,transcrib] ,notes ,text emphasis is d5ot$ z ,italics & ,bold4 ,:ole numb]s & fractional p>ts d5ot$ z3 #cc-c_/d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,,f>m]s' ,,bullet9 ,no4 #abgi ,,pla9 ,,concrete = ,,f>m ,,use ,! successful & economical use ( concrete involves ! selection ( suitable mat]ials1 ! correct proportion+ ( mixtures 9 ! developm5t ( qualities to meet specific requirem5ts1 ! prop] plac+ & ! c>e ( ! gre5 concrete4 ,a concrete ( great /r5g? is uneconomical if a weak] mixture w s]ve & a *eap or weak concrete is co/ly if x does n fulfill all requirem5ts4 ,! co/ ( concrete dep5ds n only ^u ! price ( ! mat]ials & labor b also ^u ! judici\s use ( ! two4 ,lack ( =esight 9 locat+ ! mix+ plant1 9 ! design ( =ms1 & 9 plann+ ! successive op]ations may cause unnecess>y exp5se1 :ile neglect ( any "o ( ! precautions :i* %\ld be obs]v$ is likely to result 9 unsatisfactory "w4 ,! bullet9 discusses ! requirem5ts ( good concrete & describes ! mak+ & plac+ ( pla9 concrete accord+ to ! be/ practice4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,issu$ ,octob]1 #aibb ,,pla9 ,,concrete ,,= ,,f>m ,,use4 ,t4 ,a4 ,h4 ,mill]1 ,agricultural ,eng9e]1 ,division ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+1 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,introduction #a ,mat]ials #a ,proportion+ ! mat]ials #f ,quantities ( mat]ials requir$ #g ,consi/5cy #h ,e/imat+ #i ,=ms #aj ,mix+ #ac ,plac+ #ah ,c>e ( concrete #ba ,protection f freez+ wea!r #ba ,contraction & expansion jo9ts #bc ,l9tels #bc ,surface f9i% #bd ,concrete expos$ to fire #be ,wat]-tight concrete #bf ,,introduction4 ,portl& cem5t concrete is ! mass =m$ by mix+ ,portl& cem5t1 s&1 gravel 7or p>ticles ( o!r suitable mat]ials71 & wat]4 ,! quality ( concrete may be made to con=m to c]ta9 requirem5ts :i* v>y ) ! purpose ( ! /ructure 9 :i* ! mat]ial is to be us$2 economy1 /r5g?1 wat]-tightness1 fire resi/ance1 or resi/ance to we> & %ock may be ! *ief requisite4 ,! "* ( ! con/itu5t mat]ials1 ! proportions 9 :i* !y are us$1 ! consi/5cy1 ! me?od ( mix+1 & ! plac+ & cur+ ( ! concrete are important factors 9 secur+ ! desir$ qualities ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,total failure or a product :i* does n give ! s]vice expect$ is (t5 ! result ( ! nonobs]vance ( practices recogniz$ z necess>y 9 ! prep>ation & use ( concrete4 ,?is bullet9 is int5d$ to assi/ ! inexp]i5c$ 9 mak+ & us+ concrete suitable = g5]al f>m con/ruction & is conf9$ to a discussion ( ! rudim5ts ( pla9 7n re9=c$7 concrete "w4 ,,mat]ials4 ,,cem5t4 ,portl& cem5t is us$ because x is ! only k9d adapt$ to g5]al con/ruction4 ,o!r cem5ts are manufactur$ b !y possess individual *>act]i/ics t re/rict _! use4 ,! ^w ,portl& is n a trade "n1 b signifies ! k9d & di/+ui%es x f ! slag1 natural1 & o!r cem5ts4 ,a numb] ( br&s ( ,portl& cem5t are manufactur$1 mo/ ( :i* are made to meet ! requirem5ts ( a fix$ /&>d adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t & ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials4 ,cem5t always %\ld be te/$ = use 9 important "w1 b ?is is impractical = ! us] ( small am\nts & x is g5]ally safe practice to omit ! te/ if a reliable br& ( ,portl& cem5t ( ,am]ican manufacture is select$1 especially if ! deal]'s or manufactur]'s gu>anty t x meets ! /&>d is secur$4 ,! foll[+ simple te/ = s\ndness is easily made & is on ! side ( caution4 ,make a ball1 ab\t #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 if neat cem5t & wat]2 place x "u a wet clo? & keep x moi/ = #bd h\rs1 !n put ! ball 9 a vessel ( wat]2 all[ ! wat] to come to ! boil+ po9t sl[ly & to boil = #c h\rs4 ,a good cem5t w n be affect$1 b an inf]ior "o w *eck1 crack1 or g to pieces entirely4 ,portl& cem5t is %ipp$ 9 pap] bags1 clo? sacks1 & wood5 b>rels 7sometimes 9 bulk74 ,= ! av]age us] ! clo? sack is ! be/ conta9]1 z x is easi] to h&le2 & :ile ! manufactur]s *>ge m = ?is k9d ( package1 !y all[ a rebate = ! return ( ! sacks 9 good condition4 ,a sack ( ,portl& cem5t weighs #id p\nds & a b>rel conta9s ! equival5t ( f\r sacks4 ,,/or+4 ,z cem5t readily absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e1 x %\ld be /or$ 9 a dry place2 if expos$ to dampness x soon becomes lumpy1 or ev5 a solid mass1 & 9 ?is condition x is useless & %\ld be ?r[n away4 ,! lumps caus$ by pressure 9 pil+ ! sacks are n injuri\s4 ,!y c be pulv]iz$ easily1 ?us di/+ui%+ !m f ^? due to dampness4 ,cem5t nev] %\ld be /or$ on ! gr\nd4 ,build a rais$ plat=m = x & keep x away f ! sides ( ! %elt]4 ,z x is heavy1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to ov]load ! support+ floor4 ,,f9e ,,aggregate 7,,s&74 ,all gra9s1 small pebbles1 or p>ticles ( brok5 /one are consid]$ z s& if !y w pass ?r\gh a wire scre5 ) "o-f\r? in* me%es4 ,! p>ticles or gra9s %\ld be h>d & well grad$ & %\ld v>y 9 size1 z a /rong] concrete is ?us obta9$ ?an :5 ! size ( ! gra9s is ne>ly uni=m4 ,if a l>ge proportion ( ! s& is v f9e an extra quantity ( cem5t %\ld be us$ & if exceptionally f9e x is advisable to use #be p] c5t m cem5t4 ,! s& %\ld be clean2 t is1 free f vegetable matt]1 loam1 or any consid]able am\nt ( clay4 ,if ! h&s are soil$ :5 a small quantity ( s& is rubb$ betwe5 !m ! foll[+ te/ %\ld be made3 ,put #d in*es ( s& into a p9t pres]v+ j>1 fill ) cle> wat] to )9 an in* ( ! top1 fa/5 ! lid1 & %ake ! j> vigor\sly until ! :ole is ?or\ghly mix$4 ,set ! j> aside & all[ ! cont5ts to settle4 ,! s& w settle to ! bottom ) ! clay & loam on top ( x4 ,if m ?an ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ( clay or loam %[s1 ! s& %\ld be reject$ or wa%$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 f95ess & color %[s cle>ly ! l9e ( division betwe5 ! clay or loam & ! s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,s& & gravel wa%+ tr\gh4 ,%\ld s& require wa%+ ! simple/ way = small quantities is to build a loose bo>d plat=m f #aj to #ae feet long1 ) "o end high] ?an ! o!r4 ,on ! l[] end & sides nail #b by #f in* bo>ds4 ,spread ! s& ov] ! plat=m 9 a lay] #c or #d in*es ?ick & wa% ) wat]4 ,! wat] may be suppli$ by any means :i* w cause agitation ( ! s& & all[ ! light] mat]ial to run (f ) ! wat]4 ,:5 pressure or a head is obta9able ! wat] is mo/ easily appli$ by means ( a g>d5 hose4 ,! wa%+ %\ld be />t$ at ! high] end & ! wat] all[$ to run ?r\gh ! s& & ov] ! #b by #f in* piece at ! bottom4 ,figure #a illu/rates a conv5i5t tr\gh = wa%+ l>g] quantities4 ,a small am\nt ( clay1 provid$ x is n 9 lumps1 does n injure s&1 b am\nts ov] #aj p] c5t %\ld be wa%$ out4 ,,co>se ,,aggregate 7,,/one1 ,,gravel1 ,,etc474 ,! l>g] p>ticles us$ 9 concrete may be gravel1 brok5 /one1 air-cool$ bla/-furnace slag1 or o!r suitable mat]ials4 ,! co>se aggregate %\ld be s\nd & clean1 t is1 free f dis9tegrat$ or s(t p>ticles1 loam1 clay1 or vegetable matt]4 ,air-cool$ bla/-furnace slag %\ld weigh at lea/ #gj p\nds p] cubic foot4 ,! be/ results are obta9$ f a mixture ( sizes grad$ f ^? reta9$ on a "o-f\r? in* scre5 to ^? pass+ a ?ree-f\r?s to #b in* r+1 dep5d+ ^u ! "w4 ,ord9>ily ! greate/ dim5sion ( any p>ticle %\ld n be ov] "o-f\r? ( ! ?ickness ( ! concrete "w4 ,,gravel4 ,gravel :i* is too dirty = use usually c be detect$ by obs]vation4 ,x may be wa%$ 9 ! same mann] z s&4 ,lumps ( clay %\ld be elim9at$ & c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! gravel is n coat$ ) a film ( clay or loam :i* w prev5t ! bond+ ( ! cem5t4 ,,brok5 ,,/one4 ,brok5 /one %\ld be clean1 h>d1 & ( a size suit$ to ! "* ( ! "w1 & ! same c>e 9 grad+ %\ld be ex]cis$ z 9 ! case ( gravel4 ,trap1 granite1 h>d lime/one1 & h>d s&/one are commonly us$4 ,! composition & physical "* ( ! /ones %\ld be consid]$1 z "s possess qualities t limit _! use "u c]ta9 conditions 7see ,sub/itutes = gravel74 ,field /ones are common 9 _m localities & _! use1 :5 cru%$1 may be economical4 ,! f9] p>ticles1 aft] ! du/ is remov$1 c be us$ z s&4 ,small /one cru%]s1 op]at$ by ?ree or f\r horsep[] gasol9e eng9es1 c be pur*as$ at a relatively l[ price & may prove pr(itable if a l>ge quantity ( /one is ne$$4 ,,bank-,,run ,,gravel4 ,bank or creek gravel1 :i* w answ] ! purpose ( s& & gravel comb9$1 sometimes c be obta9$1 & frequ5tly x is us$ 9 small jobs ( concrete "w j z x comes f ! pit or creek4 ,al?\gh su* gravel occasionally conta9s ne>ly ! "r proportions ( s& & gravel1 9 ! majority ( s& pits & gravel banks !re is a great v>iation 9 ! sizes ( ! gra9s & pebbles or gravel & 9 ! relative quantity ( ea*4 ,x is advisable to scre5 ! s& & gravel & to remix !m 9 ! correct proportions1 z well-grad$ aggregates make /rong] concrete &1 ord9>ily1 en\gh cem5t w be sav$ to pay = ! co/ ( scre5+4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t x is advisable to scre5 bank gravel twice2 fir/ ov] a scre5 ) l>ge me%es to elim9ate p>ticles too l>ge = use4 ,! size ( ! me% w dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! "w involv$ 7see ,co>se aggregate72 !n ! mat]ial :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ?is scre5 %\ld be sift$ aga9 ov] a scre5 ) "o-f\r? in* me%es4 ,all mat]ial :i* passes ! latt] scre5 may be consid]$ s& & %\ld con=m to ! *>act]i/ics discuss$ "u ,f9e aggregate4 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,gravel ,,or ,,/one4 ,= g5]al "w gravel or brok5 /one always is pref]r$ to o!r co>se aggregate4 ,o!r mat]ials at times are easi] to obta9 &1 :5 us$ ) discretion1 w provide a satisfactory concrete4 ,brok5 t]ra cotta1 brick1 & old concrete1 if h>d & /rong1 may be us$ = unimportant "w :]e no great /r5g? is requir$1 b special c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! p>ticles d n %[ on ! f9i%$ surface4 ,! maxim t a *a9 is only z /rong z its weake/ l9k applies to concrete4 ,if ! co>se aggregate is weak] ?an ! cem5t mort>1 z 9 ! case ( "s s&/ones1 x %\ld be us$ ) caution4 ,! aggregate may h prop]ties t r5d] x unsuitable = use "u c]ta9 conditions2 = in/ance1 c9d]s %\ld n be us$ if wat]-tightness or /r5g? is expect$1 b !y are useful = firepro(+4 ,mat]ial t dis9tegrates or flakes :5 heat$ is undesirable 9 places expos$ to high temp]ature2 ?us m>ble & "s lime/ones %\ld n be us$ 9 fireplaces4 ,"s aggregates :5 expos$ at ! surface ( concrete are apt to cause discolorations1 & :5 ?is w\ld be objectionable aggregates ( ?is type %\ld be avoid$4 ,flat or elongat$ slab-l fragm5ts %\ld be avoid$1 z p>ticles ( ?is %ape d n bond well2 slate & %ale are examples4 ,,c9d]s4 ,c9d]s %\ld be compos$ ( h>d1 clean1 vitre\s cl9k]s1 free f sulphides1 soot1 & unburn$ coal or a%es4 ,z a precaution aga9/ ! pres5ce ( small am\nts ( detrim5tal sub/ances1 c9d]s %\ld be soak$ ?or\ghly ) wat] #bd h\rs be=e be+ us$4 ,if clean !y w n discolor ! h&s :5 a small quantity is rubb$ betwe5 ! palms4 ,c9d] concrete1 on acc\nt ( its light weight1 commonly is us$ = fill+ betwe5 sleep]s ( floors & grad+ ro(s1 & frequ5tly = firepro(+1 = :i* x is v effective4 ,c9d]s %\ld nev] be us$ :5 ! concrete is to be subject$ to heavy loads or abrasion4 ,,lava ,,rock4 ,lava rock v>ies widely 9 *emical composition & physical qualities4 ,9 "s in/ances lavas are s light & fro?y or conta9 s l>ge a proportion ( easily oxidizable mat]ial t !y are :olly unsuit$ = concrete "w4 ,9 g5]al1 ! lava rock f\nd 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,/ates is a suitable sub/itute = gravel4 ,rhyolite1 a light color$ volcanic rock1 & _m ( ! d>k] color$ basaltic lavas c well be us$ = concrete = build+ purposes4 ,,wat]4 ,wat] %\ld be clean & free f /rong acid & alkali4 ,sea or bracki% wat] %\ld n be us$ if fre% wat] c be obta9$4 ,,proportion+ ,,! ,,mat]ials4 ,9 mix+ concrete v>i\s proportions ( cem5t1 s&1 gravel1 & wat] are employ$1 dep5d+ ^u ! purpose = :i* ! concrete is to be us$4 ,! ideal mixture is "o 9 :i* all ! spaces or voids betwe5 ! gra9s ( s& are fill$ ) ! cem5t & all ! voids 9 ! gravel are fill$ ) ! cem5t-s& mort>4 ,?is p]fection is seldom atta9$1 because ! voids 9 ea* lot ( gravel & s& v>y slightly1 & 9 ord] to be absolutely safe a little m s& & cem5t ?an w j fill ! voids are us$4 ,! /ronge/ concrete is n requir$ 9 e /ructure1 &1 9 _m in/ances1 ! co/ ( x w\ld be unw>rant$4 ,= important "w involv+ l>ge quantities ( mat]ials ( unkn[n qualities1 te/s %\ld be made to det]m9e ! be/ proportions4 ,su* te/s1 be+ r complicat$1 are made usually 9 a laboratory1 & are n practical = ! us] ( small quantities ( concrete4 ,v>i\s proportions h be5 te/$ by exp]i5c$ eng9e]s to det]m9e :i*1 "u av]age conditions1 w develop ! greate/ /r5g?1 be/ resi/ we>1 & assure greate/ imp]meability or wat]-tightness4 ,! mixtures giv5 bel[ h be5 f\nd to meet ! requirem5ts indicat$1 & hav+ be5 adopt$ z arbitr>y /&>ds1 are recomm5d$ = use 9 f>m concrete "w4 ,! am\nt ( wat] requir$ is discuss$ "u ,consi/5cy4 ,,arbitr>y ,,mixtures4 ,ri* mixture4--,us$ = concrete subject to high /resses or :]e exceptional wat]-tightness & resi/ance to abrasion are desir$3 #a3a-a_/b3c2 i4 e41 #a "p cem5t1 #a-a_/b p>ts s&1 & #c p>ts gravel4 ,/&>d mixture4--,us$ g5]ally = re9=c$ concrete & wat]-tight "w3 #a3b3d2 i4 e41 #a "p cem5t1 #b p>ts s&1 & #d p>ts gravel4 ,m$ium mixture4--,us$ = pla9 concrete ( mod]ate /r5g?3 #a3c3e2 i4 e41 #a "p cem5t1 #c p>ts s&1 & #e p>ts gravel4 ,lean] mixtures are sometimes us$ aft] a te/ has prov$ !m to be suitable = ! "w at h&4 ,x w be notic$ t always 9 indicat+ ! proportions ! fir/ numb] ref]s to ! cem5t1 ! second to ! s&1 & ! ?ird to ! gravel4 ,! ?ree mat]ials mu/ be measur$ by volume1 us+ ! same unit4 ,! cubic foot is a conv5i5t measure1 because a sack ( cem5t1 weigh+ #id p\nds1 is consid]$ to conta9 #a cubic foot4 ,:5 ! co>se aggregate 7gravel1 etc47 is omitt$ ! mixture is g5]ally spok5 ( z mort> & ! proportions are indicat$ ?us1 #a3b1 mean+ #a "p cem5t & #b p>ts s&4 ,mort> is us$ = pla/]+1 /ucco1 top coats ( floors1 & = lay+ masonry4 ,,quantities ,,( ,,mat]ials ,,requir$4 ,m concrete c be made f giv5 volumes ( aggregates if ! gravel us$ is grad$ f f9e to co>se ?an if ! p>ticles are too ne>ly ( "o size1 because ! small /ones help to fill ! voids betwe5 ! l>g] ones & less s&-cem5t mort> is requir$4 ,! extra mort> ?us adds to ! volume ( ! concrete4 ,a common mi/ake to be gu>d$ aga9/ is to assume t ! volume ( concrete produc$ is equal to ! quantity ( s& plus ! gravel z indicat$ 9 ! proportion4 ,= in/ance a #a3b3d mixture w n produce #f cubic y>ds ( concrete1 if #b y>ds ( s& & #d y>ds ( gravel are us$1 because ! s& w lodge 9 ! voids betwe5 ! pebbles4 ,if #f cubic y>ds ( concrete are desir$ x w be necess>y to use #b4g cubic y>ds ( s& & #e4cd cubic y>ds ( gravel4 ,table #a %[s ! quantity ( cem5t1 s&1 & gravel requir$ "u av]age conditions = ! indicat$ proportions4 ,table #a4--,mat]ials = #a cubic y>d ( ramm$ concrete4 ,proportions4 ,cem5t4 ,s&4 ,gravel4 ,cem5t4 ,s&4 ,gravel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,sacks4 ,cu4 yds4 ,cu4 yds4 #a #a --- #ai4bj #j4gd --- #a #b --- #ac4dh #a4jj --- #a #b-a_/b --- #aa4jj #a4ja --- #a #c --- #aj4dj #a4af --- #a #a #b #aj4eb 4#ci #j4gh #a #a-a_/b #c #g4fd 4#db 4#he #a #b #d #f4jd 4#de 4#hi #a #b-a_/b #e #d4if 4#df 4#ib #a #c #e #d4fd 4#eb 4#hf #a #c #f #d4bd 4#dg 4#id ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,consi/5cy4 ,! quantity ( wat] us$ 9 mix+ has a v great influ5ce on ! /r5g? ( ! concrete4 ,an excess ( wat] weak5s ! concrete1 :ile an insuffici5t am\nt prev5ts ?or\gh mix+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,! result ( us+ too dry a mixture1 lack ( spad+ & c>eless plac+2 note irregul>ity ( lay]s & poor bond+4 ,!re=e1 only suffici5t wat] %\ld be us$ to produce a workable or pla/ic mixture4 ,rec5t te/s h prov$ t to secure ! greate/ /r5g? ! concrete %\ld be mix$ consid]ably dri] ?an has h]et(ore be5 cu/om>y4 ,( c\rse1 = ?9 walls conta9+ closely plac$ re9=cem5t1 or = wat]-tightness1 a fairly wet mix is necess>y4 ,a little exp]i5ce w %[ ! prop] am\nt ( wat] to use4 ,a v r\gh e/imate ( ! quantity ( wat] requir$ 9 mix+ = g5]al "w is #d to #e gallons to ea* sack ( cem5t4 ,?ree degrees ( consi/5cy 7correspond+ to diff]5t proportions ( wat]7 are us$ 9 g5]al practice1 namely1 wet1 m$ium1 & dry4 ,9 ! light ( rec5t inve/igations x is ?\ght ! wet mixture ( pres5t-day practice conta9s too mu* wat]4 ,! foll[+ def9itions are !re=e recomm5d$3 ,wet mixture4 ,"o t does n fl[ readily & yet c n be pil$ up4 ,x is recomm5d$ = ?9 sections :5 re9=cem5t is closely plac$4 ,m$ium mixture4 ,"o t is betwe5 ! wet & dry mixture4 ,?is consi/5cy is recomm5d$ = g5]al "w4 ,dry mixture4 ,"o ab\t l damp e>?4 ,if a h&ful is squeez$ x w reta9 its %ape4 ,?is consi/5cy requires ?or\gh ramm+ to elim9ate voids & is us$ :5 =ms are to be remov$ imm$iately1 b %\ld n be us$ :]e a wat]-tight job is expect$4 ,! por\s /ructure ( ! concrete 9 ,figure #b is due to ! fact t x 0 plac$ z a dry mixture4 ,,e/imat+4 ,,e/imat+ ,,concrete4 ,9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( concrete 9 a giv5 piece ( "w & ! quantities ( mat]ials requir$1 ! unit ( measurem5t is usually ! cubic y>d 7#bg cubic feet74 ,! foll[+ examples w expla9 be/ ! me?od ( det]m9+ ! quantities requir$3 ,example #a4--;,a wall #i in*es ?ick1 #ab feet high1 & #cj feet long has a door op5+ #c feet wide & #f feet high1 also a foot+ #ah in*es wide & #i in*es deep4 ,! concrete is to be mix$ 9 ! proportions ( #a3b3d4 ,! volume ( ! foot+ is f\nd by multiply+ toge!r ! dim5sions express$ 9 feet1 ?us1 #a-a_/b #c_/d #cj #cc-c_/d cubic feet4 ,simil>ly1 ! volume 9 ! wall is #c_/d #ab #cj1 less ! door op5+ #c_/d #c #f #bef-a_/b cubic feet4 ,! total volume 9 foot+ & wall is #bij-a_/d cubic feet #aj-c_/d cubic y>ds4 ,to f9d ! quantity ( cem5t1 s&1 & gravel1 multiply ! am\nts = #a cubic y>d1 indicat$ 9 l9e #g ( ,table #a1 by #aj-c_/d1 & x w be f\nd t #fe sacks ( cem5t1 #d4hc cubic y>ds ( s&1 & #i4ef cubic y>ds ( gravel are necess>y to build ! wall4 ,example #b4--;,a pavem5t #bg feet long1 #d feet wide1 & #f in*es ?ick has a #e-;in* base mix$ 9 ! proportions ( #a3c3e & a #a-;in* surface mix$ 9 ! proportions ( #a3b4 ,! volume 9 ! base is #bg #d #e_/ab #de cubic feet #a-b_/c cubic y>ds4 ,! volume 9 ! top is #bg #d #a_/ab #i cubic feet #a_/c cubic y>d4 ,multiply+ ! quantities 9 l9e #i ( ,table #a by #a-b_/c & ^? 9 l9e #b by x is f\nd t ! base requires #g4gd sacks cem5t2 #j4hf cubic y>d s&2 #a4dc cubic y>ds gravel2 & ! top requires #d4di sacks cem5t2 #j4cc cubic y>d s&4 ,example #c4a--;,a tank #i feet inside diamet] has walls #f in*es ?ick & #d feet high 7above ! floor74 ,! floor is #f in*es ?ick1 ! concrete is to be #a3b3d4 ,! volume 9 ! floor is #aj_/b #aj_/b #bb_/g #a_/b #ci-b_/g ,cubic feet4 ,! area ( ! l>g] circle is #e #e #bb_/g #gh-d_/g cubic feet4 ,! area ( ! small] circle is #d-a_/b #d-a_/b #bb_/g #fc-d_/g cubic feet4 ,! area ( ! wall1 !re=e1 is #ae cubic feet & ! volume is #ae #d #fj cubic feet4 ,! total volume 9 ! /ructure is #ii-b_/g cubic feet or #c-b_/c cubic y>ds4 ,multiply+ ! quantities 9 l9e #g ( ,table #a by #c-b_/c1 x is f\nd t ! foll[+ mat]ial is ne$$3 #bb4ad sacks ( cem5t2 #a4fe cubic y>ds ( s&2 #c4bg cubic y>ds ( gravel4 #a ,a practical rule 9 f9d+ ! area ( a circle is to multiply "o-half ! diamet] 7radius7 by itself & ! product by #bb_/g4 ,9 f9d+ ! volume 9 ! wall ( a circul> /ructure1 su* z a silo or tank1 ! area ( ! circle =m$ by ! inside circumf]5ce is d$uct$ f ! area ( ! circle =m$ by ! outside circumf]5ce & ! rema9d] is multipli$ by ! height4 ,,=ms4 ,=ms are requir$ to hold ! concrete 9 place until x has atta9$ suffici5t /r5g? to su/a9 itself & ! initial loads to :i* x may be subject$4 ,concrete is pla/ic & w assume ! %ape ( ! =m1 ?us any imp]fection or impression on ! face ( ! =ms w be reproduc$4 ,wood is commonly us$ = =ms1 z x c be easily work$ into diff]5t %apes1 ?\gh v>i\s o!r mat]ials sometimes are bett] adapt$ to special conditions4 ,ca/ iron1 = in/ance1 is suitable = ca/+ small objects t are to be reproduc$ 9 quantities1 su* z concrete block or tile2 pla/] ( ,p>is1 glue1 or moi/ s& are employ$ = ca/+ ornam5ts or to produce a f9e1 smoo? surface2 %eet metal is suitable :5 ! =ms c be us$ repeat$ly or = su* circul> /ructures z silos4 ,:5 ! sides ( an excavation are n likely to cave 9 ! e>? may s]ve z a =m4 ,,wood ,,=ms4 ,wood = =ms mu/ be ( a k9d t is easily work$ & t w reta9 its %ape :5 expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,:ite p9e is ! be/ wood1 b is seldom us$ because ( its co/4 ,spruce1 yell[ p9e1 & fir are satisfactory woods = =ms & are be/1 us$ p>tially gre5 or unseason$4 ,! edges ( bo>ds %\ld be surfac$1 tongu$ &1 groov$1 or bevel$ 9 ord] to obta9 a tight =m1 s t ! s(t mort> w n ooze out4 ,a bett] surface99 is secur$ if ! bo>ds are dress$ on "o side & are free ( loose knots or o!r imp]fections4 ,z =ms mu/ be remov$1 !y %\ld be s plann$ t !y c be tak5 d[n )\t de/roy+ ! lumb]1 especially if ! bo>ds are us$ = %ea?+ or aga9 = =ms4 ,!re=e ! nail+ ( ! bo>ds to ! support %\ld be only suffici5t to keep !m 9 place until ! concrete has h>d5$4 ,greas+ ! surface next to ! concrete ) crude oil1 soap solution1 or l9se$ oil w prev5t ! concrete f adh]+ & facilitate removal4 ,,metal ,,=ms4 ,metal =ms c be us$ to advantage :5 ! "w involv$ is to be repeat$ _m times4 ,if x is kn[n or if x is probable t ! =ms may h to be alt]$1 ! relative co/s ( wood & metal =ms %\ld be c>efully det]m9$4 ,metal =ms ( v>i\s types & designs may be pur*as$4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ co/ may be high1 yet _! use may l[] ! total co/ :5 ! "w is su* z to w>rant x4 ,circul> =ms may be built z %[n 9 ,figure #c4 ,! %ea?+ is g5]ally ( wood #d to #f in*es wide1 or %eet metal1 &1 if ( wood1 is laid p]p5dicul> to ! batt5s4 ,9 =ms ( small diamet]1 %eet metal %ea?+ is necess>y if a smoo? surface is desir$1 z ! #d-;in* bo>ds c n be made to con=m to a true circle4 ,! radius us$ = cutt+ ! batt5s ( ! inn] circle %\ld be ! ?ickness ( ! %ea?+ less ?an ! inside radius ( ! /ructure & ! same am\nt great] ?an ! out] radius = ! outside batt5s4 ,,removal ,,( ,,=ms4 ,! p]iod ( "t aft] :i* =ms may be remov$ v>ies accord+ to conditions4 ,ri* & dry mixtures set quickly1 & w>m wea!r t5ds to ha/5 ! sett+ ( concrete4 ,! "* ( ! /ructural memb] & ! load+s also mu/ be consid]$4 ,?us1 an unload$ wall #ab in*es or m ?ick may be /ripp$ ( =ms 9 f #a to #c days1 :ile ! =ms ( ?9n] walls %\ld rema9 9 place f #b to #e days4 ,slab =ms & ! sides ( beam & gird] =ms may be remov$ 9 f #f to #ad days if ! span is n ov] #g feet4 ,! bottoms ( beam & gird] =ms1 ev5 ?\gh ( a span less ?an #g feet1 %\ld rema9 9 place & brac$ =m #aj to #ad days & ev5 long]4 ,exp]i5ce is ! be/ guide to ! "t ( removal1 b if !re is any d\bt ample "t %\ld be all[$1 especially 9 cold wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,sugge/ion = circul> =m4 ,,build+ ,,& ,,sett+ ,,=ms4 ,concrete1 :ile pla/ic1 ex]ts a great pressure on ! conf9+ walls1 necessitat+ rigid ty+ & brac+ ( ! =ms to keep !m f bulg+ out ( alignm5t4 ,! effect ( ! bulg+ ( a =m is correct$ only at a consid]able exp5se2 h5ce x is advisable to p\r ! concrete to a dep? ( n m ?an #b-a_/b or #c feet1 all[+ x to set or h>d5 be=e p\r+ m4 ,! =m mo/ us$ 9 concrete con/ruction is t = a /raight wall4 ,! me?ods ( build+ su* a =m apply 9 g5]al to ! =ms = mo/ /ructural "w1 ?\gh modifications may be necess>y to meet p>ticul> conditions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,=m = basem5t or cell> wall4 ,! e>? may be us$ z an outside =m if x is suffici5tly firm4 ,! /raight wall =m may be built cont9u\s 7,figs4 #d & #e71 or 9 panels ( a size conv5i5t to h&le1 & f /ock l5g?s ( lumb] 7,fig4 #f74 ,g5]ally ! face bo>ds are plac$ horizontally & secur$ to /uds or po/s4 ,! face bo>ds may be #a or #b in*es ?ick & f #f to #aj in*es wide1 pref]5ce be+ giv5 to ! n>r[] wid?s1 :i* are less liable to cup or w>p4 ,! ?ickness dep5ds ^u ! spac+ ( ! /uds1 ! numb] ( times ! =ms are to be us$1 & ! dep? ( p\r+4 ,ord9>y %ea?+1 if ! jo9ts are made tight1 is satisfactory = f\ndations ( dwell+s1 etc41 & ! /uds1 if #b by #d in*es1 %\ld be spac$ #ah in*es on c5t]s4 ,! /uds = a long1 high =m _h be/ be #d by #d in*es or #b by #f in*es1 spac$ f #b to #c feet c5t] to c5t]4 ,! /uds ( ! inside & outside =ms mu/ be ti$ toge!r to prev5t spread+2 ?is is conv5i5tly done ) ,no4 #aj wire1 z %[n 9 ,figure #d1 or ) "o-half or ?ree-qu>t] in* bolts1 :i* is ! m exp5sive me?od4 ,bolts %\ld be greas$ to facilitate removal4 ,tempor>y spac]s ( wood1 #a by #b in*es1 ( a l5g? equal to ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 %\ld be us$ to prev5t draw+ ! =ms toge!r :5 ! wire or bolt is tight5$4 ,!y %\ld be spac$ at ! ties1 b ne$ n be at e wire1 & are knock$ out & remov$ z ! concret+ progresses4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,/raight wall =m = level gr\nd4 ,! ties %\ld be spac$ on ea* /ud ab\t #b-a_/b feet v]tically4 ,if m ?an #c feet ( concrete is p\r$ at "o "t ! ties %\ld be clos] toge!r1 v]tically1 at ! bottom ( ea* p\r+4 ,! ?ickness ( ! wall does n affect ! numb] ( ties4 ,on remov+ ! =ms ! wires %\ld be clipp$ close to ! face ( ! concrete & pun*$ back1 unless ! surface is to be /ucco$4 ,if a pit hole is caus$ by pun*+ back ! wire x %\ld be po9t$ up ) mort>1 :i* !n %\ld be rubb$ to make x bl5d ) ! g5]al surface4 ,,mix+4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,plant4 ,be=e />t+ to mix1 annoyance & money may be sav$ by plann+ ! location ( ! mix+ plant ) reg>d to conv5i5ce 9 deposit+ ! concrete 9 ! =ms & ease ( access to ! mat]ials4 ,(t5 ! bo>d c be locat$ s t by mov+ x once or twice ! bulk ( ! concrete may be %ovel$ directly into ! =ms4 ,x is m economical to :eel mat]ial a di/ance ( f #aj to #be feet ?an to c>ry x 9 %ovels4 ,eight feet is ab\t z f> z x is pr(itable to %ovel4 ,:5 mat]ial is to be :eel$1 runways ( planks %\ld be provid$1 because m mat]ial c be h&l$ 9 a giv5 "t1 & ! we> & te> on m5 & equipm5t is n s great4 ,! planks us$ 9 ! runways %\ld be ?ick en\gh to su/a9 ! weight pass+ ov] !m & %\ld be #aj to #ab in*es wide to p]mit foot room4 ,!y %\ld be an*or$ securely & made rigid1 z spr+y or loose bo>ds ret>d progress ( ! "w4 ,smoo? jo9ts 9 ! plank+ w prev5t bump+ & /umbl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,sectional =ms4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,m54 ,! numb] ( m5 requir$ is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( concrete to be plac$ 9 a giv5 "t1 ! me?od ( mix+1 & ! size ( ! bat*2 t is1 ! numb] ( bags ( cem5t mix$ at "o "t4 ,! am\nt ( concrete "o man c mix by h& 9 a day dep5ds ^u ! exp]i5ce ( ! man1 ! lay\t ( ! "w1 & o!r duties requir$ ( him4 ,"o man %\ld av]age #a-a_/b to #a-c_/d cubic y>ds ( concrete 9 eight h\rs1 includ+ mix+ & :eel+ n m ?an #ej feet4 ,! gang = a "o-bag bat* may consi/ ( #c m51 b a l>g] numb] make a m effici5t =ce1 = :5 ! concrete is mix$ by h& ! m5 c take turns at ! v>i\s tasks & w n tire s easily4 ,! assign+ ( tasks s t ea* man's "t fits into t ( ! o!rs requires consid]able /udy & is "o ( ! *ief factors mak+ = loss or pr(it4 ,,ma*9e ,,mix+4 ,good concrete c be mix$ by h& or ma*9e4 ,! quantity ( concrete "w 9 prospect is ! factor t det]m9es ! m economical me?od4 ,a small am\nt 7say #ajj to #bjj cubic y>ds7 does n w>rant ! pur*ase ( a ma*9e1 b x is (t5 feasible & economical to hire a ma*9e f a neighbor or contractor if ! quantity ( concrete to be plac$ is m ?an #ae cubic y>ds4 ,a mix] %\ld be pur*as$ only aft] c>eful consid]ation ( ! am\nt & "* ( ! "w to be done & ! conditions affect+ its use4 ,! two types ( mix]s mo/ us$ are ! bat* mix]1 :i* mixes & dumps a def9ite quantity1 & ! cont9u\s1 :i* dis*>ges a con/ant /ream ( concrete4 ,! cont9u\s type is n adapt$ to f>m "w unless ! concrete c be h&l$ z fa/ z x is mix$1 ?us p]mitt+ ! ma*9e to "w cont9u\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;,home made concrete mix]4 ,!re are num]\s types & v>i\s sizes ( bat* mix]s4 ,a "o-bag bat* ma*9e is mo/ suitable = g5]al "w1 ?\gh !re are small] mix]s t may prove h&y4 ,"s ( ! smalle/ sizes are op]at$ by h&1 b ! m$ium & l>ge sizes are p[] op]at$4 ,mix]s c be _h ) or )\t ! p[] plant atta*$ & may be /ation>y or on :eels1 :i* facilitate mov+ to diff]5t sites4 ,eng9es us$ = saw+ wood1 ! l>g] ones us$ = pump+ wat]1 & tractors furni% suffici5t p[] to op]ate an av]age mix]4 ,figure #g %[s a homemade mix] built ( disc>d$ f>m implem5t p>ts & op]at$ by ! f>m eng9e4 ,directions = op]at+ a mix] are g5]ally furni%$ ) ! ma*9e4 ,! t5d5cy is to use too mu* wat] 9 mix+ concrete 9 a ma*9e4 ,! consi/5cy ( ! mixture %\ld be z describ$ "u ! head+ ,consi/5cy on page #h4 ,! mix+ %\ld be cont9u$ = at lea/ a m9ute aft] ! drum has be5 *>g$1 b a bett] mixture is secur$ if two m9utes are all[$4 ,at ! end ( ea* day's "w ! ma*9e %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$1 & :5 n 9 use x %\ld be well greas$ & cov]$4 ,,h& ,,mix+4 ,h& mix+ is ! m economical on ! f>m unless a l>ge am\nt ( "w is to be done at "o "t4 ,few tools ne$ be pur*as$1 &1 z a rule1 only f>m help ne$ be employ$4 ,! foll[+ tools w be ne$$ 9 mix+ & plac+ pla9 concrete3 ,two or m squ>e-end %ort-h&l$ %ovels1 #a heavy g>d5 rake1 #a spr9kl+ c or bucket 7if a hose is n available71 #a #eb-;gallon b>rel1 #b :eelb>r[s ) metal trays1 #a s& scre5 7,fig4 #h71 #a tamp] 7,fig4 #i71 #a wood float or tr[el 7,fig4 #aj71 measur+ boxes 7,fig4 #aa71 mix+ bo>d 7,fig4 #ab71 #a spad] 7,fig4 #ac74 ,! numb] ( %ovels & :eelb>r[s ne$$ w dep5d ^u ! size ( ! bat*1 numb] ( m5 mix+1 & ! lay\t ( ! "w4 ,long-h&l$ po9t$ %ovels w be f\nd m conv5i5t at ! s& & gravel piles4 ,a bottomless box is necess>y = conv5i5t & accurate measurem5t ( ! s& & gravel4 ,:]e :eelb>r[ measurem5t ( mat]ials is practic$1 z 9 *>g+ a mix]1 ! capacity ( ! :eelb>r[ %\ld be det]m9$ by use ( a measur+ box4 ,! box may be made z illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #aa1 f bo>ds #ab in*es wide4 ,! dim5sions 9 ,table #b are ( boxes = use 9 measur+ quantities = mixtures ( v>i\s proportions1 assum+ t "o bag ( cem5t is us$ 9 a bat*4 ,if two bags are us$ 9 a bat* ! boxes %\ld be fill$ twice4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,s& scre54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,tamp]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,wood5 float4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,measur+ box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,mix+ ,bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,spad+ tool4 ,table #b4--;,inside dim5sions ( measur+ boxes = v>i\s proportions4 #a-;bag bat*1 box #ab in*es deep4 ,proportion4 ,box = s&4 ,box = gravel4 ----------- --------------- ---------------- ,feet4 ,feet4 #a3a3b #a by #a #a by #b #a3a-a_/b3c #a by #a-a_/b #a by #c #a3b3d #a by #b #b by #b #a3b-a_/b3e #a-a_/d by #b #b by #b-a_/b #a3c3e #a-a_/b by #b #b by #b-a_/b #a3c3f #a-a_/b by #b #b by #c ,a tight plat=m %\ld be provid$ simil> to t illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ab ^u :i* to mix ! concrete4 ,= mix+ #a or #b bag bat*es a plat=m #i by #aj feet w s]ve4 ,,directions ,,= ,,h& ,,mix+4 ,! mix+ bo>d %\ld be locat$ 9 conv5i5t relation to ! supply ( mat]ials & ! "w & %\ld be level4 ,! s& box is plac$ on ! bo>d1 ab\t #b feet f "o ( ! long] sides1 & fill$ level ) s&2 ! box is !n lift$ away & ! s& spread 9 a #c or #d in* lay]4 ,! cem5t is spread z ev5ly z possible on' top ( ! s&4 ,two m5 ) %ovels1 /&+ on opposite sides ( ! pile1 turn ! s& & cem5t 9 su* a way t ! mat]ials axe ?or\ghly mix$4 ,9 turn+ ! mat]ial x %\ld n be simply dump$ (f ! %ovel1 b %\ld be %ak5 (f ! ends & sides1 s t ! two con/itu5ts w be mix$ z !y fall4 ,! mass %\ld be turn$ two or ?ree times1 or until x is ( uni=m color & !re are no /reaks ( ei!r s& or cem5t4 ,a man ) a hoe or rake may assi/ by rak+ ! top ov] z ! two m5 turn4 ,:5 ! s&-cem5t mixture is ( a uni=m color x %\ld be spread out c>efully 9 a lay] & ! gravel box plac$ on top4 ,! box is fill$ ) gravel & !n remov$1 ! gravel be+ spread ov] ! s&-cem5t mixture4 ,! mass is soak$ ) ab\t "o-half ! quantity ( wat] to be us$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to wa% away any ( ! cem5t4 ,! mat]ials !n %\ld be turn$ ov] 9 mu* ! same mann] z 0 ! s&-cem5t1 except t in/ead ( %ak+ !m (f ! end ( ! %ovel ! :ole load %\ld be dump$ & dragg$ back t[>d ! mix] ) ! squ>e end ( ! %ovel4 ,! wet gravel picks up ! s& & cem5t z x rolls ov] :5 dragg$ back4 ,! mix+ %\ld be cont9u$ until ! mass is uni=m1 wat] be+ add$ to ! dry spots dur+ ! mix+ until ! desir$ consi/5cy is obta9$4 ,exp]i5ce c\nts consid]ably 9 mix+ concrete ) ! lea/ am\nt ( labor2 ord9>ily ?ree or f\r turn+s are requir$ to mix ! mat]ials ?or\ghly4 ,aft] ! f9al turn+ ! concrete %\ld be %ovel$ into a compact pile & !n is ready = plac+ 9 ! =ms4 ,,plac+4 ,,plac+ ,,concrete4 ,! mix$ concrete %\ld be deposit$ 9 ! =ms )9 f #bj to #cj m9utes f ! "t ! wat] is add$ to ! cem5t1 z x beg9s to set or h>d5 aft] ?is "t4 ,to di/urb ! concrete aft] ! set has begun is risky1 z x w lose "s ( its /r5g?1 ! ext5t ( ! injury dep5d+ ^u ! s]i\sness ( ! di/urbance4 ,concrete :i* has set be=e x c be plac$ 9 ! =ms %\ld n be temp]$ or s(t5$ ) wat]1 b %\ld be disc>d$4 ,to prev5t delay 9 plac+1 all =ms %\ld be exam9$ be=e ! mix+ is begun to see t !y are prop]ly brac$1 t all *ips or loose p>ticles are remov$1 t ! surface ( concrete :i* has set has be5 prop]ly r\gh5$ & wett$ to assure a bond1 z describ$ on page #bj1 & t all re9=cem5t1 bolts1 ins]ts1 etc41 are prop]ly locat$ & secur$4 ,at ! lun*' p]iod1 or at ! end ( a day's "w1 ! mix+ bo>d & equipm5t %\ld be ?or\ghly wa%$1 = if ?is is n done _m p\nds ( heavy concrete are ne$lessly c>ri$ ar\nd by ! m5 & ! addition ( a p\nd 9 ! weight ( tools w l[] ! effici5cy ( ! work]s4 ,moreov]1 x w save "t & we> & te> ( equipm5t incid5t to cutt+ ! surplus concrete away ) a cold *isel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--aeib ,%[+ result ( leaky =ms & poor plac+4 ,! s(t cem5t mort> ran out1 leav+ areas ( honeycomb$ surface n necess>ily h>mful b unsightly4 ,9 deposit+ concrete 9 ! =ms c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! mat]ials d n sep>ate4 ,if ! mix+ is done close to ! place ( deposit+1 ! concrete may be %ovel$ into ! =ms directly or ?r\gh a *ute4 ,if x is necess>y to lift or transport ! concrete1 buckets & :eelb>r[s are conv5i5t conta9]s4 ,! concrete %\ld be deposit$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 pref]ably n ov] #f in*es ?ick1 & a spade or paddle %\ld be work$ up & d[n aga9/ ! =ms to pu% ! co>se mat]ial away f ! surface1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ac4 ,! object ( ! spad+ is to elim9ate imp\nd$ air t may =m pockets 9 ! mass & to insure a smoo!r & m imp]vi\s surface4 ,9 addition to be+ spad$1 /iff concrete %\ld be ramm$ until wat] flu%es to ! surface4 ,tapp+ ! =ms ) a hamm] is a v effective way ( secur+ a smoo? surface4 ,figure #ad %[s ! result ( improp] spad+4 ,fre% concrete w riot bond readily to concrete t has h>d5$ & a seam may be =m$ t w p]mit wat] to trickle ?r\gh4 ,:5 bond+ fre% concrete to t :i* has be5 9 place = a %ort "t x is usually suffici5t to r\gh5 ! h>d5$ surface ) a pick or by o!r means s z to expose ! gravel or /one1 & to clean (f all loose p>ticles4 ,! h>d5$ concrete %\ld be soak$ ) wat]1 ! excess wat] remov$1 & ! surface !n giv5 a coat ( gr\t 7a mixture ( cem5t & wat]7 ( ! consi/5cy ( cream j be=e ! new concrete is deposit$4 ,:5 p\r+ ( a wall is to be discont9u$ = "s "t1 provision = ! bond+ ( future "w %\ld be made4 ,?is may be done by plac+ %ort /eel d[els 9 ! concrete :5 x is p\r$1 or a rebat$ jo9t or groove may be made1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ae4 ,9 bond+ a new wall to old concrete1 holes %\ld be drill$ = ! d[els1 :i* %\ld be gr\t$ 91 & ! old surface %\ld be r\gh5$1 clean$1 & wett$2 or a groove may be cut 9 ! old wall to receive ! new concrete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,me?od ( =m+ horizontal rebate4 ,,plac+ ,,"u ,,wat]4 ,concrete c be plac$ "u /ill wat] if prop] precautions are tak54 ,x %\ld nev] be plac$1 :ile s(t1 9 runn+ wat] unless a =m or c(f]dam is us$1 z ! cem5t w be wa%$ out4 ,:5 concrete is to be plac$ "u wat] a =m ( tube or *ute1 kn[n z a tremie 7,fig4 #af71 may be us$ advantage\sly4 ,! tube %\ld be ( %eet metal1 ab\t #h in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a hopp] on top1 & means %\ld be provid$ = quickly rais+ & l[]+ x )\t jolts1 s t ! concrete w fe$ out at ! bottom )\t break+ ! seal4 ,! l[] end ( ! tube %\ld re/ on ! bottom or on ! concrete z x is built up & a cont9u\s fl[ ( concrete1 mix$ some:at s(t s t x w fl[ easily1 %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,scum or laitance is likely to =m on concrete :5 plac$ "u wat]1 & unless all ( ! concrete is6 p\r$ 9 "o op]ation & br\ght to a little above ! wat] surface1 seams or planes ( weakness w occur4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,concrete4 ,aft] ! concrete has be5 p\r$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t x does n dry out too quickly1 & 9 hot wea!r x mu/ be protect$ f ! sun4 ,expos$ surfaces & objects made ( dry concrete %\ld be spray$ ?or\ghly ) wat] twice or (t5] ea* day = a week or #aj days4 ,sometimes surfaces are %ield$ ) canvas1 pap]1 bo>ds1 or lay]s ( moi/ s&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--,tremie = use 9 plac+ concrete "u wat]4 ,,protection ,,f ,,freez+ ,,wea!r4 ,,concret+ ,,9 ,,freez+ ,,wea!r4 ,if suitable me?ods are us$1 good concrete "w c be done 9 cold wea!r1 b ) m difficulty & at some:at great] co/ ?an :5 ! wea!r is w>m4 ,ord9>ily x is be/ n to attempt to d concrete "w dur+ freez+ wea!r4 ,h[ev]1 ! extra co/ at times may be w>rant$ by urg5t ne$ ( ! /ructure or ! fact t o!r f>m "w is n s press+ dur+ ! w9t] & ! concrete "w may be c>ri$ on )\t s]i\sly int]f]+ ) regul> f>m op]ations4 ,concrete mu/ be protect$ f alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ until x has set4 ,cold ret>ds ! sett+ & h>d5+ ( concrete2 !re=e1 ev5 ?\gh ! temp]ature is n at ! freez+ po9t1 ! concrete %\ld be protect$ & special c>e tak5 n to subject x to loads4 ,! =ms %\ld be kept 9 place until !re is no d\bt t ! concrete has prop]ly h>d5$4 ,hot wat] %\ld be p\r$ on ! concrete to make sure t app>5t h>dness is real & n due to a froz5 condition4 ,j be=e ! concrete is plac$ all ice & fro/ %\ld be remov$ f ! =ms & re9=cem5t1 if us$1 by w>m+ ! surfaces ) /eam or by o!r means4 ,concrete t has be5 froz5 once may1 ) prop] c>e1 atta9 its ultimate /r5g?1 b %\ld x freeze a second "t ! *ances ( sav+ ! "w are v slight4 ,expos$ surfaces are apt to scale or pit if ! concrete is all[$ to freeze be=e x is ?or\ghly h>d5$4 ,pleat+ ! mat]ials1 protect+ ! gre5 concrete1 & ! use ( salt are precautions g5]ally tak5 to prev5t freez+4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,salt4 ,! use ( salt is objectionable1 z x =ms a :ite effloresc5ce on ext]ior surfaces & is liable to corrode ! /eel 9 re9=c$ concrete "w4 ,! quantity ( salt requir$ v>ies ) ! temp]ature1 b x %\ld n exce$ #aj p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! wat] us$ 9 mix+4 ,a #aj p] c5t solution is eight-t5?s 7approximately #ac ounces7 ( a p\nd ( salt p] gallon ( wat] & w prev5t freez+ at a temp]ature ( #bb ,f4 ,l[] temp]atures w\ld require a great] proportion ( salt1 :i* w\ld impair ! /r5g? ( ! concrete1 & h5ce is n practicable4 ,a rule1 frequ5tly advocat$1 = v>y+ ! p]c5tage ( salt is to use #a-a_/c ounces p] gallon ( wat] = ea* degree ,fahr5heit bel[ freez+4 ,s9ce x is impossible to =etell ! exact drop 9 temp]ature1 ! exact quantity ( salt c n be pr$et]m9$1 s t provision %\ld be made = sev]al degrees l[] ?an anticipat$4 ,! salt %\ld be dissolv$ 9 ! mix+ wat]1 & 9 ord] t ! proportion be correct ! am\nt ( wat] requir$ = ea* bat* %\ld be det]m9$ by trial & ?is quantity us$ ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,heat4 ,p]haps ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( prev5t+ freez+ ( concrete is to heat ! mat]ials & to inclose or cov] ! complet$ "w = a few days or until mo/ ( ! wat] has disappe>$ & suffici5t /r5g? has develop$4 ,9 extreme wea!r protection may be ne$$ = five or six days4 ,:5 ! wea!r is cold b n freez+1 heat+ ! mat]ials w be suffici5t4 ,if a freeze is expect$ ! concrete "w %\ld be protect$ by wood inclosures1 pap]1 or canvas1 ov] :i*1 if ! surface is horizontal1 may be spread a #f or #h in* lay] ( /raw4 ,manure %\ld n be us$ to protect fre% concrete1 s9ce ! acids 9 x are de/ructive & cause unsightly /a9s4 ,splits or o!r op5+s 9 cov]+s may admit cold1 :i* may freeze p>ts ( ! "w4 ,z ! temp]ature drops 7to ab\t #bj ,f47 x w be necess>y to arrange ! cov]+ s t live /eam c be turn$ 9 betwe5 x & ! concrete or t heat may be suppli$ f /oves or salam&]s4 ,mass "w1 except 9 v cold wea!r1 w n require z c>eful protection z ?9 sections &1 z a rule1 ! =ms are suffici5t if ! expos$ p>ts are cov]$4 ,,heat+ ,,mat]ials4 ,! wat] c be heat$ suffici5tly = use 9 concrete 7approximately #aej ,f47 9 kettles on /oves or by /eam f a boil]4 ,a metal smoke/ack plac$ horizontally ) a fire 9 "o end makes an effici5t heat] = ! s& & gravel4 ,! mat]ials are pil$ ov] ! /ack1 b n s high t _! weight w cru% ! pipe4 ,small quantities ( s& & gravel may be heat$ on top ( metal plate ) a fire "u x4 ,if a small boil] is available x may be economical to use /eam = heat+ ! s& & gravel4 ,/eam is effective :5 =c$ f nozzles into ! piles or circulat$ ?r\gh p]=at$ pipes plac$ "u ! mat]ial4 ,cov]+ ! piles ) canvas or o!r mat]ial w reta9 mu* ( ! heat4 ,,contraction ,,& ,,expansion ,,jo9ts4 ,concrete exp&s & contracts ) *anges 9 temp]ature1 caus+ cracks to appe>4 ,contraction cracks occur 9 ?9 sections expos$ to wide v>iations 9 temp]ature & are common 9 sidewalks2 !re=e1 l>ge /ret*es ( concrete %\ld n be laid )\t breaks or spaces to all[ = ! *anges 9 size4 ,! spaces %\ld be fill$ ) t> or "s simil> mat]ial t w yield or give :5 ! concrete exp&s4 ,a jo9t l t %[n 9 ,figure #ag is frequ5tly us$ = ?ick walls4 ,a section ( ! wall is p\r$ & be=e ! next is p\r$ ! abutt+ end is cov]$ ) t> & pap]1 ! ?ickness ( ! cov]+ dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( ! section & ! exposure4 ,sidewalks & simil> "w1 :5 n ca/ 9 alt]nate blocks1 %\ld h a "o-f\r? in* space left at int]vals ( #dj feet4 ,! jo9t may be fill$ ) t> pap] or t>4 ,/eel is us$ to take c>e ( contraction 9 long or high walls & wat]-tight "w4 ,important /ructures 9 :i* temp]ature re9=cem5t is necess>y %\ld be design$ by "o exp]i5c$ 9 concrete design4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--;,expansion jo9t %[+ rebate =m remov$ & fill] 9 place4 ,,l9tels4 ,! subject ( re9=c$ concrete is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is bullet91 b z op5+s ( v>i\s wid?s are requir$ 9 ! walls ( mo/ f>m /ructures1 a g5]al explanation is giv5 ( ! re9=cem5t ( l9tels or t portion ( concrete imm$iately above an op5+1 su* z a floor or w9d[4 ,a l9tel is a beam1 & :5 a beam b5ds ! l[] "p is /ret*$ or pull$ :ile ! upp] portion is compress$4 ,good concrete w /& great pressure b is n capable ( resi/+ any great pull+ or t5sile /ress4 ,= ?is reason /eel is us$ 9 ! l[] portion to take c>e ( ! t5sile or pull+ =ce4 ,x w be f\nd g5]ally satisfactory1 :]e no heavy or conc5trat$ load occurs ov] an op5+ & ! span is n m ?an #d feet1 to place two rods ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] 9 ! bottom ( ! l9tel1 s t !re w be #a in* ( concrete bel[ !m4 ,two diagonal rods %\ld be plac$ at ea* top corn] ( a w9d[ or door1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ah4 ,:5 ! op5+ is betwe5 #d & #h feet ! rods %\ld be b5t up z %[n 9 ,figure #ai & :5 betwe5 #h & #ab feet1 ?ree "o-half in* rods %\ld be us$1 two ( !m be+ b5t4 ,b>b$ wire1 old f5c+1 & scrap or ru/y iron is n suitable = re9=cem5t4 ,loose ru/ %\ld be clean$ (f ! rods & !y %\ld be free ( grease & oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,re9=cem5t ( op5+s less ?an #d feet wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,re9=cem5t ( op5+s m ?an #d feet wide4 ,,surface ,,f9i%4 ,jo9ts & imp]fections 9 ! =ms are reproduc$ on ! concrete surfaces4 ,pat*es ( honeycomb & r\gh places are left :]e ! mort> has run out ( ! =ms or :]e ! concrete has n be5 prop]ly plac$4 ,su* imp]fections d n necess>ily affect ! /r5g? ( ! concrete1 b !y d detract f ! appe>ance 7see ,fig4 #ad74 ,too ( t5 ! f9i%+ ( ! concrete "w 9 ev5 ! m important f>m build+s is neglect$4 ,) little extra tr\ble expos$ surfaces c be giv5 a f9i% :i* w add to ! attractiv5ess & h5ce ! value ( ! complet$ "w4 ,rubb+ (f ! =m m>ks & po9t+ up depressions or holes greatly improves ! appe>ance ( ! "w4 ,! rubb+ may be done ) a wood5 float or h>d-burn$ brick1 us+ a little s& & wat] z an abrasive & a #a3b mort> = po9t+ up4 ,! surface c be work$ be/ if ! =ms are remov$ )9 #bd h\rs or be=e ! concrete has set too h>d4 ,aft] ! concrete has h>d5$ x may be necess>y to use a c>borundum block = rubb+4 ,a pleas+ f9i% c be secur$ by scrubb+ ! surface ) a /iff fib] or wire bru%1 us+ pl5ty ( wat] to wa% (f ! loos5$ p>ticles4 ,! "w mu/ be done :ile ! surface is workable = if ! concrete is too gre5 or s(t ! aggregate w break out & if too h>d ! "w c n be done effectively4 ,arti/ic effects c be secur$ by pick+ or tool+ ! surface ) a bu% hamm]1 too!d *isel1 or pick4 ,= su* treatm5t ! concrete %\ld be two or ?ree weeks old to prev5t break+ out ! aggregate4 ,o!r f9i%es may be obta9$ by et*+ ) acid to expose select$ color$ aggregates & by ! application ( /ucco4 ,! limitations ( ! bullet9 d n p]mit ( a discussion ( ^! m elaborate treatm5ts4 ,,concrete ,,expos$ ,,to ,,fire4 ,concrete is practically firepro( 9 t x c n be consum$ by fire1 b unless prop]ly made & ( ! "r mat]ials x w dis9tegrate1 at lea/ on ! surface4 ,to resi/ fire concrete %\ld be mix$ fairly ri*1 say1 #a3a-a_/b3c1 or #a3b3d & special c>e %\ld be tak5 to grade ! s& & gravel to secure a d5se mixture4 ,! aggregates %\ld be select$ ) a view to _! fire-resi/+ prop]ties4 ,! s& %\ld be silice\s & ! l>g] aggregate %\ld n dis9tegrate :5 heat$2 h5ce1 m>ble1 granite1 lime/one1 mat]ials conta9+ qu>tz1 & "s gravels are unsuitable4 ,c9d]s are specially valuable1 due to _! non-conductivity1 b c n be us$ :]e /r5g? is requir$4 ,trap rock w resi/ de/ruction by heat & produce a /rong concrete4 ,bla/ furnace slag is v good = ?is purpose4 ,fireplaces & *imneys ( dwell+s#b may be con/ruct$ ( ord9>y concrete b ! back1 jambs1 & inn] he>?1 :i* are directly expos$ to ! heat ( ! fire1 %\ld be made ( specially prep>$ concrete z describ$ above or %\ld be l9$ ) firebrick1 al?\gh concrete made ) brok5 h>d-burn$ brick or t]ra cotta has be5 us$ successfully4 ,if suitable l>ge-siz$ aggregate is n available a mixture ( "o "p cem5t & ?ree p>ts s& may be us$4 #b ,see ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #abcj1 ,*imneys & ,fireplaces1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,,wat]-,,tight ,,concrete4 ,practical wat]-tightness 9 concrete may be secur$ by us+ a fairly ri* mixture prop]ly proportion$4 ,=eign +r$i5ts1 membrane & surface coat+s1 or o!r means ne$ n be us$1 except :]e poor workman%ip is likely or :]e consid]able damage & inconv5i5ce may result 9 case ( leakage4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! membrane treatm5t us$ 9 addition to a prop]ly proportion$ concrete1 :ile ! mo/ exp5sive me?od ( wat]pro(+1 probably w give ! mo/ reliable results4 ,?is treatm5t consi/s ( lay]s ( burlap or t> pap] cem5t$ to ! surface & toge!r ) t> or asphalt4 ,:]e ! membrane is subject to injury x is sometimes protect$ by a coat+ ( cem5t mort> or brick back+4 ,fir/-class workman%ip & special att5tion to details are requir$ to secure wat]-tightness4 ,! ess5tial requisite is t ! voids be fill$4 ,a lean mixture may be made m imp]vi\s by us+ hydrat$ lime :i* t5ds to fill ! voids & makes ! concrete fl[ easily4 ,a little m cem5t 9 ! mixture w\ld s]ve ! same purpose4 ,! lime %\ld n be 9 excess ( #aj p] c5t ( ! weight ( ! cem5t & "u no circum/ances %\ld unslak$ lime be us$4 ,! mat]ials = wat]-tight concrete mu/ be well grad$1 s z to obta9 a maximum d5sity2 t is1 en\gh s& mu/ be us$ to fill ! spaces betwe5 ! gravel or /one & en\gh cem5t to fill ! spaces betwe5 ! gra9s ( s&4 ,a #a3b3d concrete w prove practically imp]meable 9 ord9>y con/ruction1 b if a head or pressure ( wat] is to be resi/$ a #a3b3c or ri*] mixture may be necess>y4 ,! consi/5cy is v important4 ,a sluggi%ly fl[+ consi/5cy is be/1 = if ! concrete is too wet ! mort> may fl[ away f ! /one1 leav+ leaky places &1 if too dry1 ! mass may prove por\s4 ,! proportions & consi/5cy mu/ be accurately ma9ta9$ = ea* bat* & ! concrete mu/ be exceptionally well mix$4 ,x is necess>y to ex]cise great c>e 9 ! plac+ ( ! concrete4 ,:]e practicable1 ! /ructure or object %\ld be p\r$ 9 "o op]ation to avoid leaky jo9ts1 b :5 ?is is n possible precautions %\ld be tak5 to secure a tight jo9t betwe5 concrete ( diff]5t ages4 ,! surface ( concrete :i* has set mu/ be clean$ ( dirt & scum d[n to ! true concrete4 ,?is surface !n %\ld be well :ett$ & pa9t$ imm$iately ) a creamy mixture ( cem5t & wat] be=e plac+ ! new concrete4 ,a good plan1 :5 discont9u+ "w on /ructures int5d$ to hold liquids1 is to emb$ a #f or #h in* /rip ( t9 or ?9 %eet metal to half its wid? 9 ! concrete s t ! o!r half w project into ! new concrete4 ,a wall ?ick en\gh to resi/ ! /resses put ^u x w g5]ally resi/ p]colation ( wat]1 b #f in*es may be consid]$ z a m9imum4 ,contraction & expansion mu/ be controll$ to avoid ! occurr5ce ( leaks4 ,to gu>d aga9/ cracks due to unequal settlem5t or o!r causes1 mo/ concrete design$ = wat]-tightness %\ld be re9=c$4 ,9 "s mass "w1 special contraction jo9ts1 z describ$ on page #bc may be necess>y4 ,rules = ! use ( re9=cem5t & contraction jo9ts c n be giv51 z ! requirem5ts 9 ea* case v>y ) ! conditions to be met4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,octob] #ba1 #aibi ,secret>y ( ,agriculture ,ar?ur ,m4 ,hyde4 ,assi/ant ,secret>y ,r4 ,w4 ,dunlap4 ,director ( ,sci5tific ,"w ,a4 ,f4 ,woods4 ,director ( ,regulatory ,"w ,walt] ,g4 ,campbell4 ,director ( ,ext5sion ,"w ,c4 ,w4 ,w>burton4 ,director ( ,p]sonnel & ,bus9ess ,w4 ,w4 ,/ockb]g]4 ,adm9i/ration ,director ( ,in=mation ,m4 ,s4 ,eis5h[]4 ,solicitor ,r4 ,w4 ,williams4 ,wea!r ,bureau ,*>les ,f4 ,m>v91 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry ,john ,r4 ,mohl]1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,dairy ,indu/ry ,o4 ,e4 ,re$1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry ,william ,a4 ,taylor1 ,*ief4 ,=e/ ,s]vice ,r4 ,y4 ,/u>t1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry & ,soils ,h4 ,g4 ,knight1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,entomology ,c4 ,l4 ,m>latt1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,biological ,survey ,paul ,g4 ,r$+ton1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,?omas ,h4 ,mac,donald1 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,agricultural ,economics ,nils ,a4 ,ols51 ,*ief4 ,bureau ( ,home ,economics ,l\ise ,/anley1 ,*ief4 ,plant ,qu>ant9e & ,control ,c4 ,l4 ,m>latt1 ,*ief4 ,adm9i/ration ,gra9 ,futures ,adm9i/ration ,j4 ,w4 ,t4 ,duvel1 ,*ief4 ,food1 ,drug1 & ,insecticide ,walt] ,g4 ,campbell1 ,director ( ,adm9i/ration ,regulatory ,"w1 9 ,*>ge4 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations ,e4 ,w4 ,all51 ,*ief4 ,(fice ( ,coop]ative ,ext5sion ,"w ,c4 ,b4 ,smi?1 ,*ief4 ,libr>y ,cl>ibel ,r4 ,b>nett1 ,libr>ian4 ,?is bullet9 is a contribution f ,bureau ( ,public ,roads ,?omas ,h4 ,mac,donald1 ,*ief4 ,division ( ,agricultural ,eng9e]+ ,s4 ,h4 ,mc,crory1 9 ,*>ge4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,gov]nm5t ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice3 #aibi 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,notes ,all illu/rations 7 mov$ s z to n split p>agraphs4