,transcrib] ,note ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole & fractional p>ts ( numb]s z #ab-c_/d4 ,,build+ ) ,,logs ,miscellane\s ,publication ,no4 #egi ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,=e/ ,s]vice ,! art ( log con/ruction is relatively simple1 once a few basic pr9ciples are und]/ood4 ,! pione]s :o op5$ ! l&s beyond ! ea/]n seabo>d did n h bo>ds ) :i* to build su* %elt] z !y ne$$4 ,logs 7 s pl5tiful 9 ! =e/$ area ( our c\ntry t1 ) _! res\rceful +5uity1 ! settl]s built _! homes 9 con=mity ) ^? pr9ciples ( log con/ruction :i* prevail$ 9 ! c\ntries f :i* !y migrat$4 ,^? pr9ciples h rema9$ ! same d[n ?r\gh ! ye>s4 ,! pione] _h b an ax = a tool & consequ5tly made only ^? articles :i* c\ld be hew$ out ( wood4 ,today !re are _m tools available1 & to d a fir/ class job ( log con/ruction "o mu/ "k h[ to h&le ! d\ble-bitt$ or s+le-bitt$ ax1 ! broadax1 saw1 adz1 *isel1 slick1 %ip aug]1 & drawknife4 ,9 ?is bullet9 x is assum$ t ! read] is famili> ) ! ord9>y frame build+ me?ods us$ :]e wood is ! pr9cipal con/ruction mat]ial4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,septemb] #aide ,,build+ ,,) ,,logs ,by ,clyde ,p4 ,fickes1 ,eng9e]1 & ,w4 ,ellis ,grob51 ,*ief ,ar*itect1 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,cont5ts ,page ,build+ ! f\ndation #a ,prep>+ ! logs #a ,dim5sions ( ! build+ #b ,fram+ ! corn]s #c ,r\nd-not* corn] #d ,o!r log corn]s #g ,door & w9d[ jambs #ab ,floor joi/s #ab ,lay+ ! wall logs #ab ,w9d[ & door op5+s #ad ,w9d[ & door frames #af ,ro( fram+ #bb ,%ake ro(s #bc ,p>titions #bc ,floor+ #bd ,int]ior wood f9i%+ #be ,calk+ #be ,*9k+ #bg ,*9kless log cab9 con/ruction #bh ,mill$-log con/ruction #ca ,hew+ timb]s #ca ,fireplace fram+ #ca ,oil+ & pa9t+ #ce ,! f9i%$ /ructure #ce ,furniture #ci ,*airs & /ools #ci ,b$ & bunk #ci ,*e/ & buffet #dg ,settee #dg ,d9+ table #di ,table1 b5*1 book rack1 & wood hod #ej ,build+ plans #ec ,additional in=mation #ef ,,build+ ,,! ,,f\ndation ,a build+ %\ld h a good f\ndation1 & a log /ructure is no exception to ! rule4 ,= ! sake ( economy 9 labor & mat]ial x is suffici5t1 9 "s in/ances1 to place small build+s on pi]s ( concrete or r\gh native /one1 b usually x w be m satisfactory to use cont9u\s walls ( /one masonry or concrete to provide un9t]rupt$ support = ! logs & ?us avoid _! t5d5cy to sag4 ,^! walls1 h[ev]1 %\ld be provid$ ) small op5+s = ! circulation ( air to prev5t ! wood f dry rott+4 ,fur!rmore1 ! cont9u\s f\ndation wall has ! additional advantage ( prev5t+ rod5ts f gett+ "u ! build+4 ,9 no case %\ld ! logs be plac$ directly ^u ! gr\nd s9ce wood t5ds to decay :5 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,! two end walls ( ! ext]ior f\ndation %\ld be high] ?an ! side walls 9 ord] to (fset ! diff]5ce 9 level ( ! logs on adjac5t walls1 ! end-wall logs be+ half _! ?ickness high] ?an ^? on ! side walls4 ,9 build+ a log wall ! *ief problem is 9 clos+ ! op5+ betwe5 ea* pair ( logs4 ,!re are v>i\s ways ( do+ ?is1 b only ^? reg>d$ z mo/ satisfactory w be describ$ 9 ?is publication4 ,! wid? ( su* op5+s is affect$ by sev]al factors3 7#a7 ,! mann] ( plac+ ! logs ^u ea* o!r2 7#b7 ! type ( corn] us$ :]e two walls meet2 7#c7 ! op5+s = doors & w9d[s2 & 7#d7 ! natural %r9kage ( wood 9 ! process ( dry+4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,logs ,! selection ( /raight1 smoo?1 ev5-siz$ logs is ! prime consid]ation 7fig4 #a74 ,top diamet]s %\ld be z uni=m z possible1 b z a rule n less ?an #aj nor m ?an #ab in*es4 7,slightly small] or l>g] dim5sions may be us$ if no o!rs are available47 ,! tap] %\ld be z slight z possible4 ,= logs long] ?an #dj feet1 ! top diamet] may be less ?an #aj in*es 9 ord] to avoid an excessive diamet] at ! l>ge or butt end4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4--,/>t+ to build ! log cab9--lay+ ! f\ndation4 ,c$>1 p9e1 fir1 & l>*1 9 ! ord] nam$1 are mo/ desirable = log con/ruction4 ,all knots1 limbs1 or bumps %\ld be trimm$ (f c>efully :5 ! log is peel$4 ,x is be/ to cut ! logs 9 late fall or w9t]1 = two important reasons3 7#a7 ,logs cut 9 spr+ or summ] peel easi]1 b crack or *eck to an undesirable degree :ile season+4 7#b7 ,insect activity is dormant dur+ ! w9t] mon?s2 h5ce1 if ! logs are cut & season$ !n1 !y are less liable to damage by insects or rot-produc+ fungi4 ,logs %\ld be cut1 peel$1 & laid on skids well above ! gr\nd = at lea/ #f mon?s be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! build+4 ,?is may n always be possible1 b x is a good rule to foll[4 ,logs %\ld be /or$ 9 a s+le deck ) #b or #c in*es betwe5 !m to p]mit complete exposure to ! air4 ,logs hav+ a sweep or curve %\ld be pil$ ) ! curve upp]mo/ s t _! weight w t5d to /raight5 !m :ile !y are dry+4 ,:]e ! skidd+ space is limit$1 logs may be d\ble-deck$1 us+ poles betwe5 ti]s4 ,unre/rict$ air circulation mat]ially aids season+4 ,sort ! logs c>efully be=e />t+ con/ruction1 us+ ! bett] ones 9 ! front or o!r conspicu\s walls ( ! build+4 ,if ! logs are n uni=m 9 size1 ! l>g] ones %\ld be plac$ at ! bottom ( ! walls4 ,,dim5sions ,,( ,,! ,,build+ ,= practical reasons ! dim5sions ( a log build+ are ! inside measurem5ts tak5 f "o log to ! correspond+ log 9 ! opposite wall4 ,outside dim5sions v>y some:at ) ! size ( ! logs1 ?us acc\nt+ = ! use ( inside measurem5ts4 ,:]e project+ corn]s are desir$1 logs %\ld be at lea/ #f feet long] ?an ! inside dim5sions ( ! build+4 ,9 erect+ ! walls1 ! logs %\ld be kept ev5 or plumb on ! inside faces if x is desir$ to f9i% ! int]ior ) wallbo>d or pla/]4 ,,fram+ ,,! ,,corn]s ,! corn] is "o ( ! mo/ important aspects ( log con/ruction4 ,on x ! appe>ance & /ability ( ! /ructure dep5d4 ,diff]5t types ( corn] con/ruction are 9 use 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ea* v>y+ 9 accordance ) local build+ cu/oms or individual ta/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4--,! r\nd-not* or saddle corn]4 ,?is is an unusually f9e example ( scrib+ & fitt+ logs toge!r4 ,! squ>e-cut logs h yet to be dress$ & %ap$ ) ! ax to give !m a pleas+ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4--,rang] /ation1 ,gallat9 ,national ,=e/1 ,mont41 illu/rat+ effective use ( r\nd-not* corn]s4 ,a1 & ,b1 ,dwell+ "u con/ruction2 ,c1 b>n4 ,r\nd-,not* ,corn] ,! r\nd-not*1 or saddle1 corn] 7fig4 #b7 is g5]ally consid]$ ! mo/ satisfactory f e /&po9t4 ,?is type ( corn] gives ! mo/ di/9ctive appe>ance because ! logs project suffici5tly beyond ! corn] n to appe> dubb$ (f 7fig4 #c74 ,x is a good1 self-lock+1 me*anical jo9t1 relatively easy to con/ruct1 & holds ! logs rigidly 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4--,me?od ( m>k+ saddle corn]s4 ,9 cutt+ ! saddle1 ! mat]ial is tak5 out ( ! "u side ( ! upp] log )\t di/urb+ ! top surface ( ! bottom log4 ,all ! moi/ure ?us dra9s out at ! corn] &1 consequ5tly1 ! wood is mu* less subject to decay ?an if o!r types ( corn]s 7 us$4 ,! %r9kage 9 ! out] area ( ! log's circumf]5ce t5ds to op5 up ! space betwe5 ! logs4 ,f9ally1 9 ! r\nd-not* corn]1 "o-half ( ! %r9kage betwe5 ! logs is all[$ to rema9 9 ! corn]4 ,! sep>ation1 !re=e1 is n z great z if ea* log _h be5 cut d[n to ! he>twood1 a disadvantage common to mo/ o!r types ( corn]s4 ,! tools requir$ to make a r\nd-not* or saddle corn] are3 ,a pair ( log dogs to hold ! log 9 place1 #aj- or #ab-;in* w+ divid]s ) p5cil hold] & level-bubble atta*m5t1 %>p ax1 #b-;in* g\ge *isel ) outside bevel1 crosscut saw1 _s level1 & plumb bo>d4 ,! fram+ ( ?is corn]1 describ$ 9 figure #d1 %\ld be relatively easy4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4--;,*opp+ ! not* 9 a saddle corn]4 ,fir/1 ! bottom logs %\ld be set 9 place on opposite sides ( ! f\ndation4 ,hew a flat face ( #b to #c in*es 9 wid? on ! "u side ( ! log :]e x re/s on ! f\ndation1 s t x w lay 9 place4 ,!n place ! bottom log on ea* end-wall & accurately c5t] x s t ! inside face ( all f\r logs is to ! exact int]ior dim5sions ( ! build+4 ,dog ! logs into place s !y w n move :ile be+ m>k$ = ! corn] not*4 ,! w+ divid] is n[ set = "o-half ! diamet] ( ! side log4 ,) ! l[] leg ( ! divid] re/+ on ! side ( ! "u log & ! o!r leg1 ) ! level-bubble upp]mo/1 re/+ aga9/ ! bottom ( ! upp] log & directly above ! l[] log1 />t mov+ ! divid] upw>d1 ) a side motion1 s t ! l[] leg foll[s ! curvature ( ! "u log4 ,! p5cil po9t ( ! upp] leg makes a m>k on ! surface ( ! upp] log :i* w be ! int]section ( ! surfaces ( ! two logs :5 ! not* has be5 cut f ! upp] "o4 ,repeat ?is op]ation f\r times to m>k all f\r sides ( ! corn]4 ,a little practice w make y adept at keep+ ! po9ts ( ! divid] p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r4 ,aft] ! not* has be5 m>k$ at bo? ends ( ! log1 turn x ov] on its back4 ,x is a good idea to int5sify ! divid] m>k ) an indelible p5cil s t x w be easily foll[$4 ,*op ! not* out r\ghly1 z illu/rat$ 9 figure #e1 !n *ip d[n z closely z possible to ! m>k1 supply+ ! f9i%+ t\*es ) a g\ge *isel4 ,! f9i%$ not* %\ld be cupp$ out j en\gh to all[ ! weight ( ! log to come on ! outside edges1 ?us insur+ a tight jo9t4 ,:5 ! next side log is roll$ into place1 ! divid]s %\ld be set ap>t = ! wid? ( ! space betwe5 ! top ( ! fir/ & ! bottom ( ! foll[+ log1 & ! m>k+ repeat$ z be=e4 ,if y wi% to h ! upp] log ride ! l[] "o a little1 s t an especially tight jo9t is obta9$1 ! divid]s %\ld be set a little wid] ap>t ?an ! space actually requires4 ,o!r ,log ,corn]s ,! dovetail1 or box1 corn] 7figs4 #f & #g7 is a /rong corn]1 & consid]able exp]i5ce is requir$ 9 ord] to make a neat-look+ job4 ,?is type has sev]al undesirable features3 7#a7 ,! logs are apt to develop a wide crack because ! corn] is fram$ f ! "p ( ! log 9 :i* ! lea/ %r9kage occurs1 & 7#b7 s9ce ! logs are hew$ d[n to =m ! corn]1 ! wood has a t5d5cy to collect & reta9 moi/ure :i* soon results 9 decay4 ,also1 ?is corn] detracts noticeably f ! loggy appe>ance s *>act]i/ic & desirable 9 log /ructures4 ,! draw+s 9 figure #f %[ ! mo/ practical me?ods ( m>k+ & fram+ ! dovetail1 or box1 corn]4 ,! flat1 or pla91 t5on corn] 7fig4 #h71 is also common4 ,x may be made 9 two ways4 ,9 "o1 only ! be>+ surfaces are fram$1 :ile 9 ! o!r1 all f\r sides ( ! t5on are fram$ flat4 ,! pla9 t5on corn] does n h ! highly desirable feature ( be+ self-lock+4 ,h[ev]1 x is simple to make & economical1 & !re=e especially suitable = tempor>y /ructures4 ,! logs mu/ be p9n$ toge!r1 z %[n 9 figure #aa4 ,all ! fram+ c be done on ! gr\nd1 be=e ! logs are put 9 place4 ,c>efully fitt$1 ?is makes a neat-look+ job4 ,directions = con/ruct+ ! flat1 or pla91 t5on corn]4--,squ>e "o end ( log1 z 9 figure #h1 at po9t ,a1 !n measure requir$ l5g? & saw ! opposite end squ>e1 at ,b4 ,if ! log has any curvature1 turn x on ! skids until its back is up4 ,det]m9e ! ?ickness ( ! t5ons1 bas$ ^u ! av]age top & butt diamet]s ( ! log4 ,!n take an #ah-;in* l5g? ( bo>d ! same wid? z ! ?ickness ( ! t5ons1 driv+ a nail ?r\gh its c5t] & into ! c5t] ( ! log4 ,place ! _s level on top ( ! bo>d & m>k l9es on ! log at ! top & bottom edges4 ,! wid? ( a t5on v>ies ) ! diamet] ( ! logs2 #h- to #aj-;in* diamet]s w produce #f- to #g-;in* wide t5ons4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4--,m>k+ & fram+ ! dovetail1 or box1 corn]4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #g4--,rang] ,/ation1 ,lolo ,national ,=e/1 ,mont4 ,note ! meticul\s con/ruction ( box corn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4--;,fram+ ! flat1 or pla91 t5on corn]4 ,nail a #a in* by #a in* cleat on ! patt]n bo>d to po9ts ,c & ,d & !n make saw cuts on ea* end1 cut *ip (f & smoo? ! surface4 ,turn log ov] & repeat on ! o!r side4 ,aft] fram+ out ! sides ( ! t5on1 ! log is ready to be plac$ on ! wall4 ,"s fitt+ betwe5 corn]s is usually necess>y b1 if ! logs are fairly /raight & smoo?1 ! "w w be m9imiz$4 ,! upright1 or groove-&-t5on1 corn] 7fig4 #i7 is us$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! ,we/4 ,x has desirable features f a me*anical /&po9t3 7#a7 ,! weight ( ! build+ is c>ri$ on ! full l5g? ( ! logs & does n re/ solely on ! corn]s1 z 9 o!r types1 & 7#b7 x makes a tight wall because no op5+s w develop betwe5 ! logs4 ,al?\gh n difficult to con/ruct1 ! upright corn] requires consid]able me*anical skill & accuracy4 ,a good c>p5t] c frame ! entire build+ on ! gr\nd be=e any logs are plac$ on ! f\ndation1 aft] :i* x c be erect$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,next to ! r\nd-not* corn] ! upright1 or groove-&-t5on corn]1 probably has ! be/ appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i4--;,fram+ ! upright1 or groove-&-t5on1 corn]4 ,,door ,,& ,,w9d[ ,,jambs ,door & w9d[ jambs %\ld be fram$ j l ! corn]s except t only ! back %\ld be groov$4 ,! door side1 or face1 may be rabbet$ or left smoo? s t a sep>ate wood door /op may be nail$ 9 place4 ,if ! logs are reasonably dry1 f #c to #d in*es %\ld be left at ea* corn] = settlem5t due to %r9kage2 o!rwise1 m or less space %\ld be all[$1 z conditions require4 ,9 ab\t #f mon?s ! cap log w come d[n & close ?is gap4 ,simil> provisions %\ld be made = settlem5t ov] door & w9d[ op5+s4 ,,floor ,,joi/s ,z soon z ! fir/ r\nd or ti] ( logs is laid1 ! floor joi/s %\ld be set 9 place1 not*+ !m into ! bottom side logs4 ,if ! build+ has a cont9u\s masonry f\ndation1 ! joi/s may be set on top ( x1 z 9 a frame build+4 ,9 ord] t ! ends ( ! joi/s may h suffici5t be>+ on ! wall1 x is necess>y ei!r to not* ! ends into ! side logs or hew ! latt] (f on ! inside4 ,a simple me?od is to cut ! not*es 9 ! side logs be=e !y are roll$ into place4 ,pole joi/s %\ld be f #d to #h in*es 9 diamet] & hew$ level on ! upp] side to provide a solid be>+ = nail+ ! floor+4 ,sev]al diff]5t ways ( fram+ ! floor joi/s are %[n 9 figure #aj4 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,wall ,,logs ,9 lay+ ! successive r\nds ( logs 9 ! walls1 sev]al details mu/ be obs]v$ to keep !m l9$ up s t ! top logs =m a level seat = ! ro( fram+4 ,! corn]s %\ld be kept z level z possible z ea* r\nd is laid4 ,?is c be done by measur+ v]tically f ! top ( ! floor joi/s1 f "t to "t1 z a *eck4 ,a v>iation ( #a in* 9 height w n cause a s]i\s difficulty4 ,! height ( ! corn]'s is regulat$ 9 two ways3 7#a7 ,by increas+ or decreas+ ! dep? ( ! not*1 & 7#b7 by rev]s+ ! top & butt ends ( ! logs :5 lay+ !m 9 ! wall4 ,! logs %\ld be fitt$ toge!r z tightly z possible4 ,9 ! case ( some:at irregul>ly surfac$ logs1 x may be necess>y to smoo? (f c]ta9 portions ( ! "u side ( ! upp] log to secure a tight fit4 ,only 9 exceptional in/ances1 h[ev]1 %\ld ?is be done to ! top ( ! l[] log4 ,! face ( ! logs on ! inside ( ! build+ mu/ be kept plumb1 t is1 9 ! same v]tical plane4 ,an ord9>y c>p5t]'s1 or _s1 level may be us$1 b a #f- to #h-;foot plumb bo>d is consid]$ mo/ satisfactory because ( its great] l5g?4 ,! logs %\ld be p9n$ toge!r ) a wood5 p9 or l>ge spike 7fig4 #aa74 ,spik+ is done by bor+ a #c_/d-;in* hole halfway ?r\gh ! upp] log & cont9u+ ) a #g_/af-;in* hole ?r\gh ! bottom half4 ,!n drive a #aj- or #ab-;in* spike into place1 or until x p5etrates half ! next log bel[4 ,! spikes %\ld be /agg]$ 9 alt]nate r\nds or ti]s ( logs4 ,if wood5 p9s are us$1 fir or oak logs are pref]able4 ,nei!r wood5 p9s nor spikes1 h[ev]1 (f] int]f]5ce to ! settl+ ( ! walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4--;,fram+ floor joi/s4 ,! spike me?od is easi] & quick]1 & j z satisfactory z ! wood5 p94 ,! logs %\ld be p9n$ approximately #b feet f ea* corn] & at ea* side ( ! w9d[ & door op5+s4 ,= small /ructures1 :]e ! alignm5t ( ! walls is n s important1 p9n+ may be elim9at$1 b x is ess5tial to align l>g] build+s accurately 9 ord] to prev5t individual logs f spr++ out ( place4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aa4--,p9n+ logs toge!r4 ,:]e ! use ( logs hav+ a decid$ curve1 or sweep1 is unavoidable !y %\ld be set 9 ! wall ) ! b[ or back up4 ,su* logs may be /raight5$ by mak+ en\gh saw cuts 9 ! upp] side ( ! curv$ surface to all[ !m to /raight5 out4 ,! cuts %\ld be f "o-?ird to "o-half ! dep? ( ! log1 or slightly m1 if necess>y 7fig4 #ab74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4--,/raight5+ a curv$ log4 ,,w9d[ ,,& ,,door ,,op5+s ,e>ly ,am]ican log /ructures 7 *>act]iz$ by relatively d>k int]iors because w9d[ op5+s1 design$ = protective purposes1 7 small & f> ap>t4 ,s9ce protection is no long] a consid]ation1 w9d[ frames may be ( /&>d size & locat$ :]e !y are mo/ suitable = adequate day light+4 ,z soon z ! fir/ r\nd ( logs & ! floor joi/s are laid 9 place1 m>k ! location ( door & w9d[ op5+s on ! inside face4 ,next saw out ! door op5+s & *op out ! not* 9 ! doorsill log to )9 an in* ( ! true or f9i%$ l9e1 z %[n 9 figure #ac4 ,leave f9al cutt+ ( ! op5+s to ! exact dim5sions until ! w9d[ & door frames are to be plac$ 9 position1 ?us insur+ a good f9i%$ wood surface4 ,also1 det]m9e ! height ( ! op5+s above ! floor l9e & m>k !m 9 figures on ! bottom log = ref]5ce f "t to "t4 ,! necess>y cuts %\ld be made 9 ! log directly ov] ea* op5+ be=e plac+ x 9 position4 ,:5 ! log :i* c>ries ! w9d[ frame is rea*$1 a not* mu/ be made = x z = ! doors4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ac4--;,cutt+ w9d[ & door op5+s4 ,to provide ! necess>y doors & w9d[s1 op5+s mu/ be cut 9 ! walls aft] ! logs h be5 plac$ 9 position4 ,z soon z a log 9 ! wall is cut 9 two1 ! problem arises ( h[ to hold ! loose ends 9 place4 ,also1 ! doors & w9d[s require ! prop] k9d ( frames to insure airtight closure betwe5 ! latt] & ! ends ( ! wall logs4 ,! mo/ practicable & satisfactory me?od is to frame a v]tical not* 9 ! ends ( ! wall logs1 into :i* c be fitt$ a spl9e atta*$ to ! back ( ! jamb or side-pieces ( ! door & w9d[ frames4 ,?is me?od ( fram+ holds ! wall logs 9 place1 all[s !m to %r9k & settle )\t h9drance1 & makes a wea!rtight jo9t betwe5 !m & ! door & w9d[ frames4 ,! v]tical not* 9 ! end ( ! wall logs may be fram$ by bor+ a #b-;in* aug] hole 9 ea* log z x is laid 9 place4 ,! hole %\ld be locat$ s t1 :5 ! wall logs are saw$ out = ! op5+1 ! saw cut passes d[n ?r\gh ! edge ( ! hole ne>e/ ! op5+4 ,x is !n a simple matt] to frame ! not* to take ! spl9e4 ,! inside face ( ! not* c be left r\nd$ & ! spl9e *amf]$ to fit4 ,to keep ! holes 9 l9e f log to log1 use ! plumb bo>d illu/rat$ 9 figure #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ad4--,me?od ( m>k+ op5+s4 ,,w9d[ ,,& ,,door ,,frames ,!re are two ways ( mak+ w9d[ & door frames--9 ?ree pieces 7two side jambs & "o head jamb71 or 9 f\r pieces 7two side jambs1 "o head jamb1 & a sill piece74 ,:5 a ?ree-piece frame is us$1 ! bottom log ( ! op5+ is cut or %ap$ to make ! w9d[ or doorsill & ! jamb pieces are !n fitt$ to ! sill4 ,if ! jambs are fram$ f pieces ( log slabb$ on two opposite sides1 a pres5table frame 9 keep+ ) ! log "* ( ! /ructure is obta9$4 ,! w9d[ or door face ( ! jamb pieces may be rabbet$ = ! w9d[s & doors1 respectively1 or !y may h sep>ate wood5 pieces1 kn[n z /ops1 nail$ on4 ,! spl9e on ! back ( ! jamb may be rabbet$ out1 or a #b in* by #b in* piece ( /raight-gra9$ wood nail$ on4 ,! head jamb c be fram$ 9 ! same way2 x does n require a spl9e on ! back4 ,ea* side jamb has a d[el fram$ on ea* end4 ,! bottom d[el fits into a mortise 9 ! sill & ! top d[el into a simil> mortise 9 ! head jamb4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ae4--,w9d[ frames4 ,9 a f\r-piece frame1 ! sill log is cut ) a slope1 9 ! cu/om>y way1 & ! jambs are fitt$ z = a ?ree-piece frame4 ,figure #ae illu/rates ! in/allation ( ?ree- & f\r-piece w9d[ frames4 ,:5 ! head jamb or top log ov] ! op5+ is rea*$1 ! frames are ready = in/allation4 ,! op5+ is n[ cut out1 ! sill fa%ion$1 ! v]tical spl9e slot fram$1 & ! head jamb log cut out to fit ov] ! op5+4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! am\nt ( settlem5t result+ f ! %r9kage ( ! wall logs1 z !y dry out1 mu/ be det]m9$ & a correspond+ all[ance provid$ 9 ! op5+4 ,?is all[ance is made betwe5 ! upp] side ( ! headpiece ( ! frame & ! bottom ( ! log directly ov] ! op5+1 & %\ld be f #b-a_/b to #d in*es = a door #f feet #h in*es to #g feet 9 height1 or #a-a_/b to #c in*es = an ord9>y d\ble hung w9d[4 ,! log ov] ! op5+ %\ld be not*$ out on ! "u side s t x c be dropp$ 9 place aft] ! frame has be5 set 9 position4 ,:5 ! type ( w9d[ or door frame "h describ$ is us$1 nei!r outside nor inside cas+s1 sometimes call$ wood trim1 are requir$4 ,! logs select$ = ! jamb mat]ial %\ld be f #b to #c in*es l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! wall logs1 9 ord] to fit prop]ly4 ,also1 !y w be mu* easi] to "w if well-season$ 7fig4 #af74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #af4--,log jamb w9d[ frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ag4--,typical log-wall section1 tak5 ?r\gh w9d[4 ,if /&>d mill "w frames are us$1 false side jambs ( saw$ mat]ial1 usually #b-;in* planks1 %\ld be fitt$ 9 ! op5+s to hold ! logs 9 place4 ,= a wall made ( #aj-;in* logs1 a plank #b in*es by #aj in*es %\ld be us$ = ! jambs & ! /&>d frame fitt$ 9 place betwe5 !m aft] provid+ ! necess>y all[ance = ! wall logs to %r9k or settle4 ,! head cas+ ord9>ily w cov] ! space all[$ = %r9kage4 ,"s k9d ( insulat+ mat]ial :i* w take compression1 su* z crumpl$ newspap]s1 asbe/os wool fib]1 or rock wool1 may be us$ to fill ! space ov] ! head all[$ = settlem5t4 ,insulat+ mat]ial mu/ be in/all$ loosely1 s z n to take any weight z ! headlog gradually settles4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ah4--,v>i\s ways ( fram+ eaves4 ,despite ! fact t saw$ raft]s1 z %[n above1 are (t5 us$ = conv5i5ce 9 fram+ ! ro(1 saw$ or mill$ mat]ial is incongru\s 9 appe>ance 9 ! ext]ior ( log build+s ,h5ce1 pole raft]s1 h&-made %akes1 & simil> h&-riv5 features are pref]r$4 ,= ! log-type frame1 copp] or galvaniz$ /eel fla%+ %\ld be fa/5$ to ! bottom ( ! cut 9 ! top log1 leav+ ! l[] edge ( ! fla%+ free to slide on ! face ( ! log head jamb4 ,z ! wall settles1 ! bottom ( ! fla%+ c be trimm$ (f if too mu* ( ! face ( ! head jamb is cov]$4 ,?is makes a wea!rtight jo9t & protects ! insulat+ mat]ial ) :i* ! %r9kage space has be5 fill$4 ,see figure #ag1 ,head section4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ai4--;,fram+ log purl9s = %akes4 ,,ro( ,,fram+ ,ro(s may be fram$ 9 sev]al ways1 dep5d+ ^u ! k9d ( mat]ial available & ! appe>ance desir$4 ,! fram+ = a %+le ro(1 :e!r ( saw$ mat]ial or r\nd poles1 is done 9 ! same way z t ( a frame build+4 ,! top log on ! wall may be cut ) a flat seat = ! raft]s to re/ ^u1 z at ,y1 9 figure #ah1 ,a or not*$ out to receive !m z at ,z 9 figure #ah1 ,b4 ,! gable ends may be run up ) ! logs1 :i* is pref]able = ar*itectural appe>ance1 or fram$ l ! gables ( a frame /ructure1 & !n cov]$ ) wood sid+1 %+les1 or %akes 7fig4 #ai74 ,! %+les may be laid ov] %ea?+ bo>ds 9 ! usual mann] or on %+le /rips plac$ across ! ro( raft]s1 p>allel ) ! ridge & exactly spac$ to receive !m1 commonly kn[n z b>n-fa%ion4 ,! p>ticul> me?od to be foll[$ 9 fram+ ! eaves dep5ds l>gely ^u _! projection4 ,:]e ! effect ( a consid]able ov]hang is desir$1 an eave purl9 log may be us$ to support ! project+ %akes z %[n 9 figure #ai1 ,a4 ,to support #cj- to #cf-;in* long %akes hav+ a #f-;in* lap1 ! log purl9s %\ld be spac$ at approximately #bd-;in* int]vals1 z 9 figure #ai4 ,9 regions ( heavy sn[s1 ! eave log may be plac$ slightly =w>d to help support ! ov]hang1 or an additional eave log may be plac$ 9 position1 z %[n 9 figure #ai1 ,b4 ,! gable logs %\ld be run up at ! same "t z ! ro( logs1 & bo? rigidly fram$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bj4--,splitt+ %akes ) ! froe4 ,%ake ,ro(s ,x is (t5 desirable to use h&-split %akes = ! ro( cov]+4 ,^! are usually made f c$>1 b may be ( any /raight-gra9$ wood1 free f knots1 :i* splits easily4 ,fir/1 ! logs are cut 9 l5g?s ( #cj to #cf in*es & !n ! %akes are split (f ) a tool call$ a froe 7fig4 #bj74 ,aft] ! log cuts are set on end1 ! froe is held on ! upp] end ( ! block & !n /ruck a bl[ ) a wood5 maul :i* causes a piece ( ! block or %ake to split (f4 ,be+ h&-split1 ! ?ickness v>ies some:at2 ! m9imum is #a_/b in*4 ,a ro( ( ?9 %+les1 lack+ suffici5t scale1 is nev] z effective z a r\gh textur$ "o1 us+ #c_/d- to #a-a_/d-;in* ?ick %akes1 to h>monize ) ! /urdy appe>ance ( ! log walls4 ,! wid?1 normally #f to #h in*es1 is gov]n$ by ! size ( ! blocks ( wood & v>ies accord+ly1 :ile ! l5g? is gov]n$ by ! spac+ ( ! ro( logs or purl9s4 ,%akes are always laid on ! purl9s 9 s+le c\rses1 lapp+ ! sides #a-a_/b to #b in*es & ov]-lapp+ ! ends at lea/ #f in*es1 z illu/rat$ 9 figure #ai4 ,nail+ is usually done ) six- or eight-p5ny galvaniz$ box nails4 ,copp] nails may be us$ = great] p]man5ce4 ,a good %ake ro( w n leak al?\gh f ! inside ( ! build+ x may appe> to h _m holes4 ,! ord9>y1 un9t]e/+1 /raight-l9e effect at ! butts may be brok5 up by /agg]+ !m f #a to #b in*es1 z is (t5 done ) %+les4 ,?is me?od produces an effect m 9 keep+ ) ! log walls4 ,al?\gh involv+ great] c>e & additional labor x is pref]able1 f an ar*itectural po9t ( view1 to ! m common cu/om ( lay+ !m to uni=mly /raight l9es4 ,at ! ridge ( ! ro(1 :]e ! %+les or %akes int]sect1 provisions mu/ be made = wea!rpro(+4 ,! %+l$ ,bo/on ridge1 comb int]section1 or pole ridge1 %[n 9 figure #ba are practical & mu* m satisfactory f ! /&po9t ( ar*itectural effect ?an /ock metal ridges1 ridge bo>ds1 & o!r me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ba4--,ridge treatm5ts4 ,,p>titions ,if ! log build+ is to be divid$ into sev]al rooms1 at lea/ two diff]5t me?ods may be us$ to con/ruct ! p>tition walls4 ,if ! log con/ruction plan is to be c>ri$ ?r\gh\t ! /ructure by us+ int]ior log-wall p>titions1 ^! %\ld be laid out & fram$ 91 & ! door op5+s cut 9 ! same mann] z previ\sly describ$ = ext]ior walls4 ,if a log p>tition comes at a place 9 a cross wall :]e x is n consid]$ desirable to h ! log ends project into ! room beyond ! opposite face ( ! wall1 !y may be saw$ (f flu% ) ! face ( ! cross wall1 z %[n at ,x1 figure #bb1 ,plan ,a4 ,?is w n weak5 ! jo9t s9ce ! logs are bo? p9n$ & lock$ 9 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bb4--;,int]ior p>titions4 ,:]e frame p>titions are us$1 !y %\ld be con/ruct$ z 9 a frame build+4 ,a ga9 or a #c- to #d-;in* deep groove %\ld be cut 9 ! log wall into :i* ! end /udd+ ( ! frame p>tition is to be set 7fig4 #bb1 ,plan ,b74 ,! cut %\ld be made 9 ea* log be=e x is plac$ 9 ! wall4 ,9 no case %\ld ! /udd+ at ! ends ( ! p>titions be nail$ to ! log walls :i* !y int]sect 9 ord] n to int]f]e ) or be affect$ by _! %r9kage & settlem5t4 ,,floor+ ,a subfloor %\ld be laid fir/ us+ %iplap or %ea?+4 ,ov] ?is a f9i%$ floor ( su* h>dwoods z maple or oak1 or ! h>d] s(twood species su* z ,d\glas-fir1 we/]n l>*1 or s\!rn p9e1 may be laid4 ,v]tical gra9 & flat gra9 may be _h 9 bo? s(twood & h>dwood1 b ! v]tical gra9 %r9ks & swells less ?an ! flat1 is m uni=m 9 texture1 we>s m ev5ly1 & ! jo9ts op5 mu* less4 ,f9i%$ floor+ consi/s or tongue-&-groove mat]ial ( v>i\s ?icknesses & wid?s4 ,despite a slight t5d5cy to spl9t] & we> irregul>ly ov] a p]iod ( ye>s1 pla9 wide plank+ ( r&om-wid? bo>ds makes an appropriate floor = a log build+4 ,an attractive effect may be _h by us+ screws in/ead ( nails1 c\nt]sunk to a dep? ( #a_/b in* & conceal$ by ins]t+ false wood5 d[els glu$ 9 place z %[n 9 figure #bc1 ,b4 ,key+ ! bo>ds toge!r ) wood keys1 at r&om along ! edges1 adds to ! attractiv5ess ( ! floor+4 ,,int]ior ,,wood ,,f9i%+ ,hang+ doors & w9d[s1 & _m o!r cu/om>y details ( build+ con/ruction %\ld be done 9 ! usual mann] 9 build+ ) logs4 ,:5ev] cupbo>ds or o!r built-9 units are con/ruct$1 !y mu/ be fram$ to be indep5d5t or entirely free ( ! log walls1 l ! furniture4 ,h[ev]1 su* fixtures z lavatories may be atta*$ to two adjac5t logs )\t any subsequ5t /ructural complications4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bc4--;,floor+4 ,a1 ,pla9 tongue & groove2 ,b1 r&om-wid? plank+4 ,,calk+ ,:5 r\nd logs are laid up 9 a wall !re is always an op5+ betwe5 !m unless !y are groov$ on ! "u side to saddle ! "o bel[1 z describ$ lat] "u *9kless log cab9 con/ruction4 ,9 ext]ior walls1 ?is op5+1 or crack1 mu/ be clos$ 9 ord] to make ! /ructure wea!rtight4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( do+ ?is4 ,if ! logs are reasonably /raight & uni=m 9 size & ! corn]s c>efully made1 ! op5+ betwe5 !m w be small1 (t5 b>ely p]ceptible4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! op5+s %\ld be fill$ ) "s sort ( calk+ comp\nd appli$ ) ei!r a pressure gun or a tr[el 7fig4 #bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bd4--;,examples ( tight jo9ts well calk$4 ,a1 ,int]ior calk+2 ,b1 ext]ior calk+4 ,9 rec5t ye>s sev]al k9ds ( calk+ mat]ial h be5 put on ! m>ket4 ,!y are appli$ be/ ) a gun hav+ a pressure-release trigg] :]eby ! calk+ comp\nd is =c$ ?r\gh a nozzle made 9 v>i\s %apes & sizes to meet diff]5t requirem5ts4 ,^! calk+ comp\nds are n adv]sely affect$ by heat or cold1 reta9 _! natural flexibility1 & h an adhesive prop]ty :i* causes !m to adh]e to ! surface to :i* !y are appli$4 ,a good pla/ic comp\nd w adh]e to ! logs "u all conditions & c be pat*$ easily by simply apply+ m mat]ial4 ,a black fib] seal is n objectionable &1 at ! same "t1 gives a practical f9i%4 ,! seal %\ld be appli$ to bo? sides ( ! ext]ior & int]ior log walls1 produc+ an almo/ h]metically seal$ build+4 ,:5 appli$ ) a pressure gun hav+ a #c_/h-;in* nozzle1 #a gallon w fill ab\t #cjj l9e> feet ( op5+4 ,if appli$ 9 cold wea!r1 ! mat]ial %\ld be heat$ to a temp]ature ( #fj;,f4 ,,*9k+ ,:5 us+ logs t are some:at r\gh & irregul> 9 %ape1 ! result+ space betwe5 !m may be s l>ge t ! calk+ mat]ial _c be us$ satisfactorily to fill ! op5+4 ,9 su* cases1 x w be necess>y to ins]t *9k+1 :i* usually is appli$ to ! int]ior & ext]ior walls 9 "o ( two ways3 #a4 ,split *9k+4--,segm5ts ( a log are split out 9 sizes :i* fit ! op5+ &1 aft] be+ c>efully %ap$ ) ! ax to make a tight fit1 are securely nail$ 9 position4 ,?is k9d ( *9k+ requires consid]able "w & pati5ce to secure a good appe>ance4 #b4 ,pole *9k+4--,small r\nd poles may be us$ to fill ! op5+s 7fig4 #be74 ,usually !y are cut 9 sizes & l5g?s to fill ! op5+ f wall to wall4 ,?is sort ( *9k+ may be appli$ rapidly to ei!r inside or outside walls & makes a neat] job ?an ! prec$+ me?od4 ,unless ! logs are ?or\ghly season$ ^! small poles sometimes h a t5d5cy to pull away f ! nails4 ,:5 ! *9k+ has be5 complet$1 ! op5+s w h be5 r$uc$ suffici5tly 9 wid? to all[ ! calk+ mat]ial to be appli$ successfully4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #be4--,pole *9k+4 ,x is always a s]i\s problem 9 log con/ruction to devise a practical me?od = p]man5tly fa/5+ ! pla/] daub+ 9 place on bo? inside & outside walls4 ,9 "s in/ances1 %+le nails may be driv5 into ! logs #b to #c in*es ap>t = ! full l5g? ( ! op5+ or #b-;in* wide /rips ( metal la? may be us$ & ! pla/] appli$ to fill x4 ,cattle hair may be add$ to ! pla/] to increase its adhesive consi/5cy & !reby hold x m rigidly 9 place4 ,sometimes1 wood /rips are nail$ on ! l[] log to hold ! pla/] 9 position1 z %[n 9 figure #bf1 b !y are unsightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bf4--,wood daub+ /rips4 ,,*9kless ,,log ,,cab9 ,,con/ruction ,*9kless con/ruction1 associat$ ) ! build+ ( log /ructures 9 ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 elim9ates ! *9k+ & mudd+ s preval5t 9 _m log build+s4 ,x consi/s ( groov+ ! "u side ( e log 9 ea* ti] s t x saddles ! log b5ea?1 mak+ a close jo9t = its entire l5g?4 ,! groove is m>k$ by a tool :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 may be call$ a cab9 scribe or a drag 7fig4 #bg74 ,directions = *9kless log cab9 con/ruction4---,m>k & cut out ! not* j z is done = a r\nd-not* corn]4 ,next1 dog ! log 9 place & scribe1 mak+ ! additional m>k %[n by da% l9e 7,x1 fig4 #bg74 ,!n1 cut to l9e &1 f9ally1 drop log 9 position4 ,! scribe is #ab in*es long1 made pref]ably ( #c_/h-;in* squ>e /eel or iron b5t 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! spr+ 9 a /eel trap2 ! two ends are turn$ d[n ab\t #a-a_/b in*es l two f+]s1 div]g+ to ab\t #c_/d ( an in* at ! po9ts1 & !n %>p5$ ) a flat surface on ! inside ( ! po9t t[>d ! loop4 ,! loop %\ld be hamm]$ out ?9 to provide suffici5t flexibility to all[ ! po9ts to spread or close easily4 ,a r+ is weld$ ar\nd ! two halves ( ! tool :i*1 :5 slipp$ up or d[n1 makes x possible to adju/ ! po9ts & !reby prev5t any fur!r spread+ :ile ! tool is 9 use4 ,a l9k f a small *a91 plac$ ov] ! legs be=e ! po9ts are turn$1 w s]ve ! same purpose &1 to prev5t ! po9ts f spr++ toge!r1 a small piece ( wood may be =c$ betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bg4--;,*9kless log cab9 con/ruction4 ,to fit a log1 fir/ frame x at ! ends & !n fit x d[n to )9 ab\t #b in*es ( ! l[] log :]e ! op5+ is ! wide/ ,x is difficult to d a good job ( scrib+ :5 ! logs are too close toge!r4 ,! scribe mu/ !n be adju/$ at ! po9t :]e ! op5+ is ! wide/ s t1 :5 hold+ ! tool p>allel to ! op5+1 ! l[] po9t ( ! scribe w ride on ! surface ( ! bottom log4 ,by ex]t+ suffici5t pressure1 ! upp] po9t w score ! top log4 ,repeat ?is op]ation to score ! upp] log on ! o!r side4 ,! corn] t5ons mu/ be m>k$ likewise4 ,next1 turn ! log ov]1 "w ! t5ons d[n & !n cut a ,v-%ap$ groove to ! m>k$ l9es 9 ! rema9+ portion ( ! log1 us+ a d\ble-bitt$ ax4 ,?is groove %\ld be cut deep en\gh along its c5t] to p]mit ! out] edge ( ! groove to re/ cont9u\sly on ! l[] log4 ,by remov+ ! lea/ am\nt ( wood to make ! smalle/ possible groove1 ! close/ fit is obta9$ ) ! lea/ ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bh4--;,f9e example ( mill$-log con/ruction--rang]'s dwell+1 ,:itman ,national ,=e/1 ,oreg4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! scribe is bas$ on p>allel l9es1 & x c readily be se5 t if !re is a hump on ! l[] log !re w h to be a g\ge 9 ! upp] "o4 ,:5 ! "w is done c>efully1 ! space rema9+ is negligible4 ,:]e an airtight wall is desir$1 a /rip ( plumb]'s oakum %\ld be laid on ! bottom log be=e ! upp] log is dropp$ into place4 ,if ?is mat]ial is n available1 dry moss is a fairly practical sub/itute4 ,mill$-,log ,con/ruction ,sometimes x is feasible to take advantage ( a portable mill to face ! logs on ?ree sides r ?an to hew !m by h&4 ,! level b$s seat ! logs s well t calk+ is m9imiz$1 ! smoo? int]ior surfaces p]mit ( easy f9i%+1 p>ticul>ly :]e wood wa9scot+ or pla/] is us$1 :ile ! r\nd-log ext]ior effect is undi/urb$1 except :]e ! logs project at ! corn]s4 ,figure #bh illu/rates a /ructure built 9 ?is way4 ,,hew+ ,,timb]s ,! fac+ or hew+ ( r\nd timb]s to obta9 "o or two sides surfac$ flat = fram+ purposes1 z %[n 9 figure #bi1 requires consid]able skill 9 ! use ( ! ax & broadax4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( me*anical aids 7fig4 #cj7 :i* %\ld be us$ by anyone und]tak+ log con/ruction 9 ord] to simplify ! "w z mu* z possible4 ,! c>p5t]'s _s level1 ! /eel squ>e1 & *alk l9e & *alk are necess>y = lay+ (f ! l9es to be foll[$ 9 hew+ timb]s4 ,9 fram+ logs !y %\ld be laid up on skids1 or sa:orses1 dogg$ fa/ 9 place ) iron dogs1 & ! dim5sions laid (f on ea* end ( ! log ) ! level & squ>e to insure t ! l9es are p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,!n1 ) ! *alk l9e1 c>efully snap l9es on ! side ( ! log connect+ correspond+ po9ts at ea* end4 ,= squ>+ ! ends ( a log & cutt+ pole raft]s1 use ! mit] box to guide ! saw4 ,to measure l5g?s accurately ! /eel tape1 or a bo>d patt]n cut to ! exact l5g?1 may be us$4 ,,fireplace ,,fram+ ,! liv+-room fireplace1 inv>iably ! mo/ prom95t int]ior feature1 h>monizes be/ ) a log int]ior if built ( /one & provid$ ) a crude log %elf4 ,! fireplace itself may be ei!r ! traditional masonry type or ! m mod]n metal-l9$ "o equipp$ ) a heatilator4 ,! masonry ( ! fireplace & its *imney %\ld always />t on solid e>?1 bel[ ! fro/ l9e1 l ! f\ndations ( ! build+ itself4 ,masonry does n settle1 unlike ! surr\nd+ log con/ruction4 ,consequ5tly1 x is recomm5d$ t a self-support+ log fram+ be built ar\nd & entirely free ( ! masonry ( ! fireplace & *imney1 z illu/rat$ 9 figure #ca4 ,! op5+ %\ld be fram$ 9 ! same way z w9d[ & door op5+s4 ,! fireplace & *imney masonry %\ld n be erect$ until ! op5+ has be5 fram$ = x4 ,^u completion1 ! int]section betwe5 ! /one & wood %\ld be ?or\ghly calk$ to make an airtight1 wea!rpro( job4 ,?is me?od all[s ! wall logs to settle1 because ( ! unavoidable %r9kage1 )\t /ructural failure4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #bi4--;,fram+ hew$ timb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cj4--,me*anical aids 9 cutt+ timb]s4 ,me?od3 ,cut bo? mit] boxes at angle ,x = #a_/c pit*4 ,fa/5 !m securely to ! floor or to a log1 us$ z a sa:orse1 & space exactly ! requir$ di/ance ap>t to insure t all raft]s are cut alike4 ,!n place ea* raft] 9 ! boxes1 back d[n if any curvature exi/s1 dog rigidly 9 place & saw to ! patt]n4 ,l9e ,a repres5ts ! ext]ior wall face &1 if saw$ (f on l9e ,b1 p>allel ) ! wall face1 ov]hang ( eave w be #a foot1 #f in*es4 ,any desir$ ov]hang may be _h & saw+ elim9at$ by fix+ ! di/ance ,c4 ,! irregul>ly hew$ raft] end is pref]able to ! uni=m elliptical saw-cut ends4 ,f9ally1 hew ! upp] surface ( ! raft]s to a smoo? ev5 be>+ to receive ! ro( %ea?+ bo>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ca4--;,fram+ ar\nd ! fireplace4 ,fram+ logs ar\nd fireplace & *imney v>ies ) ! effect desir$3 7#a7 ,by us+ an expos$ v]tical slabb$ log & spl9e1 z at ,a1 ) space ,x1 to all[ = ! %r9kage settl+ ( ! logs above ! mantel1 or 7#b7 by us+ a conceal$ v]tical slabb$ log & spl9e1 z at ,b1 :]e ! masonry is expos$ above ! mantel4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cb4--;,a useful type ( mod]n log dwell+--rang] /ation1 ,gallat9 ,national ,=e/1 ,mont4 ,9 build+ an ord9>y fireplace1 ! firebox & inn] he>? %\ld be made ( firebrick to )/& int5se heat & ! v>i\s p>ts proportion$ 9 accordance ) /&>d practice to insure effici5t op]ation4#a #a ,= ?is purpose ! foll[+ publication w be f\nd useful3 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ahhi1 ,fireplaces & ,*imneys4 ,! heatilator is a built-9 recirculat+ /eel unit consi/+ ( metal sides & back to =m a heat+ *amb]1 adjac5t to ! fire pit1 :i* draws cold air ?r\gh a regi/] at ea* side ne> ! floor & aft] ! air is heat$ ejects x ?r\gh simil> regi/]s above4 ,x %\ld be in/all$ 9 con=mity ) ! manufactur]'s directions1 tak+ c>e to select a /ock-size unit suitable = ! dim5sions ( ! fireplace op5+ & to erect ! surr\nd+ masonry accord+ly4 ,,oil+ ,,& ,,pa9t+ ,aft] all ! op5+s h be5 prop]ly calk$ & ! logs bru%$ clean1 x is (t5 desirable1 al?\gh n absolutely necess>y1 to treat ! log surfaces ) "s sort ( pres]vative mat]ial4 ,logwood oil is excell5t = ! ext]ior4 ,! colorless v>iety is pref]able 9 mo/ cases b1 if "s color is desir$1 add j en\gh burnt umb]1 or raw si5na pa/e1 to give ! prop] %ade4 ,= int]ior f9i%1 apply a coat ( cle> %ellac & !n "o or two coats ( dull v>ni%4 ,! trim c be treat$ 9 a simil> mann] to pres]ve ! pleas+ effect produc$ by ! natural surface & color ( ! wood4 ,,! ,,f9i%$ ,,/ructure ,examples ( mod]n log con/ruction are %[n 9 figures #cb1 #cc1 & #cd4 ,e>ly types ( log /ructures are illu/rat$ 9 figure #ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cc4--,mod]n /ructures %[+ effective use ( log con/ruction 9 recreation build+s on national =e/s 9 ,montana4 ,a1 ,dude ran*2 ,b & ,c1 recreational & mess hall1 ,seely ,lake4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cd4--,organization camp at ,seely ,lake %[+ log "w ,9 great] detail4 ,a1 ,entrance w+2 ,b1 cab9 gr\p4 ,note ! w$ges "u por* po/ to provide = settl+ ( walls4 ,w$ges are gradually driv5 out z necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ce4--;,e>ly types ( log /ructures built by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice 9 ! ,we/4 ,a1 ,rang] /ation1 ,gallat9 ,national ,=e/1 ,mont42 ,b1 rang]'s dwell+1 ,nezp]ce ,national ,=e/1 ,idaho2 ,c1 log cab9 9 ,arizona4 ,,furniture ,! matt] ( int]ior furni%+s is always ( great conc]n to ^? :o build log cab9s4 ,odds & ends or too _m :at-nots may prove to be misfits4 ,pieces ( ,e>ly ,am]ican design are p]haps ! mo/ appropriate ready-made furniture1 b /urdy1 ru/ic pieces yield ! greate/ satisfaction4 ,_m cab9 own]s h f\nd a great deal ( pleasure 9 mak+ ess5tial furniture1 su* z bunks1 b$s1 tables1 *airs1 settees1 & simil> items4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 bir* is pref]r$ z a mat]ial1 & 9 ! ,we/1 lodgepole p9e is mo/ satisfactory4 ,o!r native species1 h[ev]1 w d j z well4 ,9 mak+ furniture x is advisable to remove ! b>k f ! logs because b>k collects insects1 causes ! wood to det]iorate & ev5tually falls (f1 leav+ imp]fect1 unsightly surfaces4 ,figures #cf & #cg %[ types ( furniture suitable = log resid5ces4 ,= ru/ic effects1 ! use ( a /a9 ( ! foll[+ proportions gives a satisfactory appe>ance3 #b qu>ts turp5t9e1 #b qu>ts raw l9se$ oil1 & #a p9t liquid dri]1 to :i* add #a_/b p9t ( raw si5na1 #a_/b p9t ( burnt umb]1 & a t\* ( burnt si5na4 ,! top surfaces ( tables1 buffets1 *e/s1 & ra:ide seats %\ld h two coats ( sp> v>ni%4 ,:]e c\nt]sunk screws are us$ 9 connection ) a /a9 f9i%1 ins]t false wood1 d[el-l plugs 9 pref]5ce to pla/ic wood to conceal ! scre:eads4 ,simplicity1 bo? 9 con/ruction & appe>ance1 is ! keynote = produc+ ! mo/ h>moni\s effects 9 furniture1 9 keep+ ) log int]iors4 ,*airs & ,/ools ,arm*airs c be built ) well-season$ lodgepole or ea/]n p9e1 or bir* 7fig4 #ch74 ,! corn]pieces %\ld be mortis$ & t5on$ to ! frame & rail & an*or$ 9 place ) #c_/h- by #ae-;in* lag screws4 ,! arms %\ld be fa/5$ to ! corn]pieces ) #c_/h- by #e-;in* c>riage bolts & to ! slab support ) #c_/h- by #d-;in* lag screws4 ,! v]tical slab support %\ld be rigidly secur$ to ! frame ) #c_/h- by #c-;in* c>riage bolts4 ,cu%ions may be ( ! fill] type1 )\t spr+s1 & cov]$ ) homespun fabric4 ,use #b-;in* wide heavy canvas /rips1 securely fa/5$ ) furniture tacks1 to support ! cu%ions4 ,upright *airs & /ools 7fig4 #ci7 c be made f ! same mat]ial z ! arm*air4 ,cross ! poles to impale ! legs rigidly4 ,! crosspieces ( ! *air back %\ld be curv$ to fit ! human back4 ,! jo9ts mu/ be tightly glu$1 mortis$1 & t5on$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cf4--;,furniture suitable = log cab9s--conv5i5t1 /urdy1 & easy to make4 ,a1 ,b$2 ,b1 b$ & arm*air4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #cg4--;,a1 ,d9+ table appropriate = log cab92 ,b1 book rack & hod4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ch4--,plan = mak+ an arm*air suitable = log resid5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ci4--,plan = mak+ an upright *air & /ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dj4--,plan = mak+ a d\ble b$ = log resid5ce4 ,b$ & ,bunk ,bir* or well-season$ lodgepole or ea/]n p9e is suitable = mak+ a b$ or bunk4 ,9 mak+ a b$ 7fig4 #dj7 ! crosspieces %\ld impale ! corn] po/s tightly2 ! jo9ts %\ld be glu$ & toe-nail$ f bel[4 ,d n cut ! side or end pieces until ! b$spr+ has be5 measur$ & !n all[ = a slight play 9 bo? directions 9 sett+ ! angle irons1 9 ord] to facilitate ! ins]tion & removal ( ! mattress4 ,use #ad- by #c-;in* c>riage bolts to fa/5 ! angle irons to ! wood frame4 ,figure #dj is a plan = mak+ a d\ble b$ #e = a s+le b$1 r$uce ! wid? accord+ly4 ,a d\ble-deck bunk is made 9 mu* ! same way z a b$ 7fig4 #da74 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #da4--,plan = build+ a d\ble-deck bunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #db4--,plan = mak+ a comb9ation *e/ & buffet4 ,*e/ & ,buffet ,no log resid5ce is complete )\t furniture = /or+ clo!s4 ,a comb9ation *e/ & buffet suitable = log cab9s c be made f well-season$ lodgepole or ea/]n p9e1 tam>ack1 or bir* 7fig4 #db74 ,! ends1 doors1 %elves1 & draw] fronts %\ld be cut f ,no4 #b tongue-&-groove comm]cial p9e lumb]4 ,settee ,a settee c be made f well-season$ p9e or bir* 7fig4 #dc74 ,jo9 ! corn] poles to ! slab frame & rail ) mortise-&-t5on jo9ts2 !n an*or ! jo9ts by means ( #c_/h- by #f -in* lag screws4 ,fa/5 ! arms to ! corn] poles ) #c_/h- by #e-;in* c>riage bolts & to ! slab support ) #c_/h- by #d-;in* lag screws4 ,use #c_/h- by #c-;in* c>riage bolts to fa/5 ! slab support to ! frame4 ,! #a- by #b-;in* h>dwood crosspieces %\ld be securely fa/5$ at ! top ends & not*$ into ! legs at ! bottom ends1 held by #b-;in* wood screws1 driv5 into place at an angle4 ,back slats %\ld be mortis$ & t5on$ to ! rail & frame4 ,! cu%ions %\ld be ! fill] type1 )\t spr+s if s desir$1 & cov]$ ) homespun fabric4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dc4--,plan = mak+ a liv+-room settee4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dd4--;,d9+ table plan4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #de4--,plan = mak+ b5*es4 ,d9+ ,table ,peel$ p9e or bir* is ideal mat]ial = build+ a d9+ table 7fig4 #dd74 ,make a tight saddle jo9t betwe5 ,b & ! legs4 ,cross poles to impale ! legs tightly4 ,not* ,e = ! cross poles4 ,upp] surface ( ,c %\ld be slab-fac$ & fitt$ betwe5 ,d & cross poles1 all rigidly brac$ toge!r4 ,top pieces ( tables %\ld be d[el$ at places indicat$ 9 ! draw+ ) #a_/b- by #d-;in* wood d[els1 glu$ & clamp$ to insure tight jo9ts4 ,not* top pieces ,a #a-;in* deep to receive ,b & ,d4 ,top outside edges ( ,a1 ,c1 & ,e %\ld be hew$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #df4--,plan = a book rack4 ,table1 ,b5*1 ,book ,rack1 & ,wood ,hod ,well-season$ lodgepole or ea/]n p9e1 tam>ack1 c$>1 or bir* are suitable = b5*es 7fig4 #de74 ,! jo9ts %\ld be glu$4 ,c\nt]s9k any screws1 !n conceal ! heads ) false wood5 d[el-l plugs4 ,if ! furniture is to be pa9t$1 use pla/ic wood4 ,a book rack may be made ( ! same mat]ial us$ = ! b5*1 except c$>1 :i* is unsuitable 7fig4 #df74 ,! sides & bottom %elf %\ld be rabbet$ & ?or\ghly glu$4 ,! two int]m$iate %elves c be made adju/able by bor+ #c holes 9 ea* side-piece #b in*es ap>t1 above & bel[ ! position %[n = ! %elves 9 figure #df1 into :i* loose wood5 p9s may be ins]t$ = _! support4 ,screw ! top 9 place1 c\nt]s9k scre:eads & ins]t wood cov] plugs or false d[els = concealm5t :]e /a9$ f9i% is us$4 ,if pa9t$1 pla/ic wood may be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dg4--,plan = a fireplace wood hod4 ,a fireplace wood hod 7fig4 #dg7 may be made ( wood & metal4 ,use well-season$ lodgepole or ea/]n p9e1 tam>ack1 or bir*4 ,make a tight cradle jo9t betwe5 horizontal & v]tical side-pieces1 us+ #ad- by #b-;in* c>riage bolts except t by #c-;in* lag screws %\ld be us$ = fa/5+ ! l[] side-pieces & bottom4 ,secure ! wr\ght-iron h&le to ea* side toppiece ) #c- by #a-a_/b-;in* c>riage bolts4 ,! wood sides %\ld h hew$ edges ( #c_/d in* m9imum ?ickness4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #dh4--;,floor plan = a f\r-room log resid5ce4 ,,build+ ,,plans ,selection ( ! site & prep>ation ( build+ plans v>ies ) individual ta/e4 ,9 *oos+ a location "o mu/ consid] availability ( transportation1 %opp+ c5t]s1 wat] supply1 sewage disposal1 electric facilities1 & k9dr$ factors4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #di4--;,floor plan = a f\r-room log resid5ce ) some:at diff]5t ori5tation ?an t %[n 9 figure #dh4 ,be=e und]tak+ con/ruction x may be desirable to consult an ar*itect or compet5t build] to make sure t 7#a7 y\r desires are satisfi$ ) respect to ! necess>y accommodations2 7#b7 rules & regulations en=c$ by local au?orities w be obs]v$2 & 7#c7 provisions are made = in/all+ telephone1 electricity1 wat]1 & plumb+ facilities4 ,failure to take ^! precautions may necessitate co/ly *anges aft] con/ruction has begun4 ,plans = suitable f\r-room log resid5ces are giv5 9 figures #dh & #di1 & = a five-room /ructure 9 figure #ej4 ,figure #ea %[s ! lay\t ( a ,unit$ ,/ates ,=e/ ,s]vice two-room gu>d cab9 adaptable = summ] resid5ce use4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ej4--;,floor plan = a five-room log resid5ce1 includ+ ?ree b$rooms1 liv+-room1 kit*51 & two por*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ea4--,u4 ,s4 ,=e/ ,s]vice two-room firegu>d cab9 adaptable = summ] resid5ce use4 ,,additional ,,in=mation ,additional useful in=mation on build+ log cab9s may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ publications3 ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,fireplaces ,,& ,,*imneys4 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 #ahhi1 #eb pp41 illus4 #aidj4 ,,protection ,,( ,,log ,,cab9s1 ,,ru/ic ,,"w1 ,,& ,,unseason$ ,,wood ,,f ,,injuri\s ,,insects4 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 #aehb1 #bj pp41 illus4 #aibi4 ,,use ,,( ,,logs ,,& ,,poles ,,9 ,,f>m ,,con/ruction4 ,f>m]s' ,bul4 #affj1 #bf pp41 illus4 #aica4 ,,o!r ,,s\rces ,,log ,,build+s4 ,wis4 ,agr4 ,col4 ,ext4 ,/5cil ,cir4 #aeh1 #ci pp41 illus4 #aidj4 ,,log ,,cab9 ,,con/ruction4 ,a4 ,b4 ,b[man4 ,mi*4 ,/ate ,col4 ,ext4 ,bul4 #bbb1 #ed pp41 illus4 #aida4 ,,log ,,cab9s ,,& ,,cottages2 ,,h[ ,,to ,,build ,,& ,,furni% ,,!m4 ,w4 ,a4 ,bruette1 ed4 #if pp41 illus4 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,real ,,log ,,cab94 ,c4 ,d4 ,aldri*4 #bgh pp41 illus4 #aicd4 ,new ,york4 ,,%elt]s1 ,,%acks1 ,,& ,,%anties4 ,d4 ,c4 ,be>d4 #bdc pp41 illus #aicb4 ,new ,york4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aied ,= sale by ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,docum5ts1 ,u4 ,s4 ,gov]nm5t ,pr9t+ ,(fice ,wa%+ton #be1 ,d4 ,c4 -- ,price #be c5ts 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,keep ,,! ,,trees ,,gr[+ ,"h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we are cutt+ trees fa/] ?an new ones are gr[+ = ! future4 ,& because sci5ce is %[+ u h[ to use wood bett] & 9 new ways we are likely to want m trees 9 ! future ?an we use today4 ,9 fact we mu/ d\ble ! annual gr[? ( usable wood4 ,?is c't be done easily or quickly4 ,x w require decades ( good =e/ry4 ,s we mu/ take /eps n[-- ,to protect all our =e/s well f fire1 insects1 & disease2 ,to /op wa/eful & de/ructive cutt+2 ,to keep pl5ty ( trees ( all sizes gr[+ to replace ^? we cut2 ,to re/ore comm]cial tree gr[? on millions ( acres ( =e/s t h be5 badly treat$ or burn$2 ,to give f>m]s & o!r small own]s m help 9 gr[+1 h>ve/+1 & m>ket+ _! tree crops2 ,to put wild l& into public =e/s :5 private own]s _c take c>e ( x or ! public int]e/ calls = special treatm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,notes ,all illu/rations 7 mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4