,! ,alfr$ ,jewel ,j4 ,,e>le ,h5ry ,fr[de1 ,m4,a4 ,publi%] to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ,london1 ,ed9burgh1 & ,new ,york ,illu/ration3 ,,front ,,back ,,enamel ,,"r ,,left ,,! ,,jewel ,,9 ,,f\r ,,aspects ,,) ,,sep>ate ,,figure ,,( ,,enamel ,! ,alfr$ ,jewel3 ,an ,hi/orical ,essay ,by ,john ,e>le1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,rector ( ,swanswick1 ,preb5d>y ( ,wells ,rawl9sonian ,pr(essor ( ,anglo-,saxon 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d ,) ,illu/rations & ,map ,ox=d ,at ! ,cl>5don ,press mdcccci ,ox=d ,pr9t$ at ! ,cl>5don ,press ,by ,horace ,h>t1 ,m4,a4 ,pr9t] to ! ,univ]sity ,,preface ,x is full fifty ye>s s9ce ,i began to contemplate ! ,alfr$ ,jewel ) a wond] & curiosity :i* became a habit4 ,at l5g?1 9 ! latt] half ( t p]iod1 ! vague attitude ( enquiry began to po9t 9 a def9ite direction1 & to exhibit susceptibility ( developm5t sugge/+ promise ( possible discov]y4 ,prompt$ by su* anticipations1 ,i "o day v5tur$ to express a wi% to ! ,pr9cipal ( ,h]t=d ,college t he w\ld ex]cise 8 well-kn[n graphic tal5t ^u ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 & make "s enl>g$ draw+s ( x suitable = a ,public ,lecture4 ,! result 0 t he gave me a beautiful set ( col\r$ draw+s ( ! ,jewel 9 v>i\s aspects admirably calculat$ = exhibition 9 ! ,lecture ,room4 ,?us equipp$1 ,i 0 able to make ! subject m intelligible & m attractive1 & ,i lectur$ ^u x ! (t5]4 ,z x has n be5 my wont to write my lectures out 9 full1 x 0 all ! m necess>y = me on e new occasion to make a fre% /udy ( ! ,jewel4 ,9 ?is recurr+ process new lights rose at wide int]vals ( "t1 & drew me on to devote m ?\ght to ! object & to ! times associat$ ) x2 & ,i f\nd m ?an ,i _h look$ = 9 ! design1 & m 7,i ?9k7 ?an ,i %\ld h f\nd1 b = ! g5]\s aid s readily ext5d$ to me by ,dr4 ,boyd4 ,x 0 aft] su* a lecture deliv]$ 9 ,may1 #ahii1 t ,i _h ! great & unexpect$ pleasure ( a proposal f ! ,delegates ( ! ,press to make a book ( x4 ,i 0 able to accept ?is proposal )\t misgiv+1 because ,i 0 satisfi$ t ,i _h a solid int]pretation to (f]--"o :i* _h be5 sl[ly matur$ & scrupul\sly te/$ by e means 9 my p[]4 ,all ! old !ories _h come to no?+3 !re 0 n "o ( !m t c\ld be s]i\sly advocat$ z re/+ ^u evid5ce ei!r 9 hi/ory or 9 common s5se & ! natural reason ( ?+s4 ,9 say+ s mu* z ?is1 ,i am only acc\nt+ = my read9ess to accept ! task1 & n by any means prejudg+ ! g5]al v]dict ^u ! validity ( my argum5t4 ,9 ?is argum5t ,i seek to e/abli% ! intimate relation ( ! ,jewel ) ! hi/ory & ! m9d & ! p]son ( ,alfr$ ( ,wessex1 n inde$ z a sci5tifically demon/rat$ fact1 b z a well-f\nd$ & abundantly support$ probability4 ,i h no desire t ?is conclusion %\ld be admitt$ )\t a complete & rigid scrut9y4 ,9 ! c>ry+ out ( ?is und]tak+ ,i h receiv$ welcome & mu*-ne$$ help f _m qu>t]s4 ,! subject is "o t calls = illu/ration by maps & draw+s & ,i desire to express my s9c]e ackn[l$gem5ts to ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,a4 ,cl>ke ( ,wells = 8 f\r draw+s1 among :i* ,i w p>ticul>ly m5tion 8 *>act]i/ic l&scape ( ! ,isle ( ,a!lney4 ,! map ( ,a!lney & ! l&s adjac5t is v +5i\sly devis$ = exhibit+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! l[ level ( ! moorl& & ! cont\rs ( ! ris+ c\ntry ar\nd2 x is expressive & intelligible at a glance3 & = ?is excell5t illu/ration my ackn[l$gem5ts are due to ,mr4 ,b]nh>d ,v4 ,d>bi%ire4 ,my he>ty ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,read ( ! ,briti% ,museum = ! ample in=mation he k9dly af=d$ me conc]n+ ! gold r+s ( ! ,saxon p]iod :i* are 9 8 dep>tm5t4 ,also = ! p]mission :i* he gave 7z ,secret>y ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies7 to transf] to ^! pages _! engrav+ f ! ,book ( ,kells1 & also _! ?ree figures ( ! gold r+ ( que5 !ls)4 ,to ^? g5tlem5 ( ,som]set :o h aid$ me ) local in=mation & hospitality & p]sonal guidance1 ,i h good cause to be always grateful4 ,major ,b>rett1 junior1 ( ,mor$on1 ! own] ( ! ,isle ( ,a!lney1 took me ov] ! gr\nd 9 a mann] t is v agreeable to rememb]1 & caus$ me to see ! hi/orical sites ( 8 c\ntry ) e advantage4 ,x 0 "u 8 auspices t ,i fir/ realiz$ ! full import ( ,alfr$'s =t at ,bor\gh ,bridge1 & :at a speak+ object-lesson x c]ta9ly is4 ,i _h se5 x 9 #ahef1 b ,i _h n adequately appreciat$ x4 ,f ,mr4 ,cely ,trevelian ( ,midelney ,place ,i le>nt mu* t 0 useful to me conc]n+ ! hi/ory & pres5t conditions ( ! moorl&s ( ,som]set4 ,he 0 my hospitable fri5d & companion ov] ! c\ntry on ei!r side ( ! ,p>rett 9 ! circle ( ,langport1 & f t to ,bor\gh ,bridge4 ,"u 8 guidance ,i revisit$ ,all] 7pron\nc$ ,oll]71 & r5ew$ acqua9tance ) its sacr$ associations1 aft] an int]val ( =ty-f\r ye>s4 ,9 #ahef ,i 0 conduct$ by an old ,oriel fri5d :o 0 my ho/1 ! ,rev4 ,james ,coleman1 !n ,curate ( ! p>i% 9 :i* ,a!lney is situat$2 he subsequ5tly became ,vic> ( ,*$d> & ,preb5d>y ( ,wells4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ ^u ! pres5t "w1 aft] s long an int]val1 x 0 ) ,mr4 ,coleman t ,i began to make enquiries = local in=mation4 ,to ,sir ,alex&] ,acl& ,hood ,i am indebt$ = g5ealogical & topographical in=mation1 & p>ticul>ly = "s new light on ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewel1 n[ = ! fir/ "t made public4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! manuscript ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,palm]1 :i* is pres]v$ at ,fairfield1 t ! ,jewel 0 #8dug up1' is a new item 9 ! circum/ances ( ! discov]y1 to :i* ,i atta* important evid5tial weight4 ,i h also to ?ank ,sir ,cu?b]t ,slade ( ,maunsel1 = 8 c\rtesy 9 answ]+ my enquiries1 g5ealogical & t]ritorial1 conc]n+ ! ,slade family4 ,on ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,bell1 ! ,assi/ant ,keep] ( ! ,a%molean ,museum1 ,i *iefly dep5d$ = help 9 t "p ( my subject :]e ,i 0 mo/ want+1 namely 9 ! te*nicalities ( anci5t art1 & especially conc]n+ enamels4 ,to my fri5d ,dr4 ,%adwell my obligations are n ! less b ! great] = t !y are some:at indef9able4 ,he has read ?r\gh ! pro(s1 & has giv5 me valuable sugge/ions1 & he has always be5 ready to help :5 ,i ne$$ advice4 ,= me ?is tr9ket has assum$ ! proportions ( a s]i\s hi/orical problem1 & its inve/igation has be5 rew>d$ ) new light 9 _m directions1 & ,i d n ?9k ,i %all regret ! "t sp5t ^u x1 ev5 ?\gh my conclusions %\ld h]eaft] be modifi$ or ev5 refut$4 ,i hold t1 ap>t f ! conclusions1 ! inve/igation itself 0 wor? ! :ile1 b :5 ,i say ?is ,i am n to be und]/ood z admitt+ t ,i h little confid5ce 9 my conclusions4 ,9 putt+ =? ?is ,essay1 ,i desire to conv9ce ! read] only z fully z ,i am conv9c$ myself1 t is to say1 ) a conviction :i* makes no claim to f9ality1 b lies op5 to correction 9 case ( new light or bett] use ( old data2 yet :i* nev]!less1 9 ! mean "t & = ! ma9 issues ( ! enquiry1 rea*es a degree ( probability :]eby all d\bt & unc]ta9ty is practically exclud$4 ,j4 ,e4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,alfr$ ,,jewel #a-i ,! place ( its deposit #a ,/ructural details ( ! ,jewel #b ,! "n ( ,alfr$ ^u x #d ,"q :at ?is "n imports id4 ,o!r p]sons be>+ ?is "n #e ,! p]fection ( ! ,jewel sugge/$ d\bt #g ,! firm judgem5t ( ,dr4 ,george ,hickes #h ,nev]!less1 ! "q mu/ be kept 9 view ?r\gh\t ?is ,essay #i ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,epigraph ,,or ,,leg5d #aj-ba ,! =ms ( ! lett]+ #aj ,! ,syntax ( ! ,s5t5ce3 #ab 7#a7 z to collocation #ac 7#b7 usage ( words id4 7#c7 flexional con/ruction #ae 7#d7 active & passive /ructure #af ,o!r "t-indications 9 ! ,epigraph #ag ,quotation f ,alfr$'s ,prologue to 8 ,pa/oralis #ai ,simil>ity betwe5 ! ,prologue & ! ,epigraph #ba ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,speculations ,,ab\t ,,its ,,design ,,& ,,mann] ,,( ,,use #bb-cj ,! ,epo* ( ! ,discov]y--,! ,royal ,society #bb ,! p]sons :o fir/ 7 conv]sant ) ! new-f\nd object--,colonel ,na?aniel ,palm] #bc ,dr4 ,hans ,sloane--,! ,briti% ,museum #bd ,rob]t ,h>ley1 fir/ ,e>l ( ,ox=d id4 ,fir/ publi%$ notice ( ! ,jewel--,dr4 ,william ,musgrave #be ,hickes's ,!saurus id4 ,v>iety ( op9ions ab\t ! ,jewel id4 ,francis ,wise--,samuel ,pegge #bg ,mr4 ,philip ,duncan #bh ,/4 ,neot & ,/4 ,cu?b]t #bi ,abortiv5ess ( ^! attempts #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,bi%op ,,clif=d',s ,,!ory #ca-dc ,bi%op ,clif=d #ca ,! h&le ( a *oirma/]'s w& #cb ,id5tical ) ! #8/el'8 #cd ,giv5 by ,alfr$ to ,a!lney ,abbey & !re kept to ,h5ry ,,viii's "t #ce ,?is !ory inapplicable to ! ,jewel #cg ,b p]haps applicable to ! #8/el' #da ,!ory ( sceptre-tip #db ,,*apt] ,v ,a ,,jewel ,,9 ,,! ,,cr[n #dd-ej ,=m conv5i5t = erection 9 ! helmet #dd ,trans=ms ! helmet into a ,coronet #de ,! m9or jewel f ,m9/] ,lovel #df ,dr4 ,wilson & ,dr4 ,griffi?s #dh ,quotations f ,be[ulf & ,laamon #di ,! ,cr[n ( ,que5 ,victoria #ej ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,bo>',s ,,head #ea-fj ,div]sity ( op9ion ab\t ! animal's head #ea ,te/imony undesign$ #eb ,! wild bo> 9 ! helmet id4 ,quotations f ! ,be[ulf #ec ff4 ,! ,bo>'s ,head at ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d #eg ,religi\s orig9 ( ! ,bo>'s ,head z a ,cre/ #ei ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,figure ,,9 ,,enamel ,,& ,,! ,,engrav$ ,,plate ,,at ,,! ,,back ,,( ,,x #fa-ia ,our ,*ief ,problem is #8,a figure h>d to *>act]ize' #fa ,division ( ?is ,*apt] #fb ,enamell+ z an arti/ic indu/ry id4 ,enamel cloisonne #fc ,*ief extant specim5s accord+ to ,m4 ,lab>te #fd ff4 ,! ,enamell$ ,ou*e ( ,mr4 ,roa* ,smi? #fh ,enamel *ampleve id4 ,obscurity ( ! hi/ory ( enamell+ #fi ,philo/ratus #gj ,enamell$ horse-ge> #ga ,! ,symbolism ( ! icuncula & its ,s\rce #gd ,! ,book ( ,kells #gf f4 ,relations ( ,alfr$ ) ,iri% travell]s #gh ,! ,tufa #gi ,evid5ce = ! ,enamel's be+ an insul> product #hj ,allegorical engrav+ on ! back-plate #ha ,duali/ic !ory ( ,sir ,francis ,palgrave #hc ,! bro!rs ,john & ,philip ,duncan #hd ,unity ( ?\ght 9 ! ,jewel #hf ,alfr$'s ,epilogue to 8 ,pa/oralis #hg ff4 ,summ>y ( ?is ,*apt] #ij ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,alfr$ ,,9 ,,som]set ,,beyond ,,p$rida #ib-acb ,! c5tral episode ( ,alfr$'s c>e] #ib ,sudd5ness ( ! surprize at ,*ipp5ham #id ,appreh5sion ( attack on nor? coa/ ( ,wealcyn #ie ,alh/an1 bi%op ( ,%]borne #if ,m$itations ( k+ ,alfr$ id4 ,dani% invasion ( ,wessex #ig ,placable temp] ( ! ,we/ ,wel% #ih ,ho/ility ( ! #8,nor? ,wel%' id4 ,alfr$'s disguise #ii f4 ,! ,jewel mu/ be buri$ #ajj ,selwood #aja ,/ory ( ,d5ewulf id4 ,h+/on ,d[n #ajb ,! ,danes 9 ,exet] id4 ,! ,danes at ,cynwit #ajc ,! political import ( ,p$rida #ajd f4 ,selwood%ire #aje ,! ,transp$ridan dialect #ajf ,! ,devonian #8u' #ajg ,! ,pixies #ajh ,som]set 9 ,alfr$'s day #aji ,subsid5ce ( ! l& #aaj f4 ,elm-trees #aab ,r$ ,de] #aac ,lel&'s ,it9]>y #aae ,etymology ( #8,p$rida' #aag ,briti% policy ( ,wessex id4 f4 ,aldhelm's lett] to ,g]ontius #aai ,8 little *ur* at ,brad=d-on-,avon #abj ,associations ( ,gla/onbury id4 ff4 ,ass]'s ,life ( ,alfr$ #abd ,! ,=t at ,a!lney #abh ,brixton ,dev]il #abi ,! buri$ ,jewel n recov]$ #acj ,! ,peiw> ,kotal 7#ahgh7 #aca #8,:at foll[s is l a dream' #acb ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,newton ,,p>k ,,& ,,fairfield ,,h\se #acc-ade #8,newton ,p>k' #acc lfric1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury #acd ,! ,=e/ ( ,nor? ,pe!rton id4 ,?ree co-heiresses #ace ,! ,p]ambulation ( ! ,=e/s id4 ,geff]ey ,*auc] #acf ,! improvem5ts ( ,sir ,?omas ,wro! #acg ,a surmise ab\t ! ,manor ( ,newton #ach ,pe!rton ,p>k #aci ,! p>i% ( ,/ogursey id4 ,fairfield ,h\se #adj #8,always a ,v]nai at ,fairfield' #adb ,! ,palm] family id4 ,na?aniel ,palm] #add ,?omas ,palm] id4 ,two co-heiresses #ade ,,*apt] ,x ,,gold ,,r+s ,,contemporane\s #adf-aef ,! ,enamell$ ,ou*e ( ,mr4 ,roa* ,smi? #adf ,! ,r+ ( ,alh/an #adg ,! place ( its discov]y #adh ,! ,r+ ( ,alfr$'s fa!r #adi ,! place & mann] ( its discov]y #aej ,! ,r+ ( ,alfr$'s si/] #aea ,! mann] ( its discov]y #aec ,! ,r+ ( ?r$ #aed ,runes int]mix$ ) ,roman lett]+ #aee ,! arti/ be>s a ,saxon "n #aef ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,"s ,,clos+ ,,reflections #aeg-agd ,f9e workman%ip no long] an objection #aeg ,e>ly cumulation ( evid5ce #aeh ,evid5ce add$ s9ce id4 ,reject$ !ories #aei ,! ,cynehelm !ory id4 ,! unity ( ! "w makes = ,alfr$ ( ,wessex #afj ,outl9e ( ! ,symbolism id4 ,my surprize at ! lat5t mean+s #afa ,! fondness ( k+ ,alfr$ = imag]y id4 ff4 ,! ,simile ( ! ,waggon #afc ,! ,jewel illu/rat$ by ! ,writ+s ( k+ ,alfr$ #afe ,! ,jewel probably records a ,crisis #aff ,at :at ,epo* design$8 id4 ,d\ble process ( inve/igation #afg ,date ( ,alfr$'s return f ,rome #agj f4 ,! nature ( ,probable ,evid5ce #agb ff4 ,conclusions f ! above data #agd ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a4 ,! ,fir/ publi%$ ,notice ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel 7to pp4 #be & #add7 #age ,,app5dix ,b4 ,/4 ,neot & ,/4 ,cu?b]t 7to pp4 #bi & #gd7 #agg ,,app5dix ,c4 ,! ,two-scept]$ ,figure 9 ! ,book ( ,kells 7to p4 #gh7 #aha ,,app5dix ,d4 ,! ,briti% ,orig9 ( ! ,enamell$ ,figure 7to p4 #ia7 #ahd ,,app5dix ,e4 ,a!lney ,abbey 7to p4 #aae7 #ahi ,,app5dix ,f4 ,nor? ,newton ,*ur* 7to p4 #aci7 #aib ,,app5dix ,g4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 7to pp4 #adj & #ade7 #aid ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,! ,alfr$ ,jewel 9 f\r aspects1 ) sep>ate ,figure ( ,enamel ,frontispiece ,! ,inscription on ! ,jewel #a ,! ,m9/] ,lovel ,jewel to face #dg ,illum9ation f ! ,book ( ,kells 0 #gg ,! ,isle ( ,a!lney 0 #ib ,fairfield ,h\se #ada ,inscription on ! ,r+ ( !lwulf #adi ,! ,r+ ( !lwulf #aej ,! ,r+ ( ,que5 !ls)1 ! bezil #aea ,inscription )9 ! ,r+ ( ,que5 !ls) #aeb ,! ,r+ ( ,que5 !ls) %[+ niello #aec ,inscription on r$'s ,r+ #aed ,! ,jewel1 ,front & ,back to face #agd ,sculptur$ ,bosses f\nd at ,a!lney ,abbey #ahi1 #aia ,t[] ( ,nor? ,newton ,*ur* to face #aib ,map ( ! ,isle ( ,a!lney ,at end ,,! ,,alfr$ ,,jewel ,,*apt] ,i ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,alfr$ ,,jewel ,! subject ( ?is ,essay is pres]v$ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum1 :i* has be5 its home = a p]iod ( "t n[ approa*+ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,x is !re in/all$ "u glass 9 su* a mann] t e side ( x is pla9ly exhibit$ to ! eye ( ! visitor4 ,x be>s an inscription 9 conspicu\s lett]+ :i* sets =? t by ,alfr$'s ord] x 0 made1 & ?is is ! gr\nd ^u :i* x is kn[n z ,,! ,,alfr$ ,,jewel4 ,illu/ration ,! ,alfr$ ,jewel has be5 comp>$ to a battl$ore1 n untruly = ! matt] ( %ape2 b ! wide div]sity ( size makes ! comp>ison seem incongru\s4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! ,jewel is a v small fraction "u two in*es & a half2 its greate/ wid? is j "o in* & a fif?2 its ?ickness b>ely half an in*4 ,x conta9s a sitt+ ,figure enamell$ on a plate ( gold :i* is protect$ 9 front by a slab ( rock cry/al1 & at ! back by a gold plate engrav$2 ! :ole en%r9$ 9 a gold5 frame ( delicately execut$ filigree "w4 ,! picture is visible ?r\gh ! rock cry/al1 mak+ ! obv]se ( ! ,jewel2 :ile ! rev]se is =m$ by ! gold plate :i* is at ! back ( ! enamell$ plate4 ,^u ?is gold plate is engrav$ an allegorical design4 ,bo? ^! surfaces 7obv]se & rev]se7 are flat1 b 9 e o!r "p ( ! ,jewel ! surface is r\nd$4 ,! r\nd$ cont\rs may be lik5$ to ^? ( a pigeon's egg4 ,if we imag9e a longitud9al section ( a pigeon's egg1 ! engrav$ plate at ! back ( ! picture w correspond to ! plane ( ! egg's diamet]4 ,f ?is plane1 if we measure ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 ! gir? ( ! egg1 & !n take ano!r section p>allel to ! gold plate at ! back1 we obta9 ! front surface ( ! cry/al1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,enamel is visible4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is1 t ! sides all r\nd ! ,jewel are curv$ & slop+1 & t ! obv]se is ( m contract$ area ?an ! rev]se1 & also t ! measurem5t ( ! slop+ side exce$s t ( ! ?ickness4 ,! head ( ! sitt+ ,figure occupies ! broad end ( ! oval section2 ! small] end is prolong$1 & is fa%ion$ l ! head ( a wild bo> on ! obv]se1 b ! rev]se ( ?is head is flat & cov]$ ) fi%-l scales4 ,! sn\t is project$ 9 ! =m ( a socket adapt$ to receive a peg or /em2 a?w>t ?is socket is a cross-p91 hav+ a head at "o ( its ends1 :ile ! o!r end is rivet$4 ,?is indicates t ! ,jewel 0 furni%$ ) a /em :i* has p]i%$1 & :i*1 !re=e1 0 n metallic1 b ( "s organic mat]ial1 p]haps walrus ivory4 ,ar\nd ! slop+ sides runs a leg5d3 ,,aelfr$ ,,mec ,,heht ,,gewyrcan ,alfr$ me ord]$ make & ?is leg5d />ts f ! n>r[e/ po9t ( ! oval1 beg9n+ on ! "r-h& side & runn+ r\nd to ! correspond+ po9t on ! left1 s t x encircles ! oval completely1 runn+ 9 ! contr>y direction to t ) :i* we are famili> 9 our co9s1 :i* are read f left to "r1 z inde$ 7 also ! co9s ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,"s h d\bt$ :e!r ! own] ( ! ,jewel 0 ! fam\s ,alfr$ ( ,wessex4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ! "n ( ,,lfr$ 9 ! ,epigraph is n ( itself adequate pro( ( ! fact1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is is lit]ally true4 ,& x is n sup]flu\s to po9t out ! inconsequ5ce ( su* reason+1 = x has actually be5 advanc$ 9 s]i\s argum5t4 ,samuel ,pegge1 an antiqu>y ( repute1 wrote 9 ,ar*ologia ii z if !re _h be5 b "o em95t p]son ( ! "n ( ,alfr$3--#8,!re is no d\bt b ?is 0 once ! prop]ty ( ! great ,k+ lfr$1 not)/&+ ! goodness ( ! "w :i* has be5 an objection to its au!nticity2 = ! k+'s "n is expressly m5tion$ 9 ! inscription4' ,!re 7 _m p]sons ( t "n 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,saxon p]iod1 & ! "n 0 n conf9$ to m5 born aft] 8 "t1 = !re 7 p]sons ( ?is "n :o 7 m5 ( m>k among 8 contempor>ies1 "o ( :om 7to say ! lea/7 0 c]ta9ly 8 s5ior4 ,:5 ,s)un di$1 9 #hfb 79 ,alfr$'s f\rte5? ye>71 8 successor 9 ! ,see ( ,w9*e/] 0 nam$ ,,lfr$4 ,a contempor>y ( position & intellig5ce & ( great weal? 0 t ,,lfr$ :o r$eem$ f hea!n h&s a noble volume ( ! ,gospels1 & convey$ x by a solemn de$ ( gift 9 8 own "n & t ( 8 wife to ! bro!rhood ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,cant]bury#a4 ,t volume is ! ,codex ,aureus1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,/ockholm4 ,! ,w ( ?is ,alfr$1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( t docum5t /yles himself #8,elfr$ dux1' is "o ( ! mo/ preci\s relics ( ,saxon antiquity#b4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! k+'s dea?1 ! ,*ronicle records1 9 #ijf1 ! dea? ( an ,alfr$1 :o 0 ,reeve ( ,ba?4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ) su* facts be=e u ! own]%ip ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel mu/ be a matt] ( unc]ta9ty1 = we only "k t x 0 ord]$ by a p]son ( ! "n ( ,alfr$4 ,su* argum5ts may sometimes be he>d f p]sons ^: op9ions are entitl$ to respect1 b ,i am n aw>e t any "o has und]tak5 to reason out & ma9ta9 ?is view 9 a publi%$ writ+4 ,& p]haps if we att5d well to ! :ole ( ! evid5ce1 we %all see no cause to m>vel at ! unanimity ( au?ors 9 accept+ ?is ,jewel z a p]sonal possession ( k+ ,alfr$'s1 & 79 "s measure1 div]sely e/imat$7 z a product ( 8 own arti/ic design4 ,x is n ! "n by itself1 b ?is "n tak5 9 connexion ) ! ri*ness & co/l9ess ( ! "w1 ) ! ?\ghtful +5uity ( its device & composition1 & ) ! symbolic mean+s :i* mu/ be assign$ to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! /ructure2--su* evid5ces z ^!1 aga9 comb9$ ) c]ta9 ext]nal evid5ces1 namely1 ! locality 9 :i* ! ,jewel 0 f\nd1 & any aff9ities app>5t 9 ! above data ) ! c>e] or exploits ( ! k+1 or ) 8 "* & ta/es1--:5 ! own]%ip is que/ion$1 we f9d ourselves face to face ) an accumulation ( evid5ce v>y+ 9 quality & requir+ to be judg$ by ! delicate & s5sitive /&>d ( probability4 ,9 pres5ce ( su* a problem we %\ld n neglect ! impressions & express$ op9ions ( p]sons ^: in/9cts h be5 cultivat$ 9 ! sph]e ( su* probabilities4 ,george ,hickes1 9 #agje1 m5tions "s d\bt+ critics1 ^: difficulty lay 9 ! beauty & p]fection ( ! "w4 ,!y c\ld n und]/& h[ su* arti/ic "w c\ld proce$ f ,anglo-,saxon arti/s 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,b = himself1 he add$1 ! m]e sight ( ! ,jewel _h be5 en\gh1 & t f 8 fir/ view ( x he _h nev] d\bt$ t x 0 a p]sonal possession ( ! great k+ ,alfr$#c4 ,:5 an elaborate piece ( workman%ip l ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is pres5t$ to ! exp]i5c$ m9d & practis$ eye ( a man l ,hickes1 ! evid5ce is rapidly1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 sift$1 & ! probabilities conv]ge to a focus1 s z to produce a conviction :i* seems l a simple appreh5sion ( ! s5ses4 ,i welcome ,hickes's expression ( confid5ce z a confirmation ( t :i* ,i h exp]i5c$ myself4 ,b :ile ,i am entirely free f unc]ta9ty ,i q recognize ! reasonabl5ess ( ! d\bt1 & ,i "k t 7logically speak+7 ! unc]ta9ty is !re4 ,& ,i "k also t _m ( my read]s w ent]ta9 x & w look m or less dubi\sly ^u ! assumption ( c]ta9ty 9 ?is matt]4 ,&1 inde$1 !re is a c]ta9 advantage 9 hav+ to reckon ) ?is sceptical attitude ( m9d1 insomu* z ! pres5ce ( d\bt has a /imulat+ effect 9 furni%+ ! disc\rse ) a det]m9ate aim & direction4 ,x w set me on ! al]t1 t ,i may n miss any incid5tal *ance ( a reflection t5d+ to assure ^? :o w\ld be gratifi$ to ?9k t we d inde$ possess a relic intimately associat$ ) ! p]son1 & ) ! m9d1 ( ,,alfr$1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,wessex4 #a ,?is rem>kable docum5t beg9s ?us3-- ,9 nom9e dom9i no/ri ,ihesu ,*ri/i4 ,ic ,,lfr$ aldormon & ,w]burg m9 gef]a begetan z bc t hnum h]ge mid uncre clne fe t oune ws mid clne golde1 & t wit deodan = ,godes lufan & = uncre saule e>f ond =on e wit noldan t z halgan beoc l5cg 9 re henesse wunad54 #8 ,9 ! "n ( our ,"l ,jesu ,*ri/4 ,i ,alfr$ ald]man & ,w]burg my consort pur*as$ ^! books at a hea!n ho/ ) our clean money1 t is to say ) clean gold2 & t we two did = ,god's love & = ! b5efit ( our s\ls1 & = t we w\ld n t ^! holy books %\ld long] lie 9 he!nesse4' ,bir*1 ,c>tul>ium ,saxonicum1 ,no4 #fcd4 #b ,kemble1 ,codex ,diplomaticus1 ,no4 #cag2 ,bir*1 ,c>tul>ium ,saxonicum1 ,no4 #eeh2 ,e>le1 ,l& ,*>t]s1 p4 #aeb4 #c #8,quoad opificium autem1 tam elegans quidem id e/ et p]fectum1 ut eius antiquitatem 9 dubium voc&i doctis nonnullis occasionem d$]it1 etsi lfr$i regis hoc olim fuisse peculium1 ex quo primum vidi1 nunquam dubitavi4' ,l+u>um ,vet]um ,sept5trionalium ,!saurus1 vol4 i1 p4 #add4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,epigraph ,,or ,,leg5d ,we mu/ n[ consid] & see :at we c le>n f ! ,epigraph4 ,?is 0 ! cue :]eby ,hickes introduc$ ! ,jewel into ! argum5t ( 8 ,diss]tatio ,epi/ol>is1 & !re gave u ! cream ( ! discussions :i* _h be5 develop$ 9 ! space ( twelve ye>s f ! discov]y4 ,obs]v+ t 9 a ,saxon inscription :i* ,dr4 ,hans ,sloane _h communicat$ to ! ,philosophical ,transactions 7,no4 #bdg7 only two lett]s ( ,anglo-,saxon =m occurr$1 ! ,c & ! ,g1 he proce$$ to describe & discuss ! ,jewel 9 all ! po9ts ( view :i* up to t "t _h occupi$ ! att5tion ( ! curi\s4 ,! =ms to :i* he adv]t$ 7 ! angul> ,c & ,g1 :i* h[ev] are r ,epigraphic ?an ,saxonic =ms4 ,^! squ>e lett]s occur 7z ,mr4 ,falcon] ,madan in=ms me7 9 ! inscriptions ( ! six? & sev5? c5turies 9 ,gaul1 ,spa91 & ,brita94 ,hickes add$ t all ! o!r lett]s ( ! ,epigraph 7 9 ord9>y ,roman *>act]s#d3 ,,aelfr$ ,,mec ,,heht ,,gewyrcan ,9 fact !re 0 only "o place :]e a di/9ctly ,saxon "* might h come 91 namely 9 ! place ( ! ,w1 :i* in/ead ( ! ,runic ,wn 77 is compos$ ( two ,roman ,v's4 ,!re is no place = ! ,runic ,?orn 774 ,he _h be5 pursu+ an argum5t1 ( :i* ! aim 0 to %[ t f ! "t ( ,alfr$ ! *>act]i/ic features ( ,anglo-,saxon writ+ 7 less us$1 be+ sup]s$$ by ,gallic or ,italic =ms4 ,he attributes ! *ange to ! tea*]s :i* ! k+ _h drawn f ,gaul4 ,t su* a *ange 0 tak+ place 9 ,alfr$'s "t is q manife/1 b its beg9n+s 7 fur!r back2 ! ta/e = ,franki% fa%ions hav+ be5 introduc$ by 8 gr&fa!r ,ecgb]ht1 :o _h pass$ ye>s ( exile at ! ,c\rt ( ,*>lemagne4 ,d\btless ! movem5t grew "u ! influ5ce ( ,alfr$1 :o n only _h visit$ ,rome1 b 9 all probability _h resid$ !re = "s ye>s4 ,if n[ pass+ f ! alphabetic *>act]s we consid] ! syntax ( ?is s5t5ce1 we %all f9d t x v>ies s widely f our habits ( spee* at ! pres5t "t z to furni% some?+ l a measure ( ! int]v5+ p]iod1 & z x 7 to r5d] "s acc\nt ( ! lapse ( a ?\s& ye>s4 ,let u beg9 by translat+ ! s5t5ce v]bally ) ! m9imum ( *ange1 reta9+ ! selfsame words 9 _! mod]n guise4 ,on ?is plan ! s5t5ce w run ?us3 #8,alfr$ me hight "w2' :]e ! baldness ( ! diction exhibits r\ghly ! gulf !re is betwe5 ?is ,epigraph & our pres5t usage4 ,ea* ^w is ,engli%1 b ! s5t5ce is f> f be+ s4 ,?is great contra/ is ! result ( a comb9ation ( causes1 & x may be resolv$ into f\r *ief movem5ts :i* h sl[ly op]at$ dur+ ! long int]val4 7#a7 ,a *ange has tak5 place 9 ! collocation ( words 9 =m+ a s5t5ce4 ,! gov]n$ pron\n /&s 9 a place :]e x is n[ inadmissible3 ! pres5t habit ( ! language requires t ! pron\n #8me' %\ld come 9 aft] its gov]n+ v]b4 ,if we make ?is *ange1 we %all see t ! s5t5ce w become a trifle m l ,engli%1 ?us3 #8,alfr$ hight "w me4' 7#b7 ,ano!r movem5t is t :i* 9 process ( "t takes place 9 ! usage ( words4 ,!re is a fa%ion 9 ! *oice ( words = ! clo?+ ( our ideas1 & t fa%ion *anges sometimes caprici\sly & fitfully1 b = ! mo/ "p s sl[ly & gradually t x takes an era ( "t to make ! *ange conspicu\s4 ,words are liable to ?is k9d ( alt]ation 9 v>i\s degrees1 & ?is inequality ( *ange is obs]vable ev5 9 a s5t5ce ( f\r words4 ,! v]b ,,heht1 hight1 has und]gone s great a *ange ( s5se t to ! g5]al read] x is apt to be un9telligible#e4 ,b :ile ?is v]b has alt]$ greatly1 ! v]b #8"w' has alt]$ little4 ,/ill1 x has alt]$1 & x is no long] ! "r ^w = its place4 ,! rema9+ two words h 9 usage und]gone no *ange at all4 ,! pron\n ,,mec has suff]$ alt]ation 9 =m by dropp+ a consonant1 b x is absolutely un*ang$ 9 its application4 ,inde$1 x may be /at$ z a g5]al law1 t pron\ns z a class are among ! sl[e/ ( words to admit semantic *ange4 ,nev]!less !re is a gr\p ( words :i* are /ill m un*angeable 9 signification1 & ^! are ! ,prop] ,n\ns4 ,ext]nal *anges ( =m !y d admit1 b n ! int]nal *ange ( s5se4 ,! "n ,,lfr$ is ! =m preval5t on ! co9age ( 8 reign1 b !re are v>iations1 ?us3 ,,lfr$1 ,,lbr$1 ,,elfr$1 ,,elf]$2 & !re is ! =m ,,alfr$1 :i* has become e/abli%$ 9 mod]n ,engli% 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t our e>lie/ popul> hi/ories ( ! k+ 7 d]iv$ f ,lat9 books1 9 :i* language 8 "n 0 commonly spelt ,,alfr$us4 ,b :atev] *anges may pass ov] ! visible repres5tation ( ! ^w1 !re is no alt]ation possible 9 ! relation betwe5 ?is ^w & ! memory ( t royal p]son ^: prop] "n x 04 ,if n[ we remove ! words t h suff]$ a semantic *ange1 & sub/itute ^? :i* at ! pres5t "t seem mo/ natural1 ! s5t5ce w take ?is =m3 #8,alfr$ ord]$ make me2' & ?us x approa*es ano!r /ep t[>ds ! pres5t mann] ( our spee*4 7#c7 ,! ?ird movem5t to be notic$ is t f ! flexional to ! phrasal me?od ( syntax4 ,! ^w ,,gewyrcan is a flexional v]b1 ! la/ syllable1 -,,an1 be+ ! sign ( ! inf9itive mood1 & indicat+ ! syntactical function ( t ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,by sl[ degrees ?is me?od ( syntax fell out ( use1 & ano!r way came up ( express+ ! same function4 ,in/ead ( ! syllable -,,an at ! end ( ! v]b1 a little ^w1 #8to1' 0 set be=e ! v]b1 ) ! same effect ( express+ ! inf9itive mood4 ,if n[ we add ?is *ange to ! o!r modifications ( our s5t5ce1 we %all br+ x consid]ably ne>] to curr5t spee*1 ?us3 #8,alfr$ ord]$ to make me4' ,b /ill x wants some?+ to r$uce x into ! %ape :i* we c recognize z mod]n ,engli%4 7#d7 ,! f\r? & la/ *ange :i* we mu/ note 9 ! habits ( our spee* is ! great ext5sion ( ! passive v]b1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! inf9itive mood4 ,_m inf9itive phrases :i* 7 once ca/ 9 ! ,active h be5 *ang$ to ! ,passive1 & a l+]+ survival ( ! active =mula may be obs]v$ to h a peculi> & exceptional air4 ,we feel ?is 9 ! phrase1 #8,! reason is n f> to seek4' ,a m famili> example may be se5 on ! bo>ds ( ! h\se ag5ts4 ,"s ( ^! bo>ds say #8,h\se to let1' :ile o!rs pref] #8,h\se to be let1'--! "o is homely & native ,engli%1 ! o!r is modi% & rem9ds u ( ! s*oolma/]4 ,! same au?ority w guide u to br+ our ,leg5d up to date1 & /amp our v]sion ) ! m9t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?us3 #8,alfr$ ord]$ me to be made4' ,9 ! above analysis x has be5 necess>y to dep>t 9 "s measure f ! c\rse ( nature by exhibit+ 9 succession a gr\p ( *anges :i* are due to processes m or less simultane\s4 ,?is accumulation ( gradual *anges furni%es a measure1 p>tly sci5tific1 p>tly s5tim5tal1 ( ! wide int]val t sep>ates u f ! "t :5 ?is ,epigraph 0 curi\sly wov5 9 gold5 filigree by ! lucky arti/ :o execut$ ! design ( ! +5i\s pr9ce4 ,b ! ,epigraph has "t-indications :i* are clos] & m def9ite4 ,!re are features :i*1 besides tell+ ( ! lapse ( "t1 d also 9 "s s5se indicate ! po9t ( "t2 features 9 virtue ( :i* ?is ,leg5d may be said to sugge/ proximately its own date4 ,! two words #8,,mec ,,heht' are ar*aic =ms1 ! "o ( :i* is nev]1 & ! o!r r>ely1 f\nd 9 ! prose ( ! t5? c5tury2 inde$ !y 7 bo? ar*aic 9 ! n9?4 ,,mec _h giv5 place to ,,me1 & 7?\gh less absolutely7 ,,heht to ,h,t2 b ! old] =ms 7 /ill at ! s]vice ( ! poet1 & ,epigraphy has "s %>e 9 poetic privilege4 ,inde$ x w\ld seem t 9 ! "t ( ,alfr$ ,,mec 0 consci\sly us$ z an ar*aic curiosity4 ,!re is a gold r+ :i* ,i take to be contemporane\s ) our ,jewel1 & x be>s an ,engli% inscription 9 :i* ,,mec occurs twice4 ,x w be describ$ bel[#f4 ,x w\ld be too mu* to say t ! =ms ,,mec ,,heht convey a def9ite date1 b !y c]ta9ly fit well ) ! "t ( ,alfr$1 & 7b = t vague lic5ce ( ,epigraphy7 !y might ev5 be said to sugge/ ! n9? c5tury z ! late/ probable date ( a "w ) :i* !y are id5tifi$4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ,,heht occurs 9 ano!r piece ( ,alfr$'s indit+1 :i* ,i w introduce "h n only = ! sake ( ! old r$uplicative v]b1 b also because ! passage is g]mane to ! argum5t1 & imports an illu/ration ( a compreh5sive k9d4 ,! k+ prefix$ to 8 v]sion ( ,gregory's ,pa/oral ,c>e a preface 9 prose & a prologue 9 v]se4 ,! prose preface 0 ab\t ! ma9 purpose ( 8 "w2 ! poetical prologue dealt ) lit]>y matt]s1 ! au?ority ( 8 text1 ! hi/ory ( 8 copy1 ! mann] ( 8 own lit]>y op]ation4 ,x is ?is poetical & lit]>y ,prologue :i* ,i "h quote3 is r5dgewrit ,?is ,epi/le ,agu/9us ,augu/9e (] sealtne s ov] salt sea suan brohte br\ght f ! s\? ieg-bu5dum1 to u isl&-dwell]s1 swa hit r =e j z x er/ adihtode indit$ _h be5 drihtnes cempa by ,*ri/'s d\ghty *ampion ,rome papa4 ! pontiff ( ,rome4 ,ryhtspell monig ,mu* rightful disc\rse ,gregorius gleawmd did ,gregory's gl[+ wit g9d wd give =? apace urh sefan snyttro1 ) skilful s\l1 se>oonca hord4 a ho>d ( /udi\s ?\ght4 ,=m he monncynnes ,:]e=e he ( mank9d m/ ge/ri5de conv]t$ ! mo/ rodra we>de3 to ! ,rul] ( heav53 ,romw>a bete/1 he ( ,romans ! be/1 monna mdwelego/1 ( m5 ! mo/ m9d-ri*1 mrum gefrgo/4 & wide/ admir$4 ,sian m9 on ,englisc ,at l5g? into ,engli% lfr$ kyn+ ,alfr$ ! k+ aw5de worda gehwelc1 e ^w ( me w5d$1 & me 8 writ]um & me to 8 writ]s s5de su & nor2 s\? & nor? he did s5d2 heht him swelcra ma m ord]$ ( su* br5gan bi re bis5e1 by ! copy to br+1 t he 8 biscepum t he to 8 bi%ops s5dan meahte3 might be able to s5d3 =m hi 8 sume orft51 = "s ( !m ne$$ x1 a e ,ld5sprce su* z ( ,lat9 l/e con4 v little did "k4 ,9 ! la/ six l9es ( ?is little poem a new attitude is tak5 up2 ! book itself becomes ! speak]1 & sets =? h[ ,,lfr$ 0 ! translator1 h[ he ord]$ 7,,heht7 m copies ( 8 translation to be made1 & = :at purpose4 ,9 m5tion+ purpose1 ! prologue communicates some?+ beyond ! ,leg5d1 :i* leaves ! purpose & signification ( ! design %r\d$ 9 symbolism4 ,b = ! re/1 if we analyze ^! six l9es1 we %all f9d ! he>t & core ( !m to be ess5tially id5tical ) ! ,leg5d on ! ,jewel-- ,,aelfr$ ,,mec ,,heht ,,gewyrcan #d #8,saxonici ductus duas tantum lit]as habet1 ,c et ,g4' ,!saurus1 vol4 i1 p4 #adb4 #e ,?is is briefly expla9$ 9 my ,engli% ,philology1 #bgj4 #f ,*apt] x4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,speculations ,,ab\t ,,its ,,design ,,& ,,mann] ,,( ,,use ,! f9d+ ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel *anc$ ^u a rem>kable "t 9 ! intellectual life ( ! ,engli% nation4 ,x 0 ! "t ( ,dryd51 ,defoe1 ,swift1 ,*ri/oph] ,wr51 ,b5tley1 ,"l ,som]s1 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,addison4 ,9 lit]ature ! com+ man 0 ,alex&] ,pope4 ,! c>d9al ev5t ( t p]iod 0 ! in/itution ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #affj1 ! ye> ( ! ,re/oration4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s b5t ( ! intellectual _w 0 9 ! direction ( physical sci5ce1 & #8! great "w ( int]pret+ nature 0 p]=m$ by ! ,engli% ( t age z x _h nev] be=e be5 p]=m$ 9 any age by any nation#g4' ,?is 0 ! p]iod 9 :i* a national ,obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$ at ,gre5wi* 7#afgf74 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! *emical discov]ies ( ,boyle1 ! botanical rese>*es ( ,sloane1 & ! classifications ( ,ray4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( k enquiry 0 r\s$1 & ) x ! g5ius ( !ory1 ^: movem5ts 7 sometimes ha/y & erratic4 ,b ?is t5d5cy 0 gradually c\nt]act$ by ! deep5+ conviction t s\nd k mu/ be bas$ on c>eful obs]vation1 & ! ne$ ( museums began to be recogniz$4 ,! ,a%molean ,museum 0 built by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 9 #afhc1 to receive ,elias ,a%mole's collection ( curiosities1 ! =mation ( :i* _h orig9at$ ) ! ,tradescants4 ,! ar*itect 0 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,altoge!r x 0 a "t ( new ideas & new in/itutions4 ,:5 ! ,jewel 0 f\nd1 9 #afic1 x fell into ! h&s ( p]sons :o belong$ bo? socially & intellectually to ! =emo/ ranks4 ,! fir/ record$ own] 0 ,colonel ,na?aniel ,palm]1 ( ,fairfield ,h\se1 9 ! region ( ! ,quantocks4 ,( ?is h\se & ?is family "s p>ticul>s w be relat$ 9 ! n9? *apt]4 ,! fir/ notice ( ! ,jewel 0 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,hans ,sloane1 a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 em95t z physician1 natural philosoph]1 & antiqu>ian4 ,he 0 elect$ ,secret>y ( t ,society 9 #afic1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! ,jewel 0 f\nd4 ,:e!r by reason ( ! new cl\d ( political & religi\s tr\ble :i* brood$ ov] ! l& 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ,james ,,ii1 or f :atev] cause1 s x 0 t ! ,philosophical ,transactions _h be5 susp5d$ = ! pa/ six ye>s1 & !y 7 resuscitat$ by ! new ,secret>y1 :o 0 himself an active contributor4 ,?is rem>kable man liv$ to a great age1 & :5 he di$1 9 #ageb1 9 8 n9ety-second ye>1 8 museum 0 b\ght by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & ?is pur*ase 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,briti% ,museum2 = until ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! idea ( a national libr>y & museum _h nev] be5 ent]ta9$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! same ,act ( ,p>liam5t 7#bf ,geo4 ,,ii7 :i* direct$ ! pur*ase ( ! ,sloane museum also direct$ ! pur*ase ( ! ,h>leian collection ( manuscripts :i* _h be5 made by ,rob]t ,h>ley1 fir/ ,e>l ( ,ox=d1 ^: "n is also memorable 9 ! /udy ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel2 = x 0 f an engrav+ furni%$ by ,rob]t ,h>ley1 & made f a draw+ ( 8 own1 t ! fir/ ( ! ?ree figures 9 ,hickes's ,diss]tatio ,epi/ol>is 0 pr9t$4 ,! fir/ publi%$ notice ( ! ,jewel appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions 7,no4 #bdg 9 #afih71 & x 0 contribut$ by ,dr4 ,william ,musgrave1 ,fell[ ( ,new ,college1 physician 9 ,london1 & an active memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 & au?or 7#agji7 ( ,antiquitates ,britanno-,belgic4 ,he also contribut$ to ,hickes's ,!saurus ! second & ?ird figures ( ! ,jewel :i* are !re engrav$#h4 ,^! 7 ! em95t p]sons :o prep>$ ! mat]ial = ! elaborate acc\nt :i* ,hickes 7#agje7 gave ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,!saurus4 ,= ! m9uti ( ! description he 0 p>ticul>ly indebt$ to ,h>ley & ,musgrave1 :o appe> to h be5 occasional visitors at ,fairfield ,h\se4 ,! fir/ impression :i* prevail$ z to its design & use 0 t x might be an amulet4 ,?is 0 ,dr4 ,musgrave's fir/ op9ion4 ,b aft]w>ds he foll[$ ,hickes 9 suppos+ x 0 a p5dant to a *a9 or coll> ( /ate1 & ,hickes ev5 says 7b "h he mu/ be simply repeat+ ! expressions ( 8 in=mants7 t ! cross-p9 9 ! socket seems adapt$ to su* a use4 ,! bo>'s sn\t is develop$ into a tubul> end+ :i* furni%es a socket ) a cross-p91 manife/ly ask+ a peg or 7z artisans speak7 a /]t2 & :5 ?is obs]vation 0 maturely appreciat$1 x g5]at$ two inf]5ces3 7#a7 t !re 0 no provision = atta*m5t answ]+ to ! above !ory2 & 7#b7 t 9 ! position imag9$1 ! picture w\ld hang upside d[n4 ,^! criticisms op5$ ! way = new obs]vations & new conjectures4 ,! antiqu>y ,he>ne int]pret$ ! ,jewel z if x 7 design$ to be fix$ at ! extremity ( a roll] on :i* a manuscript 0 roll$1 z a suitable ornam5t = "s c]emoni\s pres5tation4 ,b ?is hypo!sis neglect$ ! fact t ! ,jewel is made ) an obv]se & a rev]se1 a front & a back1 :i* r5d]s x q unfit = su* a position z ,he>ne _h assign$ to x4 ,by ,francis ,wise & ,samuel ,pegge1 *ief antiqu>ians ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 x 0 imag9$ t our ,jewel might h adorn$ ! top ( a /ilus or anci5t p5 = writ+ ^u a wax5 tablet4 ,9 refutation ( ?is !ory x suffic$ to obs]ve h[ awkw>d & unwieldy an ornam5t x w\ld prove to ! p5man4 ,nev]!less1 ?is idea _h a c>e]1 w9n+ a mom5t>y plausibility f ! assumption t ,alfr$'s #8/el' 0 a /ylus4 ,9 ,ar*ologia ii !re is a lett] sign$ #8,s4 ,pegge1' f :i* ,i extract ! foll[+3-- #8,x is n c]ta9ly kn[n to :at use ?is valuable curiosity 444 might be put3 b among o!r conjectures ,mr4 ,wise imag9es1 & v probably1 x might h be5 ! h&le ( a /ylus4 ,& if "o %\ld say x 0 "o ( ^? /yli :i* ! k+ s5t along ) 8 translation ( ,gregory's ,pa/oral1 x w\ld be no great absurdity4444 ,x may "h be alleg$ t ! k+ s5t 8 pres5t to ! ca!dral *ur*es3 b1 ) submission1 ?is does n imply t he might n also s5d ! l to ! two mona/]ies ( 8 own f\ndation1 ?is ( ,a!lney & ! o!r at ,%aftesbury2 x is mo/ probable he w\ld s5d a book & a /ylus to bo? ^? places1 & if he did1 ?is jewel 9 my op9ion bids fair to be ! h&le or upp] "p ( ! /ylus :i* 0 pres5t$ by him to ! ,h\se ( ,a!lney :]e x 0 f\nd4' ,coll9son1 ! hi/orian ( ,som]set%ire 7#agia71 9 a passage to be quot$ bel[ 7*apt] ix71 designates x an amulet1 & ?is 0 probably ! way 9 :i* x 0 usually reg>d$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,to ?is ,pegge 79 ! article cit$ above7 object$ z foll[s3 #8,dr4 ,musgrave once ?\ght x might be an ,amulet1 b ,alfr$ nev] ran 7t we "k (7 into su* vanities4' ,pass+ n[ to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,mr4 ,philip ,duncan1 9 8 ,catalogue ( ! ,a%molean ,museum1 advanc$ ! !ory t x might h be5 m\nt$ on ! top ( a /aff 7aft] ! mann] ( a ,roman eagle71 & t x 0 c>ri$ into battle z a /&>d to animate ! c\rage ( w>riors4 ,?is exquisite bij\1 ( mat]ials s brittle z enamel & cry/al1 cas$ 9 a delicate web ( gold5 filigree1 looks /rangely inappropriate = ! fury ( battle & ! int]*ange ( h>d knocks4 ,& inde$ ?is !ory 0 nev] sugge/$ to its au?or by ! reason or probability ( ! ?+1 b by c]ta9 texts :i* at t "t 7 9 bett] e/eem ?an !y are n[1 especially ! hagiography ( ,/4 ,neot1 :]e9 x 0 said ( ?is sa9t t he w5t be=e ! k+ 9 w>1 c>ry+ a palm & guid+ him to victory1 to all :i* ! palm-be>+ figure 9 ! ,enamel seem$ to correspond4 ,& ?is also expla9s :y t figure 0 suppos$ to repres5t ,/4 ,neot4 ,9 l mann]1 ,hickes 0 c>ri$ away by a passage 9 pseudo-,+ulph to ab&on 8 fir/ & be/ int]pretation ( ! enamell$ ,figure1 & to adopt ! idea t x may h be5 int5d$ to repres5t ,/4 ,cu?b]t#i4 ,all ^! speculations on ! design & use ( ! ,jewel are unsatisfactory &1 consid]+ ! em95ce & ability ( ! prop\nd]s1 /rangely poor 9 ! craft ( int]pretation4 ,if ?is surprizes u 9 an age :5 ! m9ds ( m5 7 s mu* awak5$1 we %\ld rememb] t ! new movem5t 0 *iefly 9 ! direction ( physical sci5ce1 & t little progress _h z yet be5 made 9 ! analysis ( human hi/ory & ! sci5ce ( hi/orical criticism4 ,f ^! abortive attempts at int]pretation1 we ga!r t ?is s+ul>ly elaborate ph5om5on ( a ,jewel _h ! effect ( sett+ curiosity & imag9ation awork 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o contemplat$ x1 & t "s !ory1 h[ev] precipitate1 became a sort ( necessity4 ,to ?is category mu/ be add$ a m rec5t conjecture1 :i*1 z x proce$$ f a highly hon\r$ s\rce1 z x 0 p]si/5tly & circum/antially argu$ out1 & z x has be5 widely accept$1 dem&s a *apt] by itself4 #g ,macaulay1 ,hi/ory1 c4 iii4 #h ,app5dix ,a4 #i ,app5dix ,b4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,bi%op ,,clif=d',s ,,!ory#aj ,! !ories ab\t ! ,alfr$ ,jewel :i* h be5 notic$ hi!rto1 belong to ! crude attempts at int]pretation :i* 7 evok$ by ! surprize ( ! /range discov]y 9 ! la/ decade ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we come n[ to a new !ory :i* 0 broa*$ 9 our own "t by ,bi%op ,clif=d1 9 8 ,inaugural ,address z ,presid5t ( ! ,som]set%ire ,ar*ological ,society 9 #ahgg1 :5 ! ,annual ,meet+ ( t ,society 0 held at ,bridgwat]4 ,?is !ory dem&s a full] att5tion ?an any ( ! =ego+1 fir/1 because x be>s manife/ tok5s ( matur] ?\ght1 b fur!r1 because !re is mu* curi\s mat]ial wov5 into its fabric1 :i* gives x indep5d5t value4 ,if only = ! s+le fact t x introduces a new explanation ( ! problematic #8/el1' x ought to quick5 ! int]e/ ( e read]4 ,x w be bett] on all acc\nts t ! ideas ( ! au?or be pres5t$ 9 8 own words3 ,among/ ! articles ( *ur* furniture us$ 9 ! middle ages1 frequ5t m5tion is made ( #8,baculi ,cantorum1' or *oir /aves4 ,9 ! ye> #abbb !re 7 eight su* /aves 9 ! treasury ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 #8,! /aves at ,cant]bury ,ca!dral 7writes ,dr4 ,rock1 ,*ur* ( our ,fa!rs1 vol4 ii7 7 z ri* z !y 7 curi\s1 9 ! ye> #acae4' ,he gives a li/ ( !m1 & among !m are #8,,iv baculi de cornu1 cum capitibus eburneis'--f\r /aves ( horn ) ivory h&les2 o!rs 7 adorn$ ) gold & silv] & preci\s /ones4 ,! use ( ^! /aves 0 to enable ! ,cantor or ma/] ( ! *oir to po9t out to ! s+]s & to ! read]s _! places 9 ! book1 & s prev5t ! manuscripts & _! illum9ations be+ soil$ by ! t\* ( f+]s4 ,:5 ! lessons 7 read1 ! *oirma/] n only po9t$ out ! spot :]e ! lesson comm5c$1 b h&$1 if necess>y1 ! /aff to ! lector1 t he might use x to guide 8 eye along ! l9es 9 read+4 ,?is precaution 0 n only obs]v$ ) reg>d to ^? beautifully illum9at$ volumes us$ = ! *ur* s]vices1 b 0 equally1 if n m s1 requir$ 9 ! case ( books :i* 7 int5d$ = ! use ( ! g5]al public4 ,mo/ read]s requir$ to use _! f+]s to assi/ _! eyes 9 foll[+ ! l9es1 a practice :i*1 if all[$1 w\ld n only soil ! manuscripts1 b 9 c\rse ( "t oblit]ate !m4 ,!re=e :5 books 7 int5d$ = public use x 0 cu/om>y to place by !m a small /aff or po9t] = ! use ( ! read]1 ev5 z 9 mod]n days a pap]-knife =ms "o ( ! ord9>y articles ( furniture on a libr>y table4 ,9 _m in/ances ^! little /aves or po9t]s 7 ins]t$ 9 ! b9d+ ( ! books !mselves1 some?+ aft] ! fa%ion 9 :i* p5cils are ins]t$ 9 mod]n pocket-books4 ,i may seem to be widely dep>t+ f ,alfr$ & f ,a!lney1 b y w soon p]ceive ! p]t95cy ( ^! rem>ks4 ,alfr$1 z y "k1 did mu* to enc\rage le>n+ among/ 8 subjects1 & he 0 especially anxi\s t useful works %\ld be translat$ into ,engli%1 & copies ( !m be arrang$ 9 public places1 :]e all might ga9 access to !m & read !m4 ,to enc\rage ?is good & noble "w by 8 example he became himself an au?or4 ,& he ?us describes1 9 ! preface :i* he wrote to ! book he translat$1 ! /eps he took to />t :at ,i may call ! fir/ public read+ 9 ,engl&3--#8,:5 ,i reflect$1' he says1 #8h[ ! k ( ! ,lat9 tongue _h fall5 away ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ?\gh _m /ill knew h[ to read ,engli% writ+1 ,i began 9 ! mid/ ( div]s & manifold affairs ( ?is k+dom to turn into ,engli% ?is book 7( ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great7 :i* 9 ,lat9 is nam$ ,pa/oralis1 & 9 ,engli%1 ,! ,h]dsman's ,book2 sometimes ^w = ^w1 & sometimes s5se = s5se1 ev5 z ,i _h be5 taught by ,plegmund my ,ar*bi%op1 & ,ass] my ,bi%op1 & ,grimbald my ,mass-,prie/1 & ,john my ,mass-,prie/4 ,aft] ,i _h le>n$ ( !m h[ ,i might be/ und]/& x1 ,i turn$ x into ,engli%4 ,& ,i w s5d a copy to e bi%op's see 9 my k+dom1 & 9 ea* book !re is an ae/el 7i4e4 a /aff7 ( 7! value (7 #ej mancusses2 & ,i comm&1 9 ,god's "n1 t no man take ! /aff f ! book1 nor ! book f ! m9/]1 see+ t we "k n h[ long !re %all be su* le>n$ bi%ops1 z n[1 ?ank ,god1 !re be4 ,!re=e ,i comm& t ^! rema9 always 9 _! places1 unless ! bi%op h !m ) him ei!r to l5d some:]e1 or to h o!r copies made f !m4' ,"h1 !n1 we h ! explanation ( ,alfr$'s gem4 ,x is ! h&le ( a book-/aff or po9t] :i*1 l ^? at ,cant]bury1 & else:]e1 0 made ( horn 7:i* has p]i%$71 ! h&le itself be+ ( preci\s & durable mat]ials4 ,! inscription on x be>s witness t x 0 made by ,alfr$'s ord]1 #8,aelfr$ _h me work$2' & ?is circum/ance1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! co/l9ess ( its mat]ial & ! beauty ( its execution1 makes x 9 ! highe/ degree probable t x is "o ( ^? ae/els :i* ,alfr$ says 7 work$ by 8 ord]1 & ins]t$ 9 ! pres5tation copies ( 8 translation ( ,! ,h]dsman's ,book1 & :i* 7 valu$ at #ej mancusses1 or 7tak+ ! value ( ! mancus at #gs4 #f;d47 #ah #aes41 a l>ge sum = ^? days4 ,b if s1 h[ came ?is gem to be f\nd 9 ?is neighb\rhood8 ,alfr$ pres5t$ "o to ea* bi%op's see 9 8 k+dom1 & !re 0 no bi%op's see 9 ^? days 9 ^! p>ts ne>] ?an ,%]borne1 9 ,dorset%ire4 ,y w h rem>k$ t ,alfr$ 9 8 preface m5tions f\r p]sons :o assi/$ him 9 translat+ ! book3 ,plegmund1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 ,ass]1 ,bi%op ( ,%]borne2 ! ,prie/ ,grimbald1 :o presid$ ov] ! s*ool :i* ,alfr$ _h f\nd$ = ! tra9+ ( ! ,engli% y\?2 & ! ,prie/ ,john1 :o 0 plac$ by ,alfr$ z abbot ov] ! mona/]y :i* he f\nd$ at ,a!lney4 ,copies ( ! book1 ea* hav+ a book-/aff1 7 s5t to ,plegmund & ,ass]1 = !y bo? 7 bi%ops4 ,c !re be any reasonable d\bt t ?is m>k ( att5tion 0 equally obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! o!r two collaborators8 ,m especially z ,grimbald 0 at ! head ( ,alfr$'s s*ool1 & x 0 9 ord] to promote ,engli% read+ t ,alfr$ _h und]tak5 ! translation ( ! book1 & ,john1 ?\gh n a bi%op1 0 abbot ov] ! mona/]y :i* ,alfr$ himself _h built 9 gratitude to ,god = ! victory he _h ga9$4 ,a copy ( ! book1 ) ! co/ly ae/el 9 x1 0 no d\bt s5t by ,alfr$ to 8 fri5d ,john1 at ,a!lney1 z well z to ! o!r ?ree collaborators4 ,! book & ! /aff 71 agreeably to ,alfr$'s ord]1 pres]v$ 9 ! m9/]1 till1 9 ! days ( tr\ble1 7probably at ! dissolution ( ! mona/]y17 bo? 7 hidd5 out ( sight1 & = t purpose buri$ 9 ! gr\nds ( "s neighb\r+ fri5d at ,newton ,p>k1 9 ! hopes ( recov]+ !m 9 bett] days4 ,z "t pass$ on1 ! secret ( ! place :]e !y 7 hidd5 di$ ) ! man :o _h hidd5 !m2 & :5 aft] _m ye>s *ance reveal$ ! place ( ! deposit1 ! book itself & ! p]i%able portion ( ! /aff _h rott$ away1 leav+ only ! gold & cry/al h&le1 ) ! words1 #8,aelfr$ _h me work$1' to tell ! tale4 ,?is ,i believe to be ! true hi/ory ( ,alfr$'s gem4 ,:5 ,i visit$ ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d1 9 ! mon? ( ,july1 ,i 0 %[n by ! c\rte\s ,curator1 by ! side ( ,alfr$'s jewel1 a small] specim5 ( anci5t goldsmi?'s "w :i* 0 dug up a few ye>s ago at ,m9/] ,lovel1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 on ! site ( an anci5t abbey4 ,x is small] ?an ,alfr$'s gem1 b1 l ! latt]1 x is evid5tly ! h&le ( a read+-/aff4 ,! h&le ( ,alfr$'s /aff 0 made ( a size t might be conv5i5tly grasp$ 9 ! h&2 ! "o f ,m9/] ,lovel 0 int5d$ to be held betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb4 ,x is small] & less co/ly1 b ! workman%ip ( ! gold is s l ! l>g] "o ( ,alfr$ z almo/ to sugge/ its be+ ! "w ( ! same man4 ,?us ,bp4 ,clif=d w\ld fa9 p]suade u to see 9 our ,jewel ! co/ly h&le ( a po9t+ /ave4 ,?is satisfies ! requirem5t ( ! socket & rivet1 :i* is a fit provision = ! ins]tion ( a f9e /ave4 ,! only "q at ?is po9t t c\ld be rais$ 9 opposition is1 :e!r ! socket is n too small to admit a /ave ( useful ?ickness = ! purpose contemplat$4 ,& z ! au?or ( ?is !ory has appli$ x equally to ! ,m9/] ,lovel jewel1 ?is objection ga9s 9 =ce1 z ! rod t c\ld be ins]t$ 9 t little jewel w\ld be ( v d\btful s]vice z a po9t]4 ,b :5 we consid] ! common elem5ts 9 ! design & workman%ip ( ^! two jewels1 we are compell$ to reject ! !ory t !y 7 int5d$ z h&les to po9t]s4 ,& fir/ ( ! design4 ,bo? ( ^! jewels h an obv]se & a rev]se1 :i* 9 su* an in/rum5t w\ld n only be unnecess>y & unmean+1 b absolutely inconv5i5t & detrim5tal4 ,bo? ( !m are obvi\sly design$ to gratify ! eye2 z objects to be display$ 9 positions :i* !y are to adorn & beautify4 ,! ,alfr$ ,jewel conta9s ! picture ( a man 9 enamel1 fram$ 9 gold5 filigree1 glaz$ ) cry/al1 & back$ ) a plate ( gold curi\sly engrav$2 ! :ole composition pla9ly dictates :i* side is to be =emo/ & :i* end is to be upp]mo/ :5 x is fix$ 9 ! position = :i* x is int5d$4 ,bp4 ,clif=d's !ory _c be accommodat$ to ^! conditions4 ,s mu* = ! design3 n[ z to ! mat]ials & workman%ip4 ,9 bo? ( ^! jewels ! out] surface is filigree "w ( v f9e texture2 c x be imag9$ t ?is agrees ) ! sugge/$ use ( a h&le to a *oirma/]'s w&1 :e!r we consid] ! impli$ defacem5t ( ! f9e/ goldsmi?'s "w1 or ! gall+ friction to ! musician's h&8 ,b besides appropriat5ess ( design & workman%ip1 !re is yet ano!r condition to be satisfi$1 & "o :i* ?is !ory c only meet by means ( a r\ndab\t & arbitr>y hypo!sis4 ,any int]pretation ( ! ,jewel1 to be satisfactory1 mu/ h>monize naturally & spontane\sly ) ! ,alfr$ian associations ( ! spot on :i* x 0 f\nd4 ,bp4 ,clif=d has felt ?is1 & he has employ$ an elaborate ma*9]y to meet x4 ,! place ( ! f9d is "o t naturally sugge/s direct & imm$iate connexion ) ! go+s & com+s ( ! k+ himself1 = x lies ne> ! c5tre ( t region 9 :i* he sp5t "s mon?s ( acute ef=t 9 ! mo/ critical juncture ( 8 div]sifi$ & adv5tur\s life4 ,if our int]pretation h>monize ) ! associations :i* are l9k$ to ! spot1 & ?r\gh ! spot to ! ,jewel1 probability is /r5g!n$ :ile ! int]e/ is height5$2 b :at possibility is !re ( br++ ^! associations to be> ^u a co/ly book-po9t]8 ,if any?+ s extravagant exi/$1 x might be pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! m9/] or 9 ! book-room ( ! cloi/]2 b x c\ld h no place ab\t ! p]son ( a fugitive k+ & a /ruggl+ w>rior4 ,accord+ly ! au?or ( ?is !ory is compell$ to deta* ! int]pretation f ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ! k+1 & to re/ 8 solution ( ! problem ^u a highly speculative assumption comb9$ ) ! *ances & vicissitudes ( a lat] age4 ,! au?or ( ?is !ory has to face ! inevitable "q--,on ! supposition t ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is ! h&le ( a book-po9t]1 h[ d y acc\nt = its be+ f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,a!lney8 ,9 prep>+ to answ] ?is "q1 he fet*es a wide compass1 enclos+ 9 8 sweep ! lit]>y a*ievem5ts ( ! k+1 & sev5 c5turies ( ! aft]-"t4 ,he beg9s by recall+ ,alfr$'s ackn[l$gem5ts to ,plegmund1 ,ass]1 ,grimbald1 & ,john1 = _! help 9 8 translation ( ,gregory's ,pa/oral ,c>e1 & he recites ! k+'s /atem5t t he w\ld s5d a copy ( ! translation to ea* bi%op's see1 & ) ea* book an #8/el' wor? #ej mancusses4 ,x is an ess5tial "p ( 8 !ory t ! #8/el' 0 a book-po9t] ) a co/ly h&le1 & moreov] t ! ,alfr$ ,jewel 0 "o ( ^! h&les4 ,b !re 0 no bi%op's see at or ne> ,a!lney1 ! ne>e/ be+ at ,%]borne3 h[ !n did ?is relic f9d its way to ,newton ,p>k by ,a!lney8 ,! answ] is t ,john ! ,prie/ became abbot ( ,alfr$'s f\ndation at ,a!lney1 & t !re c be no reasonable d\bt t ,alfr$ gave ! book & #8/el' n only to ,plegmund & ,ass]1 b t he also ext5d$ 8 b\nty to ,grimbald & ,john1 8 two o!r collaborators#aa4 ,s ! ,alfr$ ,jewel hav+ ?us arriv$ at ,a!lney z ! h&le ( a book-po9t]1 0 religi\sly pres]v$ !re until ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 :5 x 0 buri$ to await bett] times1 & 9 ! c\rse ( nature =gott54 ,my objection to ?is is n t x is imag9ative1 b t x is ill suit$ to its purpose1 because x is ne$lessly cumbr\s1 & because ! ,jewel c be trac$ to ,a!lney by a mu* simpl] & m obvi\s process4 ,b :ile ,i f9d x impossible to admit ,bp4 ,clif=d's !ory z an int]pretation ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 see+ t ?is relic absolutely refuses to be class$ ) ! decorat$ h&les ( ! baculi cantorum1 ,i mu/ add t ! "q ( ! #8/el' /&s ap>t4 ,i am by no means prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ! explanation ( t problem :i* ,i h rec5tly (f]$ 9 ,alfr$ ! ,great is pref]able to ,bp4 ,clif=d's4 ,!re is a close aff9ity betwe5 ! two explanations2 !y bo? re/ ^u a common basis 9 ! anci5t gloss3 #8,indicatorium1 /el4' ,i int]pret$ ! indicatorium to be a light slab1 mu* l a flat rul]1 :i* 0 to be br\ght to be> across ! page s z to guide ! read]'s eye1 & p]haps furni% a re/ = 8 f+]s4 ,! ,lat9 t]m w\ld fit a po9t] z well z a flat rul]1 & p]haps bett]4 ,x may !re=e well be t 9 ! endeav\r to int]pret ! ,jewel1 ,bp4 ,clif=d has incid5tally expla9$ t problematical object :i* k+ ,alfr$ s5t z a fitt+ accompanim5t ) ea* ( ! pres5tation copies ( 8 v]sion ( ,gregory's ,pa/oral ,c>e4 ,! rem>k t ! po9t] might be fitt$ to ! volume by an arrangem5t l t n[ 9 common use = atta*+ a p5cil to a notebook mu/1 ,i ?9k1 be felt to add a c]ta9 p]suasive concret5ess to 8 sugge/ion4 ,only !n1 if ! #8/el' 0 a book-po9t] ) a co/ly h&le1 t h&le 0 c]ta9ly n fa%ion$ aft] ! mann] ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 or ( its natural associate ! m9or jewel ( ,m9/] ,lovel--x 0 n fa%ion$ ) obv]se & rev]se4 ,a subsequ5t int]pretation by ,llewellynn ,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a41 appe>$ 9 ! ,reliqu>y = ,octob]1 #ahgi1 vol4 xx1 p4 #ff3--#8,_m1 & v curi\s z well z v>i\s1 h be5 ! conjectures z to ! use or orig9 ( ?is rem>kable jewel1 & ( ! figure int5d$ to be repres5t$ ^u x1 b x is n wor? :ile to "h repeat !m4 ,! probability1 to my m9d1 is t x simply =m$ ! head ( a sceptre1 & t j possibly x might h be5 ultimately giv5 by ,alfr$ to ! head ( ! mona/]y f\nd$ by himself1 to be us$ z a pa/oral /aff or /aff ( (fice1 z 0 ! crosi] 9 lat] days4 ,! design & ! workman%ip are ( exquisite beauty1 & 9 all respects ! jewel is unsurpass$ by any o!r exi/+ example ( ,anglo-,saxon art4' ,aga91 ?is int]pretation1 l t ( ,he>ne & o!rs1 appe>s to be exclud$ by ! =mation ( ! ,jewel ) a front & a back4 ,by ! rejection ( s _m hypo!ses ! field ( *oice is n>r[$1 & our pa? %\ld be s mu* ! cle>] to f9d ! true design & use ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 #aj ,william ,joseph ,hugh ,clif=d1 second son ( ! sev5? ,b>on ,clif=d ( ,*udleigh1 0 ! ,roman ,ca?olic bi%op ( ,clifton f #aheg to #ahhh4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,som]set ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 & = _m ye>s a con/ant att5dant at ! ye>ly meet+s4 ,9 #ahgg he 0 ,presid5t ( ! ,society4 ,8 obitu>y1 by ,canon ,holmes1 is 9 vol4 xxxix ( ! ,society's ,proce$+s4 #aa ,?is ma*9]y = br++ ! baculus cantoris to ,a!lney 0 fir/ employ$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! /ylus !ory4 ,see ,s4 ,pegge 9 ,ar*ologia ii1 quot$ above 9 *apt] iii4 ,,*apt] ,v ,a ,,jewel ,,9 ,,! ,,cr[n ,! ,alfr$ ,jewel is s made z to require a small /em or #8/]t' = its fixture :5 9 use4 ,x tap]s (f to a socket1 :i* is adapt$ to receive a small /em1 & x is only :5 erect$ on su* a /em t ! ,figure 9 enamel w appe> 9 a natural position4 ,h[ c we accommodate x ) su* a function z w correspond to ^! indications ( design8 ,evid5tly n on ! top ( a /&>d-be>]'s pole1 nor on ! top ( a /ilus1 nor at ! butt-end ( a music-ma/]'s w&4 ,x is moreov] evid5t t ! /em 0 a p]man5t fixture 9 ! socket1 = al?\gh ! socket is n[ empty1 ?is is due to ! p]i%+ ( ! /em1 z appe>s f ! fact t ! cross-p9 is rivet$4 ,! /em 0 !re=e n metallic1 b ( "s h>d organic sub/ance1 p]haps walrus ivory4 ,our problem !n is to discov] a place 9 :i* ?is ,jewel1 p]man5tly furni%$ ) su* a /em1 c\ld be s erect$ z to dis*>ge "s appropriate function4 ,t function c h>dly be o!r ?an p]sonal decoration1 & ! place 9 :i* x might be erect$ is ! helmet ( ! w>rior4 ,i imag9e !n t a holl[ bead ran r\nd ! k+'s helmet1 along ! rim next ! =ehead1 & t ov] ! v c5tre ( ! br[ !re 0 a r\nd orifice 9 ! upp] slope ( ! bead1 fitt$ to receive ! ivory /em ( ! ,jewel1 & t :5 fix$ 9 ?is position x w\ld h m9or jewels simil>ly fix$ on ei!r side1 b t ?is "o w\ld be ! c5tral piece & ! ri*e/ jewel 9 ! cr[n or coronet4 ,= ?is magnific5t ,jewel w\ld h ! effect ( conv]t+ ! helmet into a cr[n1 trans=m+ ! mo/ vital piece ( def5sive arm\r into ! *ief ( royal insignia = public occasions ( /ate4 ,t ! rudim5t ( ! cr[n 0 d]iv$ f ! helmet1 at lea/ among our p1 seems to be indicat$ by ! ,anglo-,saxon ^w t prec$$ #8cr[n1' namely1 ,,cyne-,,helm1 :i* means ,regal ,helmet4 ,?is ^w is ! only ,engli% repres5tative ( ! idea be=e ! ,romanic ^w 0 dome/icat$ among u4 ,! t]m #8cr[n' made its entrance aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1 at fir/ 9 its orig9al ,lat9 =m ,,corona1 z may be se5 9 ! contempor>y ,*ronicle ( ,pet]bor\gh4 ,?us we read "u ! date #ajhe3 ,h] se cyng br 8 ,,corona & heold 8 hir$ on ,w9cea/re to am ,ea/ran1 #8,?is ye> ! k+ wore 8 ,cr[n & held 8 ,c\rt at ,w9*e/] = ! ,ea/]tide4' ,b ! native ^w 0 n quickly sup]s$$4 ,9 ! next annal1 #ajhf1 we are in=m$ t ! k+ wore 8 ,cr[n ?ree times e ye>3--#8riwa he br 8 ,,cyne-,,helm lce ge>e4' ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,m9/] ,,lovel ,,jewel ,! explanation n[ (f]$ ( ! use & function ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is confirm$ by comp>ison ) a m9or jewel 9 ! same glass case1 :i* = its illu/rative value has be5 plac$ by ! ,keep] ( ! ,a%molean ,museum ne> ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 ,9 workman%ip x is s simil> t x might well be 7z ,bp4 ,clif=d said7 f ! h& ( ! same mak]4 ,9 design x is z mu* alike z x is possible = a simple & rudim5t>y patt]n to resemble "o t is highly elaborate & develop$4 ,no "o c d\bt t ^! two objects are fully analog\s to ea* o!r1 & t ! s]vice = :i* !y 7 int5d$ 0 ( ! same nature4 ,?is m9or jewel has1 l ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 an obv]se & a rev]se2 ! obv]se pres5ts a ,cross 9 opaque enamel cloisonne2 ! rev]se has a gold plate1 n engrav$--z 9 ! great] "w--b equally ) x sugge/ive ( ! back ( a fram$ picture :i* is to lean aga9/ a v]tical surface ( "s k9d4 ,z 9 ! o!r1 ! area ( ! obv]se is m contract$ ?an ! rev]se1 & ! slop+ sides are cov]$ ) a delicate filigree ( gold4 ,la/ly1 ?is also has its project+ socket1 ) a cross-p9 9 its place rivet$4 ,x is 9 all respects adapt$ to be ei!r ! front & c5tral jewel ( a m9or coronet1 or else a lat]al & subord9ate jewel 9 ! circlet ^: front place 0 fill$ by a sup]ior piece su* z ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 ,?is m9or jewel 0 f\nd at ,m9/] ,lovel 9 ,ox=d%ire ab\t ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! f9d] br\ght x to a jewell] 9 ,ox=d1 :o1 appreh5d+ t ! object 0 "o ( m ?an ord9>y curiosity1 c>ri$ x to ,dr4 ,wilson1 !n ,presid5t ( ,tr9ity ,college1 an em95t ar*ologi/1 & ! man :o ( all m5 9 ,ox=d at t "t 0 ! mo/ capable ( e/imat+ a f9d ( ?is nature#ab4 ,! int]e/ :i* he took 9 x 0 %>$ ) ,dr4 ,griffi?s1 :o 0 aft]w>ds ,w>d5 ( ,wadham ,college1 & 7:e!r by "o or bo?7 x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,a%molean ,museum4 ,! date ( ?is ev5t does n appe> to be record$1 b ,i suppose x mu/ h happ5$ 9 ! fifties4 ,t gold ornam5ts 7 prop] = ! helmet1 we ga!r f a passage 9 ! ,be[ulf1 a poem :i* is n[1 ,i ?9k1 among critics ( prov$ compet5cy1 all[$ to belong to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,:5 ,be[ulf1 aft] slay+ ! ,dragon1 lies fatally w\nd$1 he puts (f ! *ief pieces ( 8 arm\r ) ! insignia ( royalty1 & be/[s !m ^u ,wiglaf1 8 fai?ful ,?ane & ! natural heir to 8 ?rone4 ,9 ! poetic description we p]ceive t ! insignia are l>gely bl5d$ ) ! body-arm\r1 & t ! helmet is *>act]iz$ by its gold5 decoration3 #bhaj #bhaj ,dyde him ( healse ,unge>+ 8 neck hr+ gyld5ne ( ! gold5 r+ id5 r/-hdig ! c\rage\s ,capta9 egne gesealde1 on 8 ,?ane conf]r$ x1 geongum gr-wigan2 on ! gallant y\?2 gold-fhne helm1 ! gold-prankt helm also1 beh ond byrnan2 ! coll> & ! byrnie2 ht h9e brc well4 say+3 #8,brook !m well6' ,x w\ld be easy to collect examples f lat] romances1 b ,i w add only "o1 tak5 f ,laamon's description 7,a4,d4 #abjj7 ( k+ ,ar?ur putt+ 8 arm\r on3 ,helm he set on hafde ,helm he set on head1 hh ( /ele3 high ( /eel3 r on wes moni im/on1 !reon 0 _m a gem-/one al mid golde bigon4 all encircl$ ) gold#ac4 ,! position :i* ,i h imag9$ = ! ,alfr$ ,jewel w\ld repres5t ! cumulative effect ( ! two *ief & c5tral gems 9 ! ,cr[n ( ,que5 ,,victoria1 namely1 ! great ,sapphire ( ,*>les ,,ii & ! great ,ruby ( ,edw>d ! ,black ,pr9ce#ad4 #ab ,speak+ ( ! ar*ologi/s 9 ,ox=d fifty ye>s ago1 ,i am n =gett+1 inde$ ,i c\ld n =get1 ,john ,h5ry ,p>k]1 ,c4,b41 ! guide & tea*] ( 8 "t 9 mu* antiqu>ian k ( great value to ! hi/orian2 m especially 9 :atev] conc]n$ ecclesia/ical or dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,he 0 = _m ye>s ,keep] ( ! ,a%molean ,museum4 #ac ,laamon's ,brut1 ed4 ,madd51 vol4 ii1 p4 #dfd4 #ad ,! ,engli% ,regalia1 by ,cyril ,dav5port1 p4 #ea4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,bo>',s ,,head ,!re is a feature 9 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel :i* appe>s to support ! !ory prop\nd$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,i mean ! ,bo>'s ,head1 :i* is s wr\ght into ! composition ( ! piece z to repres5t a subord9ate1 or ev5 a s]vile1 relation to ! sa9tly ,figure :i* is se5 ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( cry/al4 ,ab\t ! creature indicat$ by ?is head !re has be5 "s div]sity ( op9ion4 ,x has be5 spok5 ( z ! head ( a s]p5t1 ( a fi%1 ( a dolph91 & /range/ ( all1 x has be5 call$ ! head ( a griff94 ,( ^! notions ! la/ is ! "o t has be5 (t5e/ repeat$1 & yet x is ! mo/ absurd4 ,no d\bt ! griff9 has be5 v>i\sly describ$1 nev]!less x is g5]ally agre$ t ! head ( ?is fabul\s animal is ei!r t ( an eagle or t ( a lion4 ,_m ye>s ago1 z ,i happ5$1 9 company ) ,dr4 ,liddon1 to be pass+ ! entrance ( ! ,a%molean ,museum--! old orig9al build+ by ! ,%eldonian ,!atre--,i ask$ him :e!r he _h ev] se5 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 ,he _h n1 & he manife/$ "s alacrity & we w5t 94 ,x 0 naturally my "p to act ! %[man1 & ,i did x ) a w1 :i* 0 quick5$ by an int]e/$ motive4 ,i set =? all my be/ exegesis ( e "p1 except "o--,i left ! animal's head unnotic$4 ,! old d\bt ab\t ! nature ( ?is head _h be5 rec5tly reviv$1 & ,i lay 9 wait = te/imony undesign$4 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( he>+ my companion rem>k int]rogatively1 #8,t appe>s to be a bo>'s head8' ,betwe5 ! wild bo> & ! helmet !re exi/$ a close & recogniz$ association1 z is well atte/$ by ! ,be[ulf1 :i* is our *ief voice f ! h]oic age ( ,teutonic antiquity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t poem !re are no less ?an five passages 9 :i* ?is habitual association ( ideas /&s out prom95tly4 ,! fir/ passage is :]e ,be[ulf & 8 companions h rea*$ ! ,dani% coa/ & /epp$ a%ore & p>ley$ ) ! coa/-w>d51 & obta9$ 8 approval ( _! visit & 8 (f] ( guidance to ,hro?g>'s ,c\rt4 ,z !y set =? on _! m>* inl&1 ! poet notices ! play ( ! sunlight glanc+ f ! bo>-figures on _! helmets3 #cja #cja ,gewiton him fran ,=? on ! m>* !y f>$ --flota /ille bd1 --! float] repos+1 seomode on sle1 we>+ on h] cable1 sd-fm$ scip1 ! wide-bosom$ %ip1 on ancre f/4 at an*or fa/4 ,e(]lic scionon ,bo>-figures %one (] hleor-b]gan2 ov] ! *eek-plates2 gehrod5 golde z *equ]$ ) gold fh & fr-he>d defiant & fire-h>d f]h we>de heold4 ! f>r[ kept w>d4 ,! second passage occurs 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,lay ( ,hnf1 :i* is ins]t$ among ! fe/ivities t foll[ ,be[ulf's success aga9/ ,gr5del1 z be+ sung by ! m9/rel 9 ,hro?g>'s hall4 ,9 ! /ory ( ! ,lay !re is a fight1 & t is foll[$ by ! burn+ ( ! dead1 & "h ! poet notices ! arms :i* are consum$ ) _! own]s4 ,9 ! %ort quotation :i* foll[s1 ! coat ( mail is call$ a s>k1 & ! helmet is indicat$ by its cre/1 :i* 0 a bo> ( h>d iron plat$ ) gold3 #aaaa #aaaa t m de ws ,at ! place ( ! pile -gesne 0 pla9 to behold swt-fh syrce1 ! s>k blood-/a9$1 swn eal-gyld51 ! gild$ sw9e-cre/1 e(] r5-he>d4 ! bo> ( h>d iron4 ,! ?ird passage pres5ts u ) an incid5tal description ( ! t]rors ( a h&-to-h& fight betwe5 arm$ *ampions1 & x pictures a trial ( /r5g? betwe5 ! t\gh /eel ( ! fla%+ sword & ! h>d iron ( ! bo> on ! helmet3 #abhf #abhf onne heoru bund5 ,:5 ! haft$ halb]d ham]e geur51 hamm]-t\gh5$1 sweord swte fh1 ! sword battle-spott$1 swn (] helme at ! sw9e on ! helmet ecgum dyhtig ) urg5t edge &we>d scre4 smites importunate4 ,! fir/ success ( ,be[ulf hav+ left an av5g] alive1 x becomes necess>y = ! h]o1 9 pursuance ( 8 pl$g$ w> aga9/ ! mon/] brood1 to dive all-arm$ to ! bottom ( an awful m]e4 ,9 our f\r? quotation he is se5 arm+ himself & prep>+ to plunge into ! abyss2 ! ma9 pieces ( 8 arm\r are describ$1 & ( 8 helmet x is said z foll[s3-- #addi #addi ac se hwta helm ,b ! burni%$ helmet hafelan w]$e1 8 head to protect1 se e m]e-grundas 9 ! murky m]e m5gan scolde1 0 n[ to be m]g$1 sc sund-gebl& 9 ! swirl ( ! swimm] s9ce geweorad1 all its sumptu\s array1 befang5 frea-wrasnum fr+$ ) lordly filigree swa h9e fyrn-dagum z 9 f>-away days worhte wpna-smi1 by weapon-smi? 'twas wr\ght1 wundrum teode & wondr\sly dight1 besette swn-lcum beset ) figures sw9e-l t h9e sian n t on x ev] s9ce brond n beado-mcas no br& or blade ( w> btan ne meahton4 _h any p[] to bite4 ,^! clos+ l9es recall ! rem>kable passage ( ,tacitus1 :]e he says t ! /ii 7,e/honians7 v5]ate ! "m ( ! gods1 & t !y we> figures ( ! wild bo> z ! emblem ( h] cult1 & t ?is obs]vance alone suffices )\t arms (f5sive or def5sive to make h] vot>y feel secure ev5 9 ! mid/ ( enemies#ae4 ,! "m ( ! gods may be id5tifi$1 or at lea/ proximately equat$1 ) ,,frige1 ! consort ( ,wod51 ^: "n survives 9 ! six? day ( ! week1 ,friday2 ,,frige-,d,g4 ,a survival ( h] cult is se5 9 ! fe/ive c]emony ( ! ,bo>'s ,head1 :i* is kept up 9 ,que5's ,college1 ,ox=d1 add+ a my/ic incid5t to ! mir? ( ,*ri/mas4 ,caput apri def]o1 ,r$d5s laudes ,dom9o4 ,! bo>'s head 9 h& br+ ,i1 ,) g>l&s gay & rosem>y4 ,our fif? example occurs 9 a passage em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! h]oic age1 :5 ! in/itutions ( mon>*y re/$ ^u ! p]sonal devotion ( ! ?ane to ! k+4 ,?is relation is "o ( great hi/orical consequ5ce2 x 0 to gr[ into ! lat] in/itution ( knigh?ood2 x _h be5 matur$ by t immemorial tradition ( sacr$ confid5ce & fidelity betwe5 ! w>-*ief & 8 companion 9 arms1 :i* is signaliz$ by ,tacitus 9 words famili> to ! mod]n hi/orian4 ,! passage :i* ,i am ab\t to quote exhibits ?is devotion 9 concrete act4 ,be[ulf1 ! h]o ( ! poem1 has return$ successful f 8 adv5ture1 & he is fulfill+ 8 fir/ duty by r5d]+ a report to ,hygelac 8 k+4 ,8 spee* is clos+ ) m5tion ( ri* gu]don he _h receiv$ f ! k+ :om he _h deliv]$1 namely1 ,hro?g>1 son ( ,halfdan2 & !n he produces ! noble/ ( ^! prizes z a dutiful (f]+ to 8 "l4 ,?is sc5e con/itutes a frame to our la/ in/ance ( ! bo>-figure z ! mo/ signal feature 9 a w>rior's headge>3 #bade #bade 8,swa se eod kyn+ 8,s 9 fair cu/oms liv$ eawum lyfde2 ! imp]ial k+2 nealles ic am leanum nor ( fitt+ gu]don ,i =lor5 hfde1 0 aught =lorn1 mgnes mde-- ( me$ = s]vice-- ac he me mdmas geaf1 yea1 mighty ?+s he gave1 sunu ,healfd5es1 did ,halfdan's son1 on m9ne sylfes dm2 myself )al to please2 ic 1 beorn-cyn+1 :i* ,i to !e1 brave pr9ce1 br+an wylle1 by *oice d br+1 /um gewan4 9 will+ homage4 ,gn is eall t ,all my weal? proce$s lissa gelong3 ( ?y good lord%ip3 ic lt hafo nor is my lot to h heafod-mga1 k9sman ( *ief acc\nt1 nefne ,hygelc ec60 k+ ,hygelac1 b !e60 ,ht a 9 b]an ,!n bade he 9 to be> ea= heafod-segn1 ! wild-bo> cre/1 heao-/eapne helm1 ! helm 9 fight s high1 hre byrnan1 ! ho>y mail-coat gray1 g-sweord geatolic-- ! sword seigneurial-- gyd ft] wrc3 & he said )al3 8,m is hilde-sceorp 8,to me ?is battle-h>ness ,hrgr sealde1 ,hro?g> gave1 snotra f5gel4440 ! sapi5t mon>*0 c4 ,9 ! evid5ce above giv5 we see indications t ?is traditional *oice ( ! wild bo> = a cre/ 0 ( high antiquity1 & _h its orig9 9 a religi\s s5tim5t1 & our f\r? passage 7#addi ff47 c]ta9ly conveys ! idea t ! arm\r] :o wr\ght at ! furniture ( ! helmet did s ) a m9d /ill "u ! spell ( ! old p]suasion t a my/ic sanction clung to ! figure ( ! wild bo>1 & qualifi$ x = its "t-hon\r$ po/ z gu>dian ( ! w>rior's head4 ,9 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel ! ,bo>'s ,head appe>s to dis*>ge a d\ble function3 "o subs]vi5t1 z af=d+ a base or p$e/al to ! frame ( ! sacr$ effigy2 ! o!r s]vile1 z a socket = ! %aft :]eby ! elaborate & composite design is to be fix$ 9 its de/9$ place4 #ae #8,matrem dem v5]antur4 ,insigne sup]/itionis =mas aprorum ge/ant3 id pro armis omnique tutel securum de cultorem etiam int] ho/es pr/at4' ,g]mania1 #de4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,figure ,,9 ,,enamel ,,& ,,! ,,engrav$ ,,plate ,,at ,,! ,,back ,,( ,,x ,b ! vital problem ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is 9 ! enamell$ ,figure4 ,( its mean+ !re h be5 guesses & sugge/ions1 "s reasonable1 "s wild2 ,m4 ,lab>te c\ld only say1 #8x repres5ts a figure h>d to *>act]ize4' ,?is ,figure is manife/ly ( a religi\s "*1 & x is ! c5tre & focus ( ! :ole4 ,all ! o!r p>ts are relative & subord9ate to ?is1 & ! entire ,jewel is 9 fact a sett+ & a %r9e = ?is sacr$ object4 ,we mu/ endeav\r to asc]ta9 its int5tion & significance1 b be=e attempt+ ?is int]pretation we mu/ consid] ! ,enamel z a "w ( art4 ,= ?is v5]able relic1 ev5 if reg>d$ only 9 its mat]ial aspect z an +5i\s me*anical product1 & z a specim5 ( a once fl\ri%+ art1 is r>e & curi\s to s high a degree z to conf] rank ^u any ,museum 7h[ev] o!rwise ri*7 t is s =tunate z to possess x4 ,beh9d ! ,enamel1 9 ! position ( a backbo>d to a picture-frame1 is a sep>ate gold plate be>+ a significant device :i* is c]ta9ly int5d$ z a c\nt]p>t to ! ,figure ( ! obv]se4 ,f ! relation obs]vable betwe5 ^! two repres5tations we may ga!r a con/ructive inf]5ce4 ,?us we h ?ree subjects = our consid]ation 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 & x w be conv5i5t to give to ea* ( !m a sep>ate section by itself4 ,accord+ly1 ! plan ( ?is *apt] w be z foll[s3--,i4 ,! ,enamel z an arti/ic product2 ,,ii4 ,! inw>d signification ( ! enamell$ ,figure1 & ( ! ,engrav+ at ! back ( x2 ,,iii4 ,a ,con/ructive ,inf]5ce4 ,i ,,! ,,enamel ,,z ,,an ,,arti/ic ,,product ,( enamels we may say t !y are a sort ( pa9t+s or embroid]ies2--only n made ) liquid pigm5ts nor ) v>iegat$ ?reads1 b ) molt5 glass div]sely t9t$ by means ( metallic oxides#af4 ,on ! "o h& !y are ! precursors ( our pa9t$ w9d[s1 & on ! o!r !y are ! p>5ts ( ! fam\s works ( ! arti/s ( ,limoges4 ,( ?is arti/ic indu/ry ! ,alfr$ ,jewel pres]ves a specim5 ( ! r>e/ k9d4 ,x belongs to ! type :i* is designat$ cloisonne1 because ! outl9es ( ! design h fir/ be5 made by little sl5d] b>ri]s ( gold :i* s]ve z f5ces betwe5 ! col\rs4 ,into ! comp>tm5ts s enclos$ ! mat]ial ( ! enamel is deposit$ 9 ! =m ( a vitre\s pa/e1 t is1 glass gr\nd to a f9e p[d]1 & mix$ ) ! col\r+ mat]ial & moi/5$4 ,s prep>$1 ! "w is pass$ into an ov51 ) a heat to melt ! glass1 b n ! metal plate ^u :i* ! design has be5 laid4 ,if ! process is successful1 ! "w is sub/antially a*iev$ :5 x comes out ( ! ov51 & no?+ rema9s to be done b ! dress+ & f9i%+ ( ! surface4 ,( ?is cloisonne type ,m4 ,lab>te1 9 enum]at+ n9e examples1 z be+ ! *ief works ( ?is k9d n[ extant1 gives to all ( !m ! title #8,byzant9e4' ,! *ief extant ,monum5ts 9 ,byzant9e ,enamel ,cloisonne1 accord+ to ,lab>te4 #a4 ,! celebrat$ cr[n ( gold1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ,iron ,cr[n1 is ! olde/ extant jewel t is enri*$ ) enamel4 ,x 0 giv5 to ! ca!dral at ,monza by ,!odel9da1 ! ,lomb>d que51 :o di$ 9 #fbeag4 #b4 ,! enamels 9 ! alt> ( ,/4 ,ambrose ( ,milan1 execut$ 9 #hce1 mu/ h be5 execut$ by ,greek arti/s1 :o 7 num]\s 9 ,italy at t "t4 ,x is to be not$ t ! fle% t9ts are r5d]$ by opaque :ite4 #c4 ,! enamels 9 ! cross call$ ! ,cross ( ,lo?aire 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 :i* we hold to be ,byzant9e "w4 #d4 8,a jewel pres]v$ 9 ! ,a%molean ,museum at ,ox=d4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #afif 7sic71 ne> ! ,abbey ( ,a!lney1 9 :i* ,alfr$ ! ,great took refuge :5 he 0 defeat$ by ! ,danes 9 #hgh4 ,mr4 ,alb]t ,way has giv5 a description ( x1 ) engrav+s ( front & back1 & 9 section 7,! ,ar*ological ,j\rnal1 vol4 ii1 p4 #afd74 ,! inscription ,,aelfr$ ,,mec ,,heht ,,gevyrcan 7,alfr$ ordonna que je fusse fait7 :i* /&s 9 ! ?ickness ( ! piece1 is ?\ght to leave small room = d\bt z to ! orig9 :i* is attribut$ to x4 ,! enamel ( ! obv]se is execut$ by ! process ( cloisonnage2 x repres5ts a figure h>d to *>act]ize 7il reproduit une figure dont il e/ difficile de dt]m9] le c>actre74 ,! fle% portions are 9 :iti% enamel2 ! col\rs employ$ 9 ! drap]y are pale gre5 & ruddy br[n semi-transp>5t2 ! gr\nd is blue4 ,! jewel t]m9ates 9 ! head ( an animal1 9 gold5 filigree1 ) all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ori5tal /yle4 8,admitt+ t ! inscription may apply to ,alfr$ ! ,great1 ?is jewel w\ld n by itself be suffici5t to prove t ! art ( enamell+ 0 practis$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,! inscription might h be5 engrav$ aft] ! k+ _h pur*as$ x 7possibly7 ( a m]*ant f ! ,ea/40 #e4 ,! enamels :i* environ ! gold cr[n pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,m>k's1 at ,v5ice4 ,we see !re a bu/ ( ! ,emp]or ,leo ! ,philosoph] 7#hhf-iaa71 :o 0 probably ! donor ( ?is votive cr[n1 :i* 0 made to be susp5d$ ov] an alt>4 #f4 ,! enamels on a *alice 9 ! same treasury2 x appe>s by ! inscription to h be5 execut$ = an emp]or :o di$ 9 #idd4 #g4 ,! enamels on ! reliqu>y ( ,limburg4 ,?is magnific5t piece 0 execut$ be=e #igf4 #h4 ,! enamels ^u eight gold plates :i* 7 f\nd at ,nyitra1 9 ,hung>y4 ,sev5 ( !m are 9 ! ,museum at ,pe/h4 ,^! eight plates unite to =m a cr[n1 "o 9 front & "o at back1 & ?ree on ei!r side4 ,ea* has its enamell$ picture4 ,! front piece has a portrait ( ,con/ant9us ,monoma*us 7#ajdb74 ,! pieces to "r & left ( ?is repres5t ! ,empresses ,!odora & ,zoe2 ! next two on ei!r side repres5t actresses2 ! ?ird on ei!r side conta9s an allegorical figure ( a woman1 ! "o be+ ,humility1 ) h&s cross$ 9 front1 ! o!r ,tru?1 be>+ a cross4 ,! eigh?1 :i* is ! h9dmo/1 is circul>1 & repres5ts ,/4 ,&rew#ah4 #i4 ,! enamels :i* decorate ! royal cr[n ( ,hung>y1 :i* 0 s5t z a pres5t to ,geysa ,i1 k+ ( ,hung>y1 :o di$ 9 #ajgg4 ,9 ?is li/ ! fam\s #8iron' cr[n ( ,monza holds ! fir/ place1 be+1 9 fact1 an ample gold5 fillet ri*ly decorat$ ) enamels1 & conta9+ )9 x a n>r[ hoop ( iron1 :i* is reput$ to h be5 made ( a nail f ! ,cross4 ,! f\r? place 9 ?is catalogue is assign$ by ,m4 ,lab>te to ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 & by ?is classification x is ref]r$ to a ,byzant9e s\rce4 ,b z x is pla9 f ! matt] z well z ! mann] ( 8 description t 8 acqua9tance ) ! ,jewel is second-h&1 we pass ov] ?is local elem5t1 :ile we accept 8 classification s f> z x ref]s to /ructural aff9ities4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahci1 dur+ "s excavations 9 ,?ames ,/reet1 0 discov]$ a fibula :i* happily pass$ /raightway into ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,roa* ,smi?1 & he wrote a memoir ^u x :i* may be se5 9 ! ,ar*ologia = #ahdj1 accompani$ ) a spl5did illu/ration 9 col\r & gold4 ,x conta9s a bu/ 9 cloison-"w enamel1 & invites comp>ison ) our ,jewel m ?an any ( ^? 9 ! above li/1 probably m ?an any o!r extant specim54 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,bo? ! figure & ! filigree are ( sup]ior workman%ip to ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 z if x 7 a lat] & m ref9$ product ( ! same s*ool4 ,a ,fr5* critic calls x ,byzant9e1 & assigns x to ! elev5? c5tury#ai4 ,s f> ab\t o!r extant specim5s ( enamel cloisonne4 ,?is species ( enamel rises l an isl& out ( ! broad level ( ! enamel *ampleve1 9 :i* ! plate 0 prep>$ = ! vitre\s deposit by scoop+ ! patt]n ^u x4 ,to ?is common me?od belong ! old] & m rudim5t>y enamels ( ! ,briti% horse-ge>1 correctly describ$ by ,philo/ratus1 :o w be quot$ bel[4 ,to ?is belong also ! late enamels1 = :i* dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury ,limoges 0 fam\s4 ,! hi/ory ( ! art ( enamell+ is v imp]fectly kn[n1 & ! paucity ( extant specim5s makes ! inve/igation ! m difficult4 ,! canvas ^u :i* ^! pictures 7 laid consi/$ ( plates ( ! preci\s metals1 ! small] works be+ laid ^u gold or silv]1 ! l>g] on copp]4 ,z a natural consequ5ce x happ5$ t z soon z !y 7 antiquat$ or _h s]v$ _! turn1 !y 7 lightly ca/ into ! melt+-pot1 save :]e !y 7 protect$ by "s peculi> v5]ation4 ,h5ce x has come to pass t a fav\rite art ( ! ,d>k & ,middle ,ages1 :i* we h reason to believe 0 = c5turies v prolific 7until x 0 sup]s$$ by ! increas$ vig\r ( pa9t+ & sculpture 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury71 is n[ repres5t$ by a few specim5s only1 & its hi/ory is h>d to retrace4 ,i %all make no attempt to supply ?is want1 & %all only rehe>se a few int]e/+ facts :i* ! pres5t inve/igation has br\ght to my k4 ,orig9s ,i leave to speciali/s3 b ?is ,i may say1 t su* evid5ce z ! pres5t enquiry has br\ght )9 ! circle ( my obs]vation seems to sugge/ a ,keltic s\rce = ! ,enamel 9 our ,jewel4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( enamel to :i* we c confid5tly po9t is f\nd 9 ! book ( ,philo/ratus entitl$ ,pictures 7,icones1 74 ,?is au?or 0 a ,greek rhetorician & connoisseur 9 ,art1 :o came to ,rome 7,a4,d4 #bjj7 9 ! reign ( ,sev]us1 attract$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,julia ,domna1 :o 79 ! words ( ,gibbon7 0 ! patroness ( e art & ! fri5d ( e man ( g5ius4 ,9 8 ,icones he makes pictures ! text ( 8 elegant & fa%ionable disc\rse4 ,:e!r 8 pictures 7 real or imag9>y is a matt] ( no consequ5ce to our pres5t purpose4 ,! picture 9 :i* we are int]e/$ is "o t repres5ts a ,meet = a ,bo>-hunt4 ,! writ] comm5ts ^u ! well-equipp$ company1 ! horses & _! rid]s1 9 ! spl5d\r ( _! get-up = ! sport1 draw+ special att5tion to ! curiosity & co/l9ess ( _! horse-trapp+s4 ,_! bits are silv]n1 & _! head-/alls are decorat$ ) gold & enamell$ col\rs4 ,= ! production ( ^! col\rs x is said t #8! b>b>ians :o dwell 9 ! ocean d smelt !m ^u heat$ copp]1 & t 9 cool+ !y d set & h>d5 & keep ! design#bj4' ,x has be5 que/ion$ :o are meant by ! b>b>ians 9 ! ocean4 ,mod]n ,fr5* writ]s h g5]ally appli$ x to ! ,gauls2 b ,ole>ius1 ! editor ( ,philo/ratus 7#agji71 und]/ood ! ,keltic peoples2 & c]ta9ly ! expression appe>s m applicable to ! ,briti% ,isles ?an to ,gaul4 ,moreov]1 x is 9 ,brita91 & n 9 ,gaul1 t enamell$ horse-trapp+s h be5 f\nd4 ,"s ( ^! may be se5 9 ! ,a%molean1 & m 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #8,! antiquities discov]$ at ,/anwick 9 ,york%ire1 ,pold5 ,hill 9 ,som]set%ire1 ,saham ,toney 9 ,norfolk1 ,we/hall 9 ,suffolk1 & at ,middleby 9 ,ann&ale1 ,scotl&1 :i* are all ( ,celtic workman%ip1 consi/ pr9cipally ( bits & portions ( horse-furniture ( v>i\s k9ds :i* h pres]v$1 9 _m cases1 ! enamel ) :i* !y 7 decorat$#ba4' ,! ,romans or ,romaniz$ populations cont9u$ ! practice ( ?is art1 & f ! evid5ce ( ! f9ds t occur f "t to "t x appe>s probable t "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s 7 made 9 ,brita94 ,a l>ge flat plate1 repres5t+ an alt>1 :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,london & is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 has all ! appe>ance ( be+ unf9i%$4 ,a curi\s cup1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,rudge 9 ,wilt%ire1 has r\nd x ! names ( five ( ! t[ns on ! ,roman ,wall4 ,& ?is specim5 appe>s1 by peculi>ities ( workman%ip1 to be ne>ly relat$ to ! beautiful vase :i* 0 f\nd 9 a tumulus on ! ,b>tl[ ,hills1 9 ,essex1 :]e x seems to h be5 deposit$ aft] ! "t ( ,hadrian4 ,& if ! ,saxon invasions ( ! fif? & six? c5turies did1 z x is ?\ght1 oblit]ate all traces ( ?is art 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! we/1 ?is c\ld only h _h ! effect ( mak+ ! practice ( x peculi> to ,irel&2 & ! ,iri% 7 n a /ay-at-home race1 nei!r did !y hide _! gifts f o!r p4 ,!re is a ,keltic aspect 9 ! enamell$ designs :i* 0 rem>k$ by ,franks1 & :i* may h accompani$ ! tradition ( ?is art ev5 :5 x pass$ out ( ,keltic h&s#bb4 ,9 %ort1 all ! indications :i* ?is enquiry has br\ght to my notice conc]n+ ! te*nical hi/ory ( our ,enamel d seem to localize x 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,at a lat] /age ( ?is *apt] we %all be met by evid5ce ( a diff]5t k9d1 t5d+ 9 ! same direction4 ,,ii ,,! ,,inw>d ,,signification ,,( ,,! ,,figure1 ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,engrav+ ,,at ,,! ,,back ,,( ,,x ,ab\t ! signification ( ?is ,figure ! conjectures h be5 div]se1 b !y h all agre$ 9 recogniz+ ! two sceptres z ! *>act]iz+ attribute4 ,hickes1 9 8 fir/ int]pretation1 ?\ght t ! icuncula repres5t$ ! glorifi$ ,savi\r ) a lily sceptre 9 ei!r h&1 d5ot+ 8 tw(old realm ( heav5 & e>?3 or else ! pontiff ( ,rome z 8 viceg]5t wield+ bo? ! temporal & ! spiritual p[]4 ,aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 :5 he _h read 9 pseudo-,+ulph ! /ory ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t's appe>ance to ,alfr$1 & _h contemplat$ 9 ! ,li*field ,book ! figure ( ,/4 ,luke 7seem+ly1 b n really two-scept]$71 he 0 mov$ to ?9k t ! icuncula repres5t$ a sa9t1 & 01 p]haps1 meant = ,/4 ,cu?b]t#bc4 ,i ?9k ,hickes 0 "r 9 8 fir/ int]pretation1 & especially 9 ! second memb] ( 8 alt]native1 :]e9 he ref]r$ x to ! pope4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/ 0 easily bl5d$ ) t ( 8 viceg]5t ^u e>?3 & x is pla9 t ! ,figure is array$ 9 precisely ^? insignia :i* be/ repres5t ! dom9ant ?\ght ( ! papacy at t epo*4 ,! two sceptres aptly symbolize ! claim & aspiration ( ! ,we/]n hi]>*y dur+ ^? v ye>s :i* ,alfr$ sp5t 9 ,rome4 ,leo ,,iv1 ! pontiff :o welcom$ ! pr9cely boy to ,rome1 _h already1 z ! organiz] ( victory ov] ! ,s>ac5s1 done mu* to prep>e ! exaltation ( ! ,roman ,see4 ,_m causes conspir$ to ! same result4 ,?is 0 j ! mom5t :5 ! fam\s ,decretals 7 ready to />t ^u _! triumphant c>e]4 ,a fir/ display ( _! work+ 0 se5 9 #heh1 :5 ! novel solemnity ( coronation 0 add$ to ! consecration ( ,ni*olas ,i4 ,&1 z ,i appreh5d ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ?is falls )9 ! p]iod ( ,alfr$'s soj\rn at ,rome4 ,n long aft] ?is ! surpriz+ spectacle 0 se5 ( ! pope on horseback1 & ! emp]or on foot walk+ by 8 side & hold+ 8 bridle z he rode4 ,?is pontiff gave comm&s to k+s & rul$ ov] !m z "l ( ! :ole _w2 & he actually realiz$ 8 ambition ( mak+ all secul> p[] subject to ! papacy4 ,he claim$ ! subjection ( all national *ur*es to ! bi%op ( ,rome4 ,he decre$1 9 #hff1 t no ar*bi%op might be en?ron$ or might consecrate ! eu*>i/1 until he _h receiv$ ! pallium f ! ,roman pontiff4 ,!re 0 mu* 9 ! conditions ( ! "t & 9 8 own exp]i5ce to cause ,alfr$ to view ^! ?+s :olly on _! fav\rable side4 ,! enamell$ head is probably n meant = a portrait ( ,leo ,,iv or any p>ticul> pope1 b we c h>dly be mi/ak5 if we int]pret x z a symbolical figure to repres5t ! papal au?ority z ! vic> & viceg]5t ( ,*ri/4 ,& if ?is be a true solution ( ! problematical icuncula1 !re is yet some?+ m :i* we naturally desire to "k4 ,we naturally inquire ab\t ! composition ( ! symbol1 ( :at elem5ts is x made up1 & f :at s\rce did ! sugge/ion come8 ,illu/ration3 ,,illum9ation ,,f ,,! #8,,book ,,( ,,kells4' ,9 ! ,libr>y ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 is pres]v$ a v fam\s book1 kn[n z ! ,book ( ,kells1 a monum5t ( ,iri% le>n+ & art 9 t p]iod :5 ,irel& mo/ ju/ly e>n$ ! glori\s title ( #8,insula ,sanctorum4' ,"o ( ! full-page illum9ations :i* adorn t book repres5ts a sc5e ( ! ,temptation1 9 :i* ,jesus is on ! p9nacle & ,satan is ne>4 ,su* is ! action repres5t$3 b besides ! action ! same picture conveys also a reflection or comm5t ^u ! action4 ,l[] d[n1 & m 9 ! body ( ! build+1 !re is a w9d[ at :i* is se5 a maje/ic p]sonage hold+ a sceptre 9 ei!r h&1 :i* leans & re/s on ei!r %\ld]4 ,at fir/ sight ! effect is qua9t1 biz>re1 & puzzl+2 b a little att5tion makes all pla94 ,x becomes cle> t a contra/ is int5d$ betwe5 ! humiliation & ! triumph ( ! ,*ri/2 & p]haps also1 by ! association ( ideas :i* ! la/ two v]ses ( ,/4 ,mat!w's ,gospel h made famili>1 to sugge/ ! duty 7zeal\sly dis*>g$ by ! e>ly ,iri% ,*ur*7 ( mission>y devotion4 ,no "o :o has giv5 "t & ?\ght to ?is picture c d\bt t ! two-scept]$ figure is ,*ri/4 ,"h is no "q ( ! pontiff ( ,rome4 ,9 ! sev5? c5tury1 to :i* ! ,book ( ,kells is assign$1 ! papal claims 7 n admitt$1 mu* less glorifi$1 by ^? ( ! ,scotian rite4 ,!re=e ! int]pretation ( t ,iri% picture is q simple1 & x repres5ts ! glorifi$ ,*ri/ inhabit+ 8 temple & look+ out ov] 8 ,*ur* z ,"l ( heav5 & e>?#bd4 ,?\gh we "k only ( a s+le extant copy ( ?is picture1 we may confid5tly assume t among ! manifold activities ( ! monks & h]mits & mission>ies & pilgrims f ,irel& x 0 multipli$ & dissem9at$4 ,x is 7,i ?9k7 impossible to comp>e our ,figure ( ! n9? c5tury ) t ( ! sev5?1 )\t com+ to ! conclusion t ! "o is a desc5dant ( ! o!r4 ,we ne$ n be incr$ul\s ab\t ! *ance ( ,alfr$'s be+ acqua9t$ ) ,iri% iconography4 ,! n>rative 9 ! ,*ronicle 74 #hia7 ( ?ree ,iri% exiles :o f\nd _! way to k+ ,alfr$1 reflects a valuable light on 8 k9dly relations ) ! le>n$ & pi\s f ! si/] isl&4 ,?is connexion 0 nei!r new nor immature4 ,:5 !y f\nd !mselves a%ore on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall !y set out #8at once'--su* is ! effect ( ,,sona--= k+ ,alfr$#be4 ,moreov]1 ! ,iri% picture furni%es a welcome light ^u an obscure detail ( our enamell$ ,figure4 ,h[ are ! heads ( ! sceptres to be expla9$8 ,"s h tak5 !m = palms1 & o!rs = lilies1 b ! ,iri% draw+ %[s !m r z plumes4 ,& ?is f9ds support 9 a s+ul> passage ( ,b$e's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,speak+ ( ,oswald ! ,bretwalda1 ,b$e describes him z a pr9ce :o c>efully upheld 8 imp]ial dignity1 insomu* t1 n only :5 he rode ?r\gh 8 prov9ces did 8 /&>d g be=e him1 b ev5 :5 he walk$ =? 9 ! /reets he 0 always prec$$ by an app>itor be>+ ! ,tufa1 :i* 7he adds7 0 9 ! v]nacul> call$ ,tuuf4 ,we le>n f ,du ,cange t ! ,tufa 0 a w& ) a head ( plumes1 & ?is is :at we see 9 ! sceptres ( ! ,iri% draw+4 ,sir ,francis ,palgrave div9$ t ! ,saxon ,bretwaldadom _h inh]it$ ?is emblem ( au?ority f ! prov9cial dignit>ies ( ! empire4 ,f ^! data ! natural conclusion is t ! ,figure 9 ?is ,jewel 0 d]iv$ f an ,iri%1 & n f an ,ori5tal1 nor f any cont95tal s\rce4 ,x 0 tak5 f an ,iri% symbolical draw+ ( ,*ri/ triumphant & reign+ ov] 8 ,*ur*1 & x 0 adapt$ by ! k+ 9 a s5se :i* 8 exp]i5ce _h made real & concrete & practical4 ,z ,*auc] 0 call$ #8gr& translateur1' s we may call ,alfr$ a gr& adapt]4 ,:oev] has be5 drawn 9 to /udy bo? ,alfr$ & ,dante may h obs]v$ ?is 9 common to ! two1 t :at !y borr[ !y transfigure1 _! t\* imp>ts to x ! col\r ( _! m9d4 ,k+ ,alfr$ 9 e>ly y\? 0 ti$ by e ?read ( religi\s conviction & political int]e/ & p]sonal s5tim5t to ! ,see ( ,rome1 & he meant ?is ,jewel to en%r9e ! frontispiece ( 8 pr(ession & ! ensign ( 8 cre$ ecclesia/ical1 political1 & p]sonal4 ,at ! close ( ! =m] section ,i said t ! conclusion !re arriv$ at w\ld be confirm$ by ano!r k9d ( evid5ce 9 ! sequel4 ,up to t po9t ! argum5t _h run ^u ! te*nical aspects ( our enamell$ ,figure1 & ^! _h seem$ to indicate ! ,briti% ,isles z its native region4 ,s9ce t /age our argum5t has turn$ ^u ! conception & p$igree ( ! device2 & "h aga9 we f9d t an insul> r ?an a =eign s\rce is indicat$4 ,fur!r evid5ce1 po9t+ 9 ! same direction1 w be advanc$ be=e ! close ( ! pres5t *apt]#bf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! back ( ?is ,enamel !re is a gold plate :i* s]ves ! same purpose z a backbo>d to a picture1 & x is secur$ by an ov]lapp+ undulat+ bord] ( gold4 ,9 ! ,m9/] ,lovel jewel ?is memb] consi/s ( a blank gold plate1 b 9 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel ?is surface is occupi$ ) an engrav+ :i* is c]ta9ly allegorical4 ,at fir/ sight x seems to be no m ?an a decorat$ patt]n made ^u ! idea ( a tree ) bran*es & blossoms & fruit#bg4 ,b ^u clos] inspection ?is tree appe>s to be a sword ) its po9t buri$ 9 a human he>t1 & :5 ?is is discov]$ x becomes pla9 t ! bran*es & blossoms mu/ be allegorical4 ,a sword ) its po9t plant$ 9 a human he>t may mean compunction = s9 & mortification ( ! natural man2 x may also mean resignation 9 adv]sity to ! ov]rul+ provid5ce ( ,god4 ,su* a disposition ( m9d is productive ( fl[]s & fruit1 t is1 ( conduct :i* is beautiful & pr(itable1 & 7on great occasions7 ( action :i* is h]oic4 ,?is mode ( symbolical expression may be se5 9 ! figure ( ,/4 ,luke 9 ,/4 ,*ad's ,book at ,li*field4 ,! ,evangeli/ holds 9 8 "r h& a p51 ! fea!ry "p ( :i* bran*es out into fl[]s & fruit1 to signify ! fruitful nature ( ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,luke#bh4 ,^! are ! obvi\s mean+s ( su* a symbolical device1 & ?is be+ s1 x pla9ly results t ! ,figure & its back-plate are unit$ by correlation ( ?\ght4 ,! enamell$ ,figure is ! symbol ( religion 9 its ecclesia/ical & political aspect2 ! engrav$ plate repres5ts ! inw>d disposition ( ! he>t1 ! root & f\nt ( p]sonal religion4 ,! =m] is ( ! nature ( a public pr(ession1 & z su* is op5ly display$ to view2 ! latt] is res]v$1 out ( sight1 fac+ ! wall4 ,,iii ,a ,,con/ructive ,,inf]5ce ,& ?is raises a consid]ation to :i* ,i invite c>eful att5tion4 ,^! two pictures1 ! "o enamell$1 ! o!r engrav$1 are complem5t>y ! "o to ! o!r2 !y are two p>ts ( "o design1 & z su* !y comb9e to decl>e ! unity ( ?\ght :i* locks toge!r ! composition & fabric ( ?is ,jewel into "o con/ructive :ole4 ,& ?is obs]vation1 once v]ifi$ & cle>ly appreh5d$1 mu/ h5ce=? exclude ! !ory ( ,sir ,francis ,palgrave :i* expla9$ ?is ,jewel z be+ d]iv$ f two div]se s\rces 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #8,alfr$'s ,jewel1 9 ! me*anical workman%ip ( ! metallic portion1 (f]s a close resemblance to ! ,icel&ic ornam5ts1 n[ made 9 ! isl&1 :]e ! mode has probably cont9u$ by usage f ! mo/ remote p]iods4 ,! enamel )91 on ! o!r h&1 resembles "s ornam5ts ( ! ,c>lov+ian era n[ exi/+ on ! cont95t1 :i* h be5 g5]ally consid]$ z ,ori5tal4 ,! head at ! extremity ( ! ornam5t is extremely l :at is f\nd 9 ^? ar*itectural ornam5ts usually call$ ,saxon1 e4 g4 ! por* ( ,/4 ,m>g>et's at ,york4 ,:e!r ,/4 ,neot be ! p]sonage repres5t$ 9 ! enamel ,i r d\bt2 & ,i ?9k x possible t ! enamel itself 0 br\ght f ! cont95t1 & t ! sett+ only 0 made 9 ,engl&4 ,?is w\ld reconcile ! two /yles ( workman%ip2 ! metallic portion is unque/ionably ,anglo-,saxon1 ! enamel may be suppos$ to be f ano!r c\ntry4 ,b altoge!r x is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s relics ( ! k9d2 & no "o1 tak+ all ! po9ts ( evid5ce toge!r1 c reasonably d\bt b t x did belong to k+ ,alfr$4' ,?is is copi$ f ! ,a%molean ,catalogue1 #ahcf 7p4 #ach71 ! "w ( ,mr4 ,philip ,duncan1 or r p]haps ( ! two bro!rs1 ,john & ,philip ,duncan1 bo? ,fell[s ( ,new ,college1 & successively ,keep]s ( ! ,a%molean ,museum1 m5 fam\s 9 _! g5]ation = _! zeal 9 promot+ all t 0 good & g5]\s & beautiful2 & grac$1 bo? ( !m1 ) a /rong & manly beauty wor?y to support ! nobility ( _! "* & set x =? to ! be/ advantage4 ,i take ! above to be an extract f a lett] to "o ( ! bro!rs 9 answ] to enquiries address$ to ,sir ,francis ,palgrave1 ask+ 8 op9ion ab\t ! ,jewel1 & especially :e!r he ?\ght ! evid5ce w>rant$ ! conclusion t x _h really belong$ to ! great k+ ( ,wessex4 ,! answ] has a peculi> value1 because ( ! firm judgem5t x supplies ^u ! ma9 problem4 ,! delib]ate op9ion ( ! mo/ compet5t au?ority ( ! "t ^u ?is po9t is ( p]man5t value4 ,( a diff]5t nature is ! o!r "p ( 8 answ]1 9 :i* he emb>k$ ^u a bold antiqu>ian diagnosis1 & broa*$ 8 duali/ic !ory4 ,?is solution 0 accept$ at ! "t z furni%+ a solid basis = ! int]pretation ( ! ,jewel1 & x has held its gr\nd ev] s9ce4 ,?is new hypo!sis gave satisfaction on ?ree gr\nds3 fir/1 9 t x acc\nt$ = ! qua9tness ( ! ,figure z be+ probably ,byzant9e or ,ori5tal2 secondly1 9 t x light5$ ! burd5 ( cr$it dem&$ = our insul> jewell]s ( ! n9? c5tury2 & ?irdly1 because x squ>$ s well ) ! accr$it$ fact t ,alfr$ did receive pres5ts f =eign pot5tates4 ,on all ^! gr\nds ! dual hypo!sis ( ,sir ,francis ,palgrave gave g5]al satisfaction & seem$ to be absolutely f9al4 ,= myself1 ,i adopt$ x z ! pivot ( my int]pretation1 & z su* ,i us$ x 9 ! la/ lecture ,i gave on ! subject1 :i* 0 9 ,may1 #ahii4 ,b n[ at l5g?1 by ! wid] & m se>*+ inve/igation :i* has be5 requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is ,essay1 ,i h satisfi$ myself t all ! p>ts ( ?is composite "w are b\nd toge!r by a unity ( ?\ght :i* manife/s ! ef=t ( a s+le m9d4 ,all available te/imony indicates t ?is 0 none o!r ?an ! m9d ( k+ ,alfr$4 ,9 support ( ?is broad ass]tion ,i w "h br+ =w>d a new illu/ration f ! orig9al writ+s ( ! k+4 ,:5 he _h translat$ ! ,pa/oral ,c>e he furni%$ x ) a prologue & an epilogue1 bo? 9 v]se3 ! prologue is giv5 above1 9 ! second ( ^! *apt]s2 ! epilogue is quot$ "h4 ,x illu/rates 8 love ( figure & symbol1 & 8 aptness = ! developm5t ( a tra9 ( allegorical ?\ght3 is is nu se wt]scipe ,?is is n[ ! wat]+ e u w]$a ,god :i* ! _w's ,creator to fr(re geht = refre%m5t promis$ fold bu5dum4 u :o till ! field4 ,he cw t he wolde ,he said x 0 8 w t on worulde = t 9 ! _w !nce=? ( m innoum out ( ! inw>d s\l libb5du wtru fle[5 wat]s aye endur+ fl[ e wel n h9e gelifd5 "u ( loyal believ]s "u heav54 lyfte4 ,is hit lytel tweo ,!re is little d\bt t s wt]scipes t ( ?is wat]+ welsprynge is ! well-spr+ is on hefonrice2 9 ! heav5ly k+dom2 t is ,halig ,ga/4 = x is ! ,holy ,gho/4 onan h9e hlodan ,f t f\nta9 fet*$ x halge & gecor5e1 fai?ful m5 elect1 sian h9e gi]don & at l5g? 'twas guid$ a e ,gode h]don by he>]s ( ,god urh halgan bc ?r\gh holy books hid] on eoran hi!r on e>? geond manna md m5's m9ds to p]vade miss5lice4 9 mann]s div]se4 ,sume h9e w]ia on gewitlocan ,"s w>ily keep 9 memory's w>d wisdomes /ream wel]um wisdom's /ream ) clos$ gehfta lips t he on unnyt s t x fruitlessly t ne to fle[e3 fl[s n away3 ac se wl wuna b ! brooklet bide? n w]es breo/um 9 ! man's brea/ urh ,dryhtnes giefe ?r\gh div9e grace diop & /ille4 deep & /ill4 ,sume h9e lta ,"s let x at l>ge (] l&sc>e ov] ! l& rium tor9nan4 9 rillets wide-runn+4 ,nis t rdlic +1 ,good r$e is x n gif swa hlutor wt] if wat] s lucid hlud & undiop run %all[ & l\d t(l[e ft] foldum fl[+ free ov] fields o hit to f5ne w]4 & turn+ to f54 ,ac hlada i[ nu dr9can ,b draw n[ = y\r dr9k+ nu i[ ,dryht5 n[ t y\r ,"l geaf t i[ ,gregorius ,gregorius to y gave1 gegi]$ hafa & he ha? guid$ to durum i[rum to y\r doors ,dryhtnes welle4 ! spr+ div9e4 ,fylle nu 8 ftels1 ,fill ea* man n[ 8 vessel1 se e f/ne h$] if s\nd x be1 kylle brohte3 ! pail he br\ght3 cume eft hre4 come back = m anon4 ,gif h] egna hwelc ,if any lord+ "h yrelne kylle a leaky pail brohte to ys burnan1 br\ght to ?is burn1 bte h9e georne1 make boot ) zeal\s fe>1 yls he =sceade le/ he %\ld spill sciro/ wtra1 ! sp>kl+ wat]1 oe him lifes drync or ( life's dr9k =lor5 weore4 dep>t =lorn4 ,! diction ( allit]ative poetry has fall5 out ( use1 & consequ5tly ?is illu/ration mu/ lab\r "u ! disadvantage ( be+ 9 a =m unfamili> to ! g5]al read]4 ,nev]!less1 ) a little att5tion1 ! ess5tial po9t w become pla94 ,! royal translator _h be5 refre%$ & invigorat$ ) ! lucid /ream ( ,gregory's disc\rse1 & at ! mom5t ( p>t+ ) a belov$ task he s\ght to relieve 8 full-fraught s\l ) a grateful bur/ ( eulogy4 ,out ( all ! topics t 7 appropriate to ! occasion he *ose ! p]5nial wat] ( life promis$ at ! well ( ,sam>ia1 & ^u ?is noble !me he expatiat$ ) a f]tility ( inv5tion :i* makes x ! easi] = u to attribute to him ! ri* symbolism ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ to ga!r up ! results ( ?is *apt]4 ,we h f\nd m ?an "o reason to ?9k t our ,enamel 0 an insul>1 & n a cont95tal product4 ,?is conclusion 0 rea*$ by two diff]5t pa?s1 fir/ :5 we 7 trac+ ! te*nical hi/ory ( ! fabrication1 & aga9 :5 we 7 seek+ ! spiritual mean+ ( ! design2 by ^! two widely diff]5t l9es ( evid5ce we 7 l$ sev]ally & indep5d5tly to inf] a ,briti% r ?an a =eign orig9 = ! ,figure#bi4 ,?is inf]5ce 0 fur!r confirm$ by a ?ird evid5tial process1 aris+ out ( ! sympa?y ( mean+ :i* appe>s to unite ! enamell$ ,figure ) ! engrav$ device ^u its back-plate4 ,?is l$ u to "q ! long-e/abli%$ doctr9e ( duality ( orig9 :i* re/$ ^u ! au?ority ( ,sir ,francis ,palgrave1 & to inf] t ! :ole composition ( ! ,jewel _h be5 project$ & devis$ by a s+le m9d4 ,f9ally1 we f\nd reason to ?9k t all ^! features h>moniz$ well ) ! m9d & "* ( a p]son ) ^: "n ! ,jewel is already connect$ by ! ,epigraph2 & if any?+ 0 yet want+ to complete ! id5tification ( t p]son1 x seems to be suppli$ by c]ta9 traces ( inw>d aff9ity betwe5 ! symbolism ( ! ,jewel & t ( ! epilogue to ! translation ( ! ,pa/oral ,c>e1 "o ( ! sure/ monum5ts ( ! m9d ( k+ ,,alfr$4 #af ,= ! etymology3 enamel is a comp\nd ( ! simple amel1 :i* is n[ obsolete4 ,?is 0 an angliciz$ =m ( ,fr5* mail1 :i* 9 ,old ,fr5* 0 esmal1 ^: cognates 7 ,prov5al esmalt1 ,spani% & ,portuguese esmalte1 ,italian smalto 7us$ by ,dante71 :i*1 9 m$ieval ,lat91 0 smaltum4 ,! s\rce is ,old ,high ,g]man 99smaltjan1 our v]b to smelt1 i4e4 to fuse by heat 7,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 v4 ,,amel74 #ag ,x is figur$ 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities1 v4 ,cr[n4 #ah ,^! eight plates h be5 reproduc$ by ,m4 de ,l9as 9 8 ,hi/oire du ,travail l',exposition univ]selle de #ahfg1 p4 #abe4 #ai ,notice des maux1 c41 du ,muse du ,l\vre1 p> ,m4 de ,laborde1 #aheg1 p4 #ii4 #bj ,philo/ratus1 ,icones1 i4 #bh3--! horsem5 are describ$ z-- 4 1 1 4 #ba ,augu/us ,w4 ,franks1 #8,vitre\s ,art1' p4 #ad 9 ,art ,treasures ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 a book :i* 0 br\ght out 9 connexion ) ! ,man*e/] ,exhibition ( #aheg4 #bb ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans recognizes a ,keltic physiognomy 9 ! eyes ( ! icuncula2 b = me ! eyes are z if !y 7 n1 be+ s mu* sunk out ( _! place1 t ?r\gh infirmity ( sight ,i am unable to v]ify !m4 #bc ,app5dix ,b4 #bd ,app5dix ,c4 #be ,& a comon hi ymb vii niht to londe on ,cornwalum1 & =on a sona to lfr$e cyn+e4 #bf ,= ! ,iri% illum9ation above ref]r$ to ,i h reli$ ^u ,facsimiles ( ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,manuscripts4 ,by ,j4 ,o4 ,we/wood4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,plate ,,xi4 #bg #8,! back1 or rev]se1 is a plate ( gold ly+ imm$iately ^u ! back ( ! m9iature1 & ?is is beautifully work$ 9 foliage4' ,llewellynn ,jewitt1 ,f4,s4,a41 9 ! ,reliqu>y = ,octob]1 #ahgh3 vol4 xx1 p4 #ff4 #bh ,"h ,i foll[ ! old copy ( ?is draw+ 9 ,hickes's ,!saurus 7#agje7 fac+ p4 viij4 #bi ,app5dix ,d4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,alfr$ ,,9 ,,som]set ,,beyond ,,p$rida ,:5 we h describ$ ! =m & symbolism ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel1 & review$ ! v>i\s int]pretations :i* x has evok$1 & :5 we h moreov] analyz$ its design & consid]$ ea* sev]al feature1 we h n z yet exhau/$ ! matt] ( our !me4 ,an important "p ( ! problem rema9s to be discuss$1 & t is ! place ( its discov]y1 ! h[ & ! :y ( its deposit !re1 & ! possibility ( light to be d]iv$ f ! hi/orical associations ( ! locality4 ,x 0 f\nd ne> ! ,isle ( ,a!lney4 ,?is looks l a piece ( circum/antial evid5ce t5d+ to id5tify ! ,alfr$ nam$ 9 ! ,epigraph1 & to associate ! ,jewel ) ! *ief & c5tral episode 9 ! c>e] ( our national h]o4 ,! mom5t\s crisis :i* is ?us reflect$ 9 ! ,jewel seems to op5 a wid] view1 & to dem& "s enl>gem5t ( ?is ,essay1 s z to embrace a glimpse ( t ev5tful /ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,a!lney4 ,( all ?is we n[1 aft] ! lapse ( a ?\s& ye>s1 speak z m5 :o "k ! sequel1 & 7because we d "k ! sequel7 x is ! h>d] = u to appreciate ! int5sity ( t crisis4 ,we are help$ by ! occurr5ce ( an opportune discov]y4 ,j :5 our nation 0 beg9n+ to be ripe = hi/orical reflection & capable ( ent]+ into ! /ruggles ( our remote =efa!rs1 !re 0 #8dug up' 9 ! locality :]e ,alfr$ took refuge 9 ! ye> #hgh1 a p]sonal ornam5t be>+ 8 "n 9 impressive *>act]s4 ,x is to u n[ z if ! k+ himself _h b rec5tly pass$ t way "u su* /ress ( circum/ances z con/ra9$ him to hide 8 royal insignia1 & z if we someh[ by ?is *ance 7 br\ght ne>] to ! burd5 ( 8 lot1 & 7 made %>]s n only 9 ! fruits ( 8 triumph1 b also 9 ! toil & ! joy ( 8 a*ievem5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! sudd5 surprize ) :i* ! ,danes _h brok5 ! peace & come ^u him at ,*ipp5ham 9 ! dead ( w9t]1 !y _h almo/ fulfill$ _! design & tak5 him captive4 ,b he _h fl$1 & !y _h ,wessex at w1 & 7 proce$+ to divide & occupy ! l&4 ,! k+1 ) a few companions1 _h escap$ into ,selwood1 & !nce by wood & by f51 l hunt$ creatures1 !y elud$ pursuit1 b 7 nev] secure until !y _h pass$ beyond ,p$rida4 ,:at 7 8 reflections on f9d+ himself sudd5ly an outca/ 9 ! w9t]1 a fugitive 9 ! wild8 ,he _h exp]i5c$ hair-bread? escapes1 b none l ?is6 ,he _h tru/$ ,gu?rum's oa?1 _h ?\ght him 9 e>ne/ ?is "t6 ,& ev5 n[ he 0 lo? to *>ge ?is la/ p]fidy ^u him4 ,no6 ?is trick 0 n 81 x came f ^? buccane]s 9 ! ,sev]n ,sea4 ,mad at ! defeat ( la/ summ]'s comb9$ s*eme1 :i* !y _h come f f> nor? to support1 !y _h =c$ ,gu?rum's h&1 & compell$ him to jo9 !m 9 ?is w9t] raid4 ,& !y w\ld n /op !re6 ,f9d+ t he _h giv5 !m ! slip1 !y w\ld c]ta9ly be d[n ^u "s "p ( ! coa/ ( ,som]set or ( ,devon1 & prep>ations mu/ be made to receive !m4 ,odda w surely be /irr+3 he is safe to be on ! al]t6 ,i mu/ f9d out :at he is do+1 & we mu/ "w on a plan2 he 9 ,devon1 & ,i 9 ,som]set6 ,x 0 n[ twelve ye>s s9ce he _h come to ! front1 & _h tak5 8 /& by ! side ( 8 bro!r !r$4 ,! mom5t :5 he _h begun to %>e 9 public affairs _h co9cid$ ) a great *ange 9 ! situation4 ,t 0 ! "t :5 ! invad]s acquir$ a foot+ 9 ,ea/ ,anglia3 !y made !re a c5tre ( op]ations f :i* !y w5t out & to :i* !y came 9--x _h become ! head qu>t]s ( an invad+ ho/ :i* manife/$ a settl$ design ( conque/4 ,previ\sly ! incursions ( ! ,nor?m5 _h be5 desultory1 b f t "t !y _h become me?odical4 ,?is *ange _h co9cid$ ) ! dea? ( !lbriht 9 #hff1 & ! accession ( !r$4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> _h di$ ,alh/an1 t vigilant patriot1 ! old w>like bi%op ( ,%]borne4 !r$ & ,i 7 ! two y\nge/ ( ! family1 & our relations _h be5 peculi>ly close4 ,be=e we 7 unit$ by public c>es1 we _h be5 p>tn]s 9 our private conc]ns4 ,our sev]al e/ates _h be5 kept 9 "o & work$ 9 common1 "u agre$ conditions1 s t !y _h rema9$ undivid$4 ,our names _h be5 c\pl$ toge!r by ! common voice ( ! nation4 ,! /yle 0 ev] ?us3--,,er$ ,,cyn+ ,,& ,,lfr$ ,,8 ,,bro,,ur4 ,oh :at a fe>ful "t x 0 = ,,angelcynn1 t five ye>s ( !r$'s reign6 ,nor?umbria1 t old imp]ial k+dom1 0 cru%$2 ,m]cia r$uc$ to make a peace ) ! hea!n1 :i* 0 ! be/ we c\ld effect by m>*+ 9 =ce to ,nott+ham to support ,burgr$ & !ls)6 ,&1 wor/ ( all1 ! ,ea/ ,angles defeat$ 9 battle1 ! good k+ ,edmund sla9 7he f\ght l a h]o1 & di$ l a m>tyr72 ! l& conqu]$1 possess$1 & turn$ f an ,anglian into a ,dani% k+dom6 ,x 0 our turn next4 ,all 0 at l5g? ripe = ! subjugation ( ,wessex1 & on ?is aim !y br\ght all _! /r5g? to be>4 ,we made a gallant /& at ,a%d[n aga9/ ov]:elm+ odds2 we slew _! k+s & j>ls1 & made _! practis$ braves fly be=e ! ru/ic militia ( ,ecgb]ht4 ,eight pit*$ battles 9 t ye>1 besides small] fights )\t numb]4 ,b !r$ di$ at ,ea/]4 ,rightly ! p rev]e him z a sa9t4 ,s ,i 0 left to cont9ue ! /ruggle s+le-h&$4 ,s9ce !n !y h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! possession ( ,london1 & !y h bani%$ ,burgr$ & set up = k+ 9 ,m]cia a tool ( _! own2 also ,halfdan has aboli%$ ! k+dom ( ,nor?umbria & p>tition$ ! l&4 ,& amid/ all ?is1 :at a de/ruction ( religi\s h\ses1 seats ( piety & le>n+ & education--,l9disf>ne1 ,we>m\?1 ,j>r[1 ,york1 ,ripon1 ,b>dney1 ,ely1 ,cr[l&1 ,m$e%am/ead1 & _m o!rs4 ,!y h de/roy$ ! p[]s ( ,nor?umbria & ,m]cia2 b !re !y _h a po9t 9 _! fav\r :i* is aga9/ !m "h4 ,! ,wel% at ! back ( ^? nations 7 always ready to co-op]ate ) ! invad]1 b t is n s "h 9 ! we/4 ,! ,corni% h nev] made common cause ) ! hea!n s9ce ! battle ( ,h+/on ,d[n1 9 :i* t coalition 0 qua%$ by ,ecgb]ht4 ,& we h a /ill bett] gu>antee 9 ! con/ant policy ( ,wessex ev] s9ce ! days ( ,ina & ,aldhelm4 ,! t]ritorial qu>rel 0 !n appeas$1 & ! religi\s diff]5ce too4 ,! ,we/ ,wel% 7 conqu]$1 b !y 7 nev] wantonly humiliat$1 no man 0 eject$ f 8 own4 ,!y appreciat$ ! respect & ev5 hon\r t 0 %[n to _! fav\rite *ur* ( ,gla/onbury4 ,!re=e ,i h good hope ( ! support ( ! m5 ( ,som]set4 ,true1 we h to c\nt ^u ! ho/ility ( ! ,wel% on ! opposite %ore ( ! ,sev]n ,sea1 :]e ! ,dani% fleets f9d h>b\r & all fri5dly c\nt5ance4 ,/ill1 t is n q ! same ?+ z hav+ an active enemy beh9d y\r back ^u ! same /ret* ( t]ritory4 ,"h 9 ?is we/ c\ntry ! p diff] only 9 degrees ( allegiance1 none are actively ho/ile4 ,?is is ! weak po9t 9 ! position ( ! invad]s4 ,?is is ! "o little bit ( advantage t /ill rema9s to u4 ,i mu/ improve x to ! utmo/6 ,b fir/ ( all we mu/ provide aga9/ a sudd5 desc5t on ! coa/4 ,= ! la/ two ye>s ev5ts h succe$$ "o ano!r at a quick5$ pace3 surprize on surprize6 ,!re1 "u ! opposite coa/1 lies a hea!n fleet1 ready to be d[n ^u u )\t notice6 ,! coa/-w>d5s mu/ be kept up to ! m>k1 & ,i n to be se5 9 x6 ,! mobility ( ^! troop]s defies calculation6 ,h[ unexpect$ & />tl+ 0 t occupation ( ,w>eham la/ autumn6 ,h[ d>+ly defiant ( gods & m5 t brea* ( _! mo/ sacr$ oa?6 ,:5 by t p]jury !y _h lull$ our mi/ru/1 !y made a sudd5 ru% = ,exet]6 ,p]fidy is "p ( _! tactics4 ,h[ wond]ful1 h[ div9ely provid5tial1 t /orm (f ,swanage1 :i* wreck$ ! p]fidi\s plan6 ,& n[1 n to be baulk$1 !y p\nce ^u ,*ipp5ham 9 "t ( truce & 9 mid-w9t]1 ?9k+ to capture me6 ,h[ great 9 w> is ! unexpect$6 ,)\t p]fidy1 ,i too mu/ le>n to m$itate surprize2 ,i mu/ contrive h[ to di/ract _! calculations1 & /rike :]e lea/ expect$4 ,) "s su* a /ra9 ( ?\ght z ?is 7if ,i h foll[$ him aright7 n[ rum9at$ ! undaunt$ k+1 9 :om ?\ght 0 ! spr+ ( action4 ,moreov]1 he reason$ ?us ) himself3 #8,s long z w9t] la/s1 !y _c foll[ me ) ! ho/ by ! way t ,i h come1 b if !y le>n my :]eab\ts1 !y may easily f9d adv5tur]s :o w\ld und]take to kill me4 ,:]e=e ,i mu/ n make myself too freely kn[n1 b proce$ cauti\sly1 & make pro( ( m5 be=e ,i tru/ myself to !m4 ,to mo/ ,i mu/ appe> l "s m\nt$ yeoman hunt] :o foll[s ! high de] t ab\nd 9 ! =e/s ab\t ^! hills4 ,& z = ?is sacr$ toy1 ?is p]sonal enigma1 ?is ,jewel ( c]emony1 :i* _m eyes h beheld1 ,i mu/ no long] c>ry x ab\t me1 le/ p]adv5ture x make me kn[n unaw>es4 ,i w bury x 9 "s conv5i5t spot6' 99 99 99 99 99 ,! we/]n b\nd>y ( ,wessex _h = c5turies be5 ! ,great ,wood ( :i* ! anci5t "n /ill survives z a specific elem5t 9 ! hi/oric designation ( ,frome ,selwood4 ,?is great wood 0 also call$ ,wealwudu1 a v natural & appropriate "n1 because x _h long be5 ! b>ri] betwe5 ! ,saxon & ! ,wel% populations4 ,"h lies ! mo/ fitt+ sc5e = ! /ory ( ,d5ewulf4 ,9 ! "t :5 ! k+ 0 a fugitive1 he f\nd ?is man keep+ sw9e 9 ! =e/1 & he discov]$ 9 him a great natural capacity & aptness = good1 & aft] 8 return to p[] he educat$ ,d5ewulf1 & made him bi%op ( ,w9*e/]4 ,?is /ory does n run on all f\rs1 because accord+ to ! be/ au?orities ,d5ewulf became bi%op ( ,w9*e/] 9 #hgi1 & if he 0 keep+ sw9e 9 #hgh1 be+ already ( mature age1 x smacks r ( hagiology ?an ( hi/ory4 ,b x may be t ! m>vel has be5 enhanc$ 9 transmission2 or if we *oose ! l[e/ e/imate & call x m]e fiction1 /ill x is wor? :ile obs]v+ :at mann] ( /ories 7 inv5t$ ab\t k+ ,alfr$4 ,beh9d ?is b>ri] ! ,danes _h nev] be5 able to get a foot+4 ,z if aw>e h[ greatly ?is 0 ne$$ = ! success ( _! designs ^u ,wessex1 !y _h made sev]al attempts4 ,two great ef=ts :i* imply ?is aim 7 made at ! end ( ! reign ( ,ecgb]ht4 ,! =ce ( ?irty-five %ips :i* t k+ repell$ at ,*>m\?1 on ! coa/ ( ,dorset1 seems to indicate some?+ m ?an m]ely a plund]+ incursion4 ,9 #hce1 a great naval armam5t 7micel sciph]e7 came to ! ,corni% coa/ & 7 jo9$ by ! ,we/ ,wel%1 & !y ga!r$ 9 =ce at ,h+/on ,d[n1 :]e !y probably int5d$ to =tify !mselves2 :5 ,ecgb]ht appe>$ ) an army1 & disp]s$ !m4 ,! next record$ attempt ( ! k9d 0 9 ! ye> #hde1 9 ! reign ( !lwulf1 :5 ! ,wic5gas ent]$ ! m\? ( ! ,p>ret1 & 7 met by ! posse comitatus ( ! two %ires1 ,som]set & ,dorset1 "u _! two ealdorm51 & ,alh/an ! w>like bi%op ( ,%]borne4 ,only 9 ! v la/ ye> 7#hgg7 _! l&-=ce _h1 by a p]fidi\s surprize1 seiz$ ,exet]1 act+ 9 conc]t ) a fleet ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty %ips1 :i* 7 to sail up ! ,exe & co-op]ate ) !m--b !y 7 wreck$ 9 a /orm (f ,swanage#cj4 ,?is disa/]1 comb9$ ) ! promptitude ( ! k+ 9 assault1 _h compell$ !m to capitulate1 & _h dislodg$ !m f ,exet]4 ,( ! same nature & motive 0 ! attempt ( ?is spr+ on ! coa/ ( ,devon at a place :i* ,ass] calls ,cynwit1 ) a =ce ( tw5ty-?ree %ips1 :i* 7 w9t]+ on ! opposite coa/ ( ! ,sev]n ,sea4 ,! repulse 0 complete & ! bl[ decisive1 b ! "n ( ! ,engli% lead] is n giv5 by ! contempor>y annali/4 ,a hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ,e!lw]d calls him ,odda ! ealdorman ( ,devon%ire4 ,! retic5ce ( ! ,*ronicle sugge/s t ?is a*ievem5t 0 conduct$ by ,alfr$ :ile he 0 keep+ 9 ! backgr\nd1 le/ ! place ( 8 retreat %\ld become kn[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gradually & by ! spontane\s action ( natural causes1 ! we/]n b>ri] ( ! ,saxon 0 mov$ f ! l9e ( ,selwood to ! f5l& ( ,p$rida4 ,?is b>ri] 0 deep] b$d$ 9 ! soil1 0 h>d] to pass1 & has left beh9d x memories m indelible4 ,! fir/ explicit notice ( ?is virtual transf] ( ! we/]n b\nd>y meets u sev5te5 ye>s lat] ?an ! epo* ) :i* we are n[ engag$1 & x may be wor? :ile to g s f> out ( our way 9 ord] ! bett] to realize ! import ( ,p$rida4 ,9 ! la/ decade ( ,alfr$'s reign1 :5 he 0 9 ! agony ( t supreme crisis :i* te/$ ! value ( 8 in/itutions1 a great mu/] ( =ce 0 call$ =1 & ! ext5t ( ! contribut+ area is sket*$ by ! annali/ z matt] ( amazem5t4 #8,!re ga!r$ !r$ aldorman & !lm aldorman & !lno? aldorman1 & ! k+'s ,?anes :o 7 !n at home 9 ! =tifications1 f e g>rison ea/ ( ,p$rida 7:e!r we/ ( ,selwood or ea/71 likewise also nor? ( ,?ames & we/ ( ,sev]n3--moreov] "s "p ( ! ,wel% nation#ca4' ,"h we m>k ! />tl+ novelty t ! ,wel% 9 #hid are se5 aid+ ! ,saxon aga9/ ! ,dane2 & we c h>dly =go a pass+ cry ( wond] & pleasure at ?is signal tok5 ( ! imp]ial success ( ,alfr$'s policy4 ,b our pres5t conc]n is ) ! recognition ( ,p$rida z ! we/]nmo/ limit ( ,wessex prop] in/ead ( ,selwood1 & ! implication t ! *ange 0 rec5t4 ,we see t ,selwood%ire 7z ! int]v5+ di/rict 0 popul>ly call$7 0 by #hid q assimilat$ & includ$ 9 ! milit>y adm9i/ration ( ,wessex1 b t beyond ,p$rida "s o!r rule 0 op]ative at t "t4 ,su* a fact reflects back an illu/rative light ^u ! ye> #hgh1 & helps u to e/imate ! situation ( ,alfr$ :5 he 0 9 ,som]set beyond ,p$rida4 ,! political division "h indicat$ has left traces :i* may /ill be recogniz$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! dialect & 9 folk-lore4 ,( ! dialect we h a rem>kable monum5t 9 ,mr4 ,elwor?y's works1 ,! ,dialect ( ,we/ ,som]set1 & 8 ,we/ ,som]set ,^w-,book4 ,especially to be not$ is ! #8u' ( ! ,we/ ,c\ntry1 :i* is radically "o ) ! ,wel% #8u' & ) ! ,fr5* #8u1' :ile at ! same "t x has a v di/9ct local "* ( its own4 ,e ,engli%man :o is conv]sant ) ! ,fr5* language kn[s h[ h>d x is to acquire ! utt]ance ( ! ,fr5* #8u' aft] ! age ( infancy4 ,a l /rang5ess is exp]i5c$ by ,engli% p born ea/ ( ,p$rida1 :5 !y attempt to reproduce ! we/]n #8u4' ,9 fact1 ?is v[el-s\nd is ,keltic2 x is a legacy f our ,briti% pr$ecessors4 ,n t ?is ,briti% #8u' is absolutely conf9$ to ! we/]n promontory3 x may be occasionally he>d 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry by a cultivat$ & obs]vant e>4 ,mr4 ,mayhew once told me t he _h he>d x 9 ! ,corn ,m>ket at ,ox=d4 ,b ?\gh n conf9$ to ! l&s we/ ( ,p$rida1 x is 9 a peculi> mann] conc5trat$ !re4 ,x is *iefly 9 ,devon%ire t ?is peculi> v[el has wak5$ wid] att5tion1 b ?is is simply because t c\nty has be5 ! mo/ frequ5t$ z a place ( holiday resort4 ,! s-call$ ,devonian #8u' & its contigu\s s\nds h be5 describ$ _m times f fir/ to la/1 b x has be5 mo/ly 9 t p]functory ve9 :i* cont5ts ! summ] t\ri/4 ,x is r>e to cat* su* a pla9 & solid illu/ration z ! foll[+1 :i* is quot$ f ! preface to ,mr4 ,elwor?y's ,we/ ,som]set ,^w-,book3--#8,i 0 a passive li/5] at ,br&on's :ile a bonnet 0 be+ discuss$1 & :5 mak+ ! paym5t v5tur$ to rem>k to ! "y lady1 8,y mu/ h be5 a long "t 9 ,london40 8,oh yes1 t5 ye>s2 b :y d y ask80 8,only = in=mation10 said ,i4 8,& did y come /raight f ,teignm\?80 ,) mu* surprise at my suppos+ %e came f ,devon%ire1 %e said at l5g? t %e 0 a native ( ,newton ,abbott4 ,i c\ld n pret5d to def9e ! precise quality ( h] two1 b x 0 only 9 t "o ^w t ,i recogniz$ h] locality4' ,if ! vocabul>y ( ?is dialect 7 m9utely exam9$ by a compet5t ,wel% s*ol>1 "s ,briti% words might be detect$4 ,among ^? :i* w\ld des]ve e>ly att5tion are plum 7s(t1 z a b$71 pilm or pillum 7du/71 welt 7to beat1 ?ra%74 ,ano!r local *>act]i/ic ( ! ,we/ ,wel% promontory is ?is1 t x is ! peculi> haunt ( a race ( :imsical or mis*iev\s sprites call$ ,piskies or ,pixies4 ,9 ,s\? ,devon & ,cornwall any "o ^: conduct is /range & unacc\ntable is said to be pisky-l$4 ,?is is a bran* ( ! num]\s k9dr$ ( t v]satile ,puck1 ^: memory is kept fre% by ! ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,9 an ,anglo-,saxon p]ambulation ( l& at ,we/on by ,ba?1 we meet ) a ,pucan ,wyl1 ,puck's ,well#cb4 ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y pres]ves ! "n ( ,aw-,puck = ,w-o'-!-,wisp or ignis fatuus1 a comp\nd :i* imports t he is ! mo/ dang]\s ( ! species4 ,?is "n 0 curr5t 9 ,worce/]%ire1 b is n[ obsolete#cc4 ,^! are ! m obvi\s extant traces ( ! long isolation ( ! trans-,p$ridan _w3 o!rs !re are :i* h attract$ inquiry1 su* z peculi> cu/oms1 implem5ts1 songs & song-tunes1 :i* latt] h be5 inve/igat$ by ,dr4 ,bussell & ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,b>+-,g\ld4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,som]set to :i* ,alfr$ retir$ 0 widely unlike ! ,som]set ( to-day4 ,9 ?is respect ?ree po9ts may be tak53 7#a7 ,diff]5ces 9 ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]2 7#b7 diff]5ces 9 ! trees & woods & game2 7#c7 diff]5ces 9 ! political aspect ( ! population4 #a4 ,we/ ,som]set 0 sep>at$ f ,ea/ ,som]set by wide inl& wat]s3 ! b$s ( ! ,brue & ,p>ret 7 lakes 9 ! w9t]1 & only passable 9 summ] to ^? :o knew ! gr\nd4 ,p$rida 0 reg>d$ z a natural limit1 l ! sea itself1 divid+ nations2 x 0 spok5 ( 9 l phraseology4 ,?us we read 9 #feh h[ ,c5walh w>r$ aga9/ ! ,wel% & drave !m ev5 unto ,p$rida#cd2 &1 9 #fhb1 h[ ,c5tw9e drave ! ,bret-,wel% ev5 unto ! sea#ce4 ,! cause ( t expanse ( wat] & l>ge area ( f5l& happ5$ f> back beyond hi/orical *ronology1 & we c only date x by us+ ! geological me?od ( reckon+ "t4 ,f> back 9 ! sub-glacial era a subsid5ce ( ! l& took place :i* affect$ ! coa/ ( ,som]set & ,nor? ,devon4 ,pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 a subm>9e =e/ ext5d+ along ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,sev]n ,sea1 :i* has long be5 kn[n4 #8,t portion ( x visible at ,porlock 0 describ$ 9 #ahci by ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e1 & m rec5tly by ,mr4 ,godw9 ,au/5 9 an essay read be=e ! ,geological ,society 9 #ahfecf4' ,subsequ5tly ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,w9wood & ,pr(essor ,boyd ,dawk9s v]ifi$ ! discov]y by a ?or\gh exam9ation ( ! =e/-b$4 ,ne> ,m9ehead ! =e/ consi/s ( oak1 a%1 ald]1 & hazel1 :i* grew on a blue clay4 ,an anci5t gr[? ( oak1 a%1 & yew is f\nd ev]y:]e und]nea? ! peat or alluvium 9 ! ,som]set%ire levels4 ,?r\gh\t ?is wide area ! trees 7 de/roy$ by ! gr[? ( peat1 or by ! deposits ( ! floods1 except at a few isolat$ spots1 :i* /& at a high] level ?an usual1 9 ! great flat ext5d+ betwe5 ! ,pold5 ,hills & ! ,quantocks4 ,"o ( ^! oases1 a little di/ance to ! we/ ( ,middlezoy1 is t]m$ ! ,oaks1 because ^? trees =m a m>k$ contra/ to ! prevail+ elms & will[s ( ! di/rict4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ dit*es1 t gradually cut into peat1 & !n into silt1 pro/rate oaks are v abundant#cg4 ,subsid5ce ( ! l& at a remote geological p]iod 0 ! cause ( ! impassable /ate ( ^! levels 9 ! "t ( k+ ,alfr$1 & ! mod]n sy/em ( dra9age :i* 0 c>ri$ out at a lat] date has be5 ! cause ( ! improv$ condition :i* we see n[1 & :i* has made ! ,vale ( ,taunton ,dean prov]bial z ! ,g>d5 ( ,engl&4 #b4 ,9 ,alfr$'s "t ! eye 0 greet$ by a v>iety ( trees :i* are n obs]vable n[4 ,! elm pr$om9ates all ov] ! pla94 ,i ask$ ! occupi] ( ,a!lney ,f>m ab\t ! trees on 8 l&1 & he said !re 0 h>dly any?+ b elm4 ,( o!r k9ds he _h only two a%-trees & "o bee*2 #8b 7he add$7 we f9d bog-oak 9 ! moors1 & x makes good gate-po/s4' ,! elms h driv5 out bo? oak & a%1 & :atev] o!r sorts !y t\*$ 9 _! #8wra/l+' progress4 ,^! sombre gr5adi]s dress up _! l9es s close z to leave little room = o!r trees4 ,!y suck ! fruitful soil m ?an any o!r tree1 & !y repay _! co/ly nurture ) timb] ( inf]ior value4 ,introduc$ by ! ,romans to s]ve z /akes & props 9 ! culture ( ! v9e1 !y h ov]run ! l& l ! import$ rabbits 9 "s ( our colonies4 ,9 ,alfr$'s day ^! hungry ali5s _h n yet usurp$ ! field1 & !re 0 /ill room = ! display ( ! ri* v>iety ( nature--oak1 a%1 bee*1 fir1 maple1 yew1 sycamore1 hornbeam1 holly1 popl>1 asp51 ald]1 hazel1 wy*-elm1 apple1 *]ry1 junip]1 eld]1 will[1 m\nta9 a%1 sp9dle-tree1 buck?orn1 haw?orn1 wild plum1 wild pe>1 s]vice-tree1 c4 ,b n[1 ! fair places ( ! field are encumb]$ by ! tall c\s9s ( ! nettle1 & ! mo/ div]sifi$ ( ,engli% c\nties is muffl$ ) a monoton\s %r\d ( outl&i% & we$y gr[?4 ,9 ! animal _w1 likewise1 ! lapse ( a ?\s& ye>s has br\ght *ange4 ,9 ! pa/ures ! mo/ frequ5t animal is ! c[1 & only on r>e occasions1 z we view ! moors f "s elevat$ #8tump1' h we ! *ance to see a little company ( antl]$ de] c>e]+ ov] ! op5 pla91 cle>+ ! rh9es ) an airy b\nd4 ,9 ,alfr$'s "t too1 c[-keep+ 0 a /ock indu/ry1 & we read ( ! k+ z ent]ta9$ incognito by "o ( 8 own c[h]ds 7apud qu5dam suum vacc>ium74 ,b ! proportion ( wild to dome/icat$ animals 0 f> great] !n ?an x is n[4 ,! :ole /ret* ( c\ntry f ,p$rida to ! end ( ,exmoor1 fifty miles long & tw5ty miles wide1 0 !n almo/ a cont9u\s =e/1 ab\nd+ ) game ( all k9ds1 b especially ) r$ de]1 :i* /ill cont9ues1 ?\gh 9 dim9i%$ numb]s4 ,?is noble creature is ?us describ$ by ,bewick3-- #8,,! ,,/ag ,,or ,,r$ ,,de]4 ,?is is ! mo/ beautiful animal ( ! de] k9d4 ,! elegance ( 8 =m1 ! lightness ( 8 motions1 ! flexibility ( 8 limbs1 8 bold1 bran*+ horns1 :i* are annually r5ew$1 8 gr&eur1 /r5g?1 & swiftness1 give him a decid$ pre-em95ce ov] e o!r inhabitant ( ! =e/#ch4' ,! r$ de] /ill lives & bre$s along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,sev]n ,sea1 & ?is is ,i believe ! only "p ( ,great ,brita9 9 :i* ?is "r royal animal /ill ranges at l>ge 9 all ! fre$om ( nature4 ,i am in=m$ by my fri5d ,mr4 ,t[n%5d t 9 ,irel& !y are kept z an ornam5t 9 "s g5tlem5's p>ks1 b t 9 a free /ate ( nature !y survive only 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,kill>ney4 ,"h x w be useful to read ,lel&'s notes ( travel across ! l[l&s ( ,som]set1 especially z !y t\* "s places ) :i* we are conc]n$4 7,i quote f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,som]set%ire ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ,no4 xxxiii1 #8,lel& 9 ,som]set%ire1 #aedj-aedb4'7 #8,!ns to ,cury-,malet a #c4 ,miles1 :] is a ,p>ke longg+ to ,*amb]n\n ( ,devon%ire4 ,i left ?is ,p>ke a litle on ! lift ,h&1 & sone aft] cam ov] a great ,brook1 t resi? ,we/ ,s\? ,we/1 & r5ni? ,ea/ ,nor? ,ea/ into ,ivel a #b4 ,miles above ,mi*elbor[ by ,e/imation4 7,"h ,i cam f ! ,hilly ,gr\nd to ! ,l[ & ,m>s*y ,gr\nd ( ,som]sete%ir47 ,!ns to ,nor? ,cury /ille by l[ ,gr\nd ab\te a #b4 ,miles or m4 ,! ,*ir* ( ,welles ha? fair ,l&es "h4 ,& h]eab\t is ,/oke ,gregory1 :] ! ,*ir* ( ,welles ha? ,possessions4 ,!ns ab\t a ,mile to ! ,ripe ( ,?one ,ryv]1 by ! :i* ,i pass$ by ! space ( half a ,mile1 & !n ,i w5t ov] ,?one by a ,wood ,bridge4 ,a!lney lyi? half a ,mile l[] on ,?on1 & !r is a ,bridge ( ,wood to entre ?abbay#ci1 & b5e? t almo/ at ! v ,conflu5ce ( ,?one & ,ivel is ano!r ,wood ,bridge ov] ,?one4 ,?onet\n alias ,tawnt\n is a #e4 ,miles by ,s\? ,we/ f ,a!lney4 ,!r is a great ,bridge on ,?one at ,bas=d a ,mile l[] !n ,?onet\n4 ,f ?is ,bridge by ,a!lney ,i rode by a l[ ,m>s* ,gr\nd a #b4 ,miles to ,p$]tun ,p>k4 ,"h at ,p$]ton ! soyle ,we/w>d & ,s\? ,we/ rysi? agayn & ys n f5ny4 ,!re ys a great ,numbre ( ,d]e longg+ to ?is ,p>k1 yet ha? x almo/ no o!r ,enclosure b ,dikes to let ! ,catelle ( ! ,commune to cum yn4 ,! ,d]e trippe ov] ^! ,dikes & fe$e al ab\t ! ,f5nes1 & resort to ! ,p>k agayn4 ,!re is a praty ,lodge mot$ yn ! ,p>ke4 ,!re cummi? a praty ,broke ?or\gh ! ,p>k1 & half a ,mile b5e? ! ,p>k x goi? ynto ,ivel4 ,?is ,brooke is caullid ,p$]1 & risi? ,we/ ,s\? ,we/ yn ! ,hylles ab\te a #b4 ,myles (4 ,fir/ x cummi? by ,no? ,p$reton1 a praty upl&is* ,t\n1 :] is a fair ,*ir*1 ! ,p]sonage :]e( 0 impropriate to ,myn*9 bocl&4 ,!n x t\*i? on ,s\? ,p$]ton1 9 ! :i* ,p>o* ! ,p>ke /&i?1 & s to ! ,ryv] ( ,ivel4 ,f ! ,lodge 9 ,p$]ton ,p>ke to ,nor?p$]tun a ,mile4 ,f ,nor?p$]tun to ,bridgewat] #b4 ,miles4 ,! way or ,i cam ynto ,bridgwat] 0 caus$ ) ,/one m !n half a ,myle4' ,"h we may obs]ve t ,lel& appe>s to "k ( no riv] ,p>ret2 to him x 0 #8,ivel4' ,x w\ld be curi\s to le>n :5 & h[ a m9or tribut>y gave its "n ( ,p>ret to ! l[] wat]s ( ! ,ivel4 ,x may be surmis$ t ,p$rida 0 nev] ! "n ( a riv]1 b ( a belt ( c\ntry1 & t x may h meant #8! passage or =d ( ! ,p$]1' ,lel&'s #8praty broke4' ,! "n seems to conta9 ! ,wel% rhyd1 a =d4 ,at fir/ x may h d5ot$ ! =d ( ! ,p$]1 & !n by natural ext5sion x may h come to designate ! :ole f5l& ( ! l[] ,ivel4 #c4 ,racial diff]5ces 7 /ill se5 & felt4 ,! ,we/ ,wel% _h be5 conqu]$1 & 7 n[ liv+ 9 peaceful subjection1 & =m+ an outly+ "p ( ! k+dom ( ,wessex2 b /ill !y 7 imp]fectly assimilat$4 ,! old int]nec9e qu>rel betwe5 ! races _h 9 ?is we/]n l& be5 hu%$ & calm$2 & on no o!r bord] 7 ! ,briti% liv+ & m+l+ ) _! conqu]ors on su* amicable t]ms4 ,!re 0 a v great diff]5ce betwe5 ! disposition ( ! ,we/ ,wel% t[>ds ! ,saxon & t ( ! #8,nor? ,wel%' on ! opposite coa/ ( ! ,sev]n ,sea4 ,^! pacific relations 7 n ( rec5t date2 !y appe> z a delib]ate policy 9 ! reign ( ,ina be=e ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & ev5 e>li] indications ( ?is t5d5cy may be glean$ :i* c>ry u back two hundr$ ye>s beh9d ! reign ( ,alfr$4 ,:5 9 #ffe1 ,w9a#dj1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 consecrat$ ,ceadda 7,/4 ,*ad71 he _h ) him two ,briti% bi%ops z 8 assi/ants4 ,^! two bi%ops mu/ h belong$ to ! ,we/ ,wel%4 ,fur!r1 !re is reason to believe t ,ceadwalla1 ?\gh desc5d$ f ,c]dic1 & k+ ( ,wessex1 0 half a ,briton4 ,aga93 ! leg5d>y tales ab\t ,ina's legislation :i* are embodi$ 9 ! s-call$ ,laws ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 h[ev] unhi/orical1 h possibly a traditional value z *>act]iz+ ! attitude ( ,wessex t[>ds h] ,briti% subjects 9 ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies4 ,9 ?is apocryphal text x is said t by ,ina's enactm5t #8! ,briti% 7 decl>$ politically equal ) ! ,engli%1 & t z he himself _h set ! example ( a ,wel% m>riage1 s he w\ld t connubium betwe5 ! two races %\ld be legally recogniz$4' ,^! are di/ort$ rem9isc5ces ( ! hi/orical fact t ,ina ma9ta9$ a conciliatory policy t[>ds ! conqu]$ ,briti%1 & 9 ?is c\rse he 0 well support$ or p]haps guid$ by ,aldhelm1 abbot ( ,malmesbury1 :o 9 #gjd 0 reque/$ by a synod to write a lett] to ,g]ontius 7,g]a9t71 k+ ( ,damnonia1 & exhort him & 8 p to con=mity ) ,ca?olic usage 9 ! "t ( keep+ ! ,ea/] fe/ival4 ,! lett] 0 s5t1 & x is /ill extant4 ,x is address$1 9 respectful & c\rte\s language--#8,to ! mo/ glori\s pr9ce1 sway+ ! sceptre ( ! ,we/]n realm1 :om ,i1 ! se>*] ( ! he>t is my witness1 d embrace ) bro!rly *>ity--to k+ ,g]a9t & to all ,god's prie/s dwell+ 9 ,damnonia1 ,aldhelm1 c4#da' ,& :51 %ortly aft]w>ds1 ,hdde1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 di$1 & ! mom5t _h arriv$ = ! long-contemplat$ division ( ! va/ diocese ( ,wessex1 ,aldhelm became bi%op #8to ! we/ ( ! wood1' ov] a prov9ce :i* 7z ,e!lw]d tells u7 0 commonly call$ ,selwood%ire4 ,aldhelm di$ 9 #gji ^u "o ( 8 episcopal j\rneys1 at ! village ( ,d\lt+ on ! we/]n br[ ( ,m5dip1 betwe5 ,wells & ,frome4 ,8 memory has be5 locally reviv$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury by ! discov]y ( a small ,saxon *ur* 9 ,brad=d-on-,avon1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ by compet5t judges ) ! ecclesiola :i* ,william ( ,malmesbury says t ,aldhelm built 9 t place4 ,to him 0 probably due ! pres]vation ( ! ,briti% mona/]y at ,gla/onbury & its end[m5t by k+ ,ina4 ,t spot 0 de> to ! ,briti% patriot z ! my/]i\s soj\rn ( _! h]o1 :o 9 due "t 0 to return & revive ! anci5t glory ( ! ,briti% "n4 ,! extant books 9 :i* ?is leg5d is record$ are lat] ?an ! "t ( ,alfr$1 b ! romance itself is ( ! six? c5tury4 ,our olde/ ,engli% =m ( x is ( ab\t ,a4,d4 #abjj4 ,,! ,,pass+ ,,( ,,ar?ur 7,f ,laamon's ,brut1 l9e #bh1ehb47 ,ar?ur wes =wund$ ,ar?ur 0 w\nd$ wund]li*e s)e4 v dang]\sly4 ,!r to him com a cnaue1 ,!re to him came a y\? ! wes ( 8 cunne2 :o 0 ( 8 k92 he wes ,cadores sune1 he 0 son ( ,cador1 ! eorles ( ,cornwaile4 ! e>l ( ,cornwall4 ,con/ant9 hehte ! cnaue2 ,con/ant9e hight ! y\?2 he wes ?an k+e deore4 to ! k+ he 0 de>4 ,ar?ur him lok$e on1 ,ar?ur look$ ^u him1 !r he lai on fold51 :]e he lay on ! gr\nd1 & ?as ^w seide1 & ^! words said1 mid sorhfulle heorte3 ) sorr[ful he>t3 ,con/ant9 ?u art wilcume1 ,con/ant9e ?\ art welcome1 ?u weore ,cadores sune2 ?\ w]t ,cador's son2 i* ! bita*e "h1 ,i "h commit to !e1 m9e k9]i*e3 my k+dom3 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,& i* wulle u>5 to ,aualun1 ,& ,i w f>e to ,avalon1 to uaire/ alre maid5e2 to ! faire/ ( all maid5s2 to ,argante !re qu5e1 to ,argante ! que51 alu5 s)e sceone3 elf exce$+ %e52 & heo scal m9e wund5 & %e %all my w\nds maki5 alle isunde2 make all s\nd2 al hal me maki51 all :ole me make1 mid haleweie dr5*54 ) heal+ dr9ks4 ,& seo! i* cum5 wulle ,& si? return ,i w to m9e k9]i*e3 to my k+dom3 & wuni5 mid ,brutt51 & dwell ) ,britons1 mid mu*el]e wunne4 ) mu* delight4 fne ?an word51 ,ev5 ) ^! words1 !r com ( se w5d51 lo came f sea w5d+1 t wes an sceort bat li!n1 t 0 a %ort boat sail+1 sce\5 mid v!n3 driv+ ) ! waves3 & twa wimm5 !r9ne1 & two wom5 !re91 wund]li*e idihte3 ( wondr\s aspect3 & heo nom5 ,ar?ur anan1 & !y took ,ar?ur anon1 & ane\/e h9e u]$51 & /raight him bore away1 & s(te h9e adun leid51 & s(tly d[n him laid1 & =? gunn5 h9e li!n4 & =? ) him to sea !y gan to move away4 ,?a wes hit iwur!n1 ,!n 0 x come to pass1 t ,m]l9 seide :il53 :at ,m]l9 said :ilome3 t weore unimete c>e1 t !re %\ld be mu* curi\s c>e ( ,ar?ures =? f>e4 :5 ,ar?ur out ( life %\ld f>e4 ,bruttes ileue? ete1 ,britons believe yet1 t he beo on liue1 t he be alive1 & wunnie 9 ,aualun1 & dwell+ 9 ,avalon1 mid faire/ alre alu53 ) ! faire/ ( all elves2 & lokie? eu]e ,bruttes ete1 /ill look ! ,britons = ! day :an ,ar?ur cume li!n4 ( ,ar?ur's com+ o'er ! sea4 ,all ?is hi/ory 0 kn[n to ,alfr$ & w5t to swell ! /ream ( 8 m$itations1 :i* t5d$ to assure him t he _h a fre% & promis+ field be=e him1 & to mature 9 him ! purpose ( ex]t+ himself to w9 ! he>ty atta*m5t ( ?is well-affect$ b /ill half ali5 population4 99 99 99 99 99 ,betwe5 ,twelf? ,day & ,ea/] ,day ( ! ye> #hgh !re 7 b>ely elev5 weeks1 = ,ea/] fell e>ly t ye>1 namely on ,m>* #bc4 ,( ,alfr$'s do+s 9 t int]val we h no in=mation1 except 9 s f> z x seems to be indicat$ t ! affair ( ,cynwit 0 n conduct$ )\t 8 int]v5tion4 ,& we may add ! traditional /ory ( ! cakes1 a /ory :i* probably dates f ,alfr$'s day1 z we h reasonably good evid5ce t x 0 curr5t 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,nor may we omit 8 espial ( ! ,dani% camp 9 m9/rel guise1 a leg5d :i*1 ?\gh n f\nd 9 e>ly au?orities1 yet does claim "s cr$it f ! book 9 :i* x is n>rat$1 namely ! ,book ( ,hyde--a book 9 :i* we might expect to f9d "s e>ly traditions ( ,new ,m9/]1 "o ( k+ ,alfr$'s f\ndations4 ,b :ile we desire to make ! mo/ ( ^! items1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !y con/itute an inadequate furniture = elev5 weeks ( ,alfr$'s "t 9 ! mo/ int5se crisis ( 8 life4 ,at any o!r po9t 9 ,alfr$'s c>e]1 ! sil5ce ( s _m weeks might n provoke rem>k1 b at ?is mom5t x makes a s5sible void4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we rightly appreh5d ! situation ( ! fugitive k+1 8 hopes & 8 fe>s1 8 aims & 8 res\rces1 we may 79 ! light ( ! great result7 indulge a sob] imag9ation )\t fe> ( consid]able error4 ,among ! pieces ( g5u9e tradition :i* seem to greet ! explor] 9 ,ass]'s ,life1 !re is p]haps none on :i* we may m confid5tly lean ?an a c]ta9 fragm5t 9 ! p>agraph beg9n+ #8,int]ea tam5 rex#db4' ,! drift ( ?is context is t ) all 8 w>s & frequ5t int]ruptions1 ,alfr$ rul$ 8 k+dom1 & #8practis$ e bran* ( ! craft ( v5]y2 direct$ 8 goldsmi?s & all 8 artific]s2 did moreov] in/ruct ! falcon]s & hawk-cat*]s & dog-tra9]s2 & by 8 own novel eng9e]+ con/ruct$ build+s beyond all =m] wont1 /ateli] & m co/ly2 _h ,saxon books read to him1 & comm&$ o!rs to le>n ,saxon poems by he>t1 c4' ,9 ?is passage ,i seem to recognize a true hi/oric note2 & ,i ?9k t 9 ?is picture ( ! range ( 8 p[]s1 & ! roll ( 8 accompli%m5ts1 8 va/ activity & v]satility1 we h "s g5u9e rem9isc5ces ( ! p]sonality ( ,alfr$4 ,9 ! emphasis "h laid on hunt+1 we may recognize ! k+ :o1 "s ye>s lat]1 s5t a pres5t ( wolfh\nds to ! ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 & su* dogs1 too1 t _! quality & bre$ 0 acc5tuat$ by ! receiv] 9 8 grateful ackn[l$gem5t#dc4 ,& :5 to ?is we add t he c\ld make & s+ a song1 c\ld tell a good tale1 c\ld make *oice ( m5 & w9 _! confid5ce1 we ne$ little aid f imag9ation to p]ceive h[ ?is my/]i\s visitor might captivate ! ,briti% he>ts ( all ,som]set l "o man1 & p]haps set !m wond]+ :e!r x c\ld be _! own ideal k+ ,ar?ur come back to !m aga94 ,dur+ ne>ly ?ree mon?s ( t ev5tful ye> 8 aim 0 to cultivate clos] relations ) ! p ( t outly+ t]ritory1 desir+ t !y might become atta*$ to him ) s5tim5ts ( loyalty & fri5d%ip4 ,to devote himself to ?is und]tak+ 0 at once 8 duty1 8 int]e/1 & 8 delight4 ,= su* an a*ievem5t z ?is he _h advantages bo? natural & acquir$4 ,ap>t f w>1 !re is no?+ l hunt+ = mak+ comrades1 if a man h a g5ial s\l & be himself a mighty hunt]4 ,alfr$ 0 a mighty hunt] & a g5ial s\l1 & close at h& !re 0 "o ( ! f9e/ hunt+-gr\nds 9 ! _w4 ,imm$iately f ! ,p$ridan swamp ! gr\nd began to rise to nor? & nor?-we/ t[>ds a run ( hilly & woodl& c\ntry =ty miles long1 & f t5 to tw5ty miles broad2 a c\ntry :i* rema9s s+ul> to ?is day = its natural bre$ ( r$ de] & its *ase ( ! great game4 ,?is royal sport survives on ,exmoor & 9 ! ,quantocks1 & !re are ,m9ehead p :o c tell y t !y h se5 ! /ag-hunt scamp] ?r\gh _! ma9 /reet 9 full cry4 ,at ! entrance ( ?is c\ntry1 at a po9t :i* is conv5i5tly situat$ = unit+ activity inl& ) a con/ant obs]vation ( ! l9e ( ,p$rida1 is a village :i* is n[ call$ ,nor? ,newton1 ) :i* ,pe!rton ,p>k _h be5 s long & closely l9k$ t x w5t by ! popul> "n ( ,newton ,p>k4 ,i am l$ by a numb] ( small indications to inf] t ?is is ! place :]e ,alfr$ _h 8 *ief resid5ce dur+ ^? e>ly mon?s ( ! ye> #hgh4 ,:5 ,ea/] came1 8 action began to be ov]t2 he dropp$ p]sonal disguise1 & /ood =? z ,,lfr$ ,,cyn+4 #8,:5 ,ea/] came1 k+ ,alfr$1 ) a small =ce1 con/ruct$ a =t at ,a!lney1 & out ( t =t 0 w>r+ aga9/ ! invad+ ho/1 he & ! m5 ( ,som]set1 t portion ( !m :i* 0 nighe/#dd4' ,?is is ! action ( a comm&] :o has made sure ( 8 foll[+1 & is n[ beg9n+ 8 op]ations aga9/ ! enemy4 ,he =tifies himself on ! ea/ side ( ! bridge1 :]e a conical hill (f]s an opportune position2 & f t basis he op5s a gu]illa w>f>e ) ! invad]s4 ,he does n %[ 8 h&3 he r wants to be ?\ght weak4 ,?is naturally draws away f head qu>t]s m & m ( ! ho/ile =ce1 :o ?9k t !y %all pres5tly deal a la/ bl[ to ! ,saxon resi/ance4 ,& s ) a petty & app>5tly futile display ( milit>y =ce1 he cont9ues to amuse & di/ract ! enemy = ! next six weeks4 ,! impression made on ! m9d ( ! p by ^! ev5ts is traceable 9 two names3 ,a!lney1 :i* n[ repres5ts !l+a ,eig1 ! isl& ( pr9ces2 & ,bor\gh ,bridge1 :i* means ! bridge at ! =tification4 ,! =t :i* ,alfr$ made 9 #hgh is well pres]v$1 ! entr5*m5ts occupy+ ! summit ( a conical hill ne> ! ea/ end ( ! bridge :i* spans ! ,p>ret1 aft] its junction ) ! ,tone4 ,h[ ! k+ _h employ$ ! unrecord$ mon?s is manife/ 9 ! result4 ,8 mu/]-roll at ,brixton ,dev]il1 9 ! words ( a contempor>y1 is brief yet eloqu5t3 #8,!n 9 ! sev5? week aft] ,ea/] he rode to ,ecgbrihtes ,/n1 on ! ea/]n side ( ,selwood1 & to meet him at t place came ! m5 ( ,som]set1 all ( !m1 & ! ,wilt%ire m51 & ( ,hamp%ire ! "p t 0 on ! hi!r side ( ! sea2 & ( him fa9 !y 74' ,?is passage ( ! ,saxon ,*ronicle seems to r5d] a satisfactory acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! k+ _h employ$ 8 "t f ,epiphany to ,ea/] 9 ! ye> #hgh4 ,absorb$ 9 ?is supreme ef=t1 :]e 8 all 0 at /ake1 he may well h f\nd no "t = recov]+ 8 buri$ ,jewel1 & he may nev] h revisit$ ! spot until 8 m>ks 7 all oblit]at$4 ,f ! l& beyond ,p$rida1 :i* _h hi!rto c\nt$ to ! cr[n ( ,wessex only z a rec5t t]ritorial acquisition1 n[ />t$ up ar\nd ! fugitive k+ an army ( devot$ w>riors1 :o resolutely ?rew _! weight into ! scale1 & rescu$ ! dyna/y ( _! conqu]ors4 ,su* 0 ! nature ( ! =ce :i* ,alfr$ n[ ) a swell+ he>t p]ceiv$ to be entirely at 8 disposal1 & he buckl$ to ! task ( employ+ !m to ! be/ advantage4 ,f ! entr5*$ hill by ,bor\gh ,bridge he prosecut$ ! w> aga9/ ! ,danes1 ^: basis 0 at ,*ipp5ham1 & ?is he cont9u$ = six weeks4 ,?is he c\ld d ) a small =ce1 z he _h great advantages ( position4 ,betwe5 him & ! foe lay ! f5ny *annel ( ! ,brue1 :i* he & 8 p 7 exp]t 9 cross+4 ,s x 0 comp>atively easy = him to h>ass !m & retire to 8 =t4 ,?is k9d ( w>f>e1 cont9u$ = six weeks1 mu/ h _h ! design$ effect ( draw+ (f f ! /r5g? ( ! foe 9 ,wilt%ire1 & caus+ !m to conc5trate _! att5tion ^u ?is feign$ l9e ( attack4 ,= all ?is 0 only to amuse & di/ract ! enemy1 & s to facilitate ! execution ( a v diff]5t project1 :i* ! k+ 0 prep>+4 ,:at 0 pass+ 9 ,alfr$'s m9d may 79 all ess5tials7 be read 9 ,"l ,rob]ts's n>rative ( 8 prep>ations = attack+ ! ,afghans1 :5 !y 7 entr5*$ on ! ,peiw> ,kotal 9 ,decemb]1 #ahghde4 ,by mak+ display ( reconnoitr+ p>ties & o!r prep>ations z = a front attack1 c>ry+ ?is on to ! ext5t ( rais+ batt]ies & m\nt+ guns1 till he _h caus$ ! enemy to make c\nt] dispositions accord+ly1 he ) ! utmo/ secrecy by a circuit\s night m>* made a flank attack1 tak+ !m unprep>$1 & promptly dislodg$ !m f an app>5tly impregnable position4 ,s ,alfr$1 :ile wag+ ! six weeks' w>1 _h 8 tru/y mess5g]s abroad all ?r\gh ,wilt%ire & ,hamp%ire1 prep>+ = ! try/ at ,ecgbrihtes ,/n4 ,well may we exclaim ) ,sir ,walt] ,besant--#8,:at foll[s is l a dream6' ,yea1 v]ily1 l a dream 9 its sudd5 trans=mation ( ! :ole face & prospect ( ?+s1 & equally unacc\ntable too2 = no attempt to expla9 x by natural causes w ev] mat* ! /up5d\s result4 ,x is n 9 ord] to dispel an illusion t we seek to trace ! plan & ! process--! illusion _c be dispell$4 ,no1 r x is 9 ord] to p5etrate fur!r into ! action ( a life t has k9dl$ our admiration4 ,( t life we h a mirror 9 ! en?usiasm ) :i* 8 pres5ce _h fir$ ! ,wel% ( ,som]set beyond ,p$rida4 ,x is surely no m]e accid5t t 9 ! memor&um ( t resolute =ce :i* mu/]$ = 8 re/oration1 ! fir/ item %\ld be--,,sumors,,te ,,alle4 #cj ,among promis+ fields ( ex]cise 9 explor+ ! b$ ( ! sea1 !re is ! coa/ f ,swanage ,bay r\nd to ,/4 ,aldhelm's ,head1 :i* might yield "s durable relics f ! loot ( anci5t mona/]ies4 ,& if ,alfr$ really did pur*ase ! evacuation ( ,w>eham 9 #hgg1 #8pecuniam d&o1' z ,e!lw]d has x1 ! v co9s may /ill be !re1 & 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 #ca a gegad]ode er$ ealdormon & elm ealdorman & elno ealdorman1 & a c+es egnas e a t ham t m geweorcum wron1 ( alcre byrig be ea/an ,p$r$an1 ge be we/an ,sealwuda ge be ea/an2 ge eac be noran ,temese1 & be we/an ,sf]n1 ge eac sum dl s ,nor ,weal cynnes4 ,sax4 ,*ron41 4 #hid4 #cb ,kemble1 ,codex ,diplomaticus1 vol4 iii1 p4 #dbc2 ,bir*1 ,c>tul>ium ,saxonicum1 ,no4 #had4 #cc ,! ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y4 ,edit$ by ,joseph ,wright1 ,m4,a41 ,ph4,d41 ,deputy ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,philology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 #cd #feh4 ,h] ,c5walh gefeaht t ,peonnum wi ,walas & hie gefliemde o ,p$ridan4 #ce #fhb4 ,on issum ge>e ,c5tw9e gefliemde ,bret ,wealas o s4 #cf ,proce$+s ( ! ,som]set%ire ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 vol4 xviii4 #cg ,f an ,address by ,pr(essor ,boyd ,dawk9s 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,som]set%ire ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society = ! ye> #ahgb4 #ch ,a ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s4 ,! ,figures engrav$ on ,wood by ,?omas ,bewick1 #ahbj1 p4 #ace4 ,9 ,taunton ,ca/le1 :i* is ! home & museum ( ! ,som]set%ire ,ar*ological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ! =m & beauty ( ! r$ de] may be contemplat$ 9 a f9e specim5 :i* is set up 9 ! great hall1 ! v hall ( ! ,bloody ,assize4 #ci ,app5dix ,e4 #dj ,! ,we/ ,saxon =m ( ?is "n 0 ,w9e1 b ,i write x ,w9a1 z also ,i adopt ! ,lat9 =m ,ina1 9 place ( ! g5u9e ,ine1 le/ ! ,engli% read] %\ld all[ x to pass ?r\gh 8 m9d 9 ! %ape ( a monosyllable4 ,! ,anglian =ms ( ^! names 79 ,b$e7 are ,ini & ,w9i4 #da #8,dom9o gloriosissimo occid5talis regni sceptra gub]nanti1 quem ego1 ut mihi scrutator cordis et r]um te/is e/1 frat]na c>itate amplector1 ,g]ontio ,regi simulque cunctis ,dei sac]dotibus p] ,domnoniam conv]santibus1 ,al!lmus1 c4' ,haddan & ,/ubbs1 ,c\ncils & ,ecclesia/ical ,docum5ts relat+ to ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 vol4 iii1 p4 #bfh4 #db ,9 ! edition by ,f4 ,wise 7#agbb7 x is on p4 #dh2 9 ,monum5ta ,hi/orica ,britannica1 p4 #dhf4 #dc ,?is lett] is pr9t$ 9 ! edition ( ,ass] by ,f4 ,wise1 p4 #abc2 & ! mo/ important p>ts are giv5 9 ,engli% by ,mr4 ,conybe>e1 ,alfr$ 9 ! ,*ronicl]s1 p4 #bah4 #dd ,& s on ,ea/ron worhte lfr$ cyn+1 litle w]$e1 geweorc t el+a eigge1 & ( am geweorce 0 w9n5de wi "o "h1 & ,sumurstna se dl se r nieh/ ws4 ,sax4 ,*ron41 4 #hgh4 #de ,=ty-"o ,ye>s 9 ,india1 *ap4 xlvi4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,newton ,,p>k ,,& ,,fairfield ,,h\se ,f ! date ( its discov]y 9 #afic d[n to ! pres5t "t1 ! "n ( #8,newton ,p>k' has be5 associat$ ) ! ,alfr$ ,jewel z designat+ ! prop]ty on :i* x 0 f\nd4 ,9 our day1 h[ev]1 ?is "n is no long] recogniz$ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & inde$ x is apt to be mislead+4 ,= ?is title is n[ curr5t 9 ,som]set 9 ano!r s5se1 namely1 z d5ot+ ! seat ( ,e>l ,temple at ,newton ,/4 ,loe1 ne> ,ba?4 ,/ill ! honorific appellation ( #8,newton ,p>k1' = ! e/ate on :i* ! ,jewel 0 discov]$1 w be f\nd to re/ ^u hi/oric antec$5ts1 :i* are full ( int]e/1 & n devoid ( sugge/iv5ess = ! purpose ( our pres5t inve/igation4 ,! extant m5tion ( ?is ,newton c>ries u back a good space beh9d ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,! ,w ( lfric1 ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o di$ 9 #ajjf1 af=ds evid5ce t he 0 a l&[n] 9 ,newton4 ,x is n g5]ally possible to id5tify a place by a "n :i* became s common1 b ! c\pl+ ( x 9 ,abp4 lfric's ,w ) ! "n ( ,fidd+ton1 removes all unc]ta9ty4 ,! passage 9 ! ,w 7:i* is ca/ 9 ! ?ird p]son7 runs ?us3 #8,& ! l& 9 ! ,we/ ,c\ntry at ,fidd+ton & at ,newton he bequea!d to 8 si/]s & _! *ildr5#df4' ,9 ! =e/ laws1 :i* grew up aft] ! ,conque/1 we f9d t ! cu/ody ( ! royal =e/ ( ,nor? ,pe!rton 0 a s]jeanty1 :i* 0 atta*$ to ! ,manor ( ,newton & caus$ x to be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,newton ,=e/]4 ,:5 ?is ,manor 0 grant$ by ,k+ ,john to ,william de ,wro?am1 x 0 decl>$ t he held x by ! s]vice ( be+ ! k+'s =e/] 9 ! c\nties ( ,som]set1 ,dorset1 ,devon1 & ,cornwall4 ,z he does n appe> to h ex]cis$ 8 (fice beyond ! c\nty ( ,som]set1 ?is t]ritorial def9ition sugge/s t "s vague pr]ogative _h atta*$ to ,newton ,manor at an e>li] "t4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation f ! above grant ?is ,manor pass$ ) an heiress into ! h&s ( ,william de ,placetis4 ,a g5]ation lat] x 0 divid$ betwe5 ?ree co-heiresses1 ,sab9a1 ,evel9a1 & ,emma4 ,!n arose a "q ab\t ! (fice ( ,=e/]1 & x 0 f\nd t x app]ta9$ to a p>ticul> messuage & mead[1 & t ^! 7 includ$ )9 ! portion ( ,sab9a1 s %e 0 decl>$ ,=e/] 9 fee ( ! =e/s ( ,exmoor1 ,n]o*e1 ,selwood1 & ,m5dip1 likewise cu/odian ( ! w>r5 ( ,som]ton2 & ^! (fices %e dis*>g$ by deputy4 ,9 h] "t 7#bf ,edw4 ,i7 occurr$ ! ,p]ambulation ( ! =e/s ( ! c\nty1 9 pursuance ( ! ,*>t] ( ! ,=e/s :i* _h be5 grant$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,! =e/s 7 to be r$uc$ to _! anci5t & lawful b\nds1 accord+ to _! limits at ! accession ( ,h5ry ,i4 ,! annual value ( ! l&s !n disaf=e/$ 0 m ?an a hundr$ times z great z t ( ! legal =e/ ( ,nor? ,pe!rton4 ,9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii ! ,manor ( ,newton ) its rights & appurt5ances belong$ to ,rog]1 e>l ( ,mortim]1 9 ^: desc5dants & 9 ! dukes ( ,york x cont9u$ to ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv1 :5 x came to ! ,cr[n1 & !n ! ,manor 0 quot$ z ,newton ,regis4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! p[]s ( ,=e/] 7 delegat$1 & "s int]e/+ names occur 9 ! li/ ( deputies3 #ad ,ric4 ,,ii4 ,ri*>d ,brettle & ,geff]ey ,*auc]1 esqrs41 by ! appo9tm5t ( ! e>l ( ,m>*4 #ba ,ric4 ,,ii4 ,geff]ey ,*auc]1 by ,ali5or1 c\ntess ( ,m>*4 #d ,h54 ,v4 ,?omas ,*auc]1 by ,edw>d1 e>l ( ,m>*4 #h ,h54 ,,vi4 ,william ,wro! & ,?omas ,attemore4 #ab ,h54 ,,vi4 ,william ,wro!4 #bi ,h54 ,,vi4 ,sir ,william ,bonville & ,ri*>d ,luttrell1 by ! duke ( ,york4 #ad ,edw4 ,,iv4 ,sir ,giles ,d',aub5y1 = life4 #bc ,h54 ,,vii4 ,rob]t ,wro!1 = ?irty ye>s4 ,soon aft] ! expiration ( :i* t]m ,sir ,?omas ,wro!1 son & heir ( ! la/-nam$ ,rob]t1 pur*as$ ( ,edw>d ,,vi ! fee ( ,pe!rton ,p>k & ! ,manor ( ,newton ,regis4 ,! (fice ( ,=e/] _h n[ fall5 into decay & ! anci5t glory _h dep>t$1 & ! transf] ( ?is prop]ty appe>s to h be5 gov]n$ by ! ord9>y consid]ations4 ,9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ! desc5dants ( ,sir ,?omas pull$ d[n ! p>k h\se1 & c>ri$ ! mat]ials to a lodge call$ ! ,broad ,lodge1 :i* 7said ,coll9son 9 #agia7 #8! late ,sir ,?omas ,wro! improv$ to a h&some dwell+4 ,! :ole p>k#dg is n[ conv]t$ into f>ms4' ,! improvem5ts ( ,sir ,?omas ,wro!1 "h m5tion$1 h a probable connexion ) our subject4 ,su* is ! rem>kable hi/ory ( ! ,manor :i* has be5 at diff]5t times kn[n z ,newton ,=e/]1 ,newton ,placey1 ,newton ,regis1 & ,newton ,wro!2 & ?is hi/ory m9i/]s occasion = a surmise t ! di/9ction :i* att5d$ ?is ,manor may h _h its roots consid]ably fur!r back1 inasmu* z ! extant records d n (f] an adequate acc\nt ( t peculi> pr]ogative :i* made x s fam\s & s dignifi$4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ t ! beg9n+s ( ?is place1 :i* has be5 s em95t1 & :i* is n[ kn[n by ! comp>atively obscure "n ( ,nor? ,newton1 may h be5 connect$ ) ! retreat ( ! k+ to ,a!lney1 t ?is may h be5 a spot ( 8 own selection4 ,x is rea*$ f ,a!lney by simply foll[+ ! rise ( ! gr\nd1 x is well plac$ = keep+ an eye on ! ,p>ret1 ! side f :i* a surprize 0 mo/ to be appreh5d$1 & x 0 ! approa* to ! f9e hunt+-fields ( ,quantock & ,exmoor4 ,:at m natural ?an t he %\ld take a lik+ to ! place & judge x conv5i5t = a hunt+-lodge8 ,& ,i v5ture to ?r[ out a surmise = consid]ation4 ,may x n be t ! prefix #8,new' 0 set by ! k+ himself1 :o gave ! "n ( ,new ,m9/] to 8 f\ndation at ,w9*e/]#dh8 ,! "n ( ,newton prop]ly belong$ only to ! ,manor1 b z ! lord%ip ( ?is ,manor 0 long c\pl$ ) ! cu/ody ( ,pe!rton ,p>k1 & z ! two 7 habitually associat$ 9 m5's m9ds1 ! latt] came to be spok5 ( z #8,newton ,p>k1' & ?is title is simply a colloquial v>iation & equival5t = ,pe!rton ,p>k4 ,! correct "n ( ,pe!rton ,p>k is con/antly us$ by ,lel& 9 ! extract f 8 ,it9]>y :i* is giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,s t :5 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,newton ,p>k1 ?is is only a popul> way ( say+ t x 0 f\nd 9 ,pe!rton ,p>k4 ,! discov]y occurr$ 9 ! "t ( ,sir ,?omas ,wro!1 :o 0 also ! enl>g] ( ! mansion1 & x is a probable inf]5ce t x 0 f\nd 9 ! excavations :i* 7 requir$ = ?is "w#di4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sc5e n[ %ifts f ,newton to ! neighb\r+ p>i% ( ,/ogursey or1 z mod]n rese>* has taught u to write x1 ,/oke ,c\rcy4 ,9 ?is p>i% is ,fairfield ,h\se1 a h&some ,elizabe?an mansion 9 :i* ! ,alfr$ ,jewel 0 pres]v$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 f ! "t ( its discov]y 9 #afic1 until x 0 giv5 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 9 #agahej4 ,ab\t ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii ! l&s ( #8,f]felle' 7 sev]$ f ^? ( ,honib]e1 & erect$ into a sep>ate e/ate4 ,by-&-by ! "n slid into a new =m1 convey+ a new idea4 ,! new "n into :i* x m]g$ is "o t has be5 freely propagat$ bo? at home & 9 ! colonies1 ) pleas+ associations ( s(t & g5tly undulat+ l&scape sugge/ive ( homely sc5]y & a %elt]$ situation4 ,v diff]5t is ! connotation ( ! "n 9 its docum5t>y =m4 ,9 #8,f]felle' we c see only "s outly+ #8remot] fell1' su* z w\ld be little visit$ save = uses ( summ] pa/ure4 ,9 ,coll9son's picture ( ! mansion1 :i* is "h reproduc$1 :ile ! =egr\nd seems to ju/ify ! mod]n "n1 ! hills & hang+ woods at ! back ( ! h\se seem to be> out ! m primitive signification ( an outly+ m\nta9 fell4 ,& probably ?is 0 also ! idea :i* orig9ally gave "n to ! well-kn[n m\nta9 9 ,we/morel& ov] ,grasm]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fairfield ,,h\se4 ,aft] a succession ( own]s ( v>i\s names ?is new e/ate came 7#ad ,edw4 ,i7 into ! possession ( ,william de ,v]nai1 :o _h m>ri$ ! sole daught] & heiress ( ! previ\s proprietor4 ,= ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s !re 0 always a ,v]nai at ,fairfield4 ,9 #ab ,edw4 ,,iv ! ,v]nai ( t day 7! f\r? ( ! "n ( ,william7 _h a lic5ce to build a wall & sev5 r\nd t[]s ab\t 8 mansion-h\se at ,fairfield1 & to enclose two hundr$ acres ( gr\nd = a p>k4 #8,! tomb 9 ! ,v]nais isle 9 ! f9e old ,priory *ur* ( ,/oke ,c\rcy1 ) an image ( an arm$ man ly+ !reon1 belongs to ?is ,william ,v]nai' 7,coll9son74 ,fairfield _h come into ! family ( ,v]nai by an heiress1 & at l5g? x pass$ 9 ! same mann] to ! family ( ,palm]4 ,hugh de ,v]nai left "o only daught]1 & %e 0 call$ ,elizabe?1 aft] ! great que51 :o 0 h] godmo!r4 ,on ! dea? ( h] fa!r h] w>d%ip 0 grant$ to ,sir ,?omas ,palm]1 ( ,p>ham1 9 ! c\nty ( ,sussex1 ,knt42 to ^: only son1 ,william1 %e 0 aft]w>ds m>ri$4 ,soon aft] ?is m>riage1 ,sir ,?omas ,palm] pull$ d[n ! old h\se1 & began ! pres5t mansion1 :i* 0 complet$ by 8 gr&son 7also ,sir ,?omas ,palm]1 ,knt471 :o inh]it$ ,fairfield 9 #aehg4 ,?is proprietor 0 n a keep] at home4 ,9 #aeie he 0 ) ,sir ,francis ,drake & ,sir ,john ,hawk9s 9 ! exp$ition to ,porto ,rico1 & aft]w>ds comm&$ a %ip at ! tak+ ( ,cadiz1 :]e he 0 knight$4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ consid]able p]sons 9 ! ,c\rt ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 b on ! accession ( ,k+ ,james he resolv$ to sp5d ! rema9d] ( 8 days beyond ! seas1 & accord+ly1 9 ! ye> #afje1 he w5t ) ! e>l ( ,nott+ham into ,spa91 :]e1 z he 0 provid+ a settlem5t = 8 family at ,valladolid1 he di$ ( ! small-pox1 & 0 !re buri$4 ,william ,palm]1 8 son & heir1 0 a man ( le>n+1 & *ose to live 9 ,london1 & he 01 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i1 f9$ a ?\s& p\nds by ! ,/> ,*amb] = disob$i5ce to ! k+'s proclamation1 :i* requir$ all p]sons ( e/ate to reside & keep hospitality at _! c\ntry h\ses4 ,8 bro!r ,p]egr9e1 :o succe$$ him1 w5t z a volunte] to ! ,palat9ate w>s1 & 0 aft]w>ds an (fic] 9 ! ,sw$i% army4 ,z soon z ! royal /&>d 0 set up he repair$ to ,nott+ham1 & fai?fully s]v$ ,k+ ,*>les 9 ! commissions ( major1 lieut5ant-colonel1 & colonel ( horse1 be+ pres5t at ! battles ( ,edgehill1 ,m>/on ,moor1 ,cropr$y ,bridge1 & ,naseby4 ,he di$ 9 #afhd1 hav+ m>ri$ ,anne1 ! daught] ( ,na?aniel ,/ev5s1 9 ! c\nty ( ,gl\ce/]1 ,esq41 & he 0 succe$$ 9 ! e/ate by 8 elde/ surviv+ son1 ,na?aniel1 :o is report$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions z ! possessor ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel 9 ! ye> #afihea4 ,he s]v$ 9 sev]al p>liam5ts = ! bor\ghs ( ,m9ehead & ,bridgwat]1 & = ! c\nty ( ,som]set4 ,! fir/ record$ possessor ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel di$ 9 #agag4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,?omas1 :o resid$ at ,fairfield1 :]e he liv$ a /udi\s life1 inve/igat+ ! antiquities ( 8 c\ntry4 ,8 manuscript is pres]v$ at ,fairfield1 & x 0 a valuable s\rce ( in=mation to ,coll9son1 ! hi/orian ( ,som]set4 ,x is f ?is s\rce we le>n t ! ,jewel 0 #8dug up1' an expression :i* seems to ju/ify ! inf]5ce t x 0 n accid5tally lo/1 b purposely buri$#eb4 ,x 0 he :o1 9 #agah1 gave ! ,alfr$ ,jewel to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,sir ,?omas ,wro! ( ,pe!rton ,p>k1 :o di$ 9 #agba1 leav+ two daught]s co-heiresses4 ,! eld] ( ^! 0 m>ri$ to ,sir ,hugh ,acl&1 ( ,columb-,john 9 ! c\nty ( ,devon1 ,b>t41 & ! y\ng] to ,mr4 ,?omas ,palm]1 :o di$ )\t issue4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,p]egr9e1 :o repres5t$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d 9 sev]al p>liam5ts1 & di$ 9 #agfb1 ! la/ survivor ( 8 "n & family4 ,he left 8 e/ate to ,ar?ur ,acl&1 ,esq41 8 next ( k91 f :om x has desc5d$ to ,sir ,alex&] ,acl& ,hood1 ,b>onet1 ! pres5t own] ( ! ,fairfield e/ate4 #df ,& e l& be we/an at ,fitt+tne & at ,niwantne he becw 8 sweo/rum & heora be>num4 ,kemble1 ,codex ,diplomaticus1 p4 #gai2 ,?orpe1 ,diplomat>ium1 p4 #edi2 ,e>le1 ,l& ,*>t]s1 p4 #bbc4 #dg #8,9 ?is p>k 0 f\nd ! curi\s amulet ( k+ ,alfr$1 m5tion$ 9 vol4 i1 p4 #hg4' ,coll9son1 ,hi/ory ( ,som]set1 vol4 iii1 p4 #fb4 #dh ,9 ,kemble's ,codex ,diplomaticus1 ,no4 #cbj1 !re is a late & meagre ab/ract ( a grant ( l& by k+ ,alfr$ #89 loco qui dicitur ,norniwtune4' ,kemble puts ?is place 9 ,wilt%ire1 b :y may x n be ! ,nor? ,newton by ,a!lney8 ,! or?ography ( ! "n w\ld be n t ( ! orig9al grant1 b ( ! abridg]'s "t4 ,app5dix ,f4 #di ,i am indebt$ = ?is sugge/ion to ,sir ,alex&] ,acl& ,hood4 #ej ,to be q exact1 its lodg+ = ! fir/ five ye>s is matt] ( inf]5ce f ! fact t 9 #afih x is describ$ z be+ at ,fairfield1 )\t any indication ( a *ange ( own]%ip4 ,"o transf] h[ev] !re mu/ h be54 ,! place ( discov]y made x ! prop]ty ( ,sir ,?omas ,wro!2 & z ,na?aniel ,palm] 0 8 "m's bro!r1 x is easy to und]/& ! gift ( ! nephew to 8 uncle1 :o may h be5 a man ( antiqu>ian ta/es4 ,we c also und]/& ! desire ( ,na?aniel ,palm] t ?is preci\s relic %\ld g to ,ox=d1 z he1 ) _m o!rs ( 8 family1 _h be5 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity1 ( :i* ,alfr$ 0 ! reput$ f\nd]4 ,app5dix ,g4 #ea ,app5dix ,a4 #eb ,app5dix ,g4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,gold ,,r+s ,,contemporane\s ,! e>lie/ record$ d\bt z to ! id5tity ( ! ,,lfr$ ( ! ,jewel ) ,alfr$ ( ,wessex 0 gr\nd$ ^u ! high arti/ic quality ( ! "w#ec4 ,x may !re=e be illu/rative if we adv]t to "s o!r specim5s ( ,engli% jewell]y belong+ to ^? e>ly times4 ,"o su* has already be5 quot$ above 7p4 #fh71 namely1 ! #8enamell$ ou*e' ( ,mr4 ,roa* ,smi?1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is is a piece ( great beauty & high te*nical skill2 & x has e appe>ance ( belong+ to ^! times1 b !re is no?+ to fix its date m def9itely4 ,happily1 !re are specim5s ( ,engli% jewell]y ( ! n9? c5tury :i* exclude ?is d\bt4 ,we h no less ?an ?ree inscrib$ gold r+s :i* c]ta9ly belong$ to em95t contempor>ies ( ,alfr$1 & two ( !m to memb]s ( 8 family circle2 insomu* t we may say1 ) "s confid5ce1 t ^! two mu/ h be5 famili> objects to 8 eye4 ,,! ,,r+ ,,( ,,alh/an1 ,,:o ,,0 ,,bi%op ,,( ,,%]borne ,,f #hbd ,,to #hfg4 ,9 *ronological ord] ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree r+s is "o t be>s ! "n ( ,,alh/an4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! ye> #agec at ,llysfa51 9 ! c\nty ( ,c>n>von4 ,x 0 figur$ & describ$ 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 iv4 #dg1 by ,mr4 ,pegge1 ^: lett] is dat$ ,july #f1 #agga4 ,he id5tifi$ ! "n ) ,ealh/an or ,eal*/an1 ! w>like bi%op ( ,%]borne4 ,x may seem /range t ! bi%op ( ,%]borne's r+ %\ld be f\nd 9 ,c>n>von%ire2 b ! ,saxon ,*ronicle sugge/s a simple & natural explanation4 ,9 ! ye> #hec !lwulf1 k+ ( ,wessex1 0 petition$ by ! k+ & ,witan ( ,m]cia to aid !m 9 ! subjugation ( ! ,wel%1 :o 7 9 rebellion4 ,consequ5tly1 !lwulf m>*$ ) an army into ,wales1 & re/or$ ! imp]ial au?ority ( ,m]cia4 ,?is op]ation 7:i* 0 "p ( ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry aga9/ ! ,danes1 :om ! ,wel% ( ,cambria 7 prone to support7 w\ld naturally h be5 conduct$ ) ! advice & "u ! managem5t ( ,alh/an#ed4 ,! "n ,llysfa5 7#8,/one ,c\rt'7 fitly describes ! rocky enclosure 9 :i* ! r+ 0 f\nd1 & 9 :i* we may suppose t ! f9al negotiations 7 conduct$4 ,preoccupation ( m9d 9 mom5t\s bus9ess makes x easy to imag9e h[ ! old w>-*ief ( !lwulf might h lo/ 8 r+4 ,among ! selfsame rocks ( ,llysfa51 & ne> ! spot :]e ! ,alh/an r+ 0 discov]$1 ano!r r+ 0 %ortly aft]w>ds f\nd1 conta9+ a great] weight ( gold1 b ( comp>atively rude workman%ip1 & n inscrib$4 ,! ,alh/an r+ n[ belongs to ! ,wat]ton ,collection1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,x is ( t type 7n uncommon 9 ,roman r+s7 :i* sugge/s d]ival f a /r+ ( beads4 ,! lett]+ occupies f\r circul> comp>tm5ts1 :i* alt]nat+ ) f\r loz5ge-%ap$ comp>tm5ts1 con/itute ! hoop ( ! r+4 ,pegge saw ! dragon ( ,wessex 9 ! grotesque animals :i* occupy ! loz5ge-%ap$ comp>tm5ts4 ,! *>act]s are beautiful ,roman capitals ( ,anglo-,saxon type1 except ! ,n1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! ,rune 4 ,besides ! ,ar*ologia1 ! r+ is figur$ 9 ,art ,treasures ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 a monum5tal book :i* 0 publi%$ 9 connexion ) ! ,man*e/] ,exhibition ( #aheg4 ,,inscrib$ ,,gold ,,r+ ,,( ,,!lwulf1 ,,k+ ,,( ,,wessex 7#hcf-hee74 ,illu/ration3 ,e,,helvvlf ,! second ( ! ?ree r+s is inscrib$ 9 ! above =m ) ! "n ( ,alfr$'s fa!r1 k+ ,e!lwulf1 = :om x 0 evid5tly made4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a bi%op's mitre1 ) only "o peak4 ,illu/ration ,9 #agha1 ,m>* #bb1 ,"l ,radnor br\ght ?is f9d be=e ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! summ] ( #aghj 9 a field 9 ! p>i% ( ,lav]/oke1 ne> ,salisbury4 ,accord+ to ! f9d]'s /ory1 x 0 br\ght to ! surface by ! pressure ( a c>t-:eel1 & x lay expos$ on ! edge ( ! rut4 ,mr4 ,h[ell1 a silv]smi? 9 ,salisbury1 gave ! man ?irty-f\r %ill+s = ! value ( ! gold1 & ,"l ,radnor b\ght x ( ,mr4 ,h[ell4 ,x /ill %[s ! effect ( h>d pressure1 be+ almo/ flatt5$4 ,x 0 figur$ 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 vii4 #dba1 & repeat$ly s9ce4 ,x is pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,a ,,gold ,,r+ ,,^u ,,:i* ,,! ,,"n ,,( ,,!ls)1 ,,que5 ,,( ,,m]cia1 ,,has ,,be5 ,,incis$4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! two r+s already describ$1 ! names ( ,alh/an & !lwulf belong to ! fabric ( ! r+s1 z ! "n ( lfr$ belongs to ! fabric ( ! ,jewel4 ,b x is diff]5t 9 ! r+ ( que5 !ls)4 ,?is r+ swells out into a dilat$ bezil1 on ! cop ( :i* is an ,agnus ,dei1 beautifully engrav$ 9 relief1 ) a backgr\nd ( niello4 ,! int]ior ( ?is bezil 7:i* w\ld be 9 contact ) ! we>]'s f+]7 0 a fair gold surface :5 ! r+ 0 f9i%$ & put out ( h& by ! goldsmi?4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! "n ( !ls) has be5 incis$ ^u t surface ) ! f9e po9t ( a grav+ tool1 some:at 9 ?is =m3 ,,ea,,el,symbol3 rev]s$ ,z,,vi ,,reg,symbol3 elongat$ ,n,a1 :]e ! ,symbol3 elongat$ ,n is a monogram = ,,91 s t ! inscription reads ,,!ls) ,,reg9a4 ,! incision is s slight & s fre% t x is manife/ ! r+ _h no consid]able we> aft] x 0 done#ee4 ,illu/ration !ls) 0 ! daught] ( !lwulf & si/] ( ,alfr$1 & consort ( ,burgr$1 k+ ( ,m]cia1 :o 0 driv5 out by ! ,danes 9 #hgd1 & retir$ to ,rome1 :]e he di$4 !ls) di$ 9 #hhh at ,pavia1 app>5tly on pilgrimage4 ,! annal record+ x runs ?us3 #8#hhh4 ,?is ye> ! alms ( ! ,we/ ,saxons & ( k+ ,alfr$ 7 conduct$ to ,rome by 8,beocca ealdorman40 ,& que5 !ls)1 :o 0 k+ ,alfr$'s si/]1 di$1 & 0 buri$ at ,pavia#ef4' ,?is f9e niello$ r+ 0 f\nd ne> ,ab]=d 9 ,york%ire1 9 or ab\t ! ye> #ahgj4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ by a pl\ghman at ! po9t ( 8 pl\gh%>e4 ,he br\ght x to 8 ma/]1 :o1 ?9k+ x brass1 atta*$ x to 8 dog's coll>1 :]e x hung until "s "o assur$ him x 0 gold1 :]eupon he c>ri$ x to a silv]smi? at ,york1 & ex*ang$ x = spoons4 ,f ?is deal] x 0 pur*as$ by ,canon ,gre5well ( ,durham1 f :om x pass$ into ! possession ( ,sir ,wolla/on ,franks1 & ultimately by 8 beque/ came to ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,illu/ration ,:5 we consid] h[ v small is ! :ole numb] ( extant gold r+s 7:e!r inscrib$ or n7 t date f ! ,saxon p]iod1 x mu/ /rike u z a v rem>kable circum/ance t we are able to produce ?ree su* examples1 all )9 ! p]iod ( ,alfr$'s life1 & two ( !m belong+ to su* ne> relations t we may naturally suppose !y 7 famili> objects to 8 eye4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& !re is a f\r? r+1 ( :i* we _c ass]t t x belongs to ?is v select gr\p1 b :i* c]ta9ly mu/ be assign$ to ! same g5]al p]iod1 & claims association ) ! ?ree4 ,x is a simple hoop ( gold1 a good qu>t] ( an in* wide1 hav+ its out] surface cov]$ ) ! foll[+ engrav$ inscription niello$#eg3 ,illu/ration3 ,,r$ ,,mec ,,ah ,,eanr$ ,,mec ,,agr(3 t is1 r$ me owns1 ,eanr$ me engrav$4 ,hickes describ$ ?is r+ 9 8 ,!saurus 7,preface1 pp4 viij & xiij7 ) a good figure3 b 9 ! int]pretation he read ! la/ ^w z ,,agr(t1 tak+ an idle m>k l an inv]t$ ,t z "p ( ! ^w2 :]eas x is !re only to fill out ! space4 ,9 ! lett]+ !re are five ,runes3 namely1 ! 9 ,,r$1 ! ,n 9 ,,eanr$1 & ! ,a1 ,g1 & ,f 9 ,,agr(4 ,?is is ! r+ :i* 0 allud$ to above 7p4 #ag71 9 connexion ) ! ar*aic pron\n ,,mec1 :i* occurs twice on x4 ,9 #agje1 :5 ?is r+ 0 describ$ by ,hickes1 x 0 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,hans ,sloane3 x is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! =ms #8?r$' & #8!r$' are colloquial abbreviations ( #8!lr$1' :i* 0 ! "n ( t "o among ! bro!rs ( ,alfr$1 ) :om 8 relations 7 close/4 ,b ! frequ5cy ( ! "n =bids u to ass]t t ?is r+ 0 made = k+ !lr$4 ,! names #8!lwulf' & #8!ls)' are 9 !mselves exceptional1 & :5 comb9$ ) ! royal title are absolutely id5tify+3 ! "n #8,alh/an1' comb9$ ) ! peculi> aspect ( ! r+ & ! circum/ances ( its discov]y1 n mu* less s2 b ! "n #8,,?r$1' ?\gh =cibly aid$ by ! noble aspect ( ! r+1 only enables u to ass]t a degree ( probability :i* e "o mu/ det]m9e = himself4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ^! r+s decl>es !m to be ! "w ( ,saxon arti/s1 & on ! ,,r$ r+ ! arti/ be>s a good ,saxon "n4 ,su* specim5s mu/ f9ally dissipate any l+]+ relics ( ! old prejudice1 t ! "w ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is too good to h be5 produc$ 9 ! ,engl& ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,we may re/ assur$ t ! excell5ce ( ! workman%ip c>ries ) x no presumption aga9/ its be+ ,engli% "w ( ! "t ( k+ ,,alfr$4 #ec ,see above1 p4 #g4 #ed ,alh/an _h accompani$ ,ecgb]ht on 8 fam\s exp$ition into ,cornwall 9 #hbe1 & we f9d him ) ! =ces ( ,som]set & ,dorset 9 #hde to oppose ! ,danes at ! m\? ( ,p$rida4 ,see ,mr4 ,plumm]'s note to ,sax4 ,*ron41 4 #hbc4 #ee ,b ! edges ( ! r+ %[ 7z ,franks po9t$ out7 traces ( long we>4 ,he goes on to say3 #8,! engrav+1 moreov]1 sc>cely looks l ! "w ( a goldsmi?4 ,i w\ld !re=e sugge/1 t ! ,que5 _h probably (f]$ ?is r+ at "s %r9e1 & ! prie/s connect$ ) ! %r9e _h engrav$ h] "n )9 ! r+1 to record ! royal giv]4' ,proc4 ,soc4 ,antiq41 #bnd ,s]ies1 vol4 vi1 p4 #cjg4 #ef #hhh4 ,h] ldde ,beocca ealdorman ,we/ ,sea na lmessan & lfr$es cyn+es to ,rome4 elswi cu51 sio ws lfr$es sweo/or cyn+es1 =f]de1 hire lic li t ,pafian4 #eg ,pr(essor ,/eph5s ( ,cop5hag51 ,runic ,monum5ts1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #dfc1 dat$ x #8ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj-hjj'3 b 9 ?is e/imate he has be5 guid$ 7,i ?9k7 n by any?+ 9 ! arti/ic design or execution1 b simply by ! l>ge proportion ( ,runes 9 ! mix$ lett]+1 a crit]ion ( v d\btful value4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,"s ,,clos+ ,,reflections ,among ! v>i\s criticisms :i* h be5 elicit$ by ! ,alfr$ ,jewel dur+ ! two hundr$ & sev5 ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce its discov]y 9 ! ye> #afic1 ! op9ion t ! "n x be>s is t ( ! k+ has n met ) m ?an "o def9ite & =mulat$ objection4 ,?is objection1 if x _h prevail$1 w\ld h exclud$ ! production ( su* a "w 9 k+ ,alfr$'s "t1 z a ?+ impossible4 ,b ! "q ?us rais$ has evok$ evid5ce ( s ov]p[]+ a nature z n only to neutralize ! objection1 b also to increase ! balance ( probability 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t ! p]son nam$ on ! ,jewel is ,alfr$ ( ,wessex4 ,! "n1 comb9$ ) ! co/l9ess & ! /rongly m>k$ individuality ( ! "w1 draws ! m9d naturally to ?9k ( ! mo/ rem>kable p]son :o bore t "n2 b1 9 addition1 we h to consid] t x 0 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! v spot :i* is mo/ closely associat$ ) ! c>e] ( ! selfsame p]son4 ,9 ^! obvi\s prima facie elem5ts ( ! case1 !re is an accumulation ( probability1 :i* fully ju/ifi$ ,hickes 9 say+ t f 8 fir/ sight ( ! ,jewel he _h nev] d\bt$ its hav+ be5 a p]sonal possession ( k+ ,alfr$'s#eh4 ,to ?is c5tral & prim>y body ( evid5ce o!r in/ances ( probability h be5 add$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t ,essay4 ,! inve/igation ( ! ,epigraph l$ u to ! conclusion t ! diction answ]$ well to ! "t ( k+ ,alfr$'s life1 & also t x bore "s resemblance to an analog\s piece ( 8 admitt$ writ+4 ,our exam9ation ( !ories conc]n+ ! design & use ( ! ,jewel result$ 9 ! conclusion t ! sugge/ions hi!rto advanc$ 7 inadmissible1 & ( no o!r value ?an z n>r[+ ! field ( conjecture4 ,we at lea/ "k a numb] ( ?+s t h appe>$ plausible 9 _! "t1 & are n[ no m to be ?\ght (2 namely1 an amulet1 a p5dant to a coll> ( /ate1 a decorat$ umbilicus1 ! head ( a /ilus1 a milit>y /&>d1 ! h&le ( a book-po9t]1 ! tip ( a sceptre4 ,our review ( ! abortiv5ess ( e>ly speculations conc]n+ ! design & use ( ! ,jewel drove u by a process ( elim9ation to seek a place = x 9 ! helmet4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is new !ory hi/orical evid5ce has be5 adduc$1 su* z has n be5 (f]$ 9 support ( any o!r explanation4 ,unless ?is !ory is approv$1 bo? ! ,alfr$ ,jewel & ! m9or jewel f ,m9/] ,lovel rema9 )\t explanation4 ,!re is n s mu* z a !ory 9 ! field4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ?is new !ory is judg$ to be "r1 or to h high probability1 !n ?is circum/ance makes /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! id5tification ( ! ,jewel ) k+ ,alfr$4 ,= x po9ts to a w>rior1 a helmet-we>]1 & to a p]son ( comm&+ position4 ,"o ( ! effects ( ! pres5t inve/igation ^u myself has be5 to conv9ce me 79 ! face ( :at ,i c\nt$ a settl$ op9ion7 t ! enamell$ ,figure is a product ( ^! isl&s2 & t x is n necess>y = u to look abroad t[>ds ,byzantium1 or fur!r ea/1 = a satisfactory acc\nt ( x4 ,?is unity aga9 is 9 fav\r ( id5tification ) ,alfr$ ( ,wessex1 ^: conspicu\s int]e/ 9 jewell]s' "w is ass]t$ by a well-su/a9$ tradition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! symbolism ( ! ,jewel appe>s to conta9 an allegorical repres5tation ( ! design]'s position1 bo? inh]it$ & *os51 bo? national & p]sonal4 ,8 religi\s /&+ is pictur$ 9 ! ,figure & its back-plate2 & ! anci5t religion ( 8 nation 9 ! bo>'s head1 once dom9ant1 n[ "u foot1 =m+ a p$e/al = ! ,head ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& to ?is ,i w add ! surmise1 t p]haps ! scales or waves on ! small triangul> space 9 ! rev]se signify t 8 c\ntry is an isl& 9 ! ocean4 ,i am n )\t appreh5sion t ^! explanations may /rike "s read]s z too m9ute & too f>-fet*$1 & t ,i may be *>g$ ) br++ out ( ! ,jewel m ?an is 9 x4 ,i w !re=e endeav\r to anticipate ?is *>ge ) a few apologetic words4 ,& fir/ ( all1 ,i ?9k x well to /ate t ,i did n set out ) any idea ( discov]+ lat5t mean+s 9 ! ,jewel4 ,:5 fir/ ,i disc\rs$ ^u x1 ,i cont5t$ myself ) exhibit+ draw+s ( ! object1 n>rat+ ! /ory ( ! discov]y1 expla9+ ! inscription1 & rehe>s+ ! op9ions :i* _h be5 put =w>d conc]n+ su* a rem>kable f9d4 ,?is furni%$ mat]ial to fill an h\r1 & to satisfy an audi5ce4 ,:atev] ,i h add$ to ! traditional exegesis has brok5 9 ^u me f "t to "t at wide int]vals1 caus+ me on su* occasions m surprize & pleasure ?an ,i c hope to imp>t to my read]s4 ,= ^? :o w\ld te/ ! symbolism ( ! ,jewel1 !re is an obvi\s prelim9>y "q4 ,is !re any reason to ?9k t ,alfr$ _h an aptitude & a fondness = allegory8 ,?is "q has be5 to me a valuable guide 9 obs]vations on ! extant writ+s ( ! k+4 ,x w\ld be easy to %[1 by examples drawn f 8 writ+s1 t he _h a m>k$ fondness = imag]y & p>able1 t 8 habit ( m9d incl9$ to all figures ( analogy & similitude4 ,x 0 n a previ\s k ( ^! 9 ! writ+s t l$ me to look = !m 9 ! ,jewel1 b rev]sely4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o _h call$ att5tion to ?is *>act]i/ic 9 ! writ+s3 ,i d n ?9k ,i appreh5d$ x f any o!r s\rce ?an ! ,jewel itself4 ,9 reg>d to ?is p>ticul> feature1 ! ,jewel has 7= me7 ?r[n light on ! writ+s1 & ^! aga9 h reflect$ illu/ration back ^u ! ,jewel4 ,i hope ?is explanation may make x easi] = "s to ?9k t ! imag]y ( ! ,jewel is a /rong indication t ,alfr$ ( ,wessex 0 ! design]4 ,x 0 ) ?is aim t1 9 *apt] vii1 ,i quot$ ! poetical ,epilogue to ,alfr$'s ,pa/oralis1 & ) ! same aim ,i n[ proce$ to quote a long-drawn simile 9 prose1 :i* ! k+ ins]t$ into 8 translation ( ,boe?ius' ,de ,consolatione ,philosophi4 ,x is 9 ! f\r? book1 :]e ! discussion is ab\t ,provid5ce & ,fate#ei4 ,9 ! ab/ract & implicit mann] natural to ! sage ( a mature & ov]-bl[n culture1 ,boe?ius _h illu/rat$ ! relation betwe5 ,provid5ce & ,fate by ! relation betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! circle & its circumf]5ce4 ,?is analogy is /at$ 9 ma!matical fa%ion4 ,a s]ies ( conc5tric circles (f] po9ts ( ext]nal contact m num]\s 9 "s & less num]\s 9 o!rs1 accord+ z _! circumf]5ce is ne>] or fur!r f ! common c5tre1 b ! c5tre itself is unaffect$ by su* *ances2 x rema9s always ! same1 "o & indivisible4 ,! /able c5tre is ,div9e ,provid5ce2 by ! v>i\s contact ( ! circumf]5ces ) ext]nal ?+s is repres5t$ ! vicissitude ( ,fate or ,=tune4 ,?is ref9$ similitude 0 translat$ by k+ ,alfr$1 out ( ! diamond-cut succ9ct ,lat9 ( ,boe?ius1 into ! homely spee* ( 8 own p1 by means ( a concrete figure t 0 famili> to e son ( ! soil4 ,accord+ly "s ?+s 9 ?is _w are subject to ,fate1 "s are no :it subject !reto3 b ,fate1 & all ! ?+s subject to x1 are 9 subjection to ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,conc]n+ ?is ,i c rehe>se unto !e a similitude1 :]eby ?\ maye/ ! bett] und]/&1 :i* m5 be subject to ,fate1 & :i* be n4 ,all ?is mov+ & revolv+ creation revolves ^u ,god1 :o is immovable1 un*angeable1 & "o3 & he wielde? all creatures j z he at ! fir/ _h orda9$1 & /ill do? orda94 ,z on a waggon's axle ! :eels revolve & ! axle /&e? /ill & be>e? ! :ole waggon & gov]ns all ! motion2 :ile ! :eel turns ab\t1 & ! nave next to ! axle moves m /eadily & m securely ?an ! fellies d3 9 su* a mann] t ! axle is ! highe/ good1 :i* we call ,god1 & ! happie/ m5 move nighe/ to ,god1 ev5 z ! nave move? nighe/ to ! axle1 & ! middl+ sort are j l ! spokes2 =asmu* z e spoke ha? "o end fa/ 9 ! nave & ! o!r end 9 ! felly4 ,s x is ) m5 ( ! middl+ sort2 at "o "t he ?9ks 9 8 m9d ab\t ?is e>?ly life1 at ano!r "t ab\t ! heav5ly2 l a man look+ ) "o eye to heav5 & ) ! o!r to e>?4 ,j z ! spokes h "o end /ick+ 9 ! felly & ! o!r 9 ! nave1 :ile ! middle ( ! spoke is equally ne> to bo?1 ev5 s are ! middl+ m5 9 ! middle ( ! spoke1 & ! bett] m5 ne>] to ! nave1 & ! mean] m5 ne>] to ! fellies3 !y are1 h[ev]1 9 connexion ) ! nave1 & ! nave ) ! axle4 ,s n[1 ! fellies ?\gh !y are atta*$ to ! spokes1 yet are !y altoge!r roll+ ^u ! e>?2 s are ! meane/ connect$ ) ! middl+ & ! middl+ ) ! be/ & ! be/ ) ,god4 ,?\gh ! meane/ m5 all direct _! love to ?is _w1 yet c !y n re/ !reon1 nor be ( any acc\nt1 unless !y be 9 "s measure associat$ ) ,god1 any m ?an ! :eel's fellies c be 9 progress1 unless !y be atta*$ to ! spokes & ! spokes to ! axle4 ,! fellies are ! f>!/ f ! axle2 !re=e !y move ! mo/ unev5ly4 ,! nave moves next to ! axle2 & t is :y x has ! sure/ motion4 ,s d ! happie/ m53 z !y set _! love ne>] to ,god1 & m resolutely contemn ^! e>?ly ?+s1 s are !y m free f c>e1 & less !y reck h[ ,fate may *ance to turn1 or :at x may br+4 ,9 l mann] ! nave is cont9ually s sure1 jolt ! fellies on :atso !y may jolt2 & ?is ev5 ?\gh ! nave is some:at ap>t f ! axle4 ,by ?is figure ?\ maye/ und]/& t z ! waggon is mu* m durably s\nd1 ! less x is p>t$ f ! axle2 s are ^? m5 ! free/ ( all f c>e 7:e!r ab\t anxieties ( ?is life or ( ! next7 :o are fa/ 9 ,god3 b 9 :atev] degree !y are asund] f ,god1 9 ! same degree are !y worri$ & h>ass$1 bo? 9 m9d & 9 body4 ,?is prose simile is unque/ion$ z an orig9al piece ( k+ ,alfr$'s au?or%ip1 & s is also ! poetical epilogue to 8 ,pa/oralis1 :i* 0 quot$ above 9 ! sev5? *apt]4 ,c any "o d\bt t 8 m9d 0 exub]antly f]tile 9 allegorical ?\ght1 & %all x be judg$ a ?+ improbable t 9 8 imag9ative y\?1 hav+ rec5tly pass$ ?r\gh a v gr& & rude transition ( exp]i5ce1 he %\ld h /ra9$ ! pla/icity ( a fav\rite craft to body =? ! symbolic expression ( ?\ghts too deep = common spee*8 ,z ! c\rse ( inve/igation into ! v>iety & unity ( ?is composite ,jewel br+s x m & m home to ! creative m9d ( ,alfr$1 ! conviction rises t ?is "w repres5ts no pass+ freak ( arti/ic fancy1 nor ! fond elaboration ( "s fasc9at+ idea 7z 9 a sonnet72 b r t we h be=e u ! ?\ghtful record ( a p]iod ( life & a phase ( "s duration1 conta9+ s]i\s reflections by "o :o _h rea*$ a high] /age ( obs]vation1 a /age comm&+ a wid] outlook4 ,( "s su* a crisis z ?is ! ,alfr$ ,jewel appe>s to be ! pictorial & symbolic monum5t4 ,& if ?is impression is s\nd1 x ought to help u to "s fur!r conclusions4 ,we ought ) ?is help to be able to =m "s e/imate ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ?is ,jewel 0 design$4 ,h[ev] we may lam5t ! pov]ty ( detail$ incid5t 9 ! life ( ,alfr$1 we are n ignorant ( its ma9 divisions4 ,& we are n[ 9 a position to ask--,to :i* ( ^! divisions does ?is c>efully elaborat$ design mo/ naturally belong8 ,9 seek+ mat]ials = ! answ] to ?is "q1 ,i w fir/ consid] ! probabilities ( ! case1 :i* are sugge/$ by ! c\rse ( public ev5ts3 & !n1 secondly1 ,i w come to ! indications :i* are p]sonal to ,alfr$ himself4 ,?is plan may t5d to cle>ness1 ?\gh x be n feasible to keep ! two aspects q ap>t4 ,= a basis to ?is enquiry1 we mu/ take ! ye> #hgh1 z be+ t 9 :i* ! ,jewel disappe>$4 ,?is is n[ an e/abli%$ po9t 9 our argum5t4 ,to ?is we 7 l$ bo? by hi/ory & by tradition3 & x is only by keep+ z close z possible to ^! t we c %un ! proclivities ( arbitr>y hypo!sis4 #a4 ,tak+ !n ! ye> #hgh z t 9 :i* ,alfr$ saw ! ,jewel = ! la/ "t1 h[ f> back mu/ we rec$e to come to ! mo/ probable "t = 8 inv5t+ x8 ,our fir/ /ep mu/ be to skip ! sev5 ye>s s9ce 8 accession 9 #hga4 ,a glimpse at ! ev5ts ( t p]iod may suffice to assure u t ! con/ant pressure ( /]n] duties w\ld h left him 9 no mood to amuse himself ) enamel & filigree4 ,& ev5 if = ! sake ( w9t] relaxation he _h done s1 ,i ?9k he w\ld n h designat$ himself z pla9 lfr$1 :5 he 0 k+4 ,dur+ 8 reign 8 con/ant /yle 0 ,,lfr$ ,,cyn+1 & x w\ld h be5 q easy to h add$ ! lett] ,r to 8 "n1 z 8 fa!r did :5 he ord]$ ! fa%ion ( 8 r+4 ,= ^! reasons 7among o!rs71 ,i ?9k ! ,jewel 0 made be=e #hga4 ,we may /ill rec$e ano!r long /ep1 & say t ! date we seek 0 probably be=e #hff4 ,t is ! ye> 9 :i* ,alfr$ began to %>e ! burd5 ( reign+ )\t ! title1 ! ye> 9 :i* ! common dang] ent]$ ^u a new & m m5ac+ phase1 z ! hea!n invasion began to be m sy/ematically conduct$4 ,wessex 0 n inde$ attack$ until ! la/ ( ^! five ye>s1 b ! :ole p]iod mu/ h be5 pass$ 9 appreh5sion & int5se prep>ation4 ,accord+ly1 ?is process ( reason+ back f ! ye> #hgh by ! light ( public ev5ts br+s u to ! result t ! design & execution ( ! ,jewel is probably to be dat$ be=e ,a4,d4 #hff1 t is to say1 x mu/ belong to ! reign ( k+ !lb]ht4 #b4 ,com+ n[ to ! second process1 we h to consid] at :at "t x appe>s likely t ,alfr$ might h be5 9 ! mood = su* a "w z ?is1 & also 9 circum/ances 7z to 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s7 fav\rable = arti/ic & allegorical m$itation4 ,:5 does x appe> likely t he _h leisure = ?9k+ out ^! details1 :ile at ! same "t 8 m9d 0 ex]cis$ ) ! !mes repres5t$ 9 ! ,jewel8 ,x 0 c]ta9ly subsequ5t to 8 return f ,rome2 n imm$iately1 b aft] an int]val1 :5 ! fir/ agitation ( 8 m9d _h subsid$1 & he _h become reconcil$ to 8 lot4 ,= we _c d\bt t :5 he return$ f ,rome to ,engl&1 & witness$ ! /ate ( 8 c\ntry--! dang] & ! depression--he mu/ h exp]i5c$ a great revulsion ( feel+1 a /rong outbur/ ( regret = ! long & happy "t t he _h be5 enjoy+ abroad4 ,8 passionate ye>n+ = ,rome & 8 fri5ds !re mu/ h am\nt$ to some?+ l a viol5t fit ( home-sickness4 ,all ?is x 0 8 duty to live d[n2 & to d s he _h to look ! facts 9 ! face1 & take _! measure & _! be>+1 & asc]ta9 _! relation to 8 pa? ( duty1 & int]pret 8 position by ! light ( a religi\s consci5ce4 ,"s e>ne/ & ard5t m9ds w\ld f9d solace & /r5g? 9 writ+ poetry1 & p]haps ,alfr$ did s4 ,if ?is ,jewel is n ! equival5t ( su* a poem x is ne>ly ak9 to x4 ,9 con/ructive art !re c]ta9ly is a solace ( a heal+ k9d1 & ! ,jewel be=e u answ]s rem>kably to ! situation4 ,x is 9 _m p>ticul>s l ! outcome ( su* a mood4 ,& if su* a mood is likely to h foll[$ ! return ( ! "y pr9ce to ,engl&1 x conc]ns u to =m "s op9ion ab\t ! probable date ( t ev5t4 ,x is ass]t$ 9 ! bil+ual ,*ronicle 7,f7 t ,alfr$ return$ to ,engl& on ! occasion ( 8 fa!r's dea?1 :i* took place 9 ,janu>y1 #heh2 b ! /atem5t is discr$it$ by consid]ations :i* ,mr4 ,plumm] has giv5 9 8 notes to ! ,saxon ,*ronicle 7vol4 ii1 p4 #hj74 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 #hfj1 8 elde/ bro!r1 !lbald1 k+ ( ,wessex1 di$2 & ?is ev5t occasion$ a def9ite call = 8 return4 ,! ?ree bro!rs1 !lbald1 !r$1 & lfr$1 held l&s 9 common :i* 7 giv5 by _! fa!r to ^! ?ree sons1 9 su* a way t ! :ole 0 to come to ! late/ survivor4 ,?is prop]ty w\ld n[ pass to ! two bro!rs1 !r$ & lfr$2 & = ! sanction ( ?is transf] x 0 necess>y t ! p>ties %\ld appe> be=e ! ,witan4 ,?is transaction is relat$ 9 ,alfr$'s ,w4 ,! two bro!rs agre$ t _! jo9t prop]ty %\ld be held 9 tru/ by !lbriht1 ! new k+1 & t he %\ld f>m x = ! b5efit ( 8 y\ng] bro!rs1 a tru/ :i* he fully dis*>g$4 ,at ! dea? ( !lbriht & ! accession ( !r$ 9 #hff1 ! hea!n invasion began to assume a m al>m+ =m2 b ! reign ( !lbriht _h be5 a quiet "t1 at lea/ = ,wessex4 ,?is p]iod 7#hfj to #hff71 f ,alfr$'s ?irte5? to 8 eighte5? ye>1 w\ld be a "t ( leisure1 & he w\ld be at ! age ( y\?ful rev]ie1 & 8 m9d w\ld be /imulat$ by reports t w\ld rea* 8 e> ( ! savag]y ( ! hea!n raids 9 neighb\r & k9dr$ nations contra/$ ) ! humanities ( ,*ri/ianity1 :ile 8 memory w\ld contra/ ! le>n$ culture ( ,rome ) ! ignorance ( 8 own p4 ,^! appe> to be apt conditions = ex]cis+ ! m9d ( a s]i\s pr9ce ) su* ?\ghts z we f9d symboliz$ 9 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 collect+ evid5ce = ! argum5t ( ?is ,essay1 ,i h be5 solicit\s to omit no?+ t seem$ to make = ! cr$it ( a ,jewel1 conc]n+ :i* ,i am p]suad$ 9 my own m9d t x be>s ! au!ntic signature ( ,alfr$ ( ,wessex4 ,i hope t ?is aim has n betray$ me into ! use ( any argum5ts :i* are ( no validity4 ,& if any read]'s op9ion %\ld be aga9/ me on ?is po9t1 ,i w\ld ask him to consid] t 9 ! region ( probability all m5 d n judge exactly alike3 "o may ?9k a p>ticul> fact or tradition ( no argum5tative value1 :ile ano!r may hesitate to exclude x4 ,& ev5 if any su* in/ance 7 disall[$ & rul$ to be ( no weight1 /ill x _c invalidate ! re/4 ,morally1 x may damage ! effect ( ! :ole1 because x may prejudice ! m9d ( ! read]2 b logically1 x leaves ! argum5tative effect ( ! re/ :]e x 0 be=e4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ,i h lean$ t[>d compreh5sion z be+ ! m useful c\rse2 & if ,i h err$ ,i hope ,i may claim ! read]'s indulg5ce1 on ! gr\nd ( be+ fai?ful to ! view :i* ,i _h ( ! task be=e me4 ,9 ?is sci5tific age1 !re are m p]sons :o c appreciate a tra9 ( exact s]ial reason+ ?an ( ^? :o c d ju/ice to a comb9ation ( probabilities4 ,x is n v r>e to f9d disputants capable ( te/+ a ma!matical demon/ration1 :o if !y _h to exam9e a probable argum5t might dismiss x ) ! prov]bial maxim1 :i* says t no *a9 is /rong] ?an its weake/ l9k4 ,!re are argum5ts :i* are l a *a91 & to !m ! maxim applies3 "o weak l9k vitiates ! conclusion4 ,su* are ! demon/rations 9 ,euclid4 ,b ! argum5t :i* runs ?r\gh ?is book is n ( t k9d1 r x resembles a bundle1 & to su* ! maxim does n apply4 ,x _c be said1 = example1 t no faggot is /rong] ?an its weake/ /ick4 ,& ?is is ! simile :i* applies to ! evid5ce 9 probable reason+4 ,x is n l9k$1 b mass$4 ,:5 ,gulliv] awoke on ! %ore ( ,liliput & f\nd t he 0 fa/5$ to ! gr\nd1 ! ?reads :i* b\nd him 7 sev]ally slight1 b ! total effect 0 irresi/ible4 ,analog\s !reto 0 ! comb9$ effect ( _m p>tial & inconclusive argum5ts on ! m9d ( ,sir ,francis ,palgrave1 :5 he te/ifi$ t #8no "o1 tak+ all ! po9ts ( evid5ce toge!r1 c reasonably d\bt b t x did belong to k+ ,alfr$#fj4' ,?is conclusion may n[ be some:at amplifi$4 ,i tru/ we are n[ 9 a position to say ) reasonable confid5ce1 t n only did ?is ,jewel belong to ,alfr$ ( ,wessex1 hav+ be5 made by 8 ord]2 b fur!r1 t x 0 8 "w1 hav+ be5 made aft] 8 design2 & fur!r aga91 t ! design ref]r$ to1 & 0 bas$ ^u1 8 own position2 &1 moreov]1 t ! ,jewel 0 a production ( 8 y\?1 ( ! p]iod aft] 8 return f ,rome1 & be=e he assum$ a %>e 9 public affairs by ! side ( 8 bro!r !lr$4 #eh ,see above1 p4 #h4 #ei ,! ,anglo-,saxon text may be f\nd 9 ,c>dale's edition 7#ahbi71 p4 #cch1 & 9 ! rec5t edition by ,mr4 ,s$gefield1 p4 #abi4 #fj ,see above1 p4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,jewel1 ,,front ,,& ,,back4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,! ,,fir/ ,,publi%$ ,,notice ,,( ,,! ,,alfr$ ,,jewel 7pp4 #be & #add7 ,! foll[+ is an ,article 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 vol4 xx1 ,no4 #bdg1 page #dda3-- ,"p ( a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,musgrave1 ,fell[ ( ! ,college ( ,physicians & ,r4 ,s41 to ,dr4 ,sloane2 conc]n+ a ,piece ( ,antiquity lately f\nd 9 ,som]set%ire4 ,i enclose1 to y1 ! ,figure 7see ,fig4 #d7 ( a curi\s piece ( ,antiquity1 lately f\nd ne> ,a%elney 9 ,som]set%ire2 ! ,place :]e ,k+ ,alfr$ built1 z ,milton affirms1 a ,=tress3 ,b accord+ to ,william ( ,malmsbury1 a ,mona/]y2 9 ,memory 7z "s h ?\ght7 ( 8 ,deliv]ance1 obscure ,retreat to t ,place1 & ,concealm5t 9 x1 f ! ,danes4 ,! ,sub/ance is 9 ! ,possession ( ,col4 ,p4 ( ,fairfield 9 ! same ,c\nty2 by ^: ,p]mission1 ,i _h ! ,sight ( x4 ',tis ( ! same ,l5g? & ,bread? ) ! ,figure3 ! ,"w v f9e2 s z to make "s ,m5 "q its true ,age3 ,b 9 all probability1 x did belong to t great ,k+1 x is s well repres5t$ 9 ! ,figure1 t a %ort ,description w suffice4 ,! ,edge is ?91 z f> z ! ,lett]s4 ,! ,lett]s are on a ,plane ris+ obliquely4 ,all )9 ! inn] ,pyramidal ,l9e is on a ,plane equi-di/ant f ! ,rev]se4 ,! ,repres5tation 79 t upp] ,plane7 seems to be ( "s ,p]son 9 a ,*air4 ,x is 9 ,enamel1 cov]'d ov] ) a ,cry/al2 :i* is secur$ 9 its place by ! little ,leaves com+ ov] its ,edges4 ,9 ! ,rev]se are ,fl[]s engrav$4 ,! :ole piece may be ( ! ,weight ( ,?ree ,gu9eas4 ,! ,*ry/al & ,enamel except$1 x is all ( pure ,gold4 ,?is1 p]haps1 0 an ,amulet ( ,k+ ,alfr$'s4 ,,exon1 ,dec4 #aj1 #afih4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,/4 ,,neot ,,& ,,/4 ,,cu?b]t 7pp4 #bi & #gd7 ,among ! t5tative int]pretations ( ! enamell$ ,figure bo? ( ^! sa9ts h at diff]5t times be5 put =w>d1 z 0 only natural1 s9ce !y bo? hold a place 9 ! curr5t n>ratives ( k+ ,alfr$'s life4 ,b x is well to obs]ve t _! sev]al relations to ! /ream ( tradition are nei!r equal nor alike4 ,! fir/ is f\nd unit$ ) t /ream 9 ! t5? c5tury1 t is to say1 at ! highe/ po9t :i* has be5 rea*$ 9 ! inve/igation ( ^! episodes4 ,z to :at is told ( ,/4 ,neot1 h[ev] unlikely1 x _c be pron\nc$ impossible t x may h _h "s orig9al "r to ! place :i* x holds4 ,! second is a transp>5t fraud1 introduc$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury by wrong-head$ zeal4 ,a few details w make ?is cle>4 ,! olde/ s\rce = ! life ( ,/4 ,neot is an ,anglo-,saxon homily ( t well-kn[n type :i* sprang out ( ! mona/ic revival associat$ ) ! names ( ,odo & !lwold & ,dun/an4 ,conspicu\s examples ( ?is type are ! ,lives ( ,/4 ,edmund1 ,k+ & ,m>tyr1 & ( ,/4 ,s)un4 ,at ?is epo* ! relics ( ,/4 ,neot 7by a traffic too intricate = u to unravel7 7 remov$ f _! natural re/+-place at ,/4 ,neots 9 ,cornwall1 :]e ! man _h liv$ & di$1 to enri* a new f\ndation 9 ,hunt+don%ire1 :]e influ5tial p]sons 7 plant+ a new mona/]y1 :i* became a second ,/4 ,neots4 ,we may pretty safely assume t ?is ev5t1 :i* happ5$ ab\t #ihd1 gave rise to ! biography1 9 :i* ! relations ( ,/4 ,neot to ,alfr$ =m ! di/+ui%+ feature4 ,( ?is writ+ only a late & some:at int]polat$ copy has rea*$ our times4 ,! mod]n hi/orian w n hesitate to say ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t t 8 relations to ,alfr$ are :olly fictiti\s2 b he _c und]take to say ! same ( ,/4 ,neot4 ,nev]!less1 !y are equally out ( ! "q s f> z reg>ds ! icuncula4 ,! idea t ! ,figure might be ,/4 ,neot is exclud$ by ! homily1 :i* places ! dea? ( ,/4 ,neot %ortly be=e ! tr\bles ( ,alfr$1 & ! accept$ date is #hgg4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ probable *ronology we h be5 able to make out = ! ,jewel1 x 0 fabricat$ be=e #hff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! leg5d>y connexion ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t ) ,alfr$ dates f ! twelf? c5tury1 & is app>5tly due to ,simeon ! hi/orian1 :o 0 a monk ( ! mona/]y ( ,durham1 & :o1 :5 ab\t ?irty-five ye>s old1 witness$ ! impressive c]emonial ( ! translation ( ! great sa9t ( ! ,nor? ,c\ntry1 :i* took place 9 #aajd4 ,:5 he compil$ 8 n>rative ( ! reign ( k+ ,alfr$1 he sacrific$ facts ( hi/ory to ! fame ( ! sa9t4 ,omitt+ g5u9e details :i* he _h at h&1 he subject$ ! capital ev5ts ( ,alfr$'s life to ! patronage ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,?us he beg9s3 #8,9 ! ye> #hgg ! nef>i\s ho/ quitt$ ,exet] & came to ,*ipp5ham & w9t]$ !re4 ,k+ ,alfr$ 9 ^? days endur$ great tribulations & liv$ an unsettl$ life4 ,be+ enc\rag$ ) an explicit oracle by ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 k+ ,alfr$ f\ght aga9/ ! ,danes1 at ! "t & 9 ! place :i* ! sa9t _h direct$1 & ga9$ ! victory1 & f t "t =w>d he 0 t]rible & inv9cible to 8 enemies4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he vanqui%$ 8 foes is relat$ z foll[e?4' ,9 su* a mann] 0 ?is figm5t introduc$ into ! page ( hi/ory1 :]e x long cont9u$ 9 good repute4 ,hickes 0 s mu* sway$ by x1 t he rel9qui%$ 8 fir/ int]pretation ( ! icuncula 9 fav\r ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,if ! connexion ( ,alfr$ ) ,/4 ,neot is 7z x may well be7 ( a my?ical nature1 or ev5 an inv5tion ( ! biograph]1 he did b use ! lic5ce :i* 0 !n accord$ to ! panegyri/2 & x is v diff]5t f t abuse ( ! au?ority ( ! hi/orian :i* introduc$ ,/4 ,cu?b]t into ! n>rative ( ! de$s ( ,alfr$4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,! ,,two-,,scept]$ ,,figure ,,9 ,,! ,,book ,,( ,,kells 7p4 #gh7 ,i am indebt$ to ,miss ,swann = ! foll[+ extract f ,pr(essor ,we/wood's ,m9iatures & ,ornam5ts ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,iri% ,art 7p4 #bi73 ,! draw+ repres5t+ 7z ,i appreh5d7 ! ,temptation ( ! ,savi\r occurs on fol4 #bjb v41 & is copi$ 9 my ,plate ,,xi4 ,"h ! bu/ ( ! ,savi\r is repres5t$ at ! summit ( an elaborately ornam5t$ conical design1 :i* ,i suppose repres5ts a #8p9nacle ( ! temple' r ?an ! #8exce$+ high m\nta94' ,! head ( ! ,savi\r is surr\nd$ by a crucif]\s nimbus1 l t ( ! ,virg9 9 ! above-describ$ draw+1 & ,he appe>s to hold a roll 9 ,8 left h&4 ,two v rudely design$ angels hov] above ,8 head1 & two o!rs occupy ! upp] angles ( ! picture1 ! int]/ices ( ! latt] be+ fill$ 9 ) foliage & bran*es spr++ f vases2 t on ! "r h& be+ 9 an unusual position4 ,! /rangely emaciat$ black figure ( ! ,tempt] 7de/itute ( tail1 b ) ho(-l feet71 & ! cr[d ( heads at ! side & bottom ( ! design1 z also ! bu/ )9 a frame hold+ two rosette-be>+ rods1 m]it p>ticul> notice4 ,my int]pretation ( ! ,iri% ,figure 0 made solely f a /udy ( ! picture itself1 )\t sugge/ion f any qu>t]4 ,i _h great difficulty 9 mak+ up my m9d :e!r ! mean+ 7 a p]sonage at a w9d[ 9 ! build+1 or :e!r x 7 simply a fram$ picture exhibit$ 9 front ( ! build+4 ,i 0 n !n aw>e ( ,pr(essor ,we/wood's description1 :i* takes ! latt] view4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is view gives to ! repres5tation ! nature ( a reflection or comm5t m po9t$ly ?an ! view :i* ,i h tak5 9 ! text4 ,i w "h add ano!r quotation f ,pr(essor ,we/wood1 9 :i* he describes & *>act]izes ! ,book ( ,kells3 #8,x is ! mo/ a/oni%+ book ( ! ,f\r ,gospels :i* exi/s 9 ! _w1 & x is 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 :]e x 0 plac$ along ) ! books ( ,ar*bi%op ,u%]1 aft] 8 dea? 9 #afef1 :]e x has s9ce rema9$1 & :]e ,i tru/ x w ev] rema91 z ! glory ( ,irel&' 7,! ,book ( ,kells3 a ,lecture1 c41 p4 #f74 ,= a p>tial illu/ration ( ! cont5ts ( ?is ,app5dix1 see ! illu/ration fac+ p4 #gg4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,! ,,briti% ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,enamell$ ,,figure 7p4 #ia7 ,i am greatly indebt$ to my fri5d ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,bell1 ! ,assi/ant ,keep] ( ! ,a%molean ,museum1 = ! foll[+ obs]vations ^u ! te*nical *>act]i/ics ( e>ly cloisonne enamels4 ,^! obs]vations are v g]mane to1 & inde$ 7 p>tly occasion$ by1 ! que/ions :i* surr\nd ! ,enamel 9 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 ,sett+ aside ! reliqu>y at ,poiti]s1 :i*1 if x c\ld really ju/ify its claim to hav+ be5 a gift ( ,ju/9ian ,,ii to ,/4 ,radigund1 w\ld be by f> ! olde/ piece ( ,byzant9e enamel "w 9 exi/5ce1 z well z all su* specim5s z h no inscriptions or docum5t>y evid5ce to indicate _! age1 !re exi/1 app>5tly1 only two enamell$ objects ( suppos$ ,byzant9e workman%ip t c be ma9ta9$ to be old] ?an ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 ,^! are ! iron cr[n ( ,monza & ! gold5 alt> ( ,sa9t ,ambrose at ,milan4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 ap>t f ! controv]sy z to :e!r x truly 0 among/ ! jewels giv5 to ! ca!dral by ,!odol9da1 !re seems to be "s unc]ta9ty z to :e!r !re is any cloisonne enamel ab\t ! cr[n at all4 ,du ,somm]>d1 :o 0 all[$ to make a draw+ ( x :i* is reproduc$ 9 8 ,arts au ,moy5 ,age 7,album1 srie x1 pl4 #ad71 speaks ( incru/ations ( jewels1 b makes no m5tion ( enamel4 ,8 c>efully col\r$ illu/ration %[s ! plaques describ$ by ,lab>te 7,arts ,indu/riels1 i4 #cab71 b ! em]ald-gre5 gr\nd t figures 9 ! description is n indicat$4 ,du ,somm]>d's plate fails 9 "o or two o!r p>ticul>s to tally ) ,lab>te's description2 & z ! latt] speaks ( 8 difficulty 9 obta9+ a sight ( ! cr[n1 x is possible t he mi/ook 9 ?is in/ance1 z he appe>s to h done 9 ! case ( ! ,limburg reliqu>y1 :at ,m4 ,mol9i] 7,trsor de ,sa9t ,m>c de ,v5ise1 p4 #dh7 calls la v]rot]ie cloisonne--t is1 presumably1 glass mosaic inlaid 9 gold5 cells--= cloisonne enamel4 ,at any rate1 "s fre% op9ion is surely ne$$ to e/abli% ! iron cr[n z a monum5t ( ?is class ( enamel "w4 ,to turn to ! alt> ( ,sa9t ,ambrose4 ,x 0 made 9 #hch2 & ,lab>te admits t ! ,lat9 inscriptions ^u x1 & ! ,lat9 "n ( its arti/1 proclaim ! ,italian orig9 ( ! great] "p ( ! "w4 ,b ! enamels :i* =m a comp>atively unimportant "p ( ! decoration #8doiv5t1' he says1 #8avoir t excuts p> un des arti/es grecs qui travaillai5t en gr& nombre en ,italie cette poque4 ,on rem>qu]a que les c>nations des figures sont r5dues en mail blanc opaque' 7,hi/oire des ,arts ,indu/riels1 iii4 #aj74 ,( ^! enamels ! mo/ /rik+ appe> to be eight small1 circul> m$allions ^u ! doors at ! back ( ! alt>4 ,^! m$allions d n =m an integral portion ( ! "w1 b are affix$1 9 ! mann] ( jewels1 to ! framework ( ! silv]-gilt bas-reliefs1 & may 9 fact be among/ ^? v ,engli% enamels ^: discov]y ^u ! e>ly %r9es 9 cont95tal *ur*es & museums ,mr4 ,/>kie ,g>dn] pr$icts 7,catalogue ( ,european ,enamels exhibit$ at ! ,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club1 #ahig1 p4 ix74 ,ea* repres5ts a diadem$ head se5 9 full face1 a palm bran*1 or p]haps a w+1 appe>+ above ea* %\ld] aga9/ a transluc5t gre5 backgr\nd4 ,9 motive !y ?us pres5t an extraord9>ily close p>allel to ! ,alfr$ ,jewel 7,du ,somm]>d1 ,arts au ,moy5 ,age1 ,album1 srie ix1 plan*es #ah & #ai74 ,! e>lie/ enamels ( inconte/ably ,byzant9e orig91 :i* c be dat$ ) accuracy by docum5t>y evid5ce1 seem to g no fur!r back ?an ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be said t ^! works1 ) ^? ( closely subsequ5t p]iods1 h ! appe>ance ( be+ ! productions ( ! s*ool 9 its infancy & e>ly developm5t4 ,v consid]able te*nical accompli%m5t is %[n 9 ! manipulation ( ! extremely n>r[ gold cloisons1 dispos$ = ! mo/ "p 9 /raight or slightly curv$ l9es1 & fill+ ev5 ! spaces ( ! drap]y ) closely laid *evrons or p>allel /ripes2 :ile ! innum]able m9ute cells ?us =m$ are fill$ ) homog5e\s1 brilliant1 _m-hu$ enamels4 ,a w>m tone ( p9k is inv>iably us$ to repres5t fle%4 ,an impressive object1 possess+ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics 9 common ) ! ,jewel & o!r suppos$ ,celtic-,saxon enamels1 is ! eagle fibula f\nd at ,ma9z1 & n[ 9 ! museum !re4 ,! pres5t sett+ ( ! enamell$ eagle has be5 suppos$ to be ,franki%1 ( ! latt] "p ( ! t5? or e>li] ye>s ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & ! eight small enamell$ jewels ins]t$ 9 ! bord] confirm ?is view1 z !y closely resemble ! jewels incru/$ ^u ! frame ( ! ,crucifixion plaque 9 ! ,rei*e-,capelle at ,muni*1 :i* has usually be5 attribut$ to t age 7,von ,hefn]-,alt5eck1 ,tra*t5 des *ri/li*5 ,mittelalt]s2 ,s*lumb]g]1 ,nicephorus ,phocas74 ,! figure ( ! eagle1 presumably1 consi/$ orig9ally ( five plaques1 "o repres5t+ ! head1 ano!r ! tail1 two o!rs ! outspread w+s1 & a fif? ! body ( ! bird4 ,?is la/ is miss+1 its place hav+ be5 suppli$1 app>5tly at ! "t ! sett+ 0 made1 by a plaque ( engrav$ gold4 ,?is circum/ance seems 9 fav\r ( ! idea t ! enamels are ( =eign workman%ip1 & e>li] ?an ! sett+4 ,! cloisons ( nei!r ! eagle nor ! ,roa* ,smi? ou*e are z n>r[ z ^? employ$ by ! ,byzant9e enamell]s1 al?\gh !y are at mo/ only half ! wid? ( ^? made use ( 9 ! ,alfr$ ,jewel4 ,! d\bl+ ( ! cloisons into loops1 n commonly se5 9 ,byzant9e "w b rem>kable 9 ! ,jewel1 is also noticeable 9 ! eagle4 ,among/ ! five col\rs employ$ 9 ! eagle are ! d>k1 transluc5t gre51 & ! yell[1 consid]$ by ,mr4 ,g>dn] z *>act]i/ic ( ,celtic-,saxon enamels1 & also ! opaque :ite su* z is us$ = ! fle% t9t 9 ! ,jewel & ! ou*e1 &1 z ,lab>te p>ticul>ly rem>ks1 9 ! closely analog\s heads ^u ! alt> ( ,sa9t ,ambrose4 ,( all ^! monum5ts ! enamel ( ! ,alfr$ ,jewel is at once ! co>se/ & mo/ primitive 9 execution4 ,hav+ be5 protect$ by ! rock-cry/al pane1 its surface is presumably 9 mu* ! same /ate z :5 x left ! mak]'s h&s4 ,x 01 evid5tly1 :5 x came out ( ! furnace1 extremely unev5 & r\gh1 & _h to be subject$ to a gr9d+ process1 traces ( :i* are /ill app>5t4 ,! gold cloisons are dull ) m9ute scrat*es1 & :]e two ran close toge!r !y h become "o confus$1 ragg$ l9e4 ,bo? ! eagle & ! ou*e1 al?\gh expos$ = long p]iods to ! direct action ( ! soil1 pres]ve a f> high] degree ( poli%4 ,yet ! r\gh workman%ip by itself _c1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 be held to preclude ! ,byzant9e orig9 ( ?is enamel1 s9ce1 z !re is n kn[n to exi/ a s+le indisputably dat$ "w ( ! ,byzant9e s*ool 9 its primitive /ages1 x is impossible to ass]t t ?is s*ool 0 n1 dur+ ! lifetime ( k+ ,alfr$1 produc+ "w z rude 9 execution z ! ,jewel4 ,x may be t su* a specim5 w "s day make its appe>ance1 & det]m9e ! ,ea/]n orig9 ( ?is enamel & all cognate works4 ,x is also possible t ! discov]y ( an und\bt$ly ,iri% example may place above all dispute ! cont5tion t x is ( ,celtic-,saxon orig91 & f9ally ju/ify ! absorption into ! same class ( ! ou*e1 ! eagle1 ! eight m$allions ^u ! alt> ( ,sa9t ,ambrose1 nay1 ev5 ( ! cr[n ( ,!odol9da itself4 ,,app5dix ,e ,,a!lney ,,abbey 7p4 #aae7 ,illu/ration ,! ,abbey ( ,a!lney 0 f\nd$ by k+ ,alfr$1 9 pi\s gratitude = m]cies receiv$4 ,!re are no rema9s n[ visible on its site4 ,! mat]ials h d\btless pass$ into ! neighb\r+ f>m build+s4 ,! spot is m>k$ by a monum5tal pill>1 :i* 0 erect$ 9 #ahja by ! !n proprietor ( ! l&1 ) an hi/orical inscription1 :i* is n too inaccurate = ! "t 9 :i* x 0 compos$4 ,x runs ?us3 ,k+ lfr$ ! ,great1 9 ! ye> ( our ,"l #hgi1 hav+ be5 defeat$ by ! ,danes1 fl$ = refuge to ! =e/ ( ,a!lney1 :]e he lay conceal$ f 8 enemies = ! space ( a :ole ye>4 ,he soon aft] rega9$ possession ( ! ?rone2 & 9 grateful remembrance ( ! protection he _h receiv$1 "u ! fav\r ( ,heav51 he erect$ a mona/]y on ?is spot1 & end[$ x ) all ! l&s conta9$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,a!lney4 ,to p]petuate ! memory ( s rem>kable an incid5t 9 ! life ( t illu/ri\s pr9ce1 ?is edifice 0 f\nd$ by ,john ,slade1 ,esq41 ( ,maunsel1 ! proprietor ( ,a!lney1 & "l ( ! manor ( ,nor? ,pe!rton1 ,a4,d4 #ahja4 ,! pres5t repres5tative ( ?is g5tleman is 8 great-great-gr&son1 ,sir ,cu?b]t ,slade ( ,maunsel1 ,b>t41 "l ( ! ,manor ( ,nor? ,pe!rton4 ,! ,abbey ( ,a!lney nev] atta9$ to any consid]able weal? or importance2 b a sculptur$ boss1 :i* 0 f\nd on ! site1 & :i* is "h figur$ 9 two aspects1 aft] draw+s by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,a4 ,cl>ke ( ,wells1 seems to indicate "s co/ly ar*itecture among ! abbey build+s 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration ,,app5dix ,f ,,nor? ,,newton ,,*ur* 7p4 #aci7 ,! *ur* ( ,nor? ,newton has features sugge/ive ( anci5t celebrity1 b ! dates :i* are hi/orically kn[n1 d n m\nt s high z might h be5 expect$4 ,! t[]1 :i* is ! olde/ "p1 & to :i* ! high antiquity ( a ?\s& ye>s has be5 popul>ly attribut$1 speaks by its ar*itecture1 :i* is "h repres5t$4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n date connect$ ) ! fabric is #abib1 9 :i* ye> ! f\ndation /one ( ! eld] *apel 0 laid by ,ri*>d de ,b>fleur1 call$ also ,ri*>d de ,plesseto4 ,?is be+ a *antry *apel1 ! end[m5t 0 tak5 away 9 #aedh1 & ! fabric decay$4 ,9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,i1 ,sir ,?omas ,wro! built a new *apel & provid$ a /ip5d = ! m9i/]1 :i* /ill cont9ues4 ,! ,p>able ,door1 ! ,oak ,scre51 & ! ,pulpit are evid5tly ( ! same p]iod1 & 7 probably giv5 by ! same b5efactor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,t[] ,,( ,,nor? ,,newton ,,*ur*4 ,! village ( ,nor? ,newton1 orig9ally a *apelry1 0 sep>at$ f ! "m p>i% ( ,nor? ,pe!rton1 & =m$ into an ecclesia/ical p>i% on ! tw5ty-?ird day ( ,m>*1 #ahhj4 ,x is situat$ two miles nor? ( ,dur/on ,/ation 7,great ,we/]n ,railway71 f\r & a half s\?-we/ ( ,bridgwat]1 & sev5 nor?-ea/ ( ,taunton4 ,^! p>ticul>s are tak5 f a little book entitl$ ,! ,*ur* & ,p>i% ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 ,nor? ,newton1 by ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,h4 ,k+1 ,m4,a41 ,vic>2 to :om ,i am also p]sonally indebt$ = "s int]e/+ local in=mation4 ,,app5dix ,g ,,! ,,pres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,alfr$ ,,jewel ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ox=d 7pp4 #adj & #ade47 ,i h be5 fav\r$ by ,sir ,alex&] ,acl& ,hood ) ! foll[+ extract f ! ,manuscript ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,palm]1 :i* is pres]v$ 9 ,fairfield ,h\se3-- #8,,new5ton1 ,,newton1 ,,or ,,pe!rton ,,p>k4 #8,! ,p>k & ,manor ( ,new5ton belong$ to ! ,k+ at ! "t ( ! g5]al survey1 & probably ?is is ! ,pe!rton :]e k+ ,john held 8 c\rt4 ,! ,h\se 0 on ! nor? side ( ! ,p>k1 :]e !re is n[ a t5em5t call$ ,p>k]'s ,field4 ,at ?is place a rem>kable piece ( antiquity 0 dug up 9 ! ye> #afic1 :i* is1 by ,dr4 ,hickes & o!r antiqu>ies1 adjudg$ to h be5 ( ! age ( ,k+ ,alfr$1 ! lett]s be+ su* z 7 introduc$ by ?is ,k+ 9 imitation ( ! ,roman ,alphabet1 & nev] us$ be=e or s9ce4 #8,doctor ,hickes int]prets ?is inscription to be 8,alfr$ ord]$ me to be made02 & supposes ! enamell$ figure to be ! picture ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 ! tutel> sa9t ( t ,k+4 ,! :ole is ( gold1 ov] ! enamel is a piece ( rock cry/al1 half an in* ?ick3 ! gold rim is cut ?r\gh to =m ! lett]s ( ! inscription4 ,?is is n[ among ! antiquities ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4' ,! ,keep] ( ! ,ar*ives 7,mr4 ,bayne ( ,*ri/ ,*ur*7 has k9dly made se>* at my reque/1 & he writes3 #8,i h gone c>efully ?r\gh ! ,convocation ,regi/] = #agah1 & c f9d no ref]5ce to ! ,jewel1 nor to ,mr4 ,palm] :o di$ #f ,m>*1 #agce4' ,! ,regi/] ( ,b5efactions ( ! ,a%molean ,museum has a p>agraph 9 ,lat91 :i* h[ev] gives no in=mation on ?is po9t4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ piece ,i h f\nd on ?is po9t is 9 ,coll9son's ,hi/ory ( ,som]set 7#agia71 vol4 i1 p4 #hg1 :]e he is speak+ ( ,a!lney ,abbey3 x is z foll[s3-- ,"s allusion to ! vision ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t above-m5tion$ is suppos$ to h be5 int5d$ by a little curi\s amulet ( enamel & gold1 ri*ly ornam5t$1 t 0 f\nd 9 #afic 9 ,newton ,p>k1 at "s di/ance nor?w>d f ! abbey4 ,on "o side ( x is a rude figure ( a p]son sitt+ cr[n$1 & hold+ 9 ea* h& a sceptre surm\nt$ by a lily1 :i* ,dr4 ,hickes & o!r antiqu>ies h imag9$ to be design$ = ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,! o!r side is fill$ by a l>ge fl[]1 & r\nd ! edge is ! foll[+ leg5d3 ,,aelfr$ ,,mec ,,heit ,,gevvrcan2 t is1 ,alfr$ ord]$ me to be made4 ,?is piece ( antiquity is n[ 9 ! museum at ,ox=d1 accompani$ ) ! acc\nts ( doctors ,hickes & ,musgrave1 & ! foll[+ memor&um3 8,nov4 #af1 #agah1 ,?o4 ,palm]1 esq2 ( ,fairfield 9 ,som]set%ire1 put ?is anci5t picture ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 made by ord] ( k+ ,alfr$1 into my h&s to bee convey$ to yr ,bodlean ,libr>y 9 ,ox=d1 :]e 8 fa!r ,nat4 ,palm]1 esq2 lately dead1 desir$ x might be plac$ & pres]v$4 8,geo4 ,cl>k40 ,illu/ration3 ,,a!lney4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 - ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 - ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 - ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 - ,spell+ & hyph5ation v>iations made consi/5t except 9 quotations4