,transcrib]s ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,,simple ,,plumb+ ,,repairs = ! ,home & ,f>m/ead ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #bbjb ,u4,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,cont5ts ,page ,repair+ wat] faucets & valves #a ,fro/pro( hydrants #d ,repair+ leaks 9 pipes & tanks #e ,pipes #e ,tanks #g ,wat] hamm] #h ,froz5 wat] pipes #h ,prev5t+ freez+ #h ,?aw+ #h ,repair+ wat] closets #i ,flu%+ me*anism #i ,b[l removal #aj ,tank sweat+ #ab ,cle>+ clogg$ dra9s #ab ,fixture & floor dra9s #ab ,outside dra9s #ac ,tools & sp>e p>ts #ac ,em]g5cies #ad ,prep>$ by ,nor!a/]n ,region ,agricultural ,rese>* ,s]vice ,?is bullet9 sup]s$es ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #adfj1 ,simple ,plumb+ ,repairs 9 ! ,home4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 ,revis$ ,decemb] #aigb ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+3 ,(fice1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjdjb - ,price #ae c5ts ,/ock ,numb] #jajj-jbfhd ,,simple ,,plumb+ ,,repairs = ! ,home & ,f>m/ead ,y c save money & avoid delays by mak+ m9or plumb+ repairs y\rself4 ,jobs t a f>m] or home[n] c d ) a few basic tools include3 ,repair+ wat] faucets & valves4 ,repair+ leaks 9 pipes & tanks4 ,?aw+ froz5 pipes4 ,repair+ wat] closets4 ,clean+ clogg$ dra9s4 ,ext5sive plumb+ repairs or alt]ations 9 ! plumb+ sy/em usually require au?orization f local au?orities & possibly inspection ( ! complet$ "w4 ,!re=e su* "w %\ld be done by a qualifi$ or lic5s$ plumb]4 ,,repair+ ,,wat] ,,faucets ,,& ,,valves ,faucets & globe valves1 ! type ( %ut(f valves commonly us$ 9 home wat] sy/ems1 are v simil> 9 con/ruction 7fig4 #a7 & repair in/ructions giv5 bel[ apply to bo?4 ,y\r faucets or valves may diff] some:at 9 g5]al design f ! "o %[n 9 figure #a1 because bo? faucets & valves come 9 a wide v>iety ( /yles4 ,mix+ faucets1 :i* are f\nd on s9ks1 laundry trays1 & ba?tubs1 are actually two sep>ate units ) a common sp\t4 ,ea* unit is indep5d5tly repair$4 ,dripp+ faucets are ! mo/ common plumb+ problem4 ,normally a new wa%] is all t is requir$4 ,if wat] leaks ar\nd ! /em1 ei!r ! pack+ is loose or ne$s replac+4 ,to repair ! faucet1 fir/ %ut (f ! wat] at ! %ut(f valve ne>e/ ! p>ticul> faucet4 ,disassemble ! faucet by remov+ ! h&le1 pack+ nut1 pack+1 & /em 9 t ord]4 ,y may h to set ! h&le back on ! /em & use x to unscrew & remove ! /em4 ,remove ! screw & worn wa%] f ! /em4 ,clean ! wa%] cup & in/all a new wa%] ( ! prop] size & type4 ,reassemble ! faucet4 ,h&les ( mix+ faucets %\ld be 9 mat*$ positions4 ,if a wa%] requires frequ5t replacem5t1 x may be ! wrong type or ! seat may be r\gh & scor+ ! wa%]4 ,flat wa%]s are us$ on seats hav+ a cr[n or r\nd ridge = ! wa%] seat4 ,tap]$ or r\nd$ wa%]s are us$ ) tap]$ seats4 ,^! seats may be replac$ if worn or damag$4 ,replaceable seats h ei!r a squ>e or hex %ap$ wat] passage = ! seat removal tool4 ,seat dress+ tools are available = non-replaceable seats4 ,occasionally a faucet w be noisy :5 wat] is fl[+4 ,?is may be due to a loose wa%] or worn ?reads on ! /em & receiv]1 p]mitt+ ! /em to vibrate or *att]4 ,press+ d[n on ! h&le w /op /em vibration b w n affect a loose wa%]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--;,globe type angle valve4 ,faucets are simil> 9 con/ruction4 ,replacem5t /ems are available2 h[ev]1 if ! receiv+ ?reads are worn excessively a new /em w\ld n elim9ate ! problem completely4 ,9 "s faucets x is possible to replace ! /em receiv]1 ! /em1 & ! seat1 ?us re/or+ all normal we>+ p>ts )9 ! faucet4 ,sev]al new faucet designs aim$ at easi] op]ation1 elim9at+ drip1 & promot+ long s]vice life1 are on ! m>ket4 ,in/ructions = repair may be obta9$ f deal]s4 ,if a %[] head drips1 ! supply valve has n be5 fully clos$1 or ! valve ne$s repair4 ,aft] ext5d$ use & sev]al repairs1 "s valves w no long] give tight %ut(f & mu/ be replac$4 ,:5 ?is becomes necess>y1 x may be advisable to upgrade ! quality ) equipm5t hav+ bett] fl[ *>act]i/ics & long]-life design & mat]ials4 ,9 "s cases1 ball valves w deliv] m wat] ?an globe valves4 ,"s globe valves deliv] m fl[ ?an o!rs = id5tical pipe sizes4 ,y-patt]n globe valves1 9 /raight runs ( pipe1 h bett] fl[ *>act]i/ics ?an /raight /op valves4 ,figure #b %[s ! features ( diff]5t types ( valves4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--;,diff]5t types ( valves3 ,a1 ,glove valve2 note l>ge passages ( wat]4 ,b1 ,y-patt]n globe valve2 ! fl[ is almo/ /raight4 ,c1 ,ball valve1 /raight fl[2 "s makes are available ) ! port 9 ! ball ! same diamet] z ! pipe4 ,,precautions ,pollut$ wat] or sewage may c>ry su* diseases z typhoid fev] & amoebic dys5t]y4 ,if y d y\r own plumb+ "w1 be sure t-- ,!re are no leaks 9 dra9pipes ?r\gh :i* sewage or sewage gases c escape4 ,!re are no cross connections betwe5 pip+ c>ry+ wat] f diff]5t s\rces unless !re c be reasonable c]ta9ty t all s\rces are safe & w rema9 safe4 ,!re c be no back siphonage ( wat] f plumb+ fixtures or o!r conta9]s into ! wat]-supply sy/em4 ,once a pipe has become pollut$1 x may be difficult to free x ( ! pollution4 ,= ?is reason1 build+ codes d n p]mit ! use ( second-h& pipe4 ,all initial pip+ & p>ts & subsequ5t replacem5ts %\ld be new4 ,s9ce a plumb+ sy/em w require s]vice f "t to "t1 %ut(f valves %\ld be in/all$ at /rategic locations s t an affect$ portion c be isolat$ 7wat] fl[ to x cut (f7 ) m9imum di/urbance to s]vice 9 ! re/ ( ! sy/em4 ,%ut(f valves are usually provid$ on ! wat] closet supply l9e1 on ! hot- & cold-wat] supply l9e to ea* s9k1 tub1 & lavatory1 & on ! wat] heat] supply l9e4 ,dra9 valves are usually in/all$ = wat]-supply pip+ sy/ems & = hot-wat] /orage tanks4 ,a pressure-relief valve %\ld be in/all$ = ! wat] heat] /orage tank to relieve pressure buildup 9 case ( ov]heat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--;,fro/pro( hydrant2 ,a1 ,clos$2 ,b1 op5$4 ,z soon z ! hydrant is clos$1 wat] left 9 ! ris] dra9s out ! dra9 tube z %[n 9 ,a4 ,?is prev5ts wat] f freez+ 9 ! hydrant 9 cold wea!r4 ,,fro/pro( ,,hydrants ,fro/pro( hydrants are basically faucets1 al?\gh !y may diff] some:at 9 design f ord9>y faucets4 ,two important features ( a fro/pro( hydrant are3 7#a7 ,! valve is in/all$ "u gr\nd--bel[ ! fro/l9e--to prev5t freez+1 & 7#b7 ! valve is design$ to dra9 ! wat] f ! hydrant :5 ! valve is clos$4 ,figure #c %[s "o type ( fro/pro( hydrant4 ,x works z foll[s3 ,:5 ! h&le is rais$1 ! pi/on rises1 op5+ ! valve4 ,wat] fl[s f ! supply pipe into ! cyl9d]1 up ?r\gh ! ris]1 & out ! sp\t4 ,:5 ! h&le is pu%$ d[n1 ! pi/on goes d[n1 clos+ ! valve & /opp+ ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,wat] left 9 ! hydrant fl[s out ! dra9 tube into a small gravel-fill$ dry well or dra9 pit4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,vacuum break] arrangem5t = outside hose hydrant4 ,z ) ord9>y faucets1 leakage w probably be ! mo/ common tr\ble enc\nt]$ ) fro/pro( hydrants4 ,worn pack+1 gaskets1 & wa%]s c cause leakage4 ,disassemble ! hydrant z necess>y to replace or repair ^! & o!r p>ts4 ,fro/pro( y>d hydrants hav+ buri$ dra9s c be heal? haz>ds4 ,! vacuum creat$ by wat] fl[+ f ! hydrant may draw 9 contam9at$ wat] /&+ above ! hydrant dra9 level4 ,su* hydrants %\ld be us$ only :]e positive dra9age c be provid$4 ,fro/pro( wall hydrants 7fig4 #d7 are ! pref]r$ type4 ,= s]vic+ spray]s us+ haz>d\s *emicals1 hydrants hav+ backfl[ protection %\ld be us$ 7fig4 #e74 ,,repair+ ,,leaks ,,9 ,,pipes ,,& ,,tanks ,pipes ,leaks 9 pipes usually result f corrosion or f damage to ! pipe4 ,pipes may be damag$ by freez+1 by vibration caus$ by ma*9]y op]at+ ne>by1 by wat] hamm]1 or by animals bump+ into ! pipe4 7,wat] hamm] is discuss$ on ,p4 #h7 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--,protect$ wall hydrant suitable = fill+ agricultural spray]s4 ,corrosion ,occasionally wat]s are enc\nt]$ t corrode metal pipe & tub+4 7,"s acid soils also corrode metal pipe & tub+47 ,! corrosion usually occurs1 9 v>y+ degrees1 along ! entire l5g? ( pipe r ?an at "s p>ticul> po9t4 ,an exception w\ld be :]e dissimil> metals1 su* z copp] & /eel1 are jo9$4 ,treatm5t ( ! wat] may solve ! problem ( corrosion4#a ,o!rwise1 y may h to replace ! pip+ ) a type made ( mat]ial t w be less subject to ! corrosive action ( ! wat]4 ,footnote #a3 ,= in=mation ab\t wat] treatm5t1 see ,,fb #bbdh1 ,treat+ ,f>m/ead & ,rural ,home ,wat] ,sy/ems4 ,y c get a free copy f y\r c\nty agricultural ag5t or write ! ,(fice ( ,in=mation1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjbej4 ,include y\r ,,zip ,code 9 y\r return address4 ,x is good practice to get a *emical analysis ( ! wat] be=e select+ mat]ials = a plumb+ sy/em4 ,y\r ,/ate college or univ]sity may be equipp$ to make an analysis2 if n1 y c h x done by a private laboratory4 ,repair+ ,leaks ,pipes t are split by h>d freez+ mu/ be replac$4 ,a leak at a ?read$ connection c (t5 be /opp$ by unscrew+ ! fitt+ & apply+ a pipe jo9t comp\nd t w seal ! jo9t :5 ! fitt+ is screw$ back toge!r4 ,small leaks 9 a pipe c (t5 be repair$ ) a rubb] pat* & metal clamp or sleeve4 ,?is mu/ be consid]$ z an em]g5cy repair job & %\ld be foll[$ by p]man5t repair z soon z practicable4 ,l>ge leaks 9 a pipe may require cutt+ out ! damag$ section & in/all+ a new piece ( pipe4 ,at lea/ "o union w be requir$ unless ! leak is ne> ! end ( ! pipe4 ,y c make a tempor>y repair ) pla/ic or rubb] tub+4 ,! tub+ mu/ be /rong en\gh to )/& ! normal wat] pressure 9 ! pipe4 ,x %\ld be slipp$ ov] ! op5 ends ( ! pip+ & fa/5$ ) pipe clamps or sev]al turns ( wire4 ,vibration sometimes breaks sold] jo9ts 9 copp] tub+1 caus+ leaks4 ,if ! jo9t is accessible1 clean & resold] x4 ,! tub+ mu/ be dry be=e x c be heat$ to sold]+ temp]ature4 ,leaks 9 places n readily accessible usually require ! s]vices ( a plumb] & sometimes ( bo? a plumb] & a c>p5t]4 ,tanks ,leaks 9 tanks are usually caus$ by corrosion4 ,sometimes1 a safety valve may fail to op5 & ! pressure develop$ w spr+ a leak4 ,:ile a leak may occur at only "o place 9 ! tank wall1 ! wall may also be corrod$ ?9 9 o!r places4 ,!re=e1 any repair %\ld be consid]$ z tempor>y1 & ! tank %\ld be replac$ z soon z possible4 ,a leak c be tempor>ily repair$ ) a toggle bolt1 rubb] gasket1 & brass wa%]1 z %[n 9 figure #f4 ,y may h to drill or ream ! hole l>g] to ins]t ! toggle bolt4 ,draw ! bolt up tight to compress ! rubb] gasket aga9/ ! tank wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--;,clos+ a hole 9 a tank3 ,a1 ,! l9k ( ! toggle bolt is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! tank 7hole is enl>g$ if necess>y74 ,b1 ,side view ( tank edge 7nut is drawn up tightly to compress wa%] & gasket aga9/ tank74 ,c1 ,outside view ( complet$ repair4 ,,wat] ,,hamm] ,wat] hamm] sometimes occurs :5 a faucet is sudd5ly clos$4 ,:5 ! fl[ ( wat] is sudd5ly /opp$1 its k9etic en]gy is exp5d$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! pip+4 ,?is causes ! pip+ to vibrate1 & leaks or o!r damage may result4 ,wat] hamm] may be prev5t$ or its sev]ity r$uc$ by in/all+ an air *amb] j ahead ( ! faucet4 ,! air *amb] may be a piece ( air-fill$ pipe or tub+1 ab\t #b feet long1 ext5d+ v]tically f ! pipe4 ,x mu/ be airtight4 ,comm]cial devices design$ to prev5t wat] hamm] are also available4 ,an air *amb] requires occasional repl5i%+ ( ! air to prev5t x f becom+ wat]-logg$--t is1 full ( wat] in/ead ( air4 ,a prop]ly op]at+ hydropneumatic tank1 su* z ! type us$ 9 individual wat] sy/ems1 s]ves z an air *amb]1 prev5t+ or r$uc+ wat] hamm]4 ,,froz5 ,,wat] ,,pipes ,9 cold wea!r1 wat] may freeze 9 und]gr\nd pipes laid above ! fro/l9e or 9 pipes 9 unheat$ build+s1 9 op5 crawl spaces "u build+s1 or 9 outside walls4 ,:5 wat] freezes x exp&s4 ,unless a pipe c also exp&1 x may rupture :5 ! wat] freezes4 ,iron pipe & /eel pipe d n exp& appreciably4 ,copp] pipe w /ret* "s1 b does n resume its orig9al dim5sions :5 ?aw$ out2 repeat$ freez+s w cause x to fail ev5tually4 ,flexible pla/ic tub+ c /& repeat$ freezes1 b x is good practice to prev5t x f freez+4 ,prev5t+ ,freez+ ,pipes may be insulat$ to prev5t freez+1 b ?is is n a completely dep5dable me?od4 ,insulation does n /op ! loss ( heat f ! pipe--m]ely sl[s x d[n--& ! wat] may freeze if x /&s 9 ! pipe long en\gh at bel[-freez+ temp]ature4 ,also1 if ! insulation becomes wet1 x may lose its effectiv5ess4 ,electric heat+ cable c be us$ to prev5t pipes f freez+4 ,! cable %\ld be wrapp$ ar\nd ! pipe & cov]$ ) insulation4 ,?aw+ ,use ( electric heat+ cable is a good me?od ( ?aw+ froz5 pipe1 because ! entire heat$ l5g? ( ! pipe is ?aw$ at "o "t4 ,?aw+ pipe ) a bl[tor* c be dang]\s4 ,! wat] may get hot en\gh at ! po9t :]e ! tor* is appli$ to g5]ate suffici5t /eam "u pressure to rupture ! pipe4 ,/eam f ! break c\ld sev]ely scald y4 ,?aw+ pipe ) hot wat] is saf] ?an ?aw+ ) a bl[tor*4 ,"o me?od is to cov] ! pipe ) rags & !n p\r ! hot wat] ov] ! rags4 ,:5 ?aw+ pipe ) a bl[tor*1 hot wat]1 or simil> me?ods1 op5 a faucet & />t ?aw+ at t po9t4 ,! op5 faucet w p]mit /eam to escape1 ?us r$uc+ ! *ance ( ! buildup ( dang]\s pressure4 ,d n all[ ! /eam to cond5se & refreeze be=e x rea*es ! faucet4 ,und]gr\nd metal pipes c be ?aw$ by pass+ a l[-voltage electric curr5t ?r\gh !m4 ,! curr5t w heat ! entire l5g? ( pipe ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,bo? ends ( ! pipe mu/ be op5 to prev5t ! buildup ( /eam pressure4 ,,caution3 ,?is me?od ( ?aw+ froz5 pipe c be dang]\s & %\ld be done by an exp]i5c$ p]son only4 ,x _c be us$ to ?aw pla/ic tub+ or o!r non-electricity-conduct+ pipe or tub+4 ,,repair+ ,,wat] ,,closets ,wat] closets 7commonly call$ toilets7 v>y 9 g5]al design & 9 ! design ( ! flu%+ me*anism4 ,b !y are en\gh alike t g5]al repair in/ructions c suffice = all designs4 ,flu%+ ,me*anism ,figure #g %[s a common type ( flu%+ me*anism4 ,p>ts t usually require repair are ! flu% valve1 ! intake 7float7 valve1 & ! float ball4 ,9 areas ( corrosive wat]1 ! usual copp] flu%+ me*anism may det]iorate 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,9 su* cases1 x may be advisable to replace ! corrod$ p>ts ) pla/ic p>ts4 ,y c ev5 buy pla/ic float balls4 ,flu% ,valve ,! rubb] ball ( ! flu% valve may get s(t or out ( %ape & fail to seat prop]ly4 ,?is causes ! valve to leak4 ,unscrew ! ball f ! lift wire & in/all a new "o4 ,! trip lev] or lift wire may corrode & fail to "w smoo?ly1 or ! lift wire may b9d 9 ! guides4 ,disassemble & clean (f corrosion or replace p>ts z necess>y4 ,mo/ plumb+ codes require a cut(f valve 9 ! supply l9e to ! flu% tank1 :i* makes x unnecess>y to close d[n ! :ole sy/em 7fig4 #g74 ,if ?is valve 0 n in/all$1 y c /op ! fl[ ( wat] by propp+ up ! float ) a piece ( wood4 ,be c>eful n to b5d ! float rod out ( alignm5t4 ,intake 7,float7 ,valve ,a worn plung] wa%] 9 ! supply valve w cause ! valve to leak4 ,to replace ! wa%]-- ,%ut (f ! wat] & dra9 ! tank4 ,unscrew ! two ?umb-screws t hold ! lev]s & pu% out ! lev]s4 ,lift out ! plung]1 unscrew ! cup on ! bottom1 & ins]t a new wa%]4 ,! wa%] is made ( mat]ial su* z rubb] or lea!r4 ,exam9e ! wa%] seat4 ,if nick$ or r\gh1 x may ne$ refac+4 ,if ! float-valve assembly is badly corrod$1 replace x4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,wat] closet 7toilet7 flu% tank4 ,float ,ball ,! float ball may develop a leak & fail to rise to ! prop] position4 7,correct wat] level is ab\t #a in* bel[ ! top ( ! ov]fl[ tube or en\gh to give a good flu%47 ,if ! ball fails to rise1 ! intake valve w rema9 op5 & wat] w cont9ue to fl[4 ,brass float balls c sometimes be dra9$ & ! leak sold]$4 ,o!r types mu/ be replac$4 ,:5 work+ on ! float ball1 be c>eful to keep ! rod ali5$ s t ! ball w float freely & close ! valve prop]ly4 ,b[l ,removal ,an ob/ruction 9 ! wat] closet trap or leakage ar\nd ! bottom ( ! wat]-closet b[l may require removal ( ! b[l4 ,foll[ ?is proc$ure3 ,%ut (f ! wat]4 ,empty ! tank & b[l by siphon+ or spong+ out ! wat]4 ,disconnect ! wat] pipes to ! tank 7see fig4 #g74 ,disconnect ! tank f ! b[l if ! wat] closet is a two-piece unit4 ,set ! tank :]e x _c be damag$4 ,h&le tank & b[l c>efully2 !y are made ( vitre\s *9a or porcela9 & are easily *ipp$ or brok54 ,remove ! seat & cov] f ! b[l4 ,c>efully pry loose ! bolt cov]s & remove ! bolts hold+ ! b[l to ! floor flange 7fig4 #h74 ,j> ! b[l en\gh to break ! seal at ! bottom4 ,set ! b[l upside d[n on some?+ t w n *ip or break x4 ,remove ! ob/ruction f ! dis*>ge op5+4 ,place a new wax seal ar\nd ! b[l horn & press x into place4 ,a wax seal 7or gasket7 may be obta9$ f h>dw>e or plumb+-supply /ores4 ,set ! b[l 9 place & press x d[n firmly4 ,in/all ! bolts t hold x to ! floor flange4 ,draw ! bolts up snugly1 b n too tight because ! b[l may break4 ,! b[l mu/ be level4 ,keep a c>p5t]'s level on x :ile draw+ up ! bolts4 ,if ! h\se has settl$1 leav+ ! floor slop+1 x may be necess>y to use %ims to make ! b[l set level4 ,replace ! bolt cov]s4 ,in/all ! tank & connect ! wat] pipes to x4 ,x is advisable to replace all gaskets1 aft] fir/ clean+ ! surfaces ?or\ghly4 ,te/ = leaks by flu%+ a few times4 ,in/all ! seat & cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,connection ( wat] closet to floor & soil pipe4 ,tank ,sweat+ ,:5 cold wat] ent]s a wat] closet tank1 x may *ill ! tank en\gh to cause sweat+ 7cond5sation ( atmosph]ic moi/ure on ! out] surface ( ! tank74 ,?is c be prev5t$ by insulat+ ! tank to keep ! temp]ature ( ! out] surface above ! dew po9t temp]ature ( surr\nd+ air4 ,insulat+ jackets or l9]s t fit inside wat]-closet tanks & s]ve to keep ! out] surface w>m are available f plumb+-supply deal]s4 ,,cle>+ ,,clogg$ ,,dra9s ,dra9s may become clogg$ by objects dropp$ into !m or by accumulations ( grease1 dirt1 or o!r matt]4 ,fixture & ,floor ,dra9s ,if ! ob/ruction is 9 a fixture trap1 usually ! trap c be remov$ & cle>$4 ,if ! ob/ruction is else:]e 9 ! pipe o!r means mu/ be us$4 ,clean\t aug]s--long1 flexible1 /eel cables commonly call$ snakes--may be run d[n dra9pipes to break up ob/ructions or to hook onto & pull out objects4 ,aug]s are made 9 v>i\s l5g?s & diamet]s & are available at h>dw>e & plumb+-supply /ores4 7,9 "s cases1 y may h to call a plumb]1 :o w probably h a p[]-driv5 aug]47 ,small ob/ructions c sometimes be =c$ d[n or drawn up by use ( an ord9>y rubb] =ce cup 7plung] or plumb]'s fri5d74 ,grease & soap cl++ to a pipe c sometimes be remov$ by flu%+ ) hot wat]4 ,lye or lye mix$ ) a small am\nt ( alum9um %av+s may also be us$4 ,:5 wat] is add$ to ! mixture1 ! viol5t gas-=m+ reaction & production ( heat t takes place loos5s ! grease & soap s t !y c be flu%$ away4 ,use cold wat] only4 ,*emical clean]s %\ld n be us$ 9 pipes t are completely /opp$ up1 because !y mu/ be br\ght into direct contact ) ! /oppage to be effective4 ,h&le ! mat]ial ) extreme c>e & foll[ directions on ! conta9]4 ,if lye spills on ! h&s or clo?+1 wa% ) cold wat] imm$iately4 ,if any gets into ! eyes1 flu% ) cold wat] & call a doctor4 ,s&1 dirt1 or clo?+ l9t sometimes clogs floor dra9s4 ,remove ! /ra9] & ladle out z mu* ( ! s$im5t z possible4 ,y may h to c>efully *ip away ! concrete ar\nd ! /ra9] to free x4 ,flu% ! dra9 ) clean wat]4 ,:5 dra9s h become p>tially clogg$ due to lack ( wat] to transport all solids ?r\gh !m1 l>ge buckets or o!r conta9]s %\ld be us$ to flu% !m4 ,wat] %\ld be p\r$ fa/ en\gh to ne>ly fill ! dra94 ,occasional flu%+ ( floor dra9s may prev5t clogg+4 ,,caution3 ,aug]s1 rubb] =ce cups1 & o!r tools us$ 9 direct contact ) sewage are subject to contam9ation4 ,d n lat] use !m = "w on y\r potable wat] supply sy/em unless !y h be5 prop]ly /]iliz$4 ,outside ,dra9s ,roots gr[+ ?r\gh cracks or defective jo9ts sometimes clog outside dra9s or sew]s4 ,y c cle> ! /oppage tempor>ily by us+ a root-cutt+ tool4 ,h[ev]1 to prev5t future tr\ble1 y %\ld re-lay ! defective portion ( ! l9e1 us+ s\nd pipe & mak+ sure t all jo9ts are wat]tight4#b ,footnote #b3 ,= in=mation on lay+ sew]s1 see ,agriculture ,in=mation ,bullet9 #bgd1 ,f>m/ead ,sewage & ,refuse ,disposal4 ,= a free copy1 s5d a po/ c>d to ! ,(fice ( ,in=mation1 ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4,c4 #bjbej4 ,include y\r ,,zip ,code 9 y\r return address4 ,if possible1 sew] l9es %\ld be laid out ( ! rea* ( roots4 ,b if ?is is impossible or impracticable1 consid] us+ impregnat$ fib] pipe :i* t5ds to repel roots4 ,,tools ,,& ,,sp>e ,,p>ts ,basic tools t y %\ld h on h& to make simple plumb+ repairs include3 ,wr5*es1 includ+ pipe wr5*es1 9 a range ( sizes to fit ! pipe1 fitt+s1 fixtures1 equipm5t1 & appliances 9 ! sy/em4 ,screwdriv]s 9 a range ( sizes to fit ! faucets1 valves1 & o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,ball pe5 hamm] or a #ab- or #af-ounce cla:amm]4 ,rubb] =ce cup 7plung] or plumb]'s fri5d74 ,cold *isel & c5t] pun*4 ,clean\t aug] 7snake74 ,friction tape4 ,adju/able pli]s4 ,additional tools requir$ = m ext5sive plumb+ repairs include3 ,pipe vise4 ,set ( pipe ?read+ dies & /ocks4 ,hacksaw & blades 7blades %\ld h #cb tee? p] in*74 ,pipe cutt]1 roll] type4 ,tap]$ ream] or half-r\nd file4 ,c>p5t]'s brace4 ,set ( wood bits4 ,gasol9e bl[tor*4 ,lead pot & ladle4 ,calk+ tools4 ,copp] tube cutt] ) ream] 7if y h copp] tub+74 ,always use ! prop] size wr5* or screwdriv]4 ,d n use pipe wr5*es on nuts ) flat surfaces2 use an adju/able or op5-end wr5*4 ,d n use pipe wr5*es on poli%$-surface tub+s or fitt+s1 su* z f\nd on plumb+ fixtures2 use a /rap wr5*4 ,tight nuts or fitt+s c sometimes be loos5$ by tapp+ lightly ) a hamm] or mallet4 ,x %\ld n be necess>y to /ock a l>ge numb] ( sp>e p>ts4 ,pa/ plumb+ tr\bles may give "s indication z to ! k9d ( p>ts mo/ likely to be ne$$4 ,sp>e p>ts %\ld include3 ,faucet wa%]s & pack+4 ,"o or two l5g?s ( ! mo/ common type & size ( pip+ 9 ! plumb+ sy/em4 ,sev]al unions & gaskets or unions ) gr\nd surfaces4 ,sev]al c\pl+s & elb[s4 ,a few feet ( pipe /rap4 ,an extra hose connection4 ,,em]g5cies ,gr\p$ bel[ are em]g5cies t may occur & ! action to take4 ,! "n1 address1 & phone numb] ( a plumb] :o (f]s #bd-;h\r s]vice %\ld be po/$ 9 a conspicu\s place4 ,bur/ pipe or tank4--,imm$iately cut (f ! fl[ ( wat] by clos+ ! %ut(f valve ne>e/ to ! break4 ,!n arrange = repair4 ,wat] closet ov]fl[4--,d n use wat] closet until back 9 work+ ord]4 ,*eck = & remove /oppage 9 closet b[l outlet1 dra9 l9e f closet to sew]1 or sew] or septic tank4 ,if /oppage is due to root entry into pipe1 repair ( pipe at t po9t is recomm5d$4 ,rumbl+ noise 9 hot wat] tank4--,?is is likely a sign ( ov]heat+ :i* c\ld lead to ! developm5t ( explosive pressure 7,ano!r indication ( ov]heat+ is hot wat] back+ up 9 ! cold-wat] supply pipe47 ,cut (f ! burn] imm$iately4 ,be sure t ! pressure-relief valve is op]ative4 ,!n *eck 7) a !rmomet]7 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! ne>e/ outlet4 ,if above t = :i* ! gage is set1 *eck ! !rmo/at t controls burn] cut(f4 ,if y _c correct ! tr\ble1 call a plumb]4 ,cold h\se4--,if ! heat+ sy/em fails 7or if y close ! h\se & turn (f ! heat7 :5 !re is a *ance ( subfreez+ wea!r1 completely dra9 ! plumb+ sy/em4 ,a dra9 valve is usually provid$ at ! l[ po9t ( ! wat] supply pip+ = ?is purpose4 ,a pump1 /orage tank1 hot-wat] tank1 wat] closet tank1 wat]-treatm5t app>atus1 & o!r wat]-sy/em appliances or accessories %\ld also be dra9$4 ,put antifreeze 9 all fixture & dra9 traps4 ,hot-wat] & /eam heat+ sy/ems %\ld also be dra9$ :5 ! h\se temp]ature may drop bel[ freez+4 ,u4,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aigb ,o-#dgh-ijc ,transcrib] ,note ,produc$ f mat]ial made available f ! ,int]net ,ar*ive & is plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94