery says40 8,and ,jack ,pommery is right10 exclaimed ,geraldine1 clinching her little left hand and bringing it down into the rosy palm of her right4 8,do you know ,jack ,pommery80 asked ,percival4 8,i--,i have met him40 8,here80 8,no40 8,it must have been in ,ireland1 then10 earnestly4 8,it was40 8,by ,jove60 ,this exclamation caused ,geraldine to observe ,percival4 ,there was a mysterious knowingness on his face that sent the mercury of her curiosity up into the nineties4 8,is ,mr4 ,pommery an acquaintance of yours1 ,mr4 ,percival80 8,he is my alter ego1 my better man2 and ,i think ,i have got at his secret40 8,surely such strong friends have no secrets from one another40 8,jack kept one bottled up ever so tight1 wired down like the bitter beer they send to ,india4 ,may ,i ask you a question80 turning abruptly to ,geraldine4 8,you have asked so many that usage has almost become a right1 ,mr4 ,percival40 8,are you fond of violets80 ,a red1 red rose-blush spread itself over the young ,irish girl's face and neck and shell-like ears--a blush that came and glowed and refused to be put down--a blush that wooed and caressed and fondled4 8,why do you ask me80 she palpitated4 ,at this moment ,miss ,lindsay telegraphed for the ladies to retire1 and the usual uprising1 and rustle and removal of chairs1 and grim punctilio of menkind1 and saucy insouciance of womenkind took place4 ,when the gentlemen had reseated themselves the host cried3 8,close quarters1 mes braves4 ,approach to the attack of this fortress of ,chteau ,lafitte4 ,get up here1 ,percival2 you were lost to me for the last two hours40 ,in obedience to the mandate of his host the bureaucrat moved more above the salt1 and1 casting his eyes across the table1 he was astonished and delighted to discover the young ,irishman who had so pluckily distinguished himself upon the two occasions already detailed in this truthful narrative4 8,i am awfully glad to meet you10 he said1 taking up his glass and moving to a vacant chair beside ,charley ,devereux4 ,charley bowed stiffly and awkwardly4 8,i was at the ,albion with a friend last ,thursday when you dropped upon that disgusting cad40 ,devereux blushed like a schoolgirl4 8,he was a low1 swaggering blackguard1 and1 only ,i had an appointment with my sister1 ,i'd have kicked him into ,covent ,garden among the cabbages10 he warmly exclaimed4 8,he wanted my friend and ,i to witness what he called the assault1 but we gave him scant encouragement4 ,i also saw you the very same day do a very plucky thing in ,hyde ,park40 8,oh6 ,i know what you mean4 ,pshaw6 it's not worth mentioning40 8,isn't it8 ,the eyes of our fair hostess tell another story40 ,charley ,devereux drained a glass of claret and remained silent4 8,as you announced your nationality at the ,albion1 ,i know that you are ,irish40 8,to the backbone1 ,i hope40 8,do you reside here80 8,no2 ,i've only run over for a few days40 8,i shall be glad to make you an honorary member of my club40 8,what club is it80 asked ,charley4 8,i belong to two1 the ,garrick and the ,reform4 ,i can make you an honorary member of the ,reform2 at the ,garrick we are powerless40 8,thanks4 ,i won't trouble you1 my stay is so short4 ,i know1 at least ,i do not know1 a member of the ,garrick40 8,what's his name80 8,well1 he's not worth naming4 ,he's what you call in this country a cad40 8,we don't patronize cads in ,garrick ,street1 ,covent ,garden10 said ,percival1 somewhat coldly4 8,well1 you've got one full-blossomed cad amongst you at all events--what we would call in my country a shoneen40 8,of course1 as there's a black sheep in every flock1 there's a shady man in every club4 ,may ,i ask who this shoneen is80 ,charley ,devereux was on the point of uttering the two words 8,eugene ,percival0 when ,lindsay burst in4 8,i say1 you two fellows1 you're snubbing my cellar most awfully4 ,you remind me of two pashas whom ,i met at a dinner-party at ,constantinople1 who--0 8,speaking of ,constantinople10 interrupted the member of ,parliament1 8,sir ,stafford ,northcote on ,tuesday night--0 commencing a sing-song1 ,dryasdust ,house of ,commons story which lasted until coffee was announced4 ,as the gentlemen were ascending the stairs ,percival observed to ,devereux3 8,i took a countrywoman of yours down to dinner40 8,you took my sister40 8,indeed6 ,you do not resemble one another40 8,there is just a family likeness1 that's all40 8,do you reside in ,dublin80 8,not exactly2 we live in the wildest portion of ,connemara40 8,will you permit me to exchange cards with you80 8,i haven't got a card1 but my name is ,devereux40 8,devereux60 exclaimed ,percival1 staggering against the wall4 8,yes1 ,charley ,devereux40 8,of ,ballybo1 ,county ,mayo80 turning red and white by turns4 8,quite right40 8,and--and--the girl ,i took down to dinner is your sister80 8,you took ,miss ,devereux into dinner10 said ,charley proudly4 ,percival said nothing4 ,the situation revealed itself in a lurid flash4 ,it was too ghastly4 ,miss ,devereux had listened to his miserable story1 and1 while he imagined he had been amusing her1 he had been engaged in digging a pitfall in which it were well he had broken his neck4 ,he had been constructing a pillory wherein he had sat to be pelted with contumely and ridicule4 ,and ,devereux1 this lion-hearted young ,irishman1 whose pluck was of the age of chivalry--this splendid specimen of an ,irish gentleman whom he had disowned--had written him down a cad4 ,what should he do8 ,what could he do8 ,what could he say8 ,all the water in the ,irish ,channel were not sufficient to wash him clean of the stains imprinted by his own bovine ignorance4 ,what idiotic folly tempted him to rush into the details of that wretched episode8 ,why had he not acted as a gentleman8 ,why had he not replied to the letter of ,mrs4 ,devereux and left his card on his kinsfolk8 ,the affair would have died out then and there1 and he would have done his devoir4 ,he felt sick and giddy4 ,the worst impeachment is that which comes from one's self4 ,no sentence so stern1 no torture so severe4 ,he felt that1 blinded by prejudice1 he had acted a mean1 unmanly part1 and was now hoist on his own petard4 ,nemesis had followed him1 and the sword of ,damocles descended how unexpectedly6 ,of course ,miss ,devereux despised him4 ,she was civil because conventionality demanded it and because true blood always tells4 ,to her brother he should reveal himself1 cost what it would4 ,all that a gentleman can do is to apologize1 and the amende honorable was already an overdue draft4 ,to do ,eugene ,percival justice1 he was not a bad sort of fellow4 ,he was only thoroughly ,english2 and1 whilst the ,english love the ,irish individually1 collectively they despise them4 ,this farcical ignorance of ,ireland and the ,irish leads to a deal of misconception1 and there are thousands of ,saxons who would travel across ,central ,africa sooner than undertake the four hours between ,holyhead and ,kingstown1 the sixty-three miles separating ,north ,wales from the county of ,dublin4 ,they had reached the drawing-room landing4 ,at the open door ,miss ,devereux was chatting with considerable animation to ,miss ,lindsay4 8,mr4 ,devereux10 said ,percival1 8will you oblige me by stepping this way80 advancing to where the ladies stood4 8,well1 ,mr4 ,percival10 exclaimed ,alice ,lindsay1 8when are we to have your ,irish story80 8,now40 ,there was something in the tone that compelled attention4 ,miss ,devereux1 with a woman's quick perception1 felt the approaching dnouement1 and1 like a true woman1 endeavored to spare this man his utter humiliation4 8,irish stories should be told in ,ireland10 she cried4 8,there is one ,irish story that must be told here1 ,miss ,lindsay10 said ,percival gravely1 8and ,i would beg your attention for a very brief moment40 8,why1 it must be a very tragic one10 cried the hostess4 8,you are as grave as the entire senate when ,othello addressed them10 to ,percival4 8,you1 my dear little ,irish girl1 from being as joyous as ,nora ,creina1 are as sad as poor suffering ,erin herself2 and you1 caballero mio10 to ,devereux1 8have summoned a winter cloud of frown to your brow1 behind it thunder4 ,if ,mr4 ,percival insists let us hear his horrible tale in comfort4 ,messieurs et mesdames1 asseyez vous40 ,no one took a seat but the hostess1 and she sought a coigne of vantage upon the stairs4 8,i hardly know how to begin10 said ,percival very slowly4 8,i can make no amende beyond the utter humiliation the narration of the story will inflict1 and no ordeal that ,i could be put to could possibly prove more bitter4 ,until five minutes ago ,i was in utter ignorance that to ,miss ,devereux and her brother ,i could claim relationship40 8,relationship6 ,how awfully jolly60 exclaimed ,miss ,lindsay1 fanning herself violently4 8,you1 then1 are ,eugene ,percival80 cried ,charley ,devereux1 surveying him with a glance in which scorn and anger struggled for mastery4 8,i am ,eugene ,percival1 your kinsman4 ,stay10 he added as ,charley was about to interrupt him4 8,i ask to be heard--that is all4 ,to err is human1 to forgive divine4 ,i have made a ghastly mistake2 ,i now eat the humblest of pie4 ,i can urge nothing in extenuation for my silly small-talk4 ,it was weak1 it was shabby4 ,i pillory myself4 ,i beg to assure you1 my cousins1 that within the last five minutes ,i have passed through a bitter agony4 ,i did not catch your name1 ,miss ,devereux1 when the honor was conferred upon me of taking you down to dinner4 ,i had not the faintest conception who you were whilst my stupid tongue babbled4 ,i was not aware that this gentleman was your brother4 ,i did not know who he was until within five minutes4 ,fate has been playing at cross purposes with me4 ,i offer no apology for my bad form in not replying to the letters ,i received4 ,there is none that could be accepted4 ,a chain of circumstances has woven itself which ties me to the earth4 ,i can only say that ,i earnestly hope some chance may be granted me of showing how anxious ,i am to redeem myself with my ,irish cousins40 ,and making a deep bow1 ,eugene ,percival hurried down the stairs and from the house4 99 99 99 99 99 ,upon the day following this dnouement ,percival called upon ,jack ,pommery at the lodgings of the latter in ,new ,bond ,street4 8,have you been appointed secretary of legation at ,ujiji80 laughed ,jack4 8,you look about as cheerful as if you were in for the yellow fever40 8,drop chaff1 ,jack2 ,i want to have a long talk with you40 8,take that chair1 old fellow1 and out with it1 whatever it is10 cried ,pommery1 rolling a luxurious arm-chair to his companion and flinging himself upon a sofa4 8,jack1 go and call at the ,charing ,cross ,hotel to-day40 8,what to do80 8,miss ,geraldine ,devereux is stopping there40 8,miss who80 demanded the other1 springing like an acrobat to his feet4 8,miss ,geraldine ,devereux1 of ,ballybo1 ,county ,mayo40 8,you don't mean it1 ,percival60 a great wave of joy passing over his handsome face4 8,i do indeed40 8,how did you come by this80 8,i met her at dinner yesterday at the ,lindsays'40 8,what60 ,percival repeated his reply4 8,and ,i was asked there1 and refused for a vile whitebait dinner at ,greenwich10 said ,pommery with a dismal groan4 8,she is absolutely charming1 ,jack--so nave1 so frank1 so coquettish1 and so pure40 8,are you hit80 8,i would be if my proof-armor had not been buckled on by my friend ,pommery4 ,no1 ,jack1 ,i want to ask you all about these people1 and ,i'll tell you why3 they are my ,irish cousins40 8,not the--0 8,yes1 the writer of one of those fatal letters was ,mrs4 ,devereux2 of the other1 ,charley40 8,this is a bad business1 ,percival10 observed ,pommery after a silence4 8,it is a bad business4 ,i am written down a cad1 and1 by ,george6 ,i deserve the appellation10 cried ,percival1 smiting the arm of the chair a severe blow4 8,giving those letters to that ass ,minniver was bad form1 and ,i said so40 8,i have got them here4 ,luckily1 ,minniver has been down with ,bertie ,baging for the ,ascot week1 and1 except to old ,fladgate1 he has never shown them to mortal4 ,do you know who ,devereux turns out to be80 8,who80 8,the young fellow who so pluckily sat upon the rowdy at the ,albion40 8,by ,jove60 8,and only fancy1 he did not know who ,alice ,lindsay was until he came to dinner at ,curzen ,street40 8,by ,jove60 repeated ,jack ,pommery4 ,impart a piece of startling intelligence to an ,englishman1 and he will always exclaim1 8,by ,jove60 8,now1 ,jack1 tell me all about the ,devereux--all that you know4 ,she has younger brothers4 ,has she a sister80 8,she has40 8,younger80 8,yes40 8,anything like your girl80 8,she is not ,,my girl1 ,percival4 ,i only wish that she was10 he added with fierce energy4 8,you should have seen how she blushed when ,i asked her if she liked violets40 8,percival60 exclaimed ,pommery1 8that was hardly fair40 8,don't agitate yourself1 old fellow2 the subject was handled1 as we say at the office1 #8delicately4' ,how old are the younger brothers80 8,one is about eighteen40 8,bright80 8,very4 ,he showed me one of ,browning's poems done into ,latin1 ,french1 and some other language--,i think ,german40 8,you are certain of this1 ,jack80 cried ,percival earnestly4 8,i am certain the lad showed them to me1 and that he said they were his own translations4 ,he's in ,trinity ,college at ,dublin40 8,what are they going to do with him80 8,they were speaking of the civil service or the ,irish bar4 ,entre nous1 they haven't much money1 and it's a wonder they have a stiver1 they are so recklessly hospitable4 ,why1 my dear fellow1 there were fifteen guests stopping at ,ballybo while ,i was there1 and we met a whole caravan traversing the beautiful road that runs from ,westport along the ,atlantic when en route for the train40 8,this is admirable10 muttered ,percival1 half thinking aloud4 8,what is admirable80 8,never mind4 ,is ,ballybo a handsome place80 8,it's a fine old mansion of that order of architecture so much in vogue when ,queen ,anne was busying herself in distributing largess to ,marlborough4 ,it is surrounded by superb trees1 in which ten thousand rooks keep up a cawing that is almost deafening4 ,an inlet of the ,atlantic almost brings the seaweed to the hall door-steps4 ,the stables are fit for the ,duke of ,beaufort1 and ,i can tell you there are horses in the stalls that would bring their five hundred guineas at ,tattersall's40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the 8,wild ,irishman10 as the express from ,london to ,holyhead has been termed1 on account of the almost reckless speed at which it travels1 was about to start from ,euston ,square when ,mr4 ,eugene ,percival made his appearance upon the platform1 and1 walking along the line of carriages1 suddenly stopped opposite a first-class coup4 ,the compartment was occupied by a young lady and gentleman4 ,the lady was ,miss ,geraldine ,devereux1 the gentleman her brother4 ,percival had called at the ,charing ,cross ,hotel1 merely leaving cards4 ,his visit was not returned4 ,he sent ,miss ,devereux a box for the opera1 with a superb bouquet from ,covent ,garden4 ,the box voucher was sent back with the compliments of ,mr4 ,devereux2 the flowers ,miss ,devereux retained4 ,for the few days that his ,irish cousins remained in ,london ,eugene ,percival made no sign4 ,removing his hat1 he respectfully bowed to the occupants of the coup4 ,miss ,devereux sat nearest the window at which he stood4 8,i have come to beg forgiveness10 he said4 8,do not go back to ,ireland without uttering my pardon40 ,now1 it so happened that ,charley ,devereux1 who had been dining with an old college chum1 was in very good humor1 all his war-paint having been removed under the pleasurable influences of a renewed friendship4 ,so1 thrusting forth his hand1 he exclaimed3 8,don't say anything more about it1 ,percival4 ,i'm sure you're sorry4 ,you'll do better next time1 and won't let your ,english prejudice bolt across country with you40 8,and you1 ,miss ,devereux80 8,i may forgive you1 and perhaps call you cousin1 when you shall have made a lengthened tour in my own sweet land40 8,am ,i to avoid ,ballybo80 8,and commit another mistake80 she archly exclaimed4 8,i have done with mistakes for ever40 ,and as he uttered the words the train moved silently but swiftly away4 ,about three weeks after ,miss ,devereux had regained her wild mountain home she was considerably astonished one morning upon receiving from out the post-bag a large1 important-looking document with the words1 8,on ,her ,majesty's ,service10 in front1 and an enormous seal on the back1 with the royal arms of ,england stamped upon the red sealing-wax and 8,foreign ,office0 underneath them4 8,can this be from ,eugene ,percival80 she thought1 as she tore it open and read3 8,,foreign ,,office1 ,july #bf1 #ahg--4 8,,dear ,,cousin ,,geraldine ,,devereux3 ,i enclose a nomination for the ,foreign ,office for my cousin1 ,patrick ,sarsfield ,devereux1 your brother4 ,from the correspondence which has taken place between my dear friend ,jack ,pommery and my kinsman on the subject of his future1 ,i trust that this opening is one that will prove suitable to his tastes and his talents4 ,it is not impossible that ,i may visit your #8impossible country' when ,mr4 ,pommery runs over for the grouse-shooting4 ,with kindest regards to all my kinsfolk1 ,i remain1 dear ,cousin ,geraldine ,devereux1 your friend and cousin1 8,,eugene ,,percival40 8,he's a good fellow after all10 cried ,geraldine with streaming eyes1 8and has made more than the amende honorable to his ,irish cousins40 ,,english ,,statesmen ,,in ,,undress4 ,,lord ,,carlingford ,,and ,,john ,,francis ,,maguire4 ,the ,english statesman whose personal acquaintance ,i first made was the present ,lord ,carlingford1 who was at that time the ,hon4 ,chichester ,fortescue1 ,secretary of ,state for ,ireland in the cabinet of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,i had in my possession a letter of introduction to him1 but ,i was unwilling to use it as a means of 8interviewing0 ,mr4 ,fortescue4 ,i desired to obtain certain information from him which he might not be willing to give2 and ,i did not wish that my possible indiscretion in asking for the information should reflect at all upon the friend who had given me the letter4 ,i wrote to ,mr4 ,fortescue1 telling him simply who ,i was and what ,i wanted1 and asking whether he would permit me to call upon him4 ,i received a note from his secretary1 informing me that at a certain hour ,mr4 ,fortescue would receive me at his office in ,great ,george ,street1 ,westminster4 ,this was before the new government offices in ,whitehall were completed1 and when the various governmental bureaus were scattered about1 hither and thither1 in houses that were not altogether magnificent or imposing4 ,by an error of my own in estimating the time necessary for a drive from ,bayswater to ,great ,george ,street1 ,i was some minutes behind the appointed hour2 and when ,i gave my card to the servant in waiting he regarded me with a reproachful air4 8,you have been asked for1 sir10 he said1 as he conducted me up-stairs and ushered me into an ante-room very plainly1 almost poorly1 furnished4 ,in a few moments he reappeared1 and1 leading me through a narrow hall1 opened the door of a larger room1 and ,i found myself in the presence of the ,irish secretary3 a tall1 slim1 thin-faced1 handsome man1 dressed with scrupulous neatness1 rather starched and stiff1 not unlike ,fernando ,wood in his prim correctness4 ,motioning me to a chair in front of his table1 he resumed his seat behind it1 and the conversation began4 ,cold and calm at first1 he soon warmed with the subject1 and spoke with earnestness and freedom1 at times with enthusiasm4 ,her majesty's government1 he assured me1 were earnestly anxious to do justice to ,ireland2 he thought they had proved this by their past acts4 ,if they remained in power they would convince all the world of their sincere desire to remove every legitimate grievance of which ,ireland could complain4 ,he appreciated the force of my suggestion that the reflex action of public opinion in ,america upon public opinion in ,ireland was not to be despised4 ,he questioned me closely upon the extent to which the ,american press was influenced by ,irish thought2 were there many ,irish writers in the ,new ,york newspaper offices8 who were they8 what were their opinions8 were the adverse criticisms upon the ,irish policy of the imperial government inspired by them1 or were these the spontaneous thoughts of ,american observers8 ,i began to think ,i was the interviewed and not the interviewer2 but ,mr4 ,fortescue was ready enough to answer questions in his turn4 ,it was quite true1 he said1 that the land question and the question of higher education in ,ireland bristled all over with difficulties4 ,if the demands of the tenant-farmers in ,ireland were granted1 a precedent would be set up that might be attended with most inconvenient consequences in ,england2 if ,mr4 ,gladstone were to propose a measure for university education in ,ireland that would be satisfactory to ,cardinal ,cullen1 he would encounter a storm of opposition from the ,irish and ,english ,protestants1 and from the even then rapidly-growing secularist party in ,england1 that might overwhelm him4 ,i remember the earnestness with which ,mr4 ,fortescue refuted a chance suggestion of mine that ,mr4 ,gladstone was at heart a foe to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the very contrary was the case2 he leaned1 if anything1 too much the other way4 ,archbishop ,manning was his near and dear friend4 ,he incurred the suspicion and the latent enmity of the ultra-,protestants1 and especially of the ,nonconformists1 by his unconcealed anxiety to compensate the ,irish ,catholics for the wrongs they had suffered in the past1 and to make the future equable and pleasant for them4 ,in ,mr4 ,fortescue's belief1 an ,american having it in his power to influence and enlighten ,american opinion1 and especially ,irish-,american opinion1 respecting the real wishes of the leaders of the ,liberal party regarding ,ireland1 could not do a better work than to impress upon the minds of his countrymen the fact that ,england--at least the ,england of that day--was heartily and sincerely anxious to do justice to ,ireland4 ,the success of the then contemplated measures of the government would depend very much upon the spirit in which the ,irish people received them4 ,mr4 ,fortescue was evidently not thoroughly satisfied with the state of feeling in ,ireland1 and he made some remarks concerning the ,irish press that it is not necessary to repeat4 ,he returned again1 however1 to the subject of the influence that ,americans1 and ,irish-,americans in particular1 had upon ,irish opinion2 and his observations upon this point convinced me that the secret-service department of his bureau was not badly conducted4 ,towards the end of our conversation ,i mentioned that ,i had a letter of introduction to him from ----1 and presented it1 explaining why ,i had not done so in the first instance4 ,we had a laugh over what he called my 8un-,american scrupulousness10 and we parted very good friends4 ,mr4 ,fortescue is the possessor of very enviable qualities4 ,i was quite convinced of his sincerity2 but ,i reflected that the fascination of his manner when he was aroused and anxious to make a point might easily blind the judgment4 ,we met occasionally after this from time to time2 and ,i last saw him at his residence at ,strawberry ,hill1 where his wife1 the ,countess ,frances ,waldegrave 7whose own history is a romance71 is the centre of a circle of no small political and social importance4 ,the future of which we had talked in our first interview had become the past3 ,mr4 ,gladstone had played his trump cards and had lost his game1 ,mr4 ,disraeli reigned in his stead1 while ,mr4 ,fortescue had become ,lord ,carlingford and was not unhappy4 ,but ,ireland was not happy yet2 and ,i ventured to say so to his lordship4 8,what would you have80 he asked--8,catholic university education on ,cardinal ,cullen's plan2 a tenant-right law that would make the landlord the slave of the occupier2 and ,home ,rule1 under which the tragedy of the ,kilkenny cats would be enacted all over ,ireland until none were left to tell the tale1 or tails4 ,ce n'est pas possible1 mon ami40 ,the words 8,home ,rule0 recall the memory of a very dear friend whose acquaintance ,i made in ,london1 and who has now gone to rest4 ,with sad but pleasant reminiscences ,i rummage through my letter-cases1 filled with cherished epistles1 until ,i come upon a packet tied with black tape and labelled 8,john ,francis ,maguire40 ,he was a splendid man1 impulsive and quick1 but with a sound judgment that held his emotions under sufficient control2 full of lofty and poetic aspirations for his country's future1 but guided in his actions by the most sober and practical common sense4 ,in the midst of arduous political and professional labors1 all the more severe from the pressure of a constant struggle with inadequate pecuniary resources1 from the demands of an exacting constituency1 and from the burning passion of his soul for the happiness of ,ireland1 he found time for literary work that was at once a source of profit and of pleasure to him4 ,every one will remember his ,irish in ,america and his ,pontificate of ,pius ,,ix42 but it is with a pang that ,i remember the pages of manuscript that he read to me on my last visit to him4 ,they were portions of a novel he was writing--and it was to be a ,jesuitical novel4 ,what ,eugene ,sue had done to vilify and traduce the ,society of ,jesus he would do to vindicate and exalt it4 ,he described to me the plot2 disputed with me over the proposed dnouement2 laughed over the skill with which he had introduced well-known personages into the story2 and asked me if1 under the disguise of ,sir ,guichet de ,nouvelle1 ,i recognized that ,don ,quixote of ,protestantism1 ,mr4 ,newdegate4 ,mr4 ,maguire died before his novel was completed--at least1 ,i never heard of its completion4 ,when ,i first knew him he lived in pleasant apartments in ,bessborough ,gardens1 and there it was ,i last parted from him4 ,the presentation of my letter of introduction resulted in an invitation to dine with him the next day2 and this was the first of a long series of little banquets that we had together1 alternately at his apartments and in a cosey room on the third floor of the ,london ,tavern1 ,fleet ,street1 where ,i played the host4 ,charming were these symposiums1 generally held on ,saturday nights1 because the ,house was not then in session1 and sometimes lasting far beyond midnight4 ,i remember one of these occasions1 on a lovely night in ,june1 when1 having sat together until two o'clock in the morning1 ,i proposed that we should walk to ,pimlico together1 where ,i would leave him at his door4 ,our route took us through ,temple ,bar1 up the ,strand1 down ,parliament ,street1 past the ,parliament houses and ,westminster ,abbey1 and through ,st4 ,james ,park4 ,the morning air was delicious4 ,at this season of the year the night in ,london is very short2 one can see to read without gaslight as late as nine o'clock1 and the stars begin to pale as early as two o'clock in the morning4 ,they were beginning to pale as we left the tavern and began our walk4 ,the moon1 hastening to hide itself before the sun arose1 threw a soft light over the scene2 all that was ugly and commonplace in the glare of day was hidden or disguised2 all that was beautiful was arrayed in new and seductive splendor4 ,the ,strand was almost deserted2 here and there a policeman paced his beat2 here and there the form of some poor wretch glided out of the shade of an archway1 lingered a moment1 and disappeared4 ,trafalgar ,square was glorious2 the fountains made music for ,marochetti's lions at the base of ,nelson's pillar1 and the little lion on the top of ,northumberland ,house seemed to wag his tail as if beating time to the melody4 ,presently the grand vista of the ,abbey and the ,parliament houses opened before us2 but scarcely had ,i glanced at it ere ,mr4 ,maguire hurried me through a narrow passage to the left4 8,come10 said he1 8let us see where a king's head fell40 ,i had seen it before--the little square in ,whitehall where ,charles ,i4 was beheaded1 and where the statue of ,james ,,ii4 stands1 the king pointing with his sceptre to the spot where the head of his father fell4 ,in the daytime the place has a mean and squalid appearance1 although the ,crescent and gardens around it are handsome and trim enough4 ,at this moment the surroundings of the place were bathed in a light that hid their deformities and enhanced their beauties1 and the memories of the tragic scene enacted there had nothing to disturb them4 ,the ghastly drama re-enacted itself before our mental vision4 ,there was the window of ,whitehall ,palace in front of which the scaffold had been erected4 ,from this window the king emerged2 he stood on the scaffold1 with his head erect1 wishing to address the people2 but the troops filled the place1 and the populace were kept at a distance4 8,i can be heard only by you10 said the king to the soldiers2 8,i will therefore address to you a few words40 ,and he repeated to them a little speech which he had prepared4 ,a curious discourse it was--grave and calm1 8even to coldness10 as ,guizot has it4 ,he had been in the right1 he said2 every one else was in the wrong2 the deprivation of the rights of the sovereign was the true cause of the unhappiness of the people2 the people should have no voice in government2 it was only on this condition that the kingdom could regain peace and liberty6 ,while he was speaking some one touched the axe4 8,do not dull the axe10 he exclaimed2 8if it is dull it will hurt me40 ,the executioner directed him to gather up his long hair under a silk cap which he wore1 and the ,protestant ,bishop ,juxon assisted him to arrange it4 8,i have10 said the king1 8a good cause and a clement ,god40 8,yes1 sire10 replied ,juxon4 8,there is only one more step before you2 it is full of agony1 but it is short1 although it will transport you from earth to heaven40 ,the king replied3 8,i pass from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown2 there ,i shall fear no sorrow40 ,then1 after asking the executioner if the block was firmly fixed1 and saying to ,juxon the mysterious word 8,remember60 he knelt down and extended his head upon the block4 8,i shall say a short prayer10 said he1 8and when ,i extend my hands1 then--0 ,in a few moments the king stretched out his hands2 the executioner struck1 and the head fell directly over the spot where we were then standing4 8,it was a wretched piece of work10 said ,mr4 ,maguire as we walked away2 8but the men who did it had the courage of their opinions4 ,who has the courage of his opinions now80 8,mr4 ,gladstone1 perhaps10 ,i suggested4 8,yes1 no doubt2 but what are his opinions8 ,those of to-day will be discarded to-morrow4 ,he is all on our side now2 there is nothing he would not do for us to-day2 but to-morrow1 if affairs go wrong1 he will throw us over1 and ,ireland and the church may find in him their worst foe4 ,the man wants a balance-wheel10 continued ,maguire1 warming with his theme as we walked on1 8and only the grace of ,god can give it him4 ,i think sometimes that he will have it yet4 ,i admire him1 ,i esteem him4 ,if he were only a ,catholic he would have a guide that would keep him from mischief4 ,there10 said he1 as we came to the end of ,whitehall--8there is ,westminster ,hall1 where ,charles ,i4 received his sentence2 and there is ,westminster ,abbey1 where his body was carried in the face of a blinding snow-storm and buried with maimed rites4 ,there1 too1 is the door through which they carried the body of his murderer1 ,cromwell1 to bury it among the kings4 ,but the ashes of the kings are yet there1 while ,cromwell's grave was broken open1 his body dragged out and hung upon a gallows in ,tyburn4 ,he deserved it1 the brute6 ,do you know the story of how1 after his post-mortem execution1 his head was cut off and stuck upon a spike on the top of ,westminster ,hall1 just there in front of us1 and how it remained there1 blackening and withering in the air1 until one stormy night it was blown down and picked up by the sentry on guard1 who was an old ,cromwellian himself8 ,he hid the precious relic under his jacket1 and afterwards sold it to a gentleman in ,kent1 in whose family the skull still remains40 ,had ,mr4 ,maguire lived a few years longer it is probable that the ,home-,rule movement would have taken a somewhat different shape1 and possibly might have been brought to a successful realization4 ,when ,i first met him he was engrossed in developing and shaping his ideas on the subject2 and ,i spent a whole night with him in explaining1 in all its minuti1 our own system of duplex government1 ,state and federal1 and showing how ,state rights and federal sovereignty were both preserved4 ,he was the real father of the ,home-,rule movement1 and to his untimely death must be ascribed1 in a great measure1 the present apparent collapse of the party4 ,no member of the ,house of ,commons was more generally respected and esteemed than he2 ,mr4 ,gladstone and ,mr4 ,disraeli alike regarded him with admiration4 ,uncompromising in principle1 he knew how to be firm without being offensive2 and he did not commit the too common error of insisting upon impossibilities4 ,even ,mr4 ,newdegate cherished a sneaking liking for the man2 and ,mr4 ,maguire once happened to let me into the secret of that strange affection4 8,i can turn the laugh on him any day10 said he1 8and if it comes to serious work he gets the worst of it2 but often it is best to let him have his fling4 ,occasionally ,i give him a lift over a stile1 knowing quite well that if he goes on a little farther he will tumble into the ditch and scramble out all covered with mud40 ,respecting ,home ,rule1 ,mr4 ,maguire's favorite idea was a confederation of the three kingdoms1 ,england1 ,ireland1 and ,scotland1 upon such a basis as that of our ,union1 with a written constitution defining with exactness the limits of provincial autonomy and of imperial sovereignty4 ,it was to perfect this plan that he made me expound to him1 in the most minute detail1 the workings of our own duplex system of government2 and among his papers should have been found an elaborate scheme for the ,british ,confederation1 the joint result of our deliberations4 ,i was summoned to these momentous conferences by such notes as these--and ,i select with a sad heart the last ,i received from him1 a few months before his death3 8,i shall be at home this evening altogether1 and would be glad to see you1 and we could spend an hour or two over wine or whiskey-punch4 ,or ,i shall be at home to-morrow after seven o'clock4 ,send me a line quick to say when you will come40 8,wine0 and 8whiskey-punch0 had an esoteric meaning as well as their ordinary significance2 for 8wine0 meant mere gossip1 while 8whiskey-punch0 was understood to be the accompaniment of very serious political discussions4 ,,the ,,created ,,wisdom4#afc ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,,iii4 ,my flowers are flowers of gladness3 mine ,the boughs of honor and of grace3 ,pure as the first bud of the vine ,my fragrance freshens all the place4 ,the mother of fair ,love am ,i3 ,with me is ,wisdom's name and praise3 ,with me are ,hope1 and ,knowledge high1 ,and sacred ,fear1 and peaceful days4 ,be strong all ye that love your ,god3 ,he maketh ,wisdom to abound ,like ,tigris swollen with vernal flood1 ,like broad ,euphrates harvest-crowned4 ,through garden-plots my course ,i took ,to bathe the beds of herb and tree3 ,then to a river swelled my brook3-- ,ere long my river was a sea4 ,more high that sea shall rise1 and shine ,far off1 a prophet-beam of morn1 ,because my doctrine is not mine1 ,but light of ,god for seers unborn4 ,footnote #afc3 ,ecclesiasticus xxiv4 ,,lope ,,de ,,vega4 ,a prolific playwright1 a popular poet1 a voluminous romance writer1 an author whose fecundity is equalled only by the elder ,dumas1 the contemporary of ,shakspere1 the friend of ,cervantes1 the intimate and guide of ,calderon1 the founder of the ,spanish national drama--,lope de ,vega was all these1 and yet today he is carefully forgotten4 ,his biography even remains unwritten4 ,the attempt1 it is true1 has been made1 with more or less success1 in ,england by ,lord ,holland1 in ,america by ,mr4 ,ticknor1 and in ,france by ,m4 ,damas-,hinard4 ,none is fully satisfactory2 all three are too prejudiced1 the first two against him1 the last in his favor4 ,mr4 ,ticknor's is the fairest and the ablest4 ,but the space in a history of literature which can be assigned to any one author is necessarily too limited to permit the introduction of a full-length portrait2 with a slight sketch1 or a kit-cat at best1 we must content ourselves4 ,the articles in the various encyclopdias and biographical dictionaries are either scant or in great part taken from ,lord ,holland's book4 ,much biographical material exists1 scattered here and there1 and needing only judicious gleaning4 ,but a few months after his death ,la ,fama ,postuma1 a eulogy containing many curious details of his manner of life1 was published by his friend and follower1 ,montalvan1 whom ,valdivielso calls the 8first-born of ,lope de ,vega's genius40 ,the allusions to him in the works of his contemporaries are copious2 but his bare biography can be condensed into a few lines4 ,lope ,felix de ,vega ,carpio was born at ,madrid1 ,november #be1 #aefb4 ,he was a precocious child1 reading ,latin as well as ,spanish at the age of five1 and at eleven he wrote his first plays4 ,left alone in the world at the age of fourteen by the death of his father1 also a poet1 he travelled as far as ,segovia with a school-fellow4 ,their money gave out1 and when they attempted to sell a gold chain to pay their way back they were arrested4 ,the corregidor before whom they were brought1 seeing that they were but school-boys1 kindly sent them back to ,madrid in care of an alguacil4 ,at fifteen ,lope was a soldier warring in ,portugal and ,africa4 ,at sixteen he was the page and secretary of ,geronimo ,manrique1 ,bishop of ,avila1 and also studied and took the degree of ,bachelor at the ,university of ,alcala4 ,while in the bishop's house he wrote a few eclogues and a pastoral comedy4 ,then he became the secretary of ,antonio1 the grandson of the great ,duke of ,alva2 his ,arcadia1 written then1 is more or less an account of the gallant adventures of his patron4 ,returning to the bishop1 he was about to become a priest when he fell in love1 and in #aehd he married ,doa ,isabella d',urbina4 ,quarrelling with a hidalgo of little reputation1 he was arrested1 by the aid of ,claudio ,conde released from prison1 and exiled2 he lived two years in ,valencia1 and there he first regularly wrote for the stage4 ,shortly after his return to ,madrid his wife died1 and in conjugal despair he embarked on the famous ,armada1 finding time to write a poem1 8,the ,beauty of ,angelica10 a continuation of the ,orlando ,furioso1 before the dispersion and destruction of the great fleet by ,drake4 ,after travelling in ,italy he returned to ,spain and became the secretary of the ,marquis of ,sarria4 ,in #aeig he married ,doa ,juana de ,guardio4 ,for nearly ten years ,lope de ,vega seems to have been quietly happy1 devoting himself to the care of his son ,carlos1 but in #afjg or #afjh both his wife and his son died1 leaving him an infant daughter4 ,during these years he had been writing steadily for the stage2 in #afji he delivered his ,arte ,nuevo de ,hacer ,comedias1 and in the same year he became a priest4 ,he was also a ,familiar of the ,inquisition--an honorary distinction1 attesting the purity of his ,catholic blood1 and conferring the privilege of being called into the service of the institution4 ,in #afbe1 according to ,mr4 ,ticknor1 8he entered the congregation of the native priesthood of ,madrid1 and was so faithful and exact in the performance of his duties that in #afbh he was elected to be its chief chaplain40 ,after working for the theatre for forty years1 in #afcj he definitely renounced dramatic authorship4 ,in #afbh the pope1 ,urban ,,viii41 wrote him an autograph letter1 conferring upon him the degree of ,doctor of ,divinity and naming him a ,knight of the ,order of ,malta4 ,for more than twenty-five years he daily devoted some portion of his time to the service of the church2 on the title-page of his plays he calls himself ,frey ,lope de ,vega1 ,familiar of the ,inquisition1 and the last important work he published was ,dorotea1 a long prose romance in dialogue1 probably slightly autobiographical4 ,finally1 on ,august #bg1 #afce1 at the age of seventy-three1 ,lope ,felix de ,vega ,carpio died4 ,the funeral ceremonies1 lasting nine days1 were magnificent2 the eulogistic poems published in ,spain and ,italy would fill several volumes2 and 8most solemn of all10 says ,mr4 ,ticknor1 generally disposed to underrate ,lope de ,vega's popularity and ability1 8was the mourning of the multitude1 from whose dense mass audible sobs burst forth as his remains slowly descended from their sight into the house appointed for all living40 ,for forty years the works of ,lope de ,vega had filled the theatres not only of ,spain but of all ,europe4 ,there were but two dramatic companies in ,madrid when he began to write2 there were forty when he ceased4 ,he composed over fifteen hundred dramas and an unknown number of lighter pieces1 in addition to his non-theatrical works4 ,he was as popular as he was prolific4 ,not only in ,europe but in ,america were his plays performed4 ,one of his comedies1 the ,fuerza ,lastimosa1 was even exhibited within the seraglio at ,constantinople4 ,his merit was so universally recognized that to call anything a ,lope was to stamp it as being sterling2 it was sufficient to say es de ,lope4 ,when the king and queen of ,spain met him in the street they caused their carriage to stop1 that they might better see the illustrious man4 ,the ,spanish dramatists of his own and the succeeding age did not hesitate to call him their master4 ,tirso de ,molina1 ,alarcon1 ,calderon1 and ,guillen de ,castro hail him as their chief4 ,and he was as popular a man as he was an author2 he was personally beloved by nearly all his contemporaries2 he had few enemies and many friends4 ,a gentleman by birth1 breeding1 and education1 he had a kind word for all4 ,he was handsome and agile4 ,he wittily declared that he disliked only those who ask a person's age without matrimonial intentions1 those who take snuff in the presence of their superiors1 those old men who dye their locks1 those churchmen who consult gypsies1 and those men who1 though born of woman1 yet speak ill of the sex4 ,although it is as a playwright that he is best known1 yet he was the author of many other works4 ,he wrote two heroic1 four mythological1 four historical poems 7among which was ,la ,dragontea1 devoted to the abuse of ,sir ,francis ,drake71 one burlesque 7,la ,gatomachia1 describing the loves and rivalries of two cats71 many descriptive and didactic verses1 and a multitude of sonnets and epistles4 ,he was also the author of eight almost interminable prose novels4 ,his plays1 however1 are the noblest monument of his genius1 although he himself thought otherwise4 ,he declared that his autos 7a sort of revival of the mysteries and moralities of the middle ages7 were his best works1 and regretted that he had not devoted his whole life to religious poetry4 ,his dramas 7the ,spanish word comedias meaning merely plays7 may be roughly divided into three classes3 #a4 ,comedies of common life1 or domestic dramas2 #b4 ,heroic dramas1 which perhaps might sometimes be called tragedies2 and #c4 ,comedies of intrigue1 or comedias de capa y espada 7comedies of ,cloak and ,sword1 as the ,spanish call them1 from those frequently-used 8properties074 ,he also wrote religious plays1 some1 like the autos1 resembling the mysteries and moralities1 others more infused with a modern and secular spirit4 ,he often chose ,scriptural subjects for his plays1 and in some of his heroic dramas the heroes are holy men and saints4 ,but it is especially in the comedias de capa y espada that he excelled4 ,they were interesting stories thrown into dramatic shape and written with the view of exciting surprise and curiosity4 ,only those ignorant of the ,spanish habits and the ,spanish customs of that day will reproach him for his frequent use of duels and disguises4 ,he faithfully transcribed the romantic existence of the time4 ,a rigid examiner may declare that his most successful pieces were comedies of intrigue rather than comedies of manners4 ,they please by their plot1 always ingenious and almost always original2 by their interest1 always sustained and exciting4 ,lope de ,vega was a thorough master of stage effect4 ,he weaves and reweaves the web and woof of his story1 gaining and retaining the attention of the spectator by the growing interest4 ,we are carried rapidly along by the skill of the dramatist1 sometimes in spite of ourselves4 ,even in the best of his plays the incidents are often improbable1 but in our enjoyment we can readily pardon this4 ,when ,shakspere has called ,bohemia a desert country by the sea1 and ,beaumont and ,fletcher speak of ,naples as though it were an island1 it would indeed be strange if ,lope were exempt from such errors4 ,in one play we find ,adam and ,eve 8dressed very gallantly after the ,french fashion02 in another ,nero sings a serenade in the streets of ,rome4 ,the ,american ,indians discourse of ,diana and ,phbus2 ,cyrus the ,great1 after his ascension to the throne1 marries a shepherdess2 ,job1 ,david1 ,jeremias1 and ,st4 ,john the ,baptist are introduced in one play2 and in 8,the ,new ,world ,discovered by ,christopher ,columbus10 among the dramatis person are ,providence1 ,imagination1 ,the ,christian ,religion1 ,idolatry1 and a ,demon4 ,haste is hardly an excuse for this1 and ,de ,vega worked in haste4 ,the elder ,dumas wrote a novel in seventy-six consecutive hours4 ,for fifteen days ,de ,vega wrote an act a day1 and more than one hundred of his plays were written within twenty-four hours each4 ,at least this seems to be the meaning of 8,pues mas de ciento en horas veinticuatro ,pasaron de las musas al teatro40 ,mr4 ,ticknor1 however1 reads these lines to mean that more than a hundred were performed within twenty-four hours after their completion4 ,perhaps this interpretation is accurate1 but to any one acquainted with the difficulties attending the mounting and rehearsing of a modern comedy it seems1 to say the least1 improbable2 and1 at any rate1 ,de ,vega's facility of composition was so great that many writers rashly assert that he could compose a play in three or four hours6 ,montalvan tells a pleasant anecdote illustrating the rapidity of his work4 ,to oblige a manager ,lope and ,montalvan agreed to write a piece together4 ,the first two acts of the ,tercera ,orden de ,san ,francisco were divided between them1 each writing an act a day4 ,the third act was to be halved into eight leaves each4 ,montalvan continues1 to quote ,lord ,holland's version3 8,as it was bad weather1 ,i remained in his house that night1 and1 knowing that ,i could not equal him in the execution1 ,i had a fancy to beat him in the despatch of the business4 ,for this purpose ,i got up at two o'clock1 and at eleven had completed my share of the work4 ,i immediately went out to look for him1 and found him very deeply occupied with an orange-tree that had been frost-bitten in the night4 ,upon my asking him how he had gone on with his task he answered3 #8,i set about it at five1 but ,i finished the act an hour ago1 took a bit of ham for breakfast1 wrote an epistle of fifty triplets1 and have watered the whole of the garden--which has not a little fatigued me4' ,then1 taking out the papers1 he read me the eight leaves and the triplets--a circumstance that would have astonished me had ,i not known the fertility of his genius and the dominion he had over the rhymes of our language40 ,at this period ,lope was nearly seventy years old1 or such a trifle would scarcely have tired him4 ,schlegel draws a brilliant comparison between ,lope de ,vega and ,shakspere1 or rather between the ,spanish and the ,english stage4 ,any such method of measurement injures the ,spaniard2 it is only in the management of his plots that he is able to rival the ,englishman4 ,it is curious1 however1 to note that each great writer was surrounded by minor lights--set1 as it were1 with glittering but inferior gems4 ,shakspere shone in the midst of a glorious company containing ,jonson1 ,ford1 ,fletcher1 ,beaumont1 ,greene1 ,nash1 ,marlowe1 ,massinger1 and ,webster4 ,lope de ,vega1 following ,lope de ,rueda1 was surrounded by a brilliant throng of friendly rivals--,cervantes1 ,calderon1 ,montalvan1 ,moreto1 ,alarcon1 ,matos-,fragoso1 and ,guillen de ,castro4 ,it is also remarkable to find that ,england and ,spain1 then the possessors of a great drama1 are now barren fields2 while ,france1 once but the empty echo of the classic muse1 is to-day the chief country in possession of a living dramatic literature4 ,for this literature ,france owes largely to ,england and ,spain2 ,french tragedy and ,french comedy are directly indebted to ,lope's influence4 ,from a play of ,guillen de ,castro1 one of ,lope's followers1 ,corneille derived his ,cid1 the greatest ,french tragedy2 and from a play of ,alarcon1 another of ,lope's followers 7and the first of ,american dramatic authors1 for by birth and education he was a ,mexican71 ,corneille took his ,menteur1 the earliest of ,french comedies4 ,in a letter to ,boileau ,molire said3 8,i owe much to the ,menteur4 ,at the time it appeared ,i desired to write1 but ,i was uncertain as to what ,i should write4 ,my ideas were confused2 this work came and defined them4 ,without the ,menteur1 no doubt1 ,i should have written some such comedies of intrigue as the ,etourdi and the ,dpit ,amoureux1 but perhaps ,i should never have written the ,misanthrope40 ,the dramatis person of ,lope's plays are not character studies1 finely and fully polished1 like those of ,molire2 they are rather off-hand sketches1 fresh and original4 ,although they often disclose haste1 they always show the firm though rapid touch of a master2 and however wanting in completeness of detail1 they never lack boldness of outline4 ,the people who walk and talk in ,lope de ,vega's comedies are living men and women1 speaking and acting like human beings1 and true to human nature as it was in ,spain in those adventurous times2 they were not lay figures1 mere puppets1 pulled hither and thither by visible wires4 ,he rarely created an eccentric character1 never an impossible one4 ,he did not allow himself ,molire's privilege of taking his material wherever he found it4 ,only once is it known that he used the work of another3 his ,esclavos in ,argel is based on ,cervantes' ,trato de ,argel4 ,he was an originator--copied1 not copying2 and if at times his characters seem to lack novelty1 it is perhaps in part because we live in the nineteenth century and he wrote in the sixteenth4 ,for two centuries and a half the playwrights of the world have been pillaging him until his people and his plots have become public property4 ,calderon copied him2 ,molire and ,corneille carried ,calderon to ,france2 the ,english stole from all three2 so it is small wonder that what ,lope de ,vega transcribed from nature is now typical and traditional4 ,he was first in the field2 others have stolen his pressed flowers4 ,a full exposition of ,de ,vega's ideas of dramatic art can best be found in his own essay on the subject1 the ,arte ,nuevo de ,hacer ,comedias4 ,it would seem from this essay that in ,lope's time ,spain was slowly freeing herself from the fetters of the unities1 first riveted by ,aristotle4 ,england had set the example2 ,spain was fast following4 ,in these two countries the fierce fight was then fought that two centuries and a half later was to agitate ,france4 ,spain then had her battle between the ,romantics and the ,classics1 and ,lope de ,vega1 while ironically deferential to the ancient laws1 fought foremost on the side of freedom4 ,as in ,france ,victor ,hugo in #ahcj1 so in ,spain ,lope de ,vega in #afjj4 ,both were leaders2 both have written essays on dramatic art4 ,it is curious to compare the ,spanish writer's ,arte ,nuevo de ,hacer ,comedias with the ,french author's elaborate and scientific discussion of dramatic effect contained in the celebrated preface to his never-acted ,cromwell4 ,the ,arte ,nuevo de ,hacer ,comedias was written in #afji at the request of one of those numerous academies then existing in ,spain1 and founded in imitation of the ,italian ,della ,cruscans4 ,it contains internal evidence of haste in its construction2 although he knew better1 ,lope carelessly mistakes ,terence for ,plautus4 ,capable of composing a comedy in a day1 he may easily have dashed off this little essay in a very few hours4 ,it is written in blank verse1 only the last two lines of each stanza rhyming4 ,the stanzas1 also1 are of unequal length4 ,although the essay seems almost an improvisation1 it is extremely interesting not only to the student of his plays but also to the casual reader1 as it gives a view of the state of the ,spanish stage at the time not elsewhere to be found4 ,the following unabridged ,english rendering of the essay has been made from the excellent ,french version of ,m4 ,damas-,hinard3 8,,arte ,,nuevo ,,de ,,hacer ,,comedias4 7,the ,new ,art of ,writing ,plays47 8,noble minds1 flower of ,spain1 who1 in this illustrious academy1 will soon have surpassed not only those academies of ,italy which ,cicero1 emulating ,greece1 established in the land where sleep the waters of ,avernus1 but even that school of ,plato in which ,athens saw so rare an assembly of philosophers come together1 you order me to write you an essay on dramatic art in accordance with the public taste to-day4 ,this task seems easy1 and1 indeed1 it would be to him among you who has worked the least for the stage1 and who therefore better knows the rules2 but it must be done by me1 who have never composed except contrary to the rules of the art4 ,it is not1 thank ,heaven6 that ,i do not know them3 these theories were familiar to me when ,i was yet a school-boy1 and when the sun had not ten times passed from ,taurus to ,pisces2 but at the time when ,i chose this career ,i found the stage filled with works very different from those which the first inventors of the art left as models1 and such1 indeed1 as were composed by the barbarians1 who had accustomed the vulgar to their crudities4 ,and they have so thoroughly established themselves in this fashion that he who would now write for the theatre according to the precepts of the art dies without glory and without reward2 for among those who lack the enlightenment of a superior mind custom always carries the day4 8,several times1 it is true1 ,i have written following these principles1 which but few people know2 but as soon as ,i see these monstrous compositions appear1 full of magical apparitions1 to which rush the crowds and the women1 always worshipping such absurdities1 then ,i return to my barbarian habits4 ,and when ,i have a comedy to write ,i lock up the rules behind triple bolts2 ,i cast ,plautus and ,terence out of my study for fear of hearing their cries1 for truth calls aloud in these dumb books2 and ,i then write according to the art invented by those who wished to gain the applause of the crowd4 ,after all1 as it is the public who pays for these absurdities1 'tis but just that it be served to its taste4 8,true comedy has one aim1 as has every kind of poem1 and this aim is to imitate the action of men and to paint the manners of the age in which they lived4 ,now1 every poetical imitation is composed of three things3 dialogue1 versification1 harmony or melody4 ,comedy and tragedy agree in this2 but they differ1 inasmuch as the former represents the action of the lower orders1 and the latter only concerns itself with kings and high personages4 ,judge from that how much may be said against our comedies4 8,at first our pieces were called autos1 because they confined themselves to the imitation of common actions and interests4 ,among us ,lope de ,rueda was the model of this style2 his comedies1 which have been printed1 are in prose1 and of an order so low that he has introduced artisans and traces the loves of a blacksmith's daughter4 ,to-day we call them interludes1 these antique works in which the rules of art are carefully observed1 in which the action is simple and takes place among the middle classes--for an interlude was never seen in which kings figured4 ,and this explains how plays little by little fell into deep discredit because of the lowness of style1 and how they put kings and princes into comedy1 to the great satisfaction of the ignorant4 8,in the beginning of his ,ars ,poetica ,aristotle relates1 in a manner quite obscure1 it is true1 the debate which took place between ,athens and ,megara touching the originator of the theatre--the ,megarians attributing this glory to ,epicharmus1 while the ,athenians claimed it for ,magnes4 ,donat traces back the first attempts to the ancient sacrifices1 and1 in this respect following ,horace1 he attributes the origin of tragedy to ,thespis1 and that of comedy to ,aristophanes4 ,the ,odyssey of ,homer is the result of a comic inspiration1 but the ,iliad was the noble model of tragedy4 ,it is in imitation of this poem that is composed my ,jerusalem1 which ,i have called a tragic epic4 ,they commonly call by the name of comedy the ,inferno1 ,purgatorio1 and ,paradiso of the celebrated poet ,dante ,alighieri1 and ,manetti gives the reasons for this in the preface to that poem4 8,all the world knows that comedy1 falling into disrepute1 was condemned to silence for a time2 that after that came the satyres1 which1 being still more cruel1 passed away more promptly2 and that then the new comedy was born4 8,in the beginning dramatic works consisted but of choruses4 ,soon there was added a certain number of characters4 ,but ,menander1 followed in this by ,terence1 rejected the choruses as tedious4 ,this latter was a most scrupulous observer of the precepts2 never did he raise the style of comedy to a tragic loftiness1 wiser in that respect than ,plautus1 whom they have so much reproached for this fault4 8,tragedy is founded on fact1 comedy on fiction1 and the latter was called #8flat-footed' because it was played without cothurnus or scenery1 and because it took its plots from the humblest classes4 ,yet then1 as now1 there were several kinds of comedy3 there were pallium comedies and toga comedies1 and pantomimes1 and fabul atellan and tabernari4 8,the ,athenians1 who gave prizes to their dramatic poets and to their actors1 in their comedies rebuked wickedness and vice with antique elegance4 ,this is why ,cicero called comedy the mirror of manners1 the image of truth--sublime attribute which raises ,thalia to the rank of history1 and which shows us how much she merits esteem and honor4 8,but already it seems to me that you draw back1 saying3 #8,what use is this translating of books and this fatiguing show of erudition8' ,believe me1 it is not without motive that ,i recalled to your memory all these things2 ,i wished to let you see that you have asked me for an essay on dramatic art in ,spain1 where all plays are written contrary to art1 and ,i wished to declare that our pieces are not according to right or the ancient rules4 ,but let us leave this2 you have recourse to my experience1 and not to what ,i may have been able to learn of an art which tells us the truth1 but to which the vulgar prefer the false4 8,if1 then1 you asked me for the rules of the art1 ,i should refer you to the wise and learned ,rebortelo1 and you would see explained in his book on ,aristotle or on comedy what otherwise is scattered in a crowd of works without order and without light4 ,but since you ask the opinion of those now in possession of the stage1 acknowledging that the public has the right to establish the incongruous laws of our dramatic prodigy1 ,i will tell you my idea1 and your command must excuse my temerity4 ,i should like1 since the public is in error1 to deck this error with agreeable colors2 ,i should like1 since it is no longer possible to follow the ancient rules1 to find a mean between the two extremes4 8,first choose the subject of your comedy1 and1 in spite of the old precepts1 do not disquiet yourself whether there be or be not kings among your characters4 ,i ought not to conceal1 however1 that our king and lord1 ,philip the ,prudent1 was angry every time he beheld a king on the stage1 either because he saw in that a violation of the rules of the art1 or because he thought that even in fiction the royal authority should not be presented too near the gaze of the people4 8,besides1 in this we draw near to the ancient comedy1 in which ,plautus did not fear to place even gods1 as the part he gives ,jupiter in the ,amphitryon proves4 ,heaven knows it is difficult for me to approve of this4 ,even ,plutarch1 in speaking of ,menander1 formally blames ancient comedy2 but since we in ,spain have renounced the rules of the art and treat it cavalierly1 this time the classicists are silenced4 8,in mingling the tragic and the comic1 and ,terence with ,seneca 7from which results a species of monster like the ,minotaur71 you will have one part of the piece serious and the other farcical4 ,but this variety pleases very much4 ,nature herself gives us the example of it1 and it is from such contrasts that she gains her beauty4 8,take care only that your subject presents but one action2 take care that your story is not overcharged with episodes 7that is to say1 with things which lead away from the main idea71 and that no part can be detached without overthrowing the whole edifice4 ,do not trouble yourself about confining all the action within the space of one day1 although it is the rule of ,aristotle2 we have already rejected his authority in mingling tragedy and comedy4 ,let us content ourselves with reducing the time as much as may be possible1 unless the poet composes a story the action of which extends over several years1 and in this case he could place the intervals of time in the #8waits'--as1 for instance1 if one of his characters has a journey to take4 ,these liberties1 ,i know1 disgust the critics4 ,well1 the critics may stay away from our pieces4 8,how many of these fellows cross themselves in horror1 seeing several years given to an action which ought to be accomplished in the space of an artificial day--for they would not even accord us the twenty-four hours6 ,for my part1 considering that the eager curiosity of a ,spaniard seated at the play cannot be satisfied even by showing him all the events from ,genesis to the day of the ,last ,judgment in two hours1 ,i think that1 if our duty is to please the spectators1 it is right that we should do all that is necessary to gain this end4 8,the subject once chosen1 write your piece in prose1 and divide it into three acts1 doing your best that each act1 if it is possible1 embrace but the space of one day4 ,captain ,virus1 an illustrious writer1 first put comedy in three acts1 which before had gone on all fours like a child2 and truly it was then in its infancy4 ,i myself1 at the age of from eleven to twelve years1 wrote in four acts and four sheets1 for each act was contained in a sheet of paper4 ,in those days they played three little interludes in the intervals of the acts1 and now it is much if they play even one1 which is immediately followed by a dance4 ,dancing1 however1 fits so well into comedy that ,aristotle approves of it1 and ,atheneus1 ,plato1 and ,xenophon do not blame it1 except when it is not decent1#afd like that of ,callipedes4 ,the dance seems to me to replace amongst us the chorus of the ancients4 8,the subject being treated in two ways1 let them from the start be joined and well connected together until the end of the piece1 so that one can divine the dnouement but at the last scene2 for when the spectators know it they turn their faces to the door and their backs to the actors1 to whom they have listened for three hours with interest1 and of whom they think no more when they no longer need them to know what will be the result4 8,let the stage rarely remain empty4 ,these delays make the spectator impatient and uselessly prolong the play2 and besides being a great fault1 to avoid it is to add art and grace to the work4 8,then begin to versify1 and in your language1 always choice1 use neither brilliant thoughts nor witty remarks when you treat of domestic affairs2 it suffices in such a case to imitate the conversation of two or three persons4 ,but when you bring upon the stage a character who exhorts1 counsels1 or dissuades1 you can allow yourself the use of fine language and striking ideas1 and in this you will imitate nature2 for when we give advice1 when we wish to encourage or deter1 we speak in a manner totally different from familiar chat4 ,in this regard we follow the opinion of the rhetorician ,aristides1 who desires that the language of comedy should be clear1 pure1 and easy1 like that of ordinary conversation1 adding also that it should differ essentially from the tragic style1 where we may use expressions pompous1 sonorous1 and glittering4 8,never quote ,scripture1 and take care never to offend taste by an affected erudition2 to imitate the language of conversation you need name neither hippogriffs nor centaurs1 nor the other mythological entities4 8,if you make a king discourse1 let it be with the dignity proper to the royal majesty2 let the old man express himself with sententious gravity2 let the conversation of lovers be replete with such lively sentiments as to move those who hear4 ,in monologues let the character be totally changed2 by this transformation let him force the spectators to identify themselves with him2 let him speak and reply to himself in a natural manner2 and if he bemoans a lover's lot1 let him not forget the respect due to the fair sex4 ,under all circumstances let the ladies preserve the modesty they ought to have2 and if they don male attire 7which is always very agreeable to the public71 let this change of costume have a reasonable motive4 ,in short1 never paint impossible things1 for the first maxim is that art can only imitate the possible4 8,let not a servant treat too lofty subjects1 and take care not to put into his mouth those witty sayings which we have seen in some foreign comedies4 8,let your characters never forget their nature2 let them remember at the end what they have said at first1 lest we make the same reproach to them as was made to the dipus of ,sophocles--that he had forgotten his fight with ,laus4 8,adorn the end of your scenes with some swelling phrase1 with some joke1 with lines more carefully polished1 so that the actor at his exit does not leave the audience in ill-humor4 8,in the first act lay the foundation2 in the second let the complications commence1 and contrive in such a way that until half through the third act no one can foresee the end4 ,always deceive the curiosity of the spectator by showing him1 as though possible1 a result entirely different from that to which the incidents seem to point4 8,let the versification be tastefully appropriate to the subject you treat4 ,decasyllabic lines suit lamentations2 the sonnet is well placed in a monologue2 descriptions demand the romantic stanza1 although they are as brilliant as possible in octosyllabic metre4 ,triple-rhymed lines are reserved for grave affairs1 and the redondillas#afe for lovers' conversations40 ,the sound sense of this little essay shows how thoroughly ,de ,vega understood his subject4 ,writing to please the populace1 not the learned and possibly hyper-critical1 he had studied the playgoer and knew all his peculiarities--how to please him and how to take liberties with impunity4 ,his comedies of ,cloak and ,sword are the least careless and the most admirable of his plays1 and they were the most successful4 ,the involved and complicated plots1 the duels and disguises1 the hurry and the vigor of this class of plays are seen to best advantage in ,lope de ,vega's works4 ,he had founded the school1 and the bent of his genius fitted him to be its master4 ,his works and those of his scholars went at once to all parts of ,europe4 ,in ,england ,mrs4 ,behn1 ,mrs4 ,centlivre1 ,farquhar1 ,congreve1 ,wycherly1 ,holcroft1 were his followers1 copyists1 plagiarists4 ,not only did others pillage him1 but1 like almost all prolific authors1 he plagiarized from himself4 ,over thirty or forty times has he treated one subject3 a lady and a knight forced to leave the court in disguise because of the persecutions of the king1 and taking refuge in a village1 where1 after many mishaps and adventures1 they are finally married4 ,of course in each of these twoscore plays the situations vary1 but the central idea is the same in all4 ,to an author of such facility the great difficulty was in the discovery of a subject4 ,that was all he needed2 its dramatic dressing was an easy task4 ,hardly one of the picturesque points of ,spanish history did he neglect4 ,his lighter plays were often historical4 ,generally they were not4 ,his ,perro del ,hortelano 78,dog in the ,manger07 is1 for instance1 an original invention4 ,it contains a delightful sketch of a woman absorbed by jealousy1 and yet unable to make up her mind to marry the loved one because of his inferior birth4 ,both lovers are drawn with delicious vigor--a vigor suggesting1 perhaps remotely1 ,thackeray4 ,this charming comedy shows of what things ,lope was capable in this line had he so willed4 ,it is somewhat in the style of ,scribe at his best4 ,indeed1 in many respects he was the precursor of ,scribe1 who greatly resembled him in fecundity1 facility1 and felicity of execution4 ,more than one of his plays1 if modernized1 might pass for the work of the brilliant ,french dramatist4 ,but the best of ,lope's work is many degrees above the best of ,scribe's4 ,in ingenuity and in originality1 and in the conduct of the business of the stage1 the ,spaniard is at least the equal of the ,frenchman1 while in the depicting of passion he is by far the superior4 ,scribe was incapable of anything at all approaching the sombre and inevitable conclusion of the ,star of ,seville1 appalling with the inexorable logic of fate4 ,mrs4 ,frances ,anne ,kemble has produced a spirited ,english play suggested by it1 of which ,lord ,holland has given a long analysis with translated extracts4 ,as he justly remarks1 no mere relation of the plots of ,lope's plays would give a sufficient idea of the attractions they possess1 8nor can they be collected from a mere perusal of detached passages4 ,the chief merit of his plays is a certain spirit and animation which pervades the whole1 but which is not to be preserved in disjointed limbs of the composition40 ,it is easy to find the reason for ,lope de ,vega's theatrical activity4 ,he was poor1 and play-writing was profitable4 ,he says somewhere that poverty and himself formed a copartnership to work for the stage4 ,at the close of the sixteenth century ,spain was divided into several almost independent provinces1 and there was no interprovincial copyright2 the bookseller of ,castile could reprint and sell for his own profit the successful work first published in ,leon4 ,an author in those days could not even get pay for advance-sheets4 ,under these circumstances publishers naturally paid authors little or nothing4 ,literature was a labor of love4 ,the dramatic taste1 however1 of the ,spanish people was increasing4 ,the two companies of actors gradually grew to forty1 and the forty audiences asked for novelty4 ,the managers endeavoring to satisfy this demand1 the consumption of comedies was something enormous4 ,there was a uniform price fixed in advance3 a comedy was worth five hundred reals1 equivalent to about forty or fifty dollars of our money4 ,the reward was not great1 but the labor was light--at least to ,lope4 ,dramatic work paid2 other literature did not4 ,lope would have been certainly justified in devoting himself exclusively to the drama4 ,he might labor in other fields2 on the stage he ruled4 ,what is done quickly may die quickly1 and few of ,lope's plays hold the stage to-day even in ,spain4 ,but if his plays are not seen1 his influence is visible in the drama of ,france1 of ,england1 of ,germany1 and of ,spain1 his own country1 of the literature of which he and ,calderon and ,cervantes are the greatest glories4 ,calderon was his follower and ,cervantes was his friend4 ,although it has been said they were at enmity1 it is known that ,lope de ,vega praised ,cervantes1 and the author of ,don ,quixote generously eulogized his more successful rival thus3 8,at last appeared that prodigy of nature1 the great ,lope de ,vega1 and established his monarchy on the stage4 ,he conquered and reduced under his jurisdiction every actor and author in the kingdom4444 ,and though there have been many who have attempted the same career1 all their works together would not equal in quantity what this single man has composed40 ,and ,cervantes wrote these lines almost twenty years before ,lope de ,vega's death1 almost twenty years before he had ceased composing4 ,it is with the following brilliant paragraph that ,mr4 ,ticknor1 always strongly prejudiced in favor of ,cervantes1 begins his historical criticism of ,lope's life and labor1 and with it we end3 8,it is impossible to speak of ,cervantes as the great genius of the ,spanish nation without recalling ,lope de ,vega1 the rival who far surpassed him in contemporary popularity1 and rose1 during the lifetime of both1 to a degree of fame which no ,spaniard had yet attained1 and which has since been reached by few of any country40 ,footnote #afd3 ,it was recently said that there were three kinds of dancing3 the graceful1 the ungraceful1 and the disgraceful4 ,footnote #afe3 ,redondillas are stanzas of four short lines4 ,this paragraph on versification reads curiously to ears accustomed to the pentameter blank verse of the ,english drama1 stately at times and sprightly when need be1 and1 indeed1 capable of infinite variety4 ,the ,spanish plays of to-day are written in very short metre1 and ,french tragedies still rhyme4 ,,english ,,tories ,,and ,,catholic ,,education ,,in ,,ireland4 ,the motives which impel men to their best actions are not always1 perhaps they are not generally1 the best possible motives4 ,it is not improbable that more men are driven to the tribunal of penance by attrition than are led thither by contrition4 ,if this be true of men in their individual and private affairs1 it is still more strikingly true of politicians and statesmen in their public acts4 ,he would indeed be fanciful and credulous who should imagine that ,mr4 ,gladstone1 in framing1 advocating1 and insisting upon the passage of his bill for the disestablishment and disendowment of the ,protestant ,church in ,ireland1 was inspired by a pure love of abstract justice and right1 and a disinterested desire to relieve the ,irish people from a flagrantly unjust burden and a crying wrong4 ,he saw as clearly as any one that this wrong existed1 but he perceived also that by removing it he would win popular support for himself and his party4 ,it is tolerably safe to say that had ,mr4 ,gladstone imagined that the passage of the bill for the disestablishment of the church would have resulted in the expulsion of himself and his party from power1 he would not have urged the measure4 ,in this case there were two motives3 one positively and abstractly good1 the other good in the estimation of those who believed that the continuance of power in the hands of the ,liberal party was desirable4 ,the latter incentive was the ruling one4 ,mr4 ,gladstone1 we believe1 would not have advocated a measure which he knew to be bad1 although this advocacy might have secured him an extension of power4 ,nor would he have insisted upon the adoption of a measure which he knew to be good had he known that this insistence would deprive him of power4 ,but he saw that while the disestablishment and disendowment of the alien church in ,ireland would be an act of justice in itself1 it would also be a good political stroke1 tending to strengthen his own position and to give a longer lease of power to his party4 ,one need not trouble himself to assign higher motives than these to the ,tory government1 which1 to the surprise and delight of the ,catholics in ,ireland1 has brought forward a really fair scheme for intermediate education in ,ireland1 and seems honestly disposed to carry it at the present session of ,parliament4 ,just as we write the bill has passed the ,house of ,lords1 and is about to be brought up for final passage in the ,commons4 ,the queen's speech at the opening of ,parliament contained a promise that a bill for the promotion of intermediate education in ,ireland should be introduced2 but it was not until events made probable the speedy dissolution of ,parliament and a general election that this promise was redeemed4 ,it is not uncharitable to suppose that the government felt it necessary to have something to offer to ,ireland in the event of an appeal to the constituencies under circumstances that would make every vote important4 ,the bill passed its second reading in the ,house of ,lords on the #bhth of ,june--a moment when it was still possible that ,england might soon find herself embroiled in a foreign war1 and when it was given out in governmental circles that ,parliament was to be dissolved and a general election ordered4 ,the third reading and final passage of the bill in the ,lords took place some two weeks afterwards4 ,meanwhile the position of affairs had somewhat altered3 the conclusion of the labors of the ,congress of ,berlin and the disclosure of the ,treaty of ,constantinople had greatly strengthened the hands of the government2 the ,opposition gave evidence of demoralization and discord in its own ranks1 and toward the close of ,july the inspired journals announced that ,parliament would not be dissolved this year1 inasmuch as the general approval of the course of the government was too plain to be misunderstood or denied4 ,the ,irish ,education ,bill came up for its second reading in the ,house of ,commons under these circumstances1 and its friends fancied that they discovered a little less earnestness on the part of the government in pushing it forward than was displayed under the more critical circumstances in the ,house of ,lords4 ,still1 the probabilities are that the bill will pass and receive the royal assent before the close of the present session2 and if this be so1 the ,tory government of ,earl ,beaconsfield will go down to posterity as the first administration which has had the courage1 the wisdom1 and the good-will to award to ,ireland anything like justice in the matter of education4 ,the bill provides for a system of payments by results1 and practically is identical with the system which ,mr4 ,isaac ,butt laid before the writer during a conversation in ,london four years ago4 ,we are unaware whether the ,lord ,chancellor1 ,lord ,cairns--who is1 like ,mr4 ,butt1 a ,protestant1 an ,irishman1 and a graduate of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin--has availed himself of ,mr4 ,butt's ideas in the preparation of the measure2 but this is not at all improbable4 ,mr4 ,butt has expressed his cordial approval of the measure4 ,to what extent the ,tory government may have been able to inspire such organs of public opinion as the ,saturday ,review1 and such writers as ,matthew ,arnold in the ,fortnightly1 we cannot say2 but the fact is that for the first time in its existence the ,saturday ,review has recognized and defended the right of ,irish ,catholics to be educated in the way that they considered proper1 and that ,mr4 ,arnold seems suddenly to have arrived at the conclusion that the denial of a ,catholic university in ,ireland is a wicked1 absurd1 and mischievous freak of ,english ,puritanism4 ,the development of opinion in the ,saturday ,review is startlingly rapid4 ,in a remarkable article written before the introduction of ,lord ,cairns' bill the ,review said that 8the injustice of refusing either to give the ,irish ,roman ,catholics a university or to allow them to set up one for themselves is so patent that if the demand for a charter were once more put forward it could scarcely be very long resisted40 ,but in the same pages it warned the ,irish ,catholics that they must not expect to receive anything like an endowment from the state for denominational education3 8,the demand for a state endowment of a ,roman ,catholic university1 or of a ,roman ,catholic college in a mixed university10 we were told1 8may be perfectly just1 but it is at the same time perfectly impracticable4 ,for this purpose the surplus revenues of the ,irish ,disestablished ,church will undoubtedly be treated as money belonging to the nation1 and unless a radical and almost miraculous change should come over the whole mind and temper of the ,english people1 not a shilling of it will be devoted to a denominational object4 ,this determination on their part may be quite illogical1 but it is very firmly rooted4 ,the endowment of a ,catholic university or a ,catholic college may continue to furnish the text for an annual motion and for any number of annual speeches1 but it will do nothing more4 ,the late government attempted to meet the difficulty by establishing a university in which the subjects upon which ,romanists and non-,romanists most differ should be temporarily excluded from the university course4 ,denominational colleges might be incorporated into this university and teach what they liked1 but the teaching of the university was to leave burning questions on one side until the university should have become strong enough to run alone1 and to decide for itself in what subjects it should give instruction to its students4 ,the scheme fell through40 ,within a few days after this candid expression of opinion the same journal was applauding ,lord ,cairns' bill for intermediate education in ,ireland1 which provides for the application of a certain portion of the surplus revenues of the ,disestablished ,church for the support of schools that certainly will be 8denominational40 ,true1 the money is not to be given directly in payment for religious instruction1 but it is to be given in payment to teachers who will impart religious instruction to their pupils4 8,not a shilling will be devoted to a denominational object10 said the ,review one week2 but a fortnight afterwards it was delighted with a measure that proposed to devote a million sterling for the support of a system which is nothing if it be not 8denominational40 ,we rejoice at this sudden and remarkable conversion without inquiring too closely how it came4 ,catholics everywhere1 and ,irish ,catholics especially1 should rejoice when organs of opinion like the ,saturday ,review speak of a measure that is satisfactory to the hierarchy1 the clergy1 and the ,catholic laity of ,ireland as 8an honest endeavor to supply ,ireland with an article which she really wants1 and which nothing but the absurd prejudices of ,englishmen has prevented her from attaining before now40 ,it is certainly encouraging to hear ,englishmen told by their most un-,catholic and worldly-minded instructor that in their rejection of ,ireland's claims for ,catholic education they have been 8singularly unamiable and singularly foolish02 that they have been bent upon educating ,irish ,catholics in a way in which ,irish ,catholics have been equally determined not to be educated4 ,the provisions of ,lord ,cairns' bill are briefly these3 8,a ,board of ,intermediate ,education of seven commissioners--three to form a quorum--is to be appointed by the lord lieutenant--the members to be removable by him--with two assistant commissioners1 who will also act as secretaries and inspectors1 at salaries of one thousand pounds each1 to be appointed by the same authority4 ,other officers may1 from time to time1 be appointed by the board1 with the consent of the lord lieutenant and the approval of the treasurer4 ,this board will be a mere examining body1 conducting by its officers annual examinations in ,june and ,july at convenient local centres over ,ireland4 ,the programme of subjects includes six different classes of attainments3 7#a7 languages1 literatures1 and history of ,greece and ,rome2 7#b7 the same of ,england2 7#c7 the same of ,france1 ,germany1 and ,italy2 7#d7 mathematics1 including arithmetic and book-keeping2 7#e7 the natural sciences2 and 7#f7 another group of subjects to be named by the board4 ,candidates for examination must show that they have been under instruction in ,ireland for the year previous to the date of the examination2 and the maximum ages fixed are sixteen1 seventeen1 and eighteen years respectively for the three years' course4 ,certificates1 or testamurs1 will be given1 setting forth the results of successful examinations2 graded prizes1 and also annual exhibitions1 of from twenty to fifty pounds1 will be awarded1 the condition of attendance for at least one hundred days a year in an intermediate school being required in the latter4 ,holders of any other exhibitions are to be ineligible4 ,the school in which the boy has attended the required number of days receives a bonus of three pounds should he pass in two subjects1 four pounds for three1 and five pounds for four of the six subjects of the first year's course2 another grant is increased in like ratio for the second and third years4 ,no subject of religion is to enter into the examination or be paid for4 ,a conscience clause 7#g71 while not requiring any such school to be open to all or any classes1 is thus framed to protect religious minorities who may attend3 #8,the board shall not make any payment to the managers of any school unless it be shown to the satisfaction of the board that no pupil attending such school is permitted to remain in attendance during the time of any religious instruction which the parents or guardians of such pupil shall not have sanctioned1 and that the time for giving such religious instruction is so fixed that no pupil not remaining in attendance is excluded directly or indirectly from the advantages of the secular education given in the school4' ,one million from the surplus funds of the ,disestablished ,church is to form the endowment for this scheme1 being1 in round numbers1 #ce1jjj a year4 ,the ,church ,temporalities ,commissioners are empowered to borrow this sum1 pending the close of the liquidation of the assets4 ,the board may alter and amend the whole scheme1 save so as to change its leading principles1 and may frame codes and rules and lay them before ,parliament1 when1 if not objected to by either ,house within three weeks1 they acquire the force of law40 ,the debate in the ,house of ,lords on the second reading of the bill was characterized by a remarkable exhibition of good sense and good feeling among the ,protestant members who spoke1 while the remarks of the two ,catholics who expressed their approval of the measure1 ,lord ,o',hagan and ,lord ,emly 7formerly ,mr4 ,monsell71 were discreet and well considered4 ,lord ,o',hagan gave what he properly described as some 8startling statistics0 concerning the aptitude of ,irishmen for fitting themselves for the discharge of public trusts1 even under the limited and discouraging conditions of education which had thus far prevailed in ,ireland4 ,he showed that ,england has #gb-a_/b per cent4 of the population of the ,united ,kingdom1 ,ireland #ag per cent41 and ,scotland #aj-a_/b per cent4 ,since #ahga there had been #a1iah places in the excise and customs bestowed in public competition4 ,for these places there had been #aa1cga candidates1 of whom #aa per cent4 were ,scotch1 #df per cent4 ,english1 and #dc per cent4 ,irish4 ,of the places ,scotland gained #f per cent41 ,england #ch per cent41 and ,ireland #ef4 ,of every #ajj ,scotch candidates #i passed1 of every #ajj ,english #ad1 and of every #ajj ,irish #bb4 ,these figures showed what the youth of ,ireland could do when they were educated4 ,but what were their opportunities8 ,as children1 up to fifteen they might avail themselves of an excellent primary education1 but after that they have few if any opportunities of advancing further4 ,the fact was undeniable that for three hundred years legislation has been directed against education in ,ireland1 except in a form in which the people would not receive it4 ,the bill now proposed was the first step in the contrary direction1 and in ,lord ,o',hagan's opinion1 if it were administered in the same impartial and fair spirit which had dictated its framing1 its results would be most wholesome4 ,the bill1 on the whole1 although not perfect1 is so great a contrast to all the former educational measures which ,england has devised for ,ireland1 and is conceived in so different a spirit1 that the ,irish ,catholics are right in accepting it gladly4 ,it is only to be hoped that the ,house of ,commons will prove to be as reasonable and just as the ,lords have been1 and allow the bill to pass without mutilating it by mischievous amendments4 ,for half a century ,england has been tinkering at ,irish education1 always with the idea that she could compel the ,irish to accept ,protestant education if ,catholic education were made impossible for them4 ,thus was devised the national system of #ahca1 the queen's colleges of #ahde1 the supplementary charter of #ahff1 ,lord ,mayo's charter scheme of #ahfg1 the unfortunate ,university ,bill introduced by ,mr4 ,gladstone in #ahgc1 the ,national ,teachers' ,act1 and ,mr4 ,butt's ,university ,bill4 ,the ,english government in their present measure do not storm the ,plevna of the religious difficulty2 they simply turn it4 ,they do not propose to establish any new institutions1 nor to aid the erection of any1 nor to subject to inspection and control any of the existing intermediary schools that have been founded by the zeal of the clergy and the charity of the faithful4 ,they leave these alone2 but they offer to reward them1 and all other similar schools that may be founded1 by giving prizes to their pupils1 and a bonus to the schools themselves of from fifteen to twenty-five dollars for each pupil who meets certain conditions4 ,the ,irish ,catholic schoolmasters and schoolboys will not be afraid to enter into this competition2 on the contrary1 they will 8leap at it10 and the best results may be expected to follow4 ,more important still1 this step1 once taken1 will lead ere long1 by logical consequence1 to the settlement of the ,irish university question in the same way4 ,lord ,beaconsfield's administration of the government of ,england promises to live in history as an epoch of many brilliant and important events2 but if under his rule the ,catholic education of ,ireland is adequately and satisfactorily provided for1 that will be really a more lasting and glorious monument to his memory than his diplomatic victories at ,berlin1 his second conquest of ,india1 or his virtual annexation of ,asia ,minor to the ,british crown4 ,,lac ,,du ,,saint ,,sacrement4 ,fair in their peace1 'twixt shore and shore1 ,lake ,george's waters rest1 ,and fair the great hills1 rising o'er1 ,lie mirrored on its breast4 ,the leafy forests hide no tread ,of stealthy ,indian foe1 ,the sunshine gilds no dusky head ,in shadow stealing slow4 ,the calm no hostile navies rend1 ,pealeth no threat'ning gun1 ,silence and stillness softly blend ,beneath the undimmed sun4 ,faded the lilies' bloom long since ,on ,horicon's green mere2 ,the soldiers of the ,german prince ,lift not the red cross here4 ,the stars alone are guardians now ,of this bright forest sea ,whose waves1 whatever wind may blow1 ,sing freedom's royalty4 ,ah6 fair ,lake ,george1 ,i would thy name ,were changed for one more meet1 ,that thy bright waters spoke the fame ,of him whose accents sweet ,first named thee in a ,christian tongue-- ,his maimed hands raised to bless-- ,who1 rapturous1 round thy beauty flung ,thy ,maker's loveliness4 ,who sighed blind ,indian souls to lead ,unto their ,father's feet1 ,to teach strong hands for peace to plead1 ,fierce hearts ,christ's cross to greet4 ,who bore with awe his ,master's name1 ,was bound for ,his sweet sake1 ,god's glory deed and thought should claim1 ,knowing no lesser stake4 ,who ready stood1 for ,god's dear love1 ,through toil and torture fire ,still with the cross to point above-- ,a living ,christian spire4 ,o lake beguiling6 on that eve ,how still thy waters lay1 ,all hushed in sunshine each green wave ,calm as the golden day4 ,how full of grace on that blessed eve-- ,god's love athwart the sky2 ,pure as his balm for souls that grieve ,thy mirror seemed to lie4 ,warm as the ,love that gave itself ,the softened mountains seemed2 ,fusing strong tree and rugged shelf1 ,the wondrous glory streamed4 ,a burning worship heaven filled1 ,and breathless it adored1 ,while through the air1 all-reverent1 stilled1 ,the earth's sweet incense soared4 ,did dreams of ,france1 his own loved ,france1 ,the ,jesuit's spirit steep ,with thought of hearts that love would trance ,as they ,god's feast should keep ,with myriad lights and thronging flowers1 ,strong voices' mellow peal8 ,and did he long through those sweet hours ,before his ,lord to kneel8 ,from far cathedral pomp aloof1 ,and simple1 loving hearts1 ,for columned church the wood's green roof ,darkened with heathen arts4 ,still seemed the glory of the day ,the golden hope to give ,of ,love ,almighty's deathless sway ,o'er nations yet to live4 ,an echo of ,st4 ,thomas' hymn ,came faintly o'er the wave2 ,the ,jesuit's eyes with tears grew dim ,at thought of souls to save4 ,and 8,bone ,pastor1 ,panis vere10 ,his firm lips softly spoke1 ,o 8,jesu1 nostri miserere10 ,from heart1 love-burdened1 broke4 ,and 8,lauda ,sion1 ,salvatorem0 ,thy glad waves seemed to cry2 ,while 8,lauda ,ducem et ,pastorem0 ,flung back the happy sky4 ,lake of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,that hour won thy name's grace ,as holiest thought of love was lent ,to sign thy maiden face4 ,its look of heaven as of yore ,still wears thy calm1 sweet face2 ,alas6 that thou shouldst keep no more ,thy first baptismal grace4 ,,the ,,three ,,roses4 ,i4 ,it was at precisely half-past ten1 as he satisfied himself by looking at his watch1 on the morning of the #agth of ,june1 in the year #agdc1 that a young gentleman got up from a chair in front of the ,caf ,procope 7just then opening with that air of stretching itself1 rubbing its eyes1 and yawning which marks a caf in the ante-meridian hours74 ,he stood for a moment twirling his cane and his moustache alternately1 and then1 as if suddenly reminded by the look of the caf of a great moral duty omitted1 stretched himself slightly and yawned prodigiously4 ,it was1 to be sure1 rather early in the day to begin yawning1 except for cafs2 but then this young chronologer had his own way of dividing time1 and1 believing with the poet that the best of all ways to lengthen our days is to snatch a few hours from the night1 what was early in the morning for most men was only somewhat late at night for him4 ,it is to be noted1 too1 since the most trifling incidents in the life of a hero are worthy of record1 that he yawned with such admirable self-possession1 with such a mingling of good-will and graceful languor2 he had so much the air of giving his whole mind to it1 and at the same time of being so used to yawning that he really didn't care so much for it after all1 that you saw at once he was a man of distinction1 to whom a yawn was not1 as to most of us1 a rare luxury1 but a daily1 nay1 an hourly1 a half-hourly1 necessary of life4 ,much might here be said1 if space permitted1 of a highly instructive nature1 on the philosophy of yawning and its many varieties3 the go-to-bed yawn2 the get-up yawn2 the tired yawn1 the yawn of simple lassitude2 the good-humored yawn1 which takes itself as an excellent joke2 the peevish yawn1 which denies itself acridly as if it were a crime2 the writer's yawn and the reader's yawn 7quod ,jupiter omen avertat672 the chronic yawn and the fixed yawn which merges into the drawl2 the imitative yawn1 into which unwary grandmothers are seduced by wicked little boys with slowly-flapping palm2 the bored yawn1 which is a protest against the world in general2 the well-bred yawn1 which is a protest against the immediate company1 and is practised only in solitude4 7,it is1 of course1 the last-named sort in which our hero indulges47 ,there is a great deal of character1 too1 in a yawn1 from your timid little lady's yawn1 shrinking away and hiding behind fan or handkerchief1 or with hypocritical feminine art so moulding itself that1 like ,lucy ,fountain's1 8it glides into society a smile10 to your open1 hearty1 man's yawn1 showing all its grinders shamelessly1 as if it were a fine natural prospect one ought to be grateful for4 ,napoleon judged men1 as he led them1 by their noses2#aff a true philosopher would classify them by their yawns4 ,meantime1 however1 we are leaving our hero yawning at the risk of dislocating his jaw and of setting the reader to keep him company4 ,let us1 therefore1 resume4 ,having indulged himself sufficiently in this refreshment1 and recomposed his features again with some care1 the young gentleman stood for a moment irresolute1 tapping his boot with his cane1 and then1 as if his mind were made up1 set off at a brisk pace in the direction of ,notre ,dame4 ,as he stepped out it did not need his showy uniform1 which was that of the famous corps of ,mousquetaires1 his jingling spurs1 or his long rapier1 of a heavier make than the dress-sword then worn by every gentleman1 to show him for a soldier4 ,you saw it in his measured stride1 in every movement of a lithe and graceful yet strong and well-knit figure1 in the gay recklessness of his manner1 and especially in the ardent and somewhat imperious glance of his dark gray eye4 ,a trace of superciliousness and vanity on his bold1 handsome face you would have pardoned to his years and comeliness4 ,women smiled kindly on the gay young mousquetaire as he passed them1 and were not ill-pleased at the kisses he flung them in promiscuous homage from the tips of his gloved fingers4 ,male glances not so kind1 instinct1 indeed1 with smouldering scorn and hatred1 were shot at him covertly too--glances such as a half-century later gloated openly with savage ferocity over the death-struggles of other hapless young mousquetaires dying hopelessly and gallantly1 sword in hand1 for a king who knew how to make locks but not laws1 and a queen who could win all hearts but those of her people4 ,but right little recked our young mousquetaire of glances1 hostile or kindly1 from those he looked upon but as a rabble of the gutter1 to be kicked or beaten like other animals out of his lordly path4 ,the young summer in his blood all unconscious of that slumbering storm1 he strode along1 dispensing musk and kisses1 and gaily humming a madrigal of ,benserade1 to the ,rue des ,poulies1 and along that street1 picking his way daintily over the wretched pavement till he came in front of a certain bric--brac shop4 ,there he paused1 hesitated a moment1 and1 pulling off his plumed hat and putting on his most fascinating smile1 bowed low to two persons standing in the doorway4 ,this simple act of courtesy had a singular effect on the two persons in question1 a young man and a young woman4 ,this effect was apparently the same on both3 they first colored violently1 then frowned1 then turned pale4 ,but to an observer in the attic window over the way it seemed that the internal emotions indicated by these facial changes were very unlike in each4 ,the young man seemed--to this observer--to be moved by displeasure rising even to intense rage2 the girl's uppermost feeling seemed to be embarrassment1 and displeasure1 if any1 only at being caused embarrassment4 ,but the observer could not quite decide that she was displeased at all by this act of politeness1 and he inclined rather to think that her blush was caused by pleasure at seeing the young mousquetaire1 while her frown was directed at her companion for his inopportune presence4 8,yes1 that is it10 said this acute analyst to himself3 8the blush was for the mousquetaire1 whom she is glad to see1 the frown for ,m4 ,de ,trop1 who is in the way1 and the pallor for herself1 whom she heartily wishes out of the way in the row she foresees coming40 ,while this thoughtful philosopher of the attic was thus moralizing a curious incident took place4 ,the girl1 who held some roses in her hand1 dropped one of them1 no doubt from agitation4 ,the mousquetaire sprang forward to seize it4 ,as he stooped over the flower the young man of the doorway1 with an angry exclamation1 thrust him back with such good-will that he reeled into the roadway and came near falling4 ,recovering himself in an instant1 he whipped out his sword and rushed upon the other1 crying3 8,baseborn scullion6 darest thou raise thy hand to a gentleman8 ,thy life shall pay it40 ,this was not1 perhaps1 his exact language1 but it is so much nicer than what he really did say that we will let it stand in despite of history4 ,at all events the young man understood him very clearly to express an intention of skewering him upon the spot2 so1 with a natural reluctance to being skewered1 he armed himself with an iron bar used for fastening the door of the bric--brac shop1 and resolutely awaited the onset4 ,at sight of these warlike overtures the girl screamed and the neighbors came flocking to doors and windows in pleasurable anticipation4 ,the philosopher in the attic appeared to await the issue with composure4 ,suddenly she who was the lovely cause of strife between the heroes stepped forward4 8,forbear1 gentlemen10 she cried4 8,for shame6 ,would you shed blood for a paltry flower8 ,if 'tis but a rose you want1 here is one for each of you40 ,and with a charming mixture of shyness and coquetry-the coquetry of a pretty woman who feels herself to be the object of contention between brave men--she proffered to each of the champions a rose4 ,the mousquetaire sheathed his sword at once1 seized his flower with rapture1 pressed it to his lips and to his heart1 and looked altogether so languishing and sheepish that the young girl had to bite her lips to control a smile4 ,she could not so easily hide the laugh that sparkled in her dancing eyes and made them still more dazzling4 ,the young man of the doorway received his rose with reluctance1 seemed half disposed to reject it1 and more than half disposed to throw it away after taking it1 and fell back with so sullen and sulky an air that the ,helen of this ,iliad could forbear no longer1 but laughed outright and merrily4 ,at that electric stroke of happy ridicule the clouds passed and the air cleared2 the storm was over4 ,the neighbors withdrew discontentedly to their shops1 while the mousquetaire1 with another bow and smile1 departed4 ,but he did not kiss his finger-tips to this young girl1 as he had to the others4 ,the philosopher of the attic surveyed these events with conflicting emotions4 8,humph60 said he1 rather ruefully1 8the roses ,i spent my last sou for1 the price of my breakfast1 in fact1 to lay upon her window-sill this morning4 ,the one in the gutter1 ,i suppose1 is for me2 was it by accident or design she dropped it8 ,i wonder which of them she likes best80 ,gentle reader--for in these days it is only a gentle reader will deign to cast an eye over a simple love-tale like this--go with us but a little way1 and we will try to unravel the philosopher's problem4 ,,ii4 ,had you chanced1 then1 miss or madam1 to be your great-great-grandmother--as1 ,heaven be praised6 you did not--and had you happened to be in the neighborhood of the ,rue des ,poulies in the year of grace #agdc1 and had it occurred to you to ask for the richest man in the quarter1 public opinion would have answered unhesitatingly1 8,papa ,lamouracq1 who keeps the bric--brac shop40 ,and had you further inquired who was the finest fellow and the best match in the neighborhood1 the vote would still have been nearly unanimous for ,raoul ,berthier1 the well-to-do ironmonger of the ,quai de la ,ferraille4 ,and had you once more sought to know who was the prettiest girl--well1 here there might have been some dissent1 for the other prettiest girls and their mammas would no doubt have cast a scattering vote or so2 but1 counting the blind beggars for whom her hand was ever open1 and the babies she was always ready to romp with1 not to speak of the shrewd old fathers of families1 who saw her beauty1 as shrewd old fathers will1 in the light of her imagined expectations1 a decided majority would still have been given for ,pauline ,lamouracq1 the old brocanteur's young and only daughter4 ,now1 however public opinion may have erred with regard to two of the persons named--and1 indeed1 ,papa ,lamouracq1 whenever the matter was broached1 would protest1 with many oaths and shrugs and groans1 that1 so far from being the richest man in the parish1 he was in reality the very poorest 7but what bric--brac dealer was ever otherwise1 especially if he be an ,auvergnat1 as in ,paris he generally is when he is not a ,jew87--certainly it made no mistake with regard to ,pauline4 ,pretty beyond a doubt she was1 with her trim young figure and her dark brown hair and eyes1 lit both with a flash of golden light1 and her--but1 no2 let us not attempt the impossible task of describing the charm and freshness of girlish beauty at eighteen4 ,do you1 miss1 look in the glass1 or do you1 sir--if so be it that stray masculine eyes shall linger over these artless pages--think of her you love best1 and let that be our ,pauline4 ,only herself seemed to be unconscious of her great beauty2 for1 though her mirror must have whispered to her now and again the charming secret1 as it will to other young maidens1 she fled from that perfidious counsellor1 lest she should have a grievous addition to the load of peccadilloes she was wont to carry weekly to the confessional of her good friend and adviser1 the old cur of the ,church of ,st4 ,germain l',auxerrois4 ,indeed1 she had fewer incentives to vanity than many girls not half so pretty1 inasmuch as she had fewer admirers4 ,not that there were not many who sighed for her in secret2 but ,raoul's temper was known to be as quick as his hand was heavy1 and they discreetly held aloof4 ,raoul and ,pauline had been betrothed from a very early age1 and the former was not one to brook any rivalry4 ,from the cradle almost he had been wayward and headstrong4 ,years before1 when little more than a child1 he had run away to sea1 and strange tales were whispered of his doings with ,jean ,bart1 that famous privateer and scourge of perfidious ,albion4 ,now that he had come back a fine1 bronzed1 athletic fellow of six or seven and thirty to take his place in his dead father's business1 and handle1 the gossips said1 a very pretty pot of money1 he was more violent and self-willed and exacting than ever2 and there were not wanting those who1 seeing the look that came too often into his dark1 handsome face1 shook their heads and prophesied that all would not be sunshine in the married life of the pretty ,pauline4 ,if she herself shared any of these misgivings she never showed it1 but was as affectionate1 and even obedient1 to her intended husband as the most jealous swain could ask4 ,on one point only did she go counter to his wishes1 and that was in seeing a distant cousin1 ,andr ,thiriot1 who alone of all the young fellows in the neighborhood made her the object of an absorbing devotion that every one but herself laughed at4 ,in truth1 poor ,andr was not fitted out by nature for the ideal lover4 ,lame from a fall in his childhood1 small and insignificant in appearance 7but for a high white forehead and a pair of large and brilliant eyes71 and a beggarly huissier's clerk to boot1 he was a pretty fellow1 forsooth1 to aspire to the hand of the richest heiress in the quarter4 ,so ,papa ,lamouracq thought1 and1 when his poor kinsman first hinted timidly at the idea nearest his heart1 bade him begone with bitter rebuke and reviling4 8,he marry ,pauline1 indeed6 ,puny weakling6 ,no man should have his girl who could not protect her with an arm as stout as his own4 ,in these days10 said ,papa ,lamouracq1 very truly1 8who knows at what moment his women-kind may need protection from these vile marquises and mousquetaires that go about troubling the peace of honest folks80 ,and ,papa ,lamouracq1 who had served in the wars1 drew himself up to his full five feet nine--which in ,france1 you know1 is a colossal stature--squared his broad shoulders1 and looked very fierce and resolute4 ,it was1 indeed1 a time when beauty and innocence of the bourgeois class1 where1 indeed1 very much that there was at ,paris of beauty allied to innocence resided1 needed stout hearts and strong arms to fence it4 ,the gay courtiers of ,louis ,,xv4 respected few laws1 human or divine1 and no woman not of the privileged classes was safe from their insults4 ,so poor ,andr was sent to the right-about with a very large sized flea in his ear1 and could only see his fair cousin thereafter by stealth4 ,raoul swore that if he ever caught him prowling about her he would break every bone in his body4 ,for that threat1 indeed1 ,andr cared little1 for he had a brave spirit in his little body2 but he loved his cousin too well to cause her needless annoyance1 and he had perforce to content himself with the stolen interviews she could give him at such odd times as her father was away with ,raoul at the cabaret1 which1 indeed1 was only too often4 ,nor was ,pauline loath to profit by these chances to see her cousin4 ,that everybody repulsed and derided him was to her woman's nature of course only an additional reason for liking him4 ,then1 too1 he had been her mother's favorite1 almost as a child to her on the death of his own parents1 and1 lastly1 he talked very differently from the others about her4 ,pauline1 thanks to the watchful care of her good friend and godfather1 the cur of ,st4 ,germain1 had had a better education than most girls of her class1 and ,andr was a genius and a poet--at least1 they both thought so2 which1 for them1 came to much the same thing4 ,he rhymed about as well as the rest of the rhyming crew1 in an age when in ,france and ,england there were many rhymers and few poets1 and those few not always greatly cared for2 when ,voltaire passed sentence on ,homer ,shakspere2 when ,dorat's perfumed nothings fluttered in every boudoir1 while ,gilbert starved in a garret4 ,to the taste of one simple maiden ,andr's madrigals and sonnets and what-not were as good as the best1 and she never tired of hearing them4 ,even when she could not see him she could still hear them2 for our poet had a very pretty turn for music as well1 and from his window opposite hers would sing her his chansons1 set to his own music1 with such ardor and perseverance as quite enchanted his pretty cousin1 and won for the performer a singular degree of unpopularity among his neighbors4 ,so the lame bard remained ,pauline's only open admirer until one eventful day when there came spurring through the dull and sombre street1 lighting it up like a flash of sunshine1 a splendid vision of a mousquetaire4 ,pauline chanced to be standing in the doorway of her father's shop1 and1 as he caught sight of that lovely picture set in the dark frame of the portal1 the bold cavalier1 riding to her side1 straightway proceeded to woo her in the off-hand fashion of the court4 ,but in the soft1 half-wondering reproach of the brown eyes lifted for but a moment to his own there was a depth of purity and innocence that baffled this intrepid courtier more than any words2 he stammered over his first sentence1 hesitated1 broke down1 and--blushed4 ,yes1 incredible as it may seem1 in the middle of the eighteenth century1 and in the very focus of civilization1 a mousquetaire blushed4 ,to be sure he was young4 ,perhaps it was a reflection from his glowing cheek that brought to ,pauline's pale one a rosier tint2 perhaps it was simply wonder at this unprecedented phenomenon2 ,pauline1 too1 was young1 and the culprit1 it must be owned1 was very handsome4 ,at all events he could only gasp out a hasty apology before she withdrew and left him to ride away1 over head and tingling ears in love4 ,raoul heard of this encounter and roared--burst out into a furious passion of rage and jealousy that left ,pauline in tears4 ,andr saw the meeting from his eyrie in the attic and--sighed4 ,with one handsome rival he might hope1 he might even1 with some aid from the muses1 hold his own2 but with two--8 ,the poor bard took to reading ,tibullus2 he had no heart for madrigals when life itself was an elegy1 and for a night or two the neighbors slept in peace4 ,,iii4 ,one morning a young man presented himself to ,papa ,lamouracq and asked to be taken as an apprentice to learn the bric--brac trade4 ,papa ,lamouracq was a little shy of apprentices2 but as he really needed help and the premium offered was large1 he could not resist the temptation to his bargaining instinct1 and the postulant was accepted4 ,the new-comer was active1 intelligent1 and above all good-looking2 and these virtues soon won for him a fair place in ,pauline's esteem until she caught him making sheep's eyes at her with extreme persistency and uncompromising sheepishness4 ,thereat she reproved him sharply1 and1 to punish him1 set him to washing the dishes--a task he undertook with entire good-humor1 but so much more zeal than skill that he broke more than he cleaned and speedily had to be relieved4 ,then he took to sighing like a bellows1 and when his mistress laughed at him this audacious intruder made love to her outright1 and of course got properly snubbed for his pains4 ,but fancy ,miss ,pauline's amazement when this astonishing apprentice1 so far from being abashed by her chilling rebuke1 went down upon his marrow-bones1 and1 revealing himself as the ,chevalier d',aubuisson1 plumped her an offer of his heart and hand and a fine old chteau in ,normandy4 ,the sight of this dashing mousquetaire in a shop-boy's apron seemed so absurd that the young lady thus tenderly adjured felt more inclined to laugh than ever--indeed1 she was a merry little maiden1 more given to smiles than tears--but the evident sincerity of the young man's emotion touched her4 8,he has cut off that lovely moustache to be near me10 was her pensive reflection1 as she gazed upon his eloquent1 upturned face1 from which that military embellishment was indeed missing4 ,no doubt1 too1 she was secretly flattered and pleased2 for it was not every day1 ,i promise you1 in the ,paris of a century ago1 that a shopman's daughter had the chance of refusing to be the wife of a handsome young noble4 ,and then what young girl's heart could help going out a little to the romantic side of this madcap adventure8 ,but there was another aspect to the affair which made her grave at once4 8,pray rise1 sir10 she said coldly2 8this position is unbecoming to you and uncomfortable to me4 ',twas not well done1 ,m4 le ,chevalier1 to steal into my father's household under false colors2 and though ,i feel the honor you do me1 ,i cannot listen to you further4 ,i am already affianced4 ,if you have any of the regard you profess for me1 you will instantly quit this travesty and this house40 ,this was reasonable advice1 so our impetuous young mousquetaire rejected it at once4 ,he would never leave her1 he vowed with vehemence1 till she had promised to be his4 ,this wild proposal plunged poor ,pauline into great perplexity4 ,to tell her father or her intended would1 she foresaw1 precipitate a terrible row and scandal with probable bloodshed2 and perhaps it was not wholly tenderness for her relatives which checked her as she glanced furtively at her embarrassingly handsome wooer1 revolving the problem of how most easily to get rid of him in an anxious mind4 ,nor could she go to her cousin2 she blushed1 she scarce knew why1 as she thought of it4 ,so1 as usual in all the little difficulties of her life1 she betook herself to her friend the cur1 who soon found a key to the riddle4 ,the next day there rode up to the door of ,papa ,lamouracq's bric--brac shop an orderly with a letter for ,m4 le ,chevalier d',aubuisson1 and by noon his majesty's corps of mousquetaires had received a reluctant and rather mutinous reinforcement of one4 ,and--,o bitter and humiliating thought6--the moustache had been sacrificed in vain4 ,,iv4 ,so matters stood in the ,rue des ,poulies at the time of that remarkable meeting which opens this eventful history1 and apropos of which an observer in the attic asked himself1 as you may remember1 8,which does she like best80 ,raoul's rage upon this knew no bounds2 and ,papa ,lamouracq1 when he came to hear of it1 was little better4 ,they both insisted that the wedding-day should be fixed at once1 and for no distant date1 and poor ,pauline was fain to consent4 ,yet1 as the fatal day drew near1 she shrank from it more and more4 ,school herself as she would into obedience to her father's will and love for her future husband1 the coming marriage filled her with an invincible repugnance4 ,was it because she had given her heart to another1 or only because ,raoul's brutality had alienated her esteem8 ,i do not know2 she did not know herself3 it was a question she never dared ask her heart4 ,in the midst of this moral conflict by which she was so cruelly torn her mind went back often and longingly to the serenity and calm of the convent where she had passed so many of her early years1 and to the peaceful1 happy faces of the nuns4 ,she yearned with an inexpressible yearning to be among them once more2 she had even wild1 half-formed thoughts of flying from her wretchedness and trouble and taking refuge in that quiet haven4 ,naturally1 therefore1 when ,andr1 to whom she had dropped an intimation of her thought1 urged her strongly to act upon it1 she turned and rent him4 8,how dare you say such things to me60 she cried with more passion than he had ever seen her show4 8,how dare you advise me to disobey my father6 ,you know very well my first duty is to him4 ,he wishes me to marry ,raoul1 and--and ,i wish it4 ,i am not miserable4 ,i love ,raoul dearly1 and we shall be very hap--hap--happy40 ,and to prove the joyful nature of her anticipations she burst forthwith into tears4 ,the poor poet stood aghast2 he was not prepared for this display of feminine consistency4 ,genius as he was1 he had yet to learn that to set a woman against a doubtful project she is coquetting with in her mind1 the surest way is to urge her to it4 ,dearly as he loved his cousin and wished to make her his wife1 he loved her happiness more1 and would joyfully have seen her take the veil1 marry the mousquetaire even1 whom he suspected her of favoring1 anything to escape this marriage1 in what he foresaw for her only wretchedness1 if not death4 ,raoul in his drunken furies1 he knew1 would stop at nothing1 and even as a lover he had threatened her life4 8,but10 he stammered1 conscience-stricken1 8,i thought you said you wished to be in the convent40 8,you know ,i never said anything of the kind10 sobbed the indignant fair4 8,i forbid you ever to say such things to me again4 ,you are very unkind to tease me so1 and it is only your mis--miserable jealousy40 ,the poet winced under this poisoned shaft1 but was too generous to retaliate4 ,his cousin had the right of suffering to be unjust4 ,nevertheless1 he could not forego another effort to rescue her1 as he called it4 ,it wanted but a day or two of the wedding when he next got a chance to see her1 for she was now watched and guarded almost like a prisoner4 ,drawing a little packet from his pocket1 he said with a sad smile3 8,pauline1 here is my wedding gift4 ,it is the most precious1 indeed1 the only precious1 thing ,i have40 ,pauline opened the packet4 ,it held only a withered rose4 ,she looked in perplexity from the gift to the giver4 8,do you know what rose it is1 ,pauline8 ',tis the one that was trampled in the mire the day the mousquetaire and ,raoul fought40 8,dear ,andr60 said ,pauline1 pressing his hand4 ,she was greatly touched by his unobtrusive devotion4 8,i have often wondered10 she went on musingly1 8where those roses came from40 7,you see1 miss1 a posy was more of an event in this simple life than in yours1 bouqueted and basketed as it is47 8,i have sometimes thought1 do you know1 it was--0 ,pauline stopped suddenly and blushed4 8,raoul1 of course10 said ,andr quietly4 8,no10 said ,pauline briefly1 and blushed again4 8,not the mousquetaire80 said ,andr in affected amazement4 8,yes1 yes10 said ,pauline1 still very rosy--8that horrid mousquetaire4 ,i'm sure10 she added with a toss of her pretty head1 8he had impudence enough for anything40 ,this is the way1 messieurs1 that the ungrateful fair for whom we run all risks characterize our devotion4 8,no10 said ,andr gently1 8it was not the mousquetaire40 ,the girl looked up quickly1 a sudden light in her eyes4 8,dear ,andr60 she said again1 8you are very good to me40 ,they were silent awhile1 and then the poet1 taking the girl's hand1 said earnestly3 8,listen to me1 ,pauline4 ,there is a condition to my gift4 ,it is that if at the last moment you should change your mind in regard to--to--0 he hesitated--8to what we once spoke of1 you will send me back this rose1#afg and ,i will find a way to save you40 ,pauline made no answer2 but she no longer scolded1 and ,andr was satisfied that she had agreed4 ,we shall see if he was right4 ,v4 ,on the night before ,pauline's wedding-day a merry and noisy company of mousquetaires were gathered in the ,caf ,aux ,fers ,croiss4 ,some were playing billiards1 others baccarat2 all were drinking1 and nearly all were singing and shouting at the top of their lungs4 ,only our old friend1 the ,chevalier d',aubuisson1 sat apart by himself1 very woebegone and silent4 ,a comrade1 drawing near1 slapped him on the shoulder and said boisterously3 8,come1 come1 my friend1 cheer up4 ,don't mope your life away because your light o' love is false40 ,this delicate counsel the mousquetaires greeted with vociferous applause4 ,d',aubuisson sprang to his feet with flashing eyes4 8,vicomte de ,brissac10 he cried1 8hold6 ,the first who breathes a word against that angel dies4 ,i swear it1 by this sword60 ,the mousquetaires were silent2 not that they respected his evident emotion--they respected little enough1 not even themselves--but they did respect his sword4 8,why1 man60 said ,de ,brissac at length1 8you don't mean to say you are in earnest--that you would marry the girl80 8,to-morrow1 if she would have me4 ,god knows how willingly2 and to-morrow ,i lose her for ever40 ,with a groan the chevalier sank back into his seat and buried his face in his hands4 8,tut1 tut1 man60 said ,de ,brissac1 who was naturally kind-hearted4 8,if you love her so1 why give her up tamely8 ,she must like you better than this shop-keeper40 ,our mousquetaires had a brave contempt for all men who earned their living honestly4 8,why not make a bold push for it and carry her off from under his nose8 ,we'll all stand by you0--8,that will we10 in chorus from the rest--8and1 take my word for it1 the bird will thank you for her rescue from the fowler40 ,d',aubuisson looked up quickly1 a gleam of hope in his face4 ,but his brow soon grew dark2 he knew ,pauline too well to believe that she would sanction or forgive such an act of violence1 however much she loved him4 ,and he was more than half persuaded she did love him1 in spite of her rejection1 conceited young mousquetaire that he was2 he was fully persuaded she did not love ,raoul1 both from his own observation and the statements of ,papa ,lamouracq's old housekeeper1 ,anglique1 whom he had won to his interests4 ,if he could but bring her to consent6 ,it was a forlorn hope1 but he would make a last appeal4 ,he wrote a fervent letter to ,pauline1 proposing1 if she agreed1 to place her in charge of his aunt1 the abbess of the ,convent of ,pont-aux-,dames1 where she would be in safety until he could marry her4 ,both these lovers1 you see1 had the same thought1 but with very different motives4 ,this letter he despatched to his friend the housekeeper1 promising her a royal reward if she got him an answer4 ,in an hour's time the answer came3 it was only a withered rose4 ,d',aubuisson eyed it in blank amazement4 ,was it a cruel sneer1 a mistake1 or what8 8,bah60 cried ,de ,brissac after a few moments' study of the problem4 8,love has made you dull1 comrade1 as it does most men4 ,don't you see8 ,where is that weed ,i have seen you kissing a hundred times so insanely8 ,this is the mate to it1 and the message can have but one meaning3 she is yours40 ,anglique confirmed this view1 which our mousquetaire was only too willing to accept2 so with much clinking of glasses and vowing of vows the rescuing party was made up4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all night long the poet kept lonely vigil in his attic1 waiting and longing1 and hoping against hope1 for the rose which never came4 ,had it come he would have been puzzled to know what steps to take for ,pauline's deliverance2 but somehow he felt he would compass it1 if he had to ask the aid of his rival the mousquetaire1 and though the price were his cousin's hand4 ,but the long hours dragged wearily on and no word came4 ,the dawn found him still keeping his weary watch1 no longer hoping1 but haggard indeed and the picture of despair--a most dismal philosopher1 who in all his philosophy could find no comfort4 ,v4 ,it was a very gay wedding party that gathered next day at the ,mill of ,javelle1 then a famous resort for the ,parisian merrymakers1 to do honor to the nuptials of ,raoul ,berthier and the lovely ,pauline1 less lovely now1 alas6 for care and sorrow had worn her almost to a shadow of her former self4 ,with the wedding guests mingled freely an unusual number of masks2 but their presence excited little remark and no objection1 for it was one of the familiar privileges of the time4 ,and the strangers1 whoever they were1 made themselves so agreeable to the feminine part of the company that by these1 at least1 they were voted a welcome addition to the pleasures of the day4#afh ,it had been arranged that the wedding ceremony should be performed by the cur of ,st4 ,germain l',auxerrois in a little chapel hard by at ten o'clock1 and that the wedding breakfast should follow4 ,but ten o'clock passed1 and eleven1 and still there was no sign of the good priest4 ,noon was drawing near when ,papa ,lamouracq swore roundly that they would wait no longer1 but sit down to the feast at once1 let the marriage take place when it might--a decision hailed with acclamation by his guests4 ,perhaps1 too1 a glance at ,raoul's condition--he had been drinking deeply all the morning and through the previous night--may have suggested the wisdom of postponing the ceremony4 ,at this moment one of the masks drew near ,pauline1 who stood a little apart1 pale and sorrowful1 and whispered hurriedly in her ear3 8,dearest1 come2 it is the time4 ,a post-chaise waits for us in yonder clump4 ,in an hour's time we shall have you safe behind the convent walls40 ,pauline shrank from him in mingled astonishment and terror4 ,then he showed her a withered rose2 she knew it at once for the same she had sent the night before to ,andr upon receiving ,d',aubuisson's letter4 ,this she had torn to pieces in a transport of indignation and bade ,anglique carry the pieces back to the writer4 ,but the very suggestion so terrified her in her nervous state with the idea of an attempted abduction such as was only too common in that lawless time1 that her scruples yielded at last1 and she resolved to take ,andr's advice and seek refuge in a convent4 ,with this view she commissioned the housekeeper to carry to her cousin the signal rose4 ,that crafty old person1 however1 shrewdly surmising that the return of his own torn letter would win her scant esteem or guerdon from her employer1 took it upon herself to give him the rose instead--a message on which at need she could put her own construction4 ,at sight of the flower ,pauline hesitated4 ,surely this could not be her cousin2 the figure seemed much too tall1 yet1 if not1 how came he by the signal8 ,in her confusion and incertitude she suffered herself to be half-passively drawn by the unknown in the direction of the thicket he spoke of4 ,as she did so the other masks drew together about them--a movement unnoticed by the rest of the company1 whose thoughts and eyes were all intent upon the loaded and steaming tables1 to which they were on the point of sitting down under the trees4 ,suddenly a wild scream startled them4 ,it was from ,pauline1 who had just caught sight of ,andr's pale1 reproachful face gazing at her fixedly from the outskirts of the crowd4 ,at her scream the wedding guests1 headed by ,papa ,lamouracq1 came hurrying towards the bride with various cries of anger1 astonishment1 and menace4 ,the situation bade fair to be embarrassing4 ,but the chevalier was a man of promptness and decision1 by no means one to draw back from an undertaking once begun4 ,besides1 to him ,pauline was only hysterical2 she must be saved in spite of herself4 ,further disguise was useless2 force only would now prevail4 ,so catching the fainting girl in his arms as if she were an infant1 and shouting1 ,a moi1 mousquetaires6 he pressed on to the carriage4 ,but he was not to reach it unopposed1 however4 ,the word mousquetaires made plain the whole design to the dullest-witted in the assembly3 the fame of those audacious scamps for similar exploits was wide-spread4 ,among the wedding company was more than one old privateering comrade of ,raoul's who had swung cutlass and boarding-hatchet by his side2 and it so chanced that two other wedding parties had brought to the mill that same day some scores of sturdy blacksmiths and fishermen and stout butchers from the ,halles4 ,armed with stools and benches1 with sticks and stones1 they flung themselves furiously upon the mousquetaires1 some fifty or sixty in number4 ,the latter1 casting off mask and domino1 and forming a circle about ,d',aubuisson and the unconscious ,pauline1 defended themselves with vigor4 ,the fight was long and uncertain1 and many were hurt on both sides4 ,but disciplined valor won the day as usual over brute strength1 and in spite of every effort of their antagonists the mousquetaires slowly but surely made their way towards the fatal thicket4 ,papa ,lamouracq1 himself wounded more than once1 and disabled1 could only gnash his teeth and howl impotent curses at the foe2 the bridegroom1 at his first step towards the scene of conflict1 had staggered and fallen1 and was lying on the grass in a drunken stupor2 the little poet1 bleeding already from a ghastly wound in the forehead1 had to be forcibly held back from flinging himself like another ,winkelried upon the bristling blades of the mousquetaires4 ,all seemed lost4 ,but despair1 too1 has its inspirations4 ,the poet's eye1 in a fine frenzy rolling1 seeking everywhere for a weapon to annihilate his enemies1 fell upon one of the steaming tureens of soup just served for the wedding feast4 ,instantly he caught it up and hurled it1 contents and all1 full at the heads of the victorious mousquetaires4 ,two went down at once before the shock2 half a score were scalded by the boiling liquor2 double that number--,o much more direful and appalling tragedy6--had their splendid uniforms stained by good ,mre ,leroux's most savory potage4 ,shrewdly did ,csar bid his veterans strike only at the faces of ,pompey's dandy cavaliers4 ,thus does history repeat itself4 ,death and torture our mousquetaires would have faced unflinchingly1 and charged a battery as gaily as they would have danced a minuet2 but their clothes were dear to them4 ,for most of them they were their only clothes1 and what wonder if at the onslaught of this novel and terrific weapon they wavered8 ,so might the bravest knight who first faced the terrors of gunpowder have hesitated without shame to his courage4 ,andr's example was infectious4 ,from all sides was rained upon the hapless mousquetaires a shower of soups1 ragouts and entremets1 sauces1 sausages and salads1 omelettes aux fines herbes and omelettes sucres1 until they fairly broke and fled1 dripping1 not blood1 but gravy at every pore1 and dragging with them by main force their frantic leader1 who wished not to survive the loss of his ,pauline4 ,,vi4 ,need the sequel be told8 ,of course the valiant poet was rewarded with the hand of her he had loved so faithfully and rescued so oddly4 ,papa ,lamouracq was loyal to his vow that only to the man who could protect his daughter should she be given1 and it was ,raoul's turn to be sent off in disgrace4 ,he sold out his business1 disappeared from the ,quai de la ,ferraille1 and betook himself to his old trade of privateering1 or1 many folks said1 something worse4 ,as for ,andr1 he became a famous poet1 was presented at court1 and duly enrolled among the glorious fellowship of wits--the great ,m4 ,voltaire deigned to call him confrre1 much to ,pauline's indignation1 for that great man's notions were by no means to her taste--and his poems may no doubt still be found by those who look for them in the ,bibliothque ,impriale4 ,what were they1 do you ask8 ,truly ,i have never heard1 but he was a most famous poet4 ,what was better1 he was a most happy husband1 and ,pauline never regretted the chance which made her his wife instead of ,raoul's4 ,she owned she had always liked him the best1 which ,i dare say was true1 though ,i suspect that in her secret heart she would have liked a more romantic fashion of being won1 and was not over and above pleased when ,andr's friends1 in allusion to his valor1 called him ,marshal ,terrine or ,m4 ,de ,bouillon4 ,but she was very happy1 especially when1 after her father's death1 they found themselves rich enough to fulfil that dream of every good ,parisian1 a neat little country house with a lovely garden in the suburbs4 ,and the poor mousquetaire8 ,ah6 miss1 you are right4 ,could we but have had him for our hero1 which was indeed the author's intention at the start1 as you may see by looking back to the earlier pages of this veracious history6 ,but fate1 alas6 is not to be gainsaid1 and on the whole1 perhaps1 ,pauline was better off with her poet4 ,the chevalier could not face the ridicule poured upon him for his share in the ,battle of the ,soup-,kettle1 as the wits called it4 ,he got himself exchanged into a regiment at the front1 and fell fighting gallantly in the decisive charge which broke the ,english column at ,fontenoy4 ,i forgot to mention that ,pauline's favorite pastime in her country life was cultivating roses1 with which her garden in the season fairly glowed2 and on each anniversary of her wedding-day it was her custom to put by her husband's plate at breakfast a little posy containing exactly three of the flowers in question1 which he never failed to receive with an air of the utmost surprise as to where they could possibly come from4 ,footnote #aff3 ,napoleon thought a big nose to be a sign of intellect1 says history1 mother of lies4 ,fiddlesticks6 ,he chose men with big noses because they were easier to lead4 ,an army of snub-noses would never have gone to ,moscow4 ,footnote #afg3 ,it will occur to the ingenious reader1 as indeed it has to the ingenious writer1 that it would have been much simpler and more natural to ask ,pauline to write her wishes4 ,so it would4 ,but then ,andr was a poet and a genius1 and--this is a romance4 ,besides1 who knows but ,pauline might have been locked up at the critical moment and denied writing materials8 ,footnote #afh3 ,it was the very incident here related1 and which in its main outlines is historically true1 that led to a police regulation forbidding the intrusion of masked outsiders into wedding parties and other festivals4 ,,the ,,english ,,press ,,and ,,the ,,pan-,,anglican ,,synod4 ,on the #b;d of ,july a certain1 or rather uncertain1 number of ,english1 ,irish1 ,scotch1 ,canadian1 and ,american gentlemen met together in the long-desecrated chapel of ,lambeth ,palace2 and on the #bgth of the same month the same gentlemen1 after listening to a discourse in ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral from one of their number1 the 8,bishop of ,pennsylvania10 bade each other farewell4 ,during the twenty-five days that had intervened between these two dates the gentlemen in question had talked a great deal to and at each other1 sometimes in public and sometimes with closed doors4 ,a general sense of confusion concerning this assemblage seemed to pervade that portion of the public mind of ,london which paid any attention to it4 ,the ,london newspapers1 which must notice everything1 from the arrest of a pickpocket to the reconstruction of an empire1 could not agree upon the title to be given it4 ,in the ,morning ,post it was spoken of as 8,the ,lambeth ,conference02 the ,spectator called it 8,the ,gathering of the ,bishops02 the ,times on one day entitled it 8,the ,pan-,anglican ,synod10 on another it spoke of it as 8,episcopal ,visitors02 the ,pall ,mall ,gazette and the ,saturday ,review agreed upon 8,the ,bishops at ,lambeth0 as a sufficiently safe and non-committal title2 but the former1 on one day1 went so far as to venture to speak of the assemblage as 8,the ,pan-,anglican ,conference40 ,nor did the reporters of the journals arrive at a consensus of opinion concerning the number of these gentlemen2 one authority reporting them as numbering 8something like eighty-five prelates10 while another placed the assemblage at 8about one hundred10 and a third1 with greater precision1 spoke of 8about one hundred bishops and four archbishops40 ,a still more notable diversity of opinion prevailed as to the purpose for which these gentlemen had come together--some of the writers in the journals insisting that the affair was a mere social gathering2 others that it was a species of debating society composed exclusively of ,anglican bishops2 others that it was a conclave to devise combined action 8to put down the ,ritualists02 others that its purpose was to 8sell out0 to the pope1 if peradventure he would buy2 others that it covered a scheme for the 8corporate unity0 of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,churches in ,great ,britain1 ,ireland1 the colonies1 and ,america1 with the ,archbishop of ,canterbury as patriarch4 ,the journals which care most for the respectability and perpetuation of the ,anglican body besought the gentlemen to content themselves with talking1 taking tea1 and smoking in ,mrs4 ,tait's back garden1 and not to attempt to do anything else4 8,we recommend the bishops10 said the ,spectator1 8not to attempt a pastoral1 as they did last time2 not to try their hands on points of creed2 not to suppose that for any purpose of defining religious belief they will be strengthened by this concourse1 if not rather weakened40 ,they might1 perhaps1 discuss 8what concession could be made to pagan and heathen converts brought up under a very different morality from the ,christian0--as1 for instance1 we suppose1 whether a ,turkish convert might not be permitted to indulge in his peculiar ideas regarding marriage1 and whether a converted ,thug should not be allowed to strangle a victim occasionally4 ,or they might even venture to discuss 8the practicability or impracticability of church discipline0--that is1 whether it be 8practicable0 or 8impracticable0 for a clergyman to refuse to marry a divorced person or to exclude an unrepentant murderer from the communion-table2 or for a bishop to prevent one of his clergy from turning the communion service into a ,methodist love-feast1 or another from making it a close imitation of the holy sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,they might 8discuss0 these things1 but they must not act upon them1 and they must above all refrain from 8discussing creeds40 8,we strongly recommend the ,pan-,anglican ,synod10 exclaimed the ,spectator1 8to renounce entirely the superstition which attaches to such assemblages of bishops a sort of divine skill in discriminating truth from falsehood4 ,indeed1 we believe them to be under very special incapacities for any such discrimination40 ,honest and true advice1 but hard for the so-called bishops to bear1 as coming from a journal warmly attached to ,anglicanism and edited by two prominent and zealous members of that church4 ,no discussion of creeds6 no discrimination of truth from falsehood6 ,why1 here is the ,anglican body throughout the ,english-speaking peoples1 with a clergy no two of whom can agree upon the most vital dogmas of the ,christian faith2 who are disputing with each other and befogging the minds of their people with their discordant 8views0 upon the subject of baptismal regeneration2 upon the sanctity and indissolubility of the marriage relation2 upon the real presence of ,jesus ,christ in the ,eucharist4 ,if these were true bishops1 if their church were really a church and anything but a state-born and worldly association1 these bishops would not have separated without not only 8discussing0 but defining the faith and providing for its preservation and enforcement4 ,they took the ,spectator's advice4 ,they took it all the more readily1 perhaps1 because the ,times pointed out to them that 8these highly respectable gentlemen from the antipodes and the tropics1 from the ,transvaal and the ,falls of ,niagara10 must make up their minds that to eat 8a dinner at the ,mansion ,house0 was the most important work they would have to perform1 and that in 8the social assemblages0 that would follow they would 8find more benefit than from their public conferences40 ,the ,times frowned upon the suggestion that the ,primate of ,all ,england countenances1 even tacitly1 the suggestion that he should be recognized as the metropolitan of the ,anglican ,church2 the ,saturday ,review ridiculed the opinion that 8the reliance of the independent communities upon ,england might be regulated and strengthened by declaring that the ,archbishop of ,canterbury was a patriarch1 and ,lord ,penzance1 we suppose1 family lawyer all round10 and went to the extent of comparing the church to an 8,odd-fellows' society40 ,in the face of chaff like this the gentlemen from the antipodes and ,niagara ,falls1 as well as those from ,lincolnshire and ,edinburgh1 turned a deaf ear to the appeals alike of ,ritualistic working-men and ,low-,church green-grocers1 and wisely contented themselves with eating the lord mayor's dinner1 going to sober evening parties1 preaching sermons in ,london churches1 and devoting a few hours each week to the discussion1 in church-congress fashion1 of such thrilling and vitally important themes as 8,voluntary ,boards of ,arbitration10 or 8the position of ,anglican chaplains on the ,continent of ,europe and elsewhere40 ,to cap the climax1 during the session of the conference the first anniversary of 8the ,reformed ,episcopal ,church of ,england0 was held in ,newman ,hall's church in ,london4 ,the ,reformed ,episcopal ,church of ,england1 it may not be generally known1 was imported into ,england from the ,united ,states1 and had its birth by the secession of ,bishop ,cummings1 ,mr4 ,cheney of ,chicago1 and some others from the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,the ,reformed ,episcopal ,church of ,england has a bishop--one ,mr4 ,gregg--and at this anniversary meeting ,bishop ,gregg said3 8,the ,church of ,england might be likened to a ship4 ,when he joined it he thought he was going straight to a ,protestant port1 but he afterwards found that the ship had turned its head1 had altered its course1 and was now bound straight for ,rome4 ,for this reason1 as he did not want to go to ,rome1 he thought it best to come out of it4 ,some people had asked1 #8,why not remain in it and endeavor to alter its course8 ,why not try to reform it8' ,his answer was that others had tried to do it and had failed1 and therefore he had come to his present conclusion4 ,after denouncing the evils of sacerdotalism ,dr4 ,gregg said that he considered the present ,prayer-book was the cause of many of the existing evils4 ,the ,reformed ,episcopal ,church had therefore entirely revised it1 freed it from all sacerdotalism1 had thoroughly uprooted all its dangerous dogmas1 and the revised edition now in press would shortly be issued40 ,the bishops at ,lambeth were so fearful of disobeying the injunctions of the ,spectator not to 8discuss creeds10 or to attempt to 8discriminate between truth and error10 that they did not even venture to rebuke ,bishop ,gregg or to take any steps against this schism4 ,indeed1 how can they be sure that he is not right and that they are not wrong8 ,the first ,pan-,anglican ,synod1 convoked eleven years ago1 the ,london ,times says1 8excited some curiosity1 mingled with more ridicule and remonstrances40 ,but it discharged its 8apparent functions0 to the satisfaction of all concerned4 ,that is-- 8,it afforded to a great many hard-working gentlemen the opportunity of taking a holiday under the guise of an episcopal progress4 ,a certain number among them it enabled to render an account in person to their constituents in ,england of the value they had received for the funds entrusted to their hands1 and to beg for more4 ,over and above these material objects1 the synod professed its aim to preserve ,anglican churchmen throughout the world in theological harmony4 ,this1 too1 it accomplished1 at least negatively4 ,english churchmen were able to testify that ,protestant bishops from the east and from the west resembled each other very closely in demeanor and in their forms of thought4 ,they even had1 surmounting the obstacles of their local accent1 the very tone of voice which no other body of clergy throughout the civilized world can boast1 and which gives ,church-of-,england ministers a virtual monopoly of the clerical sore throat4 ,our visitors1 whose episcopal residences and cathedrals are scattered over the globe1 carried home1 we believe1 an equally good report of church conservatism in the mother-country40 ,but the subtle mind of the late ,bishop of ,winchester1 who was the reputed author of this episcopal picnic1 had deeper views at bottom4 ,he intended the first ,pan-,anglican ,synod as an answer to the sneer that the ,church of ,england is a local accident1 without any principle of spiritual authority1 growth1 or development4 ,the synod was held1 but the ,bishop of ,winchester was disappointed3 the bishops would do nothing2 they would not even order ,bishop ,colenso to the stake2 and1 8as clergymen1 what they manifested above all else was that the ,anglican ,church in ,england and the ,anglican ,church out of ,england resemble each other almost to identity4 ,the special peculiarities of the ,church of ,england come into even more prominence abroad than at home4 ,we are more impressed with the spirit of the state church carved out by ,king ,henry ,,viii4 when we meet with its foreign professors than we are in the country of its birth40 ,how biting is this sarcasm1 and how deeply it must cut into the heart of the ,anglican or the ,american ,episcopalian who stills fancies that the mind of ,england is true to ,anglicanism6 ,the ,lambeth ,conference which has lately ended was as barren of results as was its predecessor4 ,on the day before its first meeting a number of the ,american and colonial bishops went down to ,canterbury1 where ,dr4 ,tait1 perhaps as an undress rehearsal of his anticipated elevation to the post of ,protestant ,pope1 had 8the chair of ,st4 ,augustine0 brought forth1 enthroned himself in it1 and delivered a discourse4 ,the audacity of this performance was extreme2 perhaps the thoughts which it must have suggested to the spectators will yield their proper fruit4 ,in face of the disjecta membra of a creed before him ,dr4 ,tait had the extreme rashness1 not to use a harsher term1 to say in this discourse that he and his hearers 8had advantages which the great ,st4 ,augustine had not10 for 8they stood nearer to the pure1 primitive ,christianity of the apostles than ,st4 ,augustine stood1 4440 and that ,st4 ,augustine's faith1 which is that of the whole ,catholic ,church to-day1 was 8a sort of semi-pagan ,christianity40 ,st4 ,augustine preached in ,england in the sixth century1 ,dr4 ,tait talks in the nineteenth2 which is 8nearer10 chronologically1 8pure1 primitive ,christianity10 and which is nearer1 doctrinally1 the faith that ,st4 ,augustine received from ,rome or that which ,dr4 ,tait has received from ,henry ,,viii4 and ,queen ,elizabeth8 ,on the next day1 ,july #b1 the conference opened at ,lambeth ,palace4 ,there were 8something like eighty-five prelates present10 of whom forty-three were from the colonies and the ,united ,states4 ,it seems that there are ten bishops unattached1 living in and around ,london1 who had expected to be invited and who were disgusted at being left out2 but it is explained that 8the primate felt that the line must be drawn somewhere1 and these prelates had no jurisdiction1 even of a delegated character10 so he drew it at them4 ,before entering the chapel to receive holy communion the bishops adopted the following declaration3 8,we1 bishops of ,christ's ,holy ,catholic ,church1 in visible communion with the churches of ,england and ,ireland1 professing the faith delivered to us in ,holy ,scripture1 maintained by the primitive church and by the fathers of the blessed ,reformation1 now assembled by the good providence of ,god at the archiepiscopal palace of ,lambeth1 under the presidency of the ,primate of ,all ,england1 desire1 first1 to give hearty thanks to ,almighty ,god for having thus brought us together for common counsel and united worship2 secondly1 we desire to express the deep sorrow with which we view the divided condition of the flock of ,christ throughout the world1 ardently longing for the fulfilment of the prayer of our ,lord1 #8,that all may be one1 as thou1 ,father1 art in me and ,i in thee1 that they may also be one in us1 that the world might believe that thou hast sent me'2 and1 lastly1 we do here solemnly record our conviction that unity will be more effectually promoted by maintaining the faith in its purity and integrity--as taught in the ,holy ,scriptures1 held by the primitive church1 summed up in the creeds1 and affirmed by the undisputed general councils--and by drawing each of us closer to our common ,lord by giving ourselves to much prayer and intercession1 by the cultivation of a spirit of charity and a love of the ,lord's appearing40 ,is it not extraordinary that men of intelligence will persist in befogging themselves with phrases about 8the deep sorrow0 with which they view the divided condition of the flock of ,christ throughout the world1 and their longing for the fulfilment of the prayer of our ,lord for the unity of his people8 ,the flock of ,christ is not divided2 it has never been divided1 and can never be divided for the reason that he not only prayed for its unity but willed its unity1 and provided infallible means for the preservation of its unity4 ,the communion service over1 ,dr4 ,thomson1 the ,archbishop of ,york1 pronounced a somewhat remarkable discourse1 in which ,catholic truth1 ,protestant error1 and fanciful theory were strangely mixed1 from the words of ,st4 ,paul1 8,but when ,peter was come to ,antioch ,i withstood him to the face1 because he was to be blamed40 ,he exposed the fallacy of the theory that the great apostle of the gentiles and the first ,supreme ,pontiff were in antagonism to each other1 and he did this ably2 but he ended his sermon with the following absurd passage3 8,more than one writer has been pleased to point out that in the first century there were three periods1 in which three apostles--,peter1 ,paul1 and ,john--predominated in succession2 and they think they can trace the same succession in the larger field of church history1 so that the ,petrine period ends at the ,reformation1 and the ,pauline succeeds it1 whilst the time of ,st4 ,john is supposed to be the beginning4 ,there is something fanciful in this arrangement4 ,yet pardon the fancy for the truth that underlies it4 ,and when ,peter falters1 impulsive1 and is inconsistent with himself1 and ,paul withstands him to the face1 let the third apostle enter on the scene and remind us that we can afford to use the largest charity whilst we hold still the firmest trust4 ,his contribution to the eternal diapason of the church's faith and love shall be this3 #8,whosoever shall confess that ,jesus is the ,son of ,god1 ,god dwelleth in him and he in ,god4444 ,and this commandment have we from him1 that he who loveth ,god love his brother also' 7#a ,john iv4 #ae1 #ba740 ,it will not do to set up ,st4 ,paul as the ,john the ,baptist of ,luther and ,henry ,,viii4's ,reformation2 nor will it do to assume that ,peter1 whose province it is to confirm the faith of his brethren1 8falters and is inconsistent with himself10 or that the church has waited until now to understand the words of ,st4 ,john4 ,but here the curtain falls upon the public proceedings of the conference4 ,they retired from the profane sight of men1 and1 shut up in company with 8four reporters pledged to secrecy10 and who duly gave to the journals every day accounts of all that happened1 they spent a few hours of each day in discussing 8not creeds10 but 8modern forms of infidelity02 8the best mode of maintaining unity among the various churches of the ,anglican communion02 8,voluntary ,boards of ,arbitration for churches to which such an arrangement may be applicable02 8the relation to each other of missionary bishops and of missionaries in various branches of the ,anglican community acting in the same country02 and 8the position of ,anglican chaplains and chaplaincies on the ,continent of ,europe and elsewhere40 ,nothing could be less interesting than much of this2 and the prelates were no doubt glad when all was over1 and when they closed their meetings by a sermon from the ,bishop of ,pennsylvania in ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,as is plain from the comments already given by the leading organs of ,english opinion1 the second ,pan-,anglican ,synod attracted even less attention and more general contempt than the first4 ,when men come to ask themselves what has been accomplished by the twenty-five days' session besides tea and talk1 what is the only answer8 ,it is this3 the synod ended1 as it began1 in nothing4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,ethics1 ,,or ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,by ,walter ,h4 ,hill1 ,s4,j41 ,professor of ,philosophy in the ,st4 ,louis ,university1 author of ,logic and ,ontology1 or ,general ,metaphysics4 ,baltimore3 ,murphy ,co42 ,london3 ,washbourne4 #ahgh4 ,we rejoice to learn that ,father ,hill's first volume of the course of philosophy has met with great success4 ,we have been long desiring to see the second part in regular order1 namely1 the ,special ,metaphysics4 ,this is1 undoubtedly1 the most difficult part to treat in a satisfactory manner1 as well as the one most controverted among ,catholic writers1 particularly as regards cosmology4 ,precisely on this account we were especially curious to hear ,father ,hill's exposition of the debated questions1 and perhaps this is also the reason why he has postponed this part of his work1 and published first his ,ethics4 ,ethics is equally important1 and even more generally necessary and useful4 ,we are1 therefore1 glad to welcome the ,ethics of ,father ,hill1 hoping that he may hasten1 as much as his heavy labors in the work of teaching and in that of the sacred ministry will permit1 the completion of his ,metaphysics4 ,this volume is1 like the first one1 an ,english text-book of the same grade and quality with our standard ,latin text-books in philosophy4 ,it is suited for the educated reader and for the higher classes in college4 ,both volumes are above the capacity of pupils of a lesser degree of intellectual development and instruction4 ,if it is possible to bring the study of philosophy down to the level of this class of pupils without reducing the science to a merely nominal and superficial condition1 the text-book fitted for this purpose still remains a desideratum4 ,for the general reader and the pupil who is able to understand it this manual of ethics will prove of great service4 ,it has always been the rule and practice of the illustrious ,society of ,jesus to follow in instruction the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 as understood by the great body of ,catholic theologians and philosophers1 in all those particulars in which such a common understanding exists4 ,in ethics1 happily1 there does exist such a common and generally accepted doctrine in regard to all chief and important topics1 and there is consequently a great degree of unity and harmony in the teaching imparted by ,catholic professors to their pupils4 ,without doubt it is the safest and most practical method to make the text-books of theology and philosophy1 and the lectures of the class-room1 conform to this common doctrine4 ,deeper and more original and free discussions of difficult and undecided or imperfectly-elucidated questions belong to another class of works4 ,father ,hill's text-book may be taken as a safe and sound exponent of the system of ethics contained in our approved ,latin manuals and taught in our seminaries and colleges4 ,in substance its doctrine is scholastic1 the doctrine of ,aristotle1 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,suarez1 ,bellarmine1 ,liberatore1 and the generality of similar authors of approved reputation4 ,the great number of original texts1 with translations1 which are interwoven with the author's own exposition1 gives the ordinary reader a notable advantage1 by making him acquainted with the great writers on ethics1 and furnishing a guarantee of the fidelity with which their ideas are presented by the author4 ,a minute criticism of the work before us in its minor details would occupy too much space for a mere notice4 ,we are obliged1 therefore1 to content ourselves with a general expression of our favorable opinion of the manual as a whole1 and of the treatment given to the principal topics in its several parts1 and the briefest possible notation of particular points of remark4 ,the first chapter1 on the ,ultimate ,end of ,man1 presents sufficiently for a treatise of such limited compass the twofold relation of humanity by nature and by grace to ,god as the ,final ,cause4 ,one statement 7p4 #ba71 that 8it is not simply impossible for ,god to make a creature so perfect that intuitive vision of the divine essence would be connatural to it10 we cannot concur in1 and it is contrary to the common opinion that grace elevates its subject 8super omnem naturam creatam atque creabilem10 so admirably defended by ,father ,mazzella in his ,de ,deo ,creante4 ,we think1 also1 that the author confuses the abstractive with the discursive process in the same context1 and refer to ,liberatore's exposition of the nature of angelic knowledge and the similar knowledge proper to the state of separated spirits1 in his work ,deli ,uomo1 for our reasons of dissent from the exposition of ,father ,hill4 ,the qualification of 8unnatural10 used in respect to a desire of the soul to see ,god intuitively1 on page #bc1 seems to us objectionable1 on account of the use of a term at least ambiguous1 and liable to be taken as signifying a positive opposition between nature and a final term which transcends its specific active force4 ,the remainder of the whole division of ,general ,ethics1 comprising the following chapters3 ii41 ,action of ,man as a ,rational ,being2 iii41 ,principles of ,moral ,goodness2 iv41 ,the ,passions2 v41 ,the ,virtues2 vi41 ,law2 vii41 ,civil ,law2 viii41 ,conscience1 is in our opinion admirable1 and we find nothing to criticise4 ,we are particularly pleased to see that the author refutes a common fallacy that sin is an infinite evil1 meriting an infinite punishment4 ,it is most important at this time1 when the doctrine of endless punishment is so generally and violently assailed1 that the exaggerations and fallacious arguments which cling around it should be cleared away1 and only that which is the real doctrine of revelation be presented1 sustained by rational arguments which are solid1 which has been done by ,liberatore1 and also by ,father ,hill in his section of this subject4 ,in the second part1 on ,special ,ethics1 four chapters are included3 i41 ,rights and ,duties2 ii41 ,special ,duties2 iii41 ,man as a ,social ,being2 iv41 ,civil ,society4 ,we are glad to see that ,father ,hill distinctly asserts the rights of rational creatures before ,god1 a most important point against ,calvinistic1 ,jansenistic1 and rigoristic exaggerations of the doctrine of ,god--absolute dominion and divine sovereignty1 which make theology odious and drive many minds toward atheism in their intellectual despair4 ,the question of veracity1 lying1 and mental reservation1 which ,grotius said made him sweat1 is too briefly treated for a satisfactory enucleation of its difficulties1 especially as the author departs from the common opinion of ,catholic moralists4 ,we are rather disposed to favor his view1 which has strong reasons in its support1 though not prepared to express an opinion that it is altogether complete and sufficient4 ,in treating the great question of civil society1 with the subordinate question of the origin and legitimacy of government1 etc41 the author has shown great judgment and discrimination4 ,he adheres to the theory of ,suarez1 ,bellarmine1 and the great body of the ablest ,catholic authors1 respecting political society4 ,ultra-monarchical and ultra-democratic theories are equally indefensible1 and both are mischievous4 ,we trust that loyal citizens of our republic who are reasonably conservative will find evidence1 in ,father ,hill's calm and moderate statements1 that the ,catholic religion is admirably suited to give stability to our own national institutions1 notwithstanding its total opposition to the ,european liberalism and radicalism that would fain overthrow the constitutions and governments of the ,old ,world4 ,in respect to style1 the main point in a work of this kind is to make its ideas clearly and distinctly intelligible4 ,the author1 in general1 has succeeded in his effort to accomplish this result as well as the necessity of adhering to the phraseology of ,latin authors would permit4 ,sometimes1 however1 succinctness and condensation produce ambiguity and obscurity--a defect which we suspect in some instances is partly or entirely owing to errors in printing4 ,again1 there are some words used in a way which is not conformed to the ,english idiom--as1 for instance1 the word 8avert10 used intransitively1 and the phrase to 8put an action40 ,there are many minor faults of this sort which can be easily corrected in a second edition4 ,let us1 by all means1 have the other volume as soon as possible4 ,the whole1 when complete1 will serve a most important end1 by extending among intelligent readers of ,english books a knowledge and taste for scholastic philosophy4 ,this taste1 when awakened1 will demand much larger and more thorough works on the same subjects4 ,we think1 moreover1 that those who write these works must break away from the trammels of an artificial ,latinized style and write in idiomatic ,english1 like ,dr4 ,newman and the best writers in the ,dublin ,review and ,month4 ,we desire to see works on ,catholic philosophy which are as fine specimens of pure ,english idiom as those written by ,liberatore in his native language are of a charming and literary ,italian style4 ,i4 ,a ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools1 ,,academies1 ,,and ,,colleges4 ,by ,john ,r4 ,g4 ,hassard1 author of ,life of ,archbishop ,hughes1 ,life of ,pius ,,ix41 etc4 #a vol4 #abmo1 illustrated4 ,,ii4 ,,an ,,introductory ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,schools4 ,arranged on the ,catechetical ,plan4 #a vol4 #afmo1 illustrated4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 ,in this history ,mr4 ,hassard has performed a very rare feat4 ,he has made a school-book which1 while being in every respect a thorough school-book1 is full of interest from cover to cover4 ,there is not a dull page in it4 ,of course the first thing that commends this book to ,catholic teachers and students is that it is written by a ,catholic1 and ,mr4 ,hassard's eminent qualifications for the preparation of such a work are too well known to need any mention here4 ,the part that ,catholics played1 not only in the discovery of this continent but in its exploration and colonization2 the part borne by them in the ,war of ,independence and in the later history of these ,united ,states1 has been carefully forgotten1 or slurred over1 or misrepresented1 or omitted altogether in the average history set in a boy's hand at school4 ,this is not history2 and to remedy this capital defect1 we take it1 has been the chief object of ,mr4 ,hassard's book4 ,he has done his work thoroughly and in an excellent manner4 ,he is nowhere aggressive2 he is simply historical from first to last4 ,where ,catholicity comes in he gives it its place2 where it does not enter he never drags it in4 ,he is concerned with facts1 and he attends chiefly to them4 ,how he has succeeded in grouping them together1 in collecting the tangled threads of events that are scattered over a vast continent1 where so many nations and tribes of men and forms of religion and government contended for the mastery2 the patient skill with which he has woven these into a bright1 clear1 and picturesque whole1 can only be judged by those who read the book1 which1 for our own part1 we could not set down until we had read it through4 ,the history begins with the discovery of the continent1 and brings us down by easy yet rapid stages to our own times4 ,the story of the ,spanish colonies1 the ,french1 the ,english1 the ,dutch1 are all given due prominence4 ,the work of ,catholic missionaries in exploring the continent and attempting to convert the native tribes is briefly yet fully set forth4 ,the long struggle for national independence is given with great skill1 force1 and clearness1 and indeed these qualities characterize the whole work4 ,it is very plain that the author had everything clear in his own mind before he sat down to inform others4 ,the result is a clean-cut and complete whole1 with no important omissions1 no waste1 and no redundancy4 ,the narrative is invariably spirited and flowing1 and to students is in itself a model of clear1 strong1 simple ,english4 ,it is wonderful1 too1 to see how1 with the brief space at his command1 the author has contrived to throw in at the right time those little personal allusions1 pictures1 or reminiscences of famous men and events that lend its charm to history and so aptly illustrate the times4 ,indeed1 the gifts here displayed by ,mr4 ,hassard are obviously those that would lend grace1 strength1 and dignity to a much more ambitious1 though not more useful1 work than that before us4 ,the sense of historical truth and accuracy plainly predominates in the author's mind4 ,his efforts to produce a history that was much needed1 yet had hitherto remained unwritten1 have been ably seconded by the publishers4 ,the text is a delight to the eye2 the illustrations1 though many1 are unexceptionally excellent2 the little maps thrown in here and there are of great use in illustrating the text2 and the questions at the foot of the page are all that either student or teacher could desire4 ,it is impossible to commend such a work too heartily4 ,it simply stands alone4 ,we have often heard the just complaint that ,catholics had no history of the ,united ,states which they could safely use in their schools--none1 at least1 which was satisfactory4 ,that complaint can exist no longer4 ,the ,catechism of ,united ,states ,history is made from the larger work1 and is in every way suitable for parish schools and junior classes in academies4 ,the narrative is continuous1 so that it can be read without the questions as a regular history4 ,,le ,,progres ,,du ,,catholicisme ,,parmi ,,les ,,peuples ,d',,origine ,,anglo-,,saxonne ,,depuis ,l',,annee #aheg4 ,par ,mgr4 ,de ,haerne1 ,membre de la ,chambre des ,representants 7de la ,belgique74 ,extrait de la ,revue ,catholique de ,louvain4 ,louvain3 ,peeters4 #ahgh4 ,this pamphlet is an evidence of the awakening of a great interest in ,catholic ,europe in the ,catholic ,church existing and increasing within the dominion of the ,british ,empire and the republic of the ,united ,states4 ,ample justice is done by the author to the great ,celtic element which pervades the church in ,english countries1 although the term ,anglo-,saxon appears so distinctively in his designation of the territory which he has made the object of his investigations4 ,it is almost impossible to give an account of a pamphlet so full of statistics without translating the whole bodily4 ,the author has made it as full and correct as he could1 considering the means within his reach4 ,the defects are those of his sources of information1 and his few mistakes are those which a foreigner would easily make--as1 for instance1 in making ,seton ,hall ,college an institute of the ,jesuits1 and attempting to enumerate the generals of the army of the ,united ,states who have become converts4 ,a translation of this interesting pamphlet made by a competent hand1 with the corrections and additions in respect particularly to our own country and ,british ,america which a fully-informed writer living among ourselves could make1 would furnish some very valuable information both to the friends and the enemies of the ,catholic religion4 ,we owe grateful acknowledgments to the eminent ,belgian prelate and statesman for his excellent and elaborate essay1 and for his kindness in favoring us with a copy4 ,i4 ,,ancient ,,history4 ,,ii4 ,,history ,,of ,,rome4 ,,iii4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,middle ,,ages4 ,adapted from the ,french of ,rev4 ,p4 ,f4 ,gazeau1 ,s4 ,j4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgh4 ,whoever knows the above works in their original ,french will be glad to see them in their present convenient1 cheap1 and attractive ,english form4 ,the series makes delightful reading1 even in a desultory sort of way4 ,they are full of sound learning and philosophical inference2 indeed1 it would be hard to find books containing more wealth of research in so small a space4 ,as might be expected1 the style is concise and yet smooth1 flowing1 and agreeable4 ,such books as these are needed4 ,without denying the zeal and learning of most of our teachers1 it is still safe to say that few of our higher students ever finish a course of history4 ,the difficulty lies with the text-books generally in use4 ,they are for the most part so large and full of detail that the pupil leaves school without a fair knowledge of the events connected with the ,roman ,empire1 the formation of the modern states of ,europe1 the conversion of the barbarians1 the ,crusades1 the events that led up to the ,protestant ,reformation1 and the important changes and revolutions that have occurred since that period1 because all or most of the time available for history has been consumed in the epochs preceding the time of our ,saviour4 ,the ,ancient ,history is a complete compendium of the history of ,egypt1 ,assyria and ,babylonia1 ,media and ,persia1 ,phnicia and ,carthage1 ,greece1 ,macedonia1 ,alexander's ,empire and the states founded on its ruins4 ,the ,history of ,rome treats of the ,eternal ,city and its dominion from the time of ,romulus to that of ,romulus ,augustulus4 ,the ,history of the ,middle ,ages1 of which we have before us advance sheets1 is now in press4 ,scholars will be surprised by its wonderful combination of learning1 sagacious reflections1 and convenient grouping of events4 ,its narrative stops with the taking of ,constantinople 7#adec74 ,a ,modern ,history of the same series is in preparation1 and will follow as soon as possible4 ,it will bring the series down to our own times4 ,the orthography of the proper names is made to conform to the practice of the best modern ,english and ,american writers4 ,the judgment and learning of the ,american editor are apparent in the many wise alterations and additions which he has made4 ,review questions are given at the end of each chapter1 except in the ,middle ,ages1 where the questions will be printed at the end of the book1 so as not to break the continuous appearance of its pages for the general reader4 ,the three books may be gone through in one term of ten months without any resort to 8cramming10 and we can recommend them to our high-schools1 academies1 and colleges as the most compact1 complete1 and continuous set of histories yet given to the ,catholic public4 ,,dosia4 ,from the ,french of ,henry ,greville4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgh4 ,it has been hinted that ,henry ,greville is the nom de plume of a ,french lady who lived for some time in ,russia4 ,the sex of the writer may be readily judged from the book itself1 which is decidedly feminine both in plot and in dialogue4 ,its sketches of ,russian society are in a measure very neutral in color2 and as to the two facts that peculation is very active in ,russian official circles1 and that extravagance is very common among the 8crack0 regiments at ,st4 ,petersburg1 these are so very well known that the story1 if written to exhibit such phases of society1 is superfluous1 as that information could better be obtained by reading some standard work of travels in ,russia4 ,as a novel it is trifling and flimsy1 and the authoress cannot compare with ,daudet either in dramatic force or beauty of diction4 ,the plot is feeble1 but the dialogue is often amusing and the situations on certain occasions not wanting in interest4 ,a ,,saint ,,in ,,algeria4 ,by ,lady ,herbert4 7,reprinted from the ,month47 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgh4 ,a ,saint in ,algeria is the record of one of those lives ever living in the bosom of the church of ,god--a link in the vast unbroken chain of saints binding through all the centuries the church suffering on earth with the church triumphant in heaven4 ,we recommend this little memoir of ,margaret ,bergsio 7better known as ,agarithe ,berger7 to those who look on the past ages only as the days of faith and of a charity that faileth not4 ,in the life of this pure mountain blossom of ,piedmont1 transplanted to the thick atmosphere of ,lyons and finally finding its perfection among the hills of ,algeria1 these mournful souls may1 in the midst of the seeming decay they weep1 find consolation in a new name added to a saintly list that in future years may make some ,kenelm ,digby sigh for the earnest and active faith of the church in the nineteenth century4 ,and the devoted ,agarithe has found in ,lady ,herbert a loving biographer1 who writes with a fervor and simplicity worthy of the high humility of the holy heroine4 ,,legends ,,of ,,holy ,,mary4 ,baltimore3 ,john ,murphy ,co4 #ahgh4 ,as we read the preface to this little book we feel our weapons of criticism trembling in their sheath1 since1 should we use them1 we find ourselves well-nigh denied any seat in that kingdom whereof ,holy ,mary is queen2 while our critic's spoils lie out of our reach safe in her hands amid whose lilies1 as once wrote ,st4 ,bernard1 our earthly offerings lose their stain and wear only the whiteness of the heavenly bloom4 ,the writer of the present volume has gathered from ancient gardens1 in the devotional spirit of old-time minnesinger1 a nosegay of legends breathing the pervading presence of her who is the 8mother of fair love1 and of fear1 and of knowledge1 and of holy hope10 the ever-merciful mother of the poor children of ,eve4 ,few can fail to gather some sweetness from such a nosegay--one that among its blossoms counts that fair one of ,provence whose perfect perfume fills one of ,adelaide ,procter's most perfect poems teaching the completeness of the mercy of ,god3 8,only ,heaven ,means crowned1 not vanquished1 when it says1 #8,forgiven6'0 ,,the ,,young ,,catholic4 ,the ,young ,catholic1 published by the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 enters this month on its ninth year4 ,it may be that some persons who are interested in this kind of literature have not yet seen the ,young ,catholic4 ,for their benefit we would say that it is a monthly paper of eight pages for children and young people4 ,it is finely illustrated and filled with original matter that is at the same time entertaining1 instructive1 and edifying4 ,as a literary work1 our young people may well be proud of the ,young ,catholic4 ,it can take its place beside the best literature of that kind in our country4 ,it is most suitable for ,sunday-schools1 convent schools1 etc41 and the low price at which it is published brings it within the reach of all4 ,the following is the table of contents for ,september3 ,thinking over the ,actions of the ,day2 illustrated4 ,hero ,priests4 ,the ,sparrow and her ,children4 ,twilight ,talks4 ,beautiful ,things4 ,the ,mocking-,bird2 illustrated4 ,heroism of a ,little ,girl4 ,the ,holy ,rupert of ,bingen4 ,what is ,he8 illustrated4 ,talk by the ,fireside2 illustrated4 ,insects of ,august4 ,a ,lake ,asleep4 ,the ,little ,cricket4 ,perils of ,missionary ,life2 illustrated4 ,stockings4 ,the ,farmboys1 ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,hymn to ,st4 ,aloysius1 with music1 composed by a pupil of ,loretto ,convent1 ,enniscorthy1 ,ireland4 ,a ,letter from 8,martha from the ,country40 ,letters from 8,uncle ,ned's ,sunbeams40 ,enigmas1 ,riddles1 etc4 ,,terms1 ,,payable ,,in ,,advance4 #e copies1 per annum1 #b2 #ae copies1 #e2 #ej copies1 #af2 #ajj copies1 #cj2 #bej copies1 #gj2 #ejj copies1 #abe4 ,no subscription for less than five copies received1 and not less than five copies sent to one address4 ,in sending money1 a post-office order ought to be procured1 and where this cannot be had the letter should be registered4 ,every postmaster is obliged to register a letter if required2 the cost is fifteen cents extra4 ,large clubs can be divided into fives1 tens1 etc41 and sent to different post offices and addresses4 ,address ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society ,,co41 #i ,barclay ,street1 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we need scarcely call the attention of our readers to the new serial from the pen of ,miss ,kathleen ,o',meara1 which has just begun1 and which will run through our next volume4 ,we have no doubt that ,pearl will prove to our readers1 as it has proved to us1 to be by far the finest story that this accomplished writer has yet given us4