,transcrib]'s ,notes ,table ( ,cont5ts creat$ by ,transcrib] & plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94 ,italic text is enclos$ 9 und]scores4 ,o!r notes w be f\nd at ! end ( ?is e,book4 ,,! ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,geology ,,may-,,june1 #ahic4 ,,cont5ts ,on ,! ,typical ,laur5tian ,area ( ,canada #cbe ,melilite-,nephel9e-,basalt & ,nephel9e-,basanite f ,s\!rn ,texas #cdj ,"s ,dynamic ,ph5om5a ,%[n by ! ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ,ranges ( ,c5tral ,wiscons9 #cdg ,! ,*emical ,relation ( ,iron & ,manganese ,9 ,s$im5t>y ,rocks #cef ,"s ,riv]s ( ,connecticut #cga ,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,laur5tian ,bas9 #cid ,editorials #djh ,reviews #daj ,analytical ,ab/racts ( ,curr5t ,lit]ature #dai ,ackn[l$gm5ts #dbc ,,on ,,! ,,typical ,,laur5tian ,,area ,,( ,,canada4 ,! "n ,laur5tian 0 giv5 by ,logan 9 #ahed to ! great s]ies ( rocks =m+ ! ,laur5tides or ,laur5tian ,m\nta9s1 a di/rict ( m\nta9\s c\ntry ris+ to ! nor? ( ! ,riv] & ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ext5d+ 9 an unbrok5 /ret* along ! %ore ( ! latt] f ,quebec to ,labrador1 a di/ance ( n9e hundr$ miles4 ,?is di/rict1 ) its cont9uation to ! we/ z f> z ,lake ,huron1 be+ situat$ 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec & ! adjac5t portion ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 & =m+ "p ( ! ma9 ,protaxis ( ! cont95t1 is ! 8,orig9al ,laur5tian ,area0 ( ,logan4 ,! ,laur5tian rocks are n[ kn[n to ext5d f> beyond ! limits ( ?is area to ! we/ & nor?1 con/itut+1 z !y d1 by f> ! great] "p ( ! ,protaxis1 & und]ly+ 7) subord9ate pat*es ( ,huronian7 an area ( some:at ov] two million squ>e miles4#a ,! area above ref]r$ to is1 h[ev]1 ! "o :i* 0 fir/ /udi$ & describ$2 x is ! 8,typical ,laur5tian area10 & to x ! obs]vations 9 ! pres5t pap] w be z f> z possible conf9$4 ,a g5]al exploration ( ! area 9 "q1 & a m detail$ /udy ( a small "p ( x--! ,gr5ville ,di/rict--situat$ 9 ! c\nties ( ,arg5teuil & ,t]rebonne 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec1 0 c>ri$ out by ,logan & 8 assi/ants 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey4 ,an excell5t rsum ( ! results ( ^! /udies is giv5 9 ! 8,geology ( ,canada10 publi%$ 9 #ahfc1 :i* conta9s n only a good description ( ! g5]al petrographical "* & arrangem5t ( ! rocks :i* make up ! area1 b is accompani$ by an atlas conta9+ two maps illu/rat+ ?is description1 "o %[+ ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! ,laur5tian 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,dom9ion1 & ! o!r its /ratigraphical relations 9 ! small] area above ref]r$ to4 ,z a result ( ^! /udies1 ,logan ann\nc$ 8 belief t ! ,laur5tian ,sy/em consi/$ ( two great uncon=mable s]ies ( s$im5t>y rocks1 to :i* he gave ! names ,upp] & ,l[] ,laur5tian4 ,! latt] he consid]$ to be divisible into a l[] & an upp] portion1 :i* sub-divisions he reg>d$ z probably con=mable to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ^! sev]al s]ies came to be kn[n z ! ,anor?osite or ,norian ,s]ies1 ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies & ! ,fundam5tal or ,ottawa ,gneiss4 ,logan's views may !n be repres5t$ z foll[s3 ,anor?osite or ,norian ,s]ies1 ,upp] ,laur5tian4 ,gr5ville ,s]ies1 ,upp] portion ,l[] ,fundam5tal or ,ottawa ,gneiss1 ,l[] portion ,laur5tian4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 9 ! di/rict ly+ to ! nor? ( ! ea/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io1 ano!r s]ies ( rocks 0 discov]$--! s-call$ ,ha/+s ,s]ies4 ,logan suppos$ ?is to come 9 above ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies1 :ile ,v5nor1 :o subsequ5tly exam9$ ! di/rict1 believ$ x to be equival5t to ! l[] "p ( ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies already m5tion$4 ,:5 ^! inve/igations 7 c>ri$ out1 ! microscope _h n z yet be5 s]i\sly employ$ 9 petrographical "w4 ,! precise composition ( _m ( ! rocks mak+ up ! sev]al s]ies 0 n recogniz$1 ! effects produc$ by great dynamic action 7 n duly consid]$1 & ! foliation possess$ 9 a high degree by "s & to a c]ta9 ext5t by almo/ all ^! rocks 0 consid]$1 9 all cases1 to be a m or less oblit]at$ survival ( orig9al b$d+4 ,! detail$ mapp+ 9 ! field1 accompani$ by microscopical "w 9 ! laboratory1 by :i* alone conclusive results c be obta9$ 9 work+ out ! /ructure ( complicat$ areas ( cry/all9e s*i/s1 0 n c>ri$ out1 9 fact 9 _m di/ricts ! con/ruction ( detail$ maps 0 at t "t practically impossible4 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t1 al?\gh excell5t 9 ! ma91 "s ( ! results arriv$ at h s9ce prov$ to be errone\s4 ,x is propos$1 9 ! pres5t pap]1 to place be=e ! read]s ( ?is ,,j\rnal 9 z brief a mann] z possible1 a g5]al acc\nt ( ! sev]al s]ies ( rocks occurr+ 9 ?is area1 & to po9t out :at1 9 ! op9ion ( ! pres5t writ]1 seems to h be5 satisfactorily e/abli%$ conc]n+ ! /ratigraphical position & mutual relations ( ^! anci5t rocks & :at /ill rema9s to be det]m9$ by fur!r /udy1 & 9 conclusion to give a %ort sket* ( ! evolution ( ?is portion ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss4--,expos$ ov] v wide /ret*es ( c\ntry 9 ,canada1 & mak+ up 9 all probability by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! ,ar*ean ,protaxis1 is ! 8,fundam5tal ,gneiss10 sometimes call$1 f its great developm5t ab\t ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 ! 8,ottawa ,gneiss40 ,x is compos$ ess5tially ( or?oclase gneiss1 usually r$di% or greyi% 9 color4 ,( ?is !re are a numb] ( v>ieties1 diff]+ f "o ano!r 9 size ( gra91 relative proportion ( con/itu5t m9]als & 9 ! di/9ctness ( ! foliation or b&+4 ,x is sometimes ri* 9 qu>tz1 :ile at o!r times ?is m9]al is pres5t 9 b v small am\nt4 ,x is usually poor 9 mica & bisilicates4 ,d>k b&s ( amphibolite are n uncommon1 :ile basic hornbl5de or pyrox5e gneisses occur 9 "s places4 ,o!r s*i/ose rocks are r>ely f\nd4 ,ov] great areas x is (t5 ne>ly uni=m 9 "* & possesses a foliation :i* c only be recogniz$ :5 exposures ( consid]able size are exam9$4 ,on ?is acc\nt x is (t5 ref]r$ to z a granitoid gneiss1 a designation1 h[ev]1 :i* by no means accurately describes x z a :ole4 ,at a locality cit$ by ,sir ,william ,logan1 z "o :]e x is typically develop$1 namely1 ,trembl+ ,m\nta9 9 ! above m5tion$ ,gr5ville ,area1 x consi/s ( a f9e gra9$ r$di% or?oclase gneiss1 ) di/9ct b n v decid$ foliation1 conta9+ "h & !re b&s ( or?oclase gneiss ( some:at diff]5t "*1 z well z b&s or lay]s ( a d>k amphibolite4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is ,fundam5tal ,gneiss really consi/s ( eruptive mat]ial is n kn[n4 ,! indi/9ct foliation1 9 _m cases at any rate1 is n a survival ( orig9al b$d+1 b is cle>ly due to movem5ts 9 a pla/ic mass4 ,x is (t5 possible to recognize ! exi/5ce ( an indi/9ctly foliat$ gneiss intrud$ into m di/9ctly foliat$ gneiss4 ,! gneiss1 9 "s cases1 %[s excell5tly well-m>k$ catacla/ic /ructure1 :ile 9 o!r cases ?is is n di/9ct4 ,! evid5ce accumulat$ goes to %[ t ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss consi/s ( a complicat$ s]ies ( rocks ( unkn[n orig91 b compris+ a consid]able am\nt ( mat]ial ( intrusive "*4 ,! ,gr5ville ,s]ies4--,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! ,laur5tian area1 & notably 9 ! ,gr5ville di/rict be=e m5tion$1 ! ,laur5tian has a decid$ly diff]5t petrographical developm5t4 ,or?oclase gneiss is /ill ! pr$om9at+ rock1 b x pres5ts a mu* great] v>iety 9 m9]alogical composition1 & is mu* m frequ5tly well foliat$1 (t5 occurr+ 9 well def9$ b&s or lay]s l ! /rata ( lat] =mations4 ,amphibolites are abundant1 also hornbl5de s*i/s1 heavy b$s ( qu>tzite & num]\s ?ick b&s ( cry/all9e lime/one or m>ble1 all ^! rocks be+ int]b&$ or int]/ratifi$ ) "o ano!r4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! lime/ones ! v>iety 9 petrographical "* is especially noticeable2 g>nets (t5 occur abundantly 9 ! gneiss1 ! qu>tzite & ! hornbl5de s*i/1 z well z 9 ! lime/one itself1 b$s ( pure g>net rock be+ f\nd 9 places4 ,pyrox5e1 wolla/onite & o!r m9]als are also abundant1 :ile ! pres5ce ( graphite dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! lime/ones & _! associat$ rocks1 (t5 9 su* abundance z to give rise to deposits ( economic value1 is ( especial significance4 ,?is m9]al :i* is n f\nd 9 ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss1 occurs usually 9 little dissem9at$ scales b occasionally 9 ve9s4 ,! lime/ones are ?or\ghly cry/all9e1 g5]ally some:at co>se 9 gra9 & (t5 ne>ly pure4 ,!y usually1 h[ev]1 conta9 gra9s ( s]p5t9e1 pyrox5e1 mica1 graphite or o!r m9]als1 ( :i* ov] fifty species h be5 not$4 ,!y are (t5 int]/ratifi$ 9 ?9 b&s ) ! gneiss1 9 places are v impure1 & may be trac$ = great di/ances along ! /rike1 be+ app>5tly z cont9u\s z any o!r elem5t ( ! s]ies4 ,?is developm5t ( ! ,laur5tian is kn[n z ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies1 & has be5 consid]$ by all obs]v]s to be above & to re/ ^u ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss4 ,9 x are f\nd all ! m9]al deposits ( economic value--apatite1 iron ore1 asbe/os1 etc41 :i* occur 9 ! ,laur5tian4 ,! rocks ( ?is s]ies1 ?\gh g5]ally highly incl9$1 ov] "s l>ge areas lie ne>ly horizontal or are incl9$ at v l[ angles1 b ev5 9 su* cases !y %[ evid5ce ( hav+ be5 subject$ to great pressure1 result+ 9 "s cases 9 ! horizontal disruption ( c]ta9 ( ! b$s4 ,! areas occupi$ by ! ,gr5ville s]ies al?\gh ( v consid]able ext5t1 be+ kn[n to aggregate _m ?\s& squ>e miles1 are probably small z comp>$ ) ^? und]la9 by ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss4 ,! relative di/ribution ( ! two s]ies has n be5 asc]ta9$ except 9 a g5]al way 9 ! m easily-accessible p>ts ( ! great ,ar*ean ,protaxis4 ,! ,gr5ville s]ies is kn[n to occupy a l>ge "p ( its s\!rn m>g9 betwe5 ! city ( ,quebec & ! ,georgian ,bay1 :ile ! discov]y ( cry/all9e lime/one 9 ! gneiss else:]e at sev]al widely sep>at$ po9ts1 z = in/ance on ! ,hamilton ,riv] 9 ,labrador1 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ,baff9 ,l& & on ! ,melville ,p59sula1 makes x probable t o!r consid]able areas w1 ) ! progress ( geological exploration1 be f\nd 9 ! f> nor?4 ,ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,protaxis1 h[ev]1 ! m monoton\s developm5t ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss seems to prevail4 ,! "q ( ! orig9 & mutual relations ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss & ! ,gr5ville s]ies is "o ab\t :i*1 ?\gh mu* has be5 writt5 b little is kn[n4 ,?ree views may be tak5 on ! matt]-- 7#a7 ,! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss may be suppos$ to conta9 :at rema9s ( a primitive cru/1 p5etrat$ by great masses ( igne\s rock erupt$ ?r\gh x--! :ole hav+ be5 subject$ to repeat$ dynamic action4#b ,! ,gr5ville ,s]ies may be an upw>d cont9uation or developm5t ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss "u alt]$ conditions1 m>k+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w ! transition f ^? conditions "u :i* a primitive cru/ =m$ to ^? 9 :i* s$im5tation "u ! pres5t normal conditions took place4 ,x w\ld seem t if ! e>? orig9ally _h a cru/ on :i* ! fir/ s$im5ts 7 deposit$ :5 ! temp]ature became suffici5tly l[ to p]mit wat] to cond5se1 t ! said wat]1 at a v high temp]ature & "u :at are to u n[ inconceivable conditions b little remov$ f fusion1 might give rise to s$im5ts n altoge!r simil> to ^? =m$ by ! ord9>y processes ( erosion at ! pres5t "t4 ,also t1 "u ! unique conditions :i* mu/ h prevail$ at t e>ly "t1 9 ! =mation ( a cru/ solidification1 precipitation & s$im5tation might g on to a c]ta9 ext5t concomitantly1 & ?us no well-def9$ break c\ld be detect$1 or w\ld 9 fact exi/1 betwe5 a primitive cru/ =m$ by solidification f a fus$ magma & ! e>lie/ aque\s s$im5ts or deposits4 ,! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss & ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies might ?us1 z ,logan suppos$1 =m "o practically cont9u\s s]ies & repres5t p>ts ( ! orig9al cru/1 ) ! fir/ cry/all9e or cla/ic s$im5ts deposit$ on x1 ! :ole p5etrat$ by eruptive rocks & fold$ up & alt]$ by repeat$ dynamic action at subsequ5t p]iods4 ,! g5]al petrographical simil>ity ( ! two s]ies1 tak5 9 connection ) ! m v>i$ nature ( ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies1 its frequ5t /ratifi$ "*1 & ! pres5ce 9 x ( lime/ones & graphite indicat+ an approa* to mod]n conditions & ! adv5t ( life1 toge!r ) ! difficulty ( cle>ly sep>at+ ! two s]ies f "o ano!r & def9+ _! respective limits1 l5ds support to ?is view4 7#b7 ,a second view is t ! ,gr5ville ,s]ies is di/9ct f ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss repos+ on x uncon=mably & ( mu* m rec5t age2 t x consi/s ( a highly alt]$ s]ies ( cla/ic orig9--! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss hav+ possibly "s su* orig9 z t m5tion$ "u ! la/ head+1 or repres5t+ a mu* old] s]ies ( /ill m highly alt]$ s$im5ts4 ,?is is support$ by ! fact t "s obs]v]s h ?\ght !y c\ld 9 places trace out a l9e ( contact betwe5 ! two4 ,b 9 ^! cases x always becomes a matt] ( s]i\s d\bt :e!r :at has be5 consid]$ to repres5t ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss is n really a mass ( intrusive rock1 9 :i*1 by pressure or motion1 a some:at gneissic /ructure has be5 induc$4 ,if ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss1 moreov]1 0 ev] an ord9>y s$im5t1 x mu/ h und]gone a metamorphosis s pr(\nd t no trace ( cla/ic orig9 rema9s1 unless ! g5]ally indi/9ct foliation or b&+ ( "s portions ( x be consid]$ z su*4 ,x mu/ also be not$ 9 ?is connection t1 al?\gh ! rocks ( ! ,gr5ville s]ies are m frequ5tly possess$ ( a decid$ foliation & are (t5 b&$1 b&s ( diff]5t composition alt]nat+ ) "o ano!r z 9 ord9>y s$im5t>y deposits1 & al?\gh 9 ?is s]ies cry/all9e lime/ones & qu>tzites occur1 we h z yet no absolutely conclusive pro( t ev5 !y are ( s$im5t>y orig94 ,! s]ies is ?or\ghly cry/all9e1 mo/ ( its memb]s at lea/ %[ ! effect ( great dynamic action1 & s f> z ! pres5t writ] is aw>e1 no und\bt$ conglom]ate or f9] gra9$ rock %[+ di/9ct cla/ic /ructure has ev] be5 f\nd4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1--al?\gh ! s]ies is1 9 all probability1 made up 9 "p at lea/ & p]haps :olly ( s$im5t>y mat]ial1--! proposal to sep>ate x f ! re/ ( ! ,laur5tian & class x z ,algonkian or ,huronian seems at lea/ premature4 7#c7 ,a ?ird view :i* has be5 advanc$ is t ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss is no?+ m ?an a great mass ( eruptive granite or granitic rock :i* has eat5 upw>d1 & 9 places p5etrat$ ! ,gr5ville s]ies1 or p]haps absorb$ x1 :ile ! ,gr5ville s]ies itself repres5ts a s]ies ( highly alt]$ s$im5ts ( ,laur5tian1 ,huronian or subsequ5t age4 ,! enorm\s ext5t & _w-wide di/ribution ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss =m+ z x does :]ev] ! base ( ! geological column is expos$ to view1 ! f\ndation or floor on :i* all subsequ5t rocks are se5 to re/1 is oppos$ to ?is view ( its orig91 z is also its p]si/5t gneissic or b&$ "*1 al?\gh1 z above m5tion$1 mu* eruptive mat]ial is und\bt$ly to be f\nd 9 x4 ,:i* ( ^! views is correct c be asc]ta9$ only z v c>eful & detail$ mapp+1 accompani$ by accurate petrographical /udy1 is proce$$ )4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k additional argum5t & discussion w n help u t[>d ! goal1 :ile ha/y "w & g5]alization s]ves b to ret>d ! progress ( our k4 ,! ,anor?osite ,s]ies4--,associat$ ) bo? ! s]ies ( rocks j describ$ !re are1 z has be5 m5tion$1 great eruptive masses ( granite1 "s ( :i* h be5 fold$ 9 ) ! gneisses1 :ile o!rs evid5tly erupt$ at a mu* lat] date1 %[ no trace ( dynamic action4 ,9 addition to ^!1 basic eruptive rocks belong+ to ! gabbro family occur 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( comp>atively insignificant masses1 b else:]e und]ly+ great tracts ( c\ntry4 ,"o on ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,sagu5ay has an area ( no less ?an #e1hjj squ>e miles4 ,^! usually consi/ ( a v>iety ( gabbro 9 :i* ! magnesia-iron con/itu5ts are pres5t 9 v small am\nt1 be+ 9 _m cases entirely want+1 s t ! rock consi/s practically ( pure plagioclase feldsp>4 ,^! rocks 7 call$ anor?osites by ,hunt1 9 ! e>ly reports ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 on acc\nt ( ! great prepond]ance 9 !m ( 8,anor?ose10 a g5]al "n giv5 _m ye>s ago by ,delesse to ! tricl9ic feldsp>s1 z di/+ui%$ f 8,or?ose10 or or?oclase feldsp>1 & ?us equival5t to ! t]m plagioclase n[ 9 g5]al use1 b hav+ no connection ) anor?ite1 a v>iety ( plagioclase :i* is seldom pres5t4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy ( ^! rocks1 bo? 9 ! field & ! laboratory1 x is believ$ t ?is "n %\ld be reta9$ = ?is well-m>k$ memb] ( ! gabbro family1 :i*1 ?\gh n a common rock else:]e1 has an enorm\s di/ribution 9 ! ,laur5tian ( ,canada4 ,if an oliv9e gabbro be reg>d$ z ! c5tral memb]1 s to speak1 ( ! gabbro family1 ! replacem5t ( ! monocl9ic by rhombic pyrox5e w give rise to an oliv9e norite4 ,a gradual dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( plagioclase w give rise to a p]idotite or gabbro pyrox5ite1 a dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( pyrox5e to a troktolite or plagioclase-oliv9e rock1 :ile a dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( oliv9e & pyrox5e w give rise to an anor?osite1 :i* v>iety =ms ! great] "p ( ! intrusive masses 9 "q4 ,! gradual passage ( "o v>iety into ano!r c be di/9ctly trac$ 9 _m localities 9 ! anor?osite masses4 ,^! anor?osites are 9 "s places massive1 b v frequ5tly %[ a di/9ct foliation1 (t5 v p]fect4 ,9 "s places !y occur int]b&$ ) ! gneiss & cry/all9e lime/one1 :ile else:]e !y cut directly across ! /rike ( ^! rocks4 ,! int]b&$ anor?osite1 toge!r ) ! gneiss & lime/one associat$ ) x1 0 suppos$ by ,logan to =m a di/9ct s$im5t>y s]ies1 to :i* ! "n 8,upp] ,laur5tian10 or 8,norian10 0 giv51 because ! discov]y t else:]e ! anor?osite runs across ! /rike ( ! gneiss 0 suppos$ to indicate t ?is s]ies cov]$ up & uncon=mably ov]lay ! ,gr5ville s]ies1 ! igne\s & intrusive "* ( ! anor?osite n be+ recogniz$ on acc\nt ( its frequ5tly foliat$ /ructure4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ^! anor?osites d n con/itute an indep5d5t =mation1 b are igne\s rocks :i* occur1 cutt+ bo? ! ,gr5ville s]ies & ! ,fundam5tal gneiss4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases be5 intrud$ be=e ! cessation ( ! great dynamic movem5ts to :i* ! ,laur5tian 0 subject$ 9 pre-,cambrian times1 & ?us frequ5tly tak+ a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance & hav+ be5 intrud$ betwe5 ! b&s or /rata ( ! ,gr5ville s]ies1 h _h a foliation induc$ 9 !m p>allel to t ( ! gneiss1 :ile 9 o!r cases :]e !y are m or less massive1 !y cut across ! /rike ( ! latt]4 ,9 _m cases ! anor?osites :i* exhibit a p]fect foliation may be trac$ /ep by /ep into ! massive v>iety1 ! gradual developm5t ( a foliat$ /ructure 9 ! rock be+ accompani$ by a progressive granulation ( ! con/itu5ts1 mo/ beautifully se5 "u ! microscope4 ,! *ange1 h[ev]1 diff]s f any hi!rto describ$ 9 t x is purely me*anical4 ,!re are no l9es ( %e>+ ) accompany+ *emical *anges1 b a break+ up ( ! con/itu5ts ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass1 ?\gh 9 "s places ?is has progress$ mu* fur!r ?an 9 o!rs1 unaccompani$ by any alt]ation ( augite or hyp]/h5e to hornbl5de1 or ( plagioclase to saussurite1 ^! m9]als1 ?\gh prone to su* alt]ation "u pressure rema9+ q unalt]$1 suff]+ m]ely a granulation ) ! arrangem5t ( ! granulat$ mat]ial 9 p>allel /r+s4 ,?is process c be obs]v$ 9 all its /ages1 & !re is reason to believe t x has be5 br\ght ab\t by pressure act+ on ! rocks :5 !y 7 deeply buri$ & v hot4#c ,! anor?osite areas1 ( :i* !re are ab\t a doz5 ( great ext5t ) _m ( small] size1 are di/ribut$ along ! s\? & s\!a/]n edge ( ! ma9 ,ar*ean ,protaxis f ,labrador to ,lake ,*ampla91 occupy+ 9 ?is way a position simil> to t ( volcanoes along ! edge ( our pres5t cont95ts4 ,curi\sly en\gh precisely simil> occurr5ces ( ?is anor?osite h be5 f\nd 9 connection ) simil> gneissic rocks1 suppos$ to be ( ,ar*ean age1 9 ,russia1 ,norway & ,egypt4 ,^! anor?osite rocks be+ intrusive1 may be left out ( consid]ation 9 endeavor+ to "w out ! succession ( ! ,ar*ean 9 ?is great area4 ,! :ole ,laur5tian sy/em1 includ+ ! anor?osites1 is 9 _m places cut by num]\s dykes ( l>ge size1 :i* c (t5 be trac$ = great di/ances4 ,^! are ( sev]al k9ds1 ! pr9cipal s]ies consi/+ ( a beautiful fre% diabase (t5 hold+ qu>tz 9 consid]able am\nt 9 micro-pegmatitic int]gr[?s ) plagioclase4 ,o!r sets ( dykes & eruptive masses consi/+ ( augite & mica sy5ites1 qu>tz-porphyries & o!r rocks are also kn[n to occur b h n z yet be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,! ,ha/+s ,s]ies4--,! /ratigraphical relations ( ! ,ha/+s s]ies h n z yet be5 satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,! rocks con/itut+ ! s]ies diff] widely 9 petrographical "* f ^? ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss & ! ,gr5ville s]ies1 bo? ( :i* are suppos$ to occur 9 its imm$iate neighborhood4 ,! s]ies consi/s l>gely ( calc-s*i/s1 mica-s*i/s1 dolomites1 slates & conglom]ates1 ?us conta9+ mu* mat]ial ( und\bt$ly cla/ic orig94 ,x has moreov] a v local developm5t1 be+ conf9$1 s f> z at pres5t kn[n1 to "o small corn] ( ! area1 z has be5 m5tion$4 ,x 0 by ,logan suppos$ to come 9 above ! ,gr5ville s]ies1 :ile ,v5nor :o subsequ5tly exam9$ ! di/rict1 believ$ x to be equival5t to ! l[] "p ( ?is s]ies4 ,t we h 9 ! ,ha/+s s]ies a comp>atively unalt]$ "p ( ! ,gr5ville s]ies1 made up l>gely ( rocks ^: orig9 is easily recogniz$1 w\ld be a mo/ important fact if e/abli%$1 & w\ld1 ( c\rse1 af=d a key to ! :ole "q ( ! orig9 ( ! latt]4 ,?is is a conclusion1 h[ev]1 :i* _c be accept$ until support$ by v cle> & decisive evid5ce1 especially z ! /ratigraphy ( ! ,ha/+s di/rict is v complicat$1 ! sev]al s]ies repres5t$ 9 x be+ mu* fold$ & p5etrat$ by great masses ( eruptive rocks4 ,! :ole di/rict has also be5 subject to great dynamic action1 "s ( ! pebbles 9 ! conglom]ates ( ! ,ha/+s s]ies be+ di/ort$ 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]4 ,?is s]ies may prove to be m]ely an outly+ area ( ,huronian rocks fold$ 9 ) ! ,laur5tian1 & until ! di/rict has be5 /udi$ 9 detail its /ratigraphical position mu/ rema9 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,leav+ ! ,ha/+s s]ies out ( consid]ation !re=e1 we h 9 ?is ,orig9al & ,typical ,laur5tian area two developm5ts ( ! ,laur5tian1 g5]ally consid]$ z con/itut+ two s]ies1 namely ! ,gr5ville or ,upp] s]ies1 ,fundam5tal1 ,ottawa1 or ,l[] ,gneiss4 ,! ,evolution ( ! ,area4--,9 endeavor+ to outl9e ! ma9 ev5ts 9 ! evolution ( ?is area x w be necess>y to ext5d ! limits ( our obs]vation some:at & seek = evid5ce be>+ on ! "q 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,protaxis1 :]e we meet ) developm5ts ( ,huronian & v>i\s e>li] ,paleozoic /rata n f\nd 9 ! typical area itself4 ,f ! highly contort$ condition ( ! ,laur5tian rocks ( ?is area z well z f ! abundant evid5ces ( dynamic action :i* !y pres5t bo? 9 ! field & "u ! microscope1 x is evid5t t !y h be5 subject$ to great orographic =ces1 :i* 9 v e>ly times ?rew !m up into m\nta9 ranges1 probably ( great height4 ,"s ( ! associat$ eruptive rocks 7 intrud$ be=e ^! movem5ts began1 or :ile !y 7 9 progress & h accord+ly be5 influ5c$ by !m1 :ile o!rs1 hav+ be5 intrud$ lat]1 h n be5 affect$4 ,h[ high ^! m\nta9s rose _c ( c\rse be det]m9$4 ,bell /ates t "s ( ! m\nta9s on ! ,labrador coa/ n[ rise to a height ( f #e1jjj to #f1jjj feet1 :ile ,lieb] has e/imat$ t on ! coa/ ( ,nor!rn ,labrador !y rise to a height ( f #f1jjj to #aj1jjj feet4 ,along ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,protaxis1 :]e ! c\ntry is mu* l[]1 not)/&+ ! enorm\s suba]ial d5udation & glaciation :i* ! area has repeat$ly und]gone1 !re are _m po9ts /ill ris+ f #b1ejj to #c1ejj feet above sea level1 :ile ,logan e/imat$ t ! av]age elevation is f #a1ejj to #a1fjj feet4 ,9 ! ,adirondacks1 :i* are b an outly+ portion ( ?is area1 !re are elevations ( ov] #e1djj feet4 ,! high elevations atta9$ by ^! rocks 9 portions ( ! ,protaxis 9 ! nor? may1 ( c\rse1 be due to diff]5tial elevation1 b imm$iately along ! s\!rn edge ( ! area !re c h be5 b little diff]5tial *ange ( level z comp>$ ) ! flat-ly+ ,potsdam /rata :i* bord] x & lie b little above ! pres5t sea level4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! orig9al height or cont9u$ upris+ ( ! area is af=d$ by ! fact t all ! mat]ial ( :i* ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t 0 built up 7) ! possible exception ( "s ( ! lime/ones7 0 d]iv$ orig9ally f ! ,ar*ean ,protaxis ( ! cont95t1 a consid]able proportion ( ?is at lea/ com+ f ! ma9 ,protaxis ( :i* ?is typical ,laur5tian area =ms a "p4 ,we mu/ conclude !re=e t 9 e>ly ,cambrian or pre-,cambrian times1 9 portions ( ! ,protaxis at lea/1 ! ,laur5tian m\nta9s rose sev]al hundr$ & possibly 9 places sev]al ?\s& feet above ! sea level4 ,! intrusion ( ! granites & anor?osites z well z ! fold+ ( ! :ole sy/em ( rocks took place be=e ,upp] ,cambrian times4 ,! :ole s]ies 0 moreov] )\t d\bt at t "t 9 ! 8metamorphic0 condition 9 :i* we n[ f9d x1 = along ! m>g9 ( ! area ! ,potsdam s&/one re/s 9 flat undi/urb$ b$s on ! deeply erod$ remnants ( ^! old m\nta9s1 its basal b$s (t5 consi/+ ( a conglom]ate ) pebbles ( ! und]ly+ gneissic rocks4 ,^! ,cambrian /rata cov] up ! gneisses1 granites & anor?osites alike & are evid5tly ( mu* m rec5t age1 be+ sep>at$ f ! ,laur5tian by ! long int]val occupi$ 9 ! upheaval & erosion ( ! ,laur5tian area4 ,h[ long be=e ,upp] ,cambrian times ?is fold+ & erosion took place _c be det]m9$ f a /udy ( ?is area1 b fur!r we/ along ! edge ( ! ,protaxis 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict we f9d t ! ,kewe5awan1 ,nipigon & ,animikie ,s]ies also repose 9 flat undi/urb$ b$s on ! erod$ remnants ( a s]ies ( cry/all9e rocks :i* h ! petrographical "* ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss4 ,?is makes x at lea/ v probable t 9 ?is ea/]n area also ! erosion took place 9 pre-,cambrian times4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact t ! ro*e m\tonn "* possess$ by ^! erod$ ,laur5tian rocks & :i* is usually attribut$ to ! glaciation :i* !y und]w5t 9 ,plei/oc5e times1 0 really impress$ ^u !m 9 ! fir/ in/ance 9 ^! pre-,cambrian times1 = all along ! edge ( ! nucleus f ,lake ,sup]ior to ! ,sagu5ay1 ! ,paleozoic /rata1 (t5 9 little pat*es1 c be se5 to ov]lie & cov] up a mammillat$ & ro*e m\tonn surface %[+ no traces ( decay & simil> to t expos$ ov] ! uncov]$ "p ( ! area4 ,! conclusion !re=e seems inevitable t n only 7 ^! ,laur5tian rocks %>ply fold$ & subject$ to enorm\s erosion1 b t !y _h giv5 to !m 9 pre-,cambrian times _! peculi> hummocky cont\rs s sugge/ive ( ice action4#d ,! pre-,paleozoic surface ( ! ,fundam5tal ,gneiss ( ,scotl&1 z ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie has %[n1 also pres5ts ! same hummocky "*4#e ,on ?is surface ! ,upp] ,huronian1 ,cambrian1 & lat] ,paleozoic rocks 7 deposit$4 ,to :at ext5t ! seas ( ,cambrian1 ,silurian & ,devonian times pass$ ov] ?is area _c be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,a great s]ies ( rocks ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson z probably ( ,l[] ,cambrian age & analog\s 9 "* to ! ,kewe5awan & ,animikie s]ies occur ov]ly+ ! ,laur5tian 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,protaxis1 n only along its m>g91 b z outli]s at _m places 9 ! int]ior4 ,x occurs ext5sively develop$ ab\t ! ,arctic ,ocean & ab\t ,hudson's ,bay1 & a l>ge area ( rocks ref]r$ to ! same age also occur ne> ! height ( l& ab\t ,lake ,mi/ass9i4 8,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! va/ nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t ?is *>act]i/ic ,cambrian =mation1 compos$ l>gely ( volcanic rocks1 app>5tly occupies ! same uncon=mable position ) reg>d to ! und]ly+ ,laur5tian & ,huronian sy/ems4 ,its pres5t remnants s]ve to indicate ! position ( "s ( ! e>lie/ geological bas9s1 :i* f ! attitude ( ! rocks appe> to h und]gone comp>atively little di/urbance4 ,its ext5t entitles x to be recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ important geological features ( ,nor? ,am]ica40#f ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 seem t 9 ,cambrian times a n inconsid]able "p ( ! ,ar*ean ,nucleus 0 "u wat]4 ,outli]s ( ,cambro-,silurian age are also f\nd at sev]al po9ts ly+ well )9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,nucleus1 z = in/ance 9 ! ,ottawa ,riv] ab\t ,pembroke at a di/ance ( fifty miles1 & at ,lake ,/4 ,john at ! head ( ! ,sagu5ay ,riv] at a di/ance ( "o hundr$ & ?irty miles f its pres5t limit4 ,!re is reason to believe t a simil> outli] exi/s 9 ! int]ior ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,p59sula ( ,labrador1 s t ! ,l[] ,paleozoic sea mu/ also h cov]$ consid]able areas 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,protaxis1 :]e n[ no?+ b ,laur5tian is to be se54 ,9 t portion ( ! ,protaxis ly+ to ! we/ ( ,hudson's ,bay /rata ( ,cambro-,silurian & ,devonian age ext5d up f ! bas9 ( ,hudson's ,bay on ! ea/ & f ! great pla9s on ! we/ f> ov] ! ,laur5tian ,plateau & probably1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,dawson1 orig9ally inosculat$4 ,/rata ( ,upp] ,silurian & ,devonian age are n kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ea/]n half ( ! ,protaxis1 ( :i* ! typical ,laur5tian area =ms "p1 ) ! exception ( a small outli] ( ,niag>a age on ,lake ,temiscamangue at ! head wat]s ( ! ,ottawa--nei!r d any o!r deposits ( lat] age occur ) ! exception ( ! ,glacial ,drift4 ,:at evid5ce !re is1 !re=e1 w\ld r indicate t ! area1 dur+ late ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic & e>li] ,t]ti>y times1 0 out ( wat]4 ,if s1 x mu/ h und]gone dur+ ?is great lapse ( ages a process ( deep seat$ decay & d5udation1 culm9at+ 9 ! ext5sive glaciation to :i* x 0 subject$ 9 ,plei/oc5e times4 ,dur+ ?is latt] p]iod ! :ole area 0 expos$ to ice action1 ) ! exception ( ! highe/ "p ( ! ,nucleus--! m\nta9s ( ! ,labrador coa/--:i*1 except t[>d ! base1 are /ill 8s(t5$1 erod$ & deeply decay$40#g ,?is ext5sive d5udation s]v$ to remove all b m]e remnants ( any ,paleozoic /rata orig9ally deposit$ on ! ,ar*ean ( ?is area1 :ile ! deep decay ( ! ,ar*ean rocks !mselves w\ld acc\nt = ! imm5se numb]s ( gneiss b[ld]s 9 ! drift1 :i* 9 all probability are b smoo!d cores ( 8b[ld]s ( decomposition40 ,t an imm5se am\nt ( mat]ial 0 remov$ f ! surface ( ! area dur+ ! glacial age is %[n by ! imm5se quantities ( ,ar*ean mat]ial :i* occurs scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! ,nucleus itself1 z well z 9 ! drift to ! s\?4 ,! glaciation1 ) ! depression & uplift :i* succe$$ x1 0 ! la/ episode 9 ! evolution ( ?is 8orig9al0 ,laur5tian area & "o :i* impress$ ^u x its pres5t surface *>act]s & type ( l&scape4 ,x is n[ an imm5se unev5 plateau1 comp>atively slightly acc5tuat$ except along ! ,labrador coa/4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) glaciat$ hills & bosses ( rock ) r\nd$1 mammilat$1 fl[+ cont\rs int]sp]s$ ) drift cov]$ flats & /udd$ ) ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( lakes great & small4 ,a c\ntry :i* 9 ! f> nor? is (t5 bleak & desolate1 b to ! s\?1 :]e x is cov]$ ) luxuriant =e/1 is (t5 ( great beauty1 especially :5 clo!d ) ! brilliant foliage ( autumn4 ,ev5 n[1 h[ev]1 x is pass+ into a fur!r /age ( its hi/ory1 ! smoo? or poli%$ glaciat$ surfaces are becom+ r\gh5$ by decay1 ! s(t] gneissic & lime/one /rata are aga9 comm5c+ to crumble into soil1 & a new epo* has be5 inaugurat$ 9 :i* ! m>ks ( ! ice age are be+ gradually effac$4 ,,frank ,d4 ,,adams4 ,,mcgill ,,univ]sity4 ,,footnotes #a ,accept+ ! di/ribution ( ! ,laur5tian 9 ! f> nor?1 giv5 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson1 z correct1 ! area is #b1jja1bej squ>e miles4 ,?is does n include ! outly+ & sep>at$ areas occurr+ 9 ,newf\ndl&1 ,new ,york ,/ate & ,mi*igan4 #b ,see also1 ,! ,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 by ,sir ,william ,dawson1 ,presid5tial ,address1 ,b4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 #ahhf4 #c ,see ,,frank ,d4 ,,adams--8,ueb] das ,norian od] ,ob]-,laur5tian von ,canada10 ,neues ,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie1 etc41 ,beilageb& ,,viii41 #ahic4 #d ,a4 ,c4 ,,lawson4--8,notes on ! ,pre-,palaeozoic surface ( ! ,ar*ean ,t]ranes ( ,canada40 ,bullet9 ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica4 ,vol4 #a1 #ahij4 #e 8,a ,fragm5t ( ,primeval ,europe40 ,nature1 ,augu/ #bf1 #ahhh4 #f ,g4 ,m4 ,,dawson4--8,notes to accompany a geological map ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada40 ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahhf4 p4 #i1 ,r4 #g ,,rob]t ,,bell4--8,obs]vations on ! ,geology etc41 ( ! ,labrador ,coa/1 ,hudson's ,/rait & ,bay40 ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada4 #ahhb-c-d1 p4 #ad1 ,,dd4 ,,melilite-,,nephel9e-,,basalt ,,& ,,nephel9e-,,basanite ,,f ,,s\!rn ,,texas4 ,^! basaltic rocks 7 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,dumble & ,mr4 ,taff1 9 ,uvalde ,c\nty1 s\!rn ,texas4 ,on ! geological map ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 compil$ by ,c4 ,h4 ,hit*cock1 #ahhf1 !re are two ( ! localities m>k$ ne> ! b\nd>y ( ! ,cretace\s & e>li] ,t]ti>y =mation1 betwe5 #ii & #ajj longitude1 & on ! #bi? degree ( latitude4 ,accord+ to ! /atem5t ( ,pr(essor ,dumble1 "o "p ( ! rocks appe>s 9 dikes 9 ! upp] portion ( ! l[] ,cretace\s =mation1 :ile ! o!r =ms hills & buttes4 ,^u microscopical exam9ation x is evid5t t ! specim5s collect$ belong to two diff]5t gr\ps ( rocks4 ,! microscope %[s t ^? occurr+ 9 dikes consi/ ( typical melilite-be>+ nephel9e-basalt1 :ile ^? mak+ up hills & buttes are nephel9e-basanites t5d+ t[>d phonolites 9 composition4 ,! melilite-nephel9e-basalts h a typical basaltic appe>ance4 ,9 a d5se black gr\ndmass1 ! only ph5ocry/s se5 by ! nak$ eye are num]\s oliv9es4 ,"u ! microscope !re appe> 9 addition to ! oliv9e ! foll[+ m9]als3 augite1 nephel9e1 melilite1 magnetite & p]ovskite4 ,z to ! proportion ( nephel9e & melilite1 x c be said1 t 9 ne>ly all ! specim5s exam9$1 ! two m9]als are f\nd 9 ab\t ! same am\nt4 ,= ?is reason ^! rocks c be plac$ "u ! head ( nephel9e-basalt z well z "u t ( melilite-basalt1 or !y may be call$ melilite-nephel9e-basalt4 ,only "o ( ! specim5s is entirely free f melilite4 ,feldsp> is :olly want+4 ,all ( ! specim5s are 9 a v fre% condition1 & ev5 ! melilite %[s only slight indications ( decomposition4 ,! specim5 free f melilite corresponds 9 /ructure & composition ) ! o!r specim5s1 except = ! abs5ce ( melilite & p]ovskite1 & s !y may be describ$ toge!r4 ,all ! rocks are porphyritic1 s9ce !y be> l>ge ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e4 ,"u ! microscope ! oliv9e is colorless & transp>5t1 & only %[s indications ( s]p5t9ization along ! edges & fissures4 ,x conta9s r\nd$ inclusions ( glass1 abundant 9 "s sections1 besides octah$rons ( magnetite1 & o!rs t are transp>5t ) a br[ni% violet color4 ,:e!r ! latt] are a m9]al ( ! sp9el-gr\p or belong to p]ovskite1 ) :i* !y accord 9 color1 c\ld n be decid$4 ,augite occurs 9 only "o g5]ation2 ph5ocry/s ( augite are want+4 ,9 ! r co>se-gra9$ gr\ndmass1 x becomes ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t4 ,! m9]al %[s a grayi%-br[n color1 common to basaltic augite1 sometimes ) a t9t ( violet4 ,x g5]ally =ms well-%ap$ cry/als1 r>ely irregul> gra9s1 & be>s inclusions ( magnetite & glass4 ,melilite occurs 9 ! gr\ndmass 9 l>ge & well-%ap$ cry/als1 its dim5sions nev] becom+ z small z ^? ( _m ( ! augite cry/als4 ,!y may be designat$ z micro-porphyritical ph5ocry/s4 ,cross sections p>allel to 7#jja7 rea* a diamet] ( #j4e mm4 ,! %ape ( ! melilite is ! common "o1 tabul> p>allel to 7#jja74 ,! diamet] ( ! tables g5]ally exce$s _! ?ickness f f\r to six times4 ,sections p>allel to ! prism-zone1 !re=e1 are la?-%ap$ & ! v]tical axis lies p]p5dicul> to _! l5g?2 ! axis ( greate/ ela/icity co9cides ) ! v]tical axis4 ,betwe5 cross$ nicols ^! sections %[ ! p>ticul> blue int]f]5ce colors *>act]i/ic ( melilite & zoisite4 ,sections p]p5dicul> to ! prism-zone are eight-sid$ by reason ( ! planes 7#aaj7 & 7#ajj71 b frequ5tly ! outl9es are r\nd$4 ,9 "s ( ! sections exam9$ ! melilite incloses m9ute opaque gra9s arrang$ zonally1 :i* pres5t v %>ply ! prismatic outl9es ( _! ho/4 ,besides ! two prismatic faces above m5tion$1 !re is also a ditetragonal prism1 ! angle ( :i* ^u ! adjo9+ faces ( 7#aaj7 & 7#ajj7 0 f\nd to be ne>ly equal1 #bj-bb4 ,accord+ to ?is measurem5t ! prism mu/ h approximately ! position ( 7#idj72 ! angle ( ! latt] ^u 7#aaj7 is #ba #b1 ! angle ^u 7#ajj7 #bc #eh4 ,a p>ticul> ph5om5on 9 ! gr[? ( ! melilite is ! fact t ! base does n g5]ally pres5t an ev5 plane1 b %[s a conical depression4 ,! %ape ( ! la?-%ap$ sections !n resembles ! pr(ile ( a biconcave l5s4 ,sections p>allel to ! base are isotropic betwe5 cross$ nicols & %[1 :5 !y are n too ?91 an indi/9ct d>k cross 9 conv]g5t light4 ,! cleavage p>allel to 7#jja71 ! cross-fibration ( ! la?-%ap$ sections & ! occurr5ce ( ! spe>-%ap$ & peg-%ap$ inclusions arrang$ p>allel to ! c axis 7! s-call$ ,pflock/ruktur7 are v di/9ct4 ,inclusions ( pyrox5e1 magnetite & glass are common2 z already m5tion$1 ^! inclusions are g5]ally arrang$ 9 zones4 ,9 sections p>allel to 7#jja7 !y fill ! c5tral p>ts ( _! ho/1 & (t5 make up two or ?ree conc5tric zones4 ,^! sections closely resemble leucite because ( _! r\nd$ %ape1 ! arrangem5t ( ! inclusions & ! lack ( d\ble refraction4 ,melilite becomes ne>ly colorless & transp>5t1 b 9 comp>+ x ) ! :ite1 colorless nephel9e1 x %[s a feeble yell[ t9t4 ,decomposition has tak5 place to only a small ext5t2 x beg9s along ! cross-fibration1 & gre5i%-yell[ alt]ation-products result1 ! fibres ( :i* are p]p5dicul> to ! l5g? ( ! la?-%ap$ sections4 ,nephel9e is always fre%1 colorless & transp>5t2 x r>ely exhibits a regul> %ape1 b g5]ally =ms an aggregate ( irregul> gra9s1 cem5t+ ! o!r compon5ts2 x is evid5tly ! late/ =m$ m9]al 9 ! rock4 ,!re is abundant magnetite besides p]ovskite1 ! common associate ( melilite1 :i* occurs 9 small octah$rons & irregul> gra9s4 ,! p]ovskite becomes transp>5t ) a br[ni%-violet color1 & %[s 9 "s sections a feeble1 abnormal d\ble refraction4 ,!re appe>s to be no isotropic base 9 ! normal rock1 b if any is pres5t1 x mu/ be 9 a v small am\nt4 ,!re are co>s] gra9$ spots 9 ! rock1 :i* are ri* 9 a p>tly *loritiz$ base1 & 9 :i* nephel9e occurs 9 well-%ap$ cry/als4 ,! second gr\p ( rocks1 z already m5tion$1 falls "u ! head ( nephel9e-basanite poor 9 oliv9e4 ,& s9ce ! specim5s be> sanid9e ph5ocry/s beside plagioclase1 x =ms a transition to phonolite4 ,! rock-specim5s h a m &esitic ?an basaltic appe>ance4 ,num]\s ph5ocry/s ( hornbl5de & augite are imb$d$ 9 ! d5se blui%-gray gr\ndmass4 ,! next mo/ abundant m9]al is nephel9e 9 ! =m ( ph5ocry/s1 9 "p well-%ap$ cry/als1 9 "p r\nd$1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are #j4e cm4 9 diamet]4 ,! nephel9e diff]s f ! feldsp> 9 hav+ a grayi% color & greasy lu/re4 ,ph5ocry/s ( feldsp> & cry/als ( oliv9e are sc>ce4 ,beside ^! compon5ts1 ! rocks conta9 apatite1 "s titanite & iron ores4 ,"u ! microscope oliv9e is se5 to be sc>ce4 ,x is fre% & %[s ! normal prop]ties4 ,x conta9s m9ute octah$rons ( picotite & 9 "s sections abundant inclusions ( a liquid ) mov+ bubbles4 ,! amphibole m9]al is a typical basaltic hornbl5de4 ,x becomes transp>5t ) a d>k r$di%-br[n color & exhibits a /rong pleo*roism accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme3 a1 br[ni% yell[1 b & c d>k r$di% br[n4 ,absorption1 c b a4 ,! angle ( ext9ction 0 exam9$ 9 sections cut approximately p>allel to ! cl9op9acoid 7#jaj7 & 0 det]m9$ to be v small4 ,?is fact & ! d>k r$di%-br[n color are 9 all probability due to a high am\nt ( ,fe,o4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! angle ( ext9ction ^u ! am\nt ( ,fe,o 9 m9]als ( ! amphibole gr\p has be5 rec5tly e/abli%$ by ,s*neid] & ,bel[sky4 ,! basaltic hornbl5de %[s ! well-kn[n d>k bord]s produc$ by reabsorption by ! magma 9 an e>ly /age ( consolidation4 ,9 _m cases no?+ ( ! orig9al m9]al is pres]v$2 ! :ole hornbl5de is replac$ by a f9e gra9$ aggregate ( pyrox5e & magnetite1 pres5t+ cle>ly ! outl9es ( ! absorb$ m9]al4 ,! gr\p ( pyrox5ic m9]als is repres5t$ by two monocl9ic augites4 ,"o ( !m exhibits a violet-gray color 9 ?9 section & belongs to ! basaltic augites2 ! o!r "o becomes transp>5t ) a d>k gre5 color4 ,bo? =m num]\s ph5ocry/s1 b ! fir/ occurs some:at m frequ5tly4 ,!y occur z s+le cry/als & are also gr[n toge!r 9 a zonal mann]1 ! gre5 "o always =m+ ! c5t]1 ! gray "o ! out] p>ts ( ! cry/als4 ,h5ce ! gray augite is ! y\ng]4 ,! pyrox5e 9 ! gr\ndmass %[s ! same color & prop]ties4 ,! pleo*roism ( ! two m9]als is z foll[s3 ,gray augite4 ,gre5 augite4 a ,br[ni%-yell[ ,light yell[i%-gre5 b ,d>k gray-gre5 c ,violet-gray ,d>k gre54 ,! angle ( ext9ction1 c3 c1 is l>ge &1 z may be se5 9 ! zonal cry/als1 x is some:at l>g] 9 ! gray pyrox5e ?an 9 ! gre54 ,! ext9ction 9 sections cut approximately p>allel to 7#jaj7 has be5 obs]v$ to be ab\t #dg degrees 7gray augite7 & #da degrees 7gre5 augite74 ,! two pyrox5es %[ 9 addition to ! cleavage p>allel to 7#aaj7 ano!r b less di/9ct "o p>allel to 7#jaj74 ,inclusions ( magnetite1 apatite & glass are common4 ,ph5ocry/s ( feldsp> are sc>ce4 ,9 "p !y %[ ! polysyn!tic tw9n+ lam9ation ( plagioclase2 9 "p ! latt] is want+ & "o ( ! latt] feldsp>s1 :i* 0 isolat$ & exam9$ = specific gravity & optical prop]ties1 0 f\nd to be sanid9e4 ,ph5ocry/s ( nephel9e are m frequ5t ?an ^? ( feldsp>4 ,! m9]al appe>s p>tly 9 ! =m ( %ort-prismatic cry/als1 p>tly 9 r\nd$ gra9s4 ,x pres5ts di/9ct cleavage1 p>allel to 7#ajaj7 & to 7#jjja71 & ! usually obs]v$ optical prop]ties4 ,isolat$ gra9s are decompos$ by hydro*loric acid ) ! sep>ation ( gelat9\s silica2 ! result+ solution :5 evaporat$ gives num]\s cubes ( ,na,cl4 ,inclusions are sc>ce2 !re are fluid cavities ) mov+ bubbles1 g5]ally arrang$ 9 r[s1 besides "s pyrox5e cry/als4 ,apatite =ms %ort & /\t cry/als always fill$ ) inclusions ( liquids4 ,! opaque ore gra9s1 judg+ by _! ready solubility1 belong to magnetite4 ,! gr\ndmass ( ^! rocks consi/s ess5tially ( pyrox5e 9 well-%ap$ prisms1 la?-%ap$ feldsp>1 )\t tw9n+ lam9ation or 9 s+le tw9s accord+ to ! ,c>lsbad law & nephel9e4 ,! feldsp> ( ! gr\ndmass 9 all probability is mo/ly sanid9e4 ,nephel9e is abundant & occurs 9 well-%ap$ cry/als4 ,small pat*es ( a colorless base occur betwe5 ! cry/all9e compon5ts4 ,! /ructure ( ! rocks is hypocry/all9e-porphyritic on acc\nt ( ! occurr5ce ( an isotropic base & ! repetition ( ! cry/allization ( pyrox5e1 nephel9e & feldsp>4 ,al?\gh ! specim5s by _! :ole habit & /ructure belong "u ! head ( nephel9e-basanite poor 9 oliv9e1 ! pres5ce ( sanid9e z ph5ocry/s causes !m to =m a transition to ! gr\p ( phonolites4 ,un=tunately1 analyses ( ^! rocks h n yet be5 made4 ,a microscopical exam9ation ( ! basaltic rock f ,pilot ,knob1 ne> ,au/91 ,travis ,c\nty1 0 made = ! purpose ( comp>ison ) ! rocks f s\!rn ,texas j describ$4 ,! rock 0 f\nd to be a nephel9e-basalt porphyritic ) num]\s ph5ocry/s ( oliv9e4 ,! f9e gra9$ gr\ndmass consi/s ess5tially ( augite-cry/als cem5t$ by non-individualiz$ nephel9e 9 v small am\nt4 ,a4 ,,osann4 ,,"s ,,dynamic ,,ph5om5a ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,b>aboo ,,qu>tzite ,,ranges ,,( ,,c5tral ,,wiscons94 ,! qu>tzite ranges ( ,b>aboo ext5d ea/ & we/ = ab\t ?irty miles1 "o ly+ nor?1 & ! o!r1 ! ma9 range1 ly+ s\? ( ! ,city ( ,b>aboo4 ,! geology ( ?is di/rict is admirably giv5 by ! late ,pr(essor ,irv+4#h ,n only is ! g5]al geology cle>ly describ$1 b rem>kably accurate descriptions are giv5 ( ! "* ( ! qu>tzite1 & ! ph5om5a %[n by x1 consid]+ ! fact t ! report 0 writt5 ne>ly tw5ty ye>s s9ce4 ,! uncon=mity exi/+ betwe5 ! qu>tzite & ! ,cambrian 0 lat] m fully describ$4#i ,! induration ( ! ,b>aboo qu>tzite has be5 expla9$ z due to ! enl>gem5t ( ! orig9al qu>tz gra9s2 & to ! deposition ( indep5d5t int]/itial qu>tz4#aj ,! pres5t note is bas$ ^u rec5t obs]vations on ! ,ea/ ,bluff at ,devil's ,lake & on ! exposures at ! ,upp] ,n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo ,riv]4 ,! section across ! ranges1 z giv5 by ,irv+1 is %[n by ,fig4 #a4 ,! two ranges toge!r1 z ?us repres5t$1 are less ?an ! nor? half ( a great anticl9e1 ! s\? side ( ! s\? range be+ ne> its cr[n4 ,?is /ructure involves a v great ?ickness ( qu>tzite1 & 0 (f]$ ) res]vation by ,pr(essor ,irv+4 ,he says3 8,! hypo!sis is n altoge!r satisfactory4 ,! entire disappe>ance ( ! o!r side ( ! great ar*1 z well z ! peculi> ways 9 :i* ! ranges come toge!r at _! extremities are difficult to expla9 by x4 ,x may be said 9 ?is connection t ! dip obs]vations t[>d ! we/ are n s satisfactory or num]\s z !y might be40 ,! "q naturally arises :e!r or n ! great wid? ( ! ranges 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! area may n be p>tly expla9$ by monocl9al fault+1 & ?us r$uce ! suppos$ ?ickness ( ! b$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,ideal ,sket*1 %[+ /ructure & am\nt ( erosion ( ! ,b>aboo ,ranges4 ,aft] ,irv+4 ,scale natural1 #ab1jjj feet to ! in*4 ,! lay]s ( qu>tzite are ord9>ily v heavy1 b ! *ang+ "* ( ! orig9al s$im5t is su* z to make x easy to foll[ ! lay]s4 ,"s b$s 7 compos$ ( f9e gra9s ( qu>tz1 m+l$ ) clayey mat]ial1 o!rs ( co>se gra9s ) little clayey mat]ial1 & o!rs ( pebbles s l>ge z to pass into an unmi/akable conglom]ate4 ,! pebbles ( ! conglom]ate are ma9ly :ite qu>tz & r$ jasp]4 ,x is ?us easy to discrim9ate ! b$d+ ( ! s]ies f ! heavy jo9t+ :i* occurs1 cutt+ ! b$d+ 9 v>i\s directions1 & f a second>y cleavage & foliation :i* occurs 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,f ! g5]al "w ( _m geologi/s on dynamic action 9 fold+1 x is to be expect$ t ! am\nt ( movem5t necess>y = accommodation betwe5 b$s1 & consequ5tly ! dynamic metamorphism result+ f %e>+1 w\ld be less ne> ! cr[n ( ! anticl9e ?an on ! leg ( ! fold4 ,t is1 dynamic metamorphism ought n to be s ext5sive 9 ! s\? range z 9 ! nor? range4 ,! facts describ$ by ,irv+1#aa & ^? not$ by me1 fully agree ) ?is anticipation4 ,! c5tral p>ts ( ! heavy1 little incl9$ b$s ( ! s\? range are l>gely indurat$ by simple enl>gem5t4 ,! pressure has n be5 suffici5t to oblit]ate ! cores1 b has app>5tly granulat$ ! ext]ior ( "s ( ! l>g] fragm5ts1 z 9 h& specim5s ! ext]iors ( ! l>ge blue qu>tz gra9s are :ite4 ,v g5]ally ! gra9s %[ slight wavy ext9ction4 ,a few ( !m are di/9ctly crack$4 ,! crevices ?us =m$ & ^? 9 ! int]/ices h be5 fill$ 9 l>ge "p by infiltrat$ silica1 b _! positions are pla9ly indicat$ by diff]5ce 9 ext9ction1 by bubbles1 by iron oxide1 or by second>y mica :i* has tak5 advantage ( ! m9ute crevices4 ,h[ev]1 z describ$ by ,irv+1 betwe5 ! heavy b$s ( qu>tzites are (t5 lay]s1 cut by a diagonal cleavage :i* dies out 9 pass+ into ! ?ick b$s4 ,! lay]s %[+ cleavage sometimes pass into ^? %[+ ! beg9n+ ( foliation1 ! rock !n ne>+ a s*i/4 ,9 ! c5t]s ( ! s*i/ zones1 ! s*i/osity approa*es p>allelism ) ! b$d+1 & 9 pass+ outw>d curves f ?is direction until x crosses ! b$d+ at an angle1 at ! same "t becom+ less m>k$ & grad+ into ord9>y cleavage1 :i* dies out 9 ! qu>tzite4 ,^u ! opposite side ! transition is ( ! same "*1 b ! curve is 9 ! opposite direction4 ,irv+ app>5tly reg>d$ ^! %e> zones z orig9ally b$s ( a diff]5t "* f ! adjac5t qu>tzite1 & 8 conclusion is fully borne out by ! ?9 sections4 ,! microscope %[s t ! gra9s ( qu>tz are ( small size1 & sep>at$ to a great] or a less ext5t by int]/itial clayey mat]ial4 ,because ( ?is p>tial sep>ation ( ! gra9s ( qu>tz1 !y h n be5 granulat$ to ! ext5t t "o w\ld expect f ! s*i/osity ( ! rock1 mo/ ( ! orig9al cores be+ pla9ly visible4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 (t5 %[ wavy ext9ction & ev5 cracks1 b n to a great] degree ?an ! gra9s 9 ! massive qu>tzite2 = 9 ! latt] ! full /ress ( ! pressure has be5 borne by ! gra9s 9 full t\*1 n sep>at$ by a pla/ic matrix1 z are ! gra9s ( qu>tz 9 ! argillace\s lay]s4 ,9 ! matrix ( ! s*i/ are num]\s small flakes ( muscovite1 arrang$ ) _! long] axes 9 a common direction1 mu* f9ely cry/all9e qu>tz1 & a good deal ( iron oxide4 ,x is conclud$ t ! clayey "* ( ! b$s1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! great] ease ( movem5t )9 !m1 has locat$ ! slipp+-planes & %e>-zones1 necess>y 9 ord] to accommodate ! b$s to _! new positions4 ,on ! s\? range1 ne> ,devil's ,lake1 ^! %e>-zones are g5]ally n m ?an six or eight in*es wide4 ,!y may be well se5 j back ( ! ,cliff ,h\se1 & on ! ,nor?we/]n ,railway1 ab\t "o-half mile s\? ( ?is h\se4 ,all ( ^! %e>-zones are p>allel ) ! b$d+1 & illu/rate ! possibility1 s f> z ,i "k fir/ m5tion$ by ,h4 ,l4 ,smy?1 t a cry/all9e s*i/1 ) s*i/osity p>allel to b$d+1 may be produc$ by %e>+ along ! b$d+-planes4 ,on ! railroad track1 ne> ! locality :]e ^! %e>-zones may be se51 is also an almo/ v]tical %e>-zone1 two to f\r feet wide4 ,x !re=e cuts almo/ directly across ! b$s ( qu>tzite1 :i* "h incl9e to ! s\? ab\t twelve or ?irte5 degrees4 ,?r\gh\t ?is b&1 ! qu>tzite is brok5 into angul> trapezoidal fragm5ts1 ! long] directions ( :i* are v]tical1 & :i* may be pick$ out ) ! hamm]4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! zone well-def9$ gruss or friction clay produc$ by ! gr9d+ ( ! fragm5ts aga9/ "o ano!r1 has be5 produc$4 ,?is is cle>ly a plane ( fault+4 ,h[ mu* ! ?r[ ( ?is fault is x is n easy to say1 z ! heavy b$s ( qu>tzite are s simil> t x is impossible to c]ta9ly id5tify !m4 ,at ?is place !re is1 h[ev]1 a *ange 9 ! "* ( ! qu>tzite1 lay]s ( light color be+ ov]la9 by o!r b$s1 :i* are m heavily /a9$ ) iron oxide4 ,?is same succession is se5 on bo? sides ( ! fault1 & if b$s ( l "* correspond1 ! am\nt ( ! ?r[ is tw5ty to ?irty feet1 & ! s\? side has dropp$ relative to ! nor? side4 ,9 o!r words1 ! fault+ is 9 ! "r direction to r$uce ! !oretical ?ickness ( ! s$im5ts z giv5 by ,irv+4 ,! di/rict has n be5 closely exam9$ = o!r faults1 b ! exi/5ce ( "o fault1 ev5 ( a m9or "*1 sugge/s t a c>eful /udy ( ! :ole area ) ref]5ce to fault+ %\ld be made1 9 ord] to det]m9e :at d$uctions may possibly be made f ,irv+'s e/imate ( ! probable ?ickness ( ! qu>tzite4 ,at ! upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo1 ne> ,ablemans1 we are on ! nor? leg ( ! anticl9e4 ,! dip is ?r\gh\t f sev5ty to n9ety to ! nor?1 & 9 "s places ! lay]s are slightly ov]turn$4 ,! slipp+ along ! b$d+ has "h be5 mu* great]4 ,:ile 9 ?is area !re are heavy b$s ( qu>tzite :i* h n suff]$ great int]ior movem5t1 o!r b$s h be5 %e>$ ?r\gh\t1 be+ trans=m$ macroscopically into a qu>tz-s*i/1 b ! foliation is /rongly develop$4 ,9 o!r places1 z describ$ by ,irv+1#ab :]e ! rock is a pur] qu>tzite1 = a di/ance ( #bjj feet or m across ! /rike1 ! rocks h be5 %att]$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & re-cem5t$ by ve9 qu>tz4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! rock is m]ely fractur$1 ! qu>tz fragm5ts r\ghly fitt+ "o ano!r1 b !re are all gradations f ?is phase to a belt ab\t t5 feet wide ( true friction conglom]ate1 ! fragm5ts hav+ be5 gr\nd aga9/ "o ano!r until !y h become well-r\nd$ 7a ,reibungs breccia74 ,betwe5 ! b\ld]s ( ?is zone is a matrix1 compos$ ma9ly ( small] qu>tzite fragm5ts4 ,! :ole has be5 re-cem5t$1 s t n[ ! mass is completely vitre\s4 ,?is belt ( friction conglom]ate at fir/ might n be discrim9at$ f ! ,potsdam conglom]ate1 imm$iately adjac5t1 b a clos] /udy %[s h[ radically diff]5t !y are4 ,9 "o ! cem5t+ mat]ial is ve9-qu>tz2 9 ! o!r ! s&/one has be5 feebly cem5t$ by qu>tz enl>gem5t4 ,a movem5t lat] ?an ! "o :i* produc$ ! cem5t$ fractur$ rocks & breccia has brok5 broad zones ( ! massive b$s ( qu>tzite into loz5ge-%ap$ blocks1 ! long] axes ( :i* are p>allel to ! b$d+ & movem5t4 ,^! lat]-=m$ blocks h n be5 re-cem5t$ by second>y qu>tz1 & ! cracks are tak5 advantage ( 9 qu>ry+1 ! fragm5ts be+ easily pick$ ap>t4 ,?us ! rock has be5 affect$ by at lea/ two dynamic movem5ts1 sep>at$ by a consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,! %e>-zones1 (t5 sev]al feet 9 wid?1 p>ticul>ly affect ! m f9ely-lam9at$ lay]s1 :i* are lean 9 qu>tz1 :ile ! relief 9 ! m massive lay]s has result$ 9 complex fractur+4 ,9 ! fir/ phase ( production ( ! s*i/1 ! irregul> fractures pass into r regul> fractures1 cutt+ ! b$s ne>ly at "r angles4 ,z ! action becomes m int5se 9 ! m argillace\s b$s1 ! angle ( fracture1 or cleavage1 z x may n[ fairly be call$1 becomes m acute1 & 9 ! mo/ int5se phase ?is cleav$ rock passes into a well-develop$ s*i/1 ! foliation ( :i* is p>allel to ! b$d+4 ,! ph5om5a ( %e>+ are "h !re=e v simil> to ^? at ,devil's ,lake1 except t ! process has gone f>!r4 ,:5 /udi$ 9 ?9 section1 ! massive b$s ( qu>tzite %[ m decid$ effects ( dynamic action ?an at ,devil's ,lake4 ,h[ev]1 ! major portions ( ! gra9s ( qu>tz h di/9ct cores :i* are (t5 beautifully enl>g$4 ,9 "s cases ne>ly e gra9 has ?us gr[n1 p]fectly indurat+ ! rock4 ,b1 also1 ne>ly e gra9 ( qu>tz has a wavy ext9ction1 & _m ( !m h be5 fractur$1 z m5tion$ ( a few ( ! qu>tz gra9s ( ! qu>tzites ( ! s\? range4 ,9 "o case ! pressure has be5 s great z to produce r num]\s r\ghly p>allel l9es ( fracture4 ,x is ?us se5 t ! dynamic effects are n conf9$ to ! s*i/ zones1 b are also prom95t )9 ! heavy b$s ( qu>tzite4 ,?is 0 to be expect$2 = :ile ! major "p ( ! accommodation necess>y to b5d ! rock mass z a :ole took place along ! %e> zones1 ! accommodation requir$ to b5d ea* ( ! rigid heavy b$s ( qu>tzite mu/ h tak5 place )9 ea* lay]4 ,to ! consequ5t int5se pressure & ! rubb+ ( ! gra9s ov] "o ano!r1 are :olly attribut$ _! wavy ext9ction & fractures4 ,9 ! s*i/s ( ! %e> zones1 z at ! s\? range1 ! ?9 sections %[ t ! orig9al qu>tz gra9s 7 small2 int]/itial mat]ial 0 pres5t1 & mica has develop$ m l>gely ?an 9 ! qu>tzite4 ,h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ cry/all9e phases1 ! fragm5tal cores ( ! qu>tz gra9s & _! frequ5t enl>gem5ts are pla9ly se54 ,?us ! %e>+ has n be5 suffici5t to produce a completely cry/all9e s*i/1 al?\gh ?is w\ld n be macroscopically discov]$1 unless x 7 suspect$ because ! rock is n ?9ly foliat$4 ,z ! dip ( ! qu>tzite is s /eep at ?is locality1 x is difficult to say h[ f> ! %ift+ ( ! b$s ov] "o ano!r less5s ! app>5t ?ickness4 ,! %e> zones z well z ! friction conglom]ates appe> to be p>allel to ! b$d+4 ,if !y are exactly s1 ?is %e>+ action w\ld necessitate an e/imate ( ! orig9al ?ickness great] ?an n[ %[n1 s9ce ! %e> zones probably h less wid? at ! pres5t "t ?an ! b$s f :i* !y 7 orig9ally produc$4 ,cutt+ ! b$d+ are heavy jo9ts incl9$ to ! nor? at an angle ( #bj to #cj4 ,if slipp+ _h occurr$ along ^! 9 ! "r direction1 ?is might cause a small ?ickness ( b$s to h a great app>5t ?ickness4 ,h[ev]1 ! s*i/s above describ$ wea!r out on ! face ( ! cliffs1 & are !re=e m>k$ by recessions 9 ! walls4 ,if slipp+ p>allel to ! jo9t+ _h occurr$ s9ce ! s*i/s 7 =m$1 ^! depressions ought n to mat* on opposite sides ( ! jo9ts2 b1 on ! contr>y1 !y cont9ue unbrok5 f foot to top1 & probably ! jo9ts 7 =m$ simultane\sly ) or lat] ?an ! belts ( s*i/4 ,consequ5tly1 at ! upp] n>r[s ( ! ,b>aboo no evid5ce 0 f\nd ( fault+ :i* c\ld r$uce ! e/imat$ ?ickness ( ! qu>tzite z giv5 by ,irv+4 ,z ,irv+ cle>ly saw1 be>+ /rongly 9 favor ( ! !ory ( a great fold1 is ! increas+ /eep] dip ( ! lay]s 9 pass+ nor?4 ,! ph5om5a ( movem5t & metamorphism correspond+ s exactly to ^? requir$ by a simple fold1 ! "q may be ask$ if ^! are n evid5ce ( "s weight 9 favor ( ! g5]al correctness ( ,irv+'s conclusion z to ! /ructure4 ,_h monocl9al fault+ ext5sively occurr$1 x w\ld n h be5 necess>y to h _h s great a readju/m5t ( ! b$s z has be5 %[n to occur by ! s*i/s1 cleavage1 & ! exce$+ly intricate macro-fractur+ & micro-fractur+ ( ! rock b$s & _! con/itu5t p>ticles4 ,9 addition to ! ph5om5a describ$ by ,irv+1 9 summ>y1 ! ,b>aboo qu>tzite ranges %[ results ( dynamic metamorphism z foll[s3 ,a f9e example ( ! ,reibungs ,breccia may be se54 ,a fault zone ( limit$ ?r[ exi/s4 ,all phases are exhibit$1 betwe5 a massive qu>tzite1 %[+ macroscopically little evid5ce ( int]ior movem5t ?r\gh a rock exhibit+ 9 turn fracture & cleavage1 to a rock :i* macroscopically is app>5tly a cry/all9e s*i/4 ,! foliation ( ! s*i/s is p>allel to ! orig9al /ratification1 be+ consequ5t ^u ! movem5ts ( ! b$s ov] "o ano!r1 readju/m5ts occurr+ ma9ly 9 ! s(t] lay]s4 ,9 ?9 sections ! s*i/s /ill give cle> evid5ce ( _! fragm5tal orig91 b also %[ ! me*anical effects ( int]ior movem5t4 ,^! same effects are app>5t )9 ! heavy b$s ( qu>tzite1 "s readju/m5t ( ! p>ticles to _! new positions be+ "h also necess>y4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! semi-cry/all9e "* ( ! s*i/ & qu>tzite are due to high heat4 ,n[h]e are ! p>ticles fus$4 ,s f> z !y are de/roy$ x is by fracture1 & ! rock is aga9 heal$ by cem5tation4 ,! rock1 9 its mo/ alt]$ condition be+ a semi-cry/all9e s*i/1 & 9 o!r p>ts %[+ less *ange1 c be connect$ ) its orig9al /ate4 ,_h ! fold+ be5 m int5se1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! entire rock w\ld h be5 trans=m$ into a completely cry/all9e qu>tz-s*i/1 %[+ no evid5ce ( cla/ic orig91 & possibly ! foliation ?r\gh\t w\ld h correspond$ to ! orig9al b$d+4 ,c4 ,r4 ,,van ,,hise4 ,,footnotes #h ,! ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ,ranges1 by ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+4 ,9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,geol4 ( ,wis41 pp4 #ejd-eai4 #i ,! ,classification ( ! ,e>ly ,cambrian & pre-,cambrian ,=mations1 ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+4 ,9 #g? ,annual ,rep41 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 pp4 #djc-djh4 #aj ,enl>gem5t ( ,qu>tz ,fragm5ts & ,g5esis ( ,qu>tzites1 by ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+ & ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise4 ,9 ,bull4 #h1 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #aa ,! ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ,ranges1 by ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+4 ,9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,geol4 ( ,wis41 pp4 #eaj1 #eaf4 #ab ,! ,b>aboo ,qu>tzite ,ranges1 by ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+4 ,9 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,geol4 ( ,wis41 p4 #eaf4 ,,! ,,*emical ,,relation ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese ,,9 ,,s$im5t>y ,,rocks4 ,iron & manganese are frequ5t con/itu5ts ( s$im5t>y rocks1 9 "s places occurr+ f9ely dissem9at$ ?r\gh s&/ones & %ales1 or =m+ a "p ( lime/ones1 9 o!r places =m+ ! mass ( ! deposit 9 :i* !y occur4 ,!y are bo? d]iv$ prim>ily f simil>1 & (t5 f ! same s\rces1 & are 9 _m respects alike 9 _! *emical behavior 9 nature4 ,= ^! reasons x is to be expect$ t !y w\ld frequ5tly1 if n g5]ally1 be deposit$ 9 intimate association4 ,su* is f\nd to be ! case1 & iron & manganese are (t5 closely associat$ 9 ! same deposits4 ,v (t51 h[ev]1 iron & manganese deposits occur close toge!r1 b di/9ctly sep>at$1 :ile sometimes ext5sive deposits ( iron1 & less commonly ( manganese1 occur ) little or almo/ no association ) ea* o!r4 ,x is ! object ( ! pres5t pap] to discuss ! ag5cies :i* are in/rum5tal 9 caus+ ^! sub/ances to be deposit$ sometimes toge!r & at o!r times sep>ately4 ,! subject is ( int]e/ z %[+ h[ slight diff]5ces 9 ! *emical behavior ( _! salts may cause ! almo/ complete sep>ation ( metals once intimately associat$4 ,,! ,,connection ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese ,,9 ,,nature4 ,a few words conc]n+ ! relation ( manganese to iron 9 nature w p]haps make ! foll[+ discussion cle>]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common modes ( occurr5ce ( manganese is ) iron1 ?\gh ext5sive deposits conta9+ manganese m or less free f iron (t5 occur4 ,:5 associat$ ) iron1 manganese occurs ) x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,sometimes ! two are intimately mix$1 s t !y h ! appe>ance ( a homog5e\s mass1 resembl+ iron ore :5 iron is 9 ! prepond]ance & manganese ore :5 manganese pr$om9ates4 ,9 su* cases !re appe>s to be no t5d5cy to comb9e 9 "o fix$ proportion1 ?\gh1 z iron is a mu* m abundant sub/ance ?an manganese1 ! mixture mo/ commonly conta9s an excess ( iron1 & exi/s 9 ! =m ( a manganif]\s iron ore4 ,! manganese1 :5 n intimately mix$ ) ! iron1 may occur 9 x 9 pockets or z scatt]$ nodules & concretions4 ,su* occurr5ces z ^? describ$ are frequ5t 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior iron region1 ! ,appala*ian ,valley ( ! ea/]n /ates1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 ,arkansas1 ,colorado1 ,new ,mexico & innum]able o!r places4 ,9 ,virg9ia v common occurr5ces are alt]nat+ lay]s ( iron & manganese ore4 ,! iron 9 su* cases is g5]ally 9 ! l>g] quantities & ! m cont9u\s deposits2 :ile ! manganese is (t5 repres5t$ by ?9 l5ticul> lay]s or by b&s ( nodules4 ,f su* cases1 :]e iron pr$om9ates1 !re are all gradations 9 admixture1 up to ! r>] cases :]e manganese pr$om9ates4 ,frequ5tly a giv5 geologic horizon is *>act]iz$ by bo? iron & manganese1 ?\gh 9 "o case x may conta9 only iron1 9 ano!r only manganese1 & 9 /ill ano!r iron & manganese mix$ 9 v>i\s proportions4 ,a rem>kable case ( ?is is se5 9 ! iron & manganese horizons imm$iately above1 or a %ort di/ance above1 ! ,paleozoic qu>tzite1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,appala*ian ,valley1 especially 9 ! ,valley ( ,virg9ia4#ac ,"h deposits ( iron ore1 ( manganese ore1 & ( bo? ores mix$1 are f\nd at v>i\s po9ts along ! same geologic horizons4 ,simil> alt]nations also occur 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian novaculites ( ! ,oua*ita ,m\nta9s ( ,arkansas1#ad 9 ,cebolla ,valley1 9 ,gunnison c\nty1 ,colorado1#ae & 9 _m o!r places4 ,9 _m cases c]ta9 horizons are *>act]iz$ ov] l>ge areas by iron alone1 & b little manganese1 z is well se5 9 ! ,cl9ton =mation & 9 ! ,t]ti>y iron-ore horizons ( ,arkansas & ,texas2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 "s areas ( c]ta9 horizons conta9 consid]able quantities ( manganese & v little iron1 z is se5 9 p>ts ( ! ,m>9e lime/one 9 ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia1 & also 9 p>ts ( ! metamorphos$ ,cretace\s %ales ( ,cali=nia4 ,,! ,,s\rce ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese ,,9 ,,s$im5t>y ,,rocks4 ,! iron & manganese conta9$ 9 s$im5t>y /rata may be consid]$ z d]iv$ prim>ily f ! decay ( pre-exi/+ rocks4 ,"s ( ! lat] s$im5t>y rocks may h d]iv$ a "p or all ( _! iron f old] s$im5t>y rocks1 :i*1 9 turn1 _h d]iv$ _! iron & manganese f /ill old] rocks4 ,9 ?is way ! iron & manganese 9 a giv5 geologic horizon may h =m$ a "p ( v>i\s old] horizons be=e !y rea*$ _! pres5t re/+ place1 b1 9 e case1 _! prim>y s\rce c be trac$ back to ! orig9al mat]ials f :i* s$im5t>y rocks 7 fir/ =m$4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! sea wat] has suppli$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( iron & manganese to s$im5t>y rocks1 b 9 su* cases ! sea wat] acts only z a c>ri] ( ^! mat]ials f ! l& areas or f subm>9e s\rces to ! /rata !n =m+4 ,,! ,,transportation ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese ,,9 ,,nature4 ,! process t goes on 9 ?is int]*ange ( iron & manganese f old] to y\ng] rocks is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! conv]sion1 by surface ag5cies1 ( ! m9]als conta9+ iron & manganese into =ms t c be tak5 into solution by surface wat]s4 7#b7 ,! solution ( ! iron & manganese 9 surface wat]s1 acidulat$ ) organic & sometimes inorganic acids1 & _! transportation 9 ?is =m f ! areas ( old] rocks to areas ov] :i* y\ng] rocks are be+ deposit$4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 ! precipitation 9 "o or m ( sev]al ways ( ! iron & manganese conta9$ 9 solution4 ,! iron & manganese ?us *emically precipitat$ may be deposit$ ei!r ) me*anical s$im5ts1 su* z s&1 clay etc41 or )\t !m4 ,if ! deposition ( me*anical s$im5ts is l>gely 9 excess ( ! precipitation ( iron & manganese1 ! f9al products w be b$s ( f]rug9\s %ale1 s&/one1 etc41 common 9 _m geologic horizons4 ,if ! precipitation ( iron & manganese is 9 excess ( ! deposition ( me*anical s$im5ts1 ! result+ products are deposits ( m or less pure iron & manganese ore4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes !re are all gradations 9 ! admixture ( ! iron & manganese ) me*anical s$im5ts4 ,frequ5tly ! iron & manganese :i* 7 orig9ally f9ely dissem9at$ ?r\gh %ale1 s&/one1 etc41 are subsequ5tly conc5trat$ into bodies ( comp>atively pure ore1 & v commonly ?is conc5tration takes place by a process ( re-solution ( ! iron & manganese & re-deposition by replacem5t ) lime/one1 or1 m r>ely1 ) "s o!r mat]ial4 ,! lime/one or o!r mat]ial :i* ?us acts z a precipitant is (t5 9 ! same s]ies ( /rata f :i* ! iron & manganese 7 remov$1 & ?us ^! two sub/ances1 :i* 7 once 9 a f9ely dissem9at$ condition1 may be conv]t$ into deposits ( comp>atively pure ore & yet rema9 9 ! same g5]al s]ies ( /rata 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally deposit$4 ,a rem>kable case ( ?is is se5 9 ! iron deposits ( ! ,p5okee s]ies 9 ,mi*igan & ,wiscons91#af to be m5tion$ aga9 on page #cgj4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ by ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s#ag t c]ta9 sid]ite deposits 9 ! ,coal ,measures 7 =m$ by ! conv]sion ( f9ely dissem9at$ sesquioxide ( iron into c>bonate ( iron by organic matt]1 & ! subsequ5t segregation ( ! c>bonate z n[ f\nd 9 lay]s & nodules4 ,! surface wat]s t c>ry ! iron & manganese to ! /rata be+ deposit$ at a giv5 "t are sometimes d]iv$ f areas 9 :i* iron pr$om9ates1 sometimes f areas 9 :i* iron & manganese are bo? abundant1 & sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( su* regions1 f areas 9 :i* manganese l>gely pr$om9ates ov] iron4 ,if iron & manganese 7 always precipitat$ f ^! wat]s 9 simil> *emical =ms & "u ! same conditions1 x w\ld be expect$ t ! /rata d]iv+ _! iron & manganese f surface wat]s w\ld conta9 ^? sub/ances 9 ! same relative proportions z !y _h exi/$ 9 ! rocks f :i* !y 7 d]iv$1 & t !y w\ld be 9 an intimately mix$ condition4 ,su* is d\btless (t5 ! case1 or at lea/ approximately s2 b x is also (t5 ! case t iron & manganese occur 9 sep>ate deposits1 yet 9 close proximity to ea* o!r & (t5 alt]nat+ along ! same horizon4 ,besides ?is1 ! two sub/ances frequ5tly =m p>ts ( ! same deposit & yet are di/9ctly sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,9 su* cases ! "q arises z to :y ! iron & manganese are n intimately mix$ 9 ! =m ( a manganif]\s iron ore1 z w\ld be expect$ if !y _h be5 precipitat$ toge!r4 ,moreov]1 deposits sometimes occur :i* are compos$ l>gely ( manganese ore1 ) little or almo/ no iron1 & :5 ! s\rce ( ! manganese is look$ =1 we (t5 f9d t ! rocks :i* probably suppli$ x conta9$ bo? manganese & iron1 & t ! iron 0 pres5t 9 a mu* l>g] proportion z reg>ds ! manganese ?an 9 ! new deposit4 ,"h aga9 ! "q arises z to :y ! iron & manganese are n 9 ! same relative proportions 9 ! new deposit z !y 7 9 ! rocks f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,f\r pr9cipal causes sugge/ !mselves 9 explanation ( ?is sep>ation3 7#a7 ,x might be suppos$ t ! deposits conta9+ mo/ly iron & ^? conta9+ mo/ly manganese receiv$ ^! con/itu5ts f wat]s d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & c>ry+ iron & manganese only 9 ! proportions 9 :i* !y deposit$ !m4 ,"u "s conditions ?is explanation might suffice1 b 9 _m cases1 su* z :5 iron & manganese alt]nate along ! same geologic horizon1 & yet 9 close proximity ) ea* o!r1 ! explanation is entirely inadequate1 = ! deposits are too close to ea* o!r to h be5 =m$ f diff]5t supplies ( surface wat]s4 7#b7 ,x might be suppos$ t ! iron or ! manganese _h be5 lea*$ out ( a deposit ( ! mix$ ores1 leav+ "o free f ! o!r & deposit+ ! dissolv$ ore some:]e else4 ,?is explanation1 except 9 special cases1 also appe>s inadequate1 because ! reag5ts 9 surface wat]s1 :i* dissolve iron & manganese1 seem to affect bo? ab\t equally1 s t if "o 7 dissolv$1 ! o!r %\ld be tak5 up 9 ! same way4 ,d\btless small diff]5ces c\ld be f\nd 9 ! behavior ( ! organic & inorganic comp\nds 9 surface wat]s t[>ds iron & manganese m9]als1 b !y w\ld be small z comp>$ ) ! m active reactions :i* g on4 7#c7 ,x might be suppos$ t a sep>ation c\ld be produc$ by second>y conc5tration su* z segregation1 replacem5t1 etc4 ,?is has d\btless sometimes be5 ! case1 b :]e ! conc5trat+ action is n assi/$ by a diff]5ce 9 ! *emical behavior ( ! two sub/ances1 ! sep>ation w\ld only be on a small scale4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( conc5tration by replacem5t ( lime/one1 if iron & manganese bo? act$ 9 ! same way dur+ ! replacem5t1 x w\ld be expect$ to f9d !m deposit$ 9 an intimate mixture4 ,?\gh ?is second>y conc5tration1 !re=e1 unassi/$ by o!r ag5cies1 w\ld n produce all ! results f\nd 9 nature1 yet1 :5 x is ?us assi/$1 x (t5 plays an important "p4 7#d7 ,! f\r?1 & :at seems ! mo/ important1 factor 9 ! sep>ation ( iron & manganese1 is t1 ?\gh v (t5 !y are precipitat$ 9 ! same =m f ! same solution1 yet sometimes !y are precipitat$ 9 diff]5t =ms2 & ev5 :5 precipitat$ 9 ! same =m1 ! precipitation ( "o sometimes requires diff]5t conditions f ! precipitation ( ! o!r4 ,?is fact w expla9 ! alt]nate association & sep>ation ( iron & manganese1 n only :5 no second>y conc5tration has gone on1 b also 9 cases :]e su* conc5tration has tak5 place1 su* z 9 ! replacem5t ( lime/one1 etc4 ,x w n[ be attempt$ to %[ h[ ! v>i\s degrees ( association & sep>ation ( iron & manganese f\nd 9 nature may be produc$ by diff]5t conditions dur+ deposition4 ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese ,,deposit$ ,,at ,,ord9>y ,,temp]atures4 ,! m9]alogical =ms 9 :i* iron & manganese are deposit$ f solution 9 nature at ord9>y temp]atures dep5d on ! conditions ( air & wat]1 :e!r ( an oxidiz+ or a r$uc+ nature1 & on ! "* ( ! associat$ organic & inorganic matt] ei!r 9 solution or on ! floor ( ! sea1 lagoon or bog 9 :i* ! deposition occurs4#ah ,!re are f\r pr9cipal me?ods by :i* iron & manganese are precipitat$ 9 nature f surface wat]s3 7#a7 ,by oxidation1 z 9 ! case ( ! precipitation ( hydr\s oxides & 9 ! precipitation ( ! c>bonate by ! p>tial oxidation ( m complex organic salts4#ai 7#b7 ,by r$uction1 z 9 ! precipitation ( sulphide ( iron by ! r$uction ( sulphate ( iron4 7#c7 ,by gase\s or soluble precipitants1 z 9 ! precipitation ( sulphide ( iron by ! action ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 or a soluble sulphide on a soluble salt ( iron1 & z 9 o!r cases to be m5tion$ lat]4 7#d7 ,by replacem5t ( c>bonate ( lime or "s o!r sub/ance4 ,diff]5t =ms are precipitat$ by ^! diff]5t me?ods4 ,iron at ord9>y temp]atures is usually deposit$ f solution z ! hydr\s sesquioxide1 ! c>bonate1 ! sulphide or ! hydr\s silicate ( iron & pota% kn[n z glauconite4 ,manganese "u simil> conditions is deposit$ z ! hydr\s oxide#bj or z ! c>bonate1 & possibly sometimes1 ?\gh v r>ely1 z sulphide4 ,:5 solutions ( organic or inorganic salts ( iron & manganese are freely expos$ to ! action ( air1 z 9 %all[ or rapidly mov+ /reams1 or 9 lakes & "s bogs1 !y are quickly oxidiz$ & bo? may be deposit$ z m or less hydr\s oxides4 ,9 _m bogs1 h[ev]1 ! metals may be precipitat$ z hydr\s oxide on ! surface :]e oxidiz+ ag5cies pr$om9ate1 b :5 ^! oxides s9k & come into contact ) decay+ organic matt]1 free f ! active oxidiz+ influ5ces ( ! air1 !y may be r$uc$ to c>bonates4 ,! c>bonates ( iron & manganese may be precipitat$ :5 ! solutions conta9+ !m are protect$ f oxidation by a r$uc+ ag5t1 su* z decay+ organic matt]1 or by be+ f> remov$ f ! air4 ,c>bonate ( manganese1 h[ev]1 is a mu* m /able comp\nd ?an c>bonate ( iron1 & ! oxidiz+ conditions are (t5 suffici5tly /rong to cause ! deposition ( iron z hydr\s sesquioxide & n /rong en\gh to *ange ! manganese f its c>bonate =m4 ,x is n uncommon1 !re=e1 to h iron deposit$ 9 "o place z hydr\s sesquioxide1 & manganese c>ri$ fur!r on & deposit$ z c>bonate1 or ev5 "u special conditions deposit$ z c>bonate ) ! hydr\s sesquioxide ( iron4 ,fres5ius#ba has %[n t ! w>m spr+s ( ,wiesbad51 :i* conta9 iron & manganese among _! o!r m9]al con/itu5ts1 deposit iron 9 ! =m ( hydr\s sesquioxide1 :ile manganese is c>ri$ on fur!r 9 solution & deposit$ z c>bonate4 ,9 ?is behavior1 !re=e1 we h ! fir/ /rik+ diff]5ce 9 ! deposition ( iron & manganese1 & x w be fur!r discuss$ lat] on4 ,! sulphides ( iron & manganese diff] v mu* 9 _! nature & mode ( occurr5ce4 ,iron is frequ5tly deposit$ z sulphide1 b manganese r>ely occurs 9 t =m1 & :5 x does x is always 9 v small quantities4 ,iron =ms sev]al sulphides 9 nature3 pyrite 7,fe,s71 m>casite 7,fe,s71#bb pyrrhotite 7,fe,s71 troilite 7,fe,s7 & num]\s o!r m complex comp\nds unnecess>y to enum]ate "h4 ,pyrite is ! commone/ =m ( iron sulphide1 & occurs 9 rocks ( all ages1 f ,ar*ean to ,rec5t4 ,x is =m$ 9 nature by ! action ( soluble sulphides or sulphurett$ hydrog5 on soluble salts ( iron1 & also by ! r$uction ( sulphate ( iron by organic matt] or o!r r$uc+ ag5ts4 ,manganese =ms two#bc sulphides1 alab&ite 7,mn,s7 & hau]ite 7,mn,s74 ,bo? m9]als are v r>e1 & s un/able t !y rapidly oxidize on exposure4 ,alab&ite is ! less r>e =m1 & usually occurs z a subord9ate con/itu5t ( c]ta9 metallif]\s ve9s or alli$ deposits4 ,?\gh ! sulphides ( manganese are easily oxidiz$1 !y are n s un/able t1 _h !y ev] be5 =m$ 9 consid]able quantities 9 s$im5t>y deposits1 !y w\ld1 ev5 at consid]able dep?s1 h left no trace ( _! =m] pres5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! sulphide ( manganese1 z produc$ artificially1#bd is soluble 9 c]ta9 organic acids1 notably acetic1 &1 z ! conditions = ! deposition ( sulphides ( metals 9 s$im5t>y deposits g5]ally require ! pres5ce ( organic matt]1 x is n improbable t "s ( ! acids giv5 (f by su* matt] w\ld be capable ( dissolv+ sulphide ( manganese4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o reason :y manganese might n be deposit$ z sulphide "u "s conditions :i* w\ld cause ! precipitation ( sulphide ( iron4 ,moreov]1 ! artificial =mation ( sulphide ( manganese 7alab&ite7 9 ! laboratory is br\ght ab\t mo/ easily at high temp]atures4 ,x has also be5 not$ t :5 manganese1 9 ! =m ( ! alloys spiegeleis5 & f]ro-manganese1 is add$ to molt5 /eel1 x bodily removes a "p ( ! sulphur2 & x is ?\ght by "s metallurgi/s1 t sulphide ( manganese is =m$ & c>ri$ into ! slag4 ,^! & o!r indications ( ! m easy transition ( manganese into ! =m ( sulphide at high r ?an at l[ temp]atures af=d ano!r cause :i* might prev5t sulphide ( manganese f be+ =m$ 9 s$im5t>y deposits1 = su* deposits are usually laid d[n at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y also af=d a cause :i* might lead to ! deposition ( ! sulphide ( manganese 9 c]ta9 metallif]\s ve9s & o!r deposits1 :]e ! temp]ature at ! "t ( deposition may h be5 high4 ,9 _m ( ! silv] & lead deposits ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s manganese oxides occur ) ! sup]ficial oxidation products ( ! sulphides ( o!r metals1 & x has (t5 be5 sugge/$ t ! manganese also 0 orig9ally 9 ! =m ( sulphide4 ,?is may be true 9 "s cases1 = alab&ite has be5 f\nd 9 a few metallif]\s deposits 9 ,colorado1 ,mexico1 ,g]many1 ,p]u & else:]e1 b 9 mo/ cases1 at lea/ 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :5 ! level is rea*$ at :i* ! oxidiz$ =ms ( lead1 z9c1 iron & o!r metals pass into sulphides1 ! manganese passes into c>bonate or silicate1 & rema9s 9 "o or bo? ( ^? =ms to all dep?s t h be5 rea*$4 ,9 ! deposition ( iron & manganese z sulphide1 !re=e1 !re is a mo/ m>k$ diff]5ce ( behavior1 & "h aga9 is a good cause = ! sep>ation ( ! two sub/ances 9 s$im5t>y rocks1 z w be m fully expla9$ bel[4 ,iron is (t5 deposit$ 9 s$im5t>y =mations z ! hydr\s silicate ( iron & pota% kn[n z glauconite1 & composes ! mass ( ! l>ge gre5s& b$s common 9 ,cretace\s & ,t]ti>y /rata2 b manganese is n f\nd 9 an exactly simil> condition4#be ,"h aga91 !re=e1 is an important diff]5ce 9 ! modes ( deposition ( iron & manganese1 :i* also w be m5tion$ aga94 ,x w ?us be se5 t :ile "s ( ! =ms 9 :i* iron & manganese are deposit$ are ! same1 o!rs diff] v widely1 & ev5 simil> =ms are (t5 deposit$ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,x is d\btless to ^! v>i\s =ms & conditions ( deposition t ! alt]nate association & sep>ation ( iron & manganese 9 nature are due4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese4 ,! v frequ5t intimate association ( iron & manganese 9 s$im5t>y rocks is :at w\ld be expect$ f a deposition z oxide or c>bonate 9 bas9s su* z coa/al lagoons or bogs1 :]e ! wat]s mov$ v sl[ly1 or n at all1 = "u su* conditions1 !y are (t5 deposit$ toge!r4#bf ,moreov]1 x is a well-kn[n fact t isomorph\s sub/ances h a /rong t5d5cy to comb9e 9 a homog5e\s mass1 & to cry/allize toge!r 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,c>bonate ( iron & ( manganese are isomorph\s ) ea* o!r1 & ?is is h5ce a possible cause ( ! frequ5t intimacy ( _! association1 su* z is se5 9 almo/ all manganif]\s spa?ic iron ores1 :e!r ^! ores are =m$ by direct precipitation or by replacem5t ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! oxidation ( su* a mixture w\ld give ! common =m ( an intimately comb9$ iron & manganese ore4 ,s9ce !re is usually m iron ?an manganese 9 ! rocks f :i* bo? metals 7 orig9ally d]iv$1 ! surface wat]s dra9+ f areas ( su* rocks usually conta9 ! metals 9 a simil> proportion4 ,h5ce1 9 cases :]e ! deposition ( ! c>bonates ( bo? occurs at ! same spot1 ! isomorph\s c>bonates d]iv$ f ! solutions h a l>g] p]c5tage ( c>bonate ( iron ?an ( c>bonate ( manganese1 & ! result+ oxides conta9 ! two metals 9 ! same proportion1 ?us giv+ rise to ! common l[-manganese iron ores4 ,! hydr\s oxides ( iron & manganese1 h[ev]1 are n isomorph\s1#bg &1 !re=e1 :5 !y are precipitat$ toge!r1 z 9 bog-deposits1 ! association is (t5 mu* less intimate ?an 9 ! cases j m5tion$1 & is simply due to ! fact t1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! oxides ( bo? metals are precipitat$ 9 ! same place4 ,,causes ,,( ,,! ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,manganese4 ,:5 iron & manganese ores occur 9 m or less sep>ate deposits1 x becomes necess>y to suppose ! action ( influ5ces diff]5t f ^? :i* cause ! deposition ( bo? toge!r1 & su* influ5ces are to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5t modes ( precipitation1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( ! two metals4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,fres5ius#bh t c]ta9 w>m spr+s1 on rea*+ ! surface1 fir/ deposit hydr\s sesquioxide ( iron1 & f>!r on c>bonate ( manganese4 ,?is n only po9ts to ! well-kn[n fact t c>bonate ( iron is m easily oxidiz$ ?an c>bonate ( manganese1 b x also leads to ! belief t ! bic>bonate or o!r salt ( iron 9 ! wat] is m easily oxidiz$ ?an ! manganese salt4 ,an action some:at simil> to t describ$ by ,fres5ius readily expla9s ! occurr5ce ( manganese sometimes 9 entirely sep>ate deposits1 sometimes 9 di/9ct b closely alt]nat+ deposits4#bi ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 if ! wat]s f :i* ! precipitation took place 7 mov+1 ! iron & manganese1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 oxidability1 z /at$ above1 w\ld be laid d[n 9 diff]5t places1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( deposits ( iron ore free f manganese1 & manganese ore free f iron 9 diff]5t positions along ! plane ( ! same geologic horizon4 ,su* occurr5ces are (t5 se5 9 ! iron regions ( ! ,appala*ian ,valley1 :]e !re are (t5 f\nd1 9 diff]5t places along ! same belt1 deposits ( iron ore & deposits ( manganese ore 9 positions simil> ) relation to ! enclos+ rocks4 ,^! conditions ( mov+ wat] might also cause ! occurr5ce ( ! two ores 9 int]/ratifi$ lay]s1 z is sometimes ! case4 ,su* a condition w\ld result if iron 7 deposit$ 9 a c]ta9 place at "o "t1 & if1 lat]1 on acc\nt ( "s increas$ facility = oxidation1 iron 0 deposit$ be=e x rea*$ t place1 & ! manganese1 be+ less easily precipitat$1 7 c>ri$ on & laid d[n ^u ! fir/ deposit ( iron4 ,suppose ! metallif]\s solutions to be conf9$ 9 a %all[ bas91 or1 at lea/1 to pass ?r\gh x s sl[ly t !y become ?or\ghly oxidiz$4 ,"u su* conditions ! deposition ( iron & manganese w\ld g on cont9u\sly1 & s ne>ly on ! same spot t a comp>atively homog5e\s manganif]\s iron ore w\ld be =m$4 ,if ! supply ( metallif]\s solutions 7 n cont9u\s1 b 7 int]mitt5t1 z is sometimes ! case 9 local bas9s1 su* z coa/al lagoons1 :i* are (t5 dep5d5t = _! supply ( wat] on ! *anges ( season & ! sudd5 fluctuations ( wea!r1 !n int]/ratifi$ lay]s ( iron & manganese ore might be produc$4 ,! iron1 becom+ oxidiz$ on ! surface1 s9ks to ! bottom1 possibly 9 "s cases to be conv]t$ !re to ! simple c>bonate by organic matt]4 ,fur!r oxidation precipitates hydr\s oxide or c>bonate ( manganese on top ( ! iron4 ,a r5ew$ supply ( surface wat]s br+s m solutions ( iron & manganese1 or else ! evaporation ( ! wat] 9 ! clos$ bas9 conc5trates ! mat]ials :i* h n yet be5 precipitat$4 ,9 ei!r case !re is a fur!r alt]nate deposition ( ! two ores4#cj ,ano!r process ( sep>ation ( iron & manganese 9 nature might take place by ! =mation ( sulphide ( iron4 ,x has already be5 %[n t iron is sometimes deposit$ z sulphide & lat] oxidiz$ 9 ! same mann] z ! c>bonate4 ,manganese1 on ! o!r h&1 is r>ely f\nd z sulphide1 & !re is reason to ?9k t ! sulphide nev] repres5t$ ! orig9al =m ( any l>ge s$im5t>y deposits ( manganese ore 7see pages #cfd to #cfe74 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t f a solution ( iron & manganese 9 surface wat]s ! iron might1 :]e ! conditions are favorable1 be precipitat$ z sulphide 7,fe,s7 & ! manganese might be c>ri$ on 9 solution to be deposit$ some:]e else z oxide or c>bonate4 ,subsequ5tly ! oxidation ( ! ores w\ld give rise to oxide ( iron f ! sulphide & oxide ( manganese f ! c>bonate2 & ! two ores1 ?\gh occurr+ at ! same horizon1 w\ld be sep>at$ by a great] or less di/ance4 ,aft] ! deposition ( ! sulphide ( iron1 ! conditions might *ange & p]mit ! deposition1 9 ! same place1 ( ! c>bonates ( iron & manganese toge!r4 ,?is is an easy case to imag9e1 & :]e su* a deposit 0 expos$ to surface influ5ces1 ! result+ product w\ld be oxide ( iron f ! und]ly+ sulphide & a manganif]\s iron oxide f ! ov]ly+ isomorph\s c>bonates4 ,h5ce ano!r possible cause ( ! frequ5t association ( pure iron ores & manganif]\s iron ores4 ,x is possible also t aft] ! solution ( iron & manganese _h be5 fre$ f ! =m] by precipitation z sulphide1 ! manganese might be c>ri$ on & laid d[n z c>bonate on a previ\s deposit ( iron sulphide1 & :5 su* a comb9ation 0 oxidiz$1 ! result w\ld be oxide ( iron & oxide ( manganese 9 b$s closely associat$ b yet di/9ct4 ,by suppos+ ! iron sometimes to be deposit$ 9 sea wat] z glauconite1 a mann] 9 :i* manganese is n laid d[n 7see page #cfe71 a fur!r means ( sep>ation ( ! two metals w\ld result4 ,?us by alt]nat+ ! conditions ( ! deposition ( iron & manganese 9 diff]5t =ms1 a great v>iety ( me?ods ( association & sep>ation ( ! two metals c be produc$4 ,! above discussion ref]s n only to ! deposits ( iron & manganese ores ( notable size1 b also to ! iron & manganese frequ5tly f\nd dissem9at$ ?r\gh %ales1 s&/ones etc4 ,9 ^! rocks !y usually =m a small b (t5 a v important "p1 = 9 _m cases ! iron & manganese is tak5 into solution f ! rocks & r$eposit$ by a process ( replacem5t ) c>bonate ( lime 9 neighbor+ b$s ( lime/one1 or m r>ely by replacem5t ) o!r rocks1 ?us giv+ rise to important ore deposits4 ,! "q ( ! association & sep>ation ( ! iron & manganese 9 ^! replacem5t deposits dep5ds on a numb] ( conditions1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are1 j z 9 ! class ( deposits t has be5 discuss$1 ! conditions dur+ deposition & ! =ms 9 :i* ! iron & manganese are precipitat$4 ,! processes by :i* association & sep>ation occur 9 replacem5t deposits diff] some:at 9 detail f ! processes j discuss$1 b are bas$ on ! same pr9ciples4 ,_m ( ! iron & manganese deposits ( ! ,appala*ian region are suppos$ by _m to be replacem5t deposits4 ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]#ca 9 #ahgg sugge/$ t "s ( ! iron deposits ( ,k5tucky & ,ohio 7 =m$ by ! solution ( iron f c]ta9 rocks1 & its deposition 9 ! =m ( c>bonates by replacem5t ) und]ly+ lime/one4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 *ang$ by oxidation to br[n hematite4 ,a notable case ( replacem5t has also be5 %[n by ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+ & ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise#cb 9 ! iron deposits ( ! ,p5okee s]ies ( ,mi*igan & ,wiscons94 ,"h ! ore is suppos$ to be p>tly a replacem5t ( *]t 9 a tr\gh betwe5 qu>tzite & igne\s rocks4 ,! solution t conta9$ ! iron 0 d]iv$ f /rata 9 ! same s]ies ( rocks 9 :i* ! iron 0 re-deposit$ & conta9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( manganese4 ,x is %[n h[ ! iron & manganese 7 m or less sep>at$ 9 ! replacem5t process & t ! sep>ation 0 due to ! diff]5ce 9 ! oxidability ( ! c>bonates z expla9$ on page #cfc4 ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,p5rose1 ,,jr4 ,,footnotes #ac ,! exact age ( ! iron & manganese deposits "h ref]r$ to is1 9 "s cases1 a little unc]ta94 ,"s may be ,cambrian1 o!rs ,silurian1 b ! exact det]m9ation ( ! age ( ! horizon is n a "p ( ! pres5t discussion4 ,! matt] has be5 discuss$ by ! writ] 9 ,geological ,survey ( ,arkansas1 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cgf-cgi4 #ad ,see ,geological ,survey ( ,arkansas1 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cbj-cbe4 #ae ,see ,geological ,survey ( ,arkansas1 #ahij1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #def-deg4 #af ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+ & ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,t5? ,ann4 ,report1 #ahhh-ahhi1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dji-dbb4 #ag ,geol4 ,survey ( ,p5n41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aheh1 p4 #gci4 #ah ,! solutions may be precipitat$1 z already %[n1 ei!r ) or )\t admixture ) me*anical s$im5ts2 & !re are 9 nature all gradations f almo/ pure deposits ( iron & manganese ore to b$s ( %ale1 s&/one1 etc4 /a9$ ) iron or manganese4 ,subsequ5t conc5tration frequ5tly causes decid$ *anges 9 ! latt] deposits 7see p4 #cgj74 #ai ,x has be5 sugge/$ by ,a4 ,a4 ,juli5 7,proce$4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,xxviii41 #ahgi1 p4 #cef7 t 9 "s cases ! c>bonates ( iron & manganese may be only ! fix$ residue ( organic comp\nds ( m complex =m once 9 solution 9 surface wat]s4 #bj ,?is oxide is g5]ally 9 ! =m ( ! p]oxide or ! sesquioxide 9 a m or less hydr\s condition4 #ba ,jahrb4 des ,v]e9s f4 ,naturkunde 9 ,h]z4 ,nassau1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 p4 #afj 7,bis*(74 #bb ,m>casite has ! same composition z pyrite1 b diff]s 9 cry/all9e =m4 #bc ,manganese also occurs 9 ! m9]al y\ngite1 :i* conta9s lead1 z9c1 iron1 manganese & sulphur1 b ! m9]al is consid]$ ( d\btful homog5eity4 7,see ,sy/em ( ,m9]alogy1 ,e4 ,s4 ,dana1 #ahib74 #bd ,:5 manganese is precipitat$ artificially z sulphide x is usually 9 ! =m ( ! monosulphide 7,mn,s71 9 ei!r a hydr\s or an anhydr\s =m4 #be ,manganese occurs 9 v>i\s hydro-silicates1 b !y d n appe> to be deposit$ z s$im5t>y /rata 9 ! same mann] z glauconite4 #bf ,if ! wat] mov$ v sl[ly1 ! deposition w\ld probably take place approximately 9 ! same spot2 if ! wat]s mov$ m rapidly1 ! iron might be deposit$ 9 "o place & ! c>bonate 9 ano!r1 9 ! way expla9$ on page #cfc4 #bg ,! hydr\s oxides ( iron are n cry/all9e4 #bh ,see p4 #cfc4 #bi ,bis*( sugge/s t ! action describ$ by ,fres5ius causes ! sep>ate deposition ( iron & manganese2 & also t x expla9s ! occurr5ce ( l>ge deposits ( manganese ore 9 regions :]e ! iron ore conta9s lea/ ( t +r$i5t4 7,see ,elem5ts ( ,*emi/ry & ,phys4 ,geol41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #eca-ecb47 #cj ,9 "s cases ^! iron & manganese deposits are und\bt$ly =m$ by ! replacem5t ( lime/one or o!r rocks1 z is fur!r discuss$ on pages -- to --4 #ca ,k5tucky ,geol4 ,survey1 ,report ( ,progress1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,new ,s]ies1 #ahgg1 p4 #afd4 #cb ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,t5? ,annual ,report1 #ahhh-ahhi1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #dji-dbb4 ,,"s ,,riv]s ,,( ,,connecticut4#cc ,outl9e4--,introduction4--,topography ( ,connecticut3 ,! upl& plateau1 its orig91 date1 elevation1 valleys sunk b5ea? its surface4--,l[l& on ! ,triassic area4--,lat] oscillations4-- ,rsum ( ! topography4--,e>ly dra9age4--,re-adju/$ /reams4 --,reviv$ /reams4--,uncon=mable riv]s1 consequ5t or sup]impos$4--,plei/oc5e *anges2 ! ,f>m+ton1 ,qu9nipiac1 ,scantic4--,ab&on$ gaps4 ,introduction4 ,9 ord] to /udy intellig5tly ! hi/ory ( a riv]1 "o mu/ fir/ become acqua9t$ ) ! pres5t physical geography ( ! region 9 :i* ! riv] lies1 & "k ! /ages ( its developm5t4 ,!re=e1 be=e classify+ ! riv]s ( ,connecticut1 ,i %all consid] ! topography ( ! /ate1 & 9 a few p>agraphs outl9e ! successive cycles 9 ! hi/ory ( its gr[?4 ,! scope ( ?is article w n p]mit a discussion or ev5 a full /atem5t ( ! evid5ce on :i* ^! conclusions are bas$4 ,!y h be5 /at$ at consid]able l5g? by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,davis1#cd & ! read] is ref]r$ to 8 pap]s = ! complete discussion4 ,8 conclusions 9 respect to ! physical geography are accept$ "h )\t "q1 & =m ! basis = ! discussion on ! riv]s ( ! /ate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b ,topography ( ,connecticut4 ,connecticut c be said to consi/ ( two great areas q di/9ct 9 topography & geologic /ructure4#ce ,on ! ea/ & on ! we/ are ! cry/all9e upl&s :i* rise f sea level along ! ,s\nd to #a1gjj & #a1hjj feet 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 & to #fjj & #gjj feet 9 ! nor!a/]n4 ,^! upl&s consi/ *iefly ( gneiss & granite1 probably ( pre-,paleozoic age1 :i* are n[ mu* fold$1 fault$ & crumpl$4 ,betwe5 ^! two areas ( cry/all9es is a l[l& belt ( ,triassic s&/one & %ale1 tw5ty to tw5ty-five miles wide1 ext5d+ f ,new ,hav5 nor? ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! /ate & includ+ 9 its bord]s ,new ,hav51 ,m]id51 ,h>t=d1 ,new ,brita9 & _m t[ns ( less] note4 ,^! s&/ones =m a monocl9e ) an ea/w>d dip ( #aj to #cj1 & 9 addition to be+ tilt$ !y h be5 fault$ s9ce _! deposition 9 a %all[1 sl[ly-subsid+ tr\gh ( cry/all9es4 ,_! ?ickness is v>i\sly e/imat$--#c1jjj to #e1jjj feet1 ,dana2 #aj1jjj or m1 ,davis4 ,?is l[l& is int]rupt$ by a s]ies ( trap ridges1 :i* 9 g5]al pres5t /eep faces t[>d ! we/1 :]eas _! ea/w>d slope is gradual1 less ?an ! dip ( ! s&/ones4 ,! upl& plateau4 ,suppose we asc5d ! highe/ po9t ( ^! trap ridges1 ! old t[] on ,talcott ,mt41 n9e miles we/ ( ,h>t=d2 we are #ijj feet above ! sea level & m ?an #fjj above ! pla9 at our feet4 ,a few miles to ! we/ across ! s&/one valley1 rise ! cry/all9e upl&s1 :i* ext5d f> to ! nor? & to ! s\?4 ,on ! ea/ across ! ,connecticut we see ! ea/]n upl&s4 ,! fir/ impression1 :i* comes to "o z he gazes ^u ^! upl&s & :i* is /r5g!n$ ) ea* view1 is t few hills rise above ! g5]al level ( ! plateau2 ! cre/ l9e is ne>ly horizontal1 decl9+ g5tly to ,long ,isl& ,s\nd4 ,above ?is g5]al level are a few r\nd$ domes1 b no %>p1 t[]+ peaks4 ,bel[ x valleys h be5 cut1 b !y d n de/roy ! plateau-l appe>ance4 ,a view f ! we/]n plateau across ! s&/one valley %[s ! rem>kably ev5 cre/ l9e ( ! trap ridges1 a cre/ l9e :i* approximates 9 height ! upl&s on ! ea/ & we/4 ,a ne>] view ( ! upl& corroborates our fir/ impressions ( ! g5tly roll+ "* ( ! int]-/ream surfaces1 b we h a bett] view ( ! valleys :i* h be5 sunk b5ea? ! g5]al level & ( ! l[ r\nd$ hills :i* rise above x4 ,9 popul> p>lance ! c\ntry is 8hilly40 ,x is unev51 n because !re are high hills1 b r because !re are deep valleys4 ,if 9 imag9ation we fill up ^! valleys & ! wide ,triassic l[l& to ! g5]al level ( ! broad int]-/ream surfaces1 we %all h con/ruct$ a g5tly undulat+ plateau1 dipp+ to ! s\? & ea/--a p5epla94#cf ,orig9 ( ! p5epla94 ,?is is n a con/ructional surface1 = ! rocks are greatly tilt$1 fold$ & fault$1 s t ! surface consequ5t ^u su* di/urbance mu/ h be5 complex & m\nta9\s4 ,long subarial d5udation ^u a fold$ & fault$ mass :5 ! l& /ood mu* l[] ?an at pres5t produc$ ?is plateau4 ,evid5tly x c\ld be produc$ by d5udation only at or ne> baselevel1 = ! effect ( erosion ^u a mass high above baselevel is to acc5tuate its topographic relief1 n to r$uce x4 ,we naturally ask ourselves1 8,at :at /age 9 geologic hi/ory did ?is d5udation occur80 ,date ( ! p5epla94 ,! erosion :i* accompli%$ ?is great "w mu/ h comm5c$ aft] ! =mation & dislocation ( ! ,triassic b$s1 = ! ev5 cre/ l9e ( ! trap ridges1 a "p ( :i*--p]haps all--7 contemporane\s ) ! s&/ones1 is a "p ( ! dissect$ p5epla92 b to fix ! date ( ! completion ( ! p5epla91 we mu/ turn to evid5ce pres5t$ 9 ,new ,j]sey4#cg ,!re we le>n t by ! close ( ,cretace\s times1 ! c\ntry 0 erod$ ne>ly to baselevel1 & we may !re=e speak ( ! relative position ( ! l& & sea1 to :i* ! l& 0 at ?is "t r$uc$1 z ! ,cretace\s baselevel1 & ?is l& surface z ! ,cretace\s p5epla94 ,elevation ( ! p5epla94 ,9 po/-,cretace\s1 presumably e>ly ,t]ti>y#ch times1 ! l& 0 elevat$ to ne>ly its pres5t height & rema9$ at t altitude1 s f> z topographic evid5ce %[s1 dur+ ,t]ti>y times4 ,! pro(s ( ?is elevation are ! valleys :i* ! /reams h sunk bel[ ! g5]al level4 ,t ?is 0 n a simple uplift1 b 0 accompani$ ) tilt+ & w>p+1 is cle> f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,! dep? to :i* a /ream c cut its valley dep5ds directly ^u its height above baselevel4 ,if ! pres5t surface 7 a p5epla9 uni=mly elevat$1 ! head wat]s & middle c\rses ( a riv] w\ld n be cut s deep 9 ! surr\nd+ pla9 z its l[] c\rse4 ,b ! rev]se is true ( ! riv]s ( ,connecticut4 ,! dep? ( ! valley increases inl&1 be+ great] 9 ^? regions :]e ! p5epla9 0 rais$ ! highe/4 ,a comp>ison ( ! upp] & l[] valleys ( ! ,h\satonic1 ,naugatuck1 ,qu9nebaug1 & ( ! ,connecticut at ,middlet[n1 :]e x ent]s ! plateau1 & at its m\?1 w give "s idea ( ! am\nt ( ! w>p+4 ,x w n give an exact measure ( x = sev]al reasons3 fir/1 ! upp] c\rses ( ! riv]s h n yet rea*$ ! pres5t baselevel2 second1 ! pres5t altitude ( ! upl&s is ! result ( ! po/-,cretace\s uplift & w>p+1 plus a probable lat] po/-,t]ti>y uplift 7to be m5tion$ lat]71 besides sev]al m9or oscillations1 ! la/ ( :i* 0 d[nw>d1 & is record$ ne> ! coa/ 9 ! dr[n$ condition ( ! riv]s4 ,z has be5 already said1 ! p5epla9 is highe/ 9 ! nor?we/1 & gradually decl9es to sea level t[>d ! s\? & ea/4 ,consequ5ces ( ! uplift4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is uplift are se5 9 ! valleys1 :i* are cut into ! p5epla91 & :i* h de/roy$ ! level "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! h>d cry/all9e rocks ! valleys are g5]ally n>r[ & deep1 ) bold slopes2#ci :]e !y are cut 9 ! cry/all9e lime/one1 !y are wid] & m op54 ,9 m>k$ contra/1 h[ev]1 is ! l[l& on ! ,triassic area 9 :i* only ! trap ridges rema9 to tell ( ! =m] altitude ( ! g5]al surface1 & ! imm5se am\nt ( erosion :i* has tak5 place on ! s(t s&/ones & %ales4 ,inde$ erosion has progress$ s rapidly on ^! s(t rocks1 t !y h be5 worn d[n almo/ to a new baselevel 9 ! same l5g? ( "t 9 :i* ! h>d cry/all9es h be5 only tr5*$4 ,?is fact _c be too /rongly emphasiz$4 ,! broad s&/one l[l& f ,new ,hav5 nor? into ,massa*usetts has be5 c>v$ out ( ! uplift$ p5epla9 9 s(t rocks1 dur+ ! same "t 9 :i* ! ,connecticut has excavat$ its gorge 9 ! cry/all9es bel[ ,middlet[n1 & ! ,h\satonic has op5$ its upl& valley on ! lime/ones4 ,! diff]5ce 9 results is due n to a diff]5ce ( "t1 b to ! diff]5ce 9 ! relative h>dness ( ! rocks4 ,on ! basis ( ?is pr9ciple ! age ( c]ta9 riv] gorges to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat] c be fix$4 ,! n>r[ passage ( ! ,qu9nipiac ?r\gh a s&/one ridge s\?we/ ( ,m]id5 _c belong to ! same cycle ( erosion z ! broad s&/one l[l& on ei!r side ( x1 b manife/ly mu/ be mu* y\ng]4 ,s1 also1 ! n>r[ passage ( ! ,f>m+ton at ,t>iffville1 :]e x crosses ! trap ridge ?r\gh a gorge free f drift1 is ( mu* lat] date ?an ! broad] valley m or less encumb]$ ) drift :i* ! upp] "p ( ! same riv] has cut 9 ! h>d cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,cook's ,gap 9 ! trap %eet we/ ( ,new ,brita9 is mu* broad] ?an ei!r ( ! above1 & belongs to ! ,t]ti>y cycle ( erosion1 al?\gh z ,i %all endeavor to %[ lat]1 x 0 probably n occupi$ by a /ream dur+ ! :ole cycle4 ,9 m>k$ contra/1 also1 ) ! ,t>iffville gorge is ! gap by :i* ! ,we/field riv] 9 ,massa*usetts cuts ! trap ridge4 ,?is gap 0 =m]ly broad & op5--! result ( ,t]ti>y erosion--b is n[ fill$ ) drift1 9 :i* ! riv] is at pres5t work+4 ,s9ce ^! two riv]s are ess5tially ! same 9 size1 are n[ at ! same level1 & ! rock is ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! only explanation = ! diff]5ce 9 ! two passages is t !y belong to diff]5t cycles4 ,to recapitulate1 ! results ( ! po/-,cretace\s uplift are se5 9 ! valleys :i* h be5 cut 9 ! p5epla94 ,! n>r[ valleys 9 ! gneisses & s*i/s1 ! upl& valleys 9 ! lime/ones1 ! wide op51 drift encumb]$ gaps 9 ! trap ridge1--,cook's & ! ,we/field riv] gaps1--! broad op5 l[l& on ! s&/ones1 are all ! result ( erosion 9 ?is cycle4 ,! ,qu9nipiac gorge 9 ! s&/one1 & ! ,t>iffville gorge 9 ! trap are j z surely ( a lat] date4 ,!y d n at all accord ) ! "w ( ! e>li] cycle ei!r 9 size1 angle ( slope1 or dep?4 ,?is conclusion is some:at at v>iance ) an op9ion express$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1#dj b x seems ju/ifiable 9 view ( ! successive cycles 9 ! physical developm5t ( ! region4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ?is article ,i %all consid] ^! gaps aga9 9 connection ) _! riv] hi/ories1 & %all give additional reasons :y ,i v5ture to diff] f s em95t an au?ority4 ,l5g? ( ?is cycle4 ,?is cycle ( erosion beg9n+ ) ! po/-,cretace\s uplift 0 n s long z ! prec$+ cycle4 ,9 ! e>li] "o ! :ole /ate 0 r$uc$ to a p5epla92 9 ! lat] cycle only ! s(t ,triassic s&/ones 7 br\ght ne> to baselevel4 ,x probably la/$ ?r\gh ,t]ti>y times1 & 0 br\ght to a close by a slight uplift4 ,! result ( ?is uplift is well %[n 9 ,p5nsylvania#da & ,new ,j]sey4#db ,x is n well %[n 9 ,connecticut1 b !re seem to be "s traces ( x 9 ! tr5*es ! riv]s h cut bel[ ! level ( ! s&/one p5epla94 ,h[ev]1 ^! tr5*es are s mu* obscur$ by drift t a positive /atem5t is n w>rant$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be spok5 ( provisionally z ! po/-,t]ti>y uplift4 ,!re may h be5 lat] oscillations ( small am\nt1 probably 72 "h & !re are %r$s ( evid5ce :i* po9t to su* oscillations1 b only "o movem5t has _h an effect ^u ! topography1 :i* c be recogniz$4 ,! fjord$ condition ( all ! riv]s along ! ,s\nd--! ,norwalk1 ,saugatuck1 ,new ,hav5 bay1 ,niantic & ,?ames are ! be/ examples--%[s t )9 comp>atively rec5t "t !re has be5 a slight subsid5ce ( ! l&4 ,b ?is movem5t is n to be comp>$ 9 am\nt ) ^? ( ! e>li] cycles4 ,! drift4 ,ov] all ! /ate 9 v>y+ ?ickness lies ! glacial drift1 ei!r 9 its typical unmodifi$ developm5t z till1 or 9 its modifi$ =m1 z riv] t]races1 kames1 esk]s & s&-pla9s4 ,x is ( importance 9 ?is connection only z x has affect$ ! topography ( ! c\ntry & s modifi$ ! dra9age4 ,examples ( ^! modifications w be m5tion$ lat]4 ,rsum4 ,!re 0 fir/ a long cycle ( d5udation 9 pre-,triassic times1 dur+ :i* ! contort$ cry/all9es 7 worn d[n to a comp>ative level2 second1 a cycle ( subsid5ce1 deposition & volcanic outbur/1 dur+ :i* ! sea ent]$ ! cry/all9e tr\gh1 & ! ,triassic conglom]ates1 s&/ones & %ales 7 deposit$ ) ! int]calat$ lay]s ( lava2 ?ird1 a long cycle ( elevation1 fold+1 fault+ & erosion1 dur+ :i* ! s$im5t>y b$s 7 elevat$--tilt$ into ! pres5t fault$ monocl9e1 & ?is con/ructional surface worn d[n to a baselevel ( erosion 9 late ,cretace\s times4 ,ea* ( ^! cycles probably repres5ts ! sum total ( sev]al subord9ate cycles4 ,!re 01 f\r?1 a po/-,cretace\s uplift inaugurat+ a p]iod ( erosion la/+ ?r\gh ,t]ti>y times & result+ 9 ! =mation ( valleys 9 ! h>de/ rocks1 & a l[l& approa*+ baselevel on ! ,triassic s&/ones & %ales2 fif?1 a probable late or po/-,t]ti>y uplift1 :5 ! valleys 7 deep5$ & ! l[l&s tr5*$--obscure 9 ,connecticut1 b well %[n f>!r s\?2 six?1 ! l&1 ne> ! coa/ at lea/1 is n[ slightly l[] ?an x has be5 9 ! n remote pa/1 z is %[n by ! fjords4 ,) ! *anges ( ! physical geography cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! riv]s ( ,connecticut may n[ be exam9$ 9 respect to _! conditions ( orig91 ! numb] ( cycles ?r\gh :i* !y h liv$1 & ! approa* !y h made to mature old age4 ,b at ! v outset a s]i\s difficulty is enc\nt]$1 = ! geological /ructure ( ! /ate is n[h]e well describ$1 nor h topographic maps ( all ! di/ricts yet be5 issu$4 ,s9ce ! /ructural details are to "s ext5t unkn[n x is unwise 9 _m cases to attempt m ?an t5tative conclusions4 ,sev]al ( ! problems to be pres5t$ _c be consid]$ z settl$4 ,consid]able progress t[>d a f9al settlem5t w h be5 made1 h[ev]1 if ! conditions ( ! problems are made cle>1 v>i\s hypo!ses sugge/$1 & ! att5tion ( work]s 9 ?is field call$ to ^! que/ions4 ,e>ly dra9age4 ,( ! dra9age ( ,connecticut dur+ ,jurassic & ,cretace\s times v little c be said4 ,x is n ev5 kn[n :e!r x 0 consequ5t ^u ! ,jurassic tilt+ & fault+1 or :e!r ^! de=mations 7 s sl[ 9 _! movem5t t ! riv]s p]si/$ 9 spite ( !m4 ,x may h be5 t ! l>g] riv]s 7 victori\s1 :ile ! small] 7 conqu]$ & compell$ to assume new consequ5t c\rses4 ,:atev] 0 _! orig9 !re mu/ h be5 abundant opportunities dur+ ! long erosion :i* result$ 9 ! ,cretace\s baselevel1 & aga9 9 ! p]iod ( reviv$ & quick5$ degradation succe$+ ! po/-,cretace\s uplift1 = ! /reams to adju/ !mselves 9 a l>ge degree to ! geological /ructure4 ,! contra/ ( h>d & s(t b$s & ! great elevation mu/ h be5 pot5t factors 9 br++ to pass su* a result4 ,we expect to f9d ! /reams s f> re-adju/$ z to r5d] improbable ! discov]y ( _! mann] ( orig94 ,! ,h\satonic1 a re-adju/$ /ream4 ,! be/ example ( re-adju/m5t is f\nd 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate :]e ! ,h\satonic & "s ( its bran*es foll[ well adju/$ c\rses4 ,f its headwat]s1 ne> ,pittsfield1 ,mass41 to ,new ,mil=d1 ,conn41 x has ne>ly all ! way *os5 its c\rse along ! ,cambrian cry/all9e lime/ones 9 pref]5ce to ! h>d] granites & gneisses on ei!r side4 ,! /ratigraphical relation%ips ( ! lime/one are n fully und]/ood1 b !y seem to be deeply erod$ anticl9es & syncl9es1 ^: axes plunge nor? or s\? at v>i\s angles4 ,! c\rse ( ! riv]1 if ! dra9age 0 consequ5t1 0 at fir/ along ! syncl9al valleys1 pass+ f "o to ano!r across ! l[e/ po9ts 9 ! anticl9al ridge betwe5 !m4 ,b by a s]ies ( *anges#dc1 result+ f ! diff]5tial rates ( erosion z h>d or s(t b$s became expos$1 ! riv] previ\sly to ! ,cretace\s baselevel+1 seems to h re-adju/$ its c\rse to ! s(t] lime/ones4 ,h[ev]1 !re are sev]al places :]e ?is con=mity to /ructure does n seem to be ! law2 :]e ! riv] dep>ts f a lime/one valley to fl[ = a "t 9 ! cry/all9es1 only to return to ! lime/one aga94 ,! mo/ m>k$ in/ance ( ?is is 9 ! t[ns ( ,%>on & ,cornwall1 :]e ! riv] leaves ! lime/one valley1 :i* cont9ues to ! s\?we/1 & fl[s = t5 miles 9 a n>r[ gorge 9 ! gneiss1 only to aga9 ent] at its nor!rn end a long n>r[ b$ ( lime/one4 ,! foll[+ seems to be ! probable explanation4 ,:5 ! l& /ood at ! elevation repres5t$ by ! ,cretace\s p5epla91 ^! h>d b$s 7 bel[ or b v slightly above baselevel1 & 7 !re=e undiscov]$ by ! /ream or _h j begun to make !mselves kn[n late 9 ! cycle4 ,_h !y be5 rea*$ e>ly 9 ! cycle1 :5 ! /ream 0 f> above baselevel & presumably be=e _m ( its tribut>ies _h be5 develop$1 & :5 x 0 !re=e a small] riv]1 x is q probable t fur!r re-adju/m5ts w\ld h occurr$1 & ! /ream be5 l$ away f ! h>d rocks onto ! s(t] b$s to ! we/2 b :5 !y 7 rea*$ ! /ream _h cut s deeply & s ne>ly to baselevel t x 0 safe f capture4 ,aft] ! elevation ( ! p5epla9 ! /ream 0 reviv$ & disclos$ m & m ( ^! h>d b$s1 b 0 !n1 ow+ to ! developm5t & head-wat] gr[? ( its tribut>ies1 too important a riv] to be div]t$ by any rival4 ,a riv] ( ?is k9d may be said to be 8con=mably sup]impos$0 9 di/9ction to "o :i* is sup]impos$ f an uncon=mable cov]4 ,reviv$ /reams4 ,x is important to recognize ! effect ( ! po/-,cretace\s uplift ^u ! riv]s at t "t e/abli%$4 ,z ! l& 0 baselevel$ & ! velocity ( ! /reams decreas$1 !y lo/ 9 l>ge degree _! cutt+ p[] & sluggi%ly me&]$ m or less 9 broad flood-pla9s4 ,dur+ & = a p]iod aft] ! uplift1 _! cutt+ p[] 0 re/or$ to !m by virtue ( _! increas$ velocity & !y excavat$ ! deep n>r[ valleys :i* we f9d 9 ! cry/all9e highl&s4 ,! upp] c\rse ( ! ,h\satonic is a good example ( a riv] re-adju/$ to ! /ructure dur+ "o cycle1 reviv$ by uplift to a second cycle ( erosion1 & 9 places 8con=mably sup]impos$0 ^u /ructures f :i* x w\ld h be5 l$ away 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( re-adju/m5t4 ,its tribut>ies1 ! ,ea/ ,aspetuck1 ,/ill1 ,%epaug1 & ,pom]aug foll[ c\rses re-adju/$ 9 "o cycle & reviv$ 9 a lat] uplift4 ,we c ass]t ) ! m confid5ce t su* 0 ! hi/ory ( ! upp] ,h\satonic1 because we f9d 9 o!r /ates1 9 regions ^: hi/ory has be5 ! same1 simil> examples ( 8con=mably sup]impos$0 & 8reviv$0 /reams4 ,! ,musconetcong & ,peque/1 highl& riv]s ( ,new ,j]sey1 are /reams 8reviv$0 f mature old age to vigor\s y\? & 8con=mably sup]impos$0 ^u saddles ( gneiss betwe5 two lime/one valleys4#dd ,uncon=mable riv]s4 ,9 consid]+ ! c\rse ( ! l[] ,h\satonic we meet ) "s difficulty at ! outset4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! t[n ( ,new ,mil=d ! riv] leaves ! lime/one belt :i* cont9ues ) "s slight int]ruptions to ! ,hudson1 & sw+s %>ply into ! cry/all9e plateau 9 a s\!a/]ly c\rse until x is jo9$ by ! ,naugatuck1 :5 _! unit$ wat]s fl[ s\? = a few miles to ! s\nd4 ,! c\rse ( ! l[] ,connecticut is ev5 m surpris+4 ,at ,middlet[n x leaves ! broad op5 ,triassic s&/one l[l&1 & ?r\gh a gorge ent]s ! plateau1 :i* has an av]age elevation ( #fjj to #gjj feet4 ,9 ?is plateau ( cry/all9es ! riv] has sunk its valley ne>ly to sea-level4 ,! slopes are /eep comp>$ to ! l9es 9 ! s&/one l[l&1 & ! contra/ betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! riv] is "o ( ! /rik+ features ( ,connecticut sc5]y4 ,sev]al !ories may be fram$ to acc\nt = ! curi\s behavior ( ^! two riv]s1 b none ( !m are free f all difficulty4 ,z a consequ5t riv]4 ,! l[] ,connecticut has be5 ?\ght#de to be a reviv$ riv]1 ^: c\rse 0 consequ5t ^u ! po/-,triassic tilt+ & fault+4 ,! fault$ monocl9e seems to h _h ! %ape ( a half-boat1 ends to ! nor? & s\?1 & "o gunwale ris+ t[>d ! we/1 ! comb9$ effect ( ! tilt+ & fault+ be+ to sw+ ! riv] to ! s\!a/1 :]e ! keel ( ! boat 0 l[e/4 ,! probable exi/5ce ( faults1 ) up?r[ on ! ea/1 along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! ,triassic rocks1 is a difficulty 9 ! way ( ! complete acceptance ( ?is !ory4 ,un=tunately too little is kn[n ab\t ! /ructure ( ! we/]n plateau to say :e!r ! c\rse ( ! l[] ,h\satonic c\ld be acc\nt$ = on su* an hypo!sis4 ,on ?is !ory ! ,connecticut w\ld be consequ5t ^u ! ,jurassic de=mation1 & reviv$ by ! po/-,cretace\s uplift4 ,x may be sugge/$ t ! s\!a/ c\rses are due to ! tilt+ ( ! p5epla9 at ! "t ( elevation1 ! plateau n[ be+1 z we h se51 mu* high] 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate ?an else:]e4 ,b ! acceptance ( ?is !ory necessitates a degree ( smoo?ness & abs5ce ( ev5 mild relief 9 ! p5epla91 :i* is h>dly possible4 ,! pres5t av]age slope ( ! plateau is b a few feet p] mile1 & x seems incr$ible t s g5tle a tilt+ c\ld =ce riv]s z l>ge z ^! to take new c\rses4 ,besides1 if ! ,h\satonic & ,connecticut 7 deflect$1 :y 7 n ! small] /reams--! ,naugatuck & ,qu9nebaug--also giv5 s\!a/]n deflections8 ,cle>ly1 ?is explanation is n ! correct "o4 ,sup]imposition4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ^! c\rses may be inh]it$ f a ,cretace\s cov]1 :i* =m]ly /ret*$ ov] ,connecticut = a consid]able di/ance1 b ( :i* no traces n[ rema9 9 ! /ate4 ,on p>ts ( ,long ,isl& ! ,cretace\s deposits are f\nd1 & x is n inh]5tly impossible nor improbable t !y once /ret*$ f> ov] ! ma9 l&4 ,9 ,new ,j]sey#df sev]al l9es ( evid5ce seem to %[ t ! ,cretace\s b$s =m]ly ext5d$ across ! ,triassic1 probably to ! m>g9 ( ! highl& plateau4 ,! curi\s dra9age ( ! ,wat*ung ,cresc5t is "o evid5ce ( ?is1 b ! o!r pro(s are along entirely diff]5t l9es1 s t !re is app>5tly good evid5ce t ! ,cretace\s b$s ext5d$ tw5ty-five miles or m f>!r inl&4 ,if1 9 ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! deposition ( ^! b$s1 !re has be5 erosion suffici5t to /rip !m (f f su* a broad area 9 ,new ,j]sey1 may !y n1 9 ,connecticut1 "u presumably simil> conditions1 h be5 equally erod$8 ,!re is mu* :i* makes ?is hypo!sis attractive1 &1 z ! facts 7 fir/ /udi$1 x seem$ ! mo/ likely "o4 ,x af=ds a good explanation1 n only = ! c\rses ( ! ,h\satonic & ,connecticut1 b also = o!r riv]s along ! s\nd4 ,x seems1 also1 at fir/ ?\ght1 to be well support$ by analogy f ,new ,j]sey4 ,b a clos] /udy ( ! situation 9 t /ate reveals m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,!re ! s(t ,triassic s&/one mu/ h be5 worn d[n to a l[l& e>ly 9 ! ,cretace\s cycle1 p]haps by ! close ( ,jurassic "t or !reab\ts1 :ile ! h>d] cry/all9es reta9$ a /rong relief4 ,! slight subsid5ce1 :i* m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( m>9e ,cretace\s 9 ,new ,j]sey1 all[$ ! ,cretace\s sea to transgress rapidly ! baselevel$ s&/ones to ! foot ( ! cry/all9e hills1 b n to cov] !m to any ext5t4 ,x is n probable t ! cry/all9es 9 ,connecticut _h be5 br\ght ne>] to baselevel ?an ^? 9 ,new ,j]sey at ! "t ( ! ,cretace\s deposits4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! subsid5ce 0 great] 9 ,connecticut ?an 9 ,new ,j]sey1 &1 !re=e1 f a priori consid]ations1 ! conclusion w\ld seem to foll[ t ! subsid5ce1 :i* p]mitt$ ! ,cretace\s sea to cov] ! ,triassic s&/one area ( ,new ,j]sey1 0 n suffici5t to p]mit ! sea to cov] ! !n unsubdu$ cry/all9e hills ( ,connecticut4 ,al?\gh ?is hypo!sis is n to be ha/ily ?r[n aside1 = !oretical reasons1 yet x w\ld seem necess>y to hold x v lightly1 at lea/ until "s positive pro( is f\nd ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! ,cretace\s or "s lat] =mation 9 t region4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion1 t ! l[] ,connecticut 0 a consequ5t riv] 9 ! ,cretace\s cycle & 0 reviv$ by ! po/-,cretace\s uplift1 is1 at ! pres5t /ate ( k1 ! mo/ probable4 ,! ,f>m+ton4 ,! r\ndab\t c\rse ( ?is riv] pres5ts ano!r int]e/+ problem1 :i* is n free f difficulties4 ,f its s\rce 9 ,massa*usetts x fl[s s\!a/ across ! cry/all9es to ! village f :i* x takes its "n1 :]e x turns abruptly nor? along ! ,triassic s&/ones = t5 or twelve miles1 :5 ) ano!r wide sweep x crosses ! trap ridges at ,t>iffville by a deep gorge1 & resumes its s\!a/]ly c\rse to ! ,connecticut4 ,( ?is latt] "p ,i w speak lat]1 b n[ arise ! que/ions1 8:at has be5 ! hi/ory ( ?is riv]10 & 8:y does x turn nor? at ,f>m+ton80 ,! ,f>m+ton 9 ! ,t]ti>y cycle4 ,a c\rse m accordant ) ! /ructure w\ld seem to be s\? along ! ,qu9nipiac & ,mill riv] valleys to ! s\nd at ,new ,hav54 ,z has be5 said be=e 7page #cgf71 ,pr(4 ,dana has express$ ! op9ion t ! gorge at ,t>iffville 0 occupi$ by ! ,f>m+ton 9 ,t]ti>y times1 & t ! ,we/field riv] gap fur!r nor? & ! gorge ( ! ,qu9nipiac s\?we/ ( ,m]id5 are also ( e>li] date ?an ! glacial epo*4 ,"o reason has also be5 giv5 :y ,i diff] f him 9 reg>d to ! ,qu9nipiac & ,t>iffville gorges--!y are n>r[] & /eep] ?an ^? made 9 simil> rocks dur+ ! ,t]ti>y cycle4 ,b m ?an ?is1 ! con/ructional topography1 result+ f ! tilt+ & fault+ ( ! region1 c\ld n1 x w\ld seem1 h caus$ ! ,f>m+ton to take its pres5t c\rse4 ,ev5 if x _h tak5 ?is r\ndab\t c\rse dur+ ! baselevel+ ( ! c\ntry1 x mu/1 s9ce x w\ld h _h to cross ?ree trap %eets1 h be5 captur$ & l$ to ! sea by ! %ort] & easi] way along ! s&/one area4 ,! fact t ! ,connecticut probably p]si/$ 9 its consequ5t c\rse is no argum5t = simil> conditions = ! ,f>m+ton1 because ! latt] is mu* ! small] /ream1 & s m easily captur$4 ,nor c\ld ! riv] h be5 =c$ into ?is c\rse dur+ or aft] ! po/-,cretace\s uplift1 = ! l& 0 !n rais$ m at ! nor? ?an at ! s\?1 & any *anges f ?is cause w\ld h be5 to confirm ! riv] 9 its s\?w>d c\rse4 ,x is v probable1 !re=e1 t 9 at lea/ ! latt] "p ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle1 ! ,f>m+ton did n h its pres5t c\rse1 b foll[$ ! op5 s&/one valley1 along ! c\rse ( ! ,qu9nipiac & ,mill riv]s ( to-day4 ,! e>li] hi/ory ( ?is riv] is purely conjectural2 "o fact may %$ a little light ^u x1 a fact :i* may indicate t ?is c\rse 0 an adju/$ "o tak5 dur+ ,t]ti>y times4 ,9 pre-,t]ti>y times4 ,orig9 ( ,cook's ,gap4 ,a few miles s\!a/ ( :]e ! riv] em]ges f ! cry/all9es1 ! trap ridge is cut by a deep w9d not*--,cook's ,gap--?r\gh :i* ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& ,railroad passes we/ f ,new ,brita94 ,z 0 po9t$ out "s "t ago by ,pr(4 ,davis1#dg ?is is n a fault gap1 because ! alignm5t ( ! ridge is n brok51 b x is probably an ab&on$ wat] gap1 ! head-wat]s ( ! /ream :i* =m]ly occupi$ x hav+ be5 ab/ract$ by a rival1 :i* did n h to cross a h>d trap ridge4 ,p]haps ?is riv] 0 ! ance/or ( ! pres5t ,f>m+ton1 & 9 t case its hi/ory w\ld seem to h be5 z foll[s4 ,a /ream consequ5t ^u ! con/ructional topography aft] ! fault+ & tilt+ at ! close ( ! ,triassic1 x _h its upp] c\rse on ! cry/all9es1 its l[] on ! s&/ones & buri$ trap %eets4 ,9 its old age x cross$ by a %all[ gap ! trap %eet1 :i* _h be5 uncov]$ by erosion4 ,9 ! second or ,t]ti>y cycle x 0 simply a reviv$ /ream quick5$ to a new life by ! po/-,cretace\s uplift ( ! p5epla94 ,?is uplift gave opportunity to a rival /ream1 :i* did n h to cross ! h>d trap b$s to int]cept ! wat]s ( ! old ,f>m+ton1 & lead !m out by a %ort]1 easi] pa?1 probably d[n ! s&/one valley we/ ( ! trap ridge4 ,! pa? across ! trap 0 ab&on$1 & ! not* became a w9d gap2 ! riv] foll[+ its new c\rse1 until ! incursion ( ! ice-%eet int]rupt$ its normal developm5t4 ,?is is ( c\rse almo/ entirely speculative4 ,cook's ,gap is be/ expla9$ z an ab&on$ riv] gap2 ! ,f>m+ton is ! ne>e/ riv] ( a size proportional to ! size ( ! gap1 & ! hypo!sis is a rational "o4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no direct evid5ce t ! ,f>m+ton once occupi$ ,cook's ,gap4 ,! ,t>iffville cut4 ,be=e attempt+ to answ] ! second "q1 8:y ! riv] fl[s nor? at ,f>m+ton80 let u consid] = a mom5t ! hi/ory ( ! ,t>iffville cut4 ,! riv] occupies a gorge ^: sides are /eep & talus cov]$1 b :i* is n at all clogg$ ) drift4 ,!re is naturally no room at or ne> ! wat] level1 ev5 = ! wagon road1 place = :i* has be5 bla/$ ne> ! top ( ! gorge4 ,! pr(ile ( ! gap %[s a g5tle asc5t f ! top ( ! gorge1 up to ! ne>ly level cre/ l9e ( ! ridge4 ,t is to say1 ! rec5t gorge has be5 cut 9 ! bottom ( a sag 9 ! ridge4 ,we h already giv5 our reasons = believ+ t ! gorge "h is mu* y\ng] ?an ! ,we/field riv] gap2 t x is a "p ( ! "w ( ! next cycle2 t x is po/-,t]ti>y4 ,! sag1 h[ev]1 9 ! bottom ( :i* ! gorge is cut1 is cle>ly ( ! e>li] cycle4 ,! bottom ( ! sag is mu* above ! level to :i* ! riv]s _h cut _! valleys 9 ! late ,t]ti>y1 &1 !re=e1 x is c]ta9 t a riv] c\ld n h occupi$ x at ! close ( t cycle4 ,x 0 probably an ab&on$ wat]-gap ^: /ream _h be5 captur$ 9 ! same way & 9 ! same cycle z ! riv]1 :i* =m]ly occupi$ ,cook's ,gap4 ,! fact t ! sag & gorge1 al?\gh locat$ v ne> a fault l9e1 d n correspond to x1 b are transv]se & indep5d5t ( x1 is in/ructive & ne$s a mom5t's att5tion4 ,x seems probable t ! /ream consequ5t ^u ! fault$ blocks w\ld h fl[$ d[n ! slope ( ! tilt$ block & !n along ! fault l9e at ! foot ( ! fault cliff & w\ld h held ?is c\rse dur+ ! baselevel+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ! area 0 baselevel$ ! /ream mu/ h swung f side to side 9 its broad flood pla91 & ?us dep>t$ f ! fault l9e4 ,:5 x 0 reviv$ by ! po/-,cretace\s uplift1 x 0 conf9$ to ! c\rse x _h unwitt+ly tak5 on ! s&/ones j above ! h>d ridge1 & x 0 =c$ to cut d[n ?r\gh ! trap4 ,subsequ5tly a rival1 :i* did n h to "w aga9/ ?is ob/acle1 ab/ract$ its head wat]s & ! gap 0 ab&on$4 ,! accompany+ diagrams may make ?is easi] to und]/&4 ,figure #c is a cross-section ( ! fault$ monocl9e1 ,r %[+ ! position ( ! riv] along ! foot ( ! fault cliff4 ,! l9e ,b ,l repres5ts ! surface ( ! c\ntry aft] baselevel+1 ! trap outcrops =m+ l[ hills 7mu* exagg]at$ 9 ! diagram74 ,figure #d %[s ! dislocat$ trap %eets1 ! fault l9e & ! w9d+ c\rse ( ! riv]1 :i* has ab&on$ ! fault l9e except :]e x passes betwe5 ! l[ trap hills4 ,"h ! c\ntry is at baselevel4 ,figure #e repres5ts ! region aft] ! elevation & result+ erosion4 ,! trap ridges h become m pron\nc$1 & h migrat$ ea/w>d 9 ! direction ( ! dip4 ,! riv] has be5 sl[ly let d[n ^u ! nor!rn "o f ! s&/one at po9t ,g & has !re cut into ! solid trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figures #c-e4 ,! transv]se not* ( ,cook's ,gap1 already describ$1 0 probably locat$ 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 b ! case is n s cle> z at ,t>iffville4 ,gravel t]races ( ! ,f>m+ton4 ,a consid]ation ( "s facts conc]n+ ! height & slope ( ! t]races along ?is "p ( ! riv] may give a clue to ! answ] to our "q4 ,"o-half a mile ea/ ( ,t>iffville & ea/ ( ! trap ridge1 ! highe/ t]race is #baj to #bae feet4 ,half a mile s\? ( ! same place b we/ ( ! ridge ! height is #bge feet4#dh ,! top ( ! gorge at ,t>iffville is ab\t #aij feet above ! sea-level4 ,x does n seem probable t ^! highe/ t]races 7 ev] cont9u\s ov] all ! ,f>m+ton valley4 ,b if !y repres5t ! level rea*$ by ! maximum flood accompany+ ! melt+ ( ! glaci]1 ! great diff]5ce 9 _! height on ! two sides ( ! trap ridge1 9 connection ) ! o!r evid5ce already not$1 gives /rong reason = believ+ t ! gorge z x exi/s to-day _h n !n be5 cut4 ,a mile & a half ea/ ( ,t>iffville !re is a l[] t]race :i* is wide-spread4 ,its g5]al height is ab\t #aij feet1 9 places a little m4 ,9 ?is t]race ! l[] "p ( ! ,f>m+ton has cut a tr5* #ij to #ajj feet deep4 ,! %ape ( ! valley makes cle> ! fact t be=e ?is tr5* 0 cut ! riv] fl[$ at ab\t ! #aij foot level1 :i* is ! height ( ! bottom ( ! sag at ,t>iffville4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! trap ridge !re is also a m or less wide-spread t]race at ab\t ! same height4 ,x seems v probable !re=e t ! riv] 0 rais$ to ! level ( ! old sag 9 ! trap ridge by ! build+ ( ^! t]races4 ,! pres5t av]age s\?w>d slope ( ! highe/ t]races we/ ( ! trap ridge f ,nor?ampton1 ,mass41 to ,f>m+ton1 ,conn41 =ty-f\r miles1 is sev5 in*es p] mile1#di & ,pr(essor ,dana is incl9$ to believe t ?is is approximately ! slope at ! "t ! t]races 7 built4 ,! "* ( ! deposits %[s t ! curr5t :i* =m$ ^! deposits fl[$ s\?4 ,! pres5t riv]1 fl[+ nor?1 falls tw5ty feet betwe5 ,f>m+ton & ,t>iffville1 or #a feet p] mile4 ,! rev]sal ( ! riv] 0 probably det]m9$ by two factors4 ,ne> ! village ( ,f>m+ton1 ! wat]s ( #bjj squ>e miles ( t]ritory are p\r$ into ! valley by ! upp] ,f>m+ton & its tribut>y1 ! ,pequabuck4 ,dur+ ! t]race build+ /age ! great mass ( dbris contribut$ by ^! /reams 0 deposit$ :]e ! /eep gradi5t ( ! highl&s 0 ex*ang$ = ! g5tle slope ( ! l[l&4 ,! ma9 nor? & s\? valley 0 ?us *ok$ by ! dbris ( its tribut>ies & a long /ret* ( comp>atively /ill wat] ext5d$ nor? f ,f>m+ton1 9 :i* ne>ly horizontal deposits 7 made4 ,s\? ( ,f>m+ton ! t]race deposits are mu* co>s] ?an to ! nor?1 & ! face ( ! t]races is mu* great]4 ,x is n impossible t1 z ! deposits betwe5 ,f>m+ton & ! ,massa*usetts /ate l9e approa*$ ne>] & ne>] to horizontality1 ! wat]s ( ! upp] ,f>m+ton began to divide1 "p fl[+ nor? & "p s\?1 ! nor?w>d fl[+ portion f9d+ an outlet at ! sag at ,t>iffville4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 ! t]races betwe5 ,f>m+ton & ,t>iffville mu/ h _h a slight slope to ! nor?4 ,_! pres5t s\?w>d slope c\ld readily be acc\nt$ = by ! re-elevation ( ! l& aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! ice4 ,?is explanation re/s ^u ! ability ( ! upp] ,f>m+ton & ! ,pequabuck to h completely damm$ ! s\?w>d fl[+ curr5t & turn$ x nor?w>d by ! great mass ( _! deposits4 ,if ?is 0 n ! case1 & !re may be "s d\bt on ! matt]1 ! subsid5ce :i* accompani$ ! lat] /ages ( ! ice-retreat is ! o!r factor 9 ! problem4 ,x is e/imat$ t an av]age depression ( #a4be feet#ej ?r\gh ! ,connecticut valley w\ld re/ore x to an altitude approximat+ t at ! close ( glaciation4 ,x seems highly probable t ^! t]race-deposits 7 built be=e ! maximum depression 0 rea*$4 ,if ?is 0 ! case1 ! depression w\ld be effici5t 9 rev]s+ ! ,f>m+ton1 & ?is factor w\ld supplem5t ! fir/4 ,x is impossible at pres5t to say to :at ext5t ^! two factors ent] into ! problem4 ,t !y are n mutually exclusive is evid5t1 & t !y are toge!r quantitatively compet5t seems c]ta94 ,among ! sev]al hypo!ses :i* h be5 consid]$1 ?is seems ! mo/ probable1 & 9 ! light ( ! pres5t evid5ce ! mo/ rational4 ,at fir/ ?\ght x might seem t if ! ,f>m+ton 0 rev]s$ by ! diff]5tial subsid5ce ( ! l&1 ! ,connecticut ought to h suff]$ a simil> fate1 & s9ce x did n1 ! explanation _c apply to ! ,f>m+ton4 ,b ! t]races ( ! ,connecticut h a mu* great] s\?w>d slope ?an ^? on ! small] riv]1 & ! depression 0 n suffici5t to rev]se ! /ream4 ,! conditions on ! two sides ( ! trap ridge 7 n ! same4 ,to sum up1 !n1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,f>m+ton seems to h be5 z foll[s3 ,its orig9al consequ5t c\rse 0 s\!a/ on ! cry/all9es & p]haps across ! trap ridge at ,cook's ,gap1 f :i* c\rse x 0 turn$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y cycle by a /ream ^: c\rse 0 approximately t ( ! ,mill riv] ( to-day4 ,! damm+ ( ! valley by ! deposits ( ! ,upp] ,f>m+ton1 & ! depression 9 ! nor? accompany+ ! ice retreat1 rev]s$ ! riv] at ,f>m+ton1 & x took a new c\rse on ! t]race deposits1 escap+ by ! sag 9 ! trap at ,t>iffville into ! ,connecticut valley4 ,! ,qu9nipiac4 ,! gorge ( ! ,qu9nipiac1 already m5tion$ sev]al times1 seems closely comp>able to ! gorge ( ! ,f>m+ton4 ,x is n ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle1 & is be/ ref]r$ to ! int]-glacial or po/-glacial epo*s4 ,we %\ld expect ! ,qu9nipiac1 in/ead ( turn+ ea/w>d1 to cut ?r\gh ?is s&/one ridge1 to cont9ue s\?w>d along ! ,mill riv] valley4 ,dana#ea f9ds f ! heights ( ! t]races t ! dra9age ( ! t]race-build+ p]iod 0 n along ! ,qu9nipiac1 b along ! ,mill riv]1 & concludes t ! ,qu9nipiac gorge 0 ob/ruct$ by an ice-dam4 ,i h n z yet /udi$ x en\gh 9 detail to d m ?an express ! op9ion "h reit]at$1 t ?is gorge is lat] ?an ! cycle 9 :i* ! op5 s&/one l[l& on ei!r side ( x 0 excavat$4 ,its topographic =m w\ld put x 9 ! cycle :i* has be5 call$ po/-,t]ti>y4 ,! ,scantic4 ,9 ! ,scantic we h a typical example ( a riv] ^: l[] c\rse is manife/ly ( a lat] date ?an ! upp]4 ,9 ?is x is simil> to sev]al ( our ,atlantic riv]s1 notably ^? ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ^: upp] c\rses are on ! ,pi$mont cry/all9es1 be+ probably e/abli%$ previ\s to ! ,cretace\s baselevel+1 & ^: l[] c\rses /ret* seaw>d ov] ! unconsolidat$ ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! coa/al pla94 ,z ! pla9 ( ^! rec5t deposits em]g$ f ! sea1 ! riv]s 7 =c$ to ext5d _! c\rses ea/w>d ov] ! fre%ly rais$ surface to ! retreat+ %ore l9e4 ,! ,scantic riv] has a simil> hi/ory4 ,its upp] c\rse 9 s\!rn ,massa*usetts on ! cry/all9e plateau is a remnant ( ! dra9age e/abli%$ be=e ,cretace\s baselevel+ & reviv$ by ! subsequ5t uplift4 ,h[ mu* t reviv$ dra9age has be5 modifi$ by drift c only be det]m9$ by long field /udy1 b ! topography1 z read f ! topographical atlas w\ld seem to indicate1 t x has n be5 mu*4 ,! valleys 7 und\bt$ly clogg$ ) drift1 & ! dra9age area may be some:at modifi$1 b ! dra9age seems to be sub/antially along ! same l9es4 ,j bel[ ! village ( ,hampd51 ! ,scantic leaves ! plateau & ent]s ! ,triassic l[l&4 ,f ?is po9t to its m\? at ! ,connecticut1 opposite ,w9dsor1 a di/ance ( tw5ty miles1 x fl[s ne>ly all ! way ?r\gh ! gravel1 s& & clay deposits ( ! p]iod ( ice-retreat4 ,! topography ( ! l[] c\rse ( ! riv] is entirely *>act]i/ic ( a /ream :i* has rec5tly attack$ a level1 easily erod$ di/rict4 ,! int]-/ream surfaces are broad & flat2 ! desc5t to ! /ream b$ :i* is sunk sev5ty or eighty feet bel[ ! g5]al surface is exce$+ly /eep4 ,^! two l9es1 t ( ! int]-/ream surface & t ( ! valley side1 meet at a %>p angle4 ,! side /reams are z yet v %ort1 & h cut n>r[ gorges d[n to ! ma9 riv]4 ,tribut>y to !m are deep side rav9es1 ^: bottoms asc5d rapidly to ! int]-/ream surface1 ! :ole mak+ a d5dritic sy/em ( dra9age 9 its e>li] /ages4 ,! ,scantic1 hav+ rea*$ base level 9 its l[] c\rse1 has develop$ a n>r[ flood-pla94 ,manife/ly ?is "p ( ! riv] valley is ( mu* lat] date ?an ! upp] "p4 ,if1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ice-retreat1 ! l[] ,connecticut valley 0 an e/u>y1 ! ,scantic 0 a mu* %ort] riv] ?an at pres5t4 ,its m\? c\ld n h be5 f> f ! po9t :]e n[ x leave ! cry/all9es1 b z ! l& 0 elevat$ & e/u>9e conditions gave place to fluviatile1 ! ,scantic l5g!n$ 8m\?w>d10 consequ5t ^u ! m9or inequalities ( ! newly made b$s4 ,! effect w\ld be sub/antially ! same if ! t]races 7 built by great valley floods1 z ,dana supposes4 ,9 pre-glacial times ?is riv]1 9 common ) sev]al o!r riv]s ris+ on ! cry/all9es & fl[+ into ! ,connecticut1 _h c\rses ( v>i\s l5g?s ov] ! ,triassic s&/ones1 b ^! old valleys are lo/ entirely1 ! lat] tr5*es 9 ! t]race deposits be+ altoge!r indep5d5t ( !m4 ,o!r examples4 ,! l[] ,hockanum1 ,f>m+ton1 ,p>k1 & ! entire l5g? ( _m %ort /reams are simil> to ! l[] ,scantic1 & orig9at$ "u simil> conditions4 ,/ony ,brook1 a little /ream nor? ( ,w9dsor ,locks1 pres5ts ! same features1 b ) ?is v>iation3 ,x is sup]impos$ ?r\gh a ?9 lay] ( drift ^u ! s&/one1 into :i* x has cut a deep1 picturesque gorge4 ,! ,hockanum & ,f>m+ton are also 8locally sup]impos$0 9 a few places4 ,! ,connecticut1 also1 nor? ( ,middlet[n1 al?\gh foll[+ its pre-glacial valley1 has dep>t$ 9 num]\s places f its =m] b$1 & has cut d[n ?r\gh ! valley-fill+ onto l$ges ( rock b5ea?4 ,! wat]-p[] at ,enfield1 ,conn41 & at ,turn]'s ,falls & ,bell[s ,falls1 ,mass41 is ! result ( ?is sup]impos$ position4 ,ab&on$ gaps4 ,_m ab&on$ wat]-gaps mu/ exi/ among ! hills ( ! /ate4 ,cook's ,gap1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& ,railroad crosses ! trap ridge1 ?ree miles we/ ( ,new ,brita91 has already be5 discuss$4 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! majority ( ! o!r gaps 9 ! trap ridge1 :i* are oblique1 break ! alignm5t ( ! ridge1 & are due to faults4 ,! ,new ,york & ,new ,engl& ,railroad 9 asc5d+ to ! ea/]n plateau passes ?r\gh ,bolton ,not*1 a few miles ea/ ( ,man*e/]4 ,?is not*1 also1 is an ab&on$ riv] b$ b1 z x seems1 ab&on$ at a lat] date & = ano!r reason ?an t assign$ = ,cook's ,gap4 ,! drift is v heavy 9 ?is region1 & ! mo/ probable explanation is t ! po/-glacial /reams d n altoge!r foll[ pre-glacial valleys4 ,?is gap1 us$ by turnpike & railroad1 te/ifies ( ano!r & old] dra9age sy/em4 ,t 9 ?is brief article all ! problems connect$ ) ! ,connecticut riv]s h be5 solv$1 or ev5 not$1 is n to be expect$4 ,x is hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! "w done may prove a help to fur!r /udy ( ! same regions1 & t ! t5tative conclusions advanc$ may be sub/antiat$ by fur!r inve/igation4 ,,h5ry ,b4 ,,kummel4 ,,footnotes #cc ,! au?or desires to express 8 obligation to ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,davis = aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is article4 ,x 0 fir/ writt5 "u 8 direction & ) ! help ( 8 sugge/ions :5 ! au?or 0 9 ! graduate s*ool ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,pr(4 ,davis is n responsible1 h[ev]1 = ! /atem5t ( ! views h]e9 advanc$1 al?\gh 9 g5]al x is believ$ t he is 9 accord ) !m4 #cd ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 #c;d s]41 vol4 xxxvii1 #ahhi1 p4 #dbc4 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ii1 p4 #ede4 #ce ,! r\gh diagrams accompany+ ?is pap] may aid ! read] :o is unacqua9t$ ) ! details ( ! region "u discussion4 ,! abbreviations on ! above figure are z foll[s3 ,c4 ,! ,connecticut4 ,cr4 ,pl4 ,cry/all9e plateau 7! %ad$ area74 ,f4 ,! ,f>m+ton4 ,h4 ,h>t=d4 ,ho4 ,! ,h\satonic4 ,lm4 ,lime/one area4 ,m4 ,m]id54 ,mi4 ,mill ,riv]4 ,mt4 ,middlet[n4 ,n4 ,! ,naugatuck4 ,n4 ,h4 ,new ,hav54 ,no4 ,! ,norwalk4 ,q4 ,! ,qu9nipiac4 ,qg4 ,! ,qu9nebaug4 ,s4 ,! ,scantic4 ,sa4 ,! ,saugatuck4 ,t4 ,t>iffville4 ,?4 ,! ,?ames4 ,! un%ad$ area is ! ,triassic s&/one l[l&1 & ! black5$ areas repres5t ! ridges ( ! fault$ trap %eets4 #cf ,am4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci41 #c;d s]41 vol4 xxxvii1 p4 #dcj4 #cg ,bullet9 ( ,geol4 ,soc4 ( ,am]41 vol4 ii1 p4 #eed4 #ch ,x is n desir$ to affirm t ^! p]iods ( erosion & elevation began & end$ promptly ) ! beg9n+ or end ( a p]iod4 ,! "t /atem5ts mu/ be consid]$ z only approximate4 #ci ,an exagg]at$ idea mu/ n be _h ( ! /eepness & n>r[ness ( ^! cry/all9e valleys4 ,! valley ( ! ,f>m+ton1 five miles up f :]e x op5s into ! ,triassic s&/one1 is #djj to #ejj feet deep1 & a mile & a half wide at ! top4 ,! ,connecticut valley1 j bel[ ,middlet[n1 is ab\t #djj feet deep & two miles wide at ! top4 ,^! are fair repres5tatives ( ! valleys 9 ! cry/all9e rocks 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! /ate4 #dj ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci41 vol4 x1 #c;d s]41 #ahge1 p4 #ejf4 #da ,mc,gee4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #c;d s]41 vol4 xxxv1 p4 #cgf4 #db ,davis & ,wood1 ,geographic ,developm5t ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 pp4 #dac1 #dad4 #dc 8,riv]s & ,valleys ( ,p5nsylvania10 ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 publi%$ 9 ,! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 9 #ahhi4 #dd ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 8,geographic ,developm5t ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey10 p4 #cig-h4 #de ,davis1 ,w4 ,m41 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci41 #c;d s]4 vol4 xxxvii41 #ahhi1 p4 #dcb4 #df ,geog4 ,devel4 ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 p4 #djd et seq4 ,proc4 ,bos4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,also ,riv]s ( ,nor!rn ,new ,j]sey1 p4 #aa et seq4 ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e1 vol4 ii1 p4 #ic4 #dg ,faults 9 ! ,triassic ,=mation ne> ,m]id51 ,conn4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zol4 ,h>v>d ,univ4 vol4 xvi4 ,no4 #d1 p4 #hb4 #dh ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 #c;d4 s]41 vol4 xv1 p4 #ejf4 #di ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci4 #c;d s]4 vol4 xxv1 p #ddf4 #ej ,j4 ,d4 ,dana1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci41 #c;d s]41 vol4 xxiii1 p4 #aih4 #ea ,j4 ,d4 ,dana4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 #c;d s]41 vol4 xxv1 p4 #dda4 ,,/udies ,,= ,,/ud5ts4 ,,geological ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,laur5tian ,,bas94 ,! /udy ( ! ,plei/oc5e hi/ory ( ! bas9 dra9$ by ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce has be5 fragm5t>y & is /ill f> f be+ complete4 ,!re is a lack ( agreem5t 9 ! int]pretation ( obs]vations already made1 due 9 "p to ! comp>atively limit$ portion ( ! field exam9$ ev5 by ^? :o h giv5 ! subject mo/ att5tion1 & 9 "p to lack ( uni=mity 9 ! /&>ds ( comp>ison us$4 ,x is ) ! hope ( assi/+ 9 rea*+ m h>moni\s results t att5tion is "h invit$ to me?ods ( /udy4 ,9 ! pres5t treatm5t ( ! subject x may be advantage\sly subdivid$1 & ! facts & hypo!ses relat+ to ea* division sep>ately consid]$4 ,( ! divisions t may be sugge/$ ! foll[+ seem ! mo/ important3 #a4 ,"* ( ! sub-mora9al or h>d-rock topography 9 ! ,laur5tian bas94 #b4 ,orig9 ( ! bas94 #c4 ,s$im5t>y deposits4 #d4 ,%ore m>k+s left by =m] wat]-bodies4 #e4 ,fossils 9 anci5t s$im5ts1 %ore ridges1 t]races1 etc4 #f4 ,fauna ( ! pres5t lakes4 #g4 ,*anges 9 elevations ( ! l&4 #h4 ,=m] outlets4 #i4 ,probable effects ( an ice %eet on dra9age4 #aj4 ,probable effects ( a subsid5ce :i* w\ld make ! bas9 an arm ( ! sea4 #a4 ,"* ( ! h>d-rock topography4 ,9 ord] to le>n ! "* ( ! ,laur5tian bas9 x is necess>y to exam9e ! rock surface b5ea? ! g5]al cov]+ ( glacial dbris & /ratifi$ s$im5ts :i* p>tially fill x4 ,to d ?is1 ^? areas 9 :i* rock 9 place =ms ! surface require to be mapp$ & _! elevations not$2 ! records ( wells & o!r excavations :i* pass ?r\gh ! sup]ficial deposits %\ld also be obta9$ & ! "* ( ! und]ly+ rock asc]ta9$1 z f> z is practicable4 ,:5 suffici5t data ( ?is nature %all h be5 record$1 a cont\r map ( ! bas9 c be drawn t w reveal ! %ape ( ! depression ) :i* ! /ud5t has to deal4 ,! dep? ( ! pres5t lakes plus an e/imat$ ?ickness ( clay & mora9al mat]ial cov]+ _! bottoms1 w probably furni% ! only means ( sket*+ cont\rs ov] ! deep] portions ( ! bas94 ,ev5 an approximately accurate map ( ?is "* _c be con/ruct$ = a long "t to come1 b e advance t[>ds x w s]ve to make ! problems to be /udi$ m & m def9ite4 ,some?+ ( ! =m ( ! rock-bas9 is already kn[n & sev]al deep *annels 9 its bord]s1 n[ fill$ ) drift1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! c\rses ( buri$ *annels connect+ ! bas9s ( "s ( ! pres5t lakes h also be5 approximately det]m9$4 ,x is n necess>y at ?is "t to ref] specifically to ! discov]ies t h be5 made1 b x may be /at$ t en\gh is kn[n to assure u t ! bas9 is a depression 9 solid rock1 ! bottom ( :i* is bel[ sea level4 #b4 ,orig9 ( ! bas94 ,! rocks 9 :i* ! ,laur5tian bas9 is situat$ are1 ) ! exception ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior region1 ne>ly horizontal & belong almo/ :olly to ! ,paleozoic4 ,! bas9 is ess5tially a depression 9 undi/urb$ /rata1 & all :o h consid]$ its orig9 seem agre$ t x has be5 =m$ by excavation4 ,a va/ mass ( horizontal /rata has be5 remov$1 leav+ an irregul> rim ( undi/urb$ rocks on all sides4 ,! =m ( ! depression is n[ obscur$ by drift2 ! deep] portions conta9 /ratifi$ s$im5ts :i* h be5 deposit$ )9 x & x has be5 w>p$ some:at by orographic movem5t4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! excavation 0 =m$ has be5 expla9$ pr9cipally 9 two ways4 ,"o hypo!sis is t x owes its orig9 to a "t ( subarial d5udation prec$+ ! ,glacial epo*1 dur+ :i* a valley1 or s]ies ( valleys1 0 worn out by /ream erosion2 & t ! depression ?us produc$ has be5 b slightly modifi$ by ice action4 ,! clos+ ( ! anci5t valley has be5 ref]r$ to orographic movem5ts & to ! fill+ ( its outlet by glacial dbris4 ,ano!r hypo!sis is to ! effect t ! excavation is ma9ly due to ice erosion dur+ ! ,glacial epo*1 )\t special ref]5ce to previ\s topographic relief4 ,a w>p+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ s z to produce a true orographic bas9 does n seem to require consid]ation1 = ! same reason z already /at$1 t ! rocks 9 :i* ! bas9 lies h be5 b little di/urb$ f _! orig9al horizontal position4 ,future /udy ( ! region mu/ det]m9e :i* ( ! two hypo!ses outl9$ above be/ suits ! facts2 or if ea* hypo!sis has some?+ 9 its favor1 :at comb9ation ( ! two may be accept$ z ! f9al explanation4 ,x is a sugge/ive fact 9 connection ) ! fir/ ( ^! hypo!ses1 t ! y\nge/ rocks 9 ! region ant$at+ ! ,plei/oc5e belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s4 ,?is seems to %[ t ! l& has n be5 subm]g$ s9ce at lea/ ! close ( ! ,paleozoic4 ,if n a region ( s$im5tation dur+ ?is va/ int]val1 x mu/ h be5 subject$ to erosion4 ,! erosion ( an anci5t l& surface might result 9 ! production ( topographic =ms ( div]se "*1 dep5d+ on its altitude1 on ! l5g? ( "t x 0 expos$ to atmosph]ic ag5cies dur+ v>i\s /ages ( elevation1 & on climatic & o!r conditions4 ,! /udy ( topographic =ms is n[ suffici5tly advanc$ to enable "o to pr$ict some:at def9itely :at features w\ld appe> "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,we also "k ! *>act]i/ics ( topographic =ms due to glacial erosion4 ,x seems evid5t1 !re=e1 t a k ( ! h>d-rock topography 9 ! ,laur5tian bas91 w\ld enable "o to draw def9ite conclusions 9 ref]5ce to ! "p t ice & wat] ea* _h 9 %ap+ ! =ms n[ f\nd !re4 ,! conclusion t ! region "u consid]ation has be5 glaciat$ is well e/abli%$2 x rema9s1 !re=e1 to det]m9e :at topographic =ms1 if any1 due to pre-glacial /ream erosion c be recogniz$4 ,z an example ( ?is k9d ( evid5ce desir$1 att5tion may be direct$ to ! nor?w>d fac+ rock esc>pm5ts :i* foll[ ! s\!rn %ores ( lakes ,erie & ,ont>io = a l>ge "p ( _! c\rses & at v>y+ di/ances up to sev]al miles4 ,^! esc>pm5ts are compos$ ( ! edges ( ne>ly horizontal /rata1 mo/ly ( ,paleozoic lime/one1 & _! bases are buri$ b5ea? glacial dbris & /ratifi$ clays s deeply t 9 "s in/ances1 at lea/1 !y d n reveal half ( _! actual height4 ,^! esc>pm5ts n only h ,plei/oc5e deposits bank$ aga9/ !m1 b _! faces & summits are poli%$ & groov$1 %[+ h[ /ubbornly !y resi/$ ! invasion ( ! ice :i* imp+$ aga9/ !m f ! nor?4 ,s\? ( lake ,ont>io especially1 ! tr5d ( ! esc>pm5t ref]r$ to is directly a?w>t ! c\rse ( ! anci5t glaci]s4 ,! entire hi/ory ( ^! esc>pm5ts _c be discuss$ "h1 z my desire is simply to call att5tion to ! fact t !y exi/$ be=e ! ,glacial epo*1 & are relics ( a /rongly acc5t$ pre-glacial topography4 ,!y are )9 ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,laur5tian bas91 & h5ce af=d means ( det]m9+1 9 "p1 :at 0 ! =m ( t bas9 be=e x 0 modifi$ by ice action4 ,o!r simil> esc>pm5ts exi/ 9 ! nor!rn & we/]n portions ( ! same great bas91 & z ?is /udy progresses x is to be expect$ t /ill o!r features ( ! pre-glacial l& w be reveal$4 ,x is p]haps too e>ly to decide :at 7 ! special topographic =ms :i* gave "* & expression to ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bas9 be=e ! ice invasion1 b ! ,erie & ,ont>io esc>pm5ts & "s o!r simil> features n[ recogniz$1 sugge/ t 9 ,t]ti>y times x resembl$ ! pres5t condition ( ! upp] portion ( ! ,mississippi valley1 :]e bold1 rock esc>pm5ts bord] wide /ream-worn depressions4 ,deep drift-fill$ *annels are kn[n to cut across ! ,erie & ,ont>io esc>pm5ts4 ,^! seem to h be5 =m$ by /reams tribut>y to ! ma9 dra9age l9e to ! nor?4 ,if ?is conclusion is well f\nd$1 a /udy ( ! h>d-rock topography %\ld reveal o!r simil> *annels & f9ally indicate a well matur$ dra9age sy/em4 ,if ev5 ! broad] & /rong] features ( ! pre-glacial surface c be det]m9$1 !n ! modifications due to glacial abrasion w become conspicu\s1 & ! am\nt t glaci]s h broad5$ & deep5$ ! bas9 be det]m9able4 ,a /udy ( ! li?ological "* ( ! drift s\? ( ! pres5t lakes %\ld %[1 at lea/ 9 a r\gh way1 :at portion ( x 0 d]iv$ f ! wa/e ( rocks )9 ! ,laur5tian bas94 ,?is inquiry has already be5 und]tak5 by at lea/ two geologi/s1 & e/imates ( ! quantity ( mat]ial remov$ f ! bas9s ( lakes ,mi*igan & ,erie respectively1 h be5 made4 ,?is me?od may be ext5d$ s z to embrace a l>g] area1 or "s special portion ( ! great depression be/ suit$ = ! trial may be select$4 ,if ! mat]ial remov$ f ! bas9 or re-di/ribut$ )9 x by glacial action c be %[n to be approximately equival5t 9 volume to ! am\nt ( rock excavat$ 9 ord] to =m ! depression1 x w\ld evid5tly t5d to support ! hypo!sis ( glacial erosion4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! am\nt ( dbris d]iv$ f ! bas9 %\ld fall f> %ort ( :at w\ld be requisite to refill x1 no v def9ite conclusion w\ld seem to be indicat$ unless acc\nt c\ld also be tak5 ( ! f9e mat]ial c>ri$ away by glacial /reams4 ,z ! case /&s at pres5t x appe>s t !re is evid5ce ( a pre-glacial valley or s]ies ( valleys z has be5 claim$ by sev]al geologi/s1 & t all b ! bolde/ features ( ! old topography h be5 oblit]at$ or greatly modifi$ by glacial erosion foll[$ by glacial & o!r s$im5tation4 ,additional obs]vations %\ld %[ some:at def9itely ! am\nt ( "w assignable to p>ticul> portions ( ! hi/ory4 ,h[ f> ! results ( subarial & ( glacial erosion h be5 modifi$ by o!r ag5cies1 m especially by orographic movem5ts1 has also to be consid]$4 ,if ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bas9 %all be %[n to be l>gely ! result ( subarial erosion x w foll[1 unless x is f\nd t ! deep] portions are ! result ( glacial action1 t ! l& at ! "t ! /reams did _! "w1 mu/ h /ood high] ?an at pres5t1 = ! reason t ! bottom ( ! depression is n[ bel[ sea level4 ,"s idea ( ! smalle/ am\nt ( elevation necessitat$ by ?is hypo!sis might be obta9$ by e/imat+ ! gradi5ts ( ! anci5t /reams & ! am\nt ( elevation requir$ to br+ ! bottom ( ! depression up to sea level4 ,a /udy ( ! h>d-rock topography 9 ! valleys ( ! ,ottawa & ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ( ! pres5t subm]g$ ,atlantic bord] ( ! cont95t w\ld also be in/ructive 9 ?is connection4 ,! /rict correlation ( ! topographic hi/ory ( ! int]ior & ( ! cont95t's m>g9 may be difficult1 b z ! two regions are directly connect$1 valuable results %\ld foll[ _! comp>ative /udy4 ,! hypo!sis t ! ,laur5tian bas9 is due l>gely to pre-glacial erosion1 necessitates also t ! anci5t sy/em ( riv] valleys %\ld h be5 clos$ 9 "s way s z to =m ! bas9s ( ! pres5t & ( =m] lakes4 ,! clos+ has be5 ref]r$ to sev]al ag5cies4 ,an unequal subsid5ce foll[+ ! p]iod ( /ream erosion has be5 po/ulat$4 ,dur+ ! ,glacial epo* ! entire region 0 ice-cov]$ & only glacial /reams ( "o k9d or ano!r c\ld h exi/$4 ,on ! retreat ( ! ice1 :5 portions ( ! bas9 7 ab&on$1 ! dra9age is suppos$ to h be5 ob/ruct$ by ! ice itself1 z w be notic$ bel[4 ,:5 ! glaci]s melt$1 a va/ %eet ( dbris 0 left :i* 9 _m in/ances fill$ or ob/ruct$ previ\s dra9age l9es4 ,old *annels1 n[ deeply buri$1 h be5 report$ to connect ! bas9s ( ! v>i\s exi/+ lakes1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 b no simil> *annel :i* c\ld h af=d$ an escape = ! wat]s ( ! entire bas9 has be5 discov]$4 ,"h aga9 an acqua9tance ) ! h>d-rock topography %\ld give assi/ance & indicate ei!r t su* a *annel exi/$ or t orographic movem5ts h tak5 place :i* h ob/ruct$ ! =m] dra9age sy/em4 ,! glacial hypo!sis assumes t ! bas9 0 excavat$ ma9ly by glacial abrasion & does n require t ! l& %\ld be ei!r high] or l[] ?an at pres5t4 ,! /udy 9 ?is direction m]ges ) t ( ! g5]al glaciation ( ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! cont95t1 & _c be treat$ at ?is "t4 #c4 ,s$im5ts4--,regul>ly /ratifi$ deposits ( clay & s& occur along _m portions ( ! bord]s ( ! pres5t ,laur5tian lakes4 ,^! 7 cle>ly =m$ 9 wat] bodies :i* =m]ly exi/$ )9 ! ,laur5tian bas91 & :i* 9 c]ta9 directions1 at lea/1 7 ( wid] ext5t ?an ! pres5t lakes4 ,! areas occupi$ by ^! deposits h be5 p>tially mapp$1 b mu* rema9s to be done 9 ?is direction4 ,fre% sections1 p>ticul>ly ( ! /ratifi$ clays1 are expos$ f "t to "t by artificial excavations1 9 :i* mu* ( _! hi/ory may be le>n$4 ,n only %\ld records be made ( ! facts not$ at special excavations1 b ! ext5t & "* ( ! /ratifi$ deposits 9 "o area %\ld be det]m9$ & comp>$ ) simil> data obta9$ 9 o!r areas4 ,= example3 ! clays cov]+ l>ge tracts on ! we/ %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan & on ! s\!rn & we/]n bord] ( ,lake ,sup]ior are ( a r$ color1 :ile o!r areas bord]+ ,lake ,erie are cov]$ ) blue clay4 ,^! two deposits h be5 suppos$ to h be5 laid d[n at ! same "t & 9 ! same lake4 ,! def9ite correlation ( ! clays ( ^! two areas by direct contact1 h[ev]1 does n seem to h be5 made1 & !re are reasons = ?9k+ t !y may be q di/9ct & t !y orig9at$ 9 sep>ate lakes4 ,! out] limits ( ! deposits ( clay & s& "h ref]r$ to are kn[n 9 "s in/ances to be det]m9$ by anci5t bea*es & t]races4 ,su* associations ( deep & ( %all[ wat] deposits require special att5tion1 z ! /udy ( "o may assi/ 9 int]pret+ ! significance ( ! o!r4 ,! f9e1 ev5ly /ratifi$ clays frequ5tly conta9 l>ge angul> b[ld]s1 :i* appe> to h be5 dropp$ f float+ ice & to %[ an intimate connection betwe5 ! anci5t lakes & neighbor+ glaci]s4 ,! possibility1 h[ev]1 ( ! b[ld]s hav+ be5 br\ght into ! anci5t wat] bodies by riv]s1 or float$ outw>ds f ! %ore by lake ice1 %\ld also be consid]$4 ,huge angul> masses ( lime/one h be5 report$ z occurr+ 9 s\!rn ,mi*igan especially1 :i* re/ on sup]ficial deposits & are ?\ght to h be5 c>ri$ nor?w>d by lake ice4 ,! relations ( ^! masses to well def9$ %ore l9es h nev] be5 det]m9$4 ,if x %\ld be f\nd t !y are above all =m] %ores1 x is evid5t t !y mu/ h be5 c>ri$ by "s o!r ag5cy ?an ! "o m5tion$4 ,a *emical exam9ation ( ! clays1 or ( _! conta9$ wat]1 may indicate :e!r or n ! bas9 0 =m]ly 9 direct communication ) ! ocean4 ,analyses ( ! clays ( ! ,*ampla9 valley & ( ! simil> clays 9 ! ,ont>io & ,erie bas9s might indicate :e!r or n !y 7 deposit$ "u simil> conditions4 #d4 ,%ore records4 ,bea*es & t]races h be5 /udi$ at _m localities ab\t ! bord]s ( ! pres5t lakes1 sometimes at a di/ance ( m ?an tw5ty miles f _! m>g9s & at v>i\s elevations up to sev]al hundr$ feet above _! surfaces4 ,9 "s in/ances ^! anci5t %ore records h be5 foll[$ cont9u\sly = scores ( miles4 ,! trac+ & mapp+ ( individual bea*es is "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! /udy "h outl9$1 & is already well advanc$4 ,confusion has un=tunately aris51 h[ev]1 = ! reason t topographic features1 due to %ore action1 h1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 conf\nd$ ) some:at simil> features due to o!r causes4 ,mora9es & gravel ridges1 =m$ by glacial /reams1 h be5 mi/ak5 = bea* ridges1 & t]races ( v>i\s orig9 h n be5 cle>ly discrim9at$4 ,9 ord] n to be l$ a/ray by topographic =ms t simulate %ore ph5om5a1 ! /ud5t %\ld exam9e ! %ores ( exi/+ lakes & le>n :at records are !re be+ made4 ,9 ! /udy ( topography1 8! pres5t is ! key to ! pa/10 j z def9itely z 9 any o!r bran* ( geology4 ,! topography ( lake %ores has already receiv$ att5tion f "o skill$ 9 read+ geological hi/ory 9 ! relief ( ! l&#eb & ! /udy ( exi/+ %ores 9 ! light ( :at has already be5 done 9 t direction %\ld enable ev5 ! beg9n] to avoid fall+ into s]i\s error 9 int]pret+ anci5t records ( ! same nature4 ,to be able to discrim9ate cle>ly betwe5 %ore features & some:at simil> glacial ph5om5a1 x is necess>y to become famili> also ) ! topography ( glacial deposits4 ,=tunately 9 ?is /udy also a guide is at h&#ec :i*1 9 connection ) field obs]vations1 %\ld soon tra9 ! eye to discrim9ate ! %apes assum$ by mora9es & ! deposits ( glacial /reams f all o!r topographic =ms4 ,9 exam9+ ! records ( =m] lakes x w soon be obs]v$ t1 9 _m in/ances1 :]e ! highe/ ( a s]ies ( anci5t bea*es is obscure & indef9ite1 ! topographic expression above & bel[ a c]ta9 horizon1 & also ! "* ( ! surface mat]ial1 :e!r ( ! nature ( lacu/ral clays & s&s or ( glacial dbris1 residual clay1 etc41 above & bel[ ! same level1 are significant1 & enable "o to map ! outl9e ( a =m] wat] body ) consid]able accuracy4 ,9 trac+ anci5t bea*es & t]races1 _! =ms & int]nal /ructure ne$ to be record$1 s t ! fact ( _! be+ true %ore records may be made pla9 to o!rs4 ,! elevations ( v>i\s well-def9$ po9ts ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( an anci5t %ore %\ld be c>efully measur$1 =1 z w be notic$ bel[1 al?\gh orig9ally horizontal1 !y h1 9 _m in/ances1 be5 elevat$ or depress$1 ow+ to broad g5]al movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! cont9u\s trac+ ( individual %ore l9es = z great a di/ance z possible is highly desirable1 especially 9 a wood$ c\ntry1 9 ord] to be positive z to :i* ridge or t]race measurem5ts ( elevation relate1 & also = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! nature ( ! *anges t occur :5 a %ore l9e gives place to o!r records4 ,= example3 "s ( ! anci5t bea* ridges ab\t ! we/ end ( ,lake ,erie h be5 f\nd to be cont9uations ( mora9es4 ,9 o!r in/ances %ore ridges h be5 report$ to end indef9itely & to be replac$ at ! same g5]al horizon by glacial records ( v>i\s "*4 ,! correct int]pretation ( ph5om5a ( ?is nature is especially important4 ,accurate measurem5ts ( ! v]tical int]vals betwe5 well def9$ bea*es at _m localities w\ld enable "o to id5tify special horizons1 provid+ orographic movem5ts 7 n 9 progress dur+ ! "t ! s]ies 0 =m+4 ,?is me?od has rec5tly be5 successfully appli$ on ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 :]e ! "* ( ! c\ntry does n admit ( ! trac+ ( individual t]races = consid]able di/ances4 ,! deltas ( tribut>y /reams %\ld also be reveal$ 9 ! topography ( ! bas9 ( an anci5t wat] body4 ,*anges 9 ! "* ( lacu/ral s$im5ts ne> :]e riv]s empti$ are also to be look$ =4 ,s& dunes are frequ5tly an important accompanim5t ( exi/+ %ores1 & _! association1 p]haps1 9 a modifi$ =m1 ) anci5t bea*es is to be expect$4 #e4 ,fossils4 ,?us f> only a few fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! /ratifi$ clays & s&s or 9 ! anci5t bea*es ( ! ,laur5tian bas94 ,su* obs]vations z h be5 made 9 ?is connection indicate an abs5ce ( ! rema9s ( m>9e life & ! pres5ce1 9 a few in/ances1 ( fre%-wat] %ells 9 all ( ! bas9 we/ ( ! ea/]n bord] ( ! bas9 ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,to ! ea/w>d ( ,lake ,ont>io1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,*ampla9 valleys1 m>9e fossils are common 9 deposits suppos$ to be contemporane\s ) ! /ratifi$ clays to ! we/4 ,a c>eful se>* 9 ! clays & bea*es left by ! =m] wat] bodies might be rew>d$ by important discov]ies4 ,9 ?is exam9ation microscopical organisms %\ld n be neglect$4 ,if aft] a detail$ exam9ation no fossils are discov]$1 ?is negative evid5ce w\ld h its value1 z x w\ld indicate t ! physical conditions 7 n favorable to life1 & an explanation = ?is fact might be f\nd4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t c>e %\ld be tak5 n to mi/ake ! %ells occurr+ 9 mod]n swamp deposits associat$ ) ! anci5t bea*es = true lacu/ral fossils4 ,ab\t ! bord]s ( ! pres5t lakes & sometimes ev5 bel[ ! level ( ! l[e/ ( ! anci5t bea*es ! rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 elephant1 giant beav]1 elk1 bison1 de]1 etc41 h be5 f\nd4 ,! rec5cy ( ! exi/5ce ( su* ( ^! animals z are ext9ct may ?us be e/abli%$1 z well z ! =m] di/ribution ( ^? /ill liv+ 9 o!r regions4 ,evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( man has be5 report$ f "o ( ! old lake ridges 9 ,new ,york1 & x is important t ?is int]e/+ discov]y %\ld be su/a9$ by evid5ce f o!r localities4 ,/one implem5ts especially %\ld be look$ = 9 undi/urb$ lacu/ral clays1 & 9 ! gravels ( ! anci5t bea*es4 ,! rema9s ( =e/s h be5 /at$ to occur 9 ! lacu/ral clays adjac5t to ! s\? %ore ( ,lake ,erie4 ,x is desirable to "k ! ext5t ( ^! deposits & h[ cont9u\s !y are2 also ! "* ( ! plant rema9s !y conta91 & :e!r !y h be5 di/urb$ f ! position 9 :i* !y grew4 ,"s ( ! que/ions t may be ask$ 9 ?is connection are3 ,0 ! bas9 dra9$ & =e/ cov]$ be=e ! vegetable rema9s 7 buri$1 or 7 ! plants float$ to _! pres5t position1 or did !y gr[ on mora9es cov]+ ! /agnant bord] ( ! retreat+ glaci] & become involv$ & buri$ 9 mora9al mat]ial z ! ice melt$8 #f4 ,life 9 ! pres5t lakes4 ,! fauna ( ! pres5t lakes has a be>+ on _! pa/ hi/ory1 = ! reason t 9 ! deep] p>ts ( lakes ,sup]ior & ,mi*igan cru/aceans & fi%es h be5 f\nd :i* are believ$ to be id5tical ) m>9e =ms4 ,^! may be consid]$ z 8liv+ fossils10 & are ?\ght by "s to indicate t ! lakes 9 :i* !y occur 7 =m]ly 9 direct communication ) ! ocean4 ,if ! occurr5ce ( liv+ m>9e species 9 ! pres5t lakes is f\nd to be widely at v>iance ) ! hi/ory ( ! bas9 z det]m9$ f physical evid5ce1 an inquiry %\ld be made 9 ref]5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* ! species discov]$ might migrate4 #g4 ,*anges 9 elevation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( an inl& region is ! det]m9ation ( *anges ( level4 ,by level+ along an anci5t bea*1 po/-lacu/ral *anges 9 ! relative elevations ( v>i\s po9ts may be readily asc]ta9$4 ,pre-lacu/ral *anges1 h[ev]1 by :i* anci5t valleys h be5 ob/ruct$1 are mu* m difficult ( direct obs]vation1 b might appe> f ! /udy ( ! h>d-rock topography1 z has already be5 sugge/$4 ,?is bran* ( ! inve/igation1 h[ev]1 %\ld m prop]ly beg9 at ! coa/ & be ext5d$ inl&4 #h4 ,=m] outlets4 ,sev]al localities :]e ! wat]s ( ! ,laur5tian bas9 h ov]fl[$ dur+ =m] high-wat] /ages h be5 po9t$ out1 b "s confusion has aris5 9 ?is connection1 = ! reason t ! *annels =m$ by /reams issu+ f ! m>g9 ( ! ice dur+ ! clos+ /ages ( ! ,glacial epo* h1 9 "s in/ances1 be5 mi/ak5 = evid5ce ( =m] lake outlets4 ,! old outlets :i* seem to h be5 well det]m9$ are situat$ at diff]5t levels1 & %[ t ! entire bas9 c\ld n h be5 occupi$ by a s+le great wat]-body1 unless1 z has be5 suppos$ by "s1 x 0 9 direct communication ) ! sea4 ,?is hypo!sis w be consid]$ bel[4 ,x has sometimes be5 assum$ t all ( ! bas9 bel[ ! level ( "s anci5t outlet 0 once flood$1 s z to =m a great lake 9 all ( ! bas9 n[ situat$ at a l[] level2 b1 9 mak+ su* g5]alizations1 ! possibility ( places 9 ! rim ( ! bas9 be+ at a l[] level ?an ! outlet discov]$1 ?us necessitat+ a special explanation1 su* z ! p>tial occupation ( ! bas9 by glacial ice1 or *anges 9 elevation ( su* a "* z to raise ! locality ( =m] ov]fl[ or to depress o!r regions1 h to be consid]$4 ,=m] outlets %\ld be> a def9ite relation to neighbor+ %ore l9es & to s$im5t>y deposits4 ,! *annels lead+ f =m] po9ts ( dis*>ge m]it exam9ation1 z "h aga9 *anges ( level may p]haps be detect$ 9 ! gradi5ts ( /ream t]races4 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t outlets ?us f> recogniz$ lead s\?w>d1 b z previ\sly m5tion$1 a =m] *annel ( dis*>ge nor? ( ,lake ,sup]ior has rec5tly be5 report$4 ,if ?is obs]vation is confirm$1 x w h an important be>+ on que/ions relat+ to *anges ( level & to ! position ( ! ice front dur+ ! lat] /ages 9 ! retreat ( ! glaci]s4 #i4 ,probable effects ( a retreat+ ice %eet on dra9age4 ,! g5]ally accept$ conclusion t glaci]s advanc$ s\?w>d & occupi$ ! ,laur5tian bas9 dur+ ! ,glacial epo* & retreat$ nor?w>d t[>d ! close ( t epo*1 is su/a9$ by a va/ body ( evid5ce4 ,z ! ice %eet )drew x left a sup]ficial deposit frequ5tly "o or two hundr$ feet ?ick ov] ne>ly all ( ! region x ab&on$1 & pre-glacial dra9age l9es 7 ob/ruct$ & mo/ly oblit]at$4 ,z long z ! slope 9 front ( ! ice 0 s\?w>d1 ! dra9age f x f\nd ready means ( escape1 b :5 ! slope 0 nor?w>d t[>ds ! ice front1 ! dra9age 0 ob/ruct$ & lakes 7 =m$4 ,we h good reasons = believ+ t ! topography ( ! ,laur5tian region 0 ess5tially ! same at ! close ( ! ,glacial epo* z x is n[1 b ! broad] "q ( cont95tal elevation is less def9ite4 ,! inequalities ( ! surface be+ ess5tially z we n[ f9d !m1 x w\ld foll[ t ! fir/ lake =m$ :5 ! ice retreat$ to ! nor? ( ! divide runn+ ?r\gh c5tral ,ohio & c5tral ,new ,york1 w\ld be small & dep5d5t on m9or features 9 ! relief ( ! l&1 & w\ld dis*>ge s\?w>d4 ,z ! ice retreat$1 ! lakes w\ld exp& & become unit$ "o ) ano!r & ! l>g] lakes ?us =m$ w\ld /ill f9d outlet across ! s\!rn rim ( ! bas94 ,z ! glaci]s cont9u$ to retreat l[] & l[]1 passes w\ld become free ( ice & ! lakes w\ld be dra9$ at l[] levels1 old bea*es w\ld be ab&on$1 ! lakes w\ld contract1 & f9ally sep>ate lakes w\ld be =m$ 9 ! l[e/ depression 9 ! bas9s ( ! m anci5t wat] bodies4 ,! %ape ( ! retreat+ ice front w\ld be det]m9$ by topographic conditions & w\ld 9 turn det]m9e ! nor!rn outl9e ( ! lakes along its m>g94 ,?is 9 brief is "o hypo!sis t has be5 propos$ to expla9 ! v>i$ hi/ory record$ by ! %ore records1 s$im5ts1 etc41 )9 ! bas94 #aj4 ,communication ) ! sea4 ,ano!r hypo!sis :i* assumes to acc\nt = "s ( ! facts obs]v$1 is t ! cont95t 0 depress$ at ! close ( ! ,glacial epo* suffici5tly to all[ ! sea to h access to ! ,laur5tian bas94 ,?is hypo!sis is c\pl$ ) o!rs :i* d n recognize a p]iod ( ,plei/oc5e glaciation1 b1 z already sugge/$1 ?is is a matt] t is consid]$ by ! great body ( ,am]ican geologi/s z n be+ any long] op5 to pr(itable discussion4 ,9 ! /udy "h outl9$ ! "q :e!r ! wat] bodies :i* =m]ly occupi$ ! ,laur5tian bas9 7 lakes or arms ( ! sea1 %\ld n be difficult ( direct & positive det]m9ation4 ,if fossils c be f\nd )9 ! bas91 !y might yield def9ite te/imony1 b ev5 if !y are abs5t or if _! evid5ce is inconclusive1 topography c be appeal$ to ) ! expectation ( receiv+ a conclusive decision4 ,if ! ,laur5tian bas9 0 occupi$ by an arm ( ! sea dur+ v>i\s /ages 9 ! ,plei/oc5e elevation1 !n ! records ( su* a subm]g5ce %\ld occur bo? )9 & )\t ! depression1 & direct connection betwe5 ! two %\ld be expect$4 ,if ! wat]s )9 ! bas9 7 capable ( mak+ su* well-def9$ %ore records z are n[ f\nd1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! true ocean bea* on ! out] slopes ( ! bas9 w\ld be /ill m conspicu\s4 ,aga91 ! wat]s )9 ! bas9 deposit$ a %eet ( s$im5t1 c]ta9ly n less ?an "o hundr$ feet ?ick2 to be sure ! conditions = rapid accumulation 7 !re pres5t1 b if ! ocean cov]$ ! adjac5t l& x %\ld h left simil> deposits4 ,?is is abundantly prov5 9 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,*ampla9 valleys1 :]e clays conta9+ m>9e fossils occur up to a c]ta9 horizon & record a ,plei/oc5e invasion ( ^! depressions by ! sea4 ,if ! adjac5t ,ont>io bas9 0 occupi$ by ! sea ab\t ! same "t t ! ,*ampla9 valley receiv$ its fill+ ( clays conta9+ m>9e fossils1 !re is e reason to believe t ! deposits & _! conta9$ fossils 9 ea* bas9 w\ld h be5 ess5tially ! same4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! anci5t %ore l9es ab\t ,lake ,ont>io has an av]age elevation ( approximately #ejj feet above ! sea4 ,if ! sea _h access to ! bas9 at ! "t ?is bree* 0 =m$1 !n at correspond+ horizon )\t ! bas9 especially1 to ! s\? & s\!a/1 :]e ! full =ce ( ! ,atlantic's waves w\ld h be5 felt1 !re %\ld be /ill m prom95t bea*es4 ,_m well-def9$ %ore l9es 9 ! ,laur5tian bas9 are mu* high] ?an ! "o j ref]r$ to1 & if ^! 7 also =m$ dur+ v>i\s /ages ( subm]g5ce1 z has be5 claim$1 x is evid5t t ocean bea*es & ocean s$im5ts ( ,plei/oc5e age %\ld be look$ = ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! /ud5t may easily answ] ?is "q = himself1 & ?us p]haps make a contribution to ! subject "h treat$4 ,9 ! inve/igation "h outl9$1 ! "w ( previ\s obs]v]s %\ld n be ignor$1 & e plausible hypo!sis t has be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = ! facts obs]v$ %\ld be c>efully te/$4 ,9 writ+ ^! pages ,i h n quot$ ! writ+ ( o!rs1 = ! reason t a discussion ( evid5ce has n be5 ! aim 9 view1 & also because ! writ+s exam9$ are s num]\s t ju/ice c\ld n be done !m 9 ! space at comm&4 ,t ! lit]ature relat+ to ! subject is volum9\s is indicat$ by ! fact t an annotat$ bibliography ( ! ,plei/oc5e hi/ory ( ! ,laur5tian bas91 n[ 9 prep>ation1 already conta9s ov] #bjj entries ( individual pap]s4 ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell4 ,,footnotes #eb ,! ,topographic ,features ( ,lake ,%ores1 by ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 9 ,fif? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey #ahhc-d4 #ec ,prelim9>y ,pap] on ! ,t]m9al ,mora9e ( ! ,second ,glacial ,epo*1 by ,t4 ,c4 ,*amb]l91 9 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 #ahha-b4 ,,editorials4 ,! ,summ] meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica w be held at ,madison1 ,wis41 on ,augu/ #ae & #af4 ,! session ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce w beg9 at ! same place on ! #ag? ( ,augu/ & ext5d to ! #bc;d4 ,! ,congress ( ,geologi/s1 "u ! auspices ( ! ,columbian ,exposition1 w beg9 at ,*icago1 on ,augu/ #bd1 & cont9ue its sessions s long z its "w may require4 ,prelim9>y to ?is s]ies ( meet+s1 ,pr(essors ,m4 ,e4 ,wadswor? & ,c4 ,r4 ,van ,hise w meet su* geologi/s z c>e to visit ! ,lake ,sup]ior region at ! ,comm]cial ,hotel1 ,iron ,m\nta91 ,mi*41 on ! =5oon ( ,augu/ #g1 & w act z guides dur+ ! week foll[+4 ,a c>efully prep>$ s*eme = ! trip is ann\nc$1 embrac+ visits to ! lead+ po9ts ( int]e/ 9 ! ,m5om9ee1 ,m>quette & ,gogebic iron di/ricts1 & 9 ! copp]-be>+ region ( ,kewe5aw ,po9t4 ,^? :o desire to p>ticipate 9 ! excursion1 or :o wi% in=mation reg>d+ x1 %\ld address ,pr(essor ,van ,hise1 at ,madison4 ,9 connection ) ! meet+s ( ! ,geological ,society & ! ,am]ican ,association at ,madison1 !re w be excursions to ! ,devil's ,lake region1 to ! ,dells ( ! ,wiscons91 & to ! driftless area1 "u ! guidance ( geologi/s p]sonally famili> ) ! features ( mo/ special int]e/4 ,! article ( ,pr(essor ,van ,hise 9 ?is numb] is a timely pres5tation ( "s po9ts ( peculi> significance 9 ! fir/ nam$ region1 & w prove v s]viceable to ^? :o *oose ! excursion to t region4 ,x is propos$ to hold ! sessions ( ! ,congress at ,*icago at ! ,art ,in/itute dur+ ! =5oons1 leav+ ! aft]noons free = visit+ ! ,exposition4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t a half day devot$ to look+ at exhibits1 :]e !re is su* a ple?ora ( objects ( int]e/ z 9 ! ,exposition1 taxes ! faculties ( obs]vation to ! full ext5t ( _! pleasurable employm5t4 ,att5dance ^u ! ,congress & ! /udy ( ! ,exposition w1 !re=e1 x is ?\ght1 con/itute agreeable & pr(itable complem5ts ( ea* o!r4 ,excursions to po9ts ( geological int]e/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*icago w be privately arrang$1 if desir$4 ,^! ?ree meet+s1 ) ! att5d+ excursions & ! /udy ( ! ,exposition1 con/itute a r>e comb9ation ( opportunities :i* w d\btless be embrac$ v g5]ally by ! geologi/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,t4 ,c4 ,c4 99499 ,! supply ( numb]s "o & two ( ?is ,,j\rnal rema9+ 9 ! h&s ( ! publi%]s has become r$uc$ bel[ ! limit !y desire to pres]ve = b9d+ & = special purposes1 & !y w\ld e/eem x a great favor on ! "p ( ^? :o may h receiv$ duplicates1 z sample copies or by ! accid5ts ( mail+ :ile ! li/s 7 imp]fect1 if !y w\ld return su* duplicates to !m4 ,!y w gladly return ! po/age if ! address ( ! s5d] is plac$ on ! wrapp]4 ,,reviews4 ,,cry/all9e ,,rocks ,,f ,,! ,,&es4 ,unt]su*ung5 an altkry/all95 ,s*ief]ge/e95 aus dem ,gebiete d] arg5t9is*5 ,republik von ,b4 ,k,,hn4 ,neues ,jahrbu* fr ,m941 etc41 ,beit4 ,bd4 ,,vii41 #ahia1 p4 #bie4 ,unt]su*ung arg5t9is*] ,pegmatite1 etc41 von ,p4 ,,sab]sky1 ib4 p4 #cei4 ,unt]su*ung5 an arg5t9is*5 ,granit51 etc41 von ,j4 ,,romb]g1 ib41 ,,viii41 #ahib1 p4 #bge4 ,travel]s & =eign resid5ts 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are rapidly furni%+ in=mation relative1 n only to ! volcanic1 b also to ! old] cry/all9e rocks compos+ ! great ,&es *a94 ,s9ce ! e>ly obs]vations ( ,d>w91#ed ! petrographical collections made by ,/elzn] dur+ 8 ?ree ye>s' resid5ce1 z pr(essor1 at ,cordova 7#ahgc-ahgf7 h be5 describ$ by himself#ee & ,franke1#ef :ile ! results ( detail$ /udies ( ! m ext5sive collections ga!r$ by ,/elzn]'s successor1 ,pr(essor ,l4 ,brackebus*1 are n[ beg9n+ to appe>4 ,pr(essor ,brackebus*'s resid5ce 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic la/$ f #ahgf till #ahhc1 & dur+ ?is p]iod he made num]\s sci5tific exp$itions4#eg ,! petrographical mat]ial ?us obta9$ has be5 confid$ to speciali/s 9 ,g]many = /udy4 ,?ree pap]s deal+ ) ! cry/all9e s*i/s 7gneisses71#eh pegmatites1#ei & granites1#fj h rec5tly appe>$4 ,! rocks ( ! granite contact-zones _h be5 plac$ 9 ,pr(essor ,less5's h&s be=e 8 dea?1 :ile communications on o!r special gr\ps are d\btless to be expect$4 ,^! inve/igations naturally suff] f ! =c$ abs5ce ( all field obs]vations on ! "p ( _! au?ors1 b ! purely petrographical /udy ( ! mat]ial br+s to light _m po9ts ( int]e/1 :ile x furni%es ! only sort ( detail$ in=mation reg>d+ ! rocks ( ^! remote regions :i* we c = ! pres5t hope =4 ,x is "h desir$ only to direct att5tion to a few ( ! mo/ /rik+ results obta9$ f ! ,brackebus* mat]ial by ! ?ree au?ors la/ cit$4 ,dr4 ,khn's pap] on ! cry/all9e s*i/s treats pr9cipally ( gneiss1 & (f]s little t is new4 ,x is mo/ly occupi$ ) additional evid5ce ( /ructural & *emical *anges due to dynamic metamorphism 9 ! s5se ( ,lehmann4 ,! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! are developm5t & micro/ructure ( fibrolite2 production ( aug5-gneiss f porphyritic granite2 developm5t ( microcl9e /ructure 9 or?oclase by pressure2 second>y orig9 ( microcl9e1 microp]?ite & micropegmatite2 alt]ation ( g>net to biotite & hornbl5de4 ,dr4 ,sab]sky's pap] on ! co>se-gra9$ granites or pegmatites is entirely m9]alogical1 & is devot$ pr9cipally to elucidat+ ! /ructure ( microcl9e4 ,! au?or concludes t ! well-kn[n gridiron /ructure is due1 n to two tw9n+ laws 7! ,albite & ,p]icl9e71 z has be5 g5]ally suppos$1 b to ! ,albite law alone1 9 accordance ) :i* ! individuals =m bo? contact & p5etration tw9s1 l ! albite cry/als f ,roc-t\rn1 describ$ by ,g4 ,rose4 ,dr4 ,romb]g's pap] on ! ,arg5t9e granites is mu* m ext5sive ?an ! two prec$+4 ,x is embelli%$ by sev5ty-two microphotographs1 _m ( :i* admirably illu/rate ! special po9ts describ$4 ,he comes to sev]al results ( great petrographical significance1 ! mo/ important ( :i* relate to ! orig9 ( qu>tz-feldsp> int]gr[?s 9 granitic rocks4 ,he cle>ly %[s t beside ! orig9al granite qu>tz !re is also mu* ( a second>y nature pres5t4 ,?is is n microscopically di/+ui%able f ! orig9al m9]al1 b its lat] g5esis is demon/rat$ by _m c>eful obs]vations on its relation to o!r con/itu5ts4 ,! abundant second>y qu>tz is reg>d$ z ! product ( wea!r+--pr9cipally ( ! feldsp>1 into :i* x has a peculi> t5d5cy to p5etrate4 ,! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( qu>tz to pressure is emphasiz$ 7z x has be5 by ,lehmann & ! pres5t writ]7 & illu/rat$ by undulatory ext9ction1 b&+1 granulation & ev5 pla/ic b5d+ ar\nd o!r m9]als4 ,dynamic action is reg>d$ z ! effici5t cause ( ! second>y impregnation ( feldsp> by qu>tz1 & a union ( ?is ) wea!r+ ( ! feldsp> z ! s\rce ( ! abundant & complex pegmatitic int]gr[?s ( qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,^! results are important1 & !y w n[ d\btless come to be g5]ally recogniz$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( int]e/ to obs]ve 9 ?is connection t all :i* is "h ann\nc$ z new 9 reg>d to second>y & 8corrosion0 qu>tz 0 describ$ & figur$ 9 ev5 great] detail by ,pr(4 ,r4 ,d4 ,irv+ t5 ye>s ago4 ,?is does n appe> to be kn[n to ,dr4 ,romb]g1 = he does n allude to x1 b anyone :o w turn to pages #ii to #abd & plates ,,xiii1 ,,xiv & ,,xv ( ! monograph on ! ,lake ,sup]ior ,copp] ,rocks 7vol4 #e1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhc7 w f9d 8 conclusions /at$ 9 almo/ ! same language & ) a mu* wid] range ( fact & illu/ration4 ,dynamic action is n "h adduc$ z a cause = ! saturation ( feldsp> by second>y micropegmatitic qu>tz1 s9ce ! ,lake ,sup]ior rocks %[ no evid5ce ( hav+ be5 subject$ to pressure1 b t ! qu>tz itself has be5 d]iv$ f ! lea*+ ( ! feldsp> sub/ance & t ! impregnation is mo/ly conf9$ to ! or?oclase is cle>ly /at$4 ,dr4 ,romb]g also demon/rates1 9 a numb] ( cases1 ! second>y orig9 ( albite1 especially z microp]?ite1 & ( microcl9e4 ,he gives details relat+ to ea* ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts1 & !n ! effects ( pressure & ( *emical action on ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,among _m int]e/+ obs]vations b a few c be ev5 m5tion$ "h2 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! orig9al "* ( muscovite 9 _m granites2 ! alt]ation ( g>net into muscovite2 ! dep5d5ce ( ! well-kn[n pleo*roic halos 9 biotite & cordi]ite ^u ! sub/ance ( ! zircon :i* !y almo/ inv>iably surr\nd1 & second>y rutile ne$les :i* gr[ out f biotite into bo? qu>tz & feldsp>4 ,9 "o rock occurr+ 9 a granite a violet1 /rongly pleo*roic m9]al 0 f\nd1 :i*1 9 nei!r composition nor physical prop]ties1 agre$ exactly ) any kn[n species4 ,x seems to be int]m$iate betwe5 &alusite & dumorti]ite1 b1 z its individuality is n yet p]fectly e/abli%$1 no new "n is propos$ = x4 ,g4 ,h4 ,,williams4 ,! ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 its ,/ati/ics1 ,te*nology & ,trade1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,o!r ,c\ntries1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,end ( #ahib4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,edit$ by ,,ri*>d ,p4 ,,ro?well1 editor ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 #fbi pp41 #hvo4 ,?is volume is a /ati/ical supplem5t ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 & is publi%$ by ! ,sci5tific ,publi%+ ,co41 ( ,new ,york1 #ahic4 ,x takes ! place ( ! =m] annual /ati/ical numb] ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 & x is ! fir/ volume ( a s]ies :i* is to be issu$ annually4 ,! object ( ! pres5t volume is to make kn[n1 z soon z possible aft] ! expiration ( ! ye> #ahib1 ! /ati/ics & ! v>i\s conditions ( ! m9+ indu/ry 9 t ye> & 9 previ\s ye>s4 ,! future volumes w1 ea* ye>1 br+ ^! /ati/ics up to date1 & ?us ! full p>ticul>s ( ! m9+ indu/ry w be kn[n )9 a few days ( ! expiration ( e ye>4 ,! volume is a compilation ( articles writt5 by diff]5t au?ors1 & ! names ( ^! writ]s are gu>antee t ! diff]5t subjects h be5 treat$ by au?orities 9 ! dep>tm5ts ) :i* !y deal4 ,! editor himself1 x is b ju/ice to him to /ate1 has writt5 "s ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( ! volume1 notably ! article on ! /ati/ics ( gold & silv]1 & 8 well-kn[n famili>ity ) ! subjects he discusses r5d]s ! read] confid5t ( _! accuracy4 ,! pres5t volume is n conf9$ to ! b>e pres5tation ( figures ( production & consumption ( v>i\s m9]al products1 b x treats ea* individual bran* ( ! m9+ indu/ry 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts2 & 9 ?is way ! volume really repres5ts a s]ies ( treatises on ! v>i\s m9+ products & ! me?ods ( treat+ !m4 ,! production ( ea* mat]ial is giv5 n only = ! ,unit$ ,/ates b also = =eign c\ntries2 ! conditions ( ! ,am]ican & =eign m>kets dur+ #ahib & previ\s ye>s are discuss$1 :ile ! v>i\s uses ( ! diff]5t mat]ials1 ! hi/ory ( m9+ 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 ! means ( transportation1 ! metallurgical me?ods ( treat+ diff]5t ores1 ! me?ods ( sampl+1 & ! possibilities ( competition 9 v>i\s m9+ indu/ries are also describ$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 tables ( assessm5ts levi$ & divid5ds paid by v>i\s m9+ companies are giv54 ,! volume ends ) a concise /atem5t ( ! /ati/ics & condition1 z well z ! ext5t1 ( ! m9+ indu/ries ( =eign c\ntries4 ,?us !re is pres5t$1 9 a volume ( no excessive size1 a complete & concise epitome ( ! m9+ indu/ries ( ! _w2 & ?is "w 0 complet$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! "t to :i* x relates4 ,! v>i\s subjects are treat$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,a rsum & tables ( /ati/ics ( ! m9]al products ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 articles on ,alum9um1 ,antimony1 ,asbe/os1 ,asphaltum1 ,b>ytes1 ,bauxite1 ,borax1 ,brom9e1 ,cem5t1 ,*emical ,indu/ry1 ,*romium1 ,coal & ,coke1 ,copp]1 ,corundum & ,em]y1 ,cryolite1 ,feldsp>1 ,fluorsp>1 ,gold & ,silv]1 ,iron & ,/eel1 ,lead1 ,manganese1 ,mica1 ,nickel & ,cobalt1 ,onyx1 ,petroleum1 ,phosphate ,rock1 ,plat9um ,gr\p ( ,metals1 ,plumbago1 ,preci\s ,/ones1 ,pyrites1 ,quicksilv]1 ,salt1 ,soda1 ,sulphur1 ,talc1 ,t91 ,:et/ones & ,novaculite1 ,z9c2 ,tables ( ,assessm5ts ,levi$ by ,m9+ ,companies f #ahhg-ahic2 ,tables ( ,divid5ds ,paid by ,am]ican ,m9+ ,companies2 ,baltimore ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,bo/on ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,d5v] ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,london ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,lake ,sup]ior ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,new ,york ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,p>is ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,pittsburg ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket1 ,salt ,lake ,city ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket 9 #ahib1 ,san ,francisco ,m9+ ,/ock ,m>ket2 ,=eign ,c\ntries--,au/ria-,hung>y1 ,belgium1 ,canada1 ,*9a1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,japan1 ,russia1 ,s\? ,am]ican ,c\ntries1 ,spa9 & ,cuba1 ,sw$51 ,unit$ ,k+dom ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,! importance ( ! subject treat$ 9 ?is volume c be appreciat$ :5 x is kn[n t ! products ( ! m9es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone 9 ! c5sus ye> ( #ahhi am\nt$ to #ehg1bcj1ffb1 & t ?is am\nt really only repres5ts ! int]e/ on an imm5sely l>g] capital inve/$4 ,! m9+ products ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are f> m important 9 _! aggregate value ?an ^? ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w1 ?\gh1 9 _m individual products1 o!r c\ntries supply m ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is c\ntry is fir/1 h[ev]1 9 ! production ( pig iron & /eel4 ,x is also fir/ 9 ! production ( copp]1 gold1 silv]1 petroleum1 & a numb] ( o!r products4 ,great ,brita9 is /ill ! lead] 9 ! production ( coal1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates' production is rapidly gr[+ & already equals #ha4jh ( ! ,briti% production1 & supplies #bh4ge ( ! _w's consumption4 ,e subject 9 ?is volume is fully discuss$1 & at ! same "t no?+ is giv5 :i* is n appropriate & ev5 necess>y4 ,?us a comb9ation ( complet5ess & concis5ess is rea*$ :i* is excell5t4 ,among ! mo/ c>efully & exhau/ively treat$ subjects are copp]1 gold & silv]1 ! plat9um gr\p ( metals & coal & iron1 ?\gh _m o!rs might be m5tion$1 = e subject und]tak5 has be5 ?or\ghly treat$4 ,9 ! article on copp] ! /ati/ics ( production & consumption1 z well z ! condition ( ! v>i\s dome/ic & =eign m>kets1 are fully discuss$ by ! editor1 &1 9 addition1 sep>ate articles are also giv5 on 8,am]ican ,me?ods ( ,ore ,sampl+ & ,assay+10 by ,alb]t ,r4 ,l$\x1 & on 8,bessem]iz+ ,copp] ,matte10 by ,*>les ,wade ,/ickney4 ,! article on ! /ati/ics ( gold & silv] is by ,mr4 ,r4 ,p4 ,ro?well1 editor ( ! volume1 & is an excell5t piece ( /ati/ical "w1 giv+1 z x does1 ! /ati/ics ( production ( gold & silv] 9 ! _w = a numb] ( ye>s back4 ,to ?is article are app5d$ int]e/+ pap]s on ! 8,*ronology ( ! ,gold & ,silv] ,indu/ry1 #adib-ahib10 by ,walk] ,r5ton ,+alls1 on 8,rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ,gold ,*lor9ation10 by ,john ,e4 ,ro?well1 & on ! 8,cyanide ,process10 by ,l\is ,jan91 ,jr4 ,! article on ! ,plat9um ,gr\p ( ,metals1 by ,*>les ,bullman1 gives complete in=mation reg>d+ ! production1 consumption1 nature ( ! deposits1 metallurgy & uses ( plat9um & its relat$ metals1 iridium1 rhodium1 osmium1 palladium & ru!nium4 ,! articles on ,coal & ,coke & on ,iron & ,/eel1 bo? by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,b4 ,phillips1 give full /ati/ics ( production & consumption1 z well z int]e/+ hi/orical data1 & reports ( ! condition ( v>i\s m>kets4 ,_m ( ! o!r articles 9 ?is volume des]ve m5tion1 b lack ( space =bids fur!r detail4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ev]y?+ necess>y is pres5t$1 & no?+ unnecess>y or unreliable is giv52 9 o!r words1 ! volume conta9s no tra%4 ,"o ( ! mo/ noticeable features ( ! volume is ! uni=m & sy/ematic mann] 9 :i* ! results are pres5t$4 ,! uni=m arrangem5t ( /ati/ics is a matt] requir+ ! greate/ labor & /ati/ical ability4 ,compil+ a s+le table ( /ati/ics is a simple matt]1 b arrang+ a va/ mass ( /ati/ics1 relat+ to _m div]se subjects1 on a uni=m & intelligible basis1 is entirely ano!r matt]1 & requires ! highe/ skill ( ! /ati/ician4 ,9 ! ,m9]al ,indu/ry ?is has be5 accompli%$ 9 a mo/ successful mann]2 ev]y?+ is cle> & intelligible at ! fir/ glance1 & ev]y?+ is 9 its prop] place4 ,a great detrim5t to ! sy/ematic pres5tation ( /ati/ics has be51 z po9t$ out by ! editor1 ! necessity ( us+ our pres5t sy/em ( weights & measures1 ) 8our long & %ort tons1 our b>rels ( #bjj1 #bhj1 #cjj or #djj lbs1 our p\nds avoirdupois & our p\nds ,troy1 our bu%els ( a doz5 diff]5t weights1 & our gallons ( sev]al incompreh5sible k9ds02 b ! disadvantages ( ?is sy/em h be5 p>tly avoid$ 9 _m cases by giv+ ! /ati/ics 9 metric measures z well z 9 our own4 ,! "q ( ! co/ ( production has be5 giv5 especial prom95ce 9 ?is volume1 ) a view to %[+ ! r$uction 9 ! co/ ( ! crude products4 ,to use ! words ( ! editor3 8,! itemization ( co/ is ! fir/ ess5tial /ep 9 secur+ economy 9 produc+ any article1 & ! hi/ory ( e c\ntry & ( e indu/ry has %[n t prosp]ity1 :e!r national1 indu/rial1 or individual1 is1 9 a g5]al way1 inv]sely proportional to ! co/ ( supply+ ! re/ ( ! _w ) :at "o produces40 ,^! r$uctions are 9 no way dep5d5t on ! r$uction ( wages4 ,on ! contr>y1 _m ( ! m9+ indu/ries :]e ! greate/ r$uction 9 co/ ( production has be5 accompli%$1 are c>ri$ on ) high pric$ labor2 & 9 _m o!r cases1 :]e ! wages are n high1 ! condition ( ! wage-e>n]s has be5 greatly improv$4 ,! r$uction 9 co/ ( production has be5 entirely br\ght ab\t by improvem5ts 9 m9+ ma*9]y1 by a m ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! deposits to be work$1 & by m intellig5t managem5t & labor4 ,! r$uction 9 co/ ( production is n[h]e bett] se5 ?an 9 ! mat]ials mo/ necess>y to our welf>e4 ,= in/ance1 coal c 9 "s cases be c>ri$ by rail = #djj miles & deliv]$ on bo>d vessels = f #b to #b4be p] ton1 & yet ! m9e own]s & railroads make divid5ds2 "s ( ! manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts 9 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania obta9 coal at f #fj to #ge c5ts p] ton at _! works2 h>d gold-be>+ qu>tz c be cru%$1 wa%$ & #ie p] c5t4 ( ! gold sav$ on ! plates = #a4be p] ton2 high grade ,bessem] iron ore c be m9$1 h&l$1 %ipp$ & deliv]$ a ?\s& miles f ! po9t ( production = less ?an #d4jj p] ton4 ,all ^! figures seem almo/ incr$ible until "o inve/igates ! v>i\s devices :i* ! +5uity & bett] education ( ^? engag$ 9 ! indu/ry h inv5t$ = r$uc+ ! exp5ses ( production4 ,! =m] annual /ati/ical numb]s ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal 7 excell5t 9 all !y und]took1 b ! pres5t volume1 ! ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 makes a great advance 9 giv+ ! /ati/ics = =eign c\ntries 9 addition to ^? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,by s do+ x gives ! ,am]ican produc]s an opportunity to "k ! pres5t1 pa/ & probable future conditions ( competition 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,! two mo/ important features 9 any /ati/ical "w are accuracy & promptness4 ,! necessity ( accuracy is self-evid5t1 & )\t promptness ! /ati/ics lose mu* ( _! s]viceability to ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 !m1 = ! /ati/ics ( an indu/ry publi%$ a ye> or two ye>s late are r>ely ( mu* value to ^? engag$ 9 t indu/ry4 ,! bus9ess man wants 8 /ati/ics imm$iately aft] ! expiration ( ! "t to :i* !y relate1 s t he may "k ! exi/+ condition ( ! indu/ry 9 :i* he is engag$2 b if he does n get ^! /ati/ics until _m mon?s or ev5 sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds1 ! condition ( ! indu/ry may h *ang$ entirely s9ce ! "t to :i* ! /ati/ics ref]4 ,x is ! promptness ) :i* ?is volume is issu$1 comb9$ ) a high degree ( accuracy1 f> great] ?an w\ld be expect$ 9 /ati/ics s ha/ily compil$1 t gives x its especial value4 ,9 conclusion1 x may be said1 t z a piece ( /ati/ical "w1 relat+ to an indu/ry t is _w-wide 9 its scope1 comb9+ accuracy ) full detail & sy/ematic arrangem5t1 & issu$ s soon aft] ! close ( ! "t to :i* x relates1 ! ,m9]al ,indu/ry has nev] be5 equal$ 9 ?is c\ntry or abroad4 ,! =m] /ati/ical numb]s ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 :i* ref]r$ mo/ly only to ,am]ican m9+1 7 consid]$ rem>kable pieces ( /ati/ical "w1 on acc\nt ( ! promptness ( _! publication2 b 9 ! ,m9]al ,indu/ry we h an epitome ( ! m9+ op]ations ( e qu>t] ( ! globe1 publi%$ almo/ imm$iately aft] ! close ( ! "t to :i* !y ref]1 a feat :i* h]et(ore w\ld h be5 decl>$ impossible4 ,?is accompli%m5t is mo/ cr$itable to ! editor1 ,mr4 ,ro?well1 to ! sy/ematic organization ( ! ,sci5tific ,publi%+ ,co41 & to ! bus9ess manag]1 ,mrs4 ,braeunli*1 by ^: bus9ess ability su* an exp5sive und]tak+ is made comm]cially practicable4 ,! volume w be f\nd ( ! greate/ value to ! economic geologi/1 ! m9]1 ! eng9e] & ! bus9ess man4 ,r4 ,a4 ,f4 ,,p5rose1 ,,jr4 ,,footnotes #ed ,geological ,obs]vations 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #ahdf4 #ee ,beitrge zur ,geologie und ,paleontologie d] arg5t9is*5 ,republik2 ,i4 ,geologis*] ,!il1 #ahhe4 #ef ,/udi5 b] ,cordill]5ge/e9e4 ,apolda1 #ahge4 #eg ,reis5 9 d5 ,cordill]5 d] arg5t9is*5 ,republik1 ,v]h4 d] ,gesells*4 fr ,erdkunde4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 #eh ,unt]su*ung5 an altkry/all95 ,s*ief]ge/5i5 aus dem ,gebiete d] arg5t9is*5 ,republik1 von ,b4 ,khn4 ,neues ,jahrbu* fr ,m941 etc41 ,beit4 ,bd4 ,,vii41 #ahia1 p4 #bie4 #ei ,unt]su*ung arg5t9is*] ,pegmatite1 etc41 von ,p4 ,sab]sky1 ib41 p4 #cei4 #fj ,unt]su*ung5 an arg5t9is*5 ,granit51 etc41 von ,j4 ,romb]g1 ib41 ,,viii41 pp4 ,,analytical ,,ab/racts ,,( ,,curr5t ,,lit]ature4#fa ,a ,new ,tniopt]oid ,f]n & its ,allies4 ,by ,,david ,,:ite4 7,bullet9 ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica1 #d pp41 #aai-abb1 pl4 ,i474 ,mr4 ,:ite has describ$1 "u ! "n ( ,tniopt]is miss\ri5sis1 a new & well *>act]iz$ f]n f ! ,l[] ,coal-measures 9 ! vic9ity ( ,cl9ton1 ,h5ry ,c\nty1 ,miss\ri4 ,botanically1 x is ( p>ticul> int]e/ 9 t x comb9es ! s-call$ tniopt]oid & ale?opt]oid types ( /ructure1 :ile geologically x is ( mu* value 9 supply+ a readily id5tifi$ /ratigraphic m>k 9 a "p ( ! ,c>bonif]\s n especially ri* 9 fossil plants4 ,aft] ?or\ghly describ+ x & consid]+ its specific & g5]ic resemblances1 ! au?or discusses at l5g? its sugge/$ g5etic relations & repres5ts 9 a graphic mann] a s*eme ( its probable ance/ors & l9e ( desc5t4 ,f4 ,h4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ra9fall ,types ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,annual ,report by ,vice-,presid5t ,,g5]al ,a4 ,w4 ,,greely4 7,! ,national ,geographic ,magaz9e4 ,vol4 ,v41 ,april #bi1 #ahic1 pp4 #de-eh pl4 #bj74 ,! pap] conf9es itself to ! *>act]i/ic di/ribution ( precipitation ?r\gh\t ! ye> & gives ! ra9fall types ( ! c\ntry4 7a7 ,! be/ def9$ type ( ra9fall )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t :i* dom9ates ! ,pacific coa/ region z f> ea/ z we/]n ,utah4 ,! *>act]i/ic features are a v heavy precipitation dur+ midw9t]1 & an almo/ total abs5ce ( ra9 dur+ ! late summ]4 7b7 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,mexican type1 dom9at+ ,mexico1 ,new ,mexico & we/]n ,texas1 are a v heavy precipitation aft] ! summ] sol/ice & a v dry p]iod aft] ! v]nal equ9ox4 ,augu/ is ! mon? ( greate/ ra9fall1 :ile ,febru>y1 ,m>* & ,april are almo/ free f precipitation4 7c7 ,! ,miss\ri type cov]s ! greate/ area1 dom9at+ ! wat]%$s ( ! ,arkansas1 ,miss\ri & upp] ,mississippi riv]s1 & ( lakes ,ont>io & ,mi*igan4 ,x is m>k$ by a v light w9t] precipitation1 foll[$ 9 late spr+ & e>ly summ] by ! major portion ( ! ye>ly ra91 ! p]iod :5 x is mo/ b5eficial to ! gr[+ gra94 7d7 ,! ,t5nessee type1 prevail+ 9 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,arkansas1 ,mississippi & ,alabama1 has ! highe/ ra9fall ! la/ ( w9t]1 :ile ! m9imum is 9 mid-autumn4 7e7 ,! ,atlantic type1 cov]+ all ! coa/ save ,new ,engl&1 is "o :]e ! di/ribution ?r\gh\t ! ye> is ne>ly uni=m1 ) a maximum precipitation aft] ! summ] sol/ice1 & a m9imum dur+ mid-autumn4 7f7 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce type is *>act]iz$ by sc>city dur+ ! spr+ mon?s1 heavy ra9fall dur+ ! late summ] & late autumn mon?s1 ) a maximum dur+ ,novemb]4 ,! regions ly+ betwe5 ^! sev]al type-regions h composite ra9fall types1 result+ f ! influ5ce ( two or m simple types4 ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,geographic ,developm5t ( ! ,ea/]n ,"p ( ! ,mississippi ,dra9age ,sy/em4 ,by ,,lewis ,g4 ,,we/gate1 ,middlet[n1 ,conn4 7,am]ican ,geologi/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,april1 #ahic1 #ae pp47 ,! dra9age ( ! ,ea/]n ,mississippi bas9 9 po/-c>bonif]\s 0 9 all probability consequ5t ^u ! tilt+ :i* accompani$ ! /rong] folds ( ! ,appala*ian revolution 9 ! ea/4 ,! pres5t dra9age is f\nd to accord 9 ! ma9 ) ?is hypo!tical po/-c>bonif]\s dra9age1 b sev]al /reams dep>t q widely f x4 7a7 ,! great dra9age l9es ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce bas9 are /ructural valleys develop$ along ! /rike ( ! s(t] ,paleozoic /rata1 & at "r angles to ! orig9al surface4 ,! /reams seem1 !re=e1 to h adju/$ !mselves to ! diff]5ces 9 h>dness & /ructure ( ! b$s discov]$4 7b7 ,! ,ohio & ,cumb]l& riv]s cut directly across ! ,t5nessee & ,c9c9nati anticl9es4 ,! mo/ probable explanation is t ! riv]s 7 sup]impos$ ^u ! ar*$ & erod$ ,silurian rocks f a ?9 cov] ( c>bonif]\s b$s--n[ entirely remov$4 7c7 ,! ,upp] ,mississippi does n foll[ ! dip ( ! rocks to ! s\?we/1 b foll[s ! /rike to ! s\!a/4 ,?is "p ( ! riv] probably dates f ! elevation ( ! pla9s on ! we/ & ! ,appala*ians on ! ea/1 :i* m>k$ ! close ( ! ,cretace\s & :i* left a broad nor? & s\? valley4 7d7 ,! au?or f9ds good reason to believe t ! ,l[] ,mississippi1 9 po/-c>bonif]\s times1 fl[$ we/ ?r\gh ,miss\ri & ,arkansas4 ,! pres5t c\rse 0 probably tak5 at ! close ( ! ,cretace\s 9 consequ5ce ( elevations on ! we/ & ea/1 & possible depression 9 ! s\?4 ,! ,cretace\s base-level recogniz$ by ,davis on ! ,atlantic slope c be trac$ m or less discont9u\sly1 & remnants ( x are believ$ to exi/ 9 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota & ,arkansas4 ,b 9 g5]al ! "w ( ! ,t]ti>y cycle has oblit]at$ almo/ all evid5ce ( x on all b ! h>d s&/ones & conglom]ates ( ! ,paleozoic s]ies4 ,good examples ( ! l[l&s excavat$ f ! ,cretace\s base-level dur+ ! ,t]ti>y cycle1 are ! ,valley ( ! ,ea/ ,t5nessee & ! c5tral l[l& ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,dur+ ! po/-,t]ti>y sub-cycle ! l>g] /reams tr5*$ to great] or less ext5t ^! l[l&s4 ,no attempt is made to c>ry ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,mississippi1 dra9age into ! complicat$ *apt] ( ! ice-invasion4 ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on a ,new ,ord] ( ,gigantic ,fossils4 ,by ,,erw9 ,h4 ,,b>b\r4 7,univ]sity ,/udies4 ,publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #d1 ,july1 #ahib1 pp4 #bc1 pl4 #e74 ,a "p ( ,si\x ,c\nty1 ,nebraska1 ly+ nor? ( ! ,niobr>a ,riv]1 has yield$ a new ord] ( gigantic ,mioc5e fossils unlike any?+ h]et(ore kn[n4 ,!y are be/ describ$ z fossil corkscrews1 ( great size1 coil+ 9 "r-h&$ or left-h&$ curves ab\t an actual axis or ar\nd an imag9>y axis4 ,! screws are (t5 atta*$ at ! bottom to an imm5se transv]se piece1 rhizome1 und]gr\nd /em1 or :atev] x may be1 :i* is sometimes ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 o!r cases ! corkscrew ends abruptly d[nw>d1 z x always does upw>ds4 ,9 /ill o!r cases ! transv]se piece is v>i\sly modifi$1 & sometimes bl5ds into ! s&/one matrix1 z if ! und]gr\nd /em1 :ile gr[+ at "o end1 0 decay+ at ! o!r4 ,! fossil corkscrew is inv>iably v]tical1 & ! s-call$ rhizome inv>iably curves rapidly upw>ds1 & ext5ds outw>ds an indef9ite di/ance4 ,t !y c\ld ev] h be5 =m$ by burr[+ animals1 by geys]s or spr+s1 or by any me*anical means :atev]1 is entirely unt5able4 ,_! organic orig9 is unque/ionable4 ,microscopic sections %[ smoo? sp9dle-%ap$ rods1 :i* are sugge/ive ( sponge spicules4 ,f ! numb]s se5 9 place x is evid5t t !y fl\ri%$ 9 ?ickly cr[d$ =e/s ( va/ ext5t4 ,a f9ely pres]v$ rod5t's skeleton 0 f\nd 9 "o great /em4 ,! probable explanation is n t ! rod5t burr[$ !re1 b t its subm]g$ skeleton became an an*orage = a liv+1 gr[+ ,daimonelix1 :i* ev5tually envelop$ x4 ,! au?or proposes ?is provisional classification3 ,ord]4 ,family4 ,g5us4 ,species4 ,daimonelicid4 ,daimonelix4 circumaxilis bispiralis ------ -------------- ----------- anaxilis robu/a c>9ata4 ----------- ------ ----------- ------ ,! diff]5t species are describ$ 9 full4 ,h4 ,b4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,v]tical ,relief ( ! ,globe4 ,by ,,hugh ,,rob]t ,,mill1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,scotti% ,geographical ,magaz9e1 ,april1 #ahij4 ,! purpose ( ,dr4 ,mill's pap] is to %[ a simple yet adequate basis on :i* to build ! sup]/ructure ( physical geography4 ,x does n attempt a discussion ( ! di/ribution & v>ieties ( v]tical relief4 ,! /ructure ( ! e>? is /at$ mo/ simply by describ+ x z an irregul> /ony ball1 cov]$ ) an ocean & an envelope ( air4 ,if ! li?osph]e 7 p]fectly smoo? & at re/1 ) ! hydrosph]e uni=mly spread ov] its surface1 ! =m] w\ld h ! =m ( ! t]re/rial sph]oid1 & ! latt] w\ld surr\nd x to a dep? ( #a4g miles4 ,! surface ( ?is hypo!tical sph]oid ,dr4 ,mill calls mean sph]e level4 ,( c\rse1 9 reality ! surface ( ! li?osph]e is n p]fectly smoo?4 ,p>ts ( x are greatly depress$ & p>ts mu* elevat$1 ! latt] =m+ ! l& ( ! e>?4 ,! writ] proce$s to calculate ! position ( mean sph]e level1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( accurate data he uses ! c>eful e/imates ( ,dr4 ,john ,murray1 :i* are z foll[s3 ,av]age dep?s ( oceans #b4cf miles2 av]age height ( l& 4#dbf miles2 av]age ?ickness ( hydrosph]e surr\nd+ smoo!d li?osph]e #a4g mile2 area ( l& #ee1jjj1jjj squ>e miles2 area ( oceans #ada1gjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,suppose a block ( #ee1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles area & #a4g miles deep to be cut out ( ! smoo!d li?osph]e & set d[n on ! surface alongside ! depression4 ,no *ange w take place 9 ! surface ( ! hydrosph]e4 ,if ! surface ( ! #ada1gjj1jjj squ>e miles ( li?osph]e 7 r$uc$ to uni=mity1 ! :ole depress$ area w\ld lie 4#ff mile b5ea? mean sph]e level1 & ! dep? ( ! ocean becomes #b4cf miles4 ,to raise ! l& to its actual mean level above ! hydrosph]e surface1 a suffici5t quantity ( matt] mu/ be remov$ f ! depress$ area & plac$ on ! elevat$ block4 ,let x ! ?ickness ( ! belt remov$ & y equal ! ?ickness ( ! belt :5 plac$ on ! elevat$ block4 ,!n x y is ! height ( ! l& above ! actual hydrosph]e level4 ,f ! data giv5 ! foll[+ equations are easily obta9$3 x y - 4#dbf #j #ada4g x - #ee y #j x 4#ab & y 4#cjf 9 miles4 ,! av]age height ( ! l& above mean sph]e level is ?us #a4g 4#cjf #b4jjf miles1 & ! av]age dep? ( ! depress$ portion b5ea? mean sph]e level is 4#ff 4#ab 4#gh mile4 ,dr4 ,mill divides ! e>? into ! ?ree foll[+ divisions3 7#a7 ,abysmal area1 occupy+ all ! depressions b5ea? ! mean surface ( ! li?osph]e1 occupy+ #ej p] c5t4 ( ! e>?'s surface2 7#b7 ,transitional area1 compris+ all ! regions above mean sph]e level cov]$ by ! hydrosph]e1 occupy+ #bb p] c5t4 ( ! surface2 7#c7 ,cont95tal area1 all ! li?osph]e t projects above ! hydrosph]e1 or #bh p] c5t4 ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,j4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,footnote #fa ,ab/racts 9 ?is numb] are prep>$ by ,f4 ,h4 ,kn[lton1 ,h5ry ,b4 ,kummel1 ,j4 ,a4 ,b[nock]4 ,,ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,! foll[+ pap]s h be5 donat$ to ! libr>y ( ! ,geological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago3 ,,abbott1 ,,*>les ,c41 ,m4,d4 --,rec5t ,ar*ological ,explorations 9 ! ,valley ( ! ,delaw>e4 #cj pp41 #a pl4--,publications ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,s]ies 9 ,philology1 ,lit]ature & ,ar*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a4 ,,adams1 ,,frank ,d4 --,on ,"s ,granites f ,briti% ,columbia & ! ,adjac5t ,p>ts ( ,alaska & ! ,yukon ,di/rict4 #ad pp41 ,ill4--,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 ,sept4 #ahia4 --,notes to ,accompany a ,tabulation ( ! ,igne\s ,rocks bas$ on ! ,sy/em ( ,pr(essor ,h4 ,ros5bus*4 #f pp41 #a pl4--,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #ahia4 --,on ! ,geology ( ! ,/4 ,clair ,tunnel4 #h pp41 #a pl4--,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,canada1 ,section ,,iv1 #ahia4 --,on ! ,pres5ce ( ,*lor9e 9 ,scapolites4 #e pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci5ce1 ,apr4 #ahgi4 --,notes on ! ,li?ological ,"* ( "s ( ! ,rocks ,collect$ 9 ! ,yukon ,di/rict & ,adjac5t ,nor!rn ,portion ( ,briti% ,columbia4 #f pp4--,annual ,report1 ,geol4 ,sur4 ( ,canada1 #ahhg4 --,on ,"s ,canadian ,rocks ,conta9+ ,scapolite1 ) a ,few ,notes on ,"s ,rocks ,associat$ ) ! ,apatite ,deposits4 #af pp4--,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #ahhh4 --,on ! ,microscopical ,"* ( ! ,ore ( ! ,treadwell ,m9es1 ,alaska4 #e pp41 ,ill4--,read be=e ! ,royal ,soc4 ,canada1 ,may1 #ahhi4 --,on a ,melilite-,be>+ ,rock 7,alnoite7 f ,/e4 ,anne de ,bellevue1 ne> ,montreal1 ,canada4 #aj pp41 ,ill4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,xliii1 ,apr4 #ahib4 ,,ami1 ,,h5ry ,m41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,g4,s4 --,! ,utica ,t]rane 9 ,canada4 #cb pp4--,canadian ,record ( ,sci5ce1 ,oct4 #ahib4 --,additional ,notes on ! ,geology & ,palontology ( ,ottawa & its ,environs4 #aa pp4--,ottawa ,naturali/1 ,sept4 #ahib4 --,catalogue ( ,silurian ,fossils f ,arisaig1 ,nova ,scotia4 #g pp4--,f ! ,nova ,scotian ,in/4 ( ,sci41 ,s]4 #b1 ,vol4 ,i1 #ahib4 ,,&reae1 ,a4 --,ueb] die ,na*ahmung v]s*i$5] ,geysirtyp5 und b] ,gasgeysire4 #f pp4--,gesammt-,sitzung vom #ac ,jan4 #ahic4 ,,bayley1 ,w4 ,s4 --,a ,summ>y ( ,progress 9 ,m9]alogy & ,petrography 9 #ahib4--;,am]ican ,naturali/4 ,,beck]1 ,,george ,f4 --,f9ite ,homog5e\s ,/ra91 ,fl[ & ,rupture ( ,rocks4 #gg pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,jan4 #ahic4 ,,bee*]1 ,c4 ,e4 --,notice ( a ,new ,l[] ,oriskany ,fauna 9 ,columbia ,co41 ,n4 ,y4 #d pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 ,nov4 #ahib4 ,,brann]1 ,j4 ,c4 --,annual ,reports ( ! ,arkansas ,geological ,survey1 #ahhh1 ,vols4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d2 #ahhi1 ,vol4 #b2 #ahij1 ,vols4 #b & #c4 ,,bryce1 ,,george1 ,,ll4,d4 --,old] ,geology ( ! ,r$ ,riv] & ,ass9ibo9e ,valleys ) an ,app5dix4 #g pp41 ,ill4 ,read be=e ! ,hi/orical & ,sci5tific ,society ( ,manitoba1 ,nov4 #ahia4 ,,broadhead1 ,g4 ,c4 --,a ,bibliography ( ! ,geology ( ,miss\ri1 by ,f4 ,a4 ,samson4 #agh pp4 --,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri1 includ+ ,field ,"w ( #ahgc-d1 ) #ia illu/rations & an atlas4 #ghh pp4 --,prelim9>y ,report on ! ,coal ,deposits ( ,miss\ri f ,field ,"w prosecut$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahij-ia1 by ,ar?ur ,w9sl[1 ,/ate ,geologi/4 #bbj pp4 #a pl41 #aca ,illu/rations4 ,,c>t]1 ,,osc>1 ,c4 ,s4 --,artesian ,wells z a ,wat] ,supply = ,philadelphia4 #d pp4--,proc4 ( ! ,*em4 ,section ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/41 ,jan4 #ahic4 ,,*amb]l91 ,t4 ,c4 --,! ,requisite & ,qualify+ ,conditions ( ,artesian ,wells4 #db pp4 #a pl4 ,extract1 ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,director ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 --,b\ld] ,belts ,di/+ui%$ f ,b\ld] ,tra9s--,_! ,orig9 & ,significance4 #d pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am4 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahgi4 --,"s ,additional ,evid5ce ,be>+ on ! ,int]val betwe5 ! ,glacial ,epo*s4 #aa pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahij4 --,! ,attitude ( ! ,ea/]n & ,c5tral ,portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ,glacial ,p]iod4 #h pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,nov4 #ahia4 --,a ,propos$ ,sy/em ( ,*ronologic ,c>tography on a ,physiographic ,basis4 #c pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #ahia4 --7& ,r4 ,d4 ,,salisbury47 --,on ! ,relation%ip ( ! ,plei/oc5e to ! ,pre-,plei/oc5e ,=mation ( ! ,mississippi ,bas91 ,s\? ( ! ,limit ( ,glaciation4 #ag pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,xli41 ,may #ahia4 ,,*aney1 ,l4 ,w4 ,,jr4 --,cryptozon ,m9nesot5se 9 ! ,%akopee ,lime/one at ,nor?field1 ,m9n4 #c pp4--,bull4 ,m9n4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,no4 #b4 ,,cl>ke1 ,,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 --,a ,numb] ( ,pamphlets by ,diff]5t ,au?ors2 #e ,volumes ( ! ,hayd5 ,survey ( ! ,t]ritories4 ,,cooke1 ,j4 ,h4 --,geological ,notes on ,gozo4 #f pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,aug4 #ahia4 --,notes on ,/]eodon ,melit5sis1 ,ow54 #b pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,dec4 #ahia4 --,on ! ,occurr5ce ( a ,black ,lime/one 9 ! ,/rata ( ! ,maltese ,isl&s4 #c pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,aug4 #ahib4 --,! ,m$it]ranean ,naturali/4 ,f ,aug4 #a1 #ahia1 to ,sept4 #a1 #ahib1 inclusive4 ,,crosby1 ,w4 ,o4 --,notes on ! ,physical ,geography & ,geology ( ,tr9idad4 #aa pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,oct4 #ahhh4 --,on ! ,jo9t ,/ructure ( ,rocks4 #e pp4 --,on a ,possible ,orig9 ( ,petrosilici\s ,rocks4 #i pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,m>* #ahgi4 --,on ! ,classification ( ! ,textures & ,/ructures ( ,rocks4 #i pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,nov4 #ahha4 --,on ! ,elevat$ ,reefs ( ,cuba4 #f pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,june #ahhc4 --,on ! ,*asm call$ 8,purgatory10 9 ,sutton1 ,mass4 #b pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,oct4 #ahhc4 --,orig9 ( ,cont95ts4 #aa pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,june #ahhc4 --,on ! ,relation%ip ( ! ,conglom]ate & ,slate 9 ! ,bo/on ,bas94 #bj pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,jan4 #ahhd4 --,qu>tzites & ,silice\s ,concretions4 #aj pp4--,te*nology ,qu>t]ly1 ,may1 #ahhh4 --,relations ( ! ,pimite ( ! ,bo/on ,bas9 to ! ,felsite & ,conglom]ate4 #ad pp4--,te*nology ,qu>t]ly1 ,feb4 #ahhi4 --,! ,madison ,b[ld]4 #i pp41 #a pl4--,appala*ia1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #a4 --,on ! ,contra/ 9 ,color ( ! ,soils ( ,high & ,l[ ,latitudes4 #aj pp4 --,geology ( ! ,out] ,isl&s ( ,bo/on ,h>bor4 #h pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahhh4 --,physical ,hi/ory ( ! ,bo/on ,bas94 #bb pp4--,lectures to ,tea*]s' ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhi-ij4 --,! ,kaol9 9 ,bl&=d1 ,mass4 #i pp4--,te*nology ,qu>t]ly1 ,aug4 #ahij4 --,composition ( ! ,till or ,b\ld]-,clay4 #be pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 #ahij4 --,geology ( ,h+ham1 ,mass4 #ab pp41 #c maps4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xxv1 ,may1 #ahib4 --,geology ( ! ,black ,hills ( ,dakota4 #bi pp4--,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii4 ,,culv]1 ,g4 ,e4 --,on a ,little ,kn[n ,region ( ,nor?we/]n ,montana4 #ah pp41 #a pl4--,wis4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,arts & ,lett]s1 ,dec4 #ahia4 ,,d>ton1 ,n4 ,h4 --,! ,relations ( ! ,traps ( ! ,new>k ,sy/em 9 ! ,new ,j]sey ,region4 #hb pp41 #a map1 #d pl4--,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 --,on ,fossils 9 ! ,lafayette ,=mation 9 ,virg9ia4 #c pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,m>*1 #ahib4 ,,d]by1 ,o4 ,a4 --,on ,nephel9e ,rocks 9 ,brazil4 #ae pp41 ,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 #ahia4 ,,d\glas1 ,,james4 --,biographical ,sket* ( ,?omas ,/]ry ,hunt4 #aa pp4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng94 ,,ey]man1 ,,john4 --,notes on ,geology & ,m9]alogy4 #d pp4--,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhi4 --,! ,m9]alogy ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,"p ,i4 #ed pp4 --,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,v]tebrate ,paleontology = ! ye> #ahhi4 #d pp4--,am4 ,geol41 #ahij4 --,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,v]tebrate ,paleontology = ! ye> #ahij4 #h pp4--,am4 ,geol41 #ahia4 --,on ! ,m9]alogy ( ! ,fr5* ,creek ,m9es 9 ,p5nsylvania4 #d pp4--,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #ahhi4 --,a ,catalogue ( ! ,paleontological ,publications ( ,joseph ,leidy1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 #aj pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,nov4 #ahia4 --,bibliography ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,v]tebrate ,paleontology = ! ye> #ahia4 #h pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,april1 #ahib4 ,,felix1 ,,johannes4 --,unt]su*ung5 ueb] fossile ,hlz]4 #ab pp41 #a pl4--,abdruck a4 d4 ,zeits*r4 ,deuts*5 geolog4 ,gesell41 #ahhg4 --,beitrge zur ,k5ntniss d] ,gattung ,protosphyra5a ,leidy4 #bd pp41 #c pl4--,aus d] ,zeits*r4 ,deuts*5 geolog4 ,gesell41 #ahij4 --,ueb] die tektonis*5 ,v]hltniss$] ,republik ,mexiko4 #bj pp41 #b pl4--,aus d] ,zeits*r4 ,deuts*5 geolog4 ,gesell41 #ahib4 ,,f]ri]1 ,w4 ,f4 --,rapport ,gologique4 ,rapport des ,oprations de #ahff #ahfi4 #ecj pp41 ) maps4 --,descriptive ,sket* ( ! ,physical ,geography & ,geology ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada1 by ,alfr$ ,r4 ,c4 ,selwyn & ,g4 ,m4 ,dawson4 #ee pp4 #ahhd4 --,li/ ( ,publications ( ! ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey ( ,canada4 #cf pp4 --,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey & ,museum ( ,canada4--,report ( ,progress1 #ahhb-hc-hd4 ,annual ,report = #ahhh-hi4 ,,fi%]1 ,,rev4 ,o4 --,! ,hypo!sis ( a ,liquid ,condition ( ! ,e>?'s ,int]ior consid]$ 9 ,connection ) ,pr(essor ,d>w9's ,!ory ( ! ,g5esis ( ! ,moon4 #ad pp4--,proc4 ,cambridge ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahib4 ,,gilb]t1 ,g4 ,k4 --,cont95tal ,problems4 ,annual ,address by ! ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,am]ica4 #ab pp41 ,ill4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 #ahic4 --,! ,moon's ,face4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,orig9 ( its ,features4 #eb pp41 #a pl4--,phil4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahic4 ,,dege]1 ,,b>on ,,g]>d4 7,! foll[+ pamphlets are 9 ! ,sw$i% language1 ! titles be+ translat$73 --,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,hydr\s ,manganese ,oxide betwe5 ! ,pebbles ( ! ,os> at ,upsala4 #d pp4--,aftryck ur ,geol4 ,fr5+5s i ,/ockholm ,frh&l41 #ahhb4 --,on ,act9ocamax ,quadratus4 #c pp4--,ibid4 ,bd4 ,,vii4 --,on ,kaol9 & o!r ,m9]als1 d]iv$ f decay$ ,ar*aean rocks 9 ! ,cretace\s ne> ,kri/ian/ad4 #h pp4--,ibid4 ,bd4 ,,vii4 --,discussion ( ! ,conglom]ate at ,ve/ani 9 ,scania4 #e pp4--,ibid4 #ahhf4 --,on ,fold$ ,ve9s 9 ,ar*aean ,rocks4 #e pp4--,ibid4 #ahhg4 --,on ,w9dworn ,/ones4 #bj pp4--,ibid4 #ahhg4 --,on ! ,cave ( ,b>nakoella1 a new exposure ( ! ,cretace\s 9 ,scania 79 ,s\!rn ,sw$574 #bb pp4 --,on ! ,e>li] ,baltic ,ice-,/ream 9 ,ea/]n ,scania4 #d pp4--,ibid4 ,bd4 ,x4 --,description ( ! ,map sections ,vidtskoefle1 ,k>l%amn 7,scanian "p71 & ,soelvsborg 7,scanian "p74 #hh pp4 #ahhi4 --,description ( ! ,map section ,baeckaskog4 #aaj pp4 #b pl41 #a map1 #ahhi4 --,on ! ,situation ( ! ,ice ,%$ dur+ ! two ,glaciations ( ,sc&9avia4 #bj pp4 #ahhi4 --,on ! ,quat]n>y ,*anges ( ,level 9 ,sc&9avia4 #ff pp4 #a map4--,ibid4 #ahhh-ij4 --,on a ,s]ies ( ,small ,dump ,mora9es ne> ,/ockholm1 probably m>k+ ! annual recession ( ! ,ice ,bord]4 #c pp4--,ibid4 ,dec4 #ahhi4 --,on ! ,relation betwe5 ! ,c>bonates ( ,lime & ,magnesia 9 ,lime/ones 7,cretace\s & ,silurian74 #d pp4--,ibid4 #ahhi4 --,on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,lakes 9 ,ea/]n ,scania4 #d pp4--,ibid4 ,jan4 #ahhi4 --,on ! ,late/ ,inve/igations ( ! ,t]m9al ,mora9es ,s\? ( ! ,baltic4 #d pp4--,ibid4 ,april1 #ahhi4 --,on ,cont95tal ,*anges ( ,level 9 ,sc&9avia & ,nor? ,am]ica4 #d pp4--,ibid4 ,feb4 #ahib4 --,ueb] e9 ,conglom]at im ,urgebirge bei ,ve/ana 9 ,s*on54 #bh pp4 #a pl4 7,g]man ,ueb]setzt von ,felix ,wahns*affe 9 ,b]l974--,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*5 geolog4 ,gesell4 #ahhf4 --,quat]n>y ,*anges ( ,level 9 ,sc&9avia 7,engli%74 #d pp41 #a map4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,vol4 #c1 #ahia4 --,on ,plei/oc5e ,*anges ( ,level 9 ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bb pp41 #a map 7,engli%74--,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahib4 ,,hall1 ,c4 ,w4 --,! ,deep ,well at ,m9neopa1 ,m9nesota4 #c pp4--,bull4 ,m9n4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,no4 #b4 ,,hallock1 ,,william4 --,prelim9>y ,report ( ,obs]vations at ! ,deep ,well at ,:eel+1 ,w4 ,va4 #c pp4--,proc4 ,a4 ,a4 ,a4 ,s4 #ahia4 --7& ,f4 ,kohlraus*47 --,ueb] d5 ,polab/&1 d5 ,inductions--und ,temp]atur--,coeffici5t e9es ,magnetes und ueb] die ,be/immung von ,trgheitsmom5t5 dur* ,bifil>susp5sion4 #bj pp4--,na*ri*t5 ,ko5igli*e ,gesells*aft d] ,wiss5s*aft51 #ahhc4 ,,hat*]1 ,j4 ,b4 --,! ,titano!rium ,b$s4 #ah pp41 ,ill4--,am4 ,naturali/4 #ahic4 --,! ,c]atops ,b$s ( ,conv]se ,c\nty1 ,wyom+4 #aj pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 ,feb4 #ahic4 ,,hay1 ,o4 ,p41 ,,ph4,d4 --,! ,nor!rn ,limits ( ! ,mesozoic ,rocks 9 ,arkansas4 #cj pp4--,annual ,report ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ark4 #ahhh4 ,,hobbs1 ,,wm4 ,h4 --,second>y ,b&+ 9 ,gneiss4 #f pp4 #a pl41 ,ill4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 #ahia4 --,notes on a ,trip to ! ,lip>i ,isl&s4 #ab pp4 #a pl41 ,ill4--,wis4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #ahib4 --,on ,int]gr[?s ( ,hornbl5de ) ,augite 9 ,cry/all9e ,rocks4 #a p4--,sci5ce1 ,dec4 #bc1 #ahib4 --,phases 9 ! ,metamorphism ( ! ,s*i/s ( ,s\!rn ,b]k%ire4 #ab pp4 #a pl41 ,ill4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,feb4 #ahic4 ,,holmes1 ,w4 ,h4 --,geology ( ! ,elk ,m\nta9s1 ,col4 7#ahgd47 --,geology ( ,s\?we/]n ,colorado4 7#ahge47 --,geology ( ! ,yell[/one ,p>k4 7#ahhj47 ,,hol/1 ,n4 ,o4 --,matricit o* ,m>mairolit1 tva5ne nya ,m9]ali] fran ,v]ml&4 #e pp4--,aftryck ur ,geologiska ,fr5+5s i ,/ockholm ,frh&l+>1 #ahge4 --,om de glaciala rull/5sasrne4 #af pp4--,ibid41 #ahgf4 --,klotdiorit fran ,slttmossa1 ,jr$a sock51 ,kalm> ln4 #aj pp4 #a pl4--,ibid41 ,bd4 ,,vii4 --,om ,ett ,fynd af ,uroxe i ,rakneby1 ,ryssby ,sock5k ,kalm> ln4 #ba pp4 #b pl4--,ibid41 ,bd4 ,x1 #ahhh4 --,hvem fann d5 norrl&ska &esit58 #f pp4 ,ibid4--,bd4 ,x1 #ahhh4 --,om en ,mktig qv>sit1 yngre n ol5us-skiff]4 #c pp4--,ibid4 ,bd4 ,,xi1 #ahhi4 --,om en nyupptckt fauna i block af kambrisk s&/51 insamlade af dr ,n4 ,o4 ,hol/ af ,joh4 ,*r4 ,mob]g4 #ah pp4 #a pl4--,ibid41 ,bd4 ,,xiv1 #ahib4 --,bidrag till ,knn$om5 om ,lag]fldj5 inom d5 ,kambriska ,s&/554 #ag pp4 --,ryolit5 vid ,sjo5 ,mi54 #eb pp4 #a pl41 ,ill4 --,b]ttelse om en ar #ahhj1 i ,geologiskt ,syfte ,=etag5 ,resa ,till ,gro5l&4 #gd pp4 #a map1 #ahhj4 ,,hovey1 ,,edmund ,,otis4 --,obs]vations on "s ( ! ,trap ,ridges ( ! ,ea/-,hav5--,bran=d1 7,ct47 ,region4 #bc pp4 #a pl4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,nov4 #ahhi4 ,,hyatt1 ,,alpheus4 --,rem>ks on ! ,p9nidae4 #ab pp4 --,jura & ,trias at ,taylorville1 ,cali=nia4 #ah pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #ahib4 ,,idd+s1 ,j4 ,p4 --,obsidian ,cliff1 ,yell[/one ,national ,p>k4 #dh pp4 #i pl41 #ahhh4 #g? ,annual ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 --,on ! ,cry/allization ( ,igne\s ,rocks4 #ej pp4--,phil4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahhi4 --,on a ,gr\p ( ,volcanic ,rocks f ! ,tewan ,m\nta9s1 ,new ,mexico1 & on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,prim>y ,qu>tz 9 c]ta9 ,basalts4 #cb pp4--,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 ,no4 #ff4 --,sph]ulitic ,cry/allization4 #ah pp4 #b pl4--,bull4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 #ahia4 --,! ,orig9 ( ,igne\s ,rocks4 #abd pp4 #a pl4--,bull4 ,phil4 ,soc4 ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,may1 #ahib4 ,,james1 ,,jos4 ,f4 --,manual ( ! ,paleontology ( ! ,c9c9nati ,gr\p4 #af pp41 ,ill4--,c9c9nati ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,oct4 #ahib1 ,jan4 #ahic4 ,,jimbo1 ,k4 --,g5]al ,geological ,sket* ( ,hokkaido1 ) special ref]5ce to ! ,petrography4 ,,judd1 ,,pr(4 ,j4 ,w4 --,a ,problem = ,*e%ire ,geologi/s4 #e pp4--,proc4 ,*e/] ,soc4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahhd4 --,on ,krakatoa4 #d pp4 #ahhd4 --,address to ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association4 #ahhe4 #bj pp4 --,on ,m>ekanite & its ,allies4 #h pp4--,geol4 ,mag41 ,june1 #ahhf4 --,address deliv]$ at ! ,anniv]s>y ,meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london4 ,feb4 #ah1 #ahhg1 #eg pp4 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahhh1 #ef pp4 --,on a ,cetacean f ! ,l[] ,oligoc5e ( ,hamp%ire4 #f pp41 ,ill4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 ,nov41 #ahha4 --,on ! ,gabbros1 ,dol]ites1 & ,basalts ( ,t]ti>y ,age1 9 ,scotl& & ,irel&4 #di pp41 #d pl4--,ibid41 ,feb41 #ahhf4 --,! ,t]ti>y ,volcanoes ( ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,scotl&4 #cb pp4--,ibid41 ,may1 #ahhi4 --,on ! ,gr[? ( ,cry/als 9 ,igne\s ,rocks aft] _! ,consolidation4 #aj pp41 #a pl4--,ibid41 ,may1 #ahhi4 --,! ,propylites ( ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,scotl& & _! ,relation to ! ,&esites & ,diorites ( ! ,di/rict4 #dd pp41 #b pl4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geolog4 ,soc41 ,aug41 #ahij4 --,on ! ,relation ( ! ,reptilif]\s ,s&/one ( ,elg9 to ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 #aj pp4--,proc4 ,royal ,soc41 ,no4 #bda1 #ahhe4 --,on ! ,relations betwe5 ! ,solution-,planes ( ,cry/als & ^? ( ,second>y ,tw9n+1 & on ! ,mode ( ,developm5t ( ,negative ,cry/als along ! ,=m]4 #ab pp41 #a pl4--,m9]alogical ,magaz9e4 --,on ! ,developm5t ( a ,lamell> ,/ructure 9 ,qu>tz-,cry/als by ,me*anical means4 #i pp41 #a pl4--,ibid4 --,on ! ,relations betwe5 ! ,glid+ ,planes & ! ,solution ,planes ( ,augite4 #e pp4 #ahij4 --,*emical ,*anges 9 ,rocks "u ,me*anical ,/resses4 #bb pp4--,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society1 ,may1 #ahij4 --,! ,rejuv5esc5ce ( ,cry/als4 #h pp4--,royal ,in/itute1 #ahia4 ,,kei?1 ,,ar?ur4 --,geology ( ,*ilh[ee ,m\nta9 9 ,t5nessee4 #ah pp41 #a pl4--,bull4 ,phil4 ,soc41 ,wa%+ton1 ,vol4 ,,xii41 pp4 #ga-hh4 #ahib4 --,! ,/ructure ( ! ,blue ,ridge1 ne> ,h>p]'s ,f]ry4 #aj pp41 #b pl4 ,,kn[lton1 ,f4 ,h4 --,bread-,fruit ,trees 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4--,sci5ce1 ,jan4 #ac1 #ahic4 ,,lawson1 ,a4 ,c4 --,geology ( ! ,ra9y ,lake ,region1 ) ,rem>ks on ! ,classification ( ! ,cry/all9e ,rocks we/ ( ,lake ,sup]ior4 #h pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,june1 #ahhg4 --,notes on ,"s ,diabase ,dykes ( ! ,ra9y ,lake ,region4 #ad pp41 ,ill4 --,notes on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,native ,copp] 9 ! ,animikie ,rocks ( ,?und] ,bay4 #e pp4--,am4 ,geol41 ,m>*1 #ahij4 --,notes on ! ,pre-,paleozoic ,surface ( ! ,ar*ean ,t]ranes ( ,canada4 ,! ,int]nal ,relations & ,taxonomy ( ! ,ar*ean ( ,c5tral ,canada4 #cb pp4--,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am41 #ahij4 --,petrographical ,diff]5tiation ( ,c]ta9 ,dykes ( ! ,ra9y ,lake ,region4 ,,l9dgr51 ,,waldem>4 --,petrographical ,notes f ,baja1 ,cali=nia1 ,mexico4 #ag pp4--,proc4 ,cal4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #b;d ,s]4 ,,ii4 7#ahhi71 #i pp4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 7#ahij74 --,eruptive ,rocks f ,montana4 #ah pp4--,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,iii4 --,! ,silv] ,m9es ( ,calico1 ,cali=nia4 #ah pp41 #a pl4--,trans4 ,am4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng94 --,! ,gold ,deposit at ,p9e ,hill1 ,cali=nia4 #f pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,aug41 #ahib4 --,a ,sodalite-,sy5ite & o!r ,rocks f ,montana2 ) ,analysis1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,melville4 #ab pp4--,ibid41 ,april1 #ahic4 --,contributions to ! ,m9]alogy ( ! ,pacific ,coa/1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,melville & ,w4 ,l9dgr54 #cb pp41 #c pl4--,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s41 #ahij1 ,no4 #fa4 ,,lyman1 ,,b5jam9 ,,smi?4 --,%ipp5 & ,we!rill ,tract4 #cf pp41 ) map4 ,,m>t91 ,f4 ,w4 --,! ,b\ld]s ( ! ,midl& ,di/rict4 #bb pp41 ) map4--,proc4 ,birm+ham ,phil4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,vii41 ,"p ,i4 --,fir/ ,report ^u ! ,di/ribution ( ,b\ld]s 9 ,s\? ,%rop%ire & ,s\? ,/af=d%ire4 #be pp4--,ibid41 ,vol4 ,,vi41 ,pt4 ,i4 ,,m>%1 ,o4 ,c4 --,re/oration ( ,claosaurus & ,c]atosaurus4 ,re/oration ( ,ma/odon ,am]icanus4 #h pp41 #c pl4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,oct41 #ahib4 --,re/oration ( ,an*isaurus4 #b pp41 #a pl4--,ibid41 ,feb41 #ahic4 ,,m]riman1 ,,mansfield4 --,! ,/r5g? & ,wea!r+ ,qualities ( ,ro(+ ,slates4 #ai pp41 #c pl4--,am4 ,soc4 ,civil ,eng941 ,sept41 #ahib4 ,,mill1 ,,hugh ,,rob]t4 --,on ! ,physical ,conditions ( ! ,wat] 9 ! ,clyde ,sea-,area4 #be pp41 #a pl4--,phil4 ,soc4 ,glasg[1 #ahhg4 --,configuration ( ! ,clyde ,sea-,area4 #g pp4 #a pl4--,scott4 ,geog4 ,mag41 ,jan41 #ahhg4 --,rec5t ,physical ,rese>* 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 #ad pp4 ) map4--,ibid41 ,aug41 #ahhg4 --,! ,relations betwe5 ,comm]ce & ,geography4 #ac pp4--,ibid41 ,dec41 #ahhg4 --,sea ,temp]atures on ! ,cont95tal ,%elf4 #f pp4--,ibid41 ,oct41 #ahhh4 --,sci5tific ,e>?-,k z an ,aid to ,comm]ce4 #ah pp4--,ibid41 ,june1 #ahhi4 --,/atical ,oceanography--a ,review4 #g pp4--,ibid41 ,may1 #ahia4 --,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geography4 #g pp4--,ibid41 ,feb41 #ahib4 --,on ! ,physical ,conditions ( ! ,wat] 9 ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 #f pp41 #d pl4--,app5dix to #e? ,annual ,report ( ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d = ,scotl&4 --,report ( ,physical ,obs]vations on ! ,sea to ! ,we/ ( ,lewes1 dur+ ,july & ,augu/1 #ahhg4 #bf pp41 #a pl4--,ibid41 #f? ,annual4 --,report on a ,physical & ,*emical ,exam9ation ( ! ,wat] 9 ! ,moray ,fir? & ! ,fir?s ( ,inv]ness1 ,crom>ty1 & ,dorno*4 #cf pp41 #d pl4--,ibid4 --,report on ! ,app>atus requir$ = c>ry+ on ,physical ,obs]vations 9 connection ) ! ,fi%]ies4 #d pp41 #b pl4--,ibid4 --,report on ! ,physical ,obs]vations c>ri$ on by ! ,fi%]y ,bo>d = ,scotl& 9 ! ,fir?s ( ,=? & ,tay & 9 ! ,clyde ,sea-,area4 #ce pp41 #b pl4--,ibid41 ,n9? ,annual1 ,"p ,,iii4 --,riv] ,entrances4 #ab pp4--,supplem4 ,pap]1 ,roy4 ,geog4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,,iii4 --,m>9e ,temp]ature ,obs]vations4 #i pp4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,royal ,met4 ,soc4 --,on ! ,tidal ,v>iation ( ,sal9ity & ,temp]ature 9 ! ,e/u>y ( ! ,=?4 #aj pp4 #a pl4--,proc4 ,royal ,soc4 ,ed941 #ahhe-f4 --,! ,sal9ity & ,temp]ature ( ! ,moray ,fir?1 & ! ,fir?s ( ,inv]ness1 ,crom>ty1 & ,dorno*4 #ab pp41 #a pl4--,ibid41 #ahhg4 --,on ! ,mean ,level ( ! ,surface ( ! ,solid ,e>?4 #d pp4--,ibid41 #ahhi-ij4 --,! ,clyde ,sea-,area4 #hh pp41 #ab plates & maps4 --,contributions to ,m>9e ,meteorology ,result+ f ! ,?ree ,ye>s' ,"w ( ! ,scotti% ,m>9e ,/ation4 #h pp4 --,obs]vations ( ,sea ,temp]ature1 made by ,/aff ( ! ,scotti% ,m>9e ,/ation betwe5 #ahhd & #ahhg4 #fd pp4 --,f\r? & ,f9al ,report ( ! ,committee appo9t$ to arrange an ,inve/igation ( ! ,seasonal ,v>iations ( ,temp]ature 9 ,lakes1 ,riv]s1 & ,e/u>ies4 #eb pp41 #a pl4--,briti% ,a4 ,a4 ,s41 #ahia4 ,,osborn1 ,,h5ry ,f41 ,,sc4,d4 --,a ,memoir ^u ,loxolophodon & ,u9ta!rium1 ,accompani$ by a ,/ratigraphical ,report ( ! ,bridg] ,b$s 9 ! ,wa%akie ,bas91 by ,john ,ba* ,mc,master1 ,c4 ,e4 #ed pp41 #f pl4--,contributions f ! ,e4 ,m4 ,museum ( ,geology & ,ar*ology ( ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey1 ,july1 #ahha4 ,,p5ck1 ,,albre*t --,ueb] ,palagonit und ,basaltuffe4 #gd pp4--,ibid41 #ahgi4 --,ueb] e9ige ,kontaktge/e9e les ,kri/iania-,silurbeck5s4 #bj pp4--,magaz9 = ,naturvid5skaf]ne1 #ahgi4 --,/udi5 b] lock]e vulkanis*e ,answrfl+e4 #cc pp41 #a pl4--a4 d4 ,zeits*r4 d4 ,deuts*4 ,geolog4 ,gesells*aft1 #ahgh4 --,b]i*t b] e9e geme9same ,excursion 9 d5 ,bhm]wald4 #aj pp4--,ibid41 #ahhg4 --,erlut]ung5 zur geologis*5 ,specialk>te des ,knigrei*s ,sa*s54 ,section ,colditz4 #ei pp41 #ahgi4 --,glaci]s ( ! ,is> & ! ,l9?4 #h pp4 ,geol4 ,mag41 ,june1 #ahhf4 --,die ,deuts*5 ,k/54 #i pp4 --,ziele d] ,erdkunde im ,oe/]rei*4 #af pp4 --,!ori5 b] das ,glei*gewi*t d] ,erdkru/e4 #bf pp41 #ahhi4 --,das ,endziel d] ,erosion und ,d5udation4 #ab pp4--a4 d4 ,v]h&lung5 des ,,viii ,deuts*5 ,geograph5tages zu ,b]l94 #ahhi4 --,d] ,fl*59halt d] /]rei*is*-ung>is*5 ,mon>*ie4 #f pp4--a4 d4 ,sitzungsb]i*t5 d] ,kais4 ,akademie d4 ,wiss5s*aft5 9 ,wi54 #ahhi4 --,die ,glacials*ott] 9 d5 ,o/alp54 #ba pp4--,v]lag des d4 u4 ,oe4 ,alp5v]e9s4 --,die ,geographie an d] ,wi5] ,univ]sitt4 #af pp4--a4 d4 ,geog4 ,abh&lung54 --,die ,donau4 #aja pp41 #b pl4--,vortrge des ,v]e9es zur ,v]breitung naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,k5ntnisse 9 ,wi54 #ahia4 --,ueb] die ,h]/ellung e9] ,erdk>te im ,mass-/abe von #a3ajjjjjj4 #cj pp4--,deuts*e ,geog4 ,bltt] ,bd4 ,,xv1 h4 #c u4 #d4 --,b]i*t b] die ,aus/ellung des ,,ix ,deuts*5 ,geograph5tages zu ,we94 #ahia4 #add pp4 --,d] neunte deuts*e ,geograph5tag 9 ,wi54 #bd pp4--aus ,oe/]r-,ung>4 ,revue1 #ahia4 --,die ,=m5 d] ,l&ob]fl*e4 #aj pp4--a4 d4 ,v]h&lung5 des ,,ix d4 ,geograph5tages 9 ,wi54 #ahia4 --,das ,/udium d] ,geographie4 #ae pp4--a4 d4 ,,xvii ,jahresb]i*te des ,v]e9es d] ,geograph5 an d] ,univ]sitt ,wi54 ,,pross]1 ,,*>les ,s4 --,notes on ! ,geology ( ,skunnemunk ,m\nta91 ,orange ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 #ah pp4--,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,june1 #ahib4 ,,russell1 ,i4 ,c4 --,on ! ,=m] ,ext5t ( ! ,triassic ,=mation ( ! ,atlantic ,/ates4 #aj pp4--,am4 ,naturali/1 ,oct41 #ahhj4 --,! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ! ,triassic ,=mation ( ,new ,j]sey & ! ,connecticut ,valley4 #ce pp4--,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #ahgh1 pp4 #bbj-bed4 ,,sieg]1 ,,dr4 ,,rob]t4 --,die ,s*wankung5 d] ,ho*>m5is*5 ,se5 seit #ahjj 9 v]glei*ung mit e9ig5 v]w&t5 ,ers*e9ung54 #hj pp41 #a pl4 ,,sollas1 ,w4 ,j4 ,b4 ,a41 ,f4 ,g4 ,s4 --,on ! ,p]=ate ,"* ( ! ,g5us ,webb9a1 #d pp41 #a pl4 --,on ! ,silurian ,di/rict ( ,rhymney & ,p5-y-lan1 ,c>diff1 #cb pp41 #a pl4--,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 #ahgi4 --,on ,a/roconia ,granti1 f ! ,silurian ,=mation ( ,canada1 #f pp4 ,ill4--,ibid4 ,may #ahha4 --,on a ,new ,species ( ,plesiosaurus f ! ,l[] ,lias ( ,*>m\?1 #dd pp41 #b pl4 --,on ! ,orig9 ( ,fre%wat] ,faunas3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,evolution1 #c pp4--,sci4 ,proc41 ,royal ,dubl9 ,soc4 #ahhd4 --,! 8,coecal ,processes0 ( ! ,%ells ( ,bra*iopods int]pret$ z ,s5se ,organs1 #c pp4--,ibid41 ,nov4 #ah1 #ahhe4 --,a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,fl9ts1 #e pp4--,ibid41 ,dec4 #ad1 #ahhg4 --,on ,homotoe*us 7,ar*ocid>is ,h>teana1 ,baily7 ,a new ,g5us ( ,palaeozoic ,e*9oids1 #c pp4--,ibid41 ,june #ag1 #ahia4 --,on ! ,/ructure & ,orig9 ( ! ,qu>tzite ,rocks 9 ! ,neighborhood ( ,dubl91 #bj pp41 #a pl41 ,ill4--,ibid41 ,feb4 #ag1 #ahib4 --,on ! ,v>iolite & ,associat$ ,igne\s ,rocks ( ,r\nd ,wood ,co4 ,wickl[1 #bb pp4 ,ill4--,ibid41 ,m>* #be1 #ahic4 --,on ,pit*/one & ,&esite f ,t]ti>y ,dykes 9 ,donegal4 #g pp4 ,ill4--,ibid41 ,m>* #be1 #ahic4 --,on ! ,occurr5ce ( ,z9nwaldite 9 ! ,granite ( ! ,m\rne ,m\nta9s1 #b pp4--,proc4 ,royal ,iri% ,acad4 #ahij4 #c;d ,s]4 ,vol4 #a2 ,no4 #c4 ,,/e5/rup1 ,j4 ,,japetus ,s4 ,m4 --,sur les ,kjokk5modd+s de l',age de la ,pi]re et sur la ,faune et la ,flore ,prhi/oriques de ,danm>k4 #dj pp41 #b pl4 ,ill4--,bull4 ,congrs ,int]national d',ar*ologie ,prhi/orique ,cop5hague1 #ahfi4 --,torvemos]nes ,bidrag til ,kundskab om ,danm>k's =hi/oris*e ,natur og ,kultur1 #db pp4 --,die ,mammu?jg]-,/ation bei ,pr$mo/ im oe/]rei*is*5 ,kronl&e ,mhr54 #ca pp4--,mit!il4 d] ,an?ropologis*5 ,gesell41 9 ,wi51 #ahij4 --,hvorl$es dannes de /ore ,isfjaelde8 #g pp4--,sa]tryk af 8,geografisk ,tidskrift40 ,,/e9mann1 ,g4 --,die ,morn5 am ,ausgange des ,wehra?als1 #f pp4 ,ill4--a4 d4 ,b]i*t b] die ,,xxv4 ,v]sammlung des ,ob]rhe9is*5 geolog4 ,v]e9s ,zu ,basel4 --,die ,morn5 am ,ausgange des ,wehra?als1 #e pp4--,ibid4 --,bem]kung5 b] die tektonis*5 ,beziehung5 d] ob]rhe9is*5 ,tiefeb5e zu dem nords*weiz]is*5 ,kett5jura1 #aj pp4 ,ill4--a4 d4 ,b]i*te d] ,natur=s*5d5 ,gesell4 zu ,freib]g4 --,ueb] die ,ergebnisse d] neu]5 ,=s*ung5 im ,plei/ocn des ,rhe9?als1 #d pp4--a4 d4 ,zeits*s4 d4 ,deuts*5 geolog4 ,gesell4 #ahib4 ,,taylor1 ,w4 ,,edg>4 --,! ,ophidia ( ,nebraska1 #dh pp4 ,,?omass51 ,t4 ,,*4 --,jordskjaelv i ,norge #ahhh-ahij4 ,anhang3 ,deuts*es ,resum und tabell>is*e ,zusamm5/ellung d] 9 #ahhj-ahij e+etr(f55 ,erdbeb51 #ef pp41 #b pl4 --,b]i*te b] die1 wes5tli* seit #ahcd1 9 ,norweg5 e+etr(f55 ,erdbeb51 #eb pp4--a4 ,b]g5s ,museums ,a>sb]etn+ #ahhh4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey4 --,annual ,reports ( ! ,director1 #d? to #aa?4 --,monographes1 ,,xvii1 ,,xviii1 ,,xx4 --,m9]al ,res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #f vols4 #ahhc to #ahij4 --,bullet9s #cj1 #ef1 #fe1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj to #hd incl4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,coa/ ,,& ,,geodetic ,,survey4 --,report ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 #cd ,volumes1 ,*>ts4 ,,van ,,hise1 ,c4 ,h4 --,bullet9 #hf ,u4 ,s4 ,g4 ,s4 ,correlation ,pap]s--,ar*an & ,algonkian4 #edi pp41 #ab pl4 ,,walcott1 ,c4 ,d4 --,notes on ! ,cambrian ,rocks ( ,p5nsylvania & ,m>yl&1 f ! ,susquehanna to ! ,potomac4 #ad pp4--,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 ,dec4 #ahib4 ,,wahns*affe1 ,,felix4 --,b]i*t ueb] d5 von d] geologis*5 ,gesells*aft 9 ,lille v]an/altet5 ,ausflug 9 das ,qu>trgebiet des nordli*5 ,frankrei* und des ,sdli*5 ,belgi51 #ab pp4--,jahrbu* d] ,knigl4 preuss4 geolog4 ,l&esan/alt fr #ahia4 ,,w>r+1 ,c4 ,b41 ,,ph4 ,d4 --,geological ,climate 9 ,high ,latitudes1 #af pp4--,popul> ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 ,july1 #ahhf4 ,,we/gate1 ,,lewis ,g4 --,! ,geographic ,developm5t ( ! ,ea/]n ,"p ( ! ,mississippi ,dra9age ,sy/em1 #af pp4 ,am4 ,geol4 ,april #ahic4 ,,w9*ell1 ,h4 ,v4 --,! ,mesabi ,iron ,range 9 ,m9nesota1 #gb pp41 #e pl4--#bj? annual ,report4 ,m9n4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahia4 ,,w9*ell1 ,n4 ,h4 --,! ,cry/all9e ,rocks1 ,"s ,prelim9>y ,consid]ations z to _! ,/ructures & ,orig91 #bh pp4--#bj? ,annual ,report1 ,m9n4 ,geol4 ,survey1 #ahia4 ,,woodwor?1 ,j4 ,b4 --,! ,ice ,wall on ! ,bea* at ,hull1 ,mass41 ,janu>y1 #ahic4--,sci5ce4 ,feb4 #aj1 #ahic4 7,fur!r ackn[l$gm5ts ( pamphlets already receiv$ w be made 9 ! next numb]47 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple 7& frequ5t7 typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,footnotes h be5 sequ5tially r5umb]$ to make !m unique1 & !n mov$ to ! ends ( ! articles to :i* !y belong4 ,illu/rations & ref]5ces to !m h be5 sequ5tially r5umb]$4 ,pages #cdd1 #cde3 ,text %[n z a1 b1 & c 0 pr9t$ 9 a ,blacklett] font4 ,footnote #cj1 orig9ally on page #cfh3 ,! 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