,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,,monthly ,,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 -------------- ,,vol4 ,,xxvi4 ,,october1 #ahgg1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahgh4 -------------- ,,new ,,york3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,publication ,,society ,,company1 #i ,barclay ,street4 --- #ahgh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,copyrighted by ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker1 #ahgh4 ---------------------------- ,,the ,,nation ,,press1 #bg ,,rose ,,street1 ,,new ,,york4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents4 ,a ,final ,philosophy1 #faj ,a ,glance at the ,indian ,question1 #aie ,a ,great ,bishop1 #fbe ,a ,legend of ,dieppe1 #bfd ,a ,ramble after the ,waits1 #dhe ,a ,silent ,courtship1 #ci ,a ,sweet ,revenge1 #agi1 #chd ,among the ,translators1 #cji1 #gcb ,africa1 ,religion on the ,east ,coast of1 #daa ,catholic ,circles for ,working-men in ,france1 #ebi ,charles ,lever at ,home1 #bjc ,christianity as an ,historical ,religion1 #dcd1 #fec ,church of ,england1 ,confession in the1 #eij ,compostella1 ,st4 ,james of1 #afc ,confession in the ,church of ,england1 #eij ,criminals and their ,treatment1 #ef ,descent of ,man1 ,the1 #dif ,dieppe1 ,a ,legend of1 #bfd ,dr4 ,draper and ,evolution1 #ggd ,evolution1 ,dr4 ,draper and1 #ggd ,fortifications of ,rome1 ,civilt ,cattolica on #djc the1 ,free-,religionists1 ,the1 #ade ,french ,home ,life1 #gei ,froude on the 8,revival of ,romanism10 #bhi ,froude on the ,decline of ,protestantism1 #dgj ,german ,element in the ,united ,states1 #cgb ,hedge-,poets1 ,the ,irish1 #djf ,holy ,cave of ,manresa1 ,the1 #hba ,how ,steenwykerwold was ,saved1 #edg ,indian ,policy1 our ,new1 and ,religious ,liberty1 #ij ,indian ,question1 ,a ,glance at the1 #aie ,industrial ,crisis1 ,character of the ,present1 #abb ,ireland in #ahgh1 #gba ,irish ,hedge-,poets1 ,the1 #djf ,isles of ,lrins1 ,the1 #fhe ,italy1 ,the ,outlook in1 #a ,jamaica1 ,religion in1 #fi ,lrins1 ,the ,isles of1 #fhe ,lever at ,home1 #bjc ,man1 ,the ,descent of1 #dif ,manresa1 ,the ,holy ,cave of1 #hba ,marguerite1 #gc ,marquette1 ,father ,james1 ,death of1 and ,discovery #bfg of his ,remains1 ,michael the ,sombre1 #eii1 #gia ,mickey ,casey's ,christmas ,dinner-,party1 #eab ,mont ,st4 ,michel1 ,the ,last ,pilgrimage to1 #abh ,mormonism1 ,the ,two ,prophets of1 #bbg ,mystery of the ,old ,organ1 #cef ,organ1 ,the ,mystery of the ,old1 #cef ,our ,new ,indian ,policy and ,religious ,liberty1 #ij ,papal ,elections1 #ecg1 #haa ,philosophy1 ,a ,final1 #faj ,pilgrimage1 ,the ,last1 to ,mont ,st4 ,michel1 #abh ,pius the ,ninth1 #hdf ,polemics and ,irenics in ,scholastic ,philosophy1 #ccg ,preachers on the ,rampage1 #gjj ,protestantism1 ,froude on the ,decline of1 #dgj ,protestant ,episcopal ,convention and ,congress1 #cie ,religion in ,jamaica1 #fi ,religion on the ,east ,coast of ,africa1 #daa ,roc ,amadour1 #bc ,romanism1 ,froude on the ,revival of1 #bhi ,rome1 ,the ,civilt ,cattolica on the #djc ,fortifications of1 ,science1 ,the ,god of 8,advanced10 #bea ,scholastic ,philosophy1 ,recent ,polemics and ,irenics #ccg in1 ,st4 ,hedwige1 #ajh ,st4 ,james of ,compostella1 #afc ,the ,character of the ,present ,industrial ,crisis1 #abb ,the ,god of 8,advanced0 ,science1 #bea ,the ,home-,rule ,candidate1 #ffi1 #gdb ,the ,late ,dr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,marshall1 #hjf ,the ,little ,chapel at ,monamullin1 #bac1 #cbb ,the ,old ,stone ,jug1 #fch ,the ,two ,prophets of ,mormonism1 #bbg ,united ,states1 ,the ,german ,element in the1 #cgb ,waits1 ,a ,ramble after the1 #dhe ,wolf-,tower1 ,the1 #ddi ,working-men in ,france1 ,catholic ,circles for1 #ebi ,year of ,our ,lord #ahgg1 ,the1 #efj ,footnotes #hfj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,poetry4 ,a ,child-,beggar1 #fhc ,after ,castel-,fidardo1 #ghi ,a ,little ,sermon1 #gac ,a ,mountain ,friend1 #ba ,at the ,church-,door1 #chb ,between the ,years1 #dcc ,blessed ,virgin1 ,the1 #gca ,brother and ,sister1 #feb ,ceadmon the ,cow-,herd1 #egg ,faber1 ,to ,f4 ,w41 #cje ,in ,retreat1 #fii ,order1 #bab ,outside ,st4 ,peter's1 #gef ,smoke-,bound1 #afa ,sonnet1 #dje ,the ,bells1 #hh ,the ,river's ,voice1 #ece 8,there was no ,room for ,them in the ,inn10 #ffh ,to the ,wood-,thrush1 #bej ,tota ,pulchra1 #cee ,witch-,hazel1 ,to the1 #ddg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,a ,life of ,pius ,,ix4 down to the ,episcopal ,jubilee1 #ace ,almanac1 ,catholic ,family1 #egb ,almanac and ,treasury of ,facts for the year #ahgh1 #hfj ,ancient ,history1 #dcb ,annals of ,our ,lady of the ,sacred ,heart1 #add ,antar and ,zara1 #dca ,bible of ,humanity1 ,the1 #adc ,bibliotheca ,symbolica ,ecclesi ,universalis1 #bhd ,blanche ,carey1 #adj ,catacombs1 ,a ,visit to the ,roman1 #hei ,catechism of ,christian ,doctrine1 #acg ,catholic ,parents' ,friend1 ,the1 #add ,charles ,sprague1 ,poetical and ,prose ,writings of1 #adc ,christianity1 ,the ,beginnings of1 #dbe ,de ,deo ,creante1 #dbf ,eternal ,years1 ,the1 #ege ,evidences of ,religion1 #egb ,god the ,teacher of ,mankind1 #acg ,grammar-,school ,speller and ,definer1 ,the1 #aci ,human ,eye1 ,is the1 ,changing its form under the #hfj ,influences of ,modern ,education8 ,iza1 #ege ,jack1 #adc ,knowledge of ,mary1 #gae ,letters of ,rev4 ,james ,maher1 ,d4,d41 #ada ,life of ,marie ,lataste1 #acd ,life of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 ,a ,popular1 #ace ,lotos-,flowers1 #egc ,marie ,lataste1 ,the ,life of1 #acd ,mary1 ,the ,knowledge of1 #gae ,materialism1 #hei ,mc,gee's ,illustrated ,weekly1 #adc ,mirror of ,true ,womanhood1 #gai ,miscellanies1 #bha ,missa de ,beata ,maria1 #aci ,modern ,philosophy1 #dbh ,mongrelism1 #adb ,monotheism1 #ega ,morning ,offices of ,palm ,sunday1 ,holy ,thursday1 and #heh ,good ,friday1 ,nicholas ,minturn1 #ege ,records of a ,quiet ,life1 #hei ,recueil de ,lectures1 #bhh ,repertorium ,oratoris ,sacri1 #egd ,roman ,catacombs1 ,a ,visit to the1 #heh ,sadlier's ,elementary ,history of the ,u4,s41 #dcb ,school ,hygiene1 ,report upon1 #acf ,shakspeare's ,home1 #gai ,specialists and ,specialties in ,medicine1 #adb ,standard ,arithmetic4 ,no4 ,i41 #bhg ,standard ,arithmetic4 ,no4 ,,ii41 #bhh ,sunday-,school ,teacher's ,manual1 #ege ,suppression of the ,society of ,jesus in the #dbi ,portuguese ,dominions1 ,history of the1 ,surly ,tim1 #egd ,the ,beginnings of ,christianity1 #dbe ,the ,fall of ,rora1 #dca ,the ,life of ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 #ace ,vesper ,hymn-,book1 ,the ,new1 #egc ,what ,catholics ,do ,not ,believe1 #gai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #aea4--,,october1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,outlook ,,in ,,italy4 ,i4--,,what ,,is ,,the ,,meaning ,,of ,,recent ,,events ,,in ,,italy8 ,the revolutionary movement in ,italy headed by ,victor ,emanuel has1 step by step1 trampled under foot every principle of religion1 morality1 and justice that stood between it and its goal4 ,no pretext of the welfare of a people1 even when based on truth1 can ever make perfidy and treachery lawful1 or furnish a covering of texture thick enough to hide from intelligent and upright minds so long and black a list of misdeeds as the ,piedmontese subjugation of ,southern ,italy contains4 8,all iniquity of nations is execrable40 ,what is more1 the catalogue of the crimes of this revolution is by no means filled1 and1 what is worse1 the future forebodes others which1 in their enormity1 will cast those of its beginning into the shade4 ,that the natural desire for unity among the ,italian people might have been realized by proper and just means1 had the religious1 intelligent1 and influential classes exerted themselves as they were in duty bound to do1 there is little room for reasonable doubt4 ,for it would be an unpleasant thing to admit that civilized society1 after the action of nineteen centuries of ,christianity1 could find no way to satisfy a legitimate aspiration1 except by a process involving the violation and subversion of those principles of justice1 right1 and religion for the maintenance and security of which human society is organized and established4 ,it is indeed strange to see the ,latin races1 which accepted so thoroughly and for so long a period the true ,christian faith1 now everywhere subject to violent and revolutionary changes in their political condition4 ,how is this to be reconciled with the fact that ,christianity1 in response to the primitive instincts of human nature1 and in consonance with the laws which govern the whole universe1 aims at1 and actually brings about when followed1 the greatest happiness of man upon earth while securing his perfect bliss hereafter8 ,for so runs the promise of the divine ,founder of ,christianity3 8,a hundred-fold more in this life1 and in the world to come life everlasting40 ,what has beguiled so large a number of the people of ,italy1 once so profoundly ,catholic1 that now they should take up the false principles of revolution1 should accept a pseudo-science1 and unite with secret atheistical societies8 ,how has it come to pass that a people who poured out their blood as freely as water in testimony and defence of the ,catholic religion1 whose history has given innumerable examples of the highest form of ,christian heroism in ages past1 now follows willingly1 or at least submits tamely1 to the dictation of leaders who are animated with hatred to the ,catholic ,church1 and are bent on the extermination of the ,christian faith1 and with it of all religion8 ,only those who can read in the seeds of time can tell whether such signs as these are to be interpreted as signifying the beginning of the apostasy of the ,latin races from ,christianity and the disintegration and ruin of ,latin nations1 or whether these events are to be looked upon as evidence of a latent capacity and a youthful but ill-regulated strength pointing out a transition to a new and better order of things in the future4 ,judging from the antecedents of the men placed in political power by recent elections in ,italy1 and their destructive course of legislation1 the former supposition1 confining our thoughts to the immediate present1 appears to be the more likely4 ,it is not1 therefore1 a matter of surprise that ,catholics of an active faith and a deep sense of personal responsibility feel uneasy at seeing things go from bad to worse in nations which they have been accustomed to look upon as pre-eminently ,catholic4 ,nor is it in human nature for men of energetic wills and sincere feelings of patriotism to content themselves when they see the demagogues of liberty and the conspirators of atheistical secret societies coming to the front and aiming at the destruction of all that makes a country dear to honest men4 ,nowhere does the ,catholic ,church teach that the love of one's country is antagonistic to the love of ,god2 nor does the light of her faith allure to an ignoble repose1 or her spirit render her members slaves or cowards4 ,serious-minded men1 before going into action1 are wont to examine anew their first principles1 in order to find out whether these be well grounded1 clearly defined1 and firm1 and also whether there may not be some flaw in the deductions which they have been accustomed to draw from them4 ,an examination of this kind is a healthy and invigorating exercise1 and not to be feared when one has in his favor truth and honesty4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,ii4--,,the ,,unity ,,of ,,italy4 ,the idea of unity responds to one of the noblest aspirations of the soul1 and wherever it exists free from all compulsion it gives birth to just hopes of true greatness4 ,would that the cry for unity were heard from the hearts of the inhabitants of the whole earth1 and that the inward struggle which reigns in men's bosoms1 and the outward discord which prevails between man and man1 between nations and nations1 and between races and races1 had for ever passed away6 8,when will the hundred summers die1 ,and thought and time be born again1 ,and newer knowledge1 drawing nigh1 ,bring truth that sways the hearts of men80 ,unity is the essence of the ,godhead and the animating principle of ,god's church2 and wherever her spirit penetrates1 there the natural desire for unity implanted in the human heart is intensified and universalized1 and man seeks to give to it an adequate embodiment in every sphere of his activity4 ,it was this natural instinct for unity guided by the genius of ,catholicity that formed the scattered tribes of ,europe of former days into nations1 uniting them in a grand universal republic which was properly called ,christendom4 ,who knows but1 as there reigned1 by the action of an overruling ,providence1 a political unity in the ancient world which paved the way for the introduction of ,christianity1 that so there may be in preparation a more perfect political unity of peoples and nations in the modern world to open the way for the universal triumph of ,christianity8 ,but there is a wide difference between recognizing that political unity is favorable to the strength and greatness of nations and the spread and victory of ,christianity1 and the acceptance of the errors of a class of its promoters1 the approval of their injustice1 or a compromise with their crimes4 8,when devils will their blackest sins put on1 ,they do suggest at first with heavenly shows40 ,the actual question1 therefore1 is not concerning the union of the ,italian people in one nation1 or whether their present unity will be lasting1 or revoked1 or by internal weakness be dissolved1 or shaped in some way for the better4 ,but the actual and pressing question is1 ,how can ,italy be withdrawn from the designing men who have managed to get control over her political government under the cloak of ,italian unity1 and who are plainly leading her on towards a precipice like that of the ,french ,revolution of #aghi1 to be followed by another of even more atrocious notoriety--that of #ahga8 ,he must be blind to the sure but stealthy march of events who does not see that1 under the control of the present party at the head of the legislative power1 ,italy is rapidly approaching such a catastrophe4 ,a few thousand frenzied men held and tyrannized over ,france in #aghi2 a greater number in ,italy--which1 like all ,europe1 is worm-eaten by secret societies--are only waiting for the spark to produce a more destructive explosion1 when the character of their leaders and the more inflammable materials they have to work upon are considered4 ,there is running through all things1 both good and evil1 an unconquerable law of logic4 ,what is liberalism on ,sunday becomes license on ,monday1 revolutionism on ,tuesday1 internationalism on ,wednesday1 socialism on ,thursday1 communism on ,friday1 and anarchy on ,saturday4 ,he who only sees the battered stones made by the cannon fired against its walls when the ,piedmontese soldiers entered into ,rome by ,porta ,pia1 sees naught4 ,there are more notable signs than these to read for him who knows how to decipher them4 ,in the invasion and seizure of the temporal principality of the head of ,christ's church1 which had stood for centuries as the keystone of the ,christian commonwealth1 the independence of nations was overthrown1 international law trampled under foot1 and the sacred rights of religion sacrilegiously violated4 ,it was then--let those who have ears to hear listen--that rights consecrated through long ages1 and recognized by #bjj1jjj1jjj of ,catholics to-day1 were broken in upon by the ,piedmontese army2 and yet men are found to wonder that the violation of these rights by the ,italian revolutionary party should fire with indignation the souls of the faithful in all lands4 ,but revolution will take its course2 and so sure as the ,piedmontese entered by ,porta ,pia into ,rome and took possession1 and held it until the present hour1 so sure is it that the conspirators of the secret international societies will in turn get possession of ,rome and do their fell work in the ,eternal ,city4 8,they that sow wind1 shall reap the whirlwind40 ,who foresaw1 or anticipated1 or even dreamed of the atrocities of the ,commune in ,paris of #ahga8 ,what happened at ,paris in the reign of the ,commune will pale in wickedness before the reign of the internationalists in ,rome4 ,as ,paris represents the theatre of worldliness1 so ,rome is the visible sanctuary of religion4 ,corruptio optimi pessima4 ,is there a man so simple or so ignorant of the temper and designs of the conspirators against civilized society in ,europe1 as well as in our own free country1 who fancies that these desperate men will shrink from shaping their acts in accordance with their ulterior aims8 ,no one who witnessed the reception of ,garibaldi in ,rome in the winter of #ahge can doubt as to who holds the place of leader among the most numerous class of the population of ,italy4 ,the views of this man and the party to which he belongs are no secret4 8,the fall of the ,commune10 he wrote in ,june1 #ahgc1 8is a misfortune for the whole universe and a defeat for ever to be regretted4444 ,i belong to the internationals1 and ,i declare that if ,i should see arise a society of demons having for its object to combat sovereigns and priests1 ,i would enroll myself in their ranks40 ,it is only the well-officered1 strictly disciplined1 and large army of ,victor ,emanuel that hinders ,garibaldi from hoisting the red flag of the ,commune in ,rome and declaring an agrarian republic in ,italy4 ,but how long will the ,italian army1 with the present radicals at the head of affairs1 remain intact and free from demoralization8 8,the heights infected1 vales below ,will soon with plague be rife40 ,the army is drawn from a population which the internationalists have penetrated and inoculated with their errors and designs1 and their emissaries have been discovered tampering and fraternizing with the troops4 ,who can tell how near is the hour when ,st4 ,peter's will be officially declared the pantheon of red-republican ,italy1 and the statue of ,garibaldi will be placed on the high altar where now stands the image of the ,crucified ,god-,man8 ,this will not be the end but the prelude to the final act of the present impending tragedy1 when the black flag will be unfurled and the palaces of ,rome1 with ,st4 ,peter's and the ,vatican1 and all their records of the past and centuries of heaped-up treasures of art1 will be reduced by petroleum and dynamite to a shapeless heap of ruins4 ,to those who can tell a hawk from a handsaw this is the hidden animus and the logical sequence of the entrance of the ,piedmontese army into ,rome4 ,this is the real reading of the hand-writing on the walls of ,porta ,pia3 8,bloody instructions1 which1 being taught1 return ,to plague the inventor4 ,this even-handed justice ,commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice ,to our own lips40 ,but is there not a sufficient number of conservatives in the present national party of ,italy to stop the men now at the head of affairs before they reach their ultimate designs8 ,perhaps so2 it would be pleasant to believe this4 ,but the present aspect of affairs gives but little hope of this being true4 ,these conservatives1 who did not1 or could not1 or would not stop the spoliation of the property of the church and the trampling upon her sacred rights2 these conservatives1 who did not take measures to hinder the ,italian radicals from possessing themselves of the legislative power of the present government and pursuing their criminal course--these are not the men to build one's hopes upon in stemming the tide that is now sweeping ,italy to her destruction4 ,the dictates of common sense teach us to look to some other quarter for hopes of success4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,latin ,,race4 ,how much of the present condition of the ,latin peoples1 politically1 commercially1 or socially considered1 can be satisfactorily explained or accounted for on the score of climate1 or on that of their characteristics as a race1 or of the stage of their historical development1 or of the change made in the channels of commerce in consequence of new discoveries1 it is not our purpose to stop here to examine or attempt to estimate and decide4 ,one declaration we have no hesitation in making at the outset1 and that is3 ,if the ,latin nations are not in all respects at the present moment equal to others1 it is due to one or more of the above-enumerated causes1 and not owing1 as some partisans and infidels would have the world believe1 to the doctrines of their religious faith4 ,the ,catholic ,church affirms the natural order1 upholds the value of human reason1 and asserts the natural rights of man4 ,her doctrines teach that reason is at the basis of revelation1 that human nature is the groundwork of divine grace1 and that the aim of ,christianity is not the repression or obliteration of the capacities and instincts of man1 but their elevation1 expansion1 and deification4 ,the ,catholic ,church not only affirms the natural order1 but affirms the natural order as divine4 ,for she has ever held the ,creator of the universe1 of man1 and the ,author of revelation as one1 and therefore welcomed cheerfully whatever was found to be true1 good1 and beautiful among all the different races1 peoples1 nations1 and tribes of mankind4 ,it is for this reason that she has merited from those who only see antagonism between ,god and man1 between nature and grace1 between revelation and science--who believe that 8the heathen were devil-begotten and ,god-forsaken10 and 8this world a howling wilderness0--the charge of being superstitious1 idolatrous1 and pagan4 ,the special mission of the people of ,israel by no manner of means sets aside the idea of the directing care of divine ,providence and the mission of other branches of the family of mankind4 ,the heathens1 so-called1 were under1 and are still under1 the divine dispensation given to the patriarch ,noe2 and so that they live up to the light thus received1 they are1 if in good faith1 in the way of salvation4 ,the written law given by divine inspiration to ,moses was the same as the unwritten law given to ,noe and the patriarchs1 and the patriarchal dispensation was the same as was received from ,god by ,adam4 ,there is no one rational being ever born of the human race who is not in some sort in the covenanted graces of ,god4 ,it is the glory of the ,catholic ,church that she exists from the beginning1 and embraces in her fold all the members of the human race2 and of her alone it can be said with truth that she is ,catholic--that is1 universal both in time and space3 replevit orbem terrarum4 ,affirming the natural order and upholding it as divine1 the ,catholic ,church did not hesitate to recognize the ,roman ,empire and the established governments of the world under paganism1 and to inculcate the duty1 8,render unto ,csar the things that are ,csar's40 ,hence she willingly accepted alliance with the ,roman state when ,constantine became a ,christian1 and approved1 but with important ameliorations1 the ,roman code of laws2 and of every form of government1 whether monarchic or democratic1 established among the ,gentile nations of the past or by non-,christian peoples of the present1 she acknowledges and maintains the divine right4 ,the great theologians of the church1 after having eliminated the errors and supplied the deficiencies of the philosophy of ,plato and ,aristotle1 accepted and employed their systems1 and the labors of these 8immortal heathens0 have contributed no little to the glory of ,christianity4 ,it is to the labor of ,christian monks that the world is indebted for what it possesses of the writings of the genius of the 8heathen0 poets1 moralists1 and other authors4 ,it was the church's custom to purify the heathen temples by her blessing1 and transform their noble buildings1 without altering their structure1 into ,christian temples4 ,it was in the bosom of the ,catholic populations of ,italy that the revival of classical literature and art took its rise in modern ,europe4 ,notwithstanding the extravagance of some of its votaries1 which called forth the righteous indignation and condemnation of ,savonarola1 its refining influence1 combined with the wealth due to industry and commerce1 elevated the ,italian cities to a height of civilization that has not been surpassed1 if equalled1 by the foremost nations of our day4 ,when the ships of ,spain covered every sea with commerce1 and its activity broke through the confines of the known world and discovered1 by the guiding genius of ,columbus1 a new continent2 when it was said of ,spain that the sun never set upon its realms2 when ,spain was most productive of great warriors1 great statesmen1 great artists1 and great saints1 it was then1 and precisely because of it1 that ,spain was most profoundly and devoutly ,catholic4 ,all the joys that spring from the highest intellectual and artistic culture1 the happiness derived from man's domestic and social affections1 the gratification of the senses in the contemplation of the beauty of all creation1 and the pleasure drawn from the fruits of industry and commerce--all these1 when pure1 are not only consistent with1 but form a part of1 the life and worship of the ,catholic faith4 ,the very last accusation for an intelligent man to make against the ,catholic ,church is that she teaches a 8non-human0 religion4 ,no political government1 at least in modern times1 has ventured to rely so far upon the natural ability of man to govern himself as that of the republic of the ,united ,states4 ,it may be said that the government of this republic is founded upon man's natural capacity to govern himself as a primary truth or maxim4 ,it assumes the dignity of human nature1 presupposes the value of man's reason1 and affirms his natural and inalienable rights4 ,these were declarations of no new truths1 for they spring from right reason and the primitive instincts of human nature1 and belong1 therefore1 to that natural order which had ever been asserted and defended by the great theologians and general councils of the ,catholic ,church4 ,these truths underlie every form of political government founded in ,catholic ages1 correspond to the instincts of the people1 and were only opposed by despots1 ,protestant theologians1 and the erroneous doctrines concerning the natural order brought into vogue by the so-called ,reformation4 ,our ,american institutions1 in the first place1 we owe to ,god1 who made us what we are1 and in the next place to the ,catholic ,church1 which maintained the natural order1 man's ability in that order1 and his free will4 ,under ,god the founders of our institutions owed nothing to ,englishmen or ,dutchmen as ,protestants1 but owed all to the self-evident truths of reason1 to man's native instincts of liberty1 to the noble traditions of the human race upheld by ,god's church and strengthened by the conviction of these truths2 their heroic bravery and their stout arms did the rest4 ,this is why ,catholics from the beginning took an integral part in the foundation and permanent success of our republic4 ,among the most distinguished names attached to the document which first declared our national independence and affirmed the principles which underlie our institutions will be found one of the most intelligent1 consistent1 and fervent members of the ,catholic ,church4 ,the priest who was first elevated to the episcopate of the ,catholic hierarchy in the ,united ,states took an active part in its early struggles1 and was the intimate friend of ,benjamin ,franklin and an associate of his on a mission to engage the ,canadians to join in our efforts for independence4 ,the patriotism of ,catholics will not suffer in comparison with their fellow-countrymen1 as is witnessed by the public address of ,general ,washington at ,philadelphia immediately after the close of the war with ,england4 ,and when they now come to our shores from other countries1 it matters not what may have been the form of their native governments1 they are at once at home and breathe freely the air of liberty4 ,sincere ,catholics are among our foremost patriotic citizens1 and1 whatever may befall our country1 they will not be found among those who would divide her into factions1 or who would contract her liberties1 or seek to change the popular institutions inherited from our heroic forefathers4 ,catholic ,americans have so learned their religion as to find in it a faithful ally and a firm support of both political and civil liberty4 ,nowhere1 on the other hand1 does the ,catholic ,church reckon among her members more faithful1 more fervent1 and more devoted children than in the citizens of our republic4 ,everywhere the ,catholic ,church appears at the present moment under a cloud2 there is only one spot in her horizon where there breaks through a bright ray of hope of a better future1 and that is in the direction of our free and youthful country4 ,what better test and proof of the ,catholic ,church's sanction of the entire natural order can be asked than her unexampled prosperity in the ,american republic of the ,united ,states8 ,if the ,latin peoples are backward in things relating to their political or material or social prosperity1 or in any other respect1 in the natural order1 this is not to be laid to the charge of the ,catholic faith4 ,if the races are not wanting to her1 the church will never be wanting to the races4 ,the force which is at work in the actual turmoil in ,italy we are firmly convinced will renew the ,catholic faith1 and open up to its people--let us hope without their passing through a catastrophe feared by many1 and not without grounds--a new and better future4 ,,iv4--,,the ,,catholic ,,church4 ,they are blind to the lesson which every page of the history of the ,catholic ,church teaches who indulge in the fancy that the ,christ laden and guided bark of ,peter will not ride safely through the present world-wide1 threatening storm4 ,as the fierce beating of the storm against the majestic oak fixes its roots more firmly in the soil and strengthens and expands its limbs1 so by the attacks of calumny the militant church of ,christ is made better known1 by persecution she is strengthened1 and the attempts at her overthrow prepare the way for new and more glorious triumphs4 ,the pages of history point out in other centuries dangers to the existence of the church equal to those of the present crisis1 through which she passed with safety and renewed strength4 ,a master-pen in word-painting has given a picture of one of those critical periods1 all the more striking as the events which it portrays are within the memory of men still living1 and also because the writer is famed for anything rather than ,catholic leanings4 8,it is not strange10 he says1 8that in the year #agii even sagacious observers should have thought that at length the hour of the ,church of ,rome was come1 an infidel power ascendant1 the pope dying in captivity1 the most illustrious prelates of ,france living in a foreign country on ,protestant alms1 the noblest edifices which the munificence of former ages have consecrated to the worship of ,god turned into temples of victory1 or into banqueting houses for political societies1 or into theophilanthropic chapels4 ,such signs might well be supposed to indicate the approaching end of that long domination4 ,but the end was not yet4 ,again doomed to death1 the milk-white hind was still fated not to die4 ,even before the funeral rites had been performed over the ashes of ,pius ,,vi4 a great reaction had commenced1 which1 after the lapse of more than forty years1 appears to be still in progress4 ,anarchy had had its day4 ,a new order of things rose out of the confusion1 new dynasties1 new laws1 new titles1 and amidst them emerged the ancient religion4 ,the ,arabs have a fable that the ,great ,pyramid was built by antediluvian kings1 and alone1 of all the works of men1 bore the weight of the ,flood4 ,such as this was the fate of the ,papacy3 it had been buried under the great inundation1 but its deep foundations had remained unshaken2 and when the waters had abated it appeared alone amid the ruins of a world which had passed away4 ,the republic of ,holland was gone1 the empire of ,germany1 and the great ,council of ,venice1 and the old ,helvetian ,league1 and the house of ,bourbon1 and the parliaments and aristocracy of ,france4 ,europe was full of young creations--a ,french ,empire1 a kingdom of ,italy1 a ,confederation of the ,rhine4 ,nor had the late events affected only territorial limits and political institutions4 ,the distribution of property1 the composition and spirit of society1 had1 through great part of ,catholic ,europe1 undergone a complete change4 ,but the unchangeable church was still there40#a ,three centuries of protests against the idea of the church and of her divine authority have served to bring the question of the necessity of the church and the claims of her authority squarely before the minds of all men who think on religious subjects4 ,so general was the belief in them before the rise of ,protestantism that theological works1 even the ,sum of ,st4 ,thomas1 did not contain what is now never omitted by theological writers3 the 8,tractatus de ,ecclesia40 ,the violent protests of heresy1 joined with the persecutions of the despotic power of the state1 have ended in showing more clearly the divine institution of the church1 and proving more conclusively her divine authority4 8,in poison there is physic40 ,the idea of the church is a divine conception1 and the existence of the church is a divine creation4 ,the church as a divine idea lies hid in ,god1 and was an essential part of his preconceived plan in the creation of the universe4 ,hence the error of those who consider the church as the creation of 8an assembly of individual ,christian believers02 or as the product of the state1 as in ,prussia1 ,russia1 ,england1 and other countries2 or as the effort of a race1 as ,dean ,milman maintains in his ,history of ,latin ,christianity2 or as 8the conscious organization of the moral and intellectual forces and resources of humanity for a higher life than that which the state requires40 ,hence also the failure of all church-builders and inventors of new religions from the earliest ages down to the ,luthers1 ,calvins1 ,henry ,v,i,i,is41 ,wesleys1 ,charles ,foxes1 ,mother ,ann ,lees1 ,joe ,smiths1 ,dllingers1 and ,loysons1 et hoc genus omne4 ,poor weak-minded men6 had they the slightest idea of what the church of ,god is1 or had they not become blind to it1 they would sooner pretend to create a new universe than invent a new religion or start a new church4 ,the human is impotent to create the divine4 ,christ alone could replace the ,jewish ,church by his own1 and that because he was ,god4 ,and this substitution was accomplished1 not by the way of a revolutionary protest1 but in the fulfilment of the types and figures of the ,jewish ,church and the realization of its divine prophecies and promises4 ,the ideal church and the historical church which have existed upon earth from ,adam until ,noe1 and from ,noe until ,moses1 and from ,moses until ,christ1 and from ,christ until now1 which is the actual ,catholic ,church1 are divine in their idea1 are divine in their institution1 are divine in their action1 and their continuity is one and unbroken4 ,the church can suffer no breaks without annihilation4 ,god created man in his own image and likeness1 and supplied from the instant of his creation all the means required for man to become one with himself4 ,this was the end for which ,god called man into existence4 ,this commerce and union between ,god and man1 with the means needed to elevate man to this intercourse and to perpetuate and perfect these relations in an organic form1 constitutes the church of ,god4 ,the great and unspeakable love of ,god for man led ,god1 in the fulness of time1 to become man1 in order to make the elevation of man to union with himself easier and more perfect4 ,to this end the ,god-,man1 while upon earth1 declared to his apostle ,peter3 8,i will build my church1 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it40 ,this places beyond all doubt or dispute the fact that ,christ built a church1 and therefore its institution was divine4 ,moreover1 it is clear by these words1 not that his church should be free from the attacks of every species of error and wickedness which lead to hell--they rather imply the contrary--but that these attacks should never prevail against her1 corrupt1 overcome1 or destroy her4 ,he added3 8,lo6 ,i am with you always1 even to the consummation of the world60 ,this promise connects ,christ's presence with his church inseparably and perpetually4 ,hence once the church1 always the church4 ,the whole world may go to wreck and ruin sooner than ,christ will desert his church4 8,heaven and earth shall pass1 but my words shall not pass40 ,let1 then1 attacks come from any quarter1 let revolutions shake the foundations of the world and conspirators overthrow human society1 let anarchy reign and her foes fancy her destruction--the ,catholic ,church will stand with perfect faith upon this divine ,magna ,charta of her ,founder as upon an adamantine rock4 ,before ,christ's ascension he appointed the rulers in his church2 he gave 8some apostles1 and some prophets1 and other some evangelists1 and other some pastors and doctors1 for the perfecting of the saints1 for the ministry1 for the edifying the body of ,christ40 ,he commanded them to tarry in ,jerusalem until they should receive the ,holy ,ghost4 ,when the days of ,pentecost were accomplished1 the ,holy ,ghost descended upon them visibly1 8and they were all filled with the ,holy ,ghost40 ,that was the moment when the divine institution of the church was completed1 and then began her divine action upon men and society that never was to cease while the world lasts4 ,the past dispensations of ,god were all fulfilled in ,christ1 and his church1 which was to embrace all mankind in her fold and guide humanity to its divine destination1 was divinely established4 ,it is quite natural that those races which1 by ,god's providence1 have been intimately connected with the church from her cradle should be inclined to think that the church is confined to their keeping and is inseparable from their existence4 ,christianity and the church are undoubtedly affected in their development by the peculiarities of the races through which they are transmitted1 and it is natural that they should accentuate those truths and bring to the front those features of organization which commend themselves most to the genius1 instincts1 and wants of certain races4 ,this is only stating a general law held as a maxim among philosophers3 ,whatever is received1 is received according to the form of the recipient4 ,thus1 the contact of the church with the intellectual gifts of the ,greeks was the providential occasion of the explicit development and dogmatic definition of the sublimest mysteries of the ,christian revelation4 ,and through her connection with the ,latins1 whose genius runs in the direction of organization and law1 the church perfected her hierarchy and brought forth those regulations necessary to her existence and well-being known under the name of 8,canon ,law40 ,the objective point of ,christianity1 the church of ,christ1 is to embrace in her fold all mankind2 but she is1 in her origin1 essence1 and institution1 independent of any human being1 or race of men1 or state1 or nation4 ,the ,italians1 the ,spaniards1 the ,french1 or any other nation or nations1 may renounce the faith and abandon the church1 as ,england and several nations did in the religious revolution of the sixteenth century1 yet the church exists and is none the less really and essentially ,catholic4 ,the church has existed in all her divinity without including any one nationality or race1 and1 if it please ,god1 can do so again4 ,the sun would give forth its light the same though there were no objects within the reach of its rays1 as when they are reflected from nature and display all their hidden beauty2 so the divinity of the ,catholic ,church would exist in all its reality and power the same though there were no ,christians to manifest it by their saintly lives1 as at some future day when1 after the victory over her enemies1 she will unite in one the whole human race1 and all her hidden glory will be displayed4 ,this law also holds good and is applicable to her visible head1 the supreme pastor of the faithful4 ,the pope1 as pope1 was no less the father of the faithful and exercised his jurisdiction when driven into the ,catacombs1 or violently taken by a despot and imprisoned at ,fontainebleau1 or1 as at present1 forced by the action of a desperate faction of ,italians into retirement in the ,vatican1 than when his independence and authority were recognized and sustained by the armies of the ,emperor ,constantine or defended by the sword of ,charlemagne1 the crowned emperor of ,christendom4 8,the pope10 to adopt the words of ,pius ,,ix41 8will always be the pope1 no matter where he may be1 in his state as he was1 to-day in the ,vatican1 perhaps one day in prison40 ,the perpetuity of the ,catholic ,church is placed above and beyond all dangers from any human or ,satanic conspiracies or attacks in that ,divinity which is inherently incorporated with her existence1 and in that invincible strength of conviction which this divine ,presence imparts to the souls of all her faithful children4 ,it is this indwelling divine ,presence of the ,holy ,spirit from the day of ,pentecost which teaches and governs in her hierarchy1 is communicated sacramentally to her members1 and animates and pervades1 in so far as not restricted by human defects1 the whole church4 ,hawthorne caught a glimpse of this divine internal principle of life of the ,catholic ,church and embodied it in the following passage3 8,if there were10 he says1 8but angels to work the ,catholic ,church instead of the very different class of engineers who now manage its cranks and safety-valves1 the system would soon vindicate the dignity and holiness of its origin40#b ,this statement put in plain ,english would run thus3 ,the ,catholic ,church is the church of ,god actualized upon earth so far as this is possible1 human nature being what it is4 ,the indwelling divine ,presence is the key to the ,catholic position1 and they who cannot perceive and appreciate this1 whatever may be their grasp of intellect or the extent of their knowledge1 will find themselves baffled in attempting to explain her existence and history2 their solution1 whatever that may be1 will tax the faculty of credulity of intelligent men beyond endurance2 and at the end of all their efforts for her overthrow these words from her ,founder will always stare them in the face3 8,non prvalebunt0--8the gates of hell shall not prevail against her40 ,if this language be not understood1 perhaps it may be in its poetical translation3 8,the milk-white hind was fated not to die40 ,the radical party now in power in ,italy may succeed in ruining their glorious country1 but they may rest assured that this does not include1 as her foes foolishly and stupidly imagine in every turn of her eventful history1 the ruin of the ,catholic ,church4 8,what ,god has made will never be overturned by the hand of man40 ,v4--,,the ,,syllabus4 ,one of the principal offices of the ,catholic ,church is to witness1 guard1 and interpret the revealed truths1 written and unwritten1 which was imposed upon her by ,christ when he said3 8,go and teach all nations whatsoever ,i have commanded you40 ,this duty she has fulfilled from age to age1 in spite of every hindrance and in face of all dangers1 with uncompromising firmness and unswerving fidelity1 principally by the action of her chief bishop1 whom ,christ charged to 8feed his sheep and lambs0 and 8to confirm his brethren40 ,this ,supreme ,pastor1 in watching over the sheep of ,christ's flock1 has never failed to feed them with the truths of ,christ1 and1 lest they should be led astray1 he has pointed out and condemned the errors against these truths one by one as they arose4 ,whatever some critics may have to say as to the form in which the ,syllabus has been cast1 or as to the technical language employed in its composition1 this document nevertheless is all that it purports to be1--an authoritative and explicit condemnation of the most dangerous and subversive errors of our epoch4 8,that last1 ,blown from our ,zion of the ,seven ,hills1 ,was no uncertain blast60 ,were the ,syllabus the product of the private cogitations of an ,italian citizen named ,john ,mary ,mastai ,ferretti1 promulgated and imposed upon the unwilling consciences of ,catholics by his personal authority1 ,catholics would indeed have reason to resist and complain4 ,but the violent opposition1 the hostility and hatred1 that the ,syllabus has excited among so many non-,catholics and leading minds is a cause of no little surprise4 8,what's ,hecuba to him1 or he to ,hecuba1 ,that he should weep for her80 ,suppose things were as they dream them to be1 the attitude of that venerable ,pontiff in the ,vatican1 powerless to do physical harm to any one1 even if he would1 standing up in the sole strength of his convictions1 and1 in spite of the clamors of fanatics1 the rage of conspirators1 and the threats of the prime ministers of powerful empires1 proclaiming to them and the world that what they hold to be truth is a lie1 what they maintain to be right is wrong1 and what they desire as good is evil--this presents the most august and sublime figure the nineteenth century has witnessed4 ,o noble old man6 well dost thou merit to be placed among the great men of the holy church1 and as chief pastor to be ranked on the pages of her history in the list of her heroic and saintly pontiffs1 with her ,leos and ,gregories4 ,but read the ,syllabus--and few of its opponents have done this2 take the trouble to understand rightly what you have read--and fewer still have taken this pains--and if you have not lost sight of the prime truths of reason1 and have any faith left in the revealed truths of ,christianity1 you must at least assent to its principal decisions and approve of its censures4 ,for its condemnations are chiefly aimed against pantheism1 atheism1 materialism1 internationalism1 communism--these and similar errors subversive of man's dignity1 society1 civilization1 ,christianity1 and all religion4 ,what boots it that these distinctive errors are cloaked with the high-sounding and popular catch-words1 8intellectual culture10 8liberty of thought10 8modern civilization10 etc41 etc48 ,they are none the less errors1 and all the more dangerous on account of their attractive disguise4 ,the opposition of those who are not internationalists and atheists to the condemnation and censures contained in the ,syllabus1 can be explained1 putting it in the mildest form1 on the ground of their lack of the sense of the divine authority of the church and its office1 and the misapprehension or misinterpretation in great part of its language4 ,for at bottom the ,syllabus is nothing else than the ,christian thesis of the nineteenth century1 as against its antithesis set up by modern sophists and conspirators1 who openly put forth their programme as in religion atheism1 in morals free-love1 in philosophy materialism1 in the state absolute democracy1 in society common property4 ,this1 then1 is the significance and the cause of the rage which it has called forth3 the ,supreme ,pastor of ,christ's flock1 with his vigilant eye1 has detected the plots of those who would overthrow the family1 society1 and all religion1 and1 conscious of the high obligations of his charge1 would not in silence take his repose1 but dared1 in protection of his fold1 to cry aloud and use his teeth upon these human wolves1 and thus warn the faithful and the whole world of their impending danger4 ,this is the secret of the outcry against the ,syllabus and ,pius ,,ix4 ,herein is the ,quare fremuerunt gentes4 ,but does not the ,syllabus declare that there can be no reconciliation between the ,catholic ,church and modern civilization8 ,o blind and slow of heart6 do you not know that modern civilization is the outcome of the ,catholic ,church8 ,what was the answer of ,christ to ,satan when he offered to him 8all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them08 8,begone1 ,satan60 ,which means1 ,what you offer is already mine1 and not yours to give2 away1 hypocrite and deceiver6 ,so to-day1 when the declared enemies of ,christian civilization come in disguise to the ,catholic ,church and insist upon her reconciliation with modern civilization1 she replies with ,christ3 ,begone1 ,satan2 modern civilization is the product of the ,catholic ,church1 and not yours1 and not under your protection or jurisdiction2 away1 hypocrites and conspirators6 ,reconciliation with what these conspirators call 8modern civilization08 ,do men who have their wits about them know what this means8 ,this means the overthrow of the great institutions of society1 which have cost nineteen centuries of toil and struggle of the noblest men and women of the race4 ,and for what8 ,only for the tyranny of a commune of declared atheists1 the emancipation of the flesh1 and the reign of ,antichrist4 ,thank ,god6 there is one man who cannot be bought by bribes1 or won by flattery1 or made to stoop by fear2 who dares meet face to face the foes of ,christ and the enemies of mankind1 open his mouth and lift up his voice1 and1 in answer to these hypocritical invitations1 speak out in tones that ring in the ears of the whole world and can never be forgotten3 8,non possumus40 ,the question is not whether the church will be reconciled with modern civilization4 ,the real question is whether modern society will follow the principles of eternal justice and right1 and reject these false teachers2 whether it will legislate in accordance with the rules of right reason and the divine truths of ,christianity1 and turn its back upon revolution1 anarchy1 and atheism2 whether it will act in harmony with ,god's church in upholding modern civilization and in spreading ,god's kingdom upon earth1 or return to paganism1 barbarism1 and savagery4 ,the question1 the real question which in the course of human events has become at the present moment among the ,latin race a national question1 and particularly so in ,italy1 is this3 8,christ or ,barabbas80 8,now1 ,barabbas was a robber40 ,it is because the ,syllabus has placed this alternative in so clear and unmistakable a light that ,satan has stirred up so spiteful and so wide-spread an opposition to it among his followers and those they can influence4 ,here is where the shoe pinches4 ,,vi4--,,the ,,vatican ,,council4 ,it is folly to attempt to interpret any society without having first discovered its animating principle and fairly studied the nature and bearings of its organization4 ,how great1 then1 is the folly of those who seem not to have even a suspicion that the greatest and grandest and the most lasting of all societies and organizations that the world has ever known--the ,catholic ,church--can be fathomed by a hasty glance6 ,yet there are men well known1 and reckoned worthy of repute1 who bestow more time and pay closer attention to gain knowledge of the structure and habits of the meanest bug than they deem requisite before sitting in judgment on the church of the living ,god4 ,there is in our day a great variety of demagogues1 and their number is very great1 but a truly scientific man is a rara avis4 ,there are also men standing high in the public estimation1 and some of them deservedly so in other respects1 who imagine that the decree of the ,vatican ,council defining the prerogatives of the successor of ,st4 ,peter has seriously altered the constitution of the ,catholic ,church1 when it has done nothing more or less than make the common law of the church1 whose binding force from universal usage and universal reception was admitted1 a statute law4 ,starting off from this serious mistake as their premise1 they wax warm and become furious against the ,vatican ,council and its decree concerning the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,and the new-born pity with which they are seized for benighted ,catholics1 would be worthy of all admiration1 were there not good grounds to question their common sense or suspect their sincerity4 ,they talk about 8a pontifical ,csar imposed upon the ,catholic ,church10 8priestly domination carried to its highest point of development10 8the personal infallibility of the pope10 8the ,roman ,church transformed into an enlarged house of the ,jesuit ,order10 8the incompatibility of the ,catholic ,church1 with its new constitution1 with the state10 etc41 etc4 ,then follows a jeremiad over 8the mental dependency of ,catholics10 and so forth4 ,all this and much more has1 according to their opinion1 been accomplished by a single decree of the ,vatican ,council4 ,apparently this class of men look upon the ,catholic ,church as a mere piece of mechanism1 abandoned to the control and direction of a set of priests swayed by personal ambition and selfishness1 and whose sole aim is to exercise an absolute tyranny over the consciences of their fellow-,christians2 or as an institution still more absurd and vile1 for heresy and infidelity have in some instances succeeded in so blinding men's minds that they do not allow the good the church does as hers1 and1 stimulated by malice1 heap upon her every conceivable vice and evil4 ,christ had to defend himself against the ,jews1 who accused him of being possessed by a devil2 and is it a wonder that his church should have to defend herself against the charge of misbelievers and unbelievers as being the synagogue of ,satan8 ,the servant is not greater than his master4 ,even ,goethe1 in spite of his anti-,christian1 or rather his anti-,protestant1 instincts1 would have saved these men from their fanatical blindness and their gross errors by imparting to their minds1 if they were willing to receive it1 a true insight into the real character of the ,catholic ,church4 8,look10 he says1 after premising that 8poems are like stained glasses--0 8,look into the church from the market square2 ,nothing but gloom and darkness there6 ,shrewd ,sir ,philistine sees things so3 ,well may he narrow and captious grow ,who all his life on the outside passes4 8,but come1 now1 and inside we'll go6 ,now round the holy chapel gaze2 ',tis all one many-colored blaze2 ,story and emblem1 a pictured maze1 ,flash by you3--'tis a noble show4 ,here1 feel as sons of ,god baptized1 ,with hearts exalted and surprised60#c ,the 8,philistines0 we are speaking of infuse into the ,catholic ,church their own forensic spirit1 and fancy that she is only a system of severe commandments1 arbitrary laws1 and outward ceremonies enforced by an external and absolute authority which1 like the old law1 places all her children in a state of complete bondage4 ,they are blind to the fact that the ,catholic ,church confines her precepts1 such is her respect for man's liberty1 chiefly to the things necessary to salvation1 leaving all the rest to be complied with by each individual ,christian as moved by the instinct of divine grace4#d ,the aim of the ,catholic ,church is not1 as they foolishly fancy1 to drill her children into a servile army of prtorian guards1 but to raise up freemen in ,christ1 souls actuated by the ,holy ,spirit--to create saints4 ,they are also ignorant of the nature and place1 of the authority of the church1 as they are of her spirit4 ,it is the birthright of every member of the ,catholic ,church freely to follow the promptings of the ,holy ,spirit1 and the office and aim of the authority of the church is to secure1 defend1 and protect this ,christ-given freedom4 ,to make more clear this relation of the divine external authority of the church with the divine internal guidance of the ,holy ,spirit in the soul1 a few words of explanation will suffice4 ,it is the privilege of every soul born to ,christ in his holy church in the waters of regeneration1 to receive thereby the indwelling presence of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it is the bounden duty of every ,christian soul to follow with fidelity the promptings of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,in order that the soul may follow faithfully the indwelling ,holy ,spirit1 it must be secured against all mistakes and delusions and protected against all attacks from error4 ,every child of the church has therefore a claim in justice upon the authority of the church for this security and protection4 ,but it would be absurd and an intolerable indignity for the soul to obey an authority that might lead it astray in a matter concerning its divine life and future destiny2 for in the future world no chance or liberty is left for a return to correct the mistakes into which the soul may have fallen4 ,therefore the claim is founded in right reason and justice that the supreme teaching and governing authority of the church should be divine--that is1 unerring4 ,and it is the intrusion of human authority in the shape of private judgment1 or that of the state1 as supreme1 in regard to the truths of divine revelation1 that is the radical motive of the resistance to ,protestantism as ,christianity on the part of ,catholics4 ,now1 when the soul sees that the authority which governs is animated by the same divine ,spirit1 with whose promptings it is its inmost desire to comply1 and appreciates that the aim of the commands of authority is to keep it from straying from the guidance of the indwelling divine ,spirit1 then obedience to authority becomes easy and light1 and the fulfilment of its commands the source of increased joy and greater liberty1 not an irksome task or a crushing burden4 ,this spiritual insight springing from the light of faith is the secret source of ,catholic life1 the inward principle which prompts the obedience of ,catholics to the divine authority of the holy church1 and from which is born the consciousness of the soul's filiation with ,god1 whence flow that perfect love and liberty which always accompany this divine ,sonship4 ,the aim of the authority of the church and its exercise is the same as that of all other authority--secondary4 ,the church herself1 in this sense1 is not an end1 but a means to an end4 ,the aim of the authority of the church is the promotion and the safeguard of the divine action of the indwelling ,holy ,spirit in the soul1 and not a substitution of itself for this4 ,just as the object of the authority of the state is to promote the common good and to protect the rights of its citizens1 so the authority of the church has for its aim the common good of its members and the protection of their rights4 ,and is not the patriotic spirit that moves the legislator to make the law for the common good and protection of his fellow-countrymen identically the same spirit which plants in their bosoms the sense of submission to the law8 ,consequently1 to fix more firmly and to define more accurately the divine authority of the church in its papal exercise1 seen from the inside1 is to increase individual action1 to open the door to a larger sphere of liberty1 and to raise man up to his true manhood in ,god4 ,it does1 indeed1 make all the difference in the world1 as the poet ,goethe has so well said1 to 8look at the church0 with 8,sir ,philistine0 in a 8narrow and captious0 spirit from 8the market square0 stand-point1 or to gaze on the church from the inside1 where all her divine beauty is displayed and1 in a free and lofty spirit1 fully enjoyed4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,vatican ,,council 7continued74 ,to define the prerogatives of the papal authority1 and its place and sphere of action in the divine autonomy of the church1 was to prepare the way for the faithful to follow with greater safety and freedom the inspirations of the ,holy ,spirit1 and thus open the door wider for a fresh influx of divine life and a more vigorous activity4 ,thanks for these great advantages to the persistent attacks of the foes of the church2 for had they let her authority alone1 this decree of the ,vatican ,council would not have been called for1 and the prerogatives of the papal functions might have been exercised with sufficient force as the unwritten and common law1 and never have passed into a dogmatic decree and become the statute law4 ,the work of the ,vatican ,council is not1 however1 finished4 ,other and important tasks are before it1 to accomplish which it will be sooner or later reassembled4 ,divine ,providence appears to be shaping events in many ways since the adjournment of the council1 so as to render its future labors comparatively easy4 ,there were special causes which made it reasonable that the occupant of ,st4 ,peter's chair at ,rome should in modern times be an ,italian4 ,owing to the radical changes which have taken place in ,europe1 these causes no longer have the force they once had4 ,the church is a universal1 not a national society4 ,the boundaries of nations have1 to a great extent1 been obliterated by the marvellous inventions of the age4 ,the tendency of mankind is1 even in spite of itself1 to become more and more one family1 and of nations to become parts of one great whole rather than separate entities4 ,and even if the wheel of change should1 as we devoutly hope1 restore to the ,pope the patrimony of the church1 the claims of any distinct nationality to the ,chair of ,peter will scarcely hold as they once held4 ,the supreme ,pastor of the whole flock of ,christ1 as befits the ,catholic and cosmopolitan spirit of the church1 may now1 as in former days1 be chosen solely in view of his capacity1 fitness1 and personal merits1 without any regard to his nationality or race4 ,it must be added to the other great acts of the reigning ,pontiff--whom may ,god preserve6--that he has given to the cardinal senate of the church a more representative character by choosing for its members a larger number of distinguished men from the different nations of which the family of the church is composed4 ,this1 it is to be hoped1 is only a promise of the no distant day when the august senate of the universal church shall not only be open to men of merit of every ,catholic nation of the earth1 but also its members be chosen in proportion to the importance of each community1 according to the express desire of the holy cumenical ,council of ,trent4 ,such a representative body1 composed of the lite of the entire human race1 presided over by the common father of all the faithful1 would realize as nearly as possible that ideal tribunal which enlightened statesmen are now looking for1 whose office it would be to act as the arbitrator between nation and nation1 and between rulers and people4 ,since the close of the first session of the ,vatican ,council nearly all the different nations of ,europe have1 of their own accord1 broken the concordats made with the church and virtually proclaimed a divorce between the state and the church4 ,this conduct leaves the church entirely free in the choice of her bishops2 which will tend to bring out more clearly the spiritual and popular side of the church2 to set at naught the charge made against her prelates as meddling in purely secular affairs2 and to wipe out the stigma of their being involved in the political intrigues of courts4 ,modern inventions and improvements1 such as telegraphs1 railroads1 steamships1 cheap postage1 the press1 have added time1 increased efficiency1 and lent an expansive power of action to men which poets1 in their boldest flights of fancy1 did not reach4 ,these things have changed the face of the material world and the ways of men in conducting their secular business4 ,pope ,sixtus ,v4 readjusted and improved in his day the outward administration of the church--a reform that was greatly needed--and placed it by his practical genius1 both for method and efficiency1 far in advance of his times4 ,this same work might1 in some respects1 be done again and with infinite advantage to the interests and prosperity of the whole church of ,god4 ,one of the most1 if not the most1 important of the congregations of the church is that ,de ,propaganda ,fide4 ,it is the centre of missionary enterprises throughout the whole extent of the world4 ,no other object can be of greater interest to every ,catholic heart1 no branch of the church's work calls for greater practical wisdom1 more burning zeal1 and more energetic efficiency4 ,there is1 perhaps1 no position in the church1 after that of the papal chair1 so great in importance1 so vast in its influence1 so wide in its action1 as the one occupied by the cardinal prefect of the ,propaganda4 ,could it be placed on a footing so as to profit by all the agencies of our day1 it would be better prepared to enter upon the new openings now offered to the missionary zeal of the church in different parts of the world1 and become1 what it really aims to be1 the right arm of the church in the propagation of the faith4 ,who can tell but that one of the results of the present crisis in ,italy will lead by an overruling ,providence to an entire renewal of the church1 not only in ,italy1 but throughout the whole world8 ,such a hope has been frequently expressed by ,pius ,,ix41 and to prepare the way for it was one of the main purposes of assembling the ,vatican ,council4 ,,viii4--,,impending ,,danger4 ,scarcely any event is more deplorable to the sincere ,christian and true patriot than when there arises a discord1 whether real or apparent1 between the religious convictions and the political aspirations of a people4 ,such a discord divides them into separate and hostile camps1 and it is not in the nature of things that in such a condition both religion and the state should not incur great danger4 ,every sacrifice except that of principle should be made1 every material interest that does not involve independence and existence should be yielded up without reluctance or delay1 in order to put an end to these conflicts1 unless one would risk on one hand apostasy and on the other anarchy4 ,the discord which has been sown between the state and the church by the revolutionary movement in ,italy has not only excited a violent struggle in the bosom of every ,italian1 but has created dissension between husband and wife1 parents and children1 brother and brother1 friend and friend1 neighbor and neighbor1 and placed different classes of society in opposition to each other4 ,the actual struggle going on in ,italy is working every moment untold mischief among the ,italian people4 ,already symptoms of apostasy and signs of anarchy are manifest4 ,every day these dangers are becoming more menacing4 ,a way out of this dead-lock must be speedily found4 ,the church has plainly shown in ages past that she can live and gain the empire over souls1 even against the accumulated power of a hostile and persecuting state4 ,she has shown in modern times1 both in the ,united ,states and in ,england and ,ireland1 that independent of the state1 and of all other support than the voluntary offerings of her children1 and with stinted freedom1 she can maintain her independence1 grow strong and prosperous4 ,the church1 relying solely upon ,god1 conquered pagan ,rome in all its pride of strength1 and1 if needs be1 she can enter again into the arena1 and1 stripped of all temporal support1 face her adversaries and reconquer apostate ,rome4 ,but who can contemplate without great pain a nation1 and that nation the ,italian1 passing through apostasy and anarchy1 even though this be necessary1 in the opinion of some1 as a punishment and purification8 ,can those who believe so drastic a potion is needed to cure a nation give the assurance that it will not leave it in a feeble and chronic state1 rendering a revival a work of centuries1 and perhaps impossible8 ,every noble impulse of religion and humanity should combine to avert so dire a calamity1 and with united voice cry out with the prophet3 8,is there no balm in ,gilead8 ,is there no physician there8 ,why1 then1 is not the wound of the daughter of my people healed80 ,the balm that will cure the present wound in ,italy is not likely to be found in a closer alliance of the church with the actual state4 ,for the state throughout ,europe1 with scarcely an exception1 has placed itself in hostility to the church1 and to expect help from this quarter would indeed be to hope in vain1 and to rivet more closely the shackles which bind the free action of her members4 ,is it not the apparent complicity of the church with some of the governments of ,europe1 since they have thrown off the salutary restraints of her authority1 that has been one of the principal causes of the loss to a fearful degree of her influence with the more numerous class of society1 giving a pretext to the tirades of the socialists1 communists1 and internationals against her8 ,the church has been unjustly identified1 in the minds of many1 with thrones and dynasties whose acts and policy have been as inimical to her interests as to those of the people4 ,in the present campaign it would be far from wise to rely for aid on states1 as states now are--whether they be monarchies1 or aristocracies1 or republics1 or democracies--or upon contending dynasties2 the help needed in the actual crisis can come only from the ,most ,high4 8,society10 as ,pius ,,ix4 has observed1 8has been enclosed in a labyrinth1 out of which it will never issue save by the hand of ,god40 ,the prime postulate of a sound ,catholic is this3 ,the church is divine1 moved by the instinct of the ,holy ,spirit in all her supreme and vital acts4 ,the ,catholic who does not hold this as a firm and immovable basis has lost1 or never had1 the true conception of the church1 and is in immediate danger of becoming a rebel and a heretic1 if he be not one already4 ,whoso fails to recognize this permanent divine action in the church1 the light of the ,holy ,spirit has departed from his soul1 and he becomes thereby external to the church4 ,of this truth ,de ,lamennais1 ,dllinger1 ,loyson1 are modern and sad examples4 ,instead of seeking a deeper insight into the nature of the church1 and drawing from thence the light and the strength to labor for the renewal of ,christianity and the unity of ,christendom1 they have become blinded by passion and deluded by personal conceits1 and have fallen into heresy and sectarianism4 ,for the divine ,spirit embodied in the church and the divine ,spirit indwelling in every ,christian soul are one and the same divine ,spirit1 and they bear testimony to each other1 and work together for the same end4 ,the errors which menaced the truths of divine revelation and the peace of society are known and condemned by the supreme authority of the church4 ,the same voice of the ,chief ,pastor called a general council to remove all evils from the church1 8that our august religion and its salutary doctrine might receive fresh life over all the earth40 ,again and again he has exhorted the faithful to uphold and encourage the ,catholic press in defence of religion as one of their important duties1 and followed up his advice by his own personal example4 ,everywhere he has approved of the formation of societies for the advancement of science1 art1 and education2 for the protection and amelioration of the working-classes2 and the meeting of ,catholic laymen for the discussion and promotion of the interests of the church and society4 8,prayer1 ,speech1 and the ,press0--these are the watch-words of ,pius ,,ix4 ,these words1 which have the impress of the seal of divine grace upon them1 have awakened the universal consciousness of the church4 ,the church gained her first victories by prayer1 by speech1 and by writing1 and these peaceful weapons are not antiquated1 and1 if earnestly employed1 are in our day more than a match for needle-guns1 ,krupp cannon1 or the strongest iron-clads4 ,above all1 when handled by ,catholics they have the power of ,almighty ,god to back them1 and that strength of conviction in ,catholic souls which knows no conquerors4 ,if there be one thing more than any other that strikes dismay in the camp of the foes of the church1 it is the united action of ,catholics in defence of their faith4 ,let ,italian ,catholics act unitedly and1 wherever and whenever they can1 act politically1 saving their faith and their obedience2 uphold generously the ,catholic press2 let them speak out manfully and fearlessly their convictions with all the force of their souls2 and for the rest1 look up to ,god1 and the enemies of ,god and of his church and of their country will disappear 8like the dust which the wind driveth from the face of the earth40 8,it is time1 my brethren1 to act with courage40#e ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,mountain ,,friend4 ,i4--,,our ,,bond4 ,i know not why with yon far1 sombre height ,i hold so subtle friendship1 why my heart ,keeps it in one dear corner set apart2 ,no rarer glory clothes it day and night ,than find ,i otherwhere1 yet1 whensoe'er ,amid all wanderings wide by road or crest ,mine eyes upon those simple outlines rest1 ,my heart cries out as unto true friend near4 ,nor holds that half-forbidding strength of form ,memories more dear than give so deep a grace ,to other heights1 yet e'er on yon dark face1 ,sun-lighted be it1 or half-veiled in storm1 ,i longing gaze with thoughts no words define1 ,and feel the dumb rock-heart low-answering mine4 ,,ii4--,,noon4 ,i climb the rugged slopes that sweep with strength ,and lines1 scarce broken1 from the desert wide1 ,beneath whose shadow frailest flowers abide ,and sweetest waters trip their murmuring length2 ,i stand upon the crown--the autumn air ,blows shivering out of scarcely cloud-flecked skies1 ,while warm the sunshine on the gray moss lies ,and lights the crimson fires low leaves spread there4 ,beyond1 hills mightier far are lifted1 stern ,with ancient forest where wild crags break through1 ,and1 nobler still1 far laid against the blue1 ,peaks1 white with early snow1 for heaven yearn---- ,whose azure depths the quiet shadows wear---- ,crowning my mountain with their distance fair4 ,,iii4--,,night4 ,the strong uplifter of the wilderness1 ,holder of mighty silence voiceful made1 ,with bird-song drifting from the spruces' shade1 ,by quivering winds that murmur in distress1 ,proud stands my mountain1 clothed with loneliness ,that awesome grows when darkness veileth all ,and south wind shroudeth with a misty pall ,of hurrying clouds that ever onward press1 ,as something seeking that doth e'er elude1 ,flying like thing pursued that dare not rest1 ,by some wild1 haunting thought of fear possessed---- ,not drearness all1 the cloud-swept solitude3---- ,through changing rifts the starlit blue gives sign ,of mountain nearness unto things divine4 ,,iv4--,,dawn4 ,slow breaks the daily mystery of dawn---- ,in far-off skies gleams faint the unfolding light1 ,anear the patient hills wait with the night ,whose shadow clings1 nor hasteth to be gone4 ,a passionate silence filleth all the earth---- ,no wind-swept pine to solemn anthem stirred1 ,no distant chirp from matin-keeping bird1 ,nor any pattering sound of leafy mirth4 ,and seems that waiting silence to enfold ,all mystery of life1 all doubt and fear1 ,all patient trusting through the darkness here1 ,all perfect promise that the heavens hold4 ,lo6 seems my mountain a high-altar stair ,whereon ,i rest1 in thought half-dream1 half-prayer4 ,v4--,,on ,,fire4 ,scarce dead the echo of our evening song ,that o'er the camp-fire's whirling blaze up-soared ,with wealth of hidden human sweetness stored-- ,life-thoughts that thronged the spoken words along2 ,scarce lost our lingering footsteps on the moss1 ,when the slow embers1 that we fancied slept1 ,with purpose sure and step unfaltering crept ,the sheltering mountain's unsmirched brow across4 ,alas6 for straining eyes that through long days ,of strong-breathed west wind saw the pale smoke-drift ,its threat'ning pennons in the distance lift1 ,so setting discord in sweet notes of praise4 ,yet hath the wounded mountain in each thought ,won dearer love for wrong1 unwilling1 wrought4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,roc ,,amadour4 ,la douce ,mre du ,cratour1 ,a l'glise1 ,rochemadour1 ,fait tants miracles1 tants hauts faits1 ,c'uns moultes biax livres en est faits4 --,gauthier de ,coinsy1 of the thirteenth century4 ,there is not a place of pilgrimage in ,france without some special natural attraction1 from ,mont ,st4 ,michel on the stormy northern coast to ,notre ,dame de la ,garde overlooking the blue ,mediterranean ,sea2 from ,notre ,dame de ,buglose on a broad moor of the ,landes to ,notre ,dame de la ,salette among the wild ,alps of ,dauphin2 but not one of these has the peculiar charm of ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour in ,quercy1 which stands on an almost inaccessible cliff overhanging a frightful ravine once known as the ,valle ,tnbreuse4 ,and not only nature1 but history1 poetry1 and the supernatural1 all combine to render this one of the most extraordinary of the many holy sanctuaries of ,france4 ,for this is the place where1 as hoary legends tell1 the ,zaccheus of the ,scriptures ended his days in a cave2 where the peerless ,roland hung up his redoubtable sword before the altar of the ,virgin2 where ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 ,louis ,,ix4 of ,france1 and so many princes and knights of the middle ages came to pay their vows2 where ,fnelon1 the celebrated ,archbishop of ,cambrai1 was consecrated to the ,virgin in his infancy1 and where he came in later life to pray at his mother's tomb2 and which has been sung by medival poets and rendered for ever glorious by countless miracles of divine grace4 ,on a pleasant spring morning we left ,albi to visit the ancient province of ,quercy4 ,from the fertile valley of the ,tarn1 overlooked by the fine church of ,notre ,dame de la ,drche--the tutelar ,madonna of the ,albigeois--we entered a dreary1 stony region beyond ,cahuzac1 then came into a charming country with wooded hills crowned with old towers and villages1 as at ,najac1 where the railway passes through a tunnel directly beneath the ancient castle in the centre of the town1 and crosses the ,nexos on the other side of the hill1 which we found merry with peasant women washing their linen in the clear stream and hanging it on the rocks to bleach in the hot sun4 ,the whole region is full of wild ravines kept fresh by capricious streams and the shadows of the numerous hills4 ,the wayside grows bright with scarlet poppies1 the cherry-trees are snowy with blossoms1 the low quince hedges are aflush with their rosy blooms1 and the pretty gardens at the stations are full of flowers and shrubbery4 ,we pass ,capdenac1 supposed by ,m4 de ,champollion to be the ancient ,uxellodunum whose siege is related by ,csar in his ,commentaries1 also on a high hill around which the river ,lot turns abruptly and goes winding on through a delicious valley1 the water as red as the soil1 perhaps owing to the recent rains4 ,soon after the country becomes rocky and desolate again1 with stone walls instead of flowering hedges1 and flocks of sheep here and there nibbling the scant herbage among the rocks1 looking very much inclined1 as well they may1 to give up trying to get a living4 ,the whole region is flat1 the earth is ghastly with the pale stones1 everything is subdued in tone1 the horizon is bounded by low1 dim hills1 the sky becomes sombre and lowering4 ,but there is something about all this desolation and silence and monotony that excites the imagination4 ,even our epicurean friends felt the strange charm1 for this is the region where truffles abound1 scented out by the delicate organ of the animal sacred to ,st4 ,anthony the ,great6 ,we were now in ,quercy1 which comprises such a variety of soil and temperature4 ,in one part everything is verdant and flowery1 the hills wreathed with vines and the trees covered with fruit-blossoms1 and over all a radiant sun2 perhaps a little beyond is a stunted vegetation1 the trees of a northern clime1 and a country as rough and bleak as ,scotland1 with long1 desolate moors1 arid and melancholy in the extreme4 ,some way this side of ,roc ,amadour we came upon the singular gap of ,padirac1 where ,st4 ,martin is said to have had a race with the devil4 ,they were both mounted on mules1 ,st4 ,martin's a little the worse for wear1 and1 starting across the country1 they flew over walls and precipices and steep cliffs1 without anything being able to arrest their course4 ,satan at length turned to the saint and laid a wager he could open a gap in the earth no unaided mortal could pass4 ,st4 ,martin laughed him to scorn4 ,the angel of darkness then stretched forth his hand1 and1 laying on the ground his forefinger1 which suddenly shot out to an enormous length1 the earth instantaneously opened beneath it to the depth of a hundred and fifty feet4 8,is that all80 cried the undaunted saint1 as he spurred his beast4 ,the mule sprang across the yawning gulf1 one hundred feet broad1 leaving the impress of his hoofs in the solid rock1 as is to be clearly seen at this day4 ,one of these foot-prints turns out1 because1 we are told1 ,st4 ,martin's mule was lame4 ,this1 of course1 made his victory the more wonderful4 ,after this feat the saint1 in his turn1 challenged the demon1 and1 resuming their race1 ,st4 ,martin hastily thrust a cross of reeds into the fissure of a rock they came to1 whereupon ,satan's mule reared and plunged and overthrew its rider1 to the everlasting glory of ,st4 ,martin and the triumph of the cross4 ,a more durable cross of stone now marks the spot where this great victory was won over the foul fiend4 ,roc ,amadour is in the diocese of ,cahors1 which is a picturesque old town built on and around a cliff in a bend of the river ,lot4 ,it is quite worthy of a passing glance and has its historic memories4 ,in ancient times it bore so imposing an appearance that one of its historians pretends ,csar1 when he came in sight of it1 could not help exclaiming in his astonishment3 8,behold a second ,rome60 ,in the middle ages1 if we are to believe ,dante1 it was notorious as a city of usurers4 ,he ranks it with ,sodom2 but perhaps this was owing to his strong ,italian prejudices against the ,french popes1 for at ,cahors was born ,john ,,xxii41 whom he severely consigns to ignominy4 ,we are shown the castle where this pope passed his childhood1 at one edge of the town4 ,passing by the university1 we are reminded by a statue of ,fnelon1 in the centre of a square called by his name1 that he was once a student here4 ,there is likewise a street named after ,clement ,marot1 whose version of the ,psalms became so popular among the ,huguenots4 ,he was born at ,cahors1 and is now regarded as one of its chief celebrities1 though not tolerated in the place in the latter part of his life from a suspicion of heresy1 then almost synonymous with treason1 which caused him to be imprisoned in the ,chtelet4 ,he thus protested against the accusation3 8,point ne suis ,lutheriste1 ,ne ,zuinglien1 et moins ,anabaptiste1 ,bref1 celui suis qui croit1 honore et prise ,la saincte1 vraye1 et ,catholique ,eglise40#f ,though released1 he was obliged to take refuge in ,geneva on account of the use of his paraphrase of the ,psalms in the conventicles1 but there he was convicted of misdemeanors1 and1 by ,calvin's orders1 ridden on an ass and sent out of the city4 ,neither fish nor flesh1 he now sought an asylum in ,italy--8the inn of every grief10 as ,dante calls it--and died at ,turin in #aedf4 ,in passing through ,quercy we are struck by the constant succession of old castles bearing some historic name like that of ,turenne4 ,among others is ,castelnau de ,bretenoux1 associated with ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 on a lofty eminence on the left shore of the ,dordogne1 overlooking one of the most beautiful valleys of ,france1 which is said to have inspired ,fnelon with his description of the island of ,calypso4 ,a few years since this vast chteau was one of the finest specimens of feudal architecture in ,france4 ,its embattled walls and massive towers2 the long gallery1 with its carvings and gildings1 where the fair ladies of the time of ,louis ,treize used to promenade in their satins and rich ,mechlin laces1 admiring themselves in the rare ,venetian mirrors2 the spacious cellars with their arches2 the vaulted stables1 and the vast courts with their immense wells1 have been greatly injured by fire and now wear an aspect of desolation melancholy to behold4 ,galid de ,genouilhac1 a lord of this house1 who was grand cuyer in the time of ,francis ,i41 and would have saved his royal master the defeat of ,pavia had his advice been listened to1 was disgraced for presuming to admire the queen1 and1 retiring to this castle1 he built a church1 on which he graved the words still to be seen3 ,j'aime fort une4 8,roc ,amadour60 cried the guard1 as he opened the door of our compartment1 disturbing our historic recollections4 ,we looked out4 ,there was nothing to correspond with so poetical a name4 ,no village2 no church4 ,nothing but a forlorn station-house on a desolate plain4 ,behind it we found an omnibus waiting to catch up any stray pilgrim1 and we availed ourselves of so opportune a vehicle1 rude as it was4 ,we could not have asked for anything more penitential1 so there was no occasion for scruples4 ,it leisurely took us a few miles to the west1 and finally dropped us mercifully in the middle of the road before a rough wayside inn that had a huge leafy bough suspended over the door to proclaim that poor wine only needed the larger bush4 ,we were not tempted to enter4 ,the driver pointed out the way1 and left us to our instinct and the pilgrim's staff4 ,there was nothing to be seen but the same dreary expanse4 ,but we soon came to a chapel in the centre of a graveyard1 where once stood a hospice with kind inmates to wash the bleeding feet of the pilgrim4 ,then we began to descend diagonally along the side of a tremendous chasm that suddenly opened before us1 passing by a straggling line of poor rock-built huts1 till we came to the archway of an old gate1 once fortified1 that stands at the entrance of a village4 ,this was ,roc ,amadour4 ,imagine a mountain suddenly cleft asunder1 disclosing a frightful abyss several hundred feet in depth1 lined with gray rocks that rise almost perpendicularly to the very clouds1 and1 far down at the bottom1 a narrow stream winding sullenly along1 looking like one of the fabled rivers of the abisso doloroso of the great ,florentine4 ,half way up one side of this ,valle ,tnbreuse1 as it was once called1 hangs the village of ,roc ,amadour like a cluster of birds' nests along the edge of a precipice1 over which are suspended several churches1 one above the other1 that seem hewn out of the very cliff4 ,these are the famous sanctuaries of ,roc ,amadour that have been frequented from time immemorial4 ,several hundred feet above these churches1 on the very summit of the mount1 is the old castle of ,la ,charette1 with its ramparts overlooking the whole country4 ,this served in the frequent wars of the middle ages not only for the defence of the sanctuary below1 but of the town of ,roc ,amadour1 which was then a post of strategic importance1 and has its page in history1 as every reader of ,sir ,john ,froissart knows4 ,the sight of this mountain1 that looks as if rent asunder by some awful convulsion of nature1 with the castle on its summit2 its rocky sides once peopled with hermits1 and still alive with the voice of prayer2 the churches that swell out of the cliff like the bastions of a fortress2 the village on the ledge below2 and the dizzy ravine in the depths1 is truly astonishing4 ,the town looks as if the breath of modern progress had never reached it4 ,it is the only place in all ,europe where we did not meet an ,englishman or an ,american4 ,one would think the bivalve in which it is lodged just opened after being closed hundreds of years4 ,there is the ,rue de la ,couronnerie1 where ,henry ,court-,mantel was crowned ,king of ,aquitaine4 ,there are the remains of the house occupied by his father1 ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 with the huge well he caused to be dug1 from which the inhabitants still draw water4 ,and there are the remains of the four fortified gates ruined in the wars of the sixteenth century4 ,we stopped at the ,grand ,soleil--a hostel of the ancient time1 with an immense kitchen that would have delighted ,jan ,steen1 with beams black with the smoke of a thousand fires1 hung with smoked hams1 and gourds1 and strings of onions1 and bright copper kettles--the very place for roistering villagers such as he loved to paint4 ,it looked ancient enough to have been frequented by ,king ,henry's soldiers4 ,it had a very cavern for a fireplace1 with seats at the yawning sides beneath the crook1 with which ,m4 ,michelet says the sanctity of the fireside was identified in the middle ages far more than with the hearth1 and curious old andirons1 such as are to be seen at ,paris in the ,htel de ,cluny1 with a succession of hooks for the spits to rest on1 and circular tops for braziers and chafing-dishes4 ,stairs led from the kitchen to the story above1 well enough to mount1 but perilous in descent1 owing to their steepness4 ,everything is rather in the perpendicular style at ,roc ,amadour4 ,an invocation to ,marie conue sans pch was pasted on the door of our chamber1 and a statuette of the ,blessed ,virgin stood on the mantel4 ,the windows looked out on a little terrace dignified with the name of ,square1 where children were playing around the great stone cross4 ,at table we found the sacrifice of ,abraham and other sacred subjects depicted on our plates1 and a cross on the salt-cellar4 ,roast kid and goat's milk were set before us with various adjuncts1 after which patriarchal fare we issued forth to visit the celebrated chapel of ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour4 ,we found we had done well in fortifying the outer man for such an ascent1 particularly as the day was far advanced1 and the morning supplies at ,albi had been of the most unsubstantial nature4 ,we passed several houses with old archways of the thirteenth century1 but the most imposing house in the place is a seigneurial mansion of the sixteenth century1 now occupied by the ,brothers of the ,christian ,doctrine4 ,we soon came to the foot of the staircase leading up the side of the cliff to the sanctuaries4 ,it consists of about two hundred and forty steps1 partly hewn out of the rock1 and is generally ascended by the devout pilgrim on his knees and with prayer--an enterprise of no trifling nature1 as we are prepared to vouch4 ,on great festivals this sacred ladder is crowded with people ascending and descending4 ,their murmured prayer is a gradual ,psalm indeed4 ,the first flight of one hundred and forty steps leads to a platform around which stood formerly the dwellings of the fourteen canons consecrated to the service of ,mary4 ,a ,gothic portal1 with a stout oaken door covered with fine old scroll-work of iron1 leads by another flight of seventy-six steps to the collegiate church of ,saint-,sauveur1 one of the six remaining sanctuaries4 ,formerly there were twelve chapels built among the rocks in honor of the twelve apostles1 but these all disappeared in the time of the unsparing ,huguenots4 ,twenty-five steps more1 at the left1 bring you to a terrace with the miraculous chapel of ,our ,lady on one side and that of ,st4 ,michael on the other4 ,between them1 directly before you1 is the cave-like recess in which ,zaccheus is said to have ended his days1 and where he still lies in effigy on his stone coffin4 ,rupis amator he was called--the lover of the rock--whence ,st4 ,amateur1 and ,st4 ,amadour1 the name given him by the people4 ,amadour quasi amator solitudinis1 say the old chronicles4 ,his body remained here from the time of his death1 in the year of our ,lord #gj 7we adhere to the delightful old legend71 till #aaff1 when1 according to ,robert de ,monte1 who wrote in #aahj1 his tomb was opened at the request of a neighboring lord who was extremely ill and felt an inward assurance he should be healed by the sacred relics4 ,his faith was rewarded4 ,the body was found entire1 and1 on being exposed to public veneration1 so numerous and extraordinary were the miracles wrought that ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england1 who was at ,castelnau de ,bretenoux1 came here to pay his devotions4 ,it was now enshrined in the subterranean church of ,st4 ,amadour1 where it remained several ages so incorrupt as to give rise to a common proverb among the people3 ,il est en chair et os1 comme ,st4 ,amadour4 ,but when the country was overrun by the ,huguenots1 his chsse was stripped of its silver mountings1 his body broken to pieces with a hammer and cast into the fire4 ,only a small part of these venerable remains were snatched from the flames4 ,the terrace between the chapel of ,our ,lady and that of ,st4 ,michael is called in ancient documents the ,platea ,s4 ,michaelis4 ,here all official acts relating to the abbey were formerly drawn up4 ,the overhanging cliff1 that rises above it to the height of two hundred and twenty feet1 gives it the appearance of a cavern4 ,built into it1 on the left1 is the chapel of ,st4 ,michael1 on the outer wall of which1 suspended by an iron chain1 is a long1 rusty weapon popularly known as the sword of ,roland4 ,not that it is the very blade with which the ,pyrenees were once cleft asunder and so many kingdoms won4 ,that shone as the sun in its golden hilt1 the day the mighty ,paladin came1 on his way to ,spain1 to consecrate it to the ,virgin of ,roc ,amadour and then redeem it with its weight in silver2 whereas this is as dim and uncouth as the veriest spit that ever issued from a country forge4 ,the wondrous ,durandel1 to be sure1 was brought back after ,roland's death and hung up before the altar of ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour1 to whom it had been vowed1 where it remained till carried off by ,henry ,court-,mantel1 who1 adding sacrilege to hypocrisy1 came here in #aahc on the pretext of a pilgrimage1 and1 in order to pay the soldiers who served him in his rebellion against his father1 pillaged the holy chapel so revered by ,king ,henry4 ,but his crime did not remain unpunished4 ,he was soon after seized with a fatal illness1 and died1 but not unabsolved1 in the arms of ,gerard ,,iii41 ,bishop of ,cahors4 ,over ,roland's sword hang the fetters of several ,christians delivered from a terrible slavery on the coast of ,barbary by ,our ,lady's might4 ,among these was ,guillaume ,fulcheri of ,montpellier1 whose mother came to ,roc ,amadour on the eve of the ,assumption to offer a cake of wax to burn before the image of ,mary for the redemption of her son4 ,that same night1 while she was keeping vigil with prayers and tears before the altar of the ,virgin1 his fetters were loosened in a mysterious manner1 and he made his escape4 ,one of his first acts on his arrival in ,france was to come to ,roc ,amadour with an offering of gratitude4 ,so1 too1 ,guillaume ,rmond of ,albi1 being unjustly confined in prison1 with no other hope of liberty but his trust in the power of the glorious ,virgin of ,roc ,amadour1 while he was persevering in prayer during the night-watches his chains suddenly fell off about the ninth hour1 to the utter amazement of the jailer1 who became too powerless to hinder his escape4 ,he took his fetters with him to hang up before the altar of his potent protectress4 ,on the pavement beneath these and other trophies of divine grace is an old chest with iron bands1 fastened with a double lock of singular mechanism1 in which pilgrims centuries ago deposited their offerings4 ,just beyond is a doorway over which is painted ,st4 ,michael holding the balance of justice in which we must all be weighed4 ,this door leads by a winding stone staircase up to ,st4 ,michael's chapel1 the oldest of the existing edifices of ,roc ,amadour4 ,this singular chapel is built against the rough cliff which constitutes one side of it1 as well as the vault4 ,it is chilly1 and cave-like1 and dripping with moisture4 ,a niche at one end1 like an arcosolium in the catacombs1 is lined with faded old frescos of ,christ and the evangelists4 ,the windows are low and narrow1 like the fissures of a cave1 being barely wide enough for an angel in each--,michael with his avenging sword1 ,gabriel and his ,ave1 and ,raphael looking protectingly down on ,tobias with his fish4 ,on one side is a spiral ascent to a balcony over the ,platea ,s4 ,michaelis1 from which the abbot of ,roc ,amadour used to bestow his solemn benediction on the crowd on the great days of pardon4 ,descending to the ,platea1 we stop before the entrance to ,our ,lady's chapel to examine the half-effaced mural paintings of the great mysteries of her life around the door4 ,near these can be traced the outlines of a knight pursued by several spectres1 popularly believed to be the ex-voto of a man who sought to be delivered from the ghosts of those whose graves he had profaned4 ,but the learned say this fresco refers to the famous old ,lai des trois ,morts et des trois ,vifs of the thirteenth century1 in which three young knights1 gaily riding to the chase1 with no thought but of love and pleasure1 meet three phantoms1 who solemnly address them on the vanity of all earthly joys4 ,this painting was a perpetual sermon to the pilgrims1 enforced1 moreover1 by the numerous tombs that surrounded the sanctuaries of ,roc ,amadour4 ,for many noble families of the province1 as well as pilgrims from afar1 wished to be buried near the altar where their souls had gotten grace4 ,so great was the number buried here in the middle ages that the monks became alarmed1 and refused to allow any more to be brought from a distance4 ,but ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 issued a bull declaring this place of burial free to all except those under the ban of the church4 ,it is1 then1 with these thoughts of death and the great mysteries of religion we enter the miraculous chapel around which we have so long lingered with awe4 ,the season of pilgrimages has not yet fairly opened1 and we find it quiet and unoccupied except by a stray peasant or two1 and a few ,sisters of ,calvary with sweet1 gentle faces4 ,we hasten to drop our feeble round of prayer into the deep well fed by the devotion of centuries4 ,over the altar is the famous statue of ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour in a golden niche--black as ebony1 perhaps from the smoke of the candles and the incense of centuries1 and dressed in a white muslin robe spangled with gold4 ,it is by no means a work of high art4 ,perhaps it is as ancient as this place of pilgrimage4 ,tradition says it was executed by the pious hands of ,st4 ,amadour himself1 who was doubtless incapable of expressing the devout sentiments that animated him4 ,it is carved out of a single piece of wood1 and is now greatly decayed4 ,the ,virgin is stiff in attitude4 ,her hair floats on her shoulders4 ,her hands rest on the arms of the chair in which she is sitting1 leaving the divine ,child1 enthroned on her knee1 with no support but that of his inherent nature4 ,a silver lamp1 shaped like a fortress1 with towers for the lights1 hangs before her1 and beneath is a blazing stand of candles4 ,the profusion of lights in the chapels of popular devotion throughout ,france is truly remarkable4 ,it was the same in the middle ages4 ,the old chronicles tell us how the mother who sought the cure of a beloved child sometimes sent his weight in wax to be burned before the powerful ,virgin of ,roc ,amadour4 ,others brought candles of the size of the limb they wished to be healed4 ,and those who had already obtained some supernatural favor generally sent a candle once a year in token of gratitude4 ,so numerous were the lights formerly given to this chapel that there was scarcely room for them4 ,poets even celebrated this profusion4 ,gauthier de ,coinsy1 one of the most celebrated cantadours of the thirteenth century1 among other poems has left one entitled ,du cierge que ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour envoya sur la vile du mnestrel qui vilait et chantait devant sy image1 relating how our benign ,lady accorded one of these votive candles to a pious minstrel as he was singing her praises3 ,pierre de ,sygeland was in the habit of entering every church he passed to offer a prayer and sing a song of praise to the sound of his viol4 ,one day1 as he was prolonging his pious exercises before the altar of ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour1 drawing every one in the church around him1 both 8clerc et lai10 by the melody of his voice1 he raised his eyes to the sacred image of ,mary and thus sang3 8,o sovereign ,lady1 ,dame de toute courtoisie1 if my hymn and the sound of my viol be acceptable to thee1 be not offended at the guerdon ,i venture to implore3 bestow on me1 ,o peerless ,lady6 one of the many tapers that burn at thy sacred feet40 ,his prayer is heard4 ,the candle descends in the presence of five hundred persons and rests upon his viol4 ,friar ,gerard1 the sacristan1 accuses him of using incantations1 and1 seizing the candle irefully1 restores it to its place1 taking good care to fasten it firmly down4 ,pierre continues to play4 ,the candle descends anew4 ,the good brother1 suspecting him of magic1 is more vexed than before and replaces the candle4 ,the enraptured minstrel-- 8,en vilant soupire et pleure1 ,la bouche chante et li cuers pleure0 --sighing and weeping1 singing with his lips and weeping in heart--continues sweetly to praise the ,mother of ,god4 ,the candle descends the third time4 8,rafaict le cierge le tiers saut40 ,the crowd1 in its transport1 cries3 8,ring1 ring the bells1 ,plus biax miracle n'avint jamais --greater miracle was never seen40 ,the minstrel1 with streaming eyes1 returns the candle to her who has so miraculously rewarded his devotion1 and continues during the remainder of his life not only to sing the praises of ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour1 but to offer her every year a candle still larger than the one she so graciously bestowed on him4 ,the moral of this old poem dwells on the obligation of honoring ,god1 not merely with the lips1 but with a sincere heart3 8,assez braient1 et assez crient1 ,et leurs gorges assez estendent1 ,mais les cordes pas bien ne tendent4 -------- ,la bouche ,dieu ment et discorde ,s'a li li cuers ne se concorde0 --that is1 many bray1 and scream1 and distend their throats1 but their heart-strings are not rightly attuned4444 ,the mouth lies to ,god1 and makes a discord1 if the heart be not in harmony therewith4 ,of the many miraculous chapels of the ,virgin1 consecrated by the devotion of centuries1 that of ,roc ,amadour is certainly one of the oldest and most celebrated4 ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 in a bull of #adfc1 unhesitatingly declares 8it dates from the earliest ages of our holy mother the church40 ,and ,cardinal ,baronius speaks of it as one of the oldest in ,france4 ,the original chapel1 however1 built by ,st4 ,amadour himself in honor of his beloved ,lady and ,mistress1 is no longer standing4 ,that was destroyed several centuries ago by a portion of the impending cliff that had given way1 but another was erected on the same spot in #adgi by ,denys de ,bar1 bishop and lord of ,tulle1 whose arms are still to be seen over the door4 ,this chapel was devastated in #aefb by the ,huguenots1 who swept over the country1 destroying all that was most sacred in the eyes of ,catholics4 ,they gave not only a fatal blow to the prosperity of the town of ,roc ,amadour1 but pillaged all the sanctuaries1 carrying off the valuable reliquaries1 the tapestry1 the sacred vessels and vestments1 the fourteen silver lamps that burned before the ,virgin1 the necklaces and earrings1 and the pearls and diamonds1 given by kings1 princes1 and people of all ranks in token of some grace received4 ,their booty amounted in value to fifteen thousand livres--an enormous sum at that period4 ,they only left behind an old monstrance1 a few battered reliquaries1 and a processional cross of the twelfth century1 carved out of wood and ornamented with silver1 still to be seen4 ,they mutilated the statues1 burned the wood-carvings1 and of course destroyed the bells1 which was one of their favorite amusements4 ,the roofless walls were left standing1 however1 and the venerated statue of ,our ,lady was saved1 as well as the sacrificial stone consecrated by ,st4 ,martial1 and the miraculous bell that rang without human hands whenever some far-off mariner1 in peril on the high seas1 was succored by ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour4 ,the chapel has never fully recovered from this devastation4 ,it was repaired by the canons1 but their diminished means did not allow them to restore it to its former splendor4 ,not that it was ever of vast extent4 ,on the contrary1 it is small1 and the sanctuary occupies full one-half of it4 ,it is now severe in aspect4 ,the wall at one end1 as well as part of the arch1 is nothing but the unhewn cliff4 ,the mouldings of the doorways1 some of the capitals1 and the tracery of the low1 flamboyant windows are of good workmanship1 but more or less defaced by the fanatics of the sixteenth century and the revolutionists of the eighteenth1 who could meet on the common ground of hatred of the church4 ,suspended beneath the lantern that rises in the middle of the chapel is the celebrated miraculous bell1 said to be the very one used by ,st4 ,amadour to call the neighboring people to prayer4 ,it is undoubtedly of great antiquity4 ,it is of wrought iron1 rudely shaped into the form of a dish about three feet deep and a foot in diameter4 ,the ,pre ,odo de ,gissey1 of the ,society of ,jesus1 in his history of ,roc ,amadour published in #afca1 devotes several chapters to this merveilleuse cloche1 in which he testifies that 8though it has no bell-rope1 it sometimes rings without being touched or jarred1 as frequently happens when people on the ocean1 in danger from a tempest1 invoke the assistance of ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour1 the star of the sea4 ,some persons10 he goes on to say1 8may find it difficult to believe this2 but if they could see and read what ,i have the six or seven times my devotion has led me to ,roc ,amadour1 they would change their opinion and admire the power manifested by the ,mother of ,god40 ,the first miracle he relates is of the fourteenth century1 but when he came to ,roc ,amadour the archives had been destroyed by the ,calvinists1 and he could only glean a few facts here and there from papers they had overlooked4 ,most of the cases he relates had been attested before a magistrate with solemn oath4 ,we will briefly relate a few of them4 ,on the #ajth of ,february1 #ache1 about ten o'clock in the evening1 the miraculous bell was heard by a great number of persons1 who testified that it rang without the slightest assistance4 ,three days after it rang again while the chaplain was celebrating ,mass at ,our ,lady's altar1 as was solemnly sworn to by several priests and laymen before an apostolic notary4 ,one instance the pre found written on the margin of an old missal1 to the effect that ,march #e1 #aded1 the bell rang in an astonishing manner to announce the rescue of some one who had invoked ,mary on the stormy sea4 ,not long after those who had been thus saved from imminent danger came here from a ,spanish port to attest their miraculous deliverance4 ,in #aeea the bell was heard ringing1 but the positive cause long remained uncertain4 ,it was not till a year after a person came from ,nantes to fulfil the vow of a friend rescued from danger by ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour at the very time the bell rang4 ,the sailors of ,bayonne and ,brittany1 especially1 had great confidence in the protection of ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour1 and many instances are recorded of their coming with their votive offerings1 sometimes of salt fish1 after escaping from the perilous waves4 ,the sailors of ,brittany erected a chapel on their coast1 to which they gave her name4 ,it is of the same style as that of ,quercy1 and the ,madonna an exact copy of ,st4 ,mary of ,roc ,amadour4 ,in those days1 when the miraculous bell was heard the inhabitants of the town used to come in procession to the chapel1 and a solemn ,mass of thanksgiving was sung by the canons amid the joyful ringing of the bells4 8,the tuneful bells kept ever ringing ,while they within were sweetly singing ,of ,her whose garments drop alway ,myrrh1 aloes1 and sweet cassia40 ,st4 ,amadour's bell has not ceased to proclaim the power of ,christ's holy ,mother4 ,it is still heard now and then softly announcing the benefit of having recourse to her efficacious protection4 ,to many this may sound weird-like1 and recall 8,the wondrous ,michael ,scott1 ,a wizard of such dreaded fame ,that when1 in ,salamanca's cave1 ,him listed his magic wand to wave1 ,the bells would ring in ,notre ,dame40 ,we leave such to fathom the mystery4 ,our part is only that of the historian4 ,blessed is he who finds therein something more than sounding brass or tinkling cymbal6 ,the holy chapel is no longer adorned with the rich offerings of other times1 but there are still many objects that attest the piety of the people and the clemency of ,mary4 ,on the rough cliff that forms one end hang a great number of crutches and canes1 and models of limbs1 in token of miraculous cures4 ,a glass case suspended on the side wall contains watches1 rings1 bracelets1 gold chains1 lockets1 etc41 the memorials of grateful piety4 ,at the side of the altar stand immense ,limoges vases1 an offering from that city4 ,and around the chapel are hung several votive paintings1 of no value as works of art1 but full of touching beauty to the eye of faith4 ,the most interesting of these is one offered by ,m4 and ,mme4 de ,salignac de ,lamothe ,fnelon in gratitude for the restoration of their child to health4 ,the little ,fnelon lies with a head of preternatural size in a long box-like cradle with no rockers4 ,beside him kneel his father and mother1 the former with a long curled wig1 a flowing scarlet robe1 over which is turned a ,shaksperian collar1 lace at the wrists1 his hands crossed on his breast1 and his face bent as if in awe before the ,virgin4 ,mme4 ,fnelon wears an amber-colored tunic over a scarlet petticoat1 with deep lace around the low-necked waist4 ,her hands are prayerfully folded and her face raised to the ,virgin1 who appears in the clouds holding in her arms the infant ,jesus1 who bends forward with one hand extended in blessing over the cradle--almost ready to escape from his ,mother's arms4 ,madame ,fnelon always manifested a particular devotion to ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour1 and by her will of ,july #d1 #afia1 ordered her body to be buried in the holy chapel1 to which she bequeathed the sum of three thousand livres1 the rent of which continued to be paid till the ,revolution4 ,she is buried near the door that leads to the church of ,saint-,sauveur4 ,the ,chteau de ,salignac1 where ,fnelon was born1 and which had been in his family from time immemorial1 is not far from ,roc ,amadour4 ,old documents go so far as to assert that ,st4 ,martial1 when he came to ,aquitaine to preach the ,gospel in the first century1 was hospitably received at this castle1 and that ,st4 ,amadour1 hearing of his arrival1 went there to see him4 ,beyond the miraculous chapel of ,our ,lady is the church of ,saint-,sauveur1 built in the eleventh century for the use of the canons4 ,it is a large edifice of a certain grandeur and severity of style in harmony with the cliff which forms one end4 ,two immense pillars stand in the middle of the nave1 each surrounded by six columns1 and between them is a large antique crucifix quite worn by the kisses of the faithful who come here to end their pilgrimage at the feet of ,christ ,crucified4 ,this church presents a striking aspect on great solemnities1 with its crowded confessionals1 the ,holy ,sacrifice constantly going on at the different altars amid solemn chants or touching hymns1 and the long lines of communicants moving devoutly to and from the table of the ,lord4 ,over all is the divine ,form of ,christ depicted on the arches in the various mysteries of his earthly life1 filling the church1 as it were1 with his ,presence4 ,on the walls are the majestic figures of some of the greatest pilgrims of the ages of faith4 ,to mention a few of them3 ,st4 ,louis1 ,king of ,france1 came here in #abde in fulfilment of a vow1 after recovering from a severe illness1 accompanied by ,queen ,blanche1 his three brothers1 and ,alphonse1 ,count of ,boulogne-sur-,mer1 afterwards ,king of ,portugal4 ,in #acbd came ,charles-le-,bel and his queen1 with ,king ,john of ,bohemia4 ,in ,september1 #acdd1 came ,john1 ,duke of ,normandy1 eldest son of ,philippe de ,valois4 ,in #adfc ,louis ,,xi41 on his return from ,barn1 paid his devotions to ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour on the #bast of ,july4 ,st4 ,englebert1 ,archbishop of ,cologne1 of illustrious birth1 had such a tender love for the ,blessed ,virgin that for many years he fasted every ,wednesday in her honor1 and twice during his episcopate he visited her chapel at ,roc ,amadour4 ,simon1 ,count de ,montfort1 came here in #abaa with his ,german troops1 who wished to pay their homage to the ,mother of ,god before returning to their own country4 ,to come down to recent times3 ,it was at the feet of the ,virgin of ,roc ,amadour that ,m4 ,borie made his final choice of a missionary life that won for him the glorious crown of martyrdom in ,farther ,india at the age of thirty4 ,the mill where ,m4 ,borie was born stands solitary on the border of a stream1 surrounded by chestnut-trees1 in a deep1 narrow1 gloomy valley of ,la ,corrze1 near ,roc ,amadour--a humble abode1 but the sanctuary of peace1 industry1 and piety4 ,when the news of his martyrdom came to this sequestered spot1 his heroic mother was filled with joy1 in spite of her anguish1 and his youngest brother cried3 8,i am going6 ,god calls me to the land where my brother died4 ,mother1 give me your blessing4 ,i am going to open heaven to my brother's murderers60 ,he went2 and we remember hearing a holy ,jesuit ,father relate how1 like the knights of the olden time1 he made his vigil before the altar of ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour the night before he joined the sacred militia of the great ,loyola4 ,beneath the church of ,saint-,sauveur is the subterranean church of ,st4 ,amadour1 with low1 ponderous arches and massive columns to sustain the large edifice above4 ,you go down into it as into a cellar4 ,at each side as you enter are elaborate carvings in the wood1 one representing ,zaccheus in the sycamore-tree1 eager to behold our ,saviour as he passed2 the other shows him standing in the door of his house to welcome the divine ,guest4 ,on the arches is painted the whole legend of ,st4 ,amadour4 ,then there is ,roland before the altar of the ,virgin redeeming his sword with its weight in silver1 and beyond is a band of knights bringing it back from the fatal battle-field4 ,in another place you see ,st4 ,martial of ,limoges and ,st4 ,saturnin of ,toulouse1 coming together to visit ,st4 ,amadour in his cave4 ,and yonder is ,st4 ,dominic1 who1 with ,bertrand de ,garrigue1 one of his earliest disciples1 passed the night in prayer before the altar of ,our ,lady in the year #abai4 ,all that remains of the body of ,st4 ,amadour is enshrined in this church behind the high altar4 ,a service for the dead was going on when we entered this crypt1 with only the priest and the beadle to sing it4 ,black candlesticks stood on the altar1 and yellow wax-lights around the bier4 ,the church was full of peasants with grave1 devout faces and lighted candles in their hands4 ,the funeral chant1 the black pall1 the motionless peasants with their lights1 and this chill1 tomb-like church of the eleventh century1 all seemed in harmony4 ,the pilgrim1 of course1 visits the chapel of ,st4 ,ann overhanging the town1 and that of ,st4 ,blaise1 with its ,roman arches of the thirteenth century1 built to receive the relics1 brought by the ,crusaders from the ,east1 of a holy solitary who lived many years in a cave of the wilderness1 the wild beasts around as submissive to him as to ,adam in ,paradise4 ,the chapel of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist was founded in #aeaf by a powerful lord named ,jean de ,valon1 who became a ,knight of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem4 ,out of piety towards ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour1 he built this chapel1 authorized by the pope1 as the burial-place of himself and his family1 and bequeathed the sum of five hundred livres to the prebends1 as the foundation for a ,mass of requiem every ,monday1 and the ,mass of ,our ,lady every ,saturday1 for the remission of his sins and those of his friends and benefactors4 ,the family of ,valon1 which still exists1 has always shown a remarkable devotion to ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour4 ,we read of a ,dame de ,valon whose pilgrimage to this chapel in the twelfth century was marked by a miracle4 ,this family owned considerable property in the neighborhood1 and had a right to part of the revenues from the sale of the sportulas1 or sportellas1 which were medals of lead bearing the image of ,our ,lady on one side and of ,st4 ,amadour on the other4 ,sir ,walter ,scott1 in his ,quentin ,durward1 deridingly depicts ,louis ,,xi4 with a number of leaden medals of like character in his hat4 ,the pilgrim who wore one needed no other safe-conduct in ancient times4 ,his person was so sacred he could even pass in safety through the enemy's camp4 ,in #acii1 during the war between the ,french and ,english1 the sanctuary of ,roc ,amadour was frequented by both parties1 and both camps regarded the pilgrim hither with so much respect that if taken prisoner he was set free as soon as his quality was discovered4 ,three of these old almond-shaped sportellas are still to be seen in the ,htel de ,cluny at ,paris4 ,the ancient standard of ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour was held in great veneration4 ,it was not only carried in religious processions1 but sometimes to the field of battle4 ,alberic1 a monk of ,trois ,fonts1 relates that the ,virgin appeared three ,saturdays in succession to the sacristan of ,roc ,amadour1 and ordered her standard to be carried to ,spain1 then engaged in a critical contest with the ,moors4 ,the prior1 in consequence1 set forth with the sacred banner and arrived at the plain of ,las ,navas on the #afth of ,july1 #abab4 ,the ,christians had refused to give battle the day previous1 because it was the ,lord's day1 but the fight began early ,monday morning4 ,the ,templars and ,knights of ,calatrava had been put to flight and the army partly routed4 ,at the last moment1 when all hope seemed lost1 the prior of ,roc ,amadour unfurled the banner of the ,virgin4 ,at the sight of the holy image of ,mary with the divine ,babe every knee bent in reverence1 fresh courage was infused into every breast1 the army rallied1 and the fight was renewed to such purpose that they smote the infidel hip and thigh4 ,sixty thousand of the enemy were slain and a greater number taken captive4 ,the archbishops of ,toledo and ,narbonne1 the bishop of ,valencia1 with many other prelates and a great number of priests1 sang the ,te ,deum on the field of battle4 ,the ,king of ,castile1 ,alfonso ,,ix41 had always shown a special devotion towards ,our ,lady of ,roc ,amadour4 ,in #aaha he consecrated to her service the lands of ,fornellos and ,orbanella1 in order1 as he says in the charter1 to solace the souls of his parents and secure his own salvation4 ,and1 by way of intimidating the lawless freebooter of those rough times1 he severely adds3 8,and should any one trespass in the least on this gift or violate my intentions1 let him incur the full wrath of ,god1 and1 like the traitor ,judas1 be delivered over to the torments of hell as the slave of the devil4 ,meanwhile1 let him pay into the royal treasury the sum of one thousand livres of pure gold1 and restore twofold to the abbot of ,roc ,amadour40 ,this gift was afterwards confirmed by ,ferdinand ,,iii41 ,ferdinand ,,iv41 and ,alfonso ,,xi4 ,king ,alfonso was not the only royal benefactor of the miraculous chapel4 ,sancho ,,vii41 ,king of ,navarre1 for the weal of his soul and the souls of his parents1 gave in #abjb certain rents amounting to forty-eight pieces of gold1 to be employed in illuminating the church of ,st4 ,mary of ,roc ,amadour4 ,a candle was to burn night and day before the blessed image on ,christmas1 ,epiphany1 ,candlemas1 ,whitsunday1 ,trinity ,sunday1 the ,assumption1 and ,all ,saints' day4 ,and twenty-four candles1 each weighing half a pound1 were to be placed on the altar on those days4 ,the remainder of the money was to be used for the incense4 ,sancia1 wife of ,gaston ,v4 of ,barn1 and daughter of the ,king of ,navarre1 sent the chapel of ,roc ,amadour a rich piece of tapestry wrought by her own royal hands4 ,count ,odo de la ,marche in #aaai1 during the reign of ,louis-le-,gros1 offered the forest of ,mount ,salvy to ,god1 the ,blessed ,mary of ,roc ,amadour1 and ,st4 ,martin of ,tulle1 free from all tax or impost1 adding3 8,and should any one presume to alienate this gift1 let him incur the anger of ,god and the saints1 and remain for ever accursed with ,dathan and ,abiram40 ,in #abag ,erard de ,brienne1 lord of ,rameru1 allied by blood to the royal families of ,europe1 and ,philippine1 his wife1 daughter of ,henry1 ,count of ,troyes and ,king of ,jerusalem1 made an offering of two candles to burn night and day before the image of ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour for the redemption of their souls and the souls of their parents4 ,alfonso1 ,count of ,toulouse1 brother of ,st4 ,louis1 presented a silver lamp to burn before the statue of ,our ,lady1 and another was given by the ,countess de ,montpensier1 a ,french princess4 ,letters are still extant by which ,philip ,,iii41 ,king of ,france1 in #abgf1 ratified the foundation of his uncle ,alfonso1 ,count of ,toulouse1 amounting to twenty livres of ,touraine money1 to be paid1 one-half at the ,ascension and the other at ,all ,saints1 to keep a candle constantly burning before the ,virgin of ,roc ,amadour4 ,pope ,clement ,v4 bequeathed a legacy to this church in #acad that a wax candle might burn continually in ,our ,lady's chapel1 in her honor and to obtain the redemption of his soul4 ,it was to be honorably placed in a silver basin or sconce4 ,savaric1 ,prince de ,maulon and lord of ,tulle1 celebrated for his familiarity with military science and the elegance of his poesy1 among other gifts in #abah gave the lands of ,l',isleau1 exempt from all tax1 to the church of ,st4 ,mary of ,roc ,amadour4 ,louis of ,anjou1 afterwards ,king of ,sicily1 in #acfe ordered twenty livres to be given annually to this church from his domain of ,rouergue1 out of the love he bore the holy ,virgin4 ,the ,vicomte de ,turenne1 in #acif1 assigned a silver mark annually from one of his seigneuries as a contribution to the support of the miraculous chapel4 ,on the #bb;d of ,june1 #addd1 the noble and puissant lord1 ,pierre1 ,count of ,beaufort1 moved by his devotion towards ,jesus ,christ1 the ,redeemer of the world1 and to ,mary1 his glorious ,mother1 and desirous of procuring his own salvation and the solace of the suffering souls in purgatory1 assigned to the monastery of ,roc ,amadour the sum of ten livres annually from the ferry over the ,dordogne at ,mount ,valent1 that a solemn ,mass might be sung every ,thursday1 at least in plain chant1 with three collects1 one in honor of the ,holy ,ghost1 another of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and the third for the repose of the faithful departed4 ,after ,mass the priest1 laying aside his chasuble1 was to go daily1 with all the clergy of the chapel1 to sing before the statue of ,our ,lady either the ,salve ,regina or the ,regina ,cli1 according to the season1 with the ,libera or the ,de ,profundis1 for the repose of his and his wife's souls and the souls of his parents4 ,we could multiply these beautiful examples of devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin1 but forbear1 though it is not useless to recount the deeds of our forefathers in the faith4 ,they have their lesson for those who know how to read aright4 ,among the glorious prerogatives with which the chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,roc ,amadour is favored is the ,grand ,pardon1 accorded by several popes of the middle ages1 on the feast of ,corpus ,christi whenever it coincides with the nativity of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,this frequently happened before the correction of the ,calendar by ,gregory ,,xiii41 but it now only occurs when ,easter falls on ,st4 ,mark's day--that is1 the #beth of ,april4 ,the ,grand ,pardon comprises all the privileges of a solemn jubilee1 and is gained by all who visit the miraculous chapel on the appointed day1 receive the sacraments with the proper dispositions1 pray for concord among ,christian princes1 the extirpation of heresy1 and the exaltation of our holy mother the church4 ,so great was formerly the affluence of the pilgrims on such occasions1 as in the jubilee of #aedf1 the town could not contain them1 and tents were set up in the country round4 ,pilgrimages to this ancient chapel are still common4 ,a remnant of the old palace of the abbot of ,roc ,amadour is still standing1 but is used for the sale of objects of devotion4 ,here ,arnaud ,amalric1 the papal legate1 spent the whole winter of #abaa1 and many other eminent prelates received hospitality1 as the holy martyr ,st4 ,englebert1 ,archbishop of ,cologne4 ,behind this building a narrow1 dangerous path leads along the side of the cliff to an ancient hermitage that now bears the title of ,maison ,marie1 where people desirous of spending a few days in retreat can find an asylum4 ,it hangs like a bird's nest on the edge of a fearful precipice1 and must be a trying residence to people of weak nerves4 ,the ,sisters of ,calvary1 who have charge of it1 look like doves in the clefts of the rocks4 ,still further along the cliff is their convent4 ,a winding stair of two hundred and thirty-six steps1 hewn out of the live rock1 and lighted only by the fissures1 leads from the sacristy of the church up to the ancient castle1 and a scarcely less remarkable ascent has been constructed zigzag over the cliff4 ,this castle1 half ruined1 was bought by the ,pre ,caillau about forty years ago1 and repaired as a residence for the clergy who served the sanctuaries of ,roc ,amadour under his direction4 ,the old ramparts remain1 affording a fine view of the whole country around4 ,bending over them1 you look straight down on the group of churches below1 and the village still further down1 while in the very depths of the horrid abyss is a faint line marking the course of the ,alzou along the bottom of the ,valle ,tnbreuse4 ,a few years ago the ruined castle and crumbling churches below looked as if they belonged to the time of ,king ,dagobert1 but they have lost in a measure their air of charming antiquity in the necessary restorations1 by no means complete4 ,nothing1 however1 can destroy the singular grandeur and wild beauty of the site1 or the thousand delightful associations--historic1 religious1 poetic1 and legendary--connected with the place4 ,we close this imperfect sketch by echoing the sentiments that animated the saintly ,pre ,caillau when he entered upon his duties as superior of ,roc ,amadour3 8,with what joy ,i ascended the mysterious stairs that lead1 ,o ,mary1 to thy august sanctuary6 ,with what fervor ,i celebrated the holy mysteries at thy altar6 ,with what love and respect ,i kissed the sacred feet of thy statue6 ,with what impatience ,i awaited the hour for returning6 ,happy the moments passed at thy feet6 ,the world seemed as nothing in my eyes4 ,what devotion1 what profound silence there was in my soul6 ,what sweet transports of joy6 ,my heart seemed consumed by a sacred fire4 ,why1 why were such moments so short8 ,may their remembrance1 at least1 abide for ever6 ,and may ,i never cease to chant thy praise and exalt thy wondrous mercy60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,silent ,,courtship4 ,italian hotels of the old kind are a very pleasant remembrance to travellers from the north2 they have the romance and the forlorn beauty which one expects to see1 and few of the obtrusively modern arrangements called comforts4 ,the new hotels that have arisen since the age of progress are very different1 and not nearly so pleasant1 even to the traveller with the most moderate expectations of the picturesque4 ,the less-frequented towns inland have kept the old style of hostelry1 as travel does not increase enough in their neighborhood to warrant the building of new-fashioned hotels2 and though the palace floors and walls may be cold and look cheerless on a damp winter day1 there are a hundred chances to one that no foreigner will be there to note down such an experience4 ,but ,macchio1 in the ,umbrian ,marches1 once had a hotel more singular than almost any other4 ,it had no name1 such as even the most unmistakable palazzo generally puts on to show its present destination2 it was called after the name of the old family whose stronghold it had once been2 and as of this stronghold only one part was whole1 the hotel was called 8,torre ,carpeggio40 ,it consisted1 indeed1 of a tower--that is1 only the tower was whole1 furnished1 and usable2 among some ruins of the rest of the building were a rude kitchen and stables1 patched up with modern masonry not half so solid as the original1 and some servants slept in the lofts above these apologies for 8offices10 but the remarkable tower only was in good repair4 ,the owner1 a native of the place1 and whose family had been for generations in the service of the ,carpeggios1 was an unsophisticated countryman of the old school1 not at all like the exasperating landlord of city hotels1 who has just begun to wake up to the dignity of his position and to experiment in his behavior towards his foreign guests4 ,he was the real owner1 having paid good money down for the castle2 but he still called the last ,carpeggio his young master1 and loved him like his own son4 ,this youth1 like some of his remoter forefathers1 was fond of learning1 and1 seeing no other means of securing an education and a start in life that should make something better out of him than a starveling noble of the ,marches1 had sold his inheritance to his old retainer1 keeping back only one-third of the vintage produce as a small yearly income to fall back upon1 and had gone to a ,german university1 where even the most exacting of the professors considered him a modern ,pico della ,mirandola4 ,the selling of his old ruined castle had brought down upon him the anger and contempt of neighbors of his own class1 but he was indifferent to local opinion and despised the disguised meanness of too many of his neighbors4 ,he had in reality passed through a severe struggle with his own prejudices before yielding to his better sense and parting with the shadow to pursue the substance4 ,if learning should ever bring him money1 he meant to reclaim the old place1 which in the meanwhile could not be in safer hands2 but on this he did not reckon1 and while he looked down on the sordid poverty that only prompted his neighbors to sell butter and milk1 and take toll from visitors coming to see the faded frescos or old armor in their ruinous dwellings1 he saw with very different eyes the probable future of another kind of poverty before him3 the pittance and privations of a student's lot1 the obscure life of a professor or the uncertain one of a discoverer2 but withal the glorious counterweight of intellectual life1 the wealth of vigor and progress1 and stimulated1 restless thought1 doubling and trebling his interests1 and making akin to himself all the mental processes or achievements all over the world1 which would come of a few years' study and the sacrifice of his home4 ,far more patriotic and far more proud was this youth who sold his inheritance than the indignant vegetators around him1 who all felt the honor of their order insulted by his unheard-of deed1 and their country deprived of another son unworthy of her because he could see in ,germany something more than a barbarous1 hereditary tyrant and enemy6 ,so it came about that the good ,salviani kept a hotel in ,carpeggio tower1 the walls of which had always been kept in good repair1 and which was easily furnished1 at no great expense1 from the contents of various lumber-rooms and a little intelligent help from the local carpenter1 who1 like most ,italians1 had an intuitive understanding of the artistic4 ,tourists who had stopped here for a night or two2 artists who had established their sketching headquarters here2 ,italians of some fortune who passed here on their way to their inland villeggiature2 anglers and peddlers1 friars1 and even commercial travellers of various nations who had begun to experiment on the rural population hereabouts2 pilgrims to the two neighboring shrines hardly known beyond twenty miles around1 and yet the boast of the neighborhood for nearly four hundred years2 wine merchants from the next cities--these and many more could witness to the satisfactory way in which ,salviani kept the only hotel in ,macchio4 ,and of course his prices were moderate--indeed1 to a foreigner they seemed absolutely ridiculous2 and he always made it a point to give an ,englishman or an ,american plenty of water1 having found that by experience a salve to the fault-finding spirit1 and his young master having also accustomed his old attendant to it by requiring it himself ever since his boyhood4 ,foreigners with a 8turn0 for antique furniture spent more time roaming the old chambers than they did eating at the landlord's excellent1 if strictly national1 table 7for ,salviani1 knowing that he was ignorant of foreign dishes1 never attempted to drive away his guests by bad imitations74 ,the tower was very high and uncommonly large in proportion2 in fact1 it reminded you rather of two ,cecilia ,metella tombs raised one above the other than of an ordinary tower2 and it was oddly distributed within4 ,a staircase wound in the centre of the building1 communicating with the rooms on each tier by a circular corridor on which the doors opened2 but from the third floor this staircase ceased1 and from that to the fourth there was no access except from a winding stair within the thickness of the outer wall4 ,the great stairs were of stone and uncarpeted1 and in the corridor on which the doors of the rooms opened were placed at intervals pieces of furniture1 such as chairs1 tables1 stands1 bronzes1 vases1 marble cornices1 things picturesque1 but not always available for use1 and many sadly injured and mutilated1 yet forming such a collection as sent a thrill of envy to the heart of a few stray connoisseurs who had come across it and never been able to bring away even a specimen4 ,old ,salviani had his superstitions1 but1 unlike his countrymen in general1 he felt that these forbade him to sell anything belonging to the old family seat1 especially to a foreigner4 ,one day two travellers stopped at the hotel1 a mother and daughter--8,english1 of course10 said the landlord with a smile1 as he saw their costume and independent air4 ,the daughter was1 equally of course1 in evident and irrepressible raptures about everything she saw in the place1 from the ruinous outhouses to the museum-like interior4 ,their own rooms on the first floor1 large1 marble-paved1 and scantily but artistically furnished with the best preserved of the antique things1 satisfied them only for a short time2 they wanted to be shown over the whole house4 ,the bedrooms were not quite in such good taste1 they thought2 and indeed1 as ,salviani was not perfect1 here the 8cloven foot0 did appear1 for a peddler had once beguiled him into buying some ,nottingham lace curtains with which he disfigured one of the third-story rooms1 and some cheap chintzes which he had made into curtains for some of the patched-up bedsteads4 ,but as the two strangers went up through each corridor1 looking down at the tier below and at the various beautiful things beside them1 they forgot these blemishes in their delight at a sight so unusual as this large1 inhabited1 well-preserved tower4 ,they had seen nothing like it and could never have imagined it4 ,it had an air of dignity1 of grandeur1 of repose1 and yet of connection with the present to which one is more accustomed in old ,english country-houses than in ,italian palaces4 ,one of the rooms on the fourth tier was almost unfurnished1 having only two dilapidated bedsteads1 one very large and promiscuously heaped with bed-quilts of equal dilapidation1 while the other1 in the form of a cot1 or child's bed1 was also much larger than such beds are made now4 ,on this was thrown an old-fashioned but almost new black mantle trimmed with silk ribbon4 ,this was the room afflicted with the ,nottingham lace curtains1 which were cleaner than seemed natural in such a room4 ,the view hence was beautiful1 and the young ,englishwoman was moved to suggest that they should change their plans a little and stay here a few weeks1 when she would endeavor to learn the language and would make a study of this tower-nest with the fine view4 ,it would be so out of the way1 and a few antique chairs and a table would be enough furniture to replace the beds1 which could be put into the next room4 ,the mother smiled2 she was used to these sudden schemes growing up full-fledged out of any pleasant and suggestive-looking circumstances1 but the landlord1 seriously entering into the proposal1 said he feared the other room was too small to hold the beds--certainly the big one1 which could not be got through the door1 and1 in fact1 did not take to pieces4 ,this set the young girl to examining the bed1 and suddenly she called her companions to notice a panel in the tall head-board1 which reached nearly to the ceiling4 ,it seemed movable1 she said1 and might she not try to find the spring8 ,did the signor know anything about it8 ,salviani turned rather pale and hastily crossed himself1 muttering something in ,italian2 then1 in bad ,french1 attempted to explain to his guest that there was a story of a former ,carpeggio who was said to have lived alone on this top story and to have been a wizard1 but how long ago he could not tell1 nor if the bed had been there then4 ,the young girl insisted on getting to the bottom of the secret of the panel1 which at last yielded1 and revealed a space between itself and another room of which only a corner was visible1 and a very small grated window high up in the wall4 ,she scrambled through the panel opening1 out into a lot of rubbish which filled the intervening space and covered the sloping floor several inches deep4 ,the door into the other room was gone1 or else there had never been one1 and there were large hooks on either side of the gap1 as if curtains might once have hung there4 ,the floor was sunk much lower than this level--quite three feet--giving one the impression of a shallow well1 so that there must have once been some movable way of descent4 ,an old press or chest1 with two drawers at the bottom1 filled one corner1 and on it was a faded piece of green silk1 looking unmistakably part of a woman's dress1 and a beautiful1 delicate ivory desk lying open1 with many thin plates folding together like the leaves of a portfolio4 ,the curious girl handled it with a sort of dread1 yet eagerly and closely inspected it1 leaving it afterwards in just the position in which she had found it4 ,as she turned from it she gave a cry of surprise2 a chair stood in the corner1 half hidden by the press1 and across the back of it hung a long lock of hair1 brown and silky1 now fluttering in the unaccustomed draught from the open panel4 ,suddenly the intruder was aware that the walls were covered with books but they were hidden behind a close1 thin green wire netting1 which had at first looked like the pattern of the wall4 ,she eagerly called for a chair to stand on to examine them2 the landlord handed her one through the door1 and then for the first time1 fascinated yet afraid1 gazed into the room4 ,many were the voluble and simple exclamations he uttered2 but he was evidently more concerned as to the risk of touching such uncanny things than pleased at the discovery of the energetic stranger4 ,meanwhile1 she looked at the books1 which filled up two sides of the room from floor to ceiling--they were a treasure1 as she knew3 old ,italian and ,german books on theological and philosophical subjects2 translations into ,italian of some ,elizabethan authors--these1 perhaps1 unique of their kind1 and rarer than originals in either ,english or ,italian2 ,italian translations of more modern ,english books2 poetry1 science1 illuminated manuscripts1 first editions of sixteenth-century printed books--the ,italian ones1 even those in black-letter1 perfectly clear and legible to a tyro1 while a few ,english books of a century later were not half so decipherable2 a good many ,greek and ,latin books1 but not so many as of the ,italian and ,german2 and a few ,oriental manuscripts1 chiefly ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 and ,syriac4 ,in two places on the wall1 which showed traces of a rough kind of painting as a background1 were hung unframed ,chinese landscapes on wood1 and in other parts of the room old engravings1 some plainly framed1 some not1 but pasted on to boards1 and one or two unfinished etchings4 ,the most interesting purported to be a head of ,st4 ,peter--not a conventional one1 but a copy from some old painting1 itself copied from a ,byzantine fresco1 and claiming to be--so said the quotation at the foot of the etching--a portrait of the apostle as he really was4 ,the pedigree of the portrait1 however1 was the really interesting point1 and this was minutely traced in the foot-note1 added by one signing himself ,andrea ,c41 to the unfinished etching of the artist1 who1 it seems1 had died while engaged on this work4 ,and here ends the part the strangers took in the affair2 for they continued their journey to ,ancona1 and often in after-years1 in their quiet ,english home between lake and rocky fell1 wondered what became of the books of ,torre ,carpeggio4 ,but the faithful ,salviani had written to his young master at once1 and ,carpeggio returned a joyous answer1 full of excitement and curiosity1 promising a visit as soon as his means and his studies combined would allow of it4 ,it was a year before he was able to come--a year during which he had changed and ripened1 but which had left the old tower1 and1 indeed1 the sleepy1 beautiful old city1 as unchanged as anything can be where human beings are being born1 married1 and buried in due season4 ,even this inevitable change1 however1 was neutralized by the firmly-grooved life which1 as each generation grew up1 it placidly inherited from the last and religiously carried out1 undreaming of any other possibilities and ignorant even of its own dormant energies4 ,this was before the commotions of the last twenty years1 and there was not even a political ferment1 much less an intellectual one1 to disturb the even flow of things4 ,one or two of the cathedral clergy had the reputation of being great scholars1 and1 indeed1 had the right to be so looked upon1 if by scholarship we understand the kind of knowledge which made the men of the ,medici days fully the equals of the ,oxford dons of only one generation ago2 but that sort of scholarship harmonized well with the air of serene drowsiness that covered the picturesque and half-deserted old city4 ,the old canons kept much to themselves1 and studied in a dainty1 desultory1 solitary way1 not extending the daintiness to dress or furniture1 but keeping up an unconscious kind of picturesqueness which they chiefly owed to such details as velvet skull-caps and bits of stray carving1 or an old and precious ivory crucifix or ,cellini relic-case--things prized by them for their meaning rather than for their art-value4 ,to this quaint1 quiet city ,emilio ,carpeggio came back1 after a two years' absence1 a youth still--for he was only twenty--but a phenomenon1 if any one had known what was passing in his brain4 ,he found the state of things more deplorable than ever1 now that he had had experience of a different lot2 he had thought it hopeless enough before4 ,practical and far-seeing1 he did not find a panacea in reckless political disturbances1 and in impossible strivings to make citizens and statesmen out of his easy-going neighbors1 so he was saved the loss of time that clogged the efforts of so many well-meaning men of his acquaintance abroad2 individual mental activity was what he looked forward to as the thin edge of the wedge that should break up this spell of what he could not help looking upon as lamentable stagnation1 however beautiful the disguise it wore4 ,his three months' holiday came to an end1 and he disappeared again1 carrying off his treasures with him to ,germany1 where they became the wonder and envy of the professors4 ,but such luck1 after all1 was only due1 said the kindly old men1 to one who had done so much to win knowledge4 ,there was one of these men1 not nearly so old as the rest1 the special teacher to whom ,carpeggio had attached himself1 who was the young man's best friend4 ,to him only the dreams and hopes and resolves of this concentrated young mind were made freely known2 for1 though young as regards most of the professors1 ,schlichter was like a father to the ,italian student4 ,he was only forty-two1 and already had a ,european reputation in his own line--mining engineering4 ,a year after ,carpeggio came back from his visit to ,italy his master received an invitation from a scientific society in ,england to give a course of lectures in ,london during the summer4 ,he proposed to the young man to accompany him1 telling him that there was no knowing what practical advantages might result from his visit to a country where you needed only energy to grasp success4 8,but you forget the ,mammon-worship of the ,english10 said ,emilio1 8of which you yourself have so scornfully told me1 and that obscure young foreigners without interest are not likely to have a chance of showing off their energy4 ,i think ,i had better stay and study here another year or two1 instead of deliberately exposing myself to the vertigo of ,london40 8,nonsense60 said ,schlichter impatiently4 8,society is not likely to dazzle us1 or1 indeed1 take much notice of us2 they know how to keep the streams separate1 even if the fine ladies do play at a little pretty enthusiasm for science now and then4 ,a lecture nowadays is only another excuse for a pretty toilette1 a change from the breakfast and morning concert or the afternoon kettle-drum2 but that does not imply a real1 personal notice of the lecturer1 or1 indeed1 of any other working-bee4 ,but1 seriously1 ,i know some men in ,london who might help you1 if they had a mind to do it4 ,you know how many surveys and plans there are--always some new expedition to far-away places--and young men of brains are always useful1 especially single men1 who can leave home without regret or difficulty4 ,you speak ,english and other useful modern languages1 and you have every chance1 ,i tell you1 if you will only keep your eyes open4 ,as for study1 a man need never say he can find no time for it1 however busy he is4 ,if my evil genius had made me a merchant1 ,i should have found time for study1 and so will you1 just as well as if you stayed at home4 ,it is settled1 is it not80 ,so they went1 and the lectures were given1 and the little world of learned men which is the leaven of ,england met the two strangers heartily2 but1 as ,schlichter had foretold1 nothing very remarkable or very dazzling occurred to them1 though1 to be sure1 the elder man kept a jealous eye on his young friend1 as if he had fears or expectations of something happening4 ,but ,emilio calmly came and went1 studied and saw sights1 went to quiet family gatherings or to large parties which the uninitiated could not have distinguished from those of the charmed uppermost circle1 and yet no one of the many girls he saw seemed to dwell in his thoughts more than courtesy required while he was in their presence4 ,one day ,schlichter told him that a friend of his had recommended him to a mine-owner as general overseer and agent of his underground property1 and that he probably would have nothing to do but to step into the place4 8,you would rather have been tacked on at the tail of some ,south ,american expedition or ,central ,african survey1 ,i dare say10 he said2 8but you had better take this and be thankful1 ,carpeggio4 ,the country is wild and picturesque1 ,i believe--,monmouthshire1 just on the ,welsh border--and you will be pretty much your own master4 ,it only depends on you to go up higher2 but still ,i would not have you forget the practical altogether4 ,one must live1 even if one does not run after money for its own sake1 which you1 at all events1 are not likely to do40 ,so ,emilio was left alone in ,england1 in a responsible if not very brilliant position1 and faithfully did his work so as to gain his employer's whole confidence and respect4 ,the local society decidedly flattered the grave young overseer1 whose title had over women the vague charm it always awakens in romantic or speculating ,englishwomen1 and was even not obnoxious to the men1 whose practical minds forgave the 8foreign bosh0 for the sake of the man's good ,english and modest1 hard-working life4 ,he was popular among the miners1 and altogether1 in his little sphere1 supreme4 ,but parties and picnics sadly wearied him1 and he feared he was growing misanthropic 7so he wrote to ,schlichter71 when his employer took a new turn and began to court the notice of guests for one of his newest mines1 of which he made a pet and a show4 ,whenever he had people to see him he arranged a party for going to see the mine and its new improvements2 it was to be a model1 the machinery was carefully chosen on improved principles--in fact1 the place became a local show4 ,strangers came1 and the country people began to take pride in it1 so that ,carpeggio often had to escort fat dowagers1 experienced flirts1 fast young men1 and statesmen on a short holiday1 down the mine4 ,the contrast between this and his old home among the vineyards of ,umbria often made itself felt with strange vividness as he sat by these people in the large cage or basket1 swinging up or down between the dark1 damp1 unfragrant walls of the shaft1 he shouting one steady word to the men who held the ropes1 and then quieting the half-sham tremors of a young lady1 or smiling at the equally assumed carelessness of another whose part in the play was the reverse of the old-fashioned ingnue4#g ,it was the contrast between his old life in ,germany1 so true and still1 and this ,english one1 so full of froth and shifting scenes1 that kept him from feeling the fascination of his new surroundings4 ,graver and graver he grew1 as the wonder in his mind grew also1 concerning the effect that all this whirl of unreality must have1 in its different degrees1 upon its victims4 ,were they all willing or passive ones8 ,did no one ever rebel against the mould8 ,did no woman's heart and woman's hopes strive against those worldly calculations which seemed to hedge in every family1 from that of the half-starving village solicitor1 and even that of the hard-working vicar1 to that of his employer1 and no doubt also of the squires and the marquis1 whose two daughters had just been presented at court8 ,report said that one of these was very beautiful2 it also added1 wilful4 ,but that probably meant only a spoilt child1 not a woman with an individuality of her own4 ,one day ,emilio was in the mine1 making a sketch by the light of a lantern for an improvement that had just occurred to him1 when he heard a noise not far off1 and knew it to be the basket coming down the shaft4 ,he was putting his papers together to go and see who had come1 when he was met by one of the men smiling covertly1 who told him that two young ladies had insisted on coming down with him as he returned from an ascent with a load of ore4 ,they were alone1 he said1 and wore gray waterproof cloaks and rubber boots1 which they said they had put on on purpose1 meaning to go down the mine4 ,he had begged them to wait till he brought the overseer to do them the honors4 8,as pretty as pictures10 said the man as ,carpeggio moved off1 8but evidently strangers to the place40 ,a solution at once darted to the young man's mind1 but he said nothing1 and1 when he got to the opening1 he saw before him the great1 dirty basket1 and two laughing1 fresh faces still inside1 as the girls clung with ungloved hands to the ropes and peered out into the darkness beyond them4 8,allow me10 he said1 as he offered one of them his hand4 8,i am afraid you will be disappointed in the very little there is to see1 but ,i shall be happy to show you over the place40 ,the two girls seemed suddenly confused and answered only by letting him help them down4 ,he led them on1 and here and there explained something which was ,greek to them4 ,presently one whispered to the other3 8,why1 ,kate6 he is a gentleman40 8,hush10 said the other in sudden alarm3 8he will hear you40 ,and she immediately asked a question of their guide4 ,when she found out that there was a lower level than the one they were on1 she asked to go down at once1 but ,carpeggio gravely declined1 on the plea of their being alone and his not wishing to take the responsibility if they should get wet through4 8,no one need know10 said one of them4 8,we ran away on purpose1 and there is just time to go down and get home for tea4 ,luncheon does not matter40 8,forgive me1 madam10 said the young man with a smile1 8but ,i would rather not1 and you can easily come again1 with any one authorized to let you have your own way4 ,i cannot in conscience allow it while you are alone40 8,it is no fun coming with a lot of old fogies1 and in a carriage1 and one's best behavior1 and so on10 said the spokeswoman2 8is it1 ,kate80 ,the other blushed and hesitated1 and at last said she thought it was best to give up the lower level and go home2 yet she seemed just as full of life and fun as her companion1 and had evidently enjoyed the escapade just as much4 ,carpeggio looked at her for a moment and led the way towards the basket4 ,he went up with them and courteously bade them good-by at the mouth of the shaft4 ,the younger one held out her hand and said3 8,you will tell us whom we have to thank1 ,i hope80 8,oh60 he said confusedly1 glancing at the other and only seeing the outstretched hand just in time not to seem rude1 8,i am only the overseer40 ,the other girl suddenly looked up and held out her hand to him1 saying3 8,thank you2 ,i am sure you were right about going further down4 ,and now we must say good-by40 ,carpeggio went down again to his interrupted drawing1 but the face and name of 8,kate0 came between him and his work4 ,he saw neither of the girls again for weeks1 and carefully forbore to make any inquiries2 the gossip of the men did not reach the society which might have twitted him with the visit of those unexpected explorers1 and he kept his surmises to himself4 ,yet the door had been opened1 and he was no longer the same1 though to outsiders no change was visible4 ,two months later there was a public ball in the county town--an occasion on which many persons meet officially on terms that are hardly kept up all the year round1 but which yet offer opportunities of social glorification 8warranted to keep0 till the same time next year4 ,this ball was to be followed the next night by another1 given by the regiment2 and though this was 8by invitation10 it was practically nearly as public as the other4 ,these gayeties greatly excited the small world of the mining district1 and for the first time became of interest to ,emilio1 though he was angry and ashamed to acknowledge it to himself4 ,his work was the only thing that did not suffer2 as to his studies1 they were interrupted1 and even his calm gravity became absent-mindedness4 ,he was one of the earliest guests present at the county ball1 and watched the door eagerly for an hour at least before he was rewarded4 ,then came a large party1 to whom the appointed ushers paid unusual attention1 though the head of it seemed but a kindly middle-aged man1 remarkable only for his geniality4 ,every one1 however1 knew the marquis by sight2 ,carpeggio1 who did not1 felt it was he before even the deference paid to him told him so4 ,by his side were the two girls he had first seen in the mine-basket1 now dressed in white ball-dresses1 airy and commonplace1 just the same society uniform as the three co-heiresses1 the daughters of his own employer1 but to him how different1 how tender1 how sacred6 ,that is to say1 ,lady ,katharine's2 for her pretty sister seemed an ordinary woman beside her4 ,and now began all the sweet1 old-fashioned1 foolish tumult of which bards and romancers weave their webs2 the trembling and fear and joy and jealousy which ,carpeggio had read of1 but thought impossible in this century of sham excitements and masqueraded lives4 ,he thought that she looked much more beautiful in her gray cloak and drooping black hat2 but still 8,kate0 in any dress was a vision of heaven rather than a common mortal4 ,as she came into the room1 she looked anxiously around and saw him at once4 ,she had expected to meet him here1 then--both were conscious of it in that one look1 and it seemed as if this blissful understanding between them were enough4 ,the youth turned to do his duty by his employer's three daughters and all the rest of his acquaintances1 to whom1 in the character of a 8dancing man0 as well as a good match1 he was interesting2 he spun off little courteous speeches1 not untrue but commonplace1 until he felt that he had satisfied natural expectations1 and then he allowed himself a respite and gazed at the marquis' youngest daughter4 ,towards supper time ,carpeggio's employer1 proud of the great man's courteous notice of him1 suddenly bethought himself that an 8,italian nobleman0 in his wake might make the marquis respect his all-powerful purse the more1 so he introduced his young overseer to the marquis with a flourish very unpleasant to the former and rather amusing to the latter4 ,emilio was struck with dumbness or confusion2 his new acquaintance took compassion on him and led him up to his daughters1 whose eyes had been for some time fixed upon him with breathless interest4 ,as he shook hands with them the second time he was in an awkward bewilderment whether or no to allude to their former meeting2 in fact1 his usual indifference was wholly upset4 ,lady ,katharine was equally silent2 whether she shared his embarrassment he could not tell2 but the other1 ,lady ,anne1 skilfully and with a latent1 suppressed gleam of mischief in her eye1 talked so as to cover his confusion and clear away the thorns that seemed to grow up between him and her sister4 ,at last he had the courage to ask each of the girls for a dance1 and this1 together with a word in the cloak-room as he escorted them to their carriage1 and the certainty of meeting them again at the military ball next night1 was all that happened to feed the flame of a feeling he knew to be already beyond the bounds of reason4 ,yet he did nothing to check this feeling2 are not all lovers fatalists for the time being8 ,of course it was hopeless1 insane1 impossible--he could see it with the eyes of the world2 but he also knew that it was true love1 the ideal and pure love of ,arcadia1 the one thing which1 whether realized or not1 lifts men above conventional life and turns gold to dross4 ,he also fancied that this love might be returned1 and did not care to inquire further just now1 when to be blind to details was to be happy4 ,besides1 these were the first girls he had seen that had not lost their naturalness1 and he wanted to watch and see if they could keep it in the atmosphere in which they lived4 ,this was not quite an excuse2 for the young cynic had really got to be a sharp observer of human nature1 and had1 like most such observers when young1 hastily concocted one or two theories which he was now becoming anxious to test4 ,nothing happened at the military ball more than the most uninterested spectator might see at any ball2 and yet much happened1 for ,carpeggio met ,kate and danced with her1 and both1 as if by mutual understanding1 were very silent4 ,her sister1 however1 made up for this by chattering in the most meaningly meaningless way1 and delighting the lovers by her tacit abetment of anything they might choose to think1 say1 or do4 ,after these balls there was for a long time no more opportunity for meetings1 and ,emilio chafed against his fate1 using the leisure time he had before spent in study for long walks to the marquis' house--that is1 as near as he dared go without danger of trespassing4 ,once or twice he was lucky enough to meet the girls on the highroad outside the park1 and this he enjoyed indeed2 the progress was quicker1 though as silent as in the ball-room4 ,then once he met them out driving with their father1 and on another occasion came upon them at a neighboring squire's1 where they were on a state visit4 ,but all this made little outward difference1 though he felt as if he no longer needed anything but a solemn pledge to change the inner certainty into an acknowledged fact4 ,lady ,anne was evidently a thorough partisan1 and her sister's silence and looks told him all he wanted to know2 yet he refrained from saying the word1 and knew that she understood why he did so4 ,the fact was1 he trusted to ,providence and his own power of shaping any opportunity sent him4 ,the whole thing seemed to him wonderful and mysterious2 and as it had begun1 so doubtless would it be guided to a happy end4 ,one day his employer told him with much importance that he was going to bring a 8very distinguished0 party to see the mine1 and afterwards to go through the works and see the melted ore pouring out from the furnaces1 8as that always amused young people so40 ,the marquis was coming with his daughters and his only son from ,eton1 and a young friend1 a cousin of his1 ,lord ,ashley2 then he would have one or two of the 8best people0 from the immediate neighborhood1 and his own daughters1 besides the son of a friend out in ,australia1 a ,mr4 ,lawrence1 whom ,carpeggio had heard rumor speak of as a not unwelcome son-in-law in the eyes of the rich mine-owner4 ,he wondered whether ,lord ,ashley might be destined by her father as a suitor for ,kate2 but the elder daughter would be more likely to be thought of first1 besides being the prettier4 ,the day came1 and with it the party1 who arrived in the afternoon1 picnicked in the adjoining woods1 and then sauntered over to the shaft1 where ,emilio met them4 ,kate wore the same gray-water proof1 and1 as he took her hand to help her into the basket1 he gave it the slightest pressure1 with a look that spoke volumes4 ,she was almost as grave as himself4 ,i cannot describe all that went on during the inspection1 which to all1 save ,mr4 ,lawrence and the marquis1 was a pleasure party in disguise2 for the former knew something of the subject from ,australian experiences1 and the latter was considering the question of renting1 or himself working1 a mine lately found on his own property4 ,technical questions1 explanations1 and discussions1 between these two visitors and the owner and overseer took up the time1 while the young ladies1 ,lord ,ashley1 and the jolly ,eton boy1 who was a counterpart of his livelier sister1 laughed and joked like a mixed school in play-time4 ,carpeggio1 however1 kept his eye on ,kate the whole time1 and was comforted2 for there was no fear of that nature being spoiled1 though he thought with sorrow that it might be bruised and crushed4 ,suddenly1 in the midst of a discussion1 his ear caught an unaccustomed sound1 and he turned pale for a moment1 then bent forward composedly and whispered in his employer's ear4 ,the latter1 after an almost imperceptible start1 said briskly to his guests3 8,as it is near the hour for the furnaces to show off at their best1 ,i think we had better be moving10 and led the way rather quickly to the shaft4 ,carpeggio contrived to get near ,kate1 whose silence showed how glad she was of the companionship1 but he was preoccupied and anxious and spoke a few words absently4 ,a loud noise was heard1 seemingly not far away1 and the visitors asked1 8,what is that80 while the master hurriedly said1 8,oh6 it is only a blast1 but we must not be late for the furnaces2 come10 and tried to marshal his guests closely together4 ,instinctively they obeyed and hurried forward2 the marquis looked round for his children4 ,anne and the boy were near him1 but ,kate not to be seen4 ,there was a corner to be turned1 and she was just behind it1 when another noise overhead was heard and ,carpeggio rushed like the wind from behind the angle1 carrying the girl in his arms4 ,it was the work of a second2 for as he set her on her feet by her father's side1 and almost against the basket1 down came a huge fragment and all but blocked up the gallery behind them1 falling on the spot where she might have been had she lingered another moment4 ,whether or not she had heard his passionate whisper1 8,my own10 as he gathered her suddenly in his arms and took that breathless rush1 he could hardly tell1 for she was dazed and half-unconscious when he set her down again4 ,her father thanked him by an emphatic shake of the hand and a look he treasured up in his soul2 but there was no time for more1 as the basket was hastily loaded with the girls and drawn up4 ,as the signal came down that they were safe1 the owner's tongue was loosed1 and he explained rapidly that something had happened on the second level 7they were on the third7 and shaken the rock below2 he trusted nothing more would happen1 but he must beg his guests to visit the works alone1 as he must stop to see to the damage4 8,no10 said the overseer1 8think of your daughters' anxiety1 my dear sir2 there is probably nothing very serious1 and it is nearly time for the men to come up4 ,i shall do very well alone40 ,the marquis looked at him admiringly2 he could not advise him to leave without doing his duty1 yet he felt suddenly loath to have anything happen to the preserver of his daughter4 ,after a short altercation the master consented to go up1 provided ,carpeggio would send for him1 if necessary2 and the basket came down again4 ,as they reached the next level1 where the overseer got out1 they heard uncomfortable rumblings at intervals2 and when they got out at the mouth of the shaft1 where they met a good many of the men who had come up by another opening1 they were very unlike a gala party4 ,kate was still there2 they had wanted her1 said the girls1 to go in and rest in a cottage near by1 but she insisted on waiting2 and when she saw all but ,carpeggio she only turned away in a hopeless1 silent way that concerned her sister1 who alone knew the cause4 ,anne immediately put questions that brought out the facts of the case2 and as their host tried hard to put the party at their ease again by hastening to the furnaces under the sheds1 she whispered3 8,kate1 do keep up1 or there will be such a fuss40 8,never fear10 said the girl2 8and try and make them stay till we hear what has happened1 ,anne2 ,i do not want to go home without knowing40 ,it was nervous work for the master and the men who were tending the molten ore to conceal their anxiety4 ,the beautiful white iron1 flowing like etherealized lava1 rushing out from the dark1 oven-like furnaces and spreading into the little canals made ready for it1 gave one a better idea of pure light than anything could do4 ,the heat was intense1 and the men opened the doors with immense long poles tipped with iron2 the gradual darkening of the evening threw shadows about the place1 and the streams of living light1 that looked as the atmosphere of ,god's throne might look1 settled into their moulds1 hardening and darkening into long1 heavy1 unlovely bars4 ,a suppressed excitement was at work2 groups of men came up every minute with contradictory reports as to the accident2 women and children met them with wild questions or equally wild recognition2 and the master repeatedly sent messages to the mouth of the shaft4 ,at last1 throwing by all pretence1 he begged his guests to wait for news1 and with ,lawrence went back to the mine4 ,more men were coming up--the last but five1 he was told--and ,mr4 ,carpeggio had said he thought he and his four mates could do all that was needed and come up before any mischief happened to them4 ,the soil was loosening under the action of water1 and to save the ore accumulated below1 and which could not be hauled up in time1 they had built a sort of wall across the gallery as well as the circumstances and the time would allow2 ,mr4 ,carpeggio had sent the men away as fast as he could spare them1 and kept only four with him to finish1 which was the most dangerous part of the business1 as the water threatened them more and more4 8,he sent all the married men up first1 and asked the rest to volunteer as to who among them should stay1 as he only wanted four10 said one of the men2 8and ,i thought they would all have insisted upon staying1 but he grew angry and said there was no time2 so they agreed to draw lots40 ,another quarter of an hour's suspense1 and then a low1 muttering sound that spread horror among the whispering multitude gathered at the mouth of the shaft4 ,some men went down to the first level1 and soon came up with blank faces and whispered to the master3 no sound but that of water was to be heard below1 and fears for the safety of the workers were too confidently expressed4 ,nothing remained but to give orders for affording relief2 the only comfort was that there had been no sign of the air becoming vitiated4 ,here the master's experience was at fault1 and he had to rely on that of some of the older men4 8,if ,carpeggio had been here1 he would have got the men out in two hours10 he asserted confidently2 8but he must go and get himself mewed up there1 and leave me no one to direct things--though ,i believe he can get himself out as quick as any of us can dig him out10 he said1 with a half-laugh2 and one of the men whispered to his neighbor3 8,i do not wonder he sets such store by him2 ,i had rather be down there myself than have him killed40 ,at last it became certain1 by signs which this faithful chronicler is not competent to explain technically1 that the five men had been cut off behind a mass of rock and ore1 and that it would take two days or more to get them out4 ,work was vigorously begun at once2 relays of men went down to search1 by making calls and rapping on the echoing walls1 in which direction lay the least impenetrable of the obstacles between them and the sufferers2 the pumps were set going and every one worked with a will4 ,the news was received by the party at the works in a silence that marked their interest well1 and the young men eagerly asked their host if they could be made of any service personally1 while the marquis offered to send down some of his men to help1 if more were wanted1 and promised to send all he and his daughters could think of as useful to the imprisoned men when they should be brought out of their dangerous predicament4 ,but as this accident refers only1 so far as our tale is concerned1 to the links between ,emilio and ,kate1 we must pass over the hourly exciting work1 the reports1 the surmises1 the visits and inspections of newspaper men and others1 the telegrams and sympathy of people in high places1 the details which accompany all such accidents1 and which it takes a skilled hand to describe in words that would only make the expert laugh at the ambitious story-teller4 ,space also1 and mercy on the feelings of practised novel-readers1 make us hesitate to do more than hint at the state of mind of the girl whose dream of love and happiness hung in the balance for nearly five days4 ,only her sister guessed the whole1 and skilfully managed to shield her from inconvenient notice and inquiry2 and1 indeed1 the excitement of the time helped her in her work4 ,the fifth day1 towards evening1 a messenger on horseback brought word of the safety of the men--all but one1 who had died of exhaustion and hunger4 ,carpeggio and the rest had narrowly escaped drowning as well as starvation1 but had nevertheless managed to help on his deliverers by working on his own side of the bed of earth and clearing away no small part 7considering his disadvantages7 of the embankment4 ,the men had declared that but for him and his indomitable spirit1 their suspense1 and even their danger1 would have increased tenfold2 and1 besides1 he had contrived1 by his efforts previous to the final falling in of earth and rushing in of water1 to save a large portion of valuable ore which must otherwise have been either lost or much spoilt4 ,he had been taken to his employer's house1 where the greatest care was bestowed on him1 and the other men to their respective homes4 ,the marquis resolved to go over the next day and inquire after him1 and showed the greatest interest and anxiety about him2 but ,lady ,anne shook her head as she said to her sister3 8,he will do anything1 ,kate1 for ,mr4 ,carpeggio0 7the young man had tacitly dropped his proper title for the time being71 8except the one thing you want2 and you know that1 with me1 the wish is far from being father to the thought in this matter40 ,there was nothing to do but to wait1 and then came the overseer's recovery and first visit to the house of his love as a cherished guest1 his silent look of longing and uncertainty1 the gradual and still silent knitting together of a new and happier understanding than before1 and finally the offer of the father to make him manager and part owner of the new mine on his own estate4 ,the ownership he at once refused2 but1 as he could well manage the overseeing of the marquis' colliery without prejudice to his first employer's interests1 he joyfully accepted the first part of the proposal4 ,then a cottage was pressed upon him1 and this also he accepted1 provided it was understood to form part of his salary4 ,the old man was both pleased and nettled at his stiff independence2 but when ,anne reminded him that the circumstances of the case made this the only proper course1 he forgot his vexation and heartily praised the manliness of his new employ4 ,carpeggio was often at the house1 and in fact grew to be as familiar a presence there as that of the inmates themselves1 and still the silent bond went on1 seemingly no nearer an outward solution1 though the marquis' favor visibly increased4 ,the colliery prospered and brought in money1 and the overseer carefully put by his salary and studied hard at night1 till his name got to be first known1 then respected1 in the scientific world2 and one day an official intimation was made to him that the third place on a mining survey expedition to ,south ,america was at his disposal4 ,he had written to ,schlichter constantly1 and at last had made a clean breast of what he called his unspoken but not the less sealed engagement4 ,the two girls had gone through two ,london seasons2 ,lord ,ashley and ,mr4 ,lawrence had become brothers-in-law by each marrying one of the trio who had so long expected to make a conquest of the overseer himself2 and ,carpeggio had enough to buy a large share in the concern of either of his two employers4 ,such was the state of affairs when the proposal of an ,american trip was made to him2 if the survey was satisfactory1 and a company formed in consequence1 he would be out at least three years1 with the chance of a permanent settlement as director of the works and sharer in the company4 ,both pecuniarily and scientifically a career was open to him1 while at home there was success in all but love--nearly as certain4 ,schlichter strongly advised him to go2 the marquis himself saw the thing as a thorough ,englishman1 and was willing to lose his right-hand man1 as he called him1 for the sake of this opening2 ,carpeggio saw the alluring chance of travel1 adventure1 the prestige of his possible return in a different character1 the enlarged field which he could not help looking on as more tempting than success--equally solid1 perhaps1 but more humdrum--at his very elbow1 and the glorious southern climate1 like to1 and yet more radiant than1 the old home one to which he had been used as a boy among the vineyards of ,umbria4 ,he knew that ,kate would follow him there gladly1 as she would had he gone to the ,north ,pole2 but there was the intangible yet terribly real barrier4 ,in everything but the weighty affair of mating he was held as ,kate's equal1 and the equal of all whom he met at the marquis' house2 even in ,london1 where he had once stayed with them a week1 and gone into that society which was 8their world10 he had been received in a way unexceptionally satisfactory2 he was put on more than an equal footing with young ,englishmen of good standing1 but he knew that he shared with them the cruel1 tacit exclusion from competition for first-class prizes4 ,he was good enough to dance with1 ride with1 flirt with1 and escort to her carriage the daughter of a duke2 so were the many young fellows who made the bulk of the young society of the day2 but there were preserves within preserves4 ,the second sons1 the young lawyers1 the men in 8marching0 regiments1 the naval cadets1 the government clerks1 and even the sons of admirals1 clergymen1 and men who had made their mark in the literary and scientific as well as the social world--all these were tacitly1 courteously1 but inexorably tabooed as regards marriage with their partners1 friends1 and entertainers4 ,in fact1 society had bound these youths over to 8keep the peace10 while it encouraged every intimacy that was likely to lead to a breach of it4 ,carpeggio had lived long enough in ,england to be quite aware of this and to 8know his own place0 in the world2 but he trusted to time and ,kate's faithfulness4 ,he at last made up his mind to go to ,south ,america1 and that without saying anything that would weigh ,kate down with the knowledge of a secret to be withheld from her father2 but he had likewise made up his mind to speak to the marquis on his return4 ,he would be true to his employer1 but could not afford to be false to himself2 his own rights as a man were as present to his mind as the position and prejudices which he appreciated and tolerated in the person of a man so thoroughly gentlemanlike as his patron2 and this compromise of a three years' absence and silence seemed to him to honorably fulfil all the expectations that could be formed of him4 ,he said good-by to the girls together in their father's library1 and the old man blessed him and bade him ,godspeed in the heartiest fashion1 almost with tears in his eyes2 but of more tender and definite speech there was none4 ,who is there1 however1 but knows the delicate1 intangible farewell1 the firm promise conveyed by a pressure of the hand1 and one long1 frank1 brave look1 and all that true love knows how to say without breaking any other allegiance and without incurring the blame of secrecy8 ,so ,emilio ,carpeggio went and prospered1 while ,kate remained a beauty and a moderate heiress 7she had half of her mother's small fortune71 courted and loved1 and going through the weary old treadmill of ,london seasons and country 8parties40 ,people wondered why she did not marry4 ,her sister did1 and made a love-match1 though there was no violent obstacle in the way1 and the lover was perfectly acceptable as to station and fortune4 ,she was lucky1 also1 in loving a man who had some brains to boast of4 ,this unknown brother-in-law in after-times became a powerful lever in favor of ,carpeggio's suit2 but long before the young engineer came back the kind1 tender-hearted old marquis had found out his daughter's secret1 and after some time overcame his natural prejudices1 and as generously agreed to ,kate's hopes as he had before vigorously opposed them4 ,and yet all this was done while hardly a word was spoken2 for if any courtship was emphatically a silent one1 it was this4 ,everything came to be tacitly understood1 and a few hand-pressures1 a kiss1 a smile1 or a long look expressed the changes and chances of this simple love-story4 ,at the end of three years the young man came home on a holiday1 which he meant to employ in determining his fate4 ,he had promised the new company to go back permanently and take charge of their interests as a resident1 and many of the native members had shown themselves willing and eager to make him a countryman and a son-in-law4 ,he went home1 and saw the marquis the first evening of his stay1 two hours after he got off the train4 ,to his surprise1 he found his request granted before he made it and his road made plain before him4 ,the old man did not even ask him not to return to ,america4 ,it is of little use to descant on his meeting with ,kate and on his 7literally7 first spoken words of love4 ,they told each other the truth--that is1 that the moment they met in the mine1 five years before1 was the beginning of their love4 ,they were married with all the pretty pastoral-feudal accessories of a country wedding in ,england1 and spent their honeymoon in the old tower of ,carpeggio1 where the bride explored the library-room with great curiosity1 and was charmed with the old-fashioned figures of the principal people of the town1 whom she entertained in what was now again her husband's own house4 ,signor ,salviani had built a pretty1 villa-like hotel half a mile further1 and was as proud on the day when his young master again took possession of the old tower as the bridegroom himself4 ,from there ,carpeggio went to his ,german friends1 presented the famous ,schlichter to his wife1 and got his rough and fatherly congratulations on his choice1 his perseverance1 and his success4 ,in three months the young couple set sail for their new home1 where ,carpeggio had sent the last orders needed to set up quickly the nest he had half-prepared already in anticipation of his visit to ,england4 ,when they arrived1 ,kate found a lovely1 fragile-looking1 cool house1 half-southern1 half-northern1 covered with vines which the natives still looked upon with distrust1 but beautiful and luxuriant beyond measure 7this was the oldest part of the house1 the original lodge which the overseer had lived in when he first came71 some rooms with white tile floors1 and some partially covered with fancy mats of grass1 while one or two rejoiced in small ,turkey rugs1 suggestive of home1 yet not oppressively hot to look at4 ,all his wife's tastes had been remembered and gratified1 and ,carpeggio was rewarded by her telling him that if she had built and furnished the house herself1 she could not have satisfied her own liking so thoroughly as he had done4 ,one room was fitted up as their den 7or1 as the world called it1 the library71 and was as much as possible the exact counterpart of the room in ,torre ,carpeggio where the books and curiosities had been found4 ,of course the collection had been carefully transferred here4 ,years afterwards this place was the rallying-point of ,english and ,american society2 travellers came to see it and its owners2 its hospitality was the most perfect1 generous1 and delicate for a hundred miles around2 no jealousies arose between its household and those of the natives2 the mining company prospered1 ,carpeggio grew to be an authority even in ,german scientific circles1 and a sort of paradise was once more realized4 ,true1 this kind of thing only happens once or twice in a century2 but then it really does1 so it is pardonable for a story-teller to choose the thousand-and-first couple for the hero and heroine of his tale4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,criminals ,,and ,,their ,,treatment4#h ,the judicious management of the criminal classes is a question which has long occupied the serious consideration of legislators and social reformers throughout the civilized world2 and though much of what has been said and written on the matter is visionary and based on imperfect data1 the agitation of the question cannot but be productive of advantageous results4 ,in pagan times penal laws were enacted chiefly with a view to the punishment of crime1 and but little account was taken of the criminal4 ,the ,julian law and the ,justinian ,code and ,pandects inherited this cruel and unchristian character1 which attached itself to them for centuries even after the birth of our ,saviour4 ,the influence of ,christianity was long powerless to mitigate the horrors of barbarous legislation4 ,in vain did the bishops of the church protest against the atrocities which were everywhere practised on prisoners4 ,so far from listening to these humane appeals1 hard-hearted rulers exhausted their ingenuity in devising new modes of penal torture1 while for the wretched culprit not a pitiful word went forth from royal or baronial legislative halls4 ,among the ,romans treason was punished by crucifixion1 the most cruel of deaths4 ,the parricide was cast into the sea enclosed in a sack1 with a cock1 a viper1 a dog1 and a monkey as companions4 ,the incendiary1 by a sort of poetic retribution1 was cast into the flames1 while the perjurer was flung from the heights of ,tarpeia's rock4 ,but the treatment of prisoners for debt was still more barbarous and quite out of proportion to the magnitude of the offence4 ,the unfortunate being who could not meet the demands of his creditors was compelled to languish in a filthy dungeon for sixty days1 during which time he was fed upon twelve ounces of rice daily and had to drag a fifteen-pound chain at every step4 ,if1 at the expiration of that time1 the claim against him was still unsatisfied1 he was delivered over to his obstinate and unrelenting creditors to be torn limb from limb as a symbol of the partition of his goods4 ,the severity of these provisions was somewhat softened in later times1 but throughout the middle ages1 and1 indeed1 down to the latter half of the eighteenth century1 the same fierce and ,draconian spirit pervaded all laws having reference to the punishment of crime4 ,vast numbers of prisoners1 without distinction of age1 sex1 rank1 or character of crime1 used to be huddled together in wretched pens1 where they rotted to death amid blasphemous and despairing shrieks4 ,spiritual comfort and advice were withheld from them2 for it was a feature of these miserable laws to pursue their victims beyond the grave by a clause which stipulated that they should die 8without benefit of clergy40 ,individual efforts here and there were not wanting to alleviate the sufferings of prisoners1 and many a bright page of the martyrology grows brighter still with a recital of the noble sacrifices made by the saints of the church to ameliorate the condition of captives4 ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 a voluntary inmate of the bagnes of ,paris1 teaching and encouraging his fellow-prisoners1 was the prototype of ,goldsmith's kind-hearted ,dr4 ,primrose1 with the exception that the saint outdid in reality what the poet's fancy merely pictured4 ,other saints1 when prevented from offering relief at home1 sold themselves into foreign servitude2 and we read of their noble efforts to render at least endurable the acute sufferings of captives in ,barbary1 ,tripoli1 and ,tunis4 ,but these spasmodic and unsystematic endeavors to better the condition of criminals were attended with no lasting good1 and not till the serious labors of the noble ,howard invited attention to the importance of the matter was public attention fully awakened4 ,his visits to the prisons of the ,continent of ,europe1 and his frequent appeals to the governments to introduce much-needed reforms and to redress palpable wrongs1 enlisted the active sympathies of the wise and good4 ,then for the first time the doctrine which ,montesquieu and ,beccaria had so often admirably set forth in their writings was adopted in practice1 and legislators and governments assumed as the basis of prison reform the principle that all punishment out of proportion to the crime is a wrong inflicted on the criminal4 ,advances at first were exceedingly slow1 but the true impetus to prison reform was given and a new and higher social lode was struck4 ,while ,john ,howard was yet engaged in the effort to solve the problem he had set before himself1 a new science was springing into existence which was to lend to his labors the full promise of success4 ,the value of statistics was but little understood and appreciated till the latter portion of the last century1 and so imperfect in this respect had been the records of town1 provincial1 and national communities that history has keenly felt the loss of this important adjunct to her labors1 and has been compelled to grope in darkness because the light of statistical information could not be had4 ,since this century set in1 however1 statistics have risen to the dignity of a science1 and the truly valuable information they afford1 the floods of light they have shed on all social matters1 the service they have lent to medical science1 to hygiene1 to sanitary reforms1 and above all to the prevalence of crime with its grades and surroundings1 fully attest the sufficiency of its title4 ,through statistics1 then1 we are placed in possession of the facts relating to crime and criminals1 and facts alone can give the color of reason and good sense to all measures of reform1 to all projects looking to the suppression of crime and the elevation of the criminal classes4 ,statisticians1 therefore1 whatever may be their theories1 whatever their pet views about crime and criminals1 deserve well of the community2 for without their close and painstaking work the most ingenious theorist and the best-inclined philanthropist would be utterly at sea2 for as ,phidias could not have chiselled his unrivalled ,zeus without the marble1 neither can the most zealous reformer advance a foot without clear and well-tabulated statistics4 ,for this reason we bid especial welcome to the interesting monogram of ,mr4 ,dugdale1 which is a monument of patient and laborious exploration in a field of limited extent4 ,it is evident that he did not set about his work in a dilettante spirit1 but spared no effort and avoided no inconvenience--and his inconveniences must have been many--to ascertain the utmost minuti bearing on his topic4 ,he has not contented himself with adhering to the methods of inquiry usually in vogue1 but has added to the law of averages1 which ordinary statistics supply1 individual environments and histories which may be considered causative of general results1 and as such are the key to common statistics4 8,statistics10 he says1 8cumulate facts which have some prominent feature in common into categories that only display their static conditions or their relative proportions to other facts4 ,its reasoning on these is largely inferential4 ,to be made complete it must be complemented by a parallel study of individual careers1 tracing1 link by link1 the essential and the accidental elements of social movement which result in the sequence of social phenomena1 the distribution of social growth and decay1 and the tendency and direction of social differentiation4 ,to socio-statics must be allied socio-dynamics4 ,among the notable objections to pure statistics in the present connection is the danger of mistaking coincidences for correlations and the grouping of causes which are not distributive40 ,thus1 ,mr4 ,dugdale recognizes as underlying the testimony of mere figures a variety of factors essentially modifying the inferences which the former1 exclusively viewed1 would justify us in drawing1 and endeavors to catch the ever-shifting influences of individual temperament1 age1 and environment4 ,heredity and sex1 being fixed1 are covered by the ordinary methods of statistical compilation4 ,but as environment is the most potent of the varying factors which determine a career of honesty or crime1 so heredity may be regarded among the fixed causes as the most contributive of effect in the same direction4 8,heredity and environment1 then1 are the parallels between which the whole question of crime and its treatment stretches1 and the objective point is to determine how much of crime results from heredity1 how much from environment40 ,it is to the solution of this rather complicated problem that ,mr4 ,dugdale addresses himself2 and when we say it is complicated we do not exaggerate1 so that we may be pardoned if1 at times1 in the course of the sinuous meanderings the question must necessarily take1 we find ourselves at variance with some of his conclusions4 ,heredity is of two sorts3 #a1 that which results from cognate traits transmitted by both parents2 and1 #b1 that which exhibits the modification dependent on the infusion of strange blood4 ,this distinction is important as bearing on the question of heredity in its tendency to perpetuate propensities4 ,if consanguineous unions intensify and transmit types of character with any degree of constancy and uniformity1 we are justified in conceding that heredity is a criminal factor quite independent of environments1 and that its relation to the solution of the problem why crime is so prevalent cannot be ignored4 ,now1 the test furnished by the infusion of strange blood will enable us to judge whether constancy and uniformity of types are confined to consanguineous unions or not2 for if1 the environments remaining the same1 a change of type is induced by non-consanguinity1 then to the admixture of fresh blood alone can we attribute change of type1 and so we must again admit the importance of heredity in the study of the case1 but only to the extent and within the limits we shall hereafter point out4 ,mr4 ,dugdale is of opinion that both heredity and environment play a very important part in the career of the criminal1 and it is with the design of sustaining his opinion that he has given us the history of the 8,jukes40 ,before we deal further with his conclusions we will here present a brief summary of the facts as related by him4 ,the term 8,jukes0 is a sort of pseudonym very considerately intended to cloak the identity of members of the family who may now be engaged in honest pursuits4 ,the family had its origin in the northern part of the ,state of ,new ,york1 and has rendered the place notorious by the unbroken chain of crime which1 link after link1 binds the jail-bird of to-day with the jolly and easy-living 8,max0 of a century ago1 who drank well1 hunted well1 and ended his days in the quiet enjoyment of animal peace4 ,he certainly was more intent on hospitable cares and the gratification of his passing desires than on the welfare of his progeny2 for no man ever left behind him a more serried array of criminal descendants whose name has become the synonym of every iniquity the tongue can utter or the mind conceive4 ,this man had two sons1 married to two out of six sisters whose reputation before marriage was bad4 ,the eldest of the sisters is called 8,ada ,juke0 for convenience' sake1 though in the county where the family lived her memory is unpleasantly embalmed as 8,margaret1 the mother of criminals40 ,ada had given birth before her marriage to a male child1 who was the father1 grandfather1 and great-grandfather of the distinctively criminal line of descendants4 ,she afterwards married1 and thus commingled in her person two generations exhibiting characteristics essentially peculiar to each1 though they often bear leading features of resemblance4 ,the sisters 8,delia0 and 8,effie0 married the two sons of ,max1 and in this way1 though somewhat obscurely1 ,mr4 ,dugdale connects ,max with the most criminal branch of the ,jukes4 ,we say somewhat obscurely2 for the reader is first inclined to believe that ,ada was married to one of ,max's sons1 till on chart ,no4 iv41 page #di1 he quite casually lights on the remark 8,effie ,juke married ,x----1 brother to the man who married ,delia ,juke1 and son of ,max40 ,while acknowledging the inherent difficulty of a lucid arrangement of facts so complicated and bearing such manifold relations1 we believe that a little more fulness of statement would lead to at least an easier understanding of ,mr4 ,dugdale's work4 8,effie0 became1 through her marriage with the second son of ,max1 the ancestress of one of the distinctively pauperized branches of the family4 ,the progeny of ,delia inclined more to crime1 and ,ada thus became the parent stem whence both the criminal and pauperized army of the 8,jukes0 mainly sprang2 for it is a circumstance deserving notice that1 whereas the offspring of 8,ada0 before marriage founded the criminal line of the family1 her offspring after marriage inclined rather to pauperism than to crime4 ,so likewise in the case of 8,effie10 whose known offspring was the result of marriage2 we find few criminals1 but nearly all paupers1 among her descendants4 ,in the first chart ,mr4 ,dugdale exhibits a detailed history of the illegitimate posterity of 8,ada0 throughout seven generations4 ,the first legitimate consanguineous union in the family took place between the illegitimate son of 8,ada0 and a daughter of 8,bell10 from which six children resulted4 ,the branch is considered illegitimate1 as far as 8,ada0 is concerned1 so that ,mr4 ,dugdale sets down each collateral branch as either legitimate or illegitimate1 according to the legitimacy or illegitimacy of that child of the five sisters which stands at the head of the list4 ,now1 glancing along the column of the third generation1 or that exhibiting the six legitimate children of the illegitimate son of 8,ada0 and a legitimate daughter of 8,bell10 we find their history to be as follows3 ,the first1 a male1 lived to the age of seventy-five2 was a man of bad character1 though inclined at times to be industrious1 and depended on out-door relief for the last twenty years of his life4 ,the sisters and brothers of this man strongly resembled him in character1 being all noted for their longevity1 their propensity to steal1 and their habitual licentiousness4 ,they were1 moreover1 exceedingly indolent1 with one exception1 and were a constant burden on the township4 ,it is unnecessary to trace out the history of these or of their descendants1 except to present a few typical cases which will enable us to understand the conclusion arrived at by ,mr4 ,dugdale4 ,the first son of 8,ada10 just mentioned1 married a non-relative of bad repute1 by whom he had nine children4 ,this woman died of syphilis2 and it is well to note at what an early period this poisonous strain showed itself in this the illegitimate branch of 8,ada's0 descendants4 ,these nine children surpassed their father1 their uncles1 and their aunts in criminal propensity4 ,they were especially more violent1 were frequently imprisoned for assault and battery1 and1 though no more licentious than their father1 were especially addicted to licentiousness in its grosser forms4 ,they inherited the constitutional disease of which their mother died1 and with it the penalty of an early death1 the oldest having died at the age of fifty-one and the youngest at twenty-four4 ,it will be observed that they were not so constantly dependent on out-door relief as the generation immediately preceding them2 this fact being attributable to the greater violence of their temper1 which induced them to acquire by robbery and theft the means of livelihood1 while the others preferred to beg4 ,one aunt of these nine--viz41 the second sister of their father and fourth from him in birth--never married1 but had four children by a non-relative2 and1 for a purpose soon to be understood1 we will compare their career with that of their nine cousins1 who1 it must be remembered1 were born in wedlock4 ,these four were illegitimate all the way back to their grandmother1 8,ada02 and if there be any force in the statement that prolonged illegitimacy has an influence in the formation of character1 we here have an opportunity of verifying it4 ,the first of these1 a male1 was arrested at the age of ten2 was arraigned for burglary soon after1 but acquitted2 was indicted for murder in #ahgj1 and1 though believed to be guilty1 was again acquitted2 was in the county jail in #ahgj1 and in #ahgd was depending upon out-door relief4 ,the second1 a female1 began to lead a loose life at an early age1 which rapidly developed into a criminal one4 ,the third1 a male1 was guilty of nearly every known crime1 and at last accounts was undergoing a term of twenty years' imprisonment in ,sing ,sing for burglary in the first degree4 ,the fourth1 also a male1 died at the age of nineteen1 after having spent three and a half years in ,albany penitentiary4 ,thus1 though the record of the nine cousins is not very flattering1 the vicious proclivities of these four illegitimates are manifestly more marked and decided4 ,if we now turn to the chart exhibiting the posterity of the legitimate children of ,ada ,juke1 we will find an order of things entirely different4 ,the husband of 8,ada0 was lazy1 while her paramour1 on the contrary1 was always industrious4 ,syphilis likewise showed itself at a still earlier period than in the illegitimate branch2 for whereas this disease first appeared in the generation of the illegitimate line1 ,ada's first child by marriage became a victim to it at an early age1 and her two legitimate daughters are set down as harlots at an equally early age4 ,ada's first child1 a son1 married after the poisoned taint had got into his blood1 and transmitted the loathsome heritage to his eight children4 ,the immediate descendants of these eight were for the most part blind1 idiotic1 and impotent1 and those who were not so became the progenitors of a line of syphilitics down to the sixth generation4 ,moreover1 the intermarriages between cousins were much more frequent along this line than in the illegitimate branch4 ,it is a noteworthy fact that in this chart one of the 8,juke0 blood is1 for the first and only time1 set down as being a ,catholic--the only time1 indeed1 that reference is made to the question of religion4 ,mr4 ,dugdale allows us to infer from this exceptional allusion that he found but one ,catholic in this edifying family4 ,we would recommend this fact to the consideration of our rural friends who think that chiefly in the metropolis abound the criminals1 quorum pars maxima they believe to be ,catholics4 ,the first time these unco-pious people had the fierce light that beats upon a town turned upon themselves1 the spectacle thus revealed is not over-pleasant4 ,this en passant4 ,were we to examine the other statistical exhibits of ,mr4 ,dugdale1 we would find pretty nearly the same result made clear4 ,without1 therefore1 entering into details that are painful in character and difficult to keep constantly in view1 we will give a summary of the conclusions which the detailment of facts seems to justify3 #a4 ,the lines of intermarriage of the ,juke blood show a minimum of crime4 #b4 ,in the main1 crime begins in the progeny where the ,juke blood has married into ,x---- 7non-,juke blood74 #c4 ,the illegitimate branches have chiefly married into ,x----4 #d4 ,the illegitimate branches produced a preponderance of crime4 #e4 ,the intermarried branches show a preponderance of pauperism4 #f4 ,the intermarried branches show a preponderance of females4 #g4 ,the illegitimate branches produced a preponderance of males4 #h4 ,the apparent anomaly presents itself that the illegitimate criminal branches show collateral branches which are honest and industrious4 ,we here find a most curious and interesting history and an epitome of conclusions which challenges serious consideration4 ,that the family of the 8,jukes0 was more vicious than their neighbors whose surroundings were similar cannot be disputed1 and the question arises1 ,what was there peculiar and exceptional in their case that made the fact to be such8 ,the habits of life of the immediate descendants of ,max were bad in the extreme1 but partly forced upon them by environments4 ,these people dwelt in mud-built cabins1 with but one apartment1 which served all the purpose of a tenement4 ,here they slept and ate1 and of course privacy was rendered entirely impossible4 ,decency and modesty were out of the question1 and the anomaly of whole families utterly bereft of all regard for domestic morals began to exhibit itself4 ,we will now lay down a fundamental principle1 by the light of which we hope to be able to solve the knotty question of this intense perversity of a series of blood-related generations1 and ,mr4 ,dugdale himself will furnish the proofs4 ,early impurity beyond all other causes warps the moral sense1 blunts the delicacy of womanly modesty1 dims the perception of the difference between right and wrong--in a word1 is quickest to sear the conscience4 ,crimes of violence1 crimes of any sort1 which are not traceable to this origin are outbursts of momentary distemper2 but impurity of the sort mentioned lays the foundation of an habitual aptitude to commit the worst crimes1 as though the tendency to do so were inborn and natural4 ,let us examine the facts as exhibited in the history of the ,jukes family4 ,throughout the six generations studied by ,mr4 ,dugdale he found #afb marriageable women1 including1 as facts required him to do1 some of very tender years4 ,of these #hd had lapsed from virtue at some time or other4 ,this is an enormous percentage compared with the police returns of our most crowded seaboard cities4 ,among the ,jukes women #eb4dj per cent4 were fallen women4 ,in ,new ,york1 ,london1 ,paris1 and ,liverpool the highest calculation does not exceed #a4hj4 ,if such was the moral status of the female portion of the family1 it is not difficult to conceive what a low ebb morals among the males must have reached4 ,the more closely we look into the facts recorded by ,mr4 ,dugdale1 the more irresistible becomes the conclusion that these moral pariahs yielded themselves up without restraint to every excess from the moment sexual life dawned upon them1 and blushed not to commit crimes which do not bear mention4 ,in the record of their lives we meet at every line expressions which brand these people as the modern representatives of the wicked ones who #c1gjj years ago shrivelled in the fire of ,god's anger on the plains of the ,dead ,sea4 ,indeed1 the fact that the infamous practices which made the 8,jukes0 family notorious are the beginning of an utter loss of conscience has been long recognized by ,catholic theologians1 who1 while admitting that loss of faith is a more serious loss than that of purity1 contend that the latter is more degrading1 more profoundly disturbs the moral nature of man1 and speedily blinds him to the perception of every virtue4 ,many more facts might be adduced in support of this proposition1 both from the pages of ,mr4 ,dugdale and the various reports of our reformatory and punitive institutions1 but what has been said will no doubt be deemed sufficient4 ,if1 then1 it be admitted that a corrupt life begun in early youth and continued for a long time is the broadest highroad to crime1 it is interesting to enquire how far so-called criminal heredity is influenced by the transmission of impure propensities4 ,it has become the fashion of late days to allow to hereditary influence a vast importance in the discussion and management of crime1 so that there is danger even that the criminal will be led to look upon himself as naturally1 and consequently unavoidably1 vicious1 and that society ought not to visit upon him the penalty of his misdeeds any more than it should punish the freaks of a madman4 ,dr4 ,henry ,maudsley1 in his recent work entitled ,responsibility in ,mental ,disease1 holds language startling enough to make every inmate of ,sing ,sing to-day regard himself as one against whom the grossest injustice had been done4 ,he says3 8,it is certain1 however1 that lunatics and criminals are as much manufactured articles as are steam-engines and calico-printing machines1 only the processes of the organic manufactory are so complete that we are not able to follow them4 ,they are neither accidents nor anomalies in the world1 in the universe1 but come by law and testify to causality2 and it is the business of science to find out what the causes are and by what laws they work4 ,there is nothing accidental1 nothing supernatural1 in the impulse to do right or in the impulse to do wrong--both come by inheritance or by education2 and science can no more rest content with the explanation which attributes one to the grace of heaven and the other to the malice of the devil than it could rest content with the explanation of insanity as a possession by the devil4 ,the few and imperfect investigations of the personal and family histories of criminals which have yet been made are sufficient to excite some serious reflections4 ,one fact which is brought strongly out by these inquiries is that crime is often hereditary2 that just as a man may inherit the stamp of the bodily features and characters of his parents1 so he may also inherit the impress of their evil passions and propensities2 of the true thief1 as of the true poet1 it may indeed be said that he is born1 not made4 ,that is what observation of the phenomena of hereditary sic would lead us to expect2 and although certain theologians1 who are prone to square the order of nature to their notions of what it should be1 may repel such doctrine as the heritage of an immoral in place of a moral sense1 they will in the end find it impossible in this matter1 as they have done in other matters1 to contend against facts40 ,we have quoted the words of ,dr4 ,maudsley at some length1 in order to show to what unjustifiable lengths the recent advocates of heredity are inclined to go4 ,the argument employed by ,dr4 ,maudsley is very weak--happily so1 indeed2 for were his conclusions correct man's misdeeds would be neither punishable nor corrigible1 any more than the blast of the tempest which strews the shore with wrecks and desolation4 ,they would be the necessary outcome of his constitution4 ,the trouble is that ,dr4 ,maudsley pushes to excess a doctrine which has in it much that is true4 ,we do not deny the doctrine of hereditary impulses2 we know that some are more prone to evil than others1 that the moral lineaments are often transmitted from parent to child to no less an extent than physical traits and resemblances2 but we know that free will remains throughout1 and that1 no matter how strong the impulse to do a certain act may be1 the power to resist is unquestionable4 ,habit and association may render the will practically powerless1 but1 unless a man has lost the attributes of his race1 he never becomes absolutely irreclaimable4 ,the allusion to grace and diabolical temptation is1 to say the least1 stupid4 ,dr4 ,maudsley knows as much about the matter1 to all appearances1 as the inhabitants of ,patagonia4 ,no theologian deserving the name ever asserted that man is swayed to good by grace alone1 or equally moved to evil by the spirit of darkness1 without any will-activity4 ,the doctrine would be just as subversive of free-will and moral order as ,dr4 ,maudsley's1 and consequently as absurd4 ,the truth is that man's will has been weakened by his fall 7labefactata ac debilitata71 is weaker in some than in others1 but never becomes extinct1 unless where the abnormal condition of insanity occurs4 ,we regret that ,mr4 ,dugdale accepts ,dr4 ,maudsley as an authority and quotes approvingly the following words3 8,instead of mind being a wondrous entity1 the independent source of power and self-sufficient cause of causes1 an honest observation proves incontestably that it is the most dependent of all natural forces4 ,it is the highest development of force1 and to its existence all the lower natural forces are indispensably prerequisite40 ,this is simply scientific jargon4 ,it conveys no meaning1 and in reality substitutes new and more obscure terms for old and well-understood ones4 ,we are told to reject the 8wondrous entity0 mind1 and to consider instead all so-called mental operations as the outcome of force4 ,in a previous article#i we pointed out the great diversity of meanings annexed to the word force1 and proved that none of those who so glibly use it have a clear conception of what it signifies4 ,mr4 ,dugdale further accepts the recent materialistic doctrine of ,hammond1 ,vogel1 and the so-called modern school of physiologists1 who make will a mere matter of cerebral activity and cell-development4 ,his system of psychology is exceedingly brief and meaningless1 and invites the social reformer to deal with the criminal as the watchmaker would deal with a chronometer out of repair1 or as a ship-calker would attend to a vessel that had felt and suffered from the hard buffets of the ocean4 ,now1 while we utterly repudiate the doctrine which views the criminal as a mere machine1 we do not wish to reject any doctrine or theory which facts sustain1 and we accept the doctrine of heredity in the sense we shall shortly mention1 and contend that the facts justify its acceptance to no further extent4 ,in the first place1 most people of good sense will admit that environment is a far more potent criminal factor than heredity1 and that the constant similarity of environments where heredity exists disqualifies the observer for ascertaining the exact extent to which the latter operates4 ,the children of the vicious for the most part grow up amid the surroundings which made their parents bad1 and no child born of the most depraved mother will fail to respond to healthful influences early brought into play1 unless an obviously abnormal condition exists4 ,the advocates of heredity in the ordinary sense point to the vast army of criminals propagated from one stock1 and claim this to be an incontestable proof of their doctrine4 ,but right in the way of this argument is the fact that it ignores similarity of environment1 and that it overlooks the diversity of crimes4 ,if the law of heredity were strictly as stated by many writers1 then the burglar would beget children with burglarious instincts1 the pickpocket ditto1 and so throughout the whole range of crime4 ,but nothing of this sort is the case4 ,the vicious descendant of a sneak-thief is as likely to be a highwayman or a housebreaker as to follow the safer paternal pursuits4 ,no special propensities to commit crime are transmitted1 but appetites are transmitted1 and appetites beget tendencies and habits4 ,now1 the two appetites which prove to be of most frequent transmission are the erotic and the alcoholic4 ,the erotic precedes the alcoholic1 and1 indeed1 excites it to action4 ,mr4 ,dugdale says 7p4 #cg73 8,the law shadowed forth by this scanty evidence is that licentiousness has preceded the use of ardent spirits1 and caused a physical exhaustion that made stimulants grateful4 ,in other words1 that intemperance itself is only a secondary cause40 ,and again3 8,if this view should prove correct1 one of the great points in the training of pauper and criminal children will be to pay special attention to sexual training40 ,it would appear1 then1 from this that heredity chiefly affects the erotic appetite1 and through it the entire character4 ,the impure beget the impure1 subject to improvement through grace and will-power1 and1 despite of changed environments1 the diseased appetite of the progenitor is apt to assert itself in the descendant1 though it is not1 of course1 so apparent in the matter of the erotic passion as in the alcoholic4 ,these are the facts so far as they justify the view of crime as a neurosis4 ,this conclusion1 while harmonizing with the data of observation1 renders the solution of the question1 ,what shall we do with criminals8 comparatively easy1 and points to the best mode of treatment4 ,until society holds that the virtue of purity is at the bottom of public morality1 and that the custom to look indulgently on the wicked courses of young men is essentially pernicious1 we cannot hope to begin the work of reform on a sound basis4 ,corrumpere et corrumpi sclum vocatur is as true to-day as eighteen hundred years ago1 only now we call it 8sowing wild oats40 ,and how is this change to be wrought8 ,by education8 ,yes1 by education1 which develops man's moral character--by that education which gives to the community a ,christian scholar1 and not a mere intellectual machine4 ,mr4 ,richard ,vaux1 ex-mayor of ,philadelphia1 who is a believer in ,maudsley1 and consequently an unsuspected authority1 speaks in these significant terms3 8,without attempting to discuss the value of popular instruction for the youth1 or to criticise any system of public or private education1 we venture to assert that there are crimes which arise directly out of these influences1 and which require knowledge so obtained to perpetrate4 ,if the former suggestion be true1 that the compression of the social forces induces to crime1 then those offences which come from education are only the more easily forced into society by the possessed ability to commit such crimes4 ,if facts warrant this suggestion1 then education--meaning that instruction imparted by school-training--is an agent in developing crime-cause4444 ,it is worthy of notice that a far larger number of offenders are recorded as having attended #8public schools' than those who #8never went to school4'0#aj ,this is a startling exhibit1 upheld1 it seems1 by undeniable figures4 ,is it possible that the state is engaged in 8developing crime-cause10 and that it is for this purpose oppressive school-taxes are imposed8 ,alas6 it is too true4 ,the majority of those who get a knowledge of the three 8,rs0 in our public schools come forth with no other knowledge4 ,god is to them a distant echo1 morality a sham1 and they finish their education by gloating over the blood-curdling adventures of pirates and cracksmen in the pages of our weekly papers4 ,mr4 ,dugdale proposes some excellent means for the reclamation and reformation of the criminal1 but they come tainted1 and consequently much impaired1 by his peculiar psychical theories4 ,on page #dh he says3 8,now1 this line of facts points to two main lessons3 the value of labor as an element of reform1 especially when we consider that the majority of the individuals of the ,juke blood1 when they work at all1 are given to intermittent industries4 ,the element of continuity is lacking in their character2 enforced labor1 in some cases1 seems to have the effect of supplying this deficiency4 ,but the fact1 which is quite as important but less obvious1 is that crime and honesty run in the lines of greatest vitality1 and that the qualities which make contrivers of crime are substantially the same as will make men successful in honest pursuits40 ,these remarks are full of significance and point unmistakably to the necessity of supplying work to the vicious4 ,hard work is the panacea for crime where healthful moral restraints are absent4 ,the laborer expends will-force and muscular force on his work1 and has no inclination for deeds of violence or criminal cunning4 ,but how absurd it is to suppose that1 as an educational process1 its whole effect consists in the changed development of cerebral cells1 and not1 as is obviously true1 in the fatigue which it engenders6 ,mr4 ,dugdale thus sets forth the philosophy of his educational scheme for the reformation of the criminal 7p4 #di73 8,it must be clearly understood1 and practically accepted1 that the whole question of crime1 vice1 and pauperism rests strictly and fundamentally upon a physiological basis1 and not upon a sentimental or a metaphysical one4 ,these phenomena take place1 not because there is any aberration in the laws of nature1 but in consequence of the operation of these laws2 because disease1 because unsanitary conditions1 because educational neglects1 produce arrest of cerebral development at some point1 so that the individual fails to meet the exigencies of civilization in which he finds himself placed1 and that the cure for unbalanced lives is a training which will affect the cerebral tissue1 producing a corresponding change of career40 ,this is downright materialism1 and is the result of ,mr4 ,dugdale's hasty acceptance of certain views put forward by a school of physiologists who imagine that their science is the measure of man in his totality4 ,we admit that crime is closely connected with cerebral conditions1 that the brain is the organ of manifestation which the mind employs1 and that those manifestations are modified to a considerable extent by the condition of the organ4 ,but this does not interfere with the character of the mind viewed as a distinct entity2 indeed1 it rather harmonizes with the facts as admitted by the universal sentiment of mankind4 ,mr4 ,dugdale makes a fatal mistake when he supposes that a changed cerebral state may be accompanied by a change in the moral character2 for it is possible that a chemist may one day discover some substance or combination of substances which might supply the missing cells or stimulate the arrested growth4 ,man is not a machine2 neither is he a mere physiological being4 ,he is a rational animal1 consisting of a soul and a body1 two distinct substances hypostatically united2 and until this truth is recognized no reform can be wrought in the ranks of the criminal classes by even greater men than ,mr4 ,dugdale4 ,if the 8whole process of education is the building up of cerebral cells10 admonitions1 instructions1 and example are thrown away on the vicious4 ,there is naught to do but to 8build up cells0 and stimulate 8arrested cerebral development40 ,how false is this daily experience proves2 for we know that a salutary change of prison discipline often converts brutal and hardened criminals into comparatively good men4 ,take as an instance what occurred in the ,maison de ,correction de ,nmes in #ahci4 ,this prison was in charge of certain political favorites who were fitter to be inmates than officials4 ,mismanagement reigned supreme1 and the excesses committed by the prisoners can scarcely be believed4 ,the most revolting crimes were done in broad daylight1 not only with the connivance but at the instigation of the keepers4 ,at last things had come to such a pass that the government was compelled to interfere1 and1 having expelled the unworthy men in charge1 substituted for them a small band of ,christian ,brothers under the control of the late venerable ,brother ,facile1 when an amazing change soon ensued4 ,there was no question with the brothers of studying the increase of cerebral cells or stimulating arrested development4 ,they changed the dietary for the better2 they separated the most depraved from those younger in crime2 they punished with discrimination2 they encouraged good conduct by rewards2 they set before the convict the example of self-sacrificing1 laborious1 and mortified lives2 and in three weeks they converted this pandemonium into the model prison of ,france4 ,can these facts be made to accord with the statement that the whole process of education is 8building up of cerebral cells08 ,if ,mr4 ,dugdale would substitute the term 8moral faculties0 for 8cerebral cells10 he would theorize much more correctly and to better practical effect4 ,speaking of subjecting the growing criminal to a system of instruction resembling the ,kindergarten1 he says3 8,the advantage of the ,kindergarten rests in this3 that it coherently trains the sense and awakens the spirit of accountability1 building up cerebral tissue4 ,it thus organizes new channels of activity through which vitality may spread itself for the advantage of the individual and the benefit of society1 and concurrently endows each individual with a governing will40 ,we agree with ,mr4 ,dugdale that such a system of training is well calculated to bring about these results1 but certainly not in the manner he indicates4 ,let us translate his language into that which correctly describes the process of improvement in the criminal1 and we find it to be as follows3 ,let the subject on whom we are to try the system of training in question be a boy of fourteen rescued from the purlieus of a large city4 ,his education must be very elementary indeed4 ,his intellectual faculties are to be treated according to their natural vigor or feebleness1 but his moral faculties are especially to be moulded with care and watchfulness4 ,he has been accustomed to gratify his evil passions and to yield to every propensity4 ,the will1 therefore1 is the weakest of his faculties1 and constant efforts must be made to strengthen it4 ,with this view he should be frequently required to do things that are distasteful to him1 beginning1 of course1 with what is easy and what might entail no discomfort on the ordinary boy4 ,the will is thus gradually strengthened1 both by this direct exercise and by the reaction upon it of the intellect1 which is undergoing a concurrent training4 ,this is all that ,mr4 ,dugdale means to convey when his words are translated into ordinary language4 ,when he dismounts from his scientific hobby1 however1 he imparts counsel for the treatment of criminals which we heartily endorse4 ,thus1 in speaking of industrial training1 he says 7p4 #ed73 8,the direct effect1 therefore1 of industrial training is to curb licentiousness1 the secondary effect to decrease the craving for alcoholic stimulants and reduce the number of illegitimate children who will grow up uncared for40 ,he tells us that with the disappearance of log-huts and hovels--and1 we might add1 the reeking tenements of our cities--lubricity will also disappear4 ,this is true to a great extent1 but surely it is not all that is required4 ,we might cultivate the sthetic tastes to the utmost1 we might have a population dwelling in palaces and lounging in luxurious booths1 and be no better morally than those who1 while enjoying those privileges1 tolerated the mysteries of the ,bona ,dea and assisted at the abominations which have made the city of ,paphos the synonym of every iniquity4 ,all attempts at the reformation of our criminal classes without the instrumentality of religion will prove unavailing4 ,you may 8make clean the outside of the cup and of the dish1 but within you are full of rapine and uncleanliness40 ,these words will for ever hold true of those who inculcate and pretend to practise morality without religion4 ,the attempt has often been made1 and has as often signally failed1 so that we regard the presentation of proof here superfluous4 ,the student of the history of social philosophy is well aware of the truth of this principle1 and none but the purblind or the unwilling fail to perceive it4 ,religion is the basis of morality1 and morality the pivot of reform4 ,let the friends of the criminals recognize these fundamental truths1 and they may then hope to make some progress in their work4 ,then it will be time to defend and demonstrate the merits of the congregate system of imprisonment2 then we might with profit insist upon the proper classification of prisoners1 the necessity of proportioning penalty to offence1 and not blasting the lives of mere boys by sending them for twenty years to ,sing ,sing for a first offence1 thus compelling them to consort with ruffians of the most hardened description during the period which should be the brightest of their lives4 ,then all those reforms which philanthropists are ever planning might be wisely introduced1 but not till then can we hope for the millennium of true reform to dawn upon us4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,religion ,,in ,,jamaica4 ,the population of ,jamaica numbers about half a million1 of whom nearly four-fifths are blacks1 one hundred thousand colored people1 and only thirteen thousand ,europeans4 ,in addition to these there are several thousand ,cubans and ,haytians1 who have been driven from their homes by political troubles1 some thousands of ,indian coolies1 and a few ,chinese and ,madeira ,portuguese4 ,of this motley population only a few thousand are ,catholics4 ,the greater part of the ,english belong to the ,church of ,england1 which1 however1 has been disestablished in ,jamaica for some years4 ,these enjoy the full benefit of the usual ,high ,church and ,low ,church party warfare4 ,one of the leading clergy of this denomination has started a monthly paper in ,jamaica1 called the ,truth-,seeker4 ,it is to be hoped that he may be successful in his search4 ,the last number which the writer saw contained arguments in favor of spiritualism1 homopathy1 and ,extreme ,unction4 ,the editor is a vegetarian and teetotaler1 and is said to have employed in the communion service1 as a substitute for wine1 the juice of a few grapes squeezed into a tumbler of water4 ,when the bishop was asked about it he made a wry face and expressed a hope that he might never receive the communion in his teetotal friend's church again4 ,this reminds us of an incident related by a ,church of ,england parson4 ,he arrived at ,kingston by the mail steamer from ,england on a ,sunday morning1 and duly betook himself to a church4 ,it happened to be communion ,sunday1 and he 8stayed40 ,he noticed that most of the white people went up to receive first1 and that the few who neglected to do so1 and who communicated with the negroes1 came back to their seats screwing up very wry faces4 ,our friend solved the mystery when1 going up nearly last1 he found that his black friends' lips had imparted such a flavor to the cup that he did not lose the taste of it for hours6 ,but the most popular sect amongst the blacks is the ,baptist4 ,the ,baptist ministers are credited with having been the cause of the insurrection a dozen years ago1 which was attended with so much bloodshed4 ,their great recommendation to the people appears to consist in their teaching virtually that the country belongs to the black man1 and that the whites endeavor to defraud them of their rights by giving them insufficient wages and by other means4 ,the consequence is that the negroes frequently defraud their employers by theft1 shirking work1 injuring their property1 and so forth4 ,the ,wesleyans and ,presbyterians have large followings4 ,there are also some ,moravian stations4 ,after a certain term of years the ,moravian missionary is judged worthy to be rewarded with connubial bliss1 and a spouse is selected by the authorities in ,europe and sent out to him4 ,the ,jews are numerous and opulent1 a great part of the commerce of the country being in their hands4 ,but they are said to be very indifferent as to their religion1 ,jewish ladies often marrying people of other religions and ending by professing none at all4 ,it is pleasant to turn from these conflicting sects to consider the ,catholic ,church4 ,kingston1 the capital of ,jamaica1 contains forty thousand people1 and of these seven thousand are ,catholics4 ,the ,jamaica mission is in the hands of the ,jesuits4 ,they do not number more than half a score1 and are consequently hardly worked4 ,they have a convenient house1 popularly called the 8,french ,college10 though there is only one ,french priest there4 ,attached to it is a small college for the education of ,catholic youths1 but several ,protestants are permitted to benefit by the instruction there given4 ,in the little chapel at the back of the house the ,blessed ,sacrament is reserved4 ,among the priests is a venerable man whose tall1 ascetic figure commands universal respect4 ,he was formerly a ,protestant clergyman1 a fellow of his college at ,oxford1 and one of that remarkable band of men who founded the ,oxford or ,tractarian party4 ,his quiet1 instructive sermons are of a very high order1 simple1 admirably expressed1 and pregnant with matter4 ,equally beloved is a white-headed ,french priest who has labored in ,kingston for thirty years1 and who endeared himself to all by his indefatigable devotion to the sick and dying during a terrible epidemic of yellow fever which raged there some years ago4 ,he is well acquainted with1 and sympathizes in1 the joys and sorrows of all the congregation1 and1 in spite of a strong ,french accent which renders his conversation nearly unintelligible to a stranger1 all seem to understand him perfectly4 ,there are several younger priests who conduct the college1 and one devotes his energies especially to work amongst the ,cubans4 ,there is also an excellent lay brother1 a convert from ,protestantism1 who presides over a school for the children of poor ,catholics4 ,the church1 dedicated to the ,holy ,trinity1 is a plain brick structure1 like all the churches and chapels in ,kingston1 but it is distinguished from the others by crosses on the gable ends4 ,there are two side altars in addition to the high altar4 ,the latter is handsomely adorned1 and above it is a rose-window of stained glass4 ,there is a good attendance at the daily ,masses1 which are said from five to half-past six1 the congregation consisting mainly of black or colored people4 ,besides the large church there is a smaller one dedicated to ,st4 ,martin1 and commonly called the 8,cuban ,chapel10 because it is employed especially for their use4 ,spanish sermons are preached there at the eight o'clock ,mass on ,sundays4 ,at the commencement of the month of ,may a handsome new altar was built and ,high ,mass celebrated1 the church being crowded with devout worshippers4 ,near the large church is a convent with a private chapel1 the nuns devoting themselves to the education of a number of young ladies1 mostly ,haytians1 who reside with them4 ,a mile from the town is the camp of the ,first ,west ,india ,regiment1 a corps of ,black ,zouaves4 ,some of them being ,catholics1 ,mass is said there on ,sundays by a priest from ,kingston4 ,another goes on alternate ,sundays to ,port ,royal1 a few miles from ,kingston1 where the guard-ship1 the ,aboukir1 is stationed1 and says ,mass for the ,catholic seamen4 ,the whole of the remainder of the island is served by three priests1 who lead a most arduous life1 constantly riding or driving from one station to another4 ,newcastle1 a beautiful place in the ,port ,royal mountains nearly four thousand feet above the sea1 is the station of the ,thirty-fifth ,regiment of the ,line1 and ,mass is said here on alternate ,sundays by a young priest who has just arrived from ,england1 and replaced a stalwart father who was formerly senior captain in his regiment4 ,another extensive district is served by a worthy ,belgian father with venerable beard and simple manners4 ,this apostolic man rides long distances1 often having to ford dangerously swollen torrents1 and frequently having no lodging but the sacristy of a rural chapel1 and no food but a little yam and salt fish4 ,but the most experienced missionary in the island is the superior of the ,jesuits1 who is vicar-apostolic4 ,he has travelled about ,jamaica on missionary journeys for sixteen years1 and boasts that he knows every road and track in the country4 ,he is generally beloved by ,catholic1 ,protestant1 and ,jew alike1 his genial manners and cheerful conversation making him a welcome guest everywhere1 and his medical skill 7for he was a physician before he joined the ,society of ,jesus7 having enabled him to confer material benefits on many suffering persons4 ,he has always led an active life1 and is especially fond of relating his reminiscences of the siege of ,sebastopol1 where he was senior ,catholic chaplain to the ,british forces4 ,he drives about in a buggy1 with spare horses following under the charge of his servant1 or 8boy10 who rides on horseback4 ,the ,jamaica horses are small1 poor-looking animals1 costing little1 and very hardy and inexpensive1 but they are capable of a great deal of trying work4 ,to reach ,kingston for the confirmation on ,pentecost ,sunday1 the good father had to drive for some miles over a road on which the water had risen from a neighboring river to such an extent that it was as high as the axles1 and sometimes even came into the buggy4 ,fording swollen streams on horseback in the rainy season is often very dangerous work4 ,this father having one day with difficulty crossed such a stream1 a negro1 who had been watching him all the time1 told him that he was the first person who had succeeded in crossing there for some days1 three men who had attempted it having been drowned4 8,why didn't you tell me1 then80 asked the priest4 8,my sweet minister1 me want to see what you do40 ,not that the man bore him any malice1 but these people seem to be totally reckless of human life4 ,if he can be said to have any home1 the vicar-apostolic lives in a pretty little house on the northwest coast4 ,it is about a mile from the sea1 but some hundreds of feet above it1 and commands a magnificent view of the well-wooded hills1 the sea1 and the numerous small islands covered with mangroves4 ,near the house is a small oratory1 built as a coach-house4 ,it is very plain1 and yet unpaved1 the congregation kneeling on small pieces of board placed on the earth4 ,attached to the house is a pen1 or grazing farm1 of about seven hundred acres4 ,it is for the most part overgrown with bush1 the property having been much neglected2 but strenuous efforts are being made to set it in good order1 and not without success4 ,it is hoped that it will eventually realize sufficient to support four or five missionary priests1 which will be a great advantage to the church in ,jamaica1 as the mission there is very poor4 ,the property was left to the church by a ,catholic gentleman who resided on it and died some few years ago4 ,it now supports about one hundred head of cattle1 besides which it is planted with a number of pimento1 lime1 and cocoanut trees1 the fruits of which are of value4 ,a private chapel1 which stands in the grounds of a gentleman who resides on one of the most beautiful pens in the island1 is well worthy of mention4 ,this gentleman is a convert and has done much for the church4 ,his chapel is the most charming little rustic oratory imaginable1 the chancel screen and other wood-work being made of rough twisted branches of trees1 and the staircase to the gallery consisting of the trunk of a pine tree with steps cut in it4 ,on the ,sundays when ,mass is said here the ,catholics from eight or ten miles round drive or ride in1 and the chapel is sometimes nearly filled4 ,after ,mass they take their dinner1 which they have brought with them1 and walk about and admire the beautiful garden1 the hospitable proprietor and the ladies of the family saying kind words of welcome to their humbler friends4 ,an hour after ,mass there is rosary and benediction1 after which the people return to their distant homes4 ,but not always can a church be had for ,mass4 ,in some places a room in a private house is all that can be obtained1 and the ,catholics of the neighborhood1 having been warned by letter of the intended service1 assemble at the appointed hour4 ,the priest will sit in one room to hear confessions1 whilst the people wait in an adjacent one1 where a sideboard or table is prepared as an altar4 ,after ,mass will often follow baptisms1 marriages1 or confirmations4 ,but the great work before the church in ,jamaica now is to form stations with churches where ,mass may be celebrated at stated times4 ,several such are already established1 and things are better than formerly1 when the ,holy ,sacrifice had often to be offered up in the houses of ,protestants4 ,but much has yet to be done1 and there is good reason to hope that the time will come when the small ,jamaica church will develop into a flourishing diocese4 ,in spite of the prevalent indifference as to religion1 some of the ,protestants are beginning to see that truth is not to be obtained in their conflicting sects1 and they are turning their eyes ,romeward in search of peace4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,marguerite4 8,frogs1 fresh frogs6 ,buy a few frogs60 cried a sweet girl's voice1 which blended strangely with the other sounds and voices round about the little booth near ,fulton ,market4 8,frogs1 fresh frogs60 8,ride up1 gentlemen1 ride up60 8,move on quick1 move on60 8,look out1 mister1 or ,i'll run over you60 ,and on the 'buses and drays and express-wagons rumbled and rolled1 and the policeman screamed himself hoarse trying to keep the great thoroughfare clear2 the mud1 which was knee-deep1 flew in all directions1 the jaded horses floundered and fell in the grimy slough1 and 'twas ,pandemonium indeed just here where pretty ,marguerite's frog-stand stood4 ,but the girl1 who was used to the bustle and din1 went on quietly knitting a stocking and calling out1 8,frogs1 fresh frogs6 ,buy a few frogs60 while her words1 like a strain of sweet music1 floated away upon the muggy ,april air1 heavy with oaths and villanous cries4 ,we have called our heroine pretty2 yet this was not strictly true4 ,many a young woman passed through the market with more beautiful features than she had4 ,her nose was of no particular shape--we might term it a neutral nose--and her mouth was decidedly broad2 while the tall1 white cap she wore gave her a quaint1 outlandish appearance that made not a few people stare and smile4 ,but ,marguerite's eyes redeemed1 ay1 more than redeemed1 whatever was faulty in the rest of her countenance4 ,oh6 what eyes she had--so large and black and lustrous4 ,like two precious stones they seemed2 and when she turned them wistfully upon you1 you were fascinated and rooted to the spot1 and if the girl ever sold any frogs it was thanks to those wonderful eyes4 ,poor thing6 at the age of seventeen to be left an orphan1 alone and friendless in the big city of ,new ,york4 ,poor thing6 ,from the ,battery up to ,murray ,hill1 and across from river to river1 not a solitary being knew or cared about her2 and had she died--died even a violent1 sensational death--the coroner's inquest would have taken up scarce three lines in the daily papers1 after which1 like a drop of water falling into the ocean1 she would have passed out of sight and mind for ever4 ,but no1 we are wrong2 there was one who did care for ,marguerite--one who had known her parents when they first came over from ,france1 and had done everything she could to help them4 ,but1 alas6 down in the whirlpool of poverty husband and wife had disappeared and died1 and many a pang shot across ,mother ,catherine's breast as she thought of the child left now to shift for herself like so many other waifs4 ,the girl's home was in a tenement-house1 and the room where she slept was shared by three other women1 who would have made it a filthy1 disorderly place indeed except for ,marguerite4 ,every morning she swept the floor1 opened the window to let in fresh air1 and imparted a cosey look to what would otherwise have been the most squalid chamber in the building4 ,by her mattress hung a crucifix1 a gift from ,mother ,catherine1 and near the crucifix was a piece of old looking-glass which ,marguerite had found in a dust-barrel4 ,before this she would daily spend a quarter of an hour making her toilet4 ,her dark hair was neatly gathered up beneath her ,norman cap--only one little tress peeping out2 across her bosom was pinned a clean white kerchief2 the mud-spots were carefully brushed off her tattered gown2 then1 after lingering a moment to admire herself1 she would sally forth1 the envy of all the slatterns in the neighborhood1 and the boys would wink to one another and say3 8,what a nice-looking gal60 ,marguerite often wished that she had a better class of admirers than these4 8,but1 alas60 she would sigh1 8,i am poor4 ,poverty like a mountain presses me down4 ,if ,i could sell more frogs and get a new dress1 then real gentlemen might notice me4 ,but1 alas6 ,i must be thankful ,i have this old calico thing to cover me4 ,but even this is falling in rags1 and ,i may soon be without shoes to my feet40 ,one day1 while she was thus inwardly bemoaning her hard lot and crying out3 8,frogs1 fresh frogs6 ,buy a few frogs60 without having anybody come to buy even a dime's worth1 her attention was drawn to a middle-aged man1 dressed in a faded suit of black1 who had paused on his way up the street1 and seemed to be listening with wonder to her cry4 ,he was not at all handsome1 yet there was something very striking about him1 and you would have marked him out in a crowd as one who did not follow in the beaten ways of other men4 ,when he first halted1 his thin1 wan face had assumed an air of surprise2 but presently1 advancing nearer to the booth1 this changed to an expression of melancholy which caused the girl to feel pity for him4 8,are you selling frogs1 miss--frogs80 he said1 fixing his deep1 sunken eyes upon her4 8,yes1 sir4 ,would you like a few80 replied ,marguerite1 her heart fluttering with hope4 8,well1 now1 ,i thought ,i had eaten almost everything that is eatable2 but upon my word this does go a little beyond my experience10 said ,abel ,day1 as he bent down to examine the delicate white frogs' legs1 which were ranged in rows1 tastefully fringed with a border of parsley leaves4 8,but are you sure they are what you say they are8 ,no toads among them80 8,we don't eat toads in ,france1 sir10 returned ,marguerite1 the blood mounting to her cheeks4 8,in ,france6 ,why1 are you from ,france80 8,i am4 ,o la belle ,france6 ,and father and mother used to keep a frog-stand in ,rouen2 and they had a fine mushroom garden there1 too4 ,but folks here don't know what is good to eat4 ,oh6 ,i wish my parents had never come to ,america2 and so did they wish it before they died40 8,well1 what sort of a place is ,france80 inquired the other1 who began to feel interested in the girl4 8,i was very young1 sir1 when ,i left it2 therefore ,i cannot describe it to you4 ,but ,i know ,france is a beautiful country4 ,it must be beautiful2 no country in all the world can compare with it4 ,father and mother used to drink wine in ,france40 8,well1 people here drink wine1 too1 sometimes40 8,do they8 ,all those ,i know drink nasty water or else horrid whiskey10 said ,marguerite1 making a wry mouth4 8,humph6 you are the first ,i ever met who didn't like ,america10 pursued ,abel ,day4 8,however1 ,i'll not let this set me against you2 so what is the price of your frogs80 8,how many do you wish80 inquired ,marguerite1 who hardly expected him to take over a quarter of a dollar's worth at most4 8,let me have the whole lot40 8,well1 will four dollars be too much80 she said hesitatingly4 8,here is your money10 answered ,abel1 drawing forth the sum4 8,and now1 while you are wrapping up these funny-looking creatures--verily1 ,i might take 'em for little pigmies just ready for a swim--please tell me how business is40 8,bad1 sir4 ,it always is with me2 and ,i sometimes think of giving it up40 8,and trying something else8 ,well1 now1 take my advice--don't4 ,this business can be made to pay as well as any other4 ,all that's wanted is to know how to go about it40 8,oh6 ,i'd be only too thankful if you'd tell me what to do10 exclaimed ,marguerite4 8,too thankful2 for ,i'm almost in despair40 8,well1 then1 open your ears1 and ,i'll give you a #8wrinkle' that'll set you on the highroad to prosperity40 ,here ,abel lifted his forefinger2 then1 after clearing his throat1 8,my young friend10 he went on1 8you must know that the world is largely composed of fools4 ,of course it wouldn't do to tell 'em so2 nevertheless1 it's the truth1 though they are not to be blamed for it--not a bit4 ,we are born what we are2 we don't make ourselves4 ,a pumpkin can be nothing but a pumpkin2 a genius is a genius4 ,and this makes the world all the more interesting1 at least to me4 ,why1 what a dull place 'twould be if we were all alike6 ,oh6 ,i do love to look down upon the broad pumpkin-field of humanity1 and feel how far1 far above it some few men are elevated--some very few40 8,like yourself10 interposed ,marguerite1 with an air of seriousness1 only belied by a laughing gleam in her eyes4 8,please let that pass2 no digressions10 said ,abel1 waving his hand4 8,but come back now to where we started from--namely1 how to make the frog business pay40 ,here he gave another cough4 8,in the first place1 my young friend1 this booth is altogether too small4 ,it not only doesn't allow your frogs half a chance to be seen1 but you yourself are almost hidden inside of it4 ,and1 speaking of yourself1 do not be offended if ,i observe that you have wonderfully attractive eyes1 and a charming voice1 and spirits which keep bright and cheerful no matter how cloudy the sky is4 ,yes1 this much ,i know1 though ,i never met you before4 ,well1 now1 here is the advice ,i give3 ,hire a small store close by2 then have an immense sign-board hung over the entrance1 with ,frog ,emporium painted on it in twelve-inch letters1 and let every letter be of a different color1 so that people will be attracted by it when they are a good block off4 ,then beneath the words ,frog ,emporium1 and on the left-hand side1 you must paint a fat1 contented old mother frog1 squatting1 at the edge of a pond1 watching a lot of merry tadpoles swimming about4 ,this will represent maternal felicity4 ,at the other end of the sign you may paint a hungry-looking man with mouth wide open1 and ,mr4 ,bullfrog taking a header down his throat1 and screeching out as he goes down1 #8,this fellow knows what's good6' ,you should likewise get a cooking-stove1 so as to have a dainty dish of frogs all prepared for anybody who may come in and wish to taste them4 ,there1 now1 is my plan2 ,i submit it to your consideration4 ,carry it out1 and you'll soon find it difficult to supply all your customers40 8,well1 indeed1 sir10 answered ,marguerite1 8,i thank you from the bottom of my heart for the interest you take in me4 ,but1 alas6 ,i am too poor to pay the rent of ever so small a store2 why1 ,i couldn't even pay for such a sign-board as you describe4 ,in fact1 if you knew how very narrow my means are1 you would wonder that ,i can manage to keep alive40 8,is that so80 said ,abel1 in a tone of compassion4 8,well1 then1 leave the sign to me2 ,i will order it this very day1 and the moment it is ready it shall be brought to you4 ,i'll also go security for your rent40 ,at these words ,marguerite's eyes filled with tears1 glad tears1 and1 clasping one of his hands1 she pressed it warmly2 while ,abel thought to himself1 8,how full of sentiment she is6 ,poor creature60 8,oh6 what a blessed thing it is to be rich10 exclaimed the girl presently4 8,but all rich people1 sir1 are not like you--no1 indeed40 8,never mind my wealth10 said ,abel2 8we'll talk about that some other time4 ,go ahead1 now1 and carry out my notion2 put implicit trust in me4 ,everything will come out right in the end40 ,again ,marguerite pressed his hand--her heart was too full for words--after which ,abel ,day went away1 promising to return before the week was ended to see how she was getting on4 ,the girl followed him with her eyes until he was lost to view1 wondering who he could be4 8,well1 whoever he is10 she thought to herself1 8he is a real gentleman4 ,true1 his clothes are rather worn2 but we cannot judge a man by his clothes4 ,yes1 he is a real gentleman1 and different from any other that ,i have ever seen4 ,he didn't beat me down in my price2 no1 he bought all my frogs and paid me what ,i asked4 ,anybody else would have forced me to take three dollars and a half or three dollars4 ,i might even have let them go for two and a half4 ,but no1 he isn't like other rich persons4 ,and1 oh6 may ,god bless him and make him happy2 for ,i am sure from his looks there is something weighing on his heart40 ,during the next few days ,marguerite's thoughts constantly turned upon her strange friend1 who had evidently been in downright earnest and kept his word2 for the sign-board was promptly sent to her1 and she could not contain her delight when she saw it hanging above the doorway of the little store which she hired4 ,true to his promise1 ,abel ,day came soon again to visit ,marguerite1 bringing money wherewith to pay her month's rent in advance4 ,it seemed to do him good to talk to her1 and his face brightened when she told him how many people had already entered the ,frog ,emporium4 8,and every one1 sir1 who eats a plate of my frogs declares they are better than an oyster-stew4 ,and they say1 too1 that the sign-board makes them roar with laughter and entices them in whether they will or no4 ,o sir6 how can ,i thank you enough for what you have done for me80 8,don't speak any thanks10 replied ,abel4 8,no1 don't speak any2 but show your thanks by being good and virtuous4 ',tis getting down in the world leads so many to the bad4 ,ay1 misery is the devil's best friend4 ,therefore1 my dear girl1 improve your condition as fast as you can4 ,put money in the savings-bank2 then when you meet any poor wretch hard up1 and you have the means to help him1 do it40 8,oh6 indeed ,i will10 said ,marguerite4 8,but now please1 kind sir1 let me know the name of my benefactor4 ,i wish to know it1 that ,i may tell it to the only other friend ,i have on earth--,mother ,catherine4 ,she'll be sure to ask me who you are40 8,my name is ,abel ,day10 he replied4 8,and you live--8 ,well1 perhaps ,i shouldn't ask that1 sir4 ,though if ,i did know your address1 ,i'd slip into your kitchen some morning bright and early1 and cook you a nice mess of frogs for breakfast40 ,then1 arching her pretty eyebrows3 8,you live in ,fifth ,avenue--beautiful ,fifth ,avenue80 8,i do1 and yet ,i don't10 answered ,abel4 8,i often see myself there1 dwelling in a marble mansion2 'tis sure to happen--so sure that ,i may consider myself already in ,fifth ,avenue40 ,here1 observing a puzzled look upon ,marguerite's face1 8,ah60 he added1 8you do not understand me4 ,well1 nobody else does1 either4 ,but never mind4 ,the world will wake up some fine morning and find the name of ,abel ,day on every lip4 ,and 'tis all coming out of here--here40 ,at these words he tapped his forehead4 8,my fortune will not be built on other men's misfortunes2 'twill not come through gambling in stocks1 through swindling1 through falsehood1 through dishonor4 ,but out of my brain the great thing is slowly but surely taking shape and form which ere long will astound the world40 8,well1 truly1 sir1 ,i believe you4 ,oh6 ,i do10 exclaimed ,marguerite1 who felt herself carried away by his own enthusiasm4 8,i knew from the first moment ,i laid eyes on you that you were an extraordinary man40 8',tis often thus10 pursued ,abel musingly4 8,genius is not seldom recognized by the humble ones of earth1 when those who dwell in high places1 with ears and eyes stuffed and blinded by prosperity1 have only fleers and gibes to give40 8,and would it be showing too much curiosity10 inquired ,marguerite1 8if ,i were to ask what is this wonderful thing which ,i doubt not will bring you in riches and renown8 ,and certainly no one deserves these more than yourself2 for but for you1 oh6 ,i shudder to think what might have become of me4 ,my future was dark--dark--dark40 8,and ,i have brightened it a little4 ,yet what is what ,i have done compared with what remains to be done60 said ,abel1 speaking like one who thinks aloud4 8,o mystery of life6 ,why is there so much misery around me80 ,then1 addressing ,marguerite3 8,well1 if you like1 ,i will be here at four o'clock this afternoon1 when ,i shall make clear to you what now you do not comprehend4 ,but1 remember1 it must be a profound secret2 no other human being except yourself must know what ,i am inventing--no other human being40 8,you will find1 sir1 that ,i can keep a secret10 said ,marguerite4 8,so please come at the hour you mention40 ,punctual to the minute ,abel ,day was at the ,frog ,emporium1 which was so thronged with customers that he had to wait half an hour for the girl4 ,but at length1 the last frog being sold1 off they went together2 and as they took their way along the streets ,marguerite wondered whither he would lead her4 ,would it be to some fashionable quarter of the city--to some place where quiet1 well-mannered people dwelt8 ,and as her companion did not open his lips1 she was left to her own hopes and conjectures1 and kept wondering and wondering1 until by and by she found herself1 with a slight pang of disappointment1 in ,tompkins ,square4 ,a few minutes later the girl was following ,abel ,day into a third-class boarding-house1 and1 observing several scrawny females making big eyes at her as she mounted up to his room1 which was on the top story1 he whispered3 8,they are jealous of you1 my dear2 but pay no attention to them1 and above all do not reveal to any of these ,paul ,prys what ,i am going to show you40 ,presently they reached the door of his chamber1 which he hastily unlocked1 saying to ,marguerite3 8,pass in quick--pass in quick02 for ,abel fancied he heard footsteps and voices close behind him4 ,marguerite obeyed and made haste into the room2 then1 while ,abel was stuffing paper into the keyhole1 she threw her eyes about her in utter astonishment4 ,the apartment was barely half the size of her own at the tenement building2 nor could it compare with it for order and neatness4 ,indeed1 'twas in the greatest disorder4 ,numberless slips of paper were strewn over the floor1 with queer pencil-marks upon them1 and the wall was covered by the same odd drawings1 especially near the bed1 as though ,abel did most of his brain-work after he retired for the night and before he arose in the morning4 ,on a shelf by the window lay a dust-covered manuscript1 and beside it a cigar-box half full of buttons1 dimly visible through a spider's web4 ,but where was the wonderful machine he had told her about8 8,here it is10 spoke ,abel in a semi-whisper and drawing something out from under the bed4 8,really6 ,oh6 do let me see10 cried ,marguerite1 flying towards him4 8,it is almost finished10 added ,abel4 8,but pray lower your voice1 for there are listeners outside--vile eavesdroppers40 ,he now went on to explain what this curious object was1 which looked like nothing so much as a big toy2 for all the girl could perceive was a stuffed chicken sitting in a box1 gaudily painted red1 white1 and blue4 8,you must know10 said ,abel1 8that every time a hen lays an egg the very first thing she does is to turn and look at it1 as if to make sure it is really laid4 ,well1 now1 this machine which you behold is the ,magic ,hen's ,nest4 ,there is a spring bottom to it1 so that the instant the egg is dropped it will disappear4 ,then1 when the fowl turns to see if it is there--lo6 she'll find it isn't there4 ,whereupon1 concluding she must have made a mistake1 like a good creature she'll sit down again1 and presently out'll come egg number two1 which will likewise vanish through the trap4 ,and so on and on and on1 until--well1 really1 ,i can't tell what may happen in the end1 for of course there is a limit to all good things3 the hen may lose her wits4 ,but if she doesn't--if she keeps her senses1 and if ,i can force her to continue laying and laying--why1 my fortune is made sure1 and ,i'd not change places with old ,howe and his sewing-machine--no1 indeed ,i wouldn't40 8,well1 ,i declare60 ejaculated ,marguerite when ,abel was through with the explanation4 8,this is certainly a grand idea4 ,why1 one hen will do the work of a score of hens40 8,of five hundred10 said ,abel solemnly4 8,and ,i wrote some time ago to a couple of my acquaintances on ,long ,island1 advising them to sell off every hen on their farm except one4 ,but they are not willing to follow my advice2 and1 what's more1 they both came here last week when ,i was out1 and asked all kinds of questions about my health4 ,the fools6 ,but never mind2 it's all the worse for them1 for just as soon as ,i get out my patent down will go the price of hens to zero40 8,well1 upon my word1 this is wonderful1 wonderful60 said ,marguerite1 kneeling and stroking the back of the stuffed chicken4 8,ay1 and ,i am filled with wonder at myself for having invented such a thing10 continued ,abel4 8,but it only shows what the brain of man can do4 ,and yet what man is able to accomplish now is nothing compared with what he will accomplish in the ages to come40 8,well1 what is needed1 sir1 to make this ,magic ,nest perfect8 ,it seems to me to be in good working order40 8,nothing remains to be done but to get a live hen and put it to the proof2 though ,i have no more doubt of its success than ,i have of my own existence40 8,well1 do let me be present when you make the trial4 ,will you80 8,yes1 you may come1 for you do not laugh and jeer at me like the rest of the world2 and1 moreover1 there is something soothing in your presence4 ,oh6 ,i believe if ,i had had you always by my side this ,magic ,nest would have been ready long ago40 8,and when ,i come again10 said ,marguerite a little timidly1 8,i'll put the room in order--may ,i80 ,here ,abel's brow lowered2 but quickly the dark look passed away1 for she was gazing so sweetly at him1 and he said3 8,you perceive1 then1 that it is not in order8 ,well1 you are right4 ,i live all by myself and have no time to sweep and dust--no time40 8,all by yourself60 repeated ,marguerite compassionately4 8,yes2 and when evening comes round ,i light my candle and play at solitaire1 and listen to the cats caterwauling on the roof40 8,how lonely60 exclaimed the girl4 8,perhaps it may be4 ,yet in solitude one hears and sees strange things4 ,i love solitude40 8,really80 8,i do2 nevertheless1 ,i own 'twould be better in some respects not to dwell so much by myself4 ,therefore ,i give you leave to come here whenever you please2 yes1 come and sweep and rummage and turn things topsy-turvy1 if you like40 ,at this ,marguerite burst into a laugh4 8,ha6 probably you think my apartment is already topsy-turvy8 ,well1 it only seems so to you2 to my eye there is perfect order in all this chaos40 8,and the buttons1 sir1 in yonder cigar-box--0 ,marguerite did not end the phrase2 she hoped he would understand her1 and ,abel did4 8,humph6 you have discovered those buttons1 eh8 ,well1 they came off my clothes4 ,and here let me observe1 my young friend1 the next important thing to invent is a suit of clothes without any buttons40 8,well1 until you invent one1 please allow me to sew those buttons on again4 ,will you80 8,alas60 replied ,abel1 8the shirts and coats and trousers to which they once belonged are long since worn out2 and now ,i have no clothes left but the clothes ,i have on40 8,this was a very fine suit once10 said ,marguerite4 8,the cloth is excellent40 8,yes1 ,i had it made by a fashionable tailor2 for ,i intended to wear it when ,i went to visit influential people1 and try and interest them in my--in my--0 ,here ,abel heaved a sigh1 while a look of deeper gloom shadowed his face than the girl had yet observed upon it4 8,pray tell me what troubles you10 said ,marguerite4 8,do tell me4 ,perhaps ,i may be able to comfort you40 ,then1 as he made no response1 she went on3 8,have those of whom you sought aid turned a cold shoulder upon you8 ,have they refused to help you with this ,magic ,hen's ,nest8 ,why1 ,i thought1 sir1 'twas a profound secret2 that you had told nobody about it40 8,no1 no2 ,i don't allude to this1 but to something else--to something which ,i cannot think of without an agony of mind ,i hope ,god may spare you from ever suffering4 ,i had forgotten all about it2 ,i had not thought of it for ever so long1 till our conversation brought it back to me4 ,oh6 do let me forget it--forget it for ever40 8,i guessed when ,i first saw you1 poor dear man1 that there was a heavy burden on your heart10 spoke ,marguerite inwardly4 8,now your own lips have confessed it to me4 ,oh6 if ,i only knew you better1 ,i might be able to console you40 ,she refrained1 however1 from asking again what his cross was2 but little doubting that 'twas connected in some way with another invention1 she determined on a future occasion to ask him to tell her the history of his life4 8,and who knows but ,i may find the means of bringing back the smiles to his mournful visage4 ,if ,i do1 'twill be a slight return for all the kindness he has shown me40 ,here ,marguerite cast another glance about the forlorn-looking chamber1 and wondered how he had been able to pay the first quarter's rent of her store4 8,he must have pinched himself to do it10 she thought to herself4 8,oh6 what other man in ,new ,york with only one suit of clothes would have been so generous80 ,and now1 ere she withdrew1 her feelings got the better of her judgment1 and she burst into a fervent expression of thanks for his great benevolence and sympathy1 and hoped that for her sake he had not deprived himself of money which he really needed4 ,but ,abel sharply interrupted her4 8,do not talk thus10 he said1 8if you have true faith in my ,magic ,nest4 ,poor ,i may seem1 but ,i consider myself rich--ever so rich2 a mountain of gold is within my reach4 ,you ought to be convinced of it1 yet still you doubt40 8,oh6 no1 no2 ,i don't doubt it for one moment10 answered ,marguerite1 very much confused4 8,pray1 sir1 be not offended at my words--,i forgot02 then1 looking up in his face1 8,but ,i cannot help speaking what is in my heart4 ,o sir6 you are the dearest person to me in all the wide world40 8,well1 come here some evening and play at solitaire with me10 said ,abel in a milder tone4 8,but no1 it won't be solitaire with you--it will be two-handed euchre40 8,oh6 ,i'll come most willingly4 ,true1 ,i know nothing about cards1 but you can teach me40 ,the girl now bade him adieu1 and his parting words to her were3 8,i will inform you when ,i am ready to experiment with the live hen4 ,but1 remember1 breathe not a syllable of it to any human being40 ,during the week which followed this visit to ,abel ,day's den--as the other boarders called his room--,marguerite did not see her benefactor4 ,but daily she looked for him1 and he was seldom absent from her thoughts4 ,he was so vastly unlike other people--the selfish1 deceitful herd around her2 loving solitude1 yet evidently glad to have her with him2 poor1 yet calling himself rich2 full of bright hopes1 yet a prey to melancholy4 ,his very singularities possessed a charm for the girl and made her long for his coming4 8,he brings me into quite another world10 she said2 and while she was selling frogs 7business at the ,frog ,emporium was increasing rapidly7 ,marguerite would indulge in pleasing reveries about good ,abel ,day4 ,she almost hoped that his fortune might not come too soon4 8,yes1 ,i should like him to stay awhile longer in his humble home1 so that ,i might have a chance to make it snug and cosey for him4 ,we might pass happy days there together--happy days40 ,and every morning and evening she knelt before her crucifix and prayed for ,abel4 ,but if ,marguerite often thought of ,abel ,day1 he did not think of her2 no1 not once during these seven days4 ,her presence had indeed flashed a ray of light into the darkness of his soul2 but it was like the coming and going of a meteor1 and the instant she left him he relapsed into his sombre mood4 ,the paper remained stuffed in the keyhole2 ever and anon he would utter a word to himself1 but 'twas in a whisper2 and thus from morning till night1 solitary and silent1 he passed the time1 seated on a bench with his hollow eyes fixed upon the ,magic ,nest--inventing1 inventing1 inventing2 for1 although ,abel had not told ,marguerite1 there was still one little thing wanting to make the invention absolutely perfect4 ,then1 when dusk approached and the first cat began to caterwaul1 he would get into bed1 and there rack his brain for hours longer and until the candle went out4 ,people wondered how he managed to live without eating2 but a few crusts of bread sufficed to keep ,abel alive1 and 'twas one of his odd fancies that we might in time bring ourselves to live without nourishment4 8,oh6 he is thinner than ever1 poor dear man10 exclaimed ,marguerite1 when she saw ,abel entering her store the next ,monday afternoon2 and he was carrying a hen under his arm4 ,then1 after the first warm greeting was over1 she made haste to prepare a nice dish of frogs1 which she invited him to partake of4 ,but ,abel shook his head1 and it was not until she had almost gone on her knees that he finally placed the hen in her safekeeping and sat down to the savory repast4 8,oh6 ,i'm so glad you relish my frogs2 everybody declares ,i cook so well10 said the girl1 as she stood watching him4 8,the world thinks far too much about eating10 returned ,abel4 8,it is the grossest act humanity can perform2 and ,i believe if we tried we might exist without food40 8,well1 ,i hope that day is far off10 said ,marguerite2 8for when it arrives ,i'll have to close my business40 8,ah6 true1 ,i didn't think of that10 said ,abel1 rising up from the table4 8,but now are you ready to accompany me and witness the triumph of my ,magic ,nest80 8,yes1 indeed ,i am2 ,i wouldn't miss it for anything10 answered ,marguerite2 and so1 telling a customer1 who appeared just at this moment1 that the last ,emporium frog was sold1 not a single one left1 she closed the store and they departed4 8,you are happy to-day10 observed the girl when they had gone half-way to ,tompkins ,square1 and hearing ,abel give a laugh4 8,oh6 ,i'm so glad4 ,let us always try to be happy40 ,but even as she spoke his countenance settled once more into the old look1 and1 bending down 7for ,abel was rather tall71 8,learn this truth1 my young friend10 he said3 8,nothing lies like a laugh40 8,oh6 no1 no10 exclaimed ,marguerite1 making bold to disagree with him2 8people only laugh when they feel happy4 ,laughter always tells the truth4 ,and since ,i have known you1 sir1 ,i laugh ever so much2 for ,i have now a good thick pair of shoes1 and the water cannot soak in and wet my feet4 ,and don't you see1 too1 ,i have a new dress8 ,and ,i am already laying by money in the savings-bank2 and it all comes from your brilliant idea of setting up a ,frog ,emporium4 ,oh6 yes1 yes1 ,i laugh a great deal now--a very great deal40 ,then1 as he made no response1 she went on3 8,you are a genius1 sir1 a genius60 8,ah6 you recognize in me the divine spark80 murmured ,abel1 his visage faintly brightening4 8,well1 you are the first who has done so--the very first--and you shall share in my triumph2 ay1 half the gold-mine shall be yours40 ,then1 after a pause1 8,do you know10 he added1 8you may ere long be dwelling in ,fifth ,avenue and wearing diamonds and silks2 though1 if you follow my advice1 you will always dress plainly and never change your pretty ,french cap for a fashionable hat full of feathers and ribbons40 8,really60 cried ,marguerite1 whose faith in ,abel ,day was unbounded4 8,living in ,fifth ,avenue1 beautiful ,fifth ,avenue60 ,and she clapped her hands and skipped merrily along in front of him4 ,but presently from ,abel's lips burst another laugh1 and this time there was something strange and wild about it which caused ,marguerite to pause and look around2 then1 taking his hand1 they walked on side by side in silence1 and oh6 how much she wished that he might not appear so unhappy4 ,at length they reached ,abel's home2 and if ,abel's fellow-boarders had stared with astonishment the first time they saw him mounting to his room accompanied by a strange young woman1 they made bigger eyes now as he ascended the stairway with a hen under his arm2 nor was it easy for ,marguerite to keep a grave countenance when presently the chicken began to cackle2 and the cackling of the chicken and the giggling of the inquisitive females1 who were following at a proper distance1 made a very queer chorus4 8,let 'em laugh10 growled ,abel after he had entered his chamber and fastened the door--8let 'em laugh2 my day of triumph is nigh1 and then they'll be the veriest sycophants at my feet4 ,but ,i'll spurn them all2 let 'em laugh40 ,and now began the trial of the ,magic ,nest2 ,abel first cautioning ,marguerite to speak in an undertone1 if she had anything to say4 ,gently1 as tenderly as a mother might handle her baby1 the fowl was placed in the box2 and forthwith she ceased to cackle1 while the others ceased even to whisper4 ,then1 motioning the girl to sit down on the bench1 ,abel stood beside her1 awaiting with intense excitement the laying of the first egg4 ,in a couple of minutes his brow was wet with perspiration1 then his whole face became moistened2 and when1 by and by1 after what seemed an age--'twas only a quarter of an hour--the hen did lay an egg1 then rose up to look at it1 ,abel trembled so violently that ,marguerite inquired if he were ill4 ,but without heeding her question he went on trembling and saying1 8,the egg has vanished1 vanished6 and she can't believe her eyes--she can't believe her eyes60 ,and now for about a minute and a half it did really seem as if the hen1 concluding she had made a mistake1 was going to proceed and lay another egg1 when1 lo6 she coolly stepped out of the box1 and1 after shaking her feathers1 commenced pecking the bits of paper scattered over the floor4 ,when ,abel ,day perceived this his head swam a moment2 then clenching his fists1 and his cavernous eyes flashing fire1 he sprang towards the chicken1 and1 forgetting all about eavesdroppers1 he screamed loud enough to be heard from cellar to garret3 8,i'll force you to do your duty6 ,i will1 ,i will60 ,but1 as ill-luck would have it1 the window was open1 and out of it flew the hen1 so hotly pursued by ,abel that he came within an ace of passing through it too2 which had he done1 his neck would certainly have been broken1 for ,abel had no wings4 ,then1 as if to make sport of him1 the perverse creature perched herself on a neighboring chimney1 where she set up a loud cackling4 8,hark1 they are mocking me again6 ,hear them1 hear them60 groaned ,abel ,day1 clapping his hands to his head4 8,and the horror1 too1 is coming over me again3 it always comes with those jeering voices40 8,i hear nobody4 ,oh6 ,i beg you to be calm10 said ,marguerite1 now thoroughly alarmed on ,abel's account4 ,then1 leading him to the bench1 8,what agitates you so1 dear friend8 ,oh6 do1 do calm yourself and tell me what you fear40 ,abel sank down on the bench1 and1 after groaning once more1 8,hark6 hark6 ,they are mocking me10 did not utter another word1 hard though she urged him to speak2 but1 with eyes glued to the ,magic ,nest1 he remained dumb and motionless4 ,then by and by evening came1 and the twilight deepened into night1 yet still ,abel moved not1 nor opened his lips1 unless occasionally to heave a sigh4 ,then the moon rose1 and as its pale rays streamed into the room and fell upon the sufferer's face1 it assumed an expression so unearthly that ,marguerite was filled with awe4 ,and now a dreadful1 startling thought occurred to her3 her dear friend might be mad6 ,what a pang this gave her tender heart6 ,what bright1 new-born hopes became suddenly blasted4 ,how many fair castles in the air crumbled away into ghostly ruins at the thought that ,abel ,day was mad6 8,is it possible10 she asked herself1 8that this good man--he who has been so kind to me1 whom ,i looked up to as one far1 far above the cold1 heartless world--is it possible that he is bereft of reason80 ,and even as ,marguerite breathed these words she for the first time grew conscious of something glowing in her bosom more ardent than friendship for ,abel ,day4 8,i love him10 she murmured--8,i love him4 ,and no matter what people may think of me1 ,i'll stay by him and nurse him2 ,i'll be his servant and truest friend as long as he lives40 ,trying indeed was this night for ,marguerite--oh6 very1 very4 ,it seemed as if it never would end4 ,nor did day bring any relief to her anxiety4 ,the blessed1 life-giving sunshine shimmered in2 the chimney-swallows twittered by the window2 a stray bee1 blown away by the morning breeze from his far-off hive1 flew in and buzzed about the chamber2 still ,abel remained like one turned into stone1 except for the deep-drawn sighs which ever and anon escaped his lips4 ,and so this day passed1 and so day followed day1 without bringing any change in his mysterious condition4 ,of course ,marguerite was not with him the whole time4 ,but she took care whenever she quitted the room to lock the door2 then she would hasten with winged feet to the ,frog ,emporium1 where she would spend four or five hours2 then back ,marguerite hurried1 hoping and praying that no ill had befallen ,abel during her absence4 ,but while she was with the poor man she did more than simply watch him4 ,the ugly pencil-marks were rubbed off the wall2 the floor was thoroughly swept2 the cobwebs were brushed out of the corners2 and many another thing which only woman's hand can do ,marguerite did4 ,on a little table1 too 7the only piece of furniture besides the bench and bed71 was spread a good1 substantial meal for ,abel to eat the moment he felt hungry2 and it amazed her to see him fasting so long4 ,we need not say that everybody in the house had his curiosity now raised to the highest pitch2 and the gossiping1 prying females shook their virtuous heads and muttered no complimentary things of ,abel's faithful nurse4 8,well1 they may say of me whatever they like10 said the brave girl4 8,my conscience doesn't reproach me2 it tells me ,i am doing right4 ,when ,i was down ,abel ,day helped me1 and now1 when he is down1 ,i'll help him40 ,at length1 one afternoon1 weary of the long1 unbroken silence of the chamber1 ,marguerite began to sing4 ,the song was one she had learnt from her mother1 and was called 8,normandie1 chre ,normandie40 ,she had a rich contralto voice1 and the effect which the melody wrought upon ,abel was something perfectly marvellous2 and as her face happened to be turned towards his1 she noticed the change at once1 and her eyes filled with glad tears4 8,glory6 glory6 ,i am escaping from the infernal regions2 the darkness and the voices are leaving me4 ,thank ,god6 thank ,god60 he cried4 ,and ,marguerite1 only too happy to rouse him out of his lethargy1 continued singing for well-nigh half an hour4 ,then1 placing herself beside him on the bench1 she gave way to her joy in laughter and merry talk1 while ,abel's countenance wore an expression almost radiant1 and1 resting one of his hands on her head as a father might have done1 8,all is blue sky at last10 he said4 8,i feel as ,i have not felt in many a day4 ,oh6 had ,i had you always with me1 the demons would never have shrieked in my ears2 your angelic songs would have driven them away40 8,well1 you can't imagine10 returned ,marguerite1 8how happy it makes me to make you happy40 ,then1 after a pause3 8,but now1 dear friend1 ,i have a favor to ask3 ,i wish you to tell me the history of your life2 for there is a mystery in it--,i am sure there is4 ,do tell it to me4 ,not that ,i am curious1 but ,i firmly believe 'twill do you good to let me carry a part of the burden which has almost crushed you down40 8,fool1 fool that ,i was to live all by myself so many years60 spoke ,abel in a musing tone1 and paying no heed to her request4 8,the mocking voices cannot abide cheerful company2 it frightens them off40 ,then1 turning to ,marguerite3 8,you'll not let them come back1 will you80 8,you are dreaming10 answered the girl1 patting his hand4 8,why1 this room was still as the tomb until ,i began to sing40 8,no1 no1 it wasn't2 ,i heard them all the while40 8,well1 don't fear them any more4 ,i'll stay with you2 ,i'll be your canary1 your nightingale1 your musical box10 she said with a merry laugh4 8,so pray begin and give me a little of your past history2 for the sooner you begin the sooner you'll end1 and then ,i'll sing another song40 8,well1 well1 to please you ,i'll do anything4 ,therefore learn that ,i was born in ,massachusetts4 ,but of my early years ,i need say very little4 ,my father died when ,i was a child2 at the age of fourteen ,i had to shift for myself1 and from that time on it was a hard struggle against poverty4 ,somehow ,i didn't succeed in anything ,i put my hand to4 ,i tried this thing and that2 ,i tried everything almost1 but was always unfortunate4 ,and1 do you know1 ,i believe in luck4 ,oh6 ,i do4 ,some are born with it1 others are not2 and these last will turn out failures1 be they ever so honest and hard-working4 ,well1 undoubtedly ,i belong to the unlucky ones2 and1 what's more1 ,i verily believe there is such a thing as having too much brains4 ,why1 many a pumpkin-headed fellow ,i used to know is to-day a millionaire--can't explain it1 but there's the fact2 while ,i am--well1 you see what ,i am1 and ,i have reached middle life2 and my miserable home0--here he threw a glance around the room2 then1 clasping his hands3 8,but dear me1 what has happened8 ,is this my den8 ,why1 how changed it looks60 8,i have been turning things topsy-turvy10 answered ,marguerite1 with a twinkle in her eye4 8,but pray don't stop to admire the change4 ,please go on2 ,i am so interested40 8,well1 finally1 after trying everything10 continued ,abel1 8and1 as ,i have observed1 failing in everything ,i tried1 ,i one day bethought myself of turning inventor4 ,and the more ,i thought about it the more confident ,i felt that ,i should succeed2 indeed1 ,i passed a whole week in a delightful reverie1 wherein ,i saw myself wealthy and famous1 and all from one single invention4 ,then1 when this dreamy1 happy week was gone by1 ,i set about inventing a ,patent ,log--a thing very much needed by mariners2 for the present method of determining the speed of a vessel is both clumsy and unreliable4 ',twas here in this chamber1 on this bench1 ,i began my brain labor1 and for a while ,i made excellent progress4 ,but after a couple of months ,i got tired of sitting up and took to my bed1 where ,i used to lie inventing--inventing all day long1 and even all night too4 ,i seemed to be able to do without sleep2 until one evening--oh6 ,i'll never forget it0--here he paused and shuddered--8one evening the room became suddenly full of voices4 ,from under the bed1 through the keyhole and window1 down the chimney1 on every side of me these horrible voices were yelling and screeching1 #8,he'll never succeed--never succeed'2 #8,born to ill-luck'2 #8,all time wasted'2 #8,he'll go to the dogs and hang himself6' ,what happened after this terrible moment ,i can't say2 ,i must have gone off into a fever4 ,i remember nothing4 ,all ,i know is that one day--but how long afterwards ,i cannot tell--,i became1 as it were1 alive again1 and found myself inventing quite a different thing--namely1 the ,magic ,nest1 which1 as you know1 has once more proved that ,i am born to fail in whatever ,i undertake4 ,and now1 alas6 ,i don't see how ,i'll be able to earn a living2 to confess the truth1 ,i have not one dollar left in the world40 8,bah6 ,don't be down-hearted on that account10 said ,marguerite4 8,my ,frog ,emporium is a little gold-mine1 and you shall need for nothing4 ,why1 as ,i have already remarked more than once1 ,i'd have been ere now in a wretched plight but for you4 ,you stretched out a helping hand2 and whatever the world may think of you1 and whatever you think of yourself--,i--,i call you a genius40 ,when ,marguerite had delivered this speech1 so full of balm to poor heart-broken ,abel1 she rose from the bench and flew to the old1 neglected manuscript4 ,a bright idea had flashed upon her--'twas an inspiration4 ,she had already turned over its pages and found them covered with drawings as unintelligible to her as ,egyptian hieroglyphics2 but she remembered that in one place1 written in pencil1 were the words1 8,this is ,abel ,day's ,patent ,log40 ,in a moment she was back at ,abel's side1 and1 holding up the manuscript before him1 8,i do believe10 she said1 8had ,i been with you when you were laboring on this invention1 that you would not have fallen ill1 for ,i should not have let you overtask your brain2 and by this time 'twould have been quite finished1 and you'd have been in the eyes of the whole world what ,i know you to be--a great1 great1 great man40 ,but ,abel1 instead of replying1 put his hands to his ears and shivered as if he were stricken with cold4 8,o dear friend6 what is the matter now80 exclaimed ,marguerite4 8,the very sight of that manuscript makes me dread the voices--the horrid voices4 ,hark6 one is beginning to yell again4 ,it says ,i must hang myself in the end4 ,hark6 ,don't you hear it80 8,listen to me1 and not to the voice10 said ,marguerite1 still holding before his eyes the page whereon was written1 8,this is ,abel ,day's ,patent ,log40 8,take courage and look bolder at this manuscript1 while ,i sing for you40 ,it was a cheery1 jovial song she sang4 ,she threw her whole soul into it1 and it wrought upon ,abel the happy effect she hoped it would4 ,when the song was ended1 he bowed his head and murmured3 8,o my blessing6 my good angel6 ,how much sunshine you bring to me6 ,already the voice is gone4 ,you have indeed power to drive the fiend away40 8,well1 now1 ,abel10 answered ,marguerite1 8you whom--whom ,i--,i--0 ,here her tongue faltered4 ,but as mother earth cannot restrain the crystal waters murmuring within her bosom1 so it was impossible for the girl to hold back the words which were bubbling up from the pure fountain of her heart2 and presently1 with a blushing rose on each cheek1 she spoke out and said3 8,you whom ,i love1 let me ask you to kneel with me and offer thanks to ,almighty ,god that ,i am able to drive away your melancholy4 ,yes1 let us say a prayer of thanksgiving40 ,abel did as she wished1 and they knelt and prayed together4 ,then1 when they had risen from their knees1 8,and now10 added ,marguerite1 8,i hope you will set courageously to work at this ,patent ,log1 and while you are thus engaged ,i'll play the nightingale and sing my very best2 will you80 ,abel's eyes were swimming with tears1 and1 taking her hand in his1 8,you love me80 he said in tremulous accents4 8,oh6 how kind1 how good it is in you to love me4 ,i have been alone since my boyhood--all alone4 ,nobody since the far-off day when ,i parted from my mother ever spoke to me as you do4 ,the world appeared like a desert to me4 ,i cared very little for life4 ,all was a barren waste on every side of me until this hour4 ,but now ,i would not die for anything4 ,i wish to live because you live2 and1 ,o ,marguerite6 my heart would stop beating if you were to leave me40 8,but ,i never will leave you40 8,no1 don't4 ,let us live together1 ,marguerite1 always together2 be my wife40 8,well1 now10 answered ,marguerite1 her heart overflowing1 yet at the same time speaking with firmness and decision1 8you must set immediately to work2 a quarter of an hour will be enough for to-day4 ,to-morrow you may labor half an hour1 and perhaps next day an hour1 until this invention is completed2 and1 remember1 all the while you are inventing ,i'll play the lark1 the canary1 or whatever you choose to call me40 ,abel listened to her words1 and1 albeit weak and hardly in a state to use his brain1 he actually made a little progress with his invention during the brief space she allowed him to work4 ,what unspeakable joy it gave ,marguerite to think that she might be able to restore him to full mental health6 8,and when he does become entirely himself--oh6 then--then--0 ,here her song waxed louder and more melodious2 for her heart was thrilling with a rapture which only the voice of music can express4 ,yes1 ,marguerite1 'twas verily an inspiration that caused you to direct ,abel's mind anew to the ,patent ,log2 for this is a sane and wholesome object whereupon to exert his faculties1 and not a madman's dream like the ,magic ,hen's ,nest4 ,day by day ,abel gained in health2 his appetite and sleep returned2 he laughed as merrily as ,marguerite2 and people could scarcely believe he was the same man4 ,but the girl never relaxed her vigilance4 ,so passed away the spring and summer2 and when autumn came round not the fairest castle in the air which ,marguerite had built for herself did surpass the bright reality which opened before her vision4 ,for1 lo6 the ,patent ,log was patented1 and its success went beyond ,abel's most extravagant hopes4 ,a mass-meeting of ship-owners and merchants was held at the ,cooper ,institute to do him honor2 the press lauded him to the skies2 the tongue of ,fame was chiming his name far and wide4 ,but1 better than all1 a cataract of gold was rolling into his pocket4 ,of course before long our friend changed his quarters2 and1 in his new and elegant home1 right above the bed ,marguerite hung the crucifix which ,mother ,catherine had given her2 then she and her betrothed went to the ,convent of ,mercy to visit the good nun1 who wept glad tears when she heard their story4 8,well1 ,i lean upon her as much as she leans upon me2 we love and help each other in all things10 spoke ,abel4 8,and always1 always will10 continued ,marguerite4 8,god bless you1 my children60 said ,mother ,catherine4 ,a fortnight later the happy couple were married2 after which they sailed on their wedding tour across the sea to ,normandy4 ,and one day1 as they were leaving the beautiful church of ,saint-,ouen1 whither they had gone to give thanks to ,god for their great happiness1 ,marguerite spoke and said3 8,i once thought there was no country in all the world like ,france2 but now1 my dear husband1 ,i love ,america more40 8,and ,i10 returned ,abel1 8love ,france as much as ,i do ,america2 for1 although ,i believe good wives may be found everywhere1 it was this sunny land which gave me my pretty ,marguerite40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,bells4 ,i stand by ,giotto's gleaming tower1 ,in gloom of the cathedral's wing1 ,and hear1 in the soft sunset hour1 ,the bells to benediction ring4 ,that ,duomo boasts3 8,stone upon stone1 ,eternally ,i rise and rise2 ,so1 pace by pace1 zone over zone1 ,i am uprounded to the skies40 ,but simpler effort1 as direct ,as that of palm or pine1 impels ,this wonder of the architect ,to strike heaven's blue with clash of bells4 ,etrurian ,athens6 long ago ,thy sister of the ,violet ,crown1 ,in colonnades like carven snow-- ,all crumbled now1 and bare1 and brown ,with ashes of dead sunshine--sate ,among her gods1 and had no voice ,potential as their high estate ,to summon to the sacrifice4 ,worth even the ,phidian ,jove sublime1 ,chryselephantine1 and all else ,of the lost forms of olden time1 ,fair ,florence6 are thy living bells4 ,o bells6 ,o bells6 when angels sang1 ,surely--though no ,evangelist ,has told--a silvery peal first rang1 ,and ,christian chimes came in with ,christ4 ,for bells6 ,o bells6 not brazen horn1 ,nor sistrum1 sackbut1 cymbals1 gong1 ,harsh dissonance of creeds forlorn1 ,but your sweet tongues to ,him belong4 ,crowning with music as ye swing ,this lily in stone1 this lamp of grace1 ,wherever ,christ the ,lord is ,king1 ,ye have commission and a place4 ,this tower stands square to winds that smite1 ,nor fears the thunders to impale4 ,prince of the ,powers of ,air6 by rite ,of baptism shall the bells prevail4 ,shine1 ,stella ,maris6 and ,o song ,of ,ave ,mary1 and ,vesper bells1 ,be drowned not in the city's throng6 ,for--sad and sweet as ,dante tells-- ,comes1 strangely here1 the sense to me ,of parting for some unknown clime1 ,a sense of silence and the sea1 ,charmed by the tryst of star and chime4 ,o bells6 ,o bells6 the worlds are buoyed1 ,like beacon-bells1 on waves profound1 ,in all no silence as no void-- ,the very flowers are cups of sound4 ,we dream--and dreaming we rejoice-- ,that we1 when great ,death draws us nigh1 ,hearing1 may understand the ,voice ,which rocks a bluebell or the sky2 ,and1 with new senses finely strung ,in grander ,eden's blossoming1 ,may see a golden planet swung1 ,yet hear the silver lilies ring6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,our ,,new ,,indian ,,policy ,,and ,,religious ,,liberty4 8,while it cannot be denied that the government of the ,united ,states1 in the general terms and temper of its legislation1 has evinced a desire to deal generously with the ,indians1 it must be admitted that the actual treatment they have received has been unjust and iniquitous beyond the power of words to express4 ,taught by the government that they had rights entitled to respect1 when these rights have been assailed by the rapacity of the white man the arm which should have been raised to protect them has been ever ready to sustain the aggressor4 ,the history of the government connections with the ,indians is a shameful record of broken treaties and unfulfilled promises40 ,we take the above sentences from the first report of the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners appointed by ,president ,grant under the act of ,congress of ,april #aj1 #ahfi4 ,the commissioners1 nine in number1 were gentlemen selected for their presumed piety1 philanthropy1 and practical business qualities4 ,none of them was a ,catholic2 in taking their testimony not only with respect to the general treatment of the ,indians1 but in regard to the religious interests of some of the tribes1 we shall not be suspected of summoning witnesses who are prejudiced in favor of the ,catholic ,church4 ,one of the commissioners1 indeed1 ,mr4 ,felix ,r4 ,brunot1 of ,pittsburgh1 the chairman of the board1 appears to have been inspired at times with a lively fear and hatred of the church2 his colleagues--,messrs4 ,robert ,campbell1 of ,st4 ,louis2 ,nathan ,bishop1 of ,new ,york2 ,william ,e4 ,dodge1 of ,new ,york2 ,john ,v4 ,farwell1 of ,chicago2 ,george ,h4 ,stuart1 of ,philadelphia2 ,edward ,s4 ,tobey1 of ,boston2 ,john ,d4 ,lang1 of ,maine2 and ,vincent ,colyer1 of ,new ,york--are gentlemen quite free from any predilection in favor of ,catholicity4 ,the passage we have taken from their first report relates only to the worldly affairs of the ,indians4 ,but a perusal of the various annual reports of this board1 of the ,commissioners of ,indian ,affairs1 and of the ,indian agents1 from #ahfi until #ahgf1 has convinced us that the injuries inflicted upon the ,indians have been by no means confined to those caused by the avarice and rapacity of the whites4 ,sectarian fanaticism1 ,protestant bigotry1 and anti-,christian hatred have been called into play1 and the arm of the government has been made the instrument for the restriction1 and even the abolition1 of religious freedom among many of the ,indian tribes4 ,we are confident that such treatment is not in consonance with the wishes of the ,american people4 ,have we not been taught1 from our youth up1 that the two chief glories of our country were the equality of all its citizens before the law and their absolute freedom in all religious matters8 ,true1 the ,indians are not citizens1 but we have undertaken the task of acting as their guardians1 with the hope of ultimately fitting them1 or as many of them as may be tough enough to endure the process1 for the duties of citizenship4 ,to begin this task by teaching our pupils that religion is not a matter of conscience--that the government has a right to force upon a people a form of ,christianity against which their consciences revolt--and to punish them for attempting to adhere to the church whose priests first taught them to know and to fear ,god1 is not merely a moral wrong2 it is a crime4 ,the whole number of ,indians in the ,united ,states and ,territories1 according to the very careful and systematic census contained in the report of the ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs for #ahge1 was #bgi1ccc1 exclusive of those in ,alaska4 ,it is not a very large number2 the population of the city of ,new ,york exceeds it nearly fourfold4 ,the ,indian ,bureau classifies these people under four heads3 ,i4 #ih1ajh ,indians who 8are wild and scarcely tractable to any extent beyond that of coming near enough to the government agent to receive rations and blankets40 ,,ii4 #eb1aac ,indians 8who are thoroughly convinced of the necessity of labor1 and are actually undertaking it1 and with more or less readiness accept the direction and assistance of government agents to this end40 ,,iii4 #aae1che ,indians 8who have come into possession of allotted lands and other property in stock and implements belonging to a landed estate40 ,,iv4 #ac1gbg ,indians who are described as 8roamers and vagrants10 and of whom the commissioner1 the ,hon4 ,edward ,p4 ,smith1 speaks in the following ,christian and statesman-like language3 8,they are generally as harmless as vagrants and vagabonds can be in a civilized country4 ,they are found in all stages of degradation produced by licentiousness1 intemperance1 idleness1 and poverty4 ,without land1 unwilling to leave their haunts for a homestead upon a reservation1 and scarcely in any way related to1 or recognized by1 the government1 they drag out a miserable life4 ,themselves corrupted and the source of corruption1 they seem to serve by their continued existence but a single useful purpose--that of affording a living illustration of the tendency and effect of barbarism allowed to expand itself uncured10 --or1 perhaps1 of 8affording a living illustration0 of the wisdom and mercy of a policy which1 neglecting these poor wretches 8without land10 comes down upon other tribes1 living peaceably and thrivingly upon reservations 8solemnly secured to them for ever10 takes from them their homes and farms1 and drives them forth to a new and desolate land2 or1 if they resist1 exasperates them into a war that ends by adding them to the number of 8roamers and vagabonds40 ,the sanguinary conflict which1 as we write1 is still being waged between a portion of the ,nez-,percs ,indians and the troops under command of that eminent 8,christian soldier10 ,general ,howard1 is a flagrant instance of the manner in which ,indians of the first and second classes enumerated by the commissioner are driven into the category of 8roamers and vagabonds40 ,we cannot pause to trace the history of this our last and most needless ,indian war2 we pass it by with the remark that one of the indirect causes of it1 according to the report of the ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs for #ahgd1 appears to have been the action of the 8,american ,board of ,commissioners for ,foreign ,missions10 a ,presbyterian organization1 in selling to a speculator certain lands within the reservation which did not belong to the board1 but to the ,indians themselves4 ,the report of the commissioner for #ahgf--the ,hon4 ,j4 ,q4 ,smith--contains a number of statistical tables1 an analysis of which will aid us in forming a correct conception of the present condition of the ,indians embraced in the commissioner's third class1 as well as a portion of those in his second class4 ,according to these tables--which contain the latest official returns from all the agencies--the whole number of ,indians1 exclusive of those in ,alaska1 and of the 8roamers and vagrants10 is put down at #bff1aea1 of whom #dj1fci are of mixed blood4 ,the latter are for the most part the children of ,indian mothers and of ,french1 ,spanish1 and ,american fathers4 ,no less than #aec1jjj of the whole number 8come directly under the civilizing influences of the government agencies10 and of these #ajd1hah 8wear citizen's dress40 ,the abandonment of the picturesque blanket for the civilizing coat1 the embroidered buckskin leggings for the plain pantaloons1 and the gay plume of gorgeous feathers for the hideous hat1 is certainly a mark of progress4 ,but when the wigwam is torn down1 and the log1 frame1 or stone house is erected in its stead1 a still more decided step towards civilization has been taken2 and it may be with surprise that some of our readers will learn that our 8savages0 have built for themselves1 or have had built for them1 #ee1gag houses1 of which #a1gjb were erected during last year4 ,the progress of education is a still further test of the condition of these people4 ,there are #cfg school buildings upon the reservations2 and in these are conducted #fc boarding-schools and #bha day-schools1 #bc of the school buildings1 apparently1 being unoccupied4 ,the number of teachers is #dcg1 and of pupils #aa1cbh1 of which number #f1jbh are males4 ,the amount of money expended for education during the year was #cfb1dif1 an average of #cb per pupil4 ,the number of ,indians who can read is #be1fbb1 of whom #ihj acquired that useful accomplishment during the year4 ,the number of births 7exclusive of those in the five civilized tribes in the ,indian ,territory7 was #b1dja1 and of deaths #b1bae4 ,the religious statistics in this table are evidently incorrect in at least one particular4 ,the number of church buildings on the ,indian reservations is #agg2 the number of missionaries 8not included under teachers0 is #abb2 and 8the amount contributed by religious societies during the year for education and other purposes0 was #fb1jgf4 ,these figures we do not call in question1 but the 8number of ,indians who are church members0 is put down at only #bg1bae4 ,it is to be desired that the compiler of the statistics had furnished us with a definition of what he understands by the words 8church members40 ,he sets down for the ,pueblo agency1 in ,new ,mexico1 for example3 8,number of ,indians1 #h1djj2 number of church buildings1 #ai2 number of church members1 none60 ,the truth is that all1 or nearly all1 of these ,pueblo ,indians are ,roman ,catholics1 as their fathers were before them for more than three centuries2 and that the #ai 8church buildings0 on their reservation are ,catholic churches1 in which the ,indians are baptized1 shriven1 married1 and receive the ,holy ,communion2 but in the opinion of the honorable commissioner none of the ,pueblos are 8church members40 ,so with the ,papago ,indians in ,arizona1 who are #e1ijj in number1 who have a ,catholic school1 four ,catholic teachers1 and a ,catholic church1 but none of whom1 in the eyes of the commissioner1 are 8church members40 ,in the seven reservations of which the religious control has been assigned to the ,catholic ,church there is a population of #bd1jid souls and #cb churches1 but the commissioner's tables admit only #g1jaj 8church members0 among this population4 ,the truth is1 as we shall show1 the number of ,catholic ,indians alone is more than thrice as large as the whole number of 8church members0 accounted for by the commissioner's tables4 ,when a human being has received the ,catholic rite of baptism he becomes a member of the ,catholic ,church2 and from that moment it is the duty and the privilege of the church to watch over and protect the soul thus regenerated4 ,it is because the church has wished to discharge this duty to her ,indian children that certain of the sects have cried out against her1 and even the commissioner 7,hon4 ,e4 ,p4 ,smith71 in his report for #ahge1 has not been ashamed to reproach her4 8,at the seven agencies assigned to the care of the ,catholics10 he remarks1 8no restriction has been placed upon their system and methods of education1 and no other religious body1 so far as ,i am aware1 has in any way attempted to interfere4 ,i regret to say that this is not true1 so far as the ,catholics are concerned1 of some of the agencies assigned to other religious bodies1 and in some instances the interference has been a material hindrance to the efforts of this office to bring ,indians under control and to enforce rules looking toward civilization40 ,we regret to say that while1 on the one hand1 the ,catholic ,church has sought only to continue her ministrations to those of her children who were dwelling upon reservations 8assigned to other religious bodies0--a duty which she could not neglect nor permit to remain unfulfilled--on the other hand1 the most cruel1 persistent1 and petty persecution has been waged against ,catholic ,indians under the charge of ,protestant agents1 for the reason that they were ,catholics1 and the most unwarrantable interference1 opposition1 and maltreatment have been in many instances manifested in cases where ,catholic priests were merely exercising the rights they possessed as ,american citizens1 and discharging the duties imposed on them as ,christian teachers4 ,but before we enter upon the proof of these unpleasant facts let us return to the statistics of the commissioner's report1 for the purpose of completing our review of the condition of the semi-civilized and civilized tribes4 ,the whole number of acres of land comprised in the ,indian reservations as they now exist is #aei1bhg1ggh1 of which1 however1 only a very small portion 7#i1ajg1bdd acres1 or #ad1bcj square miles7 is 8tillable0--that is1 land fitted for agricultural pursuits1 and on which crops can be raised4 ,now1 from these figures1 which are official1 a very important truth may be deduced4 ,the policy of the government1 as explained by the commissioners in successive reports1 is to gather all the ,indians upon these reservations 7or upon a few of them71 to wean them from their life of hunting and fishing1 and to teach them to support themselves and their families by purely agricultural pursuits4 ,the idea may perhaps be a good one2 but care should have been taken to provide ample means for its execution4 ,there are1 as we have seen1 #bff1aea ,indians1 exclusive of those in ,alaska and of the 8roamers and vagrants40 ,all these1 if the present policy of the government be successful1 will be finally planted upon this region of #ad1bcj square miles of tillable land1 and bidden to live there1 they and their children1 for ever1 earning their bread by the sweat of their brow in cultivating the soil4 ,now1 #ad1bcj square miles of land is equal only to #bh1dfj farms of #cbj acres each1 or to #ef1ibj farms of #afj acres each4 ,the tradition established by the government1 by its original surveys of the public lands1 by its ,homestead ,law1 and by its ,land ,bounty ,acts1 is that #afj acres of land is the normal quantity for an ordinary farm2 general experience has shown that this is none too much4 ,but if the attempt were made to arrange the #bff1aea ,indians into families of #d persons each1 and to allot to each family a farm of #afj acres1 there would not be tillable land enough 8to go round02 #i1fag families would be left out of the distribution4 ,we do not mean to say that a farm of something less than #afj acres may not be found sufficient for the maintenance of a family of four persons2 but we do wish to call attention to the fact that the ,indian reservations have been now reduced so far that only #ef1ibj farms1 of #afj acres each1 of 8tillable land0 remain in them4 ,there is the more necessity for accentuating this fact since even in the last report of the commissioner is repeated the suggestion that the reservations are still too large1 and that a few more treaties might be broken and a few more sanguinary wars provoked with advantage1 in order to reduce further the area set apart for ,indian occupation4 ,this suggestion is made plausible by the device of calling attention to the whole area of the reservations--#aei1bhg1ggh acres1 or #bdh1hhf square miles--while hiding away in very small type1 and at the end of an intricate table of figures1 the fact that #aej1ahj1ecd acres1 or #bcd1fef square miles1 of these lands are wholly unfitted for tillage1 and can never be made available for agricultural purposes4 ,the number of acres of land cultivated by the ,indians during the year covered by the last report of the commissioner was #cah1aid1 and #bh1bec other acres were broken by them during the year4 ,no less than #bf1hgc full-blood male ,indians were laboring in civilized pursuits1 exclusive of those belonging to the five civilized tribes in the ,indian ,territory4 ,these people are not savages2 they worship ,god--many of them enjoying the light of ,catholic truth2 they educate themselves and their children2 they live in houses and wear decent clothes2 they toil and are producers of valuable articles4 ,let us see1 now1 what is said about these and the other ,indians less advanced in civilization1 by their rulers1 the successive ,commissioners of ,indian ,affairs and their subordinates1 the agents4 ,when we remark that we select our quotations from nine volumes of official reports1 the reader will understand that we lay before him only a very few out of the numberless proofs of two facts3 #a4 ,that the commissioners1 while repeatedly confessing that the ,indians have been most cruelly and unwisely wronged in the past1 are of the opinion that it would be a kind and wise thing to wrong them a little more in the future4 #b4 ,that the ,indians are perfectly well aware of their wrongs2 are quite able to formulate them2 are often hopeless1 from long and painful experience1 of any effectual redress for them2 and very frequently display a remarkable degree of ,christian forbearance and forgiveness in resisting the wanton provocations to revolt offered to them4 8,the traditionary belief which largely prevails10 writes the ,hon4 ,j4 ,q4 ,smith1 in his report for #ahgf1 8that the ,indian service throughout its whole history has been tainted with fraud1 arises not only from the fact that frauds have been committed1 but also because1 from the nature of the service itself1 peculiar opportunities for fraud may be found40 ,after an exposition of the duties of an ,indian agent he thus proceeds3 8,the great want of the ,indian service has always been thoroughly competent agents4 ,the ,president has sought to secure proper persons for these important offices by inviting the several religious organizations1 through their constituted authorities1 to nominate to him men for whose ability1 character1 and conduct they are willing to vouch4 ,i believe the churches have endeavored to perform this duty faithfully1 and to a fair degree have succeeded2 but they experience great difficulty in inducing persons possessed of the requisite qualifications to accept these positions4 ,when it is considered that these men must take their families far into the wilderness1 cut themselves off from civilization with its comforts and attractions1 deprive their children of the advantages of education1 live lives of anxiety and toil1 give bonds for great sums of money1 be held responsible in some instances for the expenditure of hundreds of thousands of dollars a year1 and subject themselves to ever-ready suspicion1 detraction1 and calumny1 for a compensation less than that paid to a third-class clerk in ,washington or to a village postmaster1 it is not strange that able1 upright1 thoroughly competent men hesitate1 and decline to accept the position of an ,indian agent1 or1 if they accept1 resign the position after a short trial4 ,in my judgment the welfare of the public service imperatively requires that the compensation offered an ,indian agent should be somewhat in proportion to the capacity required in the office1 and to the responsibility and labor of the duties to be performed40 ,it is impossible to avoid making the remark1 in this place1 that there is a class of men who have no 8families02 who are ever ready to renounce the 8comforts and attractions of civilization02 who are accustomed to 8live lives of anxiety and toil02 and who are impervious to 8suspicion1 detraction1 and calumny10 while at the same time they are 8able1 upright1 and thoroughly competent40 ,if the government1 when it inaugurated its plan of filling the ,indian agencies with men nominated by 8the churches10 had allowed our bishops to nominate agents in proportion to the number of ,catholic ,indians1 the chances are that the right men would have been forthcoming1 and the commissioner would not now be complaining that1 in order to keep an ,indian agent from stealing1 he must be paid #c1jjj a year4 8,relief had been so long delayed10 says the same officer in the same report1 8that supplies failed to reach the agencies until the ,indians were in almost a starving condition1 and until the apparent intention of the government to abandon them to starvation had induced large numbers to join the hostile bands under ,sitting ,bull40 ,two other instances of the same kind are mentioned2 and a third is recorded1 in which1 owing to the failure of ,congress to provide money promised by a treaty1 8hundreds of ,pawnees had been compelled to abandon their agency1 to live by begging and stealing in southern ,kansas40 8,in numerous other instances10 adds the commissioner pathetically1 8the funds at the disposal of this office have been so limited as to make it a matter of the utmost difficulty to keep the ,indians from starving0--and this1 too1 when the same ,indians had large sums of money standing to their credit held 8in trust0 for them in the treasury of the ,united ,states4 ,a long discussion advocating the removal of all the ,indians to a few reservations--although this could not be done without violations of the most solemn treaties--is clinched with the cynical remark that 8there is a very general and growing opinion that observance of the strict letter of treaties with ,indians is in many cases at variance both with their own best interests and with sound public policy40 ,and these words are from the official report of the chief of a great bureau in the most important department of our government6 ,did we know what we were about when we made these treaties8 ,if 8no10 we were fools2 if 8yes10 then we are knaves now to violate them without the consent of the other1 the helpless party4 8,the ,indians claim10 says the commissioner1 8that they hold their lands by sanctions so solemn that it would be a gross breach of faith on the part of the government to take away any portion of it without their consent1 and that consent they propose to withhold40 ,still1 let us do it1 cries the commissioner2 8public necessity must ultimately become supreme law40 8,public necessity0--which in this case means private rapacity--8public necessity10 and not truth1 good faith1 and justice1 must rule4 ,many tribes are living peaceably and doing well1 on lands solemnly promised to them for ever1 in various parts of the ,west2 the civilized and semi-civilized tribes in the ,indian ,territory are living peaceably and doing well on lands solemnly promised to them for their own exclusive use for ever1 and in some cases bought with their own money4 ,but it would be more convenient for us to have them all together2 so let us tear up the treaties1 and drive all the ,indians into the one territory4 ,from the same report we take this paragraph1 which is only one of very many like it3 8,the ,alsea agency1 in ,oregon1 has been abolished1 but inadequate appropriations have worked hardship and injustice to the ,indians4 ,they are required to leave their homes and cultivated fields0 7for no other reason than that white men covet them7 8and remove to ,siletz1 but no means are furnished to defray expense of such removal or to assist in their establishment in their new home40 ,the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners1 in their third annual report 7#ahga71 in view of the continued violation of treaties by the government in compelling tribes to remove from the reservations assigned to them1 found themselves constrained to say3 8,the removal of partially civilized tribes already making fair progress and attached to their homes on existing reservations is earnestly deprecated4 ,where such reservations are thought to be unreasonably large1 their owners will themselves see the propriety of selling off the surplus for educational purposes4 ,the government meanwhile owes them the protection of their rights to which it is solemnly pledged by treaty1 and which it cannot fail to give without dishonor40 ,but it has failed to give this protection in numberless instances1 and it seems to rest very easily under the stigma of dishonor thus incurred--as1 for instance1 in the case of the ,osages1 of whom their agent1 in a report dated ,oct4 #a1 #ahgj1 thus speaks3 8,this tribe of ,indians are richly endowed by nature1 physically and morally4 ,a finer-looking body of men1 with more grace and dignity1 or better intellectual development1 could hardly be found on this globe4 ,they were once the most numerous and warlike nation on this continent1 with a domain extending from the ,gulf to the ,missouri ,river and from the ,mississippi to the ,rocky ,mountains2 but they have been shorn of their territory piece by piece1 until at last they have not a settled and undisputed claim to a single foot of earth4 ,it is strictly true that one great cause of their decline has been fidelity to their pledges4 ,more than sixty years ago they pledged themselves by treaty to perpetuate peace with the white man4 ,that promise has been nobly kept--kept in spite of great and continual provocation4 ,white men have committed upon them almost every form of outrage and wrong1 unchecked by the government and unpunished4 ,every aggressive movement of the whites tending to the absorption of their territory has ultimately been legalized40 ,these ,osages are nearly all ,catholics1 and the agent who thus writes of them is ,mr4 ,isaac ,t4 ,gibson1 a ,quaker1 or an 8,orthodox ,friend40 ,would it be believed that three years afterwards the kind and sympathizing ,friend ,gibson was busily engaged in inflicting upon the people for whose wrongs he was so indignant an injury greater than any they had yet suffered8 8,enterprising scoundrels0 of whom he wrote in his report had robbed the ,osages of everything save their faith2 and good ,friend ,gibson tried to rob them of that4 ,how he set about the task1 and how he fared in it1 will be told later4 ,if this be not enough1 look at the picture of a model ,indian reservation drawn by a lawyer of ,california1 and addressed to ,j4 ,v4 ,farwell1 one of the members of the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners4 ,he is describing the ,hoopa ,valley reservation3 8,i found the ,indians thoughtful1 docile1 and apparently eager to enter into any project for their good1 if they could only believe it would be carried out in good faith1 but utterly wanting in confidence in the agent1 the government1 or the white man4 ,lethargy1 starvation1 and disease were leading them to the grave4 ,i found1 in fact1 that the reservation was a rehash of a negro plantation2 the agent an absolute dictator1 restrained by no law and no compact known to the ,indians4 ,during my stay the superintendent visited the valley4 ,he stayed but a few days4 ,we had drinking and feasting during this time1 but no grave attention to ,indian affairs2 no extended investigation of what had been done or should be done4 ,the status quo was accepted as the ne plus ultra of ,indian policy4 ,he1 too1 appears to think that annihilation is the consummation of ,indian management4 ,if the reservation was a plantation1 the ,indians were the most degraded of slaves4 ,i found them poor1 miserable1 vicious1 degraded1 dirty1 naked1 diseased1 and ill-fed4 ,they had no motive to action4 ,man1 woman1 and child1 without reference to age1 sex1 or condition1 received the same five pounds of flour per week1 and almost nothing more4 ,they attended every ,monday to get this1 making a day's work of it for most of them4 ,the oldest men1 or stout1 middle-aged fathers of families1 were spoken to just as children or slaves4 ,they know no law but the will of the agent2 no effort has been made to teach them any1 and1 where it does not conflict with this dictation1 they follow the old forms of life--polygamy1 buying and selling of women1 and compounding crime with money ad libitum4 ,the tribal system1 with all its absurd domination and duty1 is still retained4 ,the ,indian woman has no charge of her own person or virtue1 but her father1 brother1 chief1 or nearest male relative may sell her for a moment or for life4 ,i was impressed that really nothing had been done by any agent1 or even attempted1 to wean these people from savage life to civilization1 but only to subject them to plantation slavery40 ,the official volumes from which we are taking our information contain the successive annual reports of the various ,indian agents and superintendents1 who are #hh in number1 and the reports of many councils held between the ,indians and the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners1 agents1 army officers1 and special commissioners4 ,the ,hon4 ,felix ,r4 ,brunot1 chairman of the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners1 is the ,mercurius in many of these councils4 ,he does nearly all the talking on the side of the government1 and before he talks he always prays4 ,thus3 8,gen4 ,smith announced that ,mr4 ,brunot would speak to the ,great ,spirit before the council began4 ,mr4 ,brunot offered a prayer40 ,in the interests of religion it is to be regretted that councils thus begun sometimes appeared to have been designed for the purpose of inflicting new wrongs upon the ,indians4 ,but we mention the councils here only for the purpose of taking from the reports of their proceedings1 as well as from the annual reports of the agents1 a very few of the remarks made by the ,indian chiefs concerning themselves1 the government1 the agents1 and the whites generally4 ,the limits of our space compel us to string these together without further introduction3 ,,red ,,cloud3 ,god raised us ,indians4 ,i am trying to live peaceably4 ,all ,i ask for is my land--the little spot ,i have left4 ,my people have done nothing wrong4 ,i have consulted the ,great ,spirit1 and he told me to keep my little spot of land4 ,my friends1 have pity on me1 if you would have me live long4 ,my people have been cheated so often they will not believe4 ,,buffalo ,,good43 ,if you are going to do anything for us1 do it quick4 ,i saw the ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs at ,washington1 and he told me he was going to fix it up1 but ,i have heard that so often ,i am afraid it is not true4 ,i have been disappointed1 and ,i think ,washington is not so much of a chief after all4 ,because we do not fight1 he takes away our lands and gives them to the tribes who are fighting the whites all the time4 ,,howlish-,,wampo 78the ,cayuse chief1 a ,catholic ,indian1 in dress1 personal appearance1 and bearing superior to the average ,american farmer073 ,when you told me you believed in ,god1 ,i thought that was good4 ,but you came to ask us for our land4 ,we will not let you have it4 ,this reservation is marked out for us4 ,we see it with our eyes and our hearts2 we all hold it with our bodies and our souls4 ,here are my father and mother1 and brothers and sisters and children1 all buried2 ,i am guarding their graves4 ,this small piece of land we all look upon as our mother1 as if she were raising us4 ,on the outside of the reservation ,i see your houses2 they have windows1 they are good4 ,why do you wish my land8 ,my friend1 you must not talk too strong about getting my land2 ,i will not let it go4 ,,homli 7chief of the ,walla-,wallas73 ,my cattle and stock are running on this reservation1 and they need it all4 ,it is not the white man who has helped me3 ,i have made all the improvements on my own land myself4 ,,wenap-,,snoot 7chief of the ,umatillas73 ,when my father and mother died1 they gave me rules and gave me their land to live on4 ,they left me to take care of them after they were buried4 ,i was to watch over their graves4 ,i will not part from them4 ,i cultivate my land and ,i love it4 ,,pierre 7a young chief73 ,i do not wish money for my land2 ,i am here1 and ,i will stay here4 ,i will not part with lands1 and if you come again ,i will say the same thing4 ,,wal-,,che-,,te-,,ma-,,ne 7another ,catholic chief1 as1 indeed1 were the three last named73 ,you white chiefs listen to me3 you1 ,father ,vermeerch1 are the one who rules my heart4 ,i am old now1 and ,i want to die where my father and mother and children have died4 ,i see the church there2 ,i am glad to see it2 ,i will stay beside it and die by the teachings of the father4 ,i love my church1 my mills1 my farm1 the graves of my parents and children4 ,i do not wish to leave them4 7,happily1 the firmness of these ,catholic ,indians1 the ,umatilla1 ,cayuse1 and ,walla-,walla tribes1 carried the day1 and they were permitted to remain on their little reservation74 ,,tenale ,,temane 7another ,catholic ,indian73 ,we cannot cheat our own bodies and our own souls4 ,if we deceive ourselves we shall be miserable2 only from the truth can we grow ourselves1 and make our children grow4 ,of all that was promised to me by ,gov4 ,stevens ,i have seen nothing2 it must have been lost4 ,,the ,,young ,,chief3 ,what you promised was not done2 it was as if you had taken the treaty as soon as it was made1 and torn it up4 ,the treaties made with the ,indians on all the reservations have never been kept2 they have all been broken4 ,i do not want to teach you anything about ,god2 you are wise and know all about him4 7,the irony of this is exquisite47 ,,tasenick 7a ,wascoe chief73 ,the people who are put over me teach me worse things than ,i knew before4 ,you can see what we were promised by the treaty3 we have never got anything2 all we have we bought with our own money4 ,our ,great ,father may have sent the things promised1 but they never got here4 ,,chinook3 ,when we made the treaty they promised us schoolmasters and a great many other things1 but they forget them4 ,we never had any of them4 ,they told us we were to have #h1jjj a year2 we never saw a cent of it4 ,,mack 7a ,deschutes chief73 ,it is not right to starve us2 it is better to kill us4 ,,jancust3 ,i cannot look you in the face2 ,i am ashamed3 white men have carried away our women4 ,what do you think8 ,white men do these things and say it is right4 ,,napoleon 7a ,catholic chief of the ,tulalip reservation1 who 8came forward with much dignity and laid before ,mr4 ,brunot a bunch of split sticks073 ,these represent the number of my people killed by the whites during the year1 and yet nothing has been done to punish them4 ,the whites now scare all the ,indians1 and we look now wondering when all the ,indians will be killed4 ,,johnny ,,english3 ,we like ,father ,chirouse very well1 because he tries to do what is right2 when he begins to work he does one thing at a time4 ,,henry 7a ,catholic on the ,lumni reservation73 ,i have been a ,christian for many years4 ,we have some children at school with ,father ,chirouse2 we want our lands for them to live on when we are dead4 ,,david ,,crockett 7a ,catholic chief73 ,i ought to have a better house in which to receive my friends4 ,but we want most an altar built in our church and a belfry on it2 this work we cannot do ourselves4 ,,spar 7a young chief73 ,all the agents think of is to steal2 that is all every agent has done4 ,when they get the money1 where does it go to8 ,when ,i ask about it they say they will punish me4 ,i thought the ,president did not send them for that4 ,,peter ,,connoyer 7of the ,grande ,rondes73 ,about religion--,i am a ,catholic2 so are all of my family4 ,all the children are ,catholics4 ,we want the sisters to come and teach the girls4 ,the priest lives here2 he does not get any pay4 ,he teaches us to pray night and morning4 ,we must teach the little girls4 ,i am getting old4 ,i may go to a race and bet a little1 but ,i don't want my children to learn it2 it is bad4 ,,tom ,,curl3 ,we want to get good blankets1 not paper blankets4 ,i don't know what our boots are made of2 if we hit anything they break in pieces4 ,when1 in #ahgj1 ,president ,grant announced the inauguration of his new ,indian policy1 the sects saw in it an opportunity of carrying on their propaganda among the ,indians with little or no cost to themselves1 and of interfering with1 and probably compelling the total cessation of1 the work of the ,catholic ,church among many of the tribes4 ,to begin with1 here were #gb places in which they could install the same number of their ministers1 or laymen devoted to their interests1 with salaries paid by the general government4 ,once installed as ,indian agents1 these men would have autocratic power over the affairs of the tribes entrusted to them2 and they could make life so uncomfortable for the ,catholic missionaries already at work there that they would probably retire4 ,if they disregarded petty persecutions1 the agent could compel them to depart1 since it is held by the ,indian ,bureau that an agent has power to exclude from a reservation any white man whose presence he chooses to consider as inconvenient1 as well as to prevent the ,indians from leaving the reservation for any purpose whatever4 ,there were1 it was known1 many ,indian agencies at which the ,catholic ,church had had missions for many years1 and where all1 or nearly all1 the ,indians were ,catholics4 ,if these agencies could be assigned to the care of the sects1 how easily could the work of converting the ,indian ,catholics into ,methodists1 ,baptists1 ,presbyterians1 ,quakers1 or ,unitarians be accomplished6 ,the priests could be driven away and forbidden to return2 the sectarian preachers would have full play2 and the ,indian appetite for ,protestant truth could be sharpened by judicious bribery and intimidation4 ,on the borders of the reservation there might be--as there are--,catholic churches and ,catholic priests2 but the ,catholic ,indians on the reservation might be--as they have been--forbidden to cross the line in order to visit their priests and to receive the sacraments4 ,the new ,indian policy which furnished this opportunity was probably not original with ,president ,grant1 and we are not disposed to call in question the purity and kindness of his motives in adopting it4 ,at the time of its inauguration1 however1 he was surrounded by influences decidedly hostile to the ,catholic ,church2 and it is probable that from the beginning the men 8behind the throne0 had a clear conception of the manner in which the new policy could be worked for the benefit of the sects4 ,it was based upon an idea plausible to non-,catholics1 but which no ,catholic can ever accept--the idea that one religion is as good as another1 and that1 for example1 it does not make much difference whether a man believes that ,jesus ,christ is ,god1 or that he was simply a tolerably good but rather weak and vain man4 ,this idea has been carried out in practice-for even to the 8,unitarians0 have been given two ,indian agencies3 those of the ,los ,pinos and ,white ,river in ,colorado1 whose entire religious education for #ahgf1 as reported by the agents1 consisted in 8a sort of ,shaker service of singing and dancing held for two or three days40 ,the chairman of the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners1 ,mr4 ,brunot1 appears to have been anxious to spread abroad the doctrine of indifferentism among the ,catholic ,indians4 ,whenever1 in his numerous 8councils10 he found himself in company with such ,indians1 he undertook to enlighten them after this fashion3 8,a chief said yesterday3 #8,i don't know about religion1 because they tell so many different things4' ,religion is like the roads2 they all go one way2 all to the one good place2 so take any one good road and keep in it1 and it will bring you out right at last40 444 8,i heard an ,indian say that the white man has two religions4 ,in one way it looks so2 but if you will understand you will see it is only one40 444 8,it is not two kinds of religion1 but it is as two roads that both go the same way40 ,we scarcely think it is within the province of the federal government to pay a gentleman for preaching this kind of doctrine to ,catholic ,indians4 ,but what was the new ,indian policy8 ,it was explained by ,president ,grant1 in his message of ,december #e1 #ahgj1 in these words3 8,indian agents being civil officers1 ,i determined to give all the agencies to such religious denominations as had heretofore established missionaries among the ,indians1 and perhaps to some other denominations who would undertake the work on the same terms--that is1 as missionary work40 ,there is an undesirable lack of exactness in these words--for1 as they stand1 they might be understood as promising the agency of a tribe to a sect which had established on its territory a missionary station years ago1 and had subsequently abandoned it4 ,this1 however1 was certainly not the intention of the ,president2 if he intended to act in good faith in the matter1 he proposed1 doubtless1 to assign the agencies to churches that had established successful missions--missions actually existing1 having churches1 schools1 and converts4 ,it is impossible to believe that it was the intention of the executive to transfer tribes of ,catholic ,indians to ,protestant sects1 under the pretence that the sects1 at some remote period1 had made feeble and fruitless attempts to establish missions among them4 ,this1 however1 has been the construction placed upon the ,president's policy by the sects2 and1 strange to say1 they have experienced no difficulty in persuading successive ,commissioners of ,indian ,affairs to agree with them in this interpretation1 and to carry it out in a manner productive of the most wanton cruelty and injustice4 ,there are seventy-two ,indian agencies3 three in ,arizona1 three in ,california1 two in ,colorado1 fifteen in ,dakota1 eight in the ,indian ,territory1 one in ,iowa1 two in ,kansas1 one in ,michigan1 three in ,minnesota1 four in ,montana1 five in ,nebraska1 five in ,new ,mexico1 one in ,new ,york1 two in ,nevada1 six in ,oregon1 one in ,utah1 seven in ,washington ,territory1 two in ,wisconsin1 and one in ,wyoming4 ,according to any fair construction of the new policy1 no less than forty of these agencies should have been assigned to the ,catholic ,church4 ,in all of them the church had had missions for many years2 in many of them all of the ,christian ,indians1 or the great majority of them1 were ,catholics2 in some of them the ,indians had been ,catholics for centuries1 and their civilization was wholly due to the instruction they had received from ,catholic priests4 ,the following is a list of these agencies1 with their location and the number of ,indians embraced in each3 ,name of ,agency4 ,no4 of ,location4 ,indians4 ,yakima ,washington #c1jjj ,fort ,hall ,idaho #a1ejj ,tulalip ,washington #c1iej ,puyallup ,washington #egg ,skokomish ,washington #hge ,chehalis ,washington #fjj ,neah ,bay ,washington #fjd ,colville ,washington #c1cdi ,la ,point ,wisconsin #fdf ,pottawattomie ,indian #a1ccf ,territory ,flatheads ,montana #a1hba ,blackfeet ,montana #ad1fcj ,papagoes ,arizona #f1jjj ,round ,valley ,california #a1aab ,north ,california ---- ,california ,mission ,indians ,california #e1jjj ,pueblos ,new ,mexico #g1hgi ,osages ,indian #b1hbc ,territory ,cur d',alenes ,idaho #gjj ,quapams ,indian #bce ,territory ,was1 ,peorias1 ,indian #bag etc4 ,territory ,hoopa ,valley ,california #gbe ,pimas and ,arizona #d1cbf ,mariscopas ,moquis ,arizona #a1gjj ,warm ,spring ,oregon #fbf ,grande ,ronde ,oregon #ibd ,siletz ,oregon #a1jeh ,umatilla ,oregon #hcg ,alsea ,oregon #cdc ,malheur ,oregon #a1bjj ,nez-,percs ,idaho #b1hjg ,navajoes ,new ,mexico #i1aad ,mescaleros ,new ,mexico #a1hie ,milk ,river ,montana #aj1fbe ,crows ,montana #d1bjj ,green ,bay ,wisconsin #a1dhj ,chippewas ,minnesota #a1cbb ,mackinac ,michigan #aj1bfj ,grand ,river ,dakota #f1bfi ,devil's ,lake ,dakota #a1jbj ------ ,total #aag1ehe ,within the jurisdiction of these agencies there are #eb ,catholic churches1 #ah ,catholic day-schools1 and #aj ,catholic boarding industrial schools4 ,the ,catholic priests and teachers employed among the ,indians during the year #ahge numbered #aag2 while for the same year the ,protestant sects had only #fd missionaries employed in all the agencies under their control4 ,would it not have been supposed that a fair interpretation of the new policy of ,president ,grant--nay1 that the only fair interpretation of it--would have awarded these #dj agencies to the ,catholic ,church8 ,the missions of the church1 in #ahgj1 were in almost uncontested possession of these fields of labor4 ,her priests had borne the labor and the heat of the day2 asking and expecting no aid from the state1 and receiving very little from any other source1 they had given themselves to the work of ,christianizing these ,indians2 and while the sects had from time to time made spasmodic and desultory attempts at ,indian missions1 our priests and their coadjutors1 the sisters of the teaching orders1 had remained steadfast in their self-denying and arduous labor4 ,but the sects were now inspired with a new and sudden zeal for the salvation of the ,indians4 ,they were not content with the #cb agencies in which1 although there were many ,catholic ,indians1 the church had not been able to establish permanent missions4 ,they set up claims to the agencies we have enumerated1 and it was observed that the fervor with which these demands were pressed was in exact proportion to the richness of the reservation and its desirableness as a future home for a missionary with a large family and with a numerous corps of needy relations4 ,so fierce was their onslaught1 and so rapidly were their demands conceded by the then commissioner1 that1 almost before the authorities of the church had been informed of what was going on1 no less than #cb of the #dj agencies which1 by any fair interpretation of the ,president's policy1 should have been assigned to ,catholic care1 were divided among the sects4 ,fourteen of the agencies1 with #ed1bec ,indians1 fell to the ,methodists1 the sect then1 and perhaps now1 most in favor with the administration2 five1 with #ba1cba ,indians1 went to the ,presbyterians2 the same number1 with #e1caa ,indians1 were awarded to the ,quakers2 the ,congregationalists received three1 with #b1jef ,indians2 the ,reformed ,dutch ,church were given two1 with #f1jbf ,indians2 the 8,american ,missionary ,association0 7a ,congregational society7 obtained two1 with #b1abf ,indians2 and the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church was gratified with one agency1 the ,chippewas of ,missouri1 #a1cbb in number1 who had been ,catholics all their lives4 ,there remained eight of the agencies to which the ,catholic ,church possessed a claim1 and these were left in her possession1 not1 however1 without a threat that they also would be taken from her--a threat already carried into execution in one case1 the ,papagoes1 a tribe of #f1jjj1 residing in ,arizona1 having been kindly transferred to the care of a sect called the 8,reformed ,church40 ,the agent of this tribe1 in his last report1 says3 8,there is no school at present taught among these ,indians4 ,the intellectual and moral training of the young has been1 for a long time1 in the hands of the ,roman ,catholics1 and the school hitherto kept by the sisters of the ,order of ,st4 ,joseph40 ,the school is now closed1 it appears2 and the 8,reformed ,church0 seemingly does not intend to open another1 as their agent remarks that 8there is1 perhaps1 but little use to establish schools1 or look for any considerable advance in education among them40 ,the seven agencies still left to the care of the church are those of ,tulalip and ,colville1 in ,washington ,territory2 ,grande ,ronde and ,umatilla1 in ,oregon2 ,flathead1 in ,montana2 and ,standing ,rock 7or ,grand ,river7 and ,devil's ,lake1 in ,dakota4 ,these agencies1 according to the last report of the ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs1 have a population of #ab1hai ,indians4 ,no less than #g1jcd of these wear 8citizen's dress02 they have #hbe frame or log houses2 they have six boarding-schools and three day-schools1 taught by #ai teachers2 #chb of the adults can read2 they have #ab churches1 and #g1eaj1 or more than half the whole number1 are 8church members40 ,nothing like this can be shown at any of the agencies under ,protestant control1 save the five civilized tribes in the ,indian ,territory4 ,the whole of the ,indians on the ,grande ,ronde reservation--#gee in number--are so far civilized that all of them wear citizen's dress4 ,they have #cge houses1 and #fij of them are 8church members40 ,their agent speaks of them in glowing terms2 last year1 without receiving a penny of the sums due them by the government1 they not only supported themselves in comfort1 but were able 8of their charity0 to relieve the necessities of two neighboring tribes1 the ,salmon ,river and ,nestucca ,indians1 who were starving to death 8in consequence of the failure of the government to fulfil the promises made by the honorable ,commissioner ,simpson40 ,the parsimony of the government compelled them to dispense with the services of their regular physician2 but1 writes the agent1 8we have been fortunate in securing the services of a sister1 who has1 in addition to her duties as a teacher1 kindly dispensed medicines with the most gratifying success40 8,the school10 he adds1 8is in a very prosperous condition under the efficient management of ,sister ,mary1 superior1 and three assistants40 ,the ,indians on the ,tulalip reservation1 #c1bej in number1 are equally well advanced2 the whole of them wear citizen's dress2 they have #b boarding-schools1 with #f teachers1 and #b1bfj of them are 8church members40 ,we look in vain for statistics like these among the agencies under ,protestant control2 when there is anything like it1 it is found in the reports from the tribes which have been civilized and ,christianized by the ,catholic ,church and then stolen away by the sects4 ,in addition to the #cc agencies which belonged by right to the church1 but were distributed among the sects1 #cj others were portioned out among them1 so that1 according to the last report of the commissioner1 while the church1 entitled to #dj agencies1 has but #g1 the ,quakers have #af2 the ,methodists #ad2 the ,baptists #b2 the ,presbyterianscc #g2 the ,congregationalists #f2 the 8,reformed0 #d2 the ,protestant ,episcopalians #i2 the ,unitarians #b2 the 8,free-will ,baptists0 #a2 the 8,united ,presbyterians10 who seem to be disunited from the other ,presbyterians1 #a2 and the 8,christian ,union10 which is not in union with any of the other sects1 #a4 ,if our space permitted1 we should point out the miserable results after a seven years' possession of these agencies4 ,the four agencies under the care of the 8,reformed0 body1 for example1 embrace #ad tribes1 numbering #ag1jdi souls4 ,among these are the ,papagoes1 #e1ijj in number1 already tolerably well-civilized by ,catholic instruction1 and all of whom wear citizen's dress4 ,with the exception of these1 the 8,reformers10 after seven years' labor1 have #ej ,indians who wear citizen's dress1 #b schools1 #a church building1 and #d church members6 ,as they have not thought it worth while to send out any missionaries1 one wonders what they do with their church building1 but it is probably used as a store-house by the 8,reformed0 agent4 ,the ,hicksite ,quakers have #e agencies in ,nebraska1 with #d1jih ,indians4 ,they have #cib 8church members10 but #cdh of these belong to a civilized tribe--the ,santee ,sioux1 who are #gic strong4 ,after seven years of labor the ,quakers have got only #dd out of the other #c1cjj ,indians under their care to call themselves 8church members40 ,in the ,hoopa ,valley reservation1 given to the ,methodists1 there is a 8school building10 but no school1 no teacher1 and no pupils2 there is a 8church building10 but no missionary and no 8church members40 ,the poor mission ,indians in ,california1 the children of ,catholic parents for many generations1 also under the tender care of the ,methodists1 have neither houses1 nor school1 nor church1 nor missionary4 ,the #f1jjj ,indians on the ,red ,cloud agency in ,dakota1 under the charge of the ,protestant ,episcopalians1 have a 8school building10 but no teacher1 no scholars1 no church1 no missionary1 and no 8church members40 ,the #c1iib ,cheyennes and ,arapahoes in the ,indian ,territory1 in charge of the ,quakers1 have a school-house1 but no church1 no missionary1 and no 8church members10 and so with the rest4 ,in selecting a few typical illustrations of the injustice perpetrated by the assignment of tribes of ,catholic ,indians to non-,catholic sects1 we are embarrassed by the richness and plenitude of our facts4 ,we mention only two--the ,chippewas of ,lake ,superior1 and the ,osages4 ,the agency of the ,chippewas of ,lake ,superior became vacant early in #ahgc1 and ,general ,ewing1 on the #aith of ,march of that year1 addressed a letter to the ,secretary of the ,interior1 submitting 8that1 under the ,indian policy of ,president ,grant1 this agency should be assigned to the ,catholic ,church40 ,he accompanied his letter with a brief of the facts on which he thus claimed the agency for the church4 ,the ,chippewas number #d1eea1 and #c1fif of them wear citizen's dress2 they have six schools and three churches4 ,more than #bjj years ago the ,catholic fathers ,dablon and ,marquette established the mission of ,st4 ,mary among the ,chippewas1 and the church has ever since looked upon them as her children4 ,the ,catholic missions1 first permanently established among them in #affh1 continued in a flourishing manner until the year #ahjj2 they were revived after a lapse of #cj years2 and for the past #dg years they have been continuously attended by ,catholic priests--one being assigned exclusively and continuously to the religious instruction1 education1 and care of the ,indians4 ,the ,indians at their own expense have built three ,catholic churches1 at ,bayfield1 ,la ,pointe1 and ,bad ,river4 ,the successive reports of the ,commissioners of ,indian ,affairs from #ahfh to #ahgb set forth these facts4 ,praise is given in #ahfh to ,father ,chebal for the good result of his labors2 the agent1 writing in #ahgj1 says3 8,the religious instruction has been almost entirely under ,catholic missionaries2 #ii out of #ajj of them are ,catholics1 and ,father ,chebal has labored industriously and successfully among them40 ,the agent1 writing in #ahga1 again says3 8,most of these people are members of the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,their pastor has been a missionary among them for many years1 and has labored with the zeal for which his church is proverbial to secure converts4 ,he has accomplished much good40 ,the report of the agent for #ahfh likewise mentions that the 8,rev4 ,l4 ,h4 ,wheeler and his most estimable lady0 had been conducting a ,protestant mission there 8under the control of the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,f4 ,m4 ,society10 but that 8this society having almost withdrawn their support1 and further for the purpose of educating their own children1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wheeler has abandoned his mission40 ,the agent in #ahfi1 ,lt4-,col4 ,knight1 of the army1 thus writes3 8,the ,chippewas of ,lake ,superior generally have abandoned the heathen faith of their fathers4 ,if they have not all been made intelligent ,christians1 they have abandoned heathenism4 ,the ,catholic missionaries are the most assiduous workers among them1 and the largest portion of them have espoused that religious faith2 yet the ,protestant religion has its adherents among them4 ,father ,chebal1 of the ,catholic faith1 is untiring and devoted in his labors with them4 ,the ,protestant religion is without a missionary representative1 which is unfortunate10 etc4 ,the case1 it will be seen1 was plain4 ,the ,catholic missions were shown to be the oldest and the only successful missions among the ,chippewas1 and 8the right of the ,catholic ,church1 under the policy of the administration1 to the agency0 was incontestable4 ,but the agency had already been given to the ,congregationalists1 who had never before attempted to establish a mission among the ,chippewas1 and whose minister knew nothing about the tribe4 ,pressed hard by ,general ,ewing1 the secretary referred the matter to our pious friend ,mr4 ,brunot1 who1 in an elaborate and most disingenuous opinion1 decided that1 although the assignment of the agency to the ,congregationalists might have been erroneous1 now that it was made it ought not to be changed--and this1 too1 although the department had made similar changes in other instances1 taking1 for example1 the ,nez-,percs agency from the ,catholics1 to whom it had been assigned1 and giving it to the ,methodists in #ahgj4 ,general ,ewing1 unwilling to submit to this palpable injustice1 again addressed the ,secretary of the ,interior1 reviewing the whole question and incontestably proving the justice of his claim4 ,but all was in vain2 the agency remains in the hands of the ,congregationalists1 and the ,catholic ,chippewas and their priests are at the mercy of men who have no sympathy or bond of common feeling with either4 ,the ,osages1 now in the ,indian ,territory1 are and long have been almost wholly ,catholic4 ,but they were assigned to the ,quakers1 and good ,friend ,gibson1 whose pathetic lament over the worldly sufferings of his protegs we have already given1 had not been long in charge of them ere he issued an edict forbidding ,catholic priests or teachers to remain on the reservation4 ,accustomed to oppression and maltreatment of every kind1 the ,indians felt that this last blow was too hard to bear without remonstrance1 and in ,june1 #ahgc1 they drew up and signed a memorial to the ,president1 asking that 8their former ,catholic missionaries and school-teachers be restored to them and allowed to again locate in the ,osage nation40 ,no response was given to this petition1 and on the #cast of ,march in the next year a delegation of the tribe1 with the governor of the nation at their head1 arrived at ,washington1 and1 without assistance or suggestions1 drew up and presented to the ,assistant ,secretary of the ,interior a memorial which it is impossible to read without emotion4 ,after setting forth that the signers of the memorial are 8the governor1 chiefs1 and councillors of the ,great and ,little ,osage nation of ,indians1 and all duly-constituted delegates of said nations10 they recount the story of their former petition1 and say3 8444 ,in the name of our people1 therefore1 we beg leave to renew our said petition1 and to ask that our former ,catholic missionary1 ,father ,shoemaker1 and those connected with him in his missionary and educational labors among our people previous to the late war1 be permitted to again locate among us4 ,we think that this request is reasonable and just4 ,catholic missionaries have been among our people for several generations4 ,our people are familiar with their religion4 ,the great majority of them are of the ,catholic faith1 and believe it is right4 ,our children have grown up in this faith4 ,many of our people have been educated by the ,catholic missionaries1 and our people are indebted to them for all the blessings of ,christianity and civilization that they now enjoy1 and have for them a grateful remembrance4 ,since the missionaries have been taken away from us1 we have done but little good and have made poor advancement in civilization and education4 ,our whole nation has grieved ever since these missionaries have been taken away from us1 and we have prayed continuously that the ,great ,spirit might move upon the heart of our great father1 the ,president1 and cause him to return these missionaries to us4 ,we trust he will do so1 because in #ahfe1 when we signed the treaty of that date1 the commissioners who made it promised that if we signed it we should again have our missionaries40 ,the assistant secretary received the memorial1 promising to present it to the ,president at once and to obtain for the delegation a reply3 but on the next day ,mr4 ,gibson1 who had followed them to ,washington in a state of great alarm1 hurried them away from the capital to ,philadelphia1 and thence homewards1 not permitting them to return4 ,immediately after their departure the petition they had filed in the department was missing1 and its loss was only supplied by ,general ,ewing1 who had a printed copy with the certificate of the secretary placed on file4 ,simultaneously with the mysterious disappearance of this petition the ,commissioner of ,indian ,affairs received a paper purporting to come from the ,osages at home4 ,we dislike to use the phrase1 but the proof is clear that this document was a forgery4 ,it purported to be signed by twenty-eight chiefs and braves1 with their 8mark02 but1 as ,general ,ewing says1 8it was evidently got up by interested white men and the names of the ,indians signed without their knowledge40 ,the substance of it was that the delegation which had gone to ,washington was not to be regarded4 ,upon their return home the delegation met their people in council1 and the result of this conference is related in a letter to ,general ,ewing1 signed by ,joseph ,paw-ne-no-posh1 governor of the nation2 ,alexander ,bezett1 president of the council2 ,t4 ,l4 ,rogers1 secretary2 and the eighteen councillors4 ,the letter is too long to be given here4 ,in presenting it to the ,secretary of the ,interior1 with a full account of the whole transaction1 ,general ,ewing used some very strong1 but not too strong1 language4 8,their petitions10 said he1 8have not been heard1 and now1 through me as the representative of the ,catholic ,indian missions1 they make a final appeal4 ,the petition of a defenceless people for simple justice at the hands of a great government is the strongest appeal that my head or heart can conceive2 and it is of course unnecessary for me to urge it upon you4 ,it is as plain and open as the day2 and if you can decline 7which ,i cannot believe7 to comply with the repeated petitions of this people1 it is useless for me to urge you to it4 ,you must give this agency to the ,catholic ,church1 or you publish the announcement that ,president ,grant has changed his policy1 and that he now intends to force that form of ,christianity on each ,indian tribe that he may think is best for each40 ,but it was all in vain4 ,friend ,gibson carried his point1 and1 although he has since been compelled to retire from the agency1 it is still in the hands of the ,quaker organization4 ,the population of the reservation1 according to the last report1 was #b1fgi2 very nearly the whole of these are good and faithful ,catholic ,christians2 but the agent reports3 8,church members1 none2 churches1 none2 missionaries1 none60 ,the ,quakers have driven away the ,catholic priests1 and have not even taken the trouble to send a missionary of their own to fill their place4 ,but we must make an end1 although we have only1 as it were1 touched the skirt of our subject4 ,time and space would fail us to tell of the priest in ,california who was thrown into prison1 brutally beaten1 and expelled from his flock1 for the offence of coming to his old mission after the agency had been assigned to a ,protestant sect2 of the bishops who have been denied permission to build churches and schools on reservations for the use of ,catholic ,indians2 of the frauds committed by ,protestant agents on ,catholic tribes2 of the mingled tyranny and temptation with which the ,protestant agents have repeatedly assailed our poor ,indian brethren1 making their apostasy the condition of their rescue from starvation4 ,are not all these things written in the reports of the ,indian ,bureau1 in the annals of the ,catholic ,indian missions1 and in the letters of our bishops and priests published from time to time8 ,the duty of the ,catholic laity throughout the ,united ,states in this business is clear4 ,happily1 the way for the discharge of this duty has been made easy4 ,it is simply to provide generously for the support and increase of the work of the ,bureau of ,catholic ,missions at ,washington4 ,this bureau was established in ,january1 #ahgc2 it is composed of a commissioner1 appointed by the ,archbishop of ,baltimore1 with the concurrence in council of the archbishops of the ,united ,states2 a treasurer and director2 and a ,board of ,control1 of five members1 appointed in like manner4 ,the commissioner is a layman2 he is recognized by the government as the representative of the church in all matters among the ,indians4 ,the treasurer and director must be a priest2 the president of the ,board of ,control must be a priest2 the other four members are laymen4 ,the salaries of the commissioner and of the ,board of ,control are--nothing4 ,their work1 like that of the directors in the councils of the ,propaganda1 is given in charity4 8,general ,charles ,ewing1 the commissioner10 says ,father ,brouillet1 8has for over four years generously given to the work of the bureau his legal services and a large portion of his valuable time gratuitously4 ,he never made any charge nor received any pay for his services1 and on more than one occasion he has advanced his own money to keep up the work40 ,the director and treasurer and two clerks are the only persons connected with the bureau who are paid1 and their united salaries are only #a1jjj a year4 ,the whole expenditures of the bureau1 for salaries1 printing1 stationery1 postage1 rent1 and travelling1 have not exceeded #a1fjj a year during the four years of its existence--all the balance of its funds going directly to the benefit of the missions4 ,the business of the bureau is to defend ,catholic ,indian missions against the organized assault which has been made upon them4 ,for those desirous of aiding so good a work we add the information that 8all remittances to the treasurer of the ,catholic ,indian mission fund should be by draft on ,new ,york or by post-office order1 and should be addressed to lock-box #fj1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,st4 ,,hedwige4#aa ,the bulwark of ,christendom is the title which ,poland long claimed and well deserved1 even when the country now known as that of ,sobieski and ,kosciusko was itself half-barbarous1 and1 instead of being a brilliant1 many-provinced kingdom1 was a disunited confederation of sovereigns4 ,among the many medival heroes who fought the invading ,tartars on the east1 and the aggressive heathen ,prussians on the west1 and looked upon their victories as triumphs of the cross and their death as a kind of martyrdom1 were two ,henrys1 8the ,bearded0 and 8the ,pious10 the husband and the son of the holy ,princess ,hedwige1 ,duchess of ,silesia and ,poland during the first half of the thirteenth century4 ,her life1 chiefly through her connection with other princely houses1 was an eventful and sorrowful one1 and1 towards the last years of it1 personally a checkered one4 ,if ,god chastises those whom he loves1 the mark of grace was surely set upon ,st4 ,hedwige of ,andechs1 the aunt of ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 and second daughter of a ,bavarian sovereign whose titles and possessions included parts of ,istria1 ,croatia and ,dalmatia1 ,swabia1 and the ,tyrol4 ,the life and customs of the thirteenth century1 the magnificence on state occasions1 and the simplicity1 not to say rudeness1 of domestic life at ordinary times2 the difficulty of communication1 and consequently the long separations between friends and kindred2 the prominent part of religion in all the good works and public improvements of the day2 the tales and legends that grew up among the people2 the traditions which there was no one to investigate or contradict1 and which did duty then for newspaper and magazine gossip2 the personal connection between the sovereign and his people1 and the primitive ideal of charity unclouded by doubts and theories1 experiments and 8commissions02 the summary processes of justice1 tempered only by the pleadings of generous and tender women2 government in a chaotic state1 the profession of arms the dominant one1 private wars at every turn1 and individual acts of heroism1 barbarity1 and charity all alike received as a matter of course--all this is well known1 and is equally true of all ,christian and civilized lands of that day4 ,but as you went eastward through ,europe confusion increased and manners grew rougher2 primitive standards of right and wrong existed under the name of the law of the strongest2 and whatever generosity human nature displayed was an untutored impulse1 a half-heathen quality guided by a natural sense of honor rather than by fixed rules of morality4 ,the ,slavs1 the ,czechs1 and the ,magyars were magnificent barbarians1 as the ,franks and ,teutons of four centuries earlier had been--,christians1 indeed1 and as fiercely so as ,clovis when he drew his sword at the first recital of the ,passion and exclaimed1 8,would to ,god ,i and my ,franks had been there02 but unrestrained and wild1 more generous than obedient towards the church1 which they would rather endow and defend than curb their passions in accordance with its teachings--splendid material1 but an unwrought mine4 ,bishops and priests had fallen into loose ways among them and lost the respect of the people2 vassals of the great lords1 they stood on much the same level as the secular clergy at present do in ,russia1 and the popes had long striven in vain to make them give up marriage when they took ,holy ,orders4 ,the parish clergy were mostly ignorant men1 often employed in common labor to support their families1 while of teaching monasteries or any places where learning was imparted and respected there were very few4 ,hedwige came from a well-regulated country1 where church dignitaries were the equals of civil ones1 where the ,roman standard was paramount1 and churchmen were looked upon as powerful and learned men4 ,monasteries for both sexes abounded2 ,hedwige herself had been brought up by the ,benedictines at ,kitzingen1 where her special friend and teacher1 ,petrussa1 many years afterwards1 followed her into ,silesia and became the first abbess of the monastery of ,trebnitz1 near ,breslau4 ,hedwige1 whose mind was from her earliest years in advance of her time1 and who mastered all the accomplishments of a woman of high station at that day before she was twelve years old1 set herself the task of bettering her adopted country as soon as she had entered it4 ,the men of that time knew less than the women2 for their education1 unless they were destined for the church1 was purely military4 ,ecclesiastics were lawyers1 doctors1 authors1 travellers1 savants1 poets1 and schoolmasters2 while the majority of laymen were only soldiers4 ,but the women of corresponding birth were taught ,latin and a good deal of medicine1 besides household knowledge1 embroidery1 the national literature1 music1 and painting4 ,for the times this was no unworthy curriculum4 ,they had a practical knowledge of surgery and of the healing herbs of the field--which1 in days when the chances of life and death often hung on the possibility of reaching or finding a physician within the radius of forty or fifty miles1 was a very valuable gift--and an equally practical and useful acquaintance with all the details of housekeeping4 ,nothing in those days was 8made easy02 mechanical contrivances for saving time and trouble were not thought of2 and even the highest people worked slowly with their hands and did cheerfully without the luxuries which a cottage would scarcely lack in these days4 ,hedwige in her later years--for she never gave up her habits of industry--often reminded her attendants of the maxim1 8,he that worketh not1 neither let him eat10 and would never allow that the rule did not apply to sovereigns as well as to private individuals4 ,her own life was laborious2 she rose with the dawn1 winter and summer1 and1 though her devotions took up many hours1 she yet had enough to give to the education of her children1 the making of vestments for poor churches1 and of clothes for her pensioners4 ,her virtues1 which were great and generous1 flowed naturally into the mould of her time2 she built and endowed monasteries1 interceded for prisoners and criminals1 made daily distributions of alms to the poor1 nursed the sick and leprous in the hospitals--which she was the first in her adopted country to found and secure--and she brought up a number of orphan children4 ,of these she was so fond that when she travelled she took them with her in several covered wagons4 ,later on she kept in the palace at ,breslau1 at her own expense1 thirteen poor men1 whom she served every day at dinner1 just before her own meal1 and otherwise ministered to their wants in memory of our ,lord and his apostles4 ,in fact1 her life is a kind of transcript of that of ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 and even the poetical legends of miracles wrought to turn away her husband's displeasure1 familiar to us all through the pictures of ,st4 ,elizabeth and the bread turned to roses1 have a counterpart in ,hedwige's life4 ,there is a prevalent idea that holiness and the present time are incompatible1 or rather that the holiness of which the biographers of medival saints admiringly tell us is out of place in this century4 ,the mistake lies in the frame of the picture presented to us4 ,holiness is of all times1 and is the same in substance as it ever was4 ,if1 instead of reproducing the beautiful legends of old1 and restoring a sort of literary ,preraphaelitism in the history of the strong and wise women of by-gone times1 the modern biographer were to go to the root of the matter and bring out in strong relief the commonsense virtues1 the simplicity and faithfulness to natural duties1 the reliance upon ,god1 and the single-minded purpose which distinguished the women who are known as saints1 they would succeed in winning the interest of modern readers4 ,these saints were wives1 mothers1 and mistresses1 lived and loved1 sorrowed1 rejoiced1 and suffered1 as women have done from the wives of the patriarchs down to the good women of our own century1 perhaps of our own acquaintance4 ,they were models whom it is praiseworthy to copy--not pictures held up to our gaze as beautiful inaccessibilities4 ,the very rudeness of life then should make them more human in our eyes2 they made mistakes with good intentions2 they had predilections which savored of weakness2 they struggled through temptations to final perfection--for saintship implies1 not the glorification of every act they ever did1 but the general state of their life and soul after they had suffered and conquered in the fight that we all have to wage with the world1 the flesh1 and the devil4 ,of the striking incidents of a saint's life it is best to judge as one would of those in the life of any other personage of by-gone ages--that is1 according to the standard of the age in which he or she lived2 of the root-virtues which won the saint's canonization3 by the everlasting standard of the ,ten ,commandments4 ,there is no more mischievous error1 nor one more likely to blind us to the good we can draw from the lives of men and women who have gone before us1 than the view which sets a barrier between historic holiness and every-day life at the present day4 ,hedwige lived in times which had their share of wars1 invasions1 pestilences1 and other such stirring events3 ,poland and ,germany were in a stormy state1 and the fate of many of her own family was peculiarly stormy2 indeed1 hardly a sensational drama of our day could deal in more violent incidents than did the half century through which she lived4 ,her sister ,agnes became the wife of ,philip1 ,king of ,france1 in place of his lawful but divorced wife1 ,ingeburga1 and incurred not only personal excommunication as an adulteress1 but was the cause of the ,french kingdom being laid under an interdict for more than a year4 ,her elder sister ,gertrude1 ,queen of ,hungary1 was assassinated by a political faction in the absence of her husband1 who had left her regent4 ,her two brothers1 ,henry and ,egbert 7the latter ,bishop of ,bamberg71 were the accomplices of ,otho of ,wittelsbach1 the suitor of ,hedwige's only daughter1 in the murder of ,philip1 the ,emperor of ,germany1 whom he slew to revenge himself for the warning the emperor had given the ,duke of ,silesia against the would-be suitor of the young princess2 for ,otho was as cruel as he was brave4 ,for this deed the ,electors at ,frankfort degraded the brothers from their dignities1 titles1 and possessions1 after which ,henry exiled himself to the ,holy ,land1 where he fought the ,saracens for twenty years1 and ,egbert fled to ,hungary1 where the queen1 his sister1 gave him a home and shelter for the rest of his life4 ,otho was beheaded1 his head thrown into the ,danube and his body exposed to the birds and beasts of the forest4 ,but the punishment of treason did not end here2 ,hedwige's home was destroyed by the indignant avengers of the emperor1 and her father's heart was broken at the news of his son's crime2 so that of the old cradle-land of the family nothing but smoking ruins and sad memories remained1 while a few years later she saw her two sons1 ,henry and ,conrad1 meet in deadly conflict as the heads of two rival parties in the duchy1 the latter defeated and pursued by his brother1 and only saved by his father to die a few days later from a fall when out hunting4 ,her husband and her remaining son died within three years of each other1 the latter in battle against the invading ,tartars2 and1 what no doubt pierced her heart still more1 her husband was excommunicated for retaining church property in provinces which he claimed as his by right of the testament of the ,duke of ,gnesen and ,posen4 ,the early death of three other children must have been but a slight sorrow compared with these trials1 and the peaceful life of her sister ,matilda1 ,abbess of ,kitzingen1 and of her daughter ,gertrude1 second abbess of ,trebnitz--the same who escaped becoming the bride of 8,wild ,otho10 as he was called--could not but have made her envy it at times4 ,she had had in her youth an inclination towards the monastic life1 but gave it up at her parents' desire1 and married1 according to the customs of her time and class1 at the childish age of twelve4 ,but she had seemed from her infancy marked out for no common lot2 she was grave1 sedate1 and womanly2 she felt her marriage to be a mission and the beginning of duties2 she saw at a glance the state of neglect and uncivilization and the need of betterment in which her adopted country stood1 and set about imbuing her husband with her ideas concerning improvement4 ,he was only eighteen1 and loved her truly1 so he proved to be her first disciple4 ,she began by learning ,polish1 which her husband's sister ,adelaide taught her1 and then gathered all the inmates of the palace1 to teach them prayers and the chief doctrines of the faith1 in which they were very imperfectly instructed1 although full of readiness1 even eagerness1 to believe4 ,her father-in-law1 the reigning duke1 fully appreciated her worth and respected her enthusiasm4 ,her husband joined her in plans for founding monasteries and building churches when it should come to his turn to reign over ,silesia2 and in the meanwhile she strove to teach the nobles and the people a greater respect for the priesthood by herself setting the example of outward deference towards priests1 whether native or foreign1 ignorant or learned4 ,the strangers she always asked to the palace1 gave them clothes and money for their journey1 attended their ,masses1 and sometimes served them at table4 ,in order to introduce clerical learning and morals into ,silesia and ,poland1 it was necessary to rely upon ,germans1 as has often been the case in other countries1 where a foreign element has been1 for some time at least1 synonymous with civilization4 ,in ,england ,italians chiefly1 in a less degree ,normans1 and in one signal instance a ,greek1#ab brought with them the knowledge of church architecture and chant1 besides secular learning2 ,irish missionaries had before that helped on the ,britons1 and ,saxons1 later on1 carried the same influence across the sea to heathen ,germany1 who in her turn became the evangelizer of the ,slav nations4 ,still later1 when ,poland was as fervent a ,catholic country as ,germany1 another ,hedwige 7the name had then grown to be a national one7 converted the ,lithuanians and became the mother of the ,jagellon dynasty4 ,here1 on the confines of ,russia1 the ,latin ,church stood face to face with the ,greek1 and the tide of progress and conversion was stayed4 ,then came the perpetual turmoils with the warlike ,turks1 till religion became rather an affair of the knight than of the missionary1 until that wave of circumstances having passed away1 and the ,turks having sunk from the height of their military renown to the insignificance of a mongrel and undisciplined crowd1 the battle between faith and scepticism--the modern form of heathenism--has shifted to a great degree to the arena of the mind4 ,the ,lepanto of our day is being fought out as obstinately on paper as that of three hundred years ago was on sea2 of its nature it cannot be as short or as decisive1 but it is nevertheless the counterpart--and the only worthy one--of that romantic and daring feat of arms4 ,the struggle in the days of ,hedwige was in some sense much narrower2 but though her husband and son engaged in it rather as blind instruments than far-seeing directors1 she1 with the instincts of her sex and her habitual union with ,god1 helped in it as a teacher and missionary4 ,she proved her gift for it first upon her household1 then1 in the years of her retirement1 upon her special charge--some young heathen girls1 natives of ,prussia1 whom she taught herself and provided for in life4 ,one of these1 ,catherine1 to whom she was godmother1 she married to her trusty chamberlain1 ,schavoine1 and left them the estate of that name after her death4 ,but notwithstanding her thirst for doing good and her high idea of her duty to her subjects1 she thoroughly enjoyed the quiet of home-life1 away from the court1 and1 whenever it was practicable1 would spend some weeks at a time with her young husband and her children at ,lhnhaus4 ,it is here that her memory lives freshest at present2 here that she tended her dovecot1 which is brought to mind by the yearly market of doves1 unique of its kind1 still held at ,lhn on ,ash-,wednesday2 here that she and her favorite doe crossed the ,hedwigsteig1 a rough1 rocky pathway1 to the ,chapel of the ,hermit and the image of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which afterwards became a pilgrimage-shrine1 where the neighboring peasants came to see her and unite in her prayers1 so that the present village dates back to the huts of branches hastily put up around the spreading tree that formerly protected the image2 here that she rested on the ,hedwigstein1 or moss-grown boulder1 yet remaining1 with her name attached to it2 here that she built a chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,nicholas1 and established some ,benedictine monks2 and here that in her later years she received the confidence of her friend1 ,baroness ,jutta of ,liebenthal1 a pious widow1 who founded the monastery of that name for ,benedictine nuns and the education of young girls1 and herself became its first abbess4 ,duke ,henry1 when he came to be sovereign1 did not forget his plans and promises1 but helped her generously in the endowment of her hospitals1 churches1 and monasteries4 ,himself the son of a ,german princess1 he had great faith in the influence for good1 in morals1 in agriculture1 in learning1 of his mother's and his wife's countrymen2 and1 according to the custom of the time1 ,hedwige was accompanied on her journey to ,silesia1 as a bride1 by an escort of ,german knights1 who were not to compose a separate court or household for her1 but to settle in the country and make it their home4 ,such immigration1 of course1 had its sad as well as its good side2 it led to jealousies that were neither unnatural nor inexcusable1 although it also leavened the country with some useful and healthy habits4 ,it was on this delicate question that her two sons quarrelled so violently as to make it the pretext of a civil war2 ,conrad1 the youngest1 being passionately attached to the old ,polish customs and not discriminating between these and crying abuses1 while ,henry1 the eldest1 inherited his father's love for the ,germans4 ,the old nobility formed a powerful party and rallied round ,conrad1 hailing him as their future national sovereign1 although his father was still alive and his elder brother the acknowledged heir4 ,henry the ,bearded had by that time retired from public life1 and divided his possessions between his two sons1 giving the eldest the city of ,breslau and all ,middle and ,lower ,silesia1 while the youngest received the provinces of ,leubus and ,lausitz4 ,the latter were less cultivated than the former1 but this was chiefly due to that want of1 or remoteness from1 ,german influence and immigration2 so that the father1 knowing his sons' opposite views on this subject1 hoped to satisfy each by his partition4 ,conrad1 however1 resented the gift of a less civilized and extended territory1 and took this pretext to make war on his brother1 with the result already noted4 ,the retirement of ,henry1 the husband of ,hedwige1 which lasted for twenty years or more1 was the result of a strange form of piety and self-renunciation not uncommon in the middle ages4 ,the ,duke and ,duchess of ,silesia had been married twenty-three years1 and had had six children1 three of whom died in infancy4 ,a little after the birth of the youngest1 in #abji1 ,hedwige1 still in the bloom of her years 7she was only thirty-five and her husband forty-one71 and after many prayers and struggles1 felt herself impelled to dedicate the rest of her life to ,god only1 and1 with her husband's consent1 to live separate from him4 ,they had always loved each other tenderly1 and ,henry's conduct1 unlike that of many sovereigns of his and of later times1 had been irreproachable2 he looked upon his wife as a saint1 and upon her wishes as commands2 he had allowed her to guide his charities and public improvements1 had followed her advice1 had trusted to her to bring up his children exactly as she thought fit1 which was more rigorously and less luxuriously than is often the case with royal children--in a word1 had leant wholly upon her4 ,to signify his full acquiescence in this half-monastic vow1 he received the tonsure1 and1 contrary to the custom of his class at that time1 let his beard grow1 whence came his surname1 the ,bearded4 ,hedwige retired to ,trebnitz1 where she lived in a separate house with her own women and the chamberlain ,schavoine1 who took his name from the estate which ,henry gave her on their separation4 ,other grants of money were also made her1 and her husband promised his countenance and help in any good work she should wish to do there or elsewhere throughout his possessions4 ,they often met in after years1 generally at festive ceremonies for the building or opening of churches1 and once at the grave of their unhappy son ,conrad2 and ,henry himself1 though keeping up a court and moving from place to place1 betook himself to prayers1 study1 and good works1 having given over the government to his sons4 ,in his old age he came forth again in the character of a sovereign and a leader1 and1 indeed1 led a stormy1 stirring life for a few years before his death4 ,hedwige1 in this proceeding of her retirement1 had another object in view--that is1 the example which she hoped her voluntary giving up of married life would be to the married priesthood of ,poland and ,silesia4 ,such was1 to a great extent1 the case1 and the celibacy of the clergy1 so long preached in vain1 became in a few years the rule instead of the exception4 ,the ,cistercian abbey of ,trebnitz1 now ,hedwige's home1 was the first institution of its kind for women4 ,it was begun in #abjj and finished eighteen years later1 but was ready to be inhabited in #abjb4 ,it stood in a wooded region1 three miles from ,breslau4 ,the legend of its foundation1 as commemorated in an old rhyme or ,volkslied 7people's song71 refers it to a vow made by ,henry1 who1 while out hunting1 got entangled in a morass and could see no human means of rescue2 but what is certain is that the royal couple had long planned and looked forward to a monastery for women1 and the date of the laying of the first stone of ,trebnitz corresponds with that of ,henry's accession to the throne4 ,the building was intended to accommodate a thousand persons1 and was built by the hands of convicts and prisoners1 even those who were condemned to death1 whose work on it was to be equivalent to the rest of their sentence4 ,hedwige's pity for1 and kindness to1 captives1 whether innocent or guilty1 was a conspicuous trait of her character2 and the undeserved physical hardships of prisoners in those times were enough to turn the sympathies of every kind-hearted person from justice towards the criminal4 ,in the same way did the neglected sick1 and especially the lepers1 touch her heart2 indeed1 all the oldest hospitals in ,silesia are due to her4 ,the neighboring ,cistercian monks of ,leubus cast the leaden plates for the roof and the smaller bells of the new monastery1 in return for which ,henry gave them two estates2 and the duke himself with his foremost nobles inspected the progress of the work1 and solemnly made the round of the land deeded to the institution1 marking his own name on the boundary stones4 ,bishop ,egbert of ,bamberg1 ,hedwige's brother 7this was before his disgrace71 procured a body of ,cistercian nuns of his diocese as a beginning1 and accompanied them himself on their journey to their new home4 ,hedwige's great-uncle1 ,provost ,popo of ,bamberg1 came too1 and the meeting of these strangers with the high clergy of ,silesia and ,poland was1 as the old chroniclers would have said1 8a brave and pleasant sight40 ,the buildings were decorated with evergreens1 and the pomp of jewelled garments1 clerical and national costumes1 armor1 horses richly caparisoned1 embroidered robes and canopies1 was dazzling4 ,it was the ,sunday within the octave of the feast of the ,epiphany--a sharp1 bright winter's day2 the cavalcade from the court of ,breslau1 consisting of the duke and duchess and their retinue1 escorted the nuns and the foreign ecclesiastics1 while the bishops of ,breslau and ,posen1 each with his chapter1 and the ,cistercian abbot under whose jurisdiction ,trebnitz was placed1 received the latter at the gate of the finished portion of the new church4 ,here the duke handed the ,abbess ,petrussa1 ,hedwige's old friend and teacher1 a deed of the property henceforth belonging to the order--a document which1 like all following ones of the same kind1 ended with a forcible denunciation of any future injury to the rights of the abbey4 8,whoever injures this foundation1 without giving full satisfaction therefor1 shall be cut off from the church2 and let his everlasting portion be with ,judas1 the ,lord's betrayer1 who hanged himself1 and with ,dathan and ,abiron whom the earth swallowed up alive40 ,when the deed had been read1 and the dedication of the building 8to the honor of ,god and of the holy apostle ,bartholomew0 declared1 the clergy1 who held torches in their hands1 threw them on the ground1 as a sign of all secular claims on the possessions of the abbey being extinguished2 and during this ceremony the solemn excommunication against all who should injure the monastery was read aloud once more4 ,the men who had worked at the building1 or in any way contributed to it1 were freed from all feudal claims1 from the obligation to fight1 to furnish huntsmen1 falcons1 or horses for the ducal household1 to work at the fields or at the public works1 and received the immunities and protection usual to the vassals of a monastery4 ,although ,trebnitz was undoubtedly named after the neighboring village so called1 a story grew up of the humorous mispronunciation of a ,polish word1 trzebanic1 by the ,german abbess1 when asked by ,henry if 8there was anything else she needed80 ,the word signifies 8,we need nothing more10 and has some likeness to the name of ,trebnitz2 but popular tales such as this abound everywhere4 ,among the later gifts to the monastery were three villages1 bound to supply the nuns with honey1 wax1 and mead--the first for their 8vesper-meal10 the second for their candles and torches1 and the third for their 8drink on holidays40 ,the object of the institution1 which the original deed set forth as being the securing of 8a place of refuge wherein the weaker sex may atone for its sins through the mercy of ,god10 was at once obtained1 and other advantages also grew up around the women's republic of ,trebnitz4 ,it was soon filled with young girls sent there to be educated2 widows came either to enter the order or to live under its rule and protection as out-door members2 women fled there to repent1 and others to avoid temptation2 and lastly came ,gertrude1 the duke's daughter1 to become a nun within its walls4 ,seven years after its festive opening ,hedwige herself retired there and began the second half of her long life by caring for and educating the heathen maidens from ,prussia4 ,trebnitz was her favorite home until her death1 and the institution which was most identified with the holy ,duchess of ,silesia2 but the list of great works she and her husband set on foot1 each of them a starting-point of much hidden good1 is a long one4 ,the parish church of ,bunzlau having1 with most of the town itself1 been burnt1 she built a new one1 dedicated to ,our ,lady4 ,at ,goldberg1 a village near one of the royal summer palaces1 she founded a ,franciscan convent1 intended to serve the purpose of a school for the neighborhood4 ,nimptsch1 her place of refuge during the civil war between her two sons1 was not forgotten2 for while there she laid the first stone of a church1 and almost at the same time began one dedicated to ,st4 ,andrew for the town of ,herrnstadt4 ,her friends often remarked on her lavishness in building1 and asked her whence she could expect to draw the means4 ,she used to answer confidently3 8,i trust that the heavenly ,architect who made the world1 and my dear and faithful husband ,henry1 will not let me be shamed1 so that ,i should be unable to finish what ,i have begun with good motives and to their honor4 ,do not be too anxious about my doings2 all will end well with ,god's help40 ,in ,breslau1 the capital1 she built three hospitals--that of the ,holy ,ghost1 that of ,st4 ,lazarus 7this was for lepers71 and that of ,st4 ,barbara4 ,for many years ,hedwige's charity towards the sick had produced a rivalry among all good men1 both nobles and burghers1 to tend and care for some sick persons in their own houses or in rooms hired or built for the purpose2 but her wish always was to found a public hospital4 ,the duke gave her a suitable piece of land for the building and garden2 the abbot of the ,augustinians1 ,witoslaus1 gave his lay brothers as sick-nurses and his choir-monks as overseers and confessors4 ,contributions flowed in from the rich members of the population1 and the first hospital was finished in a very short time4 ,the third contained what was an immense luxury in those days--a number of bath-rooms1 open gratis to the poor on certain days1 and rooms where they could be bled1 as was the custom on the slightest illness4 ,all those who came in contact with ,hedwige caught her spirit of generosity1 and rich men1 lay and ecclesiastic1 vied with her in founding churches and monasteries4 ,canon ,nicholas of ,breslau1 the duke's chancellor1 obtained ,henry's leave to endow a ,cistercian monastery with the estates which the duke had given him for his lifetime1 and others followed his example4 ,these ceremonies were always solemn and the deed of gift publicly read1 signed1 witnessed1 and sworn to4 ,as much pomp hedged them in as was usual in a treaty of peace or the betrothal of sovereign princes2 and1 indeed1 the foundation of churches1 though a common occurrence1 was looked upon as quite as important as any civil contract4 ,in #abcd a terrible famine1 fever1 and pestilence decimated the land1 and1 among many other ,silesian towns that possessed as yet no hospital1 ,neumarkt was in special distress4 ,hedwige hurried there and set on foot a temporary system of relief and nursing1 but also entreated her husband to build a permanent hospital for incurables1 where they might be cared for till their death4 ,this he did1 and attached to it a provostship1 the church dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and ,pope ,innocent ,,iv4 sent special blessings to the ,bohemian ,benedictine monks who were entrusted with the care of the sick4 ,four years later ,henry built a church in ,lwenberg and gave it to the ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem2 this was a month or two before his death4 ,but these are only a few of the works of this generous couple4 ,many villages and remote places obtained benefits from them1 travelling priests were cared for1 young girls helped in their need and protected or dowered1 many poor families housed and fed2 and the famine of #abcd especially gave ,hedwige an opportunity of justifying her title of 8,mother of the poor40 ,she distributed unheard-of quantities of grain1 bread1 meat1 and dried fruits to the people1 who came for relief from long distances4 ,she gave lavishly1 with that apparent recklessness that marks the charities of saints1 smilingly saying1 8,we must help the poor1 that the ,lord may have pity on our own needs and appease our own hunger40 ,she forgave all feudal dues for years on her own possessions1 and looked after her employs so diligently that they complained that the 8duchess left them nothing but the leavings of the peasants40 ,when she did not distribute her alms in person1 the poor groaned and wept1 and cared less for the charity than if it had been seasoned by her gracious presence4 ,when ,breslau was wholly burnt down in #abah1 and three years' distress fell upon the land1 she did the same and relieved thousands4 ,that year was marked by the death of the ,abbess of ,trebnitz1 ,petrussa1 and the choice of ,princess ,gertrude as her successor1 which coincided with the festival held to celebrate the entire finishing of the monastery and the dedication of the church4 ,the religious ceremonies were followed by a banquet in the refectory and by games for the people in the courtyard4 ,henry was present and rejoiced with her2 her son's wife1 ,anna1 daughter of ,king ,ottokar of ,bohemia1 was there with her children1 one of whom was to fill1 but unworthily1 the throne of ,silesia4 ,it was a family gathering as well as a religious feast2 but if1 as tradition says1 ,hedwige was then gifted with a more than ordinary insight into the future1 she must have felt sad to think of the turmoil that was coming and that would part her more and more in spirit from her husband4 ,after the death of his second son1 ,conrad1 ,henry turned his arms against a relation of his own1 ,duke ,ladislaus of ,gnesen and ,posen1 and came off victorious4 ,his old warrior-blood once again stirred in him1 it was impossible to keep him from the excitement of war1 and ,hedwige's entreaties and messages were of no avail4 ,she feared the excommunication which ,pope ,innocent had more than once threatened to launch against the restless ,polish sovereigns1 and was relieved when he undertook a war against the ,prussians1 who at least were heathens1 and whose cruelties really needed strong repression4 ,still1 it was rather the thirst for fighting that led the ,duke of ,silesia against them than any exalted motive of justice or desire to open the way for their conversion4 ,the pretext for the expedition was the cruelties they committed on their inroads into ,poland1 and especially the duchy of ,masovia4 ,to attack them among their own forests and morasses was so hopelessly difficult that the bishops1 whom the pope had admonished to preach a 8crusade0 against them1 had hitherto refrained from doing so4 ,the event proved the wisdom of this inaction2 for after marching a large army over the border1 under the command of ,henry of ,silesia and ,duke ,conrad of ,masovia1 with whom the bishops with their men-at-arms joined forces1 the assailers found themselves in a network of marshes1 behind which the assailed quietly waited4 ,the wearied troops had at last to be ingloriously marched back again1 while the enemy came out in their rear1 made a raid into ,masovia1 carried off five thousand ,christian captives1 burnt a thousand villages and hamlets as well as almost every church in the province1 and drove ,duke ,conrad into ,germany for refuge4 ,henry then advised the fugitive duke to call upon the ,german ,knights of ,venice1 a military order who afterwards under their grand master1 ,hermann ,balk1 settled in ,kulmerland and effectually routed and conquered the ,prussians4 ,the conversion of the latter was1 therefore1 a feat of arms rather than a triumph of missionary zeal2 and perhaps it was less to be wondered at that1 after only three hundred years' ,christianity1 they should have accepted another change in the shape of the ,lutheran ,reformation4 ,the order itself1 however1 was more blamable1 in that it departed1 in the person of its head1 the famous ,albert of ,brandenburg1 from its old chivalric standard of honor1 and went over to the 8new doctrine10 as it was called1 because this defection promised political independence4 ,and1 again1 it strikes one1 in reading of these thirteenth-century feuds1 that history repeats itself2 for a new religious war has sprung up between ,prussia and ,posen1 and the two civilized races are in much the same relative positions1 speaking broadly1 as the two barbarous ones were then1 although ,posen can point to a short and dazzling career between the two eras of persecution4 ,it is impossible here to recount the various and sad events that led up to the death of ,henry4 ,he died in #abch1 at the age of seventy1 under the ban of excommunication1 which was only partially removed1 and deprived to the last of the presence of his saintly wife4 ,the scene of the return of his body to the abbey church at ,trebnitz was heartrending4 ,the nuns and vassals1 no less than his widow and children1 looked upon him as their stay and their protector2 they bewailed him with genuine grief as their benefactor1 and buried him with all imaginable respect and pomp as their founder4 ,hedwige's life as a widow became more penitential than before4 ,after her death a hair-shirt and a belt with small1 sharp points turned inwards were found on her body2 but these she had worn for many years before her widowhood4 ,her cloister-life1 however1 was not her only one1 for she watched with intelligent interest the politics of the time1 the great events1 and even the less obtrusive details1 whose consequences to the cause of good might afterwards be manifold2 and above all she lived in her son1 ,henry the ,pious1 a worthy and able sovereign1 whose reign was to be short1 stormy1 and glorious4 ,in ,january1 #abda1 the ,tartars1 under their chiefs ,batu and ,peta1 having previously desolated ,russia1 fell with nearly three hundred thousand fighting men upon ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,silesia1 and ,poland4 ,the ,king of ,hungary1 ,bela1 was beaten by ,batu1 while ,peta besieged1 took1 and burnt ,cracow on his way to ,silesia4 ,the ,king of ,bohemia1 ,wenzel1 brought as large an army as he could to defend his frontiers1 while ,henry gathered thirty thousand men in his father's city of refuge1 ,liegnitz1 waiting to attack ,peta on his road to ,breslau4 ,trebnitz was in dire confusion2 monasteries always fell the first prey to the heathen invaders1 and the nuns judged it prudent to scatter themselves and claim each the protection of her own family1 while ,hedwige1 with her daughter1 the ,abbess ,gertrude1 and her daughter-in-law1 ,anna1 shut themselves up in the strong castle of ,crossen on the ,oder4 ,before she left she gave her son a scarf1 or rather sword-belt1 embroidered with her own hands1 which he received as an omen of good-fortune1 cheering her with hopes of his speedy and victorious return1 while the stricken1 heroic mother feared but too surely that she should never see his face again4 ,all ,breslau retired within the citadel to await the attack1 and ,henry tried to intercept the foe on his way4 ,he drew up his army on some high ground just outside the walls--,wahlstatt1 a good battle-ground1 as he judged--and himself gave the signal to attack the oncoming foe4 ,he commanded the main body1 while lesser brother-sovereigns directed the wings2 but the irresistible might of numbers1 which was the chief reliance of the ,tartars1 bore down all opposition1 as a whirlwind does the densest forest4 ,the ,poles and ,silesians fell like heroes1 defending themselves and asking no quarter1 until a cry arose in ,german1 8,strike dead6 strike dead60 which1 whether raised by accident or by treachery1 produced a panic by its likeness to the ,polish word for 8,fly6 fly60 ,the army seemed literally to melt away2 squadrons broke and ran1 and a cloud of small1 sharp ,tartar arrows clove the air after them2 the ,asiatic cavalry hunted and trampled down the fugitives4 ,one of the ,polish leaders at last succeeded in rallying part of the troops1 and the fight began again with some hopes of victory1 when the enemy had resort to a kind of infernal machine used in ancient ,indian warfare1 the likeness of a gigantic head1 which was so made as to give out a dense smoke and unbearable stench1 besides being in some degree explosive4 ,the contrivance was held by the ,christians to be magical and devilish1 and the ,tartars themselves1 so dangerous was it to those of their own men who had the handling of it1 only resorted to it in the utmost extremity1 which shows how hard-pressed they were on this occasion by the ,silesian soldiery4 ,but the terrible device stood them in good stead this time4 ,the panic was renewed1 and once more a wild flight and wilder pursuit took place2 the leaders1 the knights1 and ,henry himself1 regardless of the flight of their followers1 fought on long after they knew their fate to be hopeless and death certain4 ,one by one the brave fellows were cut down1 the little band decreased at every stroke of sword or flight of arrows1 and the duke1 with four knights1 found himself almost alone on the lost field of battle4 ,they urged him to try to save his life by flight2 he scouted the proposal1 and told them that since ,god had not willed that he should conquer1 he would at least die4 8,for the faith10 he said2 8at least1 it will be a martyr's death40 ,his charger was killed under him1 and he fought on foot for some time1 hewing a lane for himself through his enemies4 ,one of his knights managed at last to bring him a fresh horse1 which he had no sooner mounted than his person was recognized by hundreds of his foes and he was hemmed in on all sides4 ,while in the act of lifting his sword to cut down a ,tartar in his front1 he was wounded from behind by a long lance thrust in precisely where a joint in his armor exposed the shoulder2 the spear went right through and pierced the lung1 and the son of ,duchess ,hedwige sank dying from his horse4 ,the enemy cut off his head1 and1 hoisting it on a spear1 paraded it before the walls of ,liegnitz1 summoning the defenders to surrender2 but they1 guarding ,henry's young sons1 answered back from the battlements3 8,if we have lost one duke to-day1 we have four yet with us in the castle1 and these we will defend to the last drop of our hearts' blood40 ,the next day they were relieved by ,king ,wenzel of ,bohemia1 who1 however1 came too late to do anything but hasten the departure of the ,tartar horde1 which had suffered severely in the encounter1 but rallied soon enough to maraud1 burn1 and sack churches1 abbeys1 villages1 etc41 throughout ,hungary and ,silesia1 ,bohemia and ,mhren1 until1 one year later1 ,jaroslaus von ,sternberg finally routed their diminished army under the walls of ,olmtz4 ,this roused ,germany and ,france1 and the ,christian sovereigns combined sent a mighty army1 under the command of ,wenzel of ,bohemia1 to defend the ,austro-,hungarian frontiers1 whence the ,tartars retreated1 by the same road by which they had come1 to their steppes on the high table-lands of ,asia4 ,their traces in ,europe1 however1 were not blotted out for half a century2 the ruined churches1 blackened villages1 and ravaged fields long showed their awful track2 and the outward work of ,hedwige's life would have been well-nigh destroyed had not the spirit she had brought with it remained alive as the germ of a future exterior restoration4 ,the night of the lost battle1 when ,henry's headless body lay on the field1 ,hedwige1 after a prayer of unusual length1 woke her nearest friend and favorite attendant1 and said to her3 8,demundis1 this night ,i have lost my only son4 ,he has left me as swiftly as a bird flies upwards1 and ,i shall never look upon his face again40 ,she forbade her to say anything of this to the dead man's wife and sister until some messenger from the army should bring news of the battle2 and it was not till the third day that ,jaroslaus von ,janowitz came with the terrible tidings4 ,anna1 ,henry's young widow1 hastened to the field to seek and recover her husband's body1 which was so mutilated that she only recognized it by the six toes of the left foot4 ,the corpse was brought to ,trebnitz and buried with his father1 brother1 and infant sons in the abbey church4 ,hedwige prayed thus aloud over his grave3 8,o ,lord6 ,i thank thee that thou hast given me such a son1 who1 as long as he lived1 loved and honored me truly1 and never gave me an hour's sorrow4 ,however gladly ,i would have kept him by my side on earth1 ,i hold him blessed in that1 by the shedding of his blood1 he is now united in heaven with thee1 his ,creator4 ,with supplication1 ,o ,lord6 do ,i commend his soul unto thee40 ,hedwige's life and work were drawing to an end4 ,her last public act was one of charity to the dead and comfort to the bereaved living4 ,the bodies of many heroic defenders of their country had been left to rot upon the field of battle4 ,she had these gathered together and buried in consecrated ground1 and ordered solemn requiems to be sung for the repose of their souls1 while she made herself accessible to every sorrowing widow1 mother1 sister1 or orphan of the dead soldiers1 listened to their complaints and laments1 comforted and helped them1 and brought ,god's peace once more into their hearts4 ,after this she prepared herself to die4 ,her first care was a practical one3 she set her affairs in order--a moral duty too often foolishly confounded with worldliness4 ,then she redoubled her devotions1 and1 sending for her chaplain1 asked to receive ,extreme ,unction4 ,he demurred1 seeing no sign of death about her2 but her holiness was so well known that he asked her the reason of her request4 8,it is a sacrament10 she answered reverently1 8which should be received in full consciousness1 that we may treat it with due reverence and thankfulness2 and ,i fear that sickness would make me receive it with little or no preparation1 and would prevent me from being1 as far as possible1 worthy of this dying grace4 ,i shall belong to the sick before many days are over1 and ,i would fain be strengthened for the passage through death to the joy of meeting my ,god40 ,her agony was not long1 but she seemed to struggle with a fear of death and of the devil's temptations4 ,when her daughter wished to send for ,anna1 she said3 8,no2 ,i shall not die before she comes home0 7she was then absent on a visit to her brother1 ,king ,wenzel of ,bohemia74 ,her biographers tell us that angels and saints visited her on her death-bed4 ,she died with the veil of her holy niece1 ,elizabeth of ,hungary1 wound round her head1 and held in her hand1 and often to her lips1 a little ivory image of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,at the very last she was calm and peaceful1 blessed her daughter and daughter-in-law1 and every nun in the monastery of ,trebnitz1 her chosen home1 and died at evening twilight1 on the #aeth of ,october1 #abdc4 ,twenty years later the clergy of ,silesia1 ,poland1 and ,bohemia sent deputies to ,rome to beg for her canonization1 which ,pope ,clement ,,iv4 proclaimed almost immediately4 ,many miracles through her intercession were sworn to by credible witnesses1 and the neighborhood blossomed with gracious and beautiful legends of the sainted duchess1 the mother of the poor and the guardian angel of ,silesia4 ,the ceremony of transferring her body to a shrine in the abbey church at ,trebnitz in #abfh was the occasion for a national festival2 pilgrims flocked in from the remotest districts1 and many foreigners came too4 ,sovereigns and knights1 in costly robes and armor1 walked in procession to her altar2 lay and ecclesiastical pomp was showered upon and around her remains2 but nothing of all this was so great a tribute as the memory she left1 deep in the heart of the people1 of a model wife1 mother1 mistress1 and sovereign1 a woman strong in principle1 truthful in every word and deed1 charitable yet not weak1 merciful yet not sentimental1 a wise1 far-seeing1 but tender1 brave1 and thoroughly womanly woman4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,present ,,industrial ,,crisis4 ,,from ,,the ,,revue ,,generale4 ,every one agrees that 8business is bad02 but how many give themselves the trouble to look for the causes of this persistent stagnation8 ,some are distressed1 others astonished1 by it4 ,the calmer observers--those who are not dismayed beyond measure by a deceptive view from the bank of the river of fortune--seek for comparisons in the crises of #ahcg1 #ahdh1 and #ahff4 ,a gifted writer1 who conducts with deserved success a technical magazine of our country1 the 8,monitor of ,material ,interests0 7,le ,moniteur des ,intrts ,matriels71 has examined this interesting subject in a series of remarkable articles4 ,m4 ,george de ,laveleye--who must not be confounded with his relative1 the professor at ,liege--maintains that the present crisis is not transient4 ,he attributes to it a permanent character4 ,if the reader will follow attentively the summary that we are about to give of the argument of ,m4 ,de ,laveleye1 he will not be too alarmed at his conclusion4 ,generally1 these crises have had the effect of rarefying the capital by which the great industrial enterprises were fed2 these1 then1 deprived of the food which enabled them to live1 seemed to hesitate2 then they shook and fell4 ,but to-day what do we see8 ,entirely the reverse4 ,money1 floating capital1 unused funds1 are more abundant than ever2 the cash-boxes overflow2 the large banks literally sweat with gold2 and this excess1 this plethora of unemployed capital causes the public funds to advance and the price of money to decrease4 ,it is business that is wanting2 it is the employment of capital that is in default4 ,whence comes this accumulation of savings and this inertia of capital1 and how does it happen that new and tempting enterprises do not attract it1 notwithstanding its apparently low price8 ,m4 ,de ,laveleye thus instructs us3 8,all these tempests10 says he1 speaking of the crises of #ahcg1 #ahdh1 #aheg1 and #ahff1 8which reproduced themselves at almost equal intervals1 were periods of settlement which marked the impatience of the industrial speculation over-excited during a period of forty years2 each time that it had abused credit1 each time that there was a disproportion between the engagements entered upon and the available resources1 industrial1 commercial1 and financial ,europe received a warning2 credit vanished suddenly2 there was a series of commercial or industrial failures2 there was a violent contraction in the stock exchanges and in business2 there was a slackening of new enterprises or of those already in hand2 there were more losses than one could reckon4 ,but at each of these momentary and transitory crises a remedy was very quickly found4 ,thus we had free trade and the upward movement of commercial relations2 we had the play of free joint-stock companies2 we had the war of secession1 which1 from a ,european point of view1 was a powerful derivative2 finally1 during this long period we had the discovery of gold and silver mines1 coming annually to swell the stock of metal at the disposal of business and of speculation4 ,thus these crises were not of long duration4 ,it sufficed to let the overworked market have time to assimilate the stocks of paper or of merchandise from which it suffered1 to re-establish the equilibrium between the current debts1 circulating capital and credit1 and immediately industrial and commercial ,europe resumed her progressive march2 the new enterprises which presented themselves obtained public favor2 the warning was forgotten2 the play of credit renewed itself2 and after a period of enforced quiet1 which never exceeded three years1 we felt vibrating anew that febrile activity which1 in forty years1 has caused a veritable transformation of the world40 ,this was always the course of these crises in the past4 ,to-day there is nothing like this2 on the contrary1 8if there be a disproportion between undertakings and resources1 it is absolutely the reverse of that which marked the preceding crises3 the undertakings are almost null1 and the resources are exaggerated40 ,why8 ,because the present crisis is not merely a transitional crisis3 it is a permanent1 final one2 the origin of the evil from which the industry and the commerce of ,europe suffer is to be traced to other causes than those commonly attributed to it4 ,the true origin of the crisis1 says ,m4 ,de ,laveleye1 is the withdrawal of capital from the operations in which it had been employed1 and the inactivity and unproductiveness to which it has been since doomed4 ,at the beginning of the crisis of #ahgc a general panic was produced among the lenders1 whose confidence was profoundly shaken1 and they exerted themselves all at once to realize their money4 ,the bankers and the money-lenders of ,europe were seized1 by a unanimous accord1 with a desire to have their capital1 or that which remained of it1 in their hands--8to see their money again10 as ,m4 ,de ,laveleye says4 ,they realized their foreign securities2 they retired en masse from the industrial enterprises in which they were engaged abroad2 and1 above all1 they cut off credit4 ,the countries and the establishments which lived on credit and on outside capital saw their resources cut off and suspended their activity1 believing1 however1 that the crisis would be only temporary4 ,the three principal lending countries--,england1 ,france1 and ,holland--realized their money1 at the price of heavy losses on more than one occasion2 and1 under the influence of the panic1 they contented themselves with keeping it under lock and key in their cash-boxes4 ,from this resulted a great and rapid decline in the rate of interest4 ,bank paper fell to one per cent41 and the lenders upon short bills1 with incontestable securities1 got but a half per cent4 ,this was the result of the return of the capital drawn back from the foreign countries to which it had been lent2 the capitalists had but one ambition3 they wished to be certain that their money was running no risk whatever4 ,the result of all this was that1 in every instance where they lived on borrowed capital1 industrial works were stopped and all sorts of enterprises were cut short4 ,on the other hand1 a plethora of capital was produced among those who had realized1 and who could no longer find means to employ their funds with profit4 ,this is the explanation and the first characteristic of the present crisis--the accumulation of capital and the low price for the use of money4 ,the accumulation is general2 but it is principally in the rich countries1 like ,england and ,france1 that this excess was produced4 ,the same phenomenon1 however1 also showed itself in ,austria1 ,italy1 ,sweden1 etc4--countries which live in part upon foreign capital4 ,on the other hand1 the countries which depended entirely upon this capital--,turkey1 ,egypt1 ,peru1 etc4--were crippled1 as they were deprived of the resources which credit had previously placed at their disposal4 ,thus1 then1 nothing happened as in the preceding crises1 and from #ahgc to #ahgg all has been new1 the phenomena themselves and their causes4 ,there would be reason for surprise and bewilderment at this if one did not admit1 with ,m4 ,de ,laveleye1 that only now has ceased the industrial and speculative movement which has led ,europe for forty years to send her money abroad4 ,new employments for capital are very nearly exhausted2 new sources of riches have been exploited as much as they can be4 ,the movement of the last forty years1 especially active since #ahea1 is not merely arrested for a moment to resume its march once more1 as in the previous crises2 it is definitely terminated4 ,the design of the past movement was the economical furnishing of ,europe and of the world3 and this equipment is completed1 or nearly so4 ,but in giving proof of this assertion and seeking for its justification1 ,m4 ,de ,laveleye supplies a very clear account of the direct and specific causes of the crisis through which we are passing4 8,western ,europe10 he says--8and by this generic expression we mean ,europe rich in capital and feeding great foreign enterprises--,western ,europe has made a rude return upon herself4 ,she has retaken her money2 she has made an inventory of what she possessed abroad1 and she shows herself solicitous to preserve1 to keep by her1 this scattered wealth4 ,the first element of the force of progress1 then1 is in default2 the money is wanting2 it is hidden2 it is refused4 ,concurrently1 what have the borrowing countries done since #ahgc8 ,they have abandoned the game and ceased an impossible struggle1 which consisted in paying to ,western ,europe a revenue which was not produced by the soil or by practicable enterprises4 ,they have become bankrupt1 and the crisis in their government funds has opened the eyes of the two champions4 ,each perceived that he was ruined3 the borrower by becoming indebted without sufficient motive2 the lender not only by lending his capital upon illusory guarantees1 but by receiving finally only a part of it1 under the form of arrearages40 ,this is the second cause4 ,as for the third3 8,it is the depreciation of silver1 due to the incapacity and the improvidence of the ,western states1 which imagined they could make a good stroke of political economy by allowing one of the agents of circulation to debase itself4 8,principal possessors of the stock of gold these states have obeyed an egoistic thought in seconding the movement for a single metal as currency--gold2 a movement which had for its first effect an increase in the relative value of their metallic circulation4 ,but they took no note of another very grave consequence of this disturbance of equilibrium4 8,when a nominal money submits to variations in value as great as those which have been noted in silver1 it becomes provisionally inapt for its functions4 ,commercial enterprises1 based upon this metal1 become extremely dangerous1 and are no longer attempted by those who wish to operate only with the security attached to studied and matured plans4 ,but all the commerce with the ,east is based upon silver1 which1 for these countries1 is the nominal money4 ,when the value of silver1 and1 following it1 the course of exchange1 became subject to oscillations of ten and fifteen per cent41 there was no longer any security for international commerce4 ,the cost of despatching and of selling raw material or manufactured goods could no longer be precisely fixed2 and the most careful merchant became a speculator in spite of himself4 ,he then stopped1 and by that very act he added to the difficulty of the situation4 ,the fall in the value of silver broke the charm exercised by the constant augmentation of the stock of metals put at the disposal of international enterprises4 8,this is the third element in the advance of progress which has disappeared in its turn2 and we may thus sum up3 8#a4 ,the lenders are not willing1 provisionally1 to enter upon new schemes4 8#b4 ,the borrowers1 weary or feeble1 are incapable of giving birth to new illusions4 8#c4 ,the monetary crisis has added its action to these two negative elements4 8,so that to-day1 after proper deliberation1 people decide to do nothing2 or1 at least1 to do nothing under the former conditions of international enterprises40 ,but is it admissible that we shall do nothing henceforth1 and that the present situation will prolong itself indefinitely8 ,no1 assuredly2 and1 so far as this goes1 ,m4 ,de ,laveleye recognizes with every one that the stagnation of business cannot endure1 that a reaction is inevitable1 and that it will come in its time4 8,but10 he hastens to add1 8this return to activity will not be produced at all in the form known and hoped for by those who have seen the revivals of speculation after the crises of #ahcg1 #aheg1 and #ahff2 and this for the logical reason that the industrial1 commercial1 financial1 and speculative activity of the middle of this century has had for its base and aim the economical furnishing of the world 7l'outillage conomique du monde71 and that this furnishing is very nearly completed4 8,the base and the object of the former activity will no longer exist1 or scarcely so4 ,we must1 then1 wait for a profound modification in the form and conditions of this activity4 8,this is why we have called the present crisis a permanent1 a final crisis0--une crise dfinitive4 ,he goes on to give his reasons for this idea1 that the economical furnishing of the world is finished1 or so far advanced that henceforth we can expect no such development as we have seen in the past3 8,in ,holland the great works are done3 the drains are continued2 ,amsterdam is connected with the sea2 international communications are established4 8,in ,italy1 in ,spain1 the great arteries are provided with iron roads1 and the products of their working are notoriously below what one could reckon as remuneration upon the capital4 ,the seaports1 the mines1 are sufficiently provided for in these countries2 the towns1 there as elsewhere1 have their markets1 their water and gas works1 their new quarters1 their tramways4 8,as for the ,pyrenees1 they are crossed2 the ,alps also2 and after the tunnel already made by ,mont ,cenis toward ,france1 the road in construction through ,saint-,gothard toward ,germany1 and the very sufficient pass through the ,brenner toward ,austria1 industrial activity will no longer find any occupation in this quarter4 8,in ,russia the principal railroad lines are completed4 8,the railway system of ,prussia is finished1 and in that country industry is so well furnished that she is murdered with her own tools2 the means of production and of transportation are too vast1 and in evident disproportion to the possible business of the country4 8,austria is supplied1 and there it would be rash to go further4 8,turkey has railroads4 ,it has been difficult enough to construct them2 one does not speak of them willingly4 8,the ,united ,states have borrowed enough from us to establish their system2 it is compact and well provided with lines1 even opposition lines4 ,that country has regained its lost time2 it is necessary to watch its steps now that it is furnished sufficiently to put itself in competition with the industry of ,western ,europe4 8,the ,isthmus of ,suez is opened4 8,the transatlantic cables are laid4 8,the transformation in the merchant marine is three-fourths completed2 the sailing ship has disappeared1 or at least is relegated to the second place2 the steamers have the principal trade4 8,on whatever side we turn our eyes we see these accomplished results of the work of the last forty years4 ,these results may not be always excellent from the financial point of view2 many errors have been brought out1 and by the side of some brilliant exceptions we must count a number of deceptions for the capitalists engaged1 and for the governments which have become needy and insolvent4 ,but1 whatever may be the financial result1 these lands have been stirred up and dug out2 the blocks and the rails have been laid2 the towns have been transformed2 the distances have been shortened2 the new apparatus has been given in profusion to the rich countries1 in more reasonable limits to countries less open2 everywhere what was strictly necessary has been done2 often too much has been done40 ,here1 very clearly expressed1 is the result of the forty years of activity which we have had1 and this result is really the end toward which tended the great industrial movement that1 for so long a time1 has held minds awake1 has kept the dockyards1 the workshops1 the factories1 the forges at work4 ,this end is attained2 we see it2 and among the serious consequences of this fact is one which ,m4 ,de ,laveleye exposes with his usual lucidity3 8,thanks to the facilities of communication1 to the new routes opened1 to steam and to electricity1 the conditions of commerce and industry are changed4 ,there is no longer any place1 as there was at the beginning of this century1 for the boldness of the manufacturer or the trader1 counting upon his skill as well as on his risk to obtain a large remuneration due to his audacity1 to his special knowledge1 and to his capital4 8,between the new and the old commerce and industry there exists the same difference as between the wars of the empire and the last campaigns of ,france and of ,austria4 8,the same causes have produced the same results4 ,in war the cannon and guns of perfection1 the railways and the telegraphs1 the vast masses of men1 have produced rapid campaigns1 in which personal valor and the chances of war1 going almost for nothing1 contributed very little to the final result4 ,in industry the same perfection of apparatus has changed the conditions of trade2 and the masses of men are replaced by the abundance of circulating capital and the facility of the means of credit--two other products of this active period of forty years4 8,only1 in war the final result places the vanquished at the mercy of his foe1 who can1 as it appears1 dictate his laws2 in industry and in commerce the final gain is not left arbitrarily to the swiftest or to the best equipped4 ,he must content himself with little2 he is forbidden to abuse the victory which1 without this moderation1 will not be long in escaping him40 ,this is what we have come to2 and from a purely economic point of view we can recognize1 with the judicious writer who has furnished us with the process of the struggle1 that the most certain consequences of all this will be the following3 4pm letter-start 8,there will be an excess of circulating capital1 free from employment4 8,now1 as long as this has not been the case the product of capital has been as follows3 8,from three to four and a half per cent4 on unquestionable securities of the first class4 8,from four and a half to six per cent4 on real estate security of the second class4 8,from six to eight per cent4 on loans and limited liabilities4 8,from eight to ten per cent4 and upwards on industrial1 financial1 and speculative ventures4 8,in the future and during a still indefinite period1 which cannot fail to be long1 very long1 this scale must be modified by the excess of unemployed capital4 8,unquestionable securities will descend to three per cent41 or below that2 those of the second class will bring four and a half2 men will be happy to make six per cent4 in manufactures or production2 finally1 one can obtain eight per cent4 only by running wild risks4 ,there will be a general change in the rate of capitalization1 in the sense of lessening the interest while increasing the amount of capital4 ,some exceptions--that is to say1 some happy chances1 some skilful personal strokes--may occur to confirm this rule4 ,the general movement1 however1 will1 we believe1 be that which we have indicated40 ,but what remains1 then1 to be done8 ,little of anything1 if we wish to attribute to the revival of activity1 which will come in its own time1 only the sense and the direction which the movement has had until now4 ,on the other hand1 forced to admit that the human spirit has not at all gone to sleep1 and that the inventive genius which the ,master of all things in his goodness has bestowed upon his humble creatures has not in the least diminished1 it is necessary also to confess that in the future it is the unknown which opens before us2 and just as1 before this century1 people had not even thought of all the beautiful applications of heat1 electricity1 steam1 and light which have made the material glory of our age and of an illustrious galaxy of savants1 even so to-day we cannot say toward what end the efforts of humanity might tend to-morrow4 ,one ,being only knows it--he who knows all and sees all1 he for whom the past1 the present1 and the future are but one1 he who does not depend at all on time--,god1 in fact1 the creator of all that has been1 that is1 and that shall be1 the great dispenser of all good and of all progress2 he who disposes of man at his will in one way or the other1 often while the latter1 in his folly1 refuses to abase his blind presumption sufficiently to recognize him4 ,let us1 then1 leave to the future that which belongs to the future1 and let us hold ourselves1 each one for his own account1 ready to obey the impulse which it may please ,god to give us4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,last ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,mont ,,saint-,,michel4 ,when the traveller who is visiting the beautiful localities of the ,channel ,peninsula quits the southern faubourg of ,avranches--a picturesque little town built of sparkling granite--a road1 marked by a succession of rapid declivities1 brings him to the shore of a large bay formed by the sinking of the coasts of ,normandy and ,brittany4 ,before him reaches1 far away and out of sight1 the flat extent of sands1 furrowed by the rivers ,se1 ,slunce1 and ,cosnon1 whose silvery windings the eye can follow to a considerable distance4 ,on the higher parts of these sands grows a fine kind of grass1 the poa of the salt-meadows1 and which1 mingled with marine plants and sand-weeds1 furnishes a favorite pasture for sheep4 ,the lower and barren portion of the sands disappears twice a day beneath the tide1 which at times spreads gently and caressingly over them1 while at others it rolls foaming in with precipitate fury1 as if eager to pass its appointed boundary4 ,at high tide nothing is visible but an immense lake1 partially engirdled with hills2 and in the distance1 like a pyramid of granite1 sometimes from the bosom of the waves1 sometimes from the expanse of sand1 rises a nearly circular rock1 laden with constructions of various kinds intermingled with vigorous vegetation1 and crowned by large and lofty buildings4 ,this is the famous ,mont ,saint-,michel3 au pril de la mer--in periculo mortis1 as our fathers were wont to say in their strong and simple language1 which1 like nature1 speaks in images4 ,the first time we saw ,st4 ,michael's ,mount was in sailing from ,southampton to ,st4 ,malo1 towards four o'clock one bright morning in ,june4 ,the early sunshine lighted up the higher part of the rock1 with all its wealth of natural and architectural inequalities1 in one blaze of gold1 while its base lay still in shadow4 ,the only illuminated object1 rising from a purplish haze1 its brightness heightened by the blue of sea and sky1 above1 beneath1 and around1 it appeared rather like an ethereal vision than anything of earth4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael6 ,what memories are awakened only by the name1 which is in itself a magical evocation of bygone centuries6 ,here1 too1 present realities still rival the memories of the past4 ,with respect to its natural situation1 as well as the share which human hands have had in its formation1 there is about it much that defies comparison4 ,it is at once a nest of legends1 the home of religious thought1 of prayer and meditation1 as well as of learning and the arts4 ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 being a monastery1 a cathedral1 and a fortress1 is1 in its triple unity1 a summary of the three great elements of the life of ,france during all the poetic1 heroic1 and religious though stormy period of the middle ages4 ,beaten into ruggedness by the storms of heaven1 and discrowned of the golden statue of its patron archangel1 the summit of the mount no longer springs upward into space with the same loftiness and lightness that used to strike so forcibly those who beheld it for the first time4 ,the great human work thus seems as if arrested in its heavenward climbing2 but1 like other and grander majesties1 ,st4 ,michael's ,mount has been uncrowned without undergoing any diminution of its glory1 and it still presents its singular threefold aspect to the eye4 ,on the western side the rock1 stern and bare1 seems to bid defiance to the hand of man2 on the north a strong wall rises to the height of two hundred feet from base to battlements1 strengthened with buttresses and flanked by bastions1 pierced irregularly with pointed windows1 and surmounted by a series of elegant arcades4 ,to the south we find a rich display of architectural art1 the exuberance of which is almost equalled by its caprice4 ,above all1 and larger than all the rest1 rises the church1 with its forest of granite pinnacles and turrets overlooking the distant horizons of ,normandy and ,brittany1 and1 to use the language of the ancient chroniclers1 imposing the fear of the archangel on the vast expanse of ocean--immensi tremor oceani4 ,in ages long anterior to any of its architectural constructions1 and before the ,christian era1 this rock1 much loftier then than now1 rose from the midst of a vast forest which extended from ,coutances to the rocks of ,cesembre beyond ,st4 ,malo4 ,this forest of ,scissey1 or ,chesey 7,sissiacum71 took its name from the goddess ,sessia1 who was invoked at the time of sowing1 and worshipped as the protectress of the corn while in the ground4 ,the rock itself was called ,tomba1 and also ,belenus1 the name given by the ,gauls and ,druids to their sun-god1#ac and which was identical with ,baal of the ,phnicians1 ,bel of the ,assyrians1 and the ,apollo of the ,greeks4 ,on ,mount ,belenus was a college of nine ,druidesses1 the eldest of whom1 like the pythoness of ,delphi1 uttered oracles4#ad ,the ,romans1 in the course of their conquests in ,gaul1 made ,bel give place to ,jove3 ,tomba ,belenus became ,mons ,jovis and was sacred to ,jupiter4 ,in the year #gjh ,mount ,belenus1 which until that period had formed a part of the mainland of ,armorica1 was suddenly detached from it by a terrible catastrophe which spread desolation over the country4 ,the sea1 flowing in with tempestuous fury1 overpassed its limits1 submerged the ancient forest1 as well as the inhabited parts of the coast1 and1 except when the tide is out1 made an island of the ,mount4#ae ,it was in this same year of #gjh1 in the reign of ,childebert ,,ii41 that ,st4 ,aubert1 the first ,bishop of ,avranches1 in obedience to a vision built there a church dedicated to the ,archangel ,st4 ,michael1 and at the same time founded a monastery of clerks regular1 who replaced the two or three hermits who had formerly lived in seclusion on the ,mount4 ,this monastery acquired1 later on1 a fresh importance under the ,dukes of ,normandy4 ,duke ,richard ,i4 enlarged and made of it an abbey of the ,order of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,in #ajjb or #ajjc1 great part of the church and surrounding buildings being consumed by a fire which broke out1 ,duke ,richard ,,ii4 considerably enlarged as well as strengthened the foundation by the construction of the crypt1 upon which the new edifice was raised4 ,this crypt appears to be cut out of the solid rock1 and is divided in two parts by a wall4 ,its low and vaulted roof is supported by massive pillars1 round or square4 ,a larger or grander subterranean vault does not perhaps exist1 with its space of seventy metres in length by twelve in breadth1 and its three aisles formed by about twenty pillars4 ,the roof sustains the weight of two stories of building1 the dormitory over the refectory1 and the magnificent cloister over the ,hall of the ,knights4#af ,the original church soon becoming too small to contain the numerous pilgrims who flocked thither1 the construction of a new one was begun by the ,abbot ,raoul1 who1 in #ajdh1 raised the four pillars and the arch of the great tower4 ,the nave1 and that part of the monastery called ,la ,merveille1 were built by his successor1 ,renaud4 ,it was in #ajia that ,henry1 the youngest son of the ,conqueror1 was besieged in the fortress of ,mont ,saint-,michel by his brothers ,robert and ,william4 ,after the expulsion of the wretched ,john from ,normandy1 ,abbot ,jourdain wishing to preserve the ,mount to the kings of ,england1 ,philip ,augustus sent against him ,guy de ,thouars1 who1 after a lengthened siege1 being unable to take it1 set in on fire4 ,it suffered severely from another conflagration in #acej1 when struck by lightning during a terrible storm4 ,the liberality of ,philip de ,valois restored the church and monastery to more than their former splendor4 ,early in the fifteenth century ,abbot ,jolivet surrounded the town with fortifications4 ,the ,english1 at this time invading ,france1 besieged ,mont ,saint-,michel1 but were repulsed by the brave d',estouteville and his companions-in-arms1 one hundred and twenty-nine in all1 who successfully defended the post entrusted to them when the greater part of ,france had submitted to the conquerors4 ,during the religious wars ,mont ,st4 ,michel was several times attacked by the ,protestants4 ,on the ,feast of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalen1 ,july #bb1 #aegg1 a number of them1 habited as pilgrims and concealing their weapons1 were admitted without suspicion into the church1 where1 after hearing several ,masses with great show of devotion1 they divided into small groups1 and1 with an air of calm indifference1 occupied different parts of the buildings1 until1 secure of their position1 they murdered such of the guards as did not escape by flight or concealment1 and then fell not only upon the garrison but on the monks1 even massacring the priests who had been saying ,mass for them4 ,this noble abbey had for more than a thousand years an existence worthy of its origin4 ,mingling in the religious and warlike history of ,france1 it was simultaneously or by turns occupied by knights and monks2 the abode of faith and courage2 an advanced sentinel in the direction of ,england1 and thus affording protection against the foes of this world and of the next1 defending alike with the cross and with the sword1 and held in veneration by the whole of ,christendom4 ,during the ages of faith pilgrims came hither by thousands1 from all lands1 braving the danger of these treacherous sands1 to invoke in this his sanctuary the prince and leader of the armies of heaven4 ,the sacrilegious impiety of modern times could no more spare ,st4 ,michael's ,mount than so many other holy and beautiful relics of the past which it has seen fit to mutilate or destroy4 ,the ,first ,republic suppressed the monastery1 drove out the monks1 demolished a portion of their church1 changed the name of ,mont ,saint-,michel to that of le ,mont ,libre1 or the ,free ,mount1 and turned it into a prison6--doubtless in order to prove the suitability of its new appellation4 ,the first prisoners there were the priests of ,brittany and ,normandy4 ,prayer was thus at least not yet banished from its ancient abode4 ,in #ahaa ,napoleon made of it a ,maison de ,rclusion1 which1 in #ahah1 became a ,maison de ,dtention1 and it was at the same time also a state prison4 ,rarely has any place seen more sad and strange vicissitudes4 ,the chosen dwelling-place of those called to serve ,god in a religious life became the sink of every crime pursued and punished by society1 and the population of ,mount ,st4 ,michael was now recruited not from men who had received a holy vocation1 but from courts of assize4 ,a decree of #ahfc1 however1 relieved it from this unworthy fate1 alike saddening to ,christians1 archologists1 and poets1 and ,mont ,saint-,michel1 which now belongs to the see of ,coutances1 has been confided by the ecclesiastical administration to the charge of twelve priests of the ,congregation of ,pontigny in the diocese of ,sens1 who carry on the services in its church1 receive the visitors drawn thither by the sanctity or historical interest of the place1 and fulfil the office of preachers and missionaries to all the parishes of the ,channel ,islands4 ,an orphanage for boys is now flourishing in the old barracks1 and by its side are ateliers where painting on glass is carried on--a kind of painting 7or staining1 rather7 which1 more than any other1 has a religious object4 ,all this is1 so far1 a return to a better state of things1 but the solicitude of its diocesan does not find it enough1 feeling that1 though much has been done1 still the present is too unlike the past1 and earnestly desiring to restore the abbey to its former splendor4 ,and he will do it yet4 ,already the pilgrimages thither are renewed with a fervor worthy of ancient days4 ,few things can be more beautiful and edifying than the holy festivities of which the most recent of these pilgrimages has just been the occasion1 and which have left so deep an impression on those who took part in them1 and who followed the imposing order of the successive religious ceremonies1 stamped as they were with the character of dignity and grandeur which the ,catholic ,church has impressed upon her liturgy and worship4 ,from earliest dawn long bands of pilgrims1 conducted by the priests of their respective parishes and preceded by their banners1 began to enamel with picturesque groups the white monotony of the sands4 ,on arriving at the ,mount they formed into regular columns and slowly ascended the steep acclivity to the church4 ,towards nine in the morning the ,mount presented a singular aspect1 not unlike a gigantic ant-hill3 the flights of steps disappeared under the long processions mounting them1 while the ramparts were as if crenellated with the heads of the crowds watching for the arrival of the ,bishop of ,coutances and ,avranches and the ,bishop of ,bayeux and ,lisieux4 ,an involuntary delay on the part of the bishops was for a time the cause of extreme anxiety4 ,anything may be feared from this dangerous bay1 whose shifting sands change their direction after every tide1 and engulf the late or unwary traveller in an abyss of mud4 ,the first carriage had passed safely on to terra firma1 but the wheels of the second were perceived to be sinking1 and the horses1 terrified at no longer finding any footing1 were becoming so unmanageable that a fatal catastrophe would have been almost inevitable1 had not the men of the place hastened to the rescue and succeeded by their prompt energy in dragging the carriage out of danger4 ,the two prelates presented themselves at the entrance gate as the clock of the great tower began to strike eleven1 and were saluted by acclamations so enthusiastic that it seemed as if the whole ,mount were bidding them welcome4 ,they proceeded up the steep lane that winds upward between houses that look as if piled almost one upon another1 and which date from three or four centuries back1 low1 square1 and solid1 and having for the most part only one story1 plunging their foundations into the rock1 and wedged1 as it were1 against each other1 the better to resist the force of hurricanes and tempests4 ,here and there trees of thick foliage overshadow the narrow1 winding ascent1 which at intervals through some unexpected opening shows a vast horizon over the waters of the ,channel1 with its lovely islands1 and the coast of ,france4 ,the procession reached in due time the threshold of the ancient abbey1 and1 after a few words of warm and respectful welcome spoken to the bishops by the reverend father prior1 entered the church4 ,there is something unique in the beauty of this basilica which so nobly crowns the summit of ,mont ,saint-,michel1 and of which the four extremities rest on four enormous arched vaults founded in the rock4 ,it possesses all the essential parts of a great cathedral--nave1 aisles1 transepts1 choir1 and apse4 ,the nave is ,roman1 the choir ,gothic1 and the aisles ,moresque or ,byzantine4 ,boldly cut in granite1 the architecture is as remarkable as the site4 ,the nave was formerly two hundred and forty feet in length1 but underwent an irreparable mutilation under the ,first ,republic1 when it was shortened by the cutting away of four of its eight transverse vaultings4 ,it nevertheless remains singularly imposing--simple even to severity1 but relieved by its triforium and a gallery with deep arcades4 ,the collateral arches1 which are somewhat narrow1 have the horseshoe form usual in ,arabian architecture2 the transepts1 like the nave1 are ,roman1 but of more recent date2 the choir1 which is of the best period of flamboyant ,gothic1 very delicately sculptured1 has in the clerestory a square window of remarkable richness2 and in the apse1 which is of granite1 delicate lines of tracery spring upwards with exquisite lightness4 ,on the keystone of its vaulted roof is the escutcheon of the abbey4 ,the choir is surrounded by bas-reliefs representing the four evangelists1 and a ship1 symbolical of the church militant1 tossing on an angry sea which cannot overwhelm her1 guided as she is by an unerring pilot--,fluctuat1 non mergitur4 ,the noble edifice had on this day received an additional decoration from the number and beauty of the banners there displayed1 the principal of which was a large standard in the nave representing the archangel ,st4 ,michael victorious over the dragon4 ,on the balustrade in front of the altar were hung the sword and banner of ,general ,lamoricire1 with his motto1 ,in ,deo spes mea4 ,within the balustrade were erected the two episcopal thrones4 ,the chapel of ,st4 ,michael1 which occupies the left arm of the cross1 and in which is the statue of the archangel1 was thickly hung with the banners of the different parishes represented in the pilgrimage4 ,among their mottoes were such as these3 ,quis ut ,deus8 ,defende nos in periculo2 ,deo soli semper ,honor2 ,deo et ,patri1 etc4 ,above these floated the banner of the ,sovereign ,pontiff4 ,there is in the same chapel some rich tapestry1 the work and offering of the ladies of ,avranches--les ,avranchines1 as they are prettily called in the country4 ,in the chapel facing this one1 and in the left arm of the cross1 are the two crowns offered to the glorious archangel1 the one by the ,holy ,father1 the other by the faithful of ,france4 ,the latter1 resplendent with diamonds and other precious stones of great value1 is to be used next year for crowning the statue of ,st4 ,michael4 ,high ,mass having been sung by the ,bishop of ,bayeux1 his right reverend colleague addressed the assembled multitude4 ,mgr4 ,germain1 although one of the youngest members of the ,french episcopate1 is also one of the most eloquent1 and owes simply to his merit the rapidity with which he has risen to be chief pastor of one of the most religious dioceses of ,france4 ,as chaplain of the ,lyce of ,caen1 he quickly gained the hearts of the youth placed under his spiritual care2 as cur of the ,cathedral of ,bayeux1 he made his influence felt in the whole city2 and now1 as ,bishop of ,coutances and ,avranches1 the influence for good which has marked each step of his career finds a wider field of action1 of which he does not fail to profit4 ,with a few words from his discourse1 which are a summary of the whole1 we conclude3 8,the days in which we live find the church still engaged in a warfare similar to that which ,st4 ,michael1 the champion of ,god1 sustained against the rebel angels4 ,still the same revolt continues1 and man has learnt from ,satan to declare1 #8,non serviam6' ,as children of ,god and of his church1 let it be our happiness1 as it is our privilege1 to obey4 ,god and his church having an authoritative claim on our obedience1 let us see that ours shall resemble that of the blessed angels1 which is loving1 intelligent1 thorough1 and prompt40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,marie ,,lataste1 ,lay ,sister of the ,congregation of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,with a brief notice of her sister ,quitterie4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,the history of the church is marked at intervals by the appearance of favored souls whose wonderful gifts of the supernatural order fully attest the holiness which our divine ,lord has willed should be the pre-eminent attribute of his blessed spouse4 ,these manifestations of sanctity in individual souls have1 besides1 a special reference to the wants of those times in which they appear4 ,when rapacity and luxurious wastefulness characterized the upper classes of ,french society1 ,almighty ,god raised up ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 the grand apostle of charity1 to rebuke men's hardness of heart towards their poor and suffering fellow-creatures4 ,so likewise1 in an era of spiritual torpor and cowardice1 he gave to the world that prince of spiritual warriors1 ,ignatius of ,loyola1 and his devoted band of spiritual heroes to awaken men from their lethargy4 ,our own times are a period of intellectual pride1 of contempt for spiritual things1 and a corresponding exaltation of the material order2 and divine ,providence has seen fit to confound this dangerous spirit by working great things through weak instruments1 and by proposing new devotions which demand an increased exercise of faith4 ,as there is nothing more opposed to the peculiar spirit of the world of to-day than devotion to the ,real ,presence1 the ,sacred ,heart1 and the ,blessed ,virgin ,mary1 so the church directs the attention of her faithful children to these objects of pious veneration with renewed fervor1 and ,god himself attests her wisdom by many wonderful signs having reference to these three goals of spiritual life4 ,no doubt it was with such intent that he bestowed those extraordinary favors on the simple peasant girl of ,mimbaste1 ,marie ,lataste1 which1 studied in the light of worldly philosophy1 confound and bewilder1 but which1 viewed as part of ,god's supernatural economy1 cannot fail to edify and encourage the devout ,christian4 ,marie ,lataste was born in the department of the ,landes in #ahbb1 and died a lay sister of the ,congregation of the ,sacred ,heart in the year #ahdg2 so of her it may be said that she compressed a long career of virtue into a brief compass of time1 and earned by intensity of work the crown which is most frequently won by many years of laborious effort4 ,no sooner had she made her ,first ,communion than our divine ,lord began to attract her most powerfully to himself as he exists in the sacrament of the altar4 ,as a little girl she had been wilful and rebellious1 and with difficulty was brought to study her catechism and the merest rudiments of learning4 ,indeed1 her schooling never went beyond the art of reading and writing1 so that the wonderful theological and ascetic knowledge which her letters disclose cannot be otherwise regarded than as revealed to her by ,god4 ,after her ,first ,communion a wonderful change was made manifest in her4 ,thenceforth her sole delight was to commune for long hours at a time with our divine ,lord in the tabernacle1 to converse familiarly with him1 and to hold him for ever in her thoughts4 ,she was never easy when other occupations kept her aloof from him1 and when released from these she sped to him again with all the ardor which could impel a loving heart4 ,nor did our ,lord fail to reward in a signal manner this intensity of devotion to the sacrament of his love4 ,one day1 towards the close of the year #ahci1 as ,marie was repairing to the village church to perform her usual acts of adoration1 a mysterious but irresistible force hurried her along2 earthly objects faded from her view1 the ,spirit of ,god filled her soul1 and when she entered the sacred edifice she beheld our ,lord himself upon the altar1 surrounded by his angels4 8,she did not10 the recital states1 8see him at first with perfect distinctness4 ,a thin cloud1 like an almost imperceptible veil1 appeared partially to conceal him from her sight4444 ,at last ,jesus descended from the altar and approached1 calling her benignantly by name and raising his hand to bless her4 ,then she beheld him with perfect clearness in the brilliant light with which he was invested40 8,from that moment10 she said1 8the society of mankind has never ceased to be displeasing to me2 ,i should wish to fly from them for ever and shut myself up in the tabernacle with him40 ,thus did her interior life at once ascend to the highest plane of sanctity1 and she1 the poor1 almost illiterate peasant girl1 began to experience those intimate dealings and relations with our divine ,lord which are usually deemed to be the prerogative of the greatest saints--of those in whom supreme holiness goes hand in hand with profound knowledge4 ,but it is a well-known characteristic of the divine economy to select feeble instruments for its higher operations and manifestations1 and in this manner to confound human presumption and to put our pride of intellect to the blush4 8,thou hast hidden these things from the wise and prudent1 and hast revealed them to little ones40 ,and if ever it pleased ,almighty ,god to show forth his power through the humblest of his creatures1 he seems to delight in doing so at the present time4 ,he permits our philosophers to split hairs over the subtleties of evolution1 to wander in perplexity through the mazy intricacies in which they have enveloped themselves1 whilst he reveals the undreamt wonders of his wisdom to the lowly and simple-minded4 ,father ,faber has happily designated a too common class of ,christians as 8viewy0--i4e41 holding opinions which are but the reflection and expression of their petty egotism4 ,such was not the case with ,marie ,lataste2 she was simplicity itself1 and our ,lord favored her accordingly4 ,she sat at his feet as meek and docile a pupil as ever listened to the words of an instructor1 and he poured into her heart the treasures of his wisdom4 ,it is truly wonderful to read the profound sentiments with which her letters abound1 and to reflect that she1 a girl barely able to read and write1 has given expression to the most abstruse and difficult points of dogmatic theology with correctness1 clearness1 and force1 and has left behind her precepts for our spiritual guidance which savor of the wisdom and prudence of the most consummate masters of the spiritual life4 ,many things in her letters may appear strained because of the minuteness with which she describes her visions of spiritual things1 unless they are scanned with the eye of faith4 ,but both internal and external evidences of the genuineness of the apparitions with which she was favored1 and of the absolute reliability of her statements1 are so numerous that in the face of them to doubt is to question the validity of all human testimony4 ,there can be no doubt that ,god has vouchsafed to our generation this beautiful picture of a soul thoroughly united to himself in order that our pride may be abashed1 our faith strengthened1 and our love for him1 because of his manifold mercies towards us1 increased4 ,the style of the book is attractive1 and whoever reads it cannot fail to reap a large share of edifying knowledge4 ,a ,,popular ,,life ,,of ,,pope ,,pius ,,the ,,ninth4 ,by ,rev4 ,richard ,brennan1 ,a4,m4 ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,brothers4 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,life ,,of ,,pope ,,pius ,,ix4 ,by ,john ,gilmary ,shea4 ,new ,york3 ,thomas ,kelly4 #ahgg4 ,a ,,life ,,of ,,pius ,,ix41 ,,down ,,to ,,the ,,episcopal ,,jubilee4 ,by ,rev4 ,bernard ,o',reilly4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,f4 ,collier4 #ahgg4 ,the appearance within the space of a few months of three extended and elaborate biographies of ,his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix41 some of which have already run into two or three editions1 is a fact most significant of the deep interest which is taken by the reading public of ,america in everything connected with the venerable head of the church on earth4 ,the length of years vouchsafed the present successor of ,st4 ,peter1 his own illustrious character1 and the preternatural malice of his enemies have naturally heightened the curiosity regarding him of the non-,catholic portion of the community1 while his piety1 benevolence1 and long-suffering have endeared him to the hearts of all true children of the church4 ,the magnificent displays of ,catholic sympathy and loyalty to the ,holy ,see which everywhere characterized the celebration of his late episcopal ,jubilee have also increased the popular demand for information concerning the life of a man who1 morally and officially1 is acknowledged to be the foremost in ,christendom4 ,judging by the volumes before us1 it will not be the fault of our ,catholic writers if this laudable desire remain long unsatisfied4 ,each of these valuable works1 written by gentlemen of varied accomplishments and qualifications for the task1 is1 in style1 mode of treatment1 and selection of matter1 different from the others2 yet all present the same leading facts and reproduce the same vivid scenes which have rendered so instructive and dramatic the long and eventful life of the ,holy ,father4 ,father ,brennan's book1 justly called a popular life of the great ,pope1 is written in a simple1 concise1 yet comprehensive manner1 with little attempt at ornamentation or philosophic deduction4 ,the author evidently intended that his work should be read and understood by persons of average intelligence as well as by those of higher mental gifts4 ,he has therefore aimed at telling the story of ,pius ,,ix4's life plainly and consecutively1 without departing to the right or left1 except when absolutely compelled to do so in order to elucidate what is yet but imperfectly understood in the policy of the ,catholic powers of ,europe4 ,while stating conscientiously the details of a career so full of changes and reverses of fortune1 he succeeds in placing before us the true lineaments of his august subject in all their simplicity and beauty of expression4 ,this is more particularly observable in the chapter on 8,the ,supernatural ,life of the ,pope10 which will doubtless be read with great satisfaction by those who consider the ,sovereign ,pontiff a providential man2 and by such as do not1 with respect and admiration4 ,it is to be regretted that ,father ,brennan had not given at length an account of proceedings in ,rome and the ,catholic world generally for the past few years1 thus completing an otherwise very full and instructive biography4 ,mr4 ,shea has also succeeded in producing a very readable life of the ,holy ,father1 though we do not think he has done full justice to his own merits as an accomplished and painstaking writer4 ,there are evident marks of haste throughout his pages which1 though they do not seriously interfere with the continuity or authority of the work1 are apt to produce an unsatisfactory impression on the minds of critical readers4 ,his ,life of ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 will1 however1 have its admirers2 for1 excepting these slight defects1 it is a book that will interest the general reader1 no matter what may be his opinions or prepossessions1 written as it is by an intelligent layman whose reputation as an author has long since been established in this country and in ,europe4 ,the ,rev4 ,father ,o',reilly's biography is1 however1 not only more voluminous and more ample in its details than either of the preceding1 but it is enriched by copious extracts from encyclical letters and other important documents1 the proper understanding of which necessarily belongs to the elucidation of the history of ,pius ,,ix4's pontificate4 ,apart from its completeness and elegance of style1 its chief distinguishing feature is the insight it gives us into the policy and designs of contemporary rulers and conspirators in ,france1 ,italy1 and ,germany in their attempts on the integrity of the church1 and their underhand alliances with the secret societies to effect their evil purposes4 ,only a man who has had personal knowledge of the actors who figured in the bloody drama of 8,united ,italy10 and an intimate acquaintance with their present and prospective strategy1 could unfold to the public gaze1 in all its base enormity1 the culpable indifference of the men who professed the greatest regard for the sovereign of the states of the church1 and the insidious schemes of the modern champions of liberty1 whose sole and whole object is the disruption of all forms of government under which civil and religious freedom would be possible4 ,this it is that makes ,father ,o',reilly's book not only interesting but highly instructive2 for1 to a certain extent at least1 it furnishes us with a key to the enigma of ,european ,continental politics which we ,americans1 happily removed from kingcraft and secret terrorism1 so much require4 ,the venerable and venerated ,chief ,pastor of the church has been fortunate in his ,american biographers1 and we have little doubt that he will find some solace in his afflictions in the thought that three among our writers have almost simultaneously devoted their pens to recording the incidents of his life and defending his rights as a spiritual and temporal sovereign4 ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,special ,,committee ,,of ,,the ,,medico-,,legal ,,society ,,upon ,,school ,,hygiene4 ,new ,york3 ,terwilliger4 #ahgf4 ,few subjects are of more engrossing importance than the conditions requisite for the physical well-being of the rising generation2 and as our embryo men and women spend a very large portion of their lives in school-rooms1 it becomes a serious matter to determine whether these nurseries of learning are constructed in such a manner as to consist with the highest possible health standard4 ,the investigations undertaken by ,dr4 ,r4 ,i4 ,o',sullivan and his fellow-committeemen at the instance of the ,medico-,legal ,society reveal a condition which is truly startling4 ,oxygen is the life of our life-blood1 and1 if it is not supplied in the requisite quantity1 the human system becomes predisposed to every disease and the foundation of a lifetime of misery is laid4 ,yet it is notorious that the arrangements of our much-vaunted school buildings go far short of ensuring a sufficient supply of this life-sustaining gas4 ,much of this deplorable lack of suitable arrangements is the result of ignorance4 ,many self-constituted sanitarians deem loftiness of ceiling to be the main and1 indeed1 the only condition required to ensure proper ventilation and a sufficient supply of air4 ,they accordingly build without referenced horizontal breathing-space1 in the absurd belief that all foul air ascends and is got rid of1 some way or other4 ,now1 the truth1 says the report1 is 8that a lofty ceiling only makes that portion of space above the tops of the windows a receptacle for foul air1 which accumulates and remains to vitiate the stratum below40 ,this is of itself a proof that a scientific supervision of our school buildings is the only guarantee we can have that the health of the children will be properly considered4 ,the quantity of carbonic acid gas given off at each expiratory effort is far in excess of what our amateur sanitarians imagine2 and when school buildings are erected without due regard for the diffusion of this deadly emanation1 we must not be surprised to see our schools filled with pale and stunted children4 ,in addition to the carbonic acid gas other deleterious exhalations of the human body poison crowded rooms1 and are especially the cause of the peculiarly offensive and stuffy odor at which healthy olfactories revolt4 ,who that has entered one of our city public school class-rooms1 between the hours of two and three in the afternoon1 has failed to experience this disagreeable sensation8 ,yet physiology1 as well as common sense1 tells us that this effete organic matter which is constantly escaping from the lungs and from every pore of the skin is eminently injurious to health4 ,not only this1 but in certain crowded portions of the city the adjoining streets and buildings lend their quota of noxious effluvia to the poisonous agents mentioned4 ,the committee visited 8one of the newest1 best-arranged1 and best-appointed schools in the city1 and found it overcrowded and unventilated1 tainted throughout the halls1 and at times1 by way of the fan-lights over the doors in the class rooms1 odors arising from the latrines in the basement1 which are emptied only once or twice a week40 ,in this model school-house only from thirty-three to forty-one cubic feet of air are allowed to each child1 while nature vigorously clamors for at least eight hundred feet in the twenty-four hours4 ,in the second report read by ,dr4 ,r4 ,i4 ,o',sullivan we are invited to contemplate a picture which but faintly reveals the evil effects that the early overcrowding exercises in after-days over the adult population3 8,look around us in public assemblies1 and see in those scarcely entering middle life the evidence of physical decline1 the prematurely bald and gray1 the facial muscles photographing the wearied brain and overtaxed nervous system40 ,few can fail to realize1 on due reflection1 how much of the terrible truth of this picture is attributable to the bad condition of our school-houses4 ,the conclusion is plain that the judgment of the trained sanitarian is of vital importance in the erection of school buildings1 and that1 until the necessity of his sage interposition is recognized by the ,department of ,public ,instruction1 diseases1 the result of early confinement in close and crowded schools1 which are quite preventible1 will continue to prevail among us4 ,,god ,,the ,,teacher ,,of ,,mankind3 ,a plain1 comprehensive explanation of ,christian ,doctrine4 ,by ,michael ,mller1 ,c4,,ss4,r4 ,new ,york1 ,cincinnati1 and ,st4 ,louis3 ,benziger ,bros4 #ahgg4 ,,catechism ,,of ,,christian ,,doctrine1 for ,academies and ,high ,schools4 ,with the approbation of the ,most ,rev4 ,j4 ,roosevelt ,bayley1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,intermediate ,no4 ,,iii4 ,benziger ,bros4 #ahgg4 ,this is a most useful and comprehensive book1 clear and definite in its plan1 popular and interesting in its style4 ,it is divided into two parts4 ,part ,i4 deals with 8,the ,enemies of the ,church0 from the beginning down to our own times4 ,these enemies ,father ,mller sets down in the order of time as 8,heathenism10 8,heresy10 and 8,freemasonry40 ,part ,,ii4 is occupied with showing what in these days of vague beliefs and religious indifferentism it is most important to show--namely1 that ,god himself is the teacher of mankind1 and therefore that his voice must be listened to and obeyed4 ,the church is the voice of ,god on earth2 consequently1 the everlasting object of the enemies of ,god is to silence and destroy the church4 ,these avowed enemies were in the old days the heathen2 later on the heretics4 ,a deadlier foe than either1 and combining the evil elements of both1 the author points out to-day as ,freemasons1 the term covering1 of course1 all forms of secret oath-bound societies4 ,father ,mller's sketch of ,freemasonry is very extensive4 ,for his charges against the societies comprehended under that head he relies mainly on ,masonic documents and publications4 ,amid a vast amount of rubbish and jargon in the official rites and ceremonies of ,masonry is plainly discernible a distinct purpose and plan1 which can be considered none other than the destruction of all fixed belief in ,god and his revelation1 in his church1 and in the order of society and government founded on that belief4 ,to expose this conspiracy against ,god and man--for such it is1 and nothing less--is as much a service to any civilized state as it is to the direct cause of religion4 ,on this account we do not think that in a book intended as much for ordinary readers as for those who are better instructed ,father ,mller has been at all wasteful in the large amount of space devoted to this portion of his subject4 ,there is a tendency sometimes to pooh-pooh ,masonry as a convenient scarecrow4 ,yet those who have noted the march of events in ,europe within the century1 and particularly within the latter half of it1 will discover a startling resemblance between events as they have occurred1 and as it was desired they should occur according to the programmes laid down beforehand by the leaders of the secret societies4 ,the church does not waste her excommunications1 and the fact that these societies have been again and again solemnly condemned by her ought to be sufficient warning against any ,catholic joining1 not simply societies which are avowedly ,masonic1 but secret societies of any kind whatever4 ,a good and lawful society has no need of secrecy4 ,the second and more important portion of the book is taken up with what is really a most lucid and careful explanation of that portion of the catechism which refers more especially to ,god and the church4 ,the questions and answers in the catechism are necessarily brief1 and the explanation of the answers is left to the teacher4 ,the teacher1 unfortunately1 is not always as instructed as he or she might be1 without at all being a paragon of learning4 ,for such1 as indeed for all1 this portion of ,father ,mller's book will be of the greatest assistance4 ,here1 for instance1 is a question in the catechism3 8,how do we know that ,jesus ,christ is the promised ,redeemer and the ,son of ,god80 ,now1 upon a right answer to this and a thorough comprehension of the answer depends a ,christian's faith4 ,the answer in the catechism is3 8,we learn it1 #a1 from the mouths of the prophets2 #b1 from the declarations of the angels2 #c1 from the testimony of his heavenly ,father2 and #d1 from his own testimony40 ,a correct reply1 doubtless2 but simply to give such an answer to the ordinary student of whatever age is to speak to him almost in an unknown tongue1 while to saddle the average ,sunday-school teacher with a clear and comprehensive explanation of the answer is quite to overweight him4 ,father ,mller's explanations attached to such questions are excellent4 ,they are full without being tedious1 and condensed without being obscure4 ,about half the second part is very wisely devoted to an exposition of the ,ninth ,article of the ,apostles' ,creed--8,the ,holy ,catholic ,church0--which is to be commended1 as1 indeed1 may be the whole book1 just as highly to the attention of earnest and inquiring non-,catholics as of ,catholics4 ,as a whole1 the book serves two great ends3 it is a solemn warning against the prevalent evils of the day1 unbelief and hatred of the truth2 also1 a judicious and able exposition of the two great facts in the ,christian belief1 ,god and the church4 ,the work has this advantage over more learned treatises on the same subjects3 that while it commands the attention of the highest1 it is within the comprehension of any person of ordinary intelligence4 ,we know of no work in ,english better adapted to afford ,catholics whose opportunities of study have not been very great a clear and intelligent reason for the faith that is in them4 ,the catechism1 noticed at the head1 in addition to the usual instruction1 contains a short form of morning and evening prayers1 instructions for confession1 prayers at ,mass and before and after communion1 as well as a brief but useful summary of sacred history4 ,,the ,,grammar-,,school ,,speller ,,and ,,definer3 ,embracing graded lessons in spelling1 definitions1 pronunciation1 and synonymes2 proper names and geographical terms2 a choice selection of sentences for dictation2 and a condensed study of ,english etymology2 also ecclesiastical terms1 etc4 ,by ,e4 ,d4 ,farrell4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgg4 ,with the exception of ,swinton's1 there is scarcely a speller in general circulation through the schools of this country which is worthy of the name4 ,whatever is valuable in many of them has been unscrupulously pilfered1 directly or indirectly1 from ,sullivan's ,spelling-,book ,superseded1 the text-book used in the ,irish national schools2 and doubtless it is all the better for the pupils that it has been so4 ,the present work possesses at least one merit3 it is a brave departure from the well-beaten path of the plagiarist4 ,not that it is completely original2 that is impossible2 but it is as nearly so as is compatible with utility4 ,it has strong marks of individuality in every page and lesson1 and is evidently the production1 not of a mere book-maker1 but of an experienced instructor of youth1 who has felt1 in common with other teachers1 the necessity of more thought in the conception1 and system in the arrangement1 of lessons in orthography4 ,we find1 after a careful inspection1 that the work contains information1 not to be found in similar works1 on ,anglo-,saxon roots1 ecclesiastical terms1 noted names of fiction and of distinguished persons2 words relating to various occupations and sciences1 etc41 all of which are strict essentials to a useful education4 ,miscellaneous words and definitions1 ,latin roots and ,english derivatives1 and miscellaneous sentences for dictation occupy nearly half the volume1 the remainder being distributed between twenty-six other subdivisions of the subject2 and well-informed and competent teachers will say that such an apportionment of the space is right4 ,we have noticed what we consider a few imperfections1 unimportant1 doubtless1 but needing emendation--viz41 on page #cc this definition3 8,assassinate1 to attack and murder a person of importance40 ,assassination is not necessarily restricted to persons of importance4 ,the author also takes the trouble to correct such pronunciations as p an o for p no1 thrissle for thistle1 akrawst for across4 ,of what use is the teacher1 if the book must attend to such matters8 ,he also orders us1 on page #aad1 not to pronounce ge-og jog in the words geography and geometry4 ,there are pupils who pronounce these words joggraphy and jommetry1 we know1 and such is evidently the error against which he wishes to guard4 ,these oversights1 so prevalent in other spellers1 are1 fortunately1 of rare occurrence in this1 and a little careful revision will render the book still more worthy of the title1 to which it has already such strong claims1 of the model speller of the present day4 ,,missa ,,de ,,beata ,,maria ,,et ,,missa ,,in ,,festis ,,duplicibus1 ,,item ,,in ,,dominicis ,,adventus ,,et ,,quadragesim3 uti in ,graduali ,romano et ,ordinario ,miss1 ab illustri ,domino ,frederico ,pustet1 ,s4 ,sedis ,apost4 typographo1 8sub auspiciis ,,ss4 ,d4 ,n4 ,pii ,,ix41 curante ,sacr4 ,rit4 ,cong40 ,cum permissu superiorum4 ,opus ,,ii4 ,published by the author1 ,p4 ,ignatius ,trueg1 ,o4,s4,b41 ,st4 ,vincent's ,abbey1 ,beatty ,p4,o41 ,pa4 ,we heartily congratulate all who may be interested in the study or execution of ,gregorian chant upon the production of this work4 ,within a very few years the study of the holy chant of ,st4 ,gregory has occupied the attention of church musicians both in ,europe and ,america1 and many notable efforts have been made to restore it to its rightful place in the sanctuary4 ,in fact1 there is a true revival and reformation of church music in progress4 ,one of the chief difficulties which presents itself to the ordinary modern musician who acts as choir-master or organist is the simple melodic form of the chant with its musical notation as it is printed in all authorized office-books4 ,unaccustomed to its tonality1 he makes wretched work of the phrasing and accentuation1 and his execution is like that of a schoolboy spelling his words before pronouncing them4 ,ignorant also of its modality1 his attempts at harmony are more wretched still4 ,under the hands of such performers the chant becomes poor music1 without expression1 in the minor key4 ,translations of the chant into modern notation harmonized with a view to giving some notion of the distinctive character of the various modes1 are therefore a necessity for all who have not made such a thorough study of the chant as to enable them to read from the original notation and harmonize it at sight4 ,the present work of ,rev4 ,f4 ,trueg has been composed to supply this want1 and will be found in many respects to be superior to the greater number of such translations hitherto published4 ,it comprises the three masses of the ,graduale ,romanum as given in the ,ratisbon edition--viz41 for feasts of the ,blessed ,virgin1 for double feasts1 and for the ,sundays in ,advent and ,lent1 together with the responses at ,mass4 ,the harmonization is arranged in such a manner that it serves not only as an instrumental 7organ or string quartette7 accompaniment1 but also1 if so preferred1 for a vocal execution in four parts without instrumental accompaniment4 ,some excellent remarks also accompany it by way of preface1 explaining the notation employed1 and giving some valuable hints as to the proper tempo to be observed4 ,we commend its careful study to organists and chanters1 and trust that it may receive such patronage as to warrant the composer in completing his design of publishing the entire ,graduale and ,antiphonarium in the same form4 ,,blanche ,,carey2 ,,or1 ,,scenes ,,in ,,many ,,lands4 ,by ,patricia4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgg4 8,blanche ,carey was a charming girl of twenty-two summers1 beautiful and accomplished4 ,she had just completed her education at a fashionable boarding-school1 and was gifted with those graces which constitute the true characteristics of woman4 ,she was the admired of all who knew her1 the pride of the family circle1 the delight of society1 unrivalled in intellectual attainments4 ,if we add to these beauty and grace of form1 the picture is complete40 ,phew6 ,and we are only at the first page4 ,what is one to say of so oppressively perfect a heroine8 ,but 8the picture0 is not 8complete0 yet2 for in the second page the inventory of her qualities and accomplishments is continued in this thrilling style3 8,the harp she fingered with unrivalled skill2 the piano keys she swept like a whirlwind0 7good gracious671 8while she executed on the guitar with no less grace and finish40 ,we are slightly at a loss to understand whether or not this highly-accomplished young lady performed all these startling feats at once1 as the author would seem to imply4 ,the picture of a girl 8fingering0 the harp with unrivalled skill1 8sweeping0 the piano-keys 8like a whirlwind10 while she 8executes0 on the guitar 8with no less grace and finish0 than a whirlwind presumably1 is something that certainly possesses the merit of novelty4 8,finding that she was already proficient in music1 she did not wish to devote further time to painting0--why1 we do not know4 ,however1 8it's of no consequence10 as ,mr4 ,toots would say4 ,blanche goes to ,rome and sees the ,holy ,father1 who 8was quite affable0 to her1 she assures us4 ,here is one of the 8,scenes in ,many ,lands03 8,our ,irish tourists0 7,blanche and her grandfather1 a ,mr4 ,o',rourke7 8had already made quite a sojourn in ,italy1 and to the old gentleman's astonishment1 as he entered the coffee-room with his granddaughter leaning on his arm1 both apparently fatigued after a long drive in the suburbs0 7we are at a loss to understand whether the writer means by 8suburbs0 the suburbs of ,italy or the suburbs of the coffee-room71 8they observed a young man of prepossessing appearance seated at an opposite table1 gazing at them very earnestly4 ,his travelling companions were two ladies4 ,one of them1 though by no means elderly1 might be taken for his mother2 the other young and somewhat coquettish in manner--evidently his sister from the striking resemblance she bore him4 ,all denoted the air of the ,parisian4 8#8,that gentleman must be going to make our acquaintance1' said ,blanche4 #8,he must1 ,i imagine1 be dying to know us4 ,all three are looking at us4 ,i know they are ,french by the way they drink wine4' 8,the party in question rose to adjourn to their apartments4 ,as they left the room1 ,frank ,mortimer--for such was his name--glanced several times at ,blanche4 ,she1 of course1 not condescending to notice the supposed curiosity1 evaded it40 ,artful yet discreet ,blanche6 ,of course she makes his acquaintance in the next page--we have only reached page #f yet1 so that it will be seen events move rapidly--and here is how she makes it3 8,having waited for some moments in the pretty boudoir1 looking out on a veranda of orange-trees not yet in blossom0 7we copy verbatim71 8,blanche was humming one of her favorite airs1 #8,beautiful ,isle of the ,sea1' which she imperceptibly changed to #8,let each man learn to know himself4' ,frank entered on the words1 and seemed slightly confused for an instant1 but1 quickly recovering his composure1 he addressed his visitors with the ease and grace of a debonair40 8,may we not hope to meet ye in ,paris80 is one of the questions put by the easy and graceful 8debonair0 to his visitors4 ,he falls in love with ,blanche1 of course1 though he confesses that he 8almost fell in love once with a lady from ,south ,america10 and no wonder4 8,she was a most perfect creature in face and form2 that delicate cast of countenance with an exquisite profile2 hair that might be called golden1 coiled on the tip of her head40 ,the parting at the end of the first chapter1 between ,blanche and ,frank1 is not altogether as poetical as it might have been made4 ,the train whistle interferes with it considerably4 8,a whistle1 and all was confusion2 everybody astir to get on board4 ,a second one1 and ,frank started to take leave4 ,he tried to speak1 but it was impossible4 ,his face quivered with emotion4 ,he pressed the hand of ,blanche in silence1 and1 darting out of the carriage1 he encountered ,mr4 ,o',rourke at the door4 ,bidding him a hasty farewell1 he was soon lost in the crowd4 #8,what a fool ,i am6' he thought1 #8but ,i am human nature4 ,yet is it not a weakness to bow to its dictates8 ,should ,i ever meet that gifted creature again1 ,i will tell her all4444' ,he wiped the cold perspiration from his forehead1 and1 with a sigh1 tried to forget his misery40 ,what a fool he was indeed6 ,yet he said one sensible thing3 8#8,oh6' said ,blanche1 laughing1 #8am ,i not a favored child of fortune8 ,when ,i go home ,i shall write a novel or some work of fiction4' 8,frank ,mortimer smiled as the words fell from her lips4 #8,heaven save you1' he said1 #8from such a fate6'0 ,frank's prayer was not heard1 seemingly1 and the result1 we suppose1 is ,blanche ,carey4 ,we have not got beyond the first chapter of this fascinating 8work of fiction10 and we are not likely to get beyond it4 ,the reader may easily judge of its attractions by the extracts given1 which were positively too tempting to pass by4 ,,the ,,letters ,,of ,,rev4 ,,james ,,maher1 ,d4,d41 ,,late ,p4,p4 ,,of ,,carlow-,,graigue1 ,,on ,,religious ,,subjects4 ,with a memoir4 ,edited by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,patrick ,francis ,moran1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,ossory4 ,dublin3 ,browne ,nolan4 #ahgg4 ,seldom do we have an opportunity to welcome the appearance of so valuable a book as this1 which is the embodiment of those sentiments1 views1 and convictions that distinguish the modern ,irish priest4 ,few men loved his religion and his native land with a more intense fervor than ,father ,maher4 ,this double love nourished his frame1 increased his strength1 stimulated his thoughts1 nerved his heart1 and underlay every thought and action of his life4 ,he was a man who simply delighted in every opportunity of saying a word or doing a deed in behalf of his creed or his country4 ,as a controversialist his enthusiasm made him almost bitter1 but with that bitterness which is born of zeal for the truth4 ,a man of stalwart frame and magnificent proportions1 he exercised a magnetic influence over his listeners by his presence alone4 ,throughout the entire range of controversial literature it would be hard to find anything equal to his scathing arraignment of ,archbishop ,whately apropos of the ,nunnery ,inspection bill3 8,i have myself10 he writes1 8two sisters and eighteen nieces who1 following the call of ,heaven1 have selected the religious life4 ,some of them are in convents in ,england1 some in ,ireland1 some in ,america2 all engaged in the noble service of forming the tender minds of the children of the poor to virtue1 for whose sake and the sake of their ,father in heaven they most willingly surrendered in the morning of life all earthly prospects4 ,i well remember what they were under the paternal roof4 ,i know what they are in the cloister4 ,i have never lost sight of them2 and as to their happiness1 to which ,i could not be indifferent1 ,i have only to affirm1 which ,i do most solemnly1 that ,i have never known people more happy1 more joyous1 more light-hearted1 or with such buoyant hopes as good religieuses4 ,their character1 my lord1 is unknown and will remain a mystery to that world for which ,christ refused to pray40 ,these are the brave words of one of the most conspicuous champions of religious freedom1 and one of the most determined antagonists of the smelling committee who strove to insult the purest and noblest of women4 ,his spirit is not dead among his confrres in the ,irish vineyard1 for ,cardinal ,cullen1 the nephew of ,father ,maher1 and the distinguished prelate who has given these inestimable letters to the world--a near relative of the great priest--lives to represent every feeling and pulse of his heart4 ,,specialists ,,and ,,specialties ,,in ,,medicine4 ,address delivered before the ,alumni ,association of the ,medical ,department of the ,university of ,vermont4 ,burlington4 #ahgf4 ,this address of ,dr4 ,henry1 though unpretending in form1 is exceedingly well timed and full of suggestiveness4 ,the doctor evidently belongs to the conservative class of his profession1 who long for the day when eminent respectability1 which is the escutcheon of the medical man in ,european countries1 will be fairly won and worn by every one who subscribes ,m4,d4 to his name4 ,as a consequence1 he is the bitter enemy of every form of quackery and undue pretentiousness4 ,he certainly handles soi-disant specialists without gloves1 and gives the best of reasons why the community should rebel against their assumption of skill4 ,too many so-called specialists are men who have devoted their time and attention to a special branch of the profession while entirely neglecting the others4 ,this is illogical and cannot be done4 ,medicine is a science whose parts are bound together as indissolubly as the stages of a reasoning process1 and whoever imagines that he can master one department without a knowledge of the others simply follows the advice of ,dogberry4 ,we have oculists and aurists and gyncologists without number who have no knowledge of general pathology4 ,this is altogether wrong4 ,the true raison d'tre of a specialist is that1 having profoundly studied the science of medicine1 he finds that his natural aptitude or taste draws him to one branch of the profession rather than to others4 ,in this manner only have the prominent and highly-reputed specialists in ,europe and among ourselves won their fame and fortune4 ,dr4 ,henry1 in a clear and trenchant style1 demonstrates the absurdity of specialties1 as such4 ,,mongrelism4 ,by ,watson ,f4 ,quinby ,m4,d4 ,wilmington1 ,del43 ,james ,webb4 ,this curious monogram is worth perusing1 if for no other reason than the fanciful and novel views which it presents4 ,the author attributes many of our present social evils to mongrelism1 or the admixture of distinct types of men4 ,he finds in the ,book of ,revelation the foreshadowing of the natural distribution of men into white1 red1 and black1 deeming the three similarly colored horses to be typical of those three branches of the human family1 while the fourth horse1 on which sat ,death1 he considers to be the emblem of mongrelia4 ,he opposes ,j4 ,j4 ,rousseau's idea that man's primitive condition was one of barbarism1 and contends that historical and archological discoveries prove rather a retrogression than an improvement4 ,the ,chinaman is ,dr4 ,quinby's ideal of a mongrel4 ,in the land of flowers every art once flourished1 learning was cultivated1 the harpist filled the air with sweetest strains1 and the poet sang delicious lays in the beautiful vale of ,cashmere1 till the bane of mongrelism fell on it and all progress ceased4 ,mexico and ,south ,america are other evidences of the pernicious influence of hybridism4 ,the conclusions of the author are in many instances sound1 but his reasoning is too fanciful to satisfy a sober-minded reader4 ,his statement that the rapid influx of ,chinese into our midst is fraught with mighty perils is well worth pondering over1 and no true statesman will shun the serious consideration of this knotty problem4 ,,jack4 ,from the ,french of ,alphonse ,daudet4 ,by ,mary ,neal ,sherwood1 translator of ,sidonie4 ,boston3 ,estes ,lauriat4 #ahgg4 ,another painful story by this gifted author4 ,it is cleverly told and the treatment is highly artistic1 showing all that careful finish that ,french writers bestow even on their smallest characters4 ,the characters in this story are most of them wretched enough4 ,lovers of the real in fiction will find them realistic enough4 ,there is a tone of hopelessness and helplessness in ,jack1 as in ,sidonie1 that is very disheartening4 ,according to ,m4 ,daudet1 a relentless ,fate would seem to clutch some miserable mortals1 and hold them till death came as a happy release4 8,the mother cried in a tone of horror1 #8,dead'80 8,no10 said old ,rivals2 8no--delivered10 are the last lines of ,jack4 ,there is much truth and also much untruth in the lesson of the book4 ,social surroundings1 of course1 influence very materially the growth1 physical and moral1 of lives4 ,but they are not everything2 over and above them all is a man's own will1 and that is the true lever of his life4 8,jack0 only needed a little more resolution and nerve to have made him a very useful member of society instead of a nincompoop4 ,as in ,sidonie1 so here1 the minor characters are to us the most interesting4 ,the humor in ,jack is unfortunately less in quantity and more sardonic in quality than in ,sidonie4 ,we suppose it is hopeless to expect ,m4 ,daudet to look for once at the brighter side of life and find his heroes and heroines among respectable people4 ,meanwhile1 we give him all praise as a very powerful artist1 though a very unpleasing one4 ,he is fortunate in his ,american translator4 ,,mcgee',s ,,illustrated ,,weekly3 ,devoted to ,catholic ,art1 ,literature1 and ,education4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,a4 ,mc,gee1 ,publisher4 #ahgg4 ,an illustrated ,catholic weekly journal1 which should successfully compete in point of illustration and literary workmanship with the numerous non-,catholic and anti-,catholic--we had almost said diabolic--journals that are so abundant to-day1 was something greatly needed in this country4 ,various attempts have been made in the past to establish such a journal4 ,they were so many failures4 ,the volume which forms the subject of the present notice is certainly the most successful we have yet seen here1 and we have great hopes that1 with an increased patronage1 which it certainly deserves1 it may be all we could wish it to be4 ,it has advanced very much1 both in style of illustration1 in selection of subjects1 and above all in editorial character and ability on its own earlier numbers4 ,the publisher has had the good fortune as well as the good sense to secure a really able editor in ,col4 ,james ,e4 ,mc,gee1 who1 in addition to being an excellent writer1 possesses that sound journalistic sense and judgment without which the very best matter is simply wasted in a publication of this kind4 ,most of the illustrated journals of the day are so much mental and moral poison1 and the deadliest are those that are most generally liked and enjoy the widest circulation4 ,to furnish an antidote to this bane is a good as well as a bold work1 which deserves well of ,catholics everywhere4 ,we most heartily wish continued success to the new venture4 ,,the ,,bible ,,of ,,humanity4 ,by ,jules ,michelet4 ,translated from the ,french by ,vincenzo ,calfa4 ,with a new and complete index4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,w4 ,bouton4 #ahgg4 ,this is a translation of what may be called a sensational romance by ,jules ,michelet1 founded on the earliest records of various races of the human family1 including the ,old and the ,new ,testament4 ,the author runs riot amidst these ancient documents2 and his disordered imagination misinterprets them unscrupulously1 denies boldly what does not answer his purpose1 and invents at pleasure1 until in the end nothing is left on the mind of the reader except the impression of a defying1 scoffing1 and voluptuous disciple of ,m4 ,voltaire--,jules ,michelet4 ,the translation is in good ,english2 we have no reason to think it is not faithfully done4 ,,the ,,poetical ,,and ,,prose ,,writings ,,of ,,charles ,,sprague4 ,new edition4 ,with a portrait and a biographical sketch4 ,boston3 ,a4 ,williams ,co4 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,sprague's writings1 whether in prose or poetry1 are of that kind1 we fear1 that are not destined to live long in men's memories1 however much immediate interest and attention they may excite at the time of their publication4 ,his verse was smooth enough and sweet enough as a rule1 with little or nothing in it to jar on sensitive feelings1 and little or nothing in it also to rouse feeling of any kind4 ,the present edition is handsomely brought out4 ,,annals ,,of ,,our ,,lady ,,of ,,the ,,sacred ,,heart4 ,monthly bulletin of the ,archconfraternity of ,our ,lady of the ,sacred ,heart1 published with the approbation of ,rt4 ,rev4 ,edgar ,p4 ,wadhams1 ,bishop of ,ogdensburg4 ,printed for the ,missionaries of the ,sacred ,heart1 by ,chas4 ,e4 ,holbrook1 ,watertown1 ,n4 ,y4 ,we have received the first number of this little publication1 the object of which is best set forth in the words of the dedication 8to the clergy1 religious communities1 colleges1 institutions of learning1 and ,catholic societies of ,america40 8,the ,missionaries of the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus established at ,watertown earnestly recommend to the zeal of ,catholics the monthly publication entitled ,annals of ,our ,lady of the ,sacred ,heart4 ,its object is to make known and to propagate in ,america1 and in the ,english possessions1 the admirable devotion to ,our ,lady of the ,sacred ,heart1 and1 through ,mary1 to lead souls to the ,sacred ,heart of ,jesus40 ,the publication begins with the ,june number4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,parents' ,,friend4 ,devoted to the cause of ,catholic education4 ,edited monthly by ,m4 ,wallrath1 pastor of the ,church of the ,immaculate ,conception1 ,colusa1 ,california4 ,numbers for ,may1 ,june1 and ,july1 #ahgg4 ,we think this little publication may do great good to the cause of ,catholic education4 ,we trust it may have an extensive patronage4 ,a little more timeliness and brevity in the articles1 and a more pointed and direct application of them to matters moving around us here at home1 would add greatly to the value and interest of so excellently conceived a work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we have received from the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 advance sheets of ,cardinal ,manning's latest volume1 reprinted from the ,english plates1 which were specially furnished to this house by the ,english publishers4 ,it is impossible at so short a notice to deal fitly with a work by so eminent an author1 and touching on a variety of subjects1 each one of which is timely and important4 ,some indication of the value of the volume may be gathered from the titles of the various papers3 8,the ,work and ,wants of the ,catholic ,church in ,england02 8,cardinal ,wiseman02 8,french ,infidelity02 8,ireland02 8,on ,progress02 8,the ,dignity and ,rights of ,labor02 8,the ,church of ,rome02 8,csarism and ,ultramontanism02 8,ultramontanism and ,christianity02 8,the ,pope and ,magna ,charta02 8,philosophy without ,assumptions10 etc41 etc4 ,,books ,,and ,,pamphlets ,,received4 ,,saint ,,elizabeth1 ,,queen ,,of ,,hungary4 ,by the author of ,life in a ,cloister1 etc4 ,,hortense3 an ,historical ,romance4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,by ,r4 ,j4 ,halm4 ,kelly1 ,piet ,co41 ,baltimore4 ,,the ,,crown ,,of ,,heaven1 ,,the ,,supreme ,,object ,,of ,,christian ,,hope4 ,from the ,german of ,rev4 ,john ,n4 ,stger1 ,s4,j4 ,by ,rev4 ,m4 ,nash1 ,s4,j4 ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new ,york4 ,,selections from the ,imitation of ,christ4 ,,selections from the ,thoughts of ,marcus ,aurelius ,antoninus4 ,roberts ,bros41 ,boston4 ,,strength ,,and ,,calculation ,,of ,,dimensions ,,of ,,iron ,,and ,,steel ,,constructions1 ,,with ,,reference ,,to ,,the ,,latest ,,experiments4 ,translated from the ,german of ,j4 ,j4 ,weyrauch1 ,ph4,d41 ,prof4 ,polytechnic ,school of ,stuttgart4 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand1 ,new ,york4 ,,ten ,,years ,,of ,,my ,,life4 ,by the ,princess ,felix ,salm-,salm4 ,r4 ,worthington1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,forty-seventh ,annual ,report of the ,inspectors of the ,state ,penitentiary for the ,eastern ,district of ,pennsylvania1 for the year #ahgf4 ,sherman ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,,sixth ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,woman',s ,,baptist ,,missionary ,,societies4 ,with the ,proceedings of the ,annual ,meetings4 ,rand1 ,avery ,co41 ,boston4 ,,ninth ,,annual ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,clarke ,,institution ,,for ,,deaf ,,mutes ,,at ,,northampton1 ,,mass41 ,,for ,,the ,,year ,,ending ,,september #a1 #ahgf4 ,,on ,,the ,,value ,,and ,,culture ,,of ,,roots ,,for ,,stock ,,feeding4 ,by ,david ,landreth ,sons4 ,mc,calla ,stavely1 ,philadelphia4 ,,final ,,announcement ,,of ,,the ,,woodruff ,,scientific ,,expedition ,,around ,,the ,,world4 ,indianapolis ,journal ,co41 ,indianapolis4 ,,annals ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,indian ,,missions ,,of ,,america4 ,bureau of ,catholic ,indian ,missions1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,indulgences ,,apostoliques1 ,,ou ,,indulgences ,,applicables ,,aux ,,vivants ,,et ,,aux ,,defunts4 ,que le ,saint ,pre ,pie ,,ix4 attache aux ,rosaires1 ,chapelets1 ,croix1 etc41 qui en ont obtenu le pouvoir approuv par l'autorit comptente4 ,rome3 ,libreria di ,roma4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 --------------------- ,,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #aeb4--,,november1 #ahgg4 --------------------- ,,the ,,free-,,religionists4 ,i4--,,the ,,new-,,englander4 ,this pamphlet#ag of ninety-five pages gives an account of the last annual meeting in ,boston of the 8,free-,religious ,association1 its object being to promote the practical interests of pure religion1 to increase fellowship in spirit1 and to encourage the scientific study of man's religious nature and history40 ,associations of this kind seem to be necessary as safety-valves to a certain class of men and women1 chiefly found in ,new ,england1 who1 especially in matters of religion1 are in a state of effervescence1 and feel the pressing need at times of publicly delivering themselves of such thoughts as come uppermost in their minds on this and kindred subjects4 ,the phenomenon is a peculiar one1 and perhaps in no other country could such a variety of odd spirits as are usually found in these assemblies be convoked4 ,their proceedings are full of interest to the student of religion and the mental philosopher1 no less than to the observer of the phases of religious development of some of the most active thinkers of this section of our country4 ,the ,american mind at bottom is serious1 clings with deathless tenacity to a religion of some sort2 and of none is this more characteristic than of the descendants of the ,puritan ,fathers4 ,the children of the ,puritans may be eccentric1 at times fanatical1 and inclined to thrust their religious1 social1 political1 and even dietetical notions upon others2 but they are men and women who think2 they are restless until they have gained a religious belief1 and are marked with earnestness of some sort1 energy1 and practical skill4 ,the ,puritan race is a thinking1 religious1 and an aggressive race of men and women4 ,whatever he may be1 there is always in a genuine ,puritan a great deal of positive human nature4 ,let him be under error1 and his teeming brain will breed countless crotchets1 any one of which he will maintain with the bitterest fanaticism1 and1 if placed in power1 will impose it upon others with a ruthless intolerance4 ,give him truth1 and you have an enlightened faith1 indomitable zeal1 and not a few of the elements which go to make up an apostle4 ,the main qualities which distinguish the typical ,new-,englander1 though not altogether the most attractive1 are nevertheless not the meanest in human nature1 and we candidly confess1 though not a drop of ,puritan blood runs in our veins1 that we have but few dislikes1 while we entertain many feelings of sincere respect1 for the ,new ,england type of man4 ,it is1 therefore1 with special interest that we read whatever offers an insight into the workings of the minds of so large1 influential1 and important a class of the ,american people4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ,,ii4--,,what ,,is ,,the ,,free-,,religionist ,,movement4 ,the ,unitarian ,association did not go far enough and fast enough to suit the temper of a class of its more radical and ardent members2 hence the existence of the separate organization of 8,the ,free-,religious ,association40 ,the movement of the free-religionists may be said to spring from a laudable desire to get rid in the speediest way possible of the spurious ,christianity which was imposed upon them by their forefathers as genuine ,christianity and pure religion4 ,suppose they have accomplished this laborious task of purification1 what then8 ,have they found wherewith 8to yield the religious sentiment reasonable satisfaction10 which ,mr4 ,tyndall says 8is the problem of problems at this hour08 ,by no means2 this discovery is quite another affair4 8,hic labor1 ,hoc opus est40 ,they have only reached its starting-point4 ,let them begin their search1 and investigate every form or scheme of religion that has existed among men from the beginning of the human race2 let them speculate on these to their hearts' content1 and indulge in the fancy that they have a mission to invent or construct a new religion--and what then8 ,why1 they will find1 at the end of all their earnest efforts1 that there are1 and especially for those who have been under the light and quickening influences of ,christianity1 but two possible movements1 one a continuous curve and the other a tangent4 ,one or the other of these lines they will be inevitably forced to take4 ,if they pursue the first and push their premises to their logical consequences1 they will1 if intelligent and consistent1 be led at some point into the circle of the ,catholic ,church2 if they follow the latter1 and have the courage of their opinions1 they will declare themselves first infidels and then atheists4 ,the fact is becoming daily more and more plain to intelligent and fearlessly honest men that there is no logical standing ground1 we do not say between ,catholicity and atheism--for atheism has no logical standing position whatever--but that there is no logical standing ground at all outside of ,catholicity4 ,for ,catholicity professes to be1 and has ever maintained that it is1 the most perfect manifestation to men of the supreme divine ,reason1 and to reject the truths which it sets before human reason with the convincing evidence of their divine origin necessarily involves the denial of human reason itself2 consequently1 human reason inevitably falls1 in the end1 with the rejection of ,catholicity4 ,a man may reject ,protestantism and claim human reason2 nay1 he is bound to repudiate ,protestantism1 if he holds to human reason1 for the doctrine of 8total depravity0 taught by orthodox ,protestant sects undermines altogether the value of human reason4#ah ,but ,catholicity appeals confidently to human reason for its firm support1 since its entire structure is based upon the infallibility of human reason in its sphere1 and the irrefragable certitude of its great primary truths4 ,the interdependent relations1 therefore1 existing between reason and ,catholicity are essential1 and they stand or fall together4 ,the way that ,dr4 ,holmes has put this question is not1 we beg his pardon1 the right way2 he says3 8,rome or ,reason80 ,he should have said3 ,rome and ,reason4 ,there can be no rational belief in ,god1 in the immortality of the soul1 in human responsibility as against ,christianity1 as there can be no rational belief in ,christianity as against ,catholicity4 ,outside of the ,catholic ,church there is only nihilism4 ,,iii4--,,the ,,drifts ,,of ,,free-,,religionism4 ,it would be difficult to predict the precise course of these 8come-outers0 of the latest date1 called free-religionists4 ,some will probably stop after having repudiated ,protestantism1 rest upon the truths of reason1 and1 without inquiring further1 vainly try to satisfy1 with a species of theism1 the great aspirations and deep needs of their souls2 eventually they may fall back on old ,unitarianism4 ,others will venture to examine1 as some before them have done1 the claims of the ,catholic ,church1 and finding that these are founded on human reason1 that her doctrines perfect the truths of human reason1 and that she alone is adequate to satisfy all the wants of the human heart1 will become in the course of time ,catholics1 and save their souls--that is1 reach their high destiny4 ,another section will1 during1 perhaps1 their whole lives1 seriously amuse themselves with the study of ,brahminism1 ,buddhism1 and every other kind of outlandish religion--not a vain intellectual amusement1 except when associated with the absurd idea of concocting a new religion4 ,while the larger section1 we fear1 will follow the tangent and end in nihilism4 ,for although the main drift of the religious world outside of the ,catholic ,church1 especially in the ,united ,states1 is towards naturalism2 although the face of each free-religionist looks in a somewhat different way1 yet the actual movement of the greatest number of these ,unitarian dissenters is apparently in the direction of zero4 ,precisely where the president of the ,free-,religious ,association stands1 to what definite truths he assents as undeniable1 and what convictions he holds as settled1 is not to be gathered from any of his sermons1 tracts1 speeches1 and several published books4 ,he seems to be laboring under the impression that he has a mission to bring forth a new religion1 but thus far he or his associates in this illusive idea have given to the world no new word in religion1 or in morals1 or in philosophy1 or in politics1 or in social life1 or in art1 or in science1 or in method1 or in anything else scibile4 ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,alger has ventured to predict to his free-religionist brethren in their last annual gathering a new incarnation and its gospel1 in which we fail to see anything new or important1 if true4 8,the spirit of science10 such are the words of his prophecy1 8enriched with the spirit of piety1 is the avatar of the new ,messiah40 ,francis ,ellswood ,abbot1 a conspicuous member of the ,free-,religious ,association1 as well as one of its active directors and the editor of the ,index1 a weekly journal which is in some sort the organ of the free-religious movement1 has1 among other notable things1 come to the front and publicly impeached ,christianity4 ,his indictment contains five counts against the ,christian religion3 8human intelligence1 human virtue1 the human heart1 human freedom1 and humanitarian religion40#ai ,here are his charges3 8,christianity10 he says1 8no longer proclaims the highest truths1 inculcates the purest ethics1 breathes the noblest spirit1 stimulates to the grandest life1 holds up to the soul and to society the loftiest ideal of that which ought to be40#bj ,but this is neither new nor original2 for what is the ,christianity which ,mr4 ,abbot so boldly impeaches8 ,why1 in all its main features it is that disfigurement of ,christianity which he has inherited from his ,calvinistic progenitors1 and which the ,council of ,trent impeached1 and for the most part on the very same grounds as he does1 more than three centuries ago2 so that in each of his articles of impeachment every ,catholic to-day will heartily join1 and to each of his charges say3 ,amen2 ,anathema sit6 ,what is surprising to ,catholics is that there should be intelligent and educated men living in this enlightened nineteenth century who have found out that ,calvinism is false1 and have not yet discovered in the intellectual environment of ,boston that ,calvinism is not ,christianity4 8,they do not attack the ,catholic ,church10 said ,daniel ,o',connell1 in speaking of a similar class of men1 8but a monster which they have created and called the ,catholic ,church40 ,but ,mr4 ,abbot is not of the men who are content to rest in mere negation4 ,in a lecture delivered by him in a course under the auspices of the ,free-,religious ,association1 entitled ,a ,study of ,religion1 after much preliminary discourse1 he gives with the heading1 8,the ,new ,conception of ,religion10 the following definition of religion3 8,religion10 he says1 8is the effort of man to perfect himself40#ba ,now1 what is the origin of 8man's effort to perfect himself08 8,religion10 he affirms1 8appears in its universal aspect as the decree of ,nature that her own end shall be achieved4 ,religion is the inward impulsion of ,nature1 seconded by the conscious effort of the individual to conform to it10 etc4#bb ,what ,mr4 ,abbot calls 8nature0 and 8ideal excellence in all directions0 is what the common sense of mankind has named ,god4 ,mr4 ,abbot has no objection to the same name2 only he insists that the idea of ,god1 which is very proper1 should be submitted 8to the educated intelligence of the human race40#bc 8,it is10 he says1 8because ,i do believe in ,god that ,i am willing to submit my belief in him to the sharpest and most searching scrutiny of science40#bd ,now1 ,mr4 ,abbot admits that if you once concede the ,messianic claim of ,christ1 8then it is true that ,catholicism is itself ,christianity in its most perfect form40#be ,he therefore stops virtually in his analysis of religion at the idea of ,god1 and1 if he believed in the ,divinity of ,christ and did not eschew logic1 he would have to embrace ,catholicity4 ,mr4 ,abbot1 like many ,unitarians1 agrees on this point with ,p4 ,j4 ,proudhon1 but with this difference3 the ,frenchman recedes a step1 and maintains that 8outside of ,christianity there is no ,god1 no religion1 no faith1 no theology4444 ,the church believes in ,god1 and believes in ,god more faithfully and more perfectly than any sect4 ,the church is the purest1 most perfect1 and most enlightened revelation of the divine ,being1 and none other understands what is worship4 ,from a religious stand-point the ,catholicism of the ,latin peoples is the best1 the most rational1 and the most perfect4 ,rome1 in spite of her repeated and frightful falls1 remains the only legitimate church40 ,hence ,proudhon and those of his school lay it down as a sine qua non that the elimination of the idea of ,god1 and of all obligation to any divine law1 is the condition of all true progress4 ,from this we may draw the conclusion that ,francis ,e4 ,abbot is on the curve line1 and1 if he follows out his definition of religion to its logical consequences1 he will surely land1 whatever may be the sweep of his continuous curve1 in the bosom of the ,catholic ,church4 ,there is no escape from this ultimate result1 if reason is to rule1 except by hastily taking the back track1 and starting on the tangent1 and eventually plunging with ,proudhon into the dark abyss of nihilism4 ,hence every sagacious straight-line radical cannot but look upon the platform of the editor of the ,index as the jumping-off place into popery for all consistent theists4 ,that this is not meant as pleasantry1 but is written in downright earnestness1 we quote the conclusion of his lecture on ,a ,study of ,religion1 and preface it by saying that the language with which he urges his definition of religion on his hearers finds in every word an echo in the hearts of all sincere and instructed ,catholics1 and receives their full endorsement4 8,i speak now10 he says1 8as one who believes in religion1 thus conceived1 from the sole of the foot to the crown of the head1 without apology either for the name or the thing1 and without the smallest concession to the prejudice that assails either the one or the other4 ,to-day ,i speak only to the large in heart and broad in mind--to those who must accept science and would fain accept religion too4 ,to these ,i say that science itself would lose its fearless love of truth1 were it not that religion fed its secret springs2 that social reform would lose its motive and inspiration1 literature and art their beauty1 and all human life its sweetest and tenderest grace1 did not religion evermore create the insatiable hunger after perfection in the soul of man4 ,bright1 cheerful1 ennobling1 stimulating1 emancipating1 religion is the greatest friend of humanity1 ever guiding it upward and onward to the right and the true2 ay1 and to all we yearn for1 if1 as we believe1 the right and the true are indeed the pathway to ,god40 ,but not all free-religionists are gifted with so deep1 intelligent1 and healthy an appreciation of the essence of religion as ,francis ,e4 ,abbot1 who leaves nothing at present to be desired but the courage of his convictions--proficiat6 ,there is1 however1 in the ,christian ,inquirer a revelation made by ,william ,ellery ,channing1 a distinguished nephew of the celebrated ,dr4 ,channing1 which tells quite another story4 ,it appears by this article that the president of the ,free ,religious ,association1 ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham1 had attributed to ,mr4 ,channing1 one of the speakers in the tenth annual assembly1 a 8poetic ,christianity10 a 8religion in the air10 an 8up-in-a-balloon0 religion1 and in reply to this accusation he draws from nature the following unattractive personal portraits3 8,let me10 says ,mr4 ,channing1 8make a clean breast of it to you before all onlookers4 ,what you mean by the #8rumors' that ,i had become #8ecclesiastical in tastes and opinions' ,i can but conjecture4 ,but the simple facts are in brief these3 ,you remember how seven years ago1 on the public platform1 and in the reunions of the ,free-,religionists in dear ,john ,sargent's hospitable rooms1 and in private #8confabs' with yourself1 and ,w4 ,j4 ,potter1 and ,s4 ,longfellow1 and ,s4 ,johnson1 and ,j4 ,weiss1 and ,t4 ,w4 ,higginson1 and ,d4 ,a4 ,wasson1 and ,f4 ,e4 ,abbot1 etc41 ,i tried to preach my gospel1 that the vital centre of free religious union is the life of ,god in man as made gloriously manifest in ,jesus the ,christ4 ,and you remember1 too1 how around that centre ,i illustrated the historic fact that the great religions of our race arranged themselves in orderly groups4 ,for nearly a year ,i opened my heart and mind to the free-religionists and liberal ,christians1 without a veil to hide my inmost holy of holies4 ,but shall ,i tell you1 my friend1 that when ,i bade you all farewell1 in the summer of #ahgj1 it was with sad forebodings8 ,and why8 ,the story1 too long to tell in full1 ran thus3 ,one1 in his wish to be bathed in the sense of ever-present ,deity1 had ceased to commune with the ,spirit of spirits in prayer4 ,another1 in his repulsion from imprisoning anthropomorphism1 had abandoned all conceptions of a personal ,god1 and so lost the ,father4 ,a third1 in his historic purpose to lead a heavenly-human life1 here and now1 gave up the hope of immortal existence1 as a sailor might turn from contemplating the cloud-palaces of sunset to pull the tarry cordage and spread the coarse canvas of his ship4 ,and1 saddest of all1 a fourth1 in his bold purpose to be spontaneous in every impulse and emotion1 spurned the motherly monitions of duty so sternly that conscience even seemed driven to return to heaven1 like #8,astra ,redux4' ,in brief1 one felt as if the liberal college of all religions in council with pantheism1 agnosticism1 and atheistic materialism was destined to fall flat to dust in a confused chaos of most commonplace spiritual #8know-nothingism4' ,such was my disheartening vision of the near future for dearly-loved compeers4 ,and a darker valley of #8devastation1' as our ,swedenborgian friends say1 than ,i was driven into ,i have never traversed40 ,but ,mr4 ,channing goes further2 he shows that he has studied the religious philosophers of antiquity to some purpose1 seized their true meaning and real drift1 and in touching language takes his readers into his confidence1 offering to them an insight into his present relations to ,christianity4 ,the following remarkable paragraph possesses a thrilling interest for ,catholics2 and if it affects others as it has the present writer on reading it1 they will not fail to offer up an aspiration to ,him who has given such graces to the soul of the man who penned it--and doubtless to others among the free-religionists--that he will render their faith explicit and perfect it4 8,once again10 he says1 8,i sought comfort with the blessed company of sages and saints of the ,orient and ,hellas--with ,lao-,tsee and ,kung ,fu-,tsee2 with the writers of the ,bhagava-,geeta and the ,dhamma-,bada2 of the hymns of ancient ,avesta and the modern sayings and songs of the ,sufis2 with radiant ,plato and heroic ,epictetus1 etc41 etc4 ,once more they refreshed and reinspirited me as of old4 ,but they did something better3 hand in hand they brought me up to the white marble steps1 and the crystal baptismal font1 and the bread and wine-crowned communion-table--ay1 to the cross in the chancel of the ,christian temple--and1 as they laid their hands in benediction on my head1 they whispered3 #8,here is your real home4 ,we have been but your guides in the desert to lead you to fellowship with the ,father and his ,son in the spirit of holy humanity4 ,peace be with you4' ,and so1 my brother1 once again1 and with a purer1 profounder1 tenderer love than ever1 like a little child1 ,i kissed the blood-stained feet and hands and side of the ,hero of ,calvary1 and laid my hand on the knees of the gentlest of martyrs1 and was uplifted by the embracing arms of the gracious elder ,brother1 and in his kiss of mingled pity and pardon found the peace ,i sought1 and became a ,christian in experience1 as through a long life ,i had hoped and prayed to be4 ,depend upon it1 dear ,frothingham1 there is on this small earth-ball no reality more real than this central communion with ,god in ,christ1 of which the saints of all ages in the church universal bear witness40 ,,iv4--,,the ,,meeting4 ,but we have wandered off somewhat from our present point1 which is the proceedings of 8the tenth annual meeting0 of the free-religionists in ,boston4 ,what is singularly remarkable among so intellectual and cultivated a class of men as assemble at these gatherings1 and especially among its select speakers and essayists1 is that they should display so great a lack of true knowledge of the ,catholic ,church4 ,if the ,catholic ,church is not worthy of serious study1 then why make it a subject for speeches and essays in so important an assembly8 ,but if it be worthy of so much attention1 why not give it that investigation which its significance demands8 ,we dare not say that the leaders among the free-religionists are not intelligent men1 that they have not read considerably4 ,but when they charge the ,catholic ,church with heresies which she has condemned2 when they attribute to her doctrine which she always has detested and does detest2 and when they blacken her with stale and oft-refuted calumnies1 and recklessly traduce her dearest and best1 her holiest children1 we dare not trust ourselves to give expression to what comes uppermost in our thoughts4 ,shakspeare gives good advice in this matter3 8,though honesty be no ,puritan1 ,yet it will do no hurt40 ,we recommend this to the consideration of our free-religionists4 ,it will do them 8no hurt0 to show more of this virtue when speaking of the ,catholic ,church4 ,it becomes those who talk so much about science to talk a little less about it1 and1 when the ,catholic religion is concerned1 to give more evidence of scientific study4 ,especially does this course become men who claim to be public teachers belonging to a body whose object is 8to encourage the scientific study of man's religious nature and history40 ,the first essay1 delivered by ,william ,r4 ,alger1 entitled ,steps towards ,religious ,emancipation in ,christendom1 and published in their tenth annual report1 will serve to illustrate our meaning4 ,mr4 ,alger is a scholar of repute1 a man who has travelled abroad1 written and published several books displaying extensive reading1 refined tastes1 and high literary culture4 ,he is1 moreover1 a distinguished minister of the ,unitarian denomination4 ,his essay1 we have reason to believe1 was prepared with the usual care bestowed upon such papers2 for the president of the association1 in introducing the author1 said3 8,the discussion will be opened by an essay by ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,alger1 of ,new ,york1 who has made this matter in its historical aspects the study of years1 and is carefully prepared to present the result of his deepest thought and investigation40#bf ,in its fourth paragraph the essay proposes to give a rough sketch of the 8doctrinal thought0 on which in medival times the 8intellectual unity0 of the church rested4 ,our limits will not allow us to quote it entire1 but it is enough for our purpose to say--and we weigh our words before putting them on paper--that scarcely any one sentence of this paragraph contains a correct statement of the 8doctrinal thought0 of the ,catholic ,church either in the middle ages or in any other age4 ,here are some of the statements3 8,the whole human race1 descended from ,adam1 who lived five thousand years before10 etc4 ,mr4 ,alger would convey new information to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 if he would give his authorities for this assertion4 ,thus far1 if our authorities do not deceive us1 the ,catholic ,church has1 in her wisdom1 left the question of the date of man's appearance upon this earth to the discussion of chronologists and to the disputes among scientists4 ,again3 8,the ,bible1 a mysterious book dictated by the ,spirit of ,god1 containing an infallible record of what is most important in this scheme of salvation1 is withheld from the laity40 ,it would also increase the knowledge of our readers if the author had given his authorities to prove the above charge4 ,the testimony of ,catholics1 if we be a judge1 is precisely the contrary to this accusation4 ,they entertain the conviction that it was the most earnest desire of the church in the period of which ,mr4 ,alger is speaking to render the ,bible accessible to all classes of men4 ,her monks devoted themselves to the severe manual labor of copying the ,bible1 and engaged in the noble toil of translating it into the vulgar tongues of various nations1 that the people might become readers of the ,bible4 ,she exposed the ,bible publicly in her libraries1 and chained it to their walls by the windows1 and to desks in her churches1 in order that it might be read by everybody and not stolen4 ,the charge is simply an old and oft-repeated calumny quite unworthy a man of reputed intelligence4 8,the actual power or seal of salvation is made available to believers only through the sacraments of the church--confession1 baptism1 ,mass1 and penance--legally administered by her accredited representatives40 ,there is such an inextricable confusion pervading this statement that it is difficult to discern its meaning4 ,no one1 we venture to say1 who had mastered the 8doctrinal thought0 of the church would have ever penned so distracted a sentence on so important a point4 ,one would suppose that1 according to ,mr4 ,alger1 there were two sacraments1 one 8confession0 and the other 8penance02 whereas every ,catholic who has learned the little catechism knows that 8confession10 the popular term1 means1 in the language of the church1 the ,sacrament of ,penance4 ,then what is meant by 8baptism legally administered by her accredited representatives08 ,this is not clear2 but the whole statement is so confused in thought and tangled in expression that the only hope of understanding the author's meaning is to give him an opportunity of trying again4 ,it would be1 among ourselves1 interesting to read from non-,catholic authors the 8doctrinal thought0 of the church on what is essential to salvation and what is ordinarily necessary to salvation4 ,it would also1 we are inclined to think1 clear up many of their misconceptions and do them no little good to have correct ideas on so important a matter4 8,those10 says ,mr4 ,alger1 8who humbly believe and observe these doctrines shall be saved2 all others lost for ever40 ,this sentence follows the preceding one1 and the same confusion and error underlie both4 ,when the ingenuous author of this essay has corrected the former sentence by reading up on the point involved1 he will1 as a matter of course1 correct the error contained in the latter4 ,passing now over several paragraphs containing many charges1 we regret to say1 in unusually bitter words1 we come to the following3 8,the revival of the ,greek learning1 the study of the works of ,plato1 ,aristotle1 the classic poets1 orators1 and historians1 with their beautiful and surprising revelations of genius1 virtue1 and piety1 entirely independent and outside of the church and ,bible1 exerted an immense force in liberalizing and refining the narrow1 dogmatic mind of the ,christian world1 refuting its arrogant pretensions to an exclusive communion with ,god and heritage in ,providence40 ,if the cultivated writer of this essay had qualified the phrase 8outside of the church0 as ,i understand it1 8exclusive communion0 as ,i view it1 this sentence might pass2 but1 as it stands1 the position in which the ,catholic ,church is placed is entirely false1 and we refer our readers to what is said on these points under the heading of 8,the ,mission of the ,latin ,race10 commencing on page #e1 in the last number of this magazine4 8,now the ,pope10 says ,mr4 ,alger1 8excommunicates the emperor1 sets up a rival1 foments a rebellion among his subjects1 or launches the terrible interdict on a whole nation1 shutting the churches1 muffling the bells1 forbidding confession to the penitent1 unction to the dying1 burial to the dead40#bg ,either the author has been imposed upon by his authorities1 or perhaps he has not weighed sufficiently his words4 ,the effect of an interdict of the ,pope is inaccurately stated4 ,these are 8terrible0 matters1 and one who is reciting history should be careful and exact in his specifications4 ,here1 as before1 he is bound to give his authorities1 and learned and credible ones1 or change his language4 8,the repeated gross contradictions of bishops1 councils1 and popes1 their inconsistent decrees reversing or neutralizing each other1 infallibility clashing with infallibility1 begat irrepressible doubts40#bh ,this sentence may pass for a rhetorical flourish1 but it involves a grave1 a very grave1 a most grave charge1 and is backed up by no example1 or proof1 or relation of authorities6 ,these cutting and slashing assertions where conscientious accuracy is required and sound scholarship ought to be displayed1 place the intelligence and education of his ,boston audience in no enviable light4 ,let us have some specimens of 8infallibility clashing with infallibility0 by all means3 8,luther sprang forth with one-third of ,christendom in revolt at his back4444 ,but the fundamental doctrines of the church scheme otherwise remained essentially as they had been1 unchallenged40#bi ,what a pity that the theologians of the sixteenth century had not known that 8the fundamental doctrines of the church scheme remained essentially0 the same6 ,the ,council of ,trent1 if it had only understood this1 might have saved its anathemas4 8,after ,luther1 then1 we see ,christendom1 with fundamental agreement of belief1 differing1 for the most part1 only in affairs of polity and ritual1 split into two bodies--those who rest their belief on the inspired authority of the church1 and those who rest it on the inspired authority of the ,bible40#cj ,here again we have another fundamental erroneous idea of the church4 8,inspired0 authority is not what ,catholics believe4 ,this language shows poor theological training or a loose way of handling delicate and important points4 ,but on this point we shall have more to say4 8,third10 says ,mr4 ,alger1 8a revolt of common sense against errors with which the teachings of church and ,scripture were identified1 but which1 by the simple lapse of time1 had been demonstrated to be false4 ,for example1 in the twentieth chapter of the ,book of ,revelations it is recorded3 #8,and he laid hold of the dragon1 that old serpent1 which is the devil1 and cast him into the bottomless pit1 and shut him up1 and set a seal on him that he should deceive the nations no more1 till the thousand years should be fulfilled2 after that he must be loosed a little season4' ,this passage was thought to fix the date of the ,day of ,judgment4 ,and as the time drew near the terror was profound4 ,throughout the generation preceding the year one thousand the pulpits of the ,christian world rang with this frightful text and with awful descriptions of what it implied4 ,the fear was as intense as the belief was general40 ,has not the author of this essay taken some romancer of history or some idle tale for his authority in the above charge8 ,when and where did the church identify her teachings with this error8 ,we grow uneasy in asking for authorities and examples2 and when we are given an example of things which are said to have taken place eight hundred years or more ago1 no authority is cited to authenticate the fact4 ,the author may have given his hearers 8the result of his deepest thought10 but he is too chary of the authorities for his 8historical study of years40 8,the priests10 he tells us1 8from the first hour scented this enemy from afar1 and declared war against it physical science1 as the meaner portion of them still do everywhere4 ,in the twelfth century the ,council of ,tours1 in the thirteenth century the ,council of ,paris1 interdicted to monks the reading of works on physical science as sinful40#ca ,we retract having said that ,mr4 ,alger cites no authorities2 he does in the above accusation1 but fails to quote the decrees or give their language1 or tell what kind of councils these were and what their weight4 ,we feel suspicious1 and have grounds for this feeling1 and we demand more definite proofs4 ,the charge is precise2 let the proofs be equally so4 ,let us have the authentic decrees and ipsissima verba4 ,this is asking only fair play4 ,it would not be pleasant to find this accusation1 on serious investigation1 a misconception1 or a misinterpretation1 or perhaps an invented calumny1 but not by our author4 ,we take real pleasure in finding a point in which we agree with him4 ,here is one3 they are the 8meaner portion10 if there be such 8priests10 who 8war against0 the study of 8the physical sciences40 ,we know of priests who are devoted to the study of the physical sciences1 and some who are distinguished in these studies2 but we have no acquaintance with the 8meaner portion0 who have 8declared war against physical science40 ,perhaps ,mr4 ,alger has1 and1 if so1 he will inform us who they are4 8,ethnology10 he asserts1 8multiplies the actors in its drama that of history1 and takes the keystone from the arch of the church theology by disproving the inheritance of total depravity from one progenitor of all men40#cb ,here the author shares the error in common with almost all1 if not all1 ,unitarians and free-religionists4 ,they seem not to be able to grasp the idea that the ,catholic ,church1 in the cumenical ,council of ,trent1 condemned the doctrines of ,protestantism concerning original sin2 and1 whatever may be said to the contrary1 the ,catholic ,church never goes back on her authoritative decisions4 ,mr4 ,alger well says that the doctrine of original sin is 8the keystone of the arch of theology02 so much the more reason1 therefore1 that there should be no mistake on a point which shapes theology almost entirely4 ,and if he and his brethren1 free-religionists and ,unitarians1 could be got to understand and acknowledge that the ,catholic ,church has condemned the doctrines of ,protestantism on original sin1 as well as 8the five points of ,calvinism0--for they go together--then there would be some hope that the gross error of identifying ,catholicity and ,protestantism as 8fundamentally and essentially the same0 on this most important subject would be corrected4 ,the error is an egregious one1 which is constantly appearing in their addresses1 sermons1 tracts1 essays1 books1 weekly papers1 and journals1 and with that error a thousand dependent errors would disappear4 ,but1 alas6 we fear that we shall have to regard this as hopeless1 and resign ourselves1 for the present generation at least1 to placing this1 with other radical errors1 among the points of 8invincible ignorance06 ,may we just here be allowed1 without being stigmatized as one of the 8meaner portion0 of the priesthood1 to put in a humble demurrer to the unsustained assertion that 8ethnology0 has 8disproven0 8one progenitor of all men08 ,if the reader is weary of following up with us this labyrinth of error in this not very long essay1 he will pity the present writer2 for he has not touched upon one-tenth of the errors which the same short essay holds4 ,we have been careful1 too1 to be silent on language which might have come from ,exeter ,hall ranters or from the late ,dr4 ,brownlee1 a notorious anti-popery lecturer of former days4 ,indeed1 we can scarcely allow ourselves the freedom of expressing our feelings of indignation at reading such language coming from men who have a reputation for polite culture4 8,men10 we say2 for at the close of its delivery ,mr4 ,alger's essay was endorsed by the president of the association as 8the admirable essay by ,mr4 ,alger1 at once a history and an argument1 a summary of facts and also a summary of apprehensions and suggestions1 etc40#cc ,another speaker pronounced it a 8most magnificent and masterly essay40#cd ,we are not over-sensitive in matters of this kind1 and before concluding our remarks we give a specimen of the language and spirit of the 8most magnificent and masterly essay40 ,v4 ,,free-,,religionists ,,and ,,the ,,monks4 8,few men10 says our estimable writer1 8duly feel what a debt the nineteenth century owes to the illustrious founders and cultivators of science1 ,aristotle1 ,archimedes1 ,kepler1 ,newton1 and the hundreds of lesser lights in many departments4 ,what a beneficent and herculean task they have accomplished in breaking the chains of false authority1 opening the dungeons of superstition1 removing the incubus of religious terror6 ,their sunlit and open-air minds1 in harmonious working connection with nature and their race1 have done much to dispel the baneful power of a celibate church1 the cloistered and mephitic minds of monks and hermits1 introspective dreamers1 tyrannical theorizers1 who1 set apart from the living interests of men1 had woven over ,christianity a horrid web of diseased logic spun out of the entrails of their own morbid brains40 ,let free-religionists honor ,aristotle1 ,archimedes1 ,kepler1 ,newton1 and other great masters in natural science2 they are worthy1 and we also pay them honor4 ,let them be grateful to those 8cultivators of science0 for all the hidden truths which1 by their genius and toil1 they have brought to light1 and in this we also sympathize4 ,let them join with this class the men of our own day distinguished in this line of studies3 the ,herschels1 the ,faradays1 the ,agassiz1 the ,quatrefages1 the ,darwins1 the ,secchis1 the ,huxleys1 the ,tyndalls1 the ,drapers1 etc42 they are all worthy of honor and gratitude for every new truth which they have discovered and made known to the world4 ,not to love all truth unreservedly is to renounce the light of reason and to repudiate ,god2 for he was ,god who said1 8,i am the truth40 ,but this grateful acknowledgment for the labors of cultivators of the sciences by no manner of means implies the acceptance of every hypothesis or theory1 put forth by some of them1 which for the most part are based upon insufficient data or spun out of misconceptions of religion with secret hostility to ,christianity4 ,for there are men who pass for scientists who seem to be actuated more by a spirit of opposition to religion than a sincere desire for the discovery of the secrets of nature4 ,hence genuine science has to suffer no less than true religion from bigots and hypocrites1 who erect their untenable opinions into final decisions of scientific investigation1 and cloak themselves with the honorable livery of science to put forth the ignoble doctrines of materialism4 ,speculations1 however brilliant1 ought not to pass for science1 and one must be on his guard in our days1 lest he allow the authority of great names to impose upon his credulity the romance of science for real science4 ,but could not the author of this essay honor the really great men of science and be content1 without dishonoring another class of men who devoted their gifts and gave their toil as enthusiastically at least1 and with an equal self-sacrificing spirit1 to the contemplation and discovery of another1 and even1 in degree1 a higher1 class of truths8 ,could he not pay ,paul without robbing ,peter8 ,then1 again1 why this bitterness of expression towards the monks8 ,have these monks no aspirations that are holy8 no convictions that are sacred8 no rights worthy of respect8 ,why could not the monks with equal liberty lead such lives as the highest feelings in their souls called them to do as well as a ,bronson ,alcott1 a ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 a ,henry ,thoreau1 or ,william ,r4 ,alger8 ,what or who has given to these ,americans the liberty to lead such lives as they chose1 and deprived men of other climes of this same personal privilege8 ,is it a commendable thing for a ,sir ,isaac ,newton to lead a celibate life out of devotion to mathematics1 and a sin for a ,st4 ,benedict to lead a single life out of as pure a devotion1 at least1 to the religion of ,christ8 ,if ,reverend ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson throws up his pastorate over a respectable ,unitarian congregation1 and retires to a remote country village to devote himself to the cultivation of literature and whatever he may please to think a more useful calling1 in fidelity to his best aspirations1 why may not a ,bernadotti of ,assisi retire from the business of a silk merchant1 renounce his gay companions1 and1 in obedience to the voice of ,god in his soul1 practise poverty and turn a religious reformer under the name of ,francis8 ,if ,henry ,thoreau repudiates the calling to be a clergyman not to be false to his highest convictions1 devotes his leisure hours to the study of nature and the ,greek poets1 and1 living for the most part on bread and water1 takes up the manual labor of making lead-pencils to meet the cost of his scanty support1 and in so doing not lose cast among the literary brahmins of ,boston1 why not let1 with equal freedom1 ,anthony retire to the deserts of ,egypt and give himself to divine contemplation and the making of baskets and mats for his innocent way of life1 without being loaded with a heap of most abusive epithets8 ,was it heroic in ,mr4 ,bronson ,alcott to make an attempt to realize his ideal of a pure and holy life with a few choice spirits at ,fruitlands1 in the ,state of ,massachusetts1 while it was only the 8mephitic0 action of a 8morbid brain0 in a saintly ,bernard actually to realize the ideal at ,clairvaux1 in the province of ,burgundy in ,france8 ,are we to praise and never be weary of praising the ,pilgrim ,fathers for abandoning their country1 their homes1 their friends1 and their relations to come to the wilds of inhospitable ,new ,england1 in order that they might worship ,god according to the dictates of their consciences1 and must we condemn the first pioneers in the wilderness who plunged into the solitudes of ,egypt for precisely the same reason1 in order to fulfil the great aspiration of their souls to ,god--the pilgrim saints of the desert8 ,who can read the riddle why the aspiration or effort of the soul to perfect itself is the result of 8mephitic minds0 in a ,hebrew1 or an ,egyptian1 or a ,latin1 or a ,celt1 and the same aspiration is religious1 sacred1 holy1 when found in the soul of a ,new-,englander8 ,did it not suggest itself to the mind of the author of this essay1 when he perused the passage quoted against the monks1 that he exposed himself to a flank movement8 ,for where could you find better specimens and more plentifully of 8introspective dreamers0 and 8tyrannical theorizers0 than in the ,state1 in the very city1 nay1 in the actual audience which assembled at the time to listen to ,mr4 ,alger's essay8 8,o wad some power the giftie gie us1 ,to see oursels as others see us6 ,it wad frae monie a blunder free us1 ,and foolish notion40 ,why is it that a certain number of ,new ,england authors1 whenever they can find an occasion or make an opportunity1 are sure to cast a fling at monks and nuns and a celibate priesthood8 ,even the genial author1 ,dr4 ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 not to mention ,whittier and others1 from some yet unexplained cause1 will turn bitter and his temper grow ruffled when he encounters in his literary excursions a monk or speaks of the celibate clergy of the church4 ,there is no difficulty in acquitting such authors of intentional malice1 but men so well bred and of such broad experience ought and do know better1 and should not blot their otherwise pleasant pages with foul abuse4 ,but whence does this acrimony spring8 ,does it spring from the bully who strikes a victim1 knowing himself safe from a return blow8 or is it that the intellectual faculty of insight is lacking in these highly-gifted authors8 ,is this rancor to be attributed to their environment8 or1 finally1 is it to be classified by some future clerical ,darwin as an instance of ,puritanical 8inherited habit08 ,be that as it may1 ,catholics ask no favors from the opponents of the church1 but they have good reason to look for1 and the right to demand1 fair play1 sound scholarship where scholarship is needed and claimed1 and at least an average amount of intelligence4 ,these monks--and let us add also nuns1 for their aim is identical--who have as a distinctive principle of life the resolve always to tend towards perfection1 are not perfect and make no pretension to being saints1 for although human nature is immanently good1 there is notwithstanding much evil in the world1 and no class of men or women1 whoever they may be1 is wholly free from the possibility of deviating from the path which leads to their true destiny4 ,that there have been among monks and nuns hypocrites1 fanatics1 and those who have forgotten the sacredness of their calling and given public scandal everybody knows3 8,canker vice the sweetest buds doth love40 ,had these incurred the severe animadversion of the author of this essay1 his abusive language might have passed unnoticed2 but no qualification is made between innocent and guilty--the exemplary and scandalous1 one and all1 are passed upon as the same by a most unsparing and unjust sentence4 ,but not all free-religionists have read the history of the church and of the influence of monks upon civilization in the light of the author of this essay4 ,we cannot forego the gratification of quoting a passage written many years ago by one1 a speaker in this tenth annual meeting too1 in which he gives a different estimate of the church and the monks in the precise period of which ,mr4 ,alger has attempted to draw a rough sketch1 it is true1 but still his intention must have been to give a correct picture4 8,truly10 says the ,rev4 ,william ,ellery ,channing1 8the church has been a quickening centre of modern civilization1 a fountain of law and art1 of manners and policy4 ,it would not be easy to estimate how much of our actual freedom and humanity1 of our cultivation and prosperity1 we owe to her foresight and just acknowledgment of rights and duties4 ,it is easy to ascribe to the cunning and love of power of priests the wonderful sovereignty which this spiritual dictator has exerted2 but it is proof of surprising superficiality that these critics do not recognize that only sincere enthusiasm and truth1 however adulterated by errors1 can give such a hold upon human will4 ,the ,christian ,church has been unquestionably the most dignified institution which the earth has seen4444 ,beautiful have been its abbeys in lonely solitudes1 clearing the forests1 smoothing the mountains1 nurseries of agricultural skill amidst the desolating wars of barbarous ages1 sanctuaries for the suffering4 ,beautiful its learned cloisters1 with students' lamps shining late in the dark night as a beacon to wandering pilgrims1 to merchants with loaded trains1 to homeless exiles--their silent bands of high-browed1 pallid scholars watching the form of ,science in the tomb of ,ignorance1 where she lay entranced4 ,beautiful its peaceful armies of charity1 subduing evil with works of love in the crowded alleys and dens of cities1 amid the pestilences of disease and the fouler pestilence of crime1 and carrying the sign of sacrifice through nations more barren of virtues than the deserts which have bordered them40 ,,vi4--,,the ,,free-,,religionists ,,and ,,the ,,mystics4 ,mr4 ,alger must have seen that his canvas up to this moment was overcharged with sombre colors1 and to give it a vraisemblance he put in the following words3 8,there has been another marked class of persons1 in the extreme opposite sphere of life to those just described--a class nourished in the inmost bosom of the church itself--whose very important influence has acted in harmony with that of science1 which seems so wholly contrary to it--acted to melt away dogmatism1 free men from hatred and force and fraud1 and join them in a heavenly enthusiasm of accord4 ,i allude to the mystics1 who cultivated the sinless peace and raptures of the inner life of devotion1 absorption in divine contemplation1 ecstatic union with ,god4 ,boundless is the charm exerted1 incalculable the good done1 in impregnating the finest strata of humanity with paradisal germs by ,victor1 ,bonaventura1 ,suso1 ,tauler1 ,teresa1 ,behmen1 ,fnelon1 ,guyon1 ,john of the ,cross1 and the rest of these breathing minds1 hearts of seraphic passion1 souls of immortal flame4 ,this class of believers1 devoted to the nurture of exalted virtue and piety1 were the choicest depositaries of the grace of religion40 ,the general reader would suppose that this 8marked class of persons1 in the extreme opposite sphere of life to those just described10 were not1 of course1 8monks40 ,but such is the fact1 with the exception of two he mentions4 ,let us examine this list4 ,here is the first mystic1 ,victor4 ,victor6 ,who is he8 ,whom does the essayist mean8 ,there was ,st4 ,victor of ,marseilles1 who suffered martyrdom under ,diocletian1 ,july #ba1 ,a4,d4 #cjc4 ,he surely does not mean this ,victor8 ,then there was the celebrated ,abbey of ,st4 ,victor1 near ,paris1 named after ,st4 ,victor of ,marseilles1 founded in the first year of the twelfth century2 he cannot mean that8 ,there is no telling1 though4 ,then there was ,hugh1 born in ,flanders1 and ,richard1 a ,scotchman1 the latter a disciple of the former1 both inmates of the monastery of ,st4 ,victor1 both illustrious by their writings on mystical theology1 and saintly men4 ,perhaps he means one of these1 or both8 ,perhaps that is not his meaning4 ,if it be1 then his sentence should have run thus3 ,hugh of ,st4 ,victor1 or ,richard of ,st4 ,victor4 ,let us proceed2 both of these were 8monks40 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 disciple of ,st4 ,francis1 was a 8monk40 ,john ,tauler1 a disciple of ,st4 ,dominic1 another monk4 ,st4 ,teresa1 a nun1 a 8cloistered0 nun1 consequently as bad1 at least1 as a 8monk40 ,behmen8 ,behmen8 ,jacob ,boehme4 ,oh6 yes2 a ,german1 a shoemaker--not to his discredit--a ,protestant1 and mystical writer4 ,o blessed saints in ,paradise6 do not1 we beg1 lay it to our charge of making you 8acquainted with so strange a bed-fellow60 ,then comes ,fnelon the saintly archbishop1 the friend1 be it known1 of monks and nuns4 ,now ,mme4 ,guyon2 it is singular that there is always a strange hankering among a class of ,protestants after ,catholic writers of suspected orthodoxy4 ,st4 ,john of the ,cross is next1 and the last1 though not least1 the ,aquinas of mystical theology1 a ,carmelite1 a 8monk40 ,now let us count up4 ,but we have forgotten our beloved ,swabian1 ,henry ,suso1 the ,minnesinger of divine love2 and he too was a ,dominican1 a 8monk40 ,in sum--excluding1 of course1 the ,protestant2 for of him it cannot be said that he was 8nourished in the inmost bosom of the church0--we have six 8monks10 if you include both ,hugh and ,richard of ,st4 ,victor in the number1 and one 8cloistered0 nun1 all1 without exception1 8celibates10 of the eight examples selected by our author as 8devoted to the nurture of exalted virtue and piety10 and 8the choicest depositaries of the graces of religion60 ,six out of eight--not a bad showing for monks and nuns 8as the choicest depositaries of the graces of religion10 where a learned author has his pick1 running over many centuries4 ,,vii4--,,the ,,free-,,religionists ,,and ,,christianity1 ,,or ,,the ,,final ,,issue4 ,it is time to draw these remarks to a close1 and that1 too1 without even casting a glance at the speeches that followed the essay which has been under review4 ,we did not offer1 as our readers will have remarked1 a refutation of the misconceptions1 misinterpretations1 and errors which have been pointed out in the essay of ,mr4 ,alger4 ,we intentionally abstained from doing so until its author brings forth his authorities and proves his assertions1 in obedience to a commonly-received maxim rightly followed in discussion1 which says1 ,quod gratis affirmatur1 gratis negatur4 ,besides1 the ,catholic ,church is in possession1 and therefore the burden of proof rests not on her defenders1 but on the part of her assailants4 ,our refutations will come soon enough when we have learned that there is something to refute4 ,but1 that our purpose might not be ambiguous1 we have italicized1 in most instances1 the words which contain the special errors to which we wished to call attention4 ,the opponents of the church have not changed their mode of attack1 but only their weapons4 ,they no longer charge her with atheism1 as the early pagans did1 or of worshipping the head of an ass1 or drinking the blood of an infant1 but absurdities and idle tales of the 8dark ages0 are trumped up and laid at her door4 ,just now1 as if by a general conspiracy1 an attempt is made to place the church in a false position1 as hostile to reason1 science1 education1 civilization1 liberty1 and the state4 ,these are the popular charges of the day1 and these show at least that the 8gall0 of her enemies is active and 8coins slanders as a mint40 ,counterfeits1 however1 may pass current for a limited period1 but in the long run they are detected and bring upon their authors' heads grief and shame4 ,only truth and justice are enduring and immortal4 ,the true position of the ,catholic ,church is now1 as it ever has been1 not against but for reason and ,god1 science and revelation1 for education and ,christianity1 for civilization and progress1 for liberty and law1 for the state and the church2 as against atheism1 naturalism1 infidelity1 barbarism1 license1 and anarchy4 ,let us have in this free country1 where all religions to an uncommon degree are placed on an equal footing1 a fair and honest discussion1 avoiding unsupported assertions1 refuted charges1 and all bigotry4 ,whichever religion is worsted in such an encounter by fair and honest blows1 why1 let it die4 ,if the free-religionists can clear the whole field from ,christianity1 as they appear to think1 and invent instead a better religion1 as some fancy1 let them do so and come on with their new religion4 ,give it a fair chance1 and1 if their new religion proves to be a better one1 let it have a joyful greeting4 ,until then the ,catholic ,church is in possession of the field1 and in the congress of intelligent men holds its high place2 for all thoroughly-instructed minds see clearly the impossibility of entertaining honorable ideas of ,god without being ,christians1 and of being ,christians and not becoming ,catholics4 ,the real issue1 if the free-religionists can be induced to look at it1 is between ,catholicity and nihilism4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,smoke-,,bound4 ,o cool east wind6 so moist of breath1 ,with strength blow from the sea1 ,loosen the smoky chains that curb ,our proud hills' sovereignty2 ,wake in the silent mountain glens1 ,where streams grow dumb with drought1 ,the clamor of your lowland home-- ,the sea-waves' battle-shout4 ,sweep onward with your pennon clouds1 ,marshal your spears of rain1 ,sound in the pines your bugle-call-- ,set free our hills again6 ,hide them for days1 if so you will1 ,in cloudy depths of storm2 ,wrestle1 as human soul should win ,its strong1 immortal form4 ,we shall not grieve in such dark veil ,to lose our valley's crown1 ,that gaineth so from your pure breath ,but mightier renown4 ,our hearts shall greet the slanting rain1 ,like blessd water flung2 ,your voice shall the ,asperges sing ,the cross-boughed firs among4 ,like sin unshriven these earth-fires ,hold heart and mountain fast1 ,each day a stronger link is forged1 ,a drearier light is cast4 ,all day the smoky shadow flings ,its dream of heaven's blue1 ,its mockery of summer's smile1 ,its vision all untrue1-- ,winning1 at eve1 the sun to spin ,dull shadow into gold-- ,bright meshes of enchanter's web ,o'er hill and valley rolled2 ,hiding our far-off sunset peaks ,that longest keep day's light-- ,the temple's porch called ,beautiful1 ,steps to a holier height4 ,broad steps whose strength our valley lacks ,to lift our thoughts on high4 ,blow1 eastern wind6 give our dim eyes ,our peaks that mount the sky4 ,o moist of breath6 with cloudy lips1 ,quench these dread earthly fires ,that turn our mountain altars all ,to beauty's funeral pyres4 ,upon this stifling chain drop dew1 ,its glamour exorcise1 ,that1 pure as pardoned soul1 our hills ,in ,heaven-sent strength may rise4 ,give us anew their morning grace1 ,their midday depths of blue2 ,open the sunset gates where light ,of ,paradise shines through4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,st4 ,,james ,,of ,,compostella4 ,although most have heard the name of ,santiago in ,galicia1 yet it is now a place that is scarcely known4 ,in the days of our infancy there were still such beings heard of as the pilgrims of ,compostella1 but the silence of the present day is well-nigh oblivion3 and of this famous sanctuary1 which still exists1 there only remains an almost forgotten and far-distant renown4 ,france has unlearnt the very roads which led to the apostle's tomb2 and the ,spaniards themselves1 who will speak to you freely of ,nuestra ,seora del ,pilar1 scarcely guess that the ,madonna of ,saragossa placed her origin under the patronage of ,st4 ,james1 whose shrine all ,christendom in former days bestirred itself to go and visit4 ,the apostle venerated at ,compostella is ,st4 ,james the ,great1 whose vocation to the apostolate is related in the fourth chapter of ,st4 ,matthew1 immediately after that of ,peter and ,andrew1 and where we are told that at the call of ,jesus the brothers forthwith 8left the ship and their father and followed him40 ,according to the most probable opinion1 ,zebedee and his family dwelt at the little town of ,saffa1 now called by the ,arabs ,deir1 about three miles distant from ,nazareth4 ,andrichomius1 in his ,theatrum ,terr ,sanct1 mentions a church there1 which some years later no longer existed4 ,their prompt obedience indicates the generous character which rendered the brothers particularly dear to their divine ,master1 and caused them to be1 with ,st4 ,peter1 the chosen witnesses of scenes and miracles at which the other disciples were not present4 ,the last mention made of ,st4 ,james in the ,gospel is in the narrative of the miraculous draught of fishes after the ,resurrection4 ,the next is in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 which briefly recounts his martyrdom3 8,herod 444 killed ,james1 the brother of ,john1 with the sword40 ,this took place in the year #db4 ,of the nine years which intervened between the ,ascension of our ,lord and this event the ,holy ,scriptures say nothing1 and tradition is our only source of information4 ,according to this1 ,st4 ,james departed early from ,jerusalem1 and1 directing his course towards the western countries of ,europe1 arrived in ,spain1 where he preached the ,gospel and appointed some of the first bishops4 ,here also1 according to an ancient and constant tradition1 he caused to be built at ,saragossa a church dedicated to the ,blessed ,virgin1 known as 8,our ,lady of the ,pillar10 and1 on the termination of his sojourn in the west1 returned to ,jerusalem1 where1 a few days after his arrival1 about the time of the ,jewish ,passover1 ,herod caused him to be seized and slain4#ce ,it is certain that the apostles delayed not in obeying the divine command to 8go and teach the nations02 neither can one explain in any other manner how the light emanating from ,syria so rapidly illumined 7as even the infidel critic1 ,renan1 confesses7 the three great peninsulas of ,asia ,minor1 ,greece1 and ,italy1 and soon afterwards the whole coast of the ,mediterranean1 so that in a short space of time the ,christian world was co-extensive with the ,roman--,orbis ,romanus1 orbis ,christianus4 ,st4 ,jerome and ,theodoret both affirm that ,spain was evangelized by some of the apostles4 ,the ,gothic liturgy1 which is considerably anterior to the ,mozarabic1 and which dates from the fifth century1 is the most ancient interpreter of this tradition4 8,the illustrious ,sons of ,thunder10 it says1 8have both obtained that which their mother requested for them4 ,john rules ,asia1 and1 on the left1 his brother possesses ,spain40 ,the great doctor ,st4 ,isidore1 who lived in the first half of the seventh century1 writes3 8,james the son of ,zebedee 444 preached the ,gospel to the peoples of ,spain and the countries of the west40 ,the ,bollandists furnish a number of additional witnesses4#cf ,the breviary of ,st4 ,pius ,v4 and the enactments of ,urban ,,viii4 corroborate their testimony1 the ,roman ,breviary saying also that ,st4 ,braulio not only compared ,st4 ,isidore to ,st4 ,gregory the ,great1 but declared that he had been given by ,heaven to ,spain as her teacher in the place of ,st4 ,james4#cg ,whatever opinion may be adopted with regard to the mission of ,st4 ,james1 it does not affect the facts relating to the translation of his body to the ,iberian peninsula4 ,the following account of this event is given in the curious ,history of ,compostella1 written previous to the twelfth century by two canons of that church1 and confirmed by a letter of ,leo ,,iii4 which is quoted in the ,breviary of ,evreux4 ,the facts as there given appear to be free from the legendary embellishments1 more or less probable1 with which1 in certain other manuscripts1 they have been adorned4 ,at the time when the apostle was put to death at ,jerusalem the persecution was so bitter1 and the hatred against the ,christians so extreme1 that the ,jews would not suffer his body to be buried1 but cast it ignominiously outside the walls of the city1 that it might be devoured by dogs and birds of prey4 ,the disciples of the saint watched for the moment when they might carry away his remains1 and1 having secured them1 they could not venture to re-enter ,jerusalem with their precious burden1 but turned their steps toward the sea1 and1 on arriving at ,joppa1 found a ship on the point of sailing for ,spain4 ,they embarked1 and in due time reached the northwest coast of that country1 and landed at the port of ,iria1 whence they proceeded some distance inland1 and buried the body of the apostle at a place called ,liberum ,donum1 afterwards ,compostella4 ,his sepulchre was made in a marble grotto which already existed1 and which in all probability had been formerly dedicated to ,bacchus1 as its name seemed to indicate4 ,thus the spot received the highest ,christian consecration1 and the people of ,galicia1 among whom were numerous converts1 held in great veneration the tomb of their apostle4 ,the pagan persecution became1 however1 so violent in this province that ,christianity entirely disappeared from it1 and was not planted there again until after the first victory of the ,goths4 ,the invasion of these barbarians1 instead of being a misfortune1 was of the greatest benefit to the country1 and resulted in prosperity which continued through several centuries4 ,the favor shown to ,arianism by some of the earlier kings for a time imperilled the truth1 but it was not long before ,spain saw the faith of her first apostle flourishing in all its purity2 and her sons would doubtless have flocked to the tomb of him who was declared in the ,gothic liturgy to be the patron of ,spain1 if the same thing had not happened with regard to the tomb of the second martyr of our ,lord as had before happened to that of the first4 ,when the faith had disappeared from ,galicia the place of the apostle's tomb was forgotten2 it is1 moreover1 possible that the last ,christians had buried the grotto which contained it1 that it might be hidden from pagan profanation4 ,the spot was overgrown with underwood and brambles4 ,tall forest trees rose around it1 and there was no trace left of anything which could indicate the sanctity of the spot4 ,thus1 in the early and bright days of the faith in ,spain1 the night of oblivion rested on the remains of her great patron2 but when evil times came upon the land ,god's hour was come for pointing out the tomb of his apostle4 ,the ,gothic kings were about to disappear1 and their sceptres to be wielded by the followers of ,mahomet4 ,invited to fight against ,king ,roderic1 by a competitor to the throne of the country to which he thus proved himself so great a traitor1 the ,arabs thronged into ,spain1 which in less than ten years they entirely conquered4 ,their domination was not always violent and persecuting2 a certain toleration was at times accorded to the ,christians2 but1 thanks to the proud courage of ,pelayo and a handful of brave men who would not despair of their country1 and who could not be driven from the mountains of the ,asturias1 war had set her foot on the soil of ,spain1 to quit it no more until the utter expulsion of the ,moors had been effected4 ,galicia1 with ,leon and the ,asturias1 had the honor of being the centre of the national resistance1 and consequently suffered from frequent and sanguinary devastation while the long struggle lasted4 ,it was in these troubled times that the apostle's tomb was brought to light4 ,already several kings had established themselves in the northern and western parts of ,spain4 ,miron1 ,king of the ,suevi1 had regulated the limits of each diocese2 ,alfonso the ,chaste was then king of ,leon and ,galicia2 and ,theodomir1 a holy and faithful prelate1 was ,bishop of ,iria4 ,certain trustworthy persons one day came to inform ,theodomir that every night lights of great brilliancy were seen shining above a wood on the summit of a hill at a little distance from the town1 and that all the neighborhood was illuminated by them4 ,the bishop1 fearing lest there might be some deception or illusion1 resolved to see for himself1 and repaired to the place indicated4 ,the prodigy was evident to all1 the lights throwing a marvellous splendor2 and as this continued night after night1 the bishop caused the trees to be cut down on that spot and the brushwood cleared away1 after which an excavation was commenced on the top of the hill4 ,the workers had not dug far before they came to a marble grotto1 within which was found the apostle's tomb4 ,theodomir lost no time in repairing to the court of ,alfonso to announce the discovery1 which caused great joy to the pious monarch1 who saw in it a sign of ,god's protection and a presage of the triumph of the ,christian arms4 ,he hastened to the spot and assured himself by personal observation of the reality of the facts related to him by the bishop4 ,mariana1 the ,spanish historian1 says3 8,after having examined all that has been written by learned authors for and against the matter1 ,i am convinced that there are not in all ,europe any relics more certain and authentic than those of ,st4 ,james at ,compostella40 ,the first care of ,king ,alfonso was to raise a sanctuary on the spot where the tomb had just been miraculously discovered4 ,built in haste1 and at a time when1 owing to the unsettled state of the kingdom1 the royal resources were very limited1 the edifice was of a very humble character as regarded both size and materials3 8,petra et luto opus parvum0 is the description given of it in the ,act of ,erection of the second church1 built later by ,alfonso ,,iii4 ,the king was nevertheless able to endow it with a certain revenue1 and to secure a permanent provision to its ministers4 ,the archives of ,compostella long preserved a privilege granted by ,alfonso the ,chaste1 in virtue of which all the lands with their villages1 for three miles round1 were made over to the church4 ,spain was speedily made aware of the discovery2 the neighboring nations1 and in particular the ,gauls1 heard of it also1 and the faithful from both countries flocked in great numbers to the tomb1 drawn by the fame of the miracles which immediately began to be wrought there1 and of which ,valafrid ,strabo1 who died in the year #hdi1 makes mention3 ,plurima hic prsul patravit signa stupenda4 ,the relations of ,gaul with ,christian ,spain were at that time very frequent4 ,the infidels were the common enemy4 ,charles ,martel had driven them from ,gaul1 but the struggle that still went on south of the ,gallic frontiers had an intense interest for all ,christendom4 ,charlemagne was allied in friendship with ,alfonso the ,chaste1 though it is doubtful whether he ever made the pilgrimage of ,compostella1 as some have said4 ,it is1 however1 certain that he joined his entreaties to those of the king of ,leon to obtain from ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 the transfer of the bishopric of ,iria to ,compostella4 ,this was the name already borne by the town which had rapidly risen round the apostle's tomb1 and which was given in remembrance of the starlike lights which had revealed its locality--,campus ,stell4 ,the pope granted the request of the two monarchs4 ,compostella replaced the bishopric of ,iria and remained suffragan to the archbishop of ,braga until the town of ,st4 ,james should be raised to the metropolitan dignity4 ,king ,alfonso1 who had no children1 offered to bequeath his throne to ,charlemagne1 on condition that that monarch would drive the ,moors out of ,spain4 ,charlemagne accepted the terms and crossed the ,pyrenees2 but the ,spanish princes1 disapproving of ,alfonso's proposal1 leagued together against the emperor1 and some of them1 later on1 allied themselves with the ,moorish king of ,saragossa1 and destroyed at ,roncesvaux the rearguard of ,charlemagne's army1 in which perished ,roland1 the hero par excellence of the lays and chronicles of the time4 ,some time afterwards1 when ,ramira had succeeded ,alfonso the ,chaste1 and ,abderahman ,,ii4 was ,king of ,cordova1 the latter1 inflated by his successes1 sent to demand of the ,spanish king an annual tribute of a hundred young maidens4 ,ramira indignantly drove away the ambassadors1 assembled his troops1 and declared war4 ,he was defeated in the battle of ,alaveda1 and forced to withdraw with the remnant of his army to a neighboring elevation1 where the ,moor could not fail to attack him4 ,the ,christian monarchy in ,spain seemed on the very brink of ruin4 ,that night the king had a dream1 in which the apostle ,st4 ,james appeared to him1 grand and majestic1 bidding him be of good courage1 for that on the morrow he should be victorious4 ,the king related his vision to the prelates and leaders of his army1 and made it known to the soldiers also4 ,immediately every heart kindled with fresh enthusiasm2 the little band threw itself upon the infidel host1 while on all sides arose the shout1 ,sant' ,iago6 ,sant' ,iago6 which has ever since been the war-cry of ,spain4 ,the ,moors were thrown into confusion and completely routed1 leaving #fj1jjj of their number on the field of battle4 ,it was averred that during the whole engagement the apostle ,st4 ,james1 mounted on a white charger1 and bearing in his hand a white banner with a red cross1 was seen at the head of the ,christian battalions1 scattering terror and death among the ranks of the enemy4 ,thus was fought1 in #hdf1 the famous battle of ,clavijo1 all the glory of which is due to the patron of ,spain4 ,after a solemn act of thanksgiving to ,god the army made a public vow1 obligatory on all the kingdom1 to pay yearly to the church at ,compostella one measure of corn and one of wine from every acre of land4 ,immense riches were found in the ,moorish camp1 and these were consecrated to the erection of two magnificent churches--one at ,oviedo1 in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and another under the invocation of ,st4 ,michael4 ,from this time the devotion to the apostle who had shown himself the protector and deliverer of the country spread far and wide4 ,pilgrims thronged from every quarter to his tomb1 which became the great pilgrimage of the west1 the pendant to ,jerusalem1 with ,rome between the two4 ,the humble church erected by ,alfonso the ,chaste was by no means suitable to the dignity of the deliverer of ,spain1 nor sufficient for the ever-increasing number of pilgrims4 ,in the year #hfh ,alfonso ,,iii41 together with ,sisenand1 then ,bishop of ,compostella1 undertook to replace it by a cathedral4 8,we1 ,alfonso10 it is written in the ,act of ,erection1 8have resolved1 together with the bishop aforesaid1 to build the house of the ,lord and to restore the temple and tomb of the apostle which aforetime had been raised to his august memory by the ,lord ,alfonso1 and which was only a small construction of stone and clay4 ,urged by the inspiration of ,god1 we are come with our subjects1 our family1 into this holy place4 ,traversing ,spain through the battalions of the ,moors1 we have brought from the city of ,ebeca blocks of marble which we have selected1 and which our forefathers had carried thither by sea1 and with which they built superb habitations1 which the enemy has destroyed40 ,all the materials for the new building were thus gathered together1 the slabs and columns of marble being of great beauty1 but we have little information as to its architectural style or merit4 ,the arts were at that time in a state of temporary decay4 ,the edifices of the ,roman period had for the most part perished in the invasions of the ,goths1 the ,suevi1 and the ,alani4 ,these nations1 after having embraced the faith1 were speedily civilized1 and under its inspiration had raised numerous religious buildings which were not without a certain grandeur1 when the ,moorish conquest of ,spain brought again an almost universal ruin over the land4 ,the influence of the climate1 the beauty of the ,andalusian skies1 softened the fierce character of the victors1 and their minds speedily received a wonderful intellectual development4 ,never did any people make so much progress in so short a time1 in art1 in science1 in culture of ideas1 and also in a certain elevation of sentiment4 ,architecture of great magnificence and originality made rapid advances among them1 of which the richness always bore the stamp of a peculiar tastefulness and delicacy4 ,the vanquished were unable to make the same progress1 nor were they to attain to great results until after having received the contact of the works of their conquerors4 ,these results were arrived at later on1 thanks to a certain courtesy which1 outside the war as it were1 and in times of truce1 established between the two peoples mutual relations and currents of influence which left their impress on all the creations of genius4 ,when ,king ,alfonso commenced the cathedral of ,compostella1 the conquest was still too recent and the animosity too great between the ,spaniards and their subduers to allow of any amicable intercourse or interchange of ideas on matters connected with the arts of peace4 ,the architecture of the close of the ninth century was heavy and the forms massive2 not without grandeur1 though for the most part devoid of grace4 ,such1 doubtless1 in its general features1 was the ancient cathedral of ,compostella1 which was completed about the year #hgd4 ,mariana1 following the statement of ,sandoval1 says that there was held there in #hgf a council of fourteen bishops1 who consecrated the new edifice4 ,the high altar was dedicated to our ,lord under the title of ,st4 ,saviour1 that on the right to ,st4 ,peter1 and that on the left to ,st4 ,paul1 while the ancient altar over the apostle's tomb1 which reached back to a remote antiquity1 received no consecration1 it being regarded as certain that this had received it from the first disciples of ,st4 ,james4 ,the erection of the cathedral gave a new impetus to the pilgrimage1 to facilitate which roads were made in the south of ,france and the north of ,spain4 ,monasteries and houses of refuge were built along the wild and lonely defiles of the ,pyrenees1 and bridges thrown across the streams and rivers4 ,the roads were thronged by the multitudes1 who came1 some from simple devotion1 others to do penance and seek pardon of their sins1 and many also to obtain some particular favor--the cure of a sickness or the success of an undertaking4 ,great was the renown of ,monsignor ,st4 ,james1 the power of whose intercession and the splendor of whose miracles were held in high esteem at ,rome4 ,pope ,john ,x41 at the commencement of the tenth century1 sent to his tomb a priest named ,zanelus to obtain correct information respecting the number of pilgrims and the authenticity of the numerous miracles2 he was also charged to examine the liturgical books of the ,goths1 respecting which it had been stated that they were full of errors4 ,the bishop1 ,sisenand1 received him with all honor1 supplied him with every means of faithfully acquitting himself of his mission1 and convinced him of the purity of the ancient liturgy of ,spain4 ,all the books which ,zanelus took from thence received the ,supreme ,pontiff's approval1 the only alteration he required being that in the words of consecration the ,spanish rite should conform itself exactly to that of ,rome4 ,compostella1 daily enriched by travellers too numerous for her to entertain1 became a town of ever-increasing importance4 ,the church especially1 to which very costly offerings were continually being made1 which had immense revenues and possessed superb domains1 was in richness and magnificence one of the first in the world4 ,her prelates1 however1 did not always make good use of their riches4 ,the church was then passing through deplorable times1 and corruption1 which was invading all besides1 made inroads also in the sanctuary4 ,the bishops of ,compostella were usually chosen from among the noble and illustrious families of the kingdom1 brought up amid luxury1 pleasure1 and the tumult of arms1 and1 carrying their worldly predilections with them to the episcopal throne1 they might be seen constantly in the chase or at the war1 sometimes driven from their see1 and1 attempting to return by force1 dying a violent death4 ,one of these1 ,sisenand1 unlike his worthy predecessor of the same name1 was in #igi killed at the head of a squadron while charging the ,normans1 who had invaded ,galicia4 ,he would have been a good captain2 why was he made a bishop8 ,compostella owed to him the solid walls and strong towers with which he fortified the town4 ,his successor1 ,pelayo1 being equally unfitted for his office1 was deposed1 and replaced by a pious priest named ,pedro ,mansorio1 upon whom the misdoings of his predecessors were visited4 ,he had the grief of seeing the city taken by the ,moors1 who profaned and devastated the cathedral4 ,his immediate successors failed to profit by this chastisement1 and1 after three unworthy prelates had occupied the see1 the enemy advanced from the direction of ,portugal 7which they had invaded and ravaged7 in greater numbers than before2 again they besieged and took the city1 which they set on fire and razed the walls4 ,alman-,zour fed his horse from the porphyry urn in the cathedral which was used for the baptismal font1 and which still exists2 gave up the sanctuary to pillage and destruction1 throwing down many of the pillars1 as well as a portion of the walls2 and1 taking down the bells1 caused them to be dragged by ,christian captives to the great mosque at ,toledo1 where they were turned upside down and made to serve as lamps4 ,he was proceeding to make havoc also of the apostle's tomb1 when a bright light1 suddenly emanating from and enveloping it1 so terrified the infidels that they stopped short in their sacrilege1 fearing lest they should be stricken by the 8apostle of ,isa0 7,jesus74 ,an aged monk sat by the tomb1 alone1 and doubtless hoping for martyrdom in that spot at the hand of the spoilers4 ,alman-,zour asked why he stayed there1 and1 on his answering that he was 8the friend of ,santiago10 commanded that no one should lay hands upon him1 and the ,mussulmans respected the fakir4 ,it is the ,moorish annals nearly contemporary with the events we are noticing which mention this incident1 and which appreciate in a very curious manner the pilgrimage of ,st4 ,james1 describing as follows ,shant ,jakoh1 the sacred city of ,kalikija 7,galicia73 8,their ,kabah is a colossal idol in the centre of the church2 they swear by it1 and come on pilgrimage to it from the most distant lands1 from ,rome as well as from other countries1 pretending that the tomb which may there be seen is that of ,jakoh1 one of the best beloved of the twelve apostles of ,isa4 ,may happiness and the benediction of ,allah be upon him and upon our ,prophet60 ,the army of ,alman-,zour did not reap any benefit from its sacrilegious plunder3 a contagious malady made such terrible ravages in its ranks that there were scarcely any soldiers left2 he therefore hastened his departure from ,galicia1 but was himself also stricken by death upon the way4 ,it was not possible immediately to raise the cathedral from its ruins1 but the confluence of pilgrims never ceased1 and the offerings of ,christendom were such as to render the hope almost a certainty that it would at no distant period be worthily rebuilt4 ,towards the year #ajch ,ferdinand1 having been made king of ,castile and ,leon1 fought the ,moors in several engagements1 defeated them in ,portugal1 and1 having dispossessed them of numerous strongholds and fortified places1 desired to testify his gratitude to the ,god of armies by repairing to ,compostella4 ,there he prayed long at the apostle's tomb1 and took the resolution never to lay down his arms until he had broken the power of the enemy4 ,after taking the powerful city of ,coimbra1 the capture of which he attributed to the protection of ,st4 ,james1 the king returned to ,compostella laden with booty1 which1 in gratitude for his victory1 he presented to the church4 ,compostella had now bishops worthy of their sacred dignity4 ,in #ajef ,cresconius1 who then ruled the diocese1 presided1 at a council held there1 in his quality of bishop of the ,apostolic ,see4 ,rome thus exercised her influence1 and this influence was so salutary that ,pelago1 a near successor of ,cresconius1 desired to give it a larger place in his church4 ,he laid aside the ,mozarabic ,rite and adopted the ,roman in the celebration of ,mass and the recitation of the ,canonical ,hours1 accepting at the same time all the ,roman rules on important matters of sacerdotal discipline4 ,and ,compostella had not long to wait before receiving the recompense of her submission and good-will4 ,in #ajge1 the same year in which ,ferdinand took ,toledo1 the see of ,santiago 7for this had become the name of the town71 which had hitherto been suffragan to ,merida1 was raised to the metropolitan dignity4 ,we have now reached the period in which1 thanks to the liberality of the faithful1 the cathedral of ,compostella was not only raised from its ruins1 but entirely rebuilt on a larger scale and with much greater splendor4 ,gemirez1 the first archbishop of ,santiago1 was one of its greatest prelates4 ,the work of reconstruction1 which had been commenced about the year #ajhb1 he not only actively continued1 but also proposed to the chapter to build cloisters and offices1 as well as commodious lodgings for those who came on pilgrimage from distant lands1 engaging for his part to pay a hundred marks of pure silver towards the expense4 ,the sole aim of this prelate was the glory of ,god and the honor of ,st4 ,james1 never his own worldly advantage2 the people knew this1 and that the use made of their offerings was always in conformity with their intentions4 ,the times1 however1 were troubled1 and the archbishop had his share of their disquiet4 ,queen ,urraca1 the sister of ,alfonso ,,vi4 of ,castile and ,leon1 and widow of ,raymond of ,burgundy1 claimed as her right1 until her son should be old enough to reign1 the government of ,castile and the countries dependent on it1 while her second husband1 ,alfonso of ,aragon1 repudiated these pretensions4 ,gemirez1 whose influence was so great that he might be regarded as the real sovereign of the country1 took the part of ,urraca1 and her cause prospered for a time1 owing to the weight of his support2 but she ruined her own case by her haughtiness and ambition2 a rebellion broke out1 and the prelate narrowly escaped falling a victim to the fury of the populace1 who set fire to the cathedral4 ,happily1 the solidity of its structure was such as to resist the flames1 the interior wood-work and fittings1 etc41 only being destroyed1 so that not many years afterwards1 in #aaag1 we find the archbishop1 in an address to his canons1 able to speak of it as one of the richest and most beautiful as well as one of the most illustrious churches in the world4 ,in #aacj ,gemirez ended his career1 but not until he had lived to see the work far advanced towards its completion4 ,we hear no more of its progress for forty years afterwards4 ,the crosses of the consecration1 which are still to be seen1 are floriated at their extremities1 and between the arms are the sun and moon above1 and the letters ,greek3 ,a below1 some of them bearing also a date which appears to be that of #aaed4 ,the pilgrims1 who came in continuous multitudes1 had innumerable perils to encounter on their way4 ,the roads were bad2 the countries through which they passed often so barren and thinly peopled that they were in danger of dying of hunger2 the highways so infested with brigands that in those days they were avoided as those in the ,east had been in the time of ,deborah1 every one seeking rather the by-ways1 which were also beset with obstacles of all kinds4 ,st4 ,dominic of ,calzada had done well to make roads and build bridges1 but something was still wanting to his work1 and that was the safety of those who travelled by them1 and who were constantly liable to be attacked and despoiled by the infidels1 to be taken captive1 and condemned to slavery or death4 ,this state of things could not be allowed to continue4 ,the ,moors had their rabitos1 or armed fakirs--a sort of warrior-monk--to protect their pilgrims and defend their frontiers2 the religious and military orders of the ,templars and ,knights of ,st4 ,john were covering themselves with glory in the ,east1 and ,spain could not fail to profit by these examples4 ,the canons of ,st4 ,eloi had recently founded a chain of hospices1 reaching from the frontiers of ,france to ,compostella1 specially destined for the reception of pilgrims1 the most considerable being that of ,st4 ,mark1 on the borders of ,leon4 ,these places of refuge1 which were productive of the greatest good1 were richly endowed by various princes2 but even this was not enough3 some brave noblemen of ,castile resolved to devote their whole life to the defence and protection of the pilgrims4 ,they placed their possessions in one common stock1 and1 joining the canons of ,st4 ,eloi1 dwelt with them in a convent not far from ,compostella4 ,being advised by ,cardinal ,jacinthus to go to ,rome and obtain from the ,pope the confirmation of their institute according to the rule of ,st4 ,augustine1 they charged ,don ,pedro ,fernandez de la ,puente with this embassy1 and obtained a bull1 dated ,july #e1 #aage1 which regulated their manner of life1 their duties1 and their privileges1 and created1 under the title of ,knights of ,st4 ,james1 a military order1 of which ,don ,pedro was the first grand master4 ,they wore a white tunic1 with a red cross in the form of a sword on the breast4 ,their principal house was at first the hospice of ,st4 ,mark2 but the castles and domains which were made over to them from time to time were so numerous that their riches became almost incalculable1 and their influence and importance increased in proportion4 ,they established themselves at ,ucls1 the better to carry on the warfare against the infidel1 whose terror they had become4 ,we soon find them a power in the state1 the grand master taking rank with kings1 and at times appearing to rule them4 ,even the simple knights had great privileges4 ,it was not until the reign of ,ferdinand that1 owing to the skilful management of ,isabella1 the power and influence of the order began to decrease4 ,our notice would be incomplete without a few words on the subject of the miracles which took place at the tomb or by the intercession of the apostle4 ,the countless favors which have rendered many a chosen sanctuary justly illustrious will never be known2 indeed1 their absence would make the continual faith of the people--always asking and never receiving2 always believing1 and yet to be ever disappointed and deceived--not only inexplicable but impossible1 whereas it was absolute and complete2 but exaggeration1 which1 even in the world of ordinary facts1 so frequently goes hand in hand with truth1 plays still more freely with facts which are beyond and above the events of daily life1 and1 not being satisfied with the simple beauty of miraculous deliverances1 it must fain make marvels still more marvellous--quit the domain of faith for that of myths and chimera4 ,a ,,ms4 of the monastery of ,la ,marcha is full of the recital of prodigies which a faith the most robust would nowadays find it difficult to accept2 and ,csar of ,heisterbach tells us that a young man of ,maestricht having been condemned and hung on a false accusation1 commending himself to ,st4 ,james1 was preserved alive a whole month hanging from the gibbet1 where his father found him safe and sound at the end of that time4 ,whereupon the people of ,toulouse1 jealous of the glory which the renown of this announcement gave to ,st4 ,james of ,compostella1 attributed to their ,st4 ,james a miracle exactly similar4 ,in numerous instances the accounts of the dead restored to life have nothing impossible or exaggerated about them1 and often in their pathos and simplicity remind one of those mentioned in the ,gospel narrative2 for instance1 a poor woman1 by the intercession of ,st4 ,james1 obtained a son1 who became not only her greatest comfort1 but in time her only support4 ,he fell ill and died4 ,with a breaking heart the mother hastens to the apostle's tomb1 and in her agony of desolation mingles reproaches with her prayers and tears1 asking the saint why he had won for her the blessing she had desired1 only to let her lose it when her need was greatest1 and herself a thousand times more sorrowful than before2 and then1 full of faith1 entreated him to obtain from ,god the life of her son4 ,her prayer was granted1 and1 returning home1 she found the youth restored4 ,but of a very different character is the extraordinary legend related by ,guibert1 ,abbot of ,nogent1 and which we quote as a curiosity4 ,a certain pilgrim was on his way to ,compostella to perform penance and obtain the pardon of a crime he had committed4 ,on the road the enemy of mankind appeared to him under the form of ,st4 ,james1 and1 telling him that his sin was far too great to be remitted by a simple pilgrimage1 insisted that there was only one means of obtaining mercy1 and that was by the sacrifice of his life2 he must kill himself1 and then all would be forgiven him4 ,the pilgrim1 who believed that he was listening to ,st4 ,james in person and was bound to obey him1 stabbed himself and died1 a victim to the fraud of the demon4 ,he appears before the tribunal of ,god1 and there ,satan claims him as his prey by a double title3 first1 because of the old crime1 which had not been remitted2 and1 secondly1 because of the new one of which he had been guilty in committing suicide4 ,in vain the poor man pleads that he had acted in good faith and in the simplicity of his heart2 he was in great danger of being condemned4 ,but ,st4 ,james hears what is going on and hastens to the scene4 ,he does not intend that the evil one should take his form and name to deceive his pilgrims and then have all the profits1 and pleads that the only way to do perfect justice in the affair is to put everything exactly as it was before ,satan had so odiously meddled in the matter1 and to send back the soul of the unfortunate man into his body again4 ,this representation1 being just1 was acceded to1 and the resuscitated pilgrim continued on his way to ,compostella1 where he confessed with great contrition and was absolved of all the sins of his past life4 ,we must1 however1 leave the realm of legend and return to historical facts4 ,the anchoretic life was at an early period introduced into ,europe from the ,east1 and ,spain appears to have been a land where hermits especially abounded4 ,we often find them mentioned as coming on pilgrimage to ,compostella1 as ,st4 ,simeon and ,st4 ,theobald in the twelfth century1 ,st4 ,william somewhat later1 and ,st4 ,john the ,hermit1 who built near the cathedral a place of shelter for pilgrims1 where he himself received them1 rendering them all the offices of ,christian hospitality4 ,another ,william also came hither on pilgrimage1 who was an illustrious personage1 though not a hermit2 this was the ,count of ,poitou and ,duke of ,aquitaine1 whose past life had been anything but exemplary4 ,in ,normandy and elsewhere he had been guilty of grievous misdemeanors1 for which he desired to do penance before his death2 and1 more than this1 he did his utmost1 by good and upright administration1 to repair the evil he had done before4 ,for this reason ,hildebert1 ,bishop of ,mans1 was not well pleased at his setting out for ,spain1 and wrote to him as follows3 8,we are told1 most noble count1 that you have undertaken a pilgrimage in honor of ,blessed ,james4 ,we do not desire to deny the excellence of this1 but whosoever is at the head of an administration is bound to obedience1 nor can he free himself therefrom without deserting his post1 unless1 at least1 he be called to one of greater usefulness4 ,wherefore1 very dear son1 it is an inexcusable fault in you to have preferred that which is not necessary before that which is--repose rather than labor1 and1 instead of duty1 your own will40 ,but the great prelate would probably have been less severe could he have foreseen the holy death of ,count ,william1 who1 on ,good ,friday1 after having received the ,blessed ,sacrament1 peacefully rendered up his soul to ,god before the altar of ,st4 ,james4 ,about the same time a young maiden of ,pisa1 afterwards ,st4 ,bona1 came to ,compostella1 and there received singular favors and graces4 ,sophia1 ,countess of ,holland1#ch journeying thither also1 fell into the hands of robbers1 and through one whole night found that she had nothing to expect but spoliation and death4 ,in the morning their resolution was changed2 they threw themselves at her feet and entreated her pardon1 allowing her to proceed unharmed on her way4 ,after visiting the tomb of ,st4 ,james the princess went to ,jerusalem1 there to spend the remainder of her life4 ,at the beginning of the thirteenth century pilgrims from all lands had become so numerous that it was frequently impossible1 especially on the feast of the patron saint1 for all to find even standing-room in the cathedral4 ,the tumult was indescribable1 and did not always end outside the doors4 ,on some occasions there were not only blows but bloodshed1 so that ,pope ,innocent ,,iii4 wrote to the archbishop1 saying that his church had need of reconciliation1 and the ceremony was performed with water1 wine1 and blessed ashes4#ci ,alman-,zour1 as we have previously mentioned1 had caused the bells of ,compostella to be carried to ,cordova on the backs of ,christian captives4 ,in #abbi ,ferdinand1 who had united under his sway the kingdoms of ,castile and ,leon1 made the conquest of ,cordova1 and1 finding the bells in the great mosque1 he inflicted retaliation on the infidels by compelling them to carry them1 on their shoulders1 back to the place whence they had been taken two hundred and sixty years before4 ,after ,louis ,,vii4 of ,france had been on pilgrimage to ,compostella1 we hear of several other sovereigns from time to time who did the same1 among whom was ,st4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen of ,portugal4 ,the ,frieslanders1 who had a great devotion to ,st4 ,james1 and attributed to his aid a victory they had gained over the ,saracens1 visited his tomb in immense numbers2 the ,english did the same1 and from the time of ,edward ,i4's marriage with ,eleanor of ,castile1 having stipulated for the safe-conduct of their pilgrims1 they arrived in such multitudes that the kings of ,france became uneasy at so great a concourse1 and made an agreement with the king of ,england that his subjects should obtain permission of them before proceeding to ,compostella4 ,in #adcd this leave was granted to about two thousand five hundred persons4 ,these were the palmy days of pilgrims1 who were not only well received at ,santiago1 whither they brought activity1 riches1 and life1 but they were everywhere sheltered and protected4 ,no cottager was too poor to offer them a resting-place or to share his loaf of hospitality with them4 ,a pilgrim was not only a brother come from perhaps some far distant land to do honor to ,monseigneur ,st4 ,james1 but he was also1 in those days when postage was unknown1 the walking gazette1 who brought the news of other countries1 and enlivened with his narratives and conversation the hearth of the poor as of the rich4 ,from the time of the ,reformation pilgrimages began to decrease4 ,england and ,germany were the first to discontinue them4 ,france showed herself less fervent as soon as the spirit of rationalistic philosophy had infected the upper classes of her people1 after which the ,revolution carried down the lower ranks into the gulf of irreligion4 ,the wars of the empire1 the spoliations of which ,napoleon's generals were guilty1 and consequently the deadly hatred which they evoked against their nation in the heart of every ,spaniard1 struck the last blow at these pious journeyings4 ,only the inhabitants of the country continued to visit the shrine of their apostle1 and even they by degrees lost the habit4 ,pilgrims are nowadays but few1 excepting only on the feast of the patron1 and they have ceased to be popular at ,santiago4 ,if they chance to be poor1 the townspeople turn a deaf ear when they ask an alms 8for the love of ,st4 ,james02 or1 should they be rich1 seek only to turn them to account and to lighten their purses4 ,although greatly fallen from its ancient splendor1 ,santiago1 formerly the capital of ,galicia1 and now the simple chief town of a judicial circuit1 still has importance in the ecclesiastical order4 ,her archbishop is1 by right1 the first chaplain of the crown1 and her cathedral still subsists in its integrity4 ,she has two collegiate and fifteen parochial churches1 though her numerous convents1 pillaged in #ahjg1 and subsequently despoiled and suppressed1 are at the present time inhabited dwelling-houses1 destined to inevitable ruin1 and throwing an additional shadow into the general air of melancholy which now hangs over this old city4 ,there are but few public buildings of antiquity or interest4 ,the streets1 with their dark and narrow archways1 all start1 like the threads of a spider's web1 from the one centre occupied by the cathedral4 ,everything wears an aspect that is sombre1 damp1 and cold1 augmented by the hue that the granite1 of which most of the edifices are built1 takes under a climate of such humidity that it has given rise to the disrespectful saying that this city is the sink of ,spain4 ,and yet the site is picturesque4 ,seen from the neighboring heights1 ,santiago1 itself also built upon an elevation1 with its ancient buildings1 walls1 and towers1 presents a very striking appearance1 and to any one who mounts the towers of the cathedral the grand girdle of mountains encircling the horizon affords a spectacle that well repays the trouble of the ascent4 ,we are in the great square1 and facing the western front1 containing the principal entrance of the building1 which occupies the middle of a long architectural line1 having at its left the episcopal palace1 melancholy enough and not in any way remarkable1 and at its right the cloister1 with its turrets and pyramidal roofs1 and its long row of arched windows4 ,this is not the cloister of ,gemirez1 of which nothing remains1 but was built in the sixteenth century by ,archbishop ,fonseca1 who furnished it with a fine library1 and also added the chapter-house and other dependencies of the cathedral4 ,the cloister is one of the largest in ,spain1 half ,gothic in style1 and half ,renaissance4 ,this western entrance1 between the cloister and the palace1 is called ,el ,mayor or ,el ,real--the great or royal entrance2 not that it merits the title from any particular artistic beauty1 but rather from a certain effective arrangement4 ,the four flights of steps1 two large and two small1 ascend very picturesquely from the square to the doors of the cathedral1 allowing a procession to spread into four lines1 while above rise the lofty towers1 curiously adorned with columns1 vases1 balustrades1 and little cupolas4 ,you see at once that you are not beholding a work which dates from the construction of the building1 although the towers are ancient up to the height of the church walls1 but the upper portion is much more recent1 and the same is evident of the faade1 which occupies the space between the towers4 ,proceeding onwards to the left1 we follow a vaulted passage of the twelfth century1 bearing the stamp of ancient simplicity1 until we reach the ,plaza ,san ,martino1 the north side of which is formed by the vast convent of ,st4 ,martin1 where1 on the centre of the front1 are placed1 mounted on their chargers1 the two warrior saints of ,france and ,spain4 ,here is the market-place1 whither those should come who wish to study favorably the picturesque costumes of the peasants of ,galicia1 and1 it might be added1 to hear cries more shrill and louder vociferations than it would be supposed possible for ordinary human lungs to send forth4 ,before appearing at market the sellers of fruit and vegetables make an elaborate toilette1 which must be not only neat but effective1 those who are unable to comply with its requirements remaining at home4 ,side by side with the splendid fruits of ,galicia1 and fish from river and sea1 rosaries1 medals1 and the scallop-shells of ,st4 ,james are offered for sale4 ,the building forms a beautiful cross1 of which the arms are nearly equal to the upright1 the transepts having a great development4 ,the arrangement follows that of most of the churches in ,spain1 the choir being in the nave and ending where the transept begins4 ,the aspect of the latter is particularly grand1 being less interrupted than the view along the nave1 as the eye easily penetrates the light trellis-work which makes a passage across it from the choir to the ,capilla ,mayor4 ,the rounded arches of the three roofs are evidently of the close of the eleventh or the commencement of the twelfth century4 ,the pillars of the aisles1 with their capitals sculptured in foliage1 are light and graceful1 contrasting pleasingly with the heavy mass of the edifice4 ,the triforium1 which runs round the nave1 is composed of semi-circular arches1 each containing two smaller ones which spring from a slender column in the centre4 ,the east end remains as it was1 with the chapels radiating from it1 but the pillars and arches of the choir have undergone great alterations4 ,the ,silleria1 or enclosure of the choir1 is ornamented by a series of religious subjects carved by ,gregorio ,espaol in #afjf4 ,many of the windows of the cathedral are very fine4 ,beneath the ,capilla ,mayor is situated the great object of the pilgrimage--the subterranean chapel containing the tomb of ,st4 ,james and those of two of his first disciples4 ,the famous statue of the apostle is in the ,capilla itself1 above the great altar1 which remains as it was in the time of ,alman-,zour4 ,this is a monumental altar of richly-wrought marble1 ornamented with incrustations of silver1 the working of which occupied no less than twenty years4 ,it is surrounded by an enclosure of open metal-work1 gilt1 adorned with vine-branches and surmounted by an immense hojarasco1 or canopy1 which has little to recommend it in an artistic point of view1 being carved and gilt in the height of the style churrigueresque4 ,this serves as a dais to the statue1 and is supported by four angels1 about whose ponderous forms no remnant of celestial lightness lingers4 ,even the statue itself1 before which kings and princes have knelt1 is not free from the faults of style inevitable to the period4 ,the apostle is seated1 and holds in his right-hand the pilgrim's staff1 with a gilded gourd and wallet 7cum baculo perque71 and in his left a scroll inscribed with the words1 ,hic est corpus ,divi ,jacobi ,apostoli et ,hispaniarum ,patroni4 ,he wears on his shoulders the pelerine1 or pilgrim's mantle1 embroidered with gold and precious stones4 ,this cape has the form of those worn by cardinals1 and has replaced the ancient one of gold1 which was carried off by ,marshal ,ney4 ,it is a high honor to be allowed to say ,mass at the altar of the great patron4 ,bishops and canons only have the right4 ,on grand occasions it is splendidly adorned2 the four statues of kings which stand behind that of ,st4 ,james then support another small image of the apostle of exceeding richness1 having a nimbus of emeralds and rubies1 and which is placed in a shrine of wrought gold and silver of wonderful delicacy4 ,this beautiful custodia1 which is nearly six feet high1 was finished in #aedd by ,antonio d',arphe1 and is in the style designated by the ,spaniards ,plateresque4 ,pilgrims are admitted to pay their homage to ,st4 ,james by mounting some steps behind the altar to kiss the cape or mantle of the apostle1 as at ,rome one kisses the foot of ,st4 ,peter4 ,there is another resemblance also to ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome in the long range of confessionals1 dedicated to different saints1 and served by priests speaking different languages2 for it is not until after confession and communion that the pilgrim can be allowed any right to the title1 or receive his brevet or ,compostella1 which is a declaration written in ,latin1 and signed by the canon-administrator of the cathedral1 that he has fulfilled all his duties4 ,these documents are frequently found among family papers1 and in certain cases constitute a title without which such or such possessions could not be claimed4 ,the treasures of ,st4 ,james of ,compostella were formerly renowned throughout the world2 but there seems to have been some exaggeration respecting their immensity1 as1 from all the objects of which the ,french plundered the cathedral in #ahji1 they obtained no more than #cjj1jjj francs4 ,there still remain various rare and curious things--reliquaries1 statues1 sacred vessels1 etc4--some of which are of great value and antiquity2 amongst others a crucifix containing a fragment of the true cross1 and which is of exquisite workmanship1 being also one of the most ancient specimens of chasing known4 ,the cross is wrought in gold filagree1 enriched with jewels1 and resembles that of ,oviedo1 which is said to be the work of angels4 ,it bears the inscription3 8,hoc opus perfectum est er ,,lxoo4 et duodecim4 ,hoc signo vincitur inimicus4 ,hoc signo tuetur pius4 ,hoc offerunt famuli ,dei ,adefonsus princeps et conjux40 ,among the chapels must be noticed the ,capilla del ,pilar1 dedicated to ,our ,lady in memory of her apparition to ,st4 ,james4 ,this1 which is behind the high altar1 and rich in precious marbles and jasper1 was founded by ,arthur ,monroy1 a rich ,mexican prelate1 whose kneeling statue on his tomb has a fine and attractive expression4 ,many of the other chapels are also remarkable2 that of the kings of ,france1 of the ,conception1 of the ,relics1 etc4 ,let us add to these riches of the old cathedral a large concourse of worshippers at all the services1 a people profoundly religious1 a magnificent ceremonial1 the officiating archbishop surrounded by his clergy1 grand and solemn music swelled by the multitudinous voices of the faithful2 let us imagine a vast procession beneath these vaulted roofs1 and the trembling light of the tapers illuminating the sombre walls as the seemingly interminable train of choristers1 clergy1 and people pass along1 and we shall have evoked a scene which1 though its like may be witnessed in other lands1 still bears in ,spain a peculiar stamp of gravity and fervor1 and possesses the earnest features and the vigorous relief of which the ,spanish artists knew the secret1 and which they have reproduced on their canvas in warm shadows and golden lights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,sweet ,,revenge4 ,i4 ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte is a dull little town1 situated in ,cotentin1 that long eastern strip of the coast of ,normandy which extends directly in front of the lovely isles of ,jersey1 ,guernsey1 ,alderney1 and ,sark4 ,cherbourg lies to the north of it1 but we only mention that fact en passant2 for the incident related in these pages occurred long before the ,second ,empire1 long before ,cherbourg attracted visitors to admire its naval displays1 long before railways had shortened distances and brought the ,cotentinians within daily hearing of their 8ne plus ultra0 of cities--inimitable ,paris4 ,the little towns then slumbered peaceably amidst their corn-fields and apple-orchards2 and none slept sounder than ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte1 whose very existence was scarcely known beyond the limits of its native district4 ,it was remarkable1 indeed1 for nothing2 its church was old and fine1 as most ,french provincial churches are2 the open space around it formed the market-place1 deserted and silent except on market-days2 and the ,grande ,rue contained the one hostelry of the town--the ,htel ,royale--and various stores4 ,but there were also a few cross-streets1 interspersed with flowery1 bowery gardens1 and it is in a house situated in one of these that our scene is laid4 ,it was a plain1 unpretending dwelling1 but large and exquisitely neat4 ,it had the widest local reputation of being the snuggest in winter1 the coolest in summer1 and the most hospitable at all seasons of any in ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte--nay1 in the whole stretch of ,cotentin6 ,the garden behind it1 too1 was famous2 the owners1 ,m4 and ,mme4 ,dupuis1 cultivated it themselves with rare enthusiasm and taste4 ,alphonse ,karr's world-celebrated flowers would have been considered pale and scentless beside ,mme4 ,dupuis'--at least1 by the ,cotentinians4 ,and the fruits--the peaches and green-gages1 the pears and grapes--it was not believed possible that the like could be found even in ,paris4 ,let us add that1 when in their first flush of ripeness and bloom1 the greater portion of these carefully-tended flowers and fruits were culled by ,mme4 ,dupuis' own hands1 and sent forth to carry light and beauty1 perfume and freshness1 into every sick-room of the little town4 ,the ,dupuis were a thoroughly worthy couple2 they had married young1 for love1 and had been blessed with an only child1 a daughter1 good and pretty as her mother1 and1 like her mother1 wedded early and happily4 ,when the episode in their lives which is the subject of this little story took place1 they had passed together thirty years of tranquil1 uneventful felicity4 ,m4 ,dupuis had shortly before sold his business--he was a notary--and was now enjoying a well-earned rest4 ,he was a man of sixty1 well-educated1 intelligent1 and still strong1 active1 and enthusiastic4 ,his plump little wife had just completed her fifty-fifth year--she did not appear to be forty-five4 ,she was of a deeper1 more thoughtful nature than her husband1 but nevertheless her sympathy with him was unbounded--she loved all he loved1 the same people and the same things4 ,she was the type of a true wife and of a true ,christian4 ,too modest and timid to have any personal pretensions1 ,mme4 ,dupuis' great pride lay in her well-ordered home1 her exquisitely clean house1 her nicely-arranged kitchen1 and1 though last1 certainly not least1 in her cook and housemaid1 whom she considered absolutely unparalleled in their several vocations4 ,and it must be allowed that ,jeannette and ,marianne had1 during twenty years1 fully justified their mistress' good opinion of them4 ,during all this time the two women had constantly studied her every wish1 and the result was the perfection of domestic economy4 ,the family party was completed by a large white ,angora cat1 promoted since the marriage of ,mlle4 ,dupuis to the enviable position of 8pet of the household10 and universally considered in ,cotentin to be the most remarkable animal of its species4 ,,ii4 ,one winter's evening1 when the snow lay deep in the streets and the north wind whistled fiercely around the eaves1 ,m4 ,dupuis' dining-room looked particularly cheerful4 ,the heavy tapestry curtains were drawn close before the windows1 and a flaming wood fire showered sparkles of reflected light on the crystal and silver placed on the round dining-table1 and lighted up the portraits of some sober-looking personages in powdered wigs which adorned the walls4 ,the handsome tortoise-shell and copper clock1 a masterpiece of the style ,louis ,quinze1 standing on a hanging shelf above the sofa1 was1 perhaps1 the best article of furniture in the room2 the chimney-piece was too encumbered with porcelain shepherds and shepherdesses1 and china jars filled with artificial flowers and covered with great glass globes1 for the taste of the present day4 ,fashion had slumbered in ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte for many a long year4 ,but there was light and warmth1 and a pervading feeling of comfort1 worth all the gilded1 satin-covered chairs and lounges that ,parisian taste can devise1 all the ,venetian mirrors and ,sevres vases that luxury can afford4 ,mme4 ,dupuis' dining-room was certainly rococo and provincial1 incongruous in some respects1 deficient in harmony1 but what sincere1 cordial hospitality those four walls had witnessed6 what pleasant repasts6 what real good1 wholesome eating6 what merry toasts had been drunk there in claret1 in sherry1 and champagne--wines as bright as ,mme4 ,dupuis' eyes1 and as pure and unadulterated as her heart6 ,a second clock1 a very ugly one it must be confessed1 a representative of the bad taste of the ,first ,empire1 which stood in the centre of the already too encumbered mantel-shelf1 marked five minutes past six1 and ,mme4 ,dupuis was seated at the head of her dining-table4 ,she was neatly dressed in black silk2 her dark brown hair1 streaked here and there with silver threads1 was arranged in simple bandeaux on each side of her temples1 and a small lace cap trimmed with a few knots of pink ribbon concealed the paucity of the 8back hair02 for ,mme4 ,dupuis was behind her time4 ,she had not 8marched with her age10 and had not yet learned to wear a 8switch40 ,m4 ,dupuis1 somewhat old-fashioned in his attire1 but scrupulously neat1 sat opposite to her4 ,at an equal distance from each was placed a gentleman as old apparently as the ex-notary1 but infinitely more pretentious in his style both of dress and manner4 ,his coat and trowsers were of ,parisian cut2 his beard in the latest mode2 his voice dictatorial--a man of the world evidently1 and evidently also accustomed to think more of himself than of any one else4 ,the little party was busily engaged in the agreeable duty of eating sundry 8plats0 which diffused a most appetizing odor4 ,marianne1 madame's right hand and faithful aid during many long years1 waited at table1 while the beautiful ,angora sought its fortune around and under4 8,well1 it happened just as ,i tell you10 said ,mme4 ,dupuis1 as she handed her guest a delicious-looking chop--8it happened just as ,i tell you1 ,m4 ,rouvire4 ,i believed that he had gone crazy--completely crazy2 get down1 puss6 ,he came rushing up-stairs1 four steps at a time1 crying at the top of his voice1 #8,it's ,tom6 it's ,tom ,rouvire1 that fellow ,tom6' ,excuse me1 ,m4 ,rouvire1 but that's his word1 you know4 ,as for me1 ,i followed1 stumbling as ,i went along1 killing myself trying to make him hear that it was much more likely to be ,m4 du ,luc in his new carriage2 for ,i knew through ,mme4 le ,rendu that ,m4 du ,luc was to dine to-day at ,semonville1 and1 as he never passes through ,saint-,sauveur without stopping to wish us good-day1 ,i had every reason to believe44440 8,o my dear ,reine60 interrupted ,m4 ,dupuis1 8what necessity is there for telling all that to ,rouvire8 ,he knows nothing about ,m4 du ,luc and ,mme4 le ,rendu2 how can all that interest him8 ,besides1 you know that ,m4 du ,luc never has post-horses to his carriage1 so it could not be he40 8,but ,i believed it was10 replied madame4 8,allons6 never mind now1 dear10 returned her husband1 8but do keep your cat off2 she is teasing ,rouvire40 8,puss6 puss60 cried ,mme4 ,dupuis1 8come here and behave yourself1 do4 ,now1 ,george10 she continued1 8you must acknowledge that it was much more natural that ,i should expect to see ,m4 du ,luc1 our country neighbor1 than ,m4 ,rouvire1 whom ,i did not know1 and from whom you had never heard for more than thirty years--really1 now4 ,what do you say1 ,m4 ,rouvire8 ,you shall be judge40 ,m4 ,rouvire1 who during this dialogue had been silently eating and drinking with evident appetite1 looked up from his plate with an expression of impatience anything but flattering to the lady4 8,of course you are right1 madame10 replied he sharply2 8of course you are right4 ,but1 ,god bless me1 madame1 ,i really believe that your chops are fried with crumbs60 ,poor ,mme4 ,dupuis started at this abrupt interpellation2 her good-tempered smile vanished2 one might have fancied there was a tear in her eye as she answered gently3 8,i am so sorry6 ,it was ,i who made ,jeannette crumb them4 ,i thought they would be more delicate40 8,what heresy60 exclaimed ,rouvire4 8,my dear lady1 nobody now fries chops in crumbs1 just as nobody now wears leg-of-mutton sleeves6 ,gracious heavens6 ,providence has granted you one of the very best articles of food that the culinary art is acquainted with--real1 genuine1 pr-sal mutton1 pure ,miels mutton--and you fry it in crumbs--you actually dare to fry it in crumbs6 ,parbleu6 ,i have sailed round the world1 but ,i had to come to ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte to see ,miels mutton fried in crumbs40 8,how sorry ,i am60 cried poor ,mme4 ,dupuis humbly4 8,let me help you to some sole1 ,m4 ,rouvire4 ,we have a market for fish only once a week1 but1 as ,m4 ,dupuis is very fond of fish1 ,i have made an arrangement with a fisherman from ,porthail1 so that we have a little extra #8plat' every ,wednesday1 and as1 most fortunately1 to-day happens to be ,wednesday44440 8,oh6 come1 ,reine10 interrupted ,m4 ,dupuis1 who had been listening with a very vexed expression of countenance to what was passing between his wife and his friend1 8don't go on with all these details2 what interest can they have for ,rouvire8 ,well1 ,tom1 tell me1 now1 where were you eight days ago at this very hour80 8,eight days' ago1 ,george10 said ,rouvire1 and he stopped eating to reflect--8eight days ago ,i was in ,dublin40 8,in ,dublin60 exclaimed ,dupuis admiringly4 8,what a fellow60 8,from ,dublin10 continued ,m4 ,rouvire1 8,i went to ,london1 and from ,london to ,jersey1 and from ,jersey--here60 8,and was it when you got to ,jersey that the happy thought occurred to you to come and stir up your old friend80 asked ,dupuis2 and his bright1 soft eyes rested affectionately on ,rouvire's face4 8,yesterday morning1 my dear boy10 replied ,rouvire4 8,there was a map of ,normandy hanging up in the hall of the hotel where ,i was staying1 and ,i was looking at it almost mechanically1 when suddenly ,i came across the name of ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte4 #8,saint ,sauveur-le-,vicomte6' ,i repeated two or three times to myself4 #8,isn't that the name of the little town where ,george ,dupuis used to live--my friend ,george8 ,i've a mind to go and dine with him1 if he be still alive4'0 ,m4 ,rouvire seemed to be looking for something on the table as he finished these words4 ,mme4 ,dupuis1 watching every feature1 anxiously inquired what he wanted4 8,some lemon1 madame1 for this sole10 replied he4 8,marianne--,i think ,i heard you call her ,marianne10 he added1 turning towards his hostess--8,marianne1 haven't you a lemon80 8,here is one10 exclaimed ,mme4 ,dupuis1 rising hastily and running to the sideboard4 8,now tell me1 ,m4 ,rouvire10 she said with her pleasant smile1 as she laid the lemon by his plate1 8have you really been going up and down the highways and by-ways of the world during thirty long years1 just like the ,wandering ,jew80 8,i have indeed1 madame10 replied her guest1 squeezing the lemon-juice out over his sole4 8,you must have eaten some strange things in your travels10 continued the lady4 8,i rather think so10 replied ,rouvire1 with his mouth full of fish2 8things you never heard of6 ,marianne1 my good girl1 ,i smell coffee roasting in your kitchen4 ,now1 nearly every one1 especially here in the provinces1 roasts it too much--all the aroma is driven off2 run quick1 that's a good lass1 and tell the cook--,jeannette1 isn't it8--that the coffee must only be toasted--just scorched4 ,do you understand1 eh80 8,yes1 yes1 ,i understand well enough10 muttered ,marianne as she went out2 8that fellow seems to like nothing60 8,my dear lady10 went on ,rouvire1 turning to ,mme4 ,dupuis1 8the very accident ,i feared for your coffee has happened to your chicken--it is cooked too much1 or rather it has been cooked too fast4 ,it is a great pity1 for it was an excellent fowl60 8,oh6 dear1 oh6 dear10 exclaimed ,mme4 ,dupuis1 who was beginning to feel a kind of despair thus far unknown to her4 ,all her dinners hitherto had been subjects of compliment2 this was quite a new experience4 8,oh6 dear1 oh6 dear1 how many misfortunes at one time4 ,pray excuse me1 ,m4 ,rouvire2 you came so unexpectedly1 you know4 ,we had no time to do things well4 ,but do1 pray1 stay a few days with us1 and you shall see4 ,i promise you that everything shall be better40 8,impossible1 madame10 replied the guest1 as he accepted a fine snipe done to a turn2 8you are very kind1 but at nine o'clock this evening ,i must be on the road again4 ,yes1 madame1 you may well say that ,i have eaten strange things10 he continued1 raising his voice4 8,i've eaten kouskoussou under the ,arab's tent2 curry--that incendiary curry--on the shores of the ,ganges2 ,i've dined off the frightful tripang in ,java2 and in ,china on swallows' nests stewed in castor-oil60 8,good gracious60 ejaculated ,mme4 ,dupuis4 8,what a wonderful fellow60 exclaimed ,m4 ,dupuis enthusiastically4 ,m4 ,dupuis was unwontedly silent2 he was evidently exceedingly annoyed1 and it was pitiful to see the deprecating glances his little wife directed towards him from time to time4 ,he1 however1 kept his eyes fixed steadily on his plate4 8,in ,panama10 went on ,rouvire1 8,i've eaten roasted monkey4 ,but what need to enumerate8 ,there's nothing edible in creation that ,i have not swallowed4 ,so that ,i believe ,i may say10 here he bowed thanks for a second snipe1 8there does not exist a man under the firmament of heaven easier to satisfy than myself4 ,the ,rocky ,mountain ,indians--those ,indians are most extraordinarily sagacious--the ,rocky ,mountain ,indians1 ,i say1 gave me a surname while ,i was among them--#8,choc-ugh-tou-saw1' which signifies good-humored stomach1 because ,i was always satisfied with my dinner60 8,what a wonderful fellow60 reiterated ,dupuis4 8,come1 ,tom1 try this ,burgundy2 your throat must be dry4 ,what a wonderful fellow1 to be sure60 8,do let me prevail on you to take another snipe10 said ,mme4 ,dupuis1 holding up to the guest's acceptance a third fine1 fat bird2 8,i'm so glad to find that you like them60 8,no1 madame1 no1 a thousand thanks4 ,yes1 ,i don't deny that ,i am fond of snipes1 but1 ,i'm sorry--,i can't deceive you--these are not just what they ought to be4 ,in the first place1 they have not been killed long enough2 and1 secondly1 you have forgotten to pepper them--a process absolutely necessary with game4 ,but1 excuse me1 for the last half-hour ,i've been looking at that covered dish1 wondering what there is in it4 ,i really don't believe that ,i have ever felt more curiosity in the whole course of my life2 excuse me1 ,i must look into it40 ,he raised the cover as he spoke1 peering in with eyes and nose4 8,in the name of all the saints1 what is it80 he exclaimed1 as he contemplated the contents and sniffed up the steam4 8,my dear friend10 answered ,dupuis1 a little nervously1 8it is something ,i had concocted on purpose for you--it is macaroni40 8,macaroni6 ,that macaroni60 shouted ,rouvire1 as if never more surprised in his life4 8,yes1 ,m4 ,rouvire10 explained ,mme4 ,dupuis1 no longer smiling1 poor little woman6 8,this dish was inspired by ,george's friendship4 ,he remembered that you were very fond of ,italy1 so ,i sent in haste to the grocer's2 he fortunately had still a small quantity of macaroni on hand1 and then1 with the help of my cookery-book--for ,jeannette couldn't manage it--,i made you a plat l'italienne40 8,a l'italienne60 repeated ,george's old friend with a sneering laugh4 8,my dear1 good lady1 that's not macaroni l'italienne6 ,oh6 no1 no4 ,however1 who knows8--it may be good to eat all the same4 ,let us try60 ,so saying1 ,m4 ,rouvire helped himself to a spoonful1 while his hosts looked on anxiously4 8,well1 how do you like it80 asked ,george1 when the taster1 after many grimaces1 had got down a mouthful4 8,like it60 replied ,rouvire1 8why1 not at all2 you might as well try to masticate organ-pipes6 ,it really is something remarkable2 it's fossil macaroni1 petrified macaroni6 ,the grocer who sold it to you deserves the jail2 ,i shouldn't wonder if he belonged to some secret society60 8,marianne1 quick6 change ,m4 ,rouvire's plate10 said ,dupuis sharply--for the old servant was gazing at her master's friend with a very unmistakable expression of disgust on her honest face4 8,my dear ,tom10 he continued1 8what a bad dinner you have made60 8,you are jesting10 replied ,rouvire carelessly2 8at all events1 your wine is capital40 8,i don't know what to say10 sighed poor ,mme4 ,dupuis4 8,i feel ready to die with vexation4 ,but1 dear ,m4 ,rouvire10 with a pretty supplicatory gesture1 8do1 ,i beg and pray of you1 do taste my rice-pudding40 8,very willingly1 my dear lady10 answered the terrible guest--8very willingly2 only let me first finish eating these green peas1 which have been very well preserved1 and would be really perfect had the cook spared her butter a little60 ,at this moment the church bells began to ring the ,angelus1 and ,mme4 ,dupuis rose precipitately from the table4 8,you will pardon my leaving you to finish dinner with ,george10 said she to ,rouvire2 8,i shall be back long before you go40 8,surely you are not going out such an evening as this60 exclaimed ,rouvire4 8,why1 there's a foot deep of snow in the streets60 8,my wife goes to church every evening1 winter and summer1 at the ,angelus1 no matter what the weather10 remarked ,george4 8,she has done so for nearly fifty years1 and nothing will break her of the habit now40 8,ah6 very well10 returned ,rouvire4 8,i hope you like your pastor1 ,mme4 ,dupuis80 8,oh6 yes1 indeed ,i do10 replied the good little woman enthusiastically2 8he is a most worthy man4 ,do stay twenty-four hours longer with us1 ,m4 ,rouvire1 and ,i will ask him to dine with us2 you will be glad to know him1 ,i am quite sure40 8,so am ,i10 returned her husband's old chum1 with the little sneering laugh which seemed to be natural to him2 8but ,i must wait for another opportunity40 8,now1 ,george10 said ,mme4 ,dupuis1 as she tied her wadded hood and slipped on the cloak and india-rubber shoes which had been placed ready for her on a chair1 8do beg your friend to taste the rice-pudding2 and1 ,m4 ,rouvire1 do try my preserves4 ,i make them myself1 and ,i really believe that they are excellent4 ,good-by for the present60 8,good-by1 madame40 8,hem6 hem60 ejaculated ,rouvire as the door closed behind the lady1 8so6 so6 ,now let us look at this rice4 ,your wife's given to piety1 eh1 ,george80 8,yes1 she is a religious woman10 replied ,george slowly2 then added1 with some slight eagerness in his manner1 8but she never imposes her opinions upon any one4 ,she never teases me1 ,i can assure you1 although ,i do happen to be somewhat lukewarm about church matters4 ,but tell me1 ,tom0--here ,m4 ,dupuis hesitated and appeared embarrassed--8don't you find her very provincial1 very rustic80 8,oh6 no1 not at all10 answered ,rouvire in a tone which seemed to imply the contrary of his words4 8,yes1 you do--,i know you do60 cried ,george passionately4 8,but what can you expect8 ,it's not her fault6 ,she has lived in this hole all her life4 ,and your unexpected visit has excited her--upset her4 ,she really talked as if she did not know what she was saying--such nonsense1 such silly gossip60 8,oh6 no1 not at all10 repeated ,rouvire1 as he steadily devoured the rice-pudding4 8,parbleu6 yes2 don't deny it60 cried ,dupuis peevishly4 8,it made you nervous--,i saw it did4 ,it irritated me1 ,i know3 it really seemed as if she was trying to show you her defects4 ,it vexed me more1 too1 because she really has many good qualities--admirable qualities1 poor little woman60 8,my dear ,george10 returned ,rouvire1 pushing away his plate and coolly wiping his mouth with his napkin1 8,i don't doubt it in the least2 her rice-pudding is certainly delicious40 ,dupuis at this moment caught sight of the pretty ,angora with one soft white paw laid in silent petition on his friend's knee4 ,his irritation1 with difficulty kept under so far1 instantly boiled over on the head of the innocent cat4 8,get down60 he roared1 8get down1 you brute6 ,i'll drown that beast one of these days6 ,take that animal away10 he continued1 turning angrily towards ,marianne1 who had just brought in the coffee2 8if she comes into this room again1 ,i'll throw her out of the window60 8,come to me1 pussy10 said ,marianne in an extra-gentle tone of voice1 taking the cat in her arms and kissing it2 8these ,parisian gentlemen don't like you1 it seems4 ,a regular ,turk he is1 too1 turning the house topsy-turvy10 she muttered as she went out of the room1 scowling over her shoulder at the visitor4 ,rouvire had risen from the table during this episode1 and1 tongs in hand1 was busy with the bright wood fire4 ,he smiled maliciously when the cat was carried away1 and1 as if in very lightness of heart1 broke forth in song3 8#8,o bell' alma innamorata6 ,o bell' alma innamorata6' ,tell me1 ,george10 he interrupted himself to say1 8have you a good theatre here in ,saint-,sauveur80 8,a theatre8 ,that's an idea6 ,well1 yes1 we have a theatre once a year1 on the fair-day at mid-,lent60 8,that's too bad60 laughed ,rouvire4 8,how on earth do you contrive to get through your evenings80 8,well1 in winter10 answered ,george1 8we chat by the side of the fire1 or my wife and ,i play at piquet2 sometimes two or three neighbors come in1 and then we have a game of whist60 8,phew60 whistled the man of the world4 8,with the cur1 ,i'll swear10 said he presently with his customary mocking smile1 as he planted himself comfortably with his back to the blaze and his coattails gathered up under his arms4 8,yes10 went on ,george simply1 apparently unconscious of his friend's sneer2 8sometimes with the cur4 ,and then in summer ,i water my garden1 and ,reine and ,i take a walk on the highroad up to the top of the hill1 or in the wood by the river's side2 and then--well1 everybody goes to bed early here40 8,very moral1 indeed60 sneered ,rouvire again1 picking his teeth4 ,by this time ,marianne had cleared away the dinner things1 and1 after placing a provision of glasses and a bottle of brandy1 another of rum1 and a case of liqueurs on the table1 had finally departed to dine in her turn with ,jeannette1 and to confide her observations on the obnoxious ,parisian to her companion's sympathizing ear4 ,,iii4 8,so at last we are alone60 exclaimed ,dupuis with a sigh of satisfaction1 as the maid closed the door behind her4 8,now1 ,tom1 sit down and let us drink4 ,come and tell me what you think of this brandy4 ,here's to your health1 old friend60 filling himself a glass of old ,cognac and tossing it off excitedly4 8,do you know how many years it is since we last met1 ,tom8 ,five-and-thirty1 ,tom--five-and-thirty years60 8,yes1 parbleu60 said ,rouvire1 helping himself to the brandy4 8,i suppose it must be some thirty-five years since we parted in the diligence yard1 ,rue ,montmartre4 ,i remember that we swore eternal friendship and constant correspondence4 ,the correspondence did not last long--less than two years1 it seems to me--but our friendship1 ,george1 it smouldered under its ashes1 but it kept alive1 my boy60 ,the two friends clasped each other's hands for a moment silently4 8,your brandy is first-rate10 remarked ,rouvire presently1 as he finished his petit-verre4 8,you like it8 ,bravo6 ,well1 there are still some pleasant hours in life--aren't there now1 ,tom80 8,i believe you10 answered the guest meditatively4 8,who should know it better than you1 fortunate fellow as you are6 ,but ,i say1 ,tom1 how does it happen that you have not changed in the least8 ,not in the least1 by ,jove6 ,you've remained young and handsome4444 #8,i was young and handsome6'--do you remember how magnificently ,talma used to say that8 ,your beard and moustaches might belong to an ,african lion6 ,you make me think of ,henri ,quatre6 ,but drink1 ,tom2 you don't drink60 8,my dear old ,george10 said ,rouvire in a quiet1 confidential tone of voice1 and resting his two arms on the table1 while he fixed his eyes on his friend's flushed face--8my dear old ,george1 what was your reason for burying yourself alive in ,cotentin8 ,tell me40 8,why do you ask me that1 ,tom80 cried ,dupuis1 who suddenly became serious4 8,you find me rusty1 then80 8,no1 no2 but what was your reason8 ,tell me in confidence1 you know40 8,yes1 ,i am rusty2 ,i feel it60 said poor ,dupuis mournfully4 8,i tell you what1 ,tom1 the provinces of ,france deserve all that is said against them4 ,they are like those springs of mineral waters which turn to stone every living creature you throw into them6 ,what reason had ,i1 do you ask8 ,gracious heavens6 ,what is life1 ,tom1 but a series of chances2 some fatality gets you into a groove1 and you are pushed on and on until you reach your grave4 ,try this rum1 ,tom40 8,do you indulge in such prolonged libations every evening80 asked ,rouvire4 8,no1 never4 ,these are in honor of you40 8,so ,i suspected4 ,this is the rum1 isn't it8 ,come1 go on1 ,george2 ,i want to hear the rest of your ,odyssey40 8,well1 ,tom10 resumed his friend1 taking a sip at his glass of rum and breathing at the same time a sigh which was almost a groan1 8you remember that my prospects were pretty bright in ,paris4 ,i fully intended to buy that solicitor's office where ,i was working--it had been offered to me on good conditions2 but some family affairs called me home here1 and here ,i stayed4 ,i don't know how it happened1 but it is certain that ,i found a charm in this provincial life--in its futile comfort1 its indolent habits1 its tame monotony40 ,here poor ,dupuis stopped1 that he might give vent to an angry gust of self-reproach by punching the fire with the tongs2 after a sip of rum he continued3 8,all these got possession of me1 wound themselves around me like a net1 and ,i remained their captive40 ,his head bowed itself forward1 and he sat gazing regretfully on the ugly clock in the middle of the chimney-piece4 8,all right1 ,george60 laughed ,rouvire2 8you don't say it1 but ,i suspect that ,madame ,dupuis had a good deal to do with this final catastrophe60 8,it is true1 ,tom10 replied the other1 his countenance lighting up for a moment2 8and you may believe it or not1 as you like1 but ,i swear that she was a charming girl6 ,moreover1 my dear old mother was living then1 and it was a great pleasure to her to have me settle here where we were all born4 ,the long and the short of it was that ,i married1 bought my father-in-law's office1 and all was over--the die was cast6 ,take some of the ,kirschwasser1 ,tom10 he added hurriedly1 as if his remembrances were too painful to be dwelt on4 8,presently10 said ,rouvire1 a smile flickering over his worldly-wise face2 8but tell me1 first1 you've not stayed walled up in ,saint-,sauveur1 ,i hope1 all these thirty-five years8 ,you take a run to ,paris every once in a while1 don't you80 8,don't mention it10 groaned ,dupuis4 8,i've not seen ,paris since ,i said good-by to you in the ,rue ,montmartre60 8,phew60 whistled ,rouvire1 helping himself to the ,kirschwasser4 ,the friends remained silent for a time1 gazing at the fire4 8,but you used to like to travel10 exclaimed ,rouvire1 at last4 8,and so ,i do still1 my dear ,tom2 my taste has not changed in that respect1 ,i can assure you4 ,but what could ,i do8 ,when ,i married1 my idea was to work steadily for fifteen years1 and then sell my business and live on what ,i had saved4 ,i intended then to take a trip to ,paris with my wife1 after that to the ,pyrenees--,i always wished so much to see the ,pyrenees6 ,but it was not to be2 as the old women say1 ,man proposes and ,god disposes4 ,we had been married just five years when our daughter was born44440 8,what's that you say--you have a daughter80 interrupted his friend4 8,a daughter and a granddaughter1 ,tom10 replied ,george1 with an inflection in his voice that sounded very like pride1 and a soft look in his eyes2 8so you understand that ,i had to stick to my business for ten years more1 that ,i might get her a dowry2 and then1 when at last ,i did sell out--well1 ,i was old 444 and ,i couldn't think of anything pleasanter than just to stay quietly in my arm-chair6 ,didn't ,i tell you that my life has been nothing but a chapter of accidents from beginning to end8 ,come1 shall we have some punch1 ,tom8 ,i'll make it40 8,if you will4 ,so you have a daughter6 ,and she is married6 ,well married1 ,i hope80 8,well1 yes2 her husband is a sub-prefect40 ,george's voice again took a tone of gratified pride1 which elicited a smile from his observant friend4 8,a sub-prefect6 ,bravo1 bravissimo6 ,but you're putting too much lemon into that punch40 8,do you think so8 ,and now1 ,tom1 that ,i've made a clean breast of it--told you all--you must explain something to me that ,i never could comprehend3 how have you contrived to make your modest fortune suffice for nearly half a century's constant travel80 8,it is easy enough to explain10 said ,rouvire1 sitting up straight in his chair and becoming very animated and somewhat loud as he proceeded4 8,i began life with ten thousand francs a year in land2 my first operation was to change my patrimony into bank-notes1 by which means ,i doubled my income2 then ,i invested it in the sinking funds1 which trebled it4 ,and then1 freed from every narrow calculation1 from every family tie1 from every social trammel1 ,i took my flight into space6 ,here's to your health1 my old friend ,george6 ,hip6 hip6 hurrah60 8,what a wonderful fellow60 cried ,george in a paroxysm of admiration1 excited1 very probably1 much more by the brandy and the rum and the punch than by ,rouvire's comprehension of life and happiness4 8,what energy6 what grandeur60 8,i consecrated my youth10 continued ,tom in a declamatory style1 8to distant adventures1 reserving ,europe for the autumn of life4 ,my foot--this foot1 this very foot1 ,george1 which now touches yours on this carpet--has left its print among those of the tiger and the elephant on the sands of ,india6 ,nay1 it has even followed those terrible prowlers into their forests of bamboo1 lofty and solemn as our cathedrals60 8,ah6 that was something like living60 ejaculated ,dupuis1 who listened with almost breathless interest4 8,two years later ,i arrived in ,canton4 ,what an arrival1 ye gods6 ,never shall ,i forget the scene4 ,it was a lovely summer night4 ,the accession of the emperor of the ,celestials to his ancestral throne was being celebrated4 ,our canoe could scarcely force its way among the junks and flower-boats1 all of them decorated with innumerable paper lanterns4 ,fireworks of a thousand different hues were reflected1 mingled with the stars1 in the flowing river1 and we could watch their rainbow tints playing on the porcelain temples that rise on its banks60 8,what a fairy-like sight6 ,happy1 happy ,tom60 murmured ,dupuis4 8,from ,china10 pursued ,rouvire1 after quaffing off his glass of punch1 8,i sailed for the ,americas4 ,i travelled about there for several years1 going to and fro1 from north to south1 from the savannas to the pampas1 from the great austere ,canadian woods to the smiling ,brazilian forests2 sometimes on foot1 sometimes on horseback1 oftenest in a pirogue4 ,my longest stay was in ,peru4 ,i could not tear myself away from that coquettish city of ,lima60 8,ha6 ha6 tratre1 gay deceiver6 ,o ,tom1 ,tom60 laughed ,dupuis1 shaking his head in ecstasy4 8,i turned gamester1 too4 ,it is impossible for you1 ,george1 to conceive the immense attraction a gaming-table possesses in that land of gold and silver and jewels4 ,one might almost fancy that one of those fabulous trees we read of in ,oriental tales had been shaken over the green cloth6 ,there is little or no regular coined money to be seen on it1 but dull yellow ingots1 bright golden spangles1 fiery diamonds1 and milk-white1 lustrous pearls are heaped up there pell-mell6 ,all the treasures of earth and ocean seem to be brought together on that table1 tumbled and jostled in dazzling confusion6 ,you can stay whole nights by that board--nights that fly like minutes--your eyes fascinated1 your brain on fire6 ,twenty times in twenty-four hours you are raised to the throne of ,rothschild--as often precipitated down1 down to ,job's dunghill4 ,you become bald1 you may become mad1 but you feel what life is--you live60 8,it is true1 it is true60 cried ,dupuis in a state of intense excitement2 8you are right1 ,tom1 there is no doubt of that4 ,and to think that ,i have never played at anything but that blackguard whist at a sou the counter6 ,but go on1 ,tom1 go on2 you really electrify me60 8,everything has its end10 continued ,rouvire1 highly flattered by the effect he was producing2 8there came a day of sadness and discouragement1 and ,i took passage on board an ,american whaler bound for the south pole4 ,yes1 my hand has touched the frozen limits of our globe2 ,i have contemplated1 with feelings akin to awe1 those creatures with human-like faces1 the morse1 on their pedestals of ice1 recumbent and dreamy as the sphinx of ,thebes4 ,and in the midst of those silent spaces1 so strangely different from all ,i had hitherto seen1 ,i experienced sensations that seemed to belong to another world4 ,a kind of posthumous illusion of being in another planet took possession of me4 ,certainly ,i am much deceived if the days and nights ,i saw in those regions of ice do not resemble those in our pale satellite4 ,what more shall ,i tell you1 my dear friend8 ,three years after this ,i found myself in ,rio ,janeiro1 whence ,i returned to ,europe1 after having literally described the whole circumference of our globe with the end of my walkingstick6 ,and thus passed away my youth60 ,m4 ,rouvire here threw himself back in his arm-chair1 and stroked his beard with a sigh4 8,every king living might envy you1 ,tom60 cried ,dupuis4 8,but tell me more4 ,what have you been doing since then80 8,since then1 ,george10 said ,rouvire with nonchalance1 8,i have not travelled2 ,i have merely made excursions4 ,first upon the ,mediterranean--but1 pshaw6 it was like sailing on the basin in the ,tuileries' garden6 ,i have visited all the countries on its shore4 ,and by degrees1 as ,i grew older1 my circle became smaller1 so that now ,i live entirely in ,europe1 going from city to city1 according to the attraction of the moment4 ,indeed1 ,i may say1 my dear fellow1 that ,europe is my property1 my domain60 ,here the speaker began to wax warmer and louder4 8,every festival given by nature or man in ,europe is given to amuse me4 ,for me ,naples displays her bay and her volcano1 and keeps open her grand theatre1 ,san ,carlos2 for my recreation ,paris adorns her boulevards and builds her opera-house2 to amuse me ,madrid has a ,prado and bull-fights4 ,all the great exhibitions were made for me1 beginning with that of ,london4 ,evviva la libert6 ,let's drink60 ,so saying1 he filled for himself a brimming bumper of punch1 and tossed it off with a very self-satisfied smile4 8,tom60 cried ,dupuis delightedly1 8you are a genius6 ,but you have said nothing about the great monuments--the ,alhambra1 the ,coliseum1 the ,parthenon40 8,pshaw6 those are your friends60 retorted ,tom with his peculiar sneer4 8,i've said nothing about them because they are dragged about everywhere4 ,who hasn't seen them80 ,there was a minute of silence1 broken by an emphatic 8,ah60 breathed not loudly but deeply by the excited listener4 ,starting from his seat1 and thrusting his hands into his pockets1 he began hurriedly to pace up and down the room4 ,his friend glanced at him uneasily4 8,what's the matter8 ,what annoys you80 he asked4 8,o ,tom1 ,tom60 cried ,george1 still continuing his agitated walk1 8,i blush when ,i compare your life with mine4 ,while your heart has counted each pulsation by some noble or beautiful emotion1 mine has stupidly gone on ticking off the hours and days and years as calmly as a kitchen clock6 ,have ,i really lived1 tell me80 ,he stopped in front of his friend1 gesticulating violently4 8,i was born1 and ,i have slept1 and ,i have eaten2 but what else8 ,and what has been the result8 ,my intelligence is extinguished2 ,i have dried up2 ,i have descended in the scale of being1 until ,i have come to be on a level with the idiot of the ,alps1 with a shellfish1 with an oyster60 8,come1 come1 ,george1 you're going too far60 said ,rouvire soothingly4 8,even supposing that you no longer possess as much freshness of imagination1 as much vivacity of wit1 as you used to have44440 8,i thought so6 ,i knew it60 interrupted ,dupuis1 resuming his hurried walk backwards and forwards2 8you acknowledge that you find me rusty60 ,m4 ,rouvire rose slowly from his seat1 and1 after lighting a cigar1 remained standing with his back against the chimney-piece1 his eyes fixed on his friend1 who paused in front of him at his first word4 8,listen to me1 ,george10 said he seriously1 caressing his moustache with his fingers as he spoke2 8,i will be frank with you4 ,you know that ,i always used to be frank with you4 ,the impression your house made on me when ,i first entered it was1 ,i must confess1 a sinister one4 ,i seemed to breathe the air of a cemetery in it4 ,i could have fancied that ,i was in one of those long-buried dwellings which the patient labor of enthusiastic antiquaries has restored to light and life4 ,while the servant went to call you ,i could not prevent myself from examining1 with a kind of wondering1 stupid curiosity1 the old-fashioned furniture1 and the pictures1 and those dismal tapestries worthy of figuring in a museum6 ,i remembered the delicacy of your character1 the elegance of your manners1 your intelligent taste1 your love of art2 and positively ,i could not reconcile the bright memories ,i retained of you with the dull1 insipid existence of which ,i had the evidence before my eyes4 ,you came to me2 ,i looked at you2 you spoke4 ,what was it8 ,was my sight affected1 or my judgment biassed by the thoughts which were literally preying on me at that moment8 ,i can't tell what it was--,i can't explain--but your language astonished me6 ,your forehead actually seemed to me to have grown narrower6 ,i wiped away a secret tear1 and ,i sighed as ,i should have sighed had ,i been standing by your grave6 ,i even half spoke the words1 #8,this1 then1 is all that remains of my friend6' ,you're not offended1 ,george80 added ,m4 ,rouvire1 stopping short and looking inquiringly into his victim's anxious1 attentive face4 8,not a bit1 ,tom2 not a bit10 replied ,george4 8,i tell you ,i felt that ,i had sunk2 at least1 ,i suspected it1 and the suspicion was intolerable4 ,i prefer the certainty40 ,he turned away with an attempt at a smile1 and resumed his agitated walk up and down the room4 ,rouvire applied himself to the fire1 put on a new log of wood1 shovelled up the glowing embers and ashes and threw them with much care and skill to the back1 gazed on his work for a minute1 and1 finally assuming again his favorite pose1 with his back leaning against the chimney-piece1 started the conversation afresh in a lively1 chatty tone4 8,let us change the subject10 said he4 8,you have sold your business2 what do you think of doing now80 8,what do you expect me to do80 cried ,dupuis vehemently4 8,i shall finish by dying60 8,morbleu6 you had better resuscitate4 ,let us talk seriously1 ,george4 ,when you married you created for yourself new duties1 which you have fulfilled to the utmost1 honestly and generously4 ,you have provided amply for the future of your wife and daughter4 ,what is there1 then1 to prevent you now from plunging yourself for two or three years into the vortex of life1 and so awaken and reinvigorate your benumbed faculties8 ,the facilities of travel nowadays are wonderful4 ,in the space of two years you can run over the whole of ,europe1 and even explore a part of ,asia and ,africa4 ,all the freshness and vivacity of thought you once possessed will return to you when you find yourself in contact with the most glorious creations of art and nature4 ,in the course of two years--two years1 mark you6--you can lay at rest for ever every one of those regretful feelings which are now eating out your heart and shortening your life6 ,choose now3 suicide or travel8 ,remember that you are free in your choice--you are free to do as you like60 8,pish60 cried ,george1 turning on his heel and pursuing his walk4 8,is it probable that at my time of life ,i shall set out alone to scour the highways of ,europe80 8,but who wants you to go alone80 said ,rouvire1 going up to him and laying a hand on his shoulder4 8,am not ,i ready to go with you8 ,my experience1 my post-chaise1 my servant--everything ,i have is at your service1 ,george60 8,is it possible1 ,tom8 ,are you really in earnest80 exclaimed ,dupuis1 gratified beyond expression at this proof of his friend's affection4 8,you really will accompany me80 8,i will lead you by the hand1 my boy60 answered ,rouvire gaily2 and1 falling into step with ,george1 the two friends paced the room together4 8,i will spare you the torment of guides and ciceroni1 and all that species of vermin which besets the tourist4 ,no1 don't thank me10 he continued1 when ,dupuis began to express his gratitude4 8,the thought delights me as much as it does you4 ,your new impressions will revive mine of past days4 ,and won't it be delicious1 ,george1 to end our lives as we began them--participating in the same adventures1 in the same pleasures1 and even sharing our purses8 ,come1 now1 is it settled80 8,my dear friend10 replied ,dupuis1 with a slight hesitation in his voice1 8,i will confess to you that no project was ever more agreeable to me1 but44440 8,no buts6 no buts60 cried ,rouvire imperatively2 8it is settled6 ,we will go direct from this to ,paris and wait there until the spring4 ,the museums and theatres will help us to while away the time4 ,i will take you behind the scenes2 you shall hear ,ristori and ,patti6 ,you used to love music60 8,i love it still10 said ,george1 smiling2 8,i play the flute60 8,so much the better60 cried ,tom with increasing animation1 as they continued to pace the room side by side2 8so much the better6 ,you shall bring your flute with you4 ,what was ,i saying8 ,oh6 yes2 well1 the winter in ,paris--that's settled2 but at the very beginning of spring we'll cross the ,pyrenees and spend three glorious months in ,spain4 ,then we'll take advantage of the summer to visit all the principal cities of ,germany2 and after that we'll get down into ,italy by ,trieste and ,venice4 ,what do you say to this programme80 8,i say10 replied ,dupuis1 stopping in his walk and speaking in a strong1 decisive tone--8,i say that it opens ,paradise to me4 ,give me a cigar1 ,tom4 ,i say that you are right4 ,i have lived long enough for others4 ,i have offered up a sufficiently large portion of my life as a sacrifice4 ,bah6 a man has duties towards himself40 ,he lighted his cigar and puffed vigorously for a minute or two4 8,providence has conferred gifts on us10 he resumed1 8for which we have to render an account4 ,intellect1 imagination1 the feeling of the beautiful--these are gifts which bind us4 ,savages only ought to be capable of such a crime as to allow these sacred flames to die out for want of nourishment60 8,well said60 exclaimed ,rouvire exultingly2 8that's my old ,george again6 ,now let us strike while the iron's hot4 ,marianne60 ,he went towards the door to open it as he spoke4 8,hush6 hush60 cried ,dupuis1 stopping him and speaking under his breath2 8what do you want with her80 8,i want to tell her that you are going away to-night1 and that she must look after your portmanteau4 ,marianne60 he called again4 8,hush1 ,i beg of you60 repeated poor ,george earnestly4 8,surely we are not going to start to-night80 8,at nine o'clock to-night10 answered ,rouvire decisively2 8you know very well that ,i ordered horses for nine o'clock40 8,yes1 ,i know10 said ,dupuis1 hesitating and embarrassed2 8but the night is going to be deucedly cold--,siberian4 ,i think we should do better to wait until to-morrow morning40 8,now1 just let me tell you this1 ,george10 cried the other impatiently3 8if you're afraid of frosted fingers or toes1 and of a night in a post-chaise1 you'd better pull your night-cap over your ears at once and go to bed1 and never talk again about travelling60 8,i'm afraid of nothing and of nobody10 replied poor ,dupuis1 driven to his wits' end2 8but the truth is this haste rather puts me out4 ,i had reckoned upon two or three days to look about me and to make my preparations40 8,preparations6 ,what preparations80 cried ,tom in a tone of indignant surprise4 8,you need a portmanteau and a few shirts and stockings1 and you have an hour before you to get them together1 and that's more than time enough4 ,come1 now1 ,george1 no childishness2 if you defer your departure for two or three days1 you know just as well as ,i do that you won't go at all4 ,i've no need to tell you what influences will be brought to bear on you1 what obstacles will rise up before you1 to unman you and break down your resolution4 ,believe me1 my dear fellow1 in such cases as this1 however you yourself may suffer and make suffer1 you must cut down to the quick or give up44440 8,once more you are right1 ,tom10 said ,dupuis after a moment's silent thought4 8,i'm your man2 there's my hand on it40 8,marianne60 shouted ,rouvire1 shaking his friend's hand with a will4 8,no1 no1 don't call ,marianne10 cried ,dupuis hurriedly1 and getting between ,rouvire and the door4 8,i know better than she does what ,i shall need4 ,i shall pack my portmanteau myself as soon as my wife comes in4 ,it's just eight now10 looking at the clock2 8she'll not be long4 ,well10 he continued with some agitation1 8,i shall have to pass a few minutes--sad ones they will be1 ,i know--but my conscience reproaches me with nothing2 444 and after all1 if my cup be filled with generous wine1 what does it matter though the edge be a little bitter8444 ,o ,tom60 he continued after a moment's pause1 during which he seemed to have roused his courage1 8what a perspective you have opened out before me--what a horizon6 ,granada6 ,venice6 ,naples6 ,it is a dream60 ,he glanced at the clock and his voice fell4 8,five minutes past eight6 ,i would willingly give twenty-five louis to be a quarter of an hour older--a quarter of an hour6 ,i know that ,i am very weak1 but44440 8,shall ,i tell your wife for you80 interrupted ,rouvire1 who was watching him anxiously4 8,well1 frankly1 ,tom1 you would do me a service10 cried ,dupuis eagerly4 8,go and pack your trunk1 then1 and ,i'll settle the business40 8,there's no danger of a scene10 said ,george1 stopping short near the door2 8you would be quite mistaken in your estimate of her character if you feared that40 8,i shall see10 returned his friend laconically4 8,tell her that ,i entreat her to keep calm4 ,tears might unman me1 but could change nothing in my plans40 8,i'll tell her4 ,go to your trunk40 8,i'm going1 ,tom40 ,he opened the door1 hesitated1 then closed it again and came back to the fireplace1 near which ,rouvire was still standing4 8,my dear friend10 said he softly1 laying his hand on ,tom's arm1 8you will be very gentle with her1 will you not80 ,a kind smile gleamed in the usually cold1 sharp eyes of the traveller1 as he looked in his friend's anxious1 agitated face4 8,don't be afraid10 he replied2 8but you--don't you desert me when ,i've gone to the front40 8,desert during the battle6 ,you don't know me1 ,tom60 8,why1 you see10 said ,tom1 8,i should look wondrous silly if you did60 8,tom ,rouvire10 cried ,dupuis solemnly1 8permit me to assure you that my mind is made up1 and that this evening at nine o'clock1 come what will1 ,i go with you4 ,i pledge you my word of honor4 ,are you satisfied80 8,go and pack your trunk60 laughed ,rouvire1 taking him by the shoulders and pushing him out of the room4 ,left to himself1 ,m4 ,rouvire returned to the chimney-piece and stood over the fire1 rubbing his hands meditatively1 and from time to time breaking out into words4 8,now then1 ,mme4 ,dupuis1 it's between you and me10 said he1 half-aloud1 with a kind of chuckle4 8,it's very certain that my principal object is to make poor ,george something like himself again1 but ,i really sha'n't be sorry to try the effect of a thunder-bolt on that serene-looking lady60 ,here ,m4 ,rouvire rubbed his hands gleefully and laughed heartily2 picturing to himself1 probably1 the poor wife's consternation and despair when he should announce the fatal news4 8,i'm not a ,turk10 he muttered presently--8far from it1 ,i'm sure2 until now ,i always believed1 like every true ,christian1 that polygamy deserved the gallows2 but1 hang it6 only think of a decent man condemned to perpetual communion with such a disagreeable creature as that old village sauce-pan6 ,such a life is clearly impossible60 ,a minute's silent thought followed1 and then ,m4 ,rouvire roused himself1 and sat down before the fire to warm the soles of his feet4 ,but not for long4 8,i understood that woman10 he suddenly exclaimed1 starting up from his seat and beginning to pace rapidly up and down the floor--8,i understood her and judged her before ,i saw her6 ,i knew her to be exactly what she is1 from her cap to her shoes6 ,she was always odious to me6 ,just see with what stupid symmetry all this furniture is arranged3 two chairs here and two chairs there1 everything square with its neighbor1 all at equal distances--how wearisome6 ,that old barometer1 too1 and these absurd curiosities0--he stopped1 as he spoke1 in front of the chimney3 8a stuffed bird1 a shell-box1 spun-glass1 and horrid cocoanut cups carved by galley-slaves6 ,they absolutely give one the height and the breadth and the weight of the woman1 both physically and morally4 ,poor ,george6 an intelligent man1 too4 ,i was sorry for him10 he continued1 taking a seat in front of the fire1 8but ,i couldn't help it4 ,how ,i pegged into her all dinnertime6 ,ha1 ha1 ha6 ,i was as disgusting as a ,kalmuck6 ,i really was ashamed of myself6 but1 the deuce take it6 every one's nerves are not made of bronze4 ,m4 du ,luc6 ,mme4 le ,rendu6 and her fish 444 and her cat 444 and her cur 444 hang it6 ,i couldn't stand it40 ,here ,m4 ,rouvire interrupted his monologue for a minute to examine the toe of his boot2 satisfied that it was intact1 he resumed his train of thought4 8,no1 ,i really don't believe that it would be possible to meet with a more perfect type of the humdrum existence1 the narrow-minded ideas1 and flat conversation prevalent in these provincial mole-hills than this dowdy female presents6 ,that good fellow--how much he must have suffered before he learnt to bow his intellect beneath her imbecile yoke6 ,god bless me6 ,i know the whole story4 ,he probably struggled hard at first1 and then1 little by little1 he was bowed and bent and broken1 as so many others have been1 by the continued pressure of a feminine will6 ,thirty years' martyrdom4 ,but1 ha6 ha6 ,mme4 ,dupuis1 your hour has come2 he shall be avenged40 ,here ,m4 ,rouvire drew himself up straight in his chair and laughed merrily4 8,it reminds me10 continued he half-aloud1 8of my battle with that old ,indian woman when ,i stole her idol while she was asleep4 ,what a good-for-nothing hussy she was6 ,extraordinary how much old women resemble one another all the world over40 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,glance ,,at ,,the ,,indian ,,question4#dj ,let us begin by considering the ,indian himself4 ,as soon as he is able to stand alone he commences that practice with the bow and arrow which makes him a good marksman before he is well in his teens4 ,he is tied in his saddle before he can walk1 and a horse becomes as much a part of his nature as if he were a ,centaur4 ,while yet a child he learns the subterfuges of the chase3 the quiet1 patient1 breathless watchfulness1 the stealthy1 snake-like advance1 which enable him in adult life to crawl1 unseen and unheard1 upon his unsuspecting victim1 to take him at a disadvantage1 surprise and kill him without the risk of a wound4 ,from his earliest years he hears the warriors of his tribe relate their acts of treachery and blood1 of rapine and violence1 and boast of them as brave and glorious deeds4 ,he is taught to consider treachery courage1 robbery and murder honorable warfare1 and the most renowned warrior the one who despatches his foe with the least possibility of danger to himself4 ,for him revenge is a sacred duty4 ,he hears shouts of savage laughter and applause greet the warrior who devises the worst tortures for the miserable captive4 ,his initiation to the order of warriors is a terrible ordeal of physical suffering1 which must be borne without flinching or murmuring to ensure the success of the candidate4 ,the grossest sensuality is practised openly under his childish eyes4 ,he learns to regard cunning and falsehood as virtues1 and to look upon the warrior most skilled in the arts of deceit as the greatest hero of his tribe4 ,until he has committed some signal act of murder1 treachery1 or robbery1 he is without influence among the braves or attractions for the squaws4 ,all is fair in the wars of ,indians1 either with the white man or foes of their own color4 ,the ,sioux kills the ,crow--man1 woman1 or papoose at the breast--at sight4 ,the ,crow will brain the sleeping ,sioux equally without regard to age or sex4 ,a small party of ,minneconjon ,sioux went to the ,tongue ,river ,cantonment1 last ,december1 to surrender4 ,they carried a flag of truce4 ,unfortunately1 they rode into the camp of some ,crow scouts which was situated within a few hundred yards of the cantonment4 ,the ,crows received them in a friendly manner1 shook hands with them1 and while with one hand they gave the pledge of amity1 with the other they poured the contents of their revolvers into the breasts of the bearers of the white flag4 ,the ,crows could not understand the indignation of the officers and soldiers at such an act of treachery and cowardice 7we regret to say that it was not without apologists and applauders among white frontiersmen71 but they feared it enough to run away to their agency1 where the leader in the bloody deed was the recipient of high honors4 ,there he was the hero of the time4 ,,how ,,the ,,indian ,,is ,,circumstanced4 ,next let us consider the circumstances in which this creature1 so savagely nurtured and developed1 is placed4 ,we find him in a district of country which he believes to be his by immemorial right of possession4 ,it is the land of his fathers4 ,the white man formally recognizes his claim by making solemn treaties for the transfer of portions of the ,indian's heritage4 ,the land being his1 the game is his4 ,the ,great ,spirit created the buffalo for the sustentation of his red children4 ,the buffalo-hunter enters the ,indian's domain1 and slaughters the buffalo by tens of thousands for the robes1 leaving the flesh to rot upon the plain4 ,thousands are wantonly destroyed by wealthy idlers who call themselves sportsmen4 ,the buffalo supplies the ,indian not only with food1 but with raiment and shelter4 ,it furnishes him the article of exchange which enables him to obtain the necessaries of his savage life4 ,the diminution of the buffalo means privation1 suffering1 nakedness1 starvation to the ,indian and his family4 ,the white man by formal compact purchases from the ,indian some certain district1 and solemnly binds himself to respect the ,indian's remaining rights within certain prescribed limits1 to keep trespassers from entering the now diminished territory1 and to ensure it to him and his tribe for ever4 ,but this does not stop the insatiate adventurer1 who again crosses the newly-defined limit4#da ,the government seems powerless to compel its citizens to respect its treaty obligations or to punish their infraction4 ,the exasperated ,indian kills some of the trespassers4 ,would it be astonishing that he should do so1 even if he had been reared under the influences of ,christianity instead of those of barbarism8 ,troops are now sent against the ,indians4 ,after the sacrifice of a greater or less number of brave soldiers the hostile tribe is subjected1 compelled to return to a quasi-peaceful condition1 and to consent to a further reduction of its territorial limits4 ,before the ink is dry with which the so-called treaty is written the adventurer again crosses the newly-designated boundary4 ,thus the process goes on ad infinitum1 or until the ,indian1 driven from the last foot of his ancestral earth1 starving1 naked1 the cries of his suffering women and children ringing in his ears1 is compelled to accept any terms which will give him food and covering4 ,,the ,,indians ,,on ,,the ,,reservations4 ,the ,indian is now taken to a reservation4 ,even his removal may be a transportation job by which some politicaster in ,new ,york or ,boston or friendly ,philadelphia1 who never saw a hostile ,indian1 and who invests no money in the enterprise1 makes a fortune4 ,from this time on he is a means of money-making for a crowd of sharpers4 ,a scanty supply of bad beef at a high price1 a little coffee and sugar of the lowest grade1 with sometimes indifferent flour1 compose his ration4 ,if he happens to be where he can occasionally kill a buffalo1 a deer1 or a wolf1 his squaw dresses the skin1 and he takes it to the trader's store1 where he barters it for a little sugar1 coffee1 or pemican to add to his meagre ration4 ,he gets in exchange for his peltries what the trader chooses to give him4 ,for a calf-robe or a wolf-skin he may get a few cupfuls of the coarsest sugar1 or a tin cup worth about ten cents in ,new ,york4 ,for a fair calf-robe the trader will ask three dollars6 8,we make every white man rich who comes to our country10 said ,sitting ,bull to ,gen4 ,miles in the council which preceded the fight on ,cedar ,creek1 in ,montana1 last ,october4 ,the remark was not without truth1 so far as ,indian traders and reservation rings are concerned4 ,it is alleged that ,indians on reservations have been compelled to kill some of their ponies to feed their families4 ,we do not personally know this to be so1 but we can well believe it4 ,we do know that not three years ago the ,kiowas and ,comanches were without flour for months2 that the beef issued to them was miserable4 ,we have seen it stated and have been told time and again that rations have been drawn for numbers greatly exceeding those actually at the agencies2 and1 with the developments made through the honesty and courage of ,professor ,marsh still fresh in our memory1 we can well believe it also4 ,is it a subject of special wonder that1 being the victim of such a system1 in addition to his peculiar training1 the ,indian should look upon deceit and robbery as not only justifiable but laudable8 ,,what ,,we ,,ask ,,of ,,the ,,indian4 ,all men are naturally tenacious of their rights of property2 the more civilized the community the more sacred those rights4 ,the ,indian has the instinct of property very strongly developed4 ,after we have subdued1 swindled1 and reduced him to the verge of starvation we say to him3 8,you must now surrender your horses and your arms40 ,the earliest ambition of an ,indian is to possess a fire-arm4 ,he will pay thirty to forty ponies for a good rifle4 ,ponies are his currency4 ,if the government sells this rifle by auction1 it will bring perhaps five to ten dollars4 ,it is hard for the ,indian to see his rifle carried off and his horse ridden away by some white hunter1 8wolfer10 or trapper4 ,he is very fond of his ponies4 ,no consideration of value will induce him to part with a favorite horse4 ,a friend of the writer saw a squaw1 with tears in her eyes1 cut a lock from the mane of her favorite pony before surrendering the animal to the representative of the government4 ,thus1 we starve the ,indian2 we deprive him of his arms1 with which he might kill game to eke out a subsistence2 we take away his ponies1 which furnish him food when he is reduced to extremity through our fault or failure4 ,what ,christian people would be content under such treatment8 ,can we be surprised that an untutored savage1 who cannot understand our clashing of bureaus1 our shifting of responsibility1 or our red-tape refinements of official morality1 should look upon the white man as the liar of liars and the thief of thieves1 and1 when he is on the war-path1 should execute the wild justice of revenge on any of the race who happens to come within reach of his rifle8 ,can we be surprised if he leaves his reservation and chooses to fight to the last rather than be the patient victim of such a system of injustice and spoliation8 ,it is not astonishing that the ,indian should surrender only his poorest animals1 should hide his magazine guns and rifles and give up only rusty old smooth-bores or arms for which he cannot procure fitting ammunition4 ,in our every transaction with him we strengthen by example the lessons of deception he was taught in his childhood4 ,,indian ,,life ,,at ,,an ,,agency4 ,an ,indian agency is not usually a school of morality4 ,interpreters1 traders' clerks1 8squaw-men10 have what are euphemistically termed 8,indian wives40 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that these are nothing more than concubines4 ,these poor red slaves are usually purchased from their savage sires for a blanket1 a cheap trinket1 a pony1 or a few cartridges4 ,sometimes they are presents given for the purpose of making interest with influential underlings4 ,agency life has no tendency to elevate the ,indian4 ,he lives in idleness and inaction4 ,he has nothing to do and nothing to hope for4 ,he has no future4 ,he must occupy his time in some way1 and he becomes a slave to gambling and sexual indulgence4 ,occasionally the young men1 wearied by the monotony of such a life and ambitious of distinction1 seize upon the first real or fancied wrong as a pretext for revolt1 fly the agency1 and go upon the war-path4 ,,our ,,indians ,,in ,,canada4 ,why is it that the ,indians who give us so much trouble become peaceable1 and remain so1 when they settle on the ,canadian side of the border8 ,there they receive no governmental aid1 and are able to procure their own subsistence4 ,we read of no outrages or robberies there4 ,it is simply because the ,indian's rights are respected4 ,he has been protected in his rights even against the greedy nephews of ,english statesmen who cast covetous eyes upon his lands4 ,if he is guilty of offence1 he is promptly and sternly punished4 ,the arm of the military is not held back when offending ,indians are within reach of punishment because a million or so has been appropriated to be expended for their benefit as soon as they can be reported peaceable1 and because the vultures of the ring are a-hungering for the spoil4 ,,the ,,frontiersman ,,and ,,the ,,indian4 ,it is difficult for the honest frontiersman--the hardy pioneer who1 with an axe in one hand and a rifle in the other1 hews himself a farm out of the wilderness--to be just toward the ,indian4 ,the memory of massacre of his neighbors or relatives1 of outrage on defenceless women1 stirs up1 even in gentle breasts1 a hatred of the red man which prompts an undying vendetta1 which begets a feeling that a remorseless shedding of ,indian blood to the very last drop would not be an adequate punishment for such atrocities4 ,there is many a worthy and otherwise humane and law-abiding pioneer who believes that dead ,indians are the only good ones2 and such a feeling seizes even the strongest advocate of a humane policy when he sees the scalp of a white woman dangling from the girdle of a filthy savage4 ,there are men on the frontier1 otherwise brave and gentle-hearted1 who would have no more scruple to shoot an ,indian at sight than to kill a prairie-wolf4 ,peace is difficult to keep between two opposing elements imbued with corresponding sentiments toward each other4 ,for this state of things the rapacious ,indian rings1 the violators of treaty stipulations1 the ruthless adventurers1 the horse-thieves1 the murderers1 fugitives from justice1 respecting no laws1 human or divine1 who infest the ,indian country1 are mainly responsible4 ,an ,american gentleman who spent two years recently in ,manitoba told the writer that he found many of the ,sioux who were engaged in the ,minnesota massacre living there peaceful and contented4 8,wearing a red coat10 said he1 8,i can travel alone from one end of the ,territory to the other without danger of molestation40 ,,the ,,quakers ,,and ,,the ,,indians4 ,the failure of the ,quaker specific does not need to be dwelt upon4 ,we have had under the ,quaker management the most serious and bloody ,indian wars that have afflicted the frontier for many years4 ,besides1 there is scarcely a wild tribe of which some portion has not been in a state of hostility to a greater or less extent4 ,there are itching palms among the ,quakers as well as among the other religious denominations4 ,what was needed was not men who made professions of peace--or 8made-up ,quakers10 who put on the ,friendly drab for the occasion--but men who practised honesty and fair-dealing4 ,,the ,,army ,,and ,,the ,,indians4 ,the worst elements of society on the frontier--8wolfers10 buffalo-hunters1 trappers1 guides1 scouts1 contractors1 venders of poisonous whiskey1 and keepers of frontier gambling-saloons--may and generally do desire ,indian wars2 for to them they are a source of employment and profit4 ,territorial officials1 their friends and clients1 may desire a state of hostility1 on account of the money it causes to be expended in their districts1 especially if authority can be obtained to raise special forces4 ,this1 in addition to opportunities of profit1 offers a means of augmenting and strengthening what is delicately termed 8political0 influence by a judicious distribution of patronage4 ,it is not very long since a force was raised1 in a certain frontier ,state1 which1 during an ,indian war then raging1 did not kill or capture an ,indian1 inflict or receive a scratch1 or fire a shot4 ,this force1 which was in service only for a few months1 cost the country at large nearly two hundred thousand dollars4 ,this was very pleasant for the force1 very profitable to the ,state4 ,no doubt a repetition of the experience would be agreeable at any time4 ,it was not very economical or beneficial to the country at large4 ,but to suppose that the regular army desires wars with the ,indian tribes is a very great mistake4 ,why should it8 ,to the army ,indian wars are neither sources of honor nor of profit4 ,to it they only mean hard work1 no glory1 increased personal expenditures without additional pay4 ,for our hard-worked little army receives no field allowances4 ,a member of the non-combatant branches of the military establishment can effect more toward his advancement in one campaign in ,washington than can the live1 the real soldiers1 the fighting men1 in five lustres of laborious and dangerous field-service in the ,indian country4 ,operations against hostile tribes1 though attended by exposure1 hardship1 suffering1 and dangers to which civilized warfare presents no parallel1 with the possibility of death by indescribable tortures in the event of capture1 are not considered 8war0 by certain gentlemen who sit at home at ease and enjoy1 if they do not improve1 each shining hour4 ,hundreds of brave men in blue may fall in ,indian battle1 crushed by the mere power of numbers2 but this1 forsooth1 is not 8war40 ,it is only wounds1 or maiming for life without hope of recognition or reward1 or death upon a battle-field to which glory is denied4 ,,the ,,transfer ,,of ,,the ,,indians ,,to ,,the ,,war ,,department4 ,the transfer of the ,indians to the ,war ,department would be advantageous1 for a time1 both to the government and the ,indian1 but it would be ruinous to the army4 ,the ,indian ,ring would eventually either effect the abolition of the army altogether--which would be bad enough--or fill it with the material of which ,indian traders and reservation sharks are made--which would be still worse4 ,the country cannot afford to risk the deterioration or destruction of a class of officials admitted on all hands to be among the most honorable and trustworthy servants of the government4 ,,causes ,,of ,,indian ,,wars4 ,the usual cause of ,indian wars is want of good faith in carrying out the obligations of treaties4 ,it is scarcely too much to say that we rarely1 if ever1 carry out treaty stipulations with ,indians4 ,the great majority of the people of the ,united ,states wish to treat the ,indian not only fairly1 but kindly1 generously1 magnanimously4 ,money enough is appropriated1 if it were judiciously and honestly expended4 ,but the sums appropriated seem to become small by degrees and wonderfully less before they reach the ,indian4 ,it is not the interest of the ,indian ,ring to have the ,indian question settled4 ,the transgression of limits solemnly agreed upon has been already mentioned4 ,the lawless classes enumerated above steal ,indian ponies and do not scruple to kill an unoffending ,indian occasionally4 ,the ,indian does not understand individual responsibility for crime4 ,he holds the whole race or tribe accountable for the actions of one of its members1 and avenges the killing of his brother on the first victim presented to him4 ,indian wars have doubtless been caused by more than usually grasping traders whose rapacity has made the ,indians discontented and driven them from the reservations4 ,we have read1 at least1 of cases in which numbers have been fed on paper in excess of the actual number present on the reservation4 ,we are told that in such cases1 when an impending investigation has made discovery possible1 the tribe is reported hostile and large numbers said to have left the agency4 ,the ,indians who have lived quietly on the reservation1 utterly unable to comprehend the forcible measures about to be adopted1 suspicious as ,indians always are1 and supposing they are all to be killed1 leave the reservation and go upon the war-path4 ,,the ,,first ,,step ,,toward ,,peace4 ,the first step toward bringing the ,indian to a permanently peaceful condition is to place in his country a military force strong enough to show him the utter madness of keeping up the war4 ,in general1 a show of sufficient force is all that is necessary to bring the ,indian to subjection4 ,no one understands the lesson of force better or applies it more readily than he4 ,it is the only thing he respects or fears4 ,instead of doing this1 however1 we place in the ,indian country meagre garrisons1 barely able to protect themselves1 and powerless for offensive operations4 ,the ,indian does not believe our statements of the numbers we could put in the field if we would4 ,he thinks we are boasting1 or--as he plainly calls saying anything that is not exact truth--lying4 ,with the directness of mind of a child of nature1 he takes a plain1 logical view of the situation1 and cannot imagine that we have strength and do not use it1 or1 at least1 exhibit it4 ,after the annihilation of ,custer on the ,little ,horn in #ahgf1 and the retirement of all forces from the country between the ,yellowstone and the ,missouri1 except four or five hundred infantry1 the ,indians at certain agencies1 who sympathized and held constant communication with the hostiles1 thought they had succeeded in killing nearly all the white soldiers1 and boasted that at length the ,great ,father in ,washington would have to accede to their terms4 ,there should be to-day #aj1jjj men in the ,sioux country--#f1jjj infantry1 #b1ejj thoroughly drilled and disciplined light cavalry 7not raw boys from the great cities who can neither ride nor shoot1 mounted on untrained horses71 and #a1ejj light artillery with light steel guns easily transportable over rough country1 but possessing considerable comparative length of range4 ,such a force would thoroughly complete the work done by the infantry amid the snow and ice of the past winter4 ,it would be the most humane and least expensive mode of laying the indispensable foundation for further work toward the elevation and amelioration of the ,indian's condition4 ,such a force would drive all the ,indians between the ,yellowstone and the ,british line to their agencies1 with little1 if any1 loss of life4 ,if the humanitarians would end the war with the least possible shedding of blood1 this is the way to do it4 ,when such a display of force is made as makes resistance hopeless--and the ,indian will be quick to see it--there will be an end of ,indian wars and we may begin the work of civilization in earnest4 ,,the ,,mode ,,and ,,extent ,,of ,,indian ,,civilization4 ,we must not try to push the ,indian forward too fast4 ,there is no use in trying to make the adult ,indian of to-day an agriculturist1 or to take him far out of the sphere in which he was brought up4 ,once the writer happened to be in company with a gentleman who has given some thought to the ,indian question1 and has had some experience of the ,indian character1 when a feathered and beaded warrior made his appearance4 ,he was richly dressed--scarlet cloth1 eagle's feathers1 profusely-beaded moccasins4 8,it is nonsense to expect such a creature as that to dig in mud and dirt10 said our friend4 8,he would spoil his fine clothes and ruin his dainty moccasins40 ,and there was much wisdom in the remark4 ,the best you can do with the adult ,indian is to make him a stock-raiser4 ,give him good brood mares4 ,introduce good blood among his herds of ponies4 ,then find a market for his horses4 ,buy them for the cavalry4 ,let him raise a certain proportion of mules1 and let the government buy them for the ,quartermaster's ,department4 ,encourage him to raise beef-cattle enough at least for his own consumption2 and if you can induce him to raise a surplus1 buy the surplus for the ,subsistence ,department4 ,give the ,indian a fair price for his produce4 ,dash down the monopoly of ,indian trading4 ,allow any merchant of good standing to trade with the ,indian1 under proper restrictions as to exclusion of ammunition and spirituous liquors4 ,let the red man have the benefit of free-trade and competition4 ,ammunition should be furnished1 when necessary1 only by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,let the red man also have the same liberty of conscience which is accorded to the white1 the black1 and even the yellow4 ,let there be no more parcelling out of ,indians among jarring sects4 ,let them have missionaries of their choice4 ,compel all children now under fourteen years to attend schools4 ,vary school exercises with the use of tools in the workshop or agricultural training in the field4 ,thus you may make some mechanics and some agriculturists out of the generation now rising4 ,you will have more out of the next generation4 ,but you cannot make an agriculturist out of the grown-up ,indian1 nor a mechanic4 ,it is folly to attempt it4 ,you cannot reconcile to our nineteenth-century civilization those who have grown up to maturity with the ideas1 manners1 and morals of the heroic ages4 ,you can no more expect ,crazy ,horse to use the shovel and the hoe than you could ,achilles and ,tydides ,diomed to plant melons or beans4 ,,the ,,one ,,great ,,remedy1 ,,and ,,the ,,hopelessness ,,of ,,its ,,application4 ,the remedy of remedies is common honesty in our dealings with the ,indian1 backed by a force strong enough and always ready to promptly crush any attempt at revolt1 and punish speedily and severely every act of lawlessness committed by an ,indian4 ,but too many are interested in keeping up the present system to warrant even the slenderest hope of any radical change4 ,to put it in crude frontier terms3 8,there is too much money in it40 ,politicasters1 capitalists1 contractors1 sub-contractors1 agents1 traders1 agency employs1 8squaw-men0--or degraded whites who live in a state of concubinage with ,indian women1 and who are generally tools and touters for the traders--hosts of sinecurists and their friends1 find 8money in it40 ,the links of the ring are legion4 ,it is too strong4 ,it can shelve or crush any man with honesty and boldness enough to attack the system4 ,it is too strong for the commissioner or the secretary4 ,it is to be feared that it may prove too strong for the country4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,charles ,,lever ,,at ,,home4 ,the man whose rollicking pen has made more dragoons than all the recruiting-sergeants in her ,britannic ,majesty's service2 who has 8promoted0 the 8,connaught ,rangers0 and ,faugh a ballaghs into corps d'lite2 who has broken more bones across country than the six-foot stone walls of ,connemara2 whose pictures of that land 8which smiles through her tears like a sunbeam in showers0 are as racy of the soil as her own emerald shamrock2 who has painted ,irish girls pure as angels' whispers1 bright as saucy streamlets1 and the 8boys0 a bewildering compound of fun1 fight1 frolic1 and 8divarshin02 whose career was as stainless as his success was merited1 and whose memory is an heirloom--was born in the city of ,dublin in the year of grace #ahjf4 ,graduating at ,cambridge ,university1 and subsequently at the ,u-niversity of ,gttingen1 his student-life betrayed no symptoms of the mental lan which was to distinguish him later on1 and1 save for its ,bohemianism1 was absolutely colorless1 and even dull4 ,the boy was not father to the man4 ,selecting the medical profession as much by chance as predilection1 he succeeded1 during the visitation of cholera in #ahcb1 in obtaining an appointment as medical superintendent in the northwest of ,ireland1 in the districts of ,londonderry and ,coleraine1 and for a time continued to 8guess at prescriptions1 invent ingredients10 and generally administer to the requirements of afflicted humanity4 ,but the task was uncongenial1 the life a dead-level1 flavored with no spice of variety1 uncheckered in its monotonous routine4 ,it was a 8bad billet1 an' no ,christian man cud live in it1 barrin' a say-gull or a dispinsiry docthor40 ,doctor ,lever6--pshaw6 ,charley ,lever2 who ever thinks of the author of ,harry ,lorrequer as ,doctor ,lever8 ,nevertheless1 his experiences at this period bore him rich fruit in the after-time1 and in ,billy ,traynor1 8poet1 peddler1 and physician0 7,the ,fortunes of ,glencore71 we have a type of the medical men with whom he was then associated4 8,i am the nearest thing to a doctor going10 says ,billy4 8,i can breathe a vein against any man in the barony4 ,i can't say that for any articular congestion of the aortis valve1 or for a seropulmonic diathesis1 d'ye mind1 that there isn't as good as me2 but for the ould school of physic1 the humoral diagnostic touch1 who can beat me80 ,the hedge-doctor and hedge-schoolmaster1 pedants both1 are now an institution of the past4 ,charles ,lever1 however1 was not destined to blush unseen or waste his sweetness on a country practice4 ,appointed to the ,legation at ,brussels1 he bounded from the dreary drudgery of a dispensary to the glittering gayety of an embassy1 from the hideous squalor of the fever-reeking cabin to the coquettish gravity of the palatial sick-room4 ,in 8,belgium's capital0 the cacoethes scribendi seized him1 and the result was ,harry ,lorrequer4 ,he awoke1 and1 like ,lord ,byron1 found himself famous4 ,the distinct portraiture1 the brilliant style1 the thoroughly ,hibernian ensemble1 claimed a well-merited success for the book1 and1 written at the right moment--how many good works have perished by being floated on an ebb tide6--the public1 who had hitherto accepted ,ireland through the clever but trashy effusions of ,lady ,morgan1 and the more genuine metal of ,maria ,edgeworth and ,samuel ,lover1 joyously turned towards the rising sun1 and1 seizing upon this genuine bit of shillelah1 clamorously demanded a fresh sprig from the same tree4 ,the wild dash1 as exhilarating as 8mountain dew10 the breezy freshness1 the gay abandon of society and soldiering1 the 8moving accidents by flood and field10 acted upon the jaded palates of the ,british public like a tonic1 and ,harry ,lorrequer1 instead of being treated as an entre1 became respected as the pice de rsistance4 ,harry's appearance on parade with the ,othello blacking still upon his face2 ,miss ,betty ,o',dowd's visit to ,callonby on the 8low-backed car02 her desire of disowning the nondescript vehicle1 and its being announced by her shock-headed retainer as 8the thing you know is at the doore02 the description of boarding-house life in ,dublin sixty years ago2 ,mrs4 ,clanfrizzle's1 in ,molesworth ,street--the establishment is still in existence1 and may be recognized in ,lisle ,house2 the 8amateur hotel10 so graphically described by ,mr4 ,lever2 the picture of 8dear1 dirty ,dublin0 itself3 8,oh6 ,dublin1 sure there is no doubtin'1 ,beats every city upon the say2 ',tis there you'll see ,o',connell spoutin' ,and ,lady ,morgan making tay02 a night at ,howth2 the ,knight of ,kerry and ,billy ,mc,cabe--form a succession of sketches teeming with vivacity1 humor1 and wit1 and dashed off with a pen which almost makes a steeplechaser of the reader1 so exciting and so rapid is the pace4 ,to ,lever's official career at ,brussels we are indebted for several diplomatic portraits1 notably those of ,sir ,horace ,upton 7,the ,fortunes of ,glencore7 and ,sir ,shally ,doubleton 7,a ,day's ,ride72 the former of 8a very composite order of human architecture1 chivalrous in sentiment and cunning in action1 noble in aspiration and utterly sceptical as regards motives1 deep enough for a ministerial dinner and fast enough for a party of young guardsmen at ,greenwich10 and the latter who could receive a ,foreign ,office 8swell0 thus3 8,possibly your name may not be ,paynter1 sir2 but you are evidently before me for the first time1 or you would know that1 like my great colleague and friend1 ,prince ,metternich1 ,i have made it a rule through life never to burden my memory with what can be spared it1 and of these are the patronymics of all subordinate people2 for this reason1 sir1 and to this end1 every cook in my establishment answers to the name of ,honor1 my valet is always ,pierre1 my coachman ,jacob1 and all ,foreign ,office messengers ,i call ,paynter40 ,upon the small-fry of diplomacy ,mr4 ,lever is occasionally very severe1 and his pictures of life at ,hesse ,kalbbratonstadt and similar unpronounceable principalities are as amusing as they are possibly realistic4 ,the success of ,harry ,lorrequer set its author at quill-driving in the same direction1 and ,charles ,o',malley1 or ,the ,irish ,dragoon1 was given to the world4 ,the very name sounds 8boot and saddle0--rings of the spur and clanks of the sabre4 ,what a romance3 the high-spirited lad who leads his rival to the jaws of the grave in the hunting-field1 and follows him in a ride of death against the unbroken front of ,cambronne's battalions on the blood-stained field of ,waterloo6 ,what a picture of the old ,peninsular days6 ,what portraits of ,le petit ,caporal1 as the ,french army loved to call ,napoleon1 of the 8,iron ,duke10 the gallant ,picton1 and the great captains of that eventful period6 ,what glimpses of dark-eyed seoritas and haughty hidalgos2 of lion-hearted sons of ,erin charging to the cry of ,faugh a ballagh1 and leading forlorn hopes with saucy jokes upon their laughing lips2 of 8,connaught ,robbers10 as the ,connaught ,rangers were jocosely called1 on account of the number of prisoners which they invariably made1 and for the most part single-handed2 of ,brussels the night before ,waterloo2 and of the ,duchess of ,richmond's celebrated ball3 8,there was a sound of revelry by night1 ,and ,belgium's capital had gathered then ,her beauty and her chivalry1 and bright ,the lamps shone o'er fair women and brave men40 ,what pictures of old ,ireland--of ,daly's ,club-,house1 the resort of the ,irish members in ,college ,green1 still standing1 but now converted into insurance offices4 8,i never pass the old club10 said ,sir ,thomas ,staples1 the last surviving member of the ,irish ,house of ,commons1 to the writer1 8without picturing it as ,i remember it1 when ,grattan1 and ,curran1 and ,ireland's best blood strolled in after a fiery debate1 or rushed out on the whisper of that awful word1 #8division4' ,very little would restore ,daly's to its original shape2 and who knows but it may yet be revived1 if repeal of the ,union be carried80 ,sir ,thomas ,staples is dead some years1 and the ,home-,rule question had not come to the front whilst he was yet numbered amongst the living4 ,shall we behold an ,irish ,parliament sitting once again in ,college ,green8 ,shall ,daly's club be restored to its former splendor8 ,shall we see ,mr4 ,butt1 ,mr4 ,sullivan1 ,mr4 ,mitchell ,henry1 with many other earnest sons of ,ireland1 enrolled amongst its members8 ,who can forget the account of ,godfrey ,o',malley's election1 when1 in order to avoid arrest for debt1 he announced his own death in the papers1 and1 having travelled in the hearse to ,connemara1 reached his stronghold in the west1 where bailiffs and process-servers foolhardy enough to cross the ,shannon were compelled to eat their own writs under penalty of tar and feathers1 and from whence he triumphantly addressed his constituents1 appealing to their sympathies and support on the very powerful plea of having died for them8 ,there is a story extant of ,jackey ,barrett which has not travelled far1 if at all1 beyond the walls of ,trinity4 ,upon one occasion the vice-provost was dining off roast turkey in the glorious old ,commons ,hall1 and next to him sat his nephew1 the heir expectant to his enormous wealth4 ,the turkey was somewhat underdone1 and the nephew sent the drumsticks to be devilled4 ,some little delay occurred1 which caused the vice-provost to observe to his kinsman with a malicious grin3 8,that devil is keeping you a long time waiting40 8,not half as long as you are keeping the devil waiting10 was the retort4 ,jackey never forgave him4 ,what a creation is ,mickey ,free1 that devoted1 warm-hearted1 rollicking ,irish follower1 that son of song and story1 who1 by his own account1 sang duets with the commander-in-chief in the ,peninsula1 and wore a masterpiece of ,murillo for a seat to his trousers6 ,mickey was quoted recently1 during a debate in the ,british ,house of ,commons on the ,eastern question by ,major ,o',gorman1 the jester-in-chief1 vice ,mr4 ,bernal ,osborne1 the rejected of ,irish constituencies3 8,for ,i haven't a janius for work-- ,it was never a gift of the ,bradies2 ,but ,i'd make a most illigant ,turk1 ,for ,i'm fond of tobacco and ladies40 ,the ,house roared1 and even ,mr4 ,disraeli1 that was1 allowed his parchment visage to snap into smiling4 ,charles ,lever informed the writer that he originally intended ,mickey ,free for a mere stage servant1 who comes on with a tray or exits with a chair or a table2 but upon discovering that ,mr4 ,free had made his mark he wrote him up4 8,i never could give a publisher a complete novel all at once10 said ,mr4 ,lever1 8although ,i have been offered very large sums of money for one2 ,i always wait to see how my public like me1 and write from month to month1 trimming my sails to suit the popular breeze40 ,charles ,o',malley was a brilliant success4 ,a spirit of martial enthusiasm inflated the minds of the rising generation1 until to be a dragoon became the day-dream of existence1 and many an embryo warrior who failed in obtaining a commission compromised with a cruel destiny by accepting the queen's shilling4 ,the charm of the book is complete2 and for break-neck1 dashing narrative1 for wit1 sparkle1 and genuine ,irish drollery1 interspersed here and there with tender touches of pathos and soft gray tones of sorrow1 ,charles ,o',malley stands unrivalled1 and will hold its own when hundreds of so-called ,irish romances shall have returned to the dust out of which they should never have emerged1 even into a spasmodic vitality4 ,perhaps the only smart thing ever uttered by ,king ,george ,,iii4 was when he taxed ,sheridan with being afraid of the author of the ,school for ,scandal2 and perhaps ,lever was afraid of the author of ,charles ,o',malley1 as he published ,con ,cregan1 ,maurice ,tiernay1 ,sir ,jasper ,carew1 and one or two other novels anonymously2 but a quickwitted public1 detecting the ring of the true metal1 compelled 8,harry ,lorrequer0 to stand revealed4 ,novel followed novel in quick succession1 ,ireland providing the mine from which he dug his golden ore2 and although he carries his readers to fairer climes and sunnier skies1 somehow or other he contrives to land them safely and soundly in the 8ould counthry0 at last4 ,we have not space1 nor is it our province1 to deal with ,lever's works in detail4 ,no modern productions of fiction have gained a greater or more popular reputation for their writer4 ,by no ,irish author is he equalled in ,irish humor1 by no author is he surpassed in unwearying narrative4 ,the foreign tone infused into some of his later productions is due to his residence in ,italy4 8,you wish to have nothing to do1 ,lever8 ,there is eight hundred a year2 go and do it10 said the late ,lord ,derby1 bestowing the vice-consulship of ,spezzia upon him4 ,later on he was promoted to ,trieste4 ,for a time ,charles ,lever edited the ,dublin ,university ,magazine1 then a coruscation of all that was brilliant in literature4 ,he resided at the village of ,templeogue1 situated in the lap of the ,dublin mountains1 with ,sugar ,loaf at one extremity1 and ,mount ,pelier1 with its ruined castle renowned for the orgies of the infamously-celebrated 8,hell-fire ,club10 at the other4 ,templeogue ,lodge was the ,mecca towards which all 8choice spirits0 devoutly turned1 and the wit1 repartee1 song1 jest1 and story circulated within its walls made the ,noctes ,ambrosian but dull affairs in comparison4 8,one little room rises to recollection1 with its quaint old sideboard of carved oak1 its dark-brown cabinets1 curiously sculptured1 its heavy old brocade curtains1 and all its queer devices of knick-knackery1 where such meetings were once held1 and where1 throwing off the cares of life--shut out from them1 as it were1 by the massive folds of the heavy drapery across the door--we talked in all the fearless freedom of old friendship40 ,there are a few still surviving who will recognize that room1 and recall with a throb of painful pleasure the nights at the little lodge at ,templeogue4 ,lever was fond of portraying banished heroes1 misanthropes--men who had dug their own graves1 or1 overtaken by some whirlwind of misfortune1 8gave signs that all was lost40 ,the character of ,lord ,glencore is admirably drawn1 and his life of torture in his mad cry for vengeance fearfully vivid4 ,luttrell of ,arran is the story of a disappointed life1 from out of which springs a bright flower of maidenhood--,kate1 one of ,lever's most charming creations4 ,again1 we have the ,knight of ,gwynne1 over whose gentle head wave after wave of hard fortune pitilessly breaks1 and1 driven from the lordly home of his ancestors to a sheeling by the sad sea-wave1 he is as cheerful in adversity as he was noble in prosperity4 ,the portrait of the fire-eating ,bagenal ,daly is not overdrawn1 and the introduction of ,freeny the robber1 although highly melodramatic1 is not only possible but probable4 ,freeny's 8character0 stood remarkably high4 ,he would rob a rich miser to save a poor family from starvation1 and his word was as good as his bond2 #8#ih turned many a man upon the king's highway who1 but for being 8out10 would have lived respecting and respected4 ,the ,martins of ,cro' ,martin is another ghastly narrative of the wreck and ruin of a proud old ,irish race4 ,it is 8an owre true0 story4 ,a few miles outside of the town of ,galway1 on the road to ,oughterard1 stand two gaunt pillars surmounted by granite globes4 ,the gates have disappeared1 as also the armorial bearings2 but this was formerly the entrance to ,ballinahinch1 the seat of the 8ould1 anshint0 ,martins1 and from that gate to ,ballinahinch ,castle was a drive of forty ,irish miles4 ,the castle1 situated in one of the loneliest and loveliest valleys in ,connemara1 was maintained in a style of regal magnificence1 the stables1 marble-stalled1 affording accommodation for sixty hunters4 ,on an island1 in the centre of a small lake opposite the castle1 stands a desolate1 half-ruined keep1 within the four walls of which such of his retainers or neighbors as proved refractory were imprisoned by 8,the ,martin0 of the period4 ,recklessness and improvidence scattered the broad acres1 mortgage overlapped mortgage1 and every inch of the grand old estate became the property of the ,london ,law ,life ,assurance ,society4 ,notably the last of the family was ,richard ,martin1 commonly known as 8,humanity ,dick10 in reference to a bill introduced by him into the ,british ,house of ,commons for the repression of cruelty to animals4 ,upon the occasion of its introduction the ,english members essayed to cough him down4 8,i perceive10 said ,mr4 ,martin1 8that many of you seem troubled with severe coughs2 now1 if any one gentleman will cough distinctly1 so that ,i may be able to recognize him1 ,i can give him a pill which may1 perhaps1 effectually prevent his ever being again troubled with a cough on this side of the grave40 ,mr4 ,martin's prescription was at once effectual4 ,with 8,humanity ,dick's0 granddaughter perished the race2 and her name is still breathed in ,connemara as a prayer1 as one 8who never opened a cabin-door without a blessing1 nor closed it but to shut hope within40 ,the farm-house where she was nursed is still fondly pointed out1 and 8,miss ,martin's lep0--she was a superb horsewoman--is proudly shown to every 8spalpeen0 of an ,englishman who travels that wild1 bleak1 and desolate road between ,oughterard and ,clifden4 ,mr4 ,lever1 with that magic all his own1 has told the sad story4 ,his ,mary ,martin is but the portrait of that fair young ,irish girl who dearly loved 8her people0 unto the last1 and who1 in the bright blossom of her life1 died an exile from that western home which was at once her idol and her pride4 ,where but in ,ireland could this sad and solemn gathering around the bedside of a dying girl take place8 8,and yet there was a vast multitude of people there4 ,the whole surface of the lawn that sloped from the cottage to the river was densely crowded with every age1 from the oldest to the very infancy2 with all conditions1 from the well-clad peasant to the humblest #8tramper' of the highroads4 ,weariness1 exhaustion1 and even hunger were depicted on many of their faces4 ,some had passed the night there1 others had come long distances1 faint and foot-sore2 but1 as they sat1 stood1 or lay in groups around1 not a murmur1 not a whisper1 escaped them4 ,with aching eyes they looked towards an open window where the muslin curtains were gently stirred in the faint air4 ,the tidings of ,mary ,martin's illness had spread rapidly2 far-away glens down the coast1 lonely cabins on the bleak mountains1 wild1 remote spots out of human intercourse1 had heard the news1 and their dwellers had travelled many a mile to satisfy their aching hearts40 ,this is ,ireland4 ,this is the undying affection of the people for the 8rale ould stock40 ,this is the imperishable sentiment1 as fresh at this hour as the emerald verdure upon the summit of ,croagh ,patrick4 ,in ,a ,day's ,ride3 a ,life's ,romance1 ,mr4 ,lever has given us ,algernon ,sydney ,potts--one of those romantic visionaries who believe in destiny1 bow to their ,kismet1 and1 going with the tide1 clothe the meanest accidents of life in dreamy panoply4 ,the adventures which befall the ,dublin apothecary's son1 from his ride in ,wicklow to his imprisonment in an ,austrian fortress1 are as varied as they are exciting1 and we are strongly inclined to believe that ,lever1 8letting off0 a good deal of ,bohemia1 is at his best in the wild vagaries of this reckless day-dreamer4 ,tom ,burke of ,ours is a dashing military story1 as is also ,jack ,hinton1 the ,guardsman4 ,the ,o',donoghue is charmingly written and is thoroughly ,irish4 ,that ,boy of ,norcott's is unsatisfactory4 ,commencing in ,ireland1 it wanders from the old country with the evident intention of returning to it2 but a change came o'er the spirit of the author's dream1 and it bears all the imprint of having been hastily written1 a changed venue1 and of being 8hurried up0 at its conclusion4 ,sir ,brook ,fosbrooke1 on the other hand1 bears traces of the utmost care1 the details of character being worked out with microscopic minuteness4 ,the old lord chief-justice is supposed to have been meant for ,lord ,chief-,justice ,lefroy1 of the ,court of ,queen's ,bench in ,ireland1 who died at a very advanced age a few years since1 in full possession of the astounding legal acumen which marked his extended career at the bar1 and subsequently upon the bench4 ,the writer spent a long-to-be-remembered day with ,charles ,lever in the ,april before his death4 ,he was stopping in ,dublin at ,morrison's ,hotel1 ,dawson ,street4 ,we found him seated at an open window1 a bottle of claret at his right hand and the proof-sheets of ,lord ,kilgobbin before him4 ,it was a beautiful morning borrowed from the month of ,may2 the hawthorns in the college park were just beginning to bloom1 and nature was young and warm and lovely4 ,at the date of our visit he looked a hale1 hearty1 laughter-loving man of sixty4 ,there was mirth in his gray eye1 joviality1 in the wink that twittered on his eyelid1 saucy humor in his smile1 and bon mot1 wit1 repartee1 and rejoinder in every movement of his lips4 ,his hair very thin1 but of a silky brown1 fell across his forehead1 and when it curtained his eyes he would jerk back his head--this1 too1 at some telling crisis in a narrative when the particular action was just the exact finish required to make the story perfect4 ,mr4 ,lever's teeth were all his own1 and very brilliant1 and1 whether from habit or accident1 he flashed them upon us in company with his wonderful eyes--a battery at once both powerful and irresistible4 ,he spoke slowly at first1 but warming to his work1 and candying an idea in a short1 contagious1 musical laugh1 his story told itself all too rapidly1 and the light burned out with such a glare as to intensify the succeeding darkness4 ,like all good raconteurs1 he addressed himself deferentially to his auditor in the beginning1 and as soon as the fish was hooked1 the attention enthralled1 he would speak as if thinking aloud4 ,mr4 ,lever made great use of his hands1 which were small and white and delicate as those of a woman4 ,he made play with them--threw them up in ecstasy or wrung them in mournfulness1 just as the action of the moment demanded4 ,he did not require eyes or teeth with such a voice and such hands2 they could tell and illustrate the workings of his brain4 ,he was somewhat careless in his dress1 but clung to the traditional high shirt-collar1 merely compromising the unswerving stock of the ,brummel period4 8,i stick to my ,irish shoes10 he said1 thrusting upwards about as uncompromising a 8bit of leather0 as we have ever set eyes on right under our nose1 8and until a few years ago ,i got them from a descendant of the celebrated ,count ,lally1 who cobbled at ,letterkenny4 ,there is no shoe in the world equal to the ,irish brogue40 8,you are #8taking time by the forelock1' as we say in the play10 said the writer1 pointing to the rough copy of the ,cornhill ,magazine1 in which the story was running4 8,always at the heel of the hunt10 he replied4 8,this is the ,may number1 and not corrected yet40 8,i consider ,lord ,kilgobbin as good as1 if not better than1 anything you have written40 ,there was unutterable sadness in his tone and gesture as he said1 with a weary sigh3 8,ah6 ,i have been tilting the cask so long that the lees are coming out very muddy40 8,which of your novels do you like best80 was asked4 8,well1 my most careful work is ,sir ,brook ,fosbrooke1 but ,i prefer the ,dodd ,family ,abroad1 and all for the sake of ,carry ,dodd1 who is my ideal of a pure1 bright1 charming ,irish girl40 ,further on3 8,you are the same reckless1 rollicking1 warm-hearted1 improvident people as when ,i left you1 and the lower orders entertain the same hatred of ,saxon supremacy4 ,i was walking down ,college ,green yesterday1 and as ,i stood opposite the old ,parliament ,house1 a troop of dragoons1 in all their panoply of glancing helmets1 blood-red coats1 and prancing steeds1 trotted past4 ,a ragged1 tatterdemalion carman was feeding a horse only fit for the knacker's yard1 attached to an outside car1 with a wisp of hay4 8#8,what regiment is that8' ,i asked1 partly from curiosity1 partly for the sake of a conversation4 8#8,sorra a know ,i know1' was the gruff response4 8#8,where are they going to8' 8,without raising his head1 and giving a vicious chuck to the hay3 8#8,to h--l1 ,i hope4' 8,i will give you another illustration10 continued ,mr4 ,lever1 8of how determinedly the lower order of my countrymen disparage anything and everything ,english4 ,i was invited to spend some days with the late ,lord ,carlisle1 twice your ,lord ,lieutenant1 at ,castle ,howard1 in ,yorkshire4 ,i had at that time an ,irish servant1 a son of ,corny ,delany1 to whom grumbling was chronic4 ,as we drove through the magnificent avenue beneath the extending branches of giant oaks and lordly elms1 ,i observed to my follower3 #8,what do you think of those trees8' 8#8,i see thim4' 8#8,are they not splendid8' 8#8,och6 threes is threes anywhere4' 8#8,but the ,howards are proud of these trees2 they are the finest in ,england4 ,lord ,carlisle sets great store by them4' 8#8,arrah1 thin1 why wudn't he have the hoighth av fine threes8 ,shure hadn't he the pick av the ,phaynix ,park8' 8,i was dining with ,judge ---- on ,sunday1 who1 as you know1 is a very diminutive1 shrivelled-up-looking little man10 continued ,mr4 ,lever1 8and he told me an amusing story4 ,when attorney-general1 he purchased an estate in ,tipperary near ,clonmel4 ,shortly after the purchase he resolved upon paying the place a visit to take a look at his recent acquisition4 ,as he was proceeding with his agent through a boreen which led to mearings of his property1 he overheard the following conversation between two old women3 8#8,wisha1 thin1 d'ye tell me that's the new landlord1 ,missis ,mulligan8' 8#8,sorra a lie in it1 ma'am4' 8#8,that dawny little bit av a crayture8' 8#8,a leprechaun1 no less4' 8#8,why1 begorra1 the boys might as well be shootin' at a jacksnipe4'0 ,mr4 ,lever's conversational powers were simply marvellous2 his anecdotes fell like ripe fruit from an overladen tree4 ,in ,london his great delight was a night at the ,cosmopolitan ,club1 ,berkeley ,square4 ,this club is only open upon ,wednesday and ,sunday nights during the ,parliamentary session4 ,the members stroll in from eleven o'clock at night to about three o'clock ,a4,m4 ,cabinet ministers1 ambassadors of all nations1 members of the legislature1 eminent littrateurs1 ,royal ,academicians1 repair thither for a gossip2 and here1 amidst the best talkers in the world1 ,charles ,lever stood pre-eminent4 ,as the wits and raconteurs at ,will's ,coffee ,house were silent whilst ,joseph ,addison talked ,spectator1 so the members of the ,cosmopolitan maintained a breathless attention when ,charles ,lever talked ,cornelius ,o',dowd2 and many a man has 8dined out considerably0 upon a mot1 and has1 perhaps1 established a reputation1 by the retailing of an anecdote recounted within the salons of the club by the inimitable and fascinating 8,harry ,lorrequer40 ,when the writer parted with ,lever upon that evening1 he felt justifiably elated at being enabled to amuse1 if not astonish1 the most brilliant man of the day1 but1 upon a rigid self-examination1 was somewhat disappointed upon discovering that1 instead of his having been engaged in entertaining ,lever1 ,lever had been entertaining him1 and that he had not uttered a single sentence out of the veriest commonplace4 ,such was the charm of ,lever's manner that he took you1 as it were1 from out yourself1 and for the time infused his own groove of thought1 causing your ideas to mingle with his and float joyously onward upon the glittering current of his conversation4 ,lever was a devoted worshipper of the 8sad solemnities of whist10 playing rubber after rubber up to any and all hours4 ,it is related that an eminent wearer of the ermine1 a fellow of ,trinity ,college1 a gallant field officer1 and ,lever met1 dined early1 and played whist until the hour at which the train departed for ,kingston by which 8,harry ,lorrequer0 was to leave en route for ,london4 8,come on to ,kingston10 said ,lever1 8sleep at the ,anglesea ,arms ,hotel1 and ,i will not go until the morning boat40 ,they played all night and until one o'clock next day4 ,si non e vero e ben trovato1 but the writer has the story from unimpeachable authority4 ,charles ,lever's last novel1 concluded shortly before his death1 is ,lord ,kilgobbin4 ,let its unutterably sad preface speak for itself3 8,to the memory of one whose companionship made the happiness of a long life1 and whose loss has made me helpless1 ,i dedicate this book1 written in breaking health and broken spirits4 ,the task that once was my joy and my pride ,i have lived to find associated with my sorrow4 ,it is not1 then1 without a cause ,i say1 ,i hope this effort may be my last4--,,trieste1 ,january #bj1 #ahgb40 ,it is with a pang of regret that we peruse the ,cornelius ,o',dowd papers4 ,they are tinged with that abominable spirit which is sending ,italy at the present hour to perdition1 and we greatly fear that ,mr4 ,lever wrote them for the ,london market4 ,he was no bigot1 however2 on the contrary1 his life was passed amongst ,catholics1 and his dearest and best friends were of the true church2 consequently1 the pain is intensified when we come to stand face to face with the fact that these papers were1 if not the outcome of a pecuniary necessity1 at least the result of a craving for money1 and the hollow effusions of a hirelingpen4 ,his ,italian sojourn led him gradually away from the more kindly tone towards ,catholics which pervaded his earlier ,irish novels4 ,lever and ,griffin have been compared as writers of ,irish fiction4 ,we would rather have been the author of ,the ,collegians than of any work of ,mr4 ,lever's4 ,there is a virgin simplicity in ,gerald ,griffin's style that 8,harry ,lorrequer0 could not touch2 an atmosphere which he could not breathe2 a purity which1 while the morale of ,lever's writings is unimpeachable1 is of that order that is so rarely attained by the most chaste and most elevated amongst our writers of fiction4 ,griffin's ,irish is not stagy--it is real2 so1 too1 is ,lever's4 ,but while the former paints the portrait1 leaving the imagination of the reader to put in the finishing touches1 the latter rubs in a laugh here or a keen thrust there1 so as to dramatize the picture2 and1 while it is more vivid during perusal1 the mind falls back upon the other for less exciting pabulum4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,order4 ,,from ,a ,,poem ,,by ,,st4 ,,francis ,d',,assisi4 ,our ,lord ,speaks3 ,and though ,i fill thy heart with warmest love1 ,yet in true order must thy heart love me2 ,for without order can no virtue be4 ,by thine own virtue1 then1 ,i from above ,stand in thy soul2 and so1 most earnestly1 ,must love from turmoil be kept wholly free4 ,the life of fruitful trees1 the seasons of ,the circling year1 move gently as a dove4 ,i measured all the things upon the earth2 ,love ordered them1 and order kept them fair1 ,and love to order must be truly wed4 ,o soul6 why all this heat of little worth8 ,why cast out order with no thought or care8 ,for by love's warmth must love be governd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,little ,,chapel ,,at ,,monamullin4 ,situated in the wildest portion of the county of ,mayo1 ,monamullin1 at the date upon which this story opens1 mustered about forty mud-cabins erected here and there1 and in such positions as were deemed most suitable1 having regard to the cruel winds from the ocean1 and the 8bit o' ground0 for the cultivation of the potatoes4 ,a cottage covered with a crisp amber thatch1 and whitewashed to the color of the driven snow1 held the post of honor in the village4 ,it boasted a flower-garden in front and a vegetable patch in the rear4 ,moreover1 it was guarded by a neatly-cropped privet hedge1 while a little green gate admitted to a red-bricked pathway leading to a rustic porch adorned with roses that seemingly bloomed the whole year round1 and a ,virginia creeper whose leaves were now the hue of blood4 ,in the front garden1 his head bared1 the rays of the setting sun surrounding it as with an aureole1 stalked a man attired in the black flowing soutane of a ,catholic clergyman4 ,father ,maurice ,o',donnell1 the parish priest1 was engaged in reading his office from a tattered and dog's-eared breviary4 ,tall and thin almost to emaciation1 there was yet a wiry swing in his gaunt frame that spoke of unfaded vigor1 whilst the glowing fire in the dark blue eye told its own tale4 8,father ,maurice0 was loved and cherished by his little flock4 ,his every want--and his wants were few enough--was anxiously anticipated4 ,his patch of oats was tilled1 weeded1 cut1 and stacked1 his cottage thatched and whitewashed1 his potatoes planted1 his pony treated as common property in so far as fodder was concerned1 while upon fast-days the 8finest lump av a salmin0 or the 8illigantest0 turbot1 ever found its way to the back door of 8,the ,house10 as his humble abode was somewhat grandiloquently styled4 ,maurice ,o',donnell was wrapped up in his flock4 ,in good sooth he was their shepherd4 ,night1 noon1 and morning found him ever watchful at 8the gate in the vineyard wall40 ,he was the depositary of all their griefs1 the sharer in all their joys--their guide1 philosopher1 and friend4 ,in worldly matters he was simple as a child4 ,living1 as he did1 out of the world1 he was perfectly contented to learn what was whirling round within it from the pages of the ,nation1 from the columns of which it was his practice to read aloud on ,sunday afternoon to a very large muster1 if not to the entire adult population1 of ,monamullin--in summer time seated in a coign of vantage by the sad sea-wave1 in winter opposite a rousing turf fire laid on especially for the important occasion1 and with a great display of ceremony by his housekeeper1 8an ould widdy wumman0 rejoicing in the name of ,clancy1 whose husband had been lost at sea in the night of 8the great storm40 ,father ,maurice never asked for money--he had no occasion for it4 ,his solitary extravagance was snuff1 and the most sedulous care was taken by the 8boys0 returning from ,castlebar or ,westport to fetch back a supply of 8high toast10 in order that his 8riverince's box0 might stand constantly replenished4 ,upon this particular ,august evening ,father ,maurice was hurrying through his office with as much rapidity as the solemn nature of the duty would permit1 as a drive of no less than seven honest ,irish miles lay between him and his dinner4 ,the even tenor of his life had been broken in upon by an invitation to dine and sleep at the palatial residence of ,mr4 ,jocelyn ,jyvecote1 a ,yorkshire squire1 who had purchased the old acres of the ,blakes of ,ballinacor1 and who had recently expended a fabulous sum in erecting a castle upon the edge of a gloomy lake in the desolate valley of ,glendhanarrahsheen4 ,in his letter of invitation ,mr4 ,jyvecote had said3 8,i am extremely desirous of introducing my youngest daughter to you1 as she has taken it into her head to go over to your church2 and1 since you are so devoted to her interests1 ,i beg of you to accept this invitation as you would undertake a little extra duty40 ,to decline would be worse than ungracious1 especially under the peculiar circumstances of the case1 and it was with a heavy heart1 and not without a keen debate with ,mr4 ,lawrence ,muldoon1 the 8warm0 man of the village1 in which the pros and cons were duly and gravely weighed1 that the worthy priest replied in the affirmative4 ,while ,father ,maurice was engaged in pacing his little garden1 ,mrs4 ,clancy1 his housekeeper1 was calmly preparing for a steady but copious enjoyment of her evening meal in the kitchen1 which from floor to ceiling1 from fireplace to dresser--shining again with crockery of the willow pattern--was1 to use her own expression1 8as nate as a new-biled egg40 ,a large brown earthenware teapot had just been promoted from the hob to a table 8convaynient0 to the window4 ,a huge platter of stirabout1 with a lump of butter oiling itself in the middle1 stood within easy reach of her right hand1 while a square of griddle-bread occupied a like position upon her left1 and a wooden bowl full of jacket-bursted potatoes formed the near background4 ,mrs4 ,clancy was strong upon tea1 and in the village her opinion upon this as upon most other subjects was unwritten law4 ,she was particularly fond of a dash of green through a full-flavored ,pekoe1 preparing the mixture with her own fair hands with a solemn gravity befitting so serious an undertaking4 ,she was now about to try a sample of ,souchong which had just arrived from ,westport1 and her condition of mind was akin to that of an analytical chemist upon the eve of some exceedingly important result4 ,mrs4 ,clancy had seated herself in that cosy attitude peculiar to elderly females about to enjoy1 to them1 that most inviting of all meals1 and had already ascertained1 upon anxious reference to the teapot1 that its contents had been sufficiently drawn1 when the door was thrust somewhat violently open1 and ,murty ,mulligan1 the 8priest's boy10 unceremoniously entered the sanctum4 ,murty was handy-man and factotum4 ,he 8swep out0 the chapel1 rang the bell1 attended ,mass1 groomed the pony1 dug the potatoes1 landed the cabbage1 and made himself generally useful4 ,although designated a 8boy10 he had allowed--not that he could claim any particular option in the matter--some forty-five summers to roll over his head1 every one of which1 in addition to their attendant winters1 had been passed in the peaceful little village of ,monamullin4 ,his travels had never extended further than ,westport1 which he regarded as a vast commercial seaport--a ,liverpool1 in fact--and it was his habit to place it in comparison with any city of note that might come upon the tapis1 extolling its dimensions and dilating upon its unlimited importance4 ,murty's appearance savored much of the stage ,irishman's4 ,his eyes sparkled comically1 his nose was tip-tilted--,mr4 ,tennyson will excuse the application of the simile--while his mouth was large and always open4 ,his forehead was rather low1 and his ears stood out upon either side of his head like the orifices of air-shafts4 ,he was now arrayed in his bravest attire1 as he had been told off to drive his reverence to ,moynalty ,castle4 ,his brogues were as highly greased as his hair1 and his ,sunday--last ,mass--clothes1 consisting of a gray frieze body-coat with brass buttons1 a flowered silk waistcoat1 corduroy knee-breeches1 and blue worsted stockings1 looked as fresh as if they had been donned for the first time4 ,not a little vain of the importance of his office1 combined with the general effect of his appearance1 he swaggered into the kitchen in a manner totally at variance with his usual custom1 as ,mrs4 ,clancy was every inch queen of this realm1 and a potentate who exercised her prerogative with right royal despotism4 ,the 8consait0 was considerably taken out of ,murty by being met with an angry1 contemptuous stare and 8,what ails ye1 ,murty ,mulligan80 8,it's time for to bring round the yoke1 ma'am10 replied ,murty in an abashed and respectful tone1 eyeing the teapot with a wistful glance1 as he was particularly partial to a cup of the beverage it distilled1 especially when brewed by ,mrs4 ,clancy4 8,well1 av it is1 bring it round10 was the tart rejoinder4 8,i dunna how far he's upon his office10 said ,murty4 8,ye'd betther ax1 ,murty ,mulligan40 8,i dar'n't disturb him1 ,mrs4 ,clancy1 an' ye know that as well as ,i do meself1 ma'am40 8,well1 don't bother me1 anyhow10 observed the lady1 proceeding to pour out a cup of tea4 8,is that the tay ,i brought ye from ,westport1 ma'am80 demanded ,murty1 upon whom the sight of the rich brown fluid and its pungent aroma were producing longing effects4 ,mrs4 ,clancy took a preliminary sip with the sound of a person endeavoring to suck a coy oyster from a clinging shell4 8,sorra worse tay ,i ever wetted10 she retorted4 8,there's no more substance in it nor in chopped sthraw4 ,i'll never take a grain o' tay out o' ,westport agin--sorra a wan40 8,i done me best for ye1 anyhow1 ma'am4 ,i axed ,misther ,foley himself for the shupariorest tay in the town1 an' he gim me what's in that pot2 an'1 faix1 it smells rosy an' well40 ,and ,murty sniffed1 as if he would drive the aroma up through his nostrils out to the top of his head4 ,mrs4 ,clancy turned to ,murty with a frowning and ominous aspect1 the glare of an intense irritation blazing in her face4 8,do ye know what ,i think ye done1 ,murty ,mulligan8 ,it's me belief ye done it1 an' if ye tuk the buke to the conthrairy ,i wudn't credit ye10 placing her arms akimbo and fixing him with her eye4 8,what is it ,i done1 ,mrs4 ,clancy80 demanded ,murty boldly1 flinging his caubeen upon the floor and assuming a defiant attitude4 8,what is it ,i done1 ma'am80 ,the housekeeper regarded him steadily1 while she said in a slow and solemn tone of impeachment3 8,ye got me infayrior tay1 an' ye tuk a pint out av the change40 ,it was ,murty's turn to become indignant now4 8,i'd scorn for to do the likes of so mane an action1 ,mrs4 ,clancy4 ,there's them that wud do the like1 but ,i'd have ye know1 ma'am1 that me father's son wud rather be as dhry as a cuckoo1 ma'am1 nor demane himself in that way4 ,yer sentiments1 ma'am1 is very hurtful to me feelin's1 an' ,i'd as lieve ye'd call me a thief at wanst1 ma'am1 as for to run down me karakter in that a-way40 8,i don't want for to call ye nothin'1 but ,i repate that--0 8,don't repate nothin'1 ma'am4 ,av ye wur a man ,i'd give ye a crack in the gob for daarin' to asperge me karakter1 more betokin all for the sake av the filthy lucre av a pint of porther4 ,porther1 indeed60 added ,murty4 8,i'm goin' to-day1 ma'am1 where ,i'll get me fill av port wine1 an' sherry wine1 and ,madayrial wine1 ma'am2 an' dickins resave the word ,i'll tell ye av the goin's-on at the castle beyant for yer thratemint av me this blessed evenin'1 ,mrs4 ,clancy40 ,this threat upon the part of ,murty threw the housekeeper into the uttermost consternation4 ,the proceedings at ,moynalty ,castle were fraught with the deepest interest to her2 for in addition to her personal curiosity1 which was rampant1 it was necessary that she should become acquainted with everything that took place1 in order to retail her special knowledge to her cronies in the village1 who awaited the housekeeper's report in eager and hopeful expectation4 ,had she burnt her boats8 ,had she cut down the bridge behind her8 ,murty ,mulligan's tone was resolute4 8,murty1 ,murty avic6 shure it's only jokin' ,i was--sorra a more10 she said in a coaxing way4 ,murty grunted4 8,shure yer welkim to yer pint av--0 ,murty confronted her3 8,i tell ye1 ,missis ,clancy1 that ,i tuk nothin'1 nayther bit1 bite1 nor sup1 from the time ,i et me brekquest till ,i met ,misther ,fogarty's own boy1 and he thrated me4 ,av ,i tuk a pint out av yer lucre1 ma'am1 ,i'd say it at wanst1 wudout batin' about the bush40 8,that's enough1 ,murty2 say no more about the tay4 ,they gev ye a bad matarial1 ,murty1 an' shure that's none o' you're fault4 ,here10 she added1 pouring out a saucerful--the saucer being about the dimensions of a large soup-plate--and presenting it to him2 8put that to yer mouth an' say is it worth three hapence an ounce80 8,sorra a care ,i care10 growled ,murty1 but in a much softer tone4 8,thry it1 anyhow10 urged the housekeeper4 8,i don't care a thraneen for tay1 ,mrs4 ,clancy10 said ,murty1 throwing a glance full of profound meaning towards a small press in which ,mrs4 ,clancy kept a supply of cordials4 8,ah60 exclaimed that lady1 8,i see be the twist in yer eye that ye want somethin' to put betune yer shammy an' the cowld4 ,ye have a long road to thravel1 ,murty1 so a little sup o' ginger cordial will warm it for ye1 avic40 ,and while the now thoroughly pacified ,murty gently remonstrated1 ,mrs4 ,clancy proceeded to the cupboard1 and1 pouring a golliogue of the grateful compound into a tea-cup1 handed it to ,murty1 who tossed it off with a smack that would have started a coach and four4 8,so ye'll stop the night at the castle80 observed the housekeeper in a careless tone4 8,yis1 ma'am40 8,it's a fine billet1 ,murty40 8,sorra a finer4 ,shure it bates ,lord ,sligo's an' ,mitchell ,hinry's beyant at ,kylemore2 an' as for atin' an' dhrinkin'1 be me song they say that lamb-chops is as plentiful as cabbages is here1 an' that there's as much sperrits in it as wud float ould ,mickey ,killeher's lugger40 8,it's a quare thing for ,misther ,jyvecote for to be axin' ,father ,maurice to a forrin' cunthry like that1 ,murty40 8,troth1 thin1 it is quare1 ma'am2 but1 shure1 mebbe he wants for to be convarted40 8,that must be it2 an' he'd be bet intirely1 av ,father ,maurice wasn't there for to back his tack4 ,his sermon last ,sunda' was fit for the ,pope o' ,room40 8,i never heerd the like av it4 ,it flogged ,europe4 ,whisht60 suddenly cried ,murty1 8who's this comin' up the shore80 8,it's a forriner10 exclaimed the housekeeper1 after a prolonged scrutiny--meaning by the term foreigner that the person who was now approaching the cottage was not an inhabitant of the village4 8,a fine1 souple boy10 she added admiringly4 8,it's a gintleman1 an' he has a lump av a stick in his hand10 said ,murty4 8,arrah6 what wud bring a gintleman here1 ye omadhawn80 observed ,mrs4 ,clancy with some asperity4 8,a thraveller1 thin10 suggested her companion4 8,he's a bag on his back40 8,troth1 it's badly off he'd be for thravellin'1 if he come here for to do the like40 8,he's makin' for the gate40 8,he's riz the latch40 8,i'll run out1 ,mrs4 ,clancy1 and bring ye the hard word1 while ye'd be axin' for the lind av a sack40 8,ay1 do1 ,murty avic2 an' ,i'll have a cup av ,dimpsy's tay wet be the time yer back40 99 99 99 99 99 ,father ,maurice had just finished the perusal of his office1 and was in the act of returning to the house1 when the stranger approached him4 8,father ,morris80 said the new-comer1 lifting his hat4 8,maurice ,o',donnell1 at your service1 sir10 replied the priest4 8,i should apologize for addressing you so familiarly1 reverend sir1 but three or four persons of whom ,i asked my way told me that ,father ,morris was ,monamullin1 and that ,monamullin was ,father ,morris40 8,my people invariably address me by my ,christian name1 and ,i beg1 sir1 as you are now within my bailiwick1 that you will continue to do so40 8,as ,i am within your bailiwick1 ,i must needs do your bidding1 ,father ,maurice40 ,such a genial1 happy voice6 ,such frank1 kind blue eyes6 ,such a well knit1 strong-built figure6 ,the priest gazed at a young man of about five-and-twenty1 six feet high1 with crisp brown curly hair1 beard en ,henri ,quatre1 broad forehead1 and manly1 sunburnt neck and face1 attired in a suit of light homespun tweed1 a blue flannel shirt very open at the throat1 a scarlet silk tie knotted sailor fashion1 and heavy shoes1 broad-toed and thick-soled4 8,my name is ,brown10 he said4 8,i am an artist4 ,i have walked over from ,castlebar4 ,i am doing picturesque bits of this lovely country--not your confounded beaten tracks1 but the nooks which must be sought like the violet4 ,i have very little money1 and needs must rough it4 ,this stick and knapsack constitute my impedimenta1 and1 like ,csar1 ,i have carried my ,commentaries before now in my teeth while bridging a river by swimming it4 ,i asked for the inn1 and ,i was referred to ,father ,maurice40 8,i can answer for it1 ,mr4 ,brown1 that you will find every house in ,monamullin willing to shelter you2 and1 further1 that you will find this to be possibly the best4 ,i am unfortunately compelled to travel seven miles along the coast to-night1 but will be back1 please ,god1 to-morrow2 in the meantime my housekeeper will try what some broiled fish and a dish of ham and eggs can do towards appeasing what ought to be a giant's appetite4 ,and ,i can answer for the sheets being well aired1 having pulled the lavender myself in which they are periodically enshrined40 ,father ,maurice ushered his guest into the cottage with a welcome so genuine that ,mr4 ,brown felt at his ease almost ere the greeting had died upon the priest's lips1 and proceeded to hang up his hat and knapsack with the air of a man who was completely at home4 ,the neat little parlor was cosily furnished4 ,a genuine bit of ,domingo mahogany stood in the centre of the room1 and round it half a dozen plump horse-haired1 brass-nailed chairs1 with a 8,come and sit on us1 we are not for show0 air about them peculiarly inviting4 ,a venerable bureau1 black as ebony from age1 and brass-mounted1 ornamented one corner1 and opposite to it a plaster-of-paris bust of ,pius ,,ix4 upon a fluted pedestal1 while the recesses at either side of the fireplace were furnished with antique book-cases containing a well-thumbed library of ecclesiastical literature1 the works of ,st4 ,augustine being prominently conspicuous4 ,over the mantel-piece hung a portrait of ,daniel ,o',connell1 with the autograph of the ,liberator in a small frame beneath1 and at his right and left engravings1 and of no mean order either1 of ,henry ,grattan and ,john ,philpot ,curran4 ,the walls were adorned with copies of the cartoons of ,raphael1 a view of ,croagh ,patrick from ,clew ,bay1 a bird's-eye glance at ,st4 ,peter's1 and an illuminated address from the inhabitants of ,monamullin to their beloved pastor upon the completion of his thirtieth year on the mission--an address the composition of which conferred undying renown upon ,tim ,rafferty1 the schoolmaster1 and begat for the boy who wrote it a fame only second to that of the erudite pedagogue4 8,you are delightfully snug here1 ,father ,maurice10 observed his guest1 seating himself and glancing admiringly round the apartment4 8,what a treasure of an antique bureau6 ,why1 the brokers in ,london are giving any amount of money for such articles2 we are all running mad over them4 ,if you could get it whispered that ,dean ,swift or ,joe ,addison worked at that desk1 it would be worth its weight in gold4 ,it's ,queen ,anne now or nothing40 8,you are an ,englishman80 8,a base1 bloody1 and brutal ,saxon60 8,we have one of your countrymen residing in this part of the country--a ,mr4 ,jyvecote40 ,the stranger started4 8,any of the ,jyvecotes of ,marston ,moor1 in ,yorkshire80 8,the ,jyvecote1 ,i believe4 ,he came over here about ten years ago to shoot1 taking poor ,mr4 ,bodkin ,blake's ,lodge in the valley of ,glendhanarrahsheen1 and--0 8,oh6 do say that word again1 it is so delightfully soft--a cross between ,italian and ,japanese10 burst in the artist4 8,glendhanarrahsheen10 repeated ,father ,maurice4 8,we have some softer than that4 ,what think you of ,tharramacornigaun8 ,but1 as ,i was saying1 ,mr4 ,jyvecote liked the valley so much that he brought his family over in the following year4 ,mr4 ,jyvecote was delighted with the place1 and he bought the ,lodge1 extended it1 and at length determined upon building a castle4 ,this castle--,moynalty ,castle he calls it--was completed about three years ago1 the bare walls alone costing seventy thousand pounds4 ,except the ,viceregal ,lodge in ,dublin10 added the priest1 8there is nothing so grand in all ,ireland40 8,i must walk over there some day4 ,which way does it lie80 8,it's between us and ,westport1 along the coast1 almost out upon a rock40 8,what a strange idea to put such a lot of money into such a corner60 8,is it not8 ,it's completely out of the world4 ,the nearest railway station is fifty miles40 8,then ,i forgive ,mr4 ,jyvecote4 ,i take off my hat to him4 ,i congratulate him4 ,o my dear ,father ,maurice60 exclaimed the artist enthusiastically1 8you who live in such tender tranquillity1 with the moan of the sea for a lullaby1 can know nothing of the ecstatic feeling attendant upon leaving steam fifty miles behind one4 ,it is simply a new1 a beatific existence6 ,and so ,jocelyn ,jyvecote is within ten miles10 he added1 more in the tone of a person engaged in thinking aloud than by way of observation4 8,are you acquainted with him80 asked the priest4 8,oh6 yes--that is1 very slightly40 ,there was a decided shade of embarrassment in his manner that would have struck an ordinary observer1 but the simple-minded clergyman failed to notice it4 8,the yoke's at the doore1 yer riverince1 an' if we don't start at wanst we'll be bet be the hill beyant ,thronig na ,coppagh10 shouted ,murty ,mulligan1 thrusting his shock head into the apartment4 8,how unfortunately this happens60 exclaimed the priest4 8,i have not slept out of this cottage for nearly thirty years1 and the very night ,i could have wished to be here ,i am compelled to go elsewhere4 ,however1 ,mr4 ,brown1 ,i shall leave you in good hands1 and before ,i start ,i must make you acquainted with my housekeeper40 ,murty had returned to the kitchen considerably baffled4 8,he's goin' for to stop the night1 ,mrs4 ,clancy10 he reported to the expectant housekeeper4 8,who's goin' for to stop the night80 8,the strange gintleman above40 8,where is he goin' for to stop1 ,i'd like for to know8 ,mrs4 ,dooly's childre is down wud maysles4 ,the gauger is billeted at ,mooney's--0 8,he's goin' to stop here in this house4 ,i heerd his riverince axin' him40 8,arrah1 baithershin60 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,clancy incredulously4 8,it's truth ,i'm tellin' ye1 ma'am40 8,well1 may--0 ,at this moment the voice of ,father ,maurice was heard calling1 8,mrs4 ,clancy40 8,yer wanted1 ma'am10 cried ,murty4 8,i'm not fit for to be seen4 ,slip up an' discoorse him1 ,murty avic1 till ,i put on a clane cap an' apron40 8,mrs4 ,clancy1 you will take good care of this gentleman1 ,mr4 ,brown1 till ,i come back4 ,show your skill in frying eggs and bacon1 and in turning out a platter of stirabout4 ,don't let the hens cheat him of his fresh egg in the morning1 and see that his bed is as comfortable as my own40 ,and seating himself upon one side of the low-backed jaunting-car1 with ,murty ,mulligan upon the other1 and with a courteous farewell to his guest1 ,father ,maurice rapidly disappeared in the direction of the valley of ,glendhanarrahsheen4 ,mr4 ,brown stood in the middle of the road gazing after the car1 his hands plunged into his breeches pockets1 and a sweet little bit of meerschaum stuck in his handsome mouth4 8,what a turn of the wheel is this80 he said to himself4 8,i wander here into the most out-of-the-way place in out-of-the-way ,ireland1 and ,i find myself treading on the kibes of the very man whom of all others ,i would least care to meet4 ,i always thought that ,jyvecote was in ,kerry1 near ,valentia1 where the wire dives for ,america4 ,however1 seven miles mean utter isolation here1 and1 by ,jove6 ,i'm too much charmed with this genial old clergyman and his genuine hospitality to think of shifting my quarters2 besides ,i'll paint him a holy picture1 perhaps a ,virgin and ,child1 which will in some small measure repay him4 ,nowhere in the world would one meet with such a reception1 save in ,ireland4 ,here ,i am taken upon trust1 and believed to be an honest fellow until ,i am found out1 completely reversing the social code4 ,he places his house1 his all1 at my disposal1 believing me to be a poor devil of an artist on tramp and ready to paint anything for bread and butter4 ,hang it all6 it makes me feel low and mean to sail under the false colors of an assumed name1 and yet it is better as it is--much better4 ,suppose ,i meet ,mr4 ,jyvecote8 ,he'd scarcely recognize me4 ,i've not seen him since our stormy interview at ,marseilles4 ,had ,i my beard then8 ,no2 it was on my way out to ,egypt1 and that's exactly three years ago this very month4 ,he had a lot of womankind with him4 ,per ,bacco6 ,i suppose he was making for this place40 ,mr4 ,brown strolled over to the beach1 and1 seating himself upon a granite boulder1 smoked on and on1 buried in thought4 ,the sea was as still as a sea in a dream1 and gray1 and mystic1 and silent4 ,the hush that ,eve whispers as ,night lets fall her mantle was coming upon the earth1 and the twinkling stars began to throb in the blue-black sky2 not a speck was visible on the billowy plain save a solitary fishing-boat1 which now loomed out of the darkness like a weird and spectral bark4 ,in such scenes1 and in the awful quiet of such hours1 images and thoughts that dare not die are deposited upon the silent shore of memory4 ,the man who sat gazing out to sea with his hands clasping his knees was ,sir ,everard ,noel1 the fourth baronet of a good old ,yorkshire family1 and owner of a fine estate between ,otley and ,ilkley1 in the ,north ,riding of that noble county4 ,he was five-and-twenty1 and had been his own master ever since he attained his majority1 until which momentous event he had been the victim of a peripatetic guardian and the ,court of ,chancery1 his father having died while he was yet an infant1 and his mother when he had reached the age of nineteen4 ,freed from the yoke of his guardian1 who led him a tour of the world1 and placed in possession of ninety thousand pounds1 the accumulation of his minority1 and with an income of ten thousand a year1 he plunged into the giddy whirl of ,london fast life1 and for a brief season became the centre of a set composed of the crme de la crme1 the aurati juvenes of that modern ,babylon4 ,he was liberal to lavishness1 was fascinated with ,clubland and cart1 losing his money with a superb tranquillity1 and addicted to turning night into day4 ,he flattered the fair sex with the 8homage of a devotee10 and broke hearts as he would nutshells4 ,intriguing dowagers fished for him for their 8penniless lasses wi' long pedigrees10 but somehow or other1 after four seasons1 during which he had had several hairbreadth escapes1 he still was single1 still healthy and heart-whole1 but minus his ninety thousand pounds4 ,during his minority he had wooed ,art1 wisely and well1 and even while the daze of deviltry was upon him he never totally neglected her4 ,he painted with more than the skill of a mere amateur1 and had even the best of it in a tussle with the art critic of the ,times upon the genuineness of a ,rembrandt which had burst upon the market1 to the intense excitement of the cognoscenti4 ,there was a good deal of the artist in his nature1 and he was an immense favorite with the bearded ,bohemians1 knights of the brush1 who voted him a good fellow1 with the solitary drawback of being unavoidably a 8howling swell40 ,four years of wasted life brought on satiety1 and he turned from the past with a shudder1 from the present with loathing4 ,he wanted to do something1 to be interested in something1 and to shake off the sickening aimlessness of his every-day life that clung to him like a winding-sheet4 ,there came a day when the men in the smoking-room of the club asked each other1 8,where the doose is ,noel80 when wily matrons found their gushing notes of invitation unanswered2 when toadies1 hangers-on1 and sycophants found his apartments in ,half-,moon ,street1 ,piccadilly1 closed4 ,there came a day when club and matron and toady thought of him no more4 ,the wave of oblivion had passed over him and he was forgotten4 ,sic itur ad astra4 ,away from the fatal influences that had1 maelstrom-like1 sucked him into their whirl1 new thoughts1 new impulses1 new aspirations burst into blossom1 and his old love--,art--turned to him with the radiant smile of the bygone time4 ,there is red red blood in the veins at twenty-five1 and white-winged ,hope ever beckons onwards with soul-seductive gesture4 ,he determined to seek change of scene and of thought4 ,as ,sir ,everard ,noel1 the president of the ,four-in-,hand ,club2 the owner of ,katinka1 the winner of the ,chester ,cup2 the skipper of the ,griselda1 that won the queen's prize at ,cowes2 the best rider with the ,pytchley hounds1 every hotel on the ,continent1 every village in ,merrie ,england1 would recognize him1 and the old toadying recommence2 but as plain ,mr4 ,brown1 an obscure artist1 with a knapsack on his back1 he would be free1 free as a bird1 and the summer morning this idea flashed across his mind found him once again a bright1 happy1 and joyous man4 ,sir ,everard ,noel was a gentleman of warm temper and great energy1 prone to sudden impulses and unconsidered actions4 ,no sooner had he made up his mind to go upon the tramp than he started2 and1 considering that he would be less liable to recognition in ,connemara than in ,wales1 made ,galway the base of his supplies1 and1 knapsack on back1 containing sketching materials and a change of flannel1 a few days' walking brought him to ,monamullin in glorious health1 splendid spirits1 and prepared to enjoy everybody and everything4 8,how much more delightful all this is10 he thought1 8than the horrors ,i have passed through--horrors labelled pleasures6 ,faugh6 ,i shudder when ,i think of them4 ,let me see1 it's ten o'clock2 at this hour ,i would be about half-way through a miserably unwholesome dinner1 spiced up in order to meet the requirements of a demoralized appetite1 or yawning in an opera-box1 with six or seven long1 dreary hours before me to kill at any price1 especially with brandy and soda4 ,how delicious all this is6 ,how fresh1 how pure6 ,what a dinner ,i ate of those rashers and eggs6 ,and such tea6 ,by ,jove6 that old lady must have a chest entirely for her own consumption4 ,if my bed is as comfortable as it looks1 ,i shall not awaken till the padre returns from ,jyvecote's4 ,how disagreeable to meet ,jyvecote or any of the lot6 ,i never knew any of them but ,jasper and the father4 ,what a glorious old gentleman is ,father ,maurice--simple as a child1 with the dignity of a saint4 ,i had better get to bed now1 as ,i shall begin on a ,virgin and ,child for him to-morrow2 or1 if his ,stations are daubs1 ,i can do him a set1 though it will take me a deuce of a time4 ,i must visit the chapel to-morrow2 ,i suppose it's very dingy40 ,and with a good stout yawn ,mr4 ,brown--for we shall continue to call him by this name until the proper time comes--turned towards the cottage4 ,mrs4 ,clancy met him at the door4 8,i was afraid ye wor lost1 sir10 she said as he entered the hall4 8,not lost1 my good lady1 but found4 ,i suppose you lock the doors here earlier than this40 8,lock60 she exclaimed almost indignantly--8lock indeed6 ,there's not a bowlt nor a bar nor a lock on the whole house4 ,arrah6 who wud rob ,father ,maurice but th' ould boy8--an' he'd be afeard4 ,he daren't lay a hand on anything here1 an' well he knows it1 ,god be good to us60 8,i suppose you've been a long time with ,father ,maurice1 ,mrs4 ,clancy40 8,only sence me man--the ,lord rest his sowl1 amin6--was lost in the night av the great storm1 nigh fifteen year ago--fifteen year come the fourteenth av next month1 on a ,frida' night4 ,he was a good man1 an' a fine provider1 an' wud have left me warm an' comfortable but for the hard times that cum on the cunthry be raison av the famine4 ,ye might have heard tell of it1 sir40 8,oh6 indeed ,i did40 8,och6 wirra1 wirra6 but it was an awful time1 glory be to ,god6 whin the poor craythurs was dyin' by the roadsides and aitin' grass to keep the sowles in their bodies1 like bastes40 8,i was far away then1 in ,china10 said ,brown4 8,that's where the tay cums from2 an' very infayrior tay we're gettin' now1 sir1 compared wud what we used to get4 ,i can't rise more nor a cup out av two spoonfuls1 an' well ,i remimber whin wan wud give me layves enough for to fill a noggin4 ,are ye thinkin' av ,maynewth1 sir80 asked ,mrs4 ,clancy1 exceedingly desirous of some clue as to the identity1 habits1 and occupation of her guest1 as it would not do to face ,monamullin with her finger in her mouth4 8,maynewth80 he replied4 8,what is ,maynewth80 8,the collidge40 8,what college80 8,the collidge where the young priests is med40 8,oh6 dear1 no1 ,mrs4 ,clancy10 he replied1 laughing heartily4 8,i am a painter40 8,a painther60 she said in considerable astonishment4 8,yes1 a poor painter40 8,musha1 now1 but that flogs4 ,an' what are ye goin' for to paint80 8,anything that turns up40 ,she thought for a moment1 hesitated a little1 scrutinized his apparel1 hesitated again1 and at length1 8,wud ye be afther doin' his riverince a good turn80 8,i should be only too delighted40 8,thin ye might give the back doore a cupple o' coats o' paint afore ye go40 ,the artist burst into an uncontrollable fit of laughter1 long1 loud1 joyous1 and rippling as that of a schoolboy's1 again and again renewed as the irritated puzzle written in the housekeeper's face met his glance4 ,at length he burst out after a tremendous guffaw3 8,i am not exactly that sort of a painter1 ,mrs4 ,clancy1 but ,i dare say ,i could do it if ,i tried2 and ,i will try4 ,i am more in that line10 pointing to the picture of ,daniel ,o',connell suspended over the mantel-piece4 ,the cloud of anger rapidly disappeared from ,mrs4 ,clancy's brow upon this explanation1 and in a voice of considerable blandishment she half-whispered3 8,arrah1 thin1 mebbe ye'd do me a little wan o' ,dan for the kitchen1 honey40 ,after another hearty peal of laughter ,mr4 ,brown most cordially assented1 and1 taking his chamber candle--a flaring dip--retired to his bedroom4 8,ma foi10 he gaily laughed1 8this is homely4 ,do ,i miss my valet8 ,do ,i miss my brandy and soda8 ,do ,i miss my ,aubusson carpet1 my theatrical pictures1 my ,venetian mirror1 or my villanous ,french novel8 ,not a bit of it4 ,this is glorious2 and what a tub ,i shall have in the morning in the wild ,atlantic60 99 99 99 99 99 ,father ,maurice's guest was up1 if not with the lark1 at least not far behind that early-rising bird1 and out in the gently-gliding wavelets1 buffeting them with the vigorous stroke of a skilful swimmer4 ,the ocean on this still1 clear morning was beautiful enough to attract wistful glances from eyes the most blas4 ,the cloudless sky was intensely dark in its blue1 as though the unseen sun was overhead and shining vertically down4 ,the light did not seem of sea or land1 but it shone dazzlingly on the low line of verdure-clad hills1 on the cornfields in stubble1 causing every blade to glisten like a golden spear1 on the whitewashed cottages1 on the bright green hedges1 on the line of dark rock1 and enveloping the mountains of ,carrig na ,copple in the dim distance in blue and silver glory4 ,the colors of the sea were magical1 in luminous green1 purple1 and blue2 and out across the billowy plain great bands of purple stretched away to the sky line1 as a passing cloud flung its shadows in its onward fleecy progress4 ,the artist felt all this beauty1 drinking it in like life-wine1 till it tingled and throbbed in every vein4 ,after partaking of a breakfast the consumption of which would have considerably astonished some of his quondam ,london set1 and having lighted his meerschaum1 ,mr4 ,brown set out for a stroll through the village1 accompanied by half a dozen cabin curs1 who1 having scented the stranger1 most courteously made up their minds to act as his escort4 ,the inhabitants of the cabins en route turned out to look respectfully at him4 ,children timorously approached1 curtsied1 and1 when spoken to1 retreated in laughing terror4 ,matrons gazed and gossiped4 ,a cripple or two touched their caps to him1 and on every side he was wished 8good-luck40 ,he was ,father ,maurice's guest1 and1 as a consequence1 the guest of ,monamullin4 ,whitewash abounded everywhere2 amber thatch covered the roofs2 scarlet geraniums bloomed vigorously1 their crimson blossoms resembling gouts of blood spurted against marble slabs4 ,a shebeen or public-house was not to be seen2 order and peace and happiness reigned triumphant4 8,a few trees planted down this street--if ,i may call it so--would make this an ,arcadian village4 ,i must ask ,father ,maurice to let me have them planted4 ,a fountain1 too1 would look well just opposite that unpretending shop4 ,i wonder where the church can be80 ,a man with a reaping-hook bound in a hay rope happened to be passing1 to whom he addressed himself4 8,can you tell me where the church is80 8,yis1 yer honor2 troth1 thin1 ,i can40 8,where is it1 please80 8,av it's ,mass ye want1 ,father ,maurice is beyant at ,moynalty ,castle40 8,i merely want to see it40 8,an' shure ye can1 sir2 it's open day an' night40 8,but where is it1 my man80 8,where is it8 ,right foreninst ye1 thin4 ,don't ye see the holy and blessed crass over the doore80 ,the chapel was a small1 low1 cruciform building1 very dingy despite its whitewash1 and very tumble-down-looking4 ,it was surrounded by a small grass-plat and a few stunted pines4 ,a rude cross with a real crown of thorns stood in one corner1 at the foot of which knelt an old man1 bare-headed1 engaged in repeating the rosary aloud1 and two women1 who were rocking themselves to and fro in a fervor of prayer4 ,within the church the fittings were of the most primitive description4 ,the floor was unboarded1 save close to the altar-rails2 a few forms were scattered here and there1 and one row of backed seats occupied a space to the right4 ,the altar1 approached by a single step1 was of wood1 a golden cross ornamenting the front panel1 and a series of gilded ,gothic arches forming its background1 while the tabernacle consisted of a rudely-cut imitation of a dome-covered mosque4 ,a picture of the ,crucifixion hung over the altar suspended from the ceiling1 and1 as this was regarded as a masterpiece of art by the inhabitants of ,monamullin from time immemorial1 we will not discuss their stheticism here4 ,the ,stations of the ,cross were represented by small colored engravings in mahogany frames1 and the holy-water font consisted of a huge boulder of granite which had a large hole scooped out of it4 8,this will never do10 said ,mr4 ,brown1 gazing ruefully at the several works of art4 8,what a splendid chance for me6 ,i shall paint1 as the old masters did1 under direct inspiration4 ,what a sublime sensation1 when my picture shall have been completed1 to witness the reverential admiration of the poor devout people here6 ,i shall be regarded as a benefactor4 ,fancy my being a benefactor to anybody or anything6 ,heigh-ho60 he sighed1 8what a glorious little ,gothic church1 a prayer in stone1 a portion of the money ,i so murderously squandered would have built here6--that four thousand ,i flung last ,march into the mire in ,paris4 ,faugh60 ,and1 dragged back over the waves of ,time1 he sat down upon one of the wooden benches1 overwhelmed by the rush of his own thoughts4 ,of the length of time he remained thus absorbed he made no count4 ,the dead leaves of the misspent past rustled drearily round his heart1 weighing him down with a load of inexpressible sadness--a sadness almost amounting to anguish--and two hours had come and gone ere his reverie was broken4 ,happening to raise his eyes towards the altar1 he was startled by perceiving a female form kneeling at the railings1 lithe1 svelte1 and attired in costly and fashionable raiment4 ,as he gazed1 the young girl finished her prayers1 and1 with a deep1 reverential inclination in front of the altar1 swept past him with that graceful1 undulatory motion which would seem to be the birthright of the daughters of sunny ,spain4 ,she was tall1 elegantly formed1 and possessed that air of high breeding which makes itself felt like a perfume4 ,her bright chestnut hair was brushed tightly back from an oval face1 and hung in massive plaits at the back of her head4 ,her eyes were soft brown1 her complexion milk-white4 8,what a vision1 and in this place1 too6 ,that is the best of the ,catholic religion4 ,the churches are always open1 inviting one to come in and pray4 ,i wonder who she can be8 ,some tourist4 ,pshaw6 your tourist doesn't trouble this quarter of the globe4 ,to see1 to be seen1 to dress1 and wrangle over the bills at palatial hotels1 means touring nowadays4 ,some county lady1 over to do a little shopping2 but there are no shops1 except that miserable little box opposite1 and they apparently sell nothing there but marbles1 tobacco-pipes1 kites1 and corduroy4 ,ah6 ,i have it3 some inlander coming for a plunge in the ,atlantic4 ,i suppose ,i shall meet her pony phaeton as ,i pass up through the village4 ,i seriously hope ,i shall4 ,there is something very fetching about her1 and it purifies a fellow to see a girl like that at prayer40 ,such were the cogitations of ,mr4 ,brown as he emerged from the dingy little chapel4 ,brown was not a ,catholic4 ,he had been educated at ,eton1 and1 although intended for ,cambridge1 his guardian took him to ,japan when he should have been cramming for his degree4 ,of the religion as by law established in ,england1 he paid but little attention to the forms and merely went to church during the season to hear some 8swell0 preacher1 or because ,lady ,clara ,vere de ,vere gave him a rendezvous4 ,but1 with all his faults and follies1 he was never irreverent1 and his respect for the things that belong unto ,god was ever honest1 open1 and sincere4 ,he was doomed to be disappointed4 ,no pony phaeton disturbed the stillness of the village street4 ,the curs1 which had patiently waited for him whilst he remained in the church1 received him with noiseless but cheery tail-wagging as he came out1 and marched at his heels as though he had been their lord and master4 ,the children rushed from cabins and dropped their quaint little curtsies4 ,the cripples doffed their caps1 the matrons gazed at him and gossiped2 and1 although he lingered to say a few words to a passing fisherman1 and somewhat eagerly scanned the surrounding country1 no sign could he obtain of the fair young girl who had flashed upon him like a 8vision of the night40 8,i shall never see her again10 he thought2 8and yet ,i could draw that face4 ,such a mouth6 such contour6 ,i must ask the padre if he knows her1 though that is scarcely probable2 and yet she is one of his flock--at least1 she is a ,catholic1 so there is some hope40 ,he returned to the cottage1 and encountered ,father ,maurice in the garden4 8,i did not like to disturb you at your devotions1 ,mr4 ,brown10 he said1 8but ,i was only going to give you five minutes longer1 as the salmon grill will be ready by that time40 8,how did you ascertain ,i was in the church80 asked ,brown1 entering the hall and hanging up his hat4 8,a beautiful young lady told me40 8,i saw her2 who is she80 exclaimed the artist eagerly4 8,i shall present you to her4 ,here she is4 ,mr4 ,brown1 ,miss ,julia ,jyvecote40 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,two ,,prophets ,,of ,,mormonism4 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,b4 ,h4 ,,stenhouse1 one of the ,scottish converts to ,mormonism1 was for a quarter of a century an elder and missionary of the church of the ,latter-,day ,saints4 ,he is the author of the most complete and careful history of the ,mormons in the ,english language4 ,although he has 8outgrown0 the faith of ,brigham ,young and ,joseph ,smith1 and disbelieves the doctrines which he once preached1 he writes of his former associates in a tone of moderation and good sense1 and gives them more credit for sincerity than the rest of the world will be likely to concede them4 ,in the introduction to his ,rocky ,mountain ,saints he says3 8,whatever judgment may be passed upon the faith and personal lives of the ,mormon ,prophet and his successor1 there will be a general recognition of a divine purpose in their history4 ,under their leadership the ,mormon people have aided to conquer the western desert1 and to transform a barren and desolate region of a hitherto #8unknown country' into a land that seems destined at no distant day to teem with millions of human beings1 and which promises to stand pre-eminent among the conquests of the republic4 ,it is doubtful whether any collective body of other citizens1 unmoved by religious impulses1 would ever have traversed the sandy desert and sage-plains1 and have lived an age of martyrdom in reclaiming them1 as the ,mormons have in ,utah4 ,but this has been accomplished1 and it was accomplished by faith4 ,that was the ,providence of the saints1 and it must be conceded that1 as a means subservient to an end1 the ,mormon element has been used in the ,rocky ,mountain region by the ,almighty ,ruler for developing the best interests of the nation1 and for the benefit of the world at large40 ,the fallacies hidden in these reflections will not escape the notice of any thoughtful ,catholic reader4 ,mr4 ,stenhouse has got a feeble hold of a great truth1 but1 embarrassed by the materialistic ideas which form so important a part of the ,mormon philosophy1 he does not know how to apply it4 ,we quote the passage as a striking illustration of the spirit in which too many of our countrymen are inclined to judge the history and character of the saints of the ,great ,salt ,lake4 ,americans have a profound veneration for material prosperity1 and hardly find it in their hearts to condemn a community which has built cities in the remote wilderness1 planted gardens in the midst of the desert1 taught brooks to run across the arid plains1 and 8developed the resources0 of one of the least promising territories in our national domain4 ,any man1 according to the popular theories of the emancipation of conscience1 has a right to make a religion to suit himself2 and whatever he may profess--unless1 indeed1 he should chance to concur with about #afj1jjj1jjj other persons in professing the doctrines of the holy ,catholic ,church1 in which case there would be a fair presumption that he was dangerous to society--his fellow-citizens are bound to treat his creed respectfully and admit the purity of his motives4#db ,hence the world honors the founder of a new state1 even though he may be also the founder of a false religion4 ,there are #hj1jjj ,mormons in ,utah1 and as a community they are rich and thrifty4 ,it is not surprising that we have heard of late so much admiring comment upon the genius of ,brigham ,young1 so many predictions that he will be reckoned hereafter among the great men in ,american history4 ,it may be worth while to clear our minds by a brief sketch of the rise and development of ,mormonism4 ,it is a phenomenon too important to be passed over1 and it has a closer connection with the moral and intellectual tendencies of the time than most of us suspect4 ,the general direction of ,protestant theology has always been towards rationalism and materialism4 ,founded upon the denial of everything that man cannot perceive by his unaided natural powers1 it leads irresistibly to the rejection of divine interposition in worldly affairs and of all manner of heavenly revelation4 ,but the human mind can no more rest without belief in the supernatural than the human body can rest upon air4 ,superstition is consequently the offspring of infidelity4 ,the extremes of negation produce a reaction of credulity2 the worship of ,baal alternates with the worship of ,god2 we see ,protestantism swaying perpetually to and fro between a cold philosophical scepticism and the wildest extravagances of fanaticism and imposture4 ,a time of general negation and intellectual pride is followed by an epidemic of rhapsodies and convulsions4 ,prophets arise2 spirits are seen in clouds of light2 conventicles resound with the ravings of frenzied sinners and the shouting of excited saints2 ,swedenborg makes excursions in the body into heaven and into hell2 the ,shakers place ,mother ,ann on the throne of the ,almighty2 the ,peculiar ,people look for the direct interference of ,god in the pettiest affairs of life1 and demand a miracle every hour of the day4 ,mormonism was the product of such a season of spiritual riot4 ,fifty years ago animal magnetism and clairvoyance were at their height4 ,the pride which refused to worship ,god stooped to amuse itself with ghosts and witches4 ,the soul1 emancipated from religion1 became the slave of magic2 and superstition1 rejecting the revelations of a loving ,creator1 was almost ripe for the instructions of dancing tables and flying tambourines4 ,mesmer had excited the learned world with his mystic tubs2 throngs of prophetic somnambulists had prepared the way for the oracles of ,andrew ,jackson ,davis4 ,in ,england there was even a more chaotic disturbance of minds than here4 ,multitudes on the one hand1 disbelieving in a personal deity altogether1 took refuge in pure scepticism4 ,multitudes on the other looked for the advent of the ,lord in power and glory1 to establish on earth in visible form the kingdom foretold by the inspired writers4 ,the study of the prophecies became an absorbing passion of sectaries and enthusiasts4 ,they muddled their brains with much reading of ,isaias and the ,apocalypse4 ,they made it their mission to explain dark sayings2 and having placed their own interpretation upon the divine predictions1 they watched the sky for signs of their immediate fulfilment1 and found in contemporary events a thousand confirmations of their crazy fancies1 a thousand portents of the speedy coming of the ,lord4 ,there was no conceivable theological vagary for which they did not seek authority among the prophets4 ,there was a wide-spread revival of the ancient belief in a terrestrial millennium1 with a faith that it was close at hand4 ,edward ,irving was setting ,england and ,scotland aflame with fiery announcements of the ,second ,advent2 fashionable society left its bed at five o'clock in the morning to hear him preach1 for three hours at a stretch1 on the impending accomplishment of what had been foretold2 and although it was not until a few years later that ,william ,miller organized in this country the first regular congregations of those who expected the speedy end of the world1 and who sat in white robes listening for the judgment trump1 there is no doubt that the general religious ferment which preceded this particular hallucination was felt simultaneously on both sides of the ocean1 and presented on both sides the same essential characteristics4 ,naturally this exciting period was also a season of powerful ,methodistic revivals4 ,these sensational experiences belong1 like spiritualism and the other delusions which we have mentioned1 to what has been called 8inspirational0 as distinguished from rationalistic ,protestantism1 and they are apt to run their course together4 ,between #ahbe and #ahcj the revival movement was carried to great lengths1 and its excesses seem to have been most marked in ,central and ,western ,new ,york just at the time when ,mormonism arose there4 ,we speak of the revivals as ,methodistic only by way of defining their character2 they were by no means restricted to the ,methodist denomination4 ,the most famous revival preacher of the day was the ,rev4 ,charles ,g4 ,finney1 a ,presbyterian2 and any one who is curious about the spiritual uproar which he carried through the ,state with him is referred to the chapter on 8,fanaticism in ,revivals0 in the ,personal ,reminiscences of ,dr4 ,gardiner ,spring1 of the ,brick 7,presbyterian7 ,church in ,new ,york ,city4#dc ,it was in such a time1 equally favorable to delusions and impostures1 that ,joseph ,smith1 the inventor of ,mormonism1 made his appearance4 ,the accounts of his early life are not satisfactory4 ,his origin was obscure4 ,his neighbors were ignorant4 ,little is on record except his ,autobiography and a sketch by his mother1 neither of which productions is entitled to much credit4 ,it is evident1 however1 that he was caught up by the religious excitement which raged all around him4 ,we are assured that on at least two special occasions during his boyhood he was 8powerfully awakened0 by ,methodist revivalists4 ,his writings abound with revival phraseology2 his pretended revelations are full of the cant-terms of the camp-meeting2 his code of doctrines bears traces of the denominational controversies which were most active in ,western ,new ,york when he emerged upon the stage of history4 ,in #ahbg he was an illiterate and idle rustic of twenty-two years1 living at ,palmyra1 in ,wayne ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,his parents were shiftless and visionary people1 who got drunk1 and used the divining-rod1 and dug for hidden treasures1 and1 according to their neighbors1 stole sheep4 ,joseph was no better than the rest of the family4 ,by natural disposition he was a dreamer and an adventurer4 ,according to his own account1 he began to see miraculous appearances in the air and to hear the voices of spiritual messengers as early as his fifteenth year4 ,it was in one of his seasons of 8awakening10 when1 perplexed by the contradictions of rival sects1 he went into a grove and asked the ,lord which he should follow1 in the firm persuasion that his question would be answered by some physical manifestation4 ,we give the ,mormon account of the result of his experiment3 8,at first he was severely tempted by the powers of darkness1 which endeavored to overcome him2 but he continued to seek for deliverance1 until darkness gave way from his mind4 ,he at length saw a very bright and glorious light in the heavens above1 which at first seemed to be at a considerable distance4 ,he continued praying1 while the light appeared to be gradually descending towards him2 and as it drew nearer it increased in brightness and magnitude1 so that by the time that it reached the tops of the trees the whole wilderness for some distance around was illuminated in the most glorious and brilliant manner4 ,he expected to have seen the leaves and boughs of the trees consumed as soon as the light came in contact with them2 but perceiving that it did not produce that effect1 he was encouraged with the hopes of being able to endure its presence4 ,it continued descending slowly1 until it rested upon the earth and he was enveloped in the midst of it4 ,when it first came upon him it produced a peculiar sensation throughout his whole system2 and immediately his mind was caught away from the natural objects with which he was surrounded1 and he was enwrapped in a heavenly vision1 and saw two glorious personages1 who exactly resembled each other in their features or likeness4 ,he was informed that his sins were forgiven4 ,he was also informed upon the subjects which had for some time previously agitated his mind--namely1 that all the religious denominations were believing in incorrect doctrines1 and consequently that none of them was acknowledged of ,god as his church and kingdom4 ,and he was expressly commanded to go not after them2 and he received a promise that the true doctrine1 the fulness of the gospel1 should at some future time be made known to him2 after which the vision withdrew40#dd ,joseph1 upon whose word alone this narrative rests1 relates that when he came to himself he was lying on his back looking up into the clouds4 ,he seems to have accepted cheerfully the condemnation of all existing religions1 but the vision had no other practical effect upon him2 as ,orson ,pratt confesses1 his life continued to be unedifying1 and his story of the celestial apparition was received with stubborn incredulity by those who knew his character and habits4 ,it was three years before he professed to be favored with a second visit4 ,then1 he says1 a white and lustrous angel came into his room while he was at prayer1 and told him that ,heaven designed him for a great work4 ,there was hidden in a certain place1 to be revealed hereafter1 a book written upon gold plates1 which contained 8the fulness of the everlasting gospel as delivered by the ,saviour to the ancient inhabitants0 of the ,american continent4 ,this was the ,mormon ,bible1 commonly known now as the ,book of ,mormon from the title of one of its divisions4 ,in his ,autobiography ,joseph ,smith states that the angel was ,nephi1 author of the ,first and ,second ,books of ,nephi1 which stand at the head of the ,mormon scriptures2 but in his ,doctrine and ,covenants he speaks of his visitant as ,moroni1 who wrote the last book in the collection and placed the gold plates where they were afterwards to be found4 ,we do not know what explanation the ,mormons offer of this singular discrepancy4 ,the vision was repeated during the night1 and ,joseph was directed to search for the buried treasure in a hill near ,manchester1 a village about four miles from ,palmyra1 in the adjoining county of ,ontario4 ,he saw1 as if in a dream1 the exact spot in which he was to dig4 ,he went to ,manchester and found the plates1 enclosed in a sort of box formed of stones set in cement4 ,with them 8there were two stones in silver bows 7and these stones1 fastened to a breastplate1 constituted what is called the ,urim and ,thummim71 and the possession and use of these stones was what constituted seers in ancient or former times1 and ,god had prepared them for the purpose of translating the book0--an idea which ,joseph borrowed1 of course1 from the ,jewish high-priest's 8rational of judgment10 described in ,exodus1 chap4 xxviii4 ,moroni 7or was it ,nephi87 would not allow the plates to be removed yet2 but he gave ,joseph a great many interesting and comfortable1 though rather vague1 instructions4 ,he opened the heavens and caused him to see the glory of the ,lord4 ,he made the devil and his hosts pass by in procession1 so that ,smith might know them when he met them4 ,once a year ,joseph was to return to the same spot and receive a new revelation4 ,on the fourth anniversary of the discovery--that is1 in ,september1 #ahbg--the angel placed the plates and the ,urim and ,thummim in his hands1 with a caution that he should let nobody see them4 ,but he seems to have talked freely about his experiences2 for1 according to his own story1 the whole country-side was up in arms to get the plates away from him4 ,he was waylaid and chased by ruffians with clubs4 ,he was shot at4 ,his house was repeatedly mobbed2 and when at last he removed to ,pennsylvania in search of peace1 carrying the plates in a barrel of beans1 he was twice overtaken by a constable armed with a search-warrant1 who failed1 however1 to find what he was looking for4 ,possibly the plates and the constable were equally fictions of ,joseph ,smith's imagination4 ,incredulous historians of ,mormonism offer various explanations of the story which we have thus far recounted4 ,they detect in ,joseph ,smith's alleged visions a close resemblance to the trance state sometimes brought on by spiritual excitement among the ,methodists and other sects who make strong appeals to the emotional nature2 or they refer his supernatural exaltation to mesmeric clairvoyance2 or they see in him merely a 8spiritual medium10 a precursor of the rappers and table-tippers who became so common a few years later4 ,others1 again1 account for the whole case upon the theory of demoniac possession2 while still others suppose that1 having really discovered some sort of metallic tablets1 the dreams of a disordered mind supplied him with the interpretation and the dramatis person4#de ,it seems to us hardly necessary to discuss these various explanations1 for there is no proof of the alleged facts4 ,the whole narrative rests upon nothing but ,joseph ,smith's word4 ,it is the story told by him in after-years to account for the new gospel4 ,there is none who shared with him the privilege of angelic visitations4 ,there is none who saw the great light1 who heard the mysterious voices1 who even beheld ,joseph himself at the moment of the alleged revelations4 ,no one knows what became of the golden plates4 ,the angel1 said ,joseph1 came and took them away again4 ,while they remained in the prophet's hands they were kept from curious eyes4 ,prefixed to the ,book of ,mormon in the current editions is the 8,testimony of ,three ,witnesses0--,oliver ,cowdery1 ,david ,whitmer1 and ,martin ,harris--that they were permitted to see the plates1 and that a heavenly voice assured them of the faithfulness of ,smith's translation2 but all these three witnesses afterwards confessed that their testimony was a lie4 ,to their certificate is appended the testimony of eight other witnesses--namely1 ,joseph's father and two brothers1 four of the ,whitmer family1 and a disciple named ,page--who also profess to have seen the plates2 but their connection with the beginnings of the ,mormon ,church makes it impossible to put confidence in their statement4 ,we do not know the circumstances under which the sight may have been vouchsafed to them1 and we certainly have no sufficient reason to believe their word4#df ,thus far1 then1 ,mormonism is a mere legend4 ,in #ahbh it becomes historical fact2 and whatever may be thought of the prophet's good faith in the matter of his early dreams and visions1 we find it impossible to resist the conviction that henceforth he was only a conscious and daring impostor4 ,from this time to the day of his death1 in his acts and his writings1 in his shrewdness1 his ambition1 and his reckless courage--planning new settlements1 fabricating new ,bibles1 uttering forged revelations1 nominating himself for ,president of the ,united ,states1 assuming to command armies1 running a wild-cat bank1 debauching women--we can see nothing but a career of vulgar fraud4 ,there was wild fanaticism in the foundation of the ,mormon ,church2 but it was not on the part of ,joseph ,smith4 ,there is proof that about fifteen years before this pretended revelation an ex-preacher1 named ,solomon ,spalding1 a graduate of ,dartmouth ,college1 and a resident of ,crawford ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 offered for publication at a ,pittsburgh printing-office a book called the ,manuscript ,found1 in which he attempted to account for the peopling of ,america by deriving the ,indians from the lost tribes of ,israel4 ,it was a sort of ,scriptural romance1 written in clumsy imitation of the historical books of the ,old ,testament1 and it contained1 among its other divisions1 a ,book of ,mormon4 ,although announced for publication1 it never appeared4 ,the manuscript remained in the printing-office for a number of years4 ,spalding died in #ahaf4 ,the bookseller died in #ahbf4 ,sidney ,rigdon1 one of the first disciples of ,mormonism1 was a compositor in the printing-office1 and it seems to be pretty well established that he made a copy of the book and afterwards gave it to ,smith4 ,at any rate the ,book of ,mormon1 when it came from the press in #ahcj1 was immediately recognized as an adaptation of ,solomon ,spalding's romance4 ,a great many people had read parts of it during ,spalding's lifetime1 and remembered not only the principal incidents which it narrated1 but the names of the leading characters--,nephi1 ,lehi1 ,moroni1 ,mormon1 and the rest--which ,smith boldly appropriated4 ,spalding's only object was literary amusement1 with perhaps a little harmless mystification4 ,the theological teachings incorporated with his pretended history were the additions of ,smith and ,rigdon4 ,as it now stands the ,mormon ,bible purports to relate the wanderings of a ,hebrew named ,lehi1 who went out from ,jerusalem six hundred years before ,christ1 and1 after travelling eastward eight years 8through a wilderness10 came to the sea-coast1 built a ship1 got a mariner's compass somewhere1 set sail with his wife ,sariah1 his sons ,laman1 ,lemuel1 ,sam1 ,nephi1 ,joseph1 and ,jacob1 the wives of the four elder sons1 and six other persons1 and in due time reached ,america4 ,after the death of ,lehi the ,lord appointed ,nephi to rule over the settlers1 but ,laman and ,lemuel1 heading a revolt1 were cursed1 and became the ancestors of the ,indians4 ,we shall not waste much time over this absurd and wearisome farrago1 a mixture of ,scriptural parodies1 stupid inventions1 and bold thefts from ,shakspeare and ,king ,james' ,bible4 ,it is intolerably verbose1 dragging through fifteen books1 stuffed with gross faults of grammar1 anachronisms1 and solecisms of every kind1 and comprising as much matter as four hundred and fifty of these pages1 or more than three entire numbers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,there are wonderful miracles and tremendous battles4 ,vast cities are created in ,north and ,south ,america4 ,nations wander to and fro across the continents4 ,priests1 prophets1 judges1 and ,antichrists1 with names curiously constructed out of those in the ,jewish ,scriptures1 appear and disappear like travesties of the persons in sacred history4 ,the ,nephites and the ,lamanites hack and slay each other4 ,a republican form of government is instituted1 and is assailed by monarchical conspiracies4 ,nephi1 ,jarom1 ,omni1 ,mosaiah1 ,mormon1 ,moroni1 ,alma1 ,ether1 and other leaders of the ,nephites write the records of the people upon golden plates1 and save them for ,joseph ,smith to find in due season4 ,seers give long-winded explanations of the divine purposes1 and predict the incidents of the beginning of ,mormonism1 which had already taken place when ,joseph ,smith brought these predictions to light4 ,the history of the ,nephites is supposed to be contemporaneous with the history of the ,jews1 but entirely independent of it2 their ,scriptures are intended to supplement1 not contradict1 the holy ,bible4 ,the crucifixion of our ,lord was announced to these ,american ,jews by portents and prophecies1 and afterwards the ,saviour came to the chief city of the ,nephites1 showed his wounded hands and feet1 healed the sick1 blessed little children1 and remained here forty days teaching ,christianity4 ,gradually the ,lamanites1 or ,indians1 overcame the ,nephites4 ,in the year #chd a final battle was fought on the hill ,cumorah 7,ontario ,county1 ,new ,york71 where #cbj1jjj ,nephites were slain4 ,this was the end of the pre-,columbian civilization of ,america1 little or nothing being left of the ,nephites except ,mormon and his son ,moroni1 who completed the records on the gold plates and 8hid them up0 in the hill4 ,such1 in brief outline1 is the ,mormon ,bible4 ,with the narrative of the descendants of ,lehi1 however1 it contains an account of two other emigrations from ,asia to ,america--namely1 that of the ,jaredites1 who came here direct from the tower of ,babel1 and perished after they had stripped the continent of timber1 and that of a party of ,jews who followed ,lehi at the period of the ,babylonian captivity4 ,the ,jaredites came in eight small air-tight barges1 shaped like a covered dish1 loaded with all manner of beasts1 birds1 and fishes1 and driven by a furious wind4 ,the voyage lasted three hundred and forty-four days1 so that1 in spite of the miraculous gale astern1 it was probably the slowest on record4 ,it would be an endless task to point out even a tithe of the huge blunders in this fraudulent volume4 ,we read of ,christians a century before ,christ1 of the ,gospel and the churches six centuries before ,christ1 of three oceans lying between ,asia and ,america1 of pious ,hebrews eating pork1 of ,jews long before the name of ,jew was invented1 of horses1 asses1 swine1 etc41 running wild all over the face of this continent in the time of the ,jaredites1 although it is certain that they were first introduced by the ,spaniards4 ,nephi1 in giving an account of the emigration of his father ,lehi1 says3 8,and it came to pass that the ,lord spake unto me1 saying1 ,thou shalt construct a ship after the manner which ,i shall show thee1 that ,i may carry thy people across these waters4 ,and ,i said1 ,lord1 whither shall ,i go that ,i may find ore to molten1 that ,i may make tools8444 ,and it came to pass that ,i did make tools of the ore which ,i did molten out of the rock40 ,nephi1 like ,st4 ,john1 was unable to write down all the things that ,jesus taught3 8,behold1 ,i were about to write them all1 but the ,lord forbid it40 ,alma declares3 8,and it came to pass that whosoever did mingle his seed with that of the ,lamanites did bring the same curse upon his seed2 therefore whomsoever suffered himself to be led away by the ,lamanites were called that head1 and there was a mark set upon him40 ,mormon is one of the most eccentric in syntax of all the scribes3 8,and ,ammaron said unto me1 ,i perceive that thou art a sober child1 and art quick to observe2 therefore when ye are about twenty-and-four years old ,i would that ye should remember10 etc4 ,nephi 8saw wars and rumors of wars40 ,alma writes3 8,and when ,moroni had said these words1 he went forth among the people1 waving the rent of his garment in the air1 that all might see the writing which he had wrote upon the rent06 ,the language of the precious records is described as 8reformed ,egyptian10 and ,nephi explains that it 8consists of the learning of the ,jews and the language of the ,egyptians10 though upon what principle they are combined we are left to imagine4 ,pressed to exhibit a specimen of the mysterious characters1 ,joseph ,smith gave what purported to be a fac-simile of a few lines to one of his disciples1 who came to ,new ,york and submitted it to ,prof4 ,anthon4 8,it consisted10 says ,prof4 ,anthon1 8of all kinds of crooked characters disposed in columns1 and had evidently been prepared by some person who had before him at the time a book containing various alphabets1 ,greek and ,hebrew letters1 crosses and flourishes2 ,roman letters inverted or placed sideways were arranged and placed in perpendicular columns2 and the whole ended in a rude delineation of a circle1 divided into various compartments1 decked with various strange marks1 and evidently copied after the ,mexican calendar given by ,humboldt1 but copied in such a way as not to betray the source whence it was derived40 ,mormon says he would have written in ,hebrew1 if the plates had been large enough4 ,in giving the translation of the mysterious books to the world ,joseph ,smith1 whose education had been sadly neglected1 made use of an amanuensis4 ,this at first was a farmer named ,martin ,harris4 ,the prophet sat behind a blanket stretched across the room1 and1 thus screened from profane eyes1 read aloud from the gold plates1 by the miraculous aid of the ,urim and ,thummim1 the sacred text1 which the confiding ,harris reduced to writing4 ,the sceptical1 of course1 believe that what ,smith held before him was no pile of metallic tablets1 but merely the manuscript of ,solomon ,spalding1 into which he emptied from time to time a great deal of rubbish of his own make4 ,no one1 however1 succeeded in penetrating behind the blanket4 ,the work had gone on for a year and a half1 when ,harris1 tempted by his wife1 embezzled the manuscript4 ,this was a serious loss4 ,joseph could not reproduce it in the same words1 and it would not do to risk discrepancies4 8,revelation0 came to his aid in this dilemma1 and informed him that ,harris had 8altered the words0 of the manuscript 8in order to catch him0 in the translation4 ,the stolen pages were from the ,book of ,mormon2 he must not attempt to replace them2 he should let them go1 for a narrative of the same events would be found in the ,book of ,nephi3 8,and now verily ,i say unto you that an account of those things that you have written1 which have gone out of your hands1 are engraven upon the plates of ,nephi2 yea1 and you remember it was said in those writings that a more particular account was given of these things upon the plates of ,nephi4 ,behold they have only got a part or an abridgment of the account of ,nephi4 ,behold1 there are many things engraven on the plates of ,nephi which do throw greater views upon my gospel2 therefore it is wisdom in me that you should translate this first part of the engravings of ,nephi1 and send forth in this work40#dg ,oliver ,cowdery now became scribe1 and the task was finished without further accidents1 the ,books of ,nephi standing at the head of the volume1 and the remnant of the ,book of ,mormon1 which gives its title to the whole collection1 coming near the end of the table of contents4 ,still1 the wretched ,harris was not altogether cut off for his sin4 ,he owned a farm4 ,when the translation was finished ,heaven uttered1 by the mouth of ,smith1 8a commandment of ,god1 and not of man1 to ,martin ,harris03 8,i command thee that thou shalt not covet thine own property1 but impart it freely to the printing of the ,book of ,mormon4 ,and misery thou shalt receive if thou wilt slight these counsels--yea1 even the destruction of thyself and property40 ,so ,harris mortgaged his farm to pay the printer1 and in #ahcj appeared at ,palmyra1 ,new ,york1 ,the ,book of ,mormon3 an ,account ,written by the ,hand of ,mormon upon ,plates taken from the ,plates of ,nephi4 ,by ,joseph ,smith1 ,jr41 author and proprietor4#dh ,instructed by ,john the ,baptist1 ,smith and ,cowdery now went into the river and baptized each other by immersion4 ,joseph then ordained ,oliver to the ,aaronic priesthood1 and ,oliver ordained ,joseph4 ,in ,april1 #ahcj1 the 8,church of ,christ0 was organized at the house of ,peter ,whitmer in ,fayette1 ,seneca ,county1 ,new ,york1 the company of the faithful consisting only of the prophet1 his two brothers1 his scribe1 and two ,whitmers2 but in the course of the summer several other converts appeared1 and ,joseph became associated with three men of some ability and education1 who gave the ,mormon creed a doctrinal development which the founder himself was quite incapable of devising4 ,these three were ,sidney ,rigdon1 ,orson ,pratt1 and ,parley ,p4 ,pratt4 ,they were devotees of the sensational and inspirational school1 ready for any new form of spiritual extravagance1 believers in visions1 crack-brained students of the prophecies4 ,rigdon had been a preacher among the ,campbellites--a sect whose fundamental doctrine it is that no precise doctrines are necessary4 ,read your ,bible1 say they1 select your opinions from it1 don't allow infant baptism1 but get yourselves baptized by immersion as often as you commit sin4 ,upon this broad foundation they can erect as many different systems of theology as they have congregations4 ,rigdon had outgrown the latitudinarianism and bibliolatry of the ,campbellites1 and at the time of ,joseph ,smith's appearance he was preaching a religion of his own1 rousing his little ,ohio congregation with apocalyptic dreams and interpretations1 and bidding them look for the instant coming of the ,lord4 ,although his name does not appear in the roll of the first converts and apostles1 it is certain that he was intimately associated with ,smith from the beginning2 it is certain that he embodied his peculiar views in the ,mormon creed2 it is suspected that he had more than a half-share in arranging the original machinery of imposture4 ,parley ,p4 ,pratt was likewise a ,campbellite preacher1 a man of ardent and passionate temperament1 restless1 eloquent1 a brilliant albeit somewhat rude orator4 ,orson ,pratt1 inclining rather towards metaphysical speculations than prophecy and spiritual excitement1 became the ,mormon philosopher and controversialist1 and to him are attributable the extraordinary materialistic doctrines which form so important a part of the new system4#di ,when ,smith and his companions began to preach it does not appear that they had any scheme of theology ready at hand4 ,moroni and the golden plates made up the sum of their first teachings4 ,there was comparatively little doctrine of any kind in the ,book of ,mormon2 but1 as ,joseph's prophetic pretensions found acceptance1 it became necessary for the prophet to announce some positive creed4 ,in setting it forth1 point after point1 he appealed neither to history nor to reason2 8revelation0 taught him from day to day all that he wished to know2 and so1 little by little1 he built up a mass of dogma in which it is impossible to discover any regular plan4 ,the authoritative handbook of ,mormon theology as it existed in ,smith's time is a small volume first published in #ahce1 entitled ,the ,doctrine and ,covenants of the ,church of ,jesus ,christ of ,latter-,day ,saints1 carefully selected from the revelations of ,god1 by ,joseph ,smith1 ,president of said ,church4 ,it comprises two parts4 ,the first consists of seven ,lectures on ,faith1#ej which need not detain us2 the second and more important contains about one hundred 8revelations10 addressed sometimes to ,smith1 sometimes to one or another of the disciples1 sometimes to the church1 and occasionally to sceptical ,mormons who showed signs of becoming troublesome4 ,they embrace counsels and instructions of all kinds1 for the organization of the hierarchy1 the preaching of the new gospel1 the regulation of private business affairs1 and the management of congregations4 ,here is a sample of a 8revelation given in ,kirtland1 ,august1 #ahca03 8,let my servant ,newel ,k4 ,whitney retain his store--or1 in other words1 the store yet for a little season4 ,nevertheless1 let him impart all the money which he can impart1 to be sent up unto the land of ,sion40 ,a few days later the voice of heaven spoke through ,joseph ,smith again3 8,and now verily ,i say that it is expedient in me that my servant ,sidney ,gilbert1 after a few weeks1 should return upon his business1 and to his agency in the land of ,sion2 and that which he hath seen and heard may be made known unto my disciples1 that they perish not4 ,and for this cause have ,i spoken these things4 ,and again1 ,i say unto you1 that my servant ,isaac ,morley may not be tempted above that which he is able to bear1 and counsel wrongfully to your hurt1 ,i gave commandment that his farm should be sold4 ,i willeth not that my servant ,frederick ,g4 ,williams should sell his farm1 for ,i the ,lord willeth to retain a stronghold in the land of ,kirtland for the space of five years1 in the which ,i will not overthrow the wicked1 that thereby ,i may save some40 ,there was a special revelation to the prophet's wife1 ,emma1 who never quite relished ,joseph's proceedings3 8,hearken unto the voice of the ,lord your ,god while ,i speak unto you1 ,emma ,smith1 my daughter2 for verily ,i say unto you all those who receive my gospel are sons and daughters in my kingdom4 ,a revelation ,i give unto you concerning my will1 and if thou art faithful and walk in the paths of virtue before me1 ,i will preserve thy life and thou shalt receive an inheritance in ,sion4 ,behold1 thy sins are forgiven thee1 and thou art an elect lady whom ,i have called4 ,murmur not because of the things which thou hast not seen1 for they are withheld from thee and from the world1 which is wisdom in me in a time to come4 ,and the office of thy calling shall be for a comfort unto my servant1 ,joseph ,smith1 ,jr41 thy husband1 in his afflictions1 with consoling words in the spirit of meekness40 ,she was afterwards styled by the saints the ,elect ,lady1 or 8,cyria ,electa10 and was 8ordained0 by ,joseph as his scribe in the place of ,oliver ,cowdery4 ,the dogmas to be found in this book are few and simple4 ,the saints were taught to believe in 8,god the ,eternal ,father1 and in his ,son1 ,jesus ,christ1 and in the ,holy ,ghost02 to believe that men will not be punished for original sin2 that the four saving ordinances of the ,gospel are faith1 repentance1 baptism1 and the laying-on of hands for the ,holy ,ghost2 that the church enjoys still1 as it did in primitive times1 8the gift of tongues1 prophecy1 revelation1 visions1 healing1 interpretation of tongues1 etc402 that the ,bible1 8as far as it is translated correctly10 and the ,book of ,mormon are both the word of ,god2 that 8the organization of the primitive church--viz41 apostles1 prophets1 pastors1 teachers1 evangelists1 etc40--ought to be revived2 and that ,israel will be literally gathered and the ten tribes restored1 ,sion built on this continent1 the personal reign of ,christ established on earth1 and the earth renewed in paradisaic glory4 ,finally1 the book contains elaborate instructions for the establishment of a double priesthood2 that of ,melchisedech is the higher1 and embraces the offices of apostle1 ,seventy1 patriarch1 high-priest1 and elder2 the other is that of ,aaron1 and includes bishop1 priest1 teacher1 and deacon2 it can only be held by the lineal descendants of ,aaron1 who are designated by revelation4 ,it will be seen how artfully this plan of a church was adapted to the purposes of ,smith and ,rigdon1 supposing them to have been1 as we have no doubt they were1 arrant and conscious cheats4 ,there was novelty and mystery enough in it to attract the fanatical1 and there was not so very much after all to shock their common sense2 while the doctrine of continuous revelation and the prophetic office left a door wide open for the introduction of other inventions as fast as they were found desirable4 ,we shall see1 further on1 what monstrous blasphemies and absurdities were in reality adopted as the saints became strong enough to bear them4 ,noyes1 in his ,history of ,american ,socialisms1 speaks of ,western ,new ,york as 8the volcanic region0 of spiritual and intellectual disturbance4 ,here sprang up ,mormonism2 here were first heard the ghostly rappers2 here raged ,millerism and ,second-,adventism2 here ,john ,collins founded the ,skaneateles community on the basis of 8no ,god1 no government1 no marriage1 no money1 no meat02 here arose the 8inspired0 ,ebenezer colony1 since removed to ,iowa2 here flourished all manner of ,fourierite phalanxes1 wild social experiments1 and extravagant beliefs2 here at the present day are found the ,brocton community1 with their doctrine of 8divine respiration10 and the ,perfectionists of ,oneida1 perhaps the worst of all the professors of free-love4 ,in this region of satanic activity the ,mormon preachers made disciples so fast that ,smith was soon encouraged to undertake the 8gathering of the tribes40 ,he had visited ,sidney ,rigdon at ,kirtland1 ,ohio1 early in #ahca1 and had a revelation commanding the saints in ,new ,york to follow him4 ,but in ,june the town of ,independence1 in ,jackson ,county1 ,missouri1 was revealed as the site of the ,american ,sion1 and there some hundreds of the faithful1 selling all that they had in the ,east1 assembled and laid the foundation of a temple4 ,with this event begins a phase of ,mormonism--the political separation of the ,latter-,day ,saints from the ,gentiles--which at once illustrates most forcibly its fanaticism and accounts for its temporal success4 ,henceforth the leaders had only to give the word of command1 and the people went wherever the finger of the prophet pointed1 sacrificed their lands and houses1 broke off domestic ties1 and marched through pain1 starvation1 and death into the parched wilderness4 ,the settlement at ,kirtland1 however1 was retained2 a revelation even commanded the saints to build there a house for ,joseph ,smith 8to live and translate in10 and another great temple for the ,lord4 ,this was fortunate1 because the ,mormons were soon expelled from ,independence by a mob2 and when ,joseph1 in obedience to revelation1 raised an army of two hundred men1 and1 with the title of 8commander-in-chief of the armies of ,israel10 marched twelve hundred miles on foot to reinstate them1 his expedition was dispersed by cholera and thunder-storms as soon as it reached the scene of action4 ,the saints were never restored to the homes from which they had been driven out2 yet to this day they look for a restoration4 ,they refused all offers to sell their estates2 they hold the ,missouri title-deeds as the most precious of their inheritances2 the city of the ,great ,salt ,lake is only the temporary home of their exile2 and ,brigham ,young1 in his will1 which was published the other day1 after giving instructions for his funeral1 says3 8,but if ,i should live to get back to the church in ,jackson ,county1 ,missouri1 ,i wish to be buried there40 ,it is not our purpose to follow the persecuted fanatics in all their early migrations4 ,driven from place to place1 they came1 in #ahdj1 to ,hancock ,county1 ,illinois1 where the owner of a large tract of wild land gave ,smith a portion of it1 in order to create a market for the rest4 ,the prophet sold it in lots to his followers1 at high prices1 and there1 on the bank of the ,mississippi1 the ,mormons built the city of ,nauvoo4 ,it was revealed to them that they should build a goodly and holy 8boarding-house10 and give ,joseph ,smith and his posterity a place in it for ever1 and those who had money were commanded by name to put it into the enterprise 78,revelation given to ,joseph ,smith1 ,jan4 #ai1 #ahda074 ,they were to build a magnificent temple also2 they were to organize a military force1 known as the ,nauvoo ,legion2 they were to create1 in short1 within the limits of ,illinois1 a theocratic state1 with ,joseph ,smith at its head as mayor1 general1 prophet1 church president1 and inspired mouthpiece of the divine will4 ,the city grew as if by magic4 ,the legislature of ,illinois granted it a charter of such extraordinary liberality that its officers became practically independent of all other authority4 ,the apostles1 sent all over ,america and ,england1 preached with such zeal that in the course of six years no fewer than fifteen thousand believers were numbered in the ,nauvoo community4 ,arrested several times for treason1 for instigating an attempt at murder1 and for other crimes1 ,joseph ,smith was released by ,mormon courts and set all 8,gentile0 laws at defiance4 ,he was absolute in everything1 organizing the government upon the most despotic principles1 yet copying in some things the system and the phraseology of the ,hebrew nation4 ,his aides and counsellors received names and titles imitated from the ,bible4 ,brigham ,young was 8the ,lion of the ,lord10 ,parley ,p4 ,pratt was 8the ,archer of ,paradise10 ,orson ,pratt was 8the ,gauge of ,philosophy10 ,john ,taylor was 8the ,champion of ,right10 ,lyman ,wight was 8the ,wild ,ram of the ,mountains40 ,no one could deal in land or liquor except ,joseph ,smith4 ,no one could aspire to political office or to church preferment without his permission4 ,no one could travel abroad or remain quiet at home except by his consent4 ,in ,kirtland1 with the assistance of ,rigdon1 he had started a bank and flooded the country with notes that were never redeemed4 ,in ,nauvoo he amassed what was1 for that time and that region1 the great fortune of #a1jjj1jjj4 ,from the first gathering of the saints into communities he had made it a practice to use them in politics4 ,he had given their votes to one party or another as interest dictated1 and in #ahdd he went so far as to offer himself for the ,presidency of the ,united ,states1 and sent two or three thousand elders through the ,states to electioneer for him4 ,as he grew in pride and prosperity the revelations multiplied1 the faith became more and more extravagant1 the ceremonies and ordinances of the church more cumbrous and more mystical4 ,moroni and ,raphael1 ,peter and ,john1 visited and conversed with him4 ,he healed the possessed2 he wrestled with the devil4 ,the brethren began to prophesy in the temple2 mysterious impulses stirred the congregations2 8a mighty rushing wind filled the place02 8many began to speak in tongues2 others saw glorious visions1 and ,joseph beheld that the temple was filled with angels1 and told the congregation so4 ,the people of the neighborhood1 hearing an unusual sound within the temple1 and seeing a bright light like a pillar of fire resting upon it1 came running together and were astonished at what was transpiring40#ea ,this diabolic manifestation1 or alleged manifestation1 reminds us of the scenes in the ,irvingite congregations in ,london six years previously1 when those brethren likewise prophesied in an unknown language4 ,but the specimens of the ,mormon 8gift of tongues0 which have been preserved for us are not calculated to inspire awe4 8,eli1 ele1 elo1 ela--come1 coma1 como--reli1 rele1 rela1 relo--sela1 selo1 sele1 selum--vavo1 vava1 vavum--sero1 sera1 seri1 serum0--such was the style of the rhapsodies which inflamed the zeal of the ,mormon saints4#eb ,it was discovered that there was no salvation in the next world without ,mormon baptism1 and1 to provide for the generations which preceded ,joseph ,smith1 every saint was told to be immersed vicariously for his dead ancestors4 ,there was incessant dipping and sputtering2 the whole church for a season was in a chronic state of cold and dampness2 and the recorders worked their hardest1 laying up in the temple the lists of the regenerated for the information of the angels4 ,the double hierarchy became so complicated that long study was needed to comprehend it4 ,the church offices were multiplied4 ,the authority of the president and the apostles grew more and more despotic4 ,a travelling showman visited the ,west with some ,egyptian mummies4 ,joseph ,smith bought them1 and1 finding in the wrappings a roll of papyrus1 he produced a miraculous translation of the hieroglyphics as the 8,book of ,abraham40 ,a fac-simile of the papyrus was taken to ,paris in #ahee by ,m4 ,rmy and submitted to the ,egyptologist ,devria1 who found it to consist of a representation of the resurrection of ,osiris1 together with a funerary manuscript of comparatively recent date4 ,all who have studied the manufacture of ,american religions and social philosophies are aware how characteristic of these moral and intellectual rebellions is an attack upon the ,christian law of marriage4#ec ,the inventions of ,joseph ,smith soon took the usual course1 although it was probably not until near the end of his career that he became bold enough to contemplate the general establishment of polygamy4 ,it appears that as early as #ahch he had a number of 8spiritual wives0 who cohabited with him1 and ,mr4 ,stenhouse asserts that 8many women0 have boasted to him that they sustained such relations with the prophet4 ,this sort of license1 however1 was an esoteric doctrine1 for the advanced believers only1 not for the common people4 ,indeed1 in #ahdb1 although a practical plurality had been for some time enjoined by the illuminated1 the doctrine was formally repudiated by a number of elders1 apostles1 and women1 who declared that they knew of no other marriage than that of one wife to one husband4 ,in #ahde an appendix on 8,marriage0 was added to the book of ,doctrine and ,covenants1 in which occurs the following passage3 8,inasmuch as this church of ,christ has been reproached with the crime of fornication and polygamy1 we declare that we believe that one man should have one wife1 and one woman but one husband1 except in case of death1 when either is at liberty to marry again40 ,yet it is beyond all question that ,joseph long before this had been involved in serious domestic difficulties on account of the jealousy of his true wife1 ,emma1 and he was obliged to resort to 8revelation0 to pacify her4 ,the 8,revelation on ,celestial ,marriage10 which enjoins a plurality of wives as a service especially acceptable to ,god1 purports to have been given at ,nauvoo in #ahdc4 ,it contains these sentences3 8,and let mine handmaid ,emma ,smith receive all those that have been given unto my servant ,joseph1 and who are virtuous and pure before me4 ,and ,i command mine handmaid ,emma ,smith to abide and cleave unto my servant ,joseph and to none else4 ,and again verily ,i say1 let mine handmaid forgive my servant ,joseph his trespasses1 and then shall she be forgiven her trespasses40 ,the revelation1 however1 was kept secret until long after ,joseph's death4 ,emma1 if not satisfied1 was quieted4 ,the spiritual marriages went on1 and even the initiated continued to deny them4 ,john ,taylor1 the present head of the church1 held a public discussion of ,mormonism in the ,english colony at ,boulogne in #ahej1 and stoutly denied the doctrine of polygamy1 although he had at the time five wives in ,utah4 ,it was polygamy that brought ,joseph to his violent end4 ,he had attempted to take the wife of a disciple named ,law4 ,the husband rebelled1 and with one or two other malcontents established a paper called the ,nauvoo ,expositor1 for the purpose of exposing the secret corruptions of the prophet and his chief associates4 ,only one number was printed4 ,joseph ordered the press to be destroyed and the type scattered4 ,law and his party appealed to the authorities of the county for redress4 ,writs of arrest were issued1 and set aside by the ,mormon courts4 ,the government called out the militia to enforce the process4 ,an armed conflict appeared inevitable1 when the ,mormon leaders surrendered1 and ,joseph ,smith1 ,hyrum ,smith1 ,john ,taylor1 and ,willard ,richards were lodged in the county jail at ,carthage4 ,there1 on the #bgth of ,june1 #ahdd1 they were attacked by an armed mob4 ,hyrum was shot down at the first volley and almost instantly expired4 ,joseph1 after defending himself with a revolver1 attempted to escape by the window1 and was killed by a discharge of musketry from the yard below4 ,in his lifetime the prophet was often denounced and resisted by his own followers2 8revelation0 repeatedly put down revolts2 apostates in great numbers1 including the very founders of the church1 were cut off and given over to ,satan for questioning the truth of ,joseph's inspired utterances4 ,but his death healed all such quarrels4 ,he became in the eyes of his fanatical followers the first of saints1 the most glorious of martyrs4 ,to this day even those who do not believe in ,mormonism argue that ,joseph must have believed in it1 because for its sake he lived a life of persecution and submitted to a cruel death4 ,the narrative which we have briefly sketched is enough to show the fallacy of this reasoning4 ,mormonism gave ,joseph ,smith wealth1 power1 flattery1 and sensual delights4 ,it found him a miserable1 penniless country boy2 it made him the ruler of a state1 the autocrat of a thriving community1 the head of a harem4 ,there never was a time when the choice was offered him between worldly advantage on the one hand and fidelity to his creed on the other4 ,to renounce his pretensions would have been the ruin of his fortunes4 ,having once entered upon the career of imposture1 he had every temptation to persevere to the end4 ,he was mobbed and exiled and imprisoned1 not because he believed in the ,book of ,mormon1 but because he warred upon existing social and political institutions2 and there was nothing to make his death more sacred than that of any other cheat and libertine who is murdered by masked ruffians in a frontier settlement4 ,after his death the twelve apostles ruled the church1 waiting for the will of ,heaven to designate by inspiration a new leader4#ed ,sidney ,rigdon claimed the prophetic office1 but was rejected and driven forth4 ,the prime mover in his excommunication was the senior apostle1 to whom the accident of rank gave a practical precedence in all the affairs of the church4 ,he taught the saints to be patient and expectant1 to reverence ,joseph as their chief for all eternity1 to be governed by ,joseph's voice1 to cease vexing themselves about ,joseph's successor4 ,this was ,brigham ,young4 ,at length the time was ripe and the minds of the people were prepared4 ,on the #bdth of ,december1 #ahdg1 ,brigham ascended the pulpit to preach4 ,the ,gentiles assert that he arranged his face and dress1 modulated his voice1 regulated his gestures1 to imitate the departed prophet4 ,the effect was electrical4 ,the people believed that ,joseph stood before them4 ,women screamed and fainted2 men wept2 cries resounded through the temple4 ,here was the successor of ,joseph at last1 and ,brigham ,young was made president of the church1 and recognized as 8prophet1 seer1 and revelator40 ,he was a man greatly inferior in education to some of the other leaders1 and he had done little as yet to justify the preference now shown him4 ,he was a native of ,vermont1 and one of the early converts4 ,before joining the church he had been a painter and glazier4 ,in the church he was noted as a stanch1 shrewd1 hard-working1 useful brother1 not much troubled with visions or theological theories1 rarely caught up by those tempests of spiritual madness which used to sweep through the congregations4 ,he could not have devised the imposture which ,joseph and ,rigdon created4 ,he could not have built up the elaborate system which they constructed out of ,old-,world religions and modern politics4 ,he was fierce1 and perhaps fanatical1 but he had little imagination and little inventiveness4 ,in the case of other early ,mormons it was sometimes doubtful whether they were not occasionally deceived by their own impostures1 hurried along by a spirit which they had raised and knew not how to control2 but ,brigham offered no cause for such suspicion4 ,he left ,mormonism a very different thing from what it was in #ahdj1 yet he added nothing to it4 ,a change had been going on insensibly ever since the saints gathered at ,nauvoo2 a further change had been begun by the preaching of ,orson ,pratt2 and ,joseph ,smith had originated two great movements--the introduction of polygamy and the removal into the heart of the wilderness--which ,brigham was to bring to their term4 ,he is the developer1 therefore1 of other men's ideas4 ,the notion that the ,mormons were a chosen and inspired people1 blessed with revelations not given to the rest of the world1 and governed by the direct and special commands of ,heaven1 necessarily implied the establishment of an independent political community1 and it was their disloyalty to the state rather than their immoralities which roused against them so often in the early times the anger of mobs and the animosity of the civil authorities4 ,the experiment of creating a state within a state had failed1 and ,joseph ,smith before his death had taken the first steps towards beginning a new settlement in the far ,west1 and removing the whole body of his disciples to some remote and solitary region where neither the ,united ,states nor any other government would be likely to interfere with them4 ,it was ,brigham's part to lead this extraordinary exodus4 ,it began more than a year before his formal appointment as head of the church2 it was hastened by the fact that warrants had been issued in ,illinois for the arrest of a large number of prominent saints on a charge of manufacturing counterfeit money1 and that1 partly on this account1 partly by reason of the prevalence of murders1 thefts1 arsons1 and various other outrages in which the ,mormons and their opponents were about equally implicated1 ,nauvoo appeared likely soon to be the theatre of a civil war4 ,an exploring party had been sent to the ,pacific coast in #ahdd4 ,early in ,february1 #ahdf1 the general migration began4 ,rarely has the world witnessed such a scene4 ,the great temple at ,nauvoo had just been completed with extravagant splendor4 ,the city contained #ag1jjj inhabitants1 and only a small fraction of their valuable property could be disposed of at any price4 ,they abandoned all that they could not carry1 sacrificed their lands and houses1 collected about twelve hundred wagons1 and1 under the command of captains of fifties and captains of hundreds1 crossed the ,mississippi on the ice and moved into the wintry wilderness4 ,we shrink from repeating the narrative of that horrible march4 ,for more than two years they toiled westward1 strewing the path with their dead4 ,in winter they camped near ,council ,bluffs1 and thence ,brigham and a body of pioneers made their way across the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,the first detachment reached the ,great ,salt ,lake in ,july1 #ahdg2 the rest followed in the summer of #ahdh4 ,it was a parched1 desolate1 rainless valley1 but the wanderers hailed it as a haven of rest2 they encamped on the bank of a small stream1 rested their weary animals1 and without loss of an hour began to plough the ground1 sow the autumn crops1 and build a dam and a system of irrigating canals4 ,they had escaped from the ,united ,states1 as they fondly believed1 and were on the soil of ,mexico1 where they had no doubt they could maintain themselves against the feeble ,mexican government4 ,but 8manifest destiny0 was pursuing them4 ,the boundaries of the ,united ,states were soon extended beyond this region by the treaty of ,guadalupe ,hidalgo2 the discovery of gold in ,california destroyed the isolation of the new ,sion2 it was no longer a city hid in the desert1 but a resting-place on a great route of travel2 and the irrepressible conflict between the federal republic and the absolute theocracy has been steadily growing sharper and sharper ever since4 ,of the great multitude which set out from ,nauvoo barely four thousand ever reached the ,great ,salt ,lake1 the rest having deserted or dropped by the way2 but thousands of converts soon arrived from ,england1 and in a very short time the community was again strong and prosperous4 ,in #ahdi1 just a year after the treaty of ,guadalupe ,hidalgo1 the ,mormons formally declared themselves 8free and independent10 and decreed the erection of the 8,state of ,deseret10 whose imaginary boundaries enclosed the whole of ,nevada and ,utah1 and large parts of ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1 ,california1 ,oregon1 ,idaho1 ,colorado1 and ,wyoming4 ,to this political fiction they have resolutely adhered2 and even while recognizing1 as a matter of prudence1 the de facto organization of the ,united ,states ,territory of ,utah1 they have always maintained the de jure existence of their free and independent state4#ee ,brigham1 of course1 was chosen governor of ,deseret1 and he held that title to the day of his death1 although1 with his usual worldly shrewdness1 he also accepted from ,presidents ,fillmore and ,pierce the title of governor of ,utah4 ,to understand1 however1 the opposition which soon developed into such alarming hostility between ,deseret and the ,united ,states1 we must look at the changes which had been taking place in ,mormonism itself4 ,possibly the early disciples of ,joseph ,smith were in the main ignorant1 peaceable1 and well-meaning fanatics1 but in twenty years their character had undergone a transformation4 ,they first became quarrelsome1 then dishonest1 next licentious1 and afterwards unspeakably cruel and bloodthirsty4 ,joseph ,smith lived long enough to see the beginning even of this last stage of corruption1 but it was ,brigham ,young who brought the budding immoralities into full flower4 ,the 8,revelation on ,celestial ,marriage0 was brought forth at a public meeting in ,salt ,lake ,city on the #bith of ,august1 #aheb1 and ,brigham ,young gave a history and explanation of it4 ,the original manuscript was burned up by ,joseph's real wife1 ,emma2 but ,brigham had a copy4 8,this revelation10 said he1 8has been in my possession many years1 and who has known it8 ,none but those who should know it4 ,i keep a patent lock on my desk1 and there does not anything leak out that should not4444 ,the principle spoken of by ,brother ,pratt this morning we believe in4 ,many others are of the same mind4 ,they are not ignorant of what we are doing in our social capacity4 ,they have cried out1 ,proclaim it2 but it would not do a few years ago2 everything must come in its time1 as there is a time to all things4 ,i am now ready to proclaim it40 ,we do not read that any particular sensation was created by the announcement4 ,indeed1 the practice had already become so common that a federal judge1 a year before this date1 had denounced it in a ,mormon assembly1 and made a somewhat remarkable appeal to the women to put a stop to the horrible practice3 8,the women were excited2 the most of them were in tears before he had spoken many minutes4 ,the men were astonished and enraged1 and one word of encouragement from their leader would have brought on a collision4 ,brigham saw this1 and was equal to the occasion4 ,when the judge sat down1 he rose1 and1 by one of those strong1 nervous appeals for which he is so famous among the brethren1 restored the equilibrium of the audience4 ,those who but a moment before were bathed in tears now responded to his broad sarcasm and keen wit in screams of laughter2 and having fully restored the spirits of the audience he turned to the judge and administered the following rebuke3 #8,i will kick you1' he said1 #8or any other ,gentile judge from this stand1 if you or they again attempt to interfere with the affairs of our ,sion4'0#ef ,judge ,brocchus1 finding his life in danger1 resigned his office and left the ,territory4 ,once avowed1 a belief in the doctrine was pronounced essential to salvation1 and the practice of it was carried to a depth of bestiality which would horrify a ,turk4 ,all degrees of relationship were practically ignored4 ,incest and vicarious marriage became every-day affairs4 ,the saints were taught that 8when our father ,adam came into the ,garden of ,eden he came into it with a celestial body and brought ,eve1 one of his wives1 with him02#eg and such blasphemies were coupled with the holiest of all names that the ,christian shudders to think of them4 ,the formal adoption of the doctrine of polygamy1 no longer as the personal peculiarity of a few leaders1 but as the corner-stone of ,mormon society1 had a result which ,brigham doubtless anticipated when he established it4 ,the separation of the saints from the rest of ,christendom was made complete and final4 ,gentile civilization had forced itself upon their mountain retreat1 and in the daily contact with ,christianity and common sense the ,mormon imposture was not likely long to survive4 ,but the institution of plural marriage placed between the ,gentile and the ,latter-,day ,saint a barrier more formidable than snow-crowned sierras and alkali deserts4 ,social intercourse became impossible between the followers of the two rival systems4 ,contempt and horror on the one side bred hatred on the other4 ,for the polygamous saint1 moreover1 judging after the manner of men1 there was no repentance4 ,he was tied for ever to the church1 an outlaw from all ,christendom1 liable to a long imprisonment if he re-entered the pale of society1 safe even in ,utah only so long as he enabled the 8,governor of ,deseret0 to defy the authority of the ,united ,states4 ,the polygamist learned to place in the prophet all his hopes for this world and the next1 and to accept all his utterances with the docility of a child4 ,so ,brigham became not only a more powerful man than ,joseph ,smith1 but beyond doubt the most absolute ruler in the entire world4 ,it was now that the ,mormon theology began to assume its most repulsive shape4 ,cut off from its early connection with a form of ,christianity which1 however corrupt1 contained at least a remnant of the ancient faith1 it sank with startling rapidity into the most dismal abysses of polytheism4 ,to the materialistic doctrines which constituted the foundation and chief characteristic of the philosophy of ,orson ,pratt and other primitive expounders of ,mormonism1 was added an immense mass of crude and incongruous beliefs1 not developed by any process of logic1 but simply heaped on by agglomeration4 ,daily 8revelations0 brought forth daily inconsistencies and absurdities1 under the weight of which the truths once professed by ,smith were gradually buried and forgotten4 ,hence it is impossible to construct for ,mormonism anything like a theological system4 ,we can only state the isolated and often contradictory principles which are held by the saints at the present day1 premising that although many of them can be traced more or less distinctly in the early literature of the sect1 the most shocking of them were little1 if at all1 known until under ,brigham ,young the separation of the saints was completed4 ,the most startling of ,mormon dogmas1 relieved of extraneous complications1 is that ,god is only a good man1 and that men advance by evolution until they become gods4 ,there is no ,creator1 there is no creature1 there is no immaterial spirit4 ,what we call ,god1 says one authority1 is nothing but the truth abiding in man4 ,what we call ,god1 says ,orson ,pratt1 is 8a material intelligent personage1 possessing both body and parts10 like an ordinary man4 ,he has legs1 which he uses in walking1 though he can move up and down in the air without them4 ,he cannot be in more than one place at a time4 ,he dwells in a planet called ,kolob4 ,he was formed by the union of certain elementary particles of matter1 self-moving1 intelligent1 and existing from all eternity4 ,all matter is eternal4 ,all substances are material4 ,the souls of men were not created2 they are from eternity1 like ,god himself4 ,god eats1 drinks1 loves1 hates2 his relations with mankind are purely human2 he begets existences in the natural way4#eh ,before he became ,god he was an ordinary man4 ,he differs from other men now only in power4 ,he is not omnipotent2 he still increases and may continue to increase infinitely4 ,as ,god is only an improved man1 so man may come by gradual progress to know as much as ,god4 ,indeed1 there are already innumerable gods4 ,the first verse of ,genesis1 8,in the beginning ,god created heaven and earth10 ought to read3 8,the ,head ,god brought forth the gods1 with the heavens and the earth40#ei ,each god rules over a world which he has peopled by generation1 and the god of our world is ,adam1 who is only another form of the archangel ,michael2 8he is our father and our ,god1 and the only ,god with whom we have to do40 ,the ,mormons believe in a vague way in the ,trinity--nay1 in two ,trinities1 one composed of ,father1 ,son1 and ,holy ,spirit2 the other1 and older1 of 8,elohim1 ,jehovah1 and ,adam40 ,the ,father and ,son have bodies of flesh and blood2 they occupy space2 they require time to move from place to place2 but the ,holy ,spirit 7which is the mind of the ,father and the ,son71 although his substance is material1 has no flesh and blood and permeates everything4 ,after death the souls of the wicked will be imprisoned in the brutes4 ,the saints will inhabit the planets1 where they will have houses1 farms1 gardens1 plantations of manna1 and plenty of wives1 and they will go on marrying and multiplying for all eternity4 ,when this planetary system is filled up1 new worlds will be called into existence1 and in them the faithful1 gradually developing into gods1 will revel in the sensual delights of a ,moslem paradise4 ,surely no such mixture of pantheism1 polytheism1 and rank atheism was ever devised before2 but we have not yet reached the worst4 ,it was in #aheb that ,brigham proclaimed the doctrine that ,adam is ,god1 and to be honored and revered as such4 ,to this soon followed the announcement that ,joseph ,smith was ,god4 ,in a year or two more the doctrine was taught1 at first cautiously1 but after #ahef publicly and officially1 that the only ,god to whom this generation is amenable is ,,brigham ,,young6 ,the declaration of this appalling impiety was made in the midst of a tempestuous 8,reformation0 which historians will probably regard as the culminating point of ,mormon fanaticism4 ,in the autumn of #ahef one ,jedediah ,grant1 who stood high in the ,mormon priesthood1 began to preach a revival in which the most remarkable practices were public 8accusations of the brethren0 and public 8confessions of sin40 ,an uncontrollable madness seized upon the whole community4 ,preachers and penitents vied with one another in disgusting disclosures4 ,the meetings resounded with wails and curses and slanderous charges4 ,men1 women1 and children1 not satisfied with laying bare their hidden sins1 accused themselves of crimes they had never committed1 and called upon the church to punish and disgrace them4 8,go to ,president ,young10 was the cry of the preachers4 8,give up all that you have to ,president ,young--your money1 your lands1 your wives1 your children1 your blood40 8,brigham ,young10 exclaimed ,heber ,kimball1 8is my ,god1 is your ,god1 is the only ,god we shall ever see1 if we do not obey him4 ,joseph ,smith was our ,god when he was amongst us2 ,brigham ,young is our ,god now40 ,the church authorities fanned the flame of excitement4 ,they sent preachers into every ward and every settlement4 ,thousands of the saints placed all their property in ,brigham's hands4#fj ,then they became inflamed with persecuting zeal4 ,they sacked the houses of offenders1 whipped and mutilated those who spoke evil of the church4 ,from such outrages it was but a step to murder4 ,at ,brigham's instigation the step was taken4 ,in a discourse in the ,tabernacle in ,february1 #aheg1 he laid down a new law of love4 ,we must love our neighbors as ourselves4 ,but if we love ourselves1 we must consent to the shedding of our own blood in order to atone for our sins and exalt us among the gods2 so also it is true love to shed our neighbor's blood for his eternal salvation4 8,i could refer you to a plenty of instances where men have been righteously slain in order to atone for their sins4 ,the wickedness and ignorance of the nations forbid this principle being in full force1 and the time will come when the law of ,god will be in full force4 ,this is loving our neighbor as ourselves2 if he needs help1 help him2 if he wants salvation1 and it is necessary to spill his blood on the earth in order that he may be saved1 spill it60 8,there are sins10 said he on another occasion while the 8,reformation0 was at its height1 8that must be atoned for by the blood of the man4 ,that is the reason why men talk to you as they do from this stand2 they understand the doctrine and throw out a few words about it4 ,you have been taught that doctrine1 but you do not understand it40 ,alas6 understanding came soon enough4 ,the ,springville murders in ,march1 #aheg1 were followed that summer by the appalling massacre at the ,mountain ,meadows of one hundred and twenty peaceable emigrants1 men1 women1 and children1 on their way to ,california4 ,the midnight assassin went his rounds4 ,the church executioners were despatched upon their awful missions4 ,sinners were sent on errands from which they never returned4 ,apostasy was punished by the knife or the bullet4 ,a ,welshman named ,morris set up as a rival prophet1 and was shot down in cold blood with a number of his deluded followers4 ,gentiles were put to death for presuming to dispute with ,mormons over the title to property4 ,a husband took his wife upon his knee and calmly cut her throat to atone for her sins4 8,men are murdered here10 said a federal judge to the grand jury--8coolly1 deliberately1 premeditatedly murdered4 ,their murder is deliberated and determined upon by church-council meetings1 and that1 too1 for no other reason than that they had apostatized from your church and were striving to leave the ,territory4 ,you are the tools1 the dupes1 the instruments of a tyrannical church despotism4 ,the heads of your church order and direct you4 ,you are taught to obey their orders and commit these horrid murders4 ,deprived of your liberty1 you have lost your manhood and become the willing instruments of bad men40 ,close upon the reign of terror established by the 8,reformation0 came the great ,mormon rebellion1 and the march of an army to ,utah to install the territorial officers appointed by ,president ,buchanan4 ,brigham thundered defiance from the pulpit2 but on the approach of the troops he ordered the whole community to leave their homes and once more move out into the wilderness to build a new ,sion4 ,it is a wonderful illustration of the fanaticism and abject submission to which he had brought the people that this order was promptly obeyed4 ,before the 8war0 was settled by negotiation no fewer than #cj1jjj poor creatures took flight1 and many of them1 being utterly destitute1 were never able to return4 ,the frenzy of the ,reformation era died out2 the rebellion was quelled2 but the doctrine of blood-atonement has not been abandoned1 and to this day the soil of ,utah is red with human sacrifices4 ,with such a savage and brutal paganism as the ,mormon religion thus became under ,brigham ,young's influence it is impossible that ,christian civilization should ever be at peace4 ,the steady resistance which it has offered to the authority of the ,united ,states needs no further explanation than we find in the constitution of the ,mormon ,church and the fundamental doctrines of the ,mormon creed4 ,there are chapters in the history of the ,latter-,day ,saints upon which we have not thought it necessary to linger4 ,the organization of the ,danites1 and the long list of murders and other outrages preceding the open inculcation of human sacrifices1 are among the most important of the events which we have thus passed over4 ,they might be considered excrescences which time would perhaps remove4 ,we have confined ourselves to the natural and logical consequences of the preaching of the two prophets2 to the circumstances which throw light upon their personal characters2 to the facts which may enable people to place a juster valuation than now seems to be current upon the elements which they have introduced into ,american society and the work which they have accomplished in the ,rocky ,mountain desert4 ,accepting even the most extravagant estimates of the material prosperity of the ,mormon settlements1 we think it must be admitted that their thrift is a curse to the world4 ,and as for ,brigham himself1 cold1 calculating1 avaricious1 sensual1 violent1 cruel1 rolling in luxury1 stretching out his hands on every side to grasp the property of his dupes1 and pushing them on from crime to crime1 from horror to horror1 that he might the better amass money1 he will take his place in history not only as a worse man than ,joseph ,smith1 but as one of the most dangerous monsters ever let loose upon the world4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,the ,,wood-,,thrush4 ,how shall ,i put in words that song of thine8 ,how tell it in this struggling phrase of mine8 ,that strange1 sweet wonder of full-throated bliss1 ,the wild-wood freedom of its perfectness1 ,faint scent of flowers frail1 strong breath of pine1 ,the west wind's music1 and the still sunshine4 ,could ,i weave sunshine into words1 hold fast ,day's sunset glow that it might ever last1 ,that clothes as with immortal robe each height1 ,rugged and stern #8mid glare of noonday light1 ,softened beneath eve's gracious glory cast-- ,like soul released1 from strife to sweetness passed-- ,were such power mine1 so might ,i hope1 perchance1 ,in fitting speech to rhyme thy song's romance1 ,to sing its sweetness with a note as sweet ,as thine that makes this sunset hour complete-- ,as voice beloved doth richest joy enhance1 ,as swelling organ yearning soul doth trance4 ,there is no sorrow set in thy pure song2 ,thy notes to realms where all is joy belong4 ,thou callest--woods grow greener through thy voice1 ,the stainless skies in deeper peace rejoice1 ,all their best glories through thy singing throng-- ,voice of a life that ne'er knew thought of wrong6 ,no martyr life of conquered grief is thine1 ,whose happiness but through old tears can shine2 ,so1 sure1 didst thou in ,eden sing ere ,eve1 ,our eldest mother1 learned for life to grieve1 ,when thought was fresh1 and knowledge still divine1 ,and in love's light no shade of death did twine4 ,our songs to-day grow sweetest through our pain2 ,our ,eden lost1 we find it not again4 ,even our truest1 most enduring joy ,earth's twilight darkens with its dusk alloy4 ,soft1 soft the shadow of thy heaven-dropt strain ,only our weakness dims with sorrow's stain4 ,thou singst1 ,o hermit bird6 of ,paradise1 ,not as lamenting its lost harmonies1 ,not as still fair through perfect penitence1 ,but as unconscious in first innocence-- ,token of time thou art when sinless eyes ,were homes for cloudless thoughts divinely wise4 ,all things that ,god found good seem yet to fill ,the few sweet notes that triumph in thy trill2 ,all things that yet are good and purely fair ,give unto thee their happy grace to wear4 ,sweet speech art thou for sunset-lighted hill2 ,yet day dies gladlier when thou art still4 ,and ,i1 ,o rare brown thrush6 that idly gaze ,far down the valley's mountain-shadowed ways-- ,where bears the stream light burden of the sky1 ,where day1 like quiet soul1 in peace doth die1 ,its calm gold broken by no storm-clouds' blaze-- ,hearken1 joy-hushed1 thy vesper song of praise ,that from yon hillside drops1 strong carolling1 ,a living echo thereto answering1 ,doubling the sweetness with the glad reply ,that drifts like argosy1 joy-laden1 by4 ,light grows my soul as thy uplifted wing2 ,heart knows no sorrow when it hears thee sing6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,god ,,of 8,,advanced0 ,,science4 8,the fool hath said in his heart3 ,there is no ,god40 ,none but fools attempt to blind themselves to the irrefragable evidence which compels the admission of a ,supreme ,being2 and not even these can entirely succeed in such an endeavor4 ,for it is only in the frowardness of their heart1 not in the light of their reason1 that they pronounce the blasphemous phrase2 their heart1 not their intellect1 is corrupted2 so that1 notwithstanding the great number of avowed atheists who at different times have disgraced the human family1 one might be justified in saying that a real atheist1 a man positively convinced of the non-existence of ,god1 has never existed4 ,what has led us to begin with this remark is an article in the ,popular ,science ,monthly 7,july1 #ahgg7 entitled 8,the ,accusation of ,atheism10 in which the able but unphilosophical editor undertakes to show that although modern 8advanced0 science may not profess to recognize the ,god of the ,bible1 yet we have no right to infer that this 8advanced0 science is atheistical4 ,the ,god of the ,bible is to be suppressed altogether2 but 8advanced0 scientists1 who have already invented so many wonderful things1 are confident that they have sufficient ability to invent even a new ,god4 ,our good readers may find it a little strange2 but we are not trifling4 ,the invention of a new ,god is just now the great postulatum of the infidel pseudo-philosophers4 ,the less they believe in the living ,god who made them1 the more would they be delighted to worship a mock-god made by themselves1 that they might not be accused of belonging to that class of fools who have said in their heart3 ,there is no ,god4 ,prof4 ,youmans starts with the bright idea that if ,dr4 ,draper had entitled his book 8a history of the conflict between ecclesiasticism and science0 instead of 8between religion and science10 he would have disarmed criticism and saved himself from a great deal of philosophical abuse4 ,we cannot see1 however1 how criticism could have been disarmed by the mere adoption of such a change4 ,the whole of ,dr4 ,draper's work breathes infidelity2 it falsifies the history of ,christianity2 it denounces religion as the enemy of science2 and from the first page to the last it teems with slander and blasphemy2 it is1 therefore1 a real attack upon religion4 ,on the other hand1 we must assume that ,dr4 ,draper knew what he was about when he opposed 8religion0 to science2 he said just what he meant2 and this is1 perhaps1 the only merit of his production4 ,if the title of the book were to be altered so as to 8disarm criticism10 we would suggest that it should be made to read3 ,a malicious fabrication concerning a fabulous conflict between religion and science4 ,then ,prof4 ,youmans proceeds to say that religious people 8are alarmed at the advancement of science1 and denounce it as subversive of faith40 ,this is not the case4 ,religious people are not in the least alarmed at the advancement of science1 nor do they feel the least apprehension that science may prove subversive of faith2 quite the contrary4 ,they love science1 do their best to promote it1 accept thankfully its discoveries1 and expect that it will contribute to strengthen1 not to subvert1 the revealed truths which form the object of theological faith4 ,we admit1 at the same time1 that there is a so-called 8science0 for which we have no sympathy4 ,such a pretended 8science0 originated1 if we do not mistake1 in the ,masonic lodges of ,germany1 whence it gradually spread through ,england and ,america by the efforts of the same secret organization4 ,the promoters of this neoteric science boast that their cosmogony1 their biology1 their sociology1 their physiology1 etc41 are 8subversive0 of our faith2 which would be true enough1 if their theories were not at the same time 8subversive0 of logic and common sense4 ,but when we show that their vaunted theories cannot bear examination1 when we point out the manifold absurdities and contradictions they fall into1 when we lay open the sophisms by which their objectionable assertions are supported1 and challenge them to make a reply1 they invariably quail and dare not open their mouths1 or1 if they venture to speak1 they ignore criticism with a convenient unconcern which is the best palliation of their defeat4 ,as an example of this we may remind ,prof4 ,youmans that we ourselves have given a refutation of ,prof4 ,huxley's lectures on evolution1 and that we have yet to see the first attempt at a reply4 ,we have also refuted a defence of ,prof4 ,huxley written by ,prof4 ,youmans himself in answer to ,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,taylor1 and we have shown how his own 8scientific0 reasoning was at fault in every point2 but of course his scientific acuteness did not allow him to utter a word of reply4 ,no1 we are not afraid of a 8science0 which can be silenced with so little effort4 ,were it not that there is a prevailing ignorance so easily imposed upon by the charlatanism of false science1 there would be no need whatever for denouncing it3 it denounces itself sufficiently to a logical mind4 ,prof4 ,youmans pretends that the difficulty of religious people with regard to advanced science is simply that of 8narrowness or ignorance inspired by a fanatical earnestness40 ,we are greatly obliged by the compliment6 ,prof4 ,youmans is1 indeed1 a model of politeness1 according to the standard of modern progress2 but it did not occur to him that1 before speaking of the 8narrowness and ignorance0 of his critics1 he should have endeavored to atone for his own blunders which we pointed out in our number for ,april4 ,to our mind1 a man whose ignorance of logic and of many other things has been demonstrated has no right to talk of the ignorance of religious people4 ,and as to 8fanatical earnestness10 we need hardly say that it is in the ,popular ,science ,monthly and in other similar productions of 8scientific0 unbelievers that we find the best instances of its convulsive exertions4 ,but let us proceed4 8,atheism10 continues the professor1 8has now come to be a familiar and stereotyped charge against men of science1 both on the part of the pulpit and the religious press4 ,not that they accuse all scientific men of atheism1 but they allege this to be the tendency of scientific thought and the outcome of scientific philosophy4 ,it matters nothing that this imputation is denied2 it matters nothing that scientific men claim that their studies lead them to higher and more worthy conceptions of the divine power1 manifested through the order of nature1 than the conceptions offered by theology4 ,it is enough that they disagree with current notions upon this subject1 and any difference of view is here held as atheism4 ,in this1 as we have said1 the theologians may be honest1 but they are narrow and bigoted40 ,mr4 ,youmans does not perceive the tendency of 8scientific0 thought to foster atheism4 ,not he6 ,darwin's theory of development has for its principal object to destroy1 if possible1 the history of creation and to get rid of the ,creator4 ,this ,mr4 ,youmans does not perceive4 ,tyndall1 in his ,belfast lecture1 professes atheism as the outcome of scientific philosophy1 and1 though he has offered some explanations to screen himself from the imputation1 he stands convicted by his own words4 ,of this ,mr4 ,youmans takes no notice4 ,bchner ridicules the idea that there is a ,god1 and teaches that such an idea is obsolete1 contrary to modern science1 and condemned by philosophy as a manifest impossibility4 ,mr4 ,youmans seems to hold that this is not genuine atheism4 ,huxley1 to avoid creation1 gives up all investigation of the origin of things as useless and unscientific1 and the advanced thinkers in general are everywhere at work propagating the same view in their scientific lectures1 books1 journals1 and magazines4 ,yet ,prof4 ,youmans wishes the world to believe that the tendency of advanced scientific thought is not towards atheism6 ,is he blind8 ,the man who writes ,nature with a capital letter1 who denies creation1 who contributes to the best of his power to the diffusion of infidel thought1 can hardly be ignorant of the fact that what is now called advanced science is1 in the hands of its apostles and leaders1 an engine of war against ,god4 ,but he knows also that to profess atheism is bad policy1 for the present at least4 ,science1 as he laments in many of his articles1 has not yet advanced enough in the popular mind2 people are still 8narrow0 and 8ignorant10 and even 8fanatic0--that is1 their religious feelings and conscientious convictions do not yet permit a direct and outspoken confession of the atheistic tendency of modern 8scientific0 thought4 ,hence he is obliged to be cautious and to put on a mask4 ,such are1 and ever have been1 the tactics of ,god's enemies4 ,thus ,prof4 ,huxley1 in his lectures on evolution1 while attacking the ,biblical history of creation1 pretends that he is only refuting the 8,miltonian hypothesis40 ,the same ,prof4 ,huxley1 with ,herbert ,spencer and many others of less celebrity1 endeavors to conceal his atheism1 or at any rate to make it appear less repulsive1 by the convenient but absurd admission of the ,great ,unknown or ,unknowable1 to which surely neither he nor any other scientist will offer adoration1 as it would be an utterly superfluous1 unscientific1 and unphilosophical thing to worship what they cannot know4 ,and ,prof4 ,youmans himself follows the same tactics1 as we shall see in the sequel4 ,hence we do not wonder that he considers ,mr4 ,draper's words 8a conflict between religion and science0 as unfortunate1 and only calculated to provoke criticism and theological abuse4 ,it would have been so easy and so much better to say 8between ecclesiasticism and science40 ,this would have saved appearances1 and might have furnished a plausible ground for repelling the accusation of atheism4 ,but1 says ,prof4 ,youmans1 8this imputation is denied40 ,we answer that the imputation cannot be evaded by any such denial4 ,if there were question of the intimate convictions of private individuals1 their denial might have some weight in favor of their secret belief4 ,men very frequently do not see clearly the ultimate consequences of their own principles2 and it is for this reason that an atheistic science does not always lead to personal atheism4 ,as there are honest ,protestants who believe on authority1 though their ,protestant principle sacrifices authority to private judgment1 so also there are many honest scientists who1 notwithstanding their admission of atheistic theories1 believe in ,god4 ,this is mere inconsistency after all2 and it can only furnish a ground for judging of the views of individual scientists4 ,but our question regards the tendency of 8advanced scientific thought0 irrespective of the inconsistency of sundry individuals4 ,this question is to be solved from the nature of the principles and of the conclusions of 8advanced0 science2 and if such principles and such conclusions are shown to lead logically to atheism1 it matters very little indeed that 8the imputation is denied40 ,this the editor of the ,popular ,science ,monthly must admit4 ,now1 that atheism is the logical outcome of 8advanced0 science may be proved very easily4 ,dr4 ,bchner1 in his ,force and ,matter1 gives a long scientific argumentation against the existence of ,god4 ,the science which led him to this profession of atheism is the 8advanced0 science of which ,prof4 ,youmans speaks4 ,has any among the advanced scientists protested against ,dr4 ,bchner's conclusion8 ,have any of them endeavored to show that this conclusion was not logically deduced from the principles of their pretended science8 ,some of them may have been pained at the imprudent sincerity of the ,german doctor2 but what he affirms with a coarse impudence they too insinuate every day in a gentler tone and in a more guarded phraseology4 ,their doctrine is that 8whereas mankind formerly believed the phenomena of nature to be expressions of the will of a personal ,god1 modern science1 by reducing everything to laws1 has given a sufficient explanation of these phenomena1 and made it quite unnecessary for man to seek any further account of them40 ,dr4 ,carpenter1 from whom we have borrowed this statement1 adds3 8,this is precisely ,dr4 ,bchner's position2 and it seems to me a legitimate inference from the very prevalent assumption 7which is sanctioned by the language of some of our ablest writers7 that the so-called laws of nature #8govern' the phenomena of which they are only generalized expressions4 ,i have been protesting against this language for the last quarter of a century40#fa ,mr4 ,youmans himself implicitly admits that 8advanced0 science has given up the old notion of ,god2 and he only contends that scientists1 while disregarding the ,god of theology1 fill up his place with something better4 8,scientific men claim that their studies lead them to higher and more worthy conceptions of the divine power manifested through the order of nature than the conceptions offered by theology40 ,our readers need hardly be told that this claim on the part of our advanced scientists is preposterous and ridiculous4 ,for if the order of nature could lead to a conception of divine power higher or worthier than the conception offered by theology1 it would lead to a conception of divine power greater and higher than omnipotence2 for omnipotence is one of the attributes of the ,god of theology4 ,but can we believe that ,mr4 ,youmans entertains the hope of conceiving a power higher than omnipotence8 ,how1 then1 can he make good his assertion8 ,on the other hand1 the ,god of theology is immense1 eternal1 and unchangeable1 infinitely intelligent1 infinitely wise1 infinitely good1 infinitely perfect1 as not only all theologians but also all philosophers unquestionably admit4 ,must we believe that our scientists will be able to conceive a higher intellect1 wisdom1 or goodness than infinite intellect1 infinite wisdom1 or infinite goodness8 ,will they imagine anything greater than immensity1 or than eternity8 ,the editor of the ,popular ,science ,monthly has a very poor opinion indeed of the intellectual power of his habitual readers1 if he thinks that they will not detect the absurdity of his claim4 ,but there is more than this4 8,advanced0 science has repeatedly confessed its inability to form a conception of ,god4 ,the ultimate conclusion of 8advanced0 science is that the contemplation and study of nature afford no indication of what a ,god may be2 so much so that the leaders of this 8advanced0 science1 after suppressing the ,god of theology1 could find nothing to substitute in his place but what they call 8the ,great ,unknown0 and 8the ,great ,unknowable40 ,now1 surely1 the unknowable cannot be known4 ,how1 then1 can these scientists claim that their studies lead them 8to higher and more worthy conceptions of the divine power08 ,can they conceive that which is unknown and unknowable8 ,have they any means of ascertaining that a thing unknowable has power1 or that its power is divine8 ,let them understand that if their 8,unknowable0 is not eternal1 it is no ,god2 if it is not omniscient1 it is no ,god2 if it is not omnipotent1 it is no ,god4 ,and1 in like manner1 if it is not self-existent1 immutable1 immense1 infinitely wise1 infinitely good1 infinitely perfect1 it is no ,god4 ,and1 again1 if it is not our ,creator1 our ,master1 and our ,judge1 it is no ,god1 and we have no reason for worshipping it1 or even for respecting it4 ,how can we know that these and similar attributes can and must be predicated of the ,unknowable1 since the unknowable is not and cannot be known8 ,if1 on the contrary1 we know that such a being is omnipotent1 omniscient1 eternal1 immense1 and infinitely perfect in all manner of perfections1 then it is obvious 7even to ,prof4 ,youmans1 we assume7 that such a being is neither unknown nor unknowable4 ,thus the unknowable can lay no claim to 8divine power0 or other divine attributes2 and therefore the pretended worshippers of the ,unknowable vainly attempt to palliate their atheism by claiming that their studies have led them 8to a higher and more worthy conception of the divine power than the conception offered by theology40 ,as to ,prof4 ,youmans himself1 he tells us that the divine nature is 8unspeakable and unthinkable40 ,this evidently amounts to saying that the divine nature is unknowable1 just as ,herbert ,spencer1 ,huxley1 and others of the same sect have maintained4 ,the professor will not deny1 we trust1 that what is unthinkable is also unknowable1 unless he is ready to show that he knows the square circle4 ,hence the remarks we have passed on the doctrine of his leaders apply to him as well as to them4 ,it is singular1 however1 that neither he nor any of his sect has thought of examining the question whether the 8,unknowable0 has any existence at all4 ,for if it has no existence1 they must confess that they have not even an unknown ,god1 and therefore are absolute atheists2 and if they assume that it has a real existence1 they are supremely illogical2 for no one has a right to proclaim the existence of a thing unknown and unknowable4 ,the existence of the unknowable cannot be affirmed unless it be known2 but it cannot be known unless the unknowable be known2 and this implies a manifest contradiction4 ,to affirm existence is to affirm a fact2 and ,mr4 ,youmans would certainly be embarrassed to show that science1 however 8advanced10 can affirm a fact of which it has no knowledge whatever4 ,hence atheism is the legitimate result of the doctrine which substitutes the 8,unknowable0 in the place of the ,god of theology2 and 8it matters nothing0 that this consequence is provisionally denied by ,prof4 ,youmans4 ,were it not that the horror inspired by the impious pretensions of his fallacious science obliges him to keep within the measures of prudence1 it is very likely that ,prof4 ,youmans would not only not deny his 8scientific0 atheism1 but even glory in its open profession4 ,so long as this cannot be safely done he must remain satisfied with writing ,nature with a capital ,n4 ,from these remarks we can further infer that ,mr4 ,youmans' complaint about the narrowness and bigotry of theologians is utterly unfounded4 ,there is no narrowness in rejecting foolish conceptions1 and no bigotry in maintaining the rights of truth4 ,theology condemns your doctrines1 not because they 8disagree with current notions10 but because they are manifestly impious and absurd4 ,the views you encourage are atheistical4 ,you admit only the ,unknowable2 and the ,unknowable1 as we have just proved1 is not ,god4 ,hence the theologians are not 8narrow0 nor 8bigoted10 but strictly logical and reasonable1 when they condemn your doctrines as atheistical4 ,and now ,prof4 ,youmans makes the following curious argument3 8,it is surprising that they 7the theologians7 cannot see that in arraigning scientific thinkers for atheism they are simply doing what stupid fanatics the world over are always doing when ideas of the ,deity different from their own are maintained4 ,and it is the more surprising that ,christian teachers should indulge in this intolerant practice when it is remembered that their own faith was blackened with this opprobrium at its first promulgation40 ,here a long passage is quoted from ,the ,contest of ,heathenism with ,christianity1 by ,prof4 ,zeller1 of ,berlin1 in which we are reminded that the primitive ,christians were reproached with atheism because they 8did not agree with the prevailing conceptions of the ,deity10 and that 8,down with the atheists0 was the war-cry of the heathen mob against the ,christians4 ,this suggests to ,mr4 ,youmans the following remarks3 8,it would be well if our theologians would remember these things when tempted to deal out their maledictions upon scientific men as propagators of atheism4 ,for the history of their own faith attests that religious ideas are a growth1 and that they pass from lower states to higher unfoldings through processes of inevitable suffering4 ,it was undoubtedly a great step of progress from polytheism to monotheism1 444 but this was neither the final step in the advancement of the human mind toward the highest conception of the ,deity1 nor the last experience of disquiet and grief at sundering the ties of old religious associations4 ,but if this be a great normal process in the development of the religious feeling and aspiration of humanity1 why should the ,christians of to-day adopt the bigoted tactics of heathenism1 first applied to themselves1 to use against those who would still further ennoble and purify the ideal of the ,divinity80 ,thus1 according to the professor1 as the pagans were wrong and stupid in denouncing the ,christians as atheists1 so are the ,christians both wrong and stupid in denouncing the atheistic tendency of 8advanced0 science2 and the reason alleged is that as the pagans did not recognize the superiority of monotheism to polytheism1 so the ,christian theologians fail to see the superiority of the 8scientific0 ,unknowable to the ,god of ,christianity4 ,need we answer this8 ,why1 if anything were wanting to prove that ,prof4 ,youmans is laboring for the cause of atheism1 his very manner of arguing may be regarded as a convincing proof of the fact4 ,for1 if his reasoning has any meaning1 it means that as the ,christians rejected the gods of the pagans1 so ,prof4 ,youmans rejects the ,god of the ,christians2 and this is quite enough to show his atheism1 as he neither recognizes our ,god1 nor has he found1 nor will he ever find1 another ,god worthy of his recognition2 for1 surely1 the 8,unthinkable0 of which he speaks is not an object of recognition4 ,on the other hand1 is it true that the history of ,christianity 8attests that religious ideas are a growth1 and that they pass from lower states to higher unfoldings08 ,does the history of ,christianity attest1 for instance1 that our conception of ,god has passed from a lower to a higher state8 ,but1 waiving this1 it requires great audacity to contend that the theory of the 8,unknowable0 and of the 8,unthinkable0 is an unfolding of the conception of ,god4 ,we appeal to ,prof4 ,youmans himself4 ,a theory of natural science which would lay down as the ultimate result of human progress that what we call chemistry1 geology1 astronomy1 mechanics1 electricity1 optics1 magnetism1 is something 8unknowable0 and 8unthinkable10 would scarcely be considered by him an 8unfolding0 of science4 ,for how could he 8unfold0 his thoughts in the ,popular ,science ,monthly1 if the subject of his thought were 8unthinkable08 ,but1 then1 how can he assume that his theory of the 8unthinkable0 is an 8unfolding0 of the conception of ,god8 ,god cannot be conceived1 if he is unthinkable4 ,we conceive ,god as an eternal1 immense1 omnipotent1 personal ,being4 ,these and other attributes of ,divinity1 as conceived by us1 constitute our notion of ,god2 and this notion is as unfolded as is consistent with the limits of the human mind4 ,but to 8unfold0 the conception of ,divinity by suppressing omnipotence1 wisdom1 eternity1 goodness1 and all other perfections of the divine nature1 so as to leave nothing 8thinkable0 in it1 is not to unfold our conception1 but to suppress it altogether4 ,as to the flippant assertion that the ,christian conception of ,divinity is not 8the final step in the advancement of the human mind toward the highest conception of the ,deity10 we might say much4 ,but what is the use of refuting what every ,christian child knows to be false8 ,we conceive ,god as the supreme truth1 the supreme good1 and the supreme ,lord of whatever exists2 and he who pretends that there is or can be a 8higher conception of the ,deity0 has himself to thank if men call him a fool4 ,we shall say nothing of 8intolerant practices10 8stupid fanaticism10 or 8bigoted tactics40 ,these are mere words4 ,as to 8the aspiration of humanity10 it may be noticed that there is a secret society that considers its aspirations as the aspirations of 8humanity10 and1 when it speaks of 8humanity10 it usually means nothing more and nothing better than its 8free and accepted0 members4 ,this 8humanity0 has doubtless some curious aspirations2 but mankind does not aspire to dethrone ,god or to pervert the notion of ,divinity4 ,prof4 ,youmans accounts for 8the aspiration of humanity0 in the following manner3 8,it cannot be rationally questioned that the world has come to another important stage in this line of its progression4 ,the knowledge of the universe1 its action1 its harmony1 its unity1 its boundlessness and grandeur1 is comparatively a recent thing2 and is it to be for a moment supposed that so vast a revolution as this is to be without effect upon our conception of its divine control80 ,this manner of arguing is hardly creditable to a professor of science2 for1 even admitting for the sake of argument that the knowledge of the universe is comparatively 8a recent thing10 it would not follow that such a knowledge must alter the ,christian conception of the divine nature4 ,let the professor make the universe as great1 as boundless1 and as harmonious as possible2 what then8 ,will such a universe proclaim a new ,god8 ,by no means4 ,it will still proclaim the same ,god1 though in a louder voice4 ,for the harmony1 beauty1 and grandeur of the universe reveal to us the infinite greatness1 beauty1 and wisdom of its ,creator2 and the greater our knowledge of such a universe1 the more forcible the demonstration of the infinite perfection of its ,creator4 ,now1 this ,creator is our old ,god1 the ,god of the ,bible1 the ,god to whom ,mr4 ,youmans owes his existence1 and to whom he must one day give an account of how he used or abused his intellectual powers4 ,this is1 however1 the ,god whom the professor would fain banish from the universe4 ,is there anything more unphilosophic or more unscientific8 ,but the knowledge of the universe1 from which we rise to the conception of ,god1 is not 8a recent thing40 ,infidels are apt to imagine that the world owes to them the knowledge of natural science4 ,we must remind them that science has been built up by men who believed in ,god4 8,advanced0 science is of course 8a recent thing10 but it does not 8constitute an important stage0 in the line of real progress2 for it consists of nothing but reckless assumptions1 deceitful phraseology1 and illogical conclusions4 ,three thousand years ago ,king ,david averred that 8the heavens show forth the glory of ,god1 and the firmament declareth the work of his hands40 ,has advanced science made any recent discovery in the heavens or on earth which gives the lie to this highly philosophical statement8 ,quite the contrary4 ,it is1 therefore1 supremely ridiculous to talk of a 8vast revolution0 whose effect must be 8to purify the ideal of ,divinity40 ,this vast revolution is a dream of the professor4 ,but he says3 8,is it rational to expect that the man of developed intellect whose life is spent in the all-absorbing study of that mighty and ever-expanding system of truth that is embodied in the method of ,nature will form the same idea of ,god as the ignorant blockhead who knows and cares nothing for these things1 who is incapable of reflection or insight1 and who passively accepts the narrow notions upon this subject that other people put into his head8 ,as regards the divine government of the world1 two such contrasted minds can hardly have anything in common40 ,this is a fair sample of the logical processes of certain thinkers 8of developed intellect40 ,our professor assumes1 first1 that ,catholic theologians are 8ignorant blockheads10 that they 8know and care nothing0 for natural truths1 that they are 8incapable of reflection or insight10 and that they 8passively accept0 what others may put into their heads4 ,would it not be more reasonable to assume that a 8blockhead0 is a man who asserts what cannot be proved1 as a certain professor is wont to do8 ,and would it be unfair to assume that the man who 8knows and cares nothing0 for truth is one who beguiles his readers into error1 and1 when convicted1 makes no amends8 ,we would not say that the professor is 8incapable of reflection or insight10 for we think that no human being can be so degraded as to deserve this stigma2 but we cannot help thinking that ,mr4 ,youmans 8passively accepts0 many absurd notions1 for which he cannot account1 except by saying that they 8have been put into his head0 by such 8developed intellects0 as ,huxley's1 ,darwin's1 ,spencer's1 and other notorious falsifiers of truth4 ,professor ,youmans assumes also that our intellects cannot be 8developed0 enough to form a true conception of ,god1 unless we apply to 8the all-absorbing study of the method of ,nature10 by which he means the conservation of energy1 the indestructibility of matter1 the evolution of species1 and other cognate theories4 ,this assumption has no foundation4 ,to form a true conception of ,god it suffices to know that the universe is subject to continual changes1 and therefore contingent1 and consequently created4 ,this leads us directly to the conception of a ,creator1 or of a ,first ,cause which is self-existent1 independent1 and eternal4 ,modern science and 8developed intellects0 have nothing to say against this4 ,it is therefore a gross absurdity to assume that the study of the method of nature interferes with the old conception of ,god4 ,a third assumption of the professor is that our notion of divine nature is 8narrow40 ,it is astonishing that ,mr4 ,youmans could have allowed himself to make so manifestly foolish a statement4 ,is there anything 8narrow0 in immensity8 in omnipotence8 in eternity8 in infinite wisdom8 or in any other attribute of the true ,god8 ,and if our notion of ,god1 which involves all such attributes1 is still 8narrow10 what shall we say of the professor's notion which involves nothing but the 8unthinkable0--that is1 nothing at all8 ,the professor proceeds to say that if a man is ignorant and stupid his contemplation of divine things will reflect his own limitation4 ,this is a great truth2 but he should have been loath to proclaim it in a place where we find so many proofs of his own 8limitation40 ,on the other hand1 it is not from the ignorant and the stupid that our philosophers and theologians have derived their notion of ,god2 and to confound the latter with the former is1 on the part of a 8developed intellect10 a miserable show of logic4 ,the ignorant and the stupid1 continues ,mr4 ,youmans1 8will cling to a grovelling anthropomorphism10 and conceive of the ,deity 8as a man like himself1 only greater and more powerful1 and as chiefly interested in the things that he is interested in40 ,to which we answer that the stupid and the ignorant of divine things are those who do not know ,god1 and who maintain against the universal verdict of reason that ,god is 8unknowable40 ,we defy ,mr4 ,youmans to point out a stupidity and an ignorance of divine things which equals that of him who pretends to think of the 8unthinkable40 ,this is even worse than 8to cling to a grovelling anthropomorphism40 ,of course our anthropomorphism is a poetic invention of the 8developed intellect10 and therefore we may dismiss it without further comment4 8,the profound student of science10 he adds1 8will rise to a more spiritualized and abstract ideal of the divine nature1 or will be so oppressed with a consciousness of the ,infinity as to reverently refrain from all attempts to grasp1 and formulate1 and limit the nature of that which is past finding out1 which is unspeakable and unthinkable40 ,to understand the real meaning of this sentence we must remember that he who wrote it does not accept the ,god of theologians4 ,scientific men1 as he has told us1 claim that their studies lead them 8to higher and more worthy conceptions0 of the divine power than the conceptions offered by theology4 ,it is obvious1 therefore1 that the 8spiritualized and abstract ideal of the divine nature0 to which the profound student of science is expected to rise is not the ideal recognized by theology4 ,this is very strange2 for if theology does not furnish the true ideal of divine nature1 much less can such an ideal be furnished by the science of matter4 ,every science is best acquainted with its own specific object2 and since ,god is the object of theology1 the ideal of the divine nature is to be found in theology1 not in natural science4 ,hence 8the profound student of science0 may indeed determine the laws of physical and chemical phenomena1 speak of masses and densities1 of solids and fluids1 and of other experimental subjects without much danger of error1 but he has no qualification for inventing a new ideal of divine nature4 ,the ideal of a thing exhibits the essence of the thing2 and the study of essences does not belong to the scientist1 whose field is confined within the phenomena and their laws4 ,the best scientists confess that they do not even know the essence of matter1 though matter is the proper and most familiar object of their study4 ,yet these are the men who1 according to ,mr4 ,youmans1 should know best the essence of ,god4 ,but we should like further to know how the 8profound student0 of advanced science will be able to rise to a 8spiritualized0 ideal of ,divinity4 ,the general drift of modern infidel science is towards materialism4 ,it teaches that thought is secreted by the brain as water is by the kidneys1 or1 at least1 that thought consists of molecular movements1 and that the admission of a spiritual substance in the organism of man is quite unwarranted4 ,how1 then1 can a science which rejects spiritual substances lead its 8profound student0 to a spiritualized ideal of ,divinity8 ,it is manifest1 we think1 that all this talk is mere jugglery1 and the professor himself seems to have felt that it was2 for he admits that the profound student of science may be 8so oppressed with a consciousness of the ,infinite as to refrain from all attempts to grasp and formulate and limit the nature of what is past finding out40 ,this last expression shows that ,mr4 ,youmans has no ground for expecting that his profound student will rise to the ideal of the divine nature1 as what is 8past finding out0 will never be found1 and is not only 8unspeakable10 as he declares1 but also 8unthinkable40 ,the profound student of science is therefore doomed1 so far as ,mr4 ,youmans may be relied on1 to remain without any ideal of ,god4 ,what is this but genuine atheism8 ,mr4 ,youmans will reply that his profound student will not be an atheist1 because he will feel 8so oppressed with the consciousness of the ,infinite40 ,but we should like to know how the profound student can have consciousness of what he cannot think of4 ,and1 in like manner1 if the ,infinite is unthinkable1 how can the profound student know that it is infinite8 ,these contradictions go far to prove that 8ignorance0 and 8stupidity10 far from being the characteristics of ,christianity1 find a more congenial abode in the 8developed intellects of the profound students of advanced science40 ,as all errors are misrepresentations of truth1 we cannot dismiss this point without saying a word about the truth here misrepresented4 ,god is incomprehensible2 such is the truth4 ,god is unthinkable2 this is the error4 ,to argue that what is incomprehensible is also unthinkable1 is a manifest fallacy4 ,there are a very great number even of finite things which we know but cannot comprehend4 ,for instance1 we know gravitation1 electricity1 and magnetism1 but our knowledge of them is quite inadequate4 ,we know ancient history1 though numberless facts have remained inaccessible to our research4 ,we know the operations of our own faculties1 but we are far from comprehending them4 ,comprehension is the perfect and adequate knowledge of the object comprehended4 ,if the cognoscibility of the object is not exhausted1 there is knowledge1 but not comprehension2 and as our finite intellect has no power of exhausting the cognoscibility of things1 human knowledge is not comprehension1 though no one will deny that it is true and real knowledge4 ,in like manner1 though we do not comprehend the infinite1 yet we conceive it1 and we know how to distinguish it from the finite4 ,we know what we say when we affirm that the branches of the hyperbola extend to infinity1 that the decimal division of ten by three leads to an infinite series of figures1 that every line is infinitely divisible1 that every genus extends infinitely more than any of its subordinate species1 and the species infinitely more than the individual1 etc4 ,thus the notion of the infinite is a familiar one among men2 and when ,mr4 ,youmans contends that the infinite is unthinkable1 he commits a blunder1 and every one of his readers has the right to tell him that such a blunder in inductive science is inexcusable4 ,perhaps it may not be superfluous to point out1 before we conclude1 another fallacy of the 8developed intellect0 of the professor4 ,he assumes that to form a conception of ,god is to limit the divine nature2 for he declares that the profound student of science oppressed with the consciousness of ,infinity ought reverently to refrain 8from all attempts to grasp1 and formulate1 and limit the nature of that which is past finding out40 ,we would inform ,mr4 ,youmans that the notion of a thing does not limit the thing1 but simply expresses that the thing is what it is1 whether it be limited or unlimited4 ,in all essential definitions some notion is included1 which expresses either perfection or imperfection4 ,when we say that a being is irrational1 we point out an imperfection1 or a defect of further perfection2 whereas when we say that a being is rational1 we express a perfection of the being4 ,now1 since all imperfection is a real limit1 it follows that all denial of imperfection is a denial of some limit1 and therefore the affirmation of every possible perfection is a total exclusion of limit4 ,thus omnipotence excludes all limit of power1 eternity all limit of duration1 omniscience all limit of knowledge1 immensity all limit of space4 ,we need not add that all the other attributes of ,god exclude limitation1 as they are all infinite4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that we can 8formulate0 our notion of ,god without 8limiting0 the divine nature2 and that those 8profound students0 of nature whose 8developed intellect0 is 8oppressed with the consciousness of ,infinity0 strive in vain to palliate their atheism by 8reverently 787 refraining from all attempts to grasp and formulate0 the nature of the ,supreme ,cause4 ,we may be told that ,prof4 ,youmans1 though he rejects the 8,god of theology10 admits something equivalent--viz41 ,infinity1 the consciousness of which he feels so oppressive4 ,he also admits that 8religious feelings may be awakened0 in a mind so oppressed by the thought of ,infinity1 and insists that 8religious teachers ought in these days to have liberality enough to recognize this serious fact1 remembering that human nature is religiously progressive as well as progressive in its other capacities40 ,would not this show that we cannot without injustice hold him up as a professor of atheism8 ,we reply that the accusation of atheism preferred against the tendency of advanced science has been met by the professor in such a manner as to give it only more weight1 according to the old proverb which says that ,causa patrocinio non bona pejor erit4 ,he does not believe in the ,god of theology4 ,in what does he believe8 ,in the 8unthinkable06 ,this is sheer mockery4 ,but the unthinkable is said to be infinite4 ,this is sheer nonsense1 as we have shown4 ,again1 the unthinkable is said to awaken religious feelings4 ,this is written for unthinkable persons4 ,the professor1 as we have already noticed1 admires the grandeur of nature1 and holds it to be 8boundless10 and therefore infinite4 ,this may lead one to suspect that the material universe--the sun1 the planets1 the stars1 heat1 light1 electricity1 gravity1 and their laws--constitute the 8,infinity0 with the consciousness of which the professor is oppressed4 ,if this could be surmised1 we might regard him as a pantheist4 ,this1 of course1 would not better his position1 as pantheism is1 after all1 only another form of atheism4 ,but if nature 7or rather ,nature1 as he writes it7 is his ,deity1 how can he affirm that such a nature is 8unspeakable0 and 8unthinkable08 ,if nature is 8unthinkable10 the science of nature is a dream2 and if it is 8unspeakable10 all the talk of the ,popular ,science ,monthly is a fraud4 ,if ,prof4 ,youmans wishes us to believe that 8advanced0 science does not tend to foster atheism1 and that its foremost champions are not atheists1 let him come forward like a man1 and show that1 after rejecting the ,god of theology and of philosophy1 another ,god has been found1 to whom 8developed intellects0 offer religious worship1 and in whom their religious feelings are rationally satisfied4 ,let him give us1 above all1 his 8scientific0 reasons for abandoning the ,god of the ,bible1 in whom we 8ignorant blockheads0 have not ceased to believe2 and let him state his 8philosophic0 reasons also1 if he has any1 that we may judge of the case according to its full merit4 ,we need not be instructed about the 8religious progressiveness0 of mankind1 or any other convenient invention of unbelievers2 we want only to know the new ,god of 8advanced0 science1 his nature and his claims4 ,when ,prof4 ,youmans shall have honestly complied with this suggestion1 we shall see what answer can best meet his appeal to the 8liberality0 of religious teachers4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,legend ,,of ,,dieppe4 ,a gloomy three days' storm has prevailed all along the ,french coast4 ,dull gray clouds hide the blue vault of heaven and frown upon the tossing waters beneath4 ,the fresh1 invigorating air1 remembered with delight by all who have ever been in ,normandy1 has given place to a damp1 chilly heaviness1 broken occasionally by fierce gusts of wind and rain4 ,the fisher-boats are all in port1 the small ones drawn up high on the beach1 the larger securely anchored4 ,but this is not due only to the storm4 ,even if it were the fairest of weather1 no ,dieppe fisherman would set sail to-day4 ,it is ,all-,souls' day--the feast of the dead1 the commemoration of the loved and lost2 and who is there that has not loved and lost8 ,but among these simple ,catholic souls one feels that the loved are never lost4 ,the dead live still in the tender remembrance of those left behind4 ,tears shed in prayer for the departed have no bitterness4 ,but the heartless and ungrateful man who fishes to-day will be everywhere followed by his double--a phantom fisher in a phantom boat4 ,all signs fail him1 all fish escape his net4 ,again and again he draws it in empty4 ,if he persist1 at length he thinks himself rewarded4 ,his net is so heavy he nearly swamps his boat in the endeavor to draw it in2 and horrible to say1 his catch is only grinning skulls and disjointed human bones4 ,at night1 tossing on his sleepless pillow1 he hears the ghostly 8white car0 rolling through the silent street4 ,he hears his name called in the voice of the latest dead of his acquaintance1 and dies himself before the next ,all-,souls' day4 ,spite of the bleak and rainy weather1 all the good people of ,dieppe1 or rather of its fisher suburb1 ,le ,pollet1 are gathered together in church4 ,rude as it is1 weather-beaten1 discolored1 gray-green1 like the unquiet ocean it overlooks1 ,notre ,dame du ,pollet is still grand and picturesque4 ,it has suffered both from time and desecration1 as is seen by its broken carvings1 empty niches1 and ruined tombs4 ,the altars are plain1 the ornaments few and simple4 ,on the wall of the ,lady chapel hang two rusty chains--the votive offering1 it is said1 of a sailor of ,le ,pollet1 once a slave to pirates4 ,miraculously rescued by ,our ,lady1 he returned to his native place only to sing a ,te ,deum in her chapel and hang up his broken fetters therein2 then1 retiring to a neighboring monastery1 he took upon himself a voluntary bondage which love made sweet and light4 ,it is the solemn ,mass of requiem1 and almost noon1 though the sombre day1 subdued yet more by stained-glass windows1 seems like a winter twilight4 ,the church is all in deep shadow1 except the sanctuary with its softly-burning lamp1 and its altar decked with starry wax-lights4 ,black draperies hang about the altar1 black robes are upon the officiating priests4 ,the slow1 mournful chant of the ,dies ,ir1 sung by a choir invisible in the darkness1 resounds through the dim1 lofty aisles4 ,motionless upon the uneven stone pavement kneel the people1 a dark and silent mass1 only relieved here and there by the gleam of a snowy cap or bright-colored kerchief2 for the fisher-folk1 and1 indeed1 all the peasantry of thrifty ,normandy1 dress in serviceable garb1 of sober colors4 ,there is one little group apart from the rest of the congregation2 not all one family1 for they are too unlike4 ,they seem to be drawn together by some common calamity or dread4 ,first is an old woman perhaps seventy years of age1 and looking1 as these ,norman peasants usually do1 even older than her years4 ,the full glow of light from the altar falls upon her white cap1 with the bright blue kerchief tied over it4 ,a string of large beads hangs from her bony fingers4 ,her eyes1 singularly bright for one so aged1 are raised to the black-veiled crucifix1 and tears glisten upon her brown and withered cheeks4 ,her arm is drawn through that of a slender young woman1 and near them is a little girl1 round and rosy4 ,all three are dressed nearly alike1 and all say their beads1 though not with the same tearful devotion4 ,anxiety and weariness are in the young girl's pale but pretty face2 and the child looks subdued1 almost frightened1 by the gloom around her4 ,behind them kneels a comely matron1 a little child clinging to her gown2 near her two fishermen1 one old and gray-haired4 ,the other1 who is young1 has an arm in a sling2 he kneels upon one knee1 his elbow on the other1 and his face hidden in his hand4 ,they are two households over whom hangs the shadow of a calamity1 perhaps all the greater because of its uncertainty4 ,two months ago ,jacques ,payen and his son sailed for the fishery4 ,jacques ,suchet and his cousin1 ,charles ,rivaud1 completed the crew2 for ,jean ,suchet1 disabled by a broken arm1 remained at home with his grandmother and sister4 ,the season proved unusually stormy4 ,two fishing-boats of ,le ,pollet narrowly escaped the terrible rocks of the ,norman coast2 and one of these reported seeing a vessel1 resembling that of the ,payens1 drifting past them in a fog1 with broken mast and cordage dragging over the side4 ,they hailed the wreck1 but heard no reply1 and concluded that the crew had been swept overboard1 or possibly had escaped in their boat4 ,weeks had passed since this vague but terrible intelligence had reached the stricken families4 ,old ,mre ,suchet had at once received it as conclusive4 ,she wept and prayed for the bold young fishers1 the hope and comfort of her old age4 ,not so ,manon ,payen4 ,no one dared condole with her1 not even her old father1 ,toutain4 ,life hitherto had gone so well with her6 ,her husband loved her2 her son was her pride and delight2 her rosy ,marie and little toddling ,pierre filled her cottage with laughter and sunshine4 ,grief was so new and strange and frightful4 ,what6 her husband and son taken from her at one blow8 ,no1 it could not be6 ,it was too dreadful6 ,god could not be so cruel6 ,besides1 there were no better sailors than the ,payens1 father and son2 none who knew the coast so well1 with all its perils1 its hidden rocks1 and dangerous currents4 ,their vessel was new and strong2 why should they be lost2 they alone8 ,jean ,pinsard was not positive it was their vessel he had seen2 how could he tell in a fog8 ,no2 she was sure they were safe4 ,they had put in to one of the islands4 ,they would not risk a dangerous journey in stormy weather just to tell her1 what she knew already1 that they were safe4 ,to ,mre ,suchet's ,mathilde1 the betrothed of ,jacques ,payen1 how much better and clearer was this reasoning than the submissive grief of her pious old grandmother6 ,young people cannot easily believe the worst when it concerns themselves4 ,mathilde could not pray for the repose of the souls of lover1 brother1 and cousin4 ,with the passionate1 impatient yearning of a heart new to affliction1 she besought the ,blessed ,mother for their safe return4 ,her brother ,jean did not try to destroy her hopes1 though he would not say he shared them4 ,as time passed on and brought no news of the absent1 the hearts of these two poor women grew faint and sore2 but they refused to acknowledge it to one another1 or even to themselves4 ,their days passed in feverish1 and often vain1 endeavors to be cheerful and busy2 their nights in anguish all the more bitter because silent and unconfessed4 ,on ,all-,souls' day old ,toutain and ,mre ,suchet had wished to have a ,requiem ,mass offered for the lost sailors1 but ,mathilde wept aloud at the suggestion1 and ,manon forbade it instantly1 positively1 almost angrily4 ,manon had borne up well through the sad funereal services of the church4 ,she smiled upon her little ones1 and returned a serene and cheerful greeting to the curious or pitying friends who accosted her4 ,all day she had carried the burden of domestic cares and duties1 while her heart ached within her bosom and cried out for solitude4 ,now1 at night1 alone with her sleeping babes1 the agony of fear and pain1 so long repressed1 takes full possession of her sinking heart4 ,mingled with the roar of the treacherous sea she hears the voices of husband and son1 now calling loudly for help1 now borne away on the fitful wind4 ,she sees their pale faces1 with unclosed eyes1 floating below the cruel green water1 their strong limbs entangled in the twisted cordage4 ,now great1 gleaming fish swim around them4 ,oh6 it is too fearful4 ,from her knees she falls forward upon her face and groans aloud4 ,but on a sudden she hears a stir without--a sound of repressed voices and many hurrying feet4 ,hope is not dead within her yet2 for she springs to the window with the wild thought that it is her absent returned4 ,no1 'tis but a group of fishermen on their way to the pier2 but ,pinsard stops to tell her1 with a strange thrill in his rough voice1 that there is a fishing-boat coming into port6 ,manon screams to her father to watch the little ones--she must go to the pier--then flies out into the night4 ,it is not raining1 and she returns to snatch her wakened and sobbing babe1 and wrap him in his father's woollen blouse4 ,she does not know when ,mathilde joins her2 she is scarcely conscious of the warm1 exultant clasp of her hand4 ,jean is there1 too1 agitated but grave4 ,as they turn the angle of the village street1 before them lies the open bay4 ,it is past midnight1 but the pier is crowded4 ,there1 truly1 coming on with outspread canvas1 white in the struggling rays of a watery moon1 is the missing ship6 ,they know it well4 ,upon the broken1 pebbly shore the two women kneel to thank ,god2 but they can only lift up their voices and weep4 8,they are not safe yet10 says ,jean shortly4 8,the wind takes them straight upon the pier4 ,they will need all our help40 ,the crowd make way instantly for the breathless women4 ,the light-house keeper stands ready with a coil of rope4 ,the fishermen range themselves in line1 tighten their belts1 and wait to draw the friendly hawser4 ,great waves thunder against the long pier1 sending showers of spray high above the pale crucifix at the end against which the women lean4 ,now the moon1 emerging from a light cloud1 sends a flood of pale radiance upon the vessel's deck4 ,it is they6 ,jacques ,payen is at the helm2 young ,jacques stands upon the gunwale4 ,the light-house keeper throws his rope2 the fishermen raise their musical1 long-drawn cry4 ,jacques catches the rope1 but in silence2 and silently the crew make fast4 8,it is their vow60 cries ,manon1 darting forward among the wondering men4 8,they will not speak until they sing ,te ,deum at ,notre ,dame for their safe return40 ,reassured1 the men pull in vigorously1 but to no effect4 ,again1 and yet again1 but the ship does not move4 ,a moment since it came on swift as the wind2 now it seems anchored for ever not fifty yards away4 ,they can see plainly every object upon the deck1 where the silent crew stand gazing towards the pier4 ,even ,manon and ,mathilde have seized the rope1 and draw with the strength of terror4 ,breathless1 unsteady1 large drops of sweat standing upon their faces1 they pause irresolute4 ,stretching her arms towards her husband1 ,manon holds out her babe4 ,a white mist rises out of the sea and hangs like a veil between them4 ,sad1 reproachful voices rise out of the waves1 some near at hand1 others far out4 ,an icy wind lifts the mist and carries it slowly away1 clinging for a moment like a shroud around the crucifix4 ,the cable falls slack in the strong hands that grasp it4 ,the ship is gone--vanished without a sound2 but far away echoes a solemn chorus1 8,have pity on me1 have pity on me1 at least you1 my friends1 for the hand of the ,lord hath touched me40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,romance ,,and ,,reality ,,of ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,father ,,james ,,marquette1 ,,and ,,the ,,recent ,,discovery ,,of ,,his ,,remains4 ,the bold and energetic exploration by the ,canadian ,louis ,jolliet and the ,french ,jesuit ,james ,marquette1 in which1 embarking in a frail canoe1 they penetrated to the ,mississippi by the ,wisconsin1 and followed the course of the great river to the ,arkansas1 gives them and their important achievement a place in ,american history4 ,it was an expedition carried out by two skilled hydrographers familiar with the extent and limit of ,american exploration1 trained by education and long observation to map and describe the countries through which they passed4 ,their great object was to determine the extent of the river1 its chief affluents1 and the nature of the tribes upon it1 as well as to decide whether it emptied into the ,gulf of ,mexico or the ,pacific4 ,in ,new ,mexico1 the advanced outpost of the ,spanish colonies1 some definite knowledge of the interior structure of the continent prevailed2 but to the rest of the world the great watershed of the ,rocky ,mountains1 with the valley of the ,mississippi and ,missouri to the east and a series of rivers on the west1 was utterly unknown4 ,marquette and ,jolliet lifted the veil and gave the civilized world clear and definite ideas4 ,the two learned explorers floated alone down the mighty river1 whose path had not been traced for any distance since the shattered remnant of ,de ,soto's army stole down its lower valley to the gulf4 ,father ,marquette was not a mere scholar or man of science4 ,if he sought new avenues for civilized man to thread the very heart of the continent1 it was with him a work of ,christian love4 ,it was to open the way for the ,gospel1 that the cross might enlighten new and remote nations4 ,no missionary of that glorious band of ,jesuits who in the seventeenth century announced the faith from the ,hudson ,bay to the ,lower ,mississippi1 who hallowed by their labors and life-blood so many a wild spot now occupied by the busy hives of men--none of them impresses us more1 in his whole life and career1 with his piety1 sanctity1 and absolute devotion to ,god1 than ,father ,marquette4 ,in life he seems to have been looked up to with reverence by the wildest savage1 by the rude frontiersman1 and by the polished officers of government4 ,when he had passed away his name and his fame remained in the great ,west1 treasured above that of his fellow-laborers1 ,mnard1 ,allouez1 ,nouvel1 or ,druillettes4 ,the tradition of his life and labors in a few generations1 while it lost none of its respect for his memory1 gathered the moss of incorrectness4 ,father ,charlevoix1 travelling through the ,west in #agba1 stopped on ,lake ,michigan at the mouth of a stream which already bore the name of 8,river of ,father ,marquette40 ,from ,canadian voyagers and some missionary in the ,west he learned the tradition which he thus embodies in his journal3 8,two years after the discovery 7of the ,mississippi71 as he was going from ,chicagou1 which is at the extremity of ,lake ,michigan1 to ,michilimackinac1 he entered the river in question on the #ahth of ,may1 #afge1 its mouth being then at the extremity of the lowlands1 which ,i have noticed it leaves to the right as you enter4 ,there he erected his altar and said ,mass4 ,then he withdrew a little distance to offer his thanksgiving1 and asked the two men who paddled his canoe to leave him alone for half an hour4 ,at the expiration of that time they returned for him1 and were greatly surprised to find him dead4 ,they remembered1 nevertheless1 that on entering the river he had inadvertently remarked that he would end his journey there4 8,as it was too far from the spot to ,michilimackinac to convey his body to that place1 they buried him near the bank of the river1 which since that time has gradually withdrawn1 as if through respect1 to the bluff1 whose foot it now washes and where it has opened a new passage4 ,the next year one of the two men who had rendered the last tribute to the servant of ,god returned to the spot where they had buried him1 took up his remains1 and conveyed them to ,michilimackinac4 ,i could not learn1 or have forgotten1 the name this river bore previously1 but the ,indians now give it no name but #8,river of the ,black-gown'2 the ,french call it by the name of ,father ,marquette1 and never fail to invoke him when they are in any peril on ,lake ,michigan4 ,many have declared that they believed themselves indebted to his intercession for having escaped very great dangers40 ,father ,charlevoix's fame as a historian gave this account the stamp of authority and it was generally adopted4 ,bancroft drew from it the poetical and touching account which he introduced into the first editions of his ,history of the ,united ,states4 ,yet this was but romance4 ,the real1 detailed account of the missionary's labors1 the details which let us enter the sanctuary of his pious heart1 were all the time lying unused in ,canada4 ,they were in the college of ,quebec when ,charlevoix was teaching in that institution as a young scholastic2 but if he then already projected his history of the colony1 no one of the old fathers seems to have opened to him the writings of the early founders of the mission4 ,it was the same when he returned to make the tour through the country under the auspices of the government and with a view to its development4 ,the papers lay unnoticed1 and when ,louis ,,xv4's neglect of his ,american empire neutralized all the genius of ,montcalm and the gallantry of his ,french and ,canadian soldiery1 the mission of the ,jesuit ,fathers was broken up4 ,the precious archives were plundered2 but some documents reached pious hands1 who laid them up with their own convent archives1 till the ,society of ,jesus returned to the land where it could boast of so glorious a career4 ,among these papers were accounts of the last labors and death of ,father ,marquette and of the removal of his remains1 prepared for publication by ,father ,dablon2 ,marquette's journal of his great expedition2 the very map he drew2 and a letter left unfinished when the angel of death sheathed his sword by the banks of the ,michigan ,river4 ,father ,felix ,martin1 one of the earliest to revive the old ,canadian mission1 received these treasures with joy1 and has since gleaned far and wide to add to our material for the wonderful mission labors of the ,jesuit pioneers4 ,he has published many works1 and aided in far more4 ,with a kindness not easy to repay he permitted the writer to use the documents relating to ,marquette in preparing a work on 8,the ,discovery and ,exploration of the ,mississippi ,valley40 ,from these authentic contemporary documents we learn the real story of ,father ,marquette's last labors4 ,as he was returning from his voyage down the ,mississippi1 he promised the ,kaskaskia ,indians1 who then occupied towns in the upper valley of the ,illinois1 that he would return to teach them the faith which he announced4 ,his health1 broken by exposure and mission labor on the ,st4 ,lawrence and the ,upper ,lakes1 was very frail1 but he had no idea of rest4 ,devoted in an especial manner to the great privilege of ,mary--her ,immaculate ,conception--he named the great artery of our continent ,the ,river of the ,immaculate ,conception1 and in his heart bestowed the same name on the mission which he hoped to found among the ,kaskaskias4 ,to enter upon that work1 so dear to his piety1 he needed permission from his distant superior4 ,when the permission came he took leave of the ,mackinac mission which he had founded1 and pushed off his bark canoe into ,lake ,michigan4 ,the autumn was well advanced--for it was the #beth of ,october1 #afgd--;and the reddening forests swayed in the chill lake winds as he glided along the western shore4 ,before he reached the southern extremity winter was upon him with its cold and snows1 and the disease which had been checked1 but not conquered1 again claimed the frail frame4 ,it could not quench his courage1 for he kept on in his open canoe on the wintry lake till the #dth of ,december1 when he reached ,chicago4 ,there he had hoped to ascend the river and by a portage reach the ,illinois4 ,it was too late4 ,the ice had closed the stream1 and a winter march was beyond his strength4 ,his two men1 simple1 faithful companions1 erected a log hut1 home and chapel1 the first dwelling and first church of ,chicago4 ,praying to ,our ,lady to enable him to reach his destination1 offering the ,holy ,sacrifice whenever his illness permitted1 receiving delegations from his flock1 the ,kaskaskias1 the winter waned away in the pious foundation of the white settlement at ,chicago4 ,with the opening of spring ,marquette set out1 and his last letter notes his progress till the #fth of ,april1 #afge4 ,two days after he was among the ,kaskaskias1 and1 rearing his altar on the prairie which lies between the present town of ,utica and the ,illinois river1 he offered up the ,mass on ,maundy ,thursday1 and began the instruction of the willing ,indians who gathered around him4 ,a few days only were allotted to him1 when1 after ,easter1 he was again stricken down4 ,if he would die in the arms of his brethren at ,mackinac1 he saw that he must depart at once2 for he felt that the days of his sojourning were rapidly closing4 ,escorted by the ,kaskaskias1 who were deeply impressed by the zeal that could so battle with death1 the missionary reached ,lake ,michigan1 on the eastern side4 ,although that shore was as yet unknown1 his faithful men launched his canoe4 8,his strength1 however1 failed so much10 says ,father ,dablon1 whose words we shall now quote1 8that his men despaired of being able to convey him alive to their journey's end2 for1 in fact1 he became so weak and so exhausted that he could no longer help himself1 nor even stir1 and had to be handled and carried like a child4 ,he nevertheless maintained in this state an admirable resignation1 joy1 and gentleness1 consoling his beloved companions1 and encouraging them to suffer courageously all the hardships of this voyage1 assuring them that our ,lord would not forsake them when he was gone4 ,it was during this navigation that he began to prepare more particularly for death1 passing his time in colloquies with our ,lord1 with his holy ,mother1 with his angel guardian1 or with all heaven4 ,he was often heard pronouncing these words3 #8,i believe that my ,redeemer liveth1' or #8,mary1 ,mother of grace1 ,mother of ,god1 remember me4' ,besides a spiritual reading made for him every day1 he toward the close asked them to read him his meditation on the preparation for death1 which he carried about him2 he recited his breviary every day2 and although he was so low that both sight and strength had greatly failed1 he did not omit it till the last day of his life1 when his companions excited his scruples4 ,a week before his death he had the precaution to bless some holy-water to serve him during the rest of his illness1 in his agony1 and at his burial1 and he instructed his companions how to use it4 8,on the eve of his death1 which was a ,friday1 he told them1 all radiant with joy1 that it would take place on the morrow4 ,during the whole day he conversed with them about the manner of his burial1 the way in which he should be laid out1 the place to be selected for his interment2 how they should arrange his hands1 feet1 and face1 and how they should raise a cross over his grave4 ,he even went so far as to enjoin them1 only three hours before he expired1 to take his chapel-bell1 as soon as he was dead1 and ring it while they carried him to the grave4 ,of all this he spoke so calmly and collectedly that you would have thought he spoke of the death and burial of another1 and not of his own4 8,thus did he speak to them as he sailed along the lake1 till1 perceiving the mouth of a river1 with an eminence on the bank which he thought suited for his burial1 he told them that it was the place of his last repose4 ,they wished1 however1 to pass on1 as the weather permitted it and the day was not far advanced2 but ,god raised a contrary wind1 which obliged them to return and enter the river which the father had designated4 8,they then carried him ashore1 kindled a little fire1 and raised a wretched bark cabin for his use1 laying him in it with as little discomfort as they could2 but they were so depressed by sadness that1 as they afterwards said1 they did not know what they were doing4 8,the father being thus stretched on the shore like ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 as he had always so ardently desired1 and left alone amid those forests--for his companions were engaged in unloading--he had leisure to repeat all the acts in which he had employed himself during the preceding days4 8,when his dear companions afterwards came up1 all dejected1 he consoled them1 and gave them hopes that ,god would take care of them after his death in those new and unknown countries2 he gave them his last instructions1 thanked them for all the charity they had shown him during the voyage1 begged their pardon for the trouble he had given them1 directed them also to ask pardon in his name of all our fathers and brothers in the ,ottawa country1 and then disposed them to receive the sacrament of penance1 which he administered to them for the last time4 ,he also gave them a paper on which he had written all his faults since his last confession1 to be given to his superior1 to oblige him to pray to ,god more earnestly for him4 ,in fine1 he promised not to forget them in heaven1 and as he was very kind-hearted1 and knew them to be worn out with the toil of the preceding days1 he bade them go and take a little rest1 assuring them that his hour was not yet so near1 but that he would wake them when it was time--as1 in fact1 he did two or three hours after1 calling them when about to enter into his agony4 8,when they came near he embraced them again for the last time1 while they melted in tears at his feet4 ,he then asked for the holy water and his reliquary1 and1 taking off his crucifix1 which he always wore hanging from his neck1 he placed it in the hands of one of his companions1 asking him to hold it constantly opposite him1 raised before his eyes4 ,feeling that he had but a little while to live1 he made a last effort1 clasped his hands1 and1 with his eyes fixed sweetly on his crucifix1 he pronounced aloud his profession of faith1 and thanked the divine ,majesty for the immense favor he bestowed upon him in allowing him to die in the ,society of ,jesus1 to die in it as a missionary of ,jesus ,christ1 and above all to die in it1 as he had always asked1 in a wretched cabin1 amid the forests1 destitute of all human aid4 8,on this he became silent1 conversing inwardly with ,god2 yet from time to time words escaped him3 #8,sistinuit anima mea in verbo ejus1' or #8,mater ,dei1 memento mei1' which were the last words he uttered before entering into his agony1 which was very calm and gentle4 8,he had prayed his companions to remind him1 when they saw him about to expire1 to pronounce frequently the names of ,jesus and ,mary1 if he did not do so himself2 they did not neglect this2 and when they thought him about to pass away one cried aloud1 #8,jesus6 ,mary6' which he several times repeated distinctly1 and then1 as if at those sacred names something had appeared to him1 he suddenly raised his eyes above his crucifix1 fixing them apparently upon some object1 which he seemed to regard with pleasure2 and thus1 with a countenance all radiant with smiles1 he expired without a struggle1 and so gently that it might be called a quiet sleep4 8,his two poor companions1 after shedding many tears over his body1 and having laid it out as he had directed1 carried it devoutly to the grave1 ringing the bell according to his injunction1 and raised a large cross near it to serve as a mark for all who passed4444 8,god did not permit so precious a deposit to remain unhonored and forgotten amid the forests4 ,the ,indians1 called ,kiskakons1 who have for nearly ten years publicly professed ,christianity1 in which they were first instructed by ,father ,marquette when stationed at ,la ,pointe du ,st4 ,esprit1 at the extremity of ,lake ,superior1 were hunting last winter not far from ,lake ,illinois 7,michigan71 and1 as they were returning early in the spring1 they resolved to pass by the tomb of their good father1 whom they tenderly loved2 and ,god even gave them the thought of taking his bones and conveying them to our church at the mission of ,st4 ,ignatius1 at ,missilimakinac1 where they reside4 8,they accordingly repaired to the spot and deliberated together1 resolving to act with their father as they usually do with those whom they respect4 ,they accordingly opened the grave1 unrolled the body1 and1 though the flesh and intestines were all dried up1 they found it entire1 without the skin being in any way injured4 ,this did not prevent their dissecting it according to custom4 ,they washed the bones and dried them in the sun2 then1 putting them neatly in a box of birch bark1 they set out to bear them to our house of ,st4 ,ignatius4 8,the convoy consisted of nearly thirty canoes in excellent order1 including even a good number of ,iroquois1 who had joined our ,algonquins to honor the ceremony4 ,as they approached our house1 ,father ,nouvel1 who is superior1 went to meet them with ,father ,pierson1 accompanied by all the ,french and ,indians of the place1 and1 having caused the convoy to stop1 he made the ordinary interrogations to verify the fact that the body which they bore was really ,father ,marquette's4 ,then1 before they landed1 he intoned the ,de ,profundis in sight of the thirty canoes still on the water1 and of all the people on the shore4 ,after this the body was carried to the church1 observing all that the ritual prescribes for such ceremonies4 ,it remained exposed under his catafalque all that day1 which was ,whitsun ,monday1 the #hth of ,june2 and the next day1 when all the funeral honors had been paid it1 it was deposited in a little vault in the middle of the church1 where he reposes as the ,guardian-,angel of our ,ottawa missions4 ,the ,indians often come to pray on his tomb40 ,we are not writing his life1 and will not enter upon the supernatural favors ascribed to his intercession by ,french and ,indians4 ,his grave was revered as a holy spot1 and many a pilgrimage was made to it to invoke his intercession4 ,the remains of the pious missionary lay in the chapel undoubtedly as long as it subsisted4 ,this1 however1 was not for many years4 ,a new ,french post was begun at ,detroit in #agja by ,la ,motte ,cadillac4 ,the ,hurons and ,ottawas at ,michilimackinac immediately emigrated and planted new villages near the rising town4 ,michilimackinac became deserted1 except by scattered bands of ,indians or white bush-lopers1 as savage as the red men among whom they lived4 ,the missionaries were in constant peril and unable to produce any fruit4 ,they could not follow their old flocks to ,detroit1 as the commandant was strongly opposed to them and had a ,recollect father as chaplain of the post4 ,there was no alternative except to abandon ,michilimackinac4 ,the missionaries1 not wishing the church to be profaned or become a resort of the lawless1 set fire to their house and chapel in #agjf and returned to ,quebec4 ,the mission ground became once more a wilderness4 ,in this disheartening departure what became of the remains of ,father ,marquette8 ,if the missionaries bore them to ,quebec as a precious deposit1 some entry of their reinterment would appear on the ,canadian registers1 which are extremely full and well preserved4 ,father ,nouvel and ,father ,pierson1 who received and interred them at the mission1 were both dead1 and their successors might not recall the facts4 ,the silence as to any removal1 in ,charlevoix and other writers1 leads us to believe that the bones remained interred beneath the ruined church4 ,charlevoix1 who notes1 as we have seen1 their removal to ,mackinac1 and is correct on this point1 was at ,quebec ,college in #agjf when the missionaries came down1 and could scarcely have forgotten the ceremony of reinterring the remains of ,father ,marquette1 had it taken place at ,quebec4 ,taking this as a fact1 that the bones of the venerable missionary1 buried in their bark box1 were left there1 the next question is3 ,where did the church stand8 ,a doubt at once arises4 ,three spots have borne the name of ,michilimackinac3 the island in the strait1 ,point ,st4 ,ignace on the shore to the north1 and the extremity of the peninsula at the south4 ,the ,jesuit ,relations as printed at the time1 and those which remained in manuscript till they were printed in our time1 ,marquette's journal and letter1 do not speak in such positive terms that we can decide whether it was on the island or the northern shore4 ,arguments have been deduced from them on either side of the question4 ,on the map annexed to the ,relations of #afga the words ,mission de ,st4 ,ignace are on the mainland above1 not on the island1 and there is no cross or mark at the island to make the name refer to it4 ,on ,marquette's own map the 8,st4 ,ignace0 appears to refer to the northern shore1 so that their testimony is in favor of that position4 ,the next work that treats of ,michilimackinac is the ,recollect ,father ,hennepin's first volume1 ,description de la ,louisiane1 published in #afhh4 ,in this 7p4 #ei7 he distinctly says3 8,missilimackinac is a point of land at the entrance and north of the strait by which ,lake ,dauphin ,michigan empties into that of ,orleans0 7,huron74 ,he mentions the ,huron village with its palisade on a great point of land opposite ,michilimackinac island1 the ,ottawas1 and a chapel where he said ,mass ,august #bf1 #afgh4 ,the map in ,le ,clercq's ,gaspesie1 dated #afia1 shows the ,jesuit mission on the point north of the strait1 and ,father ,membr1 in ,le ,clercq's ,etablissement1 mentions it as in that position4 ,in ,hennepin's later work1 the ,nouvel ,dcouverte1 ,utrecht1 #afig1 he says 7p4 #acd73 8,there are ,indian villages in these two places4 ,those who are established at the point of land of ,missilimackinac are ,hurons1 and the others1 who are at five or six arpens beyond1 are named the ,outtaouatz40 ,he then1 as before1 mentions saying ,mass in the chapel at the ,ottawas4 ,the ,jesuit ,relation of #afgc-i 7pp4 #eh1 #ei7 mentions the 8house where we make our abode ordinarily1 and where is the church of ,st4 ,ignatius1 which serves for the ,hurons10 and mentions a small bark chapel three-quarters of a league distant and near the ,ottawas4 ,this latter chapel was evidently the one where ,father ,hennepin officiated in #afgh or1 as he says elsewhere1 #afgi4 ,the relative positions of the ,indian villages and the church thus indicated in ,hennepin's account are fortunately laid down still more clearly on a small map of ,michilimackinac found in the ,nouveaux ,voyages de ,m4 le ,baron de ,la ,hontan1 published at the ,hague in #agjc4 ,many of the statements in this work are preposterously false1 and his map of his pretended ,long ,river a pure invention1 exciting caution as to any of his unsupported statements4 ,but the map of the country around ,michilimackinac agrees with the ,jesuit ,relation and with ,father ,hennepin's account1 and has all the appearance of having been copied from the work of some professed hydrographer1 either one of the ,jesuit ,fathers like ,raffeix1 whose maps are known1 or ,jolliet1 who was royal hydrographer of the colony4 ,the whole map has a look of accuracy1 the various soundings from the point to the island being carefully given4 ,on this the ,french village1 the house of the ,jesuits1 the ,huron village1 that of the ,ottawas1 and the cultivated fields of the ,indians are all laid down on the northern shore4 ,in the text1 dated in #afhh1 he says3 8,the ,hurons and the ,ottawas have each a village1 separated from one another by a simple palisade4444 ,the ,jesuits have a small house1 besides a kind of church1 in an enclosure of palisades which separates them from the ,huron village40 ,the publication a quarter of a century ago of the contemporaneous account of the death and burial of ,father ,marquette1 the humble discoverer of a world1 excited new interest as to his final resting-place4 ,the ,west owed him a monument1 and1 though ,america gave his name to a city1 and the ,pope ennobled it by making it a bishop's see1 this was not enough to satisfy the yearnings of pious hearts1 who grieved that his remains should lie forgotten and unknown4 ,to some the lack of maps laying down the famous spots in the early ,catholic missions has seemed strange3 but the difficulty was very great4 ,every place required special study1 and the random guesses of some writers have only created confusion1 where truth is to be attained by close study of every ancient record and personal exploration of the ground4 ,michilimackinac is not the only one that has led to long discussion and investigation4#fb ,where was the chapel on the point8 ,a structure of wood consumed by fire a hundred and seventy years ago could scarcely be traced or identified4 ,a forest had grown up around the spots which in ,marquette's time were cleared and busy with human life4 ,twenty years ago this forest was in part cleared away1 but nothing appeared to justify any hope of discovering the burial-place of him who bore the standard of ,mary conceived without sin down the ,mississippi valley4 ,one pioneer kept up his hope1 renewed his prayers1 and pushed his inquiries4 ,the ,rev4 ,edward ,jacker1 continuing in the nineteenth century the labors of ,marquette--missionary to the ,catholic ,indians and the pagan1 a loving gatherer of all that related to the early heralds of the faith1 tracing their footsteps1 explaining much that was obscure1 leading us to the very spot where ,mnard labored and died--was to be rewarded at last4 ,a local tradition pointed to one spot as the site of an old church and the grave of a great priest1 but nothing in the appearance of the ground seemed to justify it4 ,yet1 hidden in a growth of low trees and bushes were preserved proofs that ,indian tradition coincided with ,la ,hontan's map and the ,jesuit records4 ,on the #eth day of ,may1 #ahgg1 the clearing of a piece of rising ground at a short distance from the beach1 at the head of the little bay on the farm of ,mr4 ,david ,murray1 near the main road running through the town1 laid bare the foundations of a church1 in size about thirty-two by forty feet1 and of two adjacent buildings4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,jacker was summoned to the spot4 ,the limestone foundation walls of the building were evidently those of a church1 there being no chimney1 and it had been destroyed by fire1 evidences of which existed on every side4 ,the missionary's heart bounded with pious joy4 ,here was the spot where ,father ,marquette had so often offered the ,holy ,sacrifice2 here he offered to ,mary ,immaculate his voyage to explore the river he named in her honor2 here his remains were received and1 after a solemn requiem1 interred4 ,but ,father ,jacker was a cautious antiquarian as well as a devoted priest4 ,he compared the site with ,la ,hontan's map4 ,if these buildings were the ,jesuit church and house1 the ,french village was at the right2 and there1 in fact1 could be traced the old cellars and small log-house foundations4 ,on the other side was the ,huron village2 the palisades can even now be traced4 ,farther back the map shows ,indian fields4 ,strike into the fields and small timber1 and you can even now see signs of rude ,indian cultivation years ago1 and many a relic tells of their occupancy4 ,the report of the discovery spread and was noticed in the papers4 ,many went to visit the spot1 and ideas of great treasures began to prevail4 ,the owner positively refused to allow any excavation to be made2 so there for a time the matter rested4 ,all this gave time for study1 and the conviction of scholars became positive that the old chapel site was actually found4 ,the next step towards the discovery of the remains of the venerable ,father ,marquette cannot be better told than by the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,jacker himself3 8,mr4 ,david ,murray1 the owner of the ground in question1 had for some time relented so far as to declare that if the chief pastor of the diocese1 upon his arrival here1 should wish to have a search made1 he would object no longer4 ,last ,monday1 then 7,september #c1 #ahgg71 ,bishop ,mrak1 upon our request1 dug out the first spadeful of ground4 ,on account of some apparent depression near the centre of the ancient building1 and mindful of ,father ,dablon's words1 #8,il fut mis dans un petit caveau au milieu de l'glise1' we there began our search2 but being soon convinced that no digging had ever been done there before1 we advanced towards the nearest corner of the large1 cellar-like hollow to the left1 throwing out1 all along1 two to three feet of ground4 ,on that whole line no trace of any former excavation could be discovered1 the alternate layers of sand and gravel which generally underlie the soil in this neighborhood appearing undisturbed4 ,close to the ancient cellar-like excavation a decayed piece of a post1 planted deeply in the ground1 came to light4 ,the bottom of that hollow itself furnished just the things that you would expect to meet with in the cellar of a building destroyed by fire1 such as powdered charcoal mixed with the subsoil1#fc spikes1 nails1 an iron hinge 7perhaps of a trap-door71 pieces of timber--apparently of hewed planks and joists--partly burned and very much decayed4 ,nothing1 however1 was found that would indicate the former existence of a tomb1 vaulted or otherwise4 ,our hopes began to sink 7the good bishop had already stolen away71 when1 at the foot of the western slope of the ancient excavation fragments of mortar bearing the impress of wood and partly blackened1 and a small piece of birch-bark1 came to light4 ,this was followed by numerous other1 similar or larger1 fragments of the latter substance1 most of them more or less scorched or crisped by the heat1 not by the immediate action of the fire2 a few only were just blackened1 and on one side superficially burned4 ,a case or box of birch-bark 7une quaisse d'escorce de bouleau71 according to the ,relation1 once enclosed the remains of the great missionary4 ,no wonder our hopes revived at the sight of that material4 ,next appeared a small leaf of white paper1 which1 being quite moist1 almost dissolved in my hands4 ,we continued the search1 more with our hands than with the spade4 ,the sand in which those objects were embedded was considerably blackened--more so1 in fact1 than what should be expected1 unless some digging was done here after the fire1 and the hollow thus produced filled up with the blackened ground from above4 ,here and there we found small particles1 generally globular1 of a moist1 friable substance1 resembling pure lime or plaster-of-paris4 ,none of the details of our search being unimportant1 ,i should remark that the first pieces of birch-bark were met with at a depth of about three and a half feet from the present surface1 and nearly on a level1 ,i should judge1 with the floor of the ancient excavation4 ,for about a foot deeper down more of it was found1 the pieces being scattered at different heights over an area of about two feet square or more4 ,finally a larger and well-preserved piece appeared1 which once evidently formed part of the bottom of an ,indian #8mawkawk' 7wigwass-makak--birch-bark box71 and rested on clean white gravel and sand4 ,some of our people1 who are experts in this matter1 declared that the bark was of unusual thickness1 and that the box1 or at least parts of it1 had been double1 such as the ,indians sometimes1 for the sake of greater durability1 use for interments4 ,a further examination disclosed the fact that it had been placed on three or four wooden sills1 decayed parts of which were extracted4 ,all around the space once occupied by the box the ground seemed to be little disturbed1 and the bottom piece lay considerably deeper than the other objects 7nails1 fragments of timber1 a piece of a glass jar or large bottle1 a chisel1 screws1 etc47 discovered on what ,i conceived to have been the ancient bottom of the cellar4 ,from these two circumstances it seemed evident that the birch-bark box had not 7as would have been the case with an ordinary vessel containing corn1 sugar1 or the like7 been placed on the floor1 but sunk into the ground1 and perhaps covered with a layer of mortar1 many blackened fragments of which were turned out all around the space once occupied by it4 ,but it was equally evident that this humble tomb--for such we took it to have been--had been disturbed1 and the box broken into and parts of it torn out1 after the material had been made brittle by the action of the fire4 ,this would explain the absence of its former contents1 which--what else could we think8--were nothing less than ,father ,marquette's bones4 ,we1 indeed1 found between the pieces of bark two small fragments1 one black and hard1 the other white and brittle1 but of such a form that none of us could determine whether they were of the human frame4#fd 8,the evening being far advanced1 we concluded that day's search1 pondering over what may have become of the precious remains which1 we fondly believe1 were once deposited in that modest tomb just in front of what1 according to custom1 should have been the ,blessed ,virgin's altar4 ,had ,i been in ,father ,nouvel's place1 it is there ,i would have buried the devout champion of ,mary ,immaculate4 ,it is the same part of the church we chose nine years ago for ,bishop ,baraga's interment in the cathedral of ,marquette4 ,the suggestion of one of our half-breeds that it would be a matter of wonder if some pagan ,indian had not1 after the departure of the missionaries1 opened the grave and carried off the remains pour en faire de la medicine--that is1 to use the great black-gown's bones for superstitious purposes#fe--this suggestion appeared to me very probable4 ,hence1 giving up the hope of finding anything more valuable1 and awaiting the examination by an expert of the two doubtful fragments of bone1 ,i carried them home 7together with numerous fragments of the bark box7 with a mixed feeling of joy and sadness4 ,shall this1 then1 be all that is left us of the saintly missionary's mortal part8 8,i must not forget to mention a touching little incident4 ,it so happened that while we people of ,st4 ,ignace were at work1 and just before the first piece of bark was brought to light1 two young ,american travellers--apparently ,protestants1 and pilgrims1 like hundreds of others all through the summer1 to this memorable spot--came on shore1 and1 having learned the object of the gathering with joyful surprise1 congratulated themselves on having arrived at such a propitious moment4 ,they took the liveliest interest in the progress of the search1 lending their help1 and being1 in fact1 to outward appearances1 the most reverential of all present4 #8,do you realize1' would one address the other with an air of religious awe1 #8where we are standing8 ,this is hallowed ground6' ,their bearing struck us all and greatly edified our simple people4 ,they begged for1 and joyfully carried off1 some little memorials4 ,isn't it a natural thing1 that veneration of relics we used to be so much blamed for8 8,some hundred and fifty or two hundred of our people witnessed the search1 surrounding us in picturesque groups--many of them1 though nearly white1 being lineal descendants of the very ,ottawas among whom ,father ,marquette labored in ,la ,pointe du ,st4 ,esprit1 and who witnessed his interment in this place two hundred years ago4 ,the pure ,indian element was represented only by one individual of the ,ojibwa tribe4 8,on ,tuesday our children were confirmed1 and in the afternoon ,i had to escort the bishop over to ,mackinac ,island4 ,upon my return1 yesterday evening1 a young man of this place entered my room1 with some black dust and other matters tied up in a handkerchief4 ,he had taken the liberty to search our excavation for some little keepsake1 taking out a few handfuls of ground at a little distance from where the box had lain1 in the direction of what ,i presume to have been the ,blessed ,virgin's altar1 and at about the height of the ancient cellar-floor4 ,the result of his search was of such a character that he considered himself obliged to put me in possession of it4 ,what was my astonishment when he displayed on my table a number of small fragments of bones1 in size from an inch in length down to a mere scale1 being in all thirty-six1 and1 to all appearances1 human4 ,being alone1 after nightfall1 ,i washed the bones4 ,the scene of two hundred years ago1 when the ,kiskakons1 at the mouth of that distant river1 were employed in the same work1 rose up before my imagination2 and though the mists of doubt were not entirely dispelled1 ,i felt very much humbled that no more worthy hands should have to perform this office4 ,so long had ,i wished--and1 ,i candidly confess it1 even prayed--for the discovery of ,father ,marquette's grave2 and now that so many evidences concurred to establish the fact of its having been on the spot where we hoped to find it1 ,i felt reluctant to believe it4 ,the longer1 however1 ,i pondered over every circumstance connected with our search1 the more ,i became convinced that we have found what we1 and so many with us1 were desirous to discover4 ,let me briefly resume the train of evidence4 8,the local tradition as to the site of the grave1 near the head of our little bay2 the size and relative position of the ancient buildings1 both in the #8,french ,village' and the ,jesuits' establishment1 plainly traceable by little elevated ridges1 stone foundations1 cellars1 chimneys1 and the traces of a stockade2 all this exactly tallying with ,la ,hontan's plan and description of #afhh--so many concurring circumstances could hardly leave any doubt as to the site of the chapel in which ,marquette's remains were deposited4 8,the unwillingness of the proprietor to have the grave of a saintly priest disturbed proved very opportune1 not to say providential4 ,within the three or four months that elapsed since the first discovery many hundreds of persons from all parts of the country had the opportunity to examine the grounds1 as yet untouched by the spade4 ,we had time to weigh every argument pro and con4 ,among those visitors there were men of intelligence and historical learning4 ,i will only mention ,judge ,walker1 of ,detroit1 who has made the early history of our ,northwest the subject of his particular study1 and who went over the grounds with the ,english edition of ,la ,hontan in his hand4 ,he1 as well as every one else whose judgment was worth anything1 pronounced in favor of our opinion4 ,the balance stood so that the smallest additional weight of evidence would make it incline on the side of certainty as absolute as can be expected in a case like this4 8,the text of the ,relation1 it is true1 would make us look for a vault1 or small cellar 7un petit caveau71 in the middle 7au milieu7 of the church4 ,but if anything indicating the existence of a tomb in the hollow towards the left side and the rear part of the chapel were discovered1 could we not construe those words as meaning #8within the church'8 ,besides1 it must be remembered that ,father ,dablon1 who left us the account1 was not an eye-witness at the interment2 nor did he visit the mission after that event1 at least up to the time of his writing4 8,we know1 then1 that ,marquette's remains were brought to this place in a birch-bark box2 and there is nothing to indicate that1 previously to being interred1 they were transferred into any other kind of receptacle4 ,in that box they remained under the catafalco 7sous sa representation7 from ,monday1 ,june #h1 to ,tuesday1 #i 7#afgg71 and in it1 undoubtedly1 they were deposited in a vault1 or little cellar1 which may have previously been dug out for other purposes4 ,the box was sunk into the ground on that side of the excavation which was nearest to the altar1 or1 at least1 the statue of the ,blessed ,virgin1 the most appropriate spot for the interment of the champion of ,mary ,immaculate4 ,an inscription1 on paper1 indicating whose bones were contained in the box1 might have been placed within it2 of this the piece of white paper we found among the bark may be a fragment4 ,the poor casket rested1 after the ,indian fashion1 on wooden supports4 ,it may have been covered with mortar or white lime1 or else a little vault constructed of wood and mortar may have been erected over it4 ,when the building was fired1 twenty-nine years after the interment1 the burning floor1 together with pieces of timber from above1 fell on the tomb1 broke the frail vault or mortar cover of the box1 burned its top1 and crisped its sides4 ,some of the pagan or apostate ,indians remaining in that neighborhood after the transmigration of the ,hurons and ,ottawas to ,detroit1 though filled with veneration for the departed missionary 7as their descendants remained through four or five generations71 or rather for the very reason of their high regard for his priestly character and personal virtues1 and of his reputation as a thaumaturgus1 coveted his bones as a powerful #8medicine1' and carried them off4 ,in taking them out of the tomb they tore the brittle bark and scattered its fragments4 ,the bones being first placed on the bottom of the cellar1 behind the tomb1 some small fragments became mixed up with the sand1 mortar1 and lime1 and were left behind4 8,such seems to me the most natural explanation of the circumstances of the discovery4 ,had the missionaries themselves1 before setting fire to the church1 removed the remains of their saintly brother1 they would have been careful about the least fragment2 none of them1 at least1 would have been found scattered outside of the box4 ,that robbing of the grave by the ,indians must have taken place within a few years after the departure of the missionaries2 for had those precious remains been there when the mission was renewed 7about #agjh871 they would most certainly have been transferred to the new church in #8,old ,mackinac'2 and had this been the case1 ,charlevoix1 at his sojourn there in #agba1 could hardly have failed to be taken to see the tomb and to mention the fact of the transfer in his journal or history4 8,our next object1 if we were to be disappointed in finding the entire remains of the great missionary traveller1 was to ascertain the fact of his having been interred on that particular spot2 and in this1 ,i think1 we have fully succeeded4 ,considering the high probability-- priori1 so to say--of the ,indians' taking possession of the bones1 the finding of those few fragments under the circumstances described seems to me1 if not as satisfactory to our wishes1 at least as good evidence for the fact in question as if we had found every bone that is in the human body4 ,somebody--an adult person--was buried under the church2 buried before the building was destroyed by fire2 and buried under exceptional circumstances--the remains being placed in a birch-bark box of much smaller size than an ordinary coffin--who else could it have been but the one whose burial1 with all its details of time1 place1 and manner1 as recorded in most trustworthy records1 answers all the circumstances of our discovery8 8,sept4 #gth4--,went again to the grave to-day1 and1 after searching a little while near the spot where that young man had found the bones1 ,i was rewarded with another small fragment1 apparently of the skull1 like two or three of those already found4 ,two ,indian visitors who have called in since declared others to be of the ribs1 of the hand1 and of the thigh-bone4 ,they also consider the robbing of the grave by their pagan ancestors as extremely probable4 ,to prevent profanation and the carrying off of the loose ground in the empty grave1 we covered the excavation with a temporary floor1 awaiting contributions from outside--we are too poor ourselves--for the purpose of erecting some kind of a tomb or mortuary chapel in which to preserve what remains of the perishable part of the #8,guardian-,angel of the ,ottawa missions4' 8,i shall not send you this letter before having shown some of the bones to a physician1 for which purpose ,i have to go outside4 8,sheboygan1 ,mich41 ,sept4 #aa4--,m4 ,pommier1 a good ,french surgeon1 declared the fragments of bones to be undoubtedly human and bearing the marks of fire40 ,the result is consoling1 though not unmixed with pain4 ,it is sad to think that the remains of so saintly a priest1 so devoted a missionary1 so zealous an explorer should have been so heathenishly profaned by ,indian medicine-men2 but the explanation has every appearance of probability4 ,had the ,jesuit missionaries removed the remains1 they would have taken up the birch box carefully1 enclosing it1 if necessary1 in a case of wood4 ,they would never have torn the birch-bark box rudely open1 or taken the remains so carelessly as to leave fragments4 ,all the circumstances show the haste of profane robbery4 ,the box was torn asunder in haste1 part of its contents secured1 and the excavation hastily filled up4 ,the detailed account of the final interment of ,father ,marquette1 the peculiarity of the bones being in a bark box1 evidently of small size for convenient transportation1 the fact that no other priest died at the mission who could have been similarly interred1 leads irresistibly to the conclusion that ,father ,jacker is justified in regarding the remains found as portion of those committed to the earth two centuries ago4 ,it is now for the ,catholics of the ,united ,states to rear a monument there to enclose what time has spared us of the 8,angel ,guardian of the ,ottawa ,missions40 ,,john ,,gilmary ,,shea4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,miscellanies4 ,by ,henry ,edward1 ,cardinal ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,first ,american ,edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 #i ,barclay ,street4 #ahgg4 ,the various papers contained in this assortment of miscellaneous articles from the pen of ,cardinal ,manning consist of addresses before several ,academias or other societies1 contributions to the ,dublin ,review1 and short essays1 most of which1 we believe1 have been before published in ,english magazines or newspapers1 or in the form of pamphlets4 ,they are on current topics of immediate interest1 well adapted to the times1 and written in a plain1 popular style4 ,one general tone of defence and explanation of the ,catholic cause in respect to matters now of conflict and controversy between the ,catholic ,church and her opposers runs through them all1 giving a real unity of purpose and objective aim to the collection1 various and miscellaneous as are its topics4 ,the most important and interesting papers1 in which the force of the whole volume1 of all the cardinal's principal works1 of the efforts of his entire career as a prelate in the church1 is concentrated and brought to bear upon the central point of anti-,catholic revolution1 are the first and last4 ,the first one is entitled 8,roma terna3 a ,discourse before the ,academia of the ,quiriti in ,rome on the #bfaeth anniversary of this city1 ,april #ba1 #ahfc40 ,the last one is entitled 8,the ,independence of the ,holy ,see10 and we do not know whether or not it was published before it appeared in the present collection4 ,it has always been characteristic of the cardinal's mind1 and of the doctrinal or polemic expositions of ,catholic truth put forth by him1 to perceive and seize the principle of unity4 ,while he was still an ,anglican archdeacon he embraced and advocated general principles of ,catholic unity1 so far as he then apprehended them1 with remarkable clearness and precision4 ,these principles led him into the bosom of ,catholic unity1 and their complete and consequent development in all their conclusions and harmonious relations has been the one great aim and effort of his luminous and vigorous mind since he became a ,catholic ecclesiastic1 both as an orator and as a writer4 ,this clear1 direct view of the logical order and sequence of constitutive1 ,catholic principles made him one of the most thorough and firm advocates of the spiritual supremacy of the ,holy ,see1 before and during the sessions of the ,vatican ,council4 ,the ,papacy1 as the very centre and foundation of ,christianity1 and therefore the principal point of attack and defence in the war between the ,christian kingdom and the anti-,christian revolution1 has been the dominant idea in the mind of ,cardinal ,manning4 ,the indissoluble union of the papal supremacy with the ,roman episcopate1 and therefore the dependence of ,christendom on the ,roman ,church as its centre1 its head1 the great source of its life1 is the topic to which at present his attention is more specially directed4 ,the ,roman ,church1 and1 by reason of its near and close connection1 the ,italian ,church1 as the permanent1 immovable seat of the sovereign pontificate1 is identified with the prosperity of ,christendom4 ,the head and heart of the ,catholic ,church are there1 whereas other members of the great1 universal society of ,christians are only limbs1 however great and powerful they may be4 ,the logical and juridical mind of ,cardinal ,manning grasps in its full import the whole ,roman and ,italian question of present conflict as the vital one for all ,christendom4 ,and1 as we have said1 the first and last papers in his volume of ,miscellanies are of permanent value and importance1 on account of his clear and masterly exposition of this great controversy4 ,we will quote a few salient paragraphs in illustration and confirmation of our opinion on this head3 8,it is no wonder to me that ,italians should believe in the primacy of ,italy4 ,italy has indeed a primacy1 but not that of which some have dreamed4 ,the primacy of ,italy is the presence of ,rome2 and the primacy of ,rome is in its apostleship to the whole human race1 in the science of ,god with which it has illuminated mankind1 in its supreme and world-wide jurisdiction over souls1 in its high tribunal of appeal from all the authorities on earth1 in its inflexible exposition of the moral law1 in its sacred diplomacy1 by which it binds the nations of ,christendom into a confederacy of order and of justice--these are its true1 supreme1 and1 because ,god has so willed1 its inalienable and incommunicable primacy among the nations of the earth4444 ,the eternity of ,rome1 then1 if it be not an exact truth1 is nevertheless no mere rhetorical exaggeration4 ,it denotes the fact that ,rome has been chosen of ,god as the centre of his kingdom1 which is eternal1 as the depository of his eternal truths1 as the fountain of his graces which lead men to a higher life1 as the witness and guardian of law and principles of which the sanctions and the fruit are eternal4444 ,i shall say little if ,i say that on you1 under ,god1 we depend for the immutability not only of the faith in all the radiance of its exposition and illustration1 and of the divine love in all its breadth and purity and perfection2 you are also charged with the custody of other truths which descend from this great sphere of supernatural light1 and with the application of these truths to the turbulent and unstable elements of human society4444 ,you are the heirs of those who renewed the face of the world and created the ,christian civilization of ,europe4 ,you are the depositories of truths and principles which are indestructible in their vitality4 ,though buried like the ear of corn in the ,pyramids of ,egypt1 they strike root and spring into fruit when their hour is come4 ,truths and principles are divine2 they govern the world2 to suffer for them is the greatest glory of man4 8,not death1 but the cause of death1 makes the martyr40 ,so long as ,rome is grafted upon the ,incarnation it is the head of the world4 ,if it were possible to cut it out from its divine root1 it would fall from its primacy among mankind4 ,but this cannot be4 ,he who chose it for his own has kept it to this hour4 ,he who has kept it until now will keep it unto the end4 ,be worthy of your high destiny for ,his sake who has called you to it2 for our sakes1 who look up to you as1 under ,god1 our light and our strength0 78,rom4 tern410 pp4 #c-bc74 ,these words were spoken fourteen years ago1 but they are reaffirmed now by their new republication1 and the similar language of the closing paper of the volume4 ,in this last paper1 on 8,the ,independence of the ,holy ,see10 the cardinal speaks more particularly and definitely of the temporal sovereignty of the ,holy ,see4 ,as the spiritual supremacy of the ,pope1 in his office as ,vicar of ,christ and successor of ,st4 ,peter1 is closely bound to his ,roman episcopate1 and the unity of the church depends on the ,roman ,church1 the 8mother and mistress of churches10 so the peaceful and uncontrolled exercise of the supremacy depends on the freedom of the ,pope in ,rome4 ,this freedom is secured only by complete independence1 which requires the possession of both personal and political sovereignty as its condition4 ,this citadel of all ,catholic and ,christian interests being now the very object of the most resolute and uncompromising attack and defence--the ,plevna of the war between the ,catholic religion and the anti-,christian revolution--the cardinal1 as a wise leader and strategist1 directs his principal efforts to sustain and advocate the right and necessity of the ,pope's temporal sovereignty4 ,the spoliation of this temporal sovereignty has for its necessary effect1 says the cardinal1 8the disintegration and the downfall of the ,christian world0 7p4 #hfj74 ,consequently1 as the cardinal continually affirms1 the redintegration and reconstruction of the ,christian world require the restitution of that same sovereignty4 8,there is one hope for ,italy4 ,it is this3 that ,italy should reconcile itself to the old traditions of the faith of its fathers1 and should return once more to the only principle of unity and authority which created it0 7p4 #hdh74 8,if the ,christian world is still to continue1 what is happening now is but one more of those manifold transient perturbations which have come through these thousand years1 driving into exile or imprisoning the pontiffs1 or even worse1 and usurping the rightful sovereignty of ,rome4 ,and as they have passed1 so will this1 unless the political order of the ,christian world itself has passed away0 7p4 #hjd74 ,in these last words is presented an alternative of the utmost consequence and interest4 ,is the perturbation and disintegration final or transient8 ,if final1 the church goes back to the state of persecution1 the reign of ,antichrist is at hand1 and the end of the world draws near4 ,when ,rome falls1 the world4 ,if the ,roman and ,italian people1 as such1 have apostatized1 or are about to apostatize1 then the ,roman ,church1 the foundation1 sinking in the undermined and caving soil beneath it1 will bring down the whole crumbling fabric of ,christendom and of the universal world4 ,if1 therefore1 there is any ground to hope that this evil day is not yet1 but that there is a triumphant epoch for the church to be awaited1 it is of the utmost consequence not to exaggerate the present revolution in ,italy and ,europe into a national and international apostasy1 but to show that it is a revolution of a faction whose power is but apparent and temporary4 ,this is the cardinal's conviction1 and a large part of his argumentation is directed to its proof and support4 8,why1 then1 is this gagging law necessary in ,italy8 ,because a minority is in power who are conscious that they are opposed by a great majority who disapprove their acts4 ,they know1 and are afraid1 that if men speak openly with their neighbors the public opinion of ,catholic ,italy would become so strong and spread so wide as to endanger their power4 ,and this is called disturbing the public conscience4 ,the public conscience of ,italy is not revolutionary1 but ,catholic2 the true disturbers of the public conscience of ,italy are the authors of these ,italian ,falck laws4444 ,i know of nothing which has imposed upon the simplicity and the good-will of the ,english people more than to suppose that the present state of ,italy is the expression of the will of the ,italian people0 7pp4 #hdb-dg74 ,we cannot exceed the limits of a notice by adding more extracts or giving the cardinal's proofs and reasons4 ,we trust our readers will seek for them in the book itself4 ,as there is no one more intelligently and consistently ,catholic and ,roman in all his ideas than the cardinal1 so there is no one who can so well explain and interpret the same to the ,english-speaking world4 ,he is not only a prince of the ,roman ,church by his purple1 but an intellectual and moral legate of the ,holy ,see1 by his wisdom1 eloquence1 and gentleness of manner1 to all men speaking the ,english language1 a sure teacher and guide to all ,catholics1 whose words they will do well to read and ponder attentively4 ,before closing we cannot omit indicating one paper quite different from anything we have before seen from the cardinal's pen4 ,it is the one on ,kirkman's ,philosophy without ,assumptions1 in which the eminent writer shows how much he has studied and how acutely he is able to discuss metaphysical questions4 ,we may remark that this volume has been republished in a very handsome style and form1 and we cannot too emphatically recommend it to an extensive circulation4 ,the appendix1 containing in ,latin and ,english the late splendid allocution of ,pius ,,ix1 whose thunder has shaken ,europe1 adds much to its value4 ,this great document is one of the most sublime utterances which has ever proceeded from the ,holy ,see4 ,st4 ,peter never had a more worthy successor than ,pius ,,ix4 ,he watches by the tomb of the ,prince of the ,apostles1 by ,god's command1 as the angels watched by the sepulchre of ,christ4 ,what better guarantee could we desire that the sovereignty and splendor of the ,papacy will come forth in glory from the tomb of ,st4 ,peter when the long watch is ended8 ,,bibliotheca ,,symbolica ,,ecclesi ,,universalis4 ,,the ,,creeds ,,of ,,christendom4 ,with a ,history and ,critical ,notes4 ,by ,philip ,schaff1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,professor of ,biblical ,literature in the ,union ,theological ,seminary1 ,new ,york4 ,in three volumes4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahgg4 ,in respect to the literary and typographical style of execution1 this is a work worthy of commendation4 ,its intrinsic value for students of theology is chiefly to be found in the contents of the second and third volumes1 where the author has collected the principal symbolical documents of the ,catholic ,church1 both ancient and modern1 of the ,orthodox ,orientals1 and of the ,protestant denominations classed under the generic term 8,evangelical40 ,the original text is given1 with ,english translations of documents from other languages4 ,among these documents1 those appertaining to the ,eastern ,christians have a special interest and importance1 because more rare and not so easily obtained as the others4 ,as a book of reference1 therefore1 the ,bibliotheca ,symbolica deserves a place in every ,catholic theological library4 ,the author is a scholar of extensive erudition1 and a very painstaking1 accurate compiler1 after the manner of the ,germans1 and he has fulfilled a laborious and serviceable task in gathering together and editing with so much thoroughness and accuracy the collection of authentic documents contained in these two bulky volumes1 so well arranged and clearly printed as to make them most convenient and easy for reading or reference4 ,the first volume is not without some value as a historical account of the origin and formation of the symbolical documents contained in the other parts of the work1 especially so far as relates to those emanating from ,orientals and ,protestants4 ,one important service his scholarly accuracy has rendered to the cause of truth deserves to be particularly noted--the distinct light in which he has placed the agreement of the orthodox confessions of the ,east with the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church1 exceptis excipiendis1 and their diversity from the specific doctrines of ,protestantism4 ,in his treatment of topics relating to the ,catholic ,church the partisan polemic appears1 as we might expect4 ,the author professes to follow the maxim that 8honest and earnest controversy1 conducted in a ,christian and catholic spirit1 promotes true and lasting union4 ,polemics looks to irenics--the aim of war is peace40 ,he expresses the wish to promote by his work 8a better understanding among the churches of ,christ40 ,he declares his opinion that 8the divisions of ,christendom bring to light the various aspects and phases of revealed truth1 and will be overruled at last for a deeper and richer harmony of which ,christ is the key-note0 7preface74 ,this sounds very well in general terms2 yet when the author descends to particulars and practical questions1 it is evident that whatever meaning his terms have is only equivalent to the truism that increase of knowledge is favorable to the cause of truth alone1 and that the prevalence of truth over error through genuine science1 sincere conviction1 and conscientious obedience to known truth produces peace1 harmony1 and charity by uniting the minds of men in one faith4 8,irenics10 in any proper sense1 can refer only to parties who agree in substantials1 but1 through mutual or one-sided misunderstanding1 are not aware of it1 or to those who are in controversy about matters which do not really break unity of essential doctrine between the contending sides1 but are carried on with too little moderation and candor by vehement disputants4 ,there is no 8irenics0 in matters essential and obligatory between the right side and the wrong side1 except the irenics of combat1 and no peace except that which follows the victory of the one over the other4 ,that an advocate of the truth of ,christ should be honest and candid in his argumentation against error1 and charitable toward the persons whose errors he attacks1 is of course indisputable4 ,practically1 when ,dr4 ,schaff finds himself in face of the ,roman ,church1 he is obliged to recognize that this view of the case is the only one possible4 ,if the ,catholic hierarchy1 and all the heads or representatives of the different bodies of the so-called orthodox ,christians1 would consent to meet together and adopt a confession in which all should agree as embracing the essentials of ,christianity1 with a law and order which all should likewise consent to establish1 a visionary believer in progress and the church of the future might with some plausibility argue that the evolution of a higher form of ,christianity would be the result4 ,but ,dr4 ,schaff's historical mind is too much accustomed to look at facts to be deluded by such a chimera4 8,the exclusiveness and anti-,christian pretensions of the ,papacy1 especially since it claims infallibility for its visible head1 make it impossible for any church to live with it on terms of equality and sincere friendship40 ,we suppose that the view of these pretensions which claims for them a divine origin and sanction1 and that which considers them 8anti-,christian10 can hardly be called 8various aspects and phases of revealed truth40 ,the 8exclusiveness0 of the claims is a point in which we both take the same view4 ,the ecclesiastical friendship to which the doctor alludes he justly regards and proclaims an impossibility4 ,while the ,roman ,church1 and any other church not in her obedience1 co-exist1 there must be polemics4 ,irenics can succeed only when the ,roman ,church abdicates her supremacy1 or any other church or churches1 refusing submission to it1 yield to her claims4 ,the practical issue1 therefore1 is reduced to this3 the old and long-standing controversy between ,rome and ,protestantism4 ,dr4 ,schaff comes forward as a champion of ,protestantism and an assailant of what he is too wary to call by its legitimate name of ,catholicism1 and therefore nicknames after the manner of his predecessors in past ages1 calling it 8,romanism0 and 8,vatican ,romanism40 ,we agree1 then1 on both sides1 that the polemics and controversy must be carried on4 ,yet1 on the part of ,dr4 ,schaff and those who fight with him1 it appears that a considerable part of the ground we have been heretofore contending for is evacuated and given up to our possession4 8,and yet we should never forget the difference between ,popery and ,catholicism40 ,the issues1 it appears1 are a good deal narrowed1 and that will facilitate our coming to close quarters and to decisive1 polemical discussion1 which we desire above all things4 ,dr4 ,schaff continues3 8nor between the system and its followers4 ,it becomes ,protestantism1 as the higher form of ,christianity1 to be liberal and tolerant even toward intolerant ,romanism0 7p4 #bji74 ,probably the collective terms in this clause are used distributively1 as required to make it agree with the preceding sentence4 ,this is graceful and dignified in ,dr4 ,schaff4 ,our exclusiveness is indeed something hard to bear2 we freely admit it4 ,our apology for it is that we are acting under orders from above and have no discretionary powers4 ,our own personal and human feelings would incline us to open the doors of heaven to all mankind indiscriminately1 and give all those who die in the state of sin a purgatory of infallible efficacy to make them holy and fit for everlasting beatitude4 ,yet as we have not the keys of heaven1 which were given to ,st4 ,peter with strict orders to shut as well as to open its gates1 we can do nothing for the salvation of our dear friends and fellow-men1 except to persuade them to take the king's highway to the gate of the celestial city1 and not follow the example of green-headed ,ignorance in the ,pilgrim's ,progress1 who came by a by-road to the gate1 and1 on being asked by the ,shining ,ones for his certificate1 8fumbled in his bosom and found none40 ,we consider that we have not only the higher but the only genuine form of ,christianity4 ,dr4 ,schaff thinks ,protestantism is the higher form simply1 and1 therefore1 that ,protestants ought to be tolerant of our intolerance4 ,this is the most dignified attitude he could assume4 ,on our part1 we agree with ,ozanam that1 in a certain sense1 we ought to be tolerant of error--i4e41 in the concrete1 subjective sense1 equivalent to tolerant of those who are in error1 charitable1 and1 to those especially who are themselves honorable and courteous in their warfare1 respectful4 ,dr4 ,schaff himself evidently intends to act upon his own principles4 ,toward individuals whom he mentions he is careful to observe the rules of courtesy4 ,in respect to his historical and polemical statements and arguments on ,catholic matters in his first volume1 we presume he speaks according to his opinion and belief2 and if that were correct1 his strong expressions would be justifiable1 even though they might sometimes1 on the score of rhetoric and good taste1 lie open to criticism4 ,to call the ,papacy 8a colossal lie0 is not very elegant or even forcible1 and is irreconcilable with the author's own statements regarding medival ,catholicism1 as well as with the views of history presented by such men as ,leo and other enlightened ,protestants4 ,all the efforts of the ,jesuits to bring back schismatics to their former obedience to the ,holy ,see are called 8intrigues40 ,the author relies a great deal on strong language1 vehement assertion1 and a vague style of depreciation of the mental and moral attitude of ,catholics1 which is not sustained by reasoning1 and1 in our view1 indicates the presence of much prejudice1 as well as a want of adequate knowledge and consideration4 ,men who have a great aptitude for history and what may be called book-knowledge1 among whom ,dr4 ,dllinger is a notable instance1 frequently fail signally in treating of matters where logic1 philosophy1 and accurate theology are required4 ,dr4 ,schaff seems out of his proper line when he leaves his purely literary work and begins to reason4 ,his polemical argument against infallibility and the ,immaculate ,conception is a pretty good rsum of what has been said by others on that side1 and of what can be said4 ,it is all to be found in ,catholic theologies1 under the head of objections1 and has all been answered many times over4 ,the author adds nothing to his own cause by his own reasoning1 and requires no special confutation4 ,on the contrary1 he weakens his cause and detracts from its plausibility by the futility of his assertions4 ,we will cite one instance of this as an example4 ,speaking of the ,immaculate ,conception1 he says3 8,this extraordinary dogma lifts the ,virgin ,mary out of the fallen and redeemed race of ,adam1 and places her on a par with the ,saviour4 ,for1 if she is really free from all hereditary as well as actual sin and guilt1 she is above the need of redemption4 ,repentance1 forgiveness1 regeneration1 conversion1 sanctification are as inapplicable to her as to ,christ himself0 7p4 #aaa74 ,this is one of the most illogical sentences we have ever met with4 ,let it be given1 though not conceded as true1 that the dogma places the ,virgin ,mary above the need of redemption4 ,the illusion that she is therefore placed on a par with the ,saviour is illogical and false4 ,adam1 before the fall1 was above the need of redemption1 and the angels are above it4 ,are they on a par with the ,saviour8 ,he is ,god1 they are creatures4 ,whatever he possesses1 even in his humanity1 he has by intrinsic1 personal right2 they possess nothing except by a free gift4 ,moreover1 it would not follow that regeneration would be as inapplicable to her as to ,christ himself4 ,by the hypostatic union the human nature of ,christ shares with the divine nature the relation of strict and proper filiation toward the ,father1 for he is the natural and only-begotten ,son of ,god4 ,but angels and men are only made sons by adoption1 and by a supernatural grace which in men is properly called regeneration1 because the human generation precedes1 which merely gives them human nature4 ,the ,virgin ,mary received only her human nature by her natural generation1 and therefore needed to be born of ,god by spiritual grace to make her a child of ,god1 and a partaker with ,christ in that special relation to the ,father which belonged to him as man by virtue of his divine personality4 ,moreover1 sanctification is not inapplicable even to ,christ1 whose soul and body were made holy by the indwelling ,spirit1 and therefore1 fortiori1 not to ,mary1 on the hypothesis that she needed no redemption4 ,repentance1 forgiveness1 conversion1 are indeed inapplicable to her4 ,they are1 likewise1 inapplicable to the angels1 were so to ,adam and ,eve before the fall1 and would have been so to their posterity1 if the state of original justice had continued1 unless they sinned personally and were capable of restoration to grace4 ,the freedom from original sin does not1 however1 imply that the ,virgin ,mary was above the need of redemption4 ,the covenant of the first ,adam was abolished1 and therefore no right to grace could be transmitted from him to his descendant1 the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the attainder by which he and all his descendants were excluded from the privileges of children and the inheritance of the kingdom of heaven was reversed only by the redemption4 ,if ,christ had not redeemed mankind from the fall1 the kingdom of heaven could not have been open to ,mary4 ,she owes1 therefore1 all her privileges as a child of ,god and an inheritor of the kingdom of heaven to the redemption4 ,some of these are special and peculiar to herself1 and one of these special privileges is that she was prevented from incurring the guilt of original sin by receiving sanctifying grace simultaneously with her conception and the creation of her soul4 ,she was1 therefore1 redeemed in a more sublime mode than others1 and is more indebted to the cross and ,passion of ,christ and the free grace of ,god than any other human being1 and not at all on a par with ,christ1 who is indebted to no one but himself4 ,let this suffice in respect to the polemics of ,dr4 ,schaff's work4 ,the reunion of all who profess ,christianity on a new basis is as far off as ever--as remote as the discovery of a way of transit to the fixed stars4 ,the learned doctor has prepared a valuable collection of documents useful to the student1 but he has not proposed any substitute for the faith and law of the ,catholic ,church which is likely to supplant them1 or even to prove acceptable to any large number of ,christians under any name4 ,nevertheless1 we regard amicably both himself and his work1 and we are confident that it will have the good effect of promoting a wider and more catholic range of investigation among ,protestant students of theology4 ,,the ,,standard ,,arithmetic1 ,,for ,,schools ,,of ,,all ,,grades ,,and ,,for ,,business ,,purposes4 ,no4 #a4 ,by ,james ,e4 ,ryan4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 ,important changes have been made in arithmetical text-books within the last twenty years4 ,each new series of books presented a special claim for patronage4 ,one contained several chapters previously omitted2 another divided the subject into mental and written arithmetic2 others followed the inductive to the exclusion of the analytic method4 ,each series may have been an improvement in some respects2 but the gain has been theoretic and artistic rather than practical4 ,the result has been to separate oral from written arithmetic2 to increase the average number of books in a series to five2 and to load the elementary works with intricate detail and useless puzzles4 ,as a rule1 a child spends an hour a day of school-life in the study of arithmetic4 ,this amount of time should suffice to teach the arithmetical processes necessary in ordinary business4 ,yet the majority of pupils never advance beyond the ground rules4 ,this results from making the text-book the guide4 ,so general is this custom that few teachers desire to run the risk of changing it1 and the pupil is compelled to leave school before fractions have been reached4 ,he carries with him the belief that there are two kinds of arithmetic1 one mental1 the other written2 and while he may be able to explain an oral example1 he can simply tell how the written example is done4 ,the small number of pupils who reach the higher branches suffer from an overdose of commercial economy which can only be mastered when they come face to face with business affairs4 ,the text-books prepared by ,mr4 ,james ,e4 ,ryan afford a remedy for most of these defects4 ,the elementary course contains all that can be taught to the mass of pupils4 ,it includes the fundamental rules1 fractions1 decimals1 denominate numbers1 and percentage4 ,each division contains oral and written work1 the same analysis being used in both cases4 ,the mode of treatment is excellent4 ,the book includes no more practice work than is absolutely necessary to secure facility and accuracy in calculation1 while the analysis of each step is so clear that any pupil can easily comprehend it4 ,the chapters treating of fractions are cleared of obscure subdivisions1 thereby dispensing with a mass of unnecessary rules for special cases4 ,in addition to this improvement the rules for common and decimal fractions are made to correspond4 ,denominate numbers are treated with marked ability4 ,obsolete weights and measures are excluded4 ,the various tables of the metric system are introduced in connection with the ,english standards4 ,a close examination of ,mr4 ,ryan's treatise will convince the most exacting teacher that it is an excellent arithmetic4 ,,the ,,standard ,,arithmetic1 ,,for ,,schools ,,of ,,all ,,grades ,,and ,,for ,,business ,,purposes4 ,no4 #b4 ,by ,james ,e4 ,ryan4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 #i ,barclay ,st4 ,this volume begins with simple numbers and carries the pupil through the commercial rules4 ,the amount of arithmetical knowledge requisite for business purposes has grown with the enormous growth of insurance1 annuities1 etc41 so that it has become necessary to define the limits of school instruction4 ,the author includes percentage1 interest1 discount1 partial payments1 exchange1 profit and loss1 commission or brokerage1 insurance1 duties1 taxes1 equation of payments1 proportion1 involution1 evolution1 mensuration1 and progression in the regular course4 ,the discussion of the equation1 mechanics1 specific gravity1 builders' measurements1 gauging1 alligation1 life insurance1 annuities1 stocks and bonds1 freights and storage1 etc41 is reserved for the appendix4 ,in the advanced portions of the work analysis and synthesis1 or induction1 as it is now called1 are combined4 ,the treatment of each subdivision is so unique that it is hardly fair to single out one for special praise4 ,equation of payments1 however1 is made somewhat conspicuous by the amount of condensation it has undergone4 ,in six pages we obtain the information which is usually spread over twenty4 ,it is safe to say that the best scholars leave school without a clear comprehension of this subject1 partly because of the senseless rules laid down1 but chiefly because of the number of them4 ,the chapter on mensuration is remarkable4 ,by it the author proves that a student may obtain all the knowledge of mensuration requisite for surveying without studying geometry4 ,oral and written exercises are given under every rule1 and the examples are so shaped as to test the pupil's knowledge of principles4 ,the appendix contains a mass of important work of the highest value to students qualifying themselves for active business4 ,for this reason the volume is well adapted to the wants of high-schools and academies4 ,,recueil ,,de ,,lectures1 ,a ,l',,usage ,,des ,,ecoles4 ,par une ,sur de ,st4 ,joseph4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this is a very useful addition to the ,catholic ,publication ,society's excellent series of school literature4 ,there is probably no living language from which so much pleasure and profit can be derived as the ,french4 ,even if a person does not speak it with ease and fluency1 it requires no vast amount of study to be able to read it as readily as one's native tongue4 ,the first requisite towards a knowledge of ,french is a good text-book and grammar4 ,the little volume before us answers admirably the first of these requirements4 ,it is interesting1 clear1 and constructed on an intelligent plan4 ,the instructions for pronunciation at the beginning are short but excellent1 and likely to rest in the memory4 ,the exercises begin in a very simple manner4 ,they are always sensible1 and do not confuse words and phrases1 and jumble them together after the ,ollendorff plan1 although they effect the same end1 so far as the interchange of words1 phrases1 and ideas goes4 ,as the lessons proceed1 they gradually increase in difficulty1 as they do in interest1 the simpler exercises giving place to extracts from the best ,french authors4 ,we think the book in every way well adapted for youthful students of ,french who have a teacher4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 --------------------- ,,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #aec4--;,,december1 #ahgg4 --------------------- ,,mr4 ,,froude ,,on ,,the 8,,revival ,,of ,,romanism40#ff 8,why is ,protestantism standing still while ,rome is advancing8 ,why does ,rome count her converts from among the evangelicals by tens1 while she loses to them1 but here and there1 an exceptional and unimportant unit80 78,revival of ,romanism10 sect4 i4 p4 #ie74 ,these questions1 asked by ,mr4 ,froude in his latest-published volume1 are not new4 ,they have been asked by many any time within the last quarter of a century4 ,they are being asked with more urgency1 if not more alarm1 every day4 ,they are questions worthy of an answer1 if an answer can be given to them2 worthy1 certainly1 of all consideration from serious-minded men4 ,for1 if founded in fact1 they point towards a reversal of the three centuries of ,protestant history2 to the failure of ,protestantism as a satisfactory system of belief2 and1 if not to a general return of ,protestant nations to the ,catholic ,church1 at least to the speedy and final approach to what keen writers and observers have long seen coming--to wit1 the general recognition that between ,catholicity and infidelity there stands no debatable ground for ,christian men4 ,the suspicion has been gradually growing up in the ,protestant thinking world--a suspicion that is fast hardening into a certainty--that ,catholicity is advancing with giant strides1 while ,protestantism is surely1 if sullenly1 receding2 worse still1 that in spite of all ,protestantism can do1 in the pulpit1 in the press1 in the government1 in the world at large1 ,catholicity is bound to advance1 and the process of damming it up and shutting it off seems hopeless4 8,how to compete with the aggressions of ,romanism0 was1 in various forms1 one of the chief subjects of debate before the ,evangelical ,alliance assembled a few years back in this city4 ,a similar subject excited the recent ,pan-,presbyterian assembly at ,glasgow4 ,indeed1 it is safe to say that1 wherever a ,protestant assembly of any kind meets for amicable consultation and discussion1 that everlasting skeleton in the closet1 8,romanism10 will be exposed to view to remind the pleasant gentlemen assembled that they are doomed to die4 ,this is only a sign of the times4 ,the times were1 half a century ago1 when such a sign was not visible2 when ,catholicity1 as a real1 living1 active power1 was1 so far as ,protestant countries were concerned1 dead and damned beyond hope of redemption4 ,there was a horror at the very mention of the name of ,rome2 a universal ,protestant shudder at the thought of the pope2 but ,rome and the pope were things exploded with the ,gunpowder ,plot and other dark horrors of a by-gone day4 ,in ,england the chief vestige of ,catholicity and ,catholic memories left showed itself in the annual celebration of ,guy ,fawkes' day and the loyal burning of the pope in effigy4 ,to-day how changed is the position of ,catholicity1 not in ,england only1 but in all ,english-speaking peoples2 not in all ,english-speaking peoples only1 but throughout the civilized world6 ,catholicity has experienced a vast 8revival10 to use ,mr4 ,froude's expression2 and to any one who has read ,mr4 ,froude it will be easy to imagine how that writer would handle such a theme4 ,mr4 ,froude dislikes many things in this world1 but of all things he dislikes ,catholicity4 ,it is hard for him to write calmly on any subject2 on this particular subject he raves1 even if he raves eloquently4 ,his admirers1 among whom for many things--particularly for the good service his peculiarly violent temper has done the ,catholic cause--we beg to be numbered1 will scarcely accuse him of that passionless tone that is supposed to belong to blindfolded and even-balanced justice4 ,it is not passing beyond the bounds of fair criticism1 but simply stating what ought now to be a sufficiently-established fact1 to say that whenever ,catholicity or anything belonging to it crosses ,mr4 ,froude's vision that vision is seared2 the man is at once attacked by a species of literary insanity--a ,popomania1 so to say--that renders him incapable of cool judgment1 and leads him to play havoc with all the instincts of good sense1 the laws of logic1 the impulses of good nature1 and1 we are sorry to add1 the rules of honesty4 ,indeed1 no man better than he affords an example of the remark of a keen ,french writer that 8it is the happiness and the glory of ,catholicity to be always served by its adversaries2 by those who do not believe in it2 ay1 by those who pursue it with the bitterest animosity40#fg ,these1 however1 are only so many assertions on our part4 ,mr4 ,froude will afford us ample opportunity of justifying them4 ,we have no desire to be unjust to ,mr4 ,froude4 ,indeed1 he is so unjust to himself that an avowed enemy could wish for no better weapons of attack than those supplied by ,mr4 ,froude against himself4 ,it is singularly true that ,mr4 ,froude is generally the best refutation of ,mr4 ,froude4 ,still1 to a man of his way of thinking1 the questions set at the head of this article1 which he so boldly puts and honestly attempts to face1 must be in the last degree not only exasperating but seriously alarming4 ,to a man who can see nothing more fatal in this world than ,catholicity1 the confessed advance of ,catholicity1 in face of1 in spite of1 and over all obstacles1 must seem like the spread of a pestilence of the deadliest kind--a mental and moral pestilence3 a darkness of the understanding1 a deadening of the heart1 a numbing of all man's fine1 free1 and ennobling qualities1 a wilful renouncing of 8,the mighty thoughts that make us men40 ,of course we laugh at so preposterous an idea2 but ,mr4 ,froude has persuaded himself that ,catholicity is all this1 and we are trying our best to regard him honestly and as being honest4 ,nor does he stand alone in his persuasion4 ,there are many who go with him in his estimate of ,catholicity1 and we have them in view quite as much as he in whatever we may have to say4 ,and the first thing we have to say is this3 ,is there really a 8revival of ,romanism08 ,in what and where is it reviving8 ,of course we reject the term ,romanism1 as applied to ,catholicity4 ,still1 a wilful man may as well have his way1 especially where his wilfulness costs nothing4 ,we have a more important controversy with ,mr4 ,froude than a quarrel over names and a haggling over words4 ,if ,romanists we must be from his point of view1 why ,romanists1 in the name of peace1 let us be1 to the extent at least of an article4 ,some statisticians estimate us at #bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,we can afford to be called names once in a while4 ,surely ,mr4 ,froude is mistaken4 ,if it be true1 as a very high authority#fh assured us a few years ago1 that 8in the kingdom of this world the state has dominion and precedence10 ,catholicity1 as a whole1 fares very badly in the kingdom of this world1 however high it may rank in the next4 ,and strange as it may appear to ,mr4 ,froude and to ,prince ,bismarck1 ,catholics have a singular liking for their own place in this world2 they lay claim to at least as lawful a share of the things of this world as do ,protestants2 and they utterly and stubbornly refuse to live on sufferance4 ,the attempt to make ,catholics exist on sufferance1 go a-begging for their lives1 so to say1 and eat and drink1 and work and sleep1 and play and pray by the gracious favor of certain princes of this world1 occasions all the trouble between ,catholics and the states governed by such princes4 ,so when a 8revival of ,romanism0 is talked about we naturally look to see how ,catholics stand in the world2 and the look is not encouraging4 ,the 8kingdoms of this world0 are all1 or mostly all1 dead-set against ,catholicity4 ,the ,catholic ,church is proscribed in ,germany2 proscribed in ,russia2 tied down in ,austria and ,italy2 hounded in ,switzerland2 vexed and tormented in ,spain and the states of ,south ,america4 ,looked at with the eyes of ordinary common sense1 and from a merely worldly standipoint1 the ,catholic ,church1 under these governments1 which are so strong and powerful1 and play so large and important a part in the world1 is in about as bad a condition as its worst wisher could desire4 ,by the governments mentioned1 with some inequality in the degree of severity1 ,catholicity is regarded and treated as at once a secret and an open foe1 whom it requires every device and strain of the law and the resources of government to put down4 ,what ,emerson1 in one of his latest and best utterances1 has said of the assertion of 8moral sentiment0 is here exactly true of ,catholicity3 8,cities go against it2 the college goes against it2 the courts snatch at any precedent1 at any vicious forms of law to rule it out2 legislatures listen with appetite to declamations against it1 and vote it down4 ,every new assertion of the right surprises us1 like a man joining the church1 and we hardly dare believe he is in earnest40#fi ,the press is not only against it of its own accord1 but is suborned to be against it4 ,its supreme ,pastor has literally scarcely a roof to cover him in the states that through almost all the centuries of the ,christian era belonged to the church1 and such a roof as he has hangs on the word of a royal#gj robber1 who1 in turn1 holds what he has and what he has so ill-gotten by the slenderest of tenures--the breath of a mob4 ,the city that witnessed the divinization of paganism1 its awful and just overthrow1 the long agony of the ,catacombs1 the building up of ,christendom on the pagan ruins1 the glories of the 8ages of faith10 is to-day one of the chief centres of the new paganism1 which has for its deity nihilism4 ,in all the world to-day no royal crusader is to be found to draw his sword for ,christ and ,christ's cross4 ,the race of ,charles ,martel1 of ,pepin1 of ,charlemagne1 of ,pelayo1 of ,godfrey de ,bouillon1 of ,st4 ,louis of ,france1 of ,scanderbeg1 of ,sobieski1 of ,don ,juan of ,austria1 the race of heroes whose swords wrought miracles at ,poitiers1 at ,jerusalem1 at ,acre1 at ,rhodes1 at ,malta1 at ,vienna1 at ,lepanto1 seems to have died out1 though a foe as terrible to ,christianity as was ever the old pagan ,north and the ,moslem ,south and ,east besieges and threatens now the citadel of the city of ,god4 ,it is1 perhaps1 characteristic of the age that the only one to assume the title of royal champion of the cross should be the present ,russian emperor4 ,it is1 perhaps1 equally characteristic of the wicked assumption that it should have met with so fearful and unexpected a response at the hands of the wretched remnant of a power that true ,christianity had crippled1 and would have smote to the dust had not the division of ,christendom lent allies from within the camp to the ancient foe4 ,does it not look like a just retribution8 ,the ,catholic ,church stands between two revolutions--the revolution from above and the revolution from below4 ,both alike have decreed its death4 ,the ,herods1 the ,pilates1 and the rabble1 foes in all else1 are friends in this4 ,delenda est ,roma ,catholica6 ,this is no fancy picture4 ,we are not speaking now of the church in herself--that consideration will come later--but of the church as she stands towards governments1 or rather as they stand towards her4 ,even where some comparative freedom is allowed her it is doled out gingerly and grudgingly1 or given under silent or open protest4 ,the erection of a free ,catholic university in ,france--that is1 a university independent of the government3 a government accused1 too1 of 8clericalism0--is the signal for the ,french 8republicans10 as writers on this side of the water insist on calling them1 to be up in arms4 ,men laugh to-day at the ,english ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,act and the turmoil created by it4 ,yet it moved liberal ,england in #ahej till the country rocked with the tumult of it4 ,its author was a liberal leader4 ,he is still living1 we believe1 though it is hard to think of ,earl ,russell living and not using his well-remembered voice4 ,at all events he was living a few years ago1 and we heard him then--liberal as ever4 ,he had promised to preside at a meeting at ,exeter ,hall1 ,london1 to express sympathy with ,prince ,bismarck and the ,german government in their contest with the ,catholic ,church--a contest that we shall have occasion to refer to in another place4 ,at the last moment ,earl ,russell 8caught a bad cold0 and could not appear1 but his place as chief speaker was nobly taken--by whom8 ,by a free ,american citizen1 the ,rev4 ,joseph ,p4 ,thompson1 ,d4,d41 formerly of the ,church of the ,tabernacle in this city2 and his closing advice to ,prince ,bismarck--an advice thrice repeated--was to 8stamp out0 ,catholicity4 ,these individual instances are only straws1 but straws that betoken a great deal of wind somewhere4 ,such liberty as the ,catholic ,church has is only conceded to it when and where the very character and stability of the governments necessitate its concession4 ,under such circumstances1 then1 does it not sound strange and startling to be alarmed at a 8revival of ,romanism08 ,so much for the dark side of the picture2 and there is no denying that it is dark indeed4 ,there is light1 however1 and the light is very strong and lovely4 ,if the race of royal men and heroes whose swords were ever ready to be drawn in the cause of ,christ seems to have quite died out1 the race of true ,catholics has not died with them4 ,royalty1 at its best even1 was generally and almost necessarily a treacherous ally to the church4 ,the kings have gone from the church1 but the people remain4 ,in face of this universal1 protracted1 bitter1 and resolute opposition to ,catholicity on the part of so many great states1 we find the church1 as in the days of the apostles1 adding daily to her number 8those that should be saved40 ,here1 too1 we find1 as in all ,christian history1 the greatest and sharpest contrasts--those contrasts that it baffles human ingenuity to explain4 ,the ,catholic ,church is to-day strongest where1 according to human calculation1 she ought to be weakest1 and weakest where she ought to be strongest4 ,she flourishes best in what three centuries of almost total estrangement have made to her foreign soil4 ,this it is that so puzzles ,mr4 ,froude4 8,the proverb which says that nothing is certain but the unforeseen was never better verified than in the resurrection1 as it were out of the grave1 during the last forty years of the ,roman ,catholic religion4 ,in my own boyhood it hung about some few ancient ,english families like a ghost of the past4 ,they preserved their creed as an heirloom which tradition rather than conviction made sacred to them4 ,a convert from ,protestantism to ,popery would have been as great a monster as a convert to ,buddhism or ,odin worship4 #8,believe in the ,pope6' said ,dr4 ,arnold4 #8,i should as soon believe in ,jupiter'0 7p4 #ic74 ,this is undoubtedly1 in the main1 a true picture of the result of three centuries of apostasy in ,england4 ,as for ,dr4 ,arnold1 that learned gentleman probably understated his belief4 ,he would1 if anything1 much sooner have believed in ,jupiter than in the ,pope4 ,it would be interesting to know what he thought of1 say1 ,george ,,iv41 as the supreme head of the church of which ,dr4 ,arnold was so distinguished an ornament1 or of ,queen ,victoria4 ,he is as good an example as any of modern refined and intellectual paganism1 and his distinguished son is but the natural outcome of the influence of such a man's character and teachings1 as in another way was ,john ,stuart ,mill of his father4 8,the singular change which we have witnessed and are still witnessing10 pursues ,mr4 ,froude1 8is not due to freshly-discovered evidence of the truth of what had been abandoned as superstition0 7p4 #ic74 ,in this1 of course1 we quite agree with ,mr4 ,froude1 though1 perhaps1 not exactly in the manner he would wish4 ,the truth is the same to-day as it ever was4 ,superstition is the same to-day as it ever was4 ,without going into the matter very deeply just here1 we merely hint that ,mr4 ,froude's 8singular change0 may not be quite so singular as he imagines4 ,the change to which he alludes is the return of a great body of the ,english-speaking people to or towards what for three centuries ,england and ,england's colonies had been educated to consider superstition1 darkness1 idolatry even4 ,certainly ,rome has not changed within this period1 as it will be seen ,mr4 ,froude1 with passionate vehemence1 insists4 ,we only throw out the hint1 then1 that possibly what was abandoned as superstition turns out on closer inspection not to have been superstition at all4 ,truth may be slow in coming1 but once come it is very hard to close one's eyes to it4 ,for men who have eyes there is no exercise so healthy and manful as honestly to face a great difficulty4 ,the modern keen spirit of investigation we are far from considering an unmixed evil1 if1 indeed1 it be an evil at all4 ,the closest inquiry is compatible with the firmest and most whole-hearted faith4 ,the objections of sceptics to the doctrines of the church are1 when not borrowed from the objections of the doctors of the church1 puny in comparison with them4 ,on men1 however1 who do not believe at all1 the spirit of inquiry1 when united to earnestness of purpose1 is working good4 ,many nowadays1 who have every whit as profound a distrust of ,catholicity as ,mr4 ,froude1 are not content with taking for granted all that they have been taught to believe of ,catholics and ,catholicity4 ,they go to ,rome2 walk about in it1 read it1 study it1 much as they would enter upon the investigation of a disputed question in science2 and1 having examined to their hearts' content1 many of them stay in ,rome1 while most come back with at least respect for what they formerly detested and abhorred4 ,it is impossible even to mention a few of the names of distinguished ,catholics within the century1 many of them converts1 and not be struck by their mental and moral eminence4 ,the world cannot afford to sneer at men like ,grres1 ,count von ,stolberg1 ,frederic ,schlegel1 ,hrter1 ,ozanam1 ,lacordaire1 ,montalembert1 ,louis ,veuillot1 ,balmez1 ,o',connell1 ,brownson1 ,ives1 ,anderson1 ,bayley1 ,wiseman1 ,newman1 ,manning1 ,faber1 ,ward1 ,marshall1 ,allies1 ,mivart1 and a host of others almost equally eminent1 who were born leaders of men or of thought1 who came from many lands1 who filled every kind of position1 and who1 led by many different lights1 traversing many stormy and dark and difficult ways1 came at last to ,rome1 to rest there to the end as loyal and faithful children of the church4 ,it is men like these who ennoble the human race and who leave a rich legacy of thought and act to all peoples and to all time4 ,to say that such men1 most of whom came from without1 went deliberately over to the old 8superstition0 because it was superstition will not do4 ,they found what they had esteemed darkness to be light4 ,this modern spirit of investigation has done and is doing another great service to the ,catholic cause3 it is helping to unravel the tangled skein of history1 to explore dark places and drag buried truth to light4 ,lingard's ,history of ,england1 for instance1 really worked1 or more properly began1 a revolution in ,english thought--a revolution which1 unconsciously1 ,scott's novels and poems helped greatly to popularize4 ,the work set on foot by ,lingard and the method adopted have been well followed up by others1 and by non-,catholics4 ,men came to try and look at things dispassionately and fairly4 ,the result was that certain rooted ,english opinions and prejudices began slowly to give way4 ,the 8glorious ,reformation10 for instance1 and the 8great ,reformers0 in ,england appeared on closer inspection to be neither quite so 8glorious0 nor quite so 8great0 as before4 ,it requires very exceptional mental1 not to say moral1 courage nowadays to present ,henry ,,viii4 as a reformer of religion1 or 8good ,queen ,bess0 as really good1 or as one whose 8lordly nature was the pride of all true-hearted ,englishmen40#ga ,and like in character to the leaders were those who went with them in their measures of reform4 ,the ,reformation itself has come to be regarded by all intelligent minds1 whatever be their estimate of ,catholicity1 as at least not an unmixed good4 8,the religious reform10 says ,guizot1#gb 8which was the revolution of the sixteenth century has already been submitted to the test of time1 and of great social and intellectual perils4 ,it brought with it much suffering to the human race1 it gave rise to great errors and great crimes1 and was developed amidst cruel wars and the most deplorable troubles and disturbances4 ,these facts1 which we learn both from its partisans and opponents1 cannot be contested1 and they form the account which history lays to the charge of the event40 ,the constant revelations coming to light through the publication of secret papers and such like make it perfectly plain that reform1 to have been at all effectual1 should have begun with the 8,reformers0 themselves4 ,as an evidence of how thoroughly the sham and rottenness of the ,reformation have been exposed1 we find ,sanders' much-derided ,rise and ,growth of the ,anglican ,schism now accepted on all sides as only too true4 ,certain it is that a great idol of ,english ,protestantism1 if not quite overthrown1 has been very much battered and bruised of late by iconoclasts who in other days would have knelt and worshipped before it4 ,protestant ,england is built on the ,protestant ,reformation2 but if that turns out to have been on its religious side so very bad an affair1 what becomes of those who pinned their faith to it8 ,that is a thought that is working in men's minds1 and working good4 ,that reform was needed in the church and kingdom of ,england prior to the ,reformation no man will dispute4 ,but real reformation should not be a sweeping out of one devil to introduce seven more unclean4 ,while the truth of history was thus slowly forcing its way out1 there came a sudden shock to the mind of the ,english people--a shock so severe and stunning in its first effects as almost to lead to a reaction and a turning again into the old ruts4 ,this was the deliberate desertion of all pretensions to alliance with the early church by some of the leaders--8the ablest0 ,mr4 ,froude styles them--of the ,tractarian movement4 ,these became converts to the ,catholic faith1 and1 in the slang of the day1 8went over to ,rome40 ,the falling away of these men from the ,anglican ,church can only be likened to a revolution1 a yielding of some buttress of the ,british ,constitution1 which was thought to be as impregnable1 as solid1 as lasting as ,england itself4 ,and yet 8the intellect which saw the falsehood of the papal pretensions in the sixteenth century sees it only more clearly in the nineteenth10 says ,mr4 ,froude4 ,possibly enough2 a distinction1 however1 is to be drawn at 8intellect40 8,more than ever the assumptions of the ,holy ,see are perceived to rest on error or on fraud4 ,the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church have gained only increased improbability from the advance of knowledge4 ,her history1 in the light of critical science1 is a tissue of legend woven by the devout imagination40 ,we have thus far only quoted from the first of fifty-four pages1 and already we pause to take breath4 ,mr4 ,froude has a peculiar manner of putting things4 ,such wholesale and sweeping assertions are only to be answered in a volume or by a simple denial4 ,of course1 if the ,catholic ,church is all that ,mr4 ,froude unhesitatingly sets her down to be1 there is an end of the whole question4 ,in that case the 8revival of ,romanism0 is really a grave danger to the world2 nay1 the very existence of 8,romanism0--i4e41 of ,catholicity--is a menace to human society4 ,if the 8papal pretensions0 are 8falsehood02 if 8the assumptions of the ,holy ,see0 8rest on error and fraud02 if 8the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church have gained only increased improbability from the advance of knowledge02 and if 8her history is a tissue of legend10 men who commit themselves to the defence of such a monstrosity set themselves at once beyond the pale of civilization4 ,were ,mr4 ,froude writing of the ,turks or of the ,mormons he could scarcely use language more strongly condemnatory4 ,it is probable that1 with his generous impulses1 he would find 8extenuating circumstances10 did he think any needed1 for ,mormon or ,turk1 which he could not concede to a ,catholic4 ,when ,mr4 ,froude visited this country recently on his ill-judged and1 to him1 disastrous mission--for a mission he called it--a critic 7in the ,new ,york ,world1 we believe7 described his style1 very happily it seemed to us1 as feminine4 ,women are not supposed to sit down to serious questions of wide and general import as calmly and judiciously as men4 ,they argue from the heart rather than the head4 ,they like or they dislike1 and woe betide the person or the cause that they dislike6 ,argument is thrown away on them4 ,they make the most astounding statements with the easiest confidence2 they have a happy faculty of inventing facts2 they contradict themselves with placid unconsciousness1 and everybody else with scornful rigor2 for logic they have not so much a disregard as a profound contempt1 and take refuge from its assaults in thin-edged satire4 ,this1 of course1 is only true of them when they are out of their sphere and dealing with matters for which they have a constitutional incapacity4 ,mr4 ,froude1 however1 is just this4 ,take any one sentence of those last quoted2 look at it calmly2 weigh it in the balance1 and what do we find8 ,take this one3 8,the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church have gained only increased improbability from the advance of knowledge40 ,with this confident statement he leaves the matter4 ,there is no doubt1 no hesitation1 no reservation at all on his part4 ,a reasonable man will ask himself1 however3 8,is this stupendous statement true80 8,the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church6 ,what6 all of them80 ,apparently so2 ,mr4 ,froude1 at least1 makes no exception4 8,i believe in ,god1 the ,father ,almighty1 ,creator of heaven and earth10 is the primary article of the ,catholic ,creed4 ,has that only 8gained increased improbability from the advance of knowledge08 ,mr4 ,froude would hardly say so2 indeed1 in more places than one he takes occasion to sneer at the modern scientific gospel4 ,even if ,mr4 ,froude himself said so1 his ,protestant readers who make any pretensions to ,christian faith would scarcely agree with him4 ,belief in the ,trinity of ,god is another doctrine of the ,catholic ,church2 in ,jesus ,christ the ,god-,man1 the ,redeemer of the world2 in the ,holy ,ghost2 in the resurrection of the body and life everlasting4 ,all these are doctrines of the ,catholic ,church4 ,does ,mr4 ,froude pretend to say that they have all been swept away by 8the advance of knowledge08 ,if he did not mean to say this--as1 indeed1 we believe he did not--why did he say it8 ,what are we to think of him8 ,is this sober writing and a right manner of approaching a serious question8 ,in p4 #ic he tells us that 8the doctrines of the ,catholic ,church have gained only increased improbability from the advance of knowledge40 ,in p4 #ie he has already forgotten himself1 and tells us that 8the ,protestant churches are no less witnesses to the immortal nature of the soul1 and the awful future which lies before it1 than the ,catholic ,church10 which is the strongest kind of concession of what he had just before denied2 and forgetting himself again1 he tells us in a third place 7p4 #ada7 that the ,protestant ministers 8are at present the sole surviving representatives of true religion in the world40 ,this is only one of a multitude of instances in which ,mr4 ,froude allows himself to run away with himself4 ,passion and prejudice narrow his mental vision1 until at times it becomes so diseased as to result in moral as well as mental obliquity4 ,the same thing is observable in the sentence immediately following the passage last quoted3 8,liberty1 spiritual and political1 has thriven in spite of her the ,catholic ,church's most desperate opposition1 till it has invaded every government in the world1 and has penetrated at last even the territories of the popes themselves0 7p4 #id74 ,even ,mr4 ,froude cannot absolutely blind himself to facts2 at least1 he cannot alter them4 ,he may hate the ,catholic ,church as much as he pleases--and it pleases him to hate her very much--but the fact of his hatred cannot convert the persecution of her children into 8liberty1 spiritual and political40 ,nor are we at all begging the question in giving the name of persecution to the treatment that ,catholics are receiving at the hands1 if not of 8every government of the world10 at least of those previously enumerated4 ,it is the word1 as we shall show1 applied to the anti-,catholic legislation in ,germany by candid ,protestants1 countrymen of ,mr4 ,froude1 too1 who hate the church and the ,pope just as resolutely as he1 but with more apparent show of reason4 ,it is too late in the day to argue about this matter4 ,there is no longer question to an honest mind as to whether the ,catholics in ,germany are or are not persecuted4 ,there may still be question as to whether or not the persecution be necessary1 but there is no dispute as to the fact4 ,to talk of the 8spiritual liberty0 of ,catholics in ,germany to-day is simply to talk nonsense4 ,but1 lest there should be any possible doubt regarding the matter1 it may be as well to freshen men's memories a little on a point that is intimately connected with our whole subject2 for what covers ,germany covers every land where the struggle between the ,catholic ,church and the state is being waged4 ,the organs of ,english opinion have been very faithful in their allegiance to ,prince ,bismarck1 who is such an experienced cultivator of public opinion4 ,they are the bitter foes of the ,papacy and the ,catholic ,church4 ,nevertheless1 they have some pretensions to principle1 and1 when there is no escape out of the difficulty1 call white white1 and black black4 ,at all events they do not always call black white4 ,in ,germany1 then1 according to ,mr4 ,froude1 8liberty1 spiritual and political1 has thriven in spite of the ,catholic ,church's most desperate opposition40 ,while the struggle of the ,german government with the ,catholics had as yet not much more than half begun the ,english ,pall ,mall ,gazette discovered that 8,there is no parallel in history to the experiment which the ,german statesmen are resolutely bent on trying1 except the memorable achievement of ,englishmen under the guidance of ,henry ,,viii4444 ,like all these measures1 the new law concerning the education of ecclesiastical functionaries1 which is the most striking of the number1 will apply to all sects indifferently1 but1 in its application to the ,roman ,catholic priesthood1 it almost takes one's breath away40 ,it may be only natural to find the apologist of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,elizabeth describing the revival in modern times of 8the memorable achievement of ,englishmen0 under ,henry ,,viii4 as 8liberty1 spiritual and political40 ,yet the same 8experiment0 takes away the breath1 not only of so cool a journal as the ,pall ,mall ,gazette1 but of a much cooler and more influential journal still4 8,the measures now in the ,german ,parliament1 and likely to become law10 says the ,london ,times1 8amount to a secular organization so complete as not to leave the ,pope a soul1 a place1 an hour1 that he can call entirely his own4 ,germany asserts for the civil power the control of all education1 the imposition of its own conditions on entrance to either civil or ecclesiastical office1 the administration of all discipline1 and at every point the right to confine religious teachers and preachers to purely doctrinal and moral topics4 ,henceforth there is to be neither priest1 nor bishop1 nor cardinal1 nor teacher1 nor preacher1 nor proclamation1 nor public act1 nor penalty1 nor anything that man can hear1 do1 or say for the soul's good of man in ,germany1 without the proper authorization1 mark1 and livery of the emperor40 ,mr4 ,froude is perfectly correct in saying that such measures have been carried 8in spite of the church's most desperate opposition10 but whether he is equally correct in styling the same thing 8liberty10 spiritual or political1 we leave to the judgment of honest readers4 ,the ,london ,spectator1 writing at the same period1 was in sore trouble as to the event4 8,is an age of the world10 it asks1 8in which few men know what is truth or whether there be truth1 one in which you would ask statesmen to determine its limits8 ,we suspect that a race of statesmen armed with such powers as ,prussia is now giving to her officials would soon cease to show their present temperance and sobriety1 and grow into a caste of civilian ecclesiastics of harder1 drier1 and lower mould than any of the ecclesiastics they had to put down4444 ,to our minds the absolutism of the ,vatican ,council is a trifling danger compared with the growing absolutism of the democratic temper which is now being pushed into almost every department of human conduct40 ,we shall have occasion to show the results of the work of these 8civilian ecclesiastics0 on the ,protestant ,church in ,germany1 particularly in ,prussia4 ,even at this early stage of the struggle the ,london ,times confessed3 8,we do not anticipate any retrogression in the development of ,prussia1 but it seems inevitable that there should be some check in the progress of change1 some slackening in the audacity of legislation1 some disposition to rest and be thankful40 ,of the same measure the ,prussian correspondent of the ,london ,times wrote3 8,the ,catholic dignitaries are not the only ecclesiastics opposed to the bill4 ,the new measures applying not only to the ,catholic ,church1 but to all religious communities recognized by the state1 the ,ober-,kirchenrath1 or ,supreme ,consistory of the ,protestant ,church in the old provinces1 has also thought fit to caution the crown against the enactment of these sweeping innovations40 8,the official papers openly accuse the ,protestant clergy of becoming the allies of the ,ultramontanes10 says the ,pall ,mall ,gazette 7,april #ab1 #ahgc74 8,herr ,von ,gerlach no longer stands alone as a ,protestant opponent of the chancellor's policy40 8,this rough-and-ready method of expelling ,ultramontane influences #8by a fork' can hardly fail to suggest to a looker-on the probability that1 like similar methods of expelling nature1 it may lead to a reaction4 ,downright persecution of this sort 7we are speaking now simply of the ,jesuit law71 unless it is very thorough indeed--more thorough than is well possible in the nineteenth century--usually defeats itself10 says the ,saturday ,review4 ,but why multiply quotations8 ,surely those given are enough to show that the leading organs of ,english opinion1 representing every stripe of thought1 are quite agreed as to what name should be given to what ,mr4 ,froude calls the 8liberty1 spiritual and political10 in ,germany4 ,we leave the case confidently in their hands2 and ,mr4 ,froude apparently thinks the verdict has gone against him4 ,he deplores the fact that 8free ,england and free ,america 444 affect to think that the ,jesuits are an injured body1 and clamor against ,prince ,bismarck's tyranny4 ,truly1 we are an enlightened generation0 7p4 #acf74 ,what is here true of ,germany is true also of ,russia1 ,austria 7in great measure71 ,italy1 ,switzerland1 and other lands4 ,so that if ,catholicity is really reviving1 as ,mr4 ,froude alleges1 it is reviving under the very shadow of death1 and in face of the combined opposition of the most powerful governments4 ,a revival under such circumstances ought to extort the admiration of ,mr4 ,froude1 who is as true a hero-worshipper as ,carlyle1 even if he be about equally happy in his selection of heroes4 ,in the 8,preliminary0 to ,the ,english in ,ireland ,mr4 ,froude propounds his theories of might and right3 8,a natural right to liberty1 irrespective of the ability to defend it1 exists in nations as much as1 and no more than1 it exists in individuals4444 ,in a world in which we are made to depend so largely for our well-being on the conduct of our neighbors1 and yet are created infinitely unequal in ability and worthiness of character1 the superior part has a natural right to govern2 the inferior part has a natural right to be governed2 and a rude but adequate test of superiority and inferiority is provided in the relative strength of the different orders of human beings4 ,among wild beasts and savages might constitutes right4 ,among reasonable beings right is for ever tending to create might0 7vol4 i4 pp4 #a1 #b74 ,as we are not now examining ,mr4 ,froude's theories on government1 we only call attention to the very hazy nature of the views here expressed on a subject which of all things should be clear and definite4 ,he uses the word right without telling us what he means by it1 whether or not it has an absolute meaning and force4 ,he speaks of 8the superior part0 and 8the inferior part0 without informing us in what sense the terms are used4 ,superior in what8 ,inferior in what8 ,to any rational mind it is plain that1 just because of the inequality of human beings 8in ability and worthiness of character10 there must1 under a divine dispensation1 which ,mr4 ,froude does not deny1 be absolute rules of right and wrong for all alike1 a moral code which shall extend to and determine all rights1 natural or acquired4 ,if not this1 right and wrong become convertible terms1 and right and might of course follow suit1 which is really the outcome of ,mr4 ,froude's theory--a doctrine that impregnates and inspires all his writings4 8,there neither is nor can be an inherent privilege in any person or set of persons to live unworthily at their own wills1 when they can be led or driven into more honorable courses2 and the rights of man--if such rights there be--are not to liberty1 but to wise direction and control0 7p4 #b74 ,a very plausible-looking doctrine1 but a very dangerous one as here laid down4 ,an example will serve to show the mischievous and vicious nature of it4 ,according to ,mr4 ,froude1 to be a ,catholic is 8to live unworthily40 ,the comment suggests itself4 8,individuals cannot be independent1 or society cannot exist4444 ,the individual has to sacrifice his independence to his family1 the family to the tribe10 etc4 ,why so8 ,would it not be truer as well as nobler to say that the individual uses his independence for his family8 8,necessity and common danger drive families into alliance for self-defence2 the smaller circles of independence lose themselves in ampler areas2 and those who refuse to conform to the new authority are either required to take themselves elsewhere1 or1 if they remain and persist in disobedience1 may be treated as criminals0 7p4 #d74 ,quite independent of the nature and claims of the 8new authority10 so far as ,mr4 ,froude enlightens us4 8,on the whole1 and as a rule1 superior strength is the equivalent of superior merit4444 ,as a broad principle it may be said that1 as nature has so constituted us that we must be ruled in some way1 and as at any given time the rule inevitably will be in the hands of those who are then the strongest1 so nature also has allotted superiority of strength to superiority of intellect and character2 and in deciding that the weaker shall obey the more powerful1 she is in reality saving them from themselves1 and then most confers true liberty when she seems most to be taking it away0 7pp4 #d1 #e74 ,we hold that 8superiority of strength0 belongs to 8superiority of intellect and character10 but not in ,mr4 ,froude's sense4 ,this sense is obviously that expounded by the third ,napoleon in the preface to his ,julius ,csar--viz41 that once ,csar is established1 it is a crime to go against him under any circumstances2 which is equivalent to saying that whatever is1 is right4 ,it is forgotten by1 or not known to1 these writers that man is prone to evil from childhood2 that the good has always a hard battle to fight2 that it does conquer by force of 8superiority of intellect and character10 but that it is often1 and for a long time1 borne down by the physical superiority of brute strength4 ,the history of ,christianity is the strongest instance we can offer of the truth of our position4 ,christianity has been struggling upwards for nineteen centuries2 to human eyes it was often at the point of death2 on those whom it subdued it conferred superiority of intellect and of character--a superiority which they sometimes turned against itself--and to-day it is struggling as fiercely as ever4 ,however1 let us gauge ,mr4 ,froude by his own standard3 that superiority of strength goes with superiority of intellect and of character4 ,it is a very convenient theory as so stated2 but it is apt to work two ways4 ,so long as it works for ,mr4 ,froude it is very natural and explicable4 ,as soon1 however1 as it turns to the opposite side it is to ,mr4 ,froude a 8phenomenon40 ,we are as little inclined to underrate as to overrate success1 though very far from accepting it as the standard of right4 ,one thing1 however1 will be conceded by all men3 what succeeds in face of the most strenuous1 long-sustained1 and powerful opposition2 in face of wealth1 position1 possession1 numbers1 resources1 education1 tradition--in a word1 of all that goes to form and mould and fix peoples and their character1 their history1 their mode of thought1 their national bent--what1 we say1 succeeds in face of all this must have something in it very much resembling ,mr4 ,froude's 8superiority of intellect and of character40 ,it must have an immense vital force and strength and reality within it4 ,it is hard for any man not to acknowledge that under such circumstances success approves itself2 that it came because it deserved to come4 ,but this is just ,mr4 ,froude's 8revival0 of ,catholicity--a fact which for him has no adequate explanation4 8,the tide of knowledge and the tide of outward events10 he says1 8have set with equal force in the direction opposite to ,romanism2 yet in spite of it1 perhaps by means of it1 as a kite rises against the wind1 the ,roman ,church has once more shot up into visible and practical consequence4 ,while she loses ground in ,spain and ,italy1 which had been so long exclusively her own1 she is gaining in the modern energetic races1 which had been the stronghold of ,protestantism4 ,her numbers increase1 her organization gathers vigor4 ,her clergy are energetic1 bold1 and aggressive4 ,sees long prostrate are re-established2 cathedrals rise1 and churches1 with schools1 and colleges1 and convents1 and monasteries4 ,she has taken into her service her old enemy1 the press1 and has established a popular literature4 ,her hierarchy in ,england and ,america have already compelled the state to consult their opinions and respect their pleasure2 while each step that is gained is used as a vantage-ground from which to present fresh demands4 ,hildebrand1 in the plenitude of his power1 was not more arrogant in his claim of universal sovereignty than the present wearer of the tiara40 ,this glowing passage suggests a variety of comments4 ,in the first place1 taking it as a statement of facts1 it is1 coming from ,mr4 ,froude1 a most marvellous testimony to the power and growth of the ,catholic ,church within the present century4 ,let us venture to paraphrase his outburst1 and see how it runs3 ,here are you whom we thought dead and buried under your weight of superstition1 idolatry1 absurdity1 and fraud1 an old fossil of medival times1 deserted1 neglected1 despised1 and contemned by the intelligence1 wealth1 and worth of the age1 suddenly leaping into new life1 and by a single miraculous stride coming right abreast of1 if not ahead of1 your foes4 ,what have we that you have not8 ,energy is ours1 yet you surpass us4 ,numbers are ours2 you are stealing them from us4 ,knowledge and learning are ours2 your teachers put ours to shame4 ,we stole your sees1 your cathedrals1 your monasteries1 your convents1 your schools1 your universities--all that you had of beautiful1 and holy1 and intellectual4 ,you ask them not back1 but set to work to build them anew4 ,ours is stolen property2 yours is built on the free offerings of the poor4 ,we invaded the domain of ,english literature2 it was all ours2 we poisoned its wells to you2 we invented the newspaper to perpetuate the falsehoods that we wove about you4 ,you have found an antidote to the poison2 you win over our brightest intellects2 you make a literature of your own which we are compelled to admire and read4 ,you face us at every turn1 and we may as well confess that you beat us at many4 ,this is really ,mr4 ,froude's picture1 not ours4 ,his words mean this or nothing4 ,will it not occur to anybody that for a church built on 8superstition10 8falsehood10 8fraud10 8error10 8a tissue of legend10 etc41 etc41 ,mr4 ,froude's is indeed a strange showing--so strange that if the church were the direct opposite of all that he asserts it to be1 it could hardly hope for more signal or deserved success8 ,does it ever occur to ,mr4 ,froude that he may by some remote possibility be mistaken in his estimate of the ,catholic ,church8 that it1 if not right altogether1 may at least be righter than he thinks8 ,to some minds1 to many and to greater and broader minds than ,mr4 ,froude's1 the doubt has suggested itself4 ,some1 like ,macaulay1 face it1 acknowledge the wonder of it1 make no attempt to explain the wonder1 and stand without for ever1 still wondering4 ,others draw nearer and examine more closely1 and finally enter in4 ,here is how ,mr4 ,froude views it3 8,what is the meaning of so strange a phenomenon8 ,is the progress of which we hear so much less real than we thought8 ,does knowledge grow more shallow as the surface widens8 ,is it that science is creeping like the snake upon the ground1 eating dust and bringing forth materialism8 that the ,catholic ,church1 in spite of her errors1 keeps alive the consciousness of our spiritual being and the hope and expectation of immortality8 ,the ,protestant churches are no less witnesses to the immortal nature of the soul1 and the awful future which lies before it1 than the ,catholic ,church4 ,why is ,protestantism standing still while ,rome is advancing8 ,why does ,rome count her converts from among the evangelicals by tens1 while she loses to them1 but here and there1 an exceptional and unimportant unit80 7p4 #ie74 ,mr4 ,froude has put questions here each of which would take a volume to answer4 ,we leave them to be pondered over by those for whom they are chiefly intended1 and of whose conscientious consideration they are well worthy4 ,for ourselves1 we can have no doubt as to the answer to be given to each1 but we are more concerned at present with ,mr4 ,froude's reply4 ,first among the causes which he assigns as having 8united to bring about such a state of things0 is the ,tractarian movement in the ,anglican ,church1 resulting from the 8latitudinarianism of the then 7#ahcb7 popular ,whig philosophy40 8,the ,whigs believed that ,catholics had changed their nature and had grown liberal1 and had insisted on emancipating them4 ,the ,tractarians looked on emancipation as the fruit of a spirit which was destroying ,christianity1 and would terminate at last in atheism4 ,they imagined that1 by reasserting the authority of the ,anglican ,church1 they could at once stem the encroachments of popery and arrest the progress of infidelity4 ,both ,whigs and ,tractarians were deceiving themselves4 ,the ,catholic ,church is unchanging as the ,ethiopian's skin1 and remains1 for good and evil1 the same to-day as yesterday40 ,yes2 8the same yesterday1 to-day1 and for ever0 is the church of ,god4 ,it cannot be the church of ,god and be otherwise4 ,if there was any deception ,mr4 ,froude lays it at the right door4 ,these men were 8deceiving themselves40 ,the church gave no intimation of change1 made no promises1 held out no concessions1 thought of no compromise in matter of teaching4 ,she cannot do so2 it is not in her power to do so4 ,it was the liberal philosophy that was chiefly instrumental in bringing the change about4 ,men had to choose between the fixed doctrines of the ,catholic ,church and the shifting doctrines and intolerable pretensions of the ,anglican ,church4 ,they rejected both2 they rejected revelation2 they looked at man himself1 and attached to him certain natural rights which are as well expressed in our ,declaration of ,independence as anywhere4 ,they would1 if they could1 strike out the ,catholics1 as was attempted here4 ,but it was impossible4 ,they could not do it and be true to themselves and their principles4 ,if liberty of thought1 freedom of conscience1 and the right to worship or not to worship ,god in your own way be natural rights of man1 they necessarily attach to all1 whether a man call himself ,catholic1 ,protestant1 ,jew1 or ,nihilist4 ,it is a political and practical impossibility in these days of divided and clashing beliefs to profess liberty1 yet seal the door to any special form of worship2 and ,catholicity of all beliefs is dreaded1 because1 when free and untrammelled1 it has the tendency and the force to assimilate and receive all into its bosom4 ,the result of this partial concession of freedom to ,catholicity in ,england is thus pictured by ,mr4 ,froude3 8,the ,tractarians' principles led the ablest of them into that very fold against which they had imagined themselves the most efficient of barriers4 ,from the day in which they established their party in the ,anglican communion a steady stream of converts has passed through it into the ,catholic ranks2 while the ,whigs1 in carrying emancipation1 gave the ,catholics political power1 and with power the respect and weight in the outer world which in free countries always attends it40 ,it is the attainment of this power by ,catholics that ,mr4 ,froude so bitterly resents4 ,it would be more satisfactory if he told us plainly what he would have done to ,catholics4 ,would he deny them votes8 ,to deny them votes is to deny them political life4 ,and would he deny votes to ,catholics only8 ,or would he grant votes1 but compel them to use them in one way1 and1 if in one way1 in which way8 ,in a word1 would he allow ,catholics to exist at all as ,catholics1 would he force them into the old state of political slavery1 or would he openly force them into ,protestantism under the persuasion that ,protestantism1 no matter of what stripe1 was better for them8 ,though he shrinks from saying so himself1 the latter seems to be the only fair practical conclusion to be drawn from his words1 and in passages already quoted he has given us the grounds on which he would act1 and feel justified in acting3 8,the superior part has a natural right to govern the inferior part40 ,it is plain as between ,protestantism and ,catholicity which ,mr4 ,froude considers 8the superior part40 8,the inferior part has a natural right to be governed40 8,there neither is nor can be an inherent privilege in any person or set of persons to live unworthily at their own wills1 when they can be led or driven into more honorable courses40 ,we must interpret ,mr4 ,froude by himself1 and1 judging him by his own words1 we are led irresistibly to the conclusion that had he the power he would do all that has been done in the past1 and even go beyond it--for all measures have thus far proved ineffectual--to destroy ,catholicity from the face of the earth4 ,and here we come to our final consideration in the present article4 ,mr4 ,froude's observations amount practically to this3 ,set ,catholicity and ,protestantism side by side2 give them each perfect freedom2 ,catholicity will infallibly gain1 ,protestantism will as infallibly lose4 8,the phenomenon10 he says plaintively1 8is not confined to ,england4444 ,in ,america1 in ,holland1 in ,switzerland1 in ,france1 wherever there is most political freedom1 the power of ,catholics is increasing40 ,well1 what of it8 ,the fault1 still following ,mr4 ,froude1 if fault there be1 must rest either with ,catholicity1 or with ,protestantism1 or with political freedom4 ,if with ,catholicity1 it is its fault that 8wherever there is most political freedom0 its 8power is increasing40 ,if with ,protestantism1 it is its fault that1 where ,catholicity is placed on an equal political footing with it1 its power decreases1 while the power of ,catholicity proportionately increases2 and it is to be borne in mind that the power of numbers in the distinctively ,protestant countries is altogether against the ,catholics4 ,if the fault lie with political freedom itself1 that with it the power of ,catholics increases1 what are we to say or do8 ,that political freedom and ,catholicity go hand in hand is the obvious comment1 and that it is impossible to check the advance of ,catholicity without at the same time contracting political freedom4 ,we submit that this is the plain and logical deduction to be drawn from ,mr4 ,froude's words4 ,it is no trick of verbiage4 ,the fact is to himself a 8phenomenon40 ,we are giving now no opinion of our own1 but simply translating ,mr4 ,froude1 when we say that by his concession--,protestantism cannot stand by the side of ,catholicity in a free air4 ,it must go to the wall4 ,this we have to reconcile with his other statement that 8liberty1 spiritual and political1 has thriven in spite of her the ,catholic ,church's most desperate opposition1 till it has invaded every government in the world40 ,where it has really invaded governments1 by his own confession1 8the power of ,catholics is increasing40 ,where it is cut off1 there is ,catholicity strangled1 so far as human power can strangle it4 ,but we shall show that even there it is the only religion with any vitality in it1 and that all forms of religion which claim the name of ,christian suffer with the ,catholic ,church and lose by her losses4 ,we have thus far only treated the 8revival0 in a general way4 ,in a future article we shall1 in company with ,mr4 ,froude1 examine the specific causes which he assigns for the 8revival40 sp #b ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,f4 ,w4 ,,faber4 ,amico1 io vivendo cercava conforto ,nel monte ,parnasso2 ,tu1 meglio consigliato1 cercalo ,nel ,calvario4 --,chiabrera's epitaph at ,savona4 ,from the title-page of ,father ,faber's ,poems4 ,i4 ,true poet of all mountain sight and sound1 ,of barren glen where mighty echoes wake1 ,of eagle-haunted1 crag-o'ershadowed lake ,where loneliness in silent state sits crowned ,and shares her kingdom with no shallow heart3 ,true lover of all nature's solemn ways1 ,the columned forest's wind-waked song of praise-- ,sad chords wherein all deepest joy hath part-- ,true reader of the primrose' golden tale1 ,finding its glow but shadow of a light ,wherein who seeks may find the ,infinite1 ,that doth its mystery so in least things veil-- ,a seer thou seem'st in thy high mountain place1 ,e'er with all holiest visions face to face4 ,,ii4 ,yet wandering content in lowlier ways1 ,by brambly lane and lawn-embroidered mere1 ,by quiet river in whose waters clear ,the clustering willows and tall towers gaze ,of minster-town whose ancient bells ring out ,and trail their music through thy thoughtful rhyme ,like far-off echoes of an older time ,when trembled in their peal no note of doubt4 ,landless1 yet holder of a royal fief ,in all the beauty by rich nature wrought-- ,each blossoming hedge-row with an earldom fraught1 ,wide duchies bound in every golden sheaf-- ,thine the unchallenged tenure of the whole1 ,by right divine of unstained poet-soul6 ,,iii4 ,still hearkening ever to that low heart-beat ,of sorrowing earth1 whose flowers fade in death1 ,whose silver-threaded rills grow faint for breath1 ,whose wounded birds cry out beneath thy feet4 ,not deaf thy human ear to any plaint ,of our sad mother whom her sons make weep-- ,breaking with cries of hate her quiet sleep1 ,crowding in sunless ways their brothers faint4 ,nor dumb thy poet-voice to speak her woe-- ,she that hath shivered when mankind stood mute ,or flung harsh words of evilest repute1 ,veiling her face her ,maker's cross below4 ,with filial love thy heart 'gainst hers is laid ,who rears the hills1 in keeping holds the dead4 ,,iv4 ,like cleansing waters touched with heavenly grace ,thy mountain-consecrated words are shed1 ,lifting our souls to light unshadowd1 ,guiding our footsteps in the holy trace ,of ,him who yet shall make the hills a way-- ,exalted paths trod by the clean of heart1 ,shrines for the holy-minded set apart ,wherein profaner feet unheeding stray4 ,all nature wins true loving from thy song-- ,fair not alone with her e'er-changing grace1 ,but1 lighting each dear feature of her face ,the thought of love enduring1 pure and strong-- ,true poet1 in ,parnassus' shadow still ,feeling the loadstone of blessed ,calvary's hill4 ,v4 ,to that sad mount how eloquent a guide6 ,not ,hybla's blossoms could so fair beguile ,the wandering bees as thy entreating wile ,faint souls to climb that seeming arid side4 ,with strength thou lead'st from seraph-haunted cave ,where ,infinite ,might with infinite loving smiled ,from frail1 sweet lips of ,holy ,mary's ,child2 ,anon where pitying palm-trees shadow gave ,to ease the weary exile of their ,lord2 ,on through the humble toil of patient years-- ,till1 mingling with the ,magdalen our tears1 ,our heart's poor vase of precious ointment poured-- ,we stand1 ,god's ,mother near1 with woe beside ,the love-pierced feet of ,jesus ,crucified4 ,,vi4 ,the sweetest refuge any soul can know6 ,where all complaining stills its idle voice1 ,and trembling joy bids sorrow soft rejoice ,finding the living wand1 whose staff below ,the living waters lie like mountain spring ,defiled not in its source1 whose shining face ,gives to e'en homely herbs a resting-place1 ,with heaven's blue for their bright shadowing4 ,pure1 living source6 wherein who drinks shall thirst ,not any more4 ,blest cup of ,love ,divine6 ,about whose stem the thorny wreath doth twine1 ,grown soft for us since ,he hath borne it first4 ,cool draught6 wherein no hidden drop of gall ,makes heaven bitter1 and earth's promise all4 ,,vii4 ,shall poets change for bay the crown divine ,wreathing the head of ,him about whom throng ,life's tenderest flowers1 who holds art's perfect song ,in his pierced hands8--pure gift in holiest shrine6-- ,from whose rent side the consecrating flood ,doth cleanse the poet's thought from earthly stain1 ,him king anointed o'er a grand domain ,by true inheritance of royal blood2 ,in whose wide heart1 broken for very love1 ,lies master-key to all true harmonies1 ,so tuned1 no base1 discordant melodies ,shall jar earth's music saints shall sing above2 ,so tuned1 may wake in sweetness weakest string1 ,immortal anthems loyal echoing4 ,,viii4 ,so keyed thy sacred song1 ,o poet true6 ,with holy joy its very sorrow light1 ,so glorified with that love infinite ,that shines as stars in heaven's darkest blue3 ,washed clean thy earth-born lays in that pure flood-- ,thy cloudy mountains hide no fear save one ,of loving awe2 though in dark gorge the sun ,falls not1 e'en there the ,eternal ,dove doth brood4 ,thy mountain springs are pure1 wherein we dare ,drink as we will1 not fearing1 so bent down1 ,we shall lose sight of heaven's fairer crown ,and find but our own likeness resting there4 ,fresh with a dew bearing no stain of earth1 ,thy hill-paths lead unto our ,father's hearth4 ,,ix4 ,with thee1 my poet1 lie our souls at rest ,in the soft glory of our ,mother's smile-- ,the ,maid ,immaculate1 who could beguile ,her ,god to be a child on her pure breast4 ,with thee we labor that our little life ,shall learn to lose itself1 that it be found ,in that far1 other life eternal crowned #8,mid hero-saints whose prayers were ours in strife2 ,humbly with thee1 our dearest ,lord before1 ,veiled in the little1 pale1 and helpless round ,wherewith on earth he chooseth to be crowned1 ,we bend with love that yearneth to love more4 ,fond children1 at the ,father's feet we kneel1 ,finding the love his ,spirit doth reveal4 ,x4 ,o poet6 more than ,crashaw1 saint6 forgive1 ,if break my singing in unworthy praise2 ,pardon1 if uncouth love in stammering lays1 ,seeking to thank1 but give thee cause to grieve4 ,unspoken gratitude is burden sore ,when debt so passing strong of love is owed2 ,unworthy speaking but augments the load1 ,forgiveness making so love's burden more4 ,so much to thee ,i owe6 ,along my life ,thy words like patient1 wingd seeds are sown1 ,so long amid the dark and brambles grown1 ,yet winning bloom at last despite the strife4 ,as once for him of ,ars thy heart was shrine1 ,so mine holds thee1 ,o blessed of ,love ,divine6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,among ,,the ,,translators4 ,,virgil ,,and ,,horace--,,ii4 8,traduire ,horace1 et surtout le traduire en vers1 est mme devenu1 depuis soixante ou quatre-vingts ans1 et chez nous et en d'autres pays1 une sorte de lgre infirmit morale1 et de douce maladie qui prend rgulirement un certain nombre d'hommes instruits au retour d'ge2 c'est une envie de redevenir enfant1 adolescent1 de se reporter au temps des tudes qui nous taient chres40 ,to translate ,horace1 says ,sainte-,beuve1 above all to translate him in verse1 has become within the last sixty or eighty years1 both in ,france and abroad1 a kind of venial moral infirmity1 a sort of mild fever1 which periodically seizes a certain number of educated men as they find themselves growing old2 and it has its source in the longing to renew our youth1 to live over again the time of studies we were fond of4 ,like all the sayings of that most delicate and spirituel of critics1 this is so far true that most translations of ,horace will be found1 we think1 to be the work of men advancing in life1 and1 in the majority of cases1 to have grown up insensibly through a number of years4 ,one does not sit down to a version of the ,odes as to a version of the neid1 beginning at the first line and going religiously through in order to the end4 ,no2 but we pick out an ode here and there1 as the mood takes us and that fits the mood--some gay ,ad ,amphoram or ,ad ,asterien when we are young and sprightly1 calidus juvent2 a nobler ,ad ,augustum or ,ad ,calliopen when we are older and graver1 in the time of whitening locks--riding in the cars1 it may be1 walking in the street1 smoking the after-dinner cigar2 everywhere1 in fact1 that solitude gives us a chance to entertain the best of all good company4 ,we turn it into such ,english as we can muster1 and print it perhaps1 or1 better still1 put it away in our portfolio2 ,horace must have had a prophetic eye on his coming translator when he gave that soundest of poetic counsels--unless ,punch's 8,don't0 be sounder still3 8,nonumque prematur in annum ,membranis intus positis0--#gc we put it away to be taken up again and again1 lingered over fondly1 touched up and polished1 until the exact word is found for every elusive epithet1 the precise equivalent for every tantalizing phrase1 and the entire ode lies before us1 its foreign garb bagging1 indeed1 a little here and there1 but fitting as snugly as our art can make it1 and we are content4 ,that is a moment of such supreme satisfaction1 of such tranquil triumph1 as life but rarely yields4 ,less than any other that dabbles in ink has your true ,horatian the fever of the type4 ,his virtue is really--what virtue1 alas6 so seldom is in this perverse world--its own reward4 ,like ,joubert1 il s'inquite de perfection bien plus que de gloire2 to have hit upon what he feels to be a happy rendering is glory enough2 enough that he and ,horace should share his exultation2 a felicitous adjective will put him in good-humor for a week4 ,and so1 before he well knows it1 his portfolio is nearly full1 and the notion first dawns upon him--the duty it almost seems--of sharing his good fortune with his fellows4 8,rather would ,i have written the ,quem tu ,melpomene semel or the ,donec gratus eram tibi10 cried ,scaliger1 8than to be king of ,aragon40 ,rather would ,i make a perfect translation of these or any other of the ,odes1 cries our ,horatian1 than to be king of all ,spain1 with all ,cuba libre to boot-- 8,quam si ,libyam remotis ,gadibus jungas et uterque ,pnus ,serviat uni40#gd ,somewhat in this wise1 we fancy1 have most versions of ,horace come to be and to be printed2 certainly1 we incline to think1 all the best versions4 ,thus1 too1 partly for the reason ,m4 ,sainte-,beuve gives1 partly from the poet's universality and the charm which lies in the very difficulty of the task--an impossibility ,johnson called it1 but it is one of those 8sweet impossibilities0 which ennoble failure--do we count so many renderings of single odes by famous men4 ,there are few names eminent in ,english letters or statesmanship that are not thus allied to the genial ,venusian--names1 too1 of the most diverse order4 ,not only poets like ,cowper and ,montgomery1 ,chatterton and ,byron1#ge essayists like ,addison1 or dramatists like ,congreve1 ,rowe1 and ,otway1 but grave historians such as ,mitford and ,merivale1 judges like ,lord ,thurlow and ,sir ,jeffrey ,gilbert1 philosophers like ,atterbury and ,sir ,william ,temple1 bitter satirists like ,swift1 tender sentimentalists like 8,namby ,pamby0 ,phillips1 professors and prime ministers1 doctors and divines1 lords and lawyers1 archdeacons and archtraitors1 have joined in paying court to the freedman's son4 ,in his ante-room1 or atrium1 prim ,john ,evelyn is jostled by tipsy ,porson humming somewhat huskily one of the bacchanalian lyrics to a tune of his own 7perhaps the ,ad ,sodales1 i4 #bg1 which that learned ,theban has rendered with true ,porsonian zest--a little too much so to quote72 ,warren ,hastings there meets ,edmund ,burke in friendlier contest than at the bar of the ,house of ,commons2 ,dr4 ,bentley takes issue with ,archdeacon ,wrangham over a doubtful reading2 ,mr4 ,gladstone leads a poetic opposition to ,lord ,derby in ,englishing the ,carmen ,amabum4 ,in that modest cnaculum we can greet these great men all on a familiar and equal footing1 made one of them for the nonce by the fellowship of a common taste--nay1 may even flatter ourselves that here1 at least1 we are at their level2 that our poet's door may even be opened to us sooner than to the tallest and wisest among them4 ,it is true greatness has no prerogative in ,horace2 the meanest may win to his intimacy1 be admitted to his penetralia1 sooner than the mightiest4 ,of all the distinguished names we have quoted1 few would have had much distinction as translators alone1 though ,bishop ,atterbury's versions1 especially that of the ,ad ,melpomenen1 iv4 #b1 are deservedly famous4 ,hastings' translation of the ,ad ,grosphum1 written during his passage from ,bengal to ,england in #aghe 7he was going home to the famous trial71 merits notice for its curious adaptation to his ,indian experiences3 8,for ease the slow ,mahratta spoils ,and hardier ,sikh erratic toils1 ,while both their ease forego4444 8,to ripened age ,clive lived renowned1 ,with lacs enriched1 with honors crowned1 ,his valor's well-earned meed4 ,too long1 alas6 he lived1 to hate ,his envied lot1 and died too late ,from life's oppression freed40 ,another verse had perhaps a still more personal application2 there is but a trace of it in the ,latin3 8,no fears his peace of mind annoy ,lest printed lies his fame destroy ,which labor'd years have won2 ,nor pack'd committees break his rest1 ,nor avarice sends him forth in quest ,of climes beneath the sun40 ,the fashion of fitting ,horace to contemporary persons and events was much in vogue in ,hastings' time and earlier4 ,creech tells us in his preface that he was advised 8to turn the ,satyrs to his own times40 ,it was carried out to the fullest extent in the well-known ,horace in ,london of ,horace and ,james ,smith4 ,within the past twenty-five or thirty years many complete versions of the ,odes have been put forth1 including those of ,h4 ,g4 ,robinson1 the ,rev4 ,w4 ,sewell 7printed in ,bohn's ,library71 ,lord ,ravensworth1 ,mr4 ,whyte ,melville1 ,mr4 ,theodore ,martin1 the late ,prof4 ,conington1 and the late ,lord ,lytton4 ,of these1 ,mr4 ,martin's1 which we should feel inclined to pronounce upon the whole the best1 and the most notable ,lord ,lytton's1 have alone been reprinted here4 ,in giving this pre-eminence to ,mr4 ,martin's work we are perhaps influenced by a strong individual liking1 amounting even to a prepossession1 in its favor1 dating from that very potent time ,sainte-,beuve speaks of--8le temps des tudes qui nous taient chres40 ,when it first fell into our hands it was the only version we had yet seen which at all reproduced1 even to a limited degree1 for us its original's charm4 ,by many ,prof4 ,conington's translation1 easy1 fluent1 and in the main faithful--just what1 from his neid1 one might expect it to be--will be preferred to ,mr4 ,martin's1 which it certainly surpasses in single odes4 ,as to the worst there need be no such doubt4 ,the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,sewell's is not1 perhaps1 the worst possible version of the ,odes1 as one is half tempted to believe who remembers how it was recommended to the readers of the ,dublin ,university ,magazine long ago--how we relished that literary execution with all boyhood's artless delight in slaughter6 ,time1 alas6 soon sobers that youthful vivacity of temper1 and1 better than sop1 teaches us to respect the frogs whom it loves to revenge in kind4 ,no2 the possibilities and varieties of badness in this direction are unhappily too great for that2 but it is as bad as need be--as need be1 let us say1 for admission to ,bohn's ,library4#gf ,great indulgence is certainly to be extended to translators of ,horace2 much is to be forgiven them2 but one must finally draw the line1 and probably most ,horatians would feel like drawing the line at the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,sewell4 ,it was in the process of pointing out this fact to that gentleman1 in a review of his book in the magazine mentioned1 that ,mr4 ,martin some twenty years ago put forth1 we believe1 the first specimens of his own translation1 which was completed and published some years later4 ,its success was immediate and deserved2 for its positive no less than its comparative merits were great4 ,mr4 ,martin was one of the first to discern1 or at least to put in acceptable practice1 the true theory of translating the lighter odes--8a point of great difficulty10 as he truly says4 8,they are10 he adds1 8mere vers de socit invested by the language1 for us1 with a certain stateliness1 but which were probably regarded with a very different feeling by the small contemporary circle to whom they were addressed4 ,to catch the tone of these1 to be light without being flippant1 to be playful without being vulgar1 demands a delicacy of touch which it is given to few to acquire1 even in original composition1 and which in translation is all but unattainable40 ,the graver odes have their own difficulties2 but the skilful translator handles them more easily1 we fancy1 than the gay fluttering swarm of laughing ,lydias and ,neras that flash athwart their statelier pomp like golden butterflies through the ,gothic glooms of summer woods--butterflies whose glossy wings1 alas6 lose something of their down and brilliance at every1 even the lightest and most loving1 touch4 ,the thought of a poem is always easier to transplant into other speech than its form4 ,ideas are essentially the same1 whatever tongue interprets them--,homer's ,greek or ,shakspeare's ,english2 but the infinite delicate shades of beauty or significance added to them by the subtle differences of words1 by that beauty of their own and intrinsic value which1 as ,thophile ,gautier puts it--himself a master of language--words have in the poet's eyes apart from their meaning1 like uncut and unset jewels1 the deftest1 most patient art of the translator toils in vain to catch4 ,they vanish in his grasp like the bubble whose frail glories dazzle the eyes and mock the longing1 chubby fingers of babyhood2 to render them is like trying to paint the perfume of a flower4 ,now1 it is true enough1 whatever iconoclasts like ,stendhal may pretend1 that in poetry thought cannot be divorced from form2 it is the indissoluble union of both that makes the poem4 ,try to fancy any really great passage of verse expressed in other words1 even of the same speech1 and you see at once how important form is4 ,take once more ,shakspeare's 8,daffodils ,that come before the swallow dares1 and take ,the winds of ,march with beauty10 and try to change or misplace a single word4 ,one feels instantly that any change would be fatal2 it almost seems1 with such passages1 as though noble thought and perfect word had been waiting for each other from all time until the high-priest of ,apollo should come to wed them4 ,to quote ,sainte-,beuve again--the critic who wishes to instruct his readers can scarcely quote him too often3 8,je conois qu'on ne mette pas toute la poesie dans le mtier1 mais je ne conois pas du tout que quand il s'agit d'un art on ne tienne nui compte de l'art lui-mme et qu'on dprcie les parfaits ouvriers qui y excellent40#gg ,yet it is none the less true that a poem in which the idea is paramount is more susceptible of translation than one whose form is the chief element of its charm4 ,one can imagine ,wordsworth's fine sonnet on ,milton1 8,milton1 thou shouldst be with us at this hour10 being turned into ,latin with comparatively little loss2 indeed it has been so turned by one of the most accomplished of ,english scholars--,dr4 ,kennedy--into ,alcaics of which the purity and finish make a fitting casket for that gem of poetry2 though even here one feels the wide difference between the original of that immortal line1 8,thy soul was like a star1 and dwelt apart10 and the ,latin 8,mens tua lumine ,fulgebat1 ut sidus1 remote10 missing1 as we do1 the 8lovely marriage of pure words10 that in the ,english is itself a poem4 ,but take such a bit of verbal daintiness as ,george ,darley's 8,sweet in her green dell the flower of beauty slumbers10 with its peculiar and saisissant rhythm1 the perfection of verbal music2 or ,tennyson's 8,break1 break1 break10 where the poetry--and undeniable poetry it is--lies in a certain faint aroma of suggestion that seems to breathe from the very words1 and try to reproduce the effect of them in other speech4 ,as well try with earthly tools to rebuild ,titania's palace of leaf shadows and the gossamer1 to weave her mantle on any mortal loom out of moonbeams and the mist4 ,much the same is it to attempt to transfer to an ,english translation aught of the peculiar grace which invests ,horace's lightest lyrics with a charm we feel but cannot analyze1 which resides in the choice of epithets1 the arrangement of words1 the cadence of the rhythm1 the metrical form1 and which yet is something more than any or all of these4 ,the noble thought which lies embodied in the ,justum et tenacem propositi virum we may not despair of rehabilitating1 with somewhat of its proper majesty1 in our own vernacular2 but the shy1 fugitive loveliness of that wildwood picnic to which the poet bids us1 to forget the cares of life1 8,quo pinus et ingens albaque populus ,umbram hospitalem consociare amant ,ramis1 et obliquo laborat ,lympha fugax trepidare rivo0 --what art can coax away from its native soil8 ,do we find it in ,francis8-- 8,where the pale poplar and the pine ,expel the sun's intemperate beam2 ,in hospitable shades their branches twine1 ,and winds with toil1 though swift1 the tremulous stream02 or in ,creech--though ,creech is here luckier than usual8-- 8,where near a purling ,spring doth glide ,in winding ,streams1 and softly chide ,the interrupting ,pebble as it flows02 or in ,prout8-- 8,while onward runs the crooked rill1 ,brisk fugitive1 with murmur shrill02 or in ,lord ,lytton8-- 8,wherefore struggles and murmurs the rill ,stayed from flight by a curve in the shore40 ,even ,mr4 ,martin gives it up1 and presents us1 instead of a translation1 with a couplet which is very pretty ,english verse1 but about as far from ,horace as can be3 8,where runs the wimpling brook1 its slumb'rous tune ,still murmuring as it runs to the hush'd ear of noon40 ,it is passages such as this especially which have caused ,horace to be called the untranslatable4 ,to come from theory to practice1 it is in the lighter odes1 and in those parts of all the odes the beauty of which in the original lies chiefly in expression1 that all ,horace's translators have most conspicuously failed4 ,take ,milton's ,ad ,pyrrham1 for example 7,ode v474 ,the ,ad ,pyrrham is not only one of the most charming but also one of the most difficult of the minor odes1 and for that reason among the oftenest translated4 ,it is one of the many mitten-pieces wherein the inconstant bard seems to have taken a somewhat ostentatious delight in celebrating the numerous snubbings he had to put up with from the no less inconstant fair who were the objects of his brief and fitful homage4 ,in it1 as in the ,ad ,neram 7,epod4 xv47 and the ,ad ,barinen 7,carm4 ii4 #h71 reproaches to the lady for her perfidy are mingled with self-gratulations on the poet's own lucky escape and sinister warnings to his rival--the time-old strategy and solace of the discarded lover the world over4 ,he has been shipwrecked1 he says1 on that treacherous sea of love2 but having1 the gods be praised6 made shift to scramble ashore in safety1 and got on some dry duds1 sits in gleeful expectation of seeing his successor get a like ducking4 ,the poem is simply a piece of mock heroics1 for the counterpart of which we must look to such minglings of cynicism and sentiment as we find in the poetry of ,praed and ,thackeray and ,locker1 or1 to a less degree1 in many of ,branger's lighter songs4 ,the difference between the modern poets and the ancient is that in the former the sentiment is real1 veiled under an affectation of cynicism3 in the latter it is precisely the reverse4 ,but1 bearing that difference in mind1 the translator may find in the methods of the poets named some hints for the handling of such odes as the ,ad ,pyrrham4 ,but how do the translators treat it8 ,take ,milton's famous version1 which everybody knows3 8,what slender youth bedewed with liquid odors ,courts thee on roses in some pleasant cave1 ,pyrrha8 ,for whom bind'st thou ,in wreaths thy golden hair8 8,plain in thy neatness10 etc4 --'tis as solemn as a ,quaker conventicle4 ,nor1 with reverence be it said en passant1 is it altogether free from graver faults2 undeniably elegant as it is1 this translation has had quite as much praise as it deserved4 ,it is full of those ,latin constructions ,milton loved--8on faith and changed gods complain0 for fidem mutatosque deos flebit1 8always vacant0 for semper vacuam1 8unwonted shall admire0 for emirabitur insolens1 etc4--which are nowhere more out of place than in a translation from the ,latin4 ,some1 indeed1 claim that they carry with them and impart a certain flavor of the original to those unacquainted with it2 but this seems to us a view at once fallacious and superficial4 ,the office of translation into any language is surely to reproduce the original in the idiom of that language as nearly as may be2 and though the theory1 like all theories1 may be pressed to an excess--as we think ,mr4 ,morris has pressed it1 for example1 in his translation of the neid--better that than such deformities as 8,always vacant1 always amiable ,hopes thee40 ,it is the suggestion not of ,horace but of ,milton here that is pleasant2 it is because ,milton's natural ,english style is a highly ,latinized and involved style that these oddities of his translation strike us less than in another4 ,sometimes1 too1 oddly enough for so good a scholar1 he falls short of the full sense of his original4 ,potenti maris deo1 the commentators tell us1 means1 not 8the stern god of sea10 but 8the god potent over the sea02 and 8plain in thy neatness0 for simplex munditiis misses the entire significance of the latter word1 which implies something of grace and beauty4 8,plain in thy neatness0 suggests rather 8,priscilla the ,puritan maiden0 than ,pyrrha of the dull-gold hair4 ,ben ,jonson's 8,give me a look1 give me a face ,that makes simplicity a grace10 hits ,horace's meaning exactly1 and certainly far more poetically4 ,indeed1 we often find in original ,english poetry much apter renderings than the translators give us4 ,prof4 ,conington knew this when he went to ,shakspeare for 8fancy free0 as an equivalent for this very word vacuam we have been talking of--a perfect equivalent of its association did not make it a little un-,horatian--and to ,matthew ,arnold's 8salt1 unplumbed1 estranging sea0 for the very best version we have seen of that most puzzling phrase 7i4 #c71 8oceano dissociabili40 ,this is1 perhaps1 a digression2 but as we set out for a ramble1 we have no apologies to make4 ,conington's version1 in the same metre as ,milton's1 only rhyming the alternate lines1 is not all so good as 8fancy free10 though it gains from its rhyme a certain lightness lacking in that of ,milton's3 8,what slender youth besprinkled with perfume ,courts you on roses in some grotto's shade1 ,fair ,pyrrha8 ,say for whom ,your yellow hair you braid4 8,so true1 so simple6 ,ah6 how oft shall he ,lament that faith can fail1 that gods can change1 ,viewing the rough black sea ,with eyes to tempests strange10 etc4 ,so true1 so simple6 ,we are not much nearer to simplex munditiis than before4 ,martin is not here at his best1 and ,francis is unusually successful3 8dress'd with careless art0 and 8consecrate the pictured storm0 are felicities he does not always attain4 ,prout is chiefly noticeable for yielding to the almost irresistible temptation of a false beacon in intentata nites3 8,i the false light forswear1 ,a shipwreck'd mariner02 and ,leigh ,hunt's1 though but a paraphrase1 is surely a very happy one3 8,for whom are bound thy tresses bright ,with unconcern so exquisite80 and 8,though now the sunshine hour beguiles ,his bark along thy golden smiles1 ,trusting to see thee for his play ,for ever keep smooth holiday10 admirably elude1 if they do not meet1 the difficulties of the ,latin4 ,but in none of these1 nor in any other rendering we have seen1 is there any trace of that nuance of sarcasm or polite banter we seem to taste in the original4 ,the only ,american version we remember to have met with is not in this respect more successful3 8,in thy grotto's cool recesses1 ,dripping perfumes1 lapped in roses1 ,say what lissome youth reposes1 ,pyrrha1 wooing thy embrace8 ,braid'st for whom those tawny tresses1 ,simple in thy grace8 8,ah6 how oft averted heaven ,will he weep1 and thy dissembling4 ,and1 poor novice1 view with trembling ,o'er the erewhile tranquil deep1 ,by the angry tempest driven1 ,billowy tumult sweep2 8,now who in thy smile endearing ,basks1 with foolish fondness hoping ,to his love thou'lt e'er be open1 ,to his wooing ever kind1 ,knowing not the fitful veering ,of the faithless wind8 8,hapless they rash troth who plight thee6 ,on the sacred wall my votive ,picture1 set with pious motive1 ,shows ,i hung in ,neptune's fane ,my wet garments to the mighty ,monarch of the main40 ,it may be said that this sly spirit of badinage which lurks1 or to us1 at least1 seems to lurk1 in the shadows of the lighter odes1 like some tricksy ,faun peering and disappearing through the thickets of ,lucretilis1 it is impossible to seize2 that when we try it 8the stateliness of the language0 interposes itself like a wall1 and we find ourselves becoming vulgar where ,horace is playful1 flippant where ,horace is light4 ,doubtless this is so2 what then8 ,because it is an impossibility1 shall any loyal ,horatian balk at it8 ,it is just because of these impossibilities that translations are always in order1 and will1 to a certain extent1 always be in demand4 ,translations of other poets pall2 it is conceivable that a version of ,virgil might be produced which human skill could not better4 ,but no such thing being conceivable of ,horace1 every fresh version is a whet to curiosity and emulation2 each separate ode hides its own agreeable secret1 every epithet has its own individual surprise4 ,let there be no talk1 then1 of impossibilities2 for our own part1 to paraphrase what ,hallam says of ,lycidas1 we look upon the ability to translate such odes as the ,ad ,pyrrham1 so as to demonstrate their impossibility1 a good test of a man's capacity to translate ,horace at all4 ,another nice consideration for the translator of ,horace is in respect of metre4 ,undoubtedly the translator who can retain the metrical movement of his original has gained so much towards reproducing his general effect4 ,but with ,horace this attempt may as well be abandoned at once4 ,the ,alcaic and the ,sapphic stanza1 much less the ,asclepiad or the ,archilochian1 have never yet been1 and for obvious reasons never will be1 naturalized in our ,english verse1 though poor ,percival thought differently1 and added one more to a life of failures4 ,tennyson1 in his ode to ,milton1 8,whose guardian-angels1 ,muriel1 ,abdiel1 ,starred from ,jehovah's gorgeous armory1 ,tow'r1 as the deep-domed empyrean ,rings to the roar of an angel onset10 gives us1 perhaps1 as good ,alcaics as we have any right to look for in ,english 7though 8grgos0 is not a very gorgeous dactyl72 yet how different from the ,horatian cadence3 8quam memento rebus in arduis ,servare mentem1 non secus in bonis ,ab insolenti temperatam ,ltitia1 moriture ,delli40#gh ,as for ,sapphics1 whether we take ,canning's ,knife ,grinder for our model or ,mr4 ,swinburne's 8,all the night sleep came not upon my eyelids1 ,shed not dew1 nor shook nor unclosed a feather1 ,yet with lips shut close1 and with eyes of iron1 ,stood and beheld me10 we are not much nearer to ,horace's melody3 8,scandit ratas vitiosa naves ,cura1 nec turmas equitum relinquit ,ocior cervis1 et agente nimbos ,ocior ,euro40#gi ,but1 at least1 following that rule of compensation with which all good translators are familiar1 some attempt may be made to suggest the metrical variety and richness of the ,odes by a corresponding variety and grace in the ,english measures of the translation4 ,it is here that the modern translators excel2 indeed1 it may be said that only within the last hundred years have translators had this adjunct at their command1 for it is only during that period that ,english poets have begun to comprehend and master fully the resources and possibilities of ,english metre4 ,not that the earlier poets were at all deficient in the metrical sense2 that their ears were not quick to catch the finest delicacies of verbal harmony4 ,not to mention a host of minor bards who knew how to marry 8perfect music unto noble words10 ,milton's lyrics are melody itself4 ,there is scarcely a more tunable couplet in the language than his 8,sweetest ,shakspeare1 fancy's child1 ,warbles his native woodnotes wild40 ,the open vowels and liquid consonants fairly sing themselves4 ,nor was it for lack of experiment that they failed of 8,untwisting all the chains that tie ,the hidden soul of harmony0 in words1 as ,shelley and ,tennyson and ,swinburne learned to do later4 ,the attempt to naturalize the classical metres1 for example1 began at a very early period of our literary history1 and many learned treatises were written to prove them your only proper vehicle for ,english poetry4 ,perhaps it was the ill-success of these efforts that made our poets so long shy of wandering in their metres away from the beaten track and the simplest forms4 ,up to the time of ,campbell we may say that the iambus and the trochee reigned supreme in ,english verse2 the anapest and the dactyl1 of which such effective use has been made by the later poets1 were either unknown or contemned4 ,suckling's ,session of the ,poets1 the metrical intention of which appears to be anapestic1 shows what desperate work even the best lyrists could make when they strayed after strange metrical gods4#hj ,it may be said1 then1 that until within a comparatively recent period ,horace could not be properly translated into ,english verse at all4 ,english verse was not yet ready to receive so noble a guest4 ,compare ,martin's or ,conington's versions with one of the earlier translations1 and the truth of this1 we think1 will be apparent at once4 ,creech1 indeed1 seems to have had a dim notion of the truth1 and his version shows a perceptible striving for metrical effect1 at least in the arrangement of his stanza2 but ,creech had too little of the poetical faculty to make the effort with taste or success4 ,francis for the most part is content with the orthodox measures1 and ,father ,prout was perhaps first to bring to the work this essential accomplishment of the ,horatian translator4 ,prout's metrical inventions are bold1 and often elegant2 and his versions1 though free1 are always spirited1 and often singularly felicitous4 ,among the most striking of his metres is the one he employs for the ,solvitur acris hiems 7,carm4 i4 iv473 8,now ,venus loves to group ,her merry troop ,of maidens1 ,who1 while the moon peeps out1 ,dance with the ,graces round about ,their queen in cadence2 ,while far 'mid fire and noise ,vulcan his forge employs1 ,where ,cyclops grim aloft their ponderous sledges poise40 ,a paraphrase that1 not a translation2 but not even ,horace could find it in his heart to gainsay so graceful a paraphrase4 ,another effective metrical arrangement which shows off well ,prout's astonishing copiousness of rhyme is that of the ,quum tu ,lydia 7i4 #ac73 8,but where meet 7thrice fortunate67 ,kindred hearts and suitable1 ,strife comes ne'er importunate1 ,love remains immutable2 ,on to the close they glide #8mid scenes ,elysian1 ,through life's delightful vision40 ,mr4 ,martin is here somewhat closer and not less skilful in handling his metre3 8,oh6 trebly blest1 and blest for ever1 ,are they whom true affection binds1 ,in whom no doubts or janglings sever ,the union of their constant minds2 ,but life in blended current flows ,serene and sunny to the close40 ,compare with these ,francis1 who is scarcely more literal than ,prout1 and not so literal as ,martin3 8,thrice happy they whom love unites ,in equal rapture and sincere delights1 ,unbroken by complaints or strife ,even to the latest hours of life40 ,is not the advantage in point of poetry altogether on the side of the moderns1 and is it not largely due to their superior mastery of rhythm8 ,the passage1 it may be said1 has been paraphrased by ,moore in the lines1 8,there's a bliss beyond all that the minstrel has told1 ,when two that are linked in one heavenly tie1 ,with heart never changing and brow never cold1 ,love on through all ills1 and love on till they die40 ,both ,mr4 ,martin and ,prof4 ,conington have given close and successful attention to this part of their task4 ,but it was left for ,lord ,lytton to attempt something like a systematic imitation of the ,horatian metres4 ,his plan1 as set forth in his preface1 8was in the first instance to attempt a close imitation of the ancient measure--the scansion being1 of course 7as in ,english or ,german hexameters and pentameters71 by accent1 not quantity--and then to make such modifications of flow and cadence as seemed to me best to harmonize the rhythm to the ,english ear1 while preserving as much as possible that which has been called the type of the original40 ,something of this kind1 no doubt1 ,milton had in view in the measure he took for his ,ad ,pyrrham1 and which the ,wartons and ,professor ,conington adapted to the same purpose after him1 the latter1 however1 adding the embellishment or1 as ,milton himself had called it1 the 8barbarous jingle0 of rhyme4 ,milton's measure 7well known as that of ,collins' 8,ode to ,evening071 which consists of two unrhymed iambic pentameters1 followed by two unrhymed iambic trimeters--or1 to be 8more ,english and less nice10 of two ordinary blank-verses followed by two three-foot verses--resembles ,horace's metre1 which the grammarians would tell us is the third ,asclepiadian strophe1 8rather10 says ,prof4 ,conington1 8in the length of the respective lines than in any similarity of the cadences40 ,lord ,lytton attempted something more1 and with only partial success1 though the task1 it must be owned1 was not an easy one4 ,horace1 in the ,odes and ,epodes1 uses eighteen different varieties of metre1 ranging from the grave sadness of what is called the first ,archilochian strophe1 the lovely measure in which one of the loveliest of all the ,odes is written 7iv4 #g7-- 8,diffugere nives2 redeunt jam gramina campis ,arboribusque com10#ha to the quick sharpness of the first iambic strophe in which the poet mauls the unsavory ,mvius4 ,and not only this1 but each of these metres is used by ,horace to express widely differing moods of feeling4 ,thus1 the same measure which in the beautiful lament for ,quinctilius breathes the tenderest spirit of grief and resignation1 serves equally well to guy ,tibullus on his luckless loves1 to sound 8stern alarums0 to the absent ,csar1 or to bid ,virgil or ,varius to 8delightful meetings40 ,the ,sapphic rises to the lofty height of the ,carmen ,seculare or stoops to chide a serving-boy for his super-serviceable zeal2 is equally at home with an invocation to the gods or an invitation to dinner2 while the ,alcaic--what subject is there that in ,horace's hands the ,alcaic cannot be made to sing8 ,this flexibility of the ,latin metres ,lord ,lytton has recognized1 and sought to meet by a corresponding variation of his own1 8according as the prevalent spirit of the ode demanded lively and sportive or serious and dignified expression40 ,thus1 for the ,alcaic stanza he employs 8two different forms of rhythm02 one as in i4 #i3 8,see how white in the deep fallen snow stands ,soracte2 ,laboring forests no longer can bear up their burden2 ,and the rush of the rivers is locked1 ,halting mute in the gripe of the frost02 the other as in i4 #cd3 8,worshipper rare and niggard of the gods1 ,while led astray1 in the ,fool's wisdom versed1 ,now back ,i shift the sail1 ,forced in the courses left behind to steer10 or1 with a slight modification1 as in i4 #ce3 8,goddess who o'er thine own loved ,antium reignest1 ,present to lift ,man1 weighted with his sorrows ,down to life's last degree1 ,or change his haughtiest triumphs into graves40 ,for the ,sapphic1 likewise1 he has two varieties2 for the statelier odes three lines of blank-verse and what may be called an ,english ,adonic2 for 8the lighter odes a more sportive and tripping measure40 ,thus1 for iv4 #b he gives us3 8,julus1 he who would with ,pindar vie ,soars1 with ,ddalian art1 on waxen wings1 ,and1 falling1 gives his name unto the bright ,deeps of an ocean02 for iii4 #ad a nearer approach to the ,knife ,grinder jingle3 8,nothing cools fiery spirits like a gray hair2 ,in every quarrel 'tis your sure peacemaker3 ,in my hot youth1 when ,plancus was the consul1 ,i was less patient40 ,lord ,lytton's experiment is full of interest to ,horatians--as1 indeed1 what translation is not8--even the worst1 even the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,sewell's1 may be of use in teaching the translator how not to do it--and his failures1 which are many1 are scarcely less instructive than his successes1 which seem to us fewer than for so bold an essay could be wished2 but both alike are suggestive of many possibilities4 ,it is in the lighter odes that he is least satisfactory1 and we doubt if these can be done full justice to without the aid of rhyme4 ,horace's grace of form in these is so delicate and exquisite that it taxes all the resources and embellishments of our ,english verse to give any adequate idea of it4 ,take1 as an illustration of ,lord ,lytton's method1 and as giving1 perhaps1 the measure of his success1 his version of that delicious little landscape1 ,ad ,fontem ,blandusi 7iii4 #ac73 8,fount of ,blandusia1 more lucid than crystal1 ,worthy of honeyed wine1 not without flowers1 ,i will give thee to-morrow a kid ,whose front1 with the budded horn swelling4 8,predicts to his future life ,venus and battles2 ,vainly6 ,the lymph of thy cold running waters ,he shall tinge with the red of his blood1 ,fated child of the frolicsome people6 8,the scorch of the ,dogstar's fell season forbears thee2 ,ever friendly to grant the sweet boon of thy coolness ,to the wild flocks that wander around1 ,and the oxen that reek from the harrow4 8,i will give thee high rank and renown among fountains1 ,when ,i sing of the ilex o'erspreading the hollows1 ,of rocks whence in musical fall ,leap thy garrulous silvery waters40 ,this is better because more literal than ,joseph ,warton's unrhymed version in the ,miltonian stanza1 with which it may be compared3 8,ye waves that gushing fall with purest streams1 ,blandusian fount6 to whom the products sweet ,of richest wines belong1 ,and fairest flowers of spring1 ,to thee a chosen victim will ,i slay-- ,a kid who1 glowing in lascivious youth1 ,just blooms with budding horn1 ,and1 with vain thought elate1 ,yet destines future war2 but1 ah6 too soon ,his reeking blood with crimson shall enrich ,thy pure1 translucent flood ,and tinge thy crystal clear4 ,thy sweet recess the sun in midday hour ,can ne'er invade2 thy streams the labor'd ox ,refresh with cooling draughts ,and glad the wand'ring herds4 ,thy name shall shine1 with endless honors graced1 ,while in my shell ,i sing the nodding oak ,that o'er thy cavern deep ,waves his embowering head40 ,it would almost seem as if the author of this version had taken pains to rub out every ,horatian characteristic4 ,the pretty touch of the loquaces lymph is thus omitted1 unless the first line be meant to do duty for it1 while by such padding as 8chosen victim0 and 8endless honors0 ,horace's sixteen lines are diluted into twenty--a danger to which the unrhymed translator1 constantly seeking by inversions and paraphrases to cover the baldness of his medium1 is peculiarly liable4 ,whatever may be said to the contrary1 rhyme compels conciseness1 and helps to point quite as often as it entices to expansion4 ,prof4 ,conington's version1 in the same metre as ,warton's1 but rhymed in alternate lines1 will be found greatly superior to it1 and is perhaps1 on the whole1 the best we have seen--better even than ,mr4 ,martin's1 who cannot get his ,latin into less than twenty-four octosyllabic lines4 ,instead of giving either1 let us see if all that is essential in ,horace cannot be given in the same number of lines of what is known as the ,tennysonian stanza1 which is somewhat less capacious than the ,alcaics of the original1 though1 by a certain pensive grace1 peculiarly fitted to render the sentiment of this delightful ode3 8,blandusian fount1 as crystal clear1 ,of garlands worthy and of wine1 ,a kid to-morrow shall be thine1 ,whose swelling brows1 just budding1 bear 8,the horns that presage love and strife2 ,how vainly6 ,for his crimson blood ,shall stain the silver of thy flood ,with all the herd's most wanton life4 8,the burning ,dogstar's noontide beam ,knows not thy secret nook2 the ox ,parched from the plough1 the fielding flocks1 ,lap grateful coolness from thy stream4 8,thee1 too1 #8mid storied founts my lay ,shall shrine3 thy bending holm ,i'll sing1 ,shading the grottoed rocks whence spring ,thy laughing waters far away40 ,though terseness and fidelity are two of the chief merits claimed by the advocates of the unrhymed measures1 it is just here that they oftenest fail2 and ,lord ,lytton is no exception4 ,space permits us to give but few instances4 8,trodden by all1 and only trodden once10 is ,lord ,lytton's version of calcanda semel1 i4 #bh--seven ,english words for two ,latin1 and the sense then but vaguely given at best4 ,feriuntque summos ,fulgura montes is in like manner diluted into 8,the spots on earth most stricken by the lightning ,are its high places40 ,awkwardness of style1 too1 is a much more frequent characteristic of ,lord ,lytton's renderings than we should look for either from his own command of style or the freedom which disuse of rhyme is claimed to ensure4 ,for instance1 in ii4 #b3 8,him shall uplift1 and on no waxen pinions1 ,fame1 the survivor10 might surely have been bettered2 and in the same ode a line in the stanza already quoted above1 ,latius regnes avidum domando ,spiritum1 is translated1 8,wider thy realm a greedy soul subjected10 which would be scarcely intelligible without the ,latin4 8,bosom more seen through than glass0 is by no means the neatest possible equivalent for per lucidior vitro1 and such expressions as 8closed gates of ,janus vacant of a war10 8lest thou owe a mock10 8but me more have stricken with rapture10 are scarcely ,english4 ,nevertheless1 with all its faults and shortcomings1 ,lord ,lytton's essay is in some respects the most interesting translation of ,horace that has yet appeared1 and may pioneer the way to more fortunate results in the same direction4 ,it has1 at least1 the raison d'tre which ,mr4 ,matthew ,arnold denies to such translations as ,wright's and ,sotheby's ,homer2 it has a distinct and novel method of its own1 and does not simply repeat the method and renew the faults and virtues of any predecessor4 ,the ,american edition1 it is worthy of remark1 is printed in the old-fashioned way1 with the ,latin text to face the ,english--an innovation1 or1 more properly1 a renovation1 which will no doubt be welcome to lovers of the ,venusian1 whose love has outlived their memory1 and who1 though loyal to the spirit of our poet1 are no longer so familiar with his letter as in the days1 the far-off sunny days1 when ,horace was the heaviest task that life had yet laid upon us4 ,we have dwelt upon this subject at somewhat greater length than we intended2 for to us it is full of a fascination we should be glad to hope we had made our readers in some sort share4 ,but it has also a practical side which the most fanatical opponent of the classics1 the most zealous upholder of utilitarian education1 must recognize and admit4 ,as a means of training in ,english composition1 as an aid to discover the resources of our own tongue1 there is no better practice than translating ,horace into ,english verse1 with due attention to his epithets4 ,that1 perhaps1 may serve in some degree to reconcile the practical mind to his retention in the modern curriculum1 even though ,homer be kicked out of doors and ,virgil sent flying through the window2 for a practical man is none the worse equipped for business in being able to say what he means in 8good set phrase40 ,to be sure it does not ask the pen of an ,addison to write an order for a 8hnd4 trces4 lard10 but we dare say if ,mr4 ,richard ,grant ,white were called upon to make out a bill of lading1 he would do it none the worse for knowing all about the ,english language that is worth knowing1 if not more than is worth telling4 ,there are mysteries in our ,english speech that the ,complete ,letter-,writer1 or even the 8editorials0 of the daily newspaper1 do not quite explore1 and some of these our old friend ,horace may help us to find out4 ,fas est ab hoste doceri4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,little ,,chapel ,,at ,,monamullin4 ,,conclusion4 ,father ,maurice sped upon his journey to ,moynalty ,castle4 ,the dinner hour was eight o'clock1 but he had delayed so long with his guest that it took the little pony her 8level best0 to do the seven miles within the necessary time4 8,av we wor wanst beyant the ,mouladharb berrin' groun' ,i wudn't care a thraneen2 but sorra a step the little pony'll pass it afther dark10 observed ,murty ,mulligan1 bestowing a liberal supply of whip upon the astonished nag1 whose habit it was to proceed upon her travels at her own sweet will1 innocent of lash1 spur1 or admonition4 8,tut1 tut6 ,nonsense1 ,murty6 ,push on40 8,it's thruth ,i'm tellin' yer riverince4 ,we're at it4 ,see that1 now--curse of ,crummell on her6 she won't put wan foot afore the other10 adding1 in a whisper full of consternation3 8,mebbe she sees ould ,casey1 that was berried a ,munda4 ,he was a terrible naygur--0 8,jump down and take her head10 said the priest4 8,be the powers6 ,i'll have for to carry her1 av we want to raich the castle to-night40 ,father ,maurice dismounted1 as did ,murty1 and1 by coaxing and blandishment of every description1 endeavored to induce the pony to proceed2 but the animal1 with its ears cocked1 and trembling in every limb1 refused to budge an inch4 8,och1 wirra1 wirra6 we're bet intirely4 ,it's ,missis ,delaney he sees1 that died av the horrors this day month10 growled ,mulligan4 8,silence1 you jackass60 cried ,father ,maurice1 8and help me to blindfold the pony40 ,this ruse eventually succeeded1 and they spun merrily along the road1 the terrified animal clattering onwards at racing speed4 8,this pace is dangerous1 ,murty10 said the priest4 8,sorra a lie in it1 yer riverince40 8,pull in40 8,i can't hould her4 ,she's me hands cut aff1 bad cess to her60 8,is the road straight80 8,barrin' a few turns1 it's straight enough1 sir40 ,the words had hardly escaped his lips when the wheel attached to the side of the car upon which the priest was sitting came into contact with a pile of stones1 the car was tilted upwards and over1 ,father ,maurice shot into a thorn hedge1 and ,murty ,mulligan landed up to his neck in a ditch full of foul and muddy water1 while the pony1 suddenly freed from its load1 and after biting the dust1 quietly turned round to gaze at the havoc it had made4 8,are ye kilt1 yer riverince8 ,for ,i'm murdhered intirely1 an' me illigant ,sunda' shuit ruined complately4 ,och1 wirra1 wirra6 how can ,i face the castle wud me duds consaled in mud8 ,how can ,i uphould ,monamullin1 an' me worse nor a scarecrow8 ,glory be to ,god6 we're safe anyhow1 an' no bones bruck4 ,o ye varmint60 shaking his fist at the unconscious cause of this disaster1 8its meself that'll sarve ye out for this4 ,won't ,i wallop ye1 ye murdherin' thief1 whin ,i catch a hould of ye60 8,hold your nonsense1 ,murty4 ,how near are we to the castle80 8,sorra a know ,i know1 yer riverince2 the knowledgeableness is shuk out o' me intirely40 8,the shafts are broken40 8,av course th' are40 8,here1 help me to shove the car over to the ditch and pile the cushions under this hedge4 ,god be praised6 neither of us is even scratched40 ,a carriage with blazing lamps came along4 8,hi6 hi6 hi60 roared ,murty1 8we're wracked here4 ,lind us a hand6 ,we're desthroyed be a villain av a pony that seen a ghost1 an' we goin' to dine at ,moynalty ,castle40 ,the carriage belonged to ,mr4 ,bodkin1 the senior member for the county1 who was only too delighted to act the ,good ,samaritan2 and as he1 with his wife and daughter1 was bound for the castle1 which still lay two miles distant1 the meeting proved in every respect a fortunate one4 ,the worthy priest was received by his host and hostess with the most flattering courtesy1 and by ,miss ,julia ,jyvecote as though he formed part and parcel of her personal property4 ,he took ,mrs4 ,jyvecote into dinner1 and said grace both before and after4 ,father ,maurice was positively startled with the splendor and exquisite taste of the surroundings4 ,the room in which they dined--not the dinner-room1 but a delightful little snuggery1 where the anecdote was the property of the table1 and the mot did not require to be handed from plate to plate like an entre--was richly decorated in the ,pompeiian style1 with walls of a pale gray1 while the hangings were of a soft amber relieved by red brown4 ,the dinner was simply perfect1 the entourages in the shape of cut glass1 flowers1 and fruit--veritable poems--while the quiet simplicity and easy elegance lent an indescribable charm which fell upon the simple priest like a potent spell4 ,every effort that good breeding combined with generous hospitality could make was called into requisition in order to render the timid1 blushing clergyman perfectly at home2 and so happily did this action on the part of his entertainers succeed that before the lapse of a few moments he felt as though he had lived amongst them for years4 ,mrs4 ,jyvecote promised to send him flowers for the altar1 and ,julia to work an altar-cloth for him4 8,i must go over and pay you a visit1 father10 she said4 8,i am one of your parishioners1 although ,i go to ,mass at ,thonelagheera40 8,i wish you would1 my dear child2 but ,i have no inducements to offer you1 although at present perhaps ,i have40 ,and he narrated the arrival of the guest to whom ,mrs4 ,clancy was playing the rle of chtelaine during his absence4 8,why1 this is quite a romance1 ,father ,maurice4 ,i must see your artist cote que cote1 and shall drive over next week40 ,but fate determined that she should drive over the next day4 ,when1 upon the following morning1 ,father ,maurice came to examine the condition of his pony1 he found both the knees barked and the luckless animal unfit to travel4 8,we couldn't walk her home1 ,murty1 could we80 he asked of his factotum4 8,och1 the poor crayture couldn't stir a step wudout tears comin' to her eyes4 ,me heart is bleedin' for her this minnit10 replied the wily ,mulligan1 sagaciously perceiving that so long as the pony remained at the castle he should abide with her2 and as his reception in the servants' hall had been of the same flattering description as that of his master up-stairs1 he resolved to continue in such delightful quarters as long as he possibly could4 8,poor ,rosy60 he cried1 affectionately scratching the pony's forehead1 8shure it's yerself that wud dance on yer head for his riverince1 av ye wor able2 but yer bet up1 poor little wumman1 an' it's rest ye want for a cupple o' days1 anyhow40 ,when ,father ,maurice mentioned the predicament he found himself in1 ,mrs4 ,jyvecote instantly proposed sending him home in the carriage1 since he could not be induced to prolong his stay2 but ,julia insisted upon driving him herself to ,monamullin in her basket phaeton2 and so1 laden with flowers1 hot-house pines1 grapes1 a hamper of grouse and a brace of hares1 and under solemn promise to make another visit at no distant date1 ,father ,maurice turned homewards under the 8whip0 of his newly-found and exceedingly charming parishioner4 ,as they jogged along by the sad sea-wave she told him the entrancing history of her conversion--of her meeting with ,cardinal ,manning at a garden party at ,holland ,house1 and of a casual conversation which led to so much4 ,father ,maurice felt as if he had a white-robed angel by his side1 and revelled in the absorbing narrative until the phaeton stopped at the cottage gate4 ,the pony was duly stabled1 and1 while the priest set forth to attend to a sick-call1 ,miss ,jyvecote proceeded to the chapel1 where she encountered his artist guest4 ,brown started1 despite himself1 when ,father ,maurice mentioned her name4 8,a parishioner of mine1 ,mr4 ,brown40 8,i--,i saw you in the church just now10 muttered the artist4 8,it's an awfully seedy--,i mean it's a very quiet little place40 8,i could pray more fervently in a church like that than in the ,madeleine10 she replied in a soft1 silvery voice4 8,the ,madeleine is too rowy1 too many chairs creaking1 too many swells1 and all that sort of thing1 you know40 ,insensibly the drawl of society had come upon him1 and the slanginess of expression which passes current in ,mayfair and ,belgravia4 8,miss ,jyvecote is going to brighten me up1 ,mr4 ,brown2 she is going to work me an altar-cloth10 exclaimed the delighted priest4 8,and ,i am going to paint you an altar-picture1 a copy of ,raphael's ,virgin and ,child--that is1 if you will kindly accept it10 he added1 blushing to the roots of his hair4 8,oh6 how charming1 how generous10 cried ,miss ,jyvecote4 8,my dear ,mr4 ,brown10 said ,father ,maurice1 crossing the room and taking his guest by the hand1 8,i am deeply1 deeply sensible of the kindly1 the noble spirit which actuates you to make this offer2 but you are a young man1 with a grand future before you1 with ,god's help1 and by and by1 when you have leisure1 perhaps you will get a stiff letter from me calling on you to fulfil your promise4 ,you'll find me a very tough customer to deal with1 ,i assure you40 8,he thinks ,i cannot afford it10 said ,brown to himself2 8and how delicately he has refused me60 ,the entrance of ,mrs4 ,clancy with a smoking dish of salmon cutlets turned the tide of the conversation1 and in a few moments the artist found himself with ,miss ,jyvecote discussing the ,royal ,academy pictures of the last season1 glorifying ,millais1 extolling ,holman ,hunt1 raving over ,leslie and ,herbert1 and ringing the changes over the pearly grays1 changeful opals1 amaranths1 and primrose of ,leighton4 ,from ,london to the salon is easy transition1 and from thence to the galleries of ,dresden1 ,munich1 and ,florence4 ,she had visited all1 and to a purpose4 ,he had lingered within their enchanting walls until every canvas became more or less a friend4 ,there was a wonderful charm in this meeting4 ,to ,brown ,miss ,jyvecote was a listener freshly intelligent1 navely sensible4 ,to her the clever critiques of this high-bred yet humble artist savored of a romance written but unreal4 ,it is scarcely necessary to say that when people drop thus upon a subject so charming1 so inexhaustible1 so refreshing the old ,scytheman is utterly disregarded1 and the sun was already sinking towards the west when ,miss ,jyvecote's phaeton came to the gate4 8,have you any of your sketches here1 ,mr4 ,brown80 she asked1 as she drew on her yellow dogskin driving-gloves4 8,only a few that ,i dashed off on my walk hither from ,castlebar40 ,they were glorious little bits of weather-worn granite1 brilliant with gray1 green1 and orange lichens2 luminous green seas and black rocks basking in the sunlight2 fern-crowned inlets and cliffs glittering with bright wild flowers4 ,she gushed over them4 ,what girl does not gush over the sketches of a tall1 handsome1 earnest artist8 8,oh6 if ,i might dare to ask you for one of them1 ,mr4 ,brown40 8,take all10 he said4 ,she would not hear of this4 8,they are your working-drawings1 ,mr4 ,brown80 selecting one1 possibly the least valuable4 8,will you not require an escort1 ,miss ,jyvecote1 on your lonely drive80 8,escort6 ,no4 ,in the first place1 ,i shall probably not meet a human being2 and1 in the next1 ,i should only meet a friend were ,i to encounter any one4 ,i fear my prolonged visit has spoiled your work for to-day1 ,mr4 ,brown40 8,my work6 ,you will hardly guess what ,i am pledged to do and the work ,i am about to commence4 ,it is nothing less than a copy of the picture of ,daniel ,o',connell which hangs over the mantel-piece4 ,it is for ,mrs4 ,clancy1 who is to adorn her kitchen wall with it40 8,surely you are not in earnest80 8,hlas6 ,i am always in earnest1 and so is ,mrs4 ,clancy10 he added1 laughingly narrating that worthy lady's anxiety with reference to the artistic adornment of the back door4 8,may we not hope to have the pleasure of seeing you at ,moynalty8 ,father ,maurice has promised us a visit4 ,i'm sure my father will call and--0 8,pray do not trouble him4 ,i never visit1 and1 as my stay here is only one of sufferance1 ,i know not the moment ,i may be evicted by my ruthless landlord40 8,you should make an exception in our favor1 ,mr4 ,brown4 ,we can show you a ,claude1 a doubtful ,murillo1 and a charming ,meissonier4 ,our flowers1 too1 are worth coming to see--that is1 they are wonderful for ,connemara4 ,father ,maurice1 you must ask ,mr4 ,brown to come over with you on ,monday40 8,of course1 my dear child1 of course4 ,he'll be enchanted with the castle4 ,you'll come1 of course1 ,mr4 ,brown80 turning to our hero1 who1 however1 remained silent1 although brimming over with words he dared not speak4 8,then it's au revoir1 messieurs60 gaily exclaimed ,miss ,jyvecote1 as she whirled rapidly away4 ,it would have surprised some of the artist's ,london friends could they have peeped behind the scenes of his thoughts and gazed at them as naturalists do at working bees4 ,it would have astonished them to hear him mutter as he watched the receding vehicle3 8,this is just the one fresh1 fair1 unspotted1 and perfect girl it has been my lot to meet4 ,such a girl as this would cause the worst of us to turn virtuous and eschew cakes and ale40 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brown had confided in one man ere dropping out of ,vanity ,fair4 ,to this individual he now addressed himself1 requesting of him to 8drop down to ,o',connor's1 the swell ecclesiastical stained-glass man in ,berners ,street1 ,oxford ,street1 and order a set of ,stations of the ,cross4 ,you don't know what they mean1 old fellow1 but the ,o',connors will understand you4 ,let them be first class and glowing in the reds1 yellows1 blues1 and greens of the new ,french school of colors4 ,i don't mind the price4 ,above all things let them have especially handsome frames of the ,via ,dolorosa pattern40 ,the letter went on to tell ,mr4 ,dudley ,poynter of his doings and the calm throb of the heart of his daily life4 8,there is not much champagne in it1 ,dudley1 but there is a body that ne'er was dreamed of in your philosophy1 or in that of the wild1 mad wags of the smoking-room clique40 ,mr4 ,brown completed his copy of the ,liberator1 to the intense admiration of ,father ,maurice and the ecstasy of ,mrs4 ,clancy4 ,the worthy priest would not permit its being hung in the kitchen1 though1 but gave it the place of honor in the snug little sitting-room4 ,it is needless to say that the entire population of ,monamullin1 including the cabin curs--who were now on terms of the closest intimacy with the artist--turned in after last ,mass to have a look at the 8picther o' ,dan40 8,be me conscience6 but it's ,dan himself--sorra a wan else10 cried one4 8,i was at ,tara1 an' it's just as if he was givin' ,drizzlyeye ,disraeli that welt about his notorious ancesthor1 the impinitent thief on the crass10 observed another4 8,faix1 it's alive1 it is4 ,look at the mouth1 reddy for to say #8,repale4'0 8,there's an eye60 8,thrue for ye2 there's more fire in it than in ould ,finnegan's chimbly this minit40 8,troth1 it's as dhroll as a pet pup's40 8,stan' out o' that1 ,mr4 ,o',leary1 or ye'll get a crack av his fist40 8,three cheers for the painther1 boys60 ,these and kindred comments flung a radiated pleasure into the inner heart of the artist--that sanctum which as yet was green and fresh and limpid--while the eulogies1 however quaintly and coarsely served up1 bore the delicious fragrance which praise ever carries with it like a subtle perfume4 8,the love of praise1 howe'er concealed by art1 ,reigns more or less1 and glows in every heart40 ,mr4 ,brown was enamored of his new existence--possibly with the child passion for toyland2 but the passion endured1 nevertheless1 strengthening with each successive sunrise and maturing with every gloaming4 ,an invitation1 accompanied by a card1 had arrived by special messenger for the artist1 requesting the favor of his company1 et ctera1 et ctera1 to which that gentleman responded in a polite negative1 assigning no particular reason1 but indulging in vague generalities4 ,he had thought a good deal of ,miss ,jyvecote1 and sat dreaming about her by the sea1 his hands clasped around his knees and his beloved meerschaum stuck in his mouth--sat dreaming1 and fighting against his dreams--fights in which fancy ever got the uppermost of the rude and real4 ,a longing crept up out of the depths of his heart to see her once again1 and to travel in the sunlighted path of her thoughts4 ,one thing he was firmly resolved upon--not to leave ,monamullin without another interview2 though how this was to be brought about he did not very well see4 ,yes1 he would see her just once more1 and then stamp the whole thing out of his mind4 ,he had been hit before1 and had come smilingly out of the valley of desolation1 and so he should again1 although this was so utterly unlike his former experiences4 ,father ,maurice was charmed with his guest4 ,he had never encountered anything like him--so bright1 so genial1 so cultured1 so humble and submissive1 and so anxious to oblige4 8,imagine10 said he in cataloguing his virtues to ,larry ,muldoon--8imagine his asking me to let him ring the bell for five o'clock ,mass1 and he a ,protestant60 ,the priest and his guest had long talks together1 the latter drawing out his host--digging for the golden ore of a charming erudition1 which lay so deep1 but which 8was all there40 ,night after night did ,father ,maurice unfold from germ to bud1 from bud to flower1 from flower to fruit the grand truths of the unerring faith in which he was a day-laborer1 the young artist drinking in the sublime teachings with that supreme attention which descends like an aureole4 ,father ,maurice was1 as it were1 but engaged in thinking aloud1 yet his thoughts fell like rain-drops1 refreshing1 grateful1 and abiding4 ,the good priest1 although burning with curiosity with regard to the antecedents of his guest1 was too thorough a gentleman1 had too great respect for the laws of broken bread and tasted salt1 to ask so much as a single question4 ,a waif from the great ocean of humanity had drifted into this little haven1 and it should be protected until the ruthless current would again seize it to whirl it outwards and onwards4 ,miss ,jyvecote betrayed her disappointment in various artless ways when ,father ,maurice arrived at the castle without the artist4 8,i'm sorry you didn't fetch him along bon gr mal gr1 father10 said ,mrs4 ,jyvecote1 8as papa goes to ,yorkshire next week1 and ,juey can talk of no person but ,mr4 ,brown40 ,miss ,jyvecote blushed rosy red as she exclaimed3 8,what nonsense1 mamma6 ,you have been speaking a good deal more about him than ,i have4 ,you rave over his sketch40 8,i think it immense40 ,mrs4 ,jyvecote affected art1 and talked from the pages of the ,art ,journal by the yard4 8,his aerial perspective is full of filmy tone1 and his near foreground is admirably run in1 while his sense of color would appear to me to be supreme40 8,come1 until ,i show you where ,i have hung it10 exclaimed ,miss ,juey1 leading the priest up a winding stair into a turret chamber fitted up with that exquisite taste which a refined girl evolves like an atmosphere4 8,you have really hung my guest most artistically4 ,and such a frame6 ,where on earth did you get it80 8,i--,i sent to ,dublin for it--to ,lesage's1 in ,sackville ,street40 8,i have no patience with the fellow for not coming over to see this joyous place10 said the priest1 8and ,i really can't understand his refusal40 ,miss ,juey couldn't understand it either1 but held her peace4 ,according to ,murty ,mulligan's veterinary opinion1 the pony was still unfit to travel4 8,it's meself that's watchin' her like a magpie forninst a marrabone2 but she is dawny still1 the crayture6 an' it wud be a sin for to ax her to thravel for a cupple o' days more1 anyhow1 your riverince40 8,why1 her knees are quite well1 ,murty40 8,but she's wake1 sir--as wake as ,mrs4 ,clancy's tay on the third wettin'--an' ,i'm afeard for to thrust her2 more betoken1 yer riverince0--in a low1 confidential tone--8she's gettin' a bellyful av the finest oats in the barony1 that will stand to her bravely while she's raisin' her winther coat40 ,mr4 ,brown asked ,father ,maurice a considerable number of questions anent his visit1 and was particularly anxious in reference to the departure of ,mr4 ,jyvecote4 8,he told me himself that he would leave ,westport to-morrow by the night train for ,dublin1 in order to catch the early boat that leaves ,kingston for ,holyhead40 ,upon the following morning the artist1 slinging his knapsack across his back1 started in the direction of the ,glendhanarrahsheen valley4 8,i want to make a few sketches of the coast scenery about ,may ,point10 he observed4 8,there is better scenery in the ,foil ,dhuv1 about two miles farther on2 and1 bless my heart6 you'll be quite close to ,moynalty ,castle1 and why not go in and see their pictures1 your own especially1 in such a grand gilt ,dublin frame80 ,simple priest6 ,artful artist6 ,it was a delightful morning that was shining over ,monamullin as the artist quitted it en route to--,may ,point1 of course4 ,the sea1 like a great sleeping monster1 lay winking at the sun1 and but one solitary ship was visible away in the waste--a brown speck in a flood of golden haze4 ,if young gentlemen would only put the single 8why80 to themselves in starting upon such expeditions1 it might save them many a heartache2 but they will not4 ,any other query but this one4 ,what a talisman that small word in every effort of our lives6 ,brown felt unaccountably joyous and brave1 charmed with the present1 and metaphorically snapping his fingers at the future4 ,a morning walk by the deep and dark blue ocean summons forth this sensation4 ,you bound upon air2 champagne fills your veins2 all the ills the flesh is heir to are forgotten1 all the phantoms of care and sorrow are laid 8a full fifty fathom by the lead40 ,it is a glorious seed-time1 when every thought bears luscious fruit4 ,he travels merrily onward1 now humming a barcarolle1 now whistling a fragment of a bouffe1 until he reaches the gloomy defile known as the ,valley of ,glendhanarrahsheen4 ,a turn of the sylvan sanded road brings him in sight of the lordly turrets of ,moynalty2 another turn1 and lo6 he comes upon no less a personage than ,miss ,jyvecote1 who1 with her married sister1 a ,mrs4 ,travers1 are driving in the direction whence he had come4 ,juey was ,jehu1 and almost pulled the ponies upon their haunches on perceiving our hero4 8,this is a condescension1 ,mr4 ,brown10 she said1 presenting him to her sister4 8,will you take a seat80 8,thanks1 no2 ,i am about to ascend that mountain yonder10 pointing vaguely in the direction of the range known as the ,twelve ,pins4 8,then we shall expect you to luncheon at two o'clock40 8,i'm afraid not4 ,i purpose returning by the other road40 8,what road8 ,there is no other road40 8,across country40 8,then you do not intend honoring us with a visit80 ,her tone was vexed1 if not haughty4 ,now1 he had quitted ,monamullin with no other intention than that of proceeding straight to the castle1 and yet he replies in the negative4 ,let those better versed in the mysteries of the human heart than ,i am analyze his motives4 ,i shall not endeavor to do so4 8,don't you think you are acting rather shabbily80 she said1 preparing to resume her drive4 ,he laughed4 8,au plaisir1 then60 ,and with a stately salutation1 courteous enough but nothing more1 she swept onwards4 ,he watched the phaeton go whirling along the white road and disappear round a huge fern-covered boulder1 and his vexation with himself grew intolerable4 8,what an ass1 what a brute ,i have been6 ,what could ,i have been thinking about8 ,was ,i asleep or mad8 ,invited to the house1 ,i actually refuse to pay the stereotyped visit4 ,why a counter-jumper would know better4 ,how charming she looked6 ,and that delicious blush when she met me6 ,she seemed really pleased1 too4 ,what can she think of me8 ,my chance is gone40 ,he seated himself on the stump of a felled tree in his favorite attitude1 having lighted his pipe4 8,might ,i thrubble yer honner for a thrifle o' light or a bit of a match80 asked a passing peasant4 8,with pleasure2 take a dozen60 ,the man looked puzzled2 he had never seen wax vestas till now4 8,they look mighty dawny1 yer honner40 8,do you belong to the castle80 asked our hero4 ,somehow or other the castle and its inmates were ever uppermost in his thoughts now4 8,yis1 sir40 8,is ,mr4 ,jyvecote at home80 8,no1 yer honner4 ,i met him this mornin' at ,billy's ,bridge1 makin' hard for ,westport40 ,the cards all in his favor1 and he wouldn't play his hand6 ,what did it mean8 ,would he go up to the castle1 and1 announcing himself to the chtelaine1 pay that visit which conventionality demanded8 ,no2 he had swung into another current1 and he would not alter his course4 ,it was better as it was--ay1 far better4 ,and there came a sort of desolate feeling upon him1 smiting him drearily like a dull ache4 ,had he seen the last of her8 ,was his life henceforth to be unlighted by the radiance of her presence8 ,here1 in the mystic silence of ,glendhanarrahsheen1 came the revelation4 ,here did his own secret surprise him4 ,he had allowed the image of this fair young girl to twine itself around his heart1 till he now felt as if he could fling aside pride1 reserve1 past and future1 just to hear her voice once more1 to feel the tender pressure of her tiny hand4 ,and so he sat there dreaming1 and fighting with his dreams1 until his tobacco 8gave out10 and until1 shaking himself together1 he summoned a supreme effort to help him on his road4 8,it won't do to be caught skulking here10 he thought4 ,the soft white shingle drawn from the brown-black waters of the lake muffle the sound of approaching wheels1 and1 ere he can return to a coign of vantage1 the phaeton flashes past4 ,i have already stated that my hero was a young gentleman of warm temper1 great energy1 and prone to sudden impulses and unconsidered actions1 and on this occasion he was true to his nature1 for he shouted 8,stop60 with the authoritative tone of a post-captain on a quarter-deck4 ,miss ,jyvecote pulled up4 ,the artist1 glowing with a fierce excitement1 plunged down the road and came up to the vehicle4 8,miss ,jyvecote10 he pants1 his handsome face flushed1 his eyes flashing1 8,i don't want you to think me a brute4 ,i do not know why ,i acted so rudely this morning4 ,i left ,monamullin on purpose to come and visit you4 ,father ,maurice says that open confession is good for the soul4 ,you have it now4 ,do1 please do forgive me40 8,hand and glove10 she exclaims1 holding out her coquettishly-gloved hand4 ,he jumped into the back seat1 and1 in a flutter of joyous commotion1 was whirled to the grand entrance of the castle4 8,you must first come and see my picture1 ,mr4 ,brown10 exclaimed ,miss ,jyvecote1 leading the way to the turret chamber4 ,there was a courteous flattery in this that caused the heart of the artist to swell in admiring gratitude4 ,later on they visited the gardens and the conservatories1 tasting green figs and toying with luscious bunches of bursting grapes2 and by and by came the presentation to ,mrs4 ,jyvecote1 who complimented him in pre-,raphaelite terms upon his greens1 grays1 opals1 and blues4 8,we want some one to continue the fascinating pages of ,hook10 she said1 8and ,i feel assured1 ,mr4 ,brown1 that next year's ,academy will see you #8on the line4'0 ,after luncheon they repaired to the drawing-room1 where ,mrs4 ,travers indulged in chromatic fireworks upon a superb ,erard piano2 and when she had risen the artist seated himself unasked1 and sang a little love-song of ,shelley's in a baritone that would have pushed ,mr4 ,santley a l'outrance4 ,song was one of ,mr4 ,brown's gifts1 and his voice was cultivated to perfection4 ,a deep1 rich voice1 sweet1 sad words1 with perfect enunciation of every syllable--ma foi1 there are moments1 and there are moments1 and this was one of the latter in the life of ,julia ,jyvecote4 ,he sang ,gounod's ,ave ,maria as that sublime hymn has been rarely sung in a drawing-room--sang it with a religious fervor1 and with a simple intensity of feeling that wrought its own magic4 ,he felt his success1 and smiled gravely to himself as he bent over the instrument1 playing the closing chords ever so softly1 until note after note fainted in sheer melody4 ,he was asked for ,annabel ,lee--for 8that love that was more than love0--but refused4 ,he possessed ,tom ,moore's secret1 and1 having produced the desired effect1 faded out like his own last notes4 ,mrs4 ,jyvecote tackled him upon art1 ,mrs4 ,travers upon music1 and ,miss ,jyvecote was silent4 ,somehow or other in talking to her he was stupid and confused1 while in conversing with the others he was at his best4 ,pressed on all sides to stop for dinner and remain the night1 he could scarcely refuse1 although pleading dress and the probable anxiety of his host4 ,the first point was settled by a declaration upon the part of his entertainers that it would be a treat to sit down in morning toilettes2 the second by the despatching of a boy to ,monamullin4 ,mr4 ,brown resigned himself to his fate and went with the stream4 ,how beautiful ,miss ,jyvecote looked in the mild radiance of the wax-lights which lit up the rooms at night--wax-lights everywhere--in the hands of ,ninive dancing-girls1 ,dresden shepherdesses1 oxidized silver sconces1 and girandoles of quaint and cunning design4 ,what rapture in being seated beside her1 engaged in turning over the pages of a superb photographic album too heavy for her dainty lap1 and resting upon his knees6 ,why does he start and turn pale8 ,why does ,miss ,jyvecote gaze at him1 and with a merry laugh exclaim3 8,why1 ,mr4 ,brown1 this photo is the very image of you40 ,beneath the photograph were the words3 8,to ,jasper ,jyvecote from ,ernest ,noel40 99 99 99 99 99 8,three days away from me6 ,why1 it appeared three weeks10 exclaimed ,father ,maurice1 as the artist returned to the cosy cottage of the amber thatch and snow-white walls4 8,i knew you would appreciate the ,jyvecotes1 and ,i felt that they would appreciate you4 ,have you taken any sketches80 8,one1 the lake of ,glendhanarrahsheen1 which ,i mean to finish2 and then1 padre1 ,i must say adios to ,monamullin for many a long day40 8,tut1 tut1 tut1 man6 we can't do without you10 said the priest2 8and mind you1 ,mr4 ,brown1 ,i'm sure the ladies at ,moynalty would have their likenesses done1 and give you a good deal of money for them1 too--probably as much as five pounds apiece40 8,five pounds apiece10 thought the artist1 8and ,millais getting two thousand guineas for a single portrait60 8,and ,i'm delighted to tell you1 my dear friend1 that your ,o',connell has already got you a job4 ,mr4 ,muldoon--you might have noticed his shop nearly opposite the chapel1 a most flourishing concern--is anxious to have his likeness done1 and will have his wife and mother painted also1 as well as his five children and his collie2 and if his maiden aunt comes over from ,castlebar he'll throw her in1 provided you can draw her chaise4 ,so ,i think10 added ,father ,maurice triumphantly1 8,i have been doing good business for you in your absence40 8,splendid1 my valued host6 ,but before ,i can touch these commissions ,i must finish the lake40 8,of course1 of course2 there's no hurry4 ,but1 mind you1 ,muldoon is ready money1 and all you young fellows in the world require a little of that--not that you want it here10 he cried hastily1 lest his guest might suppose that anything was required of him2 8but when you take a day in ,westport1 or perhaps as far as ,sligo1 you'll want many little things that couldn't be had here for all the gold in the ,bank of ,ireland40 ,the three days ,mr4 ,brown had spent at ,moynalty completely riveted the fetters which might have been easily burst ere the iron had grown cold4 ,he endeavored to persuade himself that this visit was a mere romantic episode in the career of an artist--a thing to be talked of in the sweet by-and-by1 and to be remembered as a delightful halting-place in the onward journey4 ,he tried to fling dust in his mind's eye1 and but succeeded in closing the eye to everything save the glorious inviting present4 ,he floated on from day to day in a sort of temporary elysium--why call it a fool's paradise8--so tranquil that it was impossible pain or sorrow could be its outcome4 ,an intimacy sprang up in this wild1 strange1 isolated place that a decade of ,london seasons could never have brought to ripeness1 and he felt in the entourages of the palatial dwelling as though he was in his own old home4 ,he rode1 walked1 boated1 drew1 and sang with ,julia ,jyvecote4 ,she1 too1 would seem to live in the present1 in the subtle1 delicious consciousness of being appreciated--ay1 and liked4 ,the small chance of ever enjoying a repetition of his visit lent a peculiar charm to every circumstance1 and forbade those questionings as to who's who with which the favored ones of fortune probe the antecedents of the standers at the gates which enclose the upper ten thousand4 ,from the accident of the photograph he was playfully christened ,sir ,everard1 and it became a matter of amused astonishment how readily he accepted the title and how unvaryingly he responded to a call upon the name4 ,he quitted ,moynalty in a strange whirl of conflicting thought4 8,may we not hope to see you in ,london1 ,mr4 ,brown80 said ,mrs4 ,jyvecote1 graciously coming upon the terrace to bid him adieu4 8,we go over in ,april1 and our address is #ia ,bruton ,street1 ,mayfair4 ,i know how sorry ,mr4 ,jyvecote will be to have missed you1 especially as he arrives here to-morrow2 and ,i am also confident that he would be anxious to serve you--although10 she added1 with a caressing courtesy1 8a gentleman of ,mr4 ,brown's gifts requires no poor service such as we could render him40 8,how long do you remain in ,monamullin1 ,mr4 ,brown80 asked ,mrs4 ,travers4 8,until ,i finish a sketch of the lake here which ,miss ,jyvecote intends to honor me by accepting40 8,oh6 then we shall see much more of you40 8,i am compelled to raise the drawbridge and drop the portcullis upon the hope1 ,mrs4 ,travers4 ,my working-drawing is here1 and--0 8,then if ,mohammed will not come to the mountain1 the mountain must come to ,mohammed4 ,i'll drive my sister over to service next ,sunday1 and see how the priest1 the painter1 and the picture are getting on40 ,it was a great wrench to the artist to tear himself away1 and the sans adieux that fluttered after him on the evening breeze seemed sad and mournful4 ,was the barrier between ,mr4 ,jyvecote and himself utterly impassable8 ,could it not be bridged over8 ,he could not assume the initiative4 ,he would see ,jyvecote and his whole race in--,yokohama first2 and yet what would he not do to gain the love of the youngest daughter of the house6 ,anything1 everything4 ,pshaw6 any chance of wooing and winning such a girl should be through the medium of his title1 his position1 and by passing beneath the yoke of society4 ,what sheer folly to think of her from the stand-point upon which he had been admitted to her father's house6 ,as the artist he was patronized1 as the baronet he could be placed2 and yet to win her as the artist would just be one of those triumphs which lay within the chances occasionally vouchsafed by the rosy archer4 ,she had been silent1 reserved1 and had seemed shy of him4 ,she spoke much of a man in the ,guards1 a chum of her brother ,jasper2 possibly this ,guardsman was the man4 ,in musings such as these did ,mr4 ,brown pursue his work1 and the picture came to life beneath his glowing hands4 ,the canvas1 with all the necessary et cteras1 had arrived from ,dublin1 the good priest marvelling considerably at the pecuniary resources of his guest4 8,his little all10 he thought1 8and he's going to make it a present to my sweet parishioner40 ,but a great surprise was in store for ,father ,maurice4 ,mr4 ,brown had issued instructions to his ,london friend to forward the ,stations of the ,cross1 free of all carriage1 to the ,rev4 ,maurice ,o',donnell1 ,p4,p41 ,monamullin1 ,ballynaveogin1 ,county ,mayo4 ,this order was promptly complied with1 and a lovely autumnal evening beheld the whole village1 curs and all1 turn out to speculate upon the nature of the contents of four gigantic wooden cases which were deposited in the little garden attached to the priest's cottage4 ,it were utterly useless to endeavor to describe the furore occasioned by the opening the boxes2 the excitement rose to a pitch never realized in ,monamullin since the occasion of the visit of the ,archbishop of ,tuam--the ,lion of the ,fold of ,juda4 ,father ,maurice fairly wept for joy2 ,mrs4 ,clancy insisted upon doing the ,stations there and then2 and as each picture was brought to light1 from the folds of wrappers as numerous as those surrounding the body of an ,egyptian mummy1 a hum of admiration was raised by the assembled and reverential multitude4 ,the good priest1 never guessing the source from whence the splendid gift had emanated1 endeavored to trace it to ,miss ,jyvecote--a belief which ,mr4 ,brown sedulously sustained--and ,father ,morris1 full of the idea1 chanted whole litanies in her praises1 scarcely ever ceasing mention of her4 8,i'll drive over to-morrow and tender her my most devoted gratitude4 ,i'll offer up ,masses for her4 ,i'll--0 8,she will be here to-morrow1 father4 ,mrs4 ,travers is to drive her over4 ,don't you think we ought to see about hanging the ,stations8 ,it will please her immensely to see them in their places in the church40 ,a hanging committee was appointed and the work of suspending the pictures carried into instant execution4 ,the mouldy little edifice was soon ablaze with gilding and glorious coloring1 which1 alas6 but seemed to display its general dinginess more glaringly4 8,my poor little altar may hide its diminished head10 said ,father ,maurice mournfully1 brightening up1 however1 as he added3 8,but1 sure1 ,i'll soon have ,miss ,jyvecote's beautiful altar-cloth40 ,the 8castle people0 arrived upon the following morning and were escorted by the artist to the church4 8,you have come over upon an interesting occasion1 ,miss ,jyvecote10 he said2 8,father ,maurice has received an anonymous gift of a set of ,stations of the ,cross1 and he thinks that you can tell him something about them40 ,great was the astonishment of the simple priest when ,miss ,jyvecote disclaimed all knowledge of the presentation4 8,why1 father1 you must think me as rich as ,miss ,burdett-,coutts10 she cried4 8,these beautiful works of art have cost hundreds of pounds4 ,mr4 ,brown here will tell you how much they cost10 turning to that gentleman4 ,how often a stray shot hits home6 ,mr4 ,brown had the receipted bill in his pocket at that particular moment4 8,they are ,french10 he said1 evading the question4 8,consequently more expensive1 n'est ce pas80 8,they are not badly done40 8,they are on the borderland of high art1 ,mr4 ,brown4 ,why do you pooh-pooh them80 ,poor ,father ,maurice was fairly nonplussed4 ,all his guesses anent the donor fell short1 while his surmises died from sheer inanition4 ,it could not be the cardinal4 ,might it be little ,micky ,o',brien1 that ran away to sea and was now coming home a rich man8 or ,paudheen ,rafferty1 who was a thriving grocer in ,dublin8 ,for the first time in his life the parish priest of ,monamullin felt uneasy1 if not unhappy4 ,what did it portend8 ,who could possibly take so serious an interest in the affairs of his little parish8 ,mr4 ,malachi ,bodkin might have done so in the olden time1 but the famine of #8#dh left him barely able to keep up ,corriebawn4 ,sir ,marmaduke ,blake was a scamp who racked his tenants and spent his money in debauchery4 8,i suppose ,i shall learn some day10 sighed the priest4 8,i must be patient1 but ,i wish it was to-day40 ,after luncheon--,father ,maurice's breakfast--the artist and ,miss ,jyvecote strolled along the shore4 ,the sun seemed to shine with a certain sadness1 the gray ocean to moan as if in pain1 and the shadow of the 8we shall not meet again0 to hang over ,julia and her companion as they seated themselves in a secluded nook surrounded by huge rocks--a spot in which the world seemed to cease suddenly4 8,and so you think of leaving80 she said after a long silence1 during which she drew eccentric circles in the sand with the tip of her parasol4 8,my kismet says #8yes1' ,miss ,jyvecote40 8,does your kismet say whither80 8,it points to that little village on the ,thames called ,london40 8,we go to ,london next month1 en route to ,egypt4 ,my sister ,gussie--you never met her--who has been in ,italy with my uncle1 is recommended ,egypt for her chest4 ,papa received letters yesterday40 8,how long do you think you will remain in ,london80 8,only a day or two40 8,might ,i hope to see you80 8,why not8 ,our address is #ia ,bruton ,street1 ,mayfair40 8,is--is ,mr4 ,delmege1 of the ,guards1 going to ,egypt80 ,she looked gravely at him1 full into his eyes1 as she replied1 somewhat coldly3 8,not that ,i am aware of40 ,his heart gave one great bound1 as though a dull1 dead weight had been suddenly removed4 8,i hope to see your handicraft on the walls of the ,academy when we return40 8,sabe ,dios60 he said1 clasping his knees with his hands1 and gazing out across the moaning sea4 8,if you try you will succeed40 8,i have a very poor opinion of my own power of success in anything4 ,i am colorless1 purposeless40 8,neither one nor the other4 ,you have a noble profession1 a glorious talent1 and ,father ,maurice says you have a good heart4 ,with three such friends as companions life is a garden of flowers40 8,and yet till within the last few days ,i have found it but a desert40 ,then silence fell upon both4 8,father ,maurice will miss you dreadfully10 she murmured4 ,she was very pale1 and her dark eyes turned upon him with mournful earnestness4 8,he has become so much attached to you2 and the poor little altar will miss your artistic grouping of the flowers4 ,do you know10 she added1 8,i shall say an ,ave ,maria when ,i visit the little church1 and for your conversion80 8,is that a promise1 ,miss ,jyvecote80 8,it is40 8,will you also0--he stopped suddenly short1 and dug his heel into the sand4 8,the shay is waitin' for ye1 ,miss ,jewel1 and ,missis ,thravers is roarin' murdher10 cried ,murty ,mulligan1 thrusting his shock head between a cleft in the rocks4 ,brown sprang to his feet and offered ,miss ,jyvecote his arm4 ,neither spoke during the walk to the cottage4 8,if you should hear of me through your brother1 do not think ill of me10 he whispered1 as he handed her into the phaeton4 8,what do you mean80 she asked in as low a tone4 8,promise me that you will not forget ,brown1 the poor artist40 8,it is scarcely necessary10 she murmured1 as she gave him her hand4 ,there was a blank at the priest's home when the artist left4 ,father ,maurice missed him sadly--missed his hit at backgammon1 his gay gossip1 and his cheery company4 8,he was a rale gintleman10 said ,mrs4 ,clancy2 8he wanted for to give me a goolden soverin--mebbe th' only wan he had--but ,i tuk a crukked ha'penny for luck1 an' it's luck ,i wish him wherever he goes40 8,he was the nicest man1 an' the nicest-mannered man1 ,i ever seen10 chimed in ,murty2 8an' ,i'm in dhread that ,i spoke too rough whin he offered me menumeration40 8,he promised to come here next summer1 and he will keep his promise10 said the priest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,jocelyn ,jyvecote was seated in the study at #ia ,bruton ,street1 engaged in perusing the columns of the ,times4 ,he had slept well1 breakfasted well1 and was thoroughly refreshed after his journey1 as he had arrived in town from the ,east upon the previous day4 ,a servant entered with a card upon a silver salver4 ,mr4 ,jyvecote adjusted his eyeglass and leisurely lifted the tiny bit of pasteboard4 8,what does this mean80 he cried1 letting it fall again4 8,is the gentleman waiting80 8,in the #8all1 sir40 8,show him in40 ,a tall1 high-bred-looking young man entered4 ,his face was pale and he somewhat nervously stroked a ,henri ,quatre beard4 8,may ,i ask to what ,i am indebted for this visit from ,sir ,everard ,noel80 demanded ,mr4 ,jyvecote haughtily4 8,i shall explain the purport of my visit in a few words40 8,pray be seated40 8,thanks6 ,mr4 ,jyvecote1 there was bad blood and bitter feud between you and my poor father about the ,ottley ,farm40 8,you need scarcely remind me of that1 ,sir ,everard40 8,there is bad blood between us1 ,mr4 ,jyvecote4 ,you claimed it in right of an old lease that could not be discovered when the case came before the court1 and ,i retain possession of it by law4 ,the last time that we met we met in hot anger1 and--and ,i used expressions for which ,i am very seriously sorry4 ,so long as that farm is in possession of either of us it will lead to bad feeling1 and ,i came here to-day to tell you what ,i mean to do about it40 ,a somewhat less stern frown appeared upon ,mr4 ,jyvecote's features as he listened4 8,last autumn accident threw me into the wildest portion of the west of ,ireland1 a place not unknown to you--,monamullin40 8,it is within seven miles of ,moynalty ,castle40 8,i am aware of that4 ,i was the guest of one of the purest men that ,god ,almighty ever made--,father ,maurice ,o',donnell40 8,your estimate is just1 ,sir ,everard40 8,his soul is in his work1 and his simple heart is fragmentarily divided amongst his little flock4 ,i found his church dingy1 dilapidated1 falling4 ,he is worthy of a better building2 he is worthy of anything10 cried the young man enthusiastically4 ,mr4 ,jyvecote bowed assent4 8,well1 sir1 ,i purpose selling ,ottley ,farm1 and devoting the proceeds towards building a new church for ,father ,maurice ,o',donnell4 ,i have an offer of three thousand pounds for the farm1 and here are the plans1 prepared by ,mr4 ,pugin--pure ,gothic10 extracting a roll of papers from his pocket and eagerly thrusting them into the hands of the other4 ,mr4 ,jyvecote leisurely surveyed them1 while the young man regarded him with the most eager scrutiny4 ,suddenly flinging them upon the table1 ,mr4 ,jyvecote rose1 and1 taking ,sir ,everard ,noel's hand1 shook it warmly4 8,noel1 you are a fine-hearted fellow1 and a chivalrous one4 ,there are not ten--pshaw6 there are not two men in ,london who would patch up a feud as you are doing to-day4 ,i am better pleased to see you in this fine form than the acquisition of ten farms4 ,give the dear old priest his church1 and for my daughter's sake--,i am as stanch a ,protestant as yourself--,i'll put up an altar4 ,come up-stairs now1 and ,i'll present you to her40 ,at this particular moment ,miss ,jyvecote entered the study4 ,upon perceiving our hero she grew deadly pale and then flushed up to the roots of her hair4 8,mr4 ,brown10 she said holding out her hand4 8,you are mistaken1 ,juey2 this is an old enemy and a new friend--,sir ,everard ,noel40 99 99 99 99 99 ,the church was erected at ,monamullin and is a perfect gem in its way1 the talent of 8all the ,pugins0 being thrown into the design4 ,at its altar ,everard ,noel received his ,first ,communion1 and at its altar he was united to ,julia ,jyvecote by the proud1 happy1 and affectionate ,father ,maurice ,o',donnell4 8,an' only for to think o' me axin' a rale live baronet for to paint the back doore10 is the constant exclamation of the worthy ,mrs4 ,clancy4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,recent ,,polemics ,,and ,,irenics ,,in ,,scholastic ,,philosophy4 ,it is not always easy to draw the line1 either in theology or philosophy1 that divides the part which has been dogmatically or scientifically defined from that which remains open ground of discussion in the ,catholic schools4 ,occasionally we are aided and favored by a new definition1 made with supreme and final authority by the ,holy ,see1 which adds something1 not to the immutability of truth itself1 which is eternally incapable of the slightest alteration1 but to the quantity of science as fixed and immutable in the conceptions of the understanding intellect4 ,the authority of reason may also suffice to add to the quantity of certain science by inductions from facts made evident by experience1 which have the force of demonstration4 ,but the dogmatic definitions are not so numerous and frequent as some minds1 impatient of discussion and difference of opinion1 may desire4 ,rational demonstration1 though fully sufficient to define scientific truth and terminate doubt in the understanding of those who clearly and distinctly apprehend it1 is not always understood sufficiently for this purpose even by all intelligent1 educated minds1 at least for a considerable period4 ,discussion on important points is not1 therefore1 terminated between different ,catholic schools1 and agreement in doctrine established1 as completely and speedily as might be desired by those who have a strong sense of the importance of unity in theological and philosophical doctrine4 ,some1 who are animated by a polemical spirit1 are disposed to claim for the doctrines of their own particular school a greater amount of dogmatic or scientific authority than that which is generally conceded to them4 ,they are disposed to amplify the import of decisions or declarations made by the authority of the church1 to magnify the authority of great doctors and masters in ,catholic science1 and to extend as far as possible the claim of metaphysical or moral certitude for the doctrines which they advocate4 ,others are animated by a more irenical spirit4 ,they desire to moderate polemical ardor2 to control the zeal for the triumph of particular systems1 and the exaltation of individual masters in wisdom1 within reasonable bounds2 to harmonize all branches of science with each other2 to observe the just limitations of dogmatic or scientific certainty2 to extend the range of rational science by calm discussion which has only the attainment of truth in view2 and1 without compromising orthodox doctrine1 to leave open and free to argument all that domain which has not been closed in by any final definition of competent authority4 ,the polemical and irenical tendencies are not in real opposition4 ,they are elements capable of combination with each other4 ,we do not believe that differences of opinion among ,catholic schools will ever be entirely terminated or controversy cease4 ,yet there is always an increasing approximation toward unity1 and the irenical spirit aids this movement by diminishing misunderstandings and moderating controversial ardor4 ,the ,holy ,see not only at times decides and terminates controversies by a judgment1 but also1 at other times1 refuses to pronounce judgment1 and admonishes those who seek to stretch too far the import of her decisions to respect the liberty of opinion and discussion which she allows4 ,we have an instance of this in the subjoined documents respecting the philosophy of the venerable and holy ,father ,rosmini--a system which has at present a considerable following and is in very decided opposition to the ideological doctrine of the ,thomist school1 as well as to other parts of the common1 scholastic teaching4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,rosmini',s ,,works1 ,,and ,,the ,,judgment ,,of ,,rome ,,upon ,,them4 7,the following is a translation of the official communication which appeared in the ,osservatore ,romano of ,june #bj1 #ahgf47 ,,most ,,illustrious ,,marquis3 ,in ,no4 #acf of your esteemed journal1 ,june #ad1 #ahgf1 ,i have read with pain an article on a little work entitled 8,antonio ,rosmini and the ,civilt ,cattolica before the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index1 by ,giuseppe ,buroni1 ,priest of the ,mission40 ,you are well aware that the works of the distinguished philosopher ,antonio ,rosmini were made the subject of a most rigorous examination by the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index from #ahea to #ahed1 and that at the close of this examination our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 still happily reigning1 in the assembly of the most reverend consultors and the most eminent cardinals1 whose votes he had heard1 and over whom he deigned1 with a condescension seldom shown1 to preside in person1 after invoking with fervent prayers the light and help of ,heaven1 pronounced the following decree3 8,all the works of ,antonio ,rosmini-,serbati1 concerning which investigation has been made of late1 must be dismissed2 nor has this same investigation resulted in anything whatever derogatory to the name of the author1 or to the praiseworthiness of life and the singular merits towards the church of the religious society founded by him40 ,the author of the article referred to undertakes to discuss the meaning of the words ,dimittantur opera1 but1 while professing to admit their force1 he reduces it well-nigh to nothing4 ,for he says3 8,we do not deny that ,dimittantur is in a certain respect equivalent to ,permittatur2 but to permit that a work may be published and read without incurring ecclesiastical penalty has nothing whatever to do with declaring the work itself uncensurable40 ,now1 by these words one is led to suppose that the ,sacred ,congregation1 or rather the ,holy ,father1 by pronouncing that judgment1 did nothing more than permit that the works of ,rosmini may be published and read without incurring a penalty4 ,but ,i ask3 ,what penalty did the editors and readers of ,rosmini's works incur before those works were subjected to so lengthened and accurate a scrutiny8 ,none whatever4 ,what1 then1 would the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index have done by such grave study and labors so protracted8 ,nothing whatever4 ,and to what purpose would the judgment of the ,holy ,father have been given8 ,to no purpose whatever4 ,if1 then1 we do not wish to fall into these absurdities1 we must say that the accusations brought against the works of ,rosmini were false2 that in these works nothing was found contrary to faith and morals2 that their publication and perusal are not dangerous to the faithful4 ,who can ever suppose that the ,holy ,father has set free for publication works containing erroneous doctrines1 and liberated the readers of them from penalty8 ,to liberate from penalty the readers of books infected with error would be an act productive of greater injury than if a penalty were imposed or 7assuming its previous existence7 were maintained in full vigor4 ,i might touch on other points of the article in question1 and show that its author has presumed to dive further than he ought into a matter which does not belong to him4 ,but what ,i have said suffices to make it imperative on me to address this letter to you4 ,as it may not be known to every one that the ,master of the ,sacred ,palace does not1 under existing circumstances1 revise the journals1 and as the character and fame of the ,osservatore ,romano might lead to a belief that he 7the ,master of the ,sacred ,palace7 has approved of the article in question1 ,i think it necessary to declare to you that ,i should never have given my consent to the publication of the same4 ,nay1 ,i have to request that you will not1 in future1 receive any articles either on the sense of the judgment ,dimittatur1 or against the learned and pious ,rosmini1 or against his works1 examined and dismissed4 ,i take this opportunity to remind all concerned that the ,holy ,father1 from the time of the issuing of the ,dimittantur opera1 enjoined silence1 and this in order that no new accusations should be put forward1 nor1 under any pretext1 a way made for discord among ,catholics3 8,that no new accusations and discords should arise and be disseminated in future1 silence is now for the third time enjoined1 on either party1 by command of ,his ,holiness40 ,who does not see that the seeds of discord are sown by traducing the works of ,rosmini either as not being yet sufficiently examined1 or as suspected of errors which were not seen either before or after so extraordinary an examination1 or as dangerous2 or by using expressions which take away all the value or diminish excessively the force and authority of a judgment pronounced with so much maturity and so much solemnity by the supreme ,pastor of the church8 ,by this it is not meant to affirm that it would be unlawful to dissent from the philosophical system of ,rosmini1 or from the manner in which he tries to explain some truths1 and even to offer a confutation of them in the schools2 but if one does not agree with ,rosmini in the manner of explaining certain truths1 it is not on that account lawful to conclude that ,rosmini has denied these truths2 nor is it lawful to inflict any theological censure on the doctrines maintained by him in the works which the ,sacred ,congregation has examined and dismissed1 and which the ,holy ,father has intended to protect from further accusations in the future4 ,believe me1 etc41 etc41 ,your most obedient servant1 ,,fr4 ,,francis ,,vincenzo ,,maria ,,gatti1 ,of the ,order of ,preachers1 ,master of the ,sacred ,apostolical ,palace4 ,,june #af1 #ahgf4 ,the following appeared in the ,osservatore ,cattolico of ,milan1 ,july #a1 #ahgf3 ,the ,sacred ,roman ,congregation of the ,index1 by a letter addressed to ,his ,grace the ,archbishop of ,milan under date of ,june #bj1 #ahgf1 and signed by ,his ,eminence ,cardinal ,antonio de ,luca1 ,prefect of the ,congregation1 and the ,very ,reverend ,father ,girolamo ,pio ,saccheri1 of the ,friars ,preachers1 ,secretary1 and delivered by his grace in person to one of the responsible editors of this journal in the afternoon of ,wednesday1 ,july #bh1 has enjoined us3 8#a4 ,to maintain in future the most rigorous silence on the question of the works of ,antonio ,rosmini2 because1 in consequence of the authoritative decree of the ,holy ,father 7,that no new accusations and discords should arise and be disseminated in future1 silence is for the third time enjoined on either party by command of ,his ,holiness71 it is not lawful--in matters pertaining to religion and relating to faith and sound morals--to inflict any censure on the works of ,rosmini or on his person2 the only thing upon which freedom is allowed being to discuss in the schools and in books1 and within proper limits1 his philosophical opinions and the merits of his manner of explaining certain truths1 even theological4 #b4 ,to declare in an early issue of this journal that we have not rightly interpreted the sentence ,dimittantur1 which the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index thinks fit sometimes1 after mature and diligent examination1 to pronounce upon works submitted to its authoritative judgment40 ,full of reverence for the supreme authority of the ,holy ,see1 and wishing to be faithful to our duty as well as to the programme of this journal1 we1 the undersigned1 responsible editors of the ,osservatore ,cattolico1 in our own behalf and of all who have written in our columns on the question aforesaid1 intend to declare and do hereby declare in the most docile and submissive manner possible1 that #a4 ,as to the silence now imposed we repeat and confirm what we said on occasion of reproducing in this journal the letter of the ,master of the ,sacred ,palace to the editor of the ,osservatore ,romano--viz41 that it shall be observed4 #b4 ,the sentence ,dimittantur1 as used by the ,sacred ,congregation of the ,index was not rightly interpreted by us4 ,,enrico ,,massara1 ,priest1 ,,davide ,,albertario1 ,priest1 ,editors of the ,osservatore ,cattolico4 ,,milan1 ,june #cj1 #ahgf4 ,another and more recent instance is that of the controversy concerning the constitution of bodies4 ,a letter of the ,pope to ,dr4 ,travaligni1 president of a scientific society in ,italy1 commending the effort to bring physical and medical science into harmony with the scholastic philosophy1 was interpreted as giving authoritative sanction to a certain doctrine of the ,thomist school4 ,a professor in the ,university of ,lille wrote a letter to the ,pope on the subject1 setting forth the differences of opinion and the continued controversies respecting the constitution of bodies1 and praying for a positive decision4 ,in reply to this the professor and all others interested in these questions were instructed1 in a letter written and published by order of the ,holy ,father1 that the ,holy ,see had defined nothing in the premises1 and that a solution of difficulties should be sought for by scientific investigation and discussion4 ,we have not space for the publication of this letter1 but it may be found in one of the back numbers of the ,catholic ,review of ,brooklyn 7,sept4 #bb1 #ahgg74 ,as for the ,rosminian philosophy1 we agree personally with ,liberatore and the ,thomist school in rejecting it as scientifically untenable4 ,nevertheless1 we have heretofore distinctly avowed that in a dogmatic aspect it is free from censure1 and we are glad to see the matter placed beyond question1 and the controversy relegated to its proper sphere as one debatable only on purely rational grounds4 ,the other question is one which has been extensively discussed in our pages1 and which we regard as extremely interesting and important4 ,the doctrine proposed and elaborately discussed in the articles formerly published under the title 8,principles of ,real ,being0 has been attacked by a very learned and able writer in a ,german periodical published at ,st4 ,louis1 on dogmatic as well as philosophical grounds4 ,this is a convenient opportunity to state that we have in manuscript a very long and minute defence and vindication of the doctrine advocated in these articles1 written by their distinguished author1 who is well versed not only in scholastic theology and metaphysics1 but also in mathematical and physical science4 ,we refrained from publishing his reply to the attack of his antagonist1 partly because the discussion was too subtle and abstruse for our readers1 and still more from unwillingness to engage in dogmatic controversy when there is a risk of perplexing pious minds4 ,in matters really dogmatic and pertaining to ,catholic doctrine we want no compromise or attenuation4 ,we desire only the restriction of the argument from authority within its actual limits1 that the discussion of matters purely philosophical may be carried on by rational arguments alone1 without accusations of heterodoxy on either side4 ,in respect to the essence and integrity of the scholastic philosophy according to the system of the two great doctors1 ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas1 we are in hearty concurrence with the great intellectual movement of the revival and restoration of this philosophy as the only true and scientific metaphysics to its ancient dominating position4 ,we do not1 however1 consider that a blind submission to the authority even of ,st4 ,thomas is reasonable4 ,an author who1 like ,liberatore1 professedly aims at nothing more than an exact exposition of the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas undoubtedly renders a service to metaphysical science and its students4 ,the writer of this article esteems very highly all the philosophical works of this distinguished ,jesuit1 and has used by preference1 for several years1 his ,institutiones ,philosophic ad triennium ,accommodat as a text-book of instruction4 ,yet we cannot approve of such a complete abdication of original and independent investigation and reasoning as a rule to be followed in philosophical teaching4 ,we do not find that the system of the strict ,thomists is proved in a manner entirely satisfactory and conclusive1 in some of its details1 particularly in that part which relates to the harmony of physical with metaphysical science4 ,there is such a thing as progress and development in theology and philosophy4 ,the opinions of private doctors are not final4 ,neither ,st4 ,augustine in dogmatic theology1 ,st4 ,alphonsus in moral theology1 nor ,st4 ,thomas in both these sciences and metaphysics1 though declared by the ,holy ,see doctors of the universal church1 were competent to pronounce final judgments2 since they were not rendered infallible by the superiority of their genius and wisdom1 from which alone their authority is derived4 ,their private doctrine1 inasmuch as it passes beyond the line of the ,catholic doctrine contained in their works and having its own intrinsic authority1 has only a claim to a respectful consideration1 with a presumption in its favor4 ,in the last analysis all its weight consists in the rational evidence or proof sustaining it1 which is lessened or destroyed by probable or demonstrative proof to the contrary4 ,the ,jesuit school has always insisted on these principles4 ,while recognizing ,st4 ,thomas as master1 it has diverged from the teaching of the ,dominican commentators on ,st4 ,thomas1 both in theology and metaphysics4 ,whether ,suarez and others diverged or not from the genuine doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas1 in their controversy with writers of the ,thomist school1 is a matter of dispute4 ,the question as to what is the real sense and import of the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas or of ,aristotle is distinct from the question of the material truth and evidence of any controverted proposition4 ,the latter is much the more important of the two1 and reason alone must decide it1 so far as it can be decided1 in the absence of any authoritative definition4 ,if philosophy1 therefore1 is to make any progress1 and if there is to be any real approximation to unity in philosophical doctrine among ,catholics1 the authority of reason and evidence must prevail over all human authority1 and exclusive devotion to systems or great names must be abandoned1 that truth may be investigated and brought to light4 ,the great motive urged by those who write in a specially irenical spirit is to strengthen the combination of forces in the ,catholic intellectual army for the polemical contest against error and doubt4 ,that the sophists of heresy and infidelity may be confuted and vanquished1 that those who are erring and out of the way may be reclaimed1 that honest seekers after truth may be guided to a successful discovery of this hidden treasure1 is the great object of ,catholic polemics4 ,the great field of contest is the philosophical domain4 ,it springs to view at once that agreement in philosophical doctrine is of the utmost importance for the success of the ,catholic cause in this holy warfare4 ,among those who have labored most zealously and successfully toward this end1 the distinguished ,jesuit ,father ,ramire stands pre-eminent4 ,in his most recent publication1 ,l',accord de la ,philosophie de ,st4 ,thomas et de la ,science moderne au sujet de la composition des corps1 prepared with the aid of another ,jesuit specially versed in the physical sciences1 he has made a deeply-studied and masterly effort at harmonizing the peripatetic system with the results of experiment and induction in modern chemical science4 ,it is the most subtile and acute piece of argumentation which has ever proceeded from his pen4 ,the doctrine of ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas has hitherto been generally supposed to be in a diametrical contradiction to that of modern chemistry in respect to the combination of elements in the compound substances4 ,the peripatetic theory has been1 on this account1 abandoned by most of our modern authors and professors in philosophy4 ,a few1 however1 among whom ,liberatore and the editor of the ,scienza ,italiana are conspicuous1 have exerted all their power of subtile analysis to defend the ,thomist opinion4 ,another recent writer1 ,dr4 ,scheid of ,eichstdt1 has endeavored to maintain the same thesis in the most exclusive sense1 and attempts to prove that the ,thomist theory alone is either compatible with the dogmatic definitions of the church or adequate to give a satisfactory explanation of the facts established by chemical and physical experiments4 ,on the contrary1 ,dr4 ,frdault1 who is a ,french physician and an advocate of the general doctrine of the ,thomist school on form and matter1 maintains that it is inadmissible in respect to the constituent elements of compound substances4 ,in order to facilitate the understanding of the subject of controversy1 we will cite from ,father ,ramire's appendix a part of the ,expos parallle des deux systmes prepared by a distinguished professor in a ,catholic college of ,france at ,father ,ramire's request4 ,peripatetic ,chemical ,school4 ,school4 ,i4 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,simple ,,body8 ,it is a composition of ,it is a material first matter and substance endowed with substantial form4 determinate forces4 ,,ii4 ,,what ,,is ,a ,,chemical ,,body--,,for ,,instance1 ,,water8 ,it is a composition of ,it is oxygen and hydrogen first matter and the combined in the aqueous substantial proportions of #hh to form4 #aa4 ,the forces of the two components remain identical in the composition1 although in the state of combination they do not manifest all their special characteristics4 ,,iii4 ,,how ,,are ,,the ,,simple ,,bodies ,,extracted ,,from ,a ,,chemical ,,compound8 ,at the moment of ,the force of the chemical decomposition the re-agent destroys the substantial form of the combination and union compound is destroyed of the simple bodies1 and replaced by the dies1 which return to substantial form of the their primitive state1 components1 which are and manifest anew their produced from their own proper forces in all proper non-existence their integrity4 7ex nihilo sui72 and the simple bodies recover their former proportions4 ,,iv4 ,,what ,,is ,,an ,,animal ,,body--,,the ,,body ,,of ,a ,,man1 ,,for ,,example--,,or ,a ,,part ,,of ,,such ,a ,,body1 ,,as ,a ,,bone1 ,,etc48 ,this body is a ,the human body1 like all composition of first bodies1 is a matter and a composition of substantial form4 ,in molecules and of parts man this substantial endowed with chemical form is the rational forces which are united soul1 which gives to together by the mutual the matter its action of these forces2 corporeity1 or but1 during life1 these corporeal being4 ,in forces are subjected such a way that a body1 and subordinated to the taken in the vital force of the reduplicative soul1 which penetrates sense--that is1 inasmuch them1 dominates them1 as it is considered and unifies them in simply as body--is a their vital functions1 composition of first and which gives to the matter and the soul1 entire body the form of which latter gives to a human body1 life1 and the body its specific sensibility4 material being4 ,,note4--,form does not mean figure but the determining principle of the specific nature which this organized body possesses as a human body4 ,v4--,,what ,,produces ,,death ,,in ,,the ,,animal ,,body ,,and ,,the ,,human ,,body8 ,at the moment when the ,death consists simply in soul departs from the the separation of the body there is produced soul and body1 and does in it a new substantial not exact the form1 the cadaverous production of any form1 which by its substantial form4 ,the union with the first chemical forces1 which matter constitutes the are no longer dominated corpse4 ,but when the by the soul1 act dissolution of the freely1 and the corpse proceeds dissolution of the gradually by the effect corpse is nothing but of corruption1 the the natural result of cadaverous form is their action4 succeeded by new substantial forms1 produced from previous non-existence 7ex nihilo sui71 as numerous and different as are the substances resulting from corruption1 the mephitic particles dispersed in the air being included4 ,the theory here presented under the name of the peripatetic1 and claiming to be the genuine doctrine of ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas1 is frequently called the theory of substantial generations4 ,under that name it has been examined and opposed in the series of metaphysical articles in this magazine already referred to4 ,it is necessary to explain1 before proceeding further1 that the term matter in scholastic philosophy denotes1 not the complete material being or body1 whether simple or compound1 such as oxygen1 water1 iron1 etc41 but merely one element or component of the material substance--viz41 the common1 indeterminate element1 which is the same in all1 having a potency or receptivity for every possible determination1 but no fixed and necessary union with any4 ,it is the principle of extension1 but not extended2 the source of inertia and all that is passive1 yet not a solid atom2 the subject of qualities and active forces1 but itself possessing no quiddity or quality1 and not having existence1 or the possibility of existence1 except as joined with its compart1 the active and determining element1 joined with it in order to make any single material substance4 ,this active element is called the substantial form1 which is equally incapable of subsisting alone1 and therefore has no separate being1 yet is capable of giving its first being to matter1 and thus constituting with it material substance4 ,according to the peripatetic theory1 as stated above1 in chemical combinations which produce a new1 compound substance1 such as water1 nothing remains of the components except the material substratum or first matter4 ,the determining form which gave this matter its specific being as oxygen and hydrogen are destroyed1 and a new form1 the aqueous1 springs forth to give the matter a new first being and constitute the substance water4 ,there is1 consequently1 in this and every similar case1 the generation of a new substance1 in which the matter is pre-existent1 but the substantial form is educed from the passive potency of the matter1 ex nihilo sui1 or from utter previous non-existence4 ,father ,ramire maintains that this theory is the creation of the commentators on ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas1 but does not properly belong to the system of either1 and can be refuted by arguments drawn from the works of both these great doctors4 ,this is rather startling and contrary to the prevalent supposition4 ,the ,thomist writers1 many of whom are men of the most remarkably acute power of analysis and thoroughly conversant with the works of these great masters1 honest also and candid withal1 have certainly not imputed a theory to ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas which is a pure invention1 or without plausible grounds and apparent reasons4 ,father ,ramire gives an explanation which is at least ingenious and merits consideration4 ,in the first place1 he argues that the two doctors of peripatetic philosophy did not reason from priori principles respecting the composition of bodies4 ,they both taught that celestial bodies are composed of what they called materia quinta1 which is incorruptible by reason of the inseparability of its form from the matter4 ,the separability of matter and form in earthly bodies1 therefore1 belongs to them as a peculiar kind of bodies1 composed from what were supposed to be the four simple elements of earth1 air1 fire1 and water4 ,the fact that these elements are transformed one into the other in the transmutation of substances led to the conclusion that there was a common substratum underlying all1 which remained under different substantial forms4 ,but since chemistry has discovered the really simple bodies which are not susceptible of mutual transmutation1 and cannot be resolved into other substances by mechanical or chemical agents1 ,father ,ramire argues that the very principles enunciated by ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas respecting materia quinta require that oxygen1 hydrogen1 etc41 should be placed with it under the same category4 ,moreover1 he maintains that the permanence of what we now know to be simple substances and irresolvable in combination1 was really taught under another concept and with different terms by ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas2 that is1 that certain virtualities were recognized as remaining and exercising an active force in the compound or transformed substance1 which is incompatible with the supposition that only nude matter remains1 acted upon by a wholly different and entirely new active force4 ,in regard to the human body1 in particular1 he shows an incompatibility between the explanation of the cause of death which ,st4 ,thomas gives and the peripatetic theory4 ,the reason of death given by ,st4 ,thomas is that contrary forces are combined in the human body which are dominated by the vital force of the soul only to a limited extent and with a limited duration4 ,when1 by the laws of nature1 these contrary forces begin to free themselves from the dominating vital force1 decay commences1 and is continued until they have freed themselves to such an extent that they destroy the aptitude of the body for receiving the mode of being from the soul which is called sensitive life4 ,the soul then necessarily ceases to inform the body1 and the two comparts of the human substance or essence are separated4 ,the soul1 being a self-subsisting1 incorruptible form1 an immortal spirit1 departs to the sphere of spirits1 and the body is dissolved by the force of natural decomposition4 ,now1 according to the peripatetic theory1 the soul1 being the only substantial form or active force in the body1 giving to the nude first matter of the body its first being or physical1 corporeal existence1 must be itself the active cause of decay and death4 ,this is contrary to the teaching of ,st4 ,thomas that the soul gives only life to the body1 and1 so far from ceasing of itself the vital influx1 would continue to exert it for all eternity1 and thus make the body immortal1 if other and contrary forces did not work within the body to make it incapable of receiving this influx1 and thus force the soul to abandon it to itself and to the power of death4 ,father ,ramire acknowledges that it is difficult to make all the texts of ,aristotle and of ,st4 ,thomas harmonize with each other1 and to bring out a completely distinct and finished theory from their writings4 ,he advances a conjecture1 with some plausible appearance of probability1 that some texts found in the works of ,st4 ,thomas have been interpolated by disciples who were more zealous than honest in their efforts to maintain their own system4 ,the same conjecture has been made heretofore in regard to passages relating to the doctrine of the ,immaculate ,conception4 ,be this as it may1 we think it is quite sufficient to explain obscurities of any kind which are found in the dogmatic or philosophical system of the ,angelic ,doctor1 that he either had not time or any pressing motive for a thorough investigation and elucidation of the matters in question1 or had not the requisite data before him for the deductions and conclusions pertaining to the case4 ,it is more to the purpose to discuss the doctrine of the composition of bodies on its own merits1 using all the facts discovered by experiment1 and rational argumentation1 aided by the light of all previous investigations1 both physical and metaphysical4 ,left to its own intrinsic probability1 the peripatetic theory is sustained by a kind of argumentation which seems to be more ingenious than conclusive4 ,several of its ablest advocates have acknowledged that it is incapable of demonstration4 ,it rests its claim to acceptance chiefly on aliunde considerations4 ,and on the other side there are certain arguments which have not yet1 so far as we know1 received a satisfactory answer4 ,father ,ramire advances some of these with his usual subtlety and force1 and at the same time with the most courteous moderation and respect toward his opponents4 ,it is admitted--as it indeed must be1 for there is no escape from evident facts--that a chemical re-agent applied to a composite substance like water brings back the component elements in their former proportions4 ,water gives up its eighty-eight parts of oxygen and its eleven parts of hydrogen4 ,what is the producing cause of these so-called new substantial forms which invariably make their appearance ex nihilo sui8 ,when the soul1 which is said to be the only substantial form of the body1 leaves it in its nudity as first matter1 without first being1 quiddity1 or quality1 and1 as it would seem1 doomed to annihilation1 what is the cause which produces the cadaverous form1 that suddenly appears to actuate the matter and give it being as a corpse8 ,here ,father ,ramire has made one of his most dexterous logical passes--one which it will require great dialectical skill to parry4 ,the editor of the ,scienza ,italiana replies thus to the question as to where these forms come from3 8,certain forms do not come to the subject from an extrinsic cause1 but spring up within the subject1 by educing them 7traendole7 from the potentiality of the same subject40 ,father ,ramire desires to be informed 8what is the object to which the active verb traendole is referred2 what is that which educes these forms from the potentiality of the subject80 ,if no sufficient cause can be assigned by which substantial forms are educed1 the theory becomes untenable4 ,father ,ramire devotes a considerable part of his treatise to a consideration of the important question1 ,what is the true sense of the proposition that the rational soul is the form of the human body8 ,this proposition1 maintained by ,aristotle and received by sound scholastic philosophy1 has been defined as ,catholic doctrine by the ,council of ,vienne and by ,pius ,,ix4 ,father ,ramire refers to ,father ,palmieri1 ,s4,j41 the author of a recent philosophical text-book of high repute1 who 8proves that the ,council of ,vienne by no means intended to condemn a doctrine maintained at that time and since by perfectly orthodox theologians4 ,the error proscribed by the council is that which ascribes to the human body another vital principle besides the rational soul40 ,the ,catholic doctrine is that the soul is forma corporis1 in the sense that it is the life-giving principle of the composite1 corporeal1 organic structure which constitutes the human body in its physical though incomplete nature1 as one compart of the total human composite1 or complete human nature4 ,father ,palmieri calls the bodily part a complete substance but an incomplete nature1 as likewise the spiritual part1 which is the soul4 ,father ,ramire adheres to the common terminology which denominates each part an incomplete substance4 ,as considered in distinction from the soul1 it lacks its due complement1 the vital principle which makes it a living body and sentient4 ,the soul also1 as distinct from the body1 lacks the complement of its inferior vital force1 which is an eminent kind of sensitive and vegetative principle contained in the same subject to which the attribute of rationality belongs1 and giving to the subject--that is1 to the soul--an exigency for a body as its essential compart4 ,the soul and body complete each other in the human essence or nature4 ,the body is passive and inert in respect to every vital force and function1 without the soul4 ,the soul remains in a merely potential state in respect to its inferior faculties1 when separate from the body4 ,in the composite essence1 the human nature composed of soul and body1 the body stands in the relation of materia to the soul1 the soul in the relation of forma to the body4 ,thus is constituted the human1 rational suppositum or persona1 and the specific essence and unity of the human being1 of man1 according to his logical definition as animal rationale4 ,we will let ,father ,ramire speak for himself1 and explain at length in his own language what his own view is on this important topic3 8,between spiritual substance and body there is a complete opposition1 and it is consequently absurd to suppose that a body can borrow from a spirit that by which it becomes body4 ,since the substantial form of a being is that which makes it formally to exist as such1 the soul cannot be the substantial form by which a body exists as body1 unless it is itself corporeal4 ,it is the same with all forms essentially material1 and consequently with all those which belong to the essence of the elementary substances4 ,these forces1 not being in the soul1 cannot be destroyed when the elements pass into the body2#hb yet they no longer exist in their former state of independence4 ,they are seized upon and controlled by the superior force of the soul1 elevated in a certain sort above their natural condition1 and employed as instruments of the vivification of the matter of the body4 ,heretofore these elements formed so many independent unities2 henceforth they become fractions of a whole to which the soul must give the specific determination4 ,their entire force continues to subsist2 their being is not destroyed2 but1 under the domination of a new form1 it acquires a new formal existence4 ,it is thus that the soul is the principle of the substantial unity of man4 ,it does not destroy the variety of the elements1 but it unites them2 it does not suppress completely their mutual opposition1 but tempers it so far as to establish a condition of harmony4 ,there is really but one substantial form in man--the reasonable soul1 because this soul alone gives to the entire totality of the human being its substantial determination2 it alone reduces the diversity of elements to unity4 ,it confers upon the body1 by its union with the same1 something which is not a mere accident but a new being1 the being of humanity1 which raises it above all purely corporeal beings1 and constitutes it within the generic class of rational substances4 8,the modern theory1 understood in this sense1 is in perfect agreement as to its substance with the peripatetic doctrine1 and safe from all the dangerous tendencies imputed to it4 ,there is no just cause for repeating any longer the accusation heretofore made against this theory that it suppresses the substantial unity of bodies1 since1 as we have shown1 so far from destroying this unity it presents it as it subsists in various grades1 proportioned to the relative degrees of perfection in substances1 much better than the other systems4 ,there is even less foundation for the pretext that the theory in question is in opposition to the definitions of the church regarding the union of soul and body in man4 ,what1 in fact1 do these definitions affirm8 ,that the soul is the true form of the human body1 which it informs and vivifies1 not accidentally or mediately1 but immediately and essentially4 ,now1 all this is perfectly verified in our theory1 which supposes that the body receives its life1 its specific nature1 its existence as human body1 without any interposing medium1 from the soul4 ,moreover1 its union with the soul1 so far from being regarded as accidental1 is shown to be1 on the contrary1 substantial1 in whatever aspect it is considered1 whether on the side of the soul or on the side of the body3 on the side of the soul1 which without this union would be unable to exercise several faculties proceeding from its essence2 on the side of the body1 which receives from this union the substantial complement of its elements4 ,when1 therefore1 we examine closely that argument which is the strongest1 if not the only1 one sustaining the contrary theory1#hc we perceive that it resolves itself into a mere equivocation4 ,the partisans of this theory1 who sometimes reproach their adversaries with equivocating in respect to the words #8substantial and accidental1' do not perceive that they themselves commit this fault4 ,they confound that which is indispensable to a being that it may exist1 with that which is indispensable to it that it may possess the integrity of its nature4 ,union with the body is not essential to the soul in the former sense1 as all acknowledge1 but it is certainly not allowable to conclude from this that it is purely accidental to it4 ,we may very justly call substantial1 and even essential1 all that which is exacted by the nature of anything4 ,now1 union with the body is certainly exacted by the nature of the soul1 which differs mainly from pure spirits by this exigency4 ,nothing could be more contrary to the principles of scholastic philosophy than to regard that property pertaining to the soul which adapts it to be the form of the body as a simple accident2 but if this is an essential property1 union with the body cannot be considered as purely accidental1 even admitting that the body is composed of elements endowed with their proper forms4 ,let us apply the same reasoning to the elements1 which are themselves made in order to unite themselves with other elements1 as the soul is made in order to unite itself with the body2 and by this simple distinction of the two senses of the word substantial we shall eliminate the doctrinal misunderstanding which makes a division between us4 8,how1 then1 could it happen that this division has been so long continued8 ,it is because the distrust of the defenders of traditional philosophy has been provoked by the presentation of the theory at the present day generally adopted by scientists1 as an innovation4 ,this distrust will have no longer any object1 and harmony cannot fail to be re-established1 from the moment when it shall be recognized that the modern experimental science is in perfect harmony with the principles laid down by ,aristotle and accepted by ,st4 ,thomas40 ,the professor of physics who prepared the ,expos given in ,father ,ramire's appendix presents very distinctly and strongly what is the common sentiment1 especially of those who are devoted to the study of physical science1 in our modern ,catholic schools3 8,the peripatetic system on the composition of bodies is rejected by the greater number of ,catholic philosophers1 because this system1 considered metaphysically1 sustains itself solely on equivocations and the begging of questions 7,card4 ,tolomei71 and has no demonstrative force 7,p4 ,zigliara72 considered psychologically1 it gives a handle to materialism2 considered in the aspect of the chemical sciences1 it is in evident contradiction to their experimental facts2 considered historically1 it has been1 so far as its psychological part is concerned1 always combated by the school of ,alexander de ,hals1 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 ,scotus1 and the ,franciscans2 was condemned in the thirteenth century by all the doctors of the ,english universities1 together with a majority of those of the ,sorbonne2 and in the eighteenth century was commonly repudiated by all the schools1 with the exception of the most rigid ,thomists40 ,there is certainly no chance whatever that this theory will ever regain any considerable sway from the mere weight of authority which belongs to it from the traditions of the past4 ,as ,father ,ramire justly remarks3 8,we must not forget that the present discussion appertains to the purely scientific order1 and must consequently be definitively decided not by authority but by reason4 ,so long as the rational arguments which overturn the theory contrary to our own have not been refuted1 nothing will be gained by the effort to prove from a literal interpretation of some texts that this theory belongs to ,st4 ,thomas4 ,the only interpretation admissible in this case is the rational interpretation1 which clears up obscure texts by the perfectly clear principles which the holy doctor loudly proclaimed4 ,it is thus that we explain many difficult passages in the works of the eagle of ,hippo2 and those who act otherwise1 far from proving in this way their respect for him1 really inflict an outrage on his memory by putting him in opposition to himself and to the truth4 ,let us not do a similar wrong to ,st4 ,thomas4 ,as he was always attentive to correct himself even to the end of his short career1 we can be sure that1 if his mortal existence had been prolonged to our day1 he would not have failed to clear up that which remained in obscurity in his writings1 and to complete1 by the aid of new discoveries in science1 what was necessarily incomplete in his theories4 ,let us act in the same manner1 and not fear to show ourselves more faithful to the spirit of the doctrine of ,st4 ,thomas than to the letter of a certain number of texts found in his writings40 ,father ,ramire could not have expected to put an end to the controversy by his short essay1 and1 in fact1 the only immediate result of ,dr4 ,frdault's larger work and his own briefer piece of argument has been to call forth rejoinders from the ,scienza ,italiana and the ,civilt ,cattolica4 ,some of the advocates of the peripatetic theory are unquestionably as well versed in the physical sciences as their opponents4 ,their studies in chemistry and other branches of science have made them dissatisfied with the prevalent modern theories on the constitution of bodies1 and they have for this very reason sought for a more philosophical doctrine in the ancient metaphysics4 ,it is not to be supposed that they will yield to anything short of cogent reasoning1 or that any agreement in unity of doctrine can be produced1 unless some really solid1 satisfactory1 and conclusive theory is presented with such convincing proof and evidence that it must command general assent4 ,until this is done there is no choice except to continue the discussion4 ,if it is interminable1 then all sides must agree to differ1 and in such a case it is quite natural to fall back on the authority of great men who are supposed to have been gifted with extraordinary perspicacity of intellect1 and to have seen into things more clearly and deeply than modern men are able to do1 perhaps by the aid of supernatural light4 ,if the constitution of bodies is an impenetrable mystery1 we must be content to remain in our ignorance1 and accept whatever formulas of metaphysical or physical statement seem to us the best expression of the vague and confused notions we possess4 ,we are not quite prepared to accept this situation as inevitable1 and it is certain that not only on the ,european continent1 but in ,england and ,america also1 the reviving interest in metaphysical studies and the necessity of combating materialism will stimulate an effort toward a more perfect evolution of the truth contained in the ancient philosophy by the help of mathematical and experimental science4 ,it may be asked what metaphysics and theology have to do with these matters1 which seem to belong to the domain of physics4 ,we reply to this question in the words of ,father ,ramire3 8,the question what is in general the nature of material beings1 and what is in particular the nature of man as appertaining by his corporeal part to the material world1 does not belong1 at least exclusively1 to physics2 it is also within the domain of philosophy and theology4 ,the special object of physics is the study of the sensible properties of bodies1 the observation of the phenomena by which the different forces with which they are endowed manifest themselves1 and the determination of the laws which regulate the exercise of these forces4 ,the investigation of the essential properties which enter into the very idea of body and distinguish it from spiritual being belongs to metaphysics4 ,and since1 in man1 the body1 united with the spirit1 participates in its destiny2 since1 in ,jesus ,christ1 the corporeal world has been associated to the divine dignity1 theology cannot give us a perfect knowledge of our destiny and our deification by the divine ,person who assumed humanity1 without availing itself of the aid which is furnished by an exact notion of the nature of bodies40 ,it seems to us that the real point of difficulty and of controversy respecting the 8nature of bodies0 lies deeper than any of the questions proposed by ,father ,ramire1 and that the whole discussion must start from this point in order to be thorough and decisive4 ,it is no solution at all of the question1 ,what is the nature of corporeal being8 to tell us that bodies are material substances endowed with determinate forces1 or composites of such substances4 ,the drop of water1 mechanically divided1 gives us only minuter and minuter molecules of water4 ,but since1 chemically divided1 it gives oxygen and hydrogen in composition with each other to form these minutest molecules1 there must be in each of these molecules others of such minute quantity as to elude experiment1 which are composed of still smaller distinct molecules of oxygen and hydrogen4 ,one of these molecules of oxygen1 considered apart from all other corporeal beings1 must be itself constituted by smaller molecules or of some more simple elements4 ,we must come at last to these simple elements1 and ask the question1 ,what constitutes the entity and first actuality of these elements8 ,boscovich and ,leibnitz1 two of the most original thinkers of modern times1 both of them well versed in mathematics as well as eminent in metaphysics1 have presented the theory of simple monads1 which are dynamic centres radiating in space upon each other the active forces which produce extension1 quality1 motion1 and every kind of material substance with all their specific differences4 ,father ,bayma1 in his remarkable work ,molecular ,mechanics1 has presented the hypothesis that these simple elements are each separately endowed with only one force--that is1 either the attractive or repulsive4 ,the laws of molecular mechanics have been exposed in this treatise with rigid and complicated mathematical demonstrations4 ,the metaphysical part of this hypothesis has been fully developed1 so far as its primary and essential principles are concerned1 in the pages of this magazine4 ,the arguments by which this hypothesis is sustained and the contrary ones overturned we have never seen fairly and distinctly answered4 ,certain objections are made1 such as these3 that a force is not a being in itself1 but needs a substance to support it2 that dynamism takes away the reality of matter1 that it makes material substance like spiritual substance1 that it gives no basis for extension and continuous quantity1 etc4 ,we think there is some misunderstanding of terms and concepts in the minds of those who make these objections4 ,we understand in this theory such terms as 8active force0 to denote not an attribute or product without subject or cause1 but a principle from which force proceeds1 which is also a passive principle upon which active force terminates4 ,it is a real being1 simple1 unextended1 not a body or a spirit1 having position but not quantity1 marking by its existence a point in space1 the first element of the primary composite body or molecule1 distinguishable in respect to its matter and form1 but not separable1 any more than the centre and circumference of a circle are separable4 ,it is a substance1 standing in se et per se1 in respect to existence1 but expressly created for entering into composition with similar entities1 in order to make bodies with the various attributes and accidents1 active powers and passive potencies1 which experience shows them to possess4 ,it is not a spirit1 because it has no capability of consciousness1 intelligence1 or volition1 but is simply determined by its grade of being to act in space by means of motion4 ,it is ens mobile1 and the beginning of physical quantity1 as the point is the beginning of abstract quantity in geometrical science4 ,as to the difficulty of conceiving how extension arises without a first material continuum to begin with1 we think this objection is counteracted by the arguments proving that such a continuum is an absurdity and an impossibility4 ,the great desideratum in the question of matter is to find the invariable and indestructible element1 which remains1 and will forever remain1 the same amid all transmutations of bodies1 the ultimate substance endowed with a perpetual existence in se1 and competent from its potency and active power to be the principle of every possible combination and mode of being within the limits of the purely corporeal essence4 ,such a principle seems to be furnished by the theory of ,boscovich and ,leibnitz1 as corrected and developed by ,father ,bayma4 ,the simple beings endowed with attractive or repulsive force proceeding from a centre which marks a point in space1 and having both a form and a material principle which are naturally inseparable1 are capable of existing1 each one alone by itself1 and absolutely indestructible1 except by annihilation4 ,though utterly useless and inoperative1 except as existing in multitude and mutually acting on each other in their chemical and mechanical combinations they furnish the substratum of every kind of matter and form which can be predicated of corporeal being as ens mobile4 ,the primary molecules of the simple bodies formed by the first combinations of simple elements are so firmly bound together that no power of which man can avail himself suffices to separate them1 and we may suppose there is no power in nature which can break up their unity4 ,nor is there any difficulty in supposing that ,god can make bodies of any magnitude or composite perfection which are likewise incorruptible1 in accordance with the ancient conception of materia quinta1 or celestial1 incorruptible bodies4 ,the reasoning by which this dynamic hypothesis is sustained and contrary theories refuted seems to be extremely probable1 and even1 in certain parts1 demonstrative1 from its premises and data4 ,if these include all which must be included1 and nothing pertaining to the essence and integrity of the matter of demonstration is left out1 the hypothesis is sufficient to account for all which must be accounted for1 and by its simplicity recommends itself to the mind as proposing enough1 and no more than enough1 for a distinct notion of the nature of body and its specific difference from soul and spirit4 ,just here1 it seems to us1 comes in the need for more full explanation and evolution of the theory1 and a more minute discussion between its advocates and those who advocate the theories of the rigid peripatetic system or the system favored by ,father ,ramire4 ,we would like to see a more complete proof given that all which can be predicated of material substance1 as such1 can be referred to its nature as ens mobile1 and accounted for by the two primitive forces of attraction and repulsion4 ,especially when we consider the phenomena of organized1 living bodies1 vegetable and animal1 the most important questions arise1 demanding from each one of the different philosophical schools the answers which they are able to furnish1 and an exposition of the way in which they seek to harmonize this particular portion of their respective systems with the first principles of philosophy1 of physics1 and of theology4 ,the notions of potential matter and substantial form assume here a new import and present difficulties of the first magnitude1 the solution of which in one way or another introduces most considerable modifications into the metaphysics and the theology of each different party in the controversy4 ,what is the principle of vegetable life and reproduction8 ,if all the facts and phenomena of vegetable life can be explained by the laws of molecular mechanics and chemistry1 the need for a distinct1 simple form1 vital principle1 or vegetable soul1 is removed2 otherwise the hypothesis fails to meet the exigency of the case1 and the reasoning of the peripatetic philosophers remains1 in this respect1 unanswered4 ,the question of the animal soul stands by itself1 and is more important4 ,molecular mechanics and chemical combinations cannot produce a sentient subject or account for the sensible cognition which animals possess4 ,there is certainly in the animal a distinct form giving to animal nature a potency and a power not reducible to attraction and repulsion between molecules1 not a modification of mobility and motion4 ,the ingenious scholastic theory gives us a formula which answers very well as a verbal statement of the difference between the irrational and the rational soul1 between the brute and man4 ,according to this theory1 the animal soul is not a substance1 is not capable of existing in se1 depends on the body and is destroyed by its death1 is not immediately created1 but is educed1 ex nihilo sui1 from the potentiality of matter by the physical agencies and laws of generation4 ,what is startling and puzzling about this theory is that it makes an organized1 material body exercise sensible cognition4 ,the soul is a mere substantial form1 higher than the aqueous or igneous or cadaverous form1 but of the same genus4 ,it is educed from the potentiality of matter1 and therefore matter is in potency to the sentient faculty1 as it is in potency to have quantity1 figure1 color1 and weight4 ,second causes suffice to evolve from its potency this new form of being in which it can see1 hear1 feel1 imagine and remember1 simulate many of the processes and actions of rational beings1 enjoy and suffer1 recognize friends and enemies1 invent stratagems1 play tricks1 exercise courage1 fidelity1 fortitude1 and constancy in affection1 and show forth all those remarkable phenomena which make the animal1 in one point of view1 the greatest marvel of creation4 ,if the animal soul is not a distinct substance1 immediately created and having existence in se1 the peripatetic theory1 pure and simple1 with all its mysteriousness1 is preferable to any other1 and its failure to give demonstration and satisfy the ingenium curiosum of many searchers into the secrets of nature is a necessary consequence of the impenetrable mystery which shrouds the essence of material being4 ,if the animal soul is a substance1 we must admit a grade of being between the corporeal and the rational natures1 an inferior kind of spirit1 similar to the human soul in respect to that which makes it fit to be the animating principle of an organic body1 destitute of intelligence and incapable of activity independent of its bodily organs1 yet1 as a substance in itself and a simple being1 not destructible by corruption4 ,it is a maxim in philosophy that there is no destruction of anything once created by annihilation4 ,it continues to exist1 therefore1 after the death of its bodily compart4 ,if the anima belluina is imperishable1 what becomes of it when the animal dies8 ,even the human spirit1 though capable by its intellectual faculties of living a separate life1 has an intrinsic exigency for a body which it can animate2 much more1 then1 the anima belluina1 which is a principle of animal life and activity1 and nothing more4 ,there is nothing superfluous or useless in nature1 yet this kind of soul1 continuing to exist without a body1 is a useless thing4 ,moreover1 although the more perfect animals manifest qualities which can easily be taken to indicate the presence of a vital principle which is a distinct substance1 what shall we say of those which can be divided into sections1 each of which continues to live2 and of those which approach so near to the line of demarcation between animal and vegetable life that the difference between the two seems to reach a vanishing-point1 and they shade into each other by nearly imperceptible gradations8 ,this is enough to show how serious is the task of reconciling philosophical parties1 and settling the disputes about the constitution of bodies1 matter and form1 and all their cognate topics1 and making a perfect synthesis of physics and metaphysics4 ,mathematics come in also1 with the consideration of quantity1 space1 infinites and infinitesimals1 demanding a place in a really complete synthetical exposition of fundamental and universal philosophy4 ,there is room enough for a great genius who shall be a continuator of the work of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,if such a man should arise1 he would need to have all the intellectual gifts and all the knowledge of a great metaphysician1 a great mathematician1 and a great physicist1 combined under one form4 ,there has been but one ,aristotle and one ,st4 ,thomas1 and we cannot tell whether or no any other man like them1 or even equal to ,suarez1 will be granted to the science of philosophy4 ,it seems that we need some man of that kind to deal with the obscurities and ambiguities1 the new aspects and new relations of scholastic metaphysics1 and with the peculiar mental attitude and habits of thought and expression belonging to our own time4 ,the ,english-speaking part of the educated world certainly needs the service of some really original thinker1 as well as learned and acute expositor1 to make all that is certain or highly probable in the ,thomistic philosophy thoroughly intelligible1 and to accomplish whatever is requisite and possible in advancing this philosophy toward a desirable completion4 ,able and learned expositors of the ancient philosophy are not lacking in ,italy and ,germany1 but it seems to us that some higher degree of original power of thought and expression than is found even in the most eminent of these authors is desirable for the masterly handling of certain questions of present controversy4 ,father ,ramire considers that the time has come to hope for and attempt the construction of 8the majestic temple of ,catholic science1 whose base is laid in the infallible dogmas of faith and the immovable principles of reason1 whose stories are erected by the co-operating labor of observation and reasoning1 whose circuit embraces the entire expanse of human knowledge1 in which facts and laws1 experimental and abstract sciences1 the truths of the natural and those of the supernatural order1 complete1 strengthen1 and embellish each other by their mutual agreement40 ,that 8complete synthesis1 to which all the particular sciences are attached as branches of a tree to the trunk10 he considers to have been fifty years ago apparently impossible1 though the conception of it may have been latent in some minds1 but at present to be really within the power of combined and rightly-directed intellectual effort to achieve4 ,so far as essentials are concerned1 we are convinced that the learned and pious ,jesuit is not without a solid ground for his enthusiastic prognostication of the advancement of ,catholic science4 ,in respect to the special topics of which we have been writing in the present article1 we are not very sanguine of a speedy adjustment of the controversies which divide ,catholic philosophers and others1 whether physicists or metaphysicians1 who investigate and argue upon the nature of material substance4 ,there is yet a good deal of discussion and controversy to be gone through1 and we confess we are in doubt how far it will ever terminate in a conclusive and final result4 ,there are limitations to human knowledge which are not precisely determined4 ,the space of the unknowable lies around our restricted sphere of the known and the knowable4 ,happily1 it is not necessary for the substantial solidity and practical utility of rational metaphysics and ethics1 much less for theological certainty in the matters of real moment1 that all the interesting and abstruse questions of controversy between different schools should be decided4 ,apparent 8antinomies of reason0 may furnish a pretext to the sceptical and captious1 but they prove only the limitation of intellect and reason1 our imperfect and inadequate conceptions of the terms and premises which we reason about and from which we draw conclusions1 and the defectiveness of language as the medium of thought4 ,the certainties of reason1 of history and experience1 of the judgments of the human conscience1 of divine revelation1 of ,catholic authority1 of the common sense of mankind1 are amply sufficient for refuting every kind of infidel or heretical error which cloaks itself under a scientific pretext1 and for proving and defending all that belongs to sacred dogma in faith or morals1 or is in proximate connection with it4 ,unity and harmony in these things need not be disturbed by differences and discussions respecting all manner of scientific questions4 ,we understand that this is what ,father ,ramire principally aims at1 and he himself gives a good example of free and earnest controversial discussion conducted in the irenical spirit4 ,we have always found his writings luminous1 interesting1 and profitable4 ,we trust that he and his confrres will continue their labors in the same direction4 ,we shall look also with great interest for the arguments by which the learned writers for the ,civilt ,cattolica and ,scienza ,italiana and other advocates of strict ,thomism maintain their own opinions4 ,the ,sovereign ,pontiff1 in his recent letter to the rector of the ,university of ,lille1 has declared that he desires all learned ,catholics 8should with one accord1 although they follow different systems1 turn all their energies to put down materialism and the other errors of our age40 ,this shows that1 in the judgment of the ,holy ,father1 agreement in these matters of actual difference is not a necessary condition precedent to combined and successful polemics against materialism and the other dangerous errors of our time4 ,the ,holy ,father also exhorts 8all whom it may concern0 not to 8scatter their forces by disputing with one another on questions which are matters of free opinion40 ,we understand this to mean that discussions should not degenerate into disputes of that kind which is hostile to the spirit of unity and charity1 and not that discussion should be altogether abandoned4 ,for1 in another paragraph1 he exhorts learned ,catholics to 8keep within the bounds of moderation and observe the laws of ,christian charity while they discuss or attack systems in nowise condemned by the ,apostolic ,see40 ,this may suffice for the present1 and we trust that our readers who hold metaphysical articles in aversion will tolerate this one1 in consideration of the long time they have been spared a similar trial of their patience4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,tota ,,pulchra4#hd ,can ,god so woo us1 nor1 of all our race1 ,have formed one creature for his perfect rest8 ,must the ,dove moan for an inviolate nest1 ,nor find it ev'n in thee1 ,o 8full of grace0-- ,in thee1 his ,spouse8 ,or could the ,word debase ,his ,godhead's pureness when he fill'd thy breast1 ,tho' ,moses treasured up1 at his behest1 ,the typical manna in a golden#he vase8 ,who teach that sin had ever aught in thee1 ,utter a thought the demons may not share-- ,not tho' they prompt it in their fell despair3 ,for these1 while sullenly hating the decree ,that shaped thee forth ,immaculate1 8,all ,fair10 ,adore it still--and must eternally4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,mystery ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,organ4 ,in one of the least-visited churches of ,ghent stands the most curious and characteristic thing in it--its organ3 a contrast to the defaced wood-work and mouldering ,renaissance plaster1 to the unused and deserted chests in the vestry and the few benches in the choir4 ,the paintings1 the removable carvings1 even some of the monuments1 the choir-stalls and the stained-glass windows1 disappeared long ago2 the very name by which the church goes in the popular speech is ill-omened and mysterious4 ,old women cross themselves and shake their heads as they whisper the name of the ,apostate's church1 and tradition tells the rare inquirer that this was a private chapel1 the property of a once renowned family1 noble and brave1 but fierce and fanatical1 well known in the town annals for centuries1 and only struck from the roll of citizens and householders at the end of the great ,flemish struggle of the sixteenth century1 when the ,protestants left ,spanish ground for ever and found a new country in ,holland4 ,the disappearance of all valuable objects in the deserted church is ascribed--and perhaps truly--to many combining causes4 ,some were destroyed during the occasional image-breaking raids that distinguished the wars of the ,reformation2 some were sold or carried off by the family whose property they were1 some confiscated or stolen by the triumphant ,spanish government1 or by no less indignant relations of the family1 who1 remaining behind1 were anxious to prove by deeds their freedom from complicity with the apostate and fugitive ,stromwaels4 ,such were the fragments of information to be picked up by any one in whom the simple people of the neighborhood had confidence2 but whether every fragment was historical is another question4 ,the church was in a lonely quarter of the town1 the least altered by progress1 where stood only small shops supplying the local wants1 which in such populations and such places vary very little from those of five or six generations ago4 ,a few spacious1 comfortable houses showed among more cramped and less ornamented ones1 but the aspect of all1 if rather dead-alive1 was very picturesque4 ,the church stands in a narrow street and far from the house of its patrons1 now used as a storehouse by the few wholesale dealers of this quarter1 who each have one floor4 ,in the attics live a few workmen and one or two nondescript1 eccentric1 and inoffensive persons1 supposed to be pensioners of one of the dealers4 ,one of these is a bookworm and supposed to know much of local legends and history4 ,being very poor1 he frequents only the public library and such private ones as are accessible gratis to students2 and when he wants to preserve information which he cannot purchase in the shape of printed books1 he copies it assiduously on miscellaneous paper1 recruited from old ledgers1 bank and register books1 large parcels1 etc41 besides the little he buys or has been given to him4 ,his notes thus present a very curious appearance1 which he sometimes complacently connects with the possible researches and comments of scholars of two hundred years hence4 ,one of his many little sheaves of manuscript came into my hands not long ago while ,i was poking about the neighborhood1 looking for anything out of the way1 and ,i was induced to go and see him4 ,he was very shabby and commonplace1 and a good deal smeared with snuff2 neither his appearance nor his home was in keeping with the outward look of the houses1 and there were no artistically-dilapidated surroundings to fill out the romantic sketch which my imagination had made before ,i was introduced to him4 ,travellers seldom mention their disappointments1 and always make the most of their agreeable surprises1 so that stay-at-home people are often deluded into a belief that every one on the ,european continent is more or less like a ,dresden figure or an actor in a medival play4 ,my friend1 however substantial the entertainment might be which his manuscript and his narrative gave me1 was decidedly a failure personally1 but none the less was he to me a very important and1 in a degree1 even an interesting vehicle of information4 ,a free translation of his manuscript is all that ,i can give2 as to his absorbed manner in speaking1 his evident interest in the past1 and his self-forgetfulness when he got upon the subject of the stories he had dug out or pieced together from ancient papers1 and his own impressions concerning whatever was uncertain--these it is impossible to convey to others4 ,he asked me first whether ,i had examined the organ in the chapel4 ,i had done so1 and found its case a very beautiful piece of carving2 the keys were kept speckless1 and the front contained a remarkable group of figures1 carved in wood and painted1 representing our ,lord and the twelve apostles4 ,the instrument stood in a high tribune looking into the choir1 and reached by a separate staircase1 narrow and winding4 ,a carved railing gave this tribune something of the look of a balcony1 but it scarcely projected forward into the chapel2 the carved front of the organ and the gilt pipes were visible from below1 and a tapestry curtain hung from an iron rod on each side of the instrument1 concealing the back entrance into the tribune4 ,the peculiarity about this organ was that it was all but dumb1 and had never given a satisfactory sound since its maker had bid it be silent4 ,it emitted some doleful sounds1 if struck1 but for all musical purposes it was useless4 ,the situation it was in1 and the defects in its interior1 besides a third reason still unforgotten by the popular mind1 accounted for its having been left when the rest of the church treasures were carried off4 ,as a relic of antiquity it was valuable1 exhibiting as it does the state of mechanical art at the beginning of the sixteenth century2 but it was still more interesting as the tangible proof of a story connected with its maker1 the organist of the church in #aeje4 ,this my old friend of the attic had written out in the queer-looking manuscript ,i have mentioned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nicholas ,verkloep was born a servant of the ,stromwaels1 and brought up in their household in the very house where ,i read the story4 ,his parents kept the outer gate1 and the boy passed through the usual stages of service common to lads of his position1 now a favorite1 now a butt1 according to the humor of his master and each member of the family1 but all the spare time at his command was devoted to music4 ,he haunted the churches1 and begged his way into choirs and libraries1 learnt all the church music he could pick up by his ear1 the hints of choristers1 and the few explanations in the manuscript chant-books of the time1 and at last begged to be allowed to blow the organ-bellows at the family chapel4 ,meanwhile1 he joined in the services1 and drew on himself the notice of the old organist1 who grew so fond and proud of him that he taught him all he knew1 taught him to play the organ1 and asked the ,count ,stromwael to allow him to bring the boy up as his successor4 ,nicholas was fifteen when this request was granted1 and henceforth he nearly lived in the chapel4 ,not only the music of the organ fascinated him2 he grew absorbed in studying its mechanism1 and would crouch for hours within the instrument1 getting his eyes used to the darkness1 and learning by heart the 8feel0 of each piece4 ,this developed all sorts of oddities in him3 he grew absent-minded1 and often unconsciously moved his fingers as if at work4 ,soon after he began to make models of various parts of an organ1 indifferently the inside and the outside2 for carving seemed as natural to him as mechanical dissection4 ,he had not the same conservative feeling about things as is common among our present musicians1 and the fact that the ,stromwael instrument was a hundred and fifty years old1 and had gone through many repairs as time went on and new improvements succeeded each other1 did not prevent him from feeling certain that he could make a much better organ in a very short time4 ,his plans were manifold2 the subject grew and grew in his mind2 the additional stops which he added in imagination disgusted him with the music he could draw from the instrument at present2 and while every one in the town was excited about the wonderful young player who bade fair to be a prodigy1 he himself was impatiently bewailing his drawbacks4 ,he told no one but his old master of his hopes and his expectations1 and this confidant was certainly the safest he could have2 for the old musician was a contented and patient man1 used to his old ways1 firm in his old traditions1 not caring to travel out of his old grooves1 and rather resentful of the idea that what had been good music and perfect mechanism in his time should not be good enough to satisfy the fastidious taste of a young beginner4 ,yet he was fond of his pupil1 who used to soothe him by the saying that each generation had a new door to open and a new room to explore in the house of knowledge1 and that he ought not to grudge him his appointed advance1 any more than ,moses grudged ,josue his succession to the leadership4 ,in truth1 the old man was secretly proud of his clever scholar1 and1 perhaps unconsciously to himself1 expected even more of him than the youth did of himself4 ,the two lived together in the house of their patron1 but had little intercourse with the rest of the mixed household1 more gay and more ignorant than themselves1 and my snuffy old friend nursed the belief that he had discovered the room which was home to these two4 ,it was a small attic chamber looking towards the church1 and in a chest in it had been found remnants of wood1 wire1 and leather1 as well as some strange-looking models and bits of carving1 with rough sketches on strips of parchment1 all of which ,i had seen in their case in the museum at the ,town-hall4 ,on the walls were some doggerel ,latin verses and some rather indistinct marks1 which1 nevertheless1 the most learned musician in the town had pronounced to be1 most likely1 a sort of musical short-hand1 understood only by its author4 ,all this ,i also saw1 and1 having no opposite theory to uphold1 was glad to believe remains of ,nicholas4 ,now1 says the manuscript1 there were found notes and jottings besides plans and sketches1 and it seems plain from these that the young organist wished eagerly to make a new organ1 on which no one but himself should work2 indeed1 this idea grew to be a monomania1 and he devoted to it all the energy and interest which a man generally spends on wife1 children1 friends1 home1 profession1 and advancement4 ,but the count was an obstinate conservative1 and scouted the idea of replacing his time-honored family organ by a new one1 the work of a crazy youth1 even though he were the best player and composer that ever breathed4 ,the old organist and his pupil had many anxious talks on the subject4 ,in those days it was not easy to transfer your domicile and allegiance to a patron better suited to you2 family bondage still held good in practical matters2 the ,stromwaels had given him all the home and education he had1 and1 in fact1 he belonged to them4 ,besides1 the count was as proud of his human possession as he was of his ancient organ1 and set as much store by the reputation of the marvellous young musician whom he owned as he did by that of his best-bred falcon1 dog1 or horse4 ,he would not have given up any of these2 they were all ornaments to his name1 and it was fitting that he should not be beneath or behind any of his townsmen4 ,he was not old enough to give room to hope for a change of circumstances through his death1 and ,nicholas became every day more discontented at his prospects4 ,he was more reserved1 morose1 and morbid than ever1 and as he grew odder the more was his music admired4 ,strangers from neighboring towns came to hear him play2 the towns-people begged him to teach their sons2 women looked up at the gallery where he sat with his back to them1 with eyes that told of as ready an inclination to love the player as to admire the music2 wealthy foreigners sent him presents of money or jewels1 after the fashion of the times2 but nothing seemed to elate1 or even interest1 him4 ,one day1 while he was sitting at the old organ1 poring over his plans for a new one1 and contrasting the existing instrument with the possible one1 a man lifted the curtain which then1 as now1 covered the entrance to the tribune4 ,he was a stranger to ,nicholas1 and seemed elderly2 he was very quietly dressed in black1 and wore a sword4 ,the young man looked up in bewilderment1 but rose and welcomed the unknown1 who sat down with great composure by his side on the wide carved bench in front of the organ4 ,he spoke ,flemish1 but ,nicholas thought with a foreign accent1 which1 however1 he could not localize4 8,you will forgive my curiosity10 he said1 8in coming here4 ,i have often heard you play from below1 and to-day1 passing by the open door1 ,i came into the chapel in hopes of hearing something1 but met your little blower lying asleep on the altar steps1 woke him up1 made inquiries1 and decided to come up40 8,you are very welcome10 said ,nicholas in a low voice1 politely but not cordially1 and speaking with that resignation which well-bred but much tried misanthropes have but too much occasion to practise in all times and companies4 8,i want to speak of something else than mere conventionalities10 said the stranger abruptly1 8and ,i will begin by telling you that ,i quite understand and appreciate your distaste to general fellowship with your kind2 ,i see no reason why ,i should be an exception1 so you need not resort to courteous commonplaces4 ,i have heard what is your aim1 and only seek you because ,i think ,i may be of some use to you40 ,nicholas looked up1 at first eagerly1 then a shadow came over his face4 ,any allusion to future success fired him even against his will1 but experience had always hitherto gone the opposite way4 ,taking the stranger's permission literally1 he said nothing1 but looked at him inquiringly4 ,the other went on after a pause3 8,i think ,i can promise you the certainty1 within ten years1 of accomplishing your wish and seeing your organ1 if not in this place1 at least in some other quite as advantageous4 ,i have oddities and fixed ideas myself1 and understand them in others4 ,in short1 it rests mainly with you whether you like to accept my proposal or not40 8,there are conditions1 then80 asked ,nicholas1 whom the belief of his time with regard to compacts with the devil imbued quite as strongly as if he had not been a genius1 and who1 in consequence1 immediately jumped to the conclusion that this visit was not wholly natural4 8,yes10 said the stranger in his metallic voice1 unimpassioned but compelling attention by some quality indefinable to ,nicholas' mind1 yet surely present to his perception1 8,i always hedge in business with conditions2 otherwise ,i should be a mere ,haroun-al-,raschid1 an experimenter in benevolence1 which1 though an amiable character1 is a weak one4 ,i hate weakness and ,i hate foolishness4 ,i judged you to be neither fool nor weakling1 and so sought you out4 ,the conditions are very simple3 ,i want you to bind yourself to my secret service for ten years1 and in return ,i promise you the fulfilment of your wish at the end of that time4 ,in the meanwhile your fame will increase1 your powers as a musician will be unrivalled2 you will play and compose so as to rouse the jealousy of all your profession2 you will be in danger1 but will never be struck down2 you will have full time for work and study1 yet you must always be ready to leave everything instantly when ,i call upon you2 you will be my right hand1 but no one will suspect it2 but if you once fail in your allegiance to me during these ten years1 your object will be frustrated at the end of that time40 8,but10 said ,nicholas1 who had listened1 growing more fascinated as the stranger spoke1 and by his eagerness and play of features guiding unconsciously the latter's fast-increasing promises--8but what power have you to bring such things about8 ,count ,stromwael is a great man1 besides being obstinate and perverse2 how can you dispose of his property1 and even his will80 8,and how10 quickly retorted the stranger with a cold smile1 8can you be so imprudent as to speak thus unguardedly of your master's defects to one whom you saw to-day for the first time1 and whose name1 position1 and motives are unknown to you8 ,do you know that you put yourself in my power by these words8 ,but ,i will partly answer your question4 ,i know something of ,count ,stromwael1 and what ,i know gives me the right to offer you what ,i do2 and as ,i happen to want your services--they will never conflict with your outward allegiance to your patron--,i make you the only proposal1 as an equivalent1 for which you care4 ,if you cared for the common things--women1 money1 position--you would not be the person ,i want2 such vassals can be bought by the cart-load1 in every station in life1 from the ,countess of ,flanders or the first lord of her household down to the ragged beggars or the sleek hypocrites who crowd the city4 ,i want you1 my fancy has chosen you1 and ,i ask you will you buy success at the price of ten years of your life80 8,but why10 persisted the eager but uneasy ,nicholas1 8only ten years8 ,why not ask for my whole life80 ,the stranger laughed oddly4 8,and your future life too80 he said4 8,yes1 ,i see what you are thinking of3 that ,i want your soul4 ,i will not deny your imputation2 you flatter me by identifying me with one whose power is as dread as you have been taught to believe the devil's to be1 but ,i am quite truthful in saying that ,i do not crave more than a promise of ten years' faithful and blind service4 ,you may1 if you can1 redeem the sacrifice by a long after-life--,i only ask ten years2 at your age it is not much to give40 8,and if ,i should die before the ten years are over80 ,the stranger raised his eyebrows1 but without opening his eyes perceptibly wider4 8,you insist on continuing the parallel80 he asked4 8,i only said ten years of life2 if you die you escape me1 but you lose your own chance4 ,what should ,i want with a dead man8 ,the loss would be as much mine as yours40 8,if you can guarantee1 as you said1 that ,i should be in danger but should not be struck down1 perhaps you can promise me that ,i shall not die till our contract is fulfilled on both sides80 8,my dear friend1 one would need to be deathless one's self to make such a promise4 ,even a doctor could only promise life provided such and such circumstances were certain40 8,if you can dispose of ,count ,stromwael's will and property10 said ,nicholas doggedly1 8you can ensure me ten years' life40 8,is your life dearer to you than your success1 then80 8,no2 but the latter depends on the former1 and if you must hedge in business by conditions1 ,i must be sure that ,i do not give you in advance all you want without being sure of my reward at the end40 8,i should not have expected so much foresight in you2 ,i respect you for it4 ,i will see that you have this assurance1 but how do ,i know whether you will believe in it8 ,you see you are so much shrewder than ordinary enthusiasts that ,i may be taking a spy or a critic into my service40 8,i have never thought about business or guarantees before1 because ,i care for nothing but the success of my organ1 and only that would have made me eager to bind you to your promise10 said ,nicholas1 still uneasily2 8but since you only ask ten years' service1 ,i think ,i may safely say yes40 ,the stranger smiled again1 as oddly as before1 and drew out a roll of parchment from a little bag4 8,according to tradition1 you should sign this with your blood10 he said1 8but ,i shall be quite content if you sign it with common ink4 ,here is a horn and a pen2 only write your name4 ,but first read the bond40 ,nicholas looked suspiciously at the stranger1 who calmly handed him the paper2 the latter's face showed neither interest nor triumph4 ,the deed was very simply worded3 8,i1 ,nicholas ,verkloep1 promise to owe unfailing and unquestioning obedience in all things to ,marcus ,lemoinne for the space of ten years from this day and hour1 in return for the success of my organ at the end of that time1 and for all the help he may give me in the interval40 ,the date was already filled in1 being the day on which the above conversation took place1 and the hour was marked two hours after noon4 ,nicholas glanced at the clock behind him in the chapel2 the hands pointed to ten minutes to that hour4 ,the stranger followed his glance1 quietly rose from the bench1 and turning his back upon him1 knelt down on the narrow board fixed for this purpose to the front of the tribune4 ,nicholas quickly turned things over in his mind3 as to his silence about it when the promise was signed he had decided2 as to his fulfilment of his obligations to the letter he was as loyally certain2 as to the individual whom this man either was or represented he had very little doubt4 ,very few in his time would have thought otherwise2 perhaps few would have hesitated so much after having made up their minds not to ask the advice of any one either before or after the contract was made4 ,nicholas was only an average ,christian1 and had no strong feelings except on the subject of his art2 everything was in favor of his giving ten years' life for the success of his scheme4 ,as the clock struck the hour the stranger rose1 touched his shoulder1 and said1 8,well80 ,nicholas1 with something like a start1 took the pen and signed his name as quickly as he could1 whereupon the other also wrote in a fair and scholarly hand these words3 8,i1 ,marcus ,lemoinne1 promise to ensure the success of ,nicholas ,verkloep's organ at the end of ten years1 in return for his obedience to me during that time40 ,no commonplaces passed at parting1 and ,nicholas went home soon after4 ,his old master noticed that he was a little more excited than usual1 and began to make plans and preparations with more energy1 but he was used to these phases of mind4 ,the young man 7he was now twenty-three7 procured beautiful and costly wood for carving1 besides ivory1 paints1 and other materials1 and set to work on a complete model4 ,now began the oddest experiences of his life3 his mind seemed doubled1 for he was conscious of a never-ceasing expectation1 an alertness1 and a watchfulness hitherto unknown to him4 ,in the streets1 in church1 in bed at night1 he was always looking for ,lemoinne or ready to obey his summons1 yet his attention1 when he bestowed it on his work1 was not disturbed or lessened by this parallel current of thought4 ,his mind grew stronger1 brighter1 quicker1 more ingenious2 his fanatical devotion to his art increased daily1 and with it his powers1 until his fame grew to be just such as the stranger had foretold4 ,this stimulated him further1 and he made unheard-of progress1 so that his old friend and teacher was half-crazy with joy and pride4 ,the count sent for him to play in the hall before his guests on a small organ of no great power or value1 and ,nicholas drew from it such sounds as the great men of the profession could not draw from the most magnificent church instruments4 ,that they were jealous of him he knew1 but he feared no jealousy1 as he courted no admiration4 ,he refused repeatedly to take advantage of his reputation and increase his fortune by travelling to the various art-loving cities of the ,netherlands and of ,italy1 or even by performing in public on great occasions1 so that the crowds of his persistent admirers had to content themselves with hearing him at his own old organ in the ,stromwael chapel4 ,even the popular preachers of the day were envious of him4 ,meanwhile1 he worked first at the model1 then at the separate pieces of his future organ4 ,the count had given no permission1 nor hinted at any1 and ,lemoinne had made no call on his time1 but his belief in the efficacy of the bond never flagged for a moment4 ,it did not occur to him to wonder why he never heard the man's name mentioned as among those who1 whether merchants1 artists1 or statesmen1 had public or secret power2 his unspoken suspicion of his identity prevented all such ideas1 but it did strike him as odd that for ten months after the signing of the contract nothing was required of him4 ,he felt morbidly that he did not belong to himself1 and knew that1 do what he would1 a secret influence sat within1 master of his heart and will1 master even of his dreams1 and1 he feared1 of his art also4 ,was it himself that he put forth in his compositions8 ,when the ten years were ended he would be able to tell1 but it was a long time to look forward to4 ,yet during that time his fame would have been made1 and if his power then suddenly deserted him and his suspicions came to be confirmed1 he could easily retire on his former laurels and compose no more4 ,retire at thirty-three8 ,well1 there was the monastery2 many men had made a second career1 more creditable even than the first1 by devoting their worldly gifts1 their wealth1 and their fame to religious purposes when circumstances made the world distasteful to them at an earlier period than usual4 ,if his suspicions should be true1 an after-life of atonement would be fitting1 and it would give him time for studies which he longed to undertake1 but had no leisure or opportunity for at present4 ,the spiritual element counted for nothing in his calculations2 there were many doors still closed in his nature4 ,as he wandered in fancy1 his fingers worked and produced beautiful or weird things4 ,the face of ,lemoinne1 so constantly present to his mind1 often came out in wood under his touch1 and always1 when finished1 gave him a start of surprise2 for1 surely1 that was not the expression he remembered8 ,and yet1 in carving the likeness1 he must have had the recollection before him8 ,a year after the interview in the chapel his old teacher the organist died1 and the first strange thing that he had ever said to his pupil he said on his death-bed4 8,my son10 he began1 as he lay with his hand in that of ,nicholas1 8there is one thing ,i feel ,i must say to you before ,i go2 it is my duty1 and young men sometimes forget it4 ,with you it is more dangerous than with most4 ,be your own master2 do not lose the ownership of yourself4 ,men who do generally commit crime1 and1 if the slavery be to a woman1 they often do base1 mean things4 ,i have sometimes feared that you were losing the mastery of yourself1 and yet at other times ,i saw you absorbed in what has been your only idol for twelve years or more40 8,there is no woman that shares that idolatry10 answered ,nicholas evasively1 starting at the old man's anxious looks and awakened insight4 8,well10 said the dying man1 8,i do not grudge you a wife1 but ,i fear any one1 man or woman1 whose influence over you is not entirely supported and controlled by reason4 ,in ,god's name1 ,nicholas1 and as a dying man1 ,i beseech you1 if you are in any toils1 break through them as quickly as you can40 8,my dear master10 said his pupil1 8when you are in heaven pray that ,i may be guided aright1 for ,i shall have lost the only guide on earth whose help or advice was of use to me40 8,that is no answer1 ,nicholas10 said the old man reproachfully and wearily2 8but remember what ,i said40 8,yes1 ,i will remember it10 said the other in an altered tone1 8and1 if ,i can1 ,i will heed it40 ,after the old man's death ,nicholas led a very lonely life1 but his increasing labors at his organ cheered him and occupied his time4 ,his fame kept at its high pitch1 and the jealousy of his brother artists was well known4 ,fourteen months after his first interview with ,lemoinne the latter came again1 this time to his home 7possibly the attic before described74 ,nicholas told him how surprised he had been at hearing nothing from him for so long4 8,one does not use one's best and rarest tools often10 said the other with his indescribable smile1 8though the highest price paid for them is none the more begrudged on that account2 and1 again1 the finest instruments are used to do what seems the least important work4 ,you know how a glass-cutter uses a diamond8 ,now1 all ,i want you to do is to ride to a certain place and deliver this letter2 you will find the horse ready saddled at ,st4 ,martin's ,gate2 you have twelve hours to do it in1 and by daybreak you will find the same man ready to take the horse at the same place from which you start4 ,the fleetest government messenger would take sixteen hours2 but ,i know the horse and his powers2 of his rider ,i know enough to make me trust him equally40 ,the implied trust flattered ,nicholas1 who took the letter1 and1 seeing the direction1 started a little1 but said3 8,if you say it can be done1 it can1 but the distance would take a common rider nearer twenty hours than sixteen4 ,shall ,i go at once80 8,yes1 and remember your trust goes no further than the delivery of this package to whoever opens the door of that house to you40 ,it would take too long to describe the night ride1 or even the state of mind in which ,nicholas found himself while careering along at a headlong speed towards his goal4 ,this was the first service he had performed for his strange master--an easy and safe one apparently1 though secret2 the man's fascination of manner or voice--which was it8--had evidently not lessened since his last appearance4 ,nothing special occurred2 he gave the letter to a commonplace looking person at the door of an ordinary1 rather shabby house1 and returned by dawn4 ,as to curiosity concerning his errand1 it struck him as odd that he should feel none2 yet he had never been of a gossipy turn of mind1 and these things were1 after all1 only details in the scheme4 ,this business of ,lemoinne's was probably connected with politics1 about which he cared nothing4 ,he did not see his patron again for months1 and his work progressed wonderfully4 ,the next figure which bore the man's likeness was that of a physician1 pouring a liquid from one vial into another1 and the expression was that of absorbed attention4 ,the organ-case was to be ornamented with figures representing various saints1 the patrons of music1 of the ,stromwaels1 of the chapel1 and of the city2 then figures typifying the various city guilds2 then nine figures emblematic of the traditional nine choirs of angels2 but a space was left in the centre1 just over the key-board1 for the crowning masterpiece4 ,a rose-tree hedge was to run round the instrument1 and the pedals were each to be carved so as to represent the seven deadly sins1 which1 by being trodden under foot1 contribute to make the music of the soul before ,god4 ,fantastic ideas and odd devices were constantly springing up in his brain and being realized beneath his touch1 and in these he encouraged himself to indulge4 ,in one corner of the case1 however1 was to stand a beautiful1 dignified1 venerable figure1 the glorified likeness of his old master1 with no corresponding figure opposite1 and robed like a prophet1 holding a tablet on which in letters of gold were to be carved in ,latin these words3 8,be master of thyself40 ,his life as a solitary artist and mechanic was a monotonous one to record2 even his few tests of obedience to ,lemoinne were neither romantic nor terrible4 ,once he was sent in the disguise of a page to a court entertainment1 with orders to follow and observe a high official of the state 7who afterwards was proved a traitor and put to death accordingly72 another time he was instructed to detain for half an hour a professor of one of the great universities1 by which delay the man lost an appointment he much coveted2 and another time he was sent to a young man of great position and wealth1 but an orphan1 to recommend a servant to him4 ,from this1 however1 sprang some other circumstances worth recording4 ,the young man1 ,count ,brederode1 took a violent fancy to him1 visited him at his home1 entered into his hopes and plans1 and begged him to be a friend and brother to him4 ,nicholas felt drawn to the count1 but reminded him of the difference between their stations1 and only agreed so far as circumstances would allow4 ,this young man was his very opposite--bright1 garrulous1 sociable4 ,he always had a love affair on hand1 and always confided it to ,nicholas1 whose words on the subject were never1 however1 very encouraging4 ,he wasted his money in a way that distressed his prudent friend1 and his time in a thousand pursuits for which he had no better excuse than that 8gentlemen generally did so and so40 ,the best-employed part of his day was that which he sometimes spent watching ,nicholas at work4 ,at last one day he said suddenly3 8,do you know ,i am to marry ,count ,stromwael's favorite niece1 whom he brought up as a sister with his own only daughter8 ,and upon this occasion ,i am going to ask him a favor1 which ,i am sure he cannot refuse3 to let you put up your organ in place of his1 which ,i will take for my chapel in the country40 ,nicholas stared at him in silence4 ,was this a roundabout fulfilment of ,lemoinne's promise1 or a wild1 boyish freak1 likely to result in nothing8 8,your organ is sufficiently far advanced to put up and play on1 is it not80 8,it will be in six months40 8,then six months hence you shall transfer your workshop to the chapel tribune10 said ,brederode confidently4 ,nicholas said nothing1 but the other was used to that4 ,the famous musician grew more silent every day2 things got complicated in his mind1 and he was always puzzling himself4 ,his brain was clear only for his work2 at all other times he walked in a dream of expectation1 conjecture1 and dread4 ,each day the seemingly light burden weighed more upon him2 the horror of being entangled in conspiracies of which he was ignorant1 and concerned in wrongs which he could neither prevent nor reconcile to himself1 haunted him2 and yet in actual facts there was nothing to complain of1 nothing even to describe4 ,it seemed incomprehensible to him that ,lemoinne should have made so solemn an appeal and promise for so little reward1 and should have used his power so sparingly4 ,the very blandness of the passing years made him fear some awful test towards the last4 ,meanwhile1 ,brederode's generous1 boyish friendship cheered and soothed him4 ,but a year after he first knew him1 and two months after ,count ,stromwael had yielded to his nephew-in-law's vehement pleading for the ,verkloep organ1 ,nicholas1 at work in the chapel1 saw him enter with an unusually serious face4 ,the young man began to make dark confidences on political subjects1 which ,nicholas instinctively repelled1 and1 without knowing why1 he said3 8,i entreat you1 ,count ,brederode1 do not make me the repository of plans and intentions that may end dangerously for you4 ,i wish to know nothing of anything which is likely to make the state rake up all your habits and intimacies1 and use them as the ,philistines did ,delilah40 8,i would sooner trust you than my own wife10 laughed the young man1 8and no one will suspect such a maniac as you are1 you know60 8,if you insist upon it10 said ,nicholas sadly1 8let me at least solemnly swear to you1 by my hope of salvation1 that nothing shall make me betray you in the slightest thing40 8,i would trust you without an oath10 cried ,brederode4 8,then you are not of the stuff of which conspirators are made10 said ,nicholas1 8and ,i wish you would retire from a position unsuited to you4 ,you have no interest even in it40 8,none but the fun of secrecy and excitement--except this10 he added more seriously3 8that having once promised to give others the shield of my name and the support of my money1 ,i am bound in honor not to run away40 8,true1 but break with them honorably and frankly40 8,i cannot40 8,you will not80 8,no1 it is not that2 there are other games almost as exciting1 but my wife's brother is involved1 and ,i must stand by him4 ,let us treat it only as an escapade2 ,i want to tell you about it40 8,i repeat my oath1 then1 and pray ,heaven to strike me deaf1 dumb1 and palsied before ,i have anything to do in this to your disadvantage40 8,you make it so serious that it loses its fun4 ,but44440 ,and ,brederode went on to explain a scheme which the spirit of the times and its prejudices alone made dangerous1 but which1 if frustrated and discovered1 surely entailed capital punishment4 ,nicholas listened moodily1 striving to abstract his mind1 endeavoring not to take in his friend's talk1 and all the while feeling a miserable consciousness that1 however it might come about1 he was nearing one of the tests of his hateful bondage4 ,the day passed1 and he still felt uneasy2 each step on the stairs frightened him2 he could hardly work4 ,at night ,lemoinne came to see him4 ,few words passed2 ,lemoinne bade him in the same cool1 metallic voice1 indifferent yet compelling attention1 denounce ,brederode and his fellow conspirators4 ,he pleaded his oath4 8,no oath that conflicts with your promise is worth anything40 8,but he is my friend1 and his wife the niece of my patron40 8,no harm shall come to you through denouncing him2 your name will be unknown4 ,you shall appear only as an agent--my agent--and not even ,brederode himself shall have the chance of upbraiding you40 8,but1 since you know the whole affair1 why not act yourself80 8,i do not know the whole1 but you do1 and ,i mean you to tell me and write it down2 ,i will sign it alone4 ,i am known and have power in many places1 but it is useful to have instruments2 ,i have bought mine1 and only wish to use what ,i purchased4 ,sit down and write40 ,nicholas stood sullen and silent4 8,do you fancy1 because your organ is partly built and placed1 that no accident may happen to it8 ,i can do more than you think2 you weigh an act with which no one but ,i shall be acquainted against the possible destruction of your favorite1 the fall of your ambition1 the collapse of your whole life40 8,no one can put it to me more forcibly than ,i have done to myself10 said ,nicholas moodily2 8but1 unluckily for me1 ,i have a conscience left40 8,forget it for twenty-four hours40 8,you do not ask me to forget it1 but to disregard it1 to gag it4 ,i know what ,i lose in breaking my bond1 and ,i believe in your power sufficiently to be sure that even my friend would not have opportunity to rebuke me in life40 8,why do you talk about it80 interrupted ,lemoinne with the cold smile peculiar to him4 8,to discuss a thing1 and weigh pros and cons1 is to yield2 you do not reason against what you have made up your mind to refuse40 ,nicholas gazed at the man in horror4 ,who was he to go thus mercilessly to the heart of the question1 to see his hidden thoughts1 to interpret the secret of all the uneasiness he had felt ever since his friend had spoken those light but fatal words8 ,who8 ,a master stronger than himself2 one whom it was little use to resist now1 no doubt1 since he had not had the fortitude to resist him at first4 ,it ended in his yielding1 but not without the most terrible self-contempt2 self-reproach was nothing to it4 ,he wrote what he knew2 as he wrote it all came back to him1 much as he had honestly tried not to hear or understand the details4 ,lemoinne alone signed the paper1 and bade him take it to a certain address before morning4 8,if you change your mind or try to deceive me1 ,i shall know it10 he said coldly as he left1 8and all the difference will be that you will lose your hopes1 as well as ,brederode his life40 ,nicholas did as he was bidden1 and from that day the little peace he had had before fled4 ,the day of the execution came1 and he could not resist going to see his friend pay the penalty of his treachery4 ,his tongue was parched and his eyes bloodshot2 he skulked behind people in the crowd1 and wore his cap as low as he could over his forehead2 but nothing availed him1 and when the axe fell he felt as if his own soul had been under it instead of the head of his friend4 ,feverishly and recklessly1 all but despairingly1 he returned to his work1 but though his brain and hands had not lost their cunning1 the impressions of that day clouded everything else in his mind1 and he had no heart for anything4 ,two years sped on1 and ,nicholas ,verkloep1 with his glowing reputation1 was more of an enigma than ever2 but it would be impossible to describe the many phases of his mental delirium tremens during that time4 ,the organ was near completion1 and ,count ,stromwael was now as proud of it as the maker4 ,lemoinne visited ,nicholas once more before the end1 and this time at the place where the contract was first made4 ,it was the same hour1 too4 ,he began by congratulating him on his success so far1 then examined the carvings1 and smiled as he noticed his own face repeated many times4 8,and here is ,brederode's10 he said1 as he pointed to the figure personifying the ,choir of ,thrones4 8,what made you put him in80 8,because1 as you well know1 his face is always with me10 said ,nicholas1 emboldened by his very complicity with his terrible master4 8,it was a relief to me to make the image a sort of reality1 to give tangible expression to my remorse40 8,yes2 ,i see you have made the carvings a sort of history of your mind3 ,i see the venerable prophet and the device he bears2 the rose-hedge with the prominent and unnaturally-multiplied thorns2 the haunting imps of dreams1 your own face and mine1 and so on4 ,it is only a year and a few months now to the time when our contract ends1 and hitherto we have kept it well4 ,i think it likely we shall not meet again till the day is over4 ,nothing but silence now will be your burden4 ,if you speak of or hint at anything of our transactions1 remember the bond is cancelled2 but1 of course1 after the expiration of the ten years you are free to publish the whole40 ,he smiled scornfully1 and1 with another expression of admiration as to the work1 left the tribune4 ,it was now that ,nicholas put in just over the key-board the groups of our ,saviour and the twelve apostles 7,judas1 with the bag of money1 bore ,lemoinne's likeness71 but1 instead of being1 as they are at present1 immovable1 the figures went in and out by a spring hidden among the stops1 so that at the ,consecration they could be brought forward1 and after the ,communion return to the interior of the organ1 in the same way as some of the famous figures of the clock in ,strassburg ,cathedral4 ,the day of the public opening of the completed organ came1 the tenth anniversary of the day of the contract1 and the reader may imagine all the paraphernalia of a great medival fte1 half-religious and half-secular4 ,lemoinne sat among the guests at ,count ,stromwael's banquet2 it was the first time ,nicholas had met him in public4 ,the strange man seemed utterly unconscious that they had ever met before1 and his eyes met the organist's fully as he complimented him in set phrases and handed him a golden gift with a small roll of parchment attached4 ,stromwael laughed as he remarked3 8,is that the title-deed to a mortgaged estate1 or a share in one of your ships80 ,nicholas clutched it in silence and tried to smile2 the talk around him seemed to point to his strange master being a banker1 but he held to his first suspicions4 ,as soon as he was alone he looked hastily at the hateful bond and thrust it into the fire4 ,it seemed odd to him that he did not yet feel free2 he had expected the release to be instantaneous4 ,weeks passed1 and still the same old watchfulness and uneasiness went on4 ,brederode's face came to him more constantly2 all his faculties were centred in horrible recollections and vague and still more horrible expectations4 ,all ,flanders raved about the wonderful organ1 and requests for similar ones made under his directions and supervision poured in from distant parts4 ,he vowed to himself never to touch such a thing again1 or even give directions for it2 it was to his fancy an accursed thing1 associated with all the horror and despair of his life4 ,he refused all offers2 and this grew to be even more of a mania with him than the making of the instrument had been before4 ,now that his dream had been fulfilled1 he only longed to die2 his servitude was still unbroken1 though the letter of the bond was now a dead letter2 he felt himself miserably fettered1 haunted1 paralyzed4 ,to the rather imperious demand of ,count ,stromwael's cousin1 himself a powerful personage1 for an organ with the same group of the twelve apostles1 he returned a flat denial1 and neither threats nor promises could shake him4 ,at last the power of the two nobles combined threw him into prison2 they made sure of reducing him to obedience by violence and temporary ill-treatment4 ,the prison was what all medival dungeons were--damp1 filthy1 unhealthy1 dark4 ,his food was bread and water1 and a very scanty measure of both4 ,for a month he was treated as a criminal1 but nothing made any impression on the moody1 prematurely-aged man4 ,he had made up his mind that only death would make him free1 only death would make him able to explain and excuse himself to his dead friend4 ,he cared for no bodily tortures2 for ten years he had suffered a mental hell4 ,his friends and his patrons came alternately to coax and tempt or to threaten and abuse him2 he would not yield4 ,neither wealth1 marriage1 nor a patent of nobility tempted him2 neither the wheel1 the rack1 nor the block frightened him4 ,he grew weaker and weaker4 ,his eyes saw ,lemoinne and ,brederode all over the narrow cell2 the one seemed like a fiend1 and the other always like a corpse1 with the head half-severed1 yet still conscious with a kind of ghastly life4 ,physicians examined him and confidently pronounced him sane1 and priests visited him and pronounced him certainly not possessed1 but both agreed that something unusually terrible must be preying on his mind4 ,he never told what he saw or felt1 and answered all questions evasively4 ,at last ,stromwael1 furious at his vassal's obstinacy1 threatened to put his eyes out and prevent him from ever taking pleasure in work again4 ,he only said3 8,you cannot take away my sight1 even if you put out my eyes2 would to ,god you could60 ,before this last measure was resorted to he received a visit from ,lemoinne1 who1 in the calm tone of a cynic and a man of the world1 begged him to reconsider his decision4 8,nothing could tempt me60 said ,nicholas4 8,not even you could compel me2 it is not in the bond1 and ,i am free40 8,of course10 said the other1 smiling4 8,i only ask you to yield for your own good4 ,why should you object80 8,because the thing is accursed2 it has wrecked my life1 and ,i will have no more to do with it10 said ,nicholas violently4 8,but you are free now80 8,am ,i80 said ,nicholas1 with savage meaning4 8,you do me too much honor10 said ,lemoinne sarcastically1 8in believing my power to be supernatural4 ,shall ,i tell you who ,i am1 and what was both my object and the secret of my influence80 8,you can tell what lies you like40 8,i dare say your superstition is greater than my falsehood10 said the man with a smile2 8and if ,i told you1 you would be convinced against your will and still remain of the same opinion4 ,well1 you are free now1 and show your freedom by throwing away the very gift you sold yourself to obtain40 8,if ,i could undo the past ten years10 said ,nicholas1 8,i would give up not my organ only1 but my art4 ,but as it is1 ,i shall never be free while ,i live1 and ,i will do nothing that may save or lengthen my horrible life--a mockery1 indeed1 of freedom60 8,if that is your last decision1 ,i will say no more10 said ,lemoinne2 8but remember1 though our pact is over1 ,i am still your friend1 and1 should you wish anything between this and death which your jailers would deny you1 send me word40 ,nicholas looked at him in surprise and suspicion4 8,yes1 they know me here by the same name as you do1 and ,i can generally find means to do what ,i wish4 ,it is not the first time ,i have been here or made a like offer to a condemned man40 8,i believe you10 said ,nicholas shortly1 and his visitor left him4 ,two days elapsed before the threat was carried into execution1 but the prisoner1 full of his own trouble1 hardly dwelt upon the coming trial4 ,he prayed wildly that the red-hot iron which was to take away his bodily sight would blot out his phantom companions from his mental vision2 the horrors of his disturbed brain appalled him more than any earthly punishment1 and his half-description or hints of it to one person who visited him constantly was such that the latter compassionately got leave for one of his jailers to sleep with him in his dungeon4 ,the day of the horribly unskilful torture came1 and with common iron rods1 heated red-hot1 the famous artist's eyes were put out4 ,he writhed and moaned1 but the bodily pain was only a faint image of the agony of his mind4 ,was it madness8 ,was it possession8 ,were all the learned men wrong1 and he alone right1 in thinking that he carried hell within his brain8 ,there was no peace from the gnawing remorse of his betrayal of friendship2 no assurance that his repentance was of avail comforted him2 no obstinate affirmations could make him feel that the unholy fetters of his bond were in truth broken4 ,it was not his blindness that was killing him2 it was his mania4 ,he felt life ebbing1 and was fiercely glad1 yet at times furious that1 with such gifts as his1 he should go prematurely to the grave4 ,a chaos of schemes floated through his brain and maddened him yet more3 he saw a long array of the works he might have accomplished before he died--,masses1 antiphons1 fugues2 the improvements in the organ-stops and the internal machinery of the instrument2 a school he might have founded--if he had been content to rely upon his own industry and the slow path of trust in ,providence4 ,he had sold his birthright1 and what was the farce of a ten years' contract1 when he knew that at this present moment even the wreck that was left of him was not his own8 8,if ,i am still his1 at least he shall help me once more10 he thought suddenly1 as ,lemoinne's offer occurred to his mind4 8,i will end this suspense at once40 ,he asked the man who brought him his meals to tell ,lemoinne that he wanted him2 and as he began the message he watched with fear and curiosity to see how it would affect the bearer of it4 ,strange6 nothing but a common assent2 evidently the request was not a novel one4 ,lemoinne came that very evening1 and ,nicholas asked him for a sharp knife4 ,he produced his own1 which ,nicholas felt all over and took1 saying3 8,when you hear of my playing on my organ for the last time1 come to the tribune and claim your knife4 ,i shall make the request1 and feel sure they will grant it40 8,what do you mean to do with the knife80 8,nothing which you would disapprove2 but since you say ,i am free1 let me prove it by not answering this question40 8,i do not press you10 said ,lemoinne with his usual icy smile4 ,nicholas felt the look he could not see1 and his very heart seemed to tighten and writhe within him4 ,he had guessed truly2 when he asked ,count ,stromwael to allow him to play once more on the organ before he died--for he felt that he should not live long1 he said--the request was quickly granted4 ,his persecutors fancied that he would be less on his guard now1 and that somehow1 while he played1 they could surprise the secret which they wanted to discover4 ,he was taken to the chapel and seated before his instrument4 ,stromwael1 his cousin1 and ,lemoinne were there1 besides other less important persons4 ,all watched eagerly4 ,after half an hour's playing1 as divine as the player's mind was storm-driven and despairing1 ,nicholas asked3 8,are the apostles out or in80 8,in10 was the answer4 ,he pressed a spring and the group came slowly out--our ,lord's figure from the centre1 and those of six apostles from each side4 ,then1 with a quick and deft touch1 he cut something1 and a snapping sound was heard within2 his fingers moved again1 the knife gleamed1 and a wailing sound came from the notes on which his left arm now leaned2 then1 turning round with a smile of triumph that looked ghastly on the blank face and mutilated eye-sockets1 he said3 8,i am free now4 ,i am ready to die40 ,lemoinne quickly took up the knife that ,nicholas dropped1 and smiled as if another character-play had come to an end and he had solved another riddle2 ,stromwael burst out into wild and furious threats of purposeless revenge4 ,nicholas sat unmoved and said3 8,this organ will be my only monument1 and1 if a man's curse can follow another1 may mine follow whoever shall attempt to remove or to repair my organ40 ,to this day the instrument stands a witness to the tradition of its maker's fate2 the group is immovable1 and the few sounds the notes produce are worse than dumbness4 ,nicholas died two months after1 in prison1 his mind more and more delirious each day4 ,it is said that1 when ,lemoinne heard of his death1 he remarked to one of his associates3 8,that man was the most perfect tool ,i ever knew4 ,if ,i had sworn to him that ,i was a banker1 a merchant1 a usurer1 a spy--an unscrupulous eccentric1 whose one mania was the possession of secret power1 and whose conscience was dead to any obstacle--he would still have believed in his own theory4 ,but ,i own ,i overshot the mark and drove him too far40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,german ,,element ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,the social1 moral1 and political influence of the ,german-born and ,german-descended population of the ,united ,states upon their fellow-citizens has already been perceptible2 that this influence will vastly increase in the future is highly probable4 ,we may state here one of the many reasons for this belief4 ,the intellectual and political leaders of the ,germans in ,america have hitherto mainly confined their public utterances1 in the press or on the platform1 to the ,german language4 ,the ,german newspapers are very numerous2 their circulation is large2 they are written for the most part with much ability2 their treatment of social and political questions is often marked by a breadth of view and a soundness of logic too frequently wanting in many of their ,english contemporaries4 ,their influence upon the minds of their readers is also greater than that wielded by the majority of our newspapers printed in the ,english language4 ,we have heard this fact attributed to the superior honesty with which the ,german press is conducted2 but upon this delicate ground we shall not enter4 ,our point at present is that ,german thought and opinion1 as expressed through the ,german periodical press1 influence for the most part only the ,german population4 ,few of us who are not ,germans read a ,german journal2 what the ,german leaders in politics1 morality1 and literature are saying1 day after day1 is for the most part wholly unknown to the rest of us4 ,occasionally an ,american editor translates a leading article from a ,german journal and gives it to his readers2 still more frequently he avails himself of the ideas and the arguments of his ,german contemporaries and reproduces them as his own4 ,in the next generation this state of things will be modified2 more ,americans will read ,german literature1 and more ,germans1 or ,german-,americans1 will write in ,english journals1 speak in ,english at public conventions1 and sit in our legislative assemblies4 ,the barrier of language1 which has hitherto tended to separate ,germans from the rest of us to so great an extent1 will gradually yield and disappear4 ,the ,german language will be learned by increasing numbers of our non-,german citizens2 the common use of the ,german language by the ,german-,americans will be dropped1 and the ,english tongue adopted in its stead1 not only in business affairs1 but in politics1 literature1 religion1 and social intercourse4 ,the ,english language has made many conquests1 but in ,america it has only to hold its own4 ,it is the language of the country1 of the legislature1 of the courts1 of the markets and exchanges1 and of society4 ,our ,german citizens must acquire it1 or enter handicapped into all the relations of life4 ,the ability with which the ,german journals here are conducted does not prevent nearly the whole of them which are not avowedly ,catholic from being inspired by an antagonism to religion4 ,the genius of the ,german mind has little sympathy with socialism or communism1 and the theories of socialism and communism find expression among our ,german citizens only through the writings or speeches of a few insignificant and uninfluential men in ,new ,york and some of our other large cities4 ,but the ,german who is not a ,catholic is most often an atheist2 and he differs from the ,french atheist in wishing his wife and children to be atheists also4 ,the non-,catholic ,german press faithfully represents this phase of the ,german mind2 and it sneers at religion with the same pertinacity and often with more skill than is shown in a like direction by too many of our ,english-written newspapers4 ,the total immigration into the ,united ,states from the close of the ,war of ,independence to the end of #ahgf was #i1gbf1dee souls4 ,the records of the government do not furnish an ethnological classification of all these2 it is only since #ahdg that this classification has been made4 ,but every one knows that the bulk of our immigrants have come from ,ireland and ,germany4 ,at the port of ,new ,york alone the total number of ,irish immigrants from #ahdg up to ,september #a of the present year was #b1jji1ddg2 of ,german immigrants #b1cde1dhf2 of all others #a1bfe1bdj4 ,an estimated classification of those arriving before #ahdg1 added to the above figures1 gives #b1dfc1eih ,irish1 #b1fbb1eef ,german1 and #a1edb1caa of other nationalities4 ,the present ,secretary of the ,interior is the only ,american citizen of ,german birth who has ever held a cabinet appointment2 we believe that he is the only citizen of ,german birth who has ever sat in the ,senate4 ,but among the senators at the last session of the ,forty-fourth ,congress there were seven who were either of foreign birth or the sons of foreigners2 and in the lower ,house of the same assembly there appears to have been but one ,german to twelve naturalized citizens of other nationalities4 ,the ,secretary of the ,interior owes the prominent political position which he fills less to his statesmanlike and philosophical acquirements than to his command of the ,english language and to his grace and power as a public speaker4 ,no doubt there are among our ,german citizens many who are his equals in learning and political wisdom1 but who are almost wholly unknown outside the ,german-speaking community1 for the reason that they confine themselves1 on the platform or in the press1 to the use of the ,german language4 ,the coming generation of ,americans of ,german descent will not subject themselves to this disadvantage2 and thus the influence of ,german thought will be widened and deepened4 ,upon this portion of our subject we may as well reproduce in substance1 although not with literal exactness1 the observations made to us by a ,german ecclesiastic1 a member of one of the ,german religious orders which are working here with so much zeal and success4 ,in his opinion the ,german element now in the ,united ,states will ere long be greatly increased by a revival of immigration4 ,immigration from ,germany may not again attain the vast proportions which it reached in #aheb-ec-ed1 nor during the seven memorable years #ahff-ahgb1 but it will still be very large4 ,all other things being equal1 the proportion of ,catholics immigrating from ,germany will be greater in the future than in the past4 ,in looking at the future of the country we should reckon that the ,german element here will for many years to come steadily and rapidly increase4 ,but it is not probable that1 after the passing away of the present generation1 our ,german population will so tenaciously retain its distinctive national or ethnological features4 ,it will become absorbed in1 amalgamated with1 the rest of the community1 but through this very absorption and amalgamation it will leaven the whole mass for good or for evil2 and most probably the good will preponderate4 ,in our present ,german population1 especially the younger portion of it1 there is a very perceptible disposition to be a little ashamed of their ,german origin4 ,this feeling1 which has long existed1 received a check during and immediately after the triumph of ,germany over ,france in #ahgj and the erection of the ,german ,empire4 ,but it has now revived and prevails with more force than before4 ,our ,german citizens feel that the golden apples of victory have turned to ashes in the grasp of the conquerors4 ,the milliards wrung from ,france have sunk into the ground or vanished in the air1 and ,germany is poorer than before the war--much poorer than ,france1 which ,prince ,bismarck imagined had been crushed into nothingness4 ,all the glory that ,germany won by her conquest of ,france in the field has been eclipsed by the peaceful victory of ,france--a victory the effects of which were made manifest at our ,international ,exhibition last year4 ,more serious still than this1 in the opinion of the learned and acute ecclesiastic whom we are quoting1 is the dislike and contempt with which the iniquitous1 unnecessary1 and tyrannical policy of the ,german government toward the church is regarded not only by ,catholic ,germans in ,america1 but by those of their non-,catholic compatriots here who are not swayed by sectarian hatred of the church4 ,this policy is justly regarded as at once an evidence of weakness and a prolific source of future trouble1 and among the non-,catholic ,german-,americans the remark is common that 8between the ,red-coats and the ,black-coats--the ,communists and the ,catholics--the empire is in great danger of destruction40 ,for these reasons1 and other slighter ones1 our ,german fellow-citizens are becoming less and less disposed to boast of their nationality1 and more and more inclined to ,americanize themselves and their children4 ,the 8,watch on the ,rhine0 gives place to 8,yankee ,doodle02 the suggestive inquiry as to the precise locality and boundaries of the ,faderland is not so popular as 8,hail ,columbia40 ,certain considerations of a utilitarian nature aid powerfully in leading our ,german citizens in the same direction4 ,their common sense enables them to see that their own advancement in life1 and the prosperity and happiness of their children1 materially depend upon their thorough ,americanization--their complete identification with the rest of the community in which they live4 ,the first step towards this end is the acquirement and use of the ,english language1 and in this the children often outstrip the wishes of their parents4 ,in the ,german-,american schools1 secular as well as religious1 the study of the ,english language is compulsory1 and necessarily so4 ,the children appear to have a natural affinity for the ,english tongue2 they acquire its use rapidly and soon begin to speak it in preference to their native language4 ,it is not uncommon to meet with families where the parents address the children in ,german and the children reply in ,english4 ,the truth is that the ,english language as now spoken1 largely ,teutonic in its composition and structure1 but enriched and softened by ,celtic1 ,latin1 and ,greek accretions1 more easily adapts itself to the expression of the necessities1 the emotions1 and the ideas of the age4 ,an amusing illustration of this self-asserting power of the ,english language was afforded by the experience of a village in ,indiana1 on the ,ohio ,river1 which was settled a few years ago by an exclusively ,german colony consisting of about three hundred families4 ,nothing but ,german was at first spoken in the houses1 but in a very brief space of time the language in the streets was found to be ,english1 and ere long that became the prevailing dialect of the place1 appearing1 as one of the residents said1 to have sprung up and taken root there just as the weeds in the fields4 ,we should not omit to mention1 however1 a fact which to a very large degree tends to show that the ,americanization of our ,german citizens is not so rapid as it might be4 ,intermarriages between ,germans1 or descendants of ,germans1 and ,americans of other descent are not regarded with favor by the older ,germans of the present generation1 and such marriages are of rare occurrence4 ,this is to be deplored1 especially for the sake of the non-,german party4 ,in all the domestic virtues the ,germans are richly endowed4 ,the influence of the mother in the family is supreme within certain limits1 and this influence is almost always exerted for good4 ,the ,german husband does not regard his wife as a pretty plaything1 a fragile and expensive doll to be dressed in gay raiment and paraded for the gratification of her own and his vanity4 ,on the contrary1 the ,german husband1 if at fault at all in this respect1 looks upon his wife too much in the light not merely of a helpmeet1 but of a servant in whose zeal1 industry1 and faithfulness he can repose the utmost confidence4 ,americans too often make useless idols of their wives2 the ,german husband may seem to regard his spouse from too utilitarian a point of view4 ,in the ,german household1 here as in the ,fatherland1 there is not1 as there is too often in ,american homes1 one bread-winner and one or more spenders4 ,the wife1 whenever it is needful or expedient1 not only manages the domestic affairs of the family with economy1 prudence1 and good sense1 but takes a full share of the burden of providing its income4 ,if one journeys through those portions of the ,west where the ,germans are largely engaged in agricultural pursuits1 he will see the wife and daughters working in the fields alongside of the husband and the brothers2 in the towns1 while the husband is pursuing his trade or laboring in the streets1 the wife is keeping a shop or a beer-saloon1 or otherwise earning her full share of the family income1 and aiding her husband to lay up the nest-eggs of their future fortune4 ,the will of the wife is most frequently supreme in all domestic affairs1 and even in matters of business2 and this1 too1 without the husband feeling himself at all 8hen-pecked40 ,his wife is his equal2 he shares with her his amusements as well as his toils4 ,nothing is more pleasant than the spectacle of ,german families1 on fte days or on summer evenings1 taking their pleasure together in the beer-gardens4 ,the presence of the women and children does not lessen the gayety of the men2 but it prevents them from excess and compels propriety of conversation and deportment4 ,with these habits1 and with the gift of living well and wholesomely1 on plain but abundant food1 without wastefulness1 the ,germans prosper1 and they acquire competences sooner and more generally than other classes4 ,when wealth comes1 their frugal and sensible habits of life are not laid aside for extravagant display1 nor is the influence and sway of the mother weakened or lessened4 ,the daughters1 even of the wealthiest and most cultured ,german families1 are taught how to become good and useful wives to poor men1 and are thus prepared for reverses of fortune4 ,by some of our ,american women these virtues of their ,german sisters may be regarded with contempt and dislike2 but many ,american men1 we are inclined to think1 would lead happier lives and escape much pecuniary trouble1 if they won for themselves wives from among the daughters of their ,german neighbors4 ,there are but few such marriages now4 ,the ,german parents dislike them2 and there is1 moreover1 a little ignorant prejudice on the ,american side4 ,the next generation or two1 we trust1 will be wiser4 ,the limits of our space and the scope of our article forbid us to do more than merely glance at a branch of our subject which is in itself worthy of a separate essay--the influence exerted by our ,german fellow-citizens upon the rest of us by their works in music and in the fine arts4 ,here the barrier of language does not exist2 the genius of music and of art is universal4 ,a certain degree of cultivation of the ear and eye is necessary1 of course2 but1 this being attained1 the music of a ,german composer1 the painting1 the sculpture1 the architecture1 or the decoration of a ,german artist1 is appreciated1 admired1 and imitated as well by those ignorant of his language as by those of his own nationality4 ,there is reason to believe that ,american taste in music and in art owes vastly more to ,german influence than is generally supposed or conceded4 ,perhaps the strongest evidences of this would result from a critical examination of the extent to which ,german ideas have modified1 enlarged1 beautified1 and spiritualized our architecture1 our dramatic1 domestic1 and ecclesiastical music1 and all those phases of our daily life wherein the fine arts play a part4 ,among ,german-,american architects may be mentioned ,g4 ,f4 ,himpler1 a student at ,berlin and ,paris1 and a thoroughly-educated master of his art--the builder of fine churches in ,st4 ,louis1 ,detroit1 ,sandusky1 ,elizabeth1 ,rome 7,new ,york71 ,atchison1 and other places2 among historical painters1 ,leutz--now dead1 but whose works at ,washington and elsewhere have given him a national fame--,lamprecht and ,duvenech 7the latter a native of this country71 ,biermann and ,lange2 among decorative painters1 ,thien1 ,ertle1 and ,muer2 among sculptors and designers1 ,schroeder1 ,allard1 and ,kloster--the latter a very distinguished young artist2 among ,german singers1 as well known here as in ,germany1 ,wachtel1 ,hainamns1 ,lichtmay1 and ,tuska2 among actors4 ,seebach1 ,janauschek1 ,taneruscheck1 ,lina ,meyer1 and ,witt4 ,but we can only hint at these things1 and hasten on to remark1 in passing1 that our ,german citizens1 even more generally and zealously here than in ,germany1 seek to provide for and to secure the education of their children4 8,the first thing that a colony of ,german emigrants settling in ,america seeks to establish is the school10 said to us a high authority4 8,if they are ,catholics1 or even zealous ,lutherans1 the church is built simultaneously with the school2 but in every case the school must be set up1 and the children must attend it at whatever cost to the parents40 ,thus far we have written of our ,german population as a whole4 ,we now turn our attention to that portion of it which belongs to ourselves--i4e41 the ,german ,catholics of the ,united ,states4 ,united with us by the bond of faith1 their welfare is especially dear to us1 and in their spiritual and material progress1 prosperity1 and happiness we have a deep and abiding interest4 ,prior to #ahde the ,german emigration to the ,united ,states had been numerically insignificant1 and consisted chiefly of the peasant class4 ,the revolution of #ahdh had the effect not only of greatly increasing this emigration but of materially changing its character4 ,an official report recently made by ,dr4 ,engel1 ,director of the ,bureau of ,statistics at ,berlin1 states that the number of ,germans who emigrated to the ,united ,states from #ahde to #ahgf1 both years inclusive1 was #b1fhe1dcj4 ,dr4 ,engel remarks that a very large proportion of these emigrants 7considerably more than #a1jjj1jjj of them7 were 8strong men02 there were few old or infirm people among them2 those of them who were not adult males in the vigor of their manhood were chiefly young and middle-aged women and children4 ,a goodly proportion of these emigrants must now be living among us2 we know by the census of #ahgj that our ,german-born population even then numbered #a1fij1daj4 ,the ,german race is hardy and prolific2 its women are good mothers2 their thrift1 industry1 and economical habits enable them to live in comfort upon modest resources2 without being teetotalers1 they are seldom intemperate4 ,the ,german-born and ,german-descended population of the ,united ,states at present--including in the latter class only those whose parents on both sides or on one side or the other were natives of ,germany1 but who were themselves born here--is believed to be about #e1ejj1jjj souls4 ,the great bulk of this population is in the ,central1 ,western1 and ,northwestern ,states2 the six ,states of ,new ,york1 ,illinois1 ,ohio1 ,wisconsin1 ,pennsylvania1 and ,missouri contain nearly two-thirds of the whole number4#hf ,the ,german ,empire as at present constituted contained at the latest census 7#ahge7 #db1gbc1bdb people4 ,of these not quite one-third are ,catholics4 ,had the immigration from the states which now form the ,german ,empire borne this proportion1 we should have in the ,united ,states a ,german ,catholic population of about #a1hjj1jjj souls4 ,but the immigration was largely from the ,protestant states1 or from those in which the ,protestants were in the majority4 ,we should be satisfied1 and more than satisfied1 when we learn that the ,german ,catholics in the ,united ,states1 according to the latest and most accurate computation1 numbered #a1bcg1efc souls4 ,it is a very large number--large enough to establish the fact that the ,catholic ,germans arriving here have not lost their faith1 but have preserved and guarded it for themselves and their children4 ,these #a1bcg1efc ,german ,catholics in ,america are not mythical or hypothetical persons2 in making up the numeration care was taken to include only those who were known as practical ,catholics1 frequenters of the sacraments1 careful observers of their duties as ,catholic parents or ,catholic children4 ,in this connection we may add some figures for which we are indebted to the courtesy of a ,german priest and statistician1 and on the accuracy of which our readers may depend4 ,first1 however1 let us state1 upon the best authority1 that the church in ,america loses very few of her ,german children4 ,we were extremely gratified with the unanimous testimony which rewarded our inquiries on this matter4 ,it very rarely occurs that a young ,german ,catholic of either sex strays or is stolen from the fold4 ,neither the false philosophy of the infidel or ,protestant ,german schools1 nor the seductions and ridicule of their infidel or ,protestant ,american neighbors1 lure them from the faith4 ,we have observed in our own visits to the ,german churches in ,new ,york1 especially at the early ,masses1 the large proportion of male adult worshippers4 8,our old people1 of course1 never leave us10 said a learned ,german priest1 8and our young people rarely1 very rarely1 stray away4 ,they are faithful in their duties1 and they appear to love their religion with all their hearts4 ,when they marry and have children1 they look after them as ,catholic parents should do4 ,our parochial schools are well attended2 our higher schools and academies are prosperous4 ,our teaching orders1 of men and women1 have their hands full of work1 and they are almost without exception well supported4 ,one of the bishops in a ,western diocese1 the greater part of whose flock are ,germans1 has the happiness of knowing that all the children of his people are in attendance either in his parochial schools or in other schools of which the teachers are ,catholics40 ,our #a1bcg1efc ,german ,catholics in ,america are ministered to in spiritual things by #a1cgc ,german priests4 ,they have #icj church edifices1 while there are #agc other congregations of them regularly visited by priests1 but as yet without church buildings4 ,the whole number of ,catholic priests in the ,united ,states1 according to the ,catholic ,directory for this year1 is #e1big1 of churches #e1bib1 and of chapels and stations #b1gfh4 ,thus it will be seen that the ,german priests number a little more than one-fourth of our ,american ecclesiastical army4 ,there is a ,german priest for every #ijj ,german ,catholics4 ,how faithfully they discharge their duties1 and how zealously the people1 on their part1 assist their pastors1 may be estimated by the fact that the baptisms by these ,german priests last year numbered #ga1jgg--;an average of more than one each week for each priest2 and that the number of children in the ,german parochial schools was #acg1cbb--;an average of almost exactly #ajj children for each priest4 ,the following table will show with approximate exactness the number of ,german ,catholic priests and ,german ,catholic laymen in the various ,states or dioceses3 ,priests4 ,laymen4 ,new ,york #adi #acd1ajj ,baltimore #ajc #ib1gjj ,pennsylvania #ge #fg1ejj ,ohio #bjj #ahj1jjj ,indiana #acb #aah1hjj ,michigan #cc #bi1gjj ,kentucky #dc #ch1gjj ,wisconsin #afc #adf1gjj ,kansas #ac #aa1gjj ,illinois #ace #aba1ejj ,missouri #hj #gb1jjj ,minnesota #gd #fi1fjj ,louisiana #ch #cd1bjj ,other #ace #abj1cfc localities ---- -------- #a1cgc #a1bcg1efc ,the education of the juvenile portion of this large army of ,german-,american ,catholics is partly in the hands of the teaching orders of the church1 male and female2 partly in the hands of the parish priests2 and partly confided to private instructors4 ,the 8,german ,sisters of ,notre ,dame10 for example1 #ibc in number1 in #gi congregations1 have charge of the parochial schools and instruct #be1eeg children4 ,they have also #ae academies1 in which #a1cge pupils are receiving higher education2 and #aa orphan asylums with #a1djj children4 ,another branch of the same sisters have their houses in #ag congregations1 and in these #fc teaching sisters are instructing #i1jjj children2 they have also #c academies with #gjj pupils4 ,the ,german ,franciscan ,sisters1 in #ai congregations1 have #ec teaching sisters educating #e1gjj children2 and one academy4 ,the ,sisters of the ,precious ,blood1 in #aa congregations1 employ #ag of their number in teaching #ijj children4 ,the ,german ,dominican ,sisters1 whose houses are in ,new ,york1 ,williamsburg1 and ,racine1 ,wisconsin2 and the ,sisters of ,christian ,charity1 at ,melrose and elsewhere1 are among the many religious orders chiefly engaged in educational work among the ,german ,catholics4 ,prince ,bismarck has done us a very good turn without wishing it4 ,the expulsion of the religious orders of men and women caused by the persecution of the church in ,germany compelled these servants of ,god to seek new homes4 ,many of these orders already had houses in this country2 driven from ,germany1 they found not merely a refuge but a warm welcome and abundant work with their brothers and sisters here4 ,others of them1 not previously established in this country1 and being robbed by the paternal government of ,prussia of all their property1 arrived here in poverty2 but they were joyfully received and speedily supplied with means for commencing their work in these new and inviting fields4 ,the ,german branch of the ,christian ,brothers--8,christliche ,schulbrder0--has experienced a marvellous growth1 and is accomplishing splendid results in the primary and higher education of the ,german ,catholic youth4#hg ,a visit to a ,german ,catholic church can scarcely fail to be interesting and profitable to an ,american ,catholic4 ,he will see much that is edifying and highly pleasing4 ,the congregations at the early ,masses on week-days--we speak now only of what we have ourselves observed in ,new ,york--are generally large and are composed of a fair share of men2 at all the ,masses on ,sundays the attendance is still more numerous4 ,on days of obligation1 other than ,sundays1 these churches are thronged to their utmost capacity2 at the nine o'clock ,mass on last ,corpus ,christi we saw the great ,church of the ,redemptorists1 on ,third ,street1 packed from the altar rails to the doors1 and even the spacious vestibule filled with kneeling worshippers4 ,on this occasion1 as on many others1 nearly or quite one-half of the congregation were men--a fact which we emphasize1 as it contradicts the mistaken idea that the faith is losing its hold upon our men and is mainly cherished only by women4 ,there are thirteen ,german ,catholic churches in this city4 ,the good sense1 thrift1 and wise management of the ,germans have borne their natural fruit in their churches and religious houses as well as elsewhere4 ,for example1 attached to each of the two ,capuchin churches is a large1 handsome1 and substantial convent for the use of the fathers and for their schools4 ,we were astonished at the extent1 the good arrangement1 and the solidity of these edifices1 and our astonishment was not lessened when we learned that they had both been erected within the last ten years4 ,it would be well1 we think1 if the relations between our ,german ,catholics and the rest of us were made more close and intimate4 ,the bond of faith1 we know1 unites us in all essential things2 but it would be well for us to come nearer together in every way4 ,our ,german co-religionists are worthy of all esteem4 ,they are already strong in numbers4 ,they will constantly became stronger4 ,the ,pall ,mall ,gazette recently contained a most interesting summary of a report made by ,vice-,consul ,kruge upon the subject of ,german emigration4 ,we quote the following portion of this summary3 8,emigration from ,germany1 particularly to the ,united ,states1 increased steadily after the memorable year #ahdh1 and assumed very large proportions immediately after the chances of a war between ,austria and ,prussia in #aheb and #ahec4 ,the largest number of emigrants of any year left in summer1 #ahed1 or after the declaration of the ,crimean war--the ,united ,states alone receiving #bae1jji ,german immigrants in that year4 ,there appears a considerable falling off from #aheh to #ahfd1 but already in #ahfe1 when a probability of a war between ,austria and ,prussia became more and more visible1 the number of emigrants began to increase very much4 ,the years from #ahff to #ahgj1 most likely in consequence of the suspicious relations between ,france and the ,north ,german ,confederation1 which ultimately brought on the war in #ahgj1 give very large figures4 ,even the year #ahgj has the large number of #ia1ggi emigrants4 #8,strange to witness1' says ,consul ,kruge1 #8after the close of the ,franco-,german war1 when the ,german ,empire had been created1 and a prosperity seemed to have come over ,germany beyond any expectation1 when wages had been almost doubled1 and when1 in fact1 everything looked in the brightest colors1 a complete emigration fever was raging in all parts of ,germany'2 and the years #ahga1 #ahgb1 #ahgc show an almost alarming tendency to quit the ,fatherland4 ,this movement would no doubt have continued but for the natural check it received through the financial and commercial crisis in the ,united ,states4 ,there are however1 at present again unquestionable signs that a very large emigrating element is smoldering in ,germany1 stimulated by political and economical embroilments which will break forth as soon as sufficient hope and inducements offer themselves in transatlantic countries in the eyes of the discontented and desponding ,germans4 ,the general political aspect and the decline of ,german commerce and industry at the present period are1 observes ,consul ,kruge1 such that an emigration on a large scale must be the natural consequence of the ruling state of affairs4 ,among other illustrations of the causes of a desire on the part of the ,germans to leave their native land1 ,consul ,kruge mentions the religious #8,kulturkampf1' which1 he says1 in its practical results may1 at least up till now1 be rightly termed an unsuccessful move on the political chessboard1 and has been brought home by degrees to the ,roman ,catholic population in an irritating1 harassing form4 ,between the priests on the one hand and the ,government on the other the lives of the ,roman ,catholic peasantry are made one of #8perfect torment'2 and these people naturally desire to leave that country where1 rightly or wrongly1 they believe their religion attacked or endangered4 ,the relations between ,france and ,germany also act powerfully to promote emigration1 and the huge expenses of maintaining the army1 besides a navy of considerable size1 contribute to swell the emigration tendency of the country4 ,consul ,kruge thinks that if the ,australian colonies care to have the largest portion of the coming ,german emigration1 at no time have they had a better chance of creating an extensive movement to their shores than at present40 ,these remarks strongly confirm the opinions expressed by ourselves when writing on the same subject four months ago4#hh ,but when the wave of ,german emigration again rises to its former height1 it will turn toward this country1 as before1 and not to ,australia4 ,here the ,german population is already so large and so well-to-do that the new-comers will find themselves at home upon their arrival4 ,especially will the ,united ,states be attractive to the ,german ,catholics2 for here they will find their exiled priests and nuns1 already settled in their new homes1 with churches and schools prepared for them4 ,the return of moderate prosperity to the ,united ,states will probably give the signal for the commencement of the new ,german exodus2 and we are scarcely too sanguine in believing that this return to prosperity will not be delayed much longer4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,at ,,the ,,church-,,door4 ,the city lights still glimmered in the square1 ,shivered with morning's chill the winter air1 ,scarce yet the eastern line of light broke through ,the starlit darkness of the deep skies' blue4 ,upon the sparkling snow clear shadows lay ,the moon flung eastward1--as if so the day1 ,whose unseen coming seemed to fill the air1 ,they yearning sought with outstretched arms of prayer4 ,a sound of bells from far-off towers broke1 ,the frosty silence with their pealing woke1 ,and answering bells flung back across the sky ,the ,christmas morning's glad1 earth-echoed cry4 ,dark1 muffled figures with quick1 constant tread ,o'er glittering ice and snowy pathway sped-- ,a gathering train1 crowding from lane and street1 ,to lay love's homage at the ,child-,christ's feet4 ,a soft gleam from the church's windows fell ,across the square1 as if in peace to tell ,of light less clouded shining pure within1 ,of peace more eloquent cleansed souls should win4 ,as1 with the thronging crowd1 my feet drew near ,the open doorway whence the light streamed clear1 ,the accents of a language not my own ,broke through the hurrying footsteps' monotone-- ,quick-spoken words of soft ,italian speech3 ,so far the simple utterance seemed to reach1 ,to ,roman skies my dreaming thoughts it bore1 ,while home's familiar walls new aspect wore4 ,seemed it almost1 beneath that dark of dawn1 ,as if my feet fell ,roman pavement on1 ,the lights that twinkled through the open door ,burning some altar1 centuries old1 before1 ,whose glow1 in truth1 fell soft on northern fir ,o'er whose dark shadow shone the face of her1 ,the lowly ,mother-,maid1 ,lady of ,grace1 ,foligno's ,queen watching the holy place4 ,and shrined within lay martyr-saint of ,rome-- ,vial and bones from ancient catacomb ,of that far city that seemed far no more1 ,whose faith and speech met at the low church-door4 ,seeming that speech true witness of the peace ,won years ago1 when weary earth's release ,the angels chanted in the midnight sky1 ,and earth's ,redeemer waked with infant cry3 ,he who had come the narrow bonds to break ,of race and nation1 who frail flesh did take ,that ,jew and ,gentile might one ,father claim1 ,and win all sweetness through one ,brother's name4 ,scarce foreign seemed the stranger's vivid word2 ,nay1 rather was it as if so ,i heard ,the ,christian speech of some old saintly age ,claiming in faith an earlier heritage4 ,before one altar soon our knees should bend1 ,in one heart's-worship soon our prayers ascend1 ,within those sacred walls--our common home-- ,as children kneel of one true mother--,rome4 ,one faith was ours1 one country all our own1 ,wherein all petty landmarks are o'erthrown3 ,not worshipping as ,latin1 ,saxon1 ,gaul-- ,the children of one ,god who made us all4 ,ours an inheritance so full and great1 ,each lowliest handmaid clothed in royal state2 ,no heart so poor but that it throne may be ,for ,heaven's ,king in his infinity4 ,from ,rome this guerdon of our faith we hold3 ,what though its light o'er broken seas is rolled8 ,unfaltering it shines through storm-clouds' shade1 ,unfailing beacon6 by ,god's ,spirit fed4 ,a foreign faith6 ,ay1 so1 of that strange land ,whereof as citizens our free souls stand1 ,whose earthly pasture is the church's shrine-- ,earth's limits lost within her realm divine4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,sweet ,,revenge4 ,,conclusion4 ,,iv4 ,at this moment the door-handle was touched on the outside1 and ,m4 ,rouvire sprang hastily from his chair and stationed himself with his back to the fire1 looking very straight and stiff and aggressive4 ,the door slowly opened and ,mme4 ,dupuis entered1 pushing out1 at the same time1 the unfortunate cat which was trying to slip in with her4 8,no1 no1 pussy10 said the lady1 8you got yourself turned out1 and you must stay out4 ,o the naughty men60 she exclaimed1 laughingly1 as she closed the door1 8they have been smoking40 8,have we been smoking80 said ,rouvire1 sniffing4 8,bless me6 ,i really believe we have2 it shows how absent-minded one can be4 ,i hadn't perceived it1 so absorbed were ,george and ,i in our great project40 8,what project80 asked madame as she took off her hood and cloak4 8,are you going to stay with us1 ,m4 ,rouvire80 8,not exactly10 replied the guest1 8but for ,george and me the result is the same4 ,are you good at guessing riddles1 madame80 8,you are not going to take ,george away with you1 are you80 asked the wife1 her brown eyes resting firmly on his4 8,with your permission1 dear lady10 answered ,rouvire1 bowing with ironical politeness4 8,no1 no1 it cannot be60 exclaimed ,mme4 ,dupuis1 with a forced1 flickering smile1 looking at him inquiringly and speaking low and hurriedly4 8,you will think me very silly to take a joke so seriously1 but ,i cannot help it4 ,you are playing with my life-spring4 ,tell me--,i pray you tell me1 dear ,m4 ,rouvire1 that you are not going to take my husband away40 8,i shall certainly leave his heart with you1 my dear lady10 answered the triumphant friend1 8but it is a fact that ,i am going to carry off his body for a while4 ,the long and the short of it is this3 for some time past ,george has been meditating a return to the land of the living1 and he is glad to seize this opportunity to start at once1 thus obviating all minor hindrances40 ,mme4 ,dupuis listened silently1 her eyes cast down2 she had not taken a seat since her entrance into the room1 and she continued standing1 leaning against an arm-chair in front of her guest4 8,it is true1 then10 she murmured when ,rouvire ceased speaking4 8,do you hear him80 cried her tormentor1 laughing1 as a heavy thump was heard on the floor of the room above them4 8,the madcap6 what a row he is making up there with his trunk4 ,he's dragging it about as if it were a triumphal car4 ,come1 now1 madame1 you really ought not to feel surprised that1 after living thirty consecutive years in ,saint-,sauveur-le-,vicomte1 a man like ,george44440 8,do not trouble yourself to enter into any explanations--,i understand10 interrupted ,mme4 ,dupuis dryly4 8,where are you taking him80 8,why1 to tell the truth1 my dear lady1 everywhere2 first44440 8,for how long a time80 again interrupted the victim4 8,how long8 ,well1 a year1 perhaps1 or two years 444 at most4 ,ah6 my dear ,mme4 ,dupuis1 what pleasant hours he is preparing for you10 continued ,m4 ,rouvire1 who waxed each minute more and more vainglorious and jubilant4 8,how vastly will your remarkable collection of curiosities be enriched by his few months of travel6 ,he will bring you back a dozen authentic reliquaries1 and as many rosaries1 blessed by the ,holy ,father himself 444 propria manu6 ,what say you to that80 ,but ,mme4 ,dupuis had ceased to listen2 she had thrown herself into the arm-chair before her and was weeping bitterly4 8,o my ,god6 my ,god60 were the only words she spoke between her sobs4 8,good60 growled ,rouvire1 scowling at the unhappy woman--8the elegiac style4 ,come1 now10 he continued1 making a step towards her and forcing himself to speak gently--8come1 now1 my dear lady1 you are not reasonable4 ,what is all this crying about8 ,a journey4 ,a journey don't kill a man2 am not ,i a proof of that8 ,and1 good ,god6 sailors' wives--what do they do8 ,really1 this is too bad2 you are placing me in a most annoying position1 madame10 suddenly changing his gentle tone to one of vexation4 8,you are rendering my mission excessively painful40 8,excuse me1 sir10 sobbed the stricken wife1 raising her wet face for a moment4 8,you see ,i 444 ,i can't44440 ,she could not go on4 ,m4 ,rouvire began to pace the room angrily2 his tactics were at a loss1 and he found his task more difficult than he had anticipated2 the little 8provinciale0 did not resemble the old ,indian vixen as much as he had imagined4 ,presently he stopped in front of the weeping lady4 8,you are doing1 madame10 said he sternly1 8precisely what ,i was instructed to tell you ,george wishes to avoid40 8,shall ,i not see him before he goes80 asked ,madame ,dupuis with a frightened look1 half-rising from her seat as she spoke4 8,you shall see him1 if you can recover your equanimity10 replied ,rouvire2 8if you cannot1 it will be better for you and for him not to meet4 ,his resolution is not to be changed40 8,oh6 ,i will be calm1 ,i promise you10 exclaimed the wife1 great drops flowing fast down her pale cheeks2 8in a few minutes 444 give me a few minutes more4444 ,i cannot 444 all at once4444 ,o ,god6 merciful ,god60 ,again she wept despairingly4 8,i am compelled to make the remark1 madame10 observed ,rouvire harshly1 8that all this despair is quite out of proportion with the cause4 ,the deuce take it6 ,i'm not carrying your husband off to the war40 8,no1 no2 ,i believe that he will come back again10 sobbed ,mme4 ,dupuis1 trying to wipe away her tears4 8,you are a pious woman1 madame1 and now's the hour to show your piety4 ,religion does not consist in only going to church4 ,you are not to think of yourself solely in this world40 8,but you see1 ,m4 ,rouvire10 replied the good little woman1 making a great effort to control her emotion1 8he's not accustomed1 like you1 to a life of continual fatigue2 his health is more delicate than you suspect4 ,you will take care of him10 she added1 suddenly seizing her enemy's right hand with both of hers--8you will take care of him1 will you not80 8,why1 certainly1 madame1 certainly10 answered ,rouvire a trifle more gently2 8you may rely on me for that4 ,i promise to bring him back to you as fresh and rosy as any lad in ,cotentin4 ,i give you my word of honor4 ,you understand me1 do you not8 ,but now1 ,i beg you1 let us have no more tears1 especially no scene at parting40 8,i will do all you wish me to do40 ,and ,mme4 ,dupuis forthwith smiled tearfully on the hard1 cold man who had so wantonly upset her happiness4 8,look10 she cried presently1 as she wiped away the last hot drops1 8it can't be perceived that ,i have been crying40 8,that's right1 madame2 that's the way6 ,i've great esteem for strong1 single-hearted women2 for wives who are truly ,christian and self-sacrificing4 ,and now that you've recovered your calmness1 allow me to repeat to you that there really never was any reason for such great grief4 ,what is a year8 ,gracious heavens6 it is nothing4 ,you will probably spend six months of it with your daughter1 and the remaining six months you will pass here in the midst of your remembrances4 ,george will not be more than half absent1 for everything around you will bring him constantly before you2 you will meet him at every step60 8,take care1 sir1 take care60 said ,mme4 ,dupuis1 shaking her head at him with a faint smile1 8lest1 while you seek to comfort me1 you increase the pain1 444 which you cannot understand60 8,i beg your pardon1 madame2 ,i understand it perfectly10 replied ,rouvire1 an angry gleam lighting up his eyes for an instant1 8and ,i thought that ,i was proving to you that ,i do40 8,o sir6 believe me1 ,i wish to cast no reflection either on your intelligence or your kindness2 be quite sure of that60 8,madame60 exclaimed the gentleman4 8,but there are things10 continued ,mme4 ,dupuis1 giving at last free utterance to her feelings--8there are things which are not to be guessed4 ,have you thought how different your life has been to ours8 ,you have been very wise2 you have never allowed your heart to be bound by any of those ties whose number and strength are only recognized when they come to be broken4 ,yes1 you may well say that everything here1 the very hearthstone itself1 forms a part of our united lives1 of our remembrances1 making our very thoughts the same4 ,everything around us loves us1 everything is dear to us4444 ,so1 at least1 ,i believed until now6 ,a few minutes ago how dearly ,i prized the simple objects this room contains--all so familiar to us both during so many years1 all bearing traces of our habits2 each one reminding us of the projects1 the pleasures1 the sorrows we have shared together6 ,and now they are nothing to me--they can be nothing to me but the ruins of a false happiness1 the wrecks of a dream60 8,really1 madame1 you exaggerate strangely10 replied ,rouvire coldly2 8admitting that this journey throws a shade over the present1 the past1 at least1 remains intact40 8,you are mistaken1 sir10 returned ,mme4 ,dupuis4 8,this journey is doubtless not much in itself1 but it answers cruelly a question which ,i have been accustomed to ask myself in secret nearly all my life3 ,is ,george happy8 ,no1 he was not happy2 ,i alone was happy4 ,i know the truth at last6 ,he was resigned0--she struggled a moment to contain her emotion--8but he was not happy4 ,and yet my heart--,i feel it1 ,i am sure of it--was worthy of his2 in every other respect ,i was inferior to him1 and ,i felt it bitterly4 ,what companionship could a mind like his find in the conversation of a poor1 provincial girl1 ignorant of everything1 knowing nothing but how to love him80 8,you undervalue yourself10 remarked her attentive listener2 8as for me1 ,i declare that the more ,i know you1 the better ,i appreciate ,george's choice of a wife40 8,you flatter me1 ,m4 ,rouvire10 replied ,mme4 ,dupuis1 smiling2 8you see me unhappy1 and you are generous4 ,i will be so too1 and forgive you all the pain you have occasioned me4444 ,i have hated you for years40 8,me8 ,impossible6 ,what had ,i done to deserve it8 ,but first tell me0--and his voice was quite kind and gentle--8you feel better now1 do you not8 ,i don't know how it is1 but really you look ten years younger60 8,possibly10 said ,mme4 ,dupuis1 with a quiet smile2 8,i think that ,i am a little feverish--so much the better60 8,come1 come1 cheer up6 ,and tell me1 now1 what painful part have ,i played in your existence80 8,well1 ,m4 ,rouvire10 she began calmly1 but became more and more excited as she went on1 8,i need scarcely tell you that every woman1 from the very morrow of her wedding-day1 finds herself in presence of a formidable rival--her husband's unmarried life4 ,nor need ,i explain how difficult is the task to make him forget all that he has given up for his wife2 how almost impossible it is to allay his regret for the golden age that is gone--regret which grows stronger as those past days recede farther and farther into the distance and youth fades away4 ,i1 sir1 soon perceived that your name1 incessantly on his lips1 was ,george's favorite symbol of lost pleasures--the incarnation of all the illusions of by-gone years4 ,in his dear thoughts you represented liberty1 adventure1 and the days of fleeting sorrows and of infinite hopes2 while ,i--,i was positive life1 paltry domestic economy1 and daily anxiety4 ,i was prose and you were poetry4 ,it was with you then that ,i had to struggle1 and ,i did so with all my strength and with all my soul4 ,alas6 it was in vain2 you were stronger than ,i4 ,each day ,george grew more thoughtful1 and it seemed to me as if every one of those moments of sadness was a triumph for you4 ,how often have ,i wept secret tears over my defects1 here1 seated by this hearthstone1 or under the willow-trees in our little garden6 ,but ,i was young then1 and ,god took pity on me and gave me my daughter1 and you were overcome4 ,now0--her voice fell and she paused a moment--8now the angel of our home is gone1 and victory is once more yours40 8,who knows80 replied ,rouvire1 his voice strangely hoarse and trembling4 8,the last word is not yet spoken4 ,you are going to see ,george4 ,speak to him4 ,you can still prevent his journey40 8,i have promised you that ,i will not try to do so10 she answered gently4 8,but ,i give you back your promise60 cried her guest vehemently4 8,i will not be your evil genius4 ,i am abrupt1 madame1 selfish too1 sometimes--that's a bachelor's profession1 you know2 but ,i am not bad--pray1 believe it40 8,i do believe it10 she replied1 looking him frankly and smilingly in the eyes1 8but ,i know ,george4 ,all my efforts would be useless2 they would irritate him1 and nothing more4 ,besides1 even if1 by dint of tears1 ,i could keep him at home1 ,i would not do it now4 ,i should only be adding another new and bitter regret to those which have already poisoned his life4 ,and my heart would seem to reproach me with my victory every time that ,i saw him silent or sad4 ,no2 he must go60 8,all you say is true--too true10 said ,rouvire after a short pause4 8,there is nothing to reply2 you are right4 ,but depend on me1 madame1 to shorten his absence40 8,i will depend on you2 thank you40 ,she rose from her seat as she spoke and offered her hand to him4 ,the repentant guest clasped it in both of his and kissed it1 bowing low as he did so4 ,at the same moment a loud noise as of something falling down the stairs1 followed by a great confusion of tongues1 was heard outside4 8,my ,god6 what is the matter80 exclaimed ,mme4 ,dupuis1 pale as death4 8,it is he2 ,i hear his voice60 ,she rushed towards the door1 but before she could reach it her husband entered1 boiling over with passion1 and followed by ,marianne4 8,you're an awkward dunce6 ,be silent1 ,i command you60 he shouted1 as the maid tried to excuse herself4 8,you can't make me believe that you find this trunk1 which has nothing but a few shirts in it1 too heavy for you to carry4 ,the stupid creature10 he continued1 turning to his wife1 8actually let my trunk roll from the top to the bottom of the staircase60 8,well1 the fact is10 cried ,marianne1 8ever since you told me that you were going to ,rome ,i've lost all strength in my arms and legs4 ,i've no strength at all4 ,going to ,rome1 indeed6 ,what next80 8,the woman is crazy10 said ,dupuis1 red with indignation4 8,what business is it of yours1 ,i should like to know80 8,i don't say that it's my business10 replied the maid1 who was as red and angry as her master1 8but1 all the same1 it's a queer idea to leave mistress here all alone1 at her age too1 while you go to ,rome4 ,you'll be lucky if you find her again when you come back4 ,i won't answer for it40 8,marianne1 take care60 cried ,dupuis1 who had listened1 speechless with amazement1 to his old servant's impertinence4 8,you must see that ,i am far from pleased40 8,i'm not surprised at that10 returned she2 8you're not pleased with others1 because you're not pleased with yourself4 ,that's always the way40 8,i dismiss you from my service10 cried her master1 in a fury4 8,go down stairs directly1 ,marianne10 said her mistress sternly4 8,i dismiss you10 repeated ,dupuis2 8though they should be the last words ,i have to speak in my own house1 they shall be obeyed4 ,i dismiss you from my service6 ,it is your fault also1 my dear ,reine10 he added when the maid had gone from the room2 8you allow your servants to be too familiar with you4 ,you see the consequence4 ,i hope you understand that ,i have dismissed that woman80 8,yes1 ,george10 answered the lady gently2 8,i will settle her wages to-morrow morning1 if you do not change your mind40 8,change my mind60 exclaimed her husband4 8,am ,i accustomed to change my mind every five minutes8 ,am ,i a weathercock1 or do you deem me so weakened by age that ,i can submit to be lectured by my own servants80 8,i beg you1 dear1 not to say another word on the subject4 ,she shall go away to-morrow4 ,but ,i want to know1 ,george1 if you have all you need4 ,let me look into your trunk1 will you8 ,men don't know much about wearing-apparel1 and when one is travelling the merest trifle that is missing suffices to put one out of sorts for the whole day4 ,i know that you can buy whatever you want1 but where's the use when you can avoid it8 ,and then1 too1 ,i wish to make you think of me all the time1 you gadabout60 8,do as you like1 love10 said ,george2 8here are the keys40 8,well1 ,tom10 he continued1 when the lady had closed the door behind her1 8it seems to me that she received the news very well indeed40 8,perfectly2 do you know1 ,george1 your wife possesses some great qualities80 8,i know she does10 returned ,dupuis1 looking inquisitively at his friend's serious1 almost downcast countenance4 8,she is shy and excessively timid1 and that does her wrong10 went on ,rouvire4 8,i told you so1 my dear friend10 cried ,dupuis eagerly4 8,she was afraid of you at dinner4 ,now1 ,i would bet any sum that1 the ice once broken1 you hardly recognized her40 8,it is true4 ,under the influence of deep emotion--for ,i will not conceal that she was at first very much affected--she found expressions1 directly from her heart1 which astonished me40 8,she has plenty of heart1 that's certain60 exclaimed the gratified husband4 8,and you may add10 said his friend1 8that she possesses a most refined and elevated mind40 8,i know it1 ,tom--,i know it well60 cried ,dupuis with delight4 8,i'm not a blockhead1 hey8 ,do you suppose that ,i should have married her1 if ,i had not known all that8 ,and if it had to be done again1 ,i should do it again4 ,i am not only happy in the woman ,i have chosen1 ,tom1 but ,i am proud of her6 ,she has some slight defects--,i see them as well as any one--but1 bless me6 of what consequence is a little awkwardness1 or perhaps a few parish prejudices1 when you find in the same woman the most self-sacrificing tenderness1 the most exquisite good sense and uprightness1 the most fervent and unassuming piety--in short1 all the virtues that can captivate an honest man80 8,ha6 ha60 laughed ,rouvire1 slapping him caressingly on the shoulder4 8,an honest man--there you are6 ,well1 well6 all right40 8,what do you mean80 asked ,dupuis1 astonished4 8,i mean10 replied ,rouvire1 8that the conclusion of your little speech is perfectly clear3 thinking better about our journey1 and estimating more coolly the value of the treasure that remains in the house1 you have lost the courage to leave it4 ,in short1 you are about to let me go away alone4444 ,i can understand perfectly that it should be so40 8,but ,i swear 4440 cried ,dupuis4 8,say no more1 say no more10 interrupted his friend4 8,i understand it all perfectly1 ,i tell you40 8,you misunderstand1 you mean10 said ,dupuis angrily4 8,i have never1 for one moment1 forgotten my wife's good qualities1 but1 were she ten times the saint she is1 it is not less true that ,i have been living the life of a snail4 ,good heavens6 ,i shall be better able to appreciate her many virtues when no consciousness of intellectual degradation is present to spoil my enjoyment40 8,you are too absurd1 ,george6 ,you make me laugh with your #8intellectual degradation4'0 8,you did not laugh half an hour ago10 retorted ,dupuis1 8when you depicted it in colors 444 well1 in colors which not even your friendship for me could soften40 8,is it possible that you did not perceive that ,i was jesting8 ,how singular it is that there's not an intelligent man in ,france who1 if he is condemned to live in the provinces1 far from ,paris1 does not fancy that he is becoming idiotic6 ,i had a presentiment that you suffered from this monomania1 and ,i amused myself by exciting it4 ,i had been drinking1 you know2 let that be my excuse40 8,however that may be10 answered ,dupuis1 a cold1 stubborn expression stealing over his face and fixing itself there1 8,i am more than ever resolved to travel2 if ,i hesitated before1 ,i do so no longer4 ,i confess that ,i was afraid of the effect my intention would produce on my wife1 but her calmness removes all my scruples40 8,listen to me1 ,george1 ,i beg you10 replied his friend earnestly3 8don't trust too much to appearances2 your wife affects a firmness she is far from feeling4 ,i know44440 8,you know60 interrupted ,dupuis4 8,you know that you begin to think that ,i shall be in your way1 and so you want to cast me over40 8,no1 ,george1 no--nothing of the kind4 ,you don't understand me4 ,i sincerely believed1 from what you said1 that you had changed your mind4 ,i thought that ,i was anticipating your wishes in giving back your promise to go with me4 ,but if you really persist in your intentions1 all right 444 ,i am delighted40 8,here are the horses10 bawled ,marianne1 opening the door suddenly and then shutting it with a bang4 8,that old woman would take my life1 if she could10 said ,rouvire1 laughing4 8,now1 then10 he continued1 taking up his cloak1 8let's gird up our loins4 ,by the bye1 ,i think ,i remember that you never can sleep in a coach40 8,i beg your pardon1 ,i can sleep perfectly well40 8,so much the better4 ,allons6 ,bravo6 ,are the horses put to1 ,i wonder8 ,does this window look out upon the street80 ,rouvire opened the sash as he spoke1 but closed it quickly4 8,what a wind6 ,it's terrible--cold enough to split a rock6 ,now ,i think of it1 one of the glasses of the post-chaise is broken4 ,i'm afraid you'll be frozen to death1 ,george40 8,don't trouble yourself about me10 replied ,dupuis1 putting on his overcoat4 8,i can bear cold like a ,laplander40 8,all right60 ,the clock at this moment struck nine1 and ,madame ,dupuis entered the room1 carrying a soft ,india shawl suspended from her arm4 ,the poor lady was very pale4 8,everything is ready10 she said with a trembling voice1 8and here are your keys1 dear4 ,you will see that ,i have added some few little things that you had forgotten4 ,and here is a comforter for you4 ,i've cut my old cashmere shawl in two1 and half of it will be very nice to wrap round your throat2 it is very warm40 8,how foolish of you to cut up your shawl60 cried ,dupuis4 8,however1 since 'tis done1 ,i accept2 but it really was very foolish of you40 8,here is the other half for you1 ,m4 ,rouvire10 said madame1 presenting it with a kind smile4 8,for me60 cried ,rouvire1 taking it from her with respectful eagerness4 8,thank you1 thank you most sincerely60 8,you will remember your promises1 will you not80 asked the lady gently1 fixing her eyes on his4 ,rouvire bowed and turned away abruptly4 8,you will write to our daughter1 ,george8 ,you will not fail80 8,i will write to her--to both of you--often1 often10 answered ,george in a husky voice1 and pulling his travelling-cap over his eyes4 8,the #abth of ,january60 suddenly exclaimed ,rouvire1 who was warming his feet at the fire1 while he examined an almanac placed on the chimney-piece4 8,is it really the #abth of ,january to-day80 8,it really is10 replied ,mme4 ,dupuis4 8,why do you ask8 ,is there any particular remembrance attached to that date80 8,it is a date which interests me only10 replied ,rouvire in a tone of infinite sadness4 8,five years ago this very evening1 almost at this same hour1 ,i was passing through an ordeal ,i shall never forget4 ,now1 ,george1 are you ready80 he added with abrupt impatience4 8,what kind of an ordeal8 ,what had happened to you8 ,an accident80 asked ,george1 with intense interest4 8,no1 not an accident1 but ,i was very ill1 which is always a misfortune--and ill in an inn1 which is horrible40 8,people are ill everywhere10 remarked ,dupuis sententiously4 8,true2 but the impressions made on you by sickness and death vary according to the circumstances in which they surprise you2 you can scarcely conceive how much1 unless you have had the experience40 8,pshaw6 death is death under all circumstances2 it is always equally unpleasant60 cried ,dupuis4 8,ah6 you think that4444 ,i should like to have seen you4444 ,well1 ,i'll tell you my story4 ,it happened at ,peschiera1 on the ,lago di ,guardia--a lovely country2 we'll pass through it1 and ,i'll show you the house4 ,i was detained there by a fever of a somewhat pernicious character4 ,all went on well1 however1 during eight days--for ,i was delirious the whole time1 and knew nothing of what was passing--till one fine evening1 the evening of the #abth of ,january1 when ,i suddenly came to myself1 so weak in body1 so anxious in spirit1 and at the same time with such an extraordinary lucidity of mind that ,i felt convinced ,i was at the point of death4 ,i have passed through many bitter moments in the course of my life--cruel moments--which nevertheless ,i can think of now with a kind of pleasure2 but when ,i recall to mind my awakening in that inn-chamber1 a cold shiver runs through me2 ,i shudder60 ,rouvire paused as ,marianne entered the room2 ,mme4 ,dupuis signed to her imperatively not to interrupt1 and the maid remained standing near the door4 8,what did you see that could make such a fearful impression on you80 asked ,george1 moving a little nearer to his friend4 8,nothing very horrible2 only some people who were waiting for me to die1 an old woman and a young doctor who were conversing together in a corner1 and a priest who was kneeling at the foot of my bed4 8,they formed to my eye a picture whose accessories were the dirty1 faded curtains of the couch on which ,i was stretched and the tarnished1 heterogeneous furniture of a lodging-house4 ,but the ignoble surroundings1 the preparations for death even1 caused me no emotion2 what revolted me--stirred up my very soul to protest--was the neglect1 the brutal lack of charity--saving the presence of the priest--the desolate isolation1 the void of all human sympathy in which ,i realized that ,i was at that moment dying4 ,how distinctly ,i can recollect the pitiful1 suppliant look with which ,i gazed around me1 as if trying to interlink the life that was escaping me with any1 the slightest1 earthly object2 as if seeking to discover some sign of interest1 of pity even1 in the impassible faces which looked so calmly on me6 ,my agonized heart longed for any trifle--a picture1 a vase1 a chair--which had known me1 and to which ,i could say farewell4 ,but all was strange40 8,death never can be agreeable10 remarked ,dupuis crabbedly4 8,when the last hour is upon us it is dismal to be alone1 ,i don't say the contrary2 but ,i can't see that it is more cheerful to be surrounded by a weeping family40 8,i think that you would have felt as ,i felt then10 replied ,rouvire with melancholy gravity2 8the death which ,god has ordained for men--the death which most men die1 which finds consolation and resignation in the tears of tender regret shed by loving friends--that death appeared to me1 in my solitary agony1 like a sweet1 untroubled feast4444 ,i made many a singular reflection that night6 ,but come1 ,george1 are you ready80 8,when you will2 444 but1 first1 what were your reflections80 8,well1 to tell you the truth1 ,i lost somewhat of my self-sufficiency4 ,and then ,i congratulated myself a little less on the path ,i had chosen for my life's journey4 ,why not say it8 ,the book of life seemed suddenly to be opened before me1 and ,i read on every page1 traced by ,god's own hand1 the words #8duty and sacrifice4' ,i had rejected that law4 ,hitherto ,i had only seen its hardships2 now ,i recognized its benefits4 ,i had avoided its bonds that ,i might live independently1 and exile and isolation had been my lot4 ,i had fancied that1 by escaping the usual dull routine of humble duties1 ,i should win for myself a happiness unknown--pleasures inconceivable to the vulgar crowd4 ,alas6 ,i found that ,i had experienced nothing save a loveless youth1 a solitary old age1 and an unlamented death4 ,then1 ,george--then ,i understood what an erroneous price we pay for the indulgence of our selfishness40 8,were you long in this agitated state80 asked ,dupuis4 8,long enough for it to be indelibly impressed on my memory10 replied his friend4 8,when the young physician perceived that ,i was looking at him1 he arose and approached me1 and ,i felt the touch of his hand1 cold and indifferent as his heart4 ,i pushed it away and closed my eyes4 ,and then a vision of my father's death-bed flashed before me1 distinct and clear4 ,i saw again1 grouped around it1 the faithful friends of his youth--our ancient servants1 the old doctor1 the white-haired priest1 and1 dearest of all1 my mother1 my good mother4 ,they leaned over him1 they wiped his damp brow1 they smiled at him through their tears2 they had gladdened his life1 and they were beside him now1 to cheer and sustain him as he passed away6 ,my dried-up heart melted within me as ,i gazed on this vision of a scene ,i had long since ceased to recall1 and ,i burst into tears2 they saved me60 ,rouvire stopped1 overpowered by his emotion1 and1 covering his eyes with his hand1 leant forward against the mantle-shelf4 8,these recollections are too painful10 said ,dupuis gently4 8,they are painful10 replied ,rouvire1 his voice hoarse and trembling1 8and everything ,i see around me here awakens them4 ,oh6 how alike these old houses are10 he continued1 speaking to himself and looking around the room4 8,all this is familiar to me4 ,there stood my mother's little work-table near the window1 just as that is--,i always found her seated at it when ,i came home for a holiday--and there1 in the chimney-corner1 was the great arm-chair in which my father always sat4 ,and the family portraits looked down from the walls just as these do4 ,there1 as here1 the trace of two lives closely entwined1 never to be separated1 was visible everywhere4 ,why did ,i not learn by their example8 ,why was ,i compelled to drag my weary1 vagrant life1 my unceasing remorse1 all over the wide world1 ere ,i could comprehend that they were happy8 ,did they know that they were happy8 ,i doubt it4 ,how often ,i have heard my father speak with envy of the very pleasures ,i have found so hollow6 ,how often they confided to me their mutual grievances6 ,and yet when one went the other could not stay4 ,dear old father6 dearest mother60 8,my dear friend60 whispered ,george4 8,and ,i10 continued ,rouvire1 with increasing emotion--8,i sold their home as soon as it was empty--,i had the heart to do that6 ,i sold the room where ,i was born2 ,i sold all our family traditions2 ,i sold the ancient1 faithful friendships which seemed to adhere to the house and soil4 ,i alienated my patrimony4444 ,i riveted the chain of egotism ,i was so eagerly forging4 ,i did my work well2 no kind care1 no friendly companionship will ever be the solace of my old age4 ,i have nothing to offer in return--not even the bribe of a legacy4 ,i cannot even buy back that humble home2 my last days may not be sheltered by those walls whose very shadows ,i have learned to love4 ,i may not even die there4 ,come6 let us go10 he added with vehemence1 dashing away the tears which suddenly inundated his face4 8,yes1 ,tom1 we will go0--and ,george seized his friend's hand--8we will go1 if you refuse to accept a brother's place by my fireside4 ,and you1 ,reine10 he said1 turning to his wife1 8dry your tears and forget this hour's ingratitude4 ,it was the first2 it shall be the last60 8,o ,george1 my husband60 sobbed the sweet little woman as she gave him the kiss of pardon2 then1 approaching ,rouvire with gentle grace1 she said softly and beseechingly3 8,will not the happiness you have restored to us tempt you to remain with us8 ,we should be so glad to share it with you60 8,madame1 dear1 good friends10 stammered the guest4444 8,o ,george6 you have caught me in the very snare ,i spread for you40 ,he sank into a chair1 overcome by his emotion1 while ,george and ,reine stood by him1 clasping his hands in theirs4 8,oh60 sighed he at last1 8it is too sweet a dream for such a forlorn wretch as ,i am40 8,he will stay with us60 exclaimed ,mme4 ,dupuis joyfully4 8,and ,i will go and make his bed in the best blue chamber10 cried ,marianne1 wiping her eyes with her apron4 ,the poor girl had been standing quietly near the door1 an involuntary listener1 during almost the whole of ,rouvire's confession4 8,what6 the deuce6 ,marianne60 growled ,rouvire1 rising hastily from his seat4 8,i'm going to make your bed1 sir60 cried ,marianne1 in great good-humor4 8,very well1 then2 but don't let the head be lower than the heels1 my good creature1 as you house-maids generally manage it4 ,slope it down gently from head to foot1 mind you1 and44440 ,he stopped a moment1 then smilingly resumed3 8,make it as you will1 ,marianne2 ,i'm sure it will be first-rate4 ,you see10 he added1 turning toward his hosts when ,marianne had left the room1 8how this disgusting egotism crops up incessantly2 444 you must try to cure me of it4 ,oh6 what a rest ,i'm going to have now10 he exclaimed as he threw himself on the sofa4444 8,madame1 dear madame1 will you do me a favor8 ,i know what the pains of exile are by sad experience--pray1 let the cat come in60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,recent ,,protestant ,,episcopal ,,convention ,,and ,,congress4 ,this convention1 which met in ,boston on the #c;d of ,october and continued in session for twenty days1 was the triennial 8,convention of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states of ,america40 ,the bishops sat in a house by themselves and conducted their proceedings in secret1 following in this the precedent of the ,anglican ,church as well as the custom of the ,roman ,catholic ,church in its provincial and plenary councils4 ,the ,house of ,deputies consisted of one hundred and eighty clergymen and one hundred and eighty laymen1 representing forty-five dioceses1 and eight clergymen and eight laymen representing eight 8missionary jurisdictions40 ,these sat in public1 and a verbatim report of their proceedings is before us4 ,among the lay delegates were several gentlemen of national fame--the ,hons4 ,john ,w4 ,maynard1 of ,pennsylvania2 ,thomas ,a4 ,hendricks1 of ,indiana1 the ,democratic candidate for the ,vice-,presidency at the recent election2 ,john ,w4 ,stevenson1 of ,kentucky2 ,john ,w4 ,hunter and ,l4 ,bradford ,prince1 of ,long ,island2 ,gen4 ,c4 ,c4 ,augur1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,daniel ,r4 ,magruder and ,montgomery ,blair1 of ,maryland2 ,robert ,c4 ,winthrop1 of ,massachusetts2 ,general ,j4 ,h4 ,simpson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army2 ,hamilton ,fish1 ,cambridge ,livingston1 and ,w4 ,a4 ,davies1 of ,new ,york2 ,morrison ,r4 ,waite1 of ,ohio2 and ,geo4 ,w4 ,thompson and ,richard ,parker1 of ,virginia4 ,it is not probable that any of the other sects could marshal laymen like these to sit in its councils4 ,we mention their names because the list affords some explanation of the fact that the social and political influence of the ,protestant ,episcopalians is vastly out of proportion to their numerical strength4 ,at a preliminary session1 the bishops and deputies being together1 ,dr4 ,williams1 the ,bishop of ,connecticut1 preached a sermon in which he introduced a subject that subsequently occupied much of the attention of the convention--8the most threatening social evil of our time1 the growing lack of sympathy between different classes and individuals of such classes40 8,to-day10 he said1 8we see great chasms opening everywhere because of this1 which threatens church and state alike with sad disaster40 ,and he added3 8,i think those chasms are more entirely unrelieved and ghastly in this country than in almost any other4 ,i know that we have not been wont so to think or speak1 and ,i know that to say this involves some chance of incurring severe displeasure2 but ,i fully believe it to be true4 ,in most lands there are things--,i speak of things outside of ,christian sympathies and labors--that somewhat bridge over these threatening severances4 ,there are ancient memories2 ancestral offices and ministries that in their long continuance have almost become binding laws2 relations1 long enduring1 of patronage and clientship2 and many other things besides4 ,with us--we may as well face the fact--those things have1 for the most part1 no existence4 ,the one only helping thing we have--still apart from what was just alluded to--is political equality4 ,and how much virtue has that shown itself to have in pressing exigencies and emergencies8 ,when1 all at once1 in the late summer months1 that yawning chasm opened at our feet which appeared to threaten nearly everything in ordinary life1 how little there seemed to be to turn to6 ,there stood on either side contending forces in apparently irreconcilable opposition1 and everywhere we heard the cry about rights6 rights6 rights6 till nothing else was heard4 ,if some few voices dared to speak of duties they were lost in the angry clamor4 ,and yet those voices must be heard4 ,those words about duty on the one side and the other must be listened to1 if ever we are to have more than an armed truce between these parties--a truce which may at any time burst out into desolating strife40 ,dr4 ,williams' remedy was1 of course1 that the ,protestant ,episcopalians should teach the people their duties4 ,to do this1 however1 they must first get the hearing of the people4 ,but this is just what they have failed to get1 and will always fail in getting--certainly so long as they provide fine churches with eloquent preachers for the rich1 and a very different order of preachers and churches for the poor4 ,the ,catholic ,church1 before whose altars all distinctions of earthly rank and position disappear1 can and does teach the people what their duties are1 and she does it with effect1 since her priests speak with authority and by virtue of an incontestably divine commission--two things quite unknown among the sects4 ,this is what ,rev4 ,hugh ,thompson felt and acknowledged when1 in the ,episcopal ,church ,congress held in this city1 he said3 8,what is the worth of a church in this world except as a moral teacher--except this3 to get the ,ten ,commandments kept on earth8 ,the church canons are usually busy with questions affecting garments1 gestures1 postures1 and the orthodoxy of the ,prayer-,book1 but rarely do we find any moral legislation4 ,there are plenty of instructions to the clergy and bishops1 and we are led to think what a wicked lot of people these clergy and bishops must be to need all these laws1 and what a good and pious laity we must have when they have no need of such legislation6 ,the church gives no real expression of opinion on the complicated questions of marriage1 so that one minister may bless a union while another would not do so under any circumstances4 ,is it right that the church should evade such responsibilities as these8 ,the church must place itself plainly on record4 ,the church must be to a millionaire and beggar the same1 must demand equal justice for all--for the railway president and the railway brakeman1 for the worshipper in the gilded temple and in the ordinary meeting-house4 ,such a church1 with the courage and fearlessness and ability to tell and enforce the eternal truth1 without fear or favor1 is what this country is waiting for1 and would have an influence here unequalled since the days of ,athanasius40 ,the first two days of the convention were spent chiefly in rather unseemly discussions upon a proposition to print fifteen hundred copies of ,dr4 ,williams' sermon1 to appoint a committee 8to consider the importance of the practical principles enunciated in it10 and in attempts to begin a debate upon three amendments to the constitution proposed three years ago by the last convention4 ,much interest was excited by some remarks by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,harwood1 of ,connecticut1 who thought that one of the most pressing duties of the convention would be the invention of a method whereby clergymen who had grown tired of their work might be retired without incurring disgrace4 ,it is curious to observe how the ,catholic doctrine1 8once a priest always a priest10 still lingers among the laity of this ,protestant body1 while its clergymen1 or some of them1 seem anxious to destroy it4 ,dr4 ,harwood complained that although at present the regulations of his church permitted any clergyman to 8withdraw from the ministry for causes not affecting his moral character10 nevertheless 8somewhat of a stigma rests upon the man1 and people may even point to his children and say1 #8,there go the children of a disgraced clergyman4'0 ,this state of things was found to be 8a grievous burden02 for there were numbers of good fellows who feel that 8they are out of place in the ministry of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church10 and who still continue in that service because they fear to incur disgrace by leaving it4 ,dr4 ,harwood drew a pitiful picture of the condition of these unhappy persons3 8,they may have changed their minds about some doctrine2 they may believe too much or too little2 they may be drifting towards a blank unbelief or towards a wretched superstition2 they may feel that they have mistaken their calling and cannot do their work1 for neither their hearts nor their minds are in it40 ,we agree with ,dr4 ,harwood that his church would be better off without such parsons2 and it is sad to record that his proposition1 looking towards the adoption of a cheap and easy1 although 8honorable10 method of getting rid of them1 was not finally successful4 ,on the third day of the convention the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,de ,koven1 of ,wisconsin1 brought forward the question of changing the name of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church4 ,this proposition was made in the interest of that section of it which follows the ,anglican ritualists4 ,this section has a real or affected horror of the word 8,protestant02 its members wish to persuade themselves that they are ,catholics--and the wish is very natural and most praiseworthy--but they are resolved never to seek the reality and yield to the living authority of the ,catholic ,church4 ,in order to avoid this submission1 they set up the claim that they are themselves the ,catholic ,church1 or rather 8a branch0 of it4 ,to make this claim a little less absurd the elimination of the word 8,protestant0 would be advisable2 and for some time past1 it appears1 an industrious propaganda for this purpose has been carried on4 ,certain of the bishops1 many of the clergymen1 and a number of the journals of the ,protestant ,episcopalians have been enlisted in the proposed 8reform10 and its advocates mustered all their forces in the convention4 ,dr4 ,de ,koven introduced the matter by reading a paper adopted in the diocese of ,wisconsin last ,june1 and moving a resolution4 ,the paper was as follows3 8,whereas1 ,the ,american branch of the ,catholic ,church universal sic includes in its membership all baptized persons in this land2 and 8,whereas1 ,the various bodies of professing ,christians1 owing to her first legal title1 do not realize that the church known in law as the #8,protestant ,episcopal ,church' is1 in very deed and truth1 the ,american branch of the one ,catholic ,church of ,god2 therefore1 be it 8,resolved1 ,that the deputies to the ,general ,convention from this diocese be requested to ask of the ,general ,convention the appointment of a constitutional commission1 to which the question of a change of the legal title of the church1 as well as similar questions1 may be referred40 ,dr4 ,de ,koven accordingly presented a motion for the appointment of this commission and moved its reference to the ,committee on ,constitutional ,amendments4 ,the absurd side of the assumptions made in the preamble is apparent2 but the ridicule and scorn which they excite should not blind one to the arrogant claim therein set up4 ,it is laughable to assert that a sect with less than #bgj1jjj communicants1 and with a history of less than a century1 claims as its members all the baptized persons in the ,united ,states1 including seven or eight millions of ,roman ,catholics2 it is still more ludicrous to be told that the reason why we and all the other 8baptized persons0 do not recognize this sect as our mother the church is that up to this time she has chosen to call herself by a false name4 ,the name--the name's the thing wherewith to catch the conscience of the people6 ,let us only call ourselves something else1 and then 8all the baptized persons in this land0--,papists1 ,presbyterians1 ,methodists1 ,baptists1 ,mormons1 and all the rest--will hasten to exclaim1 8,our long-lost mother6 ,behold your children60 ,this is the ludicrous side of the business1 and it is funny enough4 ,the serious side of it is the fact that a claim so arrogant should be seriously presented in a convention composed of respectable1 and in some cases eminent1 ,american gentlemen4 ,let us see what became of it4 ,dr4 ,de ,koven's motion immediately caused an animated debate4 ,an attempt to get rid of it by laying it on the table was lost2 and after a disorderly and heated discussion1 in which the president seemed occasionally to lose his head1 the motion for reference to the committee was carried4 ,on the eighth day of the session the committee1 through ,mr4 ,hamilton ,fish1 reported that it was 8inexpedient to institute any commission to revise and amend the constitution of the church10 for the reason1 among others1 that such a commission would be unlimited in its powers and might upset everything4 ,on the tenth day another committee1 to whom had been 8referred certain memorials and papers looking to a change in the legal title of the church10 reported that such a change might impair the legal right of property in the several dioceses1 and that it would be better to make no change4 ,the two reports came up for decision on the twelfth day of the session1 and the ball was opened by ,dr4 ,de ,koven in a long and clever speech4 ,he proposed the adoption of a new resolution providing for the appointment of a commission to consider and report upon the best method of 8removing apparent ambiguities10 and 8the setting forth our true relations to the ,anglican communion as well as to the whole ,catholic ,church40 ,he drew a very curious and not at all a pleasant picture of his church as at present constituted4 ,so far as the laity are concerned1 anybody may be a lay member1 if he 8merely goes to church a few times a year0 and pays money for the support of the minister4 8,he need not be baptized2 he need not be confirmed2 he need not be a communicant4 ,he may even be ,jew1 ,turk1 or infidel1 if you please1 provided he has the money qualification which makes up the franchise of the church40 ,here1 indeed1 is a pitiable state of things2 a society composed of unbaptized persons can scarcely be called a ,christian association4 8,underneath it all10 ,dr4 ,de ,koven went on to say1 8lies this money qualification4 ,the parish elects its vestry1 and its vestry need not be communicants4 ,the vestry and parish elect the lay delegates to the diocesan convention1 and they need not be communicants4 ,the diocesan convention elects the lay members of the standing committees1 and they need not be communicants40 ,the truth is that the ruling laymen of the sect need not be1 and probably are not1 ,christians at all1 and that they 8run the machine0 for social and political purposes1 just as they would manage a club or a political party4 ,if the laymen are of this stripe1 what can be said of the priests8 8,like people1 like priest10 said ,dr4 ,de ,koven2 8,as you go through the land and witness the sorrow1 the trials1 the degradation of the parochial clergy1 you are quite well aware that underneath all lies this simoniacal taint40 ,the bishops are almost in as sad a state4 ,their councils of advice are the standing committees2 these may be composed of unbaptized men1 and the bishops have no voice in their nomination2 and 8thus you have the marvellous spectacle of a bishop sitting at the head of his diocesan synod1 but bound by laws which that synod 7possibly composed of non-,christians7 makes1 and in the making of which he has had no voice whatever1 either of assent or dissent40 ,it could scarcely be supposed1 however1 that evils so great as these would be removed simply by a change of name1 and ,dr4 ,de ,koven found himself at last willing to admit as much4 ,he was willing1 he said1 to go on for a while longer with the old name1 although as long as it was retained such evil consequences would follow4 ,but he insisted that 8the day will come when this church shall demand1 not that an accident of its condition1 not that a part of its organization1 should represent it to the world1 but that its immortal lineage shall represent it40 ,the church may demand what it pleases1 and may call itself by whatever name it chooses to invent2 but its history is written and cannot be changed4 ,men will always know that it is the daughter of that creature whose father was ,henry ,,viii4 and whose nursing mother was ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,a delegate from ,illinois pleaded for the change of name1 for the reason that he was tired of saying on ,sundays1 8,i believe in the ,holy ,catholic ,church10 and all the rest of the week1 8,i believe in the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church40 ,mr4 ,hamilton ,fish declared that it was 8too late to change the name of ,protestant ,episcopal10 and that if the sect was not ,protestant it was nothing4 ,his great objection1 however1 was that if the change were made the church would be in danger of losing its property4 ,finally1 on the thirteenth day of the session1 the resolution for the appointment of the constitutional committee to consider this and other changes was voted down by a vote of #af to #ea2 and a separate resolution1 that no change should be made in the name of the church at present1 was carried by an almost unanimous vote4 ,the convention also touched upon marriage and divorce1 but rather gingerly4 ,the ,house of ,bishops passed a resolution repealing the present canon on this subject1 and adopting the following in its place3 8,,section #a4 ,if any persons be joined together otherwise than as ,god's ,word doth allow1 their marriage is not lawful4 8,,sec4 #b4 ,no minister of this church shall solemnize matrimony in any case where there is a divorced wife or husband of either party still living1 and where the divorce was obtained for some cause arising after marriage2 but this canon shall not be held to apply to the innocent party in a divorce for the cause of adultery1 or to parties once divorced seeking to be united again4 8,,sec4 #c4 ,if any minister of this church shall have reasonable cause to doubt whether a person desirous of being admitted to holy baptism1 or to confirmation1 or to the holy communion1 has been married otherwise than as the word of ,god and discipline of this church allow1 such minister1 before receiving such person to these ordinances1 shall refer the case to the bishop for his godly judgment thereupon2 provided1 however1 that no minister in any case refuse the sacrament to a penitent person in extremis4 8,,sec4 #d4 ,no minister of this church shall present for confirmation or administer the holy sacraments to any person divorced1 for any cause arising after marriage1 or married again to another in violation of this canon1 or during the lifetime of such divorced wife or husband2 but this prohibition shall not extend to the innocent party where the divorce has been for the cause of adultery1 nor to any truly penitent person4 8,,sec4 #e4 ,questions touching the facts of any case arising under this canon shall be referred to the bishop of the diocese1 or1 if there be a vacancy in the episcopate1 then to some bishop designated by the ,standing ,committee1 who shall thereupon make enquiry by a commissionary or otherwise1 and deliver his godly judgment in the premises4 8,,sec4 #f4 ,this canon1 so far as it affixes penalties1 does not apply to cases occurring before its taking effect1 according to canon iv41 title iv40 ,from the ,roman ,catholic point of view there are at least two objections to this canon4 ,there is no authority pointed out whereby it may be decided what it is that 8,god's word doth allow0 respecting marriage2 and the permission for the re-marriage of one of the parties in a divorce is repugnant to the rule of the church1 and could not for a moment be assented to by any one who holds the ,catholic and ,christian doctrine of marriage4 ,in the debate upon the canon it was urged that the second section could not be enforced among the ,indians nor among the negroes2 and some of the clergymen objected to the section which provides for the reference of doubtful cases to the bishop4 ,especial ridicule was cast upon the sixth section1 which1 as one delegate expressed it1 asserts that 8the longer a man has continued in sin the less sin he has40 ,more than one clerical delegate1 on the other hand1 lifted up his voice in favor of 8greater freedom in the matter10 and they drew pathetic pictures of the sad condition of a woman divorced from her husband for incompatibility of temper1 for example1 and1 under this canon1 unable to marry again4 ,but at length the canon was passed4 ,our readers can scarcely be expected to take much interest in the other proceedings of the convention4 ,there was a debate1 lasting through several days1 upon a proposed canon for the creation and development of orders of deaconesses1 or 8sisterhoods10 in imitation of our own societies of holy women4 ,the bishops wished to retain strict control over these possible organizations2 the lower house desired them to be left quite free1 or subject only to the supervision of the parish clergyman4 ,the two houses could not agree1 and the matter was dropped4 ,a still more tedious debate arose from propositions for the adoption of a 8shortened service10 lay preaching1 and the permissible use of the ,english ,lectionary4 ,there was very little talk about dogma2 and it is noticeable that the quarrels between the ,ritualists and the ,evangelicals were kept entirely suppressed during the convention4 ,the only doctrinal breeze which animated the gathering was caused by the introduction of a paper by ,mr4 ,judd1 of ,illinois1 which1 on the whole1 is so queer that we reproduce it here3 8,whereas1 ,a majority of the bishops of the ,anglican communion at the ,lambeth ,conference1 held in the year of our ,lord #ahfg1 while solemnly #8professing the faith delivered to us in ,holy ,scripture1 maintained in the primitive church and by the fathers of the ,english ,reformation1' did also #8express the deep sorrow with which we view the divided condition of the flock of ,christ throughout the world1 ardently longing for the fulfilment of the prayer of our ,lord1 8that all may be one10' and did furthermore #8solemnly record' and set forth the means by which #8that unity will be more effectually promoted'2 and 8,whereas1 ,the ,lambeth declaration was not only signed by all the nineteen ,american bishops then and there present1 but the whole ,house of ,bishops1 at the ,general ,convention of #ahfh1 also formally resolved that they #8cordially united in the language and spirit' of the same2 and 8,whereas1 ,our fervent prayer1 daily offered1 #8that all who profess and call themselves ,christians may hold the faith in unity of spirit1' cannot receive fulfilment unless there be a clear and steadfast clinging to #8the faith once for all delivered to the ,saints'2 and 8,whereas1 ,the restoration of this #8unity of spirit' in the apostolic #8bond of peace' among all the ,christian people1 for which we thus daily pray1 ought also to be the object of our most earnest efforts2 and 8,whereas1 ,this unity manifestly cannot be restored by the submission of all other parts to any one part of the divided body of ,christ1 but must be reached by the glad reunion of all in that faith which was held by all before the separation of corrupt times began2 and 8,whereas1 ,the venerable documents in which the undisputed councils summed up the ,catholic faith are not easily accessible to many of the clergy1 and have never been fully set forth to our laity in a language #8understanded of the people'2 therefore 8,resolved1 by the ,house of ,deputies of the ,protestant ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states of ,america1 ,that a memorial be presented to the ,lambeth ,conference at its second session1 expressing our cordial thanks for the action of its first session in #ahfg1 in which it enjoined upon us all the promotion of unity #8by maintaining the faith in its purity and integrity1 as taught by the ,holy ,scriptures1 held by the primitive church1 summed up in the creeds1 and affirmed by the undisputed general councils'2 and1 in furtherance of the good work thus recommended and enjoined1 we humbly request the said ,lambeth ,conference1 by a joint commission of learned divines1 or otherwise1 to provide for the setting forth of an accurate and authentic version1 in the ,english language1 of the creeds and the other acts of the said undisputed general councils concerning the faith thus proclaimed by them1 as the standards of orthodox belief for the whole church4 8,resolved1 also1 ,that the ,house of ,bishops be respectfully requested to take order that this memorial shall be duly laid before the next session of the ,lambeth ,conference by the hand of such of its members as may be present thereat40 ,the debate on this paper was somewhat amusing4 ,it was pointed out that rather serious consequences might follow the general dissemination of 8an accurate and authentic version1 in the ,english language1 of the creeds and the other acts of the said undisputed general councils concerning the faith02 and the awful question was asked1 8,who is to decide how many undisputed councils there have been80 ,but at last the preamble and resolution were adopted1 and we congratulate our ,protestant ,episcopalian brethren upon that decision4 ,many of them--clergymen as well as laymen--said they did not know what even the first six cumenical councils had decided4 ,if they now acquire this knowledge1 they will learn enough to convince them that they are living in heresy1 and that their first duty is to seek for admission into the church4 8,the ,church ,congress10 which commenced its sessions in ,new ,york on the #cjth of ,october and continued to sit for four days1 was in some degree a supplement to the 8convention40 ,at the congress1 however1 nothing was to be done2 affairs were simply to be talked about4 ,in four days much can be said3 the papers read and the speeches made before the ,congress will make a large volume when collected4 ,a ,catholic would arise from their perusal with a feeling of profound melancholy4 ,he would see the blind leading the blind and tumbling into the ditch4 ,in ,protestantism the opinion of one man is as good as that of another2 views the most discordant may be expressed on the same platform1 and there is no arbiter to pronounce with infallible voice what is truth4 ,in the congress1 for instance1 several of its clerical members took occasion to lavish praises upon the ,roman ,catholic ,church--one of them declared that the true spirit of the ,roman ,catholic ,church had always been 8tender1 true1 and noble02 another1 a bishop1 extolled the work of our missionaries among the ,indians1 saying that they 8had done the best work10 and that their conduct was in glorious contrast with that of the missionaries of the sects1 who acted too often like 8carpet-baggers40 ,these declarations did not prevent other members when speaking from indulging in bitter denunciations of 8,romanism40 ,bishop ,potter1 at the opening of the congress1 warned the members that they must not expect to settle anything2 the only good to be expected from their discussions was such as might follow the interchange of opinion4 ,a discussion on church architecture was ended by a minister who said that churches should be built wholly with respect to acoustics1 and that the ideal church would be a plain hall where the voice of the preacher could be distinctly heard4 ,the question of the relation of the church to the state and to society was discussed at much length--some of the speakers arguing for a union of church and state1 and others advocating strict abstinence on the part of the church from all political affairs4 ,bishop ,littlejohn1 of ,long ,island1 declared that 8,the most urgent duty of the church to the nation was first to vindicate its moral fitness to sway all in and around it4 ,it should show that its charter was divine4 ,it should be able to say to the grosser personality of the nation1 #8,come up higher2 this is the way1 walk ye in it4' ,the first duty of the church to the national life was to put its own house in order4 ,again1 the church having elevated itself to the level whence it had a right to teach and authority to guide1 its habitual attention should not be diverted from its great duties to society and to the nation4 ,the church's best work was at the root and upon the sap of the social tree of life1 not with the withered and dead branches4 ,it was here that the church was to exercise its highest functions upon society and upon the nation4 ,let it keep before it that one of its highest duties was to show1 both to society and the individual1 that they did not derive their personality from each other1 but from ,god4 ,there was a warrant for such teaching1 for it rested upon a theological principle4 ,humanity1 in the genuine whole and in the individual man1 had its foundation in ,christ1 and1 therefore1 for each there was infinite sacredness1 even in ,christ himself4 ,but the church had instructions for society1 and especially for ,american society4 ,it had some teaching for those who in dreams and in revolutions cried out for liberty1 equality1 and fraternity4 ,by how many was this cry raised1 even to those who would have no sloping sides1 no top1 but all bottom to the social pyramid6 ,it seemed that that was a cry which the church might answer4 ,liberty1 equality1 fraternity6 ,the land was full of false idols under those names4 ,the perversion was of man2 the movement itself was of ,god4 ,the perversion could be brought about by forgetting the movement itself4 ,god in ,christ not only willed that all men should be free and equal1 but he told them in what sense and how they were to become so4 ,it was by the ministry of the word1 not by the sword1 not by the law1 not by abstract speculation1 that man was to learn what these things were for which he so thirsted4 ,modern society and the ,gospel must be reconciled1 and to do this there was no competent authority except the church40 ,bishop ,littlejohn1 when speaking of 8the church10 has in his mind his own body4 ,that society can never accomplish the work he points out2 men know that it has no authority to teach them1 and those who speak in its name speak with divided and inconsistent voices4 ,the church of ,god1 however1 can do this work and is doing it4 ,she has no need 8to vindicate her moral fitness0 or to 8elevate herself to the level whence she has a right to teach and authority to guide40 ,she had all this done for her eighteen hundred years ago1 when her divine charter was given her4 ,and that charter never has been and never will be revoked4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,civilta ,,cattolica ,,on ,,the ,,fortifications ,,of ,,rome4 ,there is no ,european periodical which treats of the great political movements of the day with more complete knowledge and consummate ability and sagacity than the ,civilt ,cattolica1 especially in respect to all that has a bearing on the ,roman question4 ,in the number of ,october #f an article of great interest takes up the topic of the fortifications around ,rome and ,civita ,vecchia which have been ordered by the ,italian government1 and casts some light on the motives which have induced the persons at the head of ,victor ,emanuel's administration to adopt this extraordinary measure4 ,the pretext put forth1 that it is necessary to protect ,rome against armed invasion by the reactionary party of the clericals1 is so ridiculous that it has deceived no one1 but has excited the ridicule even of the ,italian liberals4 ,but one probable and credible reason can be given for an undertaking involving such a great expenditure at a time when the finances of the state are in such a wretched condition4 ,this reason is that the measure has been undertaken by the dictation of ,bismarck1 in virtue of a secret treaty between ,prussia and ,italy1 and in view of a proposed war of the two combined powers against ,france4 ,the ,italian kingdom was set up1 as is well known to all1 by ,napoleon ,,iii4 for the sake of using its alliance and employing its military power to the advantage of the ,french ,empire4 ,the control of this convenient instrument was1 however1 wrested from the unfortunate emperor by his conqueror and destroyer1 ,bismarck1 who has continued to govern not only ,william and his empire1 but ,victor ,emanuel and his kingdom1 to the great and increasing disgust of the majority of ,italians1 including a large portion even of the liberals4 ,the intention of ,bismarck to seize upon the speediest convenient opportunity of making a new invasion of ,france has been too openly manifested to admit of any doubt4 ,the execution of this purpose has been delayed at the instance of ,russia1 in order to leave that power more free and unembarrassed for its great enterprise of destroying the ,ottoman ,empire and taking possession of ,constantinople4 ,in the ,bismarckian scheme the war against the ,papacy and the ,catholic ,church1 against ,france and ,austria1 is all one thing1 with one motive and end--the exaltation of the infidel ,teutonic empire on the ruins of ,latin ,christianity and civilization2 and the possession of ,constantinople by the ,russians as the capital of another great schismatical empire1 dividing with ,prussia the hegemony of the world1 harmonizes with this scheme1 as planned long ago by the two astute and powerful chancellors1 ,gortchakoff and ,bismarck4 ,the papers have been saying of late that ,bismarck1 whose ambitious mind triumphs over the shattered nerves and dropsical body which seem soon about to become the prey of dissolution1 has been lately threatening ,europe with a general war for the coming vernal equinox4 ,this means1 of course1 that he is preparing an equinoctial storm of 8blood and iron0 to mark for ever in history the close of his own career as the beginning of a new ,european epoch4 ,the sagacious writer in the ,civilt considers the order for fortifying ,rome and ,civita ,vecchia as a strong confirmation of the fact of a military alliance between the anti-,christian government of ,italy and the ,bismarckian empire1 and of the probability of an approaching war by the two allied powers against ,france4 ,he prudently abstains from carrying his prognostics any further1 wittily observing that it would be proof of a scanty amount of brains if he were to attempt anything of the kind4 ,we can easily understand that1 for men writing and publishing in ,florence1 a certain caution and reserve are necessary in the open1 explicit expression of the hopes and expectations which they know how to awaken in other minds by a significant silence4 ,nevertheless1 as we happily enjoy more liberty of speech than is conceded to ,italians when they happen to be clericals1 we will run the risk of passing for a man of 8scarso cervello10 and give utterance to a few of the conjectures which sprang up in our own mind upon reading the remarks of our able contemporary4 ,both the ,bismarckian and the ,cavourian political fabrics are in a precarious condition4 ,it is perhaps less desperate to undertake a hazardous enterprise on the chance of success than to remain quiet with the certainty of being swept away by the current of coming events4 ,nevertheless1 the ruin may be hastened1 and even directly brought about1 by the very means which are used to avert the crisis1 if the undertaking is really desperate4 ,perhaps the bte noir which harasses the sleepless nights of the ,prussian1 which the servile ,italian minister threatens upon the people grumbling at their excessive taxation1 which the political apes of ,french radicalism pretend to dread1 may be the nightmare of a prophetic dream4 ,as the unhappy victims of a divine fate in the ,greek tragedies accomplish the direful woes foretold at their birth by the very means used to avert them1 the accomplices in the anti-,christian conspiracy may bring upon themselves the catastrophe they seem to fear--a reactionary movement in which they will be submerged4 ,if ,italy consents to incur the unknown risks of an alliance with ,prussia1 and play the part of a subservient tool to the insane ambition of ,bismarck1 one of the consequences may be that her speedily and falsely constructed unity will be shattered4 ,russia is at present too deeply engaged in her deadly struggle with ,turkey to be either a formidable ally or enemy to any other great power for some time to come1 even if she comes off victorious in the end4 ,in respect to ,russia1 ,austria has now her favorable1 perhaps her last1 opportunity to secure her own stability and equality by a repression of her other antagonist1 ,prussia4 ,an invasion of ,france makes ,austria1 with her army of one million1 the natural ally of ,france4 ,there are urgent motives which might draw ,england into the same coalition4 ,and what is there improbable in the conjecture that one of the great events in such a war would be the occupation of the ,pontifical ,states by the allied troops1 and the restoration of the pontifical sovereignty8 ,if the ,pope recovers his royal capital well fortified1 the advantage of the fortifications will be his1 and make him more secure in future against lawless invasion of banditti4 ,we are not at all certain that a prospective triumph of ,russia bodes so much good to the party of anti-,christian revolution as many suppose4 ,the interest1 the safety even1 of that empire requires of her that she should exert all her power1 and co-operate with every other legitimate power exerted in ,europe1 to put down ,freemasonry and restore the ,christian political order in the civilized world4 ,it is very probable that when the ,european congress meets1 after the present cycle of wars1 to pacificate ,europe and readjust the equilibrium of nations1 neither ,gortchakoff nor ,bismarck will be numbered among living statesmen2 and that the catalogue of disasters by which the enemies of the ,holy ,see are punished will be so far completed for the present century1 as to serve a salutary purpose in warning and instructing the rising and coming statesmen and sovereigns of ,christendom4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,sonnet4 ,there is a castle of most royal state1 ,wherein no warder watches from the walls1 ,nor groom nor squire abides in court or halls3 ,silent are they1 grass-grown and desolate4 ,a thousand steeds a thousand knights await1 ,sleeping1 all harnessed1 in the marble halls ,until the ,appointed ,one upon them calls1 ,winding the horn that hangs beside the gate4 ,then shall the doors fly open1 and the steeds ,neigh1 and the knights leap1 shouting1 to the selle1 ,and they shall follow him and do such deeds ,all men must own him master4 ,but the spell ,who knows not and1 uncalled1 essays the horn1 ,falls at the fated doors and dies forlorn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,irish ,,hedge-,,poets4 ,the music of the ancient ,irish has been preserved because no interpreter was needed to translate its beauties into another tongue4 ,the poetry which accompanied the music has well-nigh perished1 and what remains attracts but little attention4 ,for this there are two reasons3 the students of ,celtic literature have been few1 and of those who have endeavored to translate its poetry into ,english there are but one or two who have succeeded in any fortunate degree in retaining the spirit and beauty of the original4 ,the best as well as earliest collection of ,irish poetry is ,hardiman's ,minstrelsy of ,ireland1 but it is accompanied by feeble and conventional translations4 ,a literal translation of the poetry would make this a most valuable collection for the general reader2 as it stands1 it is only of worth to those who can read the original ,irish4 ,several other collections1 smaller and of less value1 are in existence1 but a real and full collection of ,irish poetry has yet to be made4 ,we are aided in the present article by two small volumes entitled ,munster ,poetry1 collected by ,john ,o',daly1 a well-known ,dublin bookseller and antiquarian1 and translated1 the first series by the unfortunate ,james ,clarence ,mangan1 and the second by ,dr4 ,george ,sigurson4 ,they do not attempt to deal with the general subject1 but only profess to be a collection of popular poetry current in ,munster from eighty to one hundred years ago1 and composed by the last of the ,irish bards who sang in their native tongue1 and were called 8hedge-poets40 ,the race of bards or hedge-poets--whichever title may be preferred--who sang in their native language virtually became extinct at the beginning of the present century4 ,the history of their lives1 as well as most of their poetry1 exists only in tradition1 and1 but for a few incomplete collections1 would soon vanish for ever4 ,it is not too late1 however1 to form some picture of them1 and the value of their poetry is such as to make us deeply regret that no more has been preserved4 ,and1 even without intrinsic merit1 the national poetry of a people is always worth preserving4 ,during the eighteenth century1 as is well known1 the ,celtic ,irish were at a very low stage of political fortune4 ,the entire subjugation of ,ireland1 for the time1 occurred at the battle of ,limerick4 ,the flower of the army of ,sarsfield followed its gallant leader to the plains of ,minden1 and made the reputation of their race as soldiers under the ,french banners4 ,those who remained in ,ireland were crushed into outward subjection4 ,the tyranny of the conquerors1 exasperated by the doubtful and desperate struggle1 placed no bounds to the humiliation which it endeavored to inflict4 ,the penal laws were cruel and barbarous beyond those of any nation on record4 ,all intellectual as well as religious education was denied the ,irish people1 and it was only by stealth that they could gratify their thirst for either4 ,the spirit of the ,celtic population was crushed1 but not degraded4 ,they were conquered1 and were aware that another struggle was hopeless for the present4 ,none the less they preserved all their national feelings4 ,the language of the common people in their daily intercourse was ,irish2 their only pride was in ,irish tradition1 and their only poetry was in the same melodious tongue4 ,this continued long after ,english was the language used for business4 ,it must not be supposed that1 although the ,celtic ,irish were poor and deprived of all religious and political rights1 they were entirely ignorant or uncultivated4 ,the average ,irish peasant of the last century was likely to have more learning than his ,english compeer4 ,the hedge-schoolmaster was abroad in the land1 and the eagerness with which ,irish peasant lads sought for knowledge under difficulties was only second to the fervency of their religious faith under persecution4 ,the education was not of the most valuable or practical cast in all particulars1 but that it was cultivated so earnestly is the highest proof of the undegraded character of the people4 ,the hedge-schoolmasters were more learned in ,latin than in science1 and taught their pupils to scan more assiduously than to add4 ,the traditionary ,irish history1 the exploits of ,con of the ,hundred ,battles1 and the prophecies of ,columbkille were expounded more particularly than the battles of ,wolfe or ,marlborough or the speeches of ,chatham4 ,this was but natural4 ,the ,irish then felt no share in ,english victories or interest in ,english literature4 ,poetry was especially a branch of learning in those days as it has never been since4 ,the hedge-schoolmasters were often poets as well as pedagogues1 and the amount of verse produced of one sort or another was enormous4 ,much of it was naturally worthless1 but among the crowd of poetasters was here and there a poet who had the heart to feel and the tongue to express the woes of his country and the passions of his own heart in the language of nature4 ,the hearts of the people answered them1 and their memories treasured their songs4 ,they were no longer bards entertained in the halls of the great4 ,they were the wandering minstrels of the poor1 but some of them were genuine poets whose power and grace were visible under every disadvantage4 ,in considering the fragments of this poetry three things must be kept in mind3 first1 that it has been preserved mostly by oral tradition2 secondly1 that it is translated from a language whose idiom is especially hard to be rendered into ,english2 and1 thirdly1 that the lyrical form imposes additional difficulties in adequate rendering4 ,by far the larger number of the productions of the hedge-poets are of an allegorical cast4 ,the poet in a vision sees a queenly maiden1 of exquisite beauty and grace1 sitting lonely and weeping on some fairy rath by moonlight1 by the side of some softly-flowing stream1 or by the wall of some ruined castle of ancient splendor4 ,he is at first confounded by her beauty4 ,then he takes courage at her distress1 and asks whether she is ,helen of old who caused ,troy town to burn1 or she that was the love of ,fion1 or ,deirdre1 for whom the sons of ,usnach died4 ,these are the three types of beauty almost invariably used4 ,the lady replies1 in a voice that 8pierces the heart of the listener like a spear10 that she is neither of these three2 she is ,kathleen ni ,ullachan1 or ,grauine ,maol1 ,roisin ,dubh1 the ,little ,black ,rose1 or ,sheela na ,guira1 these being the figurative names for the female personification of ,ireland4 ,she laments to the poet's ear that her heroes brave1 her ,patrick ,sarsfield1 her ,john ,o',dwyer of the ,glens1 are driven across the seas1 and that she is the desolate slave of the ,saxon churls4 ,then she rises into a strain1 half-despairing1 half-exulting1 that the heroes will soon return with help from the hosts of ,france and ,spain2 that the fires of the ,saxon houses shall light every glen1 and the 8sullen tribe of the dreary tongue0 be driven into the sea2 that ,god shall soon be worshipped once more on her desolate altars1 and the kingly hero1 her noble spouse1 her prince of war1 shall once more clasp her to his arms and place three crowns upon her head4 ,this is the outline of almost every one of these patriotic visions1 and it will be seen at once how beautiful was the conception and how capable of exhibiting the highest pathos4 ,the ,irish minstrels had to sing of their country in secret1 for the ear of the conquering race must not hear of their hopes and fears4 ,in this disguise they would give voice to their patriotic passion as to an earthly mistress1 and their country's woes and hopes could be imparted with a double intensity4 ,this personifying the country in the form of a beautiful and desolate woman is not peculiar to ,irish poets1 but seems the form of expression for the passionate patriotism of all oppressed countries4 ,it is common to the ,italian1 the ,polish1 and the ,servian poets4 ,in the description of the beauty of the forlorn maiden one poem bears a great resemblance to another1 and those beauties which are peculiar to ,irish girls are her distinguishing features2 thus1 the long1 flowing tresses1 the coolun1 or head of fair locks1 is often most beautifully painted4 8,her clustering1 loosened tresses ,flowed glossily1 enwreathed with pearls1 ,to veil her breast with kisses ,and sunny rays of golden curls0 --,sheela ni ,cullenan1 by ,wm4 ,lenane4 8,her curling tresses meet ,her small and gentle feet4 ,her golden fleece--the pride of ,greece1 ,might shame those locks to greet40 8,the dew-drops flow down ,her thick curls' golden brown40 --,the ,drooping ,heart1 by ,mac,colter4 8,sunbright is the neck that her golden locks cover40 --,the ,cuilshon4 8,her hair o'er her shoulders was flowing ,in clusters all golden and glowing1 ,luxuriant and thick as in meads are1 the grass-blades ,that the scythe of the mower is mowing40 --,the ,vision of ,conor ,sullivan4 ,from these specimens it may be guessed that either blonde beauty was more common among ,irish maidens than now1 or that its rarity made it doubly prized4 ,it appears to have been as much in demand as in these days1 which have witnessed the grand rage for fair locks at the expense of bleaching-irons and ,pactolian dye4 ,it is only occasionally that some poet dares to express his preference for cean dubh dheelish--the dear black head4 ,the pure brow of wax in fairness and radiance is not forgotten3 8,whose brow is more fair than the silver bright2 ,oh6 'twould shed a ray of beauteous light ,in the darkest glen of mists of the south40 --,the ,melodious ,little ,cuckoo4 ,narrow eyebrows finely arched were a peculiar mark of distinction4 ,for the eyes there is almost a whole new nomenclature of comparison and compliment4 ,the peculiar and most often repeated color is 8green10 which is the uncompromising ,english translation of the delicate ,irish epithet which means 8,the grayest of things blue1 ,the greenest of things gray0 --that shade of the most beautiful and brilliant eyes well known to ,spanish as well as ,irish poets1 and which ,longfellow and ,swinburne have not hesitated to describe by the naked and imperfect ,english adjective4 ,this is the way in which one of these ignorant minstrels expresses what he means1 and renders it with a new grace3 8,i gave you--oh6 ,i gave you--,i gave you my whole love2 ,on the festival of ,mary my poor heart you stole1 love1 ,with your soft green eyes like dew-drops on corn that is springing1 the music of your red lips like sweet starlings singing40 --,fair ,mary ,barry4 ,a beautiful and apt comparison for the sweet1 rosy bloom1 nowhere found in such perfect charm as in ,ireland1 was the apple blossom and the berry4 8,on her cheek the crimson berry ,lay in the lily's bosom wan40 --,sheela ni ,cullenan4 8,the bloom on thy cheek shames the apple's soft blossom40 ,among the finest and most delicate comparisons1 however1 is this3 8,like crimson rays of sunset streaming ,o'er sunny lilies her bright cheeks shone40 ,the fair one's bosom is declared to be like to the breast of the sailing swan1 to the thorn blossoms1 to the snow1 to the summer cloud1 in a variety of beautiful expressions3 8,her bosom's pearly light ,than summer clouds more bright1 ,more pure its glow than falling snow ,or swan of plumage white40 --,beside the ,lee1 by ,michael ,o',longen4 8,her breast has the whiteness ,that thorn-blossoms bore40 ,her hands are pure and white as the snow1 and never without being accomplished in the art of embroidery4 ,there is scarcely a poem in the whole collection in which the skill of the heroine in this particular is not mentioned4 ,she does not play upon the harp4 ,that was a manly profession4 ,embroidery was the fashionable accomplishment for ,irish ladies1 and the maiden who typified ,ireland must be pre-eminent in it4 8,her soft1 queenly fingers ,are skilful as fair1 ,while she gracefully lingers ,o'er broideries rare4 ,the swan and the heath-hen1 ,bird1 blossom1 and leaf1 ,are shaped by this sweet maid ,who left me in grief40 ,the voice was that of the thrush singing farewell to the setting sun1 the cuckoo in the glen1 or the lark high in air4 ,bird-voiced was the universal epithet4 ,the branch of bloom1 the bough of apple-blossoms1 was the whole lovely creature4 ,such were the beauties and accomplishments of the heroines of the hedge-poets1 largely1 doubtless1 derived from the earlier bards1 but often exclusively their own4 ,they were chiefly applied to the ideal figure who represented in her beauty and her sorrow their forlorn country1 but sometimes to the earthly mistress of flesh and blood whose smiles they sought4 ,seldom anything so natural and so delicate is to be found in any national poetry4 ,the false and artificial compliments of ,english amatory poetry1 equally with the overstrained comparisons of ,oriental verse1 seem tasteless and tawdry beside these simple blossoms of nature4 ,they give out health and perfume1 while the ,english love-songs are like wax1 and the gorgeous verse of the ,east is1 like its vegetation1 magnificent but often odorless4 ,those poems which we have described form much the larger portion of the remains of the hedge-poets2 but there are others1 devoted purely to love1 to satire1 and to lamentation4 ,there are some which are a sort of dialogue and courtship in rhyme4 ,the minstrel 8soothers0 the damsel with all the arts of his flattering tongue4 ,he calls her by every sweet name he can think of2 tells how deep is his passion and how renowned he will make her by his verse4 ,the rustic coquette replies with a recapitulation of all his faults and failings1 his poverty1 his fondness for drink1 his disgrace with all his relations1 and his general unfitness for the yoke of matrimony1 and then very often yields to his flattery and goes away with him2 or else she listens to his string of endearments without a word1 and then dismisses him with stinging contempt4 ,sometimes the bard sits down in sorrow1 generally in a tap-room over an empty glass1 and details the charms of the fair one who has wrought his woe2 or sometimes1 though rarely1 it is one of the opposite sex1 who has been driven from home by the curses of her kindred1 and1 sitting by the roadside1 tells her tale of woe or despair4 ,such cases1 however1 are infrequent1 and the general purity of both theme and verse is worthy of all praise4 ,the number of lamentations is much less than would naturally be expected among a people whose vehemence of grief is noted1 and where the keener's extemporaneous mourning reached such a height of impassioned eloquence4 ,from whatever reason1 but few appear to have been preserved4 ,those that are1 however1 are characterized by profound strength and pathos4 ,the keen of ,felix ,mac,carthy for his children is one of the saddest lamentations ever put into verse4 ,it is entirely too long for quotation1 but these two verses1 describing the mother's appearance and grief1 will show something of its genuineness and power3 8,woe is me6 her dreary pall1 ,who royal fondness gave to all1 ,whose heart gave milk and love to each-- ,woe is me6 her #8plaining speech0 8,woe is me6 her hands now weak ,with smiting her white palms so meek4 ,wet her eyes at noon1 and broken ,her true heart with grief unspoken40 ,a lament for ,kilcash1 or rather for its patroness1 is also very powerful4 ,the romantic love-tales are few in comparison with the number among the ,irish street-ballads of to-day4 ,the rich young nobleman who falls in love with the pretty girl milking her cow1 and the fair lady of great estate who picks out her lover from the tall young men in her own service1 make but few appearances4 ,the only ballad of this kind in the collection is not after the usual pattern4 ,the heir to 8land and long towers white0 certainly falls in love with a rustic maiden1 but1 instead of flying with him on his roan steed and becoming mistress of his castle1 she tells him with great prudence that he will find other maidens better suited to his degree3 8,i'm not used at my mother's to sit with hosts1 ,i'm not used at the board to have wines and toasts1 ,i'm not used to dance-halls with music bold1 ,nor to couches a third of them red with gold40 ,and1 in spite of his fervent and eloquent protestations1 she refuses to go with him4 ,such are the themes and characteristics of the last age of ,celtic poetry in ,ireland4 ,if we have failed to show that the minstrels who sang in such poverty and oppression had natural genius of a high order1 we have not accomplished our purpose4 ,we think that true poetry is visible in almost all that remains of their productions4 ,like all sectional and class poets1 they resembled each other very much4 ,the same species of imagery1 the same terms of thought and peculiar epithets1 were common to them as to the ,troubadours1 the ,scandinavian minstrels1 and to all other classes of poets singing to a confined audience and having little or no acquaintance with other forms of poetry4 ,it is through them alone that the voice of the ,irish people of their day can be heard4 ,all other forms of the expression of the oppressed race have perished4 ,in the music and poetry of ,ireland is made manifest1 so that the dullest ear cannot mistake it1 the sorrow of a nation in bondage1 tinging all mirth1 all hope1 and all love with an indefinable cadence of melancholy as plainly as in the real outbursts of lamentation and despairing cries of woe4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,religion ,,on ,,the ,,east ,,coast ,,of ,,africa4 ,the marvellous success of the indomitable ,stanley has attracted the attention of all to ,africa1 that region of mystery1 marvel1 and malaria4 ,the ,catholic would naturally learn something of the work of the church in that continent1 and of the religious condition of its population4 ,but the subject is too vast for anything less than a large volume1 and it will be more profitable to confine our attention to the dominions of the ,sultan of ,zanzibar4 ,this region has a double interest4 ,zanzibar is the starting-point of almost every ,central ,african expedition4 ,thence ,livingstone1 ,speke and ,grant1 ,cameron1 and ,stanley on two occasions1 have struck into the interior and made valuable discoveries4 ,it is also the old centre of the ,east ,african slave-trade1 which1 though it has received a severe check1 is not yet abolished4 ,moreover1 ,zanzibar is a microcosm--a little world in itself4 ,there one meets with the ,arab1 the ,hindoo1 the ,persian1 the ,malagashi1 the ,banian1 the ,goa ,portuguese1 the negro1 and the ,european4 ,the most important portion of the ,sultan of ,zanzibar's territory is the islands of which ,zanzibar is the chief4 ,the name was once applied to the whole coast1 and it is probable that that must have been the meaning of ,marco ,polo when he says 7on hearsay evidence7 that the island of ,zanzibar is two thousand miles round4 ,the term is supposed to signify the 8,land of the ,blacks40 ,the island is in about #f south latitude1 #dh miles long by #ah broad4 ,it is separated from the mainland by a strait only #bj miles in breadth4 ,as one approaches ,zanzibar from the north the coast appears bare1 rocky1 and surrounded by low cliffs4 ,here dwell some wild people1 almost completely cut off from the more civilized portion of the inhabitants1 and following debasing and degrading superstitions4 ,but as we sail southwards1 between the island and the main1 the shore becomes low and flat1 the beach covered with sand of silvery whiteness1 and the whole backed by rising ground not more than #cjj feet high1 on which grow in rich abundance cocoanut and other feathery-leaved palms4 ,soft breezes1 laden with sweet odors from the groves of spice-trees1 blow from the shore4 ,the island is rich in fruits2 mangos1 oranges1 limes1 pummalos or shaddock1 pineapples1 jack-fruit1 guavas1 bananas1 and cashew abound4 ,but about four years ago a hurricane visited ,zanzibar for the first time2 almost all the dhows in the harbor were wrecked1 many lives were lost1 and the greater part of the trees were destroyed4 ,on one estate known to the writer only four per cent4 of the trees remained standing1 and the ground1 strewn with palms1 was a lamentable sight4 ,at the entrance of ,zanzibar harbor are several beautiful islands of emerald green4 ,one of these1 called ,french ,island1 is used as a burial-place for ,europeans1 and many wooden crosses and boards mark the last resting-place of seamen of the ,british navy1 cut down by the fever which is so fatal on this coast4 ,the heat is not excessive1 seldom rising to #ij1 but there is a feeling of depression in the atmosphere1 and a short residence in this climate serves to take the energy out of most people4 ,now we arrive at the city of ,zanzibar1 the most important place in ,east ,africa4 ,its name1 in the native language1 is ,unguja4 ,for miles before reaching the city we have seen large white1 square buildings close to the shore--the country residences of wealthy ,arabs4 ,the appearance is very pleasing1 and so is that of the city from the sea1 as similar houses stand near it4 ,these are the ,english1 ,french1 ,american1 and ,german consulates1 over which wave the flags of their respective nations2 also the sultan's palace1 the custom-house1 and residences of rich ,arabs and ,hindoos4 ,they are built of coral covered with the whitest plaster1 only relieved by regular rows of windows1 the brightness reflected from these houses being almost blinding4 ,but on entering the town you cease to wonder at the bad name it has earned4 ,with scarcely an exception ,zanzibar is a heap of rubbish2 the narrow lanes1 or paths which do duty for streets1 are surrounded by low hovels formed of earth plastered over wooden frames1 roofed with palm-leaves1 and possessing no means of ventilation but the doorway1 the interior being consequently dark1 stifling1 and filthy4 ,many buildings have been allowed to go to utter ruin1 and the very mosques are hardly presentable4 ,but the bazaars form the sight of the city4 ,they are1 perhaps1 a little wider than the other thoroughfares1 and the fronts of the houses are occupied by small stalls1 on which are piled articles the most incongruous--soap1 fish1 plantains1 cotton goods1 medicine1 oil1 etc4 ,in the midst is seated1 cross-legged1 a fat old ,banian1 stripped to the waist1 with his naked foot in a basket of grain1 or a pretty dark-eyed girl with a ring in her nose4 ,the market produce of all kinds is heaped on the ground without any attempt at order1 and1 as every one present is screaming at the top of his voice in his own language1 the ,babel of tongues is complete4 ,the government is in the hands of the ,arabs4 ,this people have from time immemorial had trading-stations on the coast1 but ,vasco da ,gama doubled the ,cape of ,good ,hope in #adii1 and the ,portuguese soon superseded the ,arabs and held the coast for a couple of hundred years1 when the ,arabs succeeded in dislodging them1 and they are now confined to ,mozambique and ,quilimane1 at the mouth of the ,zambesi4 ,remains of ,portuguese forts are scattered up and down the shores of the mainland1 and the writer assisted once in whitewashing ,vasco da ,gama's column at ,melinda1 which makes an excellent harbor mark4 ,near the fort at ,zanzibar numerous ,portuguese cannon1 cast in a ,european arsenal in the present century1 lie on the ground1 a proud trophy for the ,arabs and a humiliating spectacle for ,europeans4 ,fifty years ago ,sayid ,said1 the ,imaum of ,muscat1 visited ,zanzibar and fixed his residence there4 ,at his death one of his sons succeeded to his ,african and another to his ,arabian possessions1 the former paying an annual tax of forty thousand dollars to the ,imaum4 ,sayid ,barghash1 the present sultan1 succeeded his brother ,sayid ,majid seven years ago4 ,he had previously been exiled to ,bombay at the instance of the ,english1 whose protg ,majid was4 ,his policy has been one of economy and retrenchment4 ,though the government may be called an absolute monarchy1 yet it answers rather to the old feudal constitutions of ,europe in the middle ages1 the sultan being checked by members of his own and other powerful families4 ,the ,arab statute-book is the ,koran interpreted by what may be called the priesthood4 ,but witchcraft is a great power1 not only with the heathen but also with ,mahometans1 in ,africa1 and1 after consulting his sheiks and sherifs1 the sultan often has recourse to the heathen ,mganga4 ,one is reminded of the ,witch of ,endor1 ,pharao's magicians1 and many of the old superstitions which we find recorded in the ancient ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,the population of the city may be one hundred thousand1 and that of the remainder of the island rather more2 but one cannot decide this with any accuracy1 as it is against ,moslem principles to take a census4 ,who are they to count the favors of ,god8 ,of the mongrel population of ,zanzibar the ,arab is the dominant race1 though there are few1 if any1 pure ,arabs--sometimes that name being applied to a man as black as a negro4 ,but the better class of them are fine1 handsome men1 splendidly dressed1 and very dignified and self-possessed4 ,they are ignorant1 however1 bigoted1 supercilious1 and licentious4 ,they are also very indolent and have few redeeming features4 ,lower classes of ,arabs there are1 who are soldiers1 sailors1 traders1 and so on1 and from them are drawn the villains who carry on the iniquitous slave-traffic4 ,there are about seven thousand ,british subjects--,banians and other ,indian peoples4 ,the commerce of the ,east ,african coast is chiefly in their hands1 and they are the bankers and represent the moneyed interest4 ,those owning slaves are in danger of losing them1 if the ,british consul discover the fact2 but it is hardly possible for them not to trade in slaves1 as they are always sold with landed properties1 and without them labor could hardly be obtained4 ,most of the army1 which numbers nine hundred1 is composed of ,belooches1 who are a motley set of rascals1 brutal1 lazy1 and cowardly4 ,but somehow they contrive to live1 and arm themselves too1 on three dollars a month1 and seem to be pretty prosperous4 ,the artillerymen are ,persians--tall1 handsome men with black moustaches1 high black sheepskin caps1 green tunics1 and loose trowsers4 ,but their battery1 which is full of small brass and iron guns overlooking the sea1 is a poor affair1 ridiculous from a military point of view1 and better adapted for firing salutes than for purposes of warfare4 ,there are about two thousand men from the ,comoro ,islands1 but no one seems to have anything good to say of them4 ,the mass of the population is composed of blacks from the east coast4 ,these are almost entirely slaves1 and are made to work for the support of the lazy ,arabs4 ,a person acquainted with the country easily distinguishes members of the different tribes from each other2 they may be known by the tribe marks--mostly punctures in the forehead--and by their general appearance4 ,the slaves are capable of much endurance2 the writer once paid thirty or forty slave women eight cents each for a day's work1 which consisted of walking thirty miles1 carrying weights on their heads half the way4 ,they did not seem at all exhausted after this arduous task4 ,great cruelties are perpetrated in the capture of the slaves and in conveying them to ,zanzibar1 but1 as a rule1 they are treated fairly enough when once they are received into a family1 being allowed one day a week to work for themselves1 besides other extra time4 ,there are only sixty or seventy white people--,american1 ,english1 ,scotch1 ,french1 and ,german--but without them the commerce of the place would collapse4 ,the chief exports are spices1 ivory1 ebony1 cocoanuts1 and gum-copal4 ,the imports are cotton fabrics1 pocket-handkerchiefs of bright colors1 crockery1 etc4 ,the climate of ,zanzibar is healthier than that of the mainland1 though it is quite bad enough2 the wonder is that any one can live there4 ,the city lies very low1 almost surrounded by a shallow lagoon1 over which the water flows at every tide1 leaving a deposit of reeking filth4 ,no attempt at drainage has been made2 sanitary reform is totally unknown2 and the smell of the beach caused ,livingstone to suggest that the name should be changed to ,stinkibar4 ,the year before the great hurricane there was a cholera epidemic which is supposed to have killed ten thousand people4 ,strangely enough1 the ,europeans1 who mostly suffer much from fevers1 were totally exempt1 and the natives got the notion that the devil1 who gave them the cholera1 was afraid to attack the redoubtable ,myungoo2 so they sometimes whitewashed a man who showed symptoms of the disease1 to cheat the devil1 but the devil refused to be cheated so easily4 ,the physical is far superior1 however1 to the moral condition of ,zanzibar2 in fact1 the place is a ,sodom where morality is unknown4 ,to arrive at an idea of the religious condition of the peoples it is necessary to consider each race separately1 and try to understand their habits and modes of thought4 ,first let us take the negro--the most numerous class4 ,even so we shall be generalizing for the different tribes and nations of the interior1 as distinct from each other and the races of ,europe4 ,the writer has had considerable opportunities of judging of the black man1 having served in a ,british man-of-war engaged in the suppression of the slave-trade1 and having for some time been in charge of an establishment of liberated slaves--mostly boys4 ,the negro character is a strange series of contradictions1 and it takes some time to understand him4 ,he is profoundly conscious of his inferiority4 ,an ,english officer adopted a little slave boy taken from a dhow1 and we taught him a few elements of religion1 which he eagerly grasped4 ,amongst others he was much struck by the idea of a future state4 ,one day he was being chaffed3 8,ah6 you nigger--thick lips--flat nose10 when he replied3 8,if ,i'm a good nigger1 after ,i die ,i shall get up again1 not black then1 but white as you are40 ,it was a long time1 though1 before he could believe that a negro could rise again1 though it did not seem unreasonable to him for an ,arab or white man to rise4 ,passing with this same boy1 ,mumbo1 through a graveyard at ,zanzibar1 he pointed to a grave4 8,who's there80 he said4 8,arab man10 ,i answered1 recognizing it to be so from the concrete with which the grave was covered4 8,he get up again80 8,yes10 ,i replied1 after which the boy was thoughtful and silent for a while4 8,who's buried there80 he repeated1 pointing to a grave marked by a wooden cross4 8,a ,msungu0 7white man71 ,i answered4 8,he get up again80 8,yes40 ,another pause4 8,and who's there80 the boy again asked1 pointing to a mean grave unmarked by cross or stone4 8,a nigger man10 said ,i4 8,he get up again80 ,but on replying in the affirmative he would not believe it1 and continued obstinately sceptical for some time4 ,selfishness seems to be the most prominent feature of the negro character4 ,civilized people mask the repulsive feeling1 but not so the black4 ,everything is for himself and his own present sensual gratification4 ,they have not a particle of gratitude1 and if you show them kindness or give them a present it is considered a sign of weakness1 and their contempt for their benefactor is apparent4 ,there is no word expressive of thanks in the ,swahili language1 though the 8,santa0 of the ,arab1 accompanied by a bow1 the right hand placed on the heart1 is most graceful and pleasing4 ,on taking charge of the boys' house1 in the benevolence of my heart ,i invested in numbers of stalks of bananas--a large one can be obtained for eight cents--and distributed them4 ,but no word of thanks was heard1 and the boys began to consider fruit as a right1 and to grumble if it were not forthcoming2 so ,i grew rather disgusted and discontinued scattering largesse amidst such a graceless set4 ,neither do they show much affection4 ,this1 perhaps1 is hardly to be wondered at1 as the slave-traffic1 which has existed from time immemorial1 must1 by constantly separating families1 have weakened and almost destroyed all ties of kindred4 ,a gentleman well acquainted with the people told me that the only known affection amongst them was that between a son and his mother4 ,several slave boys whom we had liberated and kept on board the ship1 on our leaving the coast were wisely sent on shore to the mission1 only the one of whom ,i have previously spoken remaining4 ,he wept piteously and sobbed himself to sleep4 ,we were touched1 and fancied that1 after all1 we had formed too low an estimate of the negro1 till on waking he appeared to have completely forgotten his friends1 and never spoke of them again4 ,it then appeared that his grief had been purely selfish2 for1 as he phrased it1 he would have no one 8to skylark with40 8,what will you give me80 is the view a negro takes of his neighbor1 and in this the ,ki-,swahili1 and even the ,arab1 very much resemble him4 ,one's ear soon grows familiar with the cry of 8,lata paca0--8,bring pice0--pice being little ,indian copper coins which form the currency at ,zanzibar4 ,this question is asked you in the streets or country roads1 not merely by the poor1 but even by well-to-do people4 ,i was one day walking home from a feast to which ,i had been invited by the proprietor of a sugar plantation--a ,swahili man4 ,these people are mulattoes1 partly ,arab1 but mostly negro4 ,they are ,mahometans and call themselves ,arabs4 ,we had been hospitably fted1 and ,i was accompanied by a brother of my host1 a nice-looking young fellow1 upright as a dart--as they all are--and dressed in the graceful long white linen robe which they always wear4 ,he was proceeding to his home1 a well-built stone house1 but before leaving me ,i was astonished at his asking in ,swahili for a few pice6 ,doubting my ears1 ,i asked a boy who understood ,english what he had said1 and he told me that ,i had not mistaken his meaning2 so ,i gave him two or three coppers1 and he went away well pleased4 ,negroes are very improvident1 like most savage races4 ,they take no thought for the morrow--not from faith1 but from utter recklessness4 ,they are also fond of desertion for the mere sake of change4 ,slaves sometimes leave their masters and hire themselves out for a year or two to some one else1 returning afterwards as if nothing had happened1 and receiving no punishment1 the master fearing that he might revenge himself on him or desert again1 and also arguing that it is his nature and that no better can be expected of him4 ,i was once on a shooting party in the ,kingani ,river1 and placing one of the boats in charge of a quartermaster1 left with him a ,seedee boy1 or black seaman1 to clean the jaws of a hippopotamus that ,i had shot on the previous day4 ,i went up the river in the other boat with the remaining seamen for a day's shooting1 and on my return in the evening was informed that the black had decamped1 and we never saw any more of him4 ,in the ship he was receiving about four times as much pay as he could possibly earn elsewhere1 and1 in addition to this1 he left clothes and money behind4 ,yet we afterwards learnt that before leaving the vessel he had told his friends of his intention to run4 ,the negro is1 in ,africa as elsewhere1 exceedingly indolent1 and1 nature having provided him with abundance of the necessaries of life1 he indulges his laziness to the full when he possibly can--that is1 in his native country or at ,zanzibar1 if he can manage to possess a few slaves to work for him4 ,he is also obstinate and headstrong4 ,going on shore on the beautiful island of ,pemba1 north of ,zanzibar1 to trade for provisions1 they were uniformly refused us1 whatever price we offered4 ,yet next day the natives brought the things to the ship1 some miles from the shore1 and offered them for sale4 ,a little bit of a boy was so obstinate that he would not obey orders unless he chose1 even if thrashed with a rhinoceros-hide whip2 neither did he flinch nor utter a cry under punishment4 ,but when he left the ship1 where he had been petted by the sailors1 being sent to the ,french ,mission1 he was so disgusted that the first thing he did was to roll on the beach and completely destroy his new clothes1 and the missionaries were compelled to restore him his old sailor costume4 ,still he sulked1 and when ,i left they had not managed to get him to speak4 ,negroes are subject to sudden fits of fury almost amounting to madness1 and then they cry1 shout1 vociferate1 and argue in the most ridiculous manner4 ,they love to eat and are very greedy1 but are still more fond of drinking1 and in their own country begin the day by copious potations of beer4 ,however1 at ,zanzibar drunkenness would be punished by imprisonment2 and that is no trifle1 the prisoners being placed in a yard enclosed by four walls1 and receiving no food1 unless they have a friend to bring them some4 ,they are also exceedingly depraved1 and1 when brought into contact with the semi-civilization of the coast1 they become1 if anything1 worse than before4 ,a stranger is astonished at the cool manner in which they enter a strange house1 if they see the door open4 ,they place their spear in a corner1 set themselves in the best place1 and talk till they are tired 7they are especially fond of hearing themselves talk71 when they rise and leave4 ,it is no good trying to exclude them2 their curiosity must be satisfied1 and they insist on seeing and learning about everything--examining and handling your clothes and asking the value of each article4 ,negroes have the redeeming feature of being mostly good-tempered and pleased by a very little4 ,they delight in a joke1 yet their wit is of the most elementary character4 ,they are exceedingly fond of music2 neither does its unvaried monotony pall on them4 ,i once passed an old man amusing himself by drumming with two sticks on a plank2 returning after some hours1 ,i found him continuing the performance1 which he had evidently kept up all the time4 ,you will see them on a moonlight night1 or even in the daytime1 dancing and flinging their limbs about in the most ridiculous and ungraceful manner to the tune of tomtoms and fifes2 yet they keep perfect time4 ,a circle is formed1 and a performer waltzes rapidly around the inner space1 looking up to the sky1 till she becomes giddy and falls into the arms of her friends4 ,whatever work they are engaged in1 these people always sing1 and in the streets you constantly hear the chant of porters1 who carry tusks of ivory or bales of goods slung between two of them on a pole which rests on their shoulders4 ,the ,east ,african negro has been completely debased by centuries of oppression and slavery4 8,all the good qualities appear crushed out of the ,african race10 said an experienced missionary at ,zanzibar to me4 ,their religion is the same as that of the natives of the west coast--fetichism4 ,i believe this word is derived from the ,portuguese feitio1 a doing--that is1 of magic4 ,nature has colored the black man's thoughts1 but not with the sublime and beautiful4 ,he sees nothing in nature but the terrible1 vast1 threatening1 and hostile4 ,the dense jungle with huge trees1 concealing poisonous snakes1 fierce lions1 and spotted leopards2 the fever-breeding swamp2 the devastating cyclone--these have produced a feeling of dread1 helplessness1 and terror on his debased mind4 ,he has but a very vague1 unformed idea of a ,supreme ,being1 and does not at all conceive of the spiritual and eternal side of man4 ,to him death is destruction4 ,yet he believes that the ghost of the departed person remains1 and he always imagines it to be harmful and hostile4 ,in fact1 he is for ever in terror of ghosts and witchcraft1 and his religion consists in the propitiation of natural objects4 ,the ,african's creed may be reduced to two articles3 the first demonology1 or the existence of spectres of the dead2 the second witchcraft1 or black magic4 ,their native superstitions the slaves carry with them to ,zanzibar or wherever they are taken1 and so deeply rooted are these beliefs in their minds that ,i have often been surprised to hear negroes who have been ,protestant ,christians for years1 and daily attending public ,christian worship1 speak of witchcraft in ordinary conversation as much as a matter of course as they would of any every-day occurrence4 ,for instance1 missing some pice from my drawers1 ,i asked my servant to find out who had taken them4 ,he replied that he could not do so1 but that a man had been there years ago who 8made plenty witchcraft02 he would have told me1 but now he was gone4 ,some very good ,christian boys1 as ,i was walking with them one day1 suddenly dropped their voices and told me that it was a 8plenty bad place40 ,i imagined that fever or ague was intended1 as it was low1 marshy ground2 but no such thing4 ,they had once witnessed some 8witchcraft0 or other there4 ,there are ,mganga--wizards and witches--who are partly impostors and partly dupes of their own imagination4 ,to these people the negroes have recourse in any calamity or sickness4 ,their office is to transfer the evil from which they suffer to some one else4 ,of course payment is the preliminary--no pay1 no work4 ,and an ,african must have present payment2 he attaches no value to promises of future reward1 though ever so near4 ,these ,mganga endeavor to entice ghosts from possessed persons and transfer them to some inanimate object1 striving to effect it by music1 dancing1 and drinking4 ,thus1 they nail pieces of cloth to trees to coax the devils into them4 ,epileptic fits are very common1 and it is not astonishing that they should regard them as the effect of seizure by some external agent4 ,on the mainland they attempt to discover the workers of magic by most cruel ordeals4 ,there are also rain-makers4 ,it does not require an exceptionally weatherwise person to infer what the weather will be in a country of regular monsoons and seasons2 still1 they sometimes make a mistake1 and then the false prophets have to escape as best they can4 ,the ,arabs have the utmost contempt for the negroes1 and1 so far from trying to convert them1 purposely leave them to perdition2 if they made them ,mahometans they would be their equals1 and this they do not at all desire4 ,such is the character and religious belief of these unhappy people4 ,we will see later on what the church can do for them1 but in this inquiry one important subject must be considered--that is1 the slave-trade4 ,slavery on the ,white ,nile is admirably described by ,sir ,samuel ,baker in his ,nile ,basin1 and it is much the same on the east coast4 ,the petty native chieftains are constantly at war with each other1 the object being plunder4 ,they try to surprise a neighboring village at night1 fire it1 and surround it with armed men4 ,as the luckless inhabitants rush out to escape from the flames1 their enemies shoot down the men and seize the women and children for slaves1 carrying off the cattle4 ,sometimes a thieving ,arab slaving party joins one chief who has a grudge against a neighboring village1 assisting him to destroy it in the manner just described and sharing the plunder4 ,the ,arabs then manage to quarrel with their allies1 and so obtain their goods also4 ,as long as this state of things exists mission work in the interior will be impossible4 ,the ,protestant ,english mission1 under ,bishop ,mackenzie1 some years ago established itself in the interior near the ,zambesi1 and gathered together some hundreds of natives whose improvement they hoped gradually to effect4 ,but a powerful tribe attacking the one amongst which they dwelt1 they had to perform the uncongenial task of driving off the invaders with their rifles4 ,their friends were saved for the time1 but many of the missionaries had died from fever1 and the small remainder was obliged to retire4 ,shortly after this the tribe with which they had been was swept away and destroyed4 ,the slave-trade naturally prevents all progress and the increase of population4 ,it also weakens all family ties1 parents killing their offspring if they are in want4 ,great cruelties are practised1 not only in the capture of slaves1 but in their transit to the place of destination4 ,the ,arabs are very improvident1 and sometimes1 having failed to provide sufficient food for their caravan1 they leave some of the slaves in the desert to starve1 not even removing the yokes by which they are fastened together4 ,i was told of a woman who was carrying a bale of cloth1 and on the journey gave birth to a child4 ,she could not carry both the baby and the goods2 the latter were the more valuable1 so the infant was brained against the nearest tree and left on the ground4 ,about four years ago a treaty was signed between the ,sultan of ,zanzibar and the ,british government1 by which the importation of slaves was prohibited1 but the ,arabs were permitted to retain the slaves they already possessed4 ,strong pressure had to be brought to bear on the ,arabs to compel them to sign this treaty2 but even now a considerable traffic is carried on by the east coast with ,arabia1 ,pemba1 and ,madagascar4 ,the negroes are crowded into the slave-dhows1 and their sufferings from hunger and filth must be extreme on a voyage4 ,many die and are thrown overboard1 and the remainder land in a miserably reduced condition4 ,but the household slaves are treated kindly and well fed2 this the owner finds politic1 or the slave might desert4 ,they are addressed as 8,ndugu-yango0--8,my brother0--and considered part of the family4 ,there are two sorts of slaves in the islands--the ,muwallid1 or domestic1 born in slavery1 and the wild imported slave4 ,the former class are much better treated than the others4 ,even young captured slaves are not so tractable as they1 but the older ones are very obstinate and contrary and given to thieving and disorder4 ,sometimes in revenge they attempt the life of their master or try to get him into serious trouble1 yet they are seldom punished for it1 any more than with us a vicious animal would be4 ,they are slaves1 and it is their nature1 and they themselves give this as their excuse when convicted of the most abominable crimes4 ,but slaves often rise to a very important position2 and as ,abraham sent his servant to ,mesopotamia to negotiate his son's marriage1 so slaves are entrusted by their masters with the command of trading caravans to the interior1 they preferring to remain comfortably at home4 ,free negroes have been known to sell themselves for slaves1 and1 when asked about it1 to reply3 8,what can a dog do without a master80 ,also1 slaves often own slaves of their own4 ,the pilot of ,zanzibar1 an official of some importance called ,buckett1 was a slave1 and1 when seen habited in a naval officer's old coat and a handsome turban on his head1 he appeared a person of much distinction4 ,it is difficult to see how slavery can be kept up at ,zanzibar1 now that importation is forbidden2 for the annual loss from death and desertion is thirty per cent41 and the average annual importation a few years ago was estimated at thirteen thousand4 ,slavery1 as it has been there1 is an abominable institution and a complete bar to improvement4 ,though the negro is so ignorant1 superstitious1 and debased1 yet it has been abundantly shown that he is capable of improvement4 ,i once visited the well-ordered estate of ,kokotoni1 in the north of ,zanzibar ,island1 the property of ,capt4 ,fraser4 ,i found it in charge of an intelligent ,scotchman1 who said that they had about five hundred laborers resident on the plantation--half men and half women4 ,they required them all to marry1 gave them cottages1 provision1 grounds1 and two dollars and a half each per month1 and they were an orderly and well-conducted people4 ,the overseer had taught them different trades--as that of wheelwright1 necessary for the work of the estate--and1 though they sometimes deserted in true negro fashion1 yet the truants were sure to return again4 ,at ,zanzibar and ,bagomoyo1 twenty-five miles off on the mainland1 at the mouth of the ,kingani ,river1 the ,socit du ,saint-,esprit1 the parent house of which is in ,paris1 have most flourishing establishments4 ,the town house is in the centre of ,zanzibar1 its corrugated iron roof1 towering above the neighboring buildings1 being a conspicuous object4 ,on entering you will be greeted in good ,french by very civil negro boys dressed in blue blouse and trowsers and wearing a black glazed hat4 ,they will conduct you to a spacious sitting-room decorated with pictures of religious subjects1 and before long the superior1 ,pre ,etienne1 appears4 ,he is a tall1 slight man1 and has not lost the cavalry swagger which he acquired as captain in a ,lancers regiment1 and which forms a strange contrast to his black soutane4 ,he is a most affable and agreeable priest1 and conducts one round the interesting establishment4 ,there is a beautiful little chapel on the first floor1 and when ,i was last in it the walls were being stencilled4 ,in the workshops trades are taught to the boys by the lay brethren1 such as working in metals1 carpentering1 and boat-building4 ,the pupils belong to the mission1 they having been either handed over to it by the ,british consul from captured slave-dhows1 or purchased by the mission in the slave-market in the old times before slavery was abolished4 ,at ,bagomoyo there is a still larger establishment under the care of ,pre ,horner1 where about ten clergy and the same number of sisters have charge of an agricultural colony on which are several hundred ,christian negroes4 ,at first the mission did not mean to ,christianize the natives1 thinking that they were so degraded that it would take several generations to raise them to that point2 but they found them capable of more than was originally expected4 ,the mission establishment is half a mile from the town of ,bagomoyo1 which contains about five thousand people1 but it has the appearance of a small town itself4 ,the grounds are laid out in a most orderly manner2 it is a pleasure to walk along the straight1 well-kept paths between fields of maize1 millet1 and sweet potatoes4 ,the captain of the ship in which ,i served was one day up the ,kingani ,river in his boat1 accompanied by a young ,alsatian lay brother from the mission4 ,shooting a hippopotamus cow1 the calf1 only a week or two old1 would not leave the mother's carcase1 and the captain1 who had to return to his ship1 giving money to the brother1 advised him to obtain assistance and catch the little animal1 which he presented to the mission4 ,a few months after1 as we were visiting the good fathers1 the lay brother took us to a large tank surrounded with a fence1 which they had formed for the accommodation of the hippopotamus4 ,standing at the gate1 the brother called the animal by name1 and it came snorting out of the water1 ran up to its master1 looking up into his face1 and followed us about the garden and into the house like a dog4 ,here he was fed from a bottle with flour and milk4 ,he was taken to the ,zological ,gardens at ,berlin shortly afterwards1 and must have sold for at least six thousand dollars4 ,hippopotami are inimical to the crops of rice which grow near the rivers1 as they come on shore in the night and devour enormous quantities of the young tender shoots1 so that the fields have to be carefully watched4 ,but more dangerous animals are found on the coast1 and ,pre ,horner told us a story of a huge lion which had carried off several of their cattle4 ,they constructed a trap of a deserted hut1 into which they enticed the animal1 which1 finding himself imprisoned1 aroused all the establishment from their midnight slumbers by his roarings4 ,he was shot by one of the brethren4 ,the fathers give their guests a good dinner of many courses in true ,french style1 but one should not conclude1 as does ,stanley in his ,how ,i ,found ,livingstone1 that champagne is their ordinary beverage4 ,on the contrary1 when ,i was there they could offer us nothing but a little white rum which had been sent them from our ship1 and the champagne with which they welcomed ,mr4 ,stanley was some of a small present which they had received4 ,their mode of work is undoubtedly the true one3 to get a certain number of negroes1 isolate them as much as possible from the licentious society of their heathen brethren1 and hope of them to form the nucleus of a future ,christian population4 ,the ,church of ,england has a mission at ,zanzibar1 and has also some settlements on the mainland2 and as ,i had several friends there1 ,i know something about it from personal observation1 and regret that its members are not ,catholics1 for a more devoted set of workers it would be hard to find4 ,they have a house on a shamba1 or estate1 two miles from the town1 in which there are a number of liberated slave boys1 who are instructed in reading1 writing1 and arithmetic1 and are taught such trades as carpentering and field labor4 ,dr4 ,steere1 the third bishop of this mission1 which was set on foot by the ,english universities of ,oxford and ,cambridge at the instance of ,livingstone1 is a linguist1 being the authority on ,swahili1 the language commonly spoken at ,zanzibar and on the coast4 ,he has written a ,swahili grammar1 and translated into the language great parts of the ,bible1 prayers1 hymns1 and school-books1 and these are excellently printed in the mission press by some of the pupils1 a few of whom he took to ,england to perfect themselves in the trade at a large ,london printing establishment4 ,all the printing done in ,zanzibar is their work4 ,they have a beautiful chapel1 where there are daily morning and evening services1 and these are attended by all the establishment2 and ,i am told that many of the boys show great devotion1 kneeling for a quarter of an hour together in the chapel4 ,i am inclined to fear1 though1 that the ,african ,anglican's notion of religion is something which will propitiate an angry1 hostile power--in fact1 a relic of demonology4 8,our ,father0 has no meaning to one who had perhaps been sold to an ,arab by his parent for a bowl of rice4 ,two miles beyond the ,english mission's boys' house is a similar establishment for girls under the charge of women4 ,the girls look fatter and healthier than the boys1 a large proportion of whom are affected by the terrible skin diseases so prevalent amongst the blacks4 ,the mission had a devoted young clergyman there some years ago1 who1 being possessed of large means and wealthy friends1 purchased the old slave market in ,zanzibar1 on which a handsome stone church with groined roof1 and different school buildings1 were erected4 ,but he sacrificed his life1 as most of the workers of this mission have done1 by his zeal1 and fell a victim to fever2 his funeral was attended by parties from the ,english men-of-war in the harbor1 and by some of the ,catholic missionaries1 and many of the ,european residents who wished to pay a last tribute of respect to the memory of a brave and devoted1 if mistaken1 man4 ,he once told me that some of his pupils asked him a very pertinent question3 ,why1 if the ,christian religion was one1 the ,french and ,english missions were not united8 ,he evaded it by replying that they taught in ,english1 but the others in ,french6 ,when his death was announced in ,england a young clergyman1 who had formerly worked in the same mission1 was preaching for it in an ,english church and exhorting his hearers to give money and1 if possible1 their personal services to the cause4 ,he was astonished afterwards at a young woman presenting herself and offering herself for the work4 ,neither pictures of fever1 discomfort1 nor death could deter her from going to ,zanzibar1 as ,i believe she afterwards did4 ,bishop ,steere used to give a weekly address in the native language in the city of ,zanzibar to any who chose to attend1 and ,i have heard that the rich ,arabs used to flock to it in crowds1 coming to the bishop's house afterwards to discuss the different ,christian doctrines of which they had heard4 ,but if any ,arab became a ,christian he would probably be assassinated by his comrades1 so great is their bigotry4 ,singularly1 the part of the ,bible which has most interest for an ,arab is the genealogies2 for1 as is well known1 they are most careful in preserving such records1 even of their very horses4 ,the ,mahometan residents at ,zanzibar and on the coast1 both ,arab and ,ki-,swahili1 go to school at seven years of age1 and in two or three years learn to write1 and read the ,koran4 ,they are also taught a few prayers and hymns and some ,arab proverbs1 and this completes their education4 ,in two points a good ,moslem puts ordinary ,christians to shame--in prayer and temperance4 ,in the ,east one often sees even the poorest people prostrating themselves towards ,mecca on their praying-mat1 and repeating the accustomed prayers at the stated hours1 which occur five times a day4 ,i have seen a naked black laborer praying in a coal-lighter during an interval of work4 ,one is reminded of the quaint old ,belgian cities1 where it is common to see female figures1 in their long black cloaks1 kneeling before a crucifix in some open space4 ,temperance the ,arab rigidly observes2 and how can one expect them to become ,christians when they daily witness the drunkenness of white seamen8 ,in fact1 this objection has been urged upon me by natives1 and the answer which one makes1 that our religion does not permit drunkenness1 is not satisfactory to them4 8,if we got drunk10 they say1 8our sultan would put us in prison40 ,strict ,mahometans are very ,pharisaical4 ,we once had great trouble with a ,mahometan priest or schoolmaster who visited our ship4 ,he refused the coffee which we offered him because it was made by a ,christian1 and would only condescend to drink some lime-juice out of a glass which we assured him had never been used1 and even this beverage had to be prepared by his own servant4 ,some ,arab gentlemen who accompanied him and dined with us1 being prevented from eating anything that we had cooked1 could get nothing but oranges4 ,the ,hindis are a sect of ,mahometans who are not recognized by the ,arabs1 but the exact nature of their differences ,i have not been able to learn4 ,neither could ,i arrive at the religion of the ,banians4 ,their mortality at ,zanzibar is very great1 and you may daily see processions of ,banian men going to the beach beyond the town1 where they raise a funeral pyre of wood1 on which their deceased friend is consumed1 the remains being washed away by the rising tide4 ,on the coast the people are much the same as those who inhabit the island of ,zanzibar4 ,there are the lazy1 cowardly ,belooch soldiers and their families1 and these swashbucklers are thoroughly despised and hated4 ,the towns are ruled by headmen1 who are subject to the ,sultan of ,zanzibar1 but who enrich themselves by extortion4 ,the ,washenzi are day-laborers1 and are barbarians from the interior4 ,banians are always found prospering in trade4 ,the ,ki-,swahili--which means people of the coast1 degenerate ,arabs--are ignorant and vicious4 ,they have a great fear and hatred of the white man1 particularly of the ,english1 whom they called ,beni ,nar--,sons of ,fire4 ,they think that1 if once the white man's foot has been placed on the land1 he is sure to obtain possession of it in the end2 and in this they are not far mistaken4 ,the ,wamrina are a coast clan even more debased and vicious than the latter people1 and they appear to have little reason4 ,they are cowardly and cautious1 but very cunning1 and1 as most of the inhabitants in those parts1 lie habitually1 even when there is no object to be gained thereby4 ,there are a number of small towns on the coast from ,magadoxo1 a little north of the equator1 to ,kilwa1 the great slave-mart in the south4 ,the chief ones are ,brava1 ,lamu1 ,marka1 ,melinda1 and ,mombas4 ,at both of the latter are ,portuguese remains1 and at ,mombas is a ,protestant mission which at the time of my visit had been established thirty years1 and had cost a large amount of money1 but had apparently done very little good4 ,the celebrated ,dr4 ,krapf1 who had been four years in ,abyssinia1 was the first to go there1 starting from ,zanzibar4 ,this was in #ahdd4 ,he was the first to draw up a ,ki-,swahili grammar1 in which he was assisted by ,dr4 ,rebmann1 who arrived two years afterwards4 ,their journeys from ,mombas1 which is situated in #d south latitude1 are well known4 ,they discovered ,kilima ,njaro1 a snow-clad mountain #bb1had feet high1 only #c south of the equator1 and what they heard from the natives of vast lakes in the interior1 where nothing but sandy deserts had hitherto been supposed to exist1 led to the famous travels which have exposed a new world to the wondering eyes of men and opened up new fields for the glorious labors of the missionary4 ,dr4 ,rebmann was living near ,mombas at the time of my visit1 though old and blind1 and1 ,i hear1 has since died4 ,i did not see him1 though ,i started to do so with one of the missionaries4 ,i was so disgusted by this man's narrow sectarianism in the midst of heathendom--he commencing to abuse the mission of his own church at ,zanzibar--that ,i preferred to spend the night on the river in a boat with our seamen rather than1 with my friends1 accompany him to the ,rabai ,mission4 ,we came across a pamphlet written by them for their ,english supporters1 containing a lot of pious texts3 8,come over and help us02 8,the fields are white to the harvest02 8,a wide door and effectual is open10 and so on2 but it struck us as being great nonsense4 ,however1 ,i am told that they have since that started a large establishment of liberated slaves4 ,the ,wesleyans have a mission in the neighborhood1 but of them ,i know nothing1 as we did not visit them4 ,the ,sultan of ,zanzibar visited ,england two years ago1 offered to place his dominions under ,british protection1 and has exerted himself to put a stop to the slave-trade1 though he fought hard against its abolition at first1 as from it he derived the principal part of his revenue4 ,if a stop could be put to this evil and peace established in the interior1 a splendid field for mission-work would be the result1 the black having such respect for the superior knowledge and intellect of the white man that many tribes would receive the missionary with a hearty welcome4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,beginnings ,,of ,,christianity1 ,,with ,a ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,world ,,at ,,the ,,birth ,,of ,,christ4 ,by ,george ,p4 ,fisher1 ,d4,d41 ,professor of ,ecclesiastical ,history in ,yale ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,dr4 ,fisher has taken up a line of argument of great interest and importance1 which has employed the minds and pens of a number of able writers before him1 but which cannot be too frequently or copiously treated4 ,the author informs us in his preface that he has prepared the work as now published from a course of lectures before the ,lowell ,institute of ,boston4 ,the principal portion of his argument presents precisely what is needed by a large number of educated persons in ,new ,england1 especially in ,boston1 where a reckless1 extravagant rationalism and neologism1 borrowed from ,germany1 are rapidly undermining all belief in the genuineness1 historical truth1 and doctrinal authenticity of our earliest ,christian documents1 together with those of ,judaism4 ,this modern infidelity saps the historical basis of ,christianity1 that it may be free to criticise it as a theory1 a mere natural phenomenon1 a phase of human evolution4 ,any one who turns their own historical and critical methods against these sceptics does good service to truth4 ,we are pleased to recognize the many merits1 both in respect to matter and diction1 in the essay of the learned professor4 ,the five chapters on the ,roman policy1 and ,greco-,roman religion1 literature1 philosophy1 and morals1 are admirable4 ,the geographical accuracy and distinctness with which1 as on a map1 the ,roman ,empire is graphically delineated1 makes a characteristic and noteworthy feature of this part of the work1 which is enriched with a great number of happy classical quotations4 ,the succinct review of historical ,judaism during the important but much-neglected period of five centuries immediately preceding the birth of ,christ is interesting and valuable4 ,a very able critical defence of the genuineness of the ,new ,testament history1 of the truth of the miracles and resurrection of our ,lord1 his superhuman character and divine mission1 completes a solid and unanswerable argument for the historical basis of ,christianity as a divine and supernatural religion4 ,the author has shown the convergence of all the lines of movement drawn in the past history of the world towards the moment of ,christ's appearance4 ,this is one of the strongest proofs of his divine mission1 inasmuch as it shows that the ,author and ,ruler of the world is also the ,author of the ,christian religion4 ,the complement to the argument should point out the divergence of the lines from the same point through the post-,christian times1 and the work of human regeneration historically fulfilled--the second and even greater proof of the divine legation of ,christ4 ,the author shows very conclusively that those destructive critics and sceptics who deny the true historical idea of ,christ as presented in the ,new ,testament take away all sufficient cause for the effect produced in ,christianity4 ,the foundation for a complete argument from cause to effect and effect to cause1 in the relation between the historical idea of ,christ and the historical idea of his regenerating work1 is laid by establishing his supernatural character1 mission1 and works4 ,thus far ,dr4 ,fisher gives us complete satisfaction4 ,when he proceeds to develop his own conception of the true ,christian idea--the plan1 namely1 of human regeneration1 and the means for executing the plan--we do not find it complete and adequate4 ,as compared with the view heretofore prevalent among evangelical ,protestants1 it is1 nevertheless1 a marked approximation to the ,catholic idea4 ,we consider that ,dr4 ,fisher's argument requires a complement1 in order to make the historical circle embracing all ages and centred in ,christ perfect in its circumference4 ,to explain our statement and adduce reasons for it would require many pages1 and we must for the present refrain from anything beyond a mere expression of our judgment4 ,there is only one passage which we have thus far noticed in a perusal of nearly the whole of ,dr4 ,fisher's volume which has jarred upon our feelings as out of tune with his prevalent mode of philosophical candor and historical justice4 ,on page #bch it is written3 8,pharisaism1 like ,jesuitism1 is a word of evil sound1 not because these parties had no good men among them1 but because prevailing tendencies stamped upon each ineffaceable traits of ignominy40 ,we are persuaded that in the great number and variety of studies which have absorbed his time and attention the writer of the foregoing passage has never found leisure to read the books which would give him the true notion of the institute and history of the ,jesuits4 ,we give him credit for great sincerity and love of truth1 and yet we cannot help thinking that there is still a remnant of prejudice left in his mind1 which in this case causes1 to use his own words1 8groundless1 gratuitous suspicion1 such as1 in the ordinary concerns of life1 is habitually repelled by a healthy moral nature40 ,as a production of learning1 philosophical thought1 and literary taste1 the ,beginnings of ,christianity deserves1 in our opinion1 a place among the best works of ,new ,england scholars4 ,we will close this notice by an extract which shows the philosophical and religious tone and quality of the great argument presented in the volume3 8,when we look back upon the ancient philosophy in its entire course1 we find in it nothing nearer to ,christianity than the saying of ,plato that man is to resemble ,god4 ,but1 on the path of speculation1 how defective and discordant are the conceptions of ,god6 ,and if ,god were adequately known1 how shall the fetters of evil be broken and the soul attain to its ideal8 ,it is just these questions that ,christianity meets through the revelation of ,god in ,jesus ,christ4 ,god1 the head of that universal society on which ,cicero delighted to dwell1 is brought near1 in all his purity and love1 to the apprehension1 not of a coterie of philosophers merely1 but of the humble and ignorant4 ,there is a real deliverance from the burden of evil1 achieved through ,christ1 actually for himself and potentially for mankind4 ,how altered in their whole character are the ethical maxims which1 in form1 may not be without a parallel in heathen sages6 ,forgiveness1 forbearance1 pity for the poor1 universal compassion1 are no longer abstractions derived from speculation on the attributes of ,deity4 ,they are a part of the example of ,god4 ,he has so dealt with us in the mission and death of his ,son4 ,the cross of ,christ was the practical power that annihilated artificial distinctions among mankind and made human brotherhood a reality4 ,in this new setting1 ethical precepts gain a depth of earnestness and a force of impression which heathen philosophy could never impart4 ,we might as well claim for starlight the brightness and warmth of a noon-day sun0 7p4 #ahi74 ,this fine passage is supplemented by two condensed statements in another place1 that the end in view of the plan of ,jesus was 8the introduction of a new life in humanity10 and the plan itself 8the establishment of a society of which he is the living head0 7p4 #dfg74 ,this really comprehends the whole ,christian ,idea in germ4 ,its true and perfect evolution1 and an accurate commentary upon it1 would present a complete philosophy of ,christianity4 ,,de ,,deo ,,creante3 ,prlectiones ,scholastico-,dogmatic quas in ,collegio ,s4,s4 ,cordis ,jesu ad ,woodstock1 ,maxima ,studiorum ,domo ,soc4 ,jesu in ,fd4 ,americ ,sept4 ,statibus1 habebat ,a4,d4 ,,mdccclxxvi4-,,vii41 ,camillus ,mazzella1 ,s4,j41 in eod4 ,coll4 ,stud4 ,prfectus et ,theol4 ,dogm4 ,professor4 ,woodstock1 ,marylandi3 ,ex ,officina ,typographica ,collegii4 #ahgg4 #hvo1 pp4 xxxv4-#ice4 ,this treatise is a complete exposition and defence of the ,catholic doctrine on creation and its kindred topics as handed down in the church by tradition from the earliest ages to the present day4 ,as the title of the book indicates1 the subject is considered not merely from a dogmatic point of view2 all the errors of the ancients as well as of their modern imitators being taken up in turn and refuted4 ,a glance at the general divisions of the work will show the wide range of topics treated3 ,i4 8,de ,creatione ,generatim02 ,,ii4 8,de ,angelica ,substantia02 ,,iii4 8,de ,hominis ,origine et ,natura02 ,,iv4 8,de ,hominis ,elevatione ad ,statum ,supernaturalem02 ,v4 8,de ,human ,natur ,lapsu02 ,,vi4 8,de ,hominis ,novissimis40 ,each of these subjects is developed with the greatest detail4 ,take1 for example1 the seventeenth proposition in the third disputation1 on the origin of the human race4 ,in the introductory remarks to this proposition the author first explains our descent from ,adam1 the first man1 according to revelation1 and then devotes some ten pages to a concise but thorough exposition of ,darwinism and its companion errors4 ,after this he lays down the following thesis3 8,primi parentes1 prout ex divina revelatione constat1 non modo quoad animam1 sed etiam quoad corpus1 immediate a ,deo conditi sunt4 ,quam certissimam veritatem frustra evertere aut infirmare nituntur qui nunc audiunt ,transformist3 principium enim quod assumunt arbitrarium est1 atque experienti repugnans2 media1 qu assignant1 ad transformationem efficiendam sunt insufficientia2 probationes1 demum1 quas adducunt1 nihil omnino evincunt40 ,this he proves directly by a large array of arguments from the ,holy ,scriptures1 the fathers and the doctors of the church4 ,he then proceeds to show the untenableness of the opposite theories1 demonstrating that animals can only be propagated by others of the same species2 that the ablest practical scientists of the day have acknowledged the arbitrariness of the transformation theory1 and that many have proved it contrary to known facts2 that the means suggested by the evolutionists are insufficient to explain the origin of man1 etc41 etc4 ,he introduces a large and well-marshalled army of quotations from ,american1 ,british1 and ,continental scientists to back up his position4 ,the divisions of the work and the order in which they are treated lay no claims to originality1 which the author has very sensibly considered as worse than out of place in a theological text-book1 since it tends only to perplex the student and to introduce confusion into the schools of divinity4 ,the fate of writers who have1 even in our own day1 adopted a different course proves clearly the correctness of this view4 ,nevertheless1 the method pursued in the treatment of particular questions is at once novel and useful1 and1 as far as we know1 peculiar to ,father ,mazzella4 ,as a general rule1 theological writers1 after having briefly explained the meaning of the proposition and touched on the errors of their adversaries1 enter at once on the demonstration4 ,this done1 they devote a great deal of space to the solution of difficulties and the refutation of objections2 and it is on this last point especially that they rely for making the sense of their thesis clear4 ,father ,mazzella has adopted a different mode of proceeding4 ,the development of each of his propositions contains two distinct parts3 in the first he presents a complete exposition of the subject-matter in all its bearings2 in the second he proves the point at issue4 ,he starts out by giving a summary of the decisions of the church regarding the question under discussion4 ,then1 if there be any diversity of opinion amongst ,catholic doctors1 he explains each system and notes the degree of probability contained in it4 ,finally1 he proceeds to the exposition of contrary errors or heresies1 and of the various senses1 false and true1 in which the doctrine may be interpreted4 ,all this opens the way to the second part1 in which the thesis is proved from ,scripture1 the fathers1 and reason1 and the few difficulties that perhaps remain are answered4 ,this manner of developing a subject seems to us to confer a twofold benefit on the student3 it gives him a clear and comprehensive conception of the positive doctrine1 and at the same time supplies him with general principles by means of which he may readily solve any new objections that may chance to arise in discussion4 ,it is not sufficient for the young theologian to have learned by heart a number of proofs1 and the answers to the long string of difficulties given in his text-book4 ,he must be imbued with the whole spirit of ,catholic doctrine1 and thus he will form within himself a new theological sense1 if we may use the expression1 by which he can easily discern what is consonant with1 and what is repugnant to1 the truths contained in the deposit of faith4 ,such is the result aimed at in ,father ,mazzella's method4 ,hence he devotes but little space to the answering of objections2 for he has already disposed of them in the exposition of his thesis4 ,most difficulties1 in fact1 arise from a misunderstanding of ,catholic doctrine2 hence it is plain that they must readily disappear1 if the dogmas of the church be clearly explained4 ,as is proper for a theologian1 the author makes abundant use of ,scripture and tradition4 ,whilst avoiding all needless excursions into the fields of philology and hermeneutics1 he does not refuse to handle the difficulties brought from these sciences4 ,an instance of this is his vindication of the true sense of the famous ,greek3 eph --in quo--in the fifth chapter of the ,epistle to the ,romans4 ,whenever the question under discussion has been defined by the church1 the decrees are carefully given and explained4 ,we frequently find a series of definitions on the same subject1 taken from councils held at various periods1 proving the wonderful unity of the church's teaching in various ages4 ,father ,mazzella makes frequent use of the fathers and great scholastic writers4 ,he generally quotes them word for word1 thus ensuring conviction as to their real opinion1 and familiarizing the reader with their peculiar modes of thought and expression1 taking care1 however1 to explain all obscurities in the text4 ,every student of theology is aware of the importance of mental philosophy in our days1 when the repugnance of the supernatural to reason is so loudly and boldly asserted4 ,hence the author constantly appeals to it1 but is careful to admit only such opinions as are approved by the authority of the schools1 taking as his guides only ,st4 ,thomas and the ablest commentators of the ,angelic ,doctor1 especially ,suarez4 ,in the third disputation the author has made the natural sciences come to the aid of theology1 especially when treating of the ,mosaic cosmogony1 of the origin and antiquity of the human race1 etc4 ,certain devotees of modern experimental science1 whose principles are built on mere hypotheses1 and who insist on our taking mere possibilities as established facts1 have declared a deadly war against revelation4 ,it is difficult to convince such men of their errors by appealing to pure reason2 for they are in a remarkable degree wanting in the logical faculty4 ,you can overcome them only by opposing facts to facts1 and by proving that their own pet studies contradict their theories4 ,this ,father ,mazzella has aimed at doing2 and he supports his position by bringing forward a mass of facts and disclaimers from the latest writings of the ablest scientists4 ,the style is clear1 simple1 and straightforward--a most necessary quality in a book of the kind4 ,difficult terms are always explained1 and neither order nor precision is ever sacrificed to a show of learning or rhetorical skill4 ,,modern ,,philosophy1 ,,from ,,descartes ,,to ,,schopenhauer ,,and ,,hartmann4 ,by ,francis ,bowen1 ,a4,m41 ,alford ,professor of ,natural ,religion and ,moral ,philosophy in ,harvard ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,the preface of ,prof4 ,bowen prepossesses us at once in his favor4 8,no one10 says he1 8can be an earnest student of philosophy without arriving at definite convictions respecting the fundamental truths of theology4 ,in my own case1 nearly forty years of diligent inquiry and reflection concerning these truths have served only to enlarge and confirm the convictions with which ,i began1 and which are inculcated in this book4 ,earnestly desiring to avoid prejudice on either side1 and to welcome evidence and argument from whatever source they might come1 without professional bias1 and free from any external inducement to teach one set of opinions rather than another1 ,i have faithfully studied most of what the philosophy of these modern times and the science of our own day assume to teach4 ,and the result is that ,i am now more firmly convinced than ever that what has been justly called#hi #8the dirt-philosophy' of materialism and fatalism is baseless and false4 ,i accept with unhesitating conviction and belief the doctrine of the being of one personal ,god1 the creator and governor of the world1 and of one ,lord ,jesus ,christ in whom #8dwelleth all the fulness of the ,godhead bodily'2 and ,i have found nothing whatever in the literature of modern infidelity which1 to my mind1 casts even the slightest doubt upon that belief4444 ,let me be permitted also to repeat the opinion1 which ,i ventured to express as far back as #ahdi1 that the time seems to have arrived for a more practical and immediate verification than the world has ever yet witnessed of the great truth that the civilization which is not based upon ,christianity is big with the elements of its own destruction0 7pp4 vi41 vii474 ,these are sound and wise words1 which we welcome with peculiar pleasure as emanating from a chair in ,harvard ,university4 ,the scope of ,modern ,philosophy is more restricted1 as the author distinctly premises1 than the general title indicates4 ,the authors whose systems are discussed ex professo are ,descartes1 ,spinoza1 ,malebranche1 ,pascal1 ,leibnitz1 ,berkeley1 ,kant1 ,schelling1 ,hegel1 ,schopenhauer1 and ,hartmann4 ,there is also a general discussion of those great topics of metaphysics1 the origin of ideas and the nature of the universals1 of the freedom of the will and of the system of positivism1 with an exposition of the relation of physical to metaphysical science4 ,it is quite proper for the learned professor to select a particular range in modern philosophy for his lectures1 but we respectfully submit that a less general title would have been more accurately definitive of his real object1 and that he identifies too much the course of ,european thought with the direction of certain classes of thinkers4 ,the revival of the philosophy of ,aristotle and ,st4 ,thomas in modern times is certainly worthy of notice1 and is exercising a strong and decisive influence on modern ,european thought4 ,the questions of ideology and the universals can hardly be adequately presented without consideration of their treatment by the able modern expositors of scholastic philosophy4 ,we do not agree with ,mr4 ,bowen in his estimate of ,descartes1 or in his general views of the superiority of modern to ancient and medival philosophy4 ,neither are we in accordance with his special views of ideology4 ,nevertheless1 we recognize a current of very sound and discriminating thought throughout his whole course of argumentation1 which tends always toward the most rational and ,christian direction1 taking up the good and positive elements which it meets with on the way1 and rejecting their contraries4 ,the author seems to have a subtle intellectual and moral affinity for the highest1 most spiritual and ennobling ideas of the great men of genius1 both heathen and ,christian4 ,plato1 ,malebranche1 and ,leibnitz seem to be those with whom he is most in sympathy4 ,his most marked antipathy is shown for the degrading pessimism of ,schopenhauer4 ,we feel sure1 from the tone of his reasoning and the quality of his sentiments1 that he would find the greatest pleasure in the perusal of the writings of such ,catholic philosophers as ,kleutgen1 ,san ,severino1 ,liberatore1 ,stckl1 and perhaps more than all of ,laforet1 on account of his ,platonizing tendencies4 ,mr4 ,bowen's style is remarkably and elegantly classic4 ,he throws a literary charm and glow over his discussions and expositions of abstruse ethical and metaphysical topics which we do not often find1 except in the works of ,italian authors1 although some who write in ,english are beginning to cultivate this style1 in which logical severity is combined with rhetorical grace4 ,no one could write with more modesty and suavity of manner1 or in a more calm and amiable temper4 ,we hope this truly excellent volume1 in such contrast with the common run of jejune and debasing trash which passes for science and philosophy1 will be very much read1 especially in the neighborhood of ,boston1 where it is sadly needed4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,suppression ,,of ,,the ,,society ,,of ,,jesus ,,in ,,the ,,portuguese ,,dominions4 ,by the ,rev4 ,alfred ,weld1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this able work of ,father ,weld throws a flood of light on a very sad and gloomy page of history4 ,never was the ,society of ,jesus so fearfully tried and persecuted1 and never did its virtues shine more conspicuously1 than in the period referred to by the author--that is1 during the twenty years preceding the entire suppression of the order by ,clement ,,xiv4 in #aggc4 ,we behold its holy and self-sacrificing members spreading themselves over the ,new as well as the ,old ,world1 making countless conquests for ,christ1 bearing every hardship and danger in order to teach the truths of faith to the most barbarous tribes and peoples1 planting the standard of the cross in the most distant regions1 and watering the seed of the ,gospel by their blood4 ,wherever they went they gave evidence1 in their own persons1 of the highest apostolic virtues4 ,god could not but bless the efforts of such disinterested and self-sacrificing followers of his divine ,son1 and their labors were crowned with astonishing success4 ,take1 for example1 the history of their missions in ,paraguay4 ,no brighter or more cheering picture was ever displayed to the world than the fatherly government of the ,jesuits over these poor children of the forest4 ,here civilization and religion went hand in hand1 and peace and prosperity reigned4 ,but the very success of the missionaries raised up against them powerful and bitter enemies4 ,the more saintly they were1 the more envy they excited2 the more learned and influential1 the more jealousy arose1 until at last their enemies vowed their destruction4 ,chief among those enemies1 and most powerful in his opposition1 was ,carvalho1 ,marquis of ,pombal1 the chief minister of state under ,joseph ,i41 ,king of ,portugal4 ,having1 by sycophancy1 flattery1 and deception1 made himself master of this weak sovereign1 and always finding means to prevent his evil designs from becoming known1 he labored to destroy the authority of the ,holy ,see throughout the kingdom of ,portugal1 and to establish1 as nearly as possible1 a national church4 ,he saw that the faithful ,society of ,jesus would be an insuperable obstacle in his way4 ,he accordingly determined on its destruction1 or1 if he could not effect this1 at least its expulsion from the ,portuguese dominions4 ,knowing the high esteem in which the learned body was held throughout ,europe by kings1 princes1 nobles1 and people1 and1 above all1 by each succeeding ,sovereign ,pontiff1 he made use of every means1 and means always the most malicious1 in order to destroy the character and influence of the ,jesuits4 ,there was no insinuation too low1 no instrument too vile1 no slander too base1 of which he did not make use to effect their injury and ruin4 ,he spread throughout ,europe1 especially in the principal courts1 the grossest libels 7many of them written by himself7 against the society1 and all under the hypocritical plea of serving religion1 law1 and order4 ,every species of tyranny that human malice1 aided by a deeper malice1 could invent or call into being to injure the glorious institute founded by that great soldier of ,christ1 ,st4 ,ignatius1 ,pombal exercised4 ,during his ministry nine thousand innocent persons1 many of whom were of the noblest families in the kingdom or ecclesiastics of the highest character1 were condemned either to prison or to death1 without any trial1 and often without even knowing the cause for which they were deprived of their life or liberty4 ,the sufferings of the poor ,jesuits1 many of whom had spent the chief portion of their lives as apostles in ,south ,america and had been brought back in chains to the dungeons of ,portugal1 were of the most harrowing description4 ,not a few died in their wretched prisons1 and the few that survived at the end of eighteen years1 when they were released by order of the ,queen1 were but miserable wrecks of their former selves4 ,on the day of the queen's coronation1 ,may #ac1 #aggg1 ,francis da ,silva1 ,judge of the ,supreme ,court1 pronounced his memorable address1 in which he thus denounces1 in the name of the whole nation1 the tyranny from which they were just freed3 8,the blood is still flowing from the wounds with which the heart of ,portugal has been pierced by the unlimited and blind despotism from which we have just ceased to suffer4 ,he 7,pombal7 was the systematic enemy of humanity1 of religion1 of liberty1 of merit1 and of virtue4 ,he filled the prisons and the fortresses with the flower of the kingdom4 ,he harassed the public with vexations and reduced it to misery4 ,he destroyed all respect for the pontifical and episcopal authority2 he debased the nobility1 corrupted morals1 perverted legislation1 and governed the state with a sceptre of iron1 in the vilest and most brutal manner that has ever been seen in the world40 ,all the machinations of this politician are laid bare1 and his miserable agents in this fearful persecution exposed to view1 in this work of ,father ,weld4 ,he does not ask us to take for granted his simple declarations1 but fortifies every position which he takes by the clearest and most undeniable proofs4 ,he has had access to authentic documents1 which he has put to the best use4 ,his style is clear and forcible1 and in the arguments which he uses and the proofs with which he sustains them he gives us a noble1 just1 and triumphant vindication of the great society of which he is a member4 ,in reading this work we could not but call to mind the prophecy of ,st4 ,ignatius that 8the heritage of the ,passion should never fail the society0--8,a prophecy10 says the ,protestant writer ,stewart ,rose1 8fulfilled up to this time2 for they 7the ,jesuits7 are still1 as for three hundred years past1 indefatigable in the saving of souls1 perversely misrepresented and stupidly misunderstood40 ,,antar ,,and ,,zara1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems1 ,,meditative ,,and ,,lyrical4 ,by ,aubrey ,de ,vere4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,rora1 ,,and ,,other ,,poems1 ,,meditative ,,and ,,lyrical4 ,by the same4 ,london3 ,henry ,s4 ,king ,co4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,these two volumes 8comprise the author's secular poetry previous to the #8,legends of ,st4 ,patrick' 7#ahgb71 together with many poems composed before that date1 though not published40 8,his religious poems will be collected later in a separate volume40 ,antar and ,zara1 with many shorter pieces1 first appeared in the pages of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,it was in those pages that the writer made ,mr4 ,de ,vere's acquaintance2 and not a few of our readers1 probably1 are indebted to the same source for their introduction to the great ,catholic poet of the day4 ,to such it will be a welcome surprise1 as it is to us1 to find his cultured muse so prolific4 ,the variety of themes1 too1 within these volumes affords a frequent ramble 8to fresh fields and pastures new40 ,the poet himself has travelled4 ,with ,byron1 he has 8stood on the ,alps10 and pondered in the 8,city of the ,soul10 and basked in the 8eternal summer0 that 8yet gilds the ,isles of ,greece40 ,at home1 again1 he has sung ,erin's glories and woes as though he had taken down the old ,bardic harp from 8,tara's walls40 ,as a poet1 however1 he shows the influence of two other great masters than ,byron and ,moore--though some of his ,irish ballads remind us of the latter4 ,he is chiefly a disciple of ,wordsworth1 while he has studied to good purpose the scholarly verse of ,tennyson4 ,with most imitators of ,tennyson the classic perfections of the ,laureate are turned to mere affectations4 ,not so with ,mr4 ,de ,vere1 who is equally a scholar himself4 ,this scholarly taste1 indeed1 would have prevented him1 we are sure1 from adopting ,wordsworth's theory of poetic diction1 even had ,tennyson never arisen to recall ,english poetry from the loose1 inaccurate style into which his great predecessors1 with the exception of ,coleridge1 had thrown so much splendid thought4 ,this conviction of ours regarding the combined influence of ,tennyson and ,wordsworth on our author's poetry is confirmed by the discovery that ,antar and ,zara is dedicated to the former by 8his friend02 and1 again1 of the sonnet 8,composed at ,rydal1 ,september1 #ahfj10 with the two following sonnets 8,to ,wordsworth1 on ,visiting the ,duddon40 ,antar and ,zara1 particularly in the shorter metre of ,zara's 8song10 is eminently ,tennysonian4 ,for example3 8,he culled me grapes--the vintager2 ,in turn1 for song the old man prayed3 ,i glanced around2 but none was near3 ,with veil drawn tighter1 ,i obeyed4 8#8,were ,i a vine1 and he were heaven1 ,that vine would spread a vernal leaf ,to meet the beams of morn and even1 ,and think the ,april day too brief4 8#8,were he ,i love a cloud1 not heaven1 ,that leaf would spread and drink the rain2 ,warm summer shower and dews of even ,alike would take1 and think them gain4 8#8,it would not shrink from wintry rime ,or echoes of the thunder-shock1 ,but watch the advancing vintage-time1 ,and meet it1 reddening on the rock4'0 ,and again3 8,dear tasks are mine that make the weeks ,too swift in passing1 not too slow3 ,i nurse the rose on faded cheeks1 ,bring solace to the homes of woe4 8,i hear our vesper anthems swell2 ,i track the steps of ,fast and ,feast2 ,i read old legends treasured well ,of ,machabean chief or priest4 8,i hear on heights of song and psalm ,the storm of ,god careering by2 ,beside ,his ,deep1 for ever calm1 ,i kneel in caves of ,prophecy4 8,o ,eastern ,book6 ,it cannot change6 ,of books beside1 the type1 the mould-- ,it stands like yon ,carmelian range ,by our ,elias trod of old60 ,here are the sonnets3 8,,composed ,,at ,,rydal1 8,,sept1 #ahfj4 8,the last great man by manlier times bequeathed ,to these our noisy and self-boasting days ,in this green valley rested1 trod these ways1 ,with deep calm breast this air inspiring breathed4 ,true bard1 because true man1 his brow he wreathed ,with wild-flowers only1 singing ,nature's praise2 ,but ,nature turn'd1 and crown'd him with her bays1 ,and said1 #8,be thou my ,laureate4' ,wisdom sheathed ,in song love-humble2 contemplations high1 ,that built like larks their nests upon the ground2 ,insight and vision2 sympathies profound1 ,that spann'd the total of humanity3 ,these were the gifts which ,god pour'd forth at large ,on men through him2 and he was faithful to his charge40 8,,to ,,wordsworth1 ,,on ,,visiting ,,the ,,duddon4 ,i4 8,so long as ,duddon1 'twixt his cloud-girt walls ,thridding the woody chambers of the hills1 ,warbles from vaulted grot and pebbled halls ,welcome or farewell to the meadow rills2 ,so long as linnets pipe glad madrigals ,near that brown nook the laborer whistling tills1 ,or the late-reddening apple forms and falls #8,mid dewy brakes the autumnal red-breast thrills2 ,so long1 last poet of the great old race1 ,shall thy broad song through ,england's bosom roll4 ,a river singing anthems in its place1 ,and be to later ,england as a soul4 ,glory to ,him who made thee1 and increase1 ,to them that hear thy word1 of love and peace60 ,,ii4 8,when first that precinct sacrosanct ,i trod ,autumn was there1 but ,autumn just begun2 ,fronting the portals of a sinking sun1 ,the queen of quietude in vapor stood1 ,her sceptre o'er the dimly-crimsoned wood ,resting in light4 ,the year's great work was done2 ,summer had vanish'd1 and repinings none ,troubled the pulse of thoughtful gratitude4 ,wordsworth6 the autumn of our ,english song ,art thou3 'twas thine our vesper psalms to sing3 ,chaucer sang matins2 sweet his note and strong2 ,his singing-robe the green1 white garb of ,spring3 ,thou like the dying year art rightly stoled-- ,pontific purple and dark vest of gold40 ,wordsworth was a giant at the sonnet4 ,his sonnets are1 in our judgment1 by far his best productions1 and those in which his theory of diction jars one least4 ,we congratulate ,mr4 ,de ,vere on following in the master's footsteps by cultivating the sonnet1 and without the defects of the leader4 ,we are also proud to see him disregard the ,petrarchian sonnet as the only correct type--a form in which the ,english language would be sadly monotonous1 were it never allowed to vary the order of rhymes1 particularly in the minor system4 ,surely our language has every right to a sonnet of its own--and that flexible4 ,we will only add that the objections commonly made to ,mr4 ,de ,vere's poetry--to wit1 that it is elaborate and requires much thought--are of no weight against his mission as a poet4 ,he aims1 we presume1 at interesting the cultured few rather than the uncultured many4 ,a poet's highest function is1 we say1 to teach4 ,and a true ,catholic poet1 like our author1 can reach intelligences1 both within and without the church1 through doors at which 8divine philosophy0 in dull1 prosaic garb must knock in vain4 ,,sadlier',s ,,elementary ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,by a ,teacher of ,history4 ,new ,york3 ,william ,h4 ,sadlier4 #ahgg4 ,this is a very pleasing and useful little manual for children4 ,it presents the chief events of the history of this country in the form of question and answer1 giving a prominence much needed to the great part which ,catholics have played in the struggles of the ,republic1 and its material and social development4 ,the plan was well conceived1 and has been well executed4 ,it is the last work of the enterprising and much-lamented young ,catholic publisher who was so suddenly carried off at the opening of what promised to be a most useful and honorable career4 ,,ancient ,,history4 ,from the ,french of ,rev4 ,father ,gazeau1 ,s4,j4 ,revised and corrected1 with questions at the end of each chapter4 ,by a pupil of the ,sisters of ,notre ,dame4 ,first ,american edition4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this is another and useful addition to the ,catholic ,publication ,society's educational series4 ,it is a very interesting1 clear1 and comprehensive history1 embracing the chief powers and peoples of ancient times1 and ending with the death of ,alexander the ,great and the division of his empire4 ,the questions at the end of each chapter form an improved feature on the original1 and the translation runs as smoothly as could be desired4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #aed4--;,,january1 #ahgh4 ,,between ,,the ,,years4 #ahgg-ahgh4 ,rogate1 qu ad pacem sunt1 ,jerusalem3 et abundantia diligentibus te4--,ps4 cxxi4 ,i4 ,old with its sorrow1 weary with the load ,of angry strife and murderous thought of wrong ,it hath with such sad patience borne so long1 ,the year draws near the judgment-seat of ,god4 ,signed at its birth with ,heaven's holiest name1 ,blessed with the chrism of self-sacrifice1 ,it brought men gifts of more than royal price2 ,asked in return a pure and generous fame2 ,life's book it opened at a clean white page-- ,whereon fell not the shadow of a stain-- ,set in man's hand a consecrated pen ,whose script should be the future's heritage4 ,lo6 we have written2 shall we dare to see ,the closed book opened in eternity8 ,,ii4 ,jesu1 ,redemptor6 at thy feet we kneel1 ,who burn the tapers round the dying year2 ,rest we beseech for him that lieth here1 ,and on the blotted page thy mercy's seal4 ,through this dark night we wait with hope the day1 ,ready the handmaid of thy grace to greet ,who hear the rhythm of her strong1 young feet-- ,the fair ,new ,year1 advancing swift this way4 ,jesus1 most patient1 does thy morning break8 ,shall she we wait for1 with thy ,spirit's breath ,stir to new life a world that slumbereth8 ,shall last year's thorns to fleecy blossom wake8 ,cometh thy kingdom8 ,shall thy will be done1 ,and ,calvary's shade be lost in ,thabor's sun8 ,,iii4 ,to thee we look1 ,o ,jesus1 our true light6 ,with eyes1 tear-dimmed1 that1 straining1 gaze along ,the future's ways the past o'ershades with wrong2 ,that dread the glitter of this earthly night1 ,where every star is rivet of a cross4 ,still in the light of ,child-blessed ,bethlehem ,we feel the portent of ,jerusalem1 ,we hear the echoes of sad ,rama's loss4 ,in thee we trust1 and in her1 crucified1 ,our holy mother ,rome1 thy spouse divine1 ,in whose dear face eternal light doth shine1 ,in whose maimed hands thy perfect gifts abide4 ,in thee we rest1 who know the future thine2 ,shape thou our deeds unto thy will divine4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,christianity ,,as ,,an ,,historical ,,religion4#ij ,the doctrine of natural development or evolution may be apprehended and presented in theoretical form under two diverse phases or aspects4 ,one of these resembles the old scholastic theory of the eduction of forms from the potentiality of matter4 ,the indeterminate something which is almost nothing takes on all kinds of specific determinations1 which chase away and supplant one another1 each one vanishing into nothingness like a melody when the harp-strings cease to vibrate4 ,the animal soul1 the highest of these determining principles1 is only one of the evanescent forms1 depending for existence on the body it animates1 becoming extinct1 like a sound or the trace of a bird in the air1 as soon as death takes place4 ,so1 in the theory of pure natural evolution1 history1 polity1 ethics1 theology1 science1 educe themselves from the potential1 determinable substratum of humanity1 without efficient or final causes1 in evanescent forms2 and their animating spirit is no more than an anima belluina4 ,the other theory may be likewise illustrated from the same philosophy1 comparing it with the doctrine of the rational soul1 immediately created1 self-subsisting1 entering into composition with body but not immersed in it2 like a swimmer in water1 with head and shoulders above the surface2 animating matter1 but dominating over it and subordinating it to serve by its development and life the higher end of the spirit1 which reaches beyond the temporal and sensible toward infinity and eternity4 ,thus all human development--though it is nature which is developed1 though natural processes subserve its evolution1 and its history is the history of human events1 acts1 thoughts1 polities1 religions--is informed and dominated by a superhuman1 a divine spirit1 power1 action1 for a supra-mundane end4 ,the true philosophy of history is constructed on this theory--meaning by theory what ,aristotle and the ,greeks meant1 not a visionary conjecture1 but an intellectual speculation by which the mind has true vision of intelligible realities1 as it has of sensible objects by ocular vision4 ,this true philosophy of history is partly identified with theology1 or the science of ,god and all that which is divine2 not only in so far as theology is the highest part of rational philosophy1 but also inasmuch as it transcends reason4 ,the knowledge of ,god and that which is divine transcending natural intelligence and reason1 is the revelation of ,god in and through the ,word1 who 8enlighteneth every man coming into this world10 and consequently casts light on everything pertaining to humanity4 ,the creation1 destination1 fall1 redemption and glorification of humanity in and through the ,word1 8who was made flesh and dwelt among us10 is the object of ,christian theology1 to which the immediate object of history is subordinate4 ,the ,incarnate ,son of ,god is the central figure in human history1 its circumference is drawn around this centre1 and all its diameters pass through it4 ,a number of great historians have perceived this truth1 and made universal history render up its testimony1 which is sometimes latent and sometimes patent1 to ,christ and to his divine work of human regeneration4 ,leo1 for instance1 having first convinced himself of the truth of divine revelation by the study of history1 made his entire work on the universal history of mankind a splendid and irrefutable demonstration of ,christianity4 ,the course of time and events before ,christ is a preparation for his coming4 ,the one great event in human history is the divine ,epiphany1 the visible manifestation of ,god in the ,person of the ,word through his assumed human nature1 in which he was conceived and born of the ,virgin1 lived among men1 died1 and rose again to an immortal and glorious life1 for the fulfilment of the divine purpose in creation and the consummation of the destiny of mankind4 ,the course of time and events after ,christ is the successive fulfilment of this divine purpose1 to be completed in the final consummation at the end of the present order of the world4 ,in the six centuries immediately preceding ,christ the preparation and convergence of events become more distinct and manifest2 the features of human evolution are more marked2 the progress and tendency of the universal movement are apparently accelerated in the direction of the common point of convergence2 all human affairs1 the objects of history1 seem to rise out of its dim horizon1 looming up in increasing magnitude1 like the great ships of a squadron hastening from all points of the compass over a broad sea to their rendezvous4 ,before this period the expanse of time is to our eye almost like the waste solitudes of ocean4 ,confucius collected some remnants of ,chinese historical documents going back to the ninth century b4c4 ,some imperfect records of ,hindoo antiquity have been brought to light in modern researches4 ,hieroglyphic and cuneiform inscriptions1 like traces of a caravan on the sand1 present to the curious modern eye vestiges of a remote past4 ,berosus wrote in the reign of ,seleucus ,nicator1 ,manetho in that of ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 ,herodotus four centuries and a half before ,christ4 ,varro1 the most learned of the ,romans1 dates the beginning of authentic ,roman history from the first ,olympiad1 ,b4,c4 #ggf4 ,authentic written history does not go back as far as ,solomon1 except as we find it in the sacred writings of the ,old ,testament4 ,these priceless documents are the family records of the house of ,nazareth1 the genealogy of ,jesus ,christ1 the history of his predecessors and precursors2 of inchoate ,christianity1 of the prophecy and providence1 the promises and laws1 the typical rites and preliminary covenants1 the elementary revelations and the other preludes1 by which1 in divers places1 times1 and manners1 the ,word of ,god prepared the way for his coming upon earth to fulfil all prophecy and accomplish the expectation of all nations4 ,about five centuries and a half before ,christ the prophet ,daniel made his celebrated prediction of the great period of seventy weeks--i4e41 four hundred and ninety years--from the rebuilding of the temple and city of ,jerusalem to the ,messias4 ,this period is marked as the one of immediate expectation and preparation4 ,as the time of the great ,prophet drew near the succession of the minor prophets in ,judea ceased4 ,the ,jewish people became less exclusively isolated1 and came into relations with other nations which were quite new and marked with a transitional tendency4 ,the ,greek ,scriptures of the second canon1 like the writings of ,st4 ,paul in the ,new ,testament1 are more like the classic works of other nations than those of the first canon1 which are marked with the peculiar ,hebrew characteristics4 ,a diffusion of the ,jews1 of their books and ideas2 a general dissemination of the ,greek language and literature1 a world-wide unification of civilized1 and in part of barbarous peoples under the ,roman polity2 a remarkable advancement of the human mind in the great works of philosophy1 poetry1 literature1 art1 and every species of civilization2 are the principal second and concurrent causes directed by divine ,providence to fulfil a purpose1 analogous to the mission of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 among the nations predestined to a ,christian vocation4 ,there is nothing in this view which favors rationalism4 ,grace supposes nature1 and ,god is the author of both4 ,natural and supernatural providence are distinct but not separate4 ,rational science and revealed doctrine are portions of the universal truth which has its measure in the divine intelligence and its primal origin in the divine essence4 ,it is1 moreover1 characteristic of the divine operation to act on the rule of parsimony in the use of means4 ,where second causes are sufficient the first cause does not immediately intervene and supersede their action2 where natural forces are sufficient they are not supplanted by those which are supernatural4 ,what a long period elapsed before the earliest of the inspired books was written6 ,how few have been the prophets1 how comparatively few and rare miracles of the first order6 ,in the beginning1 religion1 the church1 the whole spiritual order1 was identified with the common social and civil order4 ,the special intervention of ,god in the calling of ,abraham1 the legation of ,moses1 the entire ,jewish system1 was a renovation of the more ancient and universal dispensation1 confined within the limits of one nation1 protected by special legislation1 sanctioned by miracles1 manifested in revelations through inspired men and prophets4 ,as the time draws near when the church and religion were to become once more and finally ,catholic1 the supernatural providence of ,god over the ,jewish people becomes less extraordinary1 and his natural providence over the other nations more conspicuous4 ,the great ,prophet himself1 the ,messias1 the ,son of ,god in human form1 performs miracles and appeals to them1 as it were1 with reserve and reluctance1 hides his wisdom and power from men1 refuses to exert his dominion over men and nature in defence of his own life1 discloses himself after his resurrection to a few only1 and departs1 so to speak1 incognito from the earth to return to his heavenly abode with the ,father4 ,the gift of inspiration1 by virtue of which the written documents of revelation are completed1 is imparted to a small number only2 their writings fill but a small compass2 within fifty years from the opening of the ,new ,testament canon by the first ,gospel it is closed by the last book of the last of the apostles1 ,st4 ,john4 ,no new ,david1 or ,isaias1 or ,daniel1 or ,paul1 or ,john is henceforth to appear in the church4 ,all this shows the purpose of ,god not to oppress the human by the divine in the deification of humanity1 not to supersede the natural by the supernatural1 or to supplant the activity of the human intelligence and will by an overbearing divine power4 ,the ,spirit of ,god brooded over the face of chaos in the beginning1 gradually bringing it into form and order1 and the same ,spirit has been waving his wings#ia over the waters of human history during the entire period of the explication of ,god's creative act in time and space through human actions and events4 ,where creative power is required--i4e41 where it is the will of ,god to give being to a term educed from non-existence and from no pre-existing subject--,god acts alone and immediately as first cause with no concurrent cause4 ,he has created and continues to create all simple substances4 ,where supernatural power is required to bring from created substances certain results which presuppose a new form of being in them above their intrinsic substantial actuality1 or some other augmentation of their natural force by an immediate divine act1 ,god intervenes directly as the efficient cause of the effect produced4 ,he is the author of second causes and principles1 of the first germs of evolution1 of generative powers1 of all origin1 and of all that is called in the ,german language ,urwesen4 ,he preserves everything1 concurs with everything1 directs everything toward proximate1 remote1 and final ends1 bringing the creation which proceeded from him as first cause back to himself as final cause4 ,and therefore1 whenever there is a sufficient reason1 he intervenes directly to overrule the order of second causes and the natural laws he has himself established4 ,the especial reason for this is to prevent the thwarting of the legitimate action of beings endowed with con-creative power1 through the illegitimate interference of other beings endowed with the same power4 ,all spiritual beings have this con-creative power by virtue of intelligence and free-will4 ,they may fail to exercise it when they should2 they may be hindered from exercising it by equal or superior force4 ,the order of moral probation requires that great freedom of movement should be allowed to these forces in voluntary efforts and in conflicts4 ,but the final cause of this probation also exacts that the predetermined plans of ,god shall be infallibly executed1 and that he shall overrule the wills both of men and angels for the fulfilment of his own sovereign will4 ,the natural and the supernatural are1 therefore1 not separate1 much less disconnected1 least of all hostile1 in the order of divine providence1 although they are distinct and placed in logical opposition to one another4 ,sacred and secular history1 religion and civilization1 theology and science1 the eternal and temporal interests of mankind1 cannot be separated from each other and relegated to mutually distant or hostile kingdoms1 like the kingdoms of light and darkness in the system of the ,manicheans4 ,any view which considers mankind as separated into two divisions of the elect and the reprobate by an antecedent decree1 is false4 ,the doctrine that the nature of man has become totally depraved1 and that his entire rational and physical activity develops only sin which tends fatally to perdition1 is utterly unchristian as well as unphilosophical4 ,it is only from this doctrine that we could deduce a theory by which the society of the elect would be considered as a separated1 isolated tribe1 a small invisible church1 without any real relation through a spiritual bond with the mass of mankind4 ,the ,catholic doctrine is expressed by the author of the ,book of ,wisdom in these beautiful words3 8,god created all things that they might be3 and he made the nations of the earth for health3 and there is no poison of destruction in them1 nor kingdom of hell upon the earth4 ,for justice is perpetual and immortal40#ib ,the true philosophy of ,christianity must1 therefore1 take into view the providence of ,god over the ,gentiles1 their history1 philosophy1 polity1 and civilization1 in order to appreciate the period of preparation for the ,messias who was the expected of the nations4 ,the philosophy of history1 also1 must take into view the whole cycle of special acts of divine providence recorded in the books of the ,old ,testament1 and fulfilled between the epochs of the calling of ,abraham and the appearance of the ,messias in the history of the peculiar people of ,god4 ,mr4 ,formby1 with his peculiar originality and vigor of thought1 has brought out into more striking relief than any other author we know of the idea common to several excellent modern writers respecting the position of the two cities1 ,jerusalem and ,rome1 in the historical order of divine ,providence4 ,they are1 as it were1 the two great citadels of ,god1 the two great capitals of the universal kingdom of ,christ4 ,during the thousand years immediately before the ,incarnation the city of ,david1 the seat of the royal ancestors of ,jesus ,christ our ,lord1 was the citadel of all the highest interests of humanity4 ,all the hopes1 the whole future destiny1 of mankind were in ,david's royal line1 the sweet psalmist1 the prophet1 the king of ,israel4 ,for seven centuries ,god was preparing ,rome1 first the ally1 then the arbiter1 and finally the conqueror of ,judea1 to take the place of ,jerusalem1 and by its world-wide polity to serve as a medium for the promulgation and extension of the divine religion throughout the whole earth4 ,the true philosophy of history sets aside all theories which are exclusive on the one side or on the other--those which exclude the ordinary providence of ,god over all mankind under the natural law1 and those which exclude his extraordinary providence over the church under the supernatural law--and includes both under one synthesis4 ,the one exclusive view proceeds from an priori theological principle resulting in a conclusion with which a logical induction from facts cannot be reconciled1 and therefore denies or misrepresents the facts4 ,the other proceeds from an priori metaphysical principle with a similar result4 ,the one is a pseudo-supernaturalism1 the other a pseudo-naturalism4 ,the first pretends to be the genuine spiritual religion1 or pure ,christianity2 the second professes to be the genuine rational philosophy1 or pure science4 ,both are counterfeits of the truth4 ,the best corrective of these theoretical tendencies is to be found in the correct knowledge and exposition of history4 ,lacordaire has well said3 8,on ne brle pas les faits40 ,facts are incombustible2 they cannot be made to evaporate in the gaseous elements of transcendental metaphysics1 or vanish in clouds of smoke from the pipes of ,german neologists4 ,each of these make their gas or blow their clouds from products of their own imagination adroitly substituted for facts4 ,facts resist with an invincible inertia every combination with false theories of supernatural religion4 ,in all branches of science pure reasoning and the investigation of facts must go together in harmony and mutually complete each other4 ,even in divine revelation ,god is careful to present facts with their evidence in connection with doctrine1 and a large portion of the ,bible is made up of historical records4 ,the divine legation of ,moses and the divine mission of ,jesus ,christ are great historical facts1 and they are in synthetical connection with all the great events and epochs of human universal history4 ,in this concurrence and harmony we find the most evident and tangible proof and corroboration in the order of natural reason of the truth revealed by ,god in ,jesus ,christ1 which is the object of divine faith1 and the soul of the complete substance of ,christianity4 ,jesus ,christ came on the earth at the very juncture of the ages1 at the moment for crystallization1 at the epoch of crisis in human affairs1 when ,judaism1 ,grecian culture1 and ,roman jurisprudence combined with ,roman valor1 were ready to blend in a new combination2 when the three strands spun by no blind fate1 but by all-seeing ,providence1 were ready to be intertwined3 the pure tradition of the patriarchs1 the philosophy of the heathen sages1 the organic polity of the imperial legislators--an electric cable to bind the earth and transmit the new movement of divine impulse4 ,the ,jews preserved and handed down the pure doctrine of monotheism1 the promise of redemption1 and the moral law--the germ of revealed doctrine and ethics1 which1 in the state of development1 is the faith and law of ,christianity4 ,the ,greeks furnished the intellectual human culture in philosophy1 poetry1 and art1 of which the ,christian religion availed itself1 as of a precious vase in which to detain its subtle and sublime essence--an ideal atmosphere for the communication of its influence to the minds and imaginations of men in all ages and countries4 ,rome opened the way for diffusion and unification4 ,immobility in tradition1 mobility in intelligence1 motive power in organization1 are the characters of ,jewish1 ,greek1 and ,roman civilization1 which were united in ,christianity under a higher and controlling vital force4 ,they were each and all temporary and insufficient1 subject to a law of internal decay1 evanescent in their nature1 and about vanishing when ,jesus ,christ came on the earth4 ,that he came just in time to supersede them and to begin the universal regeneration of mankind2 that he really did so without any purely human and natural means which were sufficient causes of the effects produced2 is a proof that the ,god whose providence rules the world sent him to fulfil this mission1 and that his work was a divine operation4 ,god's hand alone could spin and twine the threads of human destiny and make ,time's noiseless1 incessant shuttle weave the woof and web into the successive figures of historical embroidery4 ,the miracles and resurrection of ,jesus ,christ1 historically proved as certain1 indubitable facts1 authenticate his divine mission2 they stamp a divine seal on his credentials as the ,messias promised from the beginning of the world4 ,this divine legation gives divine authority to his word and precepts4 ,whatever he teaches in the name of ,god is a divine revelation1 and whatever he commands is a divine law4 ,the authentic record of these miracles1 the record of what ,jesus said and did2 the authentic account of his teaching respecting his own person1 plan1 doctrine1 and law--that is1 of the principles and the foundation of the ,christian religion--is historical2 it is an authentic testimony respecting facts4 ,the authentic record of the actual founding of ,christianity on the principles and plan of the ,master1 by the disciples to whom he entrusted the work of carrying his design into effect1 is historical4 ,this divine design necessarily embracing all that is contained in the idea of a continuity and development of divine providence over human affairs and destinies from the beginning to the end of the world1 its actual carrying out through successive ages becomes matter of history for the time present in respect to times past4 ,its principles of continuity and development1 in connection with the order of providence anterior to ,christ1 and with the progress of its movement from the apostolic age through the ages following1 are to be sought for in its history1 not to the exclusion of reasoning from abstract principles1 but in connection with it4 ,the historical documents of the ,new ,testament1 considered merely as credible testimony and apart from their inspiration1 are of paramount importance in respect to the inquiry into the nature of the genuine1 authentic ,christianity promulgated and established as a world-religion by its ,founder and his apostles4 ,after these come all other documents containing historical record or indirect evidence respecting the earliest age of the ,christian religion4 ,in this aspect the study of dogmas of faith1 of laws and rites1 of the spirit and the organization of ,christianity1 is directed toward an historical term4 ,the object of the inquiry is to ascertain what is ,christianity1 what was its legitimate development1 where is to be found through all ages the real continuation1 uninterrupted succession1 perpetual life1 and progressive expansion which connote the identity of its essence and its specific unity in all its distinct moments1 as it proceeds from its beginning towards its end4 ,although its intrinsic truth and authority are established simultaneously with the exposition of its historical character1 the argument is nevertheless distinct1 in respect to its conclusive force in this direction1 from the pure manifestation of the real essence and nature of the religion4 ,the question as to its essential constituents and their logical connection is logically distinct from the question as to its material truth1 although they are metaphysically one by an inseparable composition4 ,christ1 manifesting himself in history1 is a revelation of the infinite wisdom1 power1 and goodness of ,god in his divine works1 which transcend the reach of all created and dependent forces4 ,it is the ,eternal ,word speaking efficiently1 as when he said3 8,let there be light3 and there was light40 ,if we can only see all objects by this light1 through a pure medium1 we cannot fail to be enlightened by the knowledge of the truth4 ,the able work of ,dr4 ,fisher1 the title of which is prefixed to this article1 and which was briefly noticed in our last number1 is based on the idea we have set forth in these preliminary remarks1 although we do not profess to have given an exposition of the learned author's precise thesis1 or ascribe to him a view identical in all particulars with the one we have presented4 ,we will employ his own language for this purpose1 of showing his own individual conception of the historical environment of ,christianity1 and the conclusions to which investigation and reflection on the great facts and events connected with its beginnings have led him4 8,christianity is an historical religion4 ,it is made up of events1 or1 to say the least1 springs out of events which1 however peculiar in their origin1 form a part of the history of mankind4444 ,the ,apostle ,paul refers to the birth of ,christ as having occurred #8when the fulness of time was come' 7,gal4 iv4 #d74 8,his thought evidently is not only that a certain measure of time must run out1 but that a train of historical events and changes must occur which have the coming of ,christ for their proper sequence4 ,of the nature of these antecedents in the previous course of history he speaks when he has occasion to discuss the relation of the ,mosaic dispensation to the ,christian1 and to point out the aims of ,providence in regard to the ,gentile nations4 ,it was formerly a mistake of both orthodox and rationalist to look upon ,christianity too exclusively as a system of doctrine addressed to the understanding4 ,revelation has been thought of as a communication written on high and let down from the skies--delivered to men as the ,sibylline books were said to have been conveyed to ,tarquin4 ,or it has been considered1 like the philosophical system of ,plato1 a creation of the human intellect1 busying itself with the problems of human life and destiny2 the tacit assumption in either case being that ,christianity is merely a body of doctrine4 ,the truth is that revelation is at the core historical4 ,it is embraced in a series of transactions in which men act and participate1 but which are referable manifestly to an extraordinary agency of ,god1 who thus discloses or reveals himself4 ,the supernatural element does not exclude the natural2 miracle is not magic4 ,over and above teaching there are laws1 institutions1 providential guidance1 deliverance1 and judgment4 ,here is the groundwork of revelation4 ,for the interpretation of this extraordinary and exceptional line of historical phenomena prophets and apostles are raised up--men inspired to lift the veil and explain the dealings of ,heaven with men4 ,here is the doctrinal or theoretical side of revelation4 ,these individuals behold with an open eye the significance of the events of which they are witnesses or participants4 ,the facts of secular history require to be illuminated by philosophy4 ,analogous to this office is the authoritative exposition and comment which we find in the ,scripture along with the historical record4 ,the doctrinal element is not a thing independent1 purely theoretic1 disconnected from the realities of life and history4 ,these lie at the foundation2 on them everything of a didactic nature is based4 ,this fact will be impressively obvious to one who will compare the ,bible1 as to plan and structure1 with the ,koran4 8,the character of revelation is less likely to be misconceived when the design of revelation is kept in view4 ,the end is not to satisfy the curiosity of those who #8seek after wisdom1' by the solution of metaphysical problems4 ,the good offered is not science1 but salvation4 ,the final cause of revelation is the recovery of men to communion with ,god--that is1 to true religion4 ,whatever knowledge is communicated is tributary to this end4 8,hence the grand aim1 under the ,old ,dispensation and the ,new1 was not the production of a book1 but the training of a people4 ,to raise up and train up a nation that should become a fit instrument for the moral regeneration of mankind was the aim of the old system4444 ,under the new or ,christian system the object was not less the training of a people2 not1 however1 with any limitations of race4 ,the fount of the system was to be a community of men who should be #8the light of the world1' and #8the salt of the earth4444' 8,the grand idea of the kingdom of ,god is the connecting thread that runs through the entire course of divine revelation4 ,we behold a kingdom planted in the remote past1 and carried forward to its ripe development1 by a series of transactions in which the agency of ,god mingles in an altogether peculiar way in the current of human affairs4 ,there is a manifestation of ,god in act and deed4 ,verbal teaching is the commentary attached to the historic fact1 ensuring to the latter its true meaning40 ,this is sound and ,christian philosophy1 admirably expressed and containing many fruitful germs of thought4 ,what we have quoted may suffice to show that the historical nature of ,christianity is the fundamental idea of ,dr4 ,fisher's argument in the work under review4 ,he recognizes also a law of historical and continuous development through all time in ,christianity as resulting from its vital force1 which differs from the previous historical stage in this3 that 8in the giving of revelation1 at each successive stage1 and especially at the consummation1 there was an increment of its contents10 whereas 8this is not true of ,christianity since the apostolic age40 ,the touchstone and test of normal development1 in the sense to which the signification of the term is restricted when it is used of the post-apostolic age1 is that 8it springs out of the primitive seed0--namely1 the deposit of revealed truth contained in the teaching of ,christ and the apostles in its state of ultimate completeness4 ,the historical method of determining the real origin and nature of ,christianity is contrasted with the method which is purely priori and exclusively metaphysical in the following passage3 8,the historical basis of ,christianity marks the distinction between ,christian theology and metaphysical philosophy4 ,the starting-point of the philosopher is the intuitions of the mind2 on them as a foundation1 with the aid of logic1 he builds up his system4 ,his only postulates are the data of consciousness4 ,in ,christian theology1 on the contrary1 we begin with facts recorded in history1 and explore1 with the aid of inspired authors1 their rationale4 ,to reverse this course1 and seek to evolve the ,christian religion out of consciousness1 to transmute its contents into a speculative system1 after the manner of the pantheistic thinkers in ,germany1 is not less futile than would be the pretence to construct ,american history with no reference to the ,puritan emigration1 the ,revolutionary war1 or the ,southern ,rebellion4 ,the distinctive essence of ,christianity evaporates in an effort1 like that undertaken by ,schelling in his earlier system1 and by ,hegel1 to identify it with a process of thought40#ic ,farther on in his argument ,dr4 ,fisher shows how this perverse employment of the priori method has produced the sceptical theories of the ,tbingen school of criticism3 8,as regards the credibility of the ,gospel history1 it ought to be clearly understood that the modern attack by ,baur1 ,strauss1 ,zeller1 and others is founded upon an priori assumption4 ,it is taken for granted beforehand that whatever is supernatural is unhistorical4 ,the testimony into which a miracle enters is stamped at once as incredible4 ,christianity1 it was assumed1 was an evolution of thought upon the natural plane4 ,at a later day ,strauss fell into a materialistic way of thinking1 which rendered him1 if possible1 more deaf to all the evidence which1 if admitted1 implies the supernatural4 ,from the point of view taken in the sceptical school1 therefore1 the ,new ,testament histories1 so far as they relate to the wonderful works of ,christ1 and his resurrection and manifestation to his disciples after his death1 must be discredited4 ,but their principle1 or prejudice1 carries the negative critics farther4 ,it must affect their judgment as to the authorship of the narratives which record the miracles4 ,it is rendered difficult to believe1 if not quite improbable1 that these histories emanate from apostles1 eye-witnesses of the life of ,jesus4 ,the myths1 or the consciously-invented stories1 the product of a theological #8tendency' in the primitive church1 cannot well be ascribed to the immediate followers of ,christ4 ,the fact that the ,new ,testament histories contain accounts of miracles also tends to weaken and vitiate their general authority1 in the estimation of the sceptical school4 ,that is to say1 the credulity of the ,gospel writers1 or their willingness to deceive1 as evinced in the supernatural elements embraced in their books1 makes them less entitled to trust in their record of ordinary events into which the miracle does not enter4444 8,connected with the unscientific assumption first noticed1 other assumptions were adopted by the ,tbingen school which are equally unsound4 ,it was assumed that ,christianity is an evolution of thought according to the scheme of the ,hegelian logic1 where it is held as a law that a doctrine in an undeveloped form must divaricate into two opposites1 to be recombined afterwards in a higher unity4 ,thus1 it was assumed that ,paulinism1 and the sharply-defined ,judaizing system attributed to ,peter1 were the antagonistic types of opinion which sprang out of the seed of doctrine planted by ,christ1 and which were reunited in the old ,catholic theology1 the evangelical legalism of the fathers of the second century40#id ,this statement is supplemented by another succinct and pregnant passage containing the elements of an argument of great comprehension and irrefragable conclusiveness4 ,after affirming that 8the mythical theory is wrecked upon a variety of difficulties which it cannot evade or surmount0--a statement which has much more force1 taken in connection with the entire context of thorough critical reasoning1 than it can show as a mere isolated quotation--the learned professor proceeds3 8,what is the rationalistic theory of the origin of the ,christian religion8 ,it is that ,jesus1 a carpenter of ,nazareth1 with no prestige derived from birth or social standing1 taught in ,galilee for about a year--for to this period the class of whom we speak would limit his public work4 ,from these brief labors1 made up wholly of verbal instruction1 came that profound impression of his superhuman dignity which was made indelibly upon his disciples1 and which his crucifixion as a criminal did not weaken1 and that transforming power which went forth upon them1 and1 in ever-increasing measure1 upon all subsequent generations4 ,the ,apostolic ,church1 the conversion of ,paul1 and his ,epistles1 the narratives of the four ,gospels1 with all that they contain1 and ,christianity1 as it appears in the history of mankind1 all spring from that one year of mere teaching6 ,the effect is utterly disproportionate to the cause assigned40#ie ,we must take notice that the author1 with a competent knowledge of the theories and arguments of the ,german ,biblical critics1 has carefully refuted them1 and presented solid proofs of the genuineness and authenticity of the historical books of the ,new ,testament1 before arriving at this part of his argument4 ,he is summing up his plea after an examination and discussion of evidence4 ,his reasoning is not1 therefore1 based on mere hypothesis1 but is the conclusion of a well-sustained thesis1 with all the weight derived from his precedent proofs4 ,and he is therefore logically entitled to make the demand that ,christianity shall be estimated by the historical measure1 according to the full value of its miraculous facts and supernatural qualities1 to the exclusion of any hypothesis which pretends to be rational but is really only fantastic1 and therefore unphilosophical as well as unchristian4 8,it is much more consistent with a sound philosophy1 instead of taking refuge in an unreasonable denial of facts historically established1 to seek to comprehend them4 ,at the outset the notion should be banished that miracles are repugnant to nature2 that the supernatural is anti-natural4 ,there is one system2 and supernatural agency1 however it may modify the course of nature1 does no violence to the universal order4 ,for there is no such unbending rigidity in the course of nature that it cannot be modified by the interposition of voluntary agency4 ,a steamship1 cutting its way through the billows in the teeth of wind and tide1 moves by the force of machinery which is contrived and directed by the human will4#if ,the volitions of man produce an effect which nature1 independently of this spiritual force1 could never occasion4 ,now1 of the limits of the possible control of matter by the power of spirit1 any more than of the essence and origin of matter itself1 we cannot speak4 ,it is a presumptuous affirmation that there is no being in the universe who can infinitely outdo the power of man1 vast as it is1 in this direction40#ig ,in this brief and sententious manner1 with a few heavy and well-directed strokes of sound reason1 the author effectually demolishes all the brittle ware of transcendental nonsense which calls itself rationalism4 ,we are reminded of a sentence we once heard uttered by that singular genius1 ,henry ,giles1 in a railway carriage1 respecting a matter quite different3 8,such theories are shattered like rotten glass by a single thump of common sense40 ,we find no reason for quoting anything from ,dr4 ,fisher's exposition of the historical preparation for ,christianity in the propdeutic system of ,judaism4 ,for the present we will only refer to the notice which he takes of the dispersion of the ,hebrews over the world at the epoch of the birth of ,christ1 adopting the language of ,mommsen1 which designates ,judaism as 8an effective leaven of cosmopolitanism0 working in the same direction with the imperial ,roman polity toward a blending of nationalities in the more general solidarity 8the nationality of which was really nothing but humanity40 ,of the providential office of ,greece and ,rome in connection with that of ,judea he thus speaks3 8,these were three nations of antiquity1 each of which was entrusted with a grand providential office in reference to ,christianity4 ,the ,greeks1 whatever they may have learned from ,babylon1 ,egypt1 and ,tyre1 excelled all other races in a self-expanding power of intellect--in #8the power of lighting their own fire4' ,they are the masters in science1 literature1 and art4 ,plato1 speaking of his own countrymen1 made #8the love of knowledge' the special characteristic of #8our part of the world1' as the love of money was attributed with equal truth to the ,phnicians and ,egyptians4 ,the robust character of the ,romans1 and their sense of right1 qualified them to rule1 and to originate and transmit their great system of law and their method of political organization4 ,virgil lets ,anchises define the function of the ,roman people in his address to neas1 a visitor to the abodes of the dead3 8#8,others1 ,i know1 more tenderly may beat the breathing brass1 ,and better from the marble block bring living looks to pass2 ,others may better plead the cause1 may compass heaven's face1 ,and mark it out1 and tell the stars their rising and their place2 ,but thou1 ,o ,roman6 look to it the folks of earth to sway2 ,for this shall be thine handicraft3 peace on the world to lay1 ,to spare the weak1 to mar the proud by constant weight of war4' 8,greece and ,rome had each its own place to fill2 but true religion--the spirit in which man should live--comes from the ,hebrews40#ih ,dr4 ,fisher places the relation of sympathy or affinity between the mythological religion and ,christianity in three things3 first1 in the stimulus and scope given to subjective religious sentiments2 second1 in the impulse towards 8a goal hidden from sight10 the object of 8an unfulfilled demand in the religious nature0 of men seeking after ,god1 whom they1 in the language of ,st4 ,paul on ,mars' ,hill1 at ,athens1 8ignorantly worshipped02 third1 in a growing 8monotheistic tendency40#ii ,the topic of the relation of ,greek philosophy to ,christianity is handled by the learned author in a very judicious and discriminating manner1 although we are disposed to take a considerably different view of the philosophy of ,aristotle as compared with ,platonism4 ,we are pleased to observe his high estimate of the writings of ,cicero4 ,the chapter on this topic is thus introduced3 8,the ,greek philosophy was a preparation for ,christianity in three ways3 it dissipated1 or tended to dissipate1 the superstitions of polytheism2 it awakened a sense of need which philosophy of itself failed to meet2 and it so educated the intellect and conscience as to render the ,gospel apprehensible and1 in many cases1 congenial to the mind4 ,it did more than remove obstacles out of the way2 its work was positive as well as negative3 it originated ideas and habits of thought which had more or less direct affinity with the religion of the ,gospel1 and which found in this religion their proper counterpart4 ,the prophetic element of the ,greek philosophy lay in the glimpses of truth which it could not fully discern1 and in the obscure and unconscious pursuit of a good which it could not definitely grasp40#ajj ,in treating of 8the close relation of the ,roman ,empire to ,christianity0 ,prof4 ,fisher notices the extension of ,roman citizenship1 the cosmopolitan polity of ,csar1 the unifying influence of ,roman jurisprudence1 the assimilation of mankind in language and culture by the spread of the ,romano-,hellenic civilization and the ,greek and ,latin languages1 travel and intercourse1 commerce and a general mingling of mankind from various causes1 the mingling of religions1 and the resuscitation of the idea of a common humanity4 ,without overlooking the external agency of ,rome in paving the way for ,christianity1 the author more distinctly accentuates another kind of influence3 8,the effect of the consolidation of so large a part of mankind in one political body1 in breaking up local and tribal narrowness1 and in awakening what may be termed a cosmopolitan feeling1 is in the highest degree interesting4 ,the ,roman dominion was the means of a mental and moral preparation for the ,gospel2 and this incidental effect is worthy of special note4 ,the kingdom of ,christ proposed the unification of mankind through a spiritual bond4 ,whatever tended to melt down the prejudices of nation1 and clan1 and creed1 and instil in the room of them more liberal sentiments1 opened a path for the ,gospel4 ,now1 we find that under the political system established by ,rome a variety of agencies co-operated to effect such a result4 ,powerful forces were at work whose effect was not limited to the creation of outward advantages for the dissemination of the religion of ,christ1 but tended to produce a more or less genial soil for its reception4 ,we have1 then1 to embrace in one view the influence of the ,roman ,empire in both of these relations1 in shaping outward circumstances1 and in favoring a mental habit1 which were propitious to the introduction of the new faith40#aja ,what the author proposes in the last clause of this quotation he fulfils in a very satisfactory manner in one of the most splendid chapters of his work4 ,the outline of the historical basis of ,christianity having been drawn1 and the principles of the sound historical construction of a true and logical theory or philosophy of the ,christian religion established1 the outline of the actual foundations1 and the first course of the great structure itself1 determining its plan of architecture1 next demands our consideration4 ,in plainer language1 the actual 8beginnings of ,christianity0 in the apostolic age1 the earliest history of the religion of ,christ1 in respect to all its constitutive principles1 presents itself for examination4 ,what is ,christianity in its essence1 nature1 integrity of organic constitution1 its proper attributes2 with a due distinction of its substance from its accidents1 of its genuine and normal germs of future development from everything of a parasitic nature or in any way abnormal8 ,this is the great question to be studied in the authentic records of the antiquities of ,christianity1 with all the light and aid which can be obtained from every source accessible to research4 ,the long-continued1 widely-extended preparations of divine ,providence for the great event of the coming of the ,messias of the ,jews and ,gentiles1 the immensity of the ground prepared to be the theatre of the future ,christian history1 the vast and mighty instrumentalities made ready to serve the fulfilment of the plan of ,jesus and of the apostolic mission1 all point toward something proportionate in grandeur to the grandeur of the inchoate order which preceded4 ,the anticipation of ,christ in history demands a corresponding realization of his actual presence and operation in the 8fulness of time10 the age of the completion and consummation of human destinies on the earth4 ,moreover1 the stupendous miracles1 especially the crowning one of the ,resurrection1 which are among the first facts and events of historical ,christianity1 logically and rationally require that an ideal of ,christianity shall be presented which justifies such an outlay of supernatural power1 and the position of causes containing such infinite potential force4 ,the end of all previous human history being found in the beginning of ,christianity1 the new beginning of all human history must be likewise found there4 ,if the normal1 legitimate development in later ages is tested by its origination from the primitive seed planted in the apostolic age1 the nature and qualities of that seed must be correctly ascertained4 ,if we would recognize the true genius of ,christianity in its real manifestations from the days of the apostles to our own1 and discriminate it from simulated apparitions1 we must know what this genius really is1 or the original error will falsify all subsequent processes of judgment and reasoning1 like an ambiguous middle in a syllogism4 ,but we have proceeded as far as our limits will permit in the present article1 and must postpone the consideration of what was actual ,christianity in the apostolic age1 and of the learned author's theory on the subject1 to a future opportunity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,the ,,witch-,,hazel4 8,last of their floral sisterhood1 ,the hazel's yellow blossoms shine1 ,the tawny gold of ,afric's mind60 ,j4 ,g4 ,,whittier4 ,i4 ,no mocking dream art thou of summer sun1 ,no fading shadow of the autumn's gold2 ,thy sunset stars their yellow light unfold ,as some pale planet1 when the day is done1 ,giveth unfailing promise of the night ,with its blessed hours of rest1 its sparkling fields-- ,the glittering harvest that the darkness yields ,of unknown worlds far reaching out of sight4 ,in the year's twilight thy pale blossoms shine ,with faithful promise of the winter's night-- ,the broad1 white fields with nameless stars a-light1 ,the crystal glitter far outshining thine4 ,in the late daylight that about thee lies1 ,how soft thy radiance to sun-weary eyes6 ,,ii4 ,the brave arbutus fair foretold the spring ,with gleam auroral of the coming slow ,of perfect summer's full life's noon-day glow1 ,with undimmed sunshine1 earth illumining4 ,thy stars1 wan hazel1 break amid the blaze ,of gold and scarlet wherewith burn the hills-- ,as when the pomp of royal burial fills ,the clouded skies that mourn the dying days4 ,the gold grows spent1 ashen the scarlet fires1 ,the night too near for any song of bird2 #8,mid voice of streams and rustling leaves1 foot-stirred1 ,the grieving summer's last earth-prayer expires4 ,brighter thy glow as golden pomp grows sere1 ,o pale-hued ,hesper of the westering year6 ,,iii4 ,no dreary harbinger art thou of woe1 ,of barren days1 and warm life lost in death3 ,on heav'n-kissed peaks is born the icy breath ,whose touch unfolds the flowers of the snow4 ,spring's buds1 close-folded1 lie along the bare ,and shivering boughs where calls the wild-voiced wind1 ,and fine the leafless tracery is lined ,on blue undimmed as summer heavens wear4 ,hearts glow the warmer for the bitter wind1 ,stars are but brighter for the frosty night1 ,of earth despoiled love climbeth holy height1 ,new1 blossoming paths her feet1 untiring1 find4 ,thought of thy promise shining in dim skies ,fills darkest hour with lights of ,paradise4 ,,iv4 ,among thy boughs almost the sound ,i hear ,of ,christmas bells breaking on wintry gloom2 ,foretelling so1 the glimmer of thy bloom ,the kindliest feast of all the saint-crowned year4 ,o happy year6 that for its twilight crown ,wears the dim radiance of thy peaceful stars1 ,hears song of angels1 where no harsh note jars1 ,filling the woods whence latest bird hath flown4 ,o wailing bloom6 bud forth thy prophecies1 ,thine earnest of a life fore'er renewed1 ,thy light in darkness1 with fair hope imbued1 ,thy golden gift of love's amenities4 ,o conjurer's wand6 thy jewelled staff bend low1 ,show the bright waters living #8neath the snow4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,wolf-,,tower4 ,a ,,breton ,,christmas ,,legend4 ,i4 ,long ago in ,brittany1 under the government of ,st4 ,gildas the ,wise1 seventh abbot of ,ruiz1 there lived a young tenant of the abbey who was blind in the right eye and lame in the left leg4 ,his name was ,sylvestre ,ker1 and his mother1 ,josserande ,ker1 was the widow of ,martin ,ker1 in his lifetime the keeper of the great door of the ,convent of ,ruiz4 ,the mother and son lived in a tower1 the ruins of which are still seen at the foot of ,mont ,saint-,michel de la ,trinit1 in the grove of chestnut-trees that belongs to ,jean ,marchal1 the mayor's nephew4 ,these ruins are now called the ,wolf-,tower1 and the ,breton peasants shudder as they pass through the chestnut-grove2 for at midnight around the ,wolf-,tower1 and close to the first circle of great stones erected by the ,druids at ,carnac1 are seen the phantoms of a young man and a young girl--,pol ,bihan and ,matheline du ,coat-,dor4 ,the young girl is of graceful figure1 with long1 floating hair1 but without a face2 and the young man is tall and robust1 but the sleeves of his coat hang limp and empty1 for he is without arms4 ,round and round the circle they pass in opposite directions1 and1 strange to tell1 as the legend adds1 they never meet1 nor do they ever speak to each other4 ,once a year1 on ,christmas night1 instead of walking they run2 and all the ,christians who cross the heath to go to the midnight ,mass hear from afar the young girl cry3 8,wolf ,sylvestre ,ker1 give me back my beauty60 and the deep voice of the young man adds3 8,wolf ,sylvestre ,ker1 give me back my strength60 ,,ii4 ,and this has lasted for thirteen hundred years2 therefore you may well think there is a story connected with it4 ,when ,martin ,ker1 the husband of ,dame ,josserande1 died1 their son ,sylvestre was only seven years old4 ,the widow was obliged to give up the guardianship of the great door to a man-at-arms1 and retire to the tower1 which was her inheritance2 but little ,sylvestre ,ker had permission to follow the studies in the convent school4 ,the boy showed natural ability1 but he studied little1 except in the class of chemistry1 taught by an old monk named ,thal1 who was said to have discovered the secret of making gold out of lead by adding to it a certain substance which no one but himself knew2 for certainly1 if the fact had been communicated1 all the lead in the country would have been quickly turned into gold4 ,as for ,thal himself1 he had been careful not to profit by his secret1 for ,gildas the ,wise had once said to him3 8,thal1 ,thal1 ,god does not wish you to change the work of his hands4 ,lead is lead1 and gold is gold4 ,there is enough gold1 and not too much lead4 ,leave ,god's works alone2 if not1 ,satan will be your master40 ,most assuredly such precepts would not be well received by modern industry2 but ,st4 ,gildas knew what he said1 and ,thal died of extreme old age before he had changed the least particle of lead into gold4 ,this1 however1 was not from want of will1 which was proved after his death1 as the rumor spread about that ,thal did not altogether desert his laboratory1 but at times returned to his beloved labors4 ,many a time in the lonely hours of the night the fishermen1 in their barks1 watched the glimmer of the light in his former cell2 and ,gildas the ,wise1 having been warned of the fact1 arose one night before ,lauds1 and with quiet steps crossed the corridors1 thinking to surprise his late brother1 and perhaps ask of him some details of the other side of the dreaded door which separates life from death4 ,when he reached the cell he listened and heard ,thal's great bellows puffing and blowing1 although no one had yet been appointed to succeed him4 ,gildas suddenly opened the door with his master-key1 and saw before him little ,sylvestre ,ker actively employed in relighting ,thal's furnaces4 ,st4 ,gildas was not a man to give way to sudden wrath2 he took the child by the ear1 drew him outside1 and said to him gently3 8,ker1 my little ,ker1 ,i know what you are attempting and what tempts you to make the effort2 but ,god does not wish it1 nor ,i either1 my little ,ker40 8,i do it10 replied the boy1 8because my dear mother is so poor40 8,your mother is what she is2 she has what ,god gives her4 ,lead is lead1 and gold is gold4 ,if you go against the will of ,god1 ,satan will be your master40 ,little ,ker returned to the tower crestfallen1 and never again slipped into the cell of the dead ,thal2 but when he was eighteen years old a modest inheritance was left him1 and he bought materials for dissolving metals and distilling the juice of plants4 ,he gave out that his aim was to learn the art of healing2 for that great purpose he read great books which treated of medical science and many other things besides4 ,he was then a youth of fine appearance1 with a noble1 frank face1 neither one-eyed nor lame1 and led a retired life with his mother1 who ardently loved her only son4 ,no one visited them in the tower1 except the laughing ,matheline1 the heiress of the tenant of ,coat-,dor and god-daughter of ,josserande2 and ,pol ,bihan1 son of the successor of ,martin ,ker as armed keeper of the great door4 ,both ,pol and ,matheline often conversed together1 and upon what subject1 do you think8 ,always of ,sylvestre ,ker4 ,was it because they loved him8 ,no4 ,what ,matheline loved most was her own fair self1 and ,pol ,bihan's best friend was named ,pol ,bihan4 ,matheline passed long hours before her little mirror of polished steel1 which faithfully reflected her laughing mouth1 full of pearls2 and ,pol was proud of his great strength1 for he was the best wrestler in the ,carnac country4 ,when they spoke of ,sylvestre ,ker it was to say3 8,what if some fine morning he should find the secret of the fairy-stone that is the mother of gold60 ,and each one mentally added3 8,i must continue to be friendly with him1 for if he becomes wealthy he will enrich me40 ,josserande also knew that her beloved son sought after the fairy-stone1 and even had mentioned it to ,gildas the ,wise1 who shook his venerable head and said3 8,what ,god wills will be4 ,be careful that your son wears a mask over his face when he seeks the cursed thing2 for what escapes from the crucible is ,satan's breath1 and the breath of ,satan causes blindness40 ,josserande1 meditating upon these words1 went to kneel before the cross of ,st4 ,cado1 which is in front of the seventh stone of ,csar's camp--the one that a little child can move by touching it with his finger1 but that twelve horses1 harnessed to twelve oxen1 cannot stir from its solid foundation4 ,thus prostrate1 she prayed3 8,o ,lord ,jesus6 thou who hast mercy for mothers on account of the ,holy ,virgin ,mary1 thy mother1 watch well over my little ,sylvestre1 and take from his head this thought of making gold4 ,nevertheless1 if it is thy will that he should be rich1 thou art the master of all things1 my sweet ,saviour60 ,and as she rose she murmured3 8,what a beautiful boy he would be with a cloak of fine cloth and a hood bordered with fur1 if he only had means to buy them60 ,,iii4 ,it came to pass that as all these young people1 ,pol ,bihan1 ,matheline1 and ,sylvestre ,ker1 gained a year each time that twelve months rolled by1 they reached the age to think of marriage2 and ,josserande one morning proceeded to the dwelling of the farmer of ,coat-,dor to ask the hand of ,matheline for her son1 ,sylvestre ,ker2 at which proposal ,matheline opened her rosy mouth so wide1 to laugh the louder1 that far back she showed two pearls which had never before been seen4 ,when her father asked her if the offer suited her she replied3 8,yes1 father and godmother1 provided that ,sylvestre ,ker gives me a gown of cloth of silver embroidered with rubies1 like that of the ,lady of ,lannelar1 and that ,pol ,bihan may be our groomsman40 ,pol1 who was there1 also laughed and said3 8,i will assuredly be groomsman to my friend ,sylvestre ,ker1 if he consents to give me a velvet mantle striped with gold1 like that of the castellan of ,gvre1 the ,lord of ,carnac40 ,whereupon ,josserande returned to the tower and said to her son3 8,ker1 my darling1 ,i advise you to choose another friend and another bride2 for those two are not worthy of your love40 ,but the young man began to sigh and groan1 and answered3 8,no friendship or love will ,i ever know1 except for ,pol1 my dear comrade1 and ,matheline1 your god-daughter1 my beautiful play-fellow40 ,and ,josserande having told him of the two new pearls that ,matheline had shown in the back of her mouth1 nothing would do but he must hurry to ,coat-,dor to try and see them also4 ,on the road from the tower to the farm of ,coat-,dor is the ,point of ,hinnic1 where the grass is salt1 which makes the cows and rams very fierce while they are grazing4 ,as ,sylvestre ,ker walked down the path at the end of which is the ,cross of ,st4 ,cado1 he saw on the summit of the promontory ,pol and ,matheline strolling along1 talking and laughing2 so he thought3 8,i need not go far to see ,matheline's two pearls40 ,and1 in fact1 the girl's merry laughter could be heard below1 for it always burst forth if ,pol did but open his lips2 when1 lo and behold6 a huge old ram which had been browsing on the salt grass tossed back his two horns1 and1 fuming at the nostrils1 bleated as loud as the stags cry when chased1 and rushed in the direction of ,matheline's voice2 for1 as every one knows1 the rams become furious if laughter is heard in their meadow4 ,he ran quickly1 but ,sylvestre ,ker ran still faster1 and arrived the first by the girl1 so that he received the shock of the ram's butting while protecting her with his body4 ,the injury was not very great1 only his right eye was touched by the curved end of one of the horns when the ram raised his head1 and thus ,sylvestre ,ker became one-eyed4 ,the ram1 prevented from slaughtering ,matheline1 dashed after ,pol ,bihan1 who fled2 reached him just at the end of the cliff1 and pushed him into the sea1 that beat against the rocks fifty feet below4 ,well content with his work1 the ram walked off1 and the story says he laughed behind his woolly beard4 ,but ,matheline wept bitterly and cried3 8,ker1 my handsome ,ker1 save ,bihan1 your sweet friend1 from death1 and ,i pledge my faith ,i will be your wife without any condition40 ,at the same time1 amid the roaring of the waves1 was heard the imploring voice of ,pol ,bihan crying3 8,sylvestre1 ,o ,sylvestre ,ker6 my only friend1 ,i cannot swim4 ,come quickly and save me from dying without confession1 and all you may ask of me you shall have1 were it the dearest treasure of my heart40 ,sylvestre ,ker asked3 8,will you be my groomsman80 ,and ,bihan replied3 8,yes1 yes1 and ,i will give you a hundred crowns4 ,and all that your mother may ask of me she shall have4 ,but hasten1 hasten1 dear friend1 or the waves will carry me off40 ,sylvestre ,ker's blood was pouring from the wound in his eye1 and his sight was dimmed2 but he was generous of heart1 and boldly leaped from the top of the promontory4 ,as he fell his left leg was jammed against a jutting rock and broke1 so there he was1 lame as well as one-eyed2 nevertheless1 he dragged ,bihan to the shore and asked3 8,when shall the wedding be80 ,as ,matheline hesitated in her answer--for ,sylvestre's brave deeds were too recent to be forgotten--,pol ,bihan came to her assistance and gaily cried3 8,you must wait1 ,sylvestre1 my saviour1 until your leg and eye are healed40 8,still longer10 added ,matheline 7and now ,sylvestre ,ker saw the two new pearls1 for in her laughter she opened her mouth from ear to ear7--8still longer1 as limping1 one-eyed men are not to my taste--no1 no60 8,but10 cried ,sylvestre ,ker1 8it is for your sakes that ,i am one-eyed and lame40 8,that is true10 said ,bihan4 8,that is true10 also repeated ,matheline2 for she always spoke as he did4 8,ker1 my friend ,ker10 resumed ,bihan1 8wait until to-morrow1 and we will make you happy40 ,and off they went1 ,matheline and he1 arm-in-arm1 leaving ,sylvestre to go hobbling along to the tower1 alone with his sad thoughts4 ,would you believe it8 ,trudging wearily home1 he consoled himself by thinking that he had seen two new pearls behind the smile4 ,you may1 perhaps1 think you have never met such a fool4 ,undeceive yourself3 it is the same with all the men1 who only look for laughing girls with teeth like pearls4 ,but the sorrowful one was ,josserande1 the widow1 when she saw her son with only one eye and one sound leg4 8,where did all this happen80 she asked with tears4 ,and as ,sylvestre ,ker gently answered1 8,i have seen them1 mother2 they are very beautiful10 ,josserande divined that he spoke of her god-daughter's two pearls1 and cried3 8,by all that is holy1 he has also lost his mind60 ,then1 seizing her staff1 she went to the ,abbey of ,ruiz1 to consult ,st4 ,gildas as to what could be done in this unfortunate case2 and the wise man replied3 8,you should not have spoken of the two pearls2 your son would have remained at home4 ,but now that the evil is done1 nothing will happen to him contrary to ,god's holy will4 ,at high tide the sea comes foaming over the sands1 yet see how quietly it retires4 ,what is ,sylvestre ,ker doing now80 8,he is lighting his furnaces10 replied ,josserande4 ,the wise man paused to reflect1 and after a little while said3 8,in the first place1 you must pray devoutly to the ,lord our ,god1 and afterward look well before you to know where to put your feet4 ,the weak buy the strong1 the unhappy the happy2 did you know that1 my good woman8 ,your son will persevere in search of the fairy-stone that changes lead into gold1 to pay for ,pol's wicked friendship and for the pearls behind the dangerous smiles of that ,matheline4 ,since ,god permits it1 all is right4 ,yet see that your son is well protected against the smoke of his crucible1 for it is the very breath of ,satan2 and make him promise to go to the midnight ,mass40 ,for it was near the glorious ,feast of ,christmas4 ,,iv4 ,josserande had no difficulty in making ,sylvestre ,ker promise to go to the midnight ,mass1 for he was a good ,christian2 and she bought for him an iron armor to put on when he worked around his crucibles1 so as to preserve him from ,satan's breath4 ,and it happened that1 late and early1 ,pol ,bihan now came to the tower1 bringing with him the laughing ,matheline2 for it was rumored around that at last ,sylvestre ,ker would soon find the fairy-stone and become a wealthy man4 ,it was not only two new pearls that ,matheline showed at the corners of her rosy mouth1 but a brilliant row1 that shone1 and chattered1 and laughed1 from her lips down to her throat2 for ,pol ,bihan had said to her3 8,laugh as much as you can2 for smiles attract fools1 as the turning-mirror catches larks40 ,we have spoken of ,matheline's lips1 of her throat1 and of her smile1 but not of her heart2 of that we can only say the place where it should have been was nearly empty2 so she replied to ,bihan3 8,as much as you will4 ,i can afford to laugh to be rich2 and when the fool shall have given me all the gold of the earth1 all the pleasures of the world1 ,i will be happy1 happy4444 ,i will have them all for myself1 for myself alone1 and ,i will enjoy them40 ,pol ,bihan clasped his hands in admiration1 so lovely and wise was she for her age2 but he thought3 8,i am wiser still than you1 my beauty3 we will share between us what the fool will give--one half for me1 and the other also2 the rest for you4 ,let the water run under the bridge40 ,the day before ,christmas they came together to the tower--,matheline carrying a basket of chestnuts1 ,pol a large jug1 full of sweet cider--to make merry with the godmother4 ,they roasted the chestnuts in the ashes1 and heated the cider before the fire1 adding to it fermented honey1 wine1 sprigs of rosemary1 and marjoram leaves2 and so delicious was the perfume of the beverage that even ,dame ,josserande longed for a taste4 ,on the way ,pol had advised ,matheline adroitly to question ,sylvestre ,ker1 to know when he would at last find the fairy-stone4 ,sylvestre ,ker neither ate chestnuts nor drank wine1 so absorbed was he in the contemplation of ,matheline's bewitching smiles2 and she said to him3 8,tell me1 my handsome1 lame1 and one-eyed bridegroom1 will ,i soon be the wife of a wealthy man80 ,sylvestre ,ker1 whose eye shot forth a lurid flame1 replied3 8,you would have been as rich as you are beautiful to-morrow1 without fail1 if ,i had not promised my dear mother to accompany her to the midnight ,mass to-night4 ,the favorable hour falls just at the first stroke of ,matins40 8,to-day80 8,between to-day and to-morrow40 8,and can it not be put off80 8,yes1 it can be put off for seven years40 ,dame ,josserande heard nothing1 as ,pol was relating an interesting story1 so as to distract her attention2 but while talking he listened with all his ears4 ,matheline laughed no longer1 and thought3 8,seven years6 ,can ,i wait seven years80 ,then she continued3 8,beautiful bridegroom1 how do you know that the propitious moment falls precisely at the hour of ,matins8 ,who told you so80 8,the stars10 replied ,sylvestre ,ker4 8,at midnight ,mars and ,saturn will arrive in diametrical opposition2 ,venus will seek ,vesta2 ,mercury will disappear in the sun2 and the planet without a name1 that the deceased ,thal divined by calculation1 ,i saw last night1 steering its unknown route through space to come in conjunction with ,jupiter4 ,ah6 if ,i only dared disobey my dear mother40 ,he was interrupted by a distant vibration of the bells of ,plouharnel1 which rang out the first signal of the midnight ,mass4 ,josserande instantly left her wheel4 8,it would be a sin to spin one thread more10 said she4 8,come1 my son ,sylvestre1 put on your ,sunday clothes1 and let us be off for the parish church1 if you please40 ,sylvestre wished to rise1 for never yet had he disobeyed his mother2 but ,matheline1 seated at his side1 detained him and murmured in silvery tones3 8,my handsome friend1 you have plenty of time40 ,pol1 on his side1 said to ,dame ,josserande3 8,get your staff1 neighbor1 and start at once1 so as to take your time4 ,your god-daughter ,matheline will accompany you2 and ,i will follow with my friend ,sylvestre1 for fear some accident might happen to him with his lame leg and sightless eye40 ,as he proposed1 so was it done2 for ,josserande suspected nothing1 knowing that her son had promised1 and that he would not break his word4 ,as they were leaving1 ,pol whispered to ,matheline3 8,amuse the good woman well1 for the fool must remain here40 ,and the girl replied3 8,try and see the caldron in which our fortune is cooking4 ,you will tell me how it is done40 ,off the two women started2 a large1 kind mother's heart1 full of tender love1 and a sparrow's little gizzard1 narrow and dry1 without enough room in it for one pure tear4 ,for a moment ,sylvestre ,ker stood on the threshold of the open door to watch them depart4 ,on the gleaming white snow their two shadows fell2 the one bent and already tottering1 the other erect1 flexible1 and each step seemed a bound4 ,the young lover sighed4 ,behind him ,pol ,bihan in a low voice said3 8,ker1 my comrade1 ,i know what you are thinking about1 and you are right to think so2 this must come to an end4 ,she is as impatient as you are1 for her love equals yours2 for both of you it is too long to wait40 ,sylvestre ,ker turned pale with joy4 8,do you speak truth80 he stammered4 8,am ,i fortunate enough to be loved by her80 8,yes1 on my faith60 replied ,pol ,bihan1 8she loves you too well for her own peace4 ,when a girl laughs too much1 it is to keep from weeping--that's the real truth40 ,v4 ,well might they call him 8the fool10 poor ,sylvestre ,ker6 ,not that he had less brains than another man--on the contrary1 he was now very learned--but love crazes him who places his affections on an unworthy object4 ,sylvestre ,ker's little finger was worth two dozen ,pol ,bihans and fifty ,mathelines2 in spite of which ,matheline and ,pol ,bihan were perfectly just in their contempt1 for he who ascends the highest falls the lowest4 ,when ,sylvestre had re-entered the tower ,pol commenced to sigh heavily and said3 8,what a pity6 ,what a great1 great pity60 8,what is a pity80 asked ,sylvestre ,ker4 8,it is a pity to miss such a rare opportunity40 ,sylvestre ,ker exclaimed3 8,what opportunity8 ,so you were listening to my conversation with ,matheline80 8,why1 yes10 replied ,pol4 8,i always have an ear open to hear what concerns you1 my true friend4 ,seven years6 ,shall ,i tell you what ,i think8 ,you would only have twelve months to wait to go with your mother to another ,christmas ,mass40 8,i have promised10 said ,sylvestre4 8,that is nothing2 if your mother loves you truly1 she will forgive you40 8,if she loves me60 cried ,sylvestre ,ker4 8,oh6 yes1 she loves me with her whole heart40 ,some chestnuts still remained1 and ,bihan shelled one while he said3 8,certainly1 certainly1 mothers always love their children2 but ,matheline is not your mother4 ,you are one-eyed1 you are lame1 and you have sold your little patrimony to buy your furnaces4 ,nothing remains of it4 ,where is the girl who can wait seven years8 ,nearly the half of her age6444 ,if ,i were in your place ,i would not throw away my luck as you are about to do1 but at the hour of ,matins ,i would work for my happiness40 ,sylvestre ,ker was standing before the fireplace4 ,he listened1 his eyes bent down1 with a frown upon his brow4 8,you have spoken well10 at last he said2 8my dear mother will forgive me4 ,i shall remain1 and will work at the hour of ,matins40 8,you have decided for the best60 cried ,bihan4 8,rest easy2 ,i will be with you in case of danger4 ,open the door of your laboratory4 ,we will work together2 ,i will cling to you like your shadow60 ,sylvestre ,ker did not move1 but looked fixedly upon the floor1 and then1 as if thinking aloud1 murmured3 8,it will be the first time that ,i have ever caused my dear mother sorrow60 ,he opened a door1 but not that of the laboratory1 pushed ,pol ,bihan outside1 and said3 8,the danger is for myself alone2 the gold will be for all4 ,go to the ,christmas ,mass in my place2 say to ,matheline that she will be rich1 and to my dear mother that she shall have a happy old age1 since she will live and die with her fortunate son40 ,,vi4 ,when ,sylvestre ,ker was alone he listened to the noise of the waves dashing upon the beach1 and the sighing of the wind among the great oaks--two mournful sounds4 ,and he looked at the empty seats of ,matheline1 the madness of his heart2 and of his dear mother1 ,josserande1 the holy tenderness of all his life4 ,little by little had he seen the black hair of the widow become gray1 then white1 around her sunken temples4 ,that night memory carried him back even to his cradle1 over which had bent the sweet1 noble face of her who had always spoken to him of ,god4 ,but whence came those golden ringlets that mingled with ,josserande's black hair1 and which shone in the sunlight above his mother's snowy locks8 and that laugh1 ah6 that silvery laugh of youth2 which prevented ,sylvestre ,ker from hearing in his pious recollections the calm1 grave voice of his mother4 ,whence did it come8 ,seven years6 ,pol had said1 8,where is the girl who can wait seven years80 and these words floated in the air4 ,never had the son of ,martin ,ker heard such strange voices amid the roaring of the ocean1 nor in the rushing winds of the forest of the ,druids4 ,suddenly the tower also commenced to speak1 not only through the cracks of the old windows when the mournful wind sighed1 but with a confusion of sounds that resembled the busy whispering of a crowd1 that penetrated through the closed doors of the laboratory1 under which a bright light streamed4 ,sylvestre ,ker opened the door1 fearing to see all in a blaze1 but there was no fire2 the light that had streamed under the door came from the round1 red eye of his furnace1 and happened to strike the stone of the threshold4 ,no one was in the laboratory2 still the noises1 similar to the chattering of an audience awaiting a promised spectacle1 did not cease4 ,the air was full of speaking things2 the spirits could be felt swarming around1 as closely packed as the wheat in the barn or the sand on the sea-shore4 ,and1 although not seen1 they spoke all kinds of phantom-words1 which were heard right and left1 before and behind1 above and below1 and which penetrated through the pores of the skin like quicksilver passing through a cloth4 ,they said3 8,the ,magi have started1 my friend40 8,my friend1 the ,star shines in the ,east40 8,my friend1 my friend1 the little ,king ,jesus is born in the manger1 upon the straw40 8,sylvestre ,ker will surely go with the shepherds40 8,not at all2 ,sylvestre ,ker will not go40 8,good ,christian he was40 8,good ,christian he is no longer40 8,he has forgotten the name of ,joseph1 the chaste spouse40 8,and the name of ,mary1 the ever ,virgin ,mother40 8,no1 no1 no60 8,yes1 yes1 yes60 8,he will go60 8,he will not go60 8,he will go1 since he promised ,dame ,josserande40 8,he will not go1 since ,matheline told him to stay40 8,my friend1 my friend1 to-night ,sylvestre ,ker will find the golden secret40 8,to-night1 my friend1 my friend1 he will win the heart of the one he loves40 ,and the invisible spirits1 thus disputing1 sported through the air1 mounting1 descending1 whirling around like atoms of dust in a sunbeam1 from the flag-stones of the floor to the rafters of the roof4 ,inside the furnace1 in the crucible1 some other thing responded1 but it could not be well heard1 as the crucible had been hermetically sealed4 8,go out from here1 you wicked crowd10 said ,sylvestre ,ker1 sweeping around with a broom of holly-branches4 8,what are you doing here8 ,go outside1 cursed spirits1 damned souls--go1 go60 ,from all the corners of the room came laughter2 ,matheline seemed everywhere4 ,suddenly there was profound silence1 and the wind from the sea brought the sound of the bells of ,plouharnel1 ringing the second peal for the midnight ,mass4 8,my friend1 what are they saying80 8,they say ,christmas1 my friend--,christmas1 ,christmas1 ,christmas60 8,not at all6 ,they say1 ,gold1 gold1 gold60 8,you lie1 my friend60 8,my friend1 you lie60 ,and the other voices1 those that were grumbling in the interior of the furnace1 swelled and puffed4 ,the fire1 that no person was blowing1 kept up by itself1 hot as the soul of a forge should be4 ,the crucible became red1 and the stones of the furnace were dyed a deep scarlet4 ,in vain did ,sylvestre ,ker sweep with his holly broom2 between the branches1 covered with sharp leaves1 the spirits passed--nothing could catch them2 and the heat was so great the boy was bathed in perspiration4 ,after the bells had finished their second peal he said3 8,i am stifling4 ,i will open the window to let out the heat as well as this herd of evil spirits40 ,but as soon as he opened the window the whole country commenced to laugh under its white mantle of snow--barren heath1 ploughed land1 ,druid stones1 even to the enormous oaks of the forest1 with their glistening summits1 that shook their frosty branches1 saying3 8,sylvestre ,ker will go6 ,sylvestre ,ker will not go60 ,not a spirit from within flew out1 while all the outside spirits entered1 muttering1 chattering1 laughing3 8,yes1 yes1 yes1 yes6 ,no1 no1 no1 no60 ,and ,i believe they fought4 ,at the same time the sound of a cavalcade advancing was heard on the flinty road that passed before the tower2 and ,sylvestre ,ker recognized the long procession of the monks of ,ruiz1 led by the grand abbot1 ,gildas the ,wise1 arrayed in cope and mitre1 with his crosier in his hand1 going to the ,mass of ,plouharnel1 as the convent-chapel was being rebuilt4 ,when the head of the cavalcade approached the tower the grand abbot cried out3 8,my armed guards1 sound your horns to awaken ,dame ,josserande's son60 ,and instantly there was a blast from the horns1 which rang out until ,gildas the ,wise exclaimed3 8,be silent1 for there is my tenant wide awake at his window40 ,when all was still the grand abbot raised his crosier and said3 8,my tenant1 the first hour of ,christmas approaches1 the glorious ,feast of the ,nativity4 ,extinguish your furnaces and hasten to ,mass1 for you have barely time40 ,and on he passed1 while those in the procession1 as they saluted ,ker1 repeated3 8,sylvestre ,ker1 you have barely time2 make haste60 ,the voices of the air kept gibbering3 8,he will go6 ,he will not go60 and the wind whistled in bitter sarcasm4 ,sylvestre ,ker closed his window4 ,he sat down1 his head clasped by his trembling hands4 ,his heart was rent by two forces that dragged him1 one to the right1 the other to the left3 his mother's prayer and ,matheline's laughter4 ,he was no miser2 he did not covet gold for the sake of gold1 but that he might buy the row of pearls and smiles that hung from the lips of ,matheline4444 8,christmas60 cried a voice in the air4 8,christmas1 ,christmas1 ,christmas60 repeated all the other voices4 ,sylvestre ,ker suddenly opened his eyes1 and saw that the furnace was fiery red from top to bottom1 and that the crucible was surrounded with rays so dazzling he could not even look at it4 ,something was boiling inside that sounded like the roaring of a tempest4 8,mother6 ,o my dear mother60 cried the terrified man1 8,i am coming4 ,i'll run44440 ,but thousands of little voices stung his ears with the words3 8,too late1 too late1 too late6 ,it is too late60 ,alas6 alas6 the wind from the sea brought the third peal of the bells of ,plouharnel1 and they also said to him3 8,too late60 ,,vii4 ,as the sound of the bells died away the last drop of water fell from the clepsydra and marked the hour of midnight4 ,then the furnace opened and showed the glowing crucible1 which burst with a terrible noise1 and threw out a gigantic flame that reached the sky through the torn roof4 ,sylvestre ,ker1 enveloped by the fire1 fell prostrate on the ground1 suffocated in the burning smoke4 ,the silence of death followed4 ,suddenly an awful voice said to him3 8,arise40 ,and he arose4 ,on the spot where had stood the furnace1 of which not a vestige remained1 was standing a man1 or rather a colossus2 and ,sylvestre ,ker needed but a glance to recognize in him the demon4 ,his body appeared to be of iron1 red-hot and transparent2 for in his veins could be seen the liquid gold1 flowing into1 and then in turn retreating from1 his heart1 black as an extinguished coal4 ,the creature1 who was both fearful and beautiful to behold1 extended his hand toward the side of the tower nearest the sea1 and in the thick wall a large breach was made4 8,look10 said ,satan4 ,sylvestre ,ker obeyed4 ,he saw1 as though distance were annihilated1 the interior of the humble church of ,plouharnel where the faithful were assembled4 ,the officiating priest had just ascended the altar1 brilliant with the ,christmas candles1 and there was great pomp and splendor2 for the many monks of ,gildas the ,wise were assisting the poor clergy of the parish4 ,in a corner1 under the shadow of a column1 knelt ,dame ,josserande in fervent prayer1 but often did the dear woman turn toward the door to watch for the coming of her son4 ,not far from her was ,matheline du ,coat-,dor1 bravely attired and very beautiful1 but lavishing the pearls of her smiles upon all who sought them1 forgetting no one but ,god2 and close to ,matheline ,pol ,bihan squared his broad shoulders4 ,then1 even as ,satan had given to ,sylvestre ,ker's sight the power of piercing the walls1 so did he permit him to look into the depth of hearts4 ,in his mother's heart he saw himself as in a mirror4 ,it was full of him4 ,good ,josserande prayed for him2 she united ,jesus1 ,mary1 and ,joseph1 the holy family1 whose feast is ,christmas1 in the pious prayer which fell from her lips2 and ever and ever said her heart to ,god3 8,my son1 my son1 my son60 ,in the heart of ,pol ,sylvestre ,ker saw pride of strength and gross cupidity2 in the spot where should have been the heart of ,matheline he saw ,matheline1 and nothing but ,matheline1 in adoration before ,matheline4 8,i have seen enough10 said ,sylvestre ,ker4 8,then10 replied ,satan1 8listen60 ,and immediately the sacred music resounded in the ears of the young tenant of the tower1 as plainly as though he were in the church of ,plouharnel4 ,they were singing the ,sanctus3 8,holy1 holy1 holy1 ,lord ,god of ,hosts6 ,the heavens and the earth are full of thy glory4 ,hosanna in the highest6 ,blessed is he that cometh in the name of the ,lord4 ,hosanna in the highest60 ,dame ,josserande repeated the words with the others1 but the refrain of her heart continued3 8,o ,jesus1 ,infinite ,goodness6 may he be happy4 ,deliver him from all evil and from all sin4 ,i have only him to love4444 ,holy1 holy1 holy1 give me all the suffering1 and keep for him all the happiness60 ,can you believe it8 ,even while piously inhaling the perfume of this celestial hymn the young tenant wished to know what ,matheline was saying to ,god4 ,everything speaks to ,god--the wild beasts in the forest1 the birds in the air1 even the plants1 whose roots are in the ground4 ,but miserable girls who sell the pearls of their smiles are lower than the animals and vegetables4 ,nothing is beneath them1 ,pol ,bihan excepted4 ,instead of speaking to ,god1 ,pol ,bihan and ,matheline whispered together1 and ,sylvestre ,ker heard them as distinctly as if he had been between them4 8,how much will the fool give me80 asked ,matheline4 8,the idiot will give you all10 replied ,pol4 8,and must ,i really squint with that one-eyed creature1 and limp with the lame wretch80 ,sylvestre ,ker felt his heart die away within him4 ,meanwhile1 ,josserande prayed3 8,o ever ,virgin ,mother6 pray for my dear child4 ,as ,jesus is your adorable heart1 ,sylvestre ,ker is my poor heart44440 8,never mind10 continued ,bihan1 8it is worth while limping and squinting for a time to win all the money in the world40 8,that is true2 but for how long80 ,sylvestre ,ker held his breath to hear the better4 8,as long as you please10 answered ,pol ,bihan4 ,there was a pause1 after which the gay ,matheline resumed in a lower tone3 8,but 444 they say after a murder one can never laugh1 and ,i wish to laugh always44440 8,will ,i not be there80 replied ,bihan4 8,some time or other the idiot will certainly seek a quarrel with me1 and ,i will crack his bones by only squeezing him in my arms2 you can count upon my strength40 8,i have heard enough10 said ,sylvestre ,ker to ,satan4 8,and do you still love this ,bihan80 8,no1 ,i despise him40 8,and ,matheline--do you love her yet80 8,yes1 oh6 yes1 444 but 444 ,i hate her60 8,i see10 said ,satan1 8that you are a coward and wicked like all men4 ,since you have heard and seen enough at a distance1 listen1 and look at your feet44440 ,the wall closed with a loud crash of the stones as they came together1 and ,sylvestre ,ker saw that he was surrounded by an enormous heap of gold-pieces1 as high as his waist1 which gently floated1 singing the symphony of riches4 ,all around him was gold1 and through the gap in the roof the shower of gold fell and fell and fell4 8,am ,i the master of all this80 asked ,sylvestre ,ker4 8,yes10 replied ,satan2 8you have compelled me1 who am gold1 to come forth from my caverns2 you are therefore the master of gold1 provided you purchase it at the price of your soul4 ,you cannot have both ,god and gold4 ,you must choose one or the other40 8,i have chosen10 said ,sylvestre ,ker4 8,i keep my soul40 8,you have firmly decided80 8,irrevocably40 8,once1 twice1 444 reflect6 ,you have just acknowledged that you still love the laughing ,matheline40 8,and that ,i hate her2 444 yes1 444 it is so1 444 but in eternity ,i wish to be with my dear mother ,josserande40 8,were there no mothers10 growled ,satan1 8,i could play my game much better in the world60 ,and he added3 8,for the third time1 444 adjudged60 ,the heap of gold became as turbulent as the water of a cascade1 and leaped and sang2 the millions of little sonorous coins clashed against each other1 then all was silent and they vanished4 ,the room appeared as black as a place where there had been a great fire2 nothing could be seen but the lurid gleam of ,satan's iron body4 ,then said ,sylvestre ,ker3 8,since all is ended1 retire60 ,,viii4 ,but the demon did not stir4 8,do you think1 then10 he asked1 8that you have brought me hither for nothing8 ,there is the law4 ,you are not altogether my slave1 since you have kept your soul2 but as you have freely called me1 and ,i have come1 you are my vassal4 ,i have a half-claim over you4 ,the little children know that2 ,i am astonished at your ignorance4444 ,from midnight to three o'clock in the morning you belong to me1 in the form of an animal1 restless1 roving1 complaining1 without help from ,god4 ,this is what you owe to your strong friend and beautiful bride4 ,let us settle the affair before ,i depart4 ,what animal do you wish to be--roaring lion1 bellowing ox1 bleating sheep1 crowing cock8 ,if you become a dog you can crouch at ,matheline's feet1 and ,bihan can lead you by a leash to hunt in the woods44440 8,i wish10 cried ,sylvester ,ker1 whose anger burst forth at these words--8,i wish to be a wolf1 to devour them both60 8,so be it10 said ,satan2 8wolf you shall be three hours of the night during your mortal life4444 ,leap1 wolf60 ,and the wolf ,sylvestre ,ker leaped1 and with one dash shattered the casement of the window as he cleared it with a bound4 ,through the aperture in the roof ,satan escaped1 and1 spreading a pair of immense wings1 rapidly disappeared in an opposite direction from the steeple of ,plouharnel1 whose chimes were ringing at the ,elevation4 ,,ix4 ,i do not know if you have ever seen a ,breton village come forth after the midnight ,mass4 ,it is a joyous sight1 but a brief one1 as all are in a hurry to return home1 where the midnight meal awaits them--a frugal feast1 but eaten with such cheerful hearts4 ,the people1 for a moment massed in the cemetery1 exchange hospitable invitations1 kind wishes1 and friendly jokes2 then divide into little caravans1 which hurry along the roads1 laughing1 talking1 singing4 ,if it is a clear1 cold night1 the clicking of their wooden shoes may be heard for some time2 but if it is damp weather the sound is stifled1 and after a few moments the faint echo of an 8adieu0 or ,christmas greeting is all that can be heard around the church as the beadle closes it4 ,in the midst of all this cheerfulness ,josserande alone returned with a sad heart2 for through the whole ,mass she had in vain watched for her beloved son4 ,she walked fifty paces behind the cavalcade of the monks of ,ruiz1 and dared not approach the ,grand-,abbot ,gildas1 for fear of being questioned about her boy4 ,on her right was ,matheline du ,coat-,dor1 on her left ,bihan--both eager to console her2 for they thought that by that time ,sylvestre ,ker must have learned the wonderful secret which would secure him untold wealth1 and to possess the son they should cling to the mother2 therefore there were promises and caresses1 and 8will you have this1 or will you have that80 8,dear godmother1 ,i shall always be with you10 said ,matheline1 8to comfort and rejoice your old age2 for your son is my heart40 ,pol ,bihan continued3 8,i will never marry1 but always remain with my friend1 ,sylvestre ,ker1 whom ,i love more than myself4 ,and nothing must worry you2 if he is weak ,i am strong1 and ,i will work for two40 ,to pretend that ,dame ,josserande paid much attention to all these words would be false2 for her son possessed her whole soul1 and she thought3 8,this the first time he has ever disobeyed and deceived me4 ,the demon of avarice has entered into him4 ,why does he want so much money8 ,can all the riches of the world pay for one of the tears that the ingratitude of a beloved son draws from his mother's eyes80 ,suddenly her thoughts were arrested1 for the sound of a trumpet was heard in the still night4 8,it is the convent-horn10 said ,matheline4 8,and it sounds the wolf-alarm60 added ,pol4 8,what harm can the wolf do10 asked ,josserande1 8to a well-mounted troop like the cavalry of ,gildas the ,wise8 ,and1 besides1 cannot the holy abbot with a single word put to flight a hundred wolves80 ,they had arrived at the heath of ,carnac1 where are the two thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine ,druid stones1 and the monks had already passed the round point where nothing grows1 neither grass nor heath1 and which resembles an enormous caldron--a caldron wherein to make oaten porridge--or rather a race-course1 to exercise horses4 ,on one side might be seen the town1 dark and gloomy2 on the other1 as far as the eye could reach1 rows of rugged obelisks1 half-black1 half-white1 owing to the snow1 which threw into bold relief each jagged outline4 ,josserande1 ,matheline1 and ,pol ,bihan had just turned from the sunken road which branches toward ,plouharnel2 and the moon played hide-and-go-seek behind a flock of little clouds that flitted over the sky like lambs4 ,then a strange thing happened4 ,the cavalcade of monks was seen to retreat from the entrance of the avenues to the middle of the circle1 while the horn sounded the signal of distress1 and loud cries were heard of 8,wolf6 wolf6 wolf60 ,at the same time could be distinguished the clashing of arms1 the stamping of horses1 and all the noise of a ferocious struggle1 above which rose the majestic tones of ,gildas the ,wise1 as he said with calmness3 8,wolf1 wicked wolf1 ,i forbid you to touch ,god's servants60 ,but it seemed that the wicked wolf was in no hurry to obey1 for the cavalcade plunged hither and thither1 as though shaken by convulsion2 and the moon having come forth from the clouds1 there was seen an enormous beast struggling with the staffs of the monks1 the halberds of the armed guard1 the pitch-forks and spears of the peasants1 who had hastened from all directions at the trumpet-call from ,ruiz4 ,the animal received many wounds1 but it was fated not to die4 ,again and again it charged upon the crowd1 rushed up and down1 round and round1 biting1 tearing with its great teeth so fearfully that a large circle was made around the grand abbot1 who was finally left alone in face of the wolf4 ,for a wolf it was4 ,and the grand abbot having touched it with his crosier1 the wolf crouched at his feet1 panting1 trembling1 and bloody4 ,gildas the ,wise bent over it1 looked at it attentively1 then said3 8,nothing happens contrary to ,god's holy will4 ,where is ,dame ,josserande80 8,i am here10 replied a mournful voice full of tears1 8and ,i dread a great misfortune40 ,she also was alone2 for ,matheline and ,pol ,bihan1 seized with terror1 had rushed across the fields at the first alarm and abandoned their precious charge4 ,the grand abbot called ,josserande and said3 8,woman1 do not despair4 ,above you is the ,infinite ,goodness1 who holds in his hands the heavens and the whole earth4 ,meanwhile1 protect your wolf2 we must return to the monastery to gain from sleep strength to serve the ,lord our ,god60 ,and he resumed his course1 followed by his escort4 ,the wolf did not move2 his tongue lay on the snow1 which was reddened by his blood4 ,josserande knelt beside him and prayed fervently4 ,for whom8 ,for her beloved son4 ,did she already know that the wolf was ,sylvestre ,ker8 ,certainly2 such a thing could scarcely be divined1 but under what form cannot a mother discover her darling child8 ,she defended the wolf against the peasants1 who had returned to strike him with their pitch-forks and pikes1 as they believed him dead4 ,the two last who came were ,pol ,bihan and ,matheline4 ,pol ,bihan kicked him on the head and said1 8,take that1 you fool60 and ,matheline threw stones at him and cried3 8,idiot1 take that1 and that1 and that60 ,they had hoped for all the gold in the world1 and this dead beast could give them nothing more4 ,after a while two ragged beggars passed by and assisted ,josserande in carrying the wolf into the tower4 ,where is charity most often found8 ,among the poor1 who are the figures of ,jesus ,christ4 ,x4 ,day dawned4 ,a man slept in the bed of ,sylvestre ,ker1 where widow ,josserande had laid a wolf4 ,the room still bore the marks of a fire1 and snow fell through the hole in the roof4 ,the young tenant's face was disfigured with blows1 and his hair1 stiffened with blood1 hung in heavy locks4 ,in his feverish sleep he talked1 and the name that escaped his lips was ,matheline's4 ,at his bedside the mother watched and prayed4 ,when ,sylvestre ,ker awoke he wept1 for the thought of his condemnation returned1 but the remembrance of ,pol and ,matheline dried the tears in his burning eyes4 8,it was for those two10 said he1 8that ,i forgot ,god and my mother4 ,i still feel my friend's heel upon my forehead1 and even to the bottom of my heart the shock of the stones thrown at me by my betrothed60 8,dearest10 murmured ,josserande1 8dearer to me than ever1 ,i know nothing2 tell me all40 ,sylvestre ,ker obeyed2 and when he had finished ,josserande kissed him1 took up her staff1 and proceeded toward the convent of ,ruiz to ask1 according to her custom1 aid and counsel from ,gildas the ,wise4 ,on her way men1 women1 and children looked curiously at her1 for throughout the country it was already known that she was the mother of a wolf4 ,even behind the hedge which enclosed the abbey orchard ,matheline and ,pol were hidden to see her pass2 and she heard ,pol say3 8,will you come to-night to see the wolf run round80 8,without fail10 replied ,matheline2 and the sting of her laughter pierced ,josserande like a poisonous thorn4 ,the grand abbot received her1 surrounded by great books and dusty manuscripts4 ,when she wished to explain her son's case he stopped her and said3 8,widow of ,martin ,ker1 poor1 good woman1 since the beginning of the world ,satan1 the demon of gold and pride1 has worked many such wickednesses4 ,do you remember the deceased brother1 ,thal1 who is a saint for having resisted the desire of making gold--he who had the power to do it80 8,yes10 answered ,josserande2 8and would to heaven my ,sylvestre had imitated him60 8,very well10 replied ,gildas the ,wise1 8instead of sleeping ,i passed the rest of the night with ,st4 ,thal1 seeking a means to save your son1 ,sylvestre ,ker40 8,and have you found it1 father80 ,the grand abbot neither answered yes nor no1 but he began to turn over a very thick manuscript filled with pictures2 and while turning the leaves he said3 8,life springs from death1 according to the divine word2 death seizes the living according to the pagan law of ,rome2 and it is nearly the same thing in the order of miserable temporal ambition1 whose inheritance is a strength1 a life1 shot forth from a coffin4 ,this is a book of the defunct ,thal's1 which treats of the question of maladies caused by the breath of gold--a deadly poison4444 ,woman1 would you have the courage to strike your wolf a blow on his head powerful enough to break the skull80 ,at these words ,josserande fell her full length upon the tiles1 as if she had been stabbed to the heart2 but in the very depth of her agony--for she thought herself dying--she replied3 8,if you should order me to do it1 ,i would40 8,you have this great confidence in me1 poor woman80 cried ,gildas1 much moved4 8,you are a man of ,god10 answered ,josserande1 8and ,i have faith in ,god40 ,gildas the ,wise prostrated himself on the ground and struck his breast1 knowing that he had felt a movement of pride4 ,then1 standing up1 he raised ,josserande1 and kissed the hem of her robe1 saying3 8,woman1 ,i adore in you the most holy faith4 ,prepare your axe1 and sharpen it60 ,,xi4 ,in ,brittany1 when this legend is repeated1 the relater here adds a current proverb of the province3 8,christians1 there is nothing greater than ,faith1 that is the mother of ,hope1 and thus the grandmother of ,holy ,love1 that carries one above to the ,paradise of ,god40 ,in the days of ,gildas the ,wise intense silence always reigned at night through the dense oak forests of the ,armorican country4 ,one of the most lonely places was ,csar's camp1 the name given to the huge masses of stone that encumbered the barren heath2 and it was the common opinion that the pagan giants supposed to be buried under them rose from their graves at midnight1 and roamed up and down the long avenues1 watching for the late passers-by to twist their necks4 ,this night1 however--the night after ,christmas--many persons could be seen about eleven o'clock on the heath before the stones of ,carnac1 all around the ,great ,basin or circle1 whose irregular outline was clearly visible by moonlight4 ,the enclosure was entirely empty4 ,outside no one was seen1 it is true2 but many could be heard gabbling in the shadow of the high rocks1 under the shelter of the stumps of oaks1 even in the tufts of thorny brambles2 and all this assemblage watched for something1 and that something was the wolf1 ,sylvestre ,ker4 ,they had come from ,plouharnel1 and also from ,lannelar1 from ,carnac1 from ,kercado1 even from the old town of ,crach1 beyond ,la ,trinit4 ,who had brought together all these people1 young and old1 men and women8 ,the legend does not say1 but very probably ,matheline had strewn around the cruel pearls of her laughter1 and ,pol ,bihan had not been slow to relate what he had seen after the midnight ,mass4 ,by some means or other the entire country around for five or six leagues knew that the son of ,martin ,ker1 the tenant of the abbey1 had become a man-wolf1 and that he was doomed to expiate his crime in the spot haunted by the phantoms--the ,great ,basin of the ,pagans1 between the tower and the ,druid stones4 ,many of the watchers had never seen a man-wolf1 and there reigned in the crowd1 scattered in invisible groups1 a fever of curiosity1 terror1 and impatience2 the minutes lengthened as they passed1 and it seemed as though midnight1 stopped on the way1 would never come4 ,there were at that time no clocks in the neighborhood to mark the hour1 but the matin-bell of the convent of ,ruiz gave notice that the wished-for moment had arrived4 ,while waiting there was busy conversation3 they spoke of the man-wolf1 of phantoms1 and also of betrothals1 for the rumor was spread that the bans of ,matheline du ,coat-,dor1 the promised bride of ,sylvestre ,ker1 with the strong ,pol ,bihan1 who had never found a rival in the wrestling-field1 would be published on the following ,sunday2 and ,i leave you to imagine how ,matheline's laughter ran in pearly cascades when congratulated on her approaching marriage4 ,by the road which led up to the tower a shadow slowly descended2 it was not the wolf1 but a poor woman in mourning1 whose head was bent upon her breast1 and who held in her hand an object that shone like a mirror1 and the brilliant surface of which reflected the moonbeams4 8,it is ,josserande ,ker60 was whispered around the circle1 behind the rocks1 in the brambles1 and under the stumps of the oaks4 8',tis the widow of the armed keeper of the great door60 8',tis the mother of the wolf1 ,sylvestre ,ker60 8,she also has come to see44440 8,but what has she in her hand80 ,twenty voices asked this question4 ,matheline1 who had good eyes1 and such beautiful ones1 replied3 8,it looks like an axe4444 ,happy am ,i to be rid of those two1 the mother and son6 ,with them ,i could never laugh40 ,but there were two or three good souls who said in low tones3 8,poor widow6 her heart must be full of sorrow40 8,but what does she want with that axe80 8,it is to defend her wolf10 again replied ,matheline1 who carried a pitch-fork4 ,pol ,bihan held an enormous holly stick which resembled a club4 ,every one was armed either with threshing flails or rakes or hoes2 some even bore scythes1 carried upright2 for they had not only come to look on1 but to make an end of the man-wolf4 ,again was heard the chime of the ,matin-bells of the convent of ,ruiz1 and immediately a smothered cry ran from group to group3 8,wolf6 wolf6 wolf60 ,josserande heard it1 for she paused in her descent and cast an anxious look around2 but1 seeing no one1 she raised her eyes to heaven and clasped her hands over the handle of her axe4 ,the wolf1 in the meantime1 with fuming nostrils and eyes which looked like burning coals1 leaped over the stones of the enclosure and began to run around the circle4 8,see1 see60 said ,pol ,bihan1 8he no longer limps40 ,and ,matheline1 dazzled by the red light from his eyes1 added3 8,it seems he is no longer one-eyed60 ,pol brandished his club and continued3 8,what are we waiting for8 ,why not attack him80 8,go you first10 said the men4 8,i caught cold the other day1 and my leg is stiff1 which keeps me from running10 answered ,pol4 8,then ,i will go first60 cried ,matheline1 raising her pitch-fork4 8,i will soon show how ,i hate the wretch60 ,dame ,josserande heard her and sighed3 8,girl1 whom ,i blessed in baptism1 may ,god keep me from cursing you now60 ,this ,matheline1 whose pearls were worth nothing1 was no coward2 for she carried out her words1 and marched straight up to the wolf1 while ,bihan stayed behind and cried3 8,go1 go1 my friends2 don't be afraid6 ,ah6 but for my stiff leg ,i would soon finish the wolf1 for ,i am the strongest and bravest40 ,round and round the circle galloped the wolf as quickly as a hunted stag2 his eyes darted fire1 his tongue was hanging from his mouth4 ,josserande1 seeing the danger that threatened him1 wept and cried out3 8,o ,bretons6 is there among you all not one kind soul to defend the widow's son in the hour when he bitterly expiates his sin80 8,let us alone1 godmother10 boldly replied ,matheline4 ,and from afar ,pol ,bihan added3 8,don't listen to the old woman2 go60 ,but another voice was heard in answer to ,dame ,josserande's appeal1 and it said3 8,as last night1 we are here60 ,standing in front of ,matheline1 and barring the passage1 were two ragged beggars with their wallets1 leaning upon their staffs4 ,josserande recognized the two poor men who had so charitably aided her the night before2 and one of them1 who had snow-white hair and beard1 said3 8,christians1 my brethren1 why do you interfere in this8 ,god rewards and punishes4 ,this poor man-wolf is not a damned soul1 but one expiating a great crime4 ,leave justice to ,god1 if you do not wish some great misfortune to happen to you40 ,and ,josserande1 who was kneeling down1 said imploringly3 8,listen1 listen to the saint60 ,but from behind ,pol ,bihan cried out3 8,since when have beggars been allowed to preach sermons8 ,ah6 if it were not for my stiff leg4444 ,kill him1 kill him6 444 wolf6 wolf6 wolf60 8,wolf6 wolf60 repeated ,matheline1 who tried to drive off the old beggar with her pitch-fork4 ,but the fork broke like glass in her hands1 as it touched the poor man's tatters1 and at the same time twenty voices cried3 8,the wolf6 the wolf6 ,where has the wolf gone80 ,soon was seen where the wolf had gone4 ,a black mass dashed through the crowd1 and ,pol ,bihan uttered a horrible cry3 8,help6 help6 ,matheline60 ,you have often heard the noise made by a dog when crunching a bone4 ,this was the noise they heard1 but louder1 as though there were many dogs crunching many bones4 ,and a strange voice1 like the growling of a wolf1 said3 8,the strength of a man is a dainty morsel for a wolf to eat4 ,bihan1 traitor1 ,i eat your strength60 ,the black mass again bounded through the terrified crowd1 his bloody tongue hanging from his mouth1 his eyes darting fire4 ,this time it was from ,matheline that a scream still more horrible than that of ,pol's was heard2 and again there was the noise of another terrible feast1 and the voice of the wild beast1 which had already spoken1 growled3 8,the pearls of a smile make a dainty morsel for a wolf to eat4 ,matheline1 serpent that stung my heart1 seek for your beauty4 ,i have eaten it60 ,,xiii4 ,the white-haired beggar had endeavored to protect ,matheline against the wolf1 but he was very old1 and his limbs would not move as quickly as his heart4 ,he only succeeded in throwing down the wolf4 ,it fell at ,josserande's feet and licked her knees1 uttering doleful moans4 ,but the people1 who had come thither for entertainment1 were not well pleased with what had happened4 ,there was now abundance of light1 as men with torches had arrived from the abbey in search of their holy saint1 ,gildas the ,wise1 whose cell had been found empty at the hour of ,compline4 ,the glare from the torches shone upon two hideous wounds made by the wolf1 who had devoured ,matheline's beauty and ,pol's strength--that is to say1 the face of the one and the arms of the other3 flesh and bones4 ,it was frightful to behold4 ,the women wept while looking at the repulsive1 bleeding mass which had been ,matheline's smiling face2 the men sought in the double bloody gaps some traces of ,pol's arms1 for the powerful muscles1 the glory of the athletic games2 and every heart was filled with wrath4 ,the legend says that the tenant of ,coat-,dor1 ,matheline's poor father1 knelt beside his daughter and felt around in the blood for the scattered pearls1 which were now as red as holly-berries4 8,alas60 said he1 8of these dead stained things1 which when living were so beautiful1 which were admired and envied and loved1 ,i was so proud and happy40 ,alas6 indeed1 alas6 ,perhaps it was not the girl's fault that her heart was no larger than a little bird's2 and yet for this defect was not ,matheline most cruelly punished8 8,death to the wolf6 death to the wolf6 death to the wolf60 ,from all sides was this cry heard1 and brandishing pitch-forks1 cudgels1 ploughshares1 and mallets1 came rushing the people toward the wolf1 who still lay panting1 with open jaws and pendent tongue1 at the feet of ,dame ,josserande4 ,around them the torch-bearers formed a circle3 not to throw light upon the wolf and ,dame ,josserande1 but to render homage to the white-haired beggar1 in whom1 as though the scales had suddenly fallen from their eyes1 every one recognized the ,grand-,abbot of ,ruiz1 ,gildas the ,wise4 ,the grand abbot raised his hand1 and the armed crowd's eager advance was checked1 as if their feet had been nailed to the ground4 ,calmly he surveyed them1 blessed them1 and said3 8,christians1 the wolf did wrong to punish1 for chastisement belongs to ,god alone2 therefore the wolf's fault should not be punished by you4 ,in whom resides the power of ,god8 ,in the holy authority of fathers and mothers4 ,so here is my penitent ,josserande1 who will rightfully judge the wolf and punish him1 since she is his mother40 ,when ,gildas the ,wise ceased speaking you could have heard a mouse run across the heath4 ,each one thought to himself3 8,so the wolf is really ,sylvestre ,ker40 ,but not a word was uttered1 and all looked at ,dame ,josserande's axe1 which glistened in the moonlight4 ,josserande made the sign of the cross--ah6 poor mother1 very slowly1 for her heart sank within her--and she murmured3 8,my beloved one1 my beloved one1 whom ,i have borne in my arms and nourished with my milk--ah6 me1 can the ,lord ,god inflict this cruel martyrdom upon me80 ,no one replied1 not even ,gildas the ,wise1 who silently adjured the ,all-,powerful1 and recalled to him the sacrifice of ,abraham4 ,josserande raised her axe1 but she had the misfortune to look at the wolf1 who fixed his eyes1 full of tears1 upon her1 and the axe fell from her hands4 ,it was the wolf who picked it up1 and when he gave it back to her he said3 8,i weep for you1 my mother40 8,strike60 cried the crowd1 for what remained of ,pol and ,matheline uttered terrible groans4 8,strike6 strike60 ,while ,josserande again seized her axe the grand abbot had time to say3 8,do not complain1 you two unhappy ones1 for your suffering here below changes your hell into purgatory40 ,three times ,josserande raised the axe1 three times she let it fall without striking2 but at last she said in a hoarse tone that sounded like a death-rattle3 8,i have great faith in the good ,god60 and then1 says the legend1 she struck boldly1 for the wolf's head split in two halves4 ,,xiv4 ,a sudden wind extinguished the torches1 and some one prevented ,dame ,josserande from falling1 as she sank fainting to the ground1 by supporting her in his arms4 ,by the light of the halo which shone around the blessed head of ,gildas the ,wise1 the good people saw that this somebody was the young tenant1 ,sylvestre ,ker1 no longer lame nor one-eyed1 but with two straight legs and two perfect eyes4 ,at the same time there were heard voices in the clouds chanting the ,te ,deum4 ,why8 ,because heaven and earth quivered with emotion at witnessing this supreme act of faith soaring from the depth of anguish in a mother's heart4 ,,xv4 ,this is the legend that for many centuries has been related at ,christmas time on the shores of the ,petite-,mer1 which in the ,breton tongue is called ,armor bihan1 the ,celtic name of ,brittany4 ,if you ask what moral these good people draw from this strange story1 ,i will answer that it contains a basketful4 ,pol and ,matheline1 condemned to walk around the ,basin of the ,pagans until the end of time1 one without arms1 the other without a face1 offer a severe lesson to those fellows who are too proud of their broad shoulders and brute force1 and gossiping flirts of girls with smiling faces and wicked hearts2 the case of ,sylvestre ,ker teaches young men not to listen to the demon of money2 the blow of ,josserande's axe shows the miraculous power of faith2 the part of ,gildas the ,wise proves that it is well to consult the saints4 ,still further1 that you may bind together these diverse morals in one1 here is a proverb which is current in the province3 8,never stoop to pick up the pearls of a smile40 ,after this ask me no more4 ,as to the authenticity of the story1 ,i have already said that the chestnut-grove belongs to the mayor's nephew1 which is one guaranty2 and ,i will add that the spot is called ,sylvestreker1 and that the ruins1 hung with moss1 have no other name than 8,the ,wolf-,tower60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,mr4 ,,froude ,,on ,,the ,,decline ,,of ,,protestantism4#ajb ,we have seen what ,mr4 ,froude thinks of the 8,revival of ,romanism40 ,let us now see what he has to say on a subject nearer his heart--the decline of ,protestantism4 ,he has much to say2 and1 to use an ordinary phrase1 he makes no bones about saying it4 ,at the outset we would dispose of what seems a fair objection4 ,if1 it may be urged1 you make ,mr4 ,froude so very untrustworthy a witness against ,catholics and the ,catholic ,church1 why should he not be equally untrustworthy when assailing ,protestantism8 ,the objection is more plausible than real4 ,mr4 ,froude is a professed ,protestant4 ,in the cause of ,protestantism he is earnest even to aggressiveness4 ,he believes in and loves it with all his heart and soul1 as really as he disbelieves in and detests ,catholicity4 ,he can say nothing that is too good of the early ,protestant ,reformers and of their 8,reform40 ,he doubts about nothing1 apologizes for nothing1 attempts to palliate nothing either in the ,reformers or their ,reform4 ,he sees nothing in either to apologize for or to palliate4 ,he can only regret that1 so far as ,protestant belief and work and workers go1 the nineteenth century is not as the sixteenth4 ,he is altogether on his own ground here2 and we submit that the testimony of such a man in such a matter is of value1 the more so when it is confirmed to-day by concurrent ,protestant testimony on all sides4 ,the only difference between ,mr4 ,froude and the great mass of non-,catholic writers on this subject is that he is more frank than they1 and lays his finger unshrinkingly on very tender ,protestant spots4 ,of the actual state of ,protestantism he has little that is good or hopeful to say1 with one notable exception--,north ,germany--which will be considered later on4 ,protestantism to-day ,mr4 ,froude finds weak-kneed as well as weak-headed4 ,it has not that aggressive strength of the early teachers and preachers of ,reform4 ,the modern teachers have lost that pronounced faith in themselves and in their doctrines1 that burning zeal1 that fierce hatred of ,catholicity1 of falsehood1 and of sham1 that ,mr4 ,froude is pleased to discover in the early ,reformers4 8,religion speaks with command10 he says very rightly4 ,it 8lays down a set of doctrines1 and says1 #8,believe these at your soul's peril4' ,a certain peremptoriness being thus of the essence of the thing1 those religious teachers will always command most confidence who dare most to speak in positive tones40 ,all of which is1 of course1 most true4 ,speaking 8in positive tones10 however1 does not necessarily imply a divine mission1 or even an erroneous sense of a divine mission4 ,it may be bluster2 it may be calculated lying2 it may be the mistaken enthusiasm of a weak intellect and fervid imagination4 ,to be real it must stand the severest tests4 ,of a man who asserts his mission from heaven as a teacher of religion something more than his own word is demanded1 however positive that word may be4 ,in the preaching and the teaching of the truth there is in all ages a unity of voice1 a community of feeling and of purpose1 a singleness of eye1 of aim1 of method1 a union of heart and of soul1 that is unmistakable and carries conviction with it4 ,there is no change in it2 no fleck or flaw4 ,what is new agrees with what is old2 is generally a consequence flowing out of the old4 ,it preaches only one ,god and one law from the beginning4 ,it never contradicts itself2 it never narrows or broadens its moral lines to suit the convenience or the whim of persons or of nationalities4 ,it never compromises with humanity4 ,it enlightens the intellect while appealing to the heart of man4 ,it makes no divisions between men or nations2 no special code for this or for that4 ,it is awful in its inflexibility2 majestic in its calm2 eternal in its vigilance2 8the same1 yesterday1 to-day1 and for ever40 ,this is living ,truth2 this is ,god's2 and he who speaks the word of ,god is known by these signs4 ,mr4 ,froude is at a loss to find this spirit now abroad in the world4 ,the nearest approach to it he finds1 oddly enough for him1 in the ,catholic ,church4 ,but1 of course1 that is owing to some devilish ingenuity of which the ,catholic ,church alone has the secret4 ,as for ,protestants1 8it is no secret10 he says1 8that of late years ,protestant divines have spoken with less boldness1 with less clearness and confidence1 than their predecessors of the last generation40 8,they are not to be blamed for it10 he adds1 and we quite agree with him4 8,their intellectual position has grown in many ways perplexed4 ,science and historical criticism have shaken positions which used to be thought unassailable0 7p4 #ii74 ,we pointed out one of those 8positions0--the ,protestant ,reformation in ,england--but that is not in the contemplation of ,mr4 ,froude4 ,to him1 even if to him alone1 that position still stands1 8unassailable40 8,doctrines once thought to carry their own evidence with them in their inherent fitness for man's needs have become1 for some reason or other1 less conclusively obvious4 ,the state of mind to which they were addressed has been altered--altered in some way either for the worse or for the better4 ,and where the evangelical theology retains its hold1 it is rather as something which it is unbecoming to doubt than as a body of living truth which penetrates and vitalizes the heart0 7p4 #ii74 ,it is to be regretted that ,mr4 ,froude does not specify these 8doctrines40 ,he fails to do so in any place1 and in such matters1 as indeed in all1 there is nothing like accuracy in order to arrive at a clear understanding of what is wrong4 ,some of them1 however1 may be easily guessed at4 ,in these days it would be hard to discover what precise 8doctrines0 8evangelical0 or any but ,catholic theologians do hold1 if hard pushed and driven to make an explicit statement of what they do and what they do not believe4 ,the expression 8evangelical theology0 may help to enlighten us as to ,mr4 ,froude's meaning4 ,that we take to mean a theology based on the ,bible as the first1 final1 and only guide to man's knowledge of ,god and all implied in that knowledge4 ,this view of his meaning is confirmed by another passage 7p4 #ajj71 wherein1 contrasting the doctrinal position of the ,catholic and ,protestant1 he says3 8,it0 7the ,catholic ,church7 8stands precisely on the same foundation on which the ,protestant religion stands--on the truth of the ,gospel history4 ,before we can believe the ,gospel history we must appeal to the consciousness of ,god's existence1 which is written on the hearts of us all40 ,there is a mistake here which will be obvious to any instructed reader4 ,there is no more reason 8to appeal to the consciousness of ,god's existence0 for the truth of 8the ,gospel history0 than for the truth of any other history4 ,as a history1 history it is and no more1 to be judged as to its accuracy on the known laws of historical criticism4 ,it contains a written record of events1 and stands or falls on the truth of what it records1 just as does ,mr4 ,froude's own history4 ,if it can be shown that it is false1 there is an end of it2 false it is1 and no man is bound to believe it4 ,the foundation of ,protestantism1 as ,mr4 ,froude very rightly says1 stands 8on the truth of the ,gospel history0--that is1 on the ,bible1 and the ,bible alone4 ,christ1 however1 did not build his church on the ,bible1 but on ,peter1 the chief of the apostles3 8,i say to thee1 ,thou art ,peter1 and upon this rock ,i will build my church1 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it40 ,those are very plain1 strong1 and unmistakable words2 and in their comprehension lies a fundamental difference between ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,out of this difference comes a singular effect1 more noticeable in these than in former days4 ,catholics reverence the ,bible more really because more truly than do ,protestants4 ,over-reverence is irreverence4 ,they never made the mistake of accepting the ,bible as the foundation of ,christ's church1 any more than in human affairs we should take a history of a commonwealth1 with the digest of its laws1 the sayings of some of its wise men1 their documents to their contemporaries and to posterity1 as the commonwealth itself4 ,protestants withdrew from the body of the church1 which may have had1 and had1 sore spots and diseased members2 they took up the written record and said3 ,here are the laws2 here are the words of ,christ2 here are the sayings of the fathers2 here is truth2 here let us build our church anew--each one judging for himself as to what the church was and ought to be4 ,difficulties that were essential to such a position and that are obvious at sight arose at once and continued all the way down1 until at last1 in these days of all others1 there sprang up in the very bosom of ,protestantism a school of assailants of the ,bible itself4 ,this is the school of modern scientists1 which rejects revelation1 rejects ,god1 rejects the truth of the ,bible history1 rejects ,christ--rejects1 in a word1 everything1 save what approves itself to it by so-called positive testimony4 ,hence arises the perplexity of the 8intellectual position0 of ,protestant divines1 which ,mr4 ,froude notices4 ,the very foundation of their creed is questioned1 and questioned at every inch4 ,so1 until everything is satisfactorily cleared up and the 8scientists0 absolutely refuted1 ,protestantism is in a state of dissolution4 ,it has no foundation on which to stand1 while ,catholics have their living church1 to which they adhered steadfastly from the very beginning1 which existed1 and was called into being1 entirely independent of the ,bible1 and which would have been what it is had the ,bible never been written at all4 ,so that1 per impossibile1 even were the ,bible shown to be false1 it would not affect the fundamental ,catholic position4 ,of course we do not intimate for a moment that the ,bible is false1 and that the scientists can prove anything against it4 ,we only bring forward this instance of an essential difference between ,catholics and ,protestants1 and the effect of it on their minds1 as showing the reason why ,catholics take the criticism of the new school of inquirers very calmly1 while the result of this criticism on ,protestants is disastrous4 ,catholics are just as steadfast in their belief as they ever were2 ,protestants are daily becoming less and less so4 ,inquiry1 or 8criticism10 as it is called1 while it strengthens1 if possible1 ,catholicity1 destroys ,protestantism4 ,truth can stand all things4 8,science and historical criticism have shaken positions which used to be thought unassailable0 by ,protestants1 who find themselves in the false position of being compelled to question or reject as false what their fathers pinned their faith to--,germany always excepted1 according to ,mr4 ,froude4 ,it is a hard thing indeed to preach and teach as divine truth a doctrine1 or by our very profession to subscribe to a doctrine1 which in our heart we doubt about or disbelieve4 ,this is a moral phenomenon which ,protestantism presents to us every day1 and in no one of its infinite branches more conspicuously than in the ,anglican4 ,if men are preaching what they disbelieve or are in grave doubt about1 it is simply natural that 8where truth0 7or what was taken for truth7 8was once flashed out like lightning1 and attended with oratorical thunders1 it is now uttered with comparative feebleness40 8,the most honest1 perhaps1 are the most uncomfortable and most hesitating1 while those who speak most boldly are often affecting a confidence which in their hearts they do not feel0 7p4 #ii74 8,from some cause1 it seems they0 7,protestant preachers7 8dare not speak1 they dare not think1 like their fathers4 ,too many of them condescend to borrow the weapons of their adversaries4 ,they are not looking for what is true2 they are looking for arguments to defend positions which they know to be indefensible4 ,their sermons are sometimes sophistical1 sometimes cold and mechanical1 sometimes honestly diffident4 ,any way1 they are without warmth and cannot give what they do not possess0 7p4 #ajj74 ,this is a very heavy indictment2 we leave to others to judge of its truth4 ,it is a mistake1 however1 to draw the line at 8their fathers40 ,these men are what their fathers have made them4 ,the characteristics that mark the present teachers of ,protestantism run down the whole line of the ,protestant tradition4 ,incoherency and inconsistency1 not to use harsher terms1 necessarily stamped ,protestantism from the first4#ajc ,these characteristics are only more apparent to-day because the constant fire of criticism has exposed and brought them more prominently into view4 ,the practical results of teaching what is necessarily and inherently contradictory scarcely need to be pointed out4 8,the ,protestant10 says ,mr4 ,froude1 8finding three centuries ago that the institution called the ,church was teaching falsehood1 refused to pin his faith upon the ,church's sleeve thenceforward4 ,he has relied on his own judgment1 and times come when he is perplexed40 ,the whole story is told here4 ,it was too late in the day to find that 8the ,church was teaching falsehood40 ,the ,christian ,church can err or it cannot err4 ,there is room for no via media here4 ,if it can err1 it could have erred just as easily in the first century as in the fifteenth or sixteenth4 ,if it could err at all there is no necessary reason to suppose that it ever was right2 there is no belief to be placed in the promise of ,christ2 there is no belief to be placed in ,christ himself more than in any other man4 ,and again1 if it could err1 who was right1 and who was going to set it right8 ,the church being abandoned as a teacher of falsehood1 there is no hope of escape from constant perplexity to the ,christian mind2 for the ,bible itself1 being left to private judgment1 is of course open to any interpretation that private judgment may be pleased to extract from it4 ,and this in itself is destruction1 quite apart from the assaults of hostile criticism4 ,to make the church at all1 or at any time1 or by any possibility a teacher of falsehood is to strike the divinity from it and convert it into a human institution of the most monstrous assumptions and absurd pretensions4 ,this is ,protestantism1 which never had any spiritual life in itself4 ,it was from the beginning1 as it still is1 a convenient and very powerful political agent1 as was ,mahometanism4 ,mr4 ,froude says very truly1 what all men are coming to say1 that 8there is no real alternative between the ,catholic ,church and atheism0 7p4 #ajj71 which leaves ,mr4 ,froude and his fellow-,protestants in a pleasant position4 ,in the general perplexity of the ,protestant mind 8the ,romanist10 as ,mr4 ,froude graciously puts it1 8has availed himself of the opportunity40 8,his church stands as a visible thing1 which appears appeals8 to the imagination as well as the reason4 ,the vexed soul1 weary of its doubts1 and too impatient to wait till it pleases ,god to clear away the clouds1 demands a certainty on which it can repose--never to ask a question more4 ,by an effort of will which1 while claiming the name of faith1 is in reality a want of faith1 it seizes the ,catholic system as a whole4 ,foregoing the use of the natural reason for evermore1 it accepts the word of a spiritual director as an answer to every difficulty1 and finds1 as it supposes1 the peace for which it longed1 as the body which is drugged with opium ceases to feel pain0 7p4 #aja74 ,such is ,mr4 ,froude's picture of conversion to the ,catholic faith4 ,a man is drugged into ,catholicity1 and remains drugged to the end of the chapter4 ,whenever a gleam of his lost reason returns he hurries to the confessional box2 his 8spiritual director0 administers another dose1 and the drowsy patient slumbers away again content4 ,we do not pretend to ,mr4 ,froude's singular gift of prescience which enables him to read so readily the hearts of thousands of men and women who to all the world save ,mr4 ,froude are intellectually and morally strong4 ,he has traced their secret emotions and followed them up even into the confessional box4 ,he has seen the opiate administered and satisfied himself of the process4 ,to ordinary persons the conversion of a man to the ,catholic faith is the result of a long and most painful struggle which only the strongest conviction of right can bring about4 ,leaving him there1 deprived of 8the use of the natural reason for evermore10 let us see what becomes of those who retain the use of their natural reason and all the noble gifts and faculties that accompany it4 ,protestants alone see clearly the roads to heaven and hell1 according to ,mr4 ,froude2 which road do they take8 ,we have seen the position of their preachers4 ,were we not deprived of 8our natural reason for evermore10 we should describe that position as most pitiable1 where it is not dishonest and intellectually immoral4 ,the ,god of ,protestantism1 if we believe its expounders1 is truly a strange being4 ,he teaches everything1 or he teaches nothing1 with equal facility and pleasing variety4 ,he teaches that there are three persons in one ,god2 he teaches no such doctrine4 ,he teaches that ,christ is truly ,god and truly man2 he is rather doubtful about the matter4 ,he teaches the eternity of punishment2 he teaches no such monstrous doctrine4 ,he commands that all men be baptized in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost1 if they would enter the kingdom of heaven2 he does not know of the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,his views of baptism and its necessity are rather mixed4 ,there is no baptism unless a man is wholly immersed4 ,it is just as good a baptism if a man's feet be immersed4 ,it is equally good if water be poured on a man's head4 ,a man is just as fit for the kingdom of heaven1 and just as good a ,christian1 if he be not baptized at all4 ,god teaches that the ,blessed ,sacrament is really and truly the body and blood of ,christ1 and to be adored4 ,he teaches that it is only a figure of ,christ1 and that to adore it is to commit the sin of idolatry4 ,he teaches that man has free-will2 he teaches that man has not free-will1 and that all he can do is worthless1 heaven or hell being portioned out for him from all eternity quite apart from his own endeavor4 ,he teaches that good works as well as faith in him are necessary for salvation2 he teaches that faith alone is necessary1 and that provided a man believe right he may do wrong4 ,and so on ad infinitum down to the grossest and most abhorrent tenets4 ,but this is ,protestantism1 or reliance on one's 8own judgment40 ,one's own judgment is very apt to favor one's own self4 ,one's own judgment makes a god of self1 and right and wrong matters of whim1 appetite1 and inclination4 ,let us see its outcome as pictured by ,mr4 ,froude4 ,in section iv4 of his study he considers the 8,causes of ,weakness in ,modern ,protestant ,churches40 ,the words 8modern0 and 8churches0 are themselves contradictory of unity and of a church built on ,christ4 ,he sets out by drawing a glowing picture of what the early 8,reformers0 did and what they were1 which we may let pass as not immediately bearing on our present purpose4 8,after the middle of the seventeenth century10 he says 7p4 #aaa71 8,protestantism ceased to be aggressive40 444 8,as it became established it adapted itself to the world1 laid aside its harshness1 confined itself more and more to the enforcement of particular doctrines1 and abandoned1 at first tacitly and afterward deliberately1 the pretence to interfere with private life or practical business40 ,is this true8 ,did ,protestantism cease to be aggressive after the middle of the seventeenth century8 ,we have already said that ,mr4 ,froude was generally the best refutation of ,mr4 ,froude4 ,he shall be his own judge4 ,did ,protestantism cease to be aggressive in ,ireland1 for instance1 after the middle of the seventeenth century8 ,we might bring many unimpeachable witnesses on the stand to prove our point4 ,mr4 ,froude will suffice for us1 and we quote him at some length because his words here set forth in the strongest contrast what ,protestantism can do to degrade a people1 and what ,catholicity can do to lift a people out of the slough of degradation4 ,herein we see the spirits of both in deadly conflict1 and the lesson of the struggle is a lesson for to-day1 when the same spirits are locked again in strife4 ,writing not of the middle of the seventeenth1 but of the beginning of the eighteenth1 century 7#agji71 ,mr4 ,froude thus describes the second ,act against ,popery in ,ireland3 8,the code of law which was designed to transfer the entire soil of ,ireland to members of the ,established ,church1 and reduce the ,catholics to landless dependents1 was finally completed4444 ,by the new act every settlement1 every lease on lives1 every conveyance made by a ,catholic owner since #agjd1 by which any ,protestant or ,protestants had been injured1#ajd was declared void1 and the loop-holes were closed by which the act of that year had been evaded4 ,to defeat ,protestant heirs1 ,catholics had concealed the true value of their property4 ,children were now enabled to compel their fathers to produce their title-deeds and make a clear confession4 ,catholic gentlemen had pretended conversion to qualify themselves for being magistrates and sheriffs1 for being admitted to the bar1 or for holding a seat in ,parliament1 while their children were being bred up secretly in the old faith4 ,the education of their families was made a test of sincerity1 and those whose sons were not brought up as churchmen remained under the disabilities4 8,nor1 if words could hinder it1 were the acts directed against the priests to be any more trifled with4 ,fifty pounds reward was now offered for the conviction of any ,catholic archbishop1 bishop1 or vicar-general2 twenty pounds reward for the conviction of friar1 ,jesuit1 or unregistered parish priest4444 ,it was now made penal for a priest to officiate anywhere except in the parish church for which he was registered1 and the last rivet was driven into the chain by the compulsory imposition of the ,abjuration ,oath1 which every priest was made to swear at his registration4 ,as if this was not enough1 any two magistrates received power to summon any or every ,irish subject above the age of sixteen1 to offer him the oath1 and to commit him to prison if he refused it4 ,they might also1 if he was a ,catholic1 ask him where he last heard ,mass1 and by whom it was celebrated4 ,if the priest officiating was found to have been unregistered he was liable to be transported4 8,a fatal clause was added that any ,protestant whatever who discovered and was able to prove before a ,protestant jury the existence of any purchase or lease of which a ,catholic was to have secretly the advantage1 should himself be put in possession of the property which was the subject of the fraud0 7pp4 #ccb-ccd74aje ,even ,mr4 ,froude cannot help remarking on this last clause that 8the evasion of a law so contrived that every unscrupulous scoundrel in ,ireland was its self-constituted guardian became impossible02 and he adds with gratifying frankness3 8,that it was unjust in itself never occurred as a passing emotion to any ,protestant in the two kingdoms1 not even to ,swift1 who speaks approvingly of what he deems must be the inevitable result40 ,writing still of the ,penal ,laws1 he says that 8the practice of the courts0 in regard to them 8was a very school of lying and a discipline of evasion4 ,no laws could have been invented1 perhaps1 more ingeniously demoralizing0 7p4 #cgd74 ,writing of a period still later in the eighteenth century1 after the ,protestant emigration and the ruin of ,irish trade and industry had been brought about by ,english legislation1 he thus describes the condition of the ,irish peasant class1 who composed the bulk of the population3 8,the tenants were forbidden in their leases to break or plough the soil4 ,the people1 no longer employed1 were driven away into holes and corners1 and eked out a wretched subsistence by potato gardens1 or by keeping starving cattle of their own on the neglected bogs4 ,their numbers increased1 for they married early1 and they were no longer liable1 as in the old times1 to be killed off like dogs in forays4 ,they grew up in compulsory idleness1 encouraged once more in their inherited dislike of labor1 and enured to wretchedness and hunger2 and1 on every failure of the potato crop1 hundreds of thousands were starving40 ,horrible as such a picture is1 it is but a faint sketch of the reality4 ,all readers of ,irish history know it1 and no student of ,english legislation should forget or pass over that dark chapter in ,england's history4 ,our own readers have seen the whole system vividly sketched in these pages recently in the series of papers on 8,english ,rule in ,ireland40 ,what1 in human nature and human possibilities1 was to become of a people thus submitted to so long and unbending and systematic a course of degradation8 ,they had nothing left but their faith1 and the eternal truth of the promise that this is the victory which overcometh the world2 and that our faith shall make us free was never more gloriously and wondrously made manifest than in the case of the ,irish people4 ,ignorance was made compulsory by this ,protestant government4 ,the statute law of ,ireland forbade ,catholics to open schools or to teach in them4 ,the ,irish people1 of all peoples1 have ever had a craving for knowledge4 ,what was left to them to do8 8,the ,catholics10 says ,mr4 ,froude1 8with the same steady courage and unremitting zeal with which they had maintained and multiplied the number of their priests1 had established open schools in places like ,killarney1 where the law was a dead-letter4 ,in the more accessible counties1 where open defiance was dangerous1 they extemporized class teachers under ruined walls or in the dry ditches by the roadside1 where ragged urchins1 in the midst of their poverty1 learnt ,english and the elements of arithmetic1 and even to read and construe ,ovid and ,virgil4 ,with institutions which showed a vitality so singular and so spontaneous repressive acts of ,parliament contended in vain40 ,ignorance is esteemed to be the prolific mother of vice4 ,the social condition of the ,irish people was made as bad as legislation could make it4 ,where was the room for morality in such a case8 ,in vainly trying to explain away that most brutal project of law for the mutilation of the ,irish priests1 ,mr4 ,froude says 7vol4 i4 p4 #eeg73 8,they 7the ,lord ,lieutenant and ,privy ,council7 did propose1 not that all the ,catholic clergy in ,ireland1 as ,plowden says1 but that unregistered priests and friars coming in from abroad1 should be liable to castration02 and he adds in a note3 8,not1 certainly1 as implying a charge of immorality4 ,amidst the multitude of accusations which ,i have seen brought against the ,irish priests of the last century1 ,i have never1 save in a single instance1 encountered a charge of unchastity4 ,rather the exceptional and signal purity of ,irish ,catholic women of the lower class1 unparalleled probably in the civilized world1 and not characteristic of the race1 which in the sixteenth century was no less distinguished for licentiousness1 must be attributed wholly and entirely to the influence of the ,catholic clergy40 ,mr4 ,froude cannot be wholly generous and honest in a matter of this kind1 but what is true in this is sufficient for our purpose without inquiring into what is false4 ,it is plain from his own words that the one thing that saved the ,irish people from perdition1 body and soul1 was their ,catholic faith4 ,yet this is the man who1 having thus testified to the rival effects of ,catholicity and ,protestantism on a people1 has the effrontery to tell us in the 8,revival of ,romanism0 that 8,if by this conversions or any other cause the ,catholic ,church anywhere recovers her ascendency1 she will again exhibit the detestable features which have invariably attended her supremacy4 ,her rule will once more be found incompatible either with justice or intellectual growth1 and our children will be forced to recover by some fresh struggle the ground which our forefathers conquered for us1 and which we by our pusillanimity surrendered0 7p4 #ajc74 ,with his own testimony before us we may well ask in amazement1 ,of which church is he writing8 ,it would seem as though ,heaven1 which through all ages has looked down upon and permitted martyrdom for the faith1 had in this instance called upon1 not a tender virgin or a strong youth1 not an old man tottering into the grave or an innocent child1 to step into the arena and offer up their life and blood for the cause of ,christ1 but a whole people4 ,and the martyrdom of this people was not for a day or an hour2 it was the slow torture of centuries4 ,a legacy of martyrdom was 8bequeathed from bleeding sire to son40 ,life was hopeless to the ,irish people under the ,penal ,laws2 the world a wide prison2 the earth a grave4 ,they could only lift their eyes and hearts to heaven and wait patiently for merciful death to come4 ,this was the supreme test of faith to a noble and passionate race1 as it was faith's supremest testimony4 ,no work of the saints1 no writings of the fathers1 no ,heaven-illumined mind ever brought to the aid of faith stronger reason for conviction than this4 ,as words pale before deeds1 as the blood of a martyr speaks more loudly to men1 and cries more clamorously to heaven1 than all that divine philosophy can utter or inspired poet sing1 so the attitude of the ,irish people1 so opposed to all the instincts of their quick and passionate nature1 bore the very noblest testimony to the reality of the ,christian religion4 ,a world looked down into that dark arena and waited for some sign of faltering in the victim1 for some sign of pity in the persecutor4 ,neither came4 ,the victim refused to die or sacrifice to the gods2 the persecutor to relent4 ,the struggle ended at length through the sheer weariness of the latter1 and brighter times came because darker could not be devised4 ,faith conquered4 ,the ,irish people arose from its grave1 and at once spread abroad over the world to preach the ,gospel and to plant the church which for two centuries it had watered with its blood4 ,the ,act of ,catholic ,emancipation was the first real sign of resurrection1 and that was only passed in #ahbi4 ,so much for ,protestantism having 8ceased to be aggressive after the middle of the seventeenth century40 ,how aggressive are certain ,protestant powers to-day all men know4 ,another thing happened to ,protestantism after the middle of the seventeenth century3 8,it no longer produced men conspicuously nobler and better than ,romanism10 says ,mr4 ,froude1 8and therefore it no longer made converts4 ,as it became established1 it adapted itself to the world1 laid aside its harshness1 confined itself more and more to the enforcement of particular doctrines0 7of no doctrines in particular1 we should be inclined to say71 8and abandoned1 at first tacitly and afterward deliberately1 the pretence to interfere with private life or practical business40 ,in plainer words1 ,protestantism1 having secured its place in this world1 left the next world to take care of itself1 and left men free to go to the devil or not just as they pleased4 ,mr4 ,froude faithfully pictures the result3 8,thus ,protestant countries are no longer able to boast of any special or remarkable moral standard2 and the effect of the creed on the imagination is analogously impaired4 ,protestant nations show more energy than ,catholic nations because the mind is left more free1 and the intellect is undisturbed by the authoritative instilment of false principles0 7p4 #aaa74 ,this strikes us as a very easy manner of begging a very important question4 ,however1 we are less concerned now with ,mr4 ,froude's ,catholics than with his ,protestants4 8,but10 he goes on1 8,protestant nations have been guilty1 as nations1 of enormous crimes4 ,protestant individuals1 who profess the soundest of creeds1 seem1 in their conduct1 to have no creed at all1 beyond a conviction that pleasure is pleasant1 and that money will purchase it4 ,political corruption grows up2 sharp practice in trade grows up--dishonest speculations1 short weights and measures1 and adulteration of food4 ,the commercial and political ,protestant world1 on both sides of the ,atlantic1 has accepted a code of action from which morality has been banished2 and the clergy have for the most part sat silent1 and occupy themselves in carving and polishing into completeness their schemes of doctrinal salvation4 ,they shrink from offending the wealthy members of their congregation40 7,we believe we heard concordant testimony to this from distinguished members of the late ,protestant ,episcopalian ,convention and ,congress47 8,they withdraw into the affairs of the other world1 and leave the present world to the men of business and the devil40 ,mr4 ,froude having thus placidly handed ,protestantism over to the devil1 we might as well leave it there1 as the devil is proverbially reported to know and take care of his own4 ,and certainly1 if ,protestantism be only half what ,mr4 ,froude depicts it1 it is the devil's1 and a more active and fruitful agent of evil he could not well desire4 ,one thing is beyond dispute3 if ,protestantism be what so ardent an advocate as ,mr4 ,froude says it is1 it is high time for a change4 ,it is time for some one or something to step in and dispute the devil's absolute sovereignty4 ,if this is the result of the ,protestant mind being 8left more free0 than the ,catholic1 the sooner such freedom is curtailed the better4 ,it is the freedom of lethargy and license which has yielded up even the little that it had of real freedom and truth to its own child1 ,materialism1 the modern name for paganism4 8,they0 7the ,protestant clergy71 says ,mr4 ,froude1 8have allowed the ,gospel to be superseded by the new formulas of political economy4 ,this so-called science is the most barefaced attempt that has ever yet been openly made on this earth to regulate human society without ,god or recognition of the moral law4 ,the clergy have allowed it to grow up1 to take possession of the air1 to penetrate schools and colleges1 to control the actions of legislatures1 without even so much as opening their lips in remonstrance40 ,yes1 because they had nothing better to offer in its place4 ,and this ,mr4 ,froude advances with much truth as one of the causes of the 8,revival of ,romanism03 8,i once ventured10 he tells us1 8to say to a leading ,evangelical preacher in ,london that ,i thought the clergy were much to blame in these matters4 ,if the diseases of society were unapproachable by human law1 the clergy might at least keep their congregations from forgetting that there was a law of another kind which in some shape or other would enforce itself4 ,he told me very plainly that he did not look on it as part of his duty4 ,he could not save the world1 nor would he try4 ,the world lay in wickedness1 and would lie in wickedness to the end4 ,his business was to save out of it individual souls by working on their spiritual emotions1 and bringing them to what he called the truth4 ,as to what men should do or not do1 how they should occupy themselves1 how and how far they might enjoy themselves1 on what principles they should carry on their daily work--on these and similar subjects he had nothing to say4 8,i needed no more to explain to me why ,evangelical preachers were losing their hold on the more robust intellects1 or why ,catholics1 who at least offered something which at intervals might remind men that they had souls1 should have power to win away into their fold many a tender conscience which needed detailed support and guidance0 7pp4 #aab-aac74 ,one ray of light in the universal darkness now enshrouding ,protestantism shines before the eyes of ,mr4 ,froude4 ,it falls on the present ,german ,empire4 ,here at least the weary watchman crying out the hours of heaven may call 8,all is well0 to the sleepers4 ,here ,protestantism had its true birth2 here it finds its true home4 ,in this blessed land lies hope and salvation for a lost world4 ,but the picture is so graphic that we give it in ,mr4 ,froude's own words3 8,as the present state of ,france10 he says1 8is the measure of the value of the ,catholic revival1 so ,northern ,germany1 spiritually1 socially1 and politically1 is the measure of the power of consistent ,protestantism4 ,germany was the cradle of the ,reformation4 ,in ,germany it moves forward to its manhood2 and there1 and not elsewhere1 will be found the intellectual solution of the speculative perplexities which are now dividing and bewildering us0 7pp4 #acj-aca74 8,luther was the root in which the intellect of the modern ,germans took its rise4 ,in the spirit of ,luther this mental development has gone forward ever since4 ,the seed changes its form when it develops leaves and flowers4 ,but the leaves and flowers are in the seed1 and the thoughts of the ,germany of to-day lay in germs in the great reformer4 ,thus ,luther has remained through later history the idol of the nation whom he saved4 ,the disputes between religion and science1 so baneful in their effects elsewhere1 have risen into differences there1 but never into quarrels0 7p4 #acb74 8,protestant ,germany stands almost alone1 with hands and head alike clear4 ,her theology is undergoing change4 ,her piety remains unshaken4 ,protestant she is1 ,protestant she means to be4444 ,by the mere weight of superior worth the ,protestant states have established their ascendency over ,catholic ,austria and ,bavaria1 and compel them1 whether they will or not1 to turn their faces from darkness to light4#ajf 444 ,german religion may be summed up in the word which is at once the foundation and the superstructure of all religion--,duty6 ,no people anywhere or at any time have understood better the meaning of duty2 and to say that is to say all0 7pp4 #acd-ace74 ,these glowing periods are very tempting to the critic2 but it is a mark of cruelty and savagery to gloat over an easy prey4 ,we forbear all verbal criticism1 then1 and simply deny in toto the truth of ,mr4 ,froude's statement4 ,it is so very wrong that we can only think he wrote from his imagination--a weakness from which he suffers oftenest when he wishes most to be effective4 ,had he searched the world he could not have found a worse instance to prove his point than ,north ,germany4 ,prussia is the leading ,north ,german and ,protestant state1 and in various passages ,mr4 ,froude shows that he takes it as his beau-ideal of a ,protestant power4 ,how stands ,protestantism in ,prussia to-day8 ,the indications for more than a quarter of a century past have been that ,protestantism in ,prussia was little more than the shadow of a once mighty name4 ,these indications have become more marked of late years1 especially since the consolidation of the new ,german ,empire4 ,earnest ,german ,protestants are continually deploring the fact2 the press proclaims it2 the ,protestant ministers avow it1 and all the world knew of it1 save1 apparently1 ,mr4 ,froude4 8,protestantism in ,prussia0 formed the subject of a letter from the ,berlin correspondent of the ,london ,times as recently as ,sept4 #g1 #ahgg4 ,his testimony on such a subject could scarcely be called in question1 but even if it could be the facts narrated speak for themselves4 8,forty years ago10 he says1 8the clergy of the ,established ,church of this country1 including the leading divines and the members of the ecclesiastical government1 almost to a man were under the influence of free-thinking theories4 8,it was the time when ,german criticism first undertook to dissect the ,bible4 ,history seemed to have surpassed theology1 and divines had recourse to #8interpreting' what they thought they could no longer maintain according to the letter4 ,the movement extended from the clergy to the educated classes1 gradually reaching the lower orders1 and ultimately pervaded the entire nation4 ,at this juncture atheism sprang forward to reap the harvest sown by latitudinarians4 ,then reaction set in4 ,the clergy reverted to orthodoxy1 and their conversion to the old faith happening to coincide with the return of the government to political conservatism1 subsequent to the troublous period of #ahdh1 the stricter principles embraced by the cloth were systematically enforced by consistory and school4444 8,the clergy turned orthodox twenty-five years ago2 the laity did not4 ,the servants of the altar1 having realized the melancholy effect of opposite tenets1 resolutely fell back upon the ancient dogmas of ,christianity2 the congregations declined to follow suit4 ,hence the few #8liberal' clergymen remaining after the advent of the orthodox period had the consolation of knowing themselves to be in accord1 if not with their clerical brethren1 at least with the majority of the educated1 and1 perhaps1 even the uneducated1 classes40 ,he proceeds to mention various cases of prominent ,lutheran clergymen who denied the divinity of ,christ1 or other doctrines equally necessary to be maintained by men professing to be ,christians1 and of the unsuccessful attempts made to silence them4 ,as the correspondent says 8irreverent liberal opinion on the case is well reflected in an article in the ,berlin ,volks-,zeitung10 which is so instructive that we quote it for the especial benefit of ,mr4 ,froude3 8,as long as ,protestant clergymen are appointed by provincial consistories officiating in behalf of the crown our congregations will have to put up with any candidates that may be forced upon them4 ,they may1 perhaps1 be allowed to nominate their pastors1 but they will be impotent to exact the confirmation of their choice from the ecclesiastical authorities4 ,nor do we experience any particular curiosity as to the result of the inquiry instituted against ,herr ,hossbach4 ,in matters of this delicate nature judicious evasions have been too often resorted to by clever accused1 and visibly favored by ordained judges of the faith1 for us to care much for the result of the suit opened4 ,a sort of fanciful and imaginative prevarication has always flourished in theological debate1 and the old artifice1 it is to be foreseen1 will be employed with fresh versatility in the present instance4 ,should the election of ,herr ,hossbach be confirmed1 the consistorial decree will be garnished with so many #8ifs' and #8althoughs' that the brilliant ray of truth will be dimmed by screening assumptions1 like a candle placed behind a colored glass4 ,similarly1 should the consistory decline to ratify the choice of the vestry1 the refusal is sure to be rendered palatable by the employment of particularly mild and euphonious language4 ,in either case the triumph of the victorious party will be but half a triumph4444 ,it is not a little remarkable that the ,protestant ,church in this country should be kept under the control of superimposed authorities1 while ,roman ,catholics and ,jews are free to preach what they like4 ,the power of the ,catholic hierarchy has been broken by the new laws4 ,catholic clergymen deviating from the approved doctrine of the ,church are protected by the ,government from the persecution of their bishops4 ,catholic congregations are positively urged and instigated to profit by the privileges accorded them1 and assert their independence against bishop and priest4 ,jewish rabbis1 too1 are free to disseminate any doctrine without being responsible for their teaching to spiritual or secular judges4 ,only ,protestant congregations enjoy the doubtful advantage of having the election of their clergy controlled1 and the candor of their clergy made the theme of penal inquiry4444 ,and yet ,protestant congregations have a ready means of escape at their disposal4 ,let them leave the church1 and they are free to elect whomsoever they may choose as their minister4 ,as it is1 the indecision of the congregations maintains the status quo by forcing liberal clergymen into the dogmatic straight-waistcoat of the consistories40 8,in the above argument one important fact is overlooked10 says the ,times' correspondent4 8,among the liberals opposed to the consistories there are many atheists1 but few sufficiently religious to care for reform4 ,hence the course taken by the consistories may be resented1 but the preaching of the liberal clergy is not popular enough to create a new denomination or to compel innovation within the pale of the church4 ,the fashionable metaphysical systems of ,germany are pessimist40 ,a week previous to the date of this letter the ,lutheran pastors held their annual meeting at ,berlin4 ,the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,grau1 who is referred to as 8a distinguished professor of theology10 speaking of the task of the clergy in modern times--certainly a most important subject for consideration--said3 8,these are serious times for the church4 ,the protection of the temporal power is no longer awarded to us to anything like the extent it formerly was4 ,the great mass of the people is either indifferent or openly hostile to doctrinal teaching4 ,not a few listen to those striving to combine ,christ with ,belial1 and to reconcile redeeming truth with modern science and culture4 ,there are those who dream of a future church erected on the ruins of the ,lutheran establishment1 which by these enterprising neophytes is already regarded as dead and gone40 8,the meeting10 observes the correspondent1 8by passing the resolutions proposed by ,dr4 ,grau1 endorsed the opinions of the principal speaker40 ,and he adds3 8,while giving this unmitigated verdict upon the state of religion among the people1 the meeting displayed open antagonism to the leading authorities of the church4 ,to the orthodox pastors the sober and sedative policy pursued by the ,ober ,kirchen ,rath is a dereliction even more offensive than the downright apostasy of the liberals4 ,to render their opposition intelligible the change that has recently supervened in high quarters should be adverted to in a few words4 ,soon after his accession to the throne the reigning sovereign1 in his capacity as summus episcopus1 recommended a lenient treatment of liberal views4 ,though himself strictly orthodox1 as he has repeatedly taken occasion to announce1 the emperor is tolerant in religion1 and too much of a statesman to overlook the undesirable consequences that must ensue from permanent warfare between church and people4 ,he therefore appointed a few moderate liberals members of the supreme council1 accorded an extensive degree of self-government to the synods1 at the expense of his own episcopal prerogative1 and finally sanctioned civil marriage and #8civil baptism1' as registration is sarcastically called in this country1 to the intense astonishment and dismay of the orthodox4 ,the last two measures1 it is true1 were aimed at the priests of the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 who were to be deprived of the power of punishing those of their flock siding with the state in the ecclesiastical war2 but1 as the operation of the law could not be restricted to one denomination1 ,protestants were made amenable to a measure which1 to the orthodox among them1 was quite as objectionable as to the believing adherents of the ,pope4 ,the supreme council of the ,protestant ,church1 having to approve these several innovations adopted by the crown1 gradually accustomed itself to regard compromise and bland pacification as one of the principal duties imposed upon it40 ,the correspondent ends his letter thus3 8,when all was over orthodoxy was at feud with the people as well as with the authoritative guardians of the church4 ,yet neither people nor guardians remonstrated4 ,for opposite reasons both were equally convinced they could afford to ignore the charges made40 ,so important was the letter that the ,london ,times made it the subject of an editorial article1 wherein it speaks of 8the singular revival of theological and ecclesiastical controversy1 which is observable in all directions10 having 8at last reached the slumbering ,protestantism of ,prussia40 ,it confesses that 8,the state of things as described by our correspondent is certainly a very anomalous one4 ,the ,prussian ,protestant ,church has1 of late years at least1 had but little hold on the respect and affections of the great majority of the people2 they are at best but indifferent to it when they are not actively hostile4 ,we are not concerned to investigate the causes of this lack of popularity2 we are content to take it as a fact manifest to all who know the country and acknowledged by all observers alike40 8,german ,protestantism was a power and an influence10 it says1 8,to which the modern world is deeply indebted1 and with which1 now that ultramontanism is triumphant in the ,church of ,rome and priestcraft is again striving in all quarters to exert its sway1 the friends of freedom and toleration can ill afford to dispense4 ,there is no more ominous sign in the history of an established church than a divorce between intelligence and orthodoxy4 ,this is what1 to all appearances1 has happened in ,prussia40 ,we could corroborate this by abundance of testimony from all quarters2 but surely the evidence here given is sufficient to convince any man of the deplorable state of ,protestantism in ,prussia4 ,why ,mr4 ,froude should have chosen that country of all others for his ,protestant paradise we cannot conceive1 unless on the ground that he is ,mr4 ,froude4 8,the world on one side1 and ,popery on the other10 he says1 8are dividing the practical control over life and conduct4 ,north ,germany1 manful in word and deed1 sustains the fight against both enemies and carries the old flag to victory4 ,a few years ago another ,thirty ,years' ,war was feared for ,germany4 ,a single campaign sufficed to bring ,austria on her knees4 ,protestantism1 as expressed in the leadership of ,prussia1 assumed the direction of the ,german ,confederation0 7pp4 #ace-acf74 ,and whither does this leadership tend8 ,to the devil1 if the ,london ,times1 if ,dr4 ,grau1 if every observant man who has written or spoken on this subject1 is to be believed4 ,the only religion in ,prussia to-day is the ,catholic2 ,protestantism has yielded to atheism or nothingism4 ,the persecution has only proved and tempered the ,catholic ,church2 not even a strong and favoring government can infuse a faint breath of life into the dead carcase of ,prussian ,protestantism4 ,it is much the same story all the world over4 ,mr4 ,froude sees clearly enough what is coming4 ,protestantism as a religious power is dead4 ,it has lost all semblance of reality4 ,it had no religious reality from the beginning4 ,it will still continue to be used as an agent by political schemers and conspirators2 but in the fight between religion and irreligion it is of little worth4 ,the fight is not here1 but where ,mr4 ,froude rightly places it--between the irreligious world and ,catholicity1 which 8are dividing the practical control over life and conduct40 ,and thus heresies die out2 they expire of their own corruption4 ,their very offspring rise up against them4 ,their children cry for bread and they give them a stone4 ,the fragments of truth on which they first build are sooner or later crushed out by the great mass of falsehood4 ,the few good seeds are choked up by the harvest of the bad1 and only the ill weeds thrive1 until all the space around them is desolate of fruit or light or sweetness1 or anything fair under heaven4 ,then comes the husbandman in his own good time1 and curses the barren fig-tree and clears the desolate waste4 ,it will be with ,protestantism as it has been with all the heresies2 ,christians will wonder1 and the time would seem not to be very far distant when they will wonder that ,protestantism ever should have been4 ,it will go to its grave1 the same wide grave that has swallowed up heresy after heresy4 ,gnosticism1 ,arianism1 ,pelagianism1 ,nestorianism1 ,monophysitism1 ,protestantism1 all the isms1 are children of the same family1 live the same life1 die the same death4 ,the everlasting church buries them all1 and no man mourns their loss4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,ramble ,,after ,,the ,,waits4 8,,christmas comes but once a year1 ,so let us all be merry10 saith the old song4 ,and now1 as the festal season draws nigh1 everybody seems bent on fulfilling the behest to the uttermost4 ,the streets are gay with lights and laughter2 the shops are all a-glitter with precious things2 the markets are bursting with good cheer4 ,the air vibrates with a babble of merry voices1 until the very stars seem to catch the infection and twinkle a thought more brightly4 ,the faces of those you meet beam with joyous expectation2 huge baskets on their arms1 loaded with good things for the morrow1 jostle and thump you at every turn1 but no one dreams of being ill-natured on ,christmas ,eve2 mysterious bundles in each hand contain unimagined treasures for the little ones at home4 ,and hark6 do you not catch a jingle of distant sleigh-bells1 a faint1 far-off patter and scrunching of tiny hoofs upon the snow8 ,it is the good ,st4 ,nicholas setting out upon his merry round2 it is ,dasher and ,slasher and ,prancer and ,vixen scurrying like the wind over the house-tops4 ,and high over all--8the poor man's music0--the merry1 merry bells of ,yule1 the solemn1 the sacred bells1 peal forth the tidings of great joy4 ,is it not hard to conceive that the time should have been when ,christmas was not8 impossible to conceive that any in a ,christian land should have wished to do away with it--should have been willing1 having had it1 ever to forego a festival so fraught with all holy and happy memories8 ,yet once such men were found1 and but little more than two centuries ago4 ,it was on the #bdth day of ,december1 #afeb--;day for ever to be marked with the blackest of black stones1 nay1 with a bowlder of ,plutonian nigritude--that the ,british ,house of ,commons1 being moved thereto 8by a terrible remonstrance against ,christmas day grounded upon divine ,scripture1 wherein ,christmas is called ,antichrists masse1 and those masse-mongers and ,papists who observe it10 and after much time 8spent in consultation about the abolition of ,christmas day1 passed order to that effect1 and resolved to sit upon the following day1 which was commonly called ,christmas day40 ,whether this latter resolution was carried into effect we do not know4 ,if so1 let us hope that their ,christmas dinners disagreed with them horribly1 and that the foul fiend ,nightmare kept hideous vigil by every ,parliamentary pillow4 ,but think of such an atrocious sentiment being heard at all in ,westminster6 ,how must the very echoes of the hall have shrunk from repeating that monstrous proposition--how shuddered and fled away into remotest corners and crevices as that 8,hideous hum ,ran through the arch'd roof in words deceiving06 ,how must they have disbelieved their ears1 and tossed the impious utterance back and forth from one to another in agonized questioning1 growing feebler and fainter at each repulse1 until their voices1 faltering through doubt into dismay1 grew dumb with horror6 ,how must 8,rufus' ,roaring ,hall0#ajg have roared again outright with rage and grief over that strange1 that unhallowed profanation6 ,what wan phantoms of old-time mummeries and maskings1 what dusty and crumbling memories of royal feast and junketing1 must have hovered about the heads of those audacious innovators1 shrieking at them what unsyllabled reproaches from voiceless lips1 shaking at them what shadowy fingers of entreaty or menace6 ,and if the proverb about ill words and burning ears be true1 how those crop-ears must have tingled6 ,within those very walls ,england's kings for generations had kept their ,christmas-tide most royally with revelry and dance and wassail4 ,there ,henry ,,iii4 on ,new ,year's day1 #abcf1 to celebrate the coronation of ,eleanor1 his queen1 entertained #f1jjj of his poorer subjects of all degrees2 and there twelve years later1 though he himself ate his plum-pudding at ,winchester1 he was graciously pleased to bid his treasurer 8fill the king's ,great ,hall from ,christmas day to the ,day of ,circumcision with poor people and feast them40 ,there1 too1 at a later date ,edward ,,iii4 had for sauce to his ,christmas turkey--not to mention all sorts of cates and confections1 tarts and pasties of most cunning device1 rare liquors and spiced wines--no less than two captive kings1 to wit1 ,david of ,scotland and ,john of ,france4 ,poor captive kings6 ,their turkey--though no doubt their princely entertainer was careful to help them to the daintiest tidbits1 and to see that they had plenty of stuffing and cranberry sauce--must have been but a tasteless morsel1 and their sweetbreads bitter indeed4 ,another ,scottish king1 the first ,james1 of tuneful and unhappy memory1 had even worse 7pot7 luck soon after4 ,fate1 and that hospitable penchant of our ,english cousins in the remoter centuries for quietly confiscating all stray ,scotch princes who fell in their way1 as though they had been contraband of war1 gave him the enviable opportunity of eating no less than a score of ,christmas dinners on ,english soil4 ,but he seems to have been left to eat them alone or with his jailer in 8bowery ,windsor's calm retreat0 or the less cheerful solitude of the ,tower4 ,it does not appear that either the fourth or the fifth ,henry1 his enforced hosts1 ever asked him to put his royal ,scotch legs under their royal ,english mahogany4 ,had ,richard ,,ii4 been in the place of 8the ingrate and cankered ,bolingbroke10 we may be sure that his northern guest would not have been treated so shabbily4 ,in his time ,westminster and his two thousand ,french cooks 7shades of ,lucullus6 what an appetite he must have had1 and what a broiling and a baking and a basting must they have kept up among them2 the proverb of 8busier than an ,english oven at ,christmas0 had reason then1 at least7 were not long left idle2 for it was their sovereign's jovial custom to keep open house in the holidays for as many as ten thousand a day--a comfortable tableful4 ,it was his motto plainly to 8,be merry1 for our time of stay is short40 ,such a device1 however1 the third ,richard might have made his own with still greater reason4 ,that ill-used prince1 who was no doubt a much better fellow at bottom than it has pleased ,master ,shakspeare to represent him--if ,richmond had not been ,queen ,bess' grandpapa1 we should like enough have had a different story and altogether less about humps and barking dogs--made the most of a limited opportunity to show what he could do in the way of holiday dinner-giving4 ,the only two ,christmases he had to spend as king at ,westminster--for him but a royal stage on his way to a more permanent residence at ,bosworth ,field--he celebrated with extraordinary magnificence1 as became a prince 8reigning10 says ,philip de ,comines1 8in greater splendor than any king of ,england for the last hundred years40 ,on the second and last ,christmas of his reign and life the revelry was kept up till the ,epiphany1 when 8the king himself1 wearing his crown1 held a splendid feast in the ,great ,hall similar to his coronation40 ,wearing his crown1 poor wretch6 ,he seems to have felt that his time was short for wearing it1 and that he must put it to use while he had it4 ,already1 indeed1 as he feasted1 rapacious ,fortune1 swooping implacable1 was clawing it with skinny1 insatiable claws1 estimating its value and the probable cost of altering it to fit another wearer1 and thinking how much better it would look on the long head of her good friend ,richmond1 who had privately bespoken it4 ,no doubt some cold shadow of that awful1 unseen presence fell across the banquet-table and poisoned the royal porridge4 ,what need to tell over the long roll of ,christmas jollities1 whose memory from those historic walls might have pleaded with or rebuked the sour iconoclasts planning gloomily to put an end to all such for ever2 how even close-fisted ,henry ,,vii4--no fear of his losing a crown1 if gripping tight could keep it--feasted there the lord-mayor and aldermen of ,london on the ninth ,christmas of his reign1 sitting down himself1 with his queen and court and the rest of the nobility and gentry1 to one hundred and twenty dishes served by as many knights1 while the mayor1 who sat at a side-table1 no doubt1 had to his own share no fewer than twenty-four dishes1 followed1 it is to be feared1 if he ate them all1 by as many nightmares2 how that meek and exemplary ,christian monarch1 ,henry ,,viii41 8welcomed the coming1 sped the parting0 wife at successive ,christmas banquets of as much splendor as the spoils of something over a thousand monasteries could furnish forth2#ajh how good ,queen ,bess1 who had her own private reading of the doctrine 8it is more blessed to give than to receive10 sat in state there at this festival season to accept the offerings of her loyal lieges1 high and low1 gentle and simple1 from prime minister to kitchen scullion1 until she was able to add to the terrors of death by having to leave behind her something like three thousand dresses and some trunkfuls of jewels in ,christmas gifts2 or what gorgeous revels and masques--,inigo ,jones 7,inigo ,marquis ,would-be71 ,ben ,jonson1 and ,master ,henry ,lawes 7he of 8the tuneful and well-measured song07 thereto conspiring--made the holidays joyous under ,james and ,charles4 ,some ghostly savor of those bygone banquets might1 one would think1 have made even ,praise-,god ,barebone's mouth water1 and melted his surly virtue into tolerance of other folks' cakes and ale--what virtue1 however ascetic1 could resist the onslaught of two thousand ,french cooks8 ,some faint1 far echo of all these vanished jollities should have won the ear1 if not the heart1 of the grimmest 8saint0 among them4 ,or if they were proof against the blandishments of the world's people1 if they fled from the abominations of ,baal1 could not their own ,george ,wither move them to spare the cheery1 harmless frivolities1 the merry pranks of ,yule8 ,jovially as any ,cavalier1 shamelessly as any ,malignant of them all1 he sings their praises in his 8,,christmas ,,carol4 8,so now is come our joyful'st feast1 ,let every man be jolly2 ,each room with ivy leaves is drest1 ,and every post with holly4 ,though some churls at our mirth repine1 ,round your foreheads garlands twine1 ,drown sorrow in a cup of wine1 ,and let us all be merry4 8,now all our neighbors' chimneys smoke1 ,and ,christmas blocks are burning2 ,their ovens they with bak'd meats choke1 ,and all their spits are turning4 ,without the door let sorrow lie2 ,and if for cold it hap to die1 ,we'll bury't in a ,christmas pye4 ,and evermore be merry4 8,now every lad is wondrous trim1 ,and no man minds his labor2 ,our lasses have provided them ,a bagpipe and a tabor4 ,young men and maids1 and girls and boys1 ,give life to one another's joys2 ,and you anon shall by their noise ,perceive that they are merry4444 8,now poor men to the justices ,with capons make their errants2 ,and if they hap to fail of these1 ,they plague them with their warrants3 ,but now they feed them with good cheer1 ,and what they want they take in beer2 ,for ,christmas comes but once a year1 ,and then they shall be merry4444 8,the client now his suit forbears1 ,the prisoner's heart is eased1 ,the debtor drinks away his cares1 ,and for the time is pleased4 ,though others' purses be more fat1 ,why should we pine or grieve at that8 ,hang sorrow6 care will kill a cat1 ,and therefore let's be merry4444 8,hark6 now the wags abroad do call ,each other forth to rambling2 ,anon you'll see them in the hall1 ,for nuts and apples scrambling4 ,hark6 how the roofs with laughter sound2 ,anon they'll think the house goes round1 ,for they the cellar's depths have found4 ,and there they will be merry4 8,the wenches with the wassail-bowls ,about the streets are singing2 ,the boys are come to catch the owls1 ,the wild mare#aji in is bringing4 ,our kitchen-boy hath broke his box1 ,and to the kneeling of the ox ,our honest neighbors come by flocks1 ,and here they will be merry4 8,now kings and queens poor sheep-cotes have1 ,and mate with everybody2 ,the honest now may play the knave1 ,and wise men play at noddy4 ,some youths will now a-mumming go1 ,some others play at ,rowland-boe1 ,and twenty other gambols moe1 ,because they will be merry4 8,then wherefore1 in these merry days1 ,should we1 ,i pray1 be duller8 ,no1 let us sing some roundelays1 ,to make our mirth the fuller2 ,and1 while we thus inspired sing1 ,let all the streets with echoes ring-- ,woods and hills and everything ,bear witness we are merry40 ,or ,master ,milton1 again1 ,latin secretary to the council1 author of the famous ,iconoclastes1 shield 7or1 as some would have put it1 official scold7 of the ,commonwealth1 the scourge of prelacy and conqueror of ,salmasius--he was orthodox surely2 yet what of ,arcades and ,cornus8 ,master ,milton1 too1 had written holiday masques1 and1 what is more1 they had been acted2 nay1 he had even been known more than once1 on no less authority than his worshipful nephew1 ,master ,philips1 8to make so bold with his body as to take a gaudy-day0 with the gay sparks of ,gray's ,inn4 ,alas6 such carnal-minded effusions belonged to the unregenerate days of both these worthy brethren1 when they still dwelt in the tents of the ungodly1 before they had girded on the sword of ,gideon and gone forth to smite the ,amalekite hip and thigh4 ,vainly might the menaced festival look for aid in that direction4 ,so far from saying a word in its favor1 they would now have been fiercest in condemnation1 if only to cover their early backsliding2 if only to avert any suspicion that they still hankered after the fleshpots4 ,poor ,christmas was doomed4 ,so1 by act of ,parliament1 8our joyful'st feast0 was solemnly stricken out of the calendar1 cashiered from its high pre-eminence among the holidays of the year1 and degraded to the ranks of common days4 ,all its quaint bravery of holly-berries and ivy-leaves was stripped from it1 its jolly retinue of boars' heads and wassail-bowls1 of ,yule-clogs and mistletoe-boughs1 of maskers and mummers1 of waits and carols1 ,lords of ,misrule and ,princes of ,christmas1 sent packing4 ,then began 8the fiery persecution of poor mince-pie throughout the land2 plum-porridge was denounced as mere popery1 and roast-beef as anti-,christian40 ',twas a fatal1 a perfidious1 a short-lived triumph4 ,the nation1 shocked in its most cherished traditions1 repudiated the hideous doctrine2 the ,british stomach1 deprived of its holiday beef and pudding1 so to speak1 revolted4 ,the reign of the righteous was speedily at an end4 ,history1 with her usual shallowness1 ascribes to ,general ,monk the chief part in the ,restoration2 it was really brought about by that short-sighted edict of the #bdth of ,december1 #afeb4 ,charles or ,cromwell1 king or protector--what cared honest ,hodge who ruled and robbed him8 ,but to forego his ,christmas porridge--that was a different matter2 and ,britons never should be slaves4 ,so1 just eight years after it had been banished1 ,christmas was brought back again with manifold rejoicing and bigger wassail-bowls and ,yule-clogs than ever2 and1 as if to make honorable amends for its brief exile1 the ,lord of ,misrule himself was crowned and seated on the throne1 where1 as we all know1 to do justice to his office1 if he never said a foolish thing he never did a wise one4 ,and from that time to this ,christmas has remained a thoroughly ,british institution1 as firmly entrenched in the national affections1 as generally respected1 and perhaps as widely appreciated as ,magna ,charta itself4 ,sit on ,christmas day6 ,a ,british ,parliament now would as soon think of sitting on the ,derby day4 ,to how many of their constituents have the two festivals any widely differing significance perhaps it would be wise not to inquire too closely4 ,each is a holiday--that is1 a day off work1 a synonym for 8a good time10 a little better dinner than usual1 and considerably more beer4 ,like the children1 8they reflect nothing at all about the matter1 nor understand anything in it beyond the cake and orange40 8,la justice elle-mme10 says ,balzac1 8se traduit aux yeux de la halle par le commissaire--personage avec lequel elle se familiarise40 ,his epigram the author of ,ginx's ,baby may translate for us--,english epigrams1 like ,english plays1 being for the most part matter of importation free of duty2 e4g41 that famous one in ,lothair about the critic being a man who has failed in literature or art1 another consignment from ,balzac--when he makes ,ginx's theory of government epitomize itself as a policeman4 ,so ,ginx's notion of ,christmas1 we suspect1 is apt to be beef and beer and ,boxing-night--with perhaps a little more beer4 ,certainly the attachment of the ,british public to these features of the day--we are considering it for the moment in the light in which a majority of non-,catholics look upon it1 apparently1 as a merely social festival1 and not at all in its religious aspect 7though to a ,catholic1 of course1 the two are as indistinguishably blended as the rose and the perfume of the rose7--has never been shaken4 ,if one may judge from a large amount of the ,english fiction which at this season finds its way to the ,american market--and the novels of to-day1 among a novel-reading people1 are as straight and sure a guide to its heart as were ever its ballads in the time of old ,fletcher of ,saltoun--if one may judge from much of ,english ,christmas literature1 these incidents of the day are1 if not the most important1 certainly the most prominent and popular4 ,what we may call the ,beef and ,beer aspect of the season these stories are never tired of glorifying and exalting4 ,dickens is the archpriest of this idolatry1 which1 indeed1 he in a measure invented1 or at least brought into vogue2 and his ,christmas ,stories1 as most of his stories1 fairly reek with the odors of the kitchen and the tap-room4 ,material comfort1 and that1 too1 usually of a rather coarse kind1 is the universal theme1 and even the charity they are supposed to inculcate can scarcely be called a moral impulse1 so much as the instinct of a physical good-nature1 well-fed and content with itself and the world--of a good-humored selfishness willing to make others comfortable1 because thereby it puts away from itself the discomfort of seeing them otherwise4 ,it is a kind of charity which1 in another sense than that of ,scripture1 has to cover a multitude of sins4 ,one may say this of ,dickens1 without at all detracting from his many great qualities as a writer1 that he has done more1 perhaps1 than any other writer to demoralize and coarsen the popular notion of what ,christmas is and means2 to make of his readers at best but good-humored pagans with lusty appetites for all manner of victuals and an open-handed readiness to share their good things with the first comer4 ,these are no doubt admirable traits2 but one gets a little tired of having them for ever set forth as the crown and completion of ,christian excellence1 the sum and substance of all that is noble and exalted in the sentiment of the season4 ,let us enjoy our ,christmas dinner by all means2 let the plum-pudding be properly boiled and the turkey done to a turn1 and may we all have enough to spare a slice or two for a poorer neighbor6 ,but must we therefore sit down and gobble turkey and pudding from morning till night8 ,should we hang up a sirloin and fall down and worship it8 ,is that all that ,christmas means8 ,turn from the best of these books to this exquisite little picture of ,christmas ,eve in a ,catholic land3 8,christmas is come--the beautiful festival1 the one ,i love most1 and which gives me the same joy as it gave the shepherds of ,bethlehem4 ,in real truth1 one's whole soul sings with joy at this beautiful coming of ,god upon earth--a coming which here is announced on all sides of us by music and by our charming nadalet#aaj ,nothing at ,paris can give you a notion of what ,christmas is with us4 ,you have not even the midnight ,mass4 ,we all of us went to it1 papa at our head1 on the most perfect night possible4 ,never was there a finer sky than ours was that midnight--so fine that papa kept perpetually throwing back the hood of his cloak1 that he might look up at the sky4 ,the ground was white with hoar-frost1 but we were not cold2 besides1 the air1 as we met it1 was warmed by the bundles of blazing torchwood which our servants carried in front of us to light us on our way4 ,it was delightful1 ,i do assure you2 and ,i should like you to have seen us there on our road to church1 in those lanes with the bushes along their banks as white as if they were in flower4 ,the hoar-frost makes the most lovely flowers4 ,we saw a long spray so beautiful that we wanted to take it with us as a garland for the communion-table1 but it melted in our hands2 all flowers fade so soon6 ,i was very sorry about my garland2 it was mournful to see it drop away and get smaller and smaller every minute40 ,it is ,eugnie de ,gurin who writes thus--that pure and delicate spirit so well fitted to feel and value all that is beautiful and touching in this most beautiful and touching service of the church4 ,to come from the one reading to the other is like being lifted suddenly out of a narrow valley to the free air and boundless views of a mountain-top2 like coming from the gaslight into the starlight2 it is like hearing the song of the skylark after the twitter of the robin--a sound pleasant and cheery enough in itself1 but not elevating1 not inspiring1 not in any way satisfying to that hunger after ideal excellence which is the true life of the spirit1 and which strikes the true key-note of this festal time4 ,but ,eugnie de ,gurin is perhaps too habitual a dweller on those serene heights to furnish a fair comparison2 let us take a homelier picture from a lower level4 ,it is still in ,france2 this time in ,burgundy1 as the other was in ,languedoc3 8,every year1 at the approach of ,advent1 people refresh their memories1 clear their throats1 and begin preluding1 in the long evenings by the fireside1 those carols whose invariable and eternal theme is the coming of the ,messias4 ,they take from old pamphlets little collections begrimed with dust and smoke1 444 and as soon as the first ,sunday of ,advent sounds they gossip1 they gad about1 they sit together by the fireside1 sometimes at one house1 sometimes at another1 taking turns in paying for the chestnuts and white wine1 but singing with one common voice the praises of the ,little ,jesus4 ,there are very few villages1 even1 which during all the evenings of ,advent do not hear some of these curious canticles shouted in their streets to the nasal drone of bagpipes4 8,more or less1 until ,christmas ,eve1 all goes on in this way among our devout singers1 with the difference of some gallons of wine or some hundreds of chestnuts4 ,but this famous eve once come1 the scale is pitched upon a higher key2 the closing evening must be a memorable one4444 ,the supper finished1 a circle gathers around the hearth1 which is arranged and set in order this evening after a particular fashion1 and which at a later hour of the night is to become the object of special interest to the children4 ,on the burning brands an enormous log has been placed2 444 it is called the ,suche 7the ,yule-log74 #8,look you1' say they to the children1 #8if you are good this evening ,noel will rain down sugar-plums in the night4' ,and the children sit demurely1 keeping as quiet as their turbulent little natures will permit4 ,the groups of older persons1 not always as orderly as the children1 seize this good opportunity to surrender themselves with merry hearts and boisterous voices to the chanted worship of the miraculous ,noel4 ,for this final solemnity they have kept the most powerful1 the most enthusiastic1 the most electrifying carols4 8,this last evening the merry-making is prolonged4 ,instead of retiring at ten or eleven o'clock1 as is generally done on all the preceding evenings1 they wait for the stroke of midnight2 this word sufficiently proclaims to what ceremony they are going to repair4 ,for ten minutes or a quarter of an hour the bells have been calling the faithful with a triple-bob-major2 and each one1 furnished with a little taper streaked with various colors 7the ,christmas candle71 goes through the crowded streets1 where the lanterns are dancing like will-o'-the-wisps at the impatient summons of the multitudinous chimes4 ,it is the midnight ,mass40 ,there you have fun1 feasting1 and frolic1 as1 indeed1 there may fitly be to all innocent degrees of merriment1 on the day which brought redemption to mankind4 ,but there is also1 behind and pervading all this rejoicing and harmless household gayety1 the religious sentiment which elevates and inspires it1 which chastens it from commonplace and grossness1 which gives it a meaning and a soul4 ,the ,english are fond of calling the ,french an irreligious people1 because ,french literature1 especially ,french fiction1 from which they judge1 takes its tone from ,paris1 which is to a great extent irreligious4 ,but outside of the large cities1 if a balance were struck on this point between the two countries1 it would scarcely be in favor of ,england4 ,this1 however1 by way of episode and as a protest against this grovelling1 material treatment of the most glorious festival of the ,christian year4 ,as we were about to say when interrupted1 though ,christmas regained its foothold as a national holiday at the ,restoration1 it came back sadly denuded of its following and shorn of most of its old-time attractions4 ,so it fared in old ,england4 ,in ,new ,england it can scarcely be said ever to have won a foothold at all1 or at best no more than a foothold and a sullen toleration4 ,almost the first act of those excellent ,pilgrim ,fathers who did not land at ,plymouth ,rock was to anticipate by thirty years or so the action of their ,parliamentary brethren at home in abolishing the sacred anniversary1 which must1 indeed1 have been a tacit rebuke to the spirit of their creed4 ,they landed on the #afth of ,december1 and 8on ye #beth day10 writes ,william ,bradford1 8began to erect ye first house for comone use to receive them and their goods40 ,and lest this might seem an exception made under stress1 we find it recorded next year that 8on ye day caled ,christmas day ye ,gov'r caled them out to worke40 ,so it is clear ,new ,england began with a calendar from which ,christmas was expunged4 ,in ,new ,england affections ,thanksgiving day replaces it--an 8institution0 peculiarly acceptable1 we must suppose1 to the thrift which can thus wipe out its debt of gratitude to ,heaven by giving one day for three hundred and sixty-four--liquidating its liabilities1 so to speak1 at the rate of about three mills in the dollar4 ,in the ,middle ,states and in the ,south the day has more of its time-old observance1 but neither here nor elsewhere may we hope to encounter many of the quaint and cheery customs with which our fathers loved to honor it1 and which made it for them the pivot of the year4 ,wither has told us something of these2 let a later minstrel give us a fuller picture of what ,merry ,christmas was in days of yore3 8,and well our ,christian sires of old ,loved1 when the year its course had rolled1 ,and brought blithe ,christmas back again1 ,with all its hospitable train4 ,domestic and religious rite ,gave honor to the holy night3 ,on ,christmas ,eve the bells were rung2 ,on ,christmas ,eve the ,mass was sung2 ,that only night of all the year ,saw the stoled priest the chalice rear4 ,the damsel donned her kirtle sheen2 ,the hall was dressed with holly green2 ,forth to the wood did merry men go ,to gather in the mistletoe4 ,then opened wide the baron's hall ,to vassals1 tenants1 serf1 and all4 ,the heir1 with roses in his shoes1 ,that night might village partner choose2 ,the lord1 underogating1 share ,the vulgar game of #8post and pair4' ,all hailed with uncontrolled delight1 ,and general voice1 the happy night ,that to the cottage1 as the crown1 ,brought tidings of salvation down4 ,the fire1 with well-dried logs supplied1 ,went roaring up the chimney wide2 ,the huge hall-table's oaken face1 ,scrubbed till it shone1 the day to grace1 ,bore then upon its massive board ,no mark to part the squire and lord4 ,then was brought in the lusty brawn ,by old blue-coated serving-man2 ,then the grim boar's head frowned on high1 ,crested with bays and rosemary4444 ,the wassail round in good brown bowls1 ,garnished with ribbons1 blithely trowls4 ,there the huge sirloin reeked2 hard by ,plum-porridge stood and ,christmas pye4 ,then came the merry masquers in ,and carols roared with blithesome din2 ,if unmelodious was the song1 ,it was a hearty note and strong4 ,who lists may in their mumming see ,traces of ancient mystery4444 ,england was merry ,england then-- ,old ,christmas brought his sports again2 ',twas ,christmas broached the mightiest ale2 ',twas ,christmas told the merriest tale2 ,a ,christmas gambol oft would cheer ,a poor man's heart through half the year40 ,let ,herrick supplement the picture with his 8,,ceremonies ,,for ,,christmasse4 8,come1 bring with a noise1 ,my merrie1 merrie boyes1 ,the ,christmas log to the firing2 ,while my good dame1 she ,bids ye all be free ,and drink to your hearts' desiring4 8,with the last yeeres brand ,light the new block1 and ,for good successe in his spending ,on your psaltries play1 ,that sweet luck may ,come while the log is a-teending4 8,drink now the strong beere1 ,cut the white loafe here1 ,the while the meate is a-shredding ,for the rare mince-pie1 ,and the plums stand by ,to fill the paste that's a-kneading40 ,does the picture please you8 ,would you fain be a guest at the baron's table1 or lend a hand with jovial ,herrick to fetch in the mighty ,yule-log8 ,are you longing for a cut of that boar's head or a draught of the wassail1 or curious to explore the contents of that mysterious 8,christmas pye10 which seems to differ so much from all other pies that it has to be spelled with a y8 ,well1 well1 we must not repine4 ,fate1 which has denied us these joys1 has given us compensations4 ,no doubt the baron1 for all his ,yule-logs1 would sometimes have given his baronial head 7when he happened to have a cold in it7 for such a fire--let it be of sea-coal in a low grate and the curtains drawn--as the reader and his humble servant are this very minute toasting their toes at4 ,those huge open fireplaces are admirably effective in poetry1 but not altogether satisfactory of a cold winter's night1 when half the heat goes up the chimney and all the winds of heaven are shrieking in through the chinks in your baronial hall and playing the very mischief with your baronial rheumatism4 ,or do we believe that boar's head was such a mighty fascinating dish after all1 or much1 if anything1 superior to the soused pig's head with which good old ,squire ,bracebridge replaced it8 ,no1 every age to its own customs2 we may be sure that each finds out what is best for it and for its people4 ,yet one custom we do begrudge a little to the past1 or rather to the other lands where it still lingers here and there in the present4 ,that is the graceful and kindly custom of the waits4 ,these were ,christmas carols1 as the reader no doubt knows1 chanted by singers from house to house in the rural districts during the season of ,advent4 ,in ,france they were called noels1 and in ,longfellow's translation of one of these we may see what they were like3 8,i hear along our street ,pass the minstrel throngs2 ,hark6 they play so sweet4 ,on their hautboys1 ,christmas songs6 ,let us by the fire ,ever higher ,sing them till the night expire6444 8,shepherds at the grange ,where the ,babe was born ,sang with many a change ,christmas carols until morn4 ,let us1 etc4 8,these good people sang ,songs devout and sweet2 ,while the rafters rang1 ,there they stood with freezing feet4 ,let us1 etc4 8,who by the fireside stands ,stamps his feet and sings2 ,but he who blows his hands ,not so gay a carol brings4 ,let us1 etc40 ,in some parts of rural ,england1 too1 the custom is still to some extent kept up1 and the reader may find a pleasant1 and we dare say faithful1 description of it in a charming ,english story called ,under the ,greenwood ,tree1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,hardy1 a writer whose closeness of observation and precision and delicacy of touch give him a leading place among the younger writers of fiction4 ,very pleasant1 we fancy1 it must be of a ,christmas ,eve when one is1 as aforesaid1 toasting one's toes at the fire over a favorite book1 or hanging up the children's stockings1 let us say1 or peering through the curtains out over the moonlit snow1 and wondering how cold it is out-doors with that little perfunctory shiver which is comfort's homage to itself--there should always be snow upon the ground at ,christmas1 for then ,nature 8,with speeches fair ,woos the gentle air ,to hide her guilty front with innocent snow02 but let us have no wind1 since 8,peaceful was the night ,wherein the ,prince of ,light ,his reign of peace upon the world began4 ,the winds1 with wonder whist1 ,smoothly the waters kist1 ,whispering new joys to the wild ocean1 ,who now hath quite forgot to rave1 ,while birds of calm sit brooding on the charmd wave0-- at such a time1 we say1 it would be pleasant to hear the shrill voices of the ,waits cleaving the cold1 starlit air in some such quaint old ditty as the 8,cherry-tree ,carol0 or 8,the ,three ,ships40 ,no doubt1 too1 would we but confess it1 there would come to us a little wicked enhancement of pleasure in the reflection that the artists without were a trifle less comfortable than the hearer within4 ,that rogue ,tibullus had a shrewd notion of what constitutes true comfort when he wrote1 ,quam juvat immites ventos audire cubantem--which1 freely translated1 means1 ,how jolly it is to sit by the fireside and listen to other fellows singing for your benefit in the cold without6 ,but that idea we should dismiss as unworthy1 and even try to feel a little uncomfortable by way of penance2 and then1 when their song was ended1 and we heard their departing footsteps scrunching fainter and fainter in the snow1 and their voices dying away until they became the merest suggestion of an echo1 we should perhaps find--for these are to be ideal ,waits--that their song had left behind it in the listener's soul a starlit silence like that of the night without1 but the stars should be heavenly thoughts4 ,these are ideal ,waits2 the real ones might be less agreeable or salutary4 ,but have we far to look for such8 ,are there not on the shelves yonder a score of immortal minstrels only waiting our bidding to sing the sacred glories of the time8 ,shall we ask grave ,john ,milton to tune his harp for us1 or gentle ,father ,southworth1 or impassioned ,crashaw1 or tender ,faber8 ,these are ,waits we need not scruple to listen to1 nor fail to hear with profit4 ,milton's ,ode on the ,nativity is1 no doubt1 the finest in the language4 ,considering the difficulties of a subject to which1 short of inspiration1 it is next to impossible to do any justice at all1 it is very fine indeed4 ,it is not all equal1 however2 there are in it stanzas which remind one that he was but twenty-one when he wrote it4 ,yet other stanzas are scarcely surpassed by anything he has written4 8,yea1 ,truth and ,justice then ,will down return to men1 ,orb'd in a rainbow2 and1 like glories wearing ,mercy will sit between1 ,thron'd in celestial sheen1 ,with radiant feet the tissued clouds down steering1 ,and heaven1 as at some festival1 ,will open wide the gates of her high palace hall4 8,but wisest ,fate says1 ,no1 ,it must not yet be so2 ,the ,babe yet lies in smiling infancy ,that on the bitter cross ,must redeem our loss1 ,so both himself and us to glorify2 ,yet first to those ychained in sleep ,the wakeful trump of doom must thunder thro' the deep1 8,with such a horrid clang ,as on ,mount ,sinai rang1 ,while the red fire and smould'ring clouds out-brake4 ,the aged earth1 aghast ,with terror of that blast1 ,shall from the surface to the centre shake2 ,when at the world's last session ,the dreadful ,judge in middle air shall spread his throne4 ---------- 8,the oracles are dumb2 ,no voice or hideous hum ,runs through the arched roof in words deceiving4 ,apollo from his shrine ,can no more divine1 ,with hollow shriek the steep of ,delphos leaving4 ,no nightly trance or breathd spell ,inspires the pale-eyed priest from the prophetic cell4 8,the lonely mountains o'er1 ,and the resounding shore1 ,a voice of weeping heard and loud lament4 ,from haunted spring1 and dale ,edg'd with poplar pale1 ,the parting genius is with sighing sent4 ,with flower-inwoven tresses torn1 ,the ,nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thicket mourn40 ,seldom has ,milton sung in loftier strains than this4 ,what a magnificent line is that3 8,the wakeful trump of doom shall thunder through the deep40 ,the poet evidently had his eye on that wonderful verse of the ,dies ,ir3 8,tuba mirum spargens sonum ,per sepulchra regionum1 ,cogit omnes ante thronum10 but the imitation falls little short of the original4 ,dr4 ,johnson characteristically passes this ode over in silence--perhaps because of his opinion that sacred poetry was a contradiction in terms4 ,his great namesake1 and in some respects curious antitype1 was more generous to another poem we shall quote--,father ,southwell's 8,burning ,babe40 8,so he had written it10 he told ,drummond1 8he would have been content to destroy many of his40 8,as ,i1 in hoary winter's night1 stood shivering in the snow1 ,surprised ,i was with sudden heat which made my heart to glow2 ,and lifting up a fearful eye to view what fire was near1 ,a pretty ,babe all burning bright did in the air appear1 ,who1 scorchd with exceeding heat1 such floods of tears did shed ,as though his floods should quench his flames with what his tears were fed2 #8,alas6' quoth he1 #8but newly born1 in fiery heats ,i fry1 ,yet none approach to warm their hearts or feel my fire but ,i4 ,my faultless breast the furnace is1 the fuel wounding thorns2 ,love is the fire1 and sighs the smoke1 the ashes shames and scorns2 ,the fuel ,justice layeth on1 and ,mercy blows the coals2 ,the metal in this furnace wrought are men's defild souls2 ,for which1 as now in fire ,i am to work them to their good1 ,so will ,i melt into a bath to wash them in my blood4' ,with this he vanished out of sight1 and swiftly shrank away1 ,and straight ,i calld unto mind that it was ,christmas day40 ,the fire is getting low in the grate1 the stars are twinkling pale1 and though the minstrels are many we should have been glad to introduce to the reader--grand old ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquin2 silver-tongued ,giacopone1 whose lately-discovered ,stabat ,mater ,speciosa is one of the loveliest of the medival hymns2 rapturous ,st4 ,bernard--they must wait a fitter time4 ,we can hear but another of our ,christmas waits--one of the most effective ,english poems on the ,nativity1 considered as mere poetry1 it has been our fortune to meet4 ,the author is the hero of ,browning's verses1 8,what's become of ,waring80--,alfred ,h4 ,dommett2 a poet who1 perhaps1 would be better known had he been a worse poet4 ,and with this we must wish our readers 8,merry ,christmas to all1 and to all a good-night40 8,it was the calm and silent night6 ,seven hundred years and fifty-three ,had ,rome been growing up to might1 ,and now was queen of land and sea4 ,no sound was heard of clashing wars2 ,peace brooded o'er the hushed domain2 ,apollo1 ,pallas1 ,jove1 and ,mars ,held undisturbed their ancient reign ,in the solemn midnight ,centuries ago4 8',twas in the calm and silent night6 ,the senator of haughty ,rome ,impatient urged his chariot's flight1 ,from lonely revel rolling home4 ,triumphal arches1 gleaming1 swell ,his breast with thoughts of boundless sway2 ,what recked the ,roman what befell ,a paltry province far away ,in the solemn midnight ,centuries ago8 8,within that province far away ,went plodding home a weary boor2 ,a streak of light before him lay1 ,fallen through a half-shut stable-door1 ,across his path4 ,he passed2 for naught ,told what was going on within4 ,how keen the stars6 his only thought2 ,the air how calm and cold1 and thin6 ,in the solemn midnight ,centuries ago4 8,o strange indifference6 ,low and high ,drowsed over common joys and cares2 ,the earth was still1 but knew not why2 ,the world was listening unawares4 ,how calm a moment may precede ,one that shall thrill the world for ever6 ,to that still moment none would heed2 ,man's doom was linked1 no more to sever1 ,in the solemn midnight ,centuries ago4 8,it is the calm and solemn night6 ,a thousand bells ring out and throw ,their joyous peals abroad1 and smite ,the darkness1 charmed and holy now6 ,the night1 that erst no name had worn1 ,to it a happy name is given2 ,for in that stable lay1 new-born1 ,the peaceful ,prince of earth and heaven1 ,in the solemn midnight ,centuries ago40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,descent ,,of ,,man4 ,mr4 ,charles ,darwin1 in his ,descent of ,man1 proposes to himself to show that man is nothing more than a modified beast1 and that his remote ancestors are to be found among some tribes of brutes4 ,a paradox of this kind1 in a work of fiction such as ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 would not offend an intelligent reader2 but in a work which professes to be serious and scientific it is extremely offensive1 for it amounts to a deliberate insult to all humanity in general and to every human being in particular4 ,mr4 ,darwin's work violates the dignity of human nature1 blots out of our souls the image and likeness of our ,creator1 and totally perverts the notions most cherished by civil and ,christian society4 ,this effort does certainly not entitle him to credit for wisdom4 ,a man of ordinary prudence1 before he undertakes to maintain in the face of the public a theory which conflicts with a doctrine thoroughly established and universally received1 would examine both sides of the case1 and ascertain that he is in possession of sufficient evidence to make good his assertions and to defend them against the arguments of the opposite side4 ,mr4 ,darwin1 on the contrary1 seems to have satisfied himself that a man of his eminence in natural history had a right to be believed1 whatever he might venture to say1 even though he was to give no satisfactory evidence in support of his views1 and no answer to the objections which he ought to refute4 ,we do not say that ,mr4 ,darwin did not do his best to prove his new doctrine on man2 we only say that he has signally failed in his attempt1 and that his failure is as inexcusable as it is ignominious4 ,a man of his ability should have seen that the origin of man was not a problem to be solved by physiology2 and he ought also to have considered that a man of science could only stultify himself by submitting to the test of science a historical fact of which science1 as such1 is entirely incompetent to speak4 ,indeed1 we scarcely know which to admire most in ,mr4 ,darwin1 the serenity with which he ignores the difficulty of his philosophic position1 or the audacity with which he affirms things which he cannot prove4 ,what a pity that a man so richly endowed by nature has been so entirely absorbed by the study of material organisms as to find no time for the more important study of philosophy1 especially of psychology1 without which it is impossible to form a rational theory respecting the origin and the destiny of man6 ,shall we add that a sound scientific theory cannot be the outcome of illogical reasoning8 ,and yet it is a plain fact1 though our advanced thinkers will deny it1 that ,mr4 ,darwin's logic1 to judge from his ,descent of ,man1 is as mischievous as most of his assumptions are reckless4 ,it would be impossible within the limits of our space to enter into a detailed examination of the logical and metaphysical blunders to which the ,darwinian theory owes its existence4 ,we shall1 therefore1 at present confine ourselves to a short criticism of the first chapter of the work in question2 for1 if we are not mistaken1 every impartial reader will be able1 after a sufficient analysis of this first chapter1 to judge of the kind of logic that characterizes the whole treatise4 ,mr4 ,darwin begins thus3 8,he who wishes to decide whether man is the modified descendant of some pre-existing form would probably first inquire whether man varies1 however slightly1 in bodily structure and in mental faculties2 and1 if so1 whether the variations are transmitted to his offspring in accordance with the laws which prevail with the lower animals4 ,again1 are the variations the result1 as far as our ignorance permits us to judge1 of the same general causes1 and are they governed by the same general laws1 as in the case of other organisms--for instance1 by correlation1 the inherited effects of use and disuse1 etc48 ,is man subject to similar malconformations1 the result of arrested development1 of reduplication of parts1 etc41 and does he display in any of his anomalies reversion to some former and ancient type of structure8 ,it might also naturally be inquired whether man1 like so many other animals1 has given rise to varieties and sub-races1 differing but slightly from each other1 or to races differing so much that they must be classed as doubtful species8 ,how are such races distributed over the world2 and how1 when crossed1 do they react on each other in the first and succeeding generations8 ,and so with many other points40 ,this preamble1 which superficial readers may have considered perfectly harmless1 contains the seed of all the mischievous reasonings scattered through the rest of the work4 ,it comes to this3 8,if we find that man varies1 however slightly1 according to the same laws which prevail with the lower animals1 we shall be justified in concluding that man is a modified descendant of some pre-existing form40 ,now1 this assertion is evidently nothing but clap-trap for the ignorant4 ,in the first place1 ,mr4 ,darwin takes for granted that mankind wishes to decide whether man is the modified descendant of some pre-existing form4 ,this gratuitous supposition implies that mankind is still ignorant or doubtful of its true origin2 which is by no means the case4 ,we have an authentic record of the origin of man2 and we know that the first man and the first woman were not the descendants of any lower pre-existing form4 ,the ,bible tells us very clearly that ,god created them to his own image and likeness2 and so long as ,mr4 ,darwin does not demolish the ,biblical history of creation he has no right to assume that there may be the least reasonable doubt regarding the origin of man4 ,mr4 ,darwin1 it is true1 makes light of the ,biblical history2 but contempt is no argument4 ,on the other hand1 philosophy and common sense1 and science1 if not perverted1 unanimously agree with the ,mosaic record in proclaiming that the origin of man must be traced to a special creation4 ,thus there has never been1 nor is there at present1 among thinking men1 any real doubt as to the origin of our race2 whence we infer that the question raised by the ,descent of ,man is a mere fiction which would deserve no answer but a smile of pity4 ,in the second place1 granting for the sake of argument that there may be an honest doubt about the origin of man1 and that physiology and other kindred sciences are competent to answer it1 would the inquiry suggested by ,mr4 ,darwin convince an honest doubter that man is the descendant of a lower animal8 ,suppose that 8man varies1 however slightly1 in bodily structure and in mental faculties02 suppose that 8such variations are transmitted to his offspring in accordance with the laws which prevail with the lower animals02 and suppose that all the other conditions enumerated by ,mr4 ,darwin are verified--would we then be justified in concluding that 8man is a modified descendant of some pre-existing form08 ,evidently not4 ,the utmost that logic would allow us to grant is that the present form of human beings1 owing to the slight variations transmitted to us by our human ancestors1 may exhibit some accidental features slightly different from those which were possessed by the primitive men1 yet without any change of the specific form1 which must always remain essentially the same4 ,but ,mr4 ,darwin is not content with this4 ,his peculiar logic allows him to confound the accidental and unimportant variations that occur within the limits of any single species with a gradual transition from one species to another--a transition which science no less than philosophy utterly rejects4 ,nowhere in nature do we find an instance of such a pretended transition4 ,varieties are indeed very numerous1 but none of them show the least departure from the species to which they belong4 ,the oak emits every year thousands of leaves1 of which each one differs from every other in some accidental feature2 but who has ever seen the oak-leaves change into fir-leaves1 or fig-leaves1 or maple-leaves1 or any other leaves8 ,if nature admitted such a specific change1 a thousand indications would awaken our attention to the fact4 ,the transition1 being gradual1 would leave everywhere innumerable traces of its reality4 ,there would be all around us a host of transitional forms from the fish to the lizard1 from the lizard to the bird1 from the bird to the ape1 and from the ape to man4 ,but where do we find such transitional forms8 ,science itself proclaims that they have no existence4 ,hence to affirm the transition from one species to another is a gross scientific blunder1 whatever ,mr4 ,darwin and his eminent associates may say to the contrary4 ,in the third place1 even admitting that a gradual transition from one species to another were not rejected by science1 ,mr4 ,darwin's view would still remain a ludicrous absurdity4 ,in fact1 the pretended transition from a form of a lower to a form of a higher species would be an open violation of the principle of causality2 and therefore1 if any transition were to be admitted at all1 it could only be a transition from a higher to a lower species4 ,thus1 the transition from a human to a brutish form by continual deterioration and degradation1 though repugnant to other principles1 would not conflict with the principle of causality1 inasmuch as deterioration and degradation are negative results1 which may be brought about by mere lack of intellectual1 moral1 and social development4 ,but the transition from a brutish to a human form would be a positive effect without a positive proportionate cause4 ,the lower cannot generate the higher1 because to constitute the higher something is necessary which the lower cannot impart4 ,just as a force #aj cannot produce an effect #bj1 so cannot the irrational brute produce the rational man4 ,to assume the contrary is to assume that the less contains the greater1 that emptiness begets fulness--in a word1 that nature is a standing contradiction4 ,a full development of this last consideration would lead us too far from our line of argument1 as it would require a psychological treatment of the subject4 ,we will merely remark that rational and irrational differ not only in degree but in kind2 that the human soul is not produced by the forces of nature1 but proceeds directly and immediately from ,god's creative action2 and that ,darwinism1 which ignores the soul's spirituality and immortality1 is1 on this account also1 a monument of philosophical ignorance4 ,but let us proceed4 ,the author considers it an important point to ascertain 8whether man tends to increase at so rapid a rate as to lead to occasional severe struggles for existence1 and consequently to beneficial variations1 whether in body or in mind1 being preserved1 and injurious ones eliminated40 ,this is another of ,mr4 ,darwin's delusions4 ,it is not in the nature of man that the stronger should murder the weaker4 ,man1 as a rule1 is benevolent towards his kind1 and even savages respect the life of the weak2 whereas it is always the stronger that go to battle and fall in the struggle4 ,thus a struggle for existence1 occasioned by a too rapid increase1 would deprive the race of its best men and mar its further development4 ,on the other hand1 if at any time or in any place there has been a struggle for existence1 it is in our large cities that we can best study the nature of its results4 ,is it in ,london1 ,paris1 ,berlin1 or ,vienna that we meet the best specimens of the race8 ,surely1 if there is a tremendous struggle for existence anywhere1 it is in such capitals as these2 and yet no one is ignorant that such proud cities would1 in a few generations1 sink into insignificance1 were they not continually refurnished with new blood from the country1 where the best propagators of the race are brought up in great numbers and without any apparent struggle for existence4 ,but we need not dwell any further on this point4 ,a struggle for existence presupposes existence2 and if man existed before struggling1 the origin of man does not depend on his struggle4 ,hence the so-called 8important point0 has really no importance whatever4 ,then he asks3 8,do the races or species of men1 whichever term may be applied1 encroach on and replace one another1 so that some finally become extinct80 and he answers the question in the affirmative4 ,to this we have no objection4 ,we only remark that 8races0 and 8species0 are not synonymous2 hence it is surprising how a naturalist of ,mr4 ,darwin's celebrity could show the least hesitation which of the two terms he ought to apply to mankind4 ,he proceeds to examine 8how far the bodily structure of man shows traces1 more or less plain1 of his descent from some lower form10 and he contends that the existence of such 8traces0 can be proved1 first1 from the similarity of bodily structure in men and beasts2 secondly1 from the similarity of their embryonic development2 thirdly1 from the existence of rudimentary organs1 which show that man and all other vertebrate animals have been constructed on the same general model4 ,bearing in mind that ,mr4 ,darwin's object is to prove that there are 8traces10 more or less plain1 of man's descent from some lower form1 we cannot help expressing our astonishment when we find that he has failed to see the necessity of grounding his proofs on a secure foundation4 ,that the bodily structure of man has some resemblance to the structure of other mammals2 that all the bones of his skeleton can be compared with corresponding bones in a monkey1 bat1 or seal2 that this comparison may be extended to his muscles1 nerves1 blood-vessels1 and internal viscera2 that the brain1 the most important of all organs1 follows the same law1 etc41 etc41 are indeed well-known facts1 from which we rightly infer that man is constructed on the same general type as other mammals4 ,but can these same facts be considered as 8traces10 more or less plain1 of man's descent from any lower form8 ,mr4 ,darwin says ,yes2 but instead of giving any conclusive reason for his assertion1 he loses his time in accumulating superfluous anatomical and physiological details which1 however instructive1 have no bearing upon the thesis he has engaged to prove4 ,to prove his assumption he ought to have made a syllogism somewhat like the following3 ,wherever there is similarity of bodily structure or development there are 8traces0 of a common origin or descent2 ,but man and other mammals have similar bodily structures and a similar development2 ,therefore man and other mammals show 8traces0 of a common origin or descent4 ,this argument would have left no escape to the most decided adversary of the ,darwinian view1 if its first proposition had been susceptible of demonstration4 ,but ,mr4 ,darwin1 seeing the utter impossibility of demonstrating it1 and yet being unable to dispense with it1 resorted to the ordinary trick of his school1 which consists in assuming latently what they dare not openly maintain2 and thus he turned the whole attention of his reader to the second proposition1 which had no need of demonstration1 as it was not questioned by instructed men4 ,thus the twenty pages of physiologic lore with which ,mr4 ,darwin in this chapter distracts and amuses his readers may be styled1 in a logical point of view1 a prolonged ignoratio elenchi--an effort to prove that which is conceded instead of that which is denied--a blunder into which men of science of the modern type are sure to fall when they presume to meddle with matters above their reach4 ,there is one sense only in which it may be affirmed that the similarity of bodily structure in men and lower animals proves their common origin1 and it is this3 that men and animals have been made by the same ,creator on a similar ideal type of homogeneous organic arrangements2 in other terms1 that their organic similarity proves them to be the work of the same ,maker4 ,man was destined to live on this earth among other inferior animals and surrounded by like conditions4 ,his animal life was therefore to be dependent on similar means of support1 exposed to similar influences1 and subject to similar needs4 ,it is not surprising1 then1 that he should have received from a wise ,creator an organic constitution similar to that of the inferior creatures that were placed around him4 ,this fully accounts for the similarity of the human organism with that of other mammals4 ,but to say that because the bodily structure of man is similar to that of the ape1 therefore man is the descendant of the ape1 is as nonsensical as to say that because the bodily structure of the ape is similar to that of man1 therefore the ape is the descendant of man4 ,how was it possible for ,mr4 ,darwin to lay down such an absurd principle1 and not foresee how easily it might be turned against his own conclusion8 ,thus the argument drawn from the similarity of bodily structure is a mere delusion4 ,it avails nothing to say that man is liable to receive from the lower animals1 and to communicate to them1 certain diseases1 as hydrophobia1 variola1 the glanders1 syphilis1 cholera1 herpes1 etc4 ,this fact1 says ,mr4 ,darwin1 8proves the similarity of their tissues and blood1 both in minute structure and composition1 far more plainly than does their comparison under the best microscope or by the aid of the best chemical analysis40 ,but this is a mistake2 for the evidence afforded by the microscope as to existing diversities cannot be negatived by any guesses of ours respecting the communication of diseases and its conditions2 it being evident that what is obscure and mysterious is not calculated to weaken the certitude of a fact which we see with our own eyes4 ,nor does it matter that 8medicines produce the same effect on them monkeys as on us10 or that many monkeys 8have a strong taste for tea1 coffee1 and spirituous liquors10 or even that a certain monkey 8smoked tobacco with pleasure0 in ,mr4 ,darwin's presence4 ,these and other details of the same nature may be interesting1 but they are no indication of a common origin1 except in the sense which we have pointed out--viz41 that they are the work of the same ,maker4 ,but1 says ,mr4 ,darwin1 8the homological construction of the whole frame in the members of the same class is intelligible1 if we admit their descent from a common progenitor1 together with their subsequent adaptation to diversified conditions4 ,on any other view the similarity of pattern between the hand of a man or monkey1 the foot of a horse1 the flipper of a seal1 the wing of a bat1 etc41 is utterly inexplicable4 ,it is no scientific explanation to assert that they have all been formed on the same ideal plan40 ,these words1 which occur at the end of the chapter we are examining1 show how little ,mr4 ,darwin understands the duty of his position as author of a new theory4 ,to say that an explanation is not scientific is a very poor excuse for setting it aside4 ,science1 if not perverted1 is an excellent thing1 but it does not profess to give an explanation of every subject we may think of4 ,its range is co-extensive with the material world1 but only with respect to matter and its modifications as known by observation and experiment4 ,this means that there are numberless things about which science is altogether incompetent to speak1 because such things do not fall under observation and experiment4 ,to pretend1 therefore1 that an explanation which is not scientific has no claim to be heeded by a man of science1 is like pretending that a man of science1 as such1 must remain in blissful ignorance of everything which transcends experiment and observation4 ,will ,mr4 ,darwin reject historical explanations of historical events1 philosophical explanations of philosophical conclusions1 mathematical explanations of mathematical questions8 ,the origin of things is not a scientific but a philosophic problem4 ,science cannot speak of creation1 of which it can have no experimental knowledge2 it gives it up to the philosopher and the theologian1 who alone know the grounds on which it must be demonstrated4 ,the question1 then1 whether mammals have all been formed on the same ideal plan1 is not scientific1 and therefore it needs no scientific explanation4 ,the plea that the explanation is not scientific might be held valid1 if ,mr4 ,darwin had humbly acknowledged his inability to rise above matter1 and his incompetency to give a judgment in philosophic matters2 but his disregard of the explanation shows that1 when he calls it not scientific1 he desires his reader to believe that it is anti-scientific or irreconcilable with science2 and this is as absurd as if he pretended that reason and science destroy one another4 ,on the other hand1 what shall we say of the pretended 8scientific0 explanation offered by ,mr4 ,darwin8 8,the homological construction of the whole frame in the members of the same class is intelligible1 if we admit their descent from a common progenitor40 ,is this appeal to a common progenitor a scientific explanation of the fact in question8 ,if a common progenitor accounts scientifically for the fact1 why should not a common ,creator account scientifically for it8 ,science--that is1 ,mr4 ,darwin's science--does not know a common ,creator2 it knows even less of a common progenitor2 and yet it sets up the latter to exclude the former1 and boasts that its gratuitous and degrading hypothesis is a 8scientific0 explanation6 ,yet all true scientists aver that no instance has ever been found of a transition from one species to another2 philosophers go even further1 and show that such a transition is against nature4 ,hence ,mr4 ,darwin's hypothesis1 far from being scientific1 contradicts science and philosophy1 observation and experiment1 reason and fact4 ,the descent from a common progenitor1 even if it made 8intelligible0 the similarity of different mammals1 would still be unscientific4 ,the ancients accounted for the movement of the heavenly bodies by putting them under the control of intellectual agents4 ,this hypothesis made the astronomical phenomena intelligible4 ,the fall of heavy bodies was accounted for by assuming that all such bodies had a natural intrinsic tendency to a central point4 ,this hypothesis1 too1 made the fall of bodies intelligible4 ,even in modern physics a number of hypotheses have been proposed regarding light1 magnetism1 electricity1 chemical changes1 etc41 to make phenomena intelligible4 ,but hypotheses1 however satisfactory at first1 are soon discarded when a deeper study of the facts reveals new features and new relations for which such hypotheses cannot account4 ,this is why the hypothesis of the descent of all mammals from a common progenitor1 even if it seems to make their homological construction intelligible in a manner1 must be rejected4 ,for in every species of mammals we find features for which the hypothesis cannot account1 and relations of genetic opposition by which the hypothesis is reduced to nothing4 ,mr4 ,darwin says that1 8on any other view1 the similarity of pattern between the hand of a man or monkey1 the foot of a horse1 the flipper of a seal1 the wing of a bat1 etc41 is utterly inexplicable40 ,we do not see any great similarity between the hand of a man and the foot of a horse or the flipper of a seal1 etc4 ,we would rather say1 with ,mr4 ,darwin's permission1 that we see in all such organs a great dissimilarity4 ,each of them has a special adaptation to a special end1 and each of them is constructed on a different specific pattern4 ,their similarity is therefore generic1 not specific2 and1 accordingly1 each species must have its own distinct progenitors4 ,we might make other remarks1 but we are afraid that we have already taxed the patience of the reader to a greater extent than the case requires2 and therefore we will now pass to the second argument of the author4 ,this second argument is drawn from the consideration of the embryonic development4 8,man10 says ,mr4 ,darwin1 8is developed from an ovule about the #abeth of an inch in diameter1 which differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals40 ,this is a very reckless assertion4 ,for how does ,mr4 ,darwin happen to know that the human ovule 8differs in no respect0 from the ovules of other animals8 ,when a man of science lays down an assertion as the groundwork of his doctrine1 he must be able to show that the assertion is true4 ,hence we are entitled to ask on what foundation our great scientist can maintain his proposition4 ,will he appeal to the microscope8 ,probably he will1 but to no purpose2 for he has just declared1 as we have seen1 that the best microscope does not reveal everything with sufficient distinction4 ,on the other hand1 if he resorts to the mode of reasoning which he has just employed while speaking of diseases--that is1 if he argues from the effects to the causes--he cannot but defeat himself2 for1 as similarity of diseases was1 in his judgment1 a proof of similar organic structure1 so now the dissimilarity of the final development of two ovules will be a proof that the two ovules are really dissimilar4 ,one ovule constantly develops into a monkey1 another constantly develops into a dog1 and a third constantly develops into a man4 ,is it conceivable that the three ovules are identically the same1 so as to 8differ in no respect08 ,we do not know what ,mr4 ,darwin will reply4 ,at any rate he cannot reply on scientific grounds2 for science neither knows the intimate constitution of the ovules1 nor is it likely ever to know it1 as the primordial organic molecules baffle the best microscopic investigations4 8,the embryo itself10 he adds1 8at a very early period can hardly be distinguished from that of other members of the vertebrate kingdom4444 ,at a somewhat later period1 when the extremities are developed1 #8the feet of lizards and mammals1' as the illustrious ,von ,baer remarks1 #8the wings and feet of birds1 no less than the hands and feet of man1 all arise from the same fundamental form4' ,it is1 says ,prof4 ,huxley1 #8quite in the later stages of development that the young human being presents marked differences from the young ape4'0 ,if these assertions and quotations are intended as a proof that the human ovule 8differs in no respect0 from the ovules of lower animals1 we must confess that our advanced scientific thinkers are endowed with a wonderful power of blinding themselves4 ,we have two ovules3 the one develops into hands and feet2 the other develops into wings and feathers2 and yet we are told that they are both 8the same fundamental form06 ,what is the fundamental form8 ,who has seen it8 ,we are sure that neither ,prof4 ,huxley nor the illustrious ,von ,baer has had the privilege of inspecting and determining the proper form of the mysterious organism known under the name of ovule4 ,much less have they1 or has ,mr4 ,darwin1 discerned what is fundamental and what is not in its constitution4 ,they are1 therefore1 not more competent to judge of the fundamental sameness of two ovules than is the blind to judge of colors2 and their view1 as founded on nothing but presumption and ignorance1 must be considered altogether unscientific4 ,the same view is also1 as we have already shown1 eminently unphilosophic4 ,if two ovules are essentially the same and 8differ in no respect0 from one another1 what is it that causes them invariably to develop into different specific organisms8 ,does a constant difference in the effects countenance the idea that they proceed from identical causes8 ,it is evident that a theory which resorts to such absurdities for its support has no claim to be accepted1 or even tolerated1 by lovers of reason and truth4 ,the very boldness of its affirmations1 its air of dogmatism1 its allegation of partisan authorities1 and its contempt of fundamental principles prove it to be nothing but a flippant attempt at imposition4 ,although ,mr4 ,darwin has insisted so strongly on the similarity between our bodily structure and that of the lower animals1 and although he has endeavored to convince us that the human ovule differs in no respect from the ovules of other animals1 yet he is compelled by abundant evidence to admit that there is something in man which does not exist in the lower animals1 and something in the lower animals which does not exist in man4 ,how does he account for these organic differences8 ,men of science1 only twenty years ago1 would have explained the fact by the old philosophical and scientific axiom1 ,omne animal generat simile sibi1 which means that each species of animals has progenitors of the same species2 whence they would have inferred by legitimate deduction that animals of different species owe their specific differences to their having issued from progenitors of different species4 ,this explanation was universally received1 as it was supported by an induction based on centuries of observation1 without a single example to the contrary4 ,it was1 therefore1 a truly scientific explanation4 ,but twenty years are passed1 and with them 7if we believe ,mr4 ,darwin7 the axioms1 the logic1 and the experimental knowledge of all centuries have disappeared from the world of science1 to make room for higher and deeper conceptions4 ,it was not an easy task1 that of giving the lie to a uniform and perpetual experience2 but to ,mr4 ,darwin nothing is difficult4 ,he needs only a word4 ,with one word1 8,rudiments10 he is confident that he will transform the objections of the old science into arguments in his favor1 just as ,king ,midas by the touch of his hand transmuted everything into shining gold4 ,the world has hitherto believed that man has only two hands1 whereas the monkey has four4 ,but we must not say this in ,mr4 ,darwin's face4 ,if we did1 he would inform us that we are strangely mistaken4 ,man1 he pretends1 belongs to the order of quadrumana2 hence he has four hands no less than the monkey1 though two of them are used as feet1 which may be considered as rudimentary or undeveloped hands4 ,if we were to remark in his presence that monkeys have a tail1 whilst man can boast of no such elegant appendage1 he would immediately confound our ignorance by informing us that we all possess a rudimentary tail1 which might be made to develop and grow by mere local irritation4 ,in this way he explains all the organic differences which separate one species from another4 ,every difference is made to depend either on the development in man of an organ which is undeveloped and rudimentary in lower animals1 or on the development in lower animals of some organ which is rudimentary and undeveloped in man4 ,to explain this theory he reasons as follows3 8,the chief agents in causing organs to become rudimentary seem to have been disuse at that period of life when the organ is chiefly used 7and this is generally during maturity71 and also inheritance at a corresponding period of life4 ,the term #8disuse' does not relate merely to the lessened action of muscles1 but includes a diminished flow of blood to a part or organ from being subjected to fewer alterations of pressure1 or from becoming in any way less habitually active4 ,rudiments1 however1 may occur in one sex of those parts which are normally present in the other sex2 and such rudiments1 as we shall hereafter see1 have often originated in a way distinct from those here referred to4 ,in some cases organs have been reduced by means of natural selection1 from having become injurious to the species under changed habits of life4 ,the process of reduction is probably often aided through the two principles of compensation and economy of growth2 but the later stages of reduction1 after disuse has done all that can fairly be attributed to it1 and when the saving to be effected by the economy of growth would be very small1 are difficult to understand4 ,the final and complete suppression of a part already useless and much reduced in size1 in which case neither compensation nor economy can come into play1 is perhaps intelligible by the aid of the hypothesis of pangenesis40 ,on this passage1 which forms the main foundation of the ,darwinian theory of rudiments1 much might be said2 but we must limit ourselves to the following obvious remark4 ,science and philosophy reason on ascertained facts1 but do not invent them2 whereas ,mr4 ,darwin in this very passage1 as in many others1 not only invents with poetic liberty all the facts which he needs to build up his theory1 but also violates the laws of reasoning by drawing from his imaginary facts such conclusions as even real facts would not warrant4 ,philosophy would certainly not allow him to assume without proof that 8organs become rudimentary02 for this is not an ascertained fact4 ,nor would philosophy permit the gratuitous introduction of rudiments derived 8from the corresponding organs of other more developed animals02 for there is no evidence that such has ever been the case4 ,nor would philosophy sanction 8the final and complete suppression of a part already useless02 for on the one hand we have no means of knowing whether a part be really useless1 and on the other no total suppression of organic parts has ever been known to occur 7except in monsters7 within the range of any given species4 ,nor would philosophy permit an appeal to the hypothesis of pangenesis or to the principle of compensation to evade the difficulties of which the new theory cannot give a solution2 for the hypothesis of pangenesis is itself in need of proof1 and the principle of compensation involves1 in our case1 a begging of the question1 inasmuch as it assumes the mutability of species--the very thing which the theory is intended to demonstrate4 ,but1 says ,mr4 ,darwin1 perhaps the hypothesis of pangenesis would make 8intelligible0 the suppression of a useless part4 ,let it be so1 though we hold the contrary to be true2 what then8 ,is all hypothesis to be accepted which would make a thing 8intelligible08 ,the succession of days and nights was intelligible in the ,ptolemaic hypothesis2 the loss of a battle becomes intelligible by the hypothesis of treason2 the death of an old woman is intelligible by the hypothesis of starvation2 but no man of sense would mistake the hypothesis for a fact4 ,the truth is that ,mr4 ,darwin1 before attempting the explanation of what he calls 8the final and complete suppression of a part10 was bound to prove that the absence of such a part was a real suppression of the pre-existing part4 ,this he has not done2 in fact1 he had no means of doing it4 ,hence all his reasonings on this subject are paralogistic1 and his theory of rudiments is a rope of sand4 ,the preceding remarks are fully applicable to the other examples of rudiments given by the author in the fourteen remaining pages of the chapter4 ,thus1 8rudiments of various muscles have been observed in many parts of the human body40 ,we flatly deny the assertion4 8,not a few muscles which are regularly present in some of the lower animals can occasionally be detected in man in a greatly-reduced condition40 ,we answer that such muscles are not at all in a reduced condition1 but in the condition originally required by the nature of the individual4 8,remnants of the panniculus carnosus in an efficient state are found in various parts of our bodies2 for instance1 the muscle on the forehead by which the eyebrows are raised40 ,on what ground can this muscle be called a remnant8 8,the muscles which serve to move the external ear are in a rudimentary condition in man4444 ,the whole external shell 7of the ear7 may be considered a rudiment1 together with the various folds and prominences which in the lower animals strengthen and support the ear when erect40 ,where is the proof of such rudimentary condition8 8,the nictitating membrane is especially well developed in birds1 444 but in man it exists as a mere rudiment1 called the semilunar fold40 ,how is it proved that the semilunar fold is a mere rudiment1 and not a special organism1 purposely contrived by the hand of the ,creator at the first production of man8 ,mr4 ,darwin goes on making any number of assertions of the same kind1 not one of which is or can be substantiated1 and yet at the end of the chapter closes his argumentation in the following triumphant words3 8,consequently1 we ought frankly to admit their community of descent of man and other vertebrate animals4 ,to take any other view is to admit that our own structure1 and that of all the animals around us1 is a mere snare laid to entrap our judgment4 ,this conclusion is greatly strengthened1 if we look to the members of the whole animal series1 and consider the evidence derived from their affinities or classification1 their geographical distribution and geological succession4 ,it is only our natural prejudice1 and that arrogance which made our forefathers declare that they were descended from demi-gods1 which leads us to demur to this conclusion4 ,but the time will before long come when it will be thought wonderful that naturalists who were well acquainted with the comparative structure and development of man and other mammals should have believed that each was the work of a separate act of creation40 ,this conclusion1 though well known1 and already famous throughout the scientific world1 is here given in the proper words of the great naturalist1 that the reader may see what unbounded confidence a man of science can place in himself and in his speculations4 ,all the scientific world1 excepting a few sectarian unbelievers1 is against him2 he knows it1 and he is not dismayed4 ,if you listen to him1 his opponents are 8arrogant02 they demur to his conclusion only because they pretend to be 8the descendants of demi-gods40 ,he alone is right1 he alone understands science4 ,buffon1 ,cuvier1 ,quatrefages1 ,agassiz1 ,elam1 ,frdault1 and a host of other naturalists are evidently wrong4 ,in fact1 all philosophers are wrong2 ,mr4 ,darwin alone knows how to interpret scientific results2 and he is so sure of this that he ventures to prophesy his approaching triumph over those benighted naturalists who1 though 8well acquainted with the comparative structure and development of man and other mammals10 are nevertheless so foolish as to believe that each species is the work of a separate act of creation4 ,such is his modesty6 ,perhaps we1 too1 may be allowed to venture a little prophecy4 ,mr4 ,darwin is not young1 and before many years1 we are sorry to say1 death will snatch him from us2 his scientific friends in ,england and in ,germany will shed a cold tear on his dead 8mammalian structure10 while his spiritual and immortal soul will be summoned before the ,god he has insulted in the noblest of his creatures1 to account for the abuse of his talents1 and to receive the sentence due to those who know and disregard truth4 ,then the ,descent of ,man will soon be a thing of the past2 and those who now sing its praises in all tunes1 and feign such an enthusiastic conviction of its coming triumph1 will become the laughing stock of cultivated society1 unless they put a timely end to their 8scientific0 jugglery4 ,this is the fate which the common sense of mankind keeps in store for the ,darwinian theory4 ,mr4 ,darwin1 in formulating his conclusion1 sums up the whole discussion in a single sentence3 8,to take any other view is to admit that our own structure1 and that of all the animals around us1 is a mere snare laid to entrap our judgment40 ,no doubt a 8snare0 is laid2 not1 however1 by the ,author of nature1 but by the author of the ,descent of ,man4 ,the homologousness of animal structures does not prove a common genetic descent3 it only proves1 as we have shown1 that all such structures are the work of the same ,maker2 hence the arbitrary substitution of a common progenitor for a common ,creator is 8a mere snare0 laid by ,mr4 ,darwin to entrap the judgment of the ignorant4 ,we say of the ignorant2 for he who knows anything about philosophy will simply wonder at the audacity of a writer who derives reason from unreason1 and intellect from organism2 and he who knows anything about divine revelation will rebuke him for his disregard of the ,mosaic history1 than which no document has greater antiquity or higher authority2 whereas he who knows anything of zology will be scandalized at the impudence of a man who dares to contradict in the name of science what he knows to be an unquestionable fact and a fundamental principle of science--viz41 the unchangeableness of species4 ,to 8strengthen0 his worthless conclusion ,mr4 ,darwin bids us look to 8the members of the whole animal series0 and consider 8the evidence derived from their affinities or classification1 their geographical distribution and geological succession40 ,but it must be evident to every intelligent reader that the considerations here suggested by ,mr4 ,darwin are not calculated to 8strengthen0 his position4 ,between the members of the animal series there are not only affinities1 but also specific differences and incompatibilities1 which a man of science ought not to ignore1 were they ever so embarrassing to his inventive genius4 ,and as to the 8geological succession0 of animal forms1 need we remind ,mr4 ,darwin that the geological remains and their succession afford the most peremptory refutation of his theory8 ,he himself acknowledges that no transitional forms from one species to another have been dug up from the bowels of the earth2 whereas his theory requires a succession of animal remains of all transitional forms and in all stages of development4 ,it would have been wiser for him to have kept back all mention of geology2 but1 alas6 those who lay snares for others sometimes succeed also in entrapping themselves4 ,this may suffice to give an idea of the first chapter of the ,descent of ,man1 and even of the whole work4 ,everywhere we find the same want of rigorous logic1 the same absence of method1 the same disregard of principles1 and the same abundance of fanciful assumptions4 ,such is not the proceeding of science4 8,i believe10 says ,prof4 ,agassiz1 8that the ,darwinian system is pernicious and fatal to the progress of the sciences40 8,this system10 says ,dr4 ,constantin ,james1 8starts from the unknown1 appeals to evidences which are nowhere to be found1 and falls into consequences which are simply absurd and impossible4 ,one would say that ,darwin merely undertook to blot out creation and bring back chaos40#aaa ,we cannot1 without trespassing on the limits prescribed to this article1 give the scientific arguments by which these and other eminent writers set at naught the assumptions1 the reasonings1 and the conclusions of our eccentric 8mammalian10 but we venture to say that if the reader procures a copy of ,dr4 ,james' work1 and examines the ,darwinian theory in the light of the facts that the learned author has culled from physiology1 palontology1 and other branches of science connected with the history of the animal world1 he will be fully satisfied that the ,descent of ,man is nothing but a congeries of blunders4 ,but we may be asked3 ,how is it possible to admit that a theory so manifestly absurd should have been received with enthusiasm and lauded to the skies by men of recognized ability and scientific eminence8 ,the answer is obvious4 ,scientific eminence1 as now understood1 means only acquaintance with the materials of science1 and is no warrant against false reasoning4 8,there can be fools in science as well as in any other walk in life10 says a well-known ,english writer3 8in fact1 in proportion to the small aggregate number of scientific men1 ,i should be disposed to think that there is a greater percentage in that class than in any other40 ,but the same writer gives us another remarkable explanation of the fact4 8,i have read10 says he1 8the writings of ,mr4 ,darwin and ,prof4 ,huxley and others1 and had the advantage of personal talk with an eminent friend of theirs who shares their views1 and ,i have read without prejudice1 but failed to find that they advanced one solid argument in support of their views4 ,i am quite certain that1 if this controversy could be turned into a law suit1 any judge on the bench would dismiss the case against the evolutionists with costs1 without calling for a reply4 ,the eminent friend ,i allude to1 himself one of the first of living mathematicians1 and an intimate associate of ,tyndall1 ,huxley1 ,spencer1 etc41 and sharing their views1 was candid enough to admit that the theory was beset with difficulties1 that quite as many facts were against it as for it1 that it hardly seemed susceptible of proof4 ,and when ,i asked why he held the theory under such a condition of the evidence2 why1 on the assumption of this law1 ,dr4 ,tyndall chaffed and derided prayer1 and ,prof4 ,huxley gnashed his teeth at dogma and chuckled over the base descent of man1 his reply was3 #8,we are bound to hold it1 because it is the only theory yet propounded which can account for life1 all we see of life1 without the intervention of a ,god4 ,nature must be held to be capable of producing everything by herself and within herself1 with no interference ab extra1 and this theory explains how she may have done it4 ,hence we feel bound to hold it1 and to teach it4' ,shade of ,bacon6 here is science60#aab ,these words need no comment of ours4 ,we knew already from other evidences that a conspiracy had been formed with the aim of turning science against religion1 and we now see its work4 ,we have here a candid avowal that the enthusiasm of certain scientists for the new theory has its root in malice1 not in reason1 and is kept up1 though with ever-increased difficulty1 in the interest not of science but of a brutal atheism4 ,in fact1 science has nothing to do with the origin of man2 and the very attempt at transforming a historical event into a scientific speculation clearly reveals the wicked determination of obscuring1 corrupting1 and discrediting truth4 ,to carry out their object the leaders of the conspiracy organized a body of infidel scientists1 doctors1 professors1 lecturers1 and journalists2 they took hold of the scientific press1 which was to illustrate the names and magnify the merits of such men as ,moleschott1 ,louis ,bchner1 ,wolff1 ,von ,baer1 or such men as ,clausius1 ,tyndall1 ,spencer1 and ,comte1 or as ,huxley1 ,draper1 and ,hckel--a task not at all difficult1 as these men1 and others whom we might name1 were all bound together in a mutual-admiration society1 in which the celebrity of each member was an honor and an encouragement for all the other members1 and the praises lavished upon each one were repaid with interest to all the others4 ,thus they have become great scientific oracles1 each and all2 and by ignoring as completely as possible the writings1 the discoveries1 and even the existence of those men of science who did not fall on their knees before the new ideas1 they succeeded in creating a belief that they alone were in possession of scientific truth1 and they alone were enlightened enough to point out with infallible certainty the hidden path of progress4 ,their success1 to judge from the number and tone of their scientific publications1 must have been very flattering to their vanity4 ,it is probable1 however1 that their noise is greater than their success4 ,the profligate and the sceptic may1 of course1 relish a theory which assimilates them to the ape or the hog1 makes the soul a modification of matter1 and suppresses ,god2 but the honest1 the pure1 the thoughtful are not easily duped by the low hypotheses of these modern thinkers4 ,society in general rejects with disgust a doctrine which aims at degrading humanity and destroying the bases of morality1 religion1 and civilization4 ,if there is no ,god1 rights and duties1 the main ties of the social body1 must be given up2 justice will become an unmeaning word1 and civil and criminal courts a tyrannical institution4 ,if man is only a modified beast1 if his soul is not immortal1 if his end is like that of the dog1 then why should the stronger refrain from hunting and devouring the weaker8 ,do we not hunt and kill and eat other animals8 ,alas6 the progress of humanity towards barbarism and cannibalism is so intimately and inevitably connected with ,darwinism that even the most uncivilized of human beings would protest against its admission4 ,that society is still unwilling to submit to the dictation of this advanced science1 and that common sense is yet strong enough to silence the present scientific blustering1 is a fact of which we find an implicit confession in the writings and addresses of anti-,christian thinkers4 ,nature1 a weekly illustrated journal of science1 the ,popular ,science ,monthly1 and other publications of the infidel party1 do not cease to inculcate the introduction of science 7materialism1 evolution1 pantheism1 etc47 into the schools frequented by our children4 ,they have found that our schools are not godless enough to secure the triumph of unbelief3 they are godless in a negative sense only1 inasmuch as they ignore ,god2 but now they must be made positively godless by teaching theories which do away with creation1 which deny providence1 which leave no hope of reward1 and ridicule all fear of punishment in an after-life2 and they must be made positively immoral by teaching that man is always right in following his animal proclivities1 as all other animals do1 and that no human being can be justly called to account for his doings1 it being demonstrated by science that what we call 8free-will0 is an organic function subject to invariable laws1 like everything else in the material world1 with no greater freedom to choose its course than a stone has under terrestrial attraction4 ,these doctrines are widely circulated in printed works1 but make few converts1 owing to the fact that they come too late1 and find the minds of men already imbued with principles of an opposite nature2 and1 therefore1 it is now proposed to instil all this poison into the minds of the young1 who have no antidote at hand to counteract its destructive action4 ,we hope that this new attempt will be defeated2 but when we see that the attempt is considered necessary for a successful diffusion of the false scientific theories of the day1 we cannot be much mistaken if we infer that the success of such theories up to the present time has been less satisfactory to the infidel schemers than their publications pretend4 ,as for the ,descent of ,man1 however1 no amount of sophistry1 in our opinion1 will succeed in making it fashionable4 ,the ,darwinian theory is utterly unscientific and unphilosophical4 ,common sense1 geology1 and history condemn it2 logic proclaims it a fraud2 and human dignity throws upon it a look of pity and dismisses it with ineffable contempt4 ,mr4 ,darwin may yet live long enough to see his theory totally eclipsed and forgotten1 when he will ask himself whether it would not have been better to devote his talents1 his time1 and his labor to striving to elevate rather than striving to debase his kind4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,mickey ,,casey',s ,,christmas ,,dinner-,,party4 ,in a large1 gloomy1 bald-looking house in ,merrion ,street1 ,dublin1 lived a red-faced1 red-haired little attorney rejoicing in the name of ,mickey ,casey4 ,there is no man better known in ,green ,street than ,mickey1 and no member of the profession whose services are more eagerly retained by the luckless ones whose 8misfortunes0 have brought them within range of the 8blessing of the recorder40 ,mickey knows the exact moment to bully1 concede1 or back out2 and as for the law1 it has been said of him that there is not a dirty lane or alley in the whole of the ,acts of ,parliament in which he has not mentally resided for the benefit of his clientle1 as well as to his own especial emolument4 ,when ,mr4 ,casey was put up for membership of the ,law ,club1 there was much muttering and considerable frowning in the smoking-room of that legally exclusive establishment while his chances of success were being weighed in the balance and found wanting2 but the election being judiciously set down for the long vacation1 and ,mickey having offered several of the leading members unlimited shooting over his trifle of property in the neighborhood of ,derrymachulish--which1 as all well-informed people are aware1 lies in the very heart of the ,county ,tipperary--somehow or other he pulled through by the 8skin of his teeth10 and became socially1 as he was by act of ,parliament1 a gentleman in the profession4 ,mickey was a cheery little man1 who loved a drop of the 8crayture0 not wisely but too well1 and whose whole soul was wrapped up in his only child1 a daughter1 a mincing young lady1 who was now close upon her nineteenth birthday1 and who bore a most unmistakable resemblance to her sire in the color of her hair1 her 8chaney blue0 eyes1 and a bulbous-shaped--vulgarly termed thumbottle--nose4 8,i've spent oceans of money on me daughter's education1 sir10 ,mickey would exclaim4 8,oceans--,atlantic and ,pacific4 ,she's had masters and mistresses1 and tutors and governesses1 and short lessons and long lessons1 some at a guinea apiece1 sir--yes1 begar1 a guinea for thirty minutes jingling on a piana4 ,but she's come out of it well2 ,i've got her through1 and the sentence of the court is that she's as fine a performer as there is in ,dublin in the way of an amatewer40 ,mrs4 ,casey was a very stout1 very florid1 very untidy lady1 whose face never bore traces of any recent lavatory process1 and whose garments appeared to have dropped upon her from the ceiling by chance1 retaining their original pose4 ,the parting of her hair bore a strong resemblance to forked lightning1 and her nails reminded the visitor of family bereavement1 so deep the mourning in which they were invariably enshrined4 ,she1 in common with her husband1 was wrapped up in her daughter1 and lost to every consideration other than the advancement of her child's welfare and happiness4 ,matilda ,casey was spoiled in her cradle1 spoiled at school1 spoiled at home4 ,her word was law1 her every whim gratified1 her every wish anticipated4 ,her parents were her slaves4 ,dressed by ,mrs4 ,manning1 the ,worth of ,dublin1 at fancy prices1 the newest ,parisian toilettes were flaunted upon ,miss ,casey's neat little figure1 whilst her mother went in greasy gowns of antiquated date and old-world pattern4 ,the brougham was at her beck1 and ,mrs4 ,casey was flattered beyond measure when offered a seat in it4 ,she asked whom she pleased to ,merrion ,street1 and many people came and went whom her mother never even saw4 ,in furtherance of her musical talents she had boxes at the ,theatre ,royal and ,gaiety for any performance it pleased her ,serene ,highness to select1 while she forced her father to run the gauntlet of musical societies in order to ensure the necessary vouchers of admission4 ,and yet ,matilda ,casey was by no means a bad sort of girl4 ,her heart was in the right place1 but her brains were blown out--to use a homely metaphor--by the flattery and incense which were being perpetually offered up at her shrine1 until she was seized with a mad craving to enter the portals of the best society4 ,hitherto she had but stood at the gate1 like the ,peri1 gazing through the golden bars1 and was more or less inclined to accept her position2 but there came a time when she resolved upon endeavoring to force her way through4 ,the task that lay before her was a terrible one--a task full of weeping1 and wailing1 and mortification1 and heart-burning1 and gnashing of teeth4 ,society in ,dublin is as exclusive as in the ,faubourg ,st4 ,germain4 ,the line is so distinctly drawn that no person can cross it by mere accident4 8,no trespassers admitted0 is written up in letters of cold steel4 ,the viceregal 8set0 won't have the professional set1 save those whose offices entitle them to the entre1 and then they are but tolerated4 ,the professional set won't know the mercantile set1 and here society stops short4 ,a shopkeeper1 be his store as large as ,stewart's and be he as wealthy as ,rothschild1 has no chance4 ,he is a ,pariah1 and must pitch his tent out in that wilderness peopled by nobodies4 ,the great struggle lies with the mercantile people to become blended with the professionals4 ,this is done by money4 ,of course there are exceptional cases1 but such a case is rara avis in terris4 ,matilda ,casey was in no set4 ,the people with whom she was acquainted1 though not amongst the outcasts1 held no position whatsoever4 ,clerks in the ,bank of ,ireland residing at ,rathmines2 commercial travellers2 custom-house employs2 attorneys of cadaverous practice1 or of a practice that meant no weight in the profession2 needy barristers perpetually kotowing to her father for business1 and obsequiously civil to her as business--these people with their wives formed her surroundings1 and she was sick of them1 tired1 disgusted1 bored to death4 ,why should she not be acquainted with the daughter of ,mr4 ,bigwig1 ,q4,c41 who resided next door8 ,surely she played better than ,miss ,bigwig1 and dressed better1 and rode in her brougham1 while ,miss ,b4 trudged in thick-soled boots in the mud4 ,she had left cards on the ,bigwigs upon their coming to ,merrion ,street1 but her visit had never been returned1 while that shabby little girl1 ,miss ,oliver1 was for ever in and out there2 and what was ,miss ,oliver's papa but an attorney8 ,why was she not at some of the balls perpetually going on around her8--the rattling of the cabs to and from which1 during the night and morning1 kept her awake upon her tear-bedewed pillow4 ,why did the ,serges1 of the firm of ,serge ,twist1 the linen-drapers in ,sackville ,street1 leave her out of their invitations to their afternoon teas8 ,assuredly they were no great swells1 and she had driven ,miss ,serge on more than one occasion in her brougham1 and had sent ,mrs4 ,serge a bouquet of hot-house flowers when that lady was laid up with the measles4 ,how came it that their social circle never increased save in the wrong direction8 ,had she not persuaded her papa to give a brief to young ,mr4 ,bronsbill1 who was possessed of as much brains as a nutmeg-grater1 and whose advocacy cost ,mr4 ,casey's client his cause1 in order to become acquainted with his family8--,mr4 ,b4 having informed her--the treacherous villain6--that his mother and sisters intended to call upon her4 ,had she not thrown open the house to ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,minnion1 whom she had met at the ,victoria ,hotel1 ,killarney1 the preceding summer1 in the hope of those delightful introductions which the artful ,mrs4 ,m4 had held out like a glittering jewel before her entranced and eager gaze8 ,had not ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,minnion eaten1 drunk1 and slept in ,merrion ,street8 ,and whom did they introduce8 ,a little drunken captain of militia1 who insisted upon coming there at unlawful hours of the night1 and in calling for brandy and soda-water1 as if the establishment was a public-house1 and not even a respectable hotel6 ,but ,fortune is not for ever cruel1 and the wheel will turn up a prize at possibly the least expected moment4 ,mickey ,casey knew his daughter's heart-burning1 and strove might and main to ease it by even one throb4 ,he gave dinner-parties to the best class of men with whom he was acquainted1 feeding them like 8fighting-cocks0 upon petit dners served by ,mitchell1 of ,grafton ,street1 and giving them wines of the rarest vintages from the cellars of ,turbot ,redmond4 8,ye'll come to see us again1 won't ye80 he would say to his guest4 8,and ,i say1 just bring your wife the next time4 ,me daughter will send the brougham--cost a hundred and fifty at ,hutton's--say ,monday next40 ,the guest would declare how delighted his wife would be to make the acquaintance of so charming a young lady as ,miss ,casey2 but when the ,monday came round1 and with it a dinner fit for the viceroy1 the guest would arrive wifeless1 the lady being laid up with a cold1 or 8that dreadful baby1 you know10 or 8visitors from the country10 and the banquet would be served in a lugubrious silence1 save when the daughter of the house ventured upon some cutting sarcasm anent snobbery and stuck-up people4 ,matilda ,casey could make such a guest wish himself over a mutton-chop in his own establishment1 instead of the salmi of partridge or plover's eggs served in silver dishes at ,number #aij ,merrion ,street3 and she did it1 too4 8,i've news for ye1 ,matilda10 exclaimed ,casey one evening as he took his seat at the dinner-table4 8,i've news for ye1 pet4 ,i defended old ,colonel ,bowdler in a case in which a servant sued him for wages1 and got him off at half-price4 ,he's on half-pay1 lives with his wife in ,stephen's ,green1 and is a tip-topper1 mixing with the lord-lieutenant's household as if they were his own40 8,well1 and what is that to me80 exclaimed ,miss ,casey with considerable asperity4 8,this1 me darling3 he was so pleased at the way ,i got him out on half-pay--ha6 ha6 ha6--that he and his wife--wife1 mind ye--are coming to call on you to-morrow40 ,mrs4 ,casey was never taken into account1 ,matilda being the central figure4 8,pshaw6 ,i wonder you can be such a fool1 papa4 ,it's the old story10 retorted his daughter4 8,this colonel will come here1 eat our dinners1 drink our wine1 and perhaps drop his wife's card without her knowledge1 as ,mr4 ,neligan did--as we found out to our mortification when we went to return a visit that was never paid1 and were politely told by ,mrs4 ,neligan that her husband had never even mentioned our names to her40 8,never fear1 ,matilda4 ,we're in the right box this time4 ,they'll be here to-morrow1 you may depend upon it40 ,casey had his own good reasons for believing that the colonel would bide tryste--of which more anon4 ,the morrow came1 and with it ,colonel and ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 ,the colonel was a chatty1 elderly gentleman of imposing aspect and dyed hair2 his wife a tall1 gaunt female1 with a vulture-like appearance1 and a sort of sergeant-major-in-petticoats look--the outcome of many a hard-fought campaign4 ,the colonel had sketched ,casey and ,casey's social desires1 and ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 like the shrewd veteran that she was1 took in the situation at a glance4 ,the flutter of excitement at #aij ,merrion ,street was intense when the thundering knock came to the door1 accompanied by a crashing pull at the bell4 8,be awfully civil to these people1 ,jemima10 whispered the colonel as he entered1 8and we can forage here three times a week4 ,promise them the moon40 ,mrs4 ,casey fled to her bedroom for the purpose of arranging her person in a gorgeous mauve moire-antique all over grease-spots1 and ,matilda rushed frantically to the drawing-room1 in order to be en pose to receive the welcome visitors4 ,the coachman1 who acted also in the capacity of butler1 was feverishly hurried from his den at the back of the house1 bearing with him a gentle aroma of the stable1 and1 even while opening the hall-door1 was engaged in thrusting his arms into the sleeves of a coat--a perfect suit of mail in buttons4 8,mrs4 ,casey at home80 asked ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 8,i dunno whether the misthris is convaynient1 ma'am1 but ,miss ,casey is above in the dhrawin'-room4 ,won't yez come in anyhow80 ,and the man motioned them to ascend with considerable cordiality and welcome4 8,take these cards1 please40 8,well1 ma'am1 me hands is a thrifle dirty2 but av it obliges ye--0 and hastily brushing the fingers of his right hand upon the legs of his trowsers1 he took the extended pasteboard in as gingerly a manner as if he expected it to explode there and then4 ,the visitors stood in the hall1 and so did ,luke ,fogarty4 8,what am ,i for to do wud this ma'am80 he asked1 eyeing it with a glance full of concern4 8,hand it to ,miss ,casey10 replied ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 8,oh6 that's it1 is it80 ,and he darted up-stairs with an alarming alacrity4 8,this is a charming mnage10 said ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 8,a fine open country1 my dear2 no concealed enemy40 8,yez are for to folly me10 shouted ,fogarty from the top of the stairs4 ,matilda was enchanted to see them1 and ordered sherry and cake4 ,mrs4 ,bowdler professed herself charmed to make ,miss ,casey's acquaintance1 and declared she quite resembled the lord-lieutenant's youngest daughter 8,and in manner1 too1 ,miss ,casey1 you quite remind me of her4 ,we are perpetually at the ,viceregal ,lodge1 and very intimate with the ,abercorns4 ,we are asked to everything1 and--he6 he6 he6--it costs us a small fortune for cabs40 8,you can have my brougham1 ,mrs4 ,bowdler40 8,oh6 dear1 no1 my dear young lady1 that would never do2 but if you lend it to me occasionally to take out dear ,lady ,maude ,laseilles1 who is such an invalid4 ,do you know her80 ,matilda replied in the negative4 ,as a matter of fact1 no such person existed1 but it suited ,mrs4 ,bowdler to create her1 ,mrs4 ,b4 being a lady who would make a shilling do duty for half a crown4 ,she was a veteran of infinite resources1 who had borne the burden and heat of the day1 and who was now bent upon taking her change out of the world4 ,she had heard of the craving to enter the portals of society that was devouring ,matilda ,casey--the attorney had openly confided the fact to the colonel--and was resolved upon making the most of the situation4 ,the ,bowdlers were hangers-on at the ,castle1 mere hacks1 who attended the drawing-rooms1 the solitary state ball to which they were annually invited1 and ,st4 ,patrick's ball with undeviating punctuality4 ,they resided in a pinched-looking house in ,stephen's ,green1 where ,mrs4 ,bowdler 8operated0 the colonel's half-pay with the financial ability of a ,dudelac1 stretching every sixpence and racking the silver coin to its final gasp4 ,they went everywhere1 accepting every invitation1 8foraging on the enemy0 as the colonel expressed it1 giving no return4 ,trading upon his military rank1 they managed to go about a good deal amongst very third-rate people1 who were glad to have a colonel to dinner1 and a lady who could talk so familiarly of half the peerage as his wife4 ,a more singularly worthless or selfish pair was not to be found1 or a pair who better knew how 8to work the oracle10 than ,colonel ,brownlow ,bowdler1 late of ,her ,majesty's ,fifty-ninth ,regiment of ,infantry1 and ,jemima1 his consort4 ,mrs4 ,casey came smilingly into the drawing-room and almost embraced ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 8,what will ye take1 now8 ,sure ye must take something4 ,matilda1 make ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler take something4 ,colonel1 you'll take a bottle of champagne--do1 now1 that's right2 and ,i'll get a little jelly for ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler1 and then ,matilda will play for ye4 ,she plays lovely40 8,o mamma60 exclaimed ,matilda4 8,now1 ye know ye do1 darling40 ,and ,mrs4 ,casey1 who is the soul of hospitality1 joyously descended to the lower regions1 in order to send up the delicacies she so temptingly set forth4 8,are you going to the ball the ,twelfth are giving at the ,royal ,barracks80 asked ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 8,i am not1 ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 but ,i wish ,i was10 replied ,matilda4 8,colonel1 do you hear that8 ,miss ,casey has not received a card for the ,twelfth ball4 ,you must take care that she gets one40 8,i'll go to ,major ,mc,vickers at once--the old rascal and ,i served in ,india together--and see what can be done40 ,he had been to ,major ,mc,vickers five times already to secure invitations for himself and wife1 but without success4 ,luke ,fogarty entered with an enormous silver salver bearing the champagne1 jelly1 fruit1 and cake4 ,he would have preferred to have been behind a runaway horse1 ay1 and down-hill to boot4 ,he regarded the jelly with a savage eye1 muttering 8,woa6 woa60 in an undertone as it shook from the movement of the tray1 accompanying the exclamation by that purring sound so dear to grooms when closely applying the curry-comb4 8,open the champagne1 ,fogarty10 said ,matilda in a tone of lofty command4 8,to be shure ,i will1 miss10 replied the willing retainer1 diving into the pockets of his trowsers in search of an iron-moulded corkscrew1 which he eventually brought to the surface after considerable effort4 8,i'll open it in a jiffy40 ,he tortured and twisted the wires until he was nearly black in the face from sheer exertion1 but1 although yielding to his pressure1 they still clung perplexingly to the cork4 8,bad cess to thim for wires6 but they have the fingers nearly cut aff o' me4 ,curse o' the crows on them60 making another despairing effort2 8but ,i'm not bet yit40 ,the wire1 slipping suddenly aside1 gave freedom to the cork1 which bounded gaily against the colonel's nose1 and1 ricochetting1 lodged in the bosom of ,mrs4 ,bowdler's dress1 while the froth spurted high in the air1 descending in seething showers upon the gallant warrior's head1 disarranging the few brown hairs which were carefully laid across his bald1 shining pate1 resembling cracks upon an inverted china bowl1 and causing him to utter maledictions strong and deep4 8,see that1 now60 exclaimed ,fogarty1 clapping his hand on the opening of the bottle4 8,it's livelier nor spirits4 ,hould yer glass1 colonel1 or the lickher #8ill be lost intirely40 8,champagne is my favorite wine10 said ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 tossing off her glass without winking4 8,and mine10 added the colonel1 filling it for her again1 and then replenishing his own4 8,oh6 dear me1 ,i'm so glad to know that4 ,fogarty1 bring another bottle4 ,we've heaps of it in the cellar at ninety-six shillings a dozen--a top price4 ,you'll always get good wine here10 said ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,the man who would give his guest bad wine ought to be blown from the muzzle of a gun10 observed the colonel1 plunging at the jelly4 ,this came strangely from an individual who1 whenever he gave a visitor a drink1 gave it of a liquor warranted to kill at fifty yards4 ,young ,bangs1 of the ,tenth1 whose father instructed him to visit ,bowdler1 was laid up for an entire week after a teaspoonful of the colonel's tap4 ,the second bottle of champagne appeared4 8,ye'd betther open this combusticle yerself1 gineral10 suggested ,fogarty2 8an mind ye hould on to the cork1 or it #8ill give ye the slip as shure as there's a bill on a crow40 8,i must introduce your dear daughter here to the ,dayrolles10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 8and to the ,fitzmaurices4 ,you will like ,lady ,fitzmaurice1 ,miss ,casey1 and ,i know she will like you40 8,do you hear that1 ,matilda8 ,now1 won't ye play for ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler80 8,i'm a very poor player10 simpered ,matilda4 ,nevertheless1 she proceeded to the piano and dashed off a morceau of ,chopin with considerable vigor1 during which the colonel improved the occasion by pocketing a bunch of grapes and a good-sized cut of seed-cake4 8,bravissima60 he cried1 as if in rapture4 8,lord ,st4 ,lawrence must hear that1 ,jemima2 we must try and get him to name a night40 8,we can reckon on ,lady ,howth40 8,certainly4 ,she's always too glad to be asked40 8,and the ,powerscourts80 8,by the way1 that reminds me3 we owe a visit at ,powerscourt1 do we not80 8,i can't say1 colonel1 until ,i look at my list4 ,we have such an enormous visiting list1 ,mrs4 ,casey10 turning to that lady1 who was nearly caught in a feeble attempt at winking at her daughter1 in order to beget that young person's special attention to the delightful conversation going on between the visitors1 and who was perfectly overwhelmed with dismay and apprehension lest she should have been perceived4 8,i put my engagements down alphabetically1 and--he6 he6 he6--,i'm so glad to think that you are so high on our list40 ,the ,bowdlers took their departure1 after having promised to dine in ,merrion ,street on the following day4 8,to-morrow will be ,thursday1 and we dine with the ,commander of the ,forces4 ,friday we dine at ,lord ,newry's40 8,never mind1 my dear10 interposed the colonel1 8,i'll come here4 ,i'm heartily sick of those fearfully ceremonious banquets2 besides10 he added1 8we are not asked here every day1 and ,newry or ,strathnairn will be glad to get us when they can40 ,when ,mickey ,casey returned that evening from his office he found his wife and daughter in ecstasies over their newly-made acquaintances4 ,there were no words in the ,english language sufficiently strong to convey a tithe of the admiration they entertained for them4 ,such elegance1 such urbanity1 such distinguished manners1 such amiability6 8,i'm going to the ,twelfth ball10 cried ,matilda1 8and to be introduced to ,lady ,fitzmaurice and the ,dayrolles1 and dear ,mrs4 ,bowdler is going to give a party for me1 and to ask ,lady ,howth and ,lord ,st4 ,lawrence and ,lord ,powerscourt all to hear me play4 ,what shall ,i play8 ,i must begin to practise at once4 ,i'll go to ,pigott's to-morrow for something new--the newest thing--and ,i'll get ,mrs4 ,joseph ,robinson to give me six lessons40 8,i've asked them to dinner here10 said ,mrs4 ,casey2 8and only to think1 ,mick1 ,i--0 8,i do wish you'd say ,mr4 ,casey1 or at all events ,michael1 mamma10 burst in ,matilda4 8,you see how dear ,mrs4 ,bowdler addressed her husband4 ,you'll find it much more genteel40 8,whatever you say1 me darling4 ,well1 ,mister ,casey--oh6 ,i can't do that after ,micking him for twenty years10 she cried4 8,well1 ,mick1 what do you think1 but the colonel gave up a dinner at the ,commander of the ,forces' to come to us on ,thursday40 8,thursday1 did ye say1 ,mary80 8,yes40 8,that's awkward2 that's to-morrow1 and your brother ,tim ,rooney comes up in the morning to stop for a month40 ,mrs4 ,casey glanced timidly at her daughter1 who gave a little shriek4 8,it will never do1 mamma4 ,uncle ,timothy is too rough1 too vulgar1 and too careless of what he says and does1 to meet ,colonel and ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 ,it would destroy us at once4 ,you must telegraph him1 papa1 not to come till ,friday or ,saturday40 8,i can't1 me honey1 for he started this morning2 and may be it's in ,tullamore he is while ,i'd be wiring to ,inchanappa40 ,matilda clasped her hands in a sort of mute despair4 8,he cannot dine at this table to-morrow10 she cried4 8,i'd rather put off the ,bowdlers1 first40 8,suppose ye give him an early dinner and plenty of liquor1 and send him with ,fogarty to the play40 8,we will want ,fogarty1 papa4 ,his livery opening the door looks very genteel40 8,it won't do to insult him4 ,tim has twenty thousand pounds1 and you're his god-daughter1 me darling10 said ,casey4 8,i wonder1 if we told him that these people were very ceremonious and very grand1 if he'd consent to dine alone10 suggested ,matilda4 8,that would only rouse ,tim1 my pet10 observed ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,he'd just come in on purpose then1 and if he got a sup in there would be no holding him40 8,what is to be done80 cried ,matilda1 starting from her chair and pacing the floor with long and hasty strides4 ,at this moment a short1 sharp double knock was heard at the hall-door4 8,that's ,tim10 groaned ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,a telegraph60 roared ,fogarty1 bursting into the room as if a human life depended upon his celerity4 8,yer in luck1 ,matilda1 my pet2 it's from your uncle4 ,read it40 ,it ran thus3 8,from ,tim ,rooney1 #8,the ,ram's ,tail1' ,inchanappa1 ,county ,tipperary1 to ,mickey ,casey1 #aij ,merrion ,street1 ,dublin3 8,i can't stir for a couple of days4 ,i have to bolus a horse1 and ,phil ,dempsey is after drinking a cow on me1 the blackguard60 8,what a relief60 cried ,matilda ,casey1 throwing herself into an easy-chair4 ,the dinner at #aij was supplied by ,murphy1 of ,clare ,street1 the ,gunter1 the ,delmonico of ,dublin4 8,i don't care a farden about the price10 said ,mickey to the smiling caterer4 8,i want it done tip-top1 and let the ongtrays be something quite out of the common2 for ,colonel and ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler are to dine with us1 and me wife is very anxious to have everything spiffy40 ,mrs4 ,casey was in a fever of preparation the livelong day1 washing glasses1 getting out wine1 laying the table1 while ,matilda with her own fair hands fitted up the pergne with rare hot-house plants and crystallized fruits4 8,papa will take ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler in to dinner1 and ,colonel ,bowdler will take you1 mamma40 8,oh6 no1 me pet2 ,i'd rather he'd take you40 8,but it's not etiquette40 8,oh6 bother etiquette10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,casey1 wiping her face in a napkin4 8,it's all very fine to say bother etiquette2 but if we do not show it now1 what will ,colonel and ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler think of us80 ,the appalling consequences attendant upon her refusal to be led to the banquet by the gallant colonel smote the mind of ,mrs4 ,casey with such considerable force that she at once assented to the proposal1 lauding her daughter's foresight to the very skies4 8,you're a wonderful child1 dear2 #8pon me word1 you think of everything40 8,the colonel will sit here1 and ,i'll put this bouquet opposite his chair with the menoo card2 and ,mrs4 ,bowdler will sit here1 ,fogarty10 addressing ,luke1 who was standing by with a portion of harness about his neck4 8,take care that ,colonel ,bowdler gets enough of champagne40 8,be me faix1 thin1 ,miss ,matilda1 ye'd betther lave out a dozen anyhow1 for he lapped it up yistherda like wather10 replied that functionary with a broad grin4 8,and see that ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler's glass is always full40 8,i'm thinkin' she'll see to that herself wudout thrubblin' me10 muttered ,fogarty4 8,ask ,colonel ,bowdler if he'll take sherry or ,madeira with his soup40 8,to be sure he will1 miss40 8,i say ask him which he'll take40 8,i'll make bould to say he'll take the both o' thim10 grinned ,fogarty1 who1 with that quick perception characteristic of his race1 had already 8measured his man40 8,be very particular about the ongtray40 8,i will1 miss1 an' the tay-thray too40 8,and above all things keep sober1 ,fogarty40 8,he's a teetotaler10 chimed in ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,aren't ye a teetotaler1 ,luke80 ,there was a comical expression upon ,luke's face as he stoutly replied3 8,i am1 ma'am2 but ,i'm not a bigoted wan40 ,at about four o'clock a note arrived from ,mrs4 ,bowdler4 8,oh6 my gracious1 ,i hope there's no disappointment10 cried ,matilda1 turning very pale1 while dire apprehension was written in the pallid features of her mamma4 8,i hope not2 that would be awful1 me pet40 ,the note ran thus3 8#bib ,,stephen',s ,,green1 #c4cj o'clock4 8,,my ,,dearest ,,miss ,,casey3 ,our dear friend ,major ,beamish and his charming daughter1 nearly related to the ,beamishes of ,cork1 have just written to say that they will dine with us to-day4 ,i must1 therefore1 with the ,,most painful reluctance1 ask of you to allow us to cancel our engagement to you4 ,i cannot tell you how sincerely this grieves me1 but the ,b4's1 though very old friends1 are people of that haute distinction that one cannot treat as one possibly could wish4 8,with kindest regards to your dear mamma1 and with united kind regards from the colonel to all chez vous1 ,i am1 my dearest ,miss ,casey1 yours affectionately1 ,,jemima ,,bowdler40 8,this is agonizing60 cried ,matilda1 ready to burst into tears4 8,our lovely dinner60 moaned ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,there is some fatality about us40 8,wan pound five a head without wine1 and seventeen and six extra for a pineapple40 8,was ever anything so provoking8 ,it's enough to drive one mad60 8,i suppose ,mick must ask in the apprentice to eat the dinner1 as we've to pay for it4 ,such food for to cock up an apprentice with60 sighed ,mrs4 ,casey4 ,miss ,casey perused the letter again1 and finding ,p4 ,t4 ,o4 in the corner1 turned the page and read a postscript as follows3 8,p4 ,s4--,the colonel has just come in1 and what do you think he has the audacity to suggest8--that we ask your permission to bring the ,beamishes to your dinner to-day4 ,the colonel has taken such a fancy to you1 dearest young friend1 that he treats you as if he had been on intimate terms for years4 ,he insists upon my writing this1 but please to blame him for this piece of audacity4 ,j4 ,b40 ,miss ,casey's joy knew no bounds4 ,the ,beamishes of ,cork1 one of the oldest families in ,ireland--such a charming addition to the party4 ,she would order round the brougham1 and drive over to dear ,mrs4 ,colonel ,bowdler's at once to thank her for such a signal mark of kindness2 as for the colonel1 she could have hugged the gallant veteran from sheer gratitude4 ,she did not know that the ,bowdlers wished to shelve the hungry major and his daughter in a polite way1 and provide them with a sumptuous repast at the expense of ,mickey ,casey4 ,not she1 indeed2 so she stepped into her carriage1 and having driven1 first1 round to the caterer's to order reinforcements1 proceeded to ,stephen's ,green1 where she was received by ,mrs4 ,bowdler in a small1 dingy front room minus a fire1 although it was late in ,december and bitterly raw and cold4 ,mrs4 ,bowdler kissed her1 and gushed over her1 and begged to be excused for hurrying her away for the tyrant post1 as she was compelled to finish a letter to her dearest friend1 the wife of the governor-general of ,india4 ,miss ,casey cut short her stay1 as in duty bound1 and ,mrs4 ,bowdler ascended to the drawing-room1 where three or four visitors were assembled around a fairly decent fire--one of the ladies1 during the temporary absence of the hostess1 having surreptitiously stirred it up--to whom she imparted the intelligence that she had just parted from the governess to ,mrs4 ,geoffrey ,ponsonby1 whom that aristocratic personage had sent over in the ,ponsonby brougham with a request that she and the colonel would dine in ,fitzwilliam ,place upon that day1 whereat the visitors declared that ,mrs4 ,geoffrey ,ponsonby was evidently very desirous of ,mrs4 ,bowdler's company1 and that it was a very remarkable instance of her esteem and regard4 ,at #f4cj1 military time1 the company arrived1 and were ushered into ,mickey ,casey's study in order to uncloak4 ,major ,beamish wore a short brown wig on the top of a very high1 a very bald1 and very shiny head4 ,his eyes were small and watery1 and his moustache1 greased with a cheap ointment1 lay like a solid cushion of hair beneath a nose with nostrils as expansive as those of a rocking-horse4 ,he was attired in a faded suit of evening clothes1 his shirt-bosom bearing the indelible imprint not only of the hand of ,time1 but of the hand of a reckless laundress1 who hesitated not to use her nails upon the sierras of its coy and threadbare folds4 ,miss ,beamish was a gushing maiden of twenty anything1 possessed of a profusion of frizzly fair hair1 done in a simple and childlike fashion1 and bound by a fillet of blue ribbon over a vast expanse of forehead4 ,her eyes were greenish gray1 and not quite free from a suspicion of a squint4 ,her nose resembled that of her sire1 and her mouth was almost concealed by her thin and bloodless lips4 ,her gaunt frame was enveloped in a gauzy substance over a pink silk1 which betrayed the recent presence of the smoothing-iron4 ,bog-oak ornaments rattled around her neck1 at her ears1 and upon her lean and sinewy arms4 8,colonel an' ,missis ,bowhowdler10 roared ,fogarty1 as the guests entered the drawing-room4 8,major an' ,missis ,baymish40 8,miss1 fellow1 ,miss10 impatiently cried the major4 8,miss ,baymish1 ,i mane10 adding in an undertone3 8,it's not but she's ould enough and tough enough for to be a missis tin times over40 8,this is so good of you10 said ,matilda1 shaking hands all round1 8and so good of dear ,mrs4 ,bowdler to give us the pleasure of having you40 8,monstrous fine gal4 ,right good quarters10 observed the major to the colonel1 glancing round the room at the superb mirrors1 buhl cabinets1 inlaid tables1 rich hangings1 and furniture upholstered in yellow satin4 8,you might do worse than take this girl4 ,casey's good for twenty thousand10 suggested the colonel4 8,if ,tibie was once quartered on the enemy ,i'd enlist again--,i would1 sir1 by ,george6 ,i'd take the shilling from that seductive and dangerous recruiting sergeant1 ,hymen10 exclaimed the major1 wagging one soiled white glove and posing himself after a gratified and prolonged glance in the mirror4 8,miss ,matilda10 whispered ,fogarty1 who had just entered1 and who was endeavoring to attract her attention4 8,miss ,matilda6 ,miss ,tilly60 8,what is it1 ,fogarty80 asked ,miss ,casey at length2 and upon perceiving him1 8,what is it80 she repeated somewhat testily1 as ,mrs4 ,bowdler was engaged in narrating a delightful conversation with the lady-lieutenant4 8,the masther's clanin' himself1 an' he wants a lind av yer soap1 miss1 as there's not a screed in the house1 be raisin' av the misthris washin' the glass an' chany wild the rest av it40 ,the guests filed down in the order prescribed by ,matilda1 save that she fell to the arm of ,major ,beamish1 who overwhelmed her with compliments1 which only lasted until the soup was served1 as from that moment his attention became concentrated upon the delicacies placed before him1 on which he opened so murderous and effective a fire as almost to paralyze the energies of the ubiquitous and perspiring ,fogarty1 and the solicitous attentions of a young lady from the kitchen1 whose stertorous breathing made itself heard above the din and clatter of knives1 forks1 and conversation1 in a distinct and somewhat alarming manner4 8,hi6 some more soup4 ,another cut of fish4 ,i'll try that entre again4 ,let me have that last entre once more4 ,some turkey and ham4 ,why don't you look alive with the champagne8 ,a slice of roast beef--underdone4 ,some pheasant2 ay1 ,i'll try the woodcock4 ,jelly1 of course40 ,and the gallant major kept the servants pretty busily engaged during the entire repast4 ,matilda was in a shimmer of delight4 ,her darling hopes were being realized at last1 and society was budding for her4 ,a colonel and his wife1 a major and his daughter--why1 what higher rank need any person desire8 ,how friendly1 how gracious1 and how charmingly they ate and drank and praised everything6 ,this was life--a life worth living2 this was that delicious glow of which she had read in ,lothair and other novels portraying fashionable existence4 ,while these rosy thoughts were coursing through her brain a noise was heard in the direction of the hall1 and a man's voice in tones of angry expostulation4 8,your servants are quarrelling1 ,mrs4 ,casey10 observed ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 holding up her hand to enjoin silence4 8,it's that ,luke ,fogarty2 he can't keep his fingers off the dishes1 and the girl is--0 ,at this moment the individual in question burst into the apartment with an expression as if some fearful catastrophe had just happened4 8,what is the matter1 ,fogarty80 demanded ,mrs4 ,casey1 glancing at her retainer with an inquiring eye4 8,we're bet1 ma'am10 responded ,fogarty in a half-whisper4 8,what do you mean80 8,we're bet up intirely4 ,misther ,tim has came40 ,mrs4 ,casey felt as if she would have fainted1 while ,matilda bit her lips till the blood came2 and as they were still gazing at each other in the direst consternation1 ,mr4 ,timothy ,rooney entered the apartment1 clad in a bulgy ,ulster that had known fairs and markets and race-courses for several previous years1 a felt hat of an essentially rakish and vulgar description1 his pants shoved into his muddy boots after the fashion of a ,texas ranger1 while his hands were swollen and the color of beet-root4 8,company1 be the hokey crikey60 he exclaimed1 as he advanced to embrace the reluctant hostess4 8,ah6 ,mary1 ye didn't expect me10 giving her a kiss that made the glass drops upon the chandelier jingle again4 8,no1 we didn't expect you1 ,tim10 gasped his sister4 8,no1 of course not4 ,shure ,i sent ye a telegraph that that villyan of a ,phil ,dempsey drank me best cow on me--tellin' ye that--0 8,won't you take some dinner in your own room80 interposed his niece1 now the color of a peony4 8,come over here and kiss your uncle1 ye young rogue4 ,up-stairs1 indeed6 ,what would ,i do that for80 8,you are not exactly dressed for dinner40 8,oh6 ,i've a shirt on under this ,ulster1 and ,i'll show a bit of the bussom1 as the man said1 never fear4 ,well1 ,mickey1 me hearty1 how goes it8 ,put it there10 extending his beet-root fist to his brother-in-law4 8,my brother1 a regular character1 immensely wealthy2 obliged to put up with his ways10 explained ,mrs4 ,casey1 while her daughter retired with ,mr4 ,rooney1 with a view to inducing that gentleman to refrain from again putting in an appearance4 8,a very fine1 joyous son of the ,emerald ,isle10 cried the colonel1 helping himself to champagne4 8,when ,i was quartered at ,dum ,dum10 observed the major1 following the good example of his senior officer1 8we had just such a joyous1 devil-may-care fellow in the ,tenth4 ,he resided in the bungalow with me1 the compound being in common4 ,one morning1 while enjoying chotohassary--the major aired his ,indian experiences and ,hindoo acquirements upon all occasions-- ,i happened to call my kitmagar as well as my consumar1 who was--0 ,the narrative was interrupted by the entrance of ,mr4 ,rooney and his despairing niece4 ,tim had given his face what is commonly known as a 8,scotch lick10 causing it to shine again4 ,he was about forty years of age1 rough-looking as a ,shetland pony1 and a 8warm man0--i4e41 the possessor of a few thousands in the bank and of a well-to-do1 well-stocked farm4 8,i'm tidy enough now1 ,i think2 at all events1 yer friends will be aisy on a traveller4 ,why don't ye introduce us1 ,mick8 ,where are yer manners80 ,he was presented in due form by the abashed ,casey1 and1 after having shaken hands with all round1 commenced a vigorous attack upon a slice of turbot with his knife1 plunging that useful instrument two or three inches into his mouth at every helping1 until ,miss ,beamish1 who was seated opposite1 shuddered with apprehension4 8,is there anything the matter with ye1 ma'am80 he demanded1 upon observing a ghastly contraction of the muscles of her face4 8,n-nothing10 she stammered4 8,ye haven't got a pain80 8,uncle1 help yourself to champagne10 shrilly interposed ,matilda4 8,pshaw6 get me some whiskey1 me pet10 adding1 as he winked facetiously upon ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 8champagne is taydious40 8,by and by1 uncle10 said the agonized girl4 8,a little drop wouldn't harm ,miss ,baymish there1 ,matty2 she looks as if--0 8,take some more beef1 ,tim10 put in ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,well1 just wan skelp more1 ,mary4 ,room for wan inside1 as the man said40 ,when the ladies had retired ,mr4 ,rooney stretched his legs beneath the table and his body on the chair until his chin was nearly on a level with the table4 8,now1 ,mickey1 in with the hot water1 and let the girl put a kettle under the pump4 ,are ye fond of sperrits1 major80 8,well1 the fact is that spirits don't agree with me40 8,oh1 then1 ,mickey ,casey has some that will oil the curls of yer wig for ye40 8,when ,i was quartered at ,dum ,dum10 observed the major hastily1 8there happened to be a very rollicking1 gay1 charming fellow of our mess1 who shared my bungalow with me--the compound being in common4 ,one morning ,i was engaged at chotohassary and--0 8,what the dickens is chotohassary80 8,breakfast1 ,mr4 ,rooney40 8,i never heard it called by that name before4 ,go on1 you old son of a gun40 8,well1 sir10 continued the major somewhat stiffly1 8,i had occasion to call my kitmagar40 8,kit who80 asked ,tim4 8,kitmagar1 one of my servants40 8,an ,irishman1 of course40 8,no1 sir1 a ,hindoo40 8,well1 this flogs2 are ye listening to this1 ,mickey80 addressing ,casey1 who had drawn off the colonel4 8,am ,i listening to what80 asked the host rather gruffly4 8,to this old fogy here40 8,really1 ,mr4 ,rooney--0 began the offended major4 8,don't mind him1 ,major ,beamish10 cried ,casey1 8but pitch into the claret2 it's ,chteau ,lafitte of a comet vintage4 ,at least1 ,redmond told me so1 and he ought to know40 8,it's a very fine wine1 ,casey--a soft wine1 sir1 in superb condition1 and heated to perfection10 observed the major1 tossing off a glassful and quickly replacing the goblet4 8,goes down like mother's milk10 added the colonel1 following suit4 8,well1 major1 go on about ,kit ,megar10 urged ,rooney4 8,coffee is in the dhrawin'-room1 jintlemin10 yelled ,fogarty1 entering4 8,well1 let it stay there1 ,luke40 8,shall we join the ladies80 asked ,casey1 with a society air4 ,the colonel looked at the major1 the major looked at the colonel1 and both looked at the claret jugs4 8,oh6 hang it all1 no10 responded the major2 8this wine is too good--much too good40 8,more power to yer elbow1 ,baymish6 ,an old dog for a hard road10 laughed ,tim ,rooney4 8,eh1 ,luke1 this is a knowing old codger40 ,mr4 ,fogarty1 being thus appealed to1 gave a willing assent3 8,up to every trick in the box40 ,after the gallant warriors had sufficiently punished ,casey's cellar they repaired to the drawing-room4 ,as they ascended the stairs they compared notes4 8,did you ever meet such a queer customer as this brother-in-law80 8,never4 ,he's the most vulgar1 insolent blackguard ,i ever encountered40 8,he has lots of money40 8,i wonder does he play loo80 8,we can ask him40 8,he'd play a lively game40 8,and could be plucked like a green gosling40 ,to the intense relief of the ,casey family1 ,mr4 ,rooney stoutly refused to adjourn to the upper regions1 but remained in the dining-room smoking a short clay pipe and drinking whiskey-punch4 ,miss ,beamish1 upon hearing that he was enormously wealthy and unmarried to boot1 began to build a castle in ,spain1 in which she figured as chtelaine1 while the uncultured proprietor was gradually toned down by those feminine influences which smooth the angles of the most rugged natures4 8,i do like this child of nature1 ,miss ,casey10 she gushed2 8it is sweet to hear the wild bird in the full1 untutored sweetness of its note4 ,shall we see your uncle again to-night80 8,i hope not10 was ,matilda's reply4 8,oh6 why8 ,he reminds me so much of an arrire pense1 a bright oasis in the desert of my life1 that ,i feel as if ,i could--but why recall recollections that are fraught with bitterness1 why strike a chord which produces but--discord80 letting her pointed chin drop upon the bog-oak necklet1 which responded by a dull rattle4 ,matilda played for the major--who marked her as the successor of the late ,mrs4 ,b----1 wagging his be-wigged pate to the music and applauding with maudlin vigor4 8,exquisite6 ,divine6 ,when ,i was quartered at ,dum ,dum--0 ,and he jogged over the same road1 to arrive as far as the consumar1 when ,mrs4 ,bowdler intimated that it was time to leave4 8,but ye won't go without supper8 ,just a sandwich and a glass of wine10 entreated ,mrs4 ,casey4 ,of course they wouldn't go1 and they didn't go until they had partaken largely of both4 8,never was more charmed in my life10 exclaimed the colonel1 as he bade good-night4 8,right glad ,i refused ,lord ,howth40 8,i thought it was the commander-in-chief10 said ,mrs4 ,casey artlessly4 8,ahem6 of course1 and so it was2 but ,i have so many invites1 you see1 that ,i forget40 ,gentlemen who draw upon their imagination for their facts must needs possess accurate memories4 8,you'll all dine with us on ,christmas day10 said ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,oh6 yes1 do1 please10 added ,matilda4 8,do1 colonel2 do1 major1 like good fellows10 urged ,casey4 8,well1 really1 my dear1 ,i don't know what to say10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 8but ,i fear we cannot get out of going to ,lady ,meath's40 8,oh6 hang ,lady ,meath2 you may go to her1 ,i'll come here10 laughed the colonel4 8,it's fixed10 said ,casey2 8and you1 major80 8,i couldn't say no to such a good offer4 ,when ,i was quartered in ,dum ,dum--0 8,is this old fogy at it still80 asked ,tim ,rooney1 emerging from the dining-room into the hall where they were now all assembled4 8,we are coming to dine here on ,christmas day1 ,mr4 ,rooney10 said ,miss ,beamish1 casting a languishing look at him4 8,are ye8 ,thin upon me conscience ye'll git a tail end of beef that will feed you for a fortnight--wan of me own cows4 ,and all ,mary here has to do is see that the wisps of cabbage is plenty40 ,with great hand-shaking1 and a general buzz of pleased excitement1 the guests took their departure4 8,what a success60 exclaimed ,matilda1 throwing herself on a sofa that had been wheeled out of the dining-room into the hall in order to make room1 8except for0--nodding towards ,tim1 who was endeavoring to light a bedroom candlestick with a singularly unsteady hand4 8,they all took to him10 whispered ,mrs4 ,casey4 8,i never got such a turn as when he came in4 ,o mamma6 ,i thought ,i should have died40 8,well1 aren't the ,bowdlers nice1 agreeable people1 ,matilda80 demanded ,mr4 ,casey4 8,delightful1 exquisite6 ,such elegant refinement4 ,and the ,beamishes are equally well bred40 8,that major is a downy old bird40 8,he is a most perfect gentleman4 ,how he did praise my playing60 ,the ,caseys did not see much of the ,bowdlers during the next few days1 the colonel having over-eaten himself1 and his wife being laid up with an attack of bronchitis2 but ,major ,beamish and his daughter were most constant in their attentions1 calling1 staying to dinner1 going to the theatre--,casey paying for all1 cabs included--coming home to supper1 and other attentions equally delicate and one-sided4 ,the major was very prononc in his manner toward ,matilda1 who1 while she accepted his homage1 did not for a moment imagine it meant more than that excessive and chivalrous politeness which distinguishes the vieux militaire of any nationality4 ,miss ,beamish lay in wait for ,tim ,rooney1 and spun her web as deftly as the uncouth movements of this desirable fly permitted4 ,she adroitly learned his hours for going out1 and invariably intercepted him4 8,i'm always meeting that wan10 he observed to his sister4 8,she's for ever in the street40 8,she's a very elegant lady1 ,tim40 8,elegant enough1 but1 as tough as shoe-leather40 ,by degrees1 however1 the fair ,circe interested him1 and when the others were engaged in listening with rapt attention to the major's oft-repeated story commencing1 8,when ,i was quartered at ,dum ,dum10 ,tibie ,beamish1 eyes plunged into those of the ,tipperary farmer1 would hang upon his accents as he detailed his own 8cuteness0 in the purchase of a drove of heifers at the great fair of ,ballinasloe1 or how he palmed off a spavined pony upon a neighboring but less wide-awake grazier4 ,if a woman wants to win a man1 let her listen to him1 if he be fond of narrating his personal experiences2 and what man does not revel in ego80 8,she is a nice little girl1 ,mary1 and is not above learning a trifle4 ,i'll be bail she could go into ,ballinasloe fair next ,october and finger a baste as well as that villyan ,phil ,dempsey1 from the knowledge ,i give her40 ,the spell was working4 99 99 99 99 99 ,christmas day came1 bright1 crisp1 and joyous4 ,snow had fallen for the previous few days1 and was now hard and shining in the streets1 rendering walking somewhat hazardous and sliding almost unavoidable4 ,colonel and ,mrs4 ,bowdler arrived very early at ,merrion ,street--in fact1 just in time for luncheon--and by a strange coincidence ,major ,beamish and his daughter dropped in almost at the same moment4 ,a walk was proposed1 but abandoned1 and the party1 broken up into two camps1 sat chatting around the fires in the back and front drawing-rooms4 ,everybody is hungry on ,christmas day4 ,everybody thinks of the boiled turkey1 ,limerick ham1 roast beef1 plum-pudding1 and mince-pies4 ,why1 then1 should the guests of ,mickey ,casey prove an exception to the rule8 ,fogarty announced the dinner in a voice that savored of a joyous anticipation4 ,he had had a private and confidential snack with the cook1 but merely enough to make him wish for more4 8,that's me tail end of beef10 exclaimed ,tim ,rooney1 as the huge mound of golden fatted meat was uncovered1 behind which the host sat in a state of total eclipse--8that's me tail end1 and a lovelier baste never nipped grass1 nor the--0 8,will you carve this turkey1 ,tim80 interrupted his sister4 8,to be sure ,i will1 ,mary2 but ye must let me do it me own way10 divesting himself of his coat and proceeding to work with a will4 8,o ,tim60 8,o uncle60 8,let him alone10 exclaimed ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 whose teeth were watering for a slice of the breast4 8,such a gigantic bird requires to be carved sans crmonie40 8,when ,i was quartered at ,dum ,dum--0 began the major4 8,see here1 now1 me ould codger1 we've had enough of that singsong40 ,the major smiled grimly and tossed off a glass of ,amontillado4 8,you are a character1 ,rooney10 he said4 ,tim acquitted himself admirably1 cutting the bird and innumerable jokes at the same time1 many of them of a personal nature1 such as allusions to the gallant major's wig1 which he called a 8jasey10 the scragginess of ,mrs4 ,bowdler1 and the rosy tip at the extremity of the colonel's nasal appendage4 ,however1 as everybody was in good-humor1 his faceti passed off without exciting ill-feeling1 and all went as merry as a marriage-bell4 ,the dinner had disappeared1 and the company sat tranquilly over the dessert4 ,tim1 having resigned his post of honor1 returned to his chair beside ,miss ,beamish1 to whom he whispered a good deal1 to the intense amusement of his brother-in-law1 who declared that ,tim ,rooney had been hit at last4 8,there's many a true word said in jest1 ,mick10 retorted ,tim4 ,miss ,beamish hung down her head and tried to blush1 and1 failing in this1 essayed a cough1 which proved more successful4 8,oh6 ,tim is an old bachelor10 cried ,mrs4 ,casey1 8and a most determined one40 8,it's never too late to mend1 ,mary40 8,you'll never mend1 ,tim40 8,don't be too sure of that10 ogling his fair neighbor1 who again tried a cough1 which1 however1 terminated in a hoarse gurgle4 ,tim ,rooney was possessor of twenty thousand pounds1 all in the ,bank of ,ireland4 ,his farm was valued at ten thousand1 and his stock at five thousand more4 ,he was ,matilda's godfather1 and1 as a matter of course1 all these good things would revert to her in time4 ,it was a standing joke at ,merrion ,street that ,tim should get married without delay4 8,not a bit of it10 he would retort4 8,i'll keep looking at them during the winter1 and ,i'll take another summer out of myself40 ,his joking now on the subject of ,miss ,beamish was exquisite fun to the family of ,casey1 who enjoyed it only as family jokes can be enjoyed4 8,you'll ask me to the wedding1 uncle80 said ,matilda4 8,sure you'll be a bridesmaid1 ,matty40 8,and you'll have to give me a new dress1 a real ,parisian one2 won't he1 ,miss ,beamish80 ,miss ,beamish bashfully tittered4 8,when is it to be1 ,tim80 asked ,mr4 ,casey4 8,next ,thursday1 then10 he grinned4 8,that's mighty quick40 8,delays is dangerous40 8,right1 ,tim10 cried ,casey4 8,if ,i hadn't asked your sister on the ,friday1 ,joe ,mulligan1 the tailor would have--0 8,papa1 do see that ,colonel ,bowdler takes his wine10 almost shrieked ,matilda4 ,o agony6 he was about informing their patrician guests that his rival had been a--tailor6 8,well1 see here1 ,mickey1 and see here1 ,mary1 and see here1 ,matty10 said ,mr4 ,rooney1 rising1 8,i'll give ye all a toast40 8,oh6 toasts are vulgar2 are they not1 ,colonel ,bowdler80 interposed ,matilda4 8,well1 ahem6 except upon special occasions they are not in vogue10 replied that gallant warrior4 8,well this is a special occasion1 and a very special occasion0--,hear6 hear6 from the host--8and wan that calls for particular mention2 an' it's health1 long life1 and happiness to ,mrs4 ,tim ,rooney that is for to be4 ,ye must all drink it on yer legs40 ,anything to humor ,tim1 now that the ,bowdlers and ,beamishes tolerated him4 ,so with much laughing on the part of the gentlemen1 and much giggling on the part of the ladies1 the toast was drunk with all honor4 8,and now1 ,mick1 ,mary and ,matty10 cried ,tim1 8,i may as well let the cat out of the bag4 ,me and ,miss ,tibie is to be married on ,thursday40 ,had a bombshell fallen in their midst greater consternation could not have shown itself upon the countenances of the ,casey family4 8,yer not in airnest1 ,tim10 said ,casey1 endeavoring to smile a sickly smile4 8,tim must have his joke10 observed ,mrs4 ,casey1 her face as white as a sheet4 8,uncle is so full of fun10 tittered ,matilda1 dire apprehension in every lineament4 8,it's no jest2 is it1 ,tibie80 asked ,tim of his fiance4 8,no1 ,timothy1 ,i am proud to say it is not10 responded ,miss ,beamish1 placing her hand in the arm of her lover4 99 99 99 99 99 8,and to think ,i gave that ,bowdler a hundred pounds for to lose us forty thousand10 groaned ,casey1 as1 seated with his weeping wife and daughter1 he grimly surveyed the wedding-cards of ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,t4 ,rooney4 8,this comes of yer infernal tomfoolery wantin' to get into society that wouldn't touch ye with a forty-foot pole4 ,serve ye right40 8,serve us right indeed60 echoed the two ladies4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,catholic 8,,circles0 ,,for ,,working-,,men ,,in ,,france4 ,immediately after the ,german invasion and the ,paris ,commune there existed already at ,paris a ,catholic 8,circle0 of working-men1 distinct1 if not in appearance1 yet in reality1 from the associations of young apprentices called by this name1 or under the more appropriate one of ,patronages4 ,it was1 in fact1 a working-men's association--a little ,christian republic2 self-governing1 by means of a council chosen from among its own number1 the members of which council were considered as irremovable4 ,on its festivals the whole association assembled in the chapel belonging to the circle2 there its elected functionaries were received into office at the foot of the altar1 there they made frequent communions1 and thence1 in accordance with the customs of the ancient confraternities of craftsmen1 they bore in procession the banners of their patron saints4 ,there were formed earnest men1 accustomed to hear the language of duty1 and ready to make the sacrifices it demands1 as those of their number who died in the war had testified1 as well as the many more who did not cease to incur1 with patience and steadfastness1 the persecutions of their scoffing companions in the ateliers4 ,this association was the work of a religious of the ,institute of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul--,m4 ,maignen1 ,director of the ,circle of ,montparnasse4 ,the subscriptions of the circle1 however1 which had previously sufficed for its support1 were unequal to the burden incurred by its installation1 and the external subscriptions which had hitherto aided it had become few in number and small in amount4 ,m4 ,maignen then resolved to assemble in council1 on the evening of ,christmas day1 a group of capitalists1 among whom were three deputies1 three well-known writers1 and three military officers1 scarcely known to each other except by name2 but they were all good and earnest ,catholics1 and had1 moreover1 suffered and fought for their country4 ,after uniting in prayer they resolved to seek1 in the definitions of the church in regard to her relations to civil society1 the germ of the sole social force capable of saving ,france from the consequences of her errors2 and this force1 they decided1 should be constituted in the form of ,catholic ,circles for ,working-men1 similar to the one in which they were met together4 ,they began1 in the first place1 by addressing to the ,holy ,father the expression of their resolution1 to which he granted his benediction4 ,in the next they sent1 by thousands of copies1 an energetic appeal to all 8men of good-will40 8,the revolution10 they said1 8has descended from the brains of 7so-called7 philosophers into the minds of the people4 ,are we to leave our misguided working-men to perdition--a perdition in which they will also involve their country--or1 by drawing a supernatural strength from the heart of ,jesus--himself a working-man--shall we not oppose the associations of men who love darkness rather than light by the ,catholic ,association1 and meet the lessons of materialism by those of the ,gospel1 and a cold cosmopolitanism by the love of our country80 ,then the little group of men who signed the engagement further united themselves by a religious bond--the daily recital of a prayer1 and an annual communion for the intentions of the work1 the duties of which the members distributed among themselves according to their respective facilities4 ,each section set to work under the direction of a chief3 the first for the general promulgation of the work1 the second for its foundations1 the third for the creation of resources1 and the fourth for the popular diffusion of its teaching4 ,the sections worked independently of each other1 but met in committee when there was any need for arranging or deciding as to any general plan of action4 ,for the purpose of directing and controlling the action of the fourth section the committee also appointed a council under the name of ,jsus-,ouvrier4 ,thus the work was constituted in its first committee--that is to say1 the first association of the directing class--on the principle of its first 8circle10 the ,catholic declaration and the division of responsibilities1 and1 lastly1 as a sign and pledge of the union of the active members of the work1 the religious bond4 ,the association thus organized bore marvellous fruit1 and in a few months the committee found itself able to relieve the ,cercle ,montparnasse by creating two similar ones in the quarters 7of evil notoriety7 of ,belleville and ,montmartre1 which were chosen with the intention of a public expiation1 and to furnish each of the circles with a council of its quarter4 ,this was the golden age of the work1 which was1 as it were1 crowned by the high testimony it received at the ,congress of ,directors of the ,catholic ,working-men's ,associations assembled at ,poitiers under the auspices of ,mgr4 ,pie4 ,it obtained also an exceptional clat from the remarkable eloquence of one of its initiators at the ,cercle ,montparnasse--the intrepid ,count ,albert de ,mun--as well as from the fact of there being several other military officers among them4 ,the work appeared to be marked with a providential character1 having at its outset the stamp of trial1 followed by that of rapid expansion1 and possessing another in the saintly character of its first founder2 for1 although ,god may be pleased to employ unworthy instruments to promote his merciful designs1 it will always be found that1 in the first instance1 they have been deposited1 as in a chalice1 in a holy and devoted soul4 ,the impetus was given4 ,the large towns of ,france answered the appeal by requesting the initiators to form1 within them1 committees like the ,directing ,committee at ,paris4 ,the principles of the constitution never varied2 i4e41 ,catholic affirmation by the acceptance of the religious bond1 and the general bases of the work1 division of labor among the members of the local association1 and periodic communication with the secretariate general4 ,this in a short time was carried out at ,lyons1 ,bordeaux1 ,marseilles1 ,lille1 and many other places of importance1 numerous smaller towns1 and even villages1 asking for the same institution4 ,and everywhere it bore fruit1 the formation of a committee being in every instance followed by the opening of a circle4 ,at the same time the ,council of ,jsus-,ouvrier1 and1 following its example1 the committees of the large towns1 opened public conferences in popular quarters1 where the people were addressed in frank and energetic language1 inspired by the intimate union of religious and social faith1 and the doctrines of liberalism boldly denounced1 which substitute for the precepts 8,love one another0 and 8,bear ye one another's burdens0 that of 8,to each according to his work0--a maxim good enough in itself1 but which the employer translates into 8,each one for himself10 and the employed into 8,my turn next for enjoyment40 ,these declarations1 repeated simultaneously in all parts of ,france1 gave the work a remarkable unity of spirit1 which was amply manifested at the first general assembly of its members1 held in the spring of #ahgc4 ,difficulties1 however1 arose in proportion to the progress made4 ,few adherents were obtained from among the manufacturing chiefs1 on whom depends the whole economy of the working-classes2 while the committees1 formed of men little accustomed to study the laws of labor1 did not well observe its divisions1 and thus dwindled away4 ,that of ,paris1 to which had been allotted the most complete autonomy1 and which was more especially devoted to the general propagation of the work1 gave way beneath its accumulated burden4 8,we then0 7to quote the words of one of the members in his address to the ,congress at ,rheims7--8,we then turned our eyes with confidence to her who is the help of ,christians1 our ever ,blessed ,lady1 resolving to go all together and invoke her aid in one of the sanctuaries of ,france where she has most anciently manifested her power1 and where formerly the kingdom was dedicated to her by a solemn vow--,notre ,dame de ,liesse4 ,the funds of the ,paris committee were already exhausted and the year only half over4 ,we collected ten thousand francs1 and unhesitatingly devoted them to defray the expenses of this distant pilgrimage4 8,the committees of the north were invited to join it at the head of the circles they had formed1 and on the #agth of ,august1 #ahgc1 twenty-five hundred pilgrims arrived from their respective towns to form one procession to ,notre ,dame de ,liesse4 ,half of the number1 in spite of the fatigues of the way1 there received ,holy ,communion1 and we returned with renewed strength and confidence to our posts40 ,we will not here give a detailed account of the toils and progress of the year which succeeded the pilgrimage4 ,a brief of the ,holy ,father confirmed the constitution of the work by the grant of duly specified indulgences attached to it2 it also received the canonical protection of a cardinal of the church4 ,these favors brought a timely encouragement to the promoters of the work2 for with its progress its trials also increased4 ,among the most painful were those of seeing it misunderstood by many persons who might have been expected to prove its warmest advocates4 ,some of these lost sight of its social character1 and preferred to seek the good of a few individual souls instead of helping forward a ,christian restoration of society2 while others1 again1 mistook the part to be taken in the committees by the upper classes4 8,of what use10 they asked1 8is a committee1 unless to provide resources for an ecclesiastical director80 ,this is a question which has been frequently asked4 ,but it must be borne in mind that if the circle establishes among its members social fraternity1 the director could not himself alone represent its paternity4 ,to do this would be to deter other ,christians of the upper classes from the unmistakable command they have received to exercise this social paternity which they have from ,god in the very advantages of their social condition4 ,for why are riches and honors bestowed upon the few--why the benefits of education1 of leisure1 of cultivation of the mind--unless it be that they are to be consecrated to the moral guidance and material assistance of the classes who are deprived of such advantages8 ,in regard to this social paternity1 as in regard to that which creates the family1 the priest must be the consecrator3 but1 in his turn1 the father who would abandon to the priest the charges and responsibilities of the dignity which1 by divine right1 is his own1 would only disappear from among his fellow-men to be confounded before the ,eternal ,father--he and the two complaisant accomplices of his culpable abdication4 ,after establishing social fraternity by the circles1 and social paternity by the committees1 it remained to restore the social family--that is1 to associate ,christian families in the benefits of the work1 after having associated in it the heads of families of various conditions4 ,the family is1 in fact1 the first association by natural right1 and therefore every constitution which embraces it and does not take it for its foundation is vitiated and sterile4 ,the founders of the work knew this1 and were1 moreover1 not allowed to forget it by the daily reproaches they received--8,you are destroying the family2 you are destroying the parish60--and what not4 ,but how to reach the family so as to be of service to it instead of injurious was not for some time made clear4 ,the ,circle of ,montparnasse1 the prototype of the rest1 had avoided rather than faced the difficulty by disposing of its active functions in favor only of its unmarried members4 ,but this was plainly not the solution4 ,the solution had1 however1 been discovered1 at no great distance from ,rheims1 in the great manufacturing region which has for the motive power of its machines the waters of the ,suippe1 for its boundary the extensive woods which form an oasis of verdure in the burning plains of ,champagne1 and for its population factory-men1 who wander1 at the bidding of the industrial fluctuations of the time1 to and from the looms of the north1 of ,rheims1 or of ,st4 ,quentin--a population exceptionally indigent1 since the struggle between capital and wages1 inaugurated by liberalism1 has become the normal condition of the producer and the consumer4 ,in the hamlet of ,val-des-,bois1 in the centre of this district1 an industrial family settled about half a century ago1 and brought with it the example of every ,christian virtue4 ,kind towards their workmen1 generous even beyond their gains1 ,messieurs ,harmel assembled around their vast establishment all the religious and philanthropic institutions by means of which it has hitherto been attempted to re-establish harmony in the world of labor4 ,as is but too frequently the case1 they failed in this attempt completely4 ,but they were not daunted1 nor did they rest satisfied with their past endeavors2 for1 if they loved the working-men1 they loved their ,lord still more1 and desired as earnestly as ever that he should reign in the hearts of those in their employ4 ,not many years ago it occurred to one of them to introduce among the population of their factories--which did not count a single practising ,christian--the principle of the ,catholic ,association4 ,he determined to ask four men to join together to form the nucleus of a circle1 and three young girls to be received as ,enfants de ,marie and wear the badge4 ,in proportion as the associations developed themselves he multiplied them according to the sex1 age1 and condition of each individual2 and this with such success that at the present time the twelve hundred souls who people ,val-des-,bois are united in a marvellous aggregation of pious confraternities1 among whose members are made1 in the course of a year1 more than ten thousand communions1 in the intention of making reparation to our ,lord for the outrages he receives in the modern factory4 ,then1 also1 as earthly goods are often increased abundantly to those who seek first the kingdom of ,god1 the principle of ,catholic ,association applied to the families of the ,factory of the ,sacred ,heart 7l',usine du ,sacr-,cur7--for it bears this name--has realized there innumerable economical benefits1 a fact which will not surprise those who know the power of this principle4 ,assistance of every kind1 clothing1 food1 and fuel at very reasonable prices1 schools free of expense to the parents1 and occasional holidays for recreation1 have brought with them1 together with economy1 the comfort also and prosperity of the families4 ,all these institutions1 economic1 charitable1 and religious1 are governed by those personally interested4 ,the circle1 which brings together the fathers of families1 is1 as it were1 the centre of this machinery2 and the master1 who is its motive power1 associates with himself not only all the members of his own family and the chaplain of the factory1 but also his principal employs1 to fulfil the paternal function of a protecting and directing committee1 and so to secure to the association the chances of continuance as well as the fruits of example4 ,to this end delegates are annually appointed1 who1 under the presidency of the master1 are the guardians of the corporation4 ,we will give the result of all these well-considered combinations in ,m4 ,harmel's own words3#aac 8,by the persevering endeavors of many years we have attained the end at which we aimed4 ,families are reconstituted1 peace and love have taken the place of quarrels and disorder around the domestic hearth2 the mother rejoices at the change wrought in her husband and children2 the father finds in a new life the courage and happiness of labor2 his home is delightful to him from the respect of his children1 the ready cheerfulness of his wife1 and the love of all4 ,economy has put an end to debts and created savings2 the anniversary festivals of the family bring back that affectionate gayety and warmth which give repose amid the fatigues of life1 and inspire fresh ardor to go bravely on the way4 ,when we are in the midst of these good and honest faces transformed by ,christian influences1 we read there confidence and love1 and thank the good ,god who has made the large family of ,val-des-,bois40 ,such are the experiences there obtained1 as if to complete those of the ,cercle ,montparnasse4 ,alone among the many excellent men who1 after the war and ,commune1 arose to attempt some means of healing the internal wounds of ,france1 the members of the uvre ,ouvrire took a solemn engagement1 the terms of which were marked out with precision4 ,each member affixes his signature to an individual and public act of devoted adhesion to the doctrines defined by the ,syllabus of the ,errors of ,modern ,society4 ,preserved1 therefore1 from the liberalism which in reality puts oppression into the hands of the strongest1 and the socialism which demands it for the masses1 they will pursue more efficaciously than either of these the vindication of the popular interests1 such as the due observance of the ,sunday and the protection of the family and home1 and1 guided by grace and supported by prayer1 will find ,christian solutions for all the social questions of labor4 ,the work of the ,catholic circles has set on foot a periodical for the study and discussion of these questions--namely1 the review which borrows its title from one of the principles of the work3 ,l',association ,catholique4 ,it is open to all questions1 but not to all doctrines1 for a work which1 at the head of its statutes1 invokes the definitions of the ,catholic ,church cannot admit the errors which she has condemned4 ,it numbers among its contributors some of the best social economists and solid ,christian writers of the time1 and thus provides weapons of proof to the polemics of the ,catholic press1 besides furthering the great social effort made by the association1 which now reckons three hundred circles in all parts of ,france4 ,in conclusion1 we would mention that it must be borne in mind that the important part in this good work is not the exclusive institution of circles1 this being only the first and one of the different forms under which the principle is brought to act4 ,that principle is the direction and protection of the working-classes by the higher and more educated1 and the association of the interests of both1 as opposed to the lamentable antagonism of the same different classes which is1 in our times1 the great difficulty of social government and the source of increasing disorder and conflict4 ,these associations are intended to react1 by every possible means1 against the erroneous social theories so numerous and so impotent for good1 and to bring into practice the only true and effectual social law--namely1 conformity to the social duties of ,catholics4 ,our religion has remedies for all evils2 its practice is supreme political and social wisdom1 and in the alarming state of society among the working-classes there cannot be1 nor ever will be1 found any other course to be adopted than to return to the rules of ,christian life4 ,it is evident1 then1 how wide a field is opened by such a desire breaking forth in the hearts and minds of fervent ,christians such as ,m4 de ,mun and his friends1 and it would be impossible to show in few words all that it has produced and is producing by the grace of ,god2 and although this work of charity has originated in ,france1 and at present exists only in ,france1 it may1 it is to be hoped1 give rise to similar laudable efforts in all countries1 where also1 among their associations of ,catholic circles for the working-classes1 shall1 as in this country1 be raised the labarum of ,constantine and its sacred motto3 8,in hoc signo vinces40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,river',s ,,voice4 ,i4 ,through the long hours the day's strong life had flowed ,in sunshine1 working good deeds silently1 ,in clouds whose shadows set new harmony ,among the hills--,god's justice' old abode4 ,through mountain hollows had the wind swept down1 ,turning green leaves to silver in the sun1 ,winning the meadows in broad waves to run ,where still unlevelled shone their grassy crown4 ,the troubled river had no vision borne ,of gleaming hill and tree-o'ershadowed shore2 ,the birches1 bending their lost mirror o'er1 ,met but the driven waves' unwilling scorn2 ,yet heaven's blue the broken waters bore1 ,the breeze but strengthened as it hurried o'er4 ,,ii4 ,lightening their labor with a careless song1 ,birds o'er the meadow swept with busy wing1 ,flashed in and out the forests' sheltering1 ,while clamorous council held the crickets' throng4 ,swift fell the grass beneath the mower's stroke ,to win its perfect ripeness #8ere day's end1 ,when should1 the harvest bearing1 meekly bend ,the mild-eyed oxen #8neath the unwieldy yoke4 ,broken with sound was even the noonday rest-- ,shrill-piping locust called imperiously1 ,impetuous bee proclaimed its industry1 ,and blue-mailed flies pursued an endless quest2 ,only from throbbing river rose no song ,blending its music with life's murmuring throng4 ,,iii4 ,day closed1 and busy life lay down to rest4 ,a shade that moved not held in cold embrace ,the yielding meadows and the hills' calm face1 ,about whose silence burned the cloudless west4 ,no leafy murmur rose from darkening wood1 ,hushed the pure gladness of the robins' trill2 ,called from low covert some lone whip-poor-will ,only to heighten eve's still solitude4 ,the wind asleep1 the quiet waters bore ,vision of sky and mountains' deepening shade1 ,and touch of bending birches1 softly laid1 ,as the still stream gave back their glance once more4 ,clear1 through the silence1 drifted rippling tones-- ,the patient river singing to the stones4 ,,iv4 ,so1 through the day1 had flowed the river's song1 ,so borne the stream its burden of strong life ,spite of its troubled waters' windy strife-- ,heaven in its breast--and1 as it sped along1 ,bearing its loyal service to the sea1 ,praising the stones that gave it voice to sing1 ,with constant sweetness1 whose soft murmuring1 ,unwearying ever in its melody1 ,was hidden in life's song that filled the day ,with chords confused of labor manifold4 ,only with evening's peaceful skies of gold ,came the lost music of the river's lay-- ,like some brave life whose sweetness but is known ,when holy silence doth world-sounds dethrone4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,papal ,,elections4 ,i4 ,the succession of the ,roman pontiffs rests on the word of ,god2 other lines of princes may fail1 their line shall last until the end of the world4 ,still1 although there will ever be a series of legitimate successors in the ,papacy1 the manner of succession has varied1 being left to human prudence1 which accommodates itself to times and places1 yet ever under an overruling ,providence that directs to its own ends no less the vices than the virtues of men4 ,the election of a pope is the most important event that takes place in the world4 ,it affects immediately several hundred millions of ,catholics in their dearest hopes of religion1 and it touches indirectly the interests of all other people on the earth besides4 ,in the pope the world receives a vicar of ,christ1 a successor of ,st4 ,peter1 and an infallible judge in matters of faith and morals4 ,the ,papacy was always conferred regularly by way of election--from the chief of the apostles1 chosen by our ,lord himself1 to ,pius ,,ix41 now reigning1 who was selected by the cardinals of the ,holy ,roman ,church on the #agth of ,june1 #ahdf4 ,between these there have been two hundred and sixty popes1 if we follow the number given by the ,gerarchia ,cattolica1 which is published annually at ,rome4 ,on the #beth of ,july1 #ahgf1 our ,holy ,father1 in a discourse to the students of the several colleges in ,rome subject to the ,propaganda1 took occasion to speak quite earnestly of attempts that were being made in ,italy to unsettle the minds of ,catholics on papal elections by teaching that they were originally popular ones1 and that the natural right of the laity in them 7which1 it was asserted1 had been exercised without question for twelve hundred years7 was arbitrarily and unlawfully taken away by ,pope ,alexander ,,iii4 ,the errors of this new schismatical party may be reduced to two points--viz41 that the share which the people were once usually allowed to take in the election of sacred ministers was a right and not a privilege accorded by the visible head of the church to ages of faith and fervor2 and that ,alexander ,,iii4 deprived the ,romans of this right in the election of their chief pastor4 ,let us state1 in the first place1 that it is heretical to maintain that the laity have a strict--i4e41 inherent or divine--right to elect their pastors1 and historically false to assert that such a right was ever allowed by the rulers of the church or was ever exercised by the ,christian people4 ,the authorities to confirm our statement are so numerous as to cause almost an embarras de richesses4 ,besides the great collections which are the common sources of ecclesiastical erudition--the ,fathers1 the councils1 annals1 papal bulls2 the ,bollandists1 and particularly1 as regards papal elections1 the ,propylum ad septem tomos ,maji2 the works of ,thomassin1 ,gretser1 ,bellarmine1 and others--we may cite here ,selvaggio's ,antiquitatum ,christianarum ,institutiones1 lib4 i4 par4 i4 cap4 xxi42 ,mamacchi's ,origines et ,antiquitates ,christian1 tom4 iv4 lib4 iv42 and ,colenzio's ,dissertationi intorno varie ,controversie di ,storia ed ,archeologia ,ecclesiastica1 diss4 vi4 ,del preteso dritto del popolo cristiano nell' clezione dei ,sacri ,ministri4 ,the earliest manner of electing the popes was by the votes of the ,roman clergy cast in the presence of the faithful1 who assisted as witnesses to the godliness of the subject proposed1 and to testify that besides his personal merits he was an acceptable person on account1 perhaps1 of his birth1 his nationality1 his appearance1 or of some other adventitious circumstance which enhanced his popularity with the great body of the people1 and would cause him1 also1 to be looked upon with less disfavor by them who are without4#aad ,although these elections belonged to the clergy and laity of the ,roman ,church--or we should say1 rather1 to the higher clergy and the representatives of the laity--the relative rights or parts of each class of electors were not apparently determined by express enactment1 but upon grounds of common sense and equity2 such1 for instance1 as that ,episcopus deligatur1 plebe prsente1 qu singulorum vitam plenissime norit1 et uniuscujusque actum de ejus conversatione prospexit1#aae or that ,nullus invitis detur episcopus4#aaf ,bellarmine1#aag ,sixtus ,senensis1#aah ,petrus de ,marca1#aai and ,thomassin#abj prove that the people's part in such elections was more perfunctory than real1 since testimony of a man's good repute could be otherwise obtained1 and that even an expression of preference was not always heeded2 as we learn from the same ,pope ,celestine1 who wrote to the bishops of ,apulia and ,calabria3 ,docendus est populus1 non sequendus2 nosque si nesciunt1 eosquid liceat quidve non liceat1 commonere non his consensum prbere debemus4#aba ,the ,roman people1 then1 did not and could not have1 except by usurpation and abuse1 a decisive voice in the election of the pope2 for such an act is by ,god's ordinance placed beyond the jurisdiction of the laity4 ,after the martyrdom of ,st4 ,fabian1 in ,january1 ,a4,d4 #bej1 the ,holy ,see remained vacant for a year and a half1 until in the month of ,june1 #bea1 ,cornelius was raised to that post of perilous dignity under a tyrant like ,decius1 who had declared that he would sooner see a new pretender to the empire than another bishop of ,rome4 ,this election1 although made almost unanimously by all orders1 gave rise to the first schism1 because ,novatian1 who headed the rigorous party in the affair of the ,lapsi1 was consecrated bishop and set himself up as anti-pope4 ,we have an invaluable testimony to the election of ,st4 ,cornelius from the pen of ,st4 ,cyprian3 ,factus est autem ,cornelius episcopus de ,dei et ,christi ejus judicio1 de clericorum pne omnium testimonio1 de plebis1 qu tunc adfuit1 suffragio et de sacerdotum antiquorum et bonorum virorum collegio1 cum nemo ante se factus esset1 cum ,fabiani locus id est cum locus ,petri et gradus cathedr sacerdotalis vacaret4#abb ,from this passage of the great ,bishop of ,carthage we can obtain1 says ,baronius1#abc a tolerably good idea of a papal election in the early ages4 ,prayers were first offered up to ,god to obtain his assistance in making a choice2 the desire of the faithful1 or rather of their representatives1 and such testimony to the worth of the subjects proposed as they were prepared to give was heard2 the wish of the ,roman clergy1 and their willing assent to the proceedings1 were inquired into and sought2 and after maturely weighing the for and against1 the bishops of the vicinity1 with any others in communion with the ,holy ,see who happened to be in ,rome at the time1 went into executive session and gave the decisive votes--in commitiis suffragia ferebant4 ,with regard to those among the laity who took part in these elections1 we must observe that in the beginning1 as long as the majority of ,christians was composed of persons who had embraced the faith from pure and unworldly motives1 whose aim was to behold the church prosperous and glorious1 and whose charity1 being yet warm1 sought not their own end but that which is another's1#abd the whole body of ,christians who had reached mature years and belonged to that sex which alone had a voice in the church#abe gave their testimony and assent in favor of that one whom it was proposed to elect2#abf but the evils of anything like a popular election in a great city were so manifest#abg that attempts were soon made to leave the choice of such on the part both of clergy and laity--but earlier in the case of the latter order--to a select body or committee1 a general suffrage being gradually superseded by the votes of approval given by the rich only and the high in station4 ,we find1 perhaps1 a germ of this even in the earliest times4#abh ,the ,council of ,laodicea 7,a4,d4 #cfe7 clearly desired that the choice should be made by some definitely-organized body1 and not by a mere mass-meeting2 ,st4 ,leo and the ,roman council of ,a4,d4 #ddb1 and again the former in ,epist4 lxxxix4cvi41 expressly mention the 8,honorati10 the magnates at such elections4#abi ,the influence of the principal personages in a city was not to be ignored through the clamor of those who too often formed only a mob4#acj ,a letter of ,pope ,cornelius to ,fabius1 ,bishop of ,antioch1 has fortunately been preserved by ,eusebius1#aca which gives us the exact number of the ,roman clergy of every grade1 and a clue#acb to what may have been the ,christian population of ,rome1 in the middle of the third century4 ,according to these precious statistics1 there were then belonging to the ,roman clergy #df priests1 #g deacons1 #g subdeacons1 #db acolytes1 #eb exorcists1 readers1 and ostiarii4 ,fifteen hundred widows and orphans were provided for by the church1 whose children composed an immense population in the capital of the empire4 ,hence we may rest assured that deliberations for the election of the ,roman pontiff could not have been open to all of either clergy or laity1 but must necessarily1 in the interests of good order1 and by reason of the small size of places of public meetings then possessed by the ,christians1 have been confined to a select number4 ,the ancient records of the ,roman ,church reaching back to the beginning of the early middle ages1 which have been published by ,mabillon and ,galletti1 show us its clergy divided into three distinct classes--viz41 priests1 dignitaries1 and inferior ministers4 ,the priests were the seven cardinal suburbican bishops and the twenty-eight cardinal-priests2 the dignitaries were the archdeacon and the seven palatine judges 7prothonotaries-apostolic72 the inferior ministers were the subdeacons1 acolytes1 and notaries without office at court4 ,the laity was likewise divided into three classes--viz41 citizens1 soldiers1 and commoners2 i4e41 the nobility1 the army1 and the ,third ,estate4#acc ,after the death of ,pope ,zozimus1 on the #bfth of ,december1 #dah1 a majority of the clergy and people elected the cardinal-priest ,boniface to succeed him4 ,a serious dispute immediately arose4 ,eulalius1 the archdeacon1 who1 as such1 had been practically the most important personage of the ,holy ,see after the pontiff himself1 and felt indignant at having been passed over in the election1 held possession of the ,lateran ,palace1 where he was chosen pope by a few of the clergy1 to whose faction1 however1 all the deacons and three bishops belonged4#acd ,the fear of future contests suggested to ,pope ,boniface ,i41 who is described by ,anastasius as unambitious1 of mild character2 and devoted to good works1 to obtain from the ,emperor ,honorius1 in the year #dbj1 a rescript by which it was decreed that1 in the contingency of a double election1 neither rival should be pope1 but that the clergy and people should proceed to another choice4 ,the decree was almost textually inserted in the canon law4#ace ,this difference between ,st4 ,boniface and ,eulalius1 or rather the latter's schism1 gave occasion to the first interference of the secular arm in the election of the ,roman pontiffs4 ,st4 ,hilary1 who was elected in the year #dfa1 convened a council of forty-eight bishops at ,rome1 and1 among other provisions for filling worthily the ,holy ,see1 declared that no pope should ever appoint his own successor4 ,despite this recent enactment1 ,boniface ,,ii4--in whose favor1 however1 it must be said that he sought to preclude1 as even a greater evil than a passing violation of the canons1 the threatened interference of the ,gothic king1 who wanted to put a partisan on the papal throne--called a council at ,st4 ,peter's in the year #eca1 and there designated the celebrated deacon ,vigilius as his coadjutor with future succession4 ,subsequently1 repenting his action1 he called another council1 and with his own hand burned the paper appointing him4#acf ,although the actual naming of his successor by the pope has never been tolerated1 there have been several1 and some very opportune1 cases in which a pope on the point of death has recommended a particular person1 more or less efficaciously1 to the body of electors as one well fitted to succeed to the vacant throne4 ,this was done by ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 who proposed three candidates to the cardinals--namely1 ,desiderius1 ,cardinal-,abbot of ,monte ,casino2 ,otho1 ,cardinal-,bishop of ,ostia2 and ,hugh1 ,archbishop of ,lyons--and particularly recommended the election of the first as the only one of the three who was in ,italy at the time4 ,desiderius became ,pope ,victor ,,iii4 ,other similar1 but not always equally successful1 recommendations were made by popes of that era4 ,in order finally to put the strongest official check upon the election of his own successor by a pope1 ,pius ,,iv41 after exposing in consistory his age and infirmities1 reminded the cardinals that he was well aware how under his predecessor1 ,paul ,,iv41 the question was mooted whether this could be done1 and that some theologians and cardinals held to the affirmative1#acg but that he would pronounce in the negative1 and intended to issue a bull--as in fact he did1 on the #bb;d of ,september1 #aefaach--;declaring that no pope could do so1 even with the consent of the ,sacred ,college4 ,his immediate predecessor had reaffirmed in #aeeh an ordinance increasing the penalties of its violation1 which had originally been passed over a thousand years before by ,pope ,symmachus in a council of seventy-two bishops convened at ,rome in the year #dii1 forbidding1 under pain of excommunication and loss of all dignities1 to treat of a successor during the lifetime of the reigning pontiff4#aci ,from this we learn how some of the best and greatest popes have tried to frame such wise provisions as might assure an untainted election to the ,papacy2 yet they could not succeed in every case1 because even the most stringent laws must be well executed to be effective1 and must find docile subjects to obey them4 ,the ,romans do certainly appear to have been a stiff-necked people during many generations2 and while we think it ungenerous continually to throw in their teeth the wretched opinion ,st4 ,bernard must have had of them1 as we see by his treatise ,de ,consideratione1 addressed to ,pope ,eugene ,,iii41 and hardly fair in the annalist ,muratori to transfer so much of the blame for factious elections from the ,german emperors to the ,roman populace1 the least that even their best friend can honestly say is that they might have done better4#adj ,the election of the pope1 says ,cardinal ,borgia1#ada was perfectly free during the first four centuries1 being made by the clergy in presence of the people2 but in process of time1 as the papal dignity increased in wealth and splendor of temporal authority1 it often became an object of human ambition1 of which secular rulers were not slow to avail themselves1 that by iniquitous bargains and preconcerted plans they might bind1 if possible1 the priesthood to the empire1 and derive the immense advantage of the spiritual power administered by a subject or a dependant4 ,the first instance of direct interference by the state in a papal election--for the decision in the case of ,boniface and the anti-pope was an arbitration invited by the church--appears towards the close of the fifth century4 ,odoacer1 a ,gothic chief of the tribe of the ,heruli1 having deposed ,romulus ,augustulus1 in whom the ,western ,empire came to an end1 was proclaimed ,king of ,italy1 rejecting the imperial style of ,csar and ,augustus for a title which he expressly created for himself4 ,it would seem--although even this is not beyond dispute--that ,pope ,simplicius had requested ,odoacer1 in whom the powers of the state were now vested1 to stand ready1 in the common interests of order and good government1 to repress the civil commotions which he foresaw were likely to arise after his death on the election of a successor4 ,however this may be1 the king went beyond a merely repressive measure1 and1 pretending that ,simplicius had commissioned him to do so1 published an edict on the pope's death in #dhc1 forbidding the clergy and people of ,rome to elect a successor without his intervention or that of his lieutenant1 the prefect of the prtorium4 ,when1 therefore1 the elective assembly met in ,st4 ,peter's to fill the vacant see1 ,basil the patrician came forward and claimed in his master's name1 and by virtue of the dying wish and even command of ,simplicius1 the right of regulating its acts and of confirming the election it might make4 ,this pretension was firmly repelled1 and1 disregarding the tyrant1 ,felix ,,iii4 was elected on ,march #h1 #dhc4 ,baronius is of opinion that ,simplicius never addressed such a requisition to the king1 but that the story of his having done so was fabricated a few years later by the party of ,lawrence1 the anti-pope4 ,the document purporting to emanate from ,simplicius was rejected by a ,roman council in #ejb without further investigating its genuineness1 than by exposing that it lacked the pope's signature1 and was in any case opposed to the sacred canons and ipso facto null and void4#adb ,on ,november #bb1 #dih1 ,st4 ,symmachus was elected pope1 but a minority set up a certain ,lawrence1 and both were consecrated on the same day4 ,civil strife was imminent1 and1 although the most regular mode of action would have been to call a council of the provincial bishops1 delay was too dangerous1 and the prompt interference of ,theodoric was asked and submitted to4 ,although this monarch was an ,arian1 he had protected the ,catholics on many occasions1 and had for prime minister the celebrated ,cassiodorus1 whose virtues1 justice1 and wisdom were renowned throughout ,italy4 ,such considerations as these must have led the ,roman clergy to submit a purely ecclesiastical matter to the court of ,ravenna4 ,on the advice of his minister the king decided that the one who had been first elected and had received the greatest number of votes should be recognized as the legitimate pope4 ,both conditions were verified in ,symmachus4 ,his first pontifical act was to summon a council in the basilica of ,st4 ,peter on ,march #a1 #dii1 to regulate more effectively the mode of future elections4 ,seventy-two bishops1 sixty-seven priests1 and five deacons composed the council4 ,three canons were drawn up relative to this matter4 ,by the first it was ordained that if any clergyman be convicted of having given or promised his suffrage for the pontificate to any aspirant during the pope's lifetime he shall be deposed from his office2 by the second it was provided that if the pope die suddenly1 and a unanimous election cannot be reached1 the candidate receiving a majority of the votes shall be declared elected2 by the third immunity from prosecution was promised to accomplices who should reveal the intrigues of their principals to obtain an unfair election4#adc ,theodoric the ,goth1 having once been appealed to1 now thought to take the initiative in the election of a successor to ,john ,i41 whom he had left to die of starvation and neglect on his return from ,constantinople1 where he had spoken rather according to his conscience than in favor of the ,arians1 as the king expected4 ,on his recommendation ,st4 ,felix ,,iv4 was elected pope on the #abth of ,july1 #ebf4 ,the ,roman clergy and senate protested against this stretch of royal authority1 although they had no objection to the nominee1 who was simple1 mild1 and charitable4 ,the affair was not adjusted until a compromise was effected under ,athalaric1 whereby the ,roman clergy by their votes1 and the ,roman people by their assent1 were to elect the ,roman pontiff1 who would then be confirmed by the king as a matter of course4 ,the popes were elected in this way until the extinction of the ,gothic kingdom of ,italy in the person of ,teias1 who was defeated and killed by ,narses1 general of ,justinian1 in the year #eec4 ,the ,greek emperor1 having recovered his sway in ,italy1 continued the abuse1 to which the ,romans had submitted only through fear of the barbarians1 and arrogated to himself and successors the right of confirming the election of the pope4 ,hence1 as ,baronius remarks1 arose the prudent custom at ,rome of electing to the ,papacy those members of the clergy who had been ,apocrisiarii--i4e41 agents or nuncios of the ,holy ,see at ,constantinople1 where it was presumed they had won the favor of the court and become versed in matters of state4 ,thus the right of confirmation was reduced in practice to a mere formality1 although in principle ever so wrong4 ,in this way were elected ,vigilius in #eej1 ,st4 ,gregory ,i4 in #eij1 ,sabinian in #fjd1 ,boniface ,,iii4 in #fjg1 and others who were personally known to the ,byzantine rulers4 ,avarice1 or a love of money under some pretext or another1 was a besetting sin of the ,greeks1 and from it arose a new and more degrading condition imposed on papal elections4 ,the imperial sanction was given only on payment by the ,holy ,see of a tax of #c1jjj golden solidi1 a sum equal to thirteen thousand dollars of our money4#add ,the ,emperor ,constantine ,pogonatus1 at the request of the papal legates to the ,fourth ,general ,council of ,constantinople in #fha1 exempted the ,holy ,see from the further payment of the tax4 ,he was moved to do so by the sanctity of ,st4 ,agatho2 but he still retained the assumed right of forbidding the pope's consecration until his election had been confirmed4 ,a few years later1 however1 he granted a constitution to ,benedict ,,ii41 his personal friend1 and to whose guardianship he left his two sons1 ,justinian 7,,ii47 and ,heraclius1 in which he for ever abrogated this arbitrary law4 ,the concession was ungratefully revoked by ,justinian2 and ,conon1 who was elected on ,october #ba1 #fhf1 was obliged to ask the consent of the exarch of ,ravenna1 viceroy of the emperor1 to his consecration4 ,this necessity generally occasioned a delay of from six weeks to two months4 ,the exarchs of ,ravenna1 having command of the troops and the key to the imperial treasury in the west1 felt themselves in a position to abuse authority and try to set up creatures of their own in ,rome4 ,often did the ,roman clergy and many popes protest against their irregular acts4 ,the choice of ,pelagius ,,ii41 in #egh1 was not submitted to the customary ratification1 because the ,lombards around ,rome had cut off all communication with the outer world4 ,the historian ,novaes says that although the ,holy ,see resisted the interference of secular princes1 yet the turbulent spirit of the ,romans1 often stirred up by unscrupulous ministers or by the sovereigns themselves1 obliged the popes to have recourse to these same princes to maintain order at their consecration4 ,nothing1 we think1 better confirms the necessity of a temporal dominion whereby the popes can exclude the exercise of foreign influence in ,rome1 and themselves vindicate the character of good government for which they are responsible4 ,papal elections were of an absolutely peaceful nature only after ,goths1 ,lombards1 ,greeks1 and ,germans ceased to support an armed force in ,rome or its vicinity4 ,guarantees are deceitful2 and a mere personal sovereignty of the pope without a territory attached would be insufficient to assure the independence of the ,holy ,see4 ,a very remarkable law found its way into ,gratian's decree1 under the name of ,pope ,stephen1 by which it is ordained that the newly-elected pontiff shall be consecrated in presence of the imperial ambassadors4#ade ,the learned are divided in their opinion about which pope passed this law4 ,baronius1 ,papebroch1 ,natalis ,alexander1 and others attribute it to ,stephen ,,iv41 elected in #haf2 ,pagi inclines to ,stephen ,,vi41 alias ,,vii42 ,mansi to ,deusdedit1 elected in #fae2 while some think that it belongs to ,john ,,ix41 because it is found among the acts of a council held by him in #hih4 ,novaes suggests that this council may only have given a more solemn sanction to an older law4 ,when ,eugene ,,ii4 was elected on the #eth of ,june1 #hbd1 he concerted with ,lothair1 son of the ,emperor ,louis1 who had named him ,king of ,italy and his colleague in the empire1 to put a stop to cabals and disorders among the ,roman people4 ,he issued a decree enjoining upon the ,roman clergy to swear fealty to the ,frankish emperors1 but with this significant reservation3 8saving the faith that ,i have pledged to the successor of ,st4 ,peter0--,salva fide quam repromisi ,domino ,apostolico#adf--;and not to consent to an uncanonical or factious election of a pope4 ,the same pope also voluntarily offered to bind the ,roman pontiffs to be consecrated in the presence of the so-called ,rex ,romanorum1 if he were in the city1 otherwise of his envoy4#adg ,pagi thinks that this was done to propitiate in advance these growing monarchs of the north1 and distract them from the idea of continuing the policy of the ,eastern emperors1 who1 as we have seen1 would not allow the popes to proceed to consecration until their election had been confirmed4 ,eugene's act seems to us to have been a subtle stroke of diplomacy4 ,while it flattered1 by conveying the impression that the presence of ,csar 7as he was pompously called7 or of his legates gave splendor and magnificence to the ceremony of consecration1 it disarmed the emperor by implying the right of the popes to be consecrated at their own convenience2 for if his meaning had been that the presence of the king or of his ambassadors were a necessary condition to the legality of the act1 he would have deliberately placed himself and successors in the same relation to these new rulers that his predecessors had been obliged1 though under protest1 to assume toward the emperors of the ,east--which is manifestly absurd4 ,nevertheless1 both the ,frank and ,saxon emperors frequently claimed the right to something more than a mere honorary part in papal elections1 which led to long years of party strife and discord between church and state4 ,leo ,,iv41 in #hdg1 confirmed the decree of ,eugene1 although1 on account of the ,saracens around ,rome1 he was consecrated without waiting for the imperial ambassadors2 and the same was the case1 but without any ostensible reason1 with ,stephen ,v41 alias ,,vi4 ,this shows that the presence of the envoys was an honorary privilege1 which conferred no authority to go back of or revise the election itself1 as ,hadrian ,,iii41 ,stephen's immediate predecessor1 expressly affirmed in a decree given by ,martinus ,polonus1#adh ,mabillon1#adi and ,pagi4#aej ,it is but fair to confess that this decree is not considered authentic by all2 but what historical document has not been called in question by some hypercritic or other1 especially in ,germany8 ,that it is not apocryphal is shown by the fact that one of ,hadrian's successors--,john ,,ix41 elected in #hih--;annulled it in view of the peace ensured by the presence of the ambassadors1 and restored the earlier ordinance of ,eugene4 ,the text of the canon law1 and especially the passage ,canonico ritu et consuetudine1 has been often appealed to by ,csarists and ,protestant historians1 as though it demonstrated that a papal election not made according to its requirements was uncanonical and invalid4 ,in the first place1 ,cardinal ,garampi#aea remarks that ,eugene's decree was a personal privilege ,advocati given to the princes of the ,carlovingian line2 and in the second place ,thomassin observes upon ,john's decree#aeb that the imperial ambassadors were not admitted to the election1 but only to the subsequent consecration2 that they were there to overawe the turbulent2 and that in time their presence became a custom and was looked on as a part1 so to speak1 of the external rite of consecration4 ,it had1 besides1 become so useful as a repressive measure against the enemies of the ,holy ,see that it received the high sanction of being countenanced by the canon law itself4 ,pope ,nicholas ,,ii41 in the eleventh century1 explained the text ,quia ,sancta in the same sense4 ,it must be said1 to the discredit of the ,othos and the ,henrys1 that they too often slipped from the inch of privilege to the ell of 7pretended7 right1 and went so far as to interfere in a direct and absolute sense at papal elections1 intruding some less worthy subjects into the ,papacy2 but when once these occupied the seat of ,peter they were to be recognized and respected on the same principle that the high-priests were in the irregular age of the ,seleucid and the ,romans when they sat upon the chair of ,moses4 ,yet even the imperial influence1 says ,kenrick1#aec was beneficially exercised in several instances1 particularly those of ,clement ,,ii4 and ,st4 ,leo ,,ix4 ,dr4 ,constantine ,hfler has written a work#aed replete with information about the ,german popes and the physical aspect1 the morals1 manners1 and customs of the ,romans in their time4 ,charles ,hemans' books 7we cannot seriously call them works7 on ,ancient and ,medival ,christianity and ,sacred ,art in ,italy1 while they show considerable acquaintance with the best authorities on the subject1 manifest a detestable animus against the ,holy ,see1 which shows their writer to be as great an adept in the 8art of putting things0 as the far more learned author of the eight-volume ,history of the ,city of ,rome in the ,middle ,ages1 ,ferdinand ,gregorovius4 ,while the corruption of some popes and the depravity of the tenth century have been exaggerated by many historians1 the condition of the ,papacy at that time is certainly a warning against the interference of secular princes in the elections2 for1 as the great ,baronius remarks 7ad an4 #ijj71 ,nihil penitus ,ecclesi ,roman contingere potest funestius1 tetrius nihil atque lugubrius1 quam si principes seculares in ,romanorum ,pontificum electiones manus immittant4#aee ,in the middle of the eleventh century a movement was begun to reform the method of conducting papal elections1 which eventually limited them within the legitimate circle of ecclesiastical prerogatives1 totally excluding the direct influence of the inferior clergy and the aristocratic and popular element of the laity4 ,pope ,nicholas ,,ii41 having assembled a synod of one hundred and thirteen bishops in the ,lateran ,palace in the month of ,april1 #ajei1 passed a law to the following effect3 ,on the death of the pope the cardinal-bishops shall first meet in council and with the utmost diligence treat of a successor2 they shall next take joint action with the cardinal-priests1 and finally consider the wishes of the rest of the clergy and of the ,roman people4 ,if a worthy subject can be found among the members of the ,roman 7higher7 clergy itself1 he is to be preferred1 otherwise a foreigner shall be elected2 so that1 however1 the honor and regard due to our beloved son ,henry1 now king1 and soon1 ,god grant1 to be emperor1 which we have seen proper to show to him and to his successors who may personally apply for it1 be not diminished4 ,if a proper election cannot take place in ,rome1 it may be held anywhere else4#aef ,in the year #ajfa another synod was held1 in which it was distinctly stated that the mere fact of election in the foregoing manner placed the elect in possession of plenary apostolic authority2 consequently1 the emperor's confirmation was excluded1 in the sense that without it the election was invalid4 ,from this period1 although the struggle was not yet over1 the ,papacy was completely emancipated from any kind of subjection to the empire4 ,alexander ,,ii41 successor to ,nicholas1 did not communicate his election to the court2 and although ,st4 ,gregory ,,vii41 glorious ,hildebrand1 did do so1 it was partly from prudence in view of the excitement in ,germany occasioned by the setting up of the anti-pope ,cadolaus in resentment for his predecessor's neglect1 and partly from his sense of honor1 lest it should be thought 7since he had taken a principal part in enacting the statute of ,pope ,nicholas7 that he availed himself of an advantage which he had himself created--artfully1 as suspicious-minded persons might think--in anticipation of one day ascending the papal chair4 ,he was the last pope who ever informed the emperor of his election before proceeding to be consecrated and enthroned4 ,the great ,catholic powers still continue to exercise a measure of influence in these elections1 but of a purely advisory character1 except in the case of those few which enjoy the privilege of veto1 or the esclusiva1 as the ,romans say4 ,at the ,third ,general ,council of the ,lateran1 held in the year #aagi by ,alexander ,,iii41 a most important advance was made in the manner of holding the elections4 ,the right of the cardinals to elect1 without reference to the rest of the ,roman clergy or of the people1 was affirmed1 and a majority of two-thirds of their votes required for a valid election4 ,this law was readily approved by the bishops and members of the council1 and incorporated in the canon law1 where it is found among the decretals of ,gregory ,,ix4#aeg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,how ,,steenwykerwold ,,was ,,saved4 ,i4 ,a few straggling lights gleamed pale and fitfully through the stormy mist as the travellers came to the foot of the principal street in ,steenwykerwold on the night of ,december #bc1 #ahca4 ,the wind howled fiercely and the place was apparently deserted2 no one was found to brave the force of the sleety tempest save ,floog and his companion1 and the weather-beaten1 broken-nosed 8,admiral0 that once did duty as figure-head for a ,baltic trader of that name1 and now stood sentinel at the door of ,mathias ,pilzer1 the innkeeper1 scowling defiance at the elements4 ,the hail had drifted and accumulated in heaps against outlying angles of walls1 and filled the narrow gutters4 ,the progress of the travellers1 which the storm had impeded1 was now interrupted altogether and they came to a dead halt4 ,the prospect was indeed discouraging1 and the cheerless gloom of the situation seemed to enter into the soul of the boy2 for he made a sudden movement towards a street doorway which afforded a little shelter1 and1 pulling his woollen cap tightly down over his eyes1 began to cry4 8,ferret10 said his companion1 8if you don't stop that blubbering ,i'll take you back again to-morrow to paint dolls at ,mme4 ,gemmel's2 and see10 he added somewhat more soothingly1 as he caught the flicker of a candle through ,pilzer's window1 8here we are at the inn40 ,the ,ferret1 thus threatened and consoled1 brushed away his tears with his sleeve1 emitting a muffled grunt4 ,he had commenced with a howl1 but1 as if finding the pitch too high1 he lowered it suddenly and ended with a sort of guttural1 fractured sob2 then seizing the other by the skirt1 in this order of procession they reached ,pilzer's4 ,boreas1 ,euroclydon1 ,eolus6 whew1 you gusty deities1 your rude familiarities are the reverse of endearing1 and we1 alas6 have not discovered the secret of propitiating you4 ,yet you deepen the enchanted halo encircling the ruddy fireside by the very force of contrast1 as you wail dismally at the door1 rattle the window-pane1 or shriek down the chimney in your baffled efforts to effect an entrance4 ,the fatigue of their journey was soon forgotten by the wayfarers1 their misery giving way to the placid emotions caused by an anticipated enjoyment of the warmth and well-earned repose so near at hand4 ,there was much to study in these two1 because there was so little to discover4 ,the elder was a man whose appearance guarded with sphinx-like obstinacy the secret of his age4 ,he might be thirty or he might be sixty--no one could tell1 and it was abundantly evident that few cared4 ,he was tall and spare1 with features which1 if remarkable at all1 were rendered negatively so by the absence of all salient characteristics1 except a certain peculiarity about the eyes1 one of which was brown1 and the other1 the left1 a weak1 watery gray4 ,such was ,floog1 the only name by which he was known2 if he ever had any other it is buried with him4 ,the other member of the duo1 of whom you have had a glimpse already1 was nicknamed 8,the ,ferret10 by what authority ,i cannot say--probably according to the accommodating law of contrariety1 for there was nothing pertaining to him at all suggestive of that sprightly little quadruped4 ,the ideal curve of beauty was straightened and flattened into obtuse angles in his contour in a way to make old ,apelles or ,phidias lament1 however prized he might be as a subject for the pencil of ,teniers4 ,his features1 too1 were wanting in the seraphic beam of ,fra ,bartolomeo's cherubs4 ,nevertheless1 in form and feature he was sufficiently quaint to make one laugh at and love him4 ,at a little distance he resembled a well-stuffed pillow on short legs4 ,on closer view a head was discernible1 something like those sometimes seen on old-fashioned door-knockers4 ,large1 puffy cheeks1 half-hiding a pretty little turn-up nose1 a pair of small but bright blue eyes1 no eyebrows1 but an enormous mouth1 and still more enormous chin--these belonged to a face in hue and texture very like putty1 and formed altogether a combination which1 if not very beautiful1 had this counterbalancing attraction3 that it was somewhat out of the commonplace4 ,but no delineation of pen or pencil could do justice to his expression4 ,the wells of laughter and of tears1 assuredly close beneath the surface1 were for ever commingling in his organization2 and so evenly were the external symptoms balanced that my grandaunt1 a close observer1 who had seen him often 7and from whom1 by the way1 we had most of these details71 could not for the life of her tell whether he was going to laugh or to cry at times when1 in fact1 he had no desire or intention to do either1 so indeterminate was his habitual and passive expression4 ,the wooden hands of ,pilzer's ,dutch clock pointed twenty-five minutes past eleven as these itinerants entered4 ,mine host was half-sitting1 half-reclining in a large1 square1 straw-bottomed chair just inside of and facing the glass door that separated the travellers' parlor from the front part of his premises4 ,on hearing them enter he slowly roused from his semi-lethargy1 and1 taking his long pipe from between his lips1 eyed the new-comers with a dubious glance1 as if not quite satisfied whether they were customers or cut-throats1 when ,floog1 drawing nearer to the glass door1 brought him within range of that gentleman's mild eye and reassured him4 ,floog on his part hesitated with an embarrassed air1 and looked cautiously around1 as if he had got into a coffin-maker's shop by mistake4 ,presently he plucked up courage1 and beckoning ,the ,ferret1 who stood sniffling at the front door1 to follow him1 advanced and knocked timidly at the dividing door4 ,the presiding genius of the 8,admiral0 was a very ,machiavel of innkeepers4 ,an experience of twenty-seven years had taught him a system of deportment toward1 and treatment of1 his customers measured and regulated--a sort of mental gradient1 of which the gauge was the prospective length of his guest's purse2 and1 to do him justice1 he seldom erred in his calculations4 ,on opening the door and confronting the strangers it was plainly visible that he was about to commence at zero in his welcome2 for there was little prospect of pecuniary reward in the appearance of the man1 his speculative gains being rendered still more doubtful by the additional allowance of a liberal discount for the appearance of the boy4 ,his first word of chilly greeting removed all misgiving at one fell swoop2 for1 true to his system1 at zero he began4 8,what do you want at this time o' night80 ,just then he caught sight of a large portmanteau or travelling-wallet which ,floog on entering had deposited on the floor4 ,it was a favorable diversion1 for no sooner had ,pilzer espied it than his scale ascended two or three degrees1 and1 without waiting for an answer to his first inquiry1 he added in a slightly altered tone3 8,what can ,i do for you80 8,i want lodging for me and my nephew10 said ,floog bravely1 and with a cheerful disregard of syntax4 8,we can pay for it2 we're not tramps40 8,this is a lovely night1 and a pretty hour of this lovely night to come looking for lodging10 said the innkeeper1 with facile irony1 at which he was an adept2 8but if ye are respectable1 and can prove it1 and let me know what brings ye here when all honest folk is abed1 ,i'll see what ,i can do40 ,if ,floog considered the last part of this speech with reference to its applicability to the maker of it1 he kept his thoughts discreetly to himself4 8,we are strangers in the town4 ,we arrived from ,arnhem an hour ago1 and this is the only public-house we can find open4 ,this boy's father1 ,mynheer ,underdonk1 the merchant1 died in ,amsterdam last ,thursday1 and they sent me a letter to bring the boy1 and make no delay1 as they want to make a settlement for him4 ,you see10 he went on1 growing confidential1 8my brother left home eight years ago and no one knew what became of him4 ,his poor forsaken wife died1 and ,i took care of the orphan40 ,all this he uttered rapidly1 with few pauses1 as if he had learnt it by heart4 ,so he had4 ,alas6 poor ,floog1 thou wert no hero1 not even morally2 but shall we1 entrenched in a castle of virtue1 thrown stones at thee8 ,no1 albeit there was no more truth in thy story than suited thy own purposes4 ,,ii4 ,the ,ferret was of ancient and noble lineage4 ,there1 that secret is out4 ,frank like himself1 his historian scorns the subterfuge of keeping it till the end for the purpose of giving clat to his exit1 as they do in romances and on the stage4 ,he was descended from ,adam and ,eve4 ,this ,i am prepared to maintain in the face of the world1 learned or unlearned4 ,if any one wishes to be considered as descended from an oyster or an atom1 we who are not so ambitious shall not cavil at their genealogy1 but hope they find their protoplasms subjects of pleasant reflection4 ,as for my hero1 he was of a different breed4 ,whether the bars in his escutcheon were dexter or sinister did not concern him and need not concern us4 ,heraldry1 in fact1 disowned him2 therein1 however1 heraldry was no worse than his own father4 ,in his tenth year he was taken from the ,asylum for ,foundlings and indentured to ,mme4 ,gemmel1 who kept a manufactory of toys at ,arnhem4 ,on the day of his departure he went out into the large paved yard surrounded by an unbroken line of low stone buildings--his well-known and familiar playground1 the only ,arcadia he had ever known4 ,now that he was to bid it and his childish companions a long good-by1 he felt irresolute and the farewell stuck in his throat4 ,he tried hard to be brave1 while little ,hans1 his inseparable playmate and bedfellow1 stood regarding him with a sullen scowl1 as if he considered it a personal insult to be thus suddenly left alone4 ,the poor ,ferret was entirely at his wits' end and quite dumbfounded4 ,another look at ,hans broke the unutterable spell2 for he saw stealing down the chubby cheek of that smirched cherub a big tear1 marking its course by a light streak on his smutty little face4 ,gulping down his sobs and forcing back the tears that now suffused his own eyes1 he laid his hand lovingly on the shoulder of little ,hans1 and1 bending down until their faces were on a level1 he looked at him1 and said in a voice broken by varying emotions and the poignant sorrow of childhood3 8,don't--don't cry1 ,hans2 and when--and when ,i earn a hundred guilders ,i will come back for you1 and we will have lots of puddin' and new clothes1 and ,i will buy you a pair of new skates40 ,then taking from his trousers' pocket all his treasures--a large piece of gingerbread and a small old knife with a broken blade--he pressed his little friend to take them1 forcing them into his unresisting hand1 looked around once by way of final adieu1 and ran through the passage that led to the front hall1 where ,mme4 ,gemmel's man was waiting for him1 and left poor little ,hans bellowing as if his heart would break4 ,the moral supervision exercised by ,mme4 ,gemmel over her new charge was radical4 ,its cardinal principles were1 first1 the duty of obedience and gratitude1 and1 secondly1 the healthfulness of abstinence4 ,these principles she inculcated by precept and enforced in practice by prescribing due penalties for their infraction4 ,the good lady taught her apprentice1 by every means within her power1 that his life-long devotion to her service would ill repay her for the inestimable blessing she conferred in removing him from the ,foundling ,asylum and taking him under her own fostering roof4 ,she was mindful of his health1 too1 for among her sanitary tenets was one to the effect that butter is injurious to immature years2 and this she was in the habit of persistently enforcing for the special benefit of her charge4 ,inasmuch as temptation is dangerous1 especially to the weak1 she prudently adopted preventive measures by removing at once the temptation and the butter whenever he appeared at meals4 ,so well did he profit by her discipline that after six months' involuntary practice of it he determined to run away4 ,in spite of these drawbacks1 in spite of the discipline and the dry bread1 he made famous progress at his trade1 and felt an artist's glow of enthusiasm whenever he finished to his satisfaction the staring blue eyes and carmine cheeks of his waxen beauties4 ,he felt1 ,pygmalion like1 able to fall in love with them1 could he but find the ,promethean secret--not1 indeed1 that his thoughts ever took the classic shape1 for he had never heard of the old ,grecian fable2 these were only the vague and undefined feelings of his heart4 ,true it is he had little else to love1 so that his affections1 being narrowed down to the dolls1 increased for them in the ratio that it diminished for their owner4 ,yet there was one golden hour in his leaden existence--the hour of nine post meridian1 when he was dismissed to bed4 ,although behind her back he sometimes made faces at madame1 and even went so far as to set up an image of her for the perverse pleasure of sticking pins in it1 he forgave all at bedtime4 ,after saying his prayers he would1 with all the ecstasy of which his phlegmatic nature was capable1 jump into his straw pallet1 bound to solve an abstruse but agreeable problem which had engaged his thoughts nightly since his advent in his new home--viz41 ,what to do with his first hundred guilders when he had earned them8 ,but he never got much beyond the disposal of a twentieth part of the sum4 ,that much he generously devoted to little ,hans2 but before he could decide whether the latter should have the skates1 a miniature ship1 a new jacket1 or unlimited gingerbread1 or all of these good things together1 his fancies and finances became entangled4 ,hans' face shone with guilders2 gingerbread sailors1 in blue jackets1 floated serenely away in a big ship till quite out of sight2 anon they trooped rapidly past his entranced eyes1 now scurrying all together1 now slowly one by one2 then there was a blank2 again starting into view1 the last fleeting image swept softly down the dim vista1 fading--fading--gone6 and he was a king in happy oblivion4 ,thus time passed tardily enough with ,the ,ferret1 the all-absorbing thought of his waking hours now being how to escape4 ,among the customers of ,mme4 ,gemmel was one who had had several business transactions with her4 ,this was a peripatetic showman1 the delight of gaping children at country fairs4 ,his entertainment consisted of music 7mangled fragments of opera airs on a weazened key-bugle7 and his wonderful and versatile puppets4 ,these latter1 when they had become too well known as hunters and huzzars1 he would transform into knights and ladies1 or ,chinese mandarins1 as circumstances might require or fancy suggest4 ,the transforming process was very simple2 it consisted merely of supplying them with new costumes and coats--of paint--at ,mme4 ,gemmel's4 ,this worthy was none other than our friend ,floog4 ,even such as he have their place in art4 ,they are pioneers who lead to the base of an sthetic temple whose dome is elevated in circling azure1 surrounded by golden stars4 ,in the practice of his art1 ,the ,ferret it was on whom now devolved the duty of transforming ,floog's automatons and kindred jobs4 ,whether owing to the satisfaction he gave1 or to the occult1 and often unaccountable1 influences governing our sympathies and antipathies1 certain it is that ,floog had taken a violent fancy to him1 and determined to entice him away at the first opportunity4 ,the showman's moral sensibilities were1 as has already been intimated1 somewhat flexible1 and yielded too readily1 ,i am afraid1 to the exigencies of the situation4 ,alas6 how rigid are the inexorable verities of history4 ,i cannot picture him as ,i would--not even as a half-formed ,bayard1 who1 if not quite sans peur1 might be at least sans reproche2 but as ,i had no hand in the formation of his character1 ,i am not the apologist of his delinquencies4 ,did he recognize the violation of a right in his contemplated procedure8 ,oh6 no2 he placed his motive on a high moral pedestal1 triumphant1 unassailable--the interests of humanity1 the welfare of the boy4 ,he never told us how far his own welfare entered into his calculations4 ,he felt1 therefore1 no scrupulous qualms as to the rectitude of his determination4 ,what puzzled him was the how4 ,of that1 however1 he had no notion4 ,indeed1 his thoughts upon the subject1 so far from assuming a practical shape1 were rather the pleasant emotions experienced in the contemplation of a cherished project1 leaving out of sight the means of its attainment1 even the possibility of its realization4 ,a few days previous to his appearance in ,steenwijkerwold he left his puppets to undergo the customary metamorphosis at ,mme4 ,gemmel's1 his head full of the pleasing fancy of securing ,the ,ferret as a travelling companion and assistant4 ,more than all this1 he came to regard him with a rapture akin to that of an enamored lover for the mistress of his heart4 ,the short winter day was closing in misty and chill around ,arnhem4 ,away in the northwest the sun was setting through yellowish fog into the gray cold sea2 the restless wail of the wind was heard now and again1 presaging a storm4 ,it was about half-past four o'clock in the afternoon of this same day that ,floog1 undaunted by the threatening aspect of the weather1 and pensively whistling his musical programme by way of rehearsal1 arrived at ,mme4 ,gemmel's4 ,he found1 upon inquiry1 that his puppets were not quite finished4 ,wouldn't he wait8 ,she expected them ready in a few minutes1 and escorted him to the workshop in the third story1 where they found ,the ,ferret as busily engaged as his chill nose1 his numb fingers1 and the light of two tallow candles would allow4 ,his mistress1 after an authoritative command to her subordinate to make haste and finish his work1 went down-stairs1 leaving ,floog to direct the work as he might see fit4 ,the ,ferret was shy by nature and by reason of his forced seclusion1 and though the interruption disconcerted him a good deal1 he made pretence of continuing labor without appearing to notice his visitor1 whom he had several times seen1 but never spoken to4 ,floog1 after eyeing him a moment1 asked if he was cold4 ,the answer1 though not quite courtly1 was sufficiently explicit3 8,yes1 ,i am40 8,why don't you work down-stairs in the back room1 where 'tis warmer80 ,a frown passed over the boy's face1 but he made no reply4 8,here10 said ,floog in a kindlier tone1 and1 taking from his pocket a handful of lozenges1 offered them to ,the ,ferret1 who hesitated a moment1 looking at the donor1 and then took them with a 8,thank you1 sir40 ,in that moment the child's heart was gained and a deep sympathy established between the two1 reciprocal1 self-satisfying4 ,floog was no more a diplomat than a hero2 for his next proposal was illogical1 and would have been startling but for the peculiar circumstances that rendered it acceptable4 8,run away from ,mme4 ,gemmel and come with me10 he said4 ,the ,ferret did not hesitate this time1 but answered eagerly3 8,i will2 ,i hate ,mme4 ,gemmel4 ,let us go away now40 ,this ready acquiescence staggered ,floog1 who1 not being prepared for it1 was at a loss how to proceed4 ,gathering all his faculties to meet the requirements of the crisis1 he tried to devise some means of escape for ,the ,ferret2 but the more he pondered the more undecided he became1 till at length1 in sheer desperation1 he said3 8,when ,mme4 ,gemmel sends you home with the puppets to-night we will go away together40 ,with that he hurried down-stairs1 paid for the puppets1 asked ,mme4 ,gemmel if she would send them to his lodging1 stating that he would want them for an exhibition early the next day4 ,this the obliging lady promised to do1 whereupon ,floog took his departure1 his agitated manner escaping the notice of the doll-maker1 who1 although she had the vision of a lynx for money1 to everything into which money did not enter as a factor was as blind as ,cupid4 ,less than two hours after ,the ,ferret1 ,floog1 and the precious puppets were all in the mail-coach1 rattling along for freedom and ,steenwykerwold4 ,as not unfrequently happens1 mere chance afforded a better opportunity than elaborately-concocted plans would have done2 for when1 by appointment1 ,the ,ferret came1 ,floog precipitately1 and without taking time to think of their destination1 hurried with him to the coach-yard1 where he learned that the night coach going north was ready to start1 and secured passage for ,steenwykerwold1 whither ,mme4 ,gemmel would be little likely to follow4 ,so they arrived in the manner already related1 amid hail and storm4 ,,iii4 ,after a storm comes a calm4 ,who was it that enshrined that remark in the sanctity of a proverb8 ,this is like saying that day comes after night--a truism that most of us will believe without the aid of any proverbial philosophy4 ,if the calm comes not after the storm1 a person disposed to be critical might ask1 ,when does it come8 ,we will leave the solution of this problem to interpreters as profound as the proverb-maker1 and follow the fortunes of ,floog and ,the ,ferret4 ,calm had succeeded storm as they turned their backs to the hostelry of ,mijnheer ,pilzer and bade adieu to its professional hospitalities4 ,not the listless calm of summer skies1 of dreamy fields and waters4 ,clear and cutting1 the icy air of morning quickened the nerves and caused the blood in livelier currents to tingle in the veins1 so that even the sluggish ,ferret1 wincing1 heightened his pace to a sturdy trot to keep abreast of ,floog4 ,the sun was up1 burnishing the chimney-pots and sharp gables of the tall1 bistre-colored houses1 and converting into rare jewelry the fantastic frost-wreaths that adorned their eaves4 ,early as it was1 the ,nieu ,strasse was astir with pedestrians4 ,the shop-windows1 already unshuttered1 were decorated gaily with ivy and palm4 ,unusual bustle and activity were everywhere discernible2 and why not8 ,was it not ,christmas ,eve and fte-day at ,van der ,meer ,castle8 ,it was a beautiful and time-honored custom at ,van der ,meer ,castle on every ,christmas ,eve to give a party to all the children of the neighborhood4 ,rich and poor1 lofty and lowly1 all were welcome4 ,but although all were welcome1 all did not come4 ,the children of the rich1 and those who had the means of indulging in the season's festivities at home1 mostly kept aloof1 or were made to keep aloof1 lest they should incur by implication a suspicion of that fearful malady1 poverty2 for the light of nineteenth-century civilization had penetrated the by-ways of the world1 and even ,steenwykerwold had caught some of its oblique rays--those that distort instead of illuminating1 by which poverty is made to appear as the sum of all social crime4 ,well1 then1 the poor children for many years had had the party and banquet all to themselves1 and such1 in fact1 was the desire of their present entertainer4 ,the proprietor of the place and inheritor of its wealth and traditions was ,leopoldine ,van der ,meer1 who had been left an orphan in early childhood4 ,i saw her once1 and can never forget that sweet1 serene face2 for it is ineffaceably stamped on my memory4 ,although time had then added another score of years to her term of life1 and sprinkled with silver the bands of dark-brown hair smoothed on either side of her placid forehead1 still it dealt gently with that gentle lady1 as if the old reaper had thrown down his reluctant sickle1 unwilling to mark his passage by any tell-tale furrow1 but softly breathed on her in passing1 lulling her into a more perfect repose4 ,at the time when the incidents ,i am relating took place1 however1 she was young and fresh and fair beyond expression4 ,her features1 clear and well defined1 possessed the delicate tracery and perfection of outline that sculptors dream of4 ,her air and carriage1 her every gesture1 from the movement of her shapely head to the light footfall1 all queenly yet unaffected1 might have inspired the genius of ,buonarotti when he painted his wonderful ,sibyls1 while the gentle1 half-shy1 liquid gray eyes1 tenderly glancing from behind their silken-fringed lids1 would have graced the canvas of ,murillo4 ,these external graces were but tokens of a kindly heart and true soul--a nature that imparted a breath of its own sweet essence to all who came within the charmed sphere of its influence4 ,the festival looked forward to with such ardent longings by the young ones was now near at hand4 ,it was ,christmas ,eve4 ,the festival was held in the spacious banqueting-hall of the castle--an oblong apartment1 across the upper end of which extended a gallery for musicians1 reached by a balustraded stairway on either side4 ,the walls were gracefully festooned with wreaths of bright evergreens gemmed with haws and scarlet berries4 ,in the centre stood a large table1 upon which was placed a gigantic ,christmas tree1 sparkling with a thousand colored crystals and loaded with every variety of toy4 ,floog1 who was acquainted with the annual custom1 desirous of recompensing his youthful friend1 made haste to conduct him thither4 ,the ,ferret needed neither introduction nor credential1 his age and appearance being sufficient passports4 ,he was kindly welcomed and ushered in4 ,the grand hall1 beaming with lustrous lamps and adorned with varied decorations1 dazzled his eyes4 ,the splendor1 the music1 and the toys nearly overpowered him1 and he stood as if fixed in a trance1 so like a brilliant dream did it all seem1 which a stir1 a breath might dispel4 ,gradually recovering his dazed faculties1 he began to revel in the thrilling sense of its reality--yes1 real for himself as well as for the rest4 ,when the children were all assembled they were marshalled into ranks two deep1 the girls first1 and marched twice round the room1 singing4 ,it was a simple ,christmas carol1 the refrain familiar to most of them2 for it had been sung on similar occasions by similar choirs from time immemorial1 and is1 ,i hope1 sung there yet3 8,christmas time at ,van der ,meer1 ,love1 and mirth1 and pleasant cheer2 ,happy hearts from year to year ,hail each coming ,christmas40 ,if any misgivings had crept into their minds that they were to undergo the trying ordeal of a regular school drill for the delectation of patronizing visitors1 their apprehensions were soon quieted4 ,with the song ended all the formality4 ,they appreciated their freedom1 made the most of it1 and abandoned themselves to unrestrained fun in uproarious hilarity4 ,the ,ferret caught the infection4 ,though not quite recovered from the fatigue of the last twenty-four hours1 he forgot it1 forgot his little cares1 forgot his solitude1 forgot all in the blessed dissipation of the hour4 ,unfortunately1 he outdid himself4 ,floog had meanwhile betaken himself to the nearest tavern1 intending to come for his little friend when the festivities were over4 ,he did not retire to bed1 but paid for a lodging on a settee in the tap-room4 ,in a few minutes he was sound asleep4 ,how long he slept he did not know1 but some time during the night he awoke with a sudden start4 ,a bell was pealing wildly in the still night air4 ,a man partially dressed1 his heavy shoes in his hand1 dashed past and out into the street4 ,immediately there was commotion1 and the sound of voices was heard in loud and eager discussion4 ,in another moment the tap-room was full of men4 ,floog hurriedly arose1 and1 joining the excited group1 they all went out4 ,when they came to the triangular opening formed by the confluence of three streets--,the ,square1 as it was rather inappropriately called--they were met by a crowd of men and women as anxious and excited as themselves1 and all evidently at a loss what to do or whither to proceed4 ,louder and more clamorous the bell rang out its portentous notes2 fitfully and frantically it rang in the ears of the now aroused populace4 ,all at once it would stop suddenly1 but for a moment only1 as if pausing to take breath and gather fresh strength2 then it would recommence wilder than before1 producing an effect weird and terrifying4 ,it was the old alarm-bell at ,van der ,meer ,castle4 ,this bell was very ancient1 and it hung in a tower behind the castle1 connected with it by an arched causeway4 ,it was placed there in feudal times to call together the vassals and adherents of the place in cases of raid or invasion1 if for no worthier purpose2 and in later times a superstition attached to it that its reawakening portended some calamity1 the nature of which1 not being specifically stated1 was left to conjecture1 and gave scope to the prognostications of the wise-acres4 ,yes1 these would say1 with the self-complacent air of oracles1 when the bell rings it will ring the death-knell of our liberties1 and ,holland will pass to an alien race4 ,this was the interpretation generally received and accredited by those who had faith in the tradition--a goodly number1 which included almost all the old inhabitants4 ,on the other hand1 many among the junior members of the community ridiculed the whole thing1 scoffed at the prophetic legend as an old woman's tale1 and1 spurred perhaps by what they termed the foolish credulity of the elders1 who professed an abiding belief in it1 they rushed to the opposite extreme1 even to the extent of doubting1 at least of denying1 the very existence of the bell4 ,at any rate it had long ago fallen into disuse1 and those who heard it now heard it for the first time4 ,in the market square this old civic story was anxiously revived and earnestly discussed1 while the ominous import of the ringing was speculated upon with troublous forebodings1 even by the sceptical1 and its inharmonious clangor added tenfold significance to its history4 ,in the midst of the tumult the crowd swayed with a sudden movement1 and presently began to waver and divide1 as a stalwart form appeared1 forcing a passage1 and shouting with a persuasive vigor heard above the din3 8,to the dike6 to the dike60 ,it was ,peter ,artveldt1 the ship-carpenter4 ,his words and example had the effect of an electric shock on the panic-stricken multitude4 ,shaking off their stupor1 they followed him through the town1 echoing his cry1 8,to the dike6 to the dike60 and1 gathering strength as they proceeded1 soon reached the dike1 half a mile beyond the northern limit of the town4 ,imagination had diverted their fears1 not allayed them2 and1 singular as it seems1 no one thought of the dike until the voice of the ship-carpenter like a thunder-clap sounded a warning of the real danger4 ,up to that moment the dike was to them1 as it had been for generations1 the firm and effective bulwark of the land4 ,their worst fears were realized4 ,the water was flowing through several fissures in the dike1 noiselessly stealing in upon the land1 until it had flooded the ground up to the cemetery palings4 ,this was not all nor the worst4 ,a hasty survey disclosed the appalling fact that at one point the force of the storm had sapped the foundation2 some of its stones1 having been displaced1 were lying loose in the soft sand and ooze4 ,an instant revealed their peril and the imminence of the danger2 had they been but half an hour later nothing could have averted their fate--,steenwykerwold would have been as effectually and irretrievably swallowed up by water as old ,herculaneum was by fire1 and sadder the story of its chroniclers4 ,however1 it was not a time for reflection1 but for action4 ,with such implements as in their haste they had been able to provide themselves after the real nature of the danger became known1 they set to work with a will1 aided by the invigorating example of ,artveldt1 who with heroic energy put forth his strenuous powers and directed all their movements4 ,in less than ten minutes they had felled four or five of the cemetery trees2 breaking through the gate1 they dragged these to the dike1 making an effective temporary barrier to the advance of the cruel waters4 ,yet to guard against a possible recurrence of danger from a renewal of the storm or any untoward accident1 until the damage should be permanently repaired1 an organized force was appointed1 divided into squads of eight1 whose duty it was to watch constantly1 relieving each other every six hours4 ,these precautions completed1 the multitude1 in the delirious joy of their deliverance1 grew wild with delight and manifested symptoms of frantic disorder4 ,here again the ascendent spirit of ,artveldt made itself felt4 8,brothers10 said he1 8we have finished a brave night's work2 let us not undo it by making fools of ourselves4 ,no2 we will go peaceably to our homes1 and a grateful country will say3 #8,they were as orderly in the hour of triumph as they were brave in the hour of peril4' ,posterity will keep sacred your memory and look back with grateful eyes to this day1 and every future ,christmas will be happier for your deed40 ,after this speech they were ready and willing to obey him4 ,he now ranged the men in line of march1 requesting them not to break rank until they reached ,van der ,meer ,castle1 where it was agreed they should disperse2 then1 with a long1 full cheer1 they returned triumphantly through the town1 and ,steenwykerwold was saved4 ,after having been hospitably entertained at the castle1 and thanking ,lady ,leopoldine for the timely warning whereby the threatened disaster was averted1 they gave a parting salute--three hearty cheers--and then1 as agreed upon1 quietly dispersed4 ,at that very time there was commotion within the castle4 ,the eventful night was yet to be made memorable by another incident1 as yet known only to its inmates1 having been wisely withheld from the knowledge of the men who stemmed the fateful waters4 ,the ringing had some time ceased4 ,now1 every one supposed that ,lady ,leopoldine had caused the bell to be rung1 knowing or divining their danger2 but such1 in fact1 was not the case4 ,she no more than the rest mistrusted the safety of the dike4 ,you may imagine1 then1 her terror when first she heard the appalling sound4 ,like a summons from the grave it smote her ear4 ,was it a summons from the grave8 ,at first she could scarce refrain from thinking that it was1 so strange and startling on the pulseless air of night fell the unfamiliar peal4 ,again she believed herself the victim of some wild hallucination4 ,she rose at once and summoned the servants4 ,it was no illusion--they had all heard it2 they could not choose but hear1 and it was while listening in agonizing suspense that the summons of their mistress reached them4 ,it was obeyed with more than customary alacrity4 ,they all rushed pell-mell into the hall4 ,lady ,leopoldine instantly dismissed her own fears and allayed theirs1 and caused a vigorous search to be made4 ,the astonishment and alarm of the household will perhaps be more readily understood when it is remembered that the bell was entirely inaccessible4 ,the tower was about sixty-five feet high1 of somewhat rude construction4 ,walls of large1 rough stones to an altitude of sixteen feet formed the base4 ,inside of these walls heavy oaken buttresses were placed1 which had the appearance of strengthening them1 but which in reality formed the support of the bell suspended above and hidden in a curious network of trellised beams4 ,no appliances for reaching it were visible2 and how it got there was a mystery4 ,indeed1 the ringing of the bell on that night1 as well as the bell itself and all its appurtenances1 were regarded as very mysterious2 and we may well excuse the simple-minded people1 not yet imbued with modern materialism1 if they conceived the whole affair to be the work of superhuman agency4 ,no one had entered the causeway from the house1 it was evident2 no trace of disturbance could anywhere be discovered4 ,two of the men1 the coachman and his assistant1 braver than the rest1 volunteered to go into the passage and thoroughly examine the premises4 ,providing themselves with lanterns1 they went round to the old door in the rear of the tower4 ,one glance convinced them that no one had recently gone in that way4 ,the bolts were firm in the sockets1 wedged tight by the rust of a century4 ,with much exertion they were forced back1 the door was unfastened1 and the men entered4 ,the damp1 chill air caused them to shudder1 and their first impulse was to beat a precipitate retreat4 ,pausing in doubtful perplexity of their next movement1 afraid to advance1 and ashamed to go back1 they stood near the door1 which they had considerately left ajar1 fearing1 yet hoping for some perceptible excuse to run4 ,none came4 ,the silence was broken only by the flutter of some startled bats aloft2 the dingy walls alone met their scrutinizing gaze as they peered cautiously around1 the glare of the lanterns shooting sharply-defined rays of yellowish gray light through the humid gloom4 ,the first feeling of nervous trepidation past1 reason asserted itself2 they grew accustomed to the gloom and began to explore the passage deliberately and carefully4 ,after having traversed it the entire length without making any discovery1 they were about to retrace their steps when their attention was arrested by some fragments of mortar or plaster lying loosely on the flagged pavement about four feet from the further end next the house4 ,these had the appearance of having recently fallen from the wall4 ,here was a probable clue4 ,with renewed interest they now proceeded to examine the wall1 and were rewarded by finding a small door1 level with its surface and nearly concealed by a thin coating of plaster4 ,on forcing it open they were surprised to find another passage1 parallel with the main one1 but so narrow as to admit of entrance only by single file4 ,another door1 as secret as the first1 opened from this narrow passage into a sort of recess behind the stairway1 which1 it will be remembered1 led to the gallery in the banqueting-hall4 ,the recess was known to the occupants of the castle1 but never used by them4 ,its original purpose may have been a subject of momentary conjecture1 but they did not trouble themselves much about it1 being content1 if they thought of it at all1 to consider it an eccentricity of some former proprietor4 ,least of all did they dream of its communication with a hidden passage to the bell-tower4 ,following the passage back to the other end1 their surprise was greatly augmented by the further discovery that1 instead of opening into the main enclosure1 like the large passage1 as they naturally expected1 it terminated in a sort of square sentry-box1 enclosed at all sides except the top--in reality a large wooden shaft4 ,it was no other than what appeared from without to be a combination of four solid beams4 ,in it hung the bell-rope4 ,at the bottom lay the bell-ringer1 ,the ,ferret1 exhausted and insensible4 ,they carried him out into the hall4 ,the mistress of the mansion sent at once for a physician1 and1 gently lifting his head1 with delicate hand she chafed the poor pale brow and applied restoratives4 ,soon the doctor came1 but his services were not needed4 ,another morning dawned4 ,again the slanting daybeams pierced the misty levels4 ,the vapor of earth1 as it felt the ray1 was dissolved into purest ether1 and1 restoring to earth its grosser particles1 ascended calmly to its native sky4 ,thus1 too1 ,the ,ferret's ,christmas carol1 begun on earth1 was finished in heaven1 and another voice on that happy ,christmas morning was added to the celestial choir singing1 8,glory to ,god on high1 and on earth peace to men of good will40 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,year ,,of ,,our ,,lord #ahgg4 ,there is little beyond the ,russo-,turkish war that will mark this year apart from others in the annals of universal history4 ,questions1 national and international1 that we have touched upon time and again come up now unsettled as ever4 ,it is tedious and profitless to go over well-trodden ground2 to repeat reflections that have already been repeated2 and to attempt a solution of problems1 social1 political1 and religious1 that are still working themselves out4 ,we purpose1 therefore1 in the present review to follow up a few of the broad lines that have marked the year and given to it something of an individual and special character4 ,if these are very few1 perhaps it is the better for mankind4 ,the more nations are occupied with their own affairs the better it is for the world at large4 ,to begin with ourselves4 ,we had a very vexed and very delicate problem to solve--no less than to determine1 on the turn of a single disputed electoral vote1 who was to be our ,president4 ,the circumstances that created this difficulty were dealt within our last year's review2 they are in the recollection of our readers4 ,on the casting of a single disputed vote lay the election to the ,presidency of the ,united ,states4 ,such a contingency1 accompanied as it was by peculiarly aggravating circumstances1 had never before arisen in the history of this country4 ,the wisest were in doubt what to do2 the country was in a fever of expectation4 ,the republic was on trial in itself and before the world4 ,the written lines of the ,constitution were found inadequate to meet so unlooked-for and peculiar a matter4 ,it was not the mere fact of one disputed vote that was to turn the scale4 ,there were many disputed votes1 which rested with ,states whose administration was not above suspicion4 ,only in the event of all of these turning in favor of one of the candidates could the ,presidency be awarded to him4 ,any one of them going to his opponent--who1 as far as the votes of the people went1 had a decided and unmistakable majority--would have settled the question at once4 ,there was room and occasion for grave doubt on both sides4 ,by mutual agreement of the representatives of the two parties that divide the country1 a national court of arbitration1 supposed to be1 and doubtless with reason1 above suspicion1 was appointed to inquire into and decide upon the electoral returns4 ,the court was chosen from both parties4 ,it so turned out that a preponderating vote lay with one party4 ,it might have rested with the other4 ,it was a matter of accident2 and it is to be hoped that1 if not exactly a matter of accident1 it was a matter of honesty that divided the court on each moot point into strict party lines1 with1 as final result1 an award of the ,presidency to ,mr4 ,hayes1 the ,republican candidate4 ,there the matter rested4 ,the court had discharged itself of the very delicate task imposed upon it1 and there was nothing left the country and the rival parties to do but accept a decision of its own creation1 which might have gone the other way1 but did not4 ,it was the shortest way1 perhaps1 out of an immediate and pressing difficulty4 ,it was none the less a strain on the ,constitution and on the conscience of the people--a strain that could not well be stood again4 ,the republic cannot afford to hand this settlement down to posterity as a lawful and satisfactory precedent4 ,the right way in which to regard it is as one of those unforeseen accidents that occur in the history of all peoples1 that adjust themselves somehow for the time being1 and that stand as a warning rather than a guide to future conduct4 ,the country honestly and wisely accepted the decision4 ,of course there were sore feelings2 there would have been sore feelings in any case2 yet men breathed freely when what was a real1 a painful1 and a dangerous crisis was over4 ,there are men--sensible and patriotic men1 too1 as well as a vast multitude neither patriotic nor sensible--who are ever ready to despair of the republic when events do not turn out exactly as they had predicted or desired4 ,let them take comfort4 ,the republic is not yet dead2 and it seems to us very far from dying4 ,in other days1 and perhaps in other peoples to-day who enjoy the privilege of a monarchical government1 such a question would have resulted in a war of dynasties4 ,the dynasty of ,mr4 ,hayes or of ,mr4 ,tilden troubles us but little4 ,the disaffected may bide their time4 ,they still hold their votes1 and it is for them to see that they are not robbed of them4 ,mr4 ,hayes has taken to heart the lesson of the last elections1 which pronounced not so much against a party as against the administration of his predecessor4 ,the present administration has thus far1 in the main1 contrasted well with that which went before it4 ,the ,president seems to be a man of right impulses and feeling and possessed of a good judgment4 ,he has discarded many embarrassing associates and evil allies--political parasites who battened on the life-blood of the state4 ,if his moral vision is only broad enough to see that he is the ,president not of a party1 but of a great people1 with varied wants and some sore troubles and internal difficulties that need very cautious and delicate adjusting2 if he honestly and persistently aims at doing right1 the people1 regardless of party1 will be with him and support him4 ,thus far he has manifestly striven to do well4 ,his beginning has been good4 ,trials will doubtless come4 ,he has already shown himself too good for many influential men in the party that voted for him4 ,if he only continues to disregard and brave all pettiness1 he can safely turn from partisans to the people1 and the people know how to judge and value honesty--a quality that it was coming to be thought had almost died out of politics4 ,there have been some indications of a revival of business2 but such a revival1 to be sure and general1 must be slow4 ,our people have not yet recovered from the demoralizing effect of the rush of good-fortune which they so foolishly squandered4 ,they look for miracles in finance and business1 for a revival in a day4 ,this cannot well come4 ,the way for general prosperity1 and that even of very moderate dimensions1 must be paved by a return to general honesty in commercial dealings and in private life4 ,public honesty can alone restore public confidence1 and public honesty is a matter of growth1 education1 and the apprehension and following of right principles4 ,it can only come from faith in ,god and a sense of personal responsibility to ,god1 as true faith in man can only come from true faith in ,god4 ,the religion that constantly impresses this upon men's minds is the religion that will preserve and save from all dangers not this republic only but every government4 ,these feelings1 penetrating the hearts of the people1 will best solve the vexed questions between labor and capital1 between black and white and red and yellow4 ,for a right sense of personal responsibility to ,god necessarily involves a right sense of personal responsibility to one another1 of the duties we owe to society1 of the duties we owe to the state4 ,this country of all others is open to the free workings of religion4 ,indeed1 it is as open to the devil as to ,god2 and if the devil1 according to some1 seems to get the best of the battle1 it can only be because 8the children of darkness are wiser in their generation than the children of light02 because ,christians are not really and wholly true to ,christ1 and by their lives do not show forth the faith that is in them4 ,,the ,,russo-,,turkish ,,war4 ,in ,europe the event of the year that calls for most attention is the war between ,russia and ,turkey4 ,on this subject we can say little or nothing probably that will not have already suggested itself to others4 ,all have watched the progress of the painful struggle from day to day2 have formed their own conclusions as to the manner in which it has been carried on on both sides2 as to the necessity of such a war having taken place at all2 as to its probable results to both parties and to ,europe at large4 ,at the time of our last review war between ,russia and ,turkey was thought imminent4 ,we then wrote--and we may be pardoned for quoting our own words1 as some of them1 at least1 seem to us to apply equally well to the present situation--as follows3 8,if we may hazard an opinion1 we believe that there will be no war1 at least this winter4 ,as for the alarm at the anticipated occupation of ,constantinople by ,russia1 while--if the ,russian ,empire be not dissolved before the close of the present century by one of the most terrific social and political convulsions that has ever yet come to pass--that occupation seems to lie very much within the order of possibilities1 we doubt much whether it will occur so soon as people think4444 ,it would seem to us difficult for ,russia to occupy ,constantinople without first mastering and garrisoning ,turkey1 and ,turkey is an empire of many millions1 whom fanaticism can still rouse to something like heroic1 as well as to the most cruel and repulsive deeds40 ,those words seem to us to have forecast fairly enough the general aspects of the war4 ,the war was declared because ,russia burned to go to war--,russia1 or the ,russian administration4 ,the invasion of ,turkey by ,russia was not a thing of the past year4 ,it was foreordained4 ,it was dreaded from the close of the war in the ,crimea4 ,the only question with the other powers was how long or by what means could it be staved off4 ,that ,russia would invade ,turkey as soon as she thought she could do so without much danger of outward interference and with good prospects of success was probably a fixed thought in the minds of all men who chose to give a thought to the matter4 ,for almost a quarter of a century has ,russia been girding herself for a fight that had become an essential part of her national policy4 ,within that period1 under the wise guidance of ,prince ,gortschakoff1 she has more than repaired the terrible losses sustained in the ,crimean war4 ,she grew stealthily up to a power and a status unexampled in her history4 ,she guarded her finances1 lived within her means1 prospered1 refused steadily to enter into any embarrassing ,european complications4 ,she saw the ,european alliance that had crushed her in #ahed hopelessly dissolve1 and a new and friendly power rise up and take the lead in ,european affairs4 ,as a military power she was looked upon as having only one superior1 or rival perhaps1 in the world1 and that her friendly neighbor4 ,so strong was she1 and so singularly had every change in ,european politics told in her favor1 that when her opportunity came1 with a word1 a beck1 a stroke of her chancellor's pen1 she snapped asunder the iron gyves forged for her and laid on her by a united ,europe1 and no power dared whisper a protest4 ,all the world saw whither she was drifting4 ,she was drifting to the sea1 stretching out her giant arms to clasp for ever those golden shores that she claimed as hers by destiny4 ,the hour of destiny struck at last4 ,the strifes of exhausted nations and the jealousies of others left her alone to deal with the power that held those shores and that to ,russia was an hereditary foe4 ,she proceeded cautiously to the last4 ,she did all things with becoming decorum4 ,she invited the nations to a conference1 held in the ,turkish capital1 to determine once for all what was to be done with the ,turk1 while she mobilized her armies in order to give effect to her peaceful protest4 ,what the conference of ,european diplomatists did1 or rather did not do1 is now matter of picturesque history4 8,death before dishonor60 was the ultimatum of the ,turk4 8,death1 then1 be it10 said ,russia1 and the new 8crusade0 began4 ,it has been a sad 8crusade0 for both parties1 a disastrous one for ,russia and the ,romanoffs1 even though there can be little doubt as to the final victory of ,russia4 ,what we may call the great ,russian illusion has been dispelled by this war4 ,it was speedily discovered that the feet of the giant who was running so swiftly and surely to the goal of his ambition were of clay4 ,why1 victory invited him1 danced before him1 strewed flowers in his path4 ,it was a very race with fortune4 ,to a great military power half the battle was won before a single engagement worthy of the name had been fought4 ,but it has stopped at that half4 ,russia is still knocking at the gates of ,plevna1 and even when ,plevna is opened1 as it will be probably soon1 the inglorious victory will have been so dearly won that ,russia herself may1 with too much reason1 be anxious for the peace which she wantonly broke4 ,fortune was too good to ,russia at the opening of the war4 ,her smiles begat an overweening confidence4 ,the destruction of a stubborn and warlike race was looked upon as a thing of a few months1 as a game of war4 ,reverses came fast and thick--reverses that were invited4 ,comparative handfuls of splendid soldiers were sent to destroy armies entrenched in natural fortresses4 ,then leaked out a fatal secret4 ,russia had everything but generals and competent military officers1 or1 if she had them1 they were not with her armies1 or were not allowed to take the lead4 ,the dress parade to ,constantinople was speedily and effectually checked1 and ,russia is to all intents and purposes as far from that city to-day as she was in the summer4 ,the details of the campaigns must be looked for elsewhere4 ,we can here only look at results4 ,there are two or three reflections regarding the war itself which seem to us worthy of attention as affecting other interests than those immediately engaged in the contest4 ,in the first place1 the fact of the war having been declared at all showed the powerlessness of ,europe to shape or deal with grave questions of international interest when any one strong power chooses not to be advised1 coerced1 or led4 ,this practically places the peace of ,europe in the hands of any power4 ,for instance1 there is no means of preventing ,germany from declaring war against ,france to-morrow1 should the ,german government so will4 ,early in the year1 and at the invitation of ,russia1 the leading ,european powers sent their representatives to ,constantinople to prevent1 if possible1 the outbreak of this war4 ,these were doubtless experienced diplomatists4 ,there is no reason to doubt that all of them--save1 perhaps1 the ,russian representative1 ,general ,ignatieff--wished honestly and strove by every means in their power to prevent1 or at least stave off1 the war4 ,they failed1 because it was meant by the strongest there that they should fail4 ,the only argument to sway ,europe to-day is the sword4 ,thus the representatives of united ,europe1 backed by all the vast resources of their empires1 could do nothing to prevent a war which at the outset looked as though it incurred the gravest consequences to ,europe2 and it may incur them still4 ,why was this8 ,simply because there is no such thing as a united ,europe4 ,the family and comity of ,european nations was1 as we pointed out last year in dealing with this very subject1 broken up by the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,the catholicity of nations1 which in the order of events would have become an accomplished and saving fact1 from that date yielded to selfish and narrow nationalities which made a separate world of each people1 bounded by their own domain4 ,but humanity is greater than nationality1 and the world wider than a kingdom--a truth that will never be felt until one religion plants again in the leading nations of the world the great unity of heart and soul that ,god alone can give4 ,as for ,russia1 however1 the tide of events may turn2 she has lost more than she will probably gain even by victory4 ,not in men and money and material alone has she lost1 but in morale and prestige4 ,the czar may return in triumph to ,st4 ,petersburg1 but his victorious ranks will show a grim and ominous gap of something like a hundred thousand of his bravest men1 lost in less than a year against a foe whom ,russia despised1 and thousands of whom were sacrificed to incapacity4 ,a careful estimate made in ,september last set the daily cost of the ,russian army at about #gej1jjj4 ,that figure must have since increased2 but take it as an average1 and spread it over eight months1 and we have the enormous sum of #ahd1ejj1jjj as the cost of the campaign from ,may to ,december4 ,loans must be raised to meet such expenditure1 and loans are only obtained at high interest4 ,victories bought at such prices are dear indeed4 ,taking the ,russian victory for granted1 it is likely after all to prove a barren one4 ,the ,turk is an impracticable foe1 and1 though the signs of his exhaustion are multiplying1 he has made such a fight as1 by force of arms at least1 to vindicate his title to national existence4 ,indeed1 his terms are apt to go up instead of down4 ,loss of money is nothing to him1 for he has none to lose4 ,his empire was bankrupt before the war4 ,for trade or commerce he cares little4 ,his life is easy and simple4 ,he cares for little more than enough to eat1 and a little of that seems to satisfy him4 ,his fatalism robs life of the charm it has for other men4 ,he would as lief die fighting as not1 and he would sooner fight the ,russian than any other foe4 ,you cannot reason with men of this kind4 ,they see one thing3 that single-handed they made a very good fight against a most powerful antagonist2 that they have hurt him badly1 even if they have been worsted4 ,the whole struggle can only be likened to an attack by a giant on a poor little wretch who was thought to be half-dead4 ,if it takes the giant six months to thrash such an antagonist2 and if during the fight the giant gets something very like a sound thrashing himself from his puny foe2 and if1 when both are pretty well exhausted1 he succeeds in throttling the pugnacious little chap at last1 the verdict of the world will be that there is something the matter with the giant1 and the self esteem of the little fellow will rise proportionately4 ,of course it is idle to speculate on the end4 ,russia has lost so heavily that she may insist upon very tangible fruits of victory4 ,on the other hand1 the war has been such a butchery that humanity cries out against it1 and the ,european powers will undoubtedly strive at the first opportunity to make a more effectual appeal than before to both the combatants4 ,peace rests on this3 ,how much will ,russia ask8 ,how much will ,turkey concede8 ,how much will the jealousies of other powers allow ,russia to take8--questions all of them that are sure to be asked1 but which we confess our inability to answer4 ,,france4 ,the armed struggle in the ,east has scarcely attracted more universal attention than the civil struggle in ,france4 ,france is trying to solve problems that touch her very life1 and they are problems in which all men have a personal interest4 ,the ,french questions are eminently questions of the day and of the age4 ,the struggle going on there is one between the elements of society4 ,mac,mahon1 ,gambetta1 8,henri ,cinq10 8,napolon ,quatre0--these are but names4 ,the fight is not on them and their personal merits or demerits4 ,it is at bottom between the men who find the 8be-all and the end-all here0 in this world1 and the men who believe that there is a ,god who made this world for his own purposes1 who is to be obeyed1 loved1 and served1 and according to whose law human society must conform itself1 if it would fulfil the end for which it was created1 have happiness in this world1 and eternal happiness in the next4 ,the first class is not restricted to the men and women who figured in the ,commune4 ,these only compose its rank and file1 and their sin is less1 for multitudes of them sin through ignorance4 ,it embraces also the men of the new science1 the professors in the atheistic universities2 statesmen of the ,falk and ,lasker type2 preachers of the ,gospel as expounded by ,dean ,stanley2 philosophers and scientists1 like ,darwin or ,herbert ,spencer1 like ,huxley and ,tyndall1 like1 descending a grade1 ,professor ,fisk or ,youmans2 women like some we know here at home1 who tread the platform with so masculine a stride2 the men of 8progress0 such as ,brigham ,young was1 such as1 in a more intellectual sense1 ,john ,stuart ,mill was1 such as 8tribunes of the people0 like ,charles ,bradlaugh1 or his friend ,m4 ,gambetta1 or ,garibaldi1 are2 poets like ,victor ,hugo or ,algernon ,swinburne4 ,the men who have the teaching power in the secularized and secular universities of the day1 who shape a purely secular education1 who edit too many of our leading newspapers1 who preach atheism or blasphemy from pulpits supposed to be consecrated to the service of ,christ1 are equally members of this party with the outcasts of society and the avowed conspirators against order4 ,this it was that gave its significance to the late ,french elections2 that induced men to study so carefully the name1 character1 antecedents1 and political color of each man elected2 that caused to be telegraphed on the very day of the elections the long files of the deputies to ,england1 to ,germany1 to ,austria1 to ,italy1 even to these distant shores4 ,why1 such a fact as that last mentioned is unexampled4 ,for the time being the world centred in ,france4 ,this is a dangerous pre-eminence for ,france4 ,the country is for ever in a fever4 ,it is in a constant state of crisis4 ,ministry after ministry is tried1 found wanting1 and thrown aside4 ,the truth is the parties cannot coalesce4 ,there is a barrier between them that it seems cannot be overthrown4 ,the elections decided nothing4 ,they left the country and parties in much the same condition as before4 ,as a matter of fact the conservatives1 if any1 gained1 but the gain was too small to indicate the will of the country4 ,we doubt if the country has a will beyond the desire to be at peace1 which the contentions of its own parties alone threaten4 ,m4 ,gambetta1 the leader of the radicals1 is for ever clamoring for a republic4 ,well1 he has a republic2 why not make the most of it8 ,he has certainly as good a republic as he could make4 ,the difficulty with him is that the republic which he wishes to lead must be founded on the negation of ,christianity4 ,in ,france the dividing lines between creeds are very clearly drawn4 ,protestantism counts for nothing there1 and the little that there was of it has gone to pieces4 ,gambetta's bte-noir is 8clericalism0--i4e41 ,catholicity4 ,he would abolish the ,catholic ,church1 not merely as an adjunct of the state but altogether4 ,no ,catholicity must be taught in the schools2 that is a vital principle with him4 ,the pope must have nothing to say to ,catholics in ,france4 ,the clergy must receive no pay1 scanty as it is1 from the state4 ,no such thing as a free ,catholic university is to be tolerated4 ,the children of ,france are to be brought up and educated free-thinkers1 and be made to turn out true ,gambettists4 ,in a word1 the foundation of ,m4 ,gambetta's scheme for the regeneration of ,france is to abolish the ,christian religion there4 ,irreligion is to be the corner-stone of his republic4 ,this is a pleasing prospect for ,french ,catholics1 and it may be necessary to remind our able editors who denounce 8clericalism0 so lustily1 and see no hope for ,france but in the republic of ,m4 ,gambetta1 that there are still ,catholics in ,france2 that the bulk of the nation is ,catholic4 ,it is a pleasing prospect1 we say1 for them to contemplate the suppression of their religion at the word of ,m4 ,gambetta4 ,is it very surprising that the oracle of the new republic should only bring hatred on the very name of republic to men who can see in it1 as expounded by its oracle1 nothing but the most odious tyranny8 ,it was ,john ,lemoinne1 if we remember rightly1 who in the anti-,christian ,journal des ,debats said1 on the retirement of ,mr4 ,gladstone from office1 that religion lay at the bottom of all the great questions that move the world4 ,if that be so1 and it is so1 why not recognize the fact8 ,must the ,french republic which ,m4 ,gambetta advocates and our republican editors on this side advocate be first and above all an irreligious despotism8 ,must it begin with religious persecution8 ,m4 ,gambetta says that it must4 ,we are not accusing him wrongfully4 ,his own words express his meaning plainly enough4 ,it must be borne in mind that the epithet 8clericalism10 in the mouths of ,french radicals1 means ,catholicity4 ,every ,french ,catholic who believes in and practises his religion is a 8clerical02 so every ,catholic who believes and does the same all the world over is1 in the mouths of anti-,catholics1 an 8ultramontane40 ,if there is one lurid page in all history that sears the eyes of humane and sensible men1 it is that of the ,french ,revolution--the most awful revolt1 save its offspring1 the ,commune1 against all order1 human and divine1 that the world has witnessed4 ,yet 8the ,french ,revolution10 and none other1 is ,m4 ,gambetta's oriflamme4 ,just on the eve of the elections he addressed an immense meeting at the ,cirque ,amricain in ,paris4 8,amongst those present10 says the correspondent of the ,london ,daily ,telegraph1 8,i observed the most prominent members of the various groups of the ,left4 ,when the great orator of the evening 7,m4 ,gambetta7 appeared1 he was received with a shout of welcome1 renewed and continued for several minutes4 ,there were only two cries issued from every lip3 #8,vive la ,rpublique6' and #8,vive ,gambetta6' 444 ,on the latter rising to speak he was received with another storm of cheers40 ,well1 and what had he to say to this enthusiastic assembly and to the leading deputies of the ,left8 ,we can only find space for a few sentences1 though the whole speech is instructive1 as giving the character and aims of the man3 8,what is at stake80 he asked4 8,the question is the existence of universal suffrage and of the ,french ,revolution 7,loud cheers74 ,that is the question40 ,this declaration1 which was so uproariously cheered1 needs no comment4 ,he made a little prophecy1 that was unfortunate for him1 regarding the returns of the elections4 ,the prophecy turned out to be false1 even though ,m4 ,gambetta assured his friends by saying3 8,i should not risk my credit with you five days before the event on a rash statement40 8,the country will say10 he thundered on1 8at the forthcoming elections that she wants the republic administered by republicans1 and not by those who obey the voice of the ,vatican40 ,he appealed to the example of this country1 where he said1 with brilliant vagueness1 8law has taken the place of personal vanity1 and conscience that of intrigue40 ,we accept the example4 ,there are millions of good enough republicans in this country who certainly 8obey the voice of the ,vatican0 as faithfully as any 8clerical0 in all ,france1 and who find that voice agreeing admirably with their republicanism4 ,indeed1 that same voice has recently1 with justice and openly1 proclaimed that in the republic the ,pope is more ,pope than in any other country2 and we have yet to learn that the republic has suffered any hurt from that declaration4 8,there is no principle10 said ,m4 ,gambetta1 8that binds together the three parties which are now opposed to us1 and the nation will do justice to their monstrous alliance4 ,there is but one binding force1 and that is called clericalism4 ,those parties wanted a word of order to rally a formidable army against us2 they found it in ,jesuitism40 ,and he closed his speech by saying3 8,i feel that what ,europe fears most is that ,france should again fall into the hands of the ,ultramontane agents4 ,i fear that the universal suffrage may not take sufficient account of surprise and intimidation4 ,we must look this question in the face1 and be able to say to ,europe1 pointing to clericalism1 ,behold the vanquished60 ,as we said1 ,m4 ,gambetta made a little mistake in his prophecy4 ,catholicity is not dead in ,france2 ,catholics are not a small fraction of the people1 and in the government of the country of which they form so important a part they must be taken into account4 ,they will not and cannot submit to have convictions which are sacred to them disregarded1 to have necessary and national rights trampled under foot at the will either of ,m4 ,gambetta or of anybody else4 ,he assumes altogether too much4 ,what did the figures of the election show8 ,as ,m4 de ,fourtou pointed out in his speech in the ,chamber of ,deputies1 ,november #ad1 #ahgg3 ,the ,opposition had flattered itself that it would return with four hundred1 and yet it lost fifty votes4 8,it required an astonishing amount of assurance for the ,opposition1 after such a check1 to pretend to claim power in defiance of the rights of the ,senate40 8,the ,opposition10 he continued1 8had obtained #d1cjj1jjj and the ,government #c1fjj1jjj votes1 ,france thus dividing herself into two almost equal parties4 ,instead of striving to oppress the one by the other1 it would be better to seek a common link to bind themselves together4 ,candidates presented themselves to be elected in the name of a menaced ,constitution1 the public peace in jeopardy1 and in the name of modern liberties and civil societies4 ,but if the ,opposition only asked for that1 it had no adversaries2 if it asked for something else it had no mandate4 7,applause from the ,right470 ,there is no denying the force of this reasoning4 ,the parties in ,france show themselves almost equal1 and the only hope of governing the country is by mutual concession and good-will4 ,m4 ,gambetta must let the church alone1 if he is so very anxious for peace4 ,frenchmen not blinded by passion might have taken warning from the attitude of ,germany and ,italy previous to and during the elections4 ,these two powers--for ,italy has now become a sort of tender to ,germany--were earnest for the success of the party led by ,gambetta4 ,why so8 ,what sympathy can ,prince ,bismarck possibly have with ,gambetta8 ,what sympathy could he be supposed to have with a republic of the ,gambetta stripe1 of the red revolutionary stripe1 as his next-door neighbor1 while he so dreads his own socialists8 ,the cause of his new-born sympathy for a red republic1 or a republic of any color1 is not far to find4 ,it was the same sympathy that he had with the ,commune during the siege of ,paris4 ,he knows ,gambetta1 and has had a taste of 8the tribune's0 effective generalship and governing qualities4 ,he was in ,france when ,m4 ,gambetta made that famous 8pact with death0 of which we heard so much and so little came4 ,he knows thoroughly the elements that make up the strength1 the very explosive strength1 of ,m4 ,gambetta's party1 and there is probably nothing he would better enjoy than to see the fou furieux at the helm of state once more4 ,a few months of the ,gambetta rgime1 and ,prince ,bismarck might say of ,france1 as he said of ,paris1 8,let it fry in its own fat40 ,france is now a most dangerous foe to ,germany--negatively so1 at least4 ,she is growing more dangerous every year4 ,every year of quiet is an enormous gain to her4 ,she is vastly richer than ,germany4 ,she can stand the strain of her immense army far more easily than ,germany4 ,she is winning back something of the old love and admiration of the outer world1 which she had lost on entering into the war with ,germany4 ,she is patient1 laborious1 industrious1 desirous of peace with all the world1 and day by day becoming more able to maintain that peace even against ,germany4 ,but a revolution in ,france would destroy all this and throw the nation years behind4 ,and so sure as ,gambetta attained to power a revolution would follow2 i4e41 if he adhered--and there is no doubt that he would--to the programme of a republic which he has sketched in such bold colors4 ,once in power1 once the strong but quiet hand of ,marshal ,mac,mahon was removed from the helm1 the ship of the ,french state1 with or without ,gambetta's will1 would go to speedy wreck4 ,that is why ,prince ,bismarck so carefully encouraged the ,gambetta faction4 ,that is why his press thundered against a 8clerical0 government in ,france4 ,that is why the ,italian press took up the cry1 as it explains in great measure the mysterious comings and goings between the courts of ,berlin and the ,quirinal4 ,that is why1 if ,france would abide in safety1 she must retain her soldier at the head of affairs1 and hasten during the next few years of his term to heal her internal discords and become one heart and one soul4 ,marshal ,mac,mahon has attempted nothing against the republic that was confided to his safe-keeping4 ,there is yet time1 before his term of office expires1 for all ,frenchmen to come together and shape their government so as to ensure peace1 freedom1 and order in the future4 ,if they cannot do this1 the republic is hopeless in ,france4 ,it will go out as its predecessors have gone out within a century1 only to make room for a new usurper4 ,,germany4 ,there is every year less likelihood of a renewal of the dreaded war between ,germany and ,france4 ,france does not want to fight4 ,even if ,germany did want to fight she must reckon on a far stronger and more dangerous foe than she encountered in #ahgj4 ,competent military critics1 like the writer in ,blackwood's ,magazine1 whose articles on the ,french army attracted such wide and deserved attention1 assert that ,france1 though probably unequal to an attack on ,germany1 is rather more than able to hold her own against attack4 ,a stronger critic yet establishes this fact4 ,in his famous speech in the ,german ,parliament last ,april1 in favor of the increase of one hundred and five captaincies in the army--an increase that was bitterly opposed--,count ,von ,moltke said3 8,what the ,french press does not speak out1 but what really exists1 is the fear lest1 since ,france has so often attacked weaker ,germany1 strong ,germany should now for once fall upon ,france without provocation4 ,this accounts for the gigantic efforts ,france has made in carrying through within a few years the reorganization of her army with so much practical intelligence and energy4 ,this explains why1 from the recent conclusion of peace till to-day1 an unproportionately large part of the ,french army1 chiefly artillery and cavalry1 is posted1 in excellent condition1 between ,paris and the ,german frontier--a circumstance which must sooner or later lead to an equalizing measure on our part4 ,it must also be taken into consideration that in ,france1 where the contrast of political parties is even stronger than with us1 all parties are agreed on one point--viz41 in voting all that is asked for the army4 ,in ,france the army is the favorite of the nation1 its pride1 its hope2 the recent defeats of the army have been condoned long since40 8,the total strength of all these the ,french battalions10 he said in the same speech1 8in times of peace amounts to #dhg1jjj men2 whilst ,germany1 with a much larger population1 has but little over #djj1jjj under arms4 ,the ,french budget exceeds the ,german by more than #aej1jjj1jjj marks 7shillings71 not including considerable supplementary sums that are there required4 ,even so wealthy a nation as the ,french are will not be able to bear such a burden permanently4 ,whether this is done at present for a distinct purpose1 in order to reach a certain goal placed at not too great a distance1 ,i must leave undecided40 ,that speech alarmed ,europe at the time4 ,yet it was only a plain statement of facts which it is as well for ,europe to look in the face4 ,it may seem strange that under the circumstances we should feel so sanguine about the preservation of peace between these two armed and hostile nations4 ,but both want peace1 and both are too strong to fight4 ,of course the unexpected may always occur4 ,france does not disguise her purpose of revenge1 and she means to 8mak siccer0 next time4 ,but the gentle hand of ,time softens the deepest hatreds2 and if even this enforced peace can only be prolonged the war-fever may die away4 ,politics and administrations will change in both countries4 ,prince ,bismarck will not live for ever4 ,the ,french had just as bitter a resentment against ,england after ,waterloo4 ,the resentment died with the generation that bore it2 and only for the evil legacy left by ,prince ,bismarck to the empire--the provinces of ,alsace and ,lorraine--we could fairly hope for better feeling between the two peoples at least within a generation4 ,the smoke of battle cleared away1 ,germans are beginning to look around them and investigate civil affairs in a spirit not at all pleasing to a military administration4 ,the word of command is no longer obeyed so blindly as before4 ,even the cabinet does not move to the tap of ,prince ,bismarck's drum as promptly as it was wont4 ,perhaps1 after all1 the chancellor did not gain so very much by his bitter prosecution of ,count ,arnim4 ,there have been some notable resignations within the year1 and rumors even1 partially confirmed1 and again renewed1 of the chancellor's own resignation4 ,the opposition increases at every election2 and the response of ,catholics to the men who make vacant the sees of their bishops is to return a stronger number of representatives to the ,parliament at each new election4 ,the social democrats do the same1 and altogether the policy of blood and iron appears to be in strong disfavor4 ,even the 8orthodox ,protestants0 have at last openly revolted against the ,falk laws1 which were good enough for ,catholics1 and right in themselves so long as the orthodox ,protestants did not feel them pinch4 ,they see at last that such laws strike at all religion2 that a generation brought up under them would have no religion at all2 and that if they would retain the congregations who are so rapidly slipping from their grasp and melting away1 they must strike out those laws from the calendar4 ,the persecution of the ,catholics goes on unrelentingly1 but we have no doubt that better times are in store4 ,the ,catholics1 as we pointed out1 are gaining in the ,parliament4 ,the administration is weakening in unity and in the confidence of the country4 ,poverty is pressing upon the people4 ,the emperor1 in his speech from the throne early in the year1 was compelled to allude to the continued depression of trade and industry4 ,he might very easily have given one great reason for a large share of that depression in the vast armaments which he finds it necessary to maintain at a ruinous cost of men1 money1 and labor to the country4 ,as recently as last ,november the ,london ,times1 which is certainly a friendly critic1 in treating of 8,prussian ,finance10 took occasion to say3 8,the exaction of the five milliards was thought to crush for ever the growing wealth of ,france1 and to be almost a superfluous addition to the abundant exchequer of ,germany4444 ,at least the state was rich for a generation to come4 ,five years have not yet passed since this huge mass of wealth was transferred1 and already we find bankruptcy almost the rule among ,german traders1 and hear cries rising on all sides of the hardness of the times and the impossibility of bearing much longer the crushing weight of taxation4 ,in the hands of the government the ,french milliards seem for the most part to have melted away and left budgets which vary only in the shifts by which expenses are coaxed into an equality with receipts40 ,the conclusion at which the writer arrives is a very suggestive one1 and one that it would be well for ,germany to take to heart3 8,it would be better that ,germany should be content to remain for a year or two not quite prepared to meet the world in arms rather than that her citizens should find that the country so impregnably fortified offers them no life worth living4 ,a man does not buy ,chubb's locks for his stable-door when his steed is starving40 ,granting that the general peace of ,europe is preserved during the next year1 it would not surprise us at all to see a complete change of administration in ,germany1 and a consequent relaxation in the laws against ,catholics4 ,we do hope for this4 ,even ,prince ,bismarck must now see that the persecution of the ,catholics was1 in its lowest aspect1 a political blunder4 ,he miscalculated the faith of these ,german ,catholics4 ,the beating of his iron hammer has only welded and proved and tempered that faith1 while the world resounded with his blows and all men saw that they were ineffectual4 ,thus has the very cradle of the ,protestant ,reformation borne noblest witness in our unbelieving age to the greatness1 the strength1 the invincibility of the faith and the church that ,luther dreamed he had destroyed1 out of ,germany at least4 ,here is the result1 as pictured by an adversary of the ,catholic faith1 within the past year3 8,it pleased ,prince ,bismarck--whether1 as he himself alleged1 in consequence of the council or not--to undertake a crusade against the ,roman ,catholic bishops and clergy which1 to the vast body of their co-religionists all the world over1 and to many others also1 had all the look of downright persecution4 ,they were challenged1 not for submitting to the ,vatican dogma1 but for maintaining what they had always been accustomed to regard1 before just as well as after the council1 as the inalienable rights and liberties of their church4 ,only one course was open to them as ecclesiastics or as men of honor--to resist and take the consequences4 ,some half-dozen bishops have accordingly been fined1 imprisoned1 or deprived2 and several hundred--we believe over a thousand--priests have incurred similar penalties4 ,whether the policy embodied in the ,falk laws was or was not a wise and a just policy in itself is not the point4 ,if we assume for argument's sake that it has all the justification which its promoters claim for it1 the fact remains equally certain that no greater service could well have been rendered to the cause of ,vaticanism than this opportune rehabilitation of the ,german bishops4 ,the bitterness of the antagonism provoked by the ,falk legislation may be measured by the startling news recently given in the ,german papers1 that an alliance1 offensive and defensive1 is being formed between the ,catholics and democratic socialists1 who can have hardly a single idea in common beyond hostility to the existing state40--,saturday ,review1 ,february #bd1 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,outlook4 ,of other states there is little that calls for special attention here4 ,italy is linked with ,germany1 but ,italy can scarcely be regarded as a very strong ally4 ,its alliance1 however1 is useful and necessary to the leader of the conspiracy against the ,catholic ,church--the conspiracy of the kings1 into which some have entered in a half-hearted way like the ,emperor of ,austria1 others with the most determined resolve like ,prince ,bismarck and the ,german emperor4 ,these powerful men are doing all they can to destroy the ,catholic ,church2 and undoubtedly they impede her growth1 and harry and harass her in a thousand ways4 ,it is easy to say that this is the best thing that could possibly happen to the church2 that persecution is her very soul2 that suffering begets repentance1 and chastisement purity of life4 ,that is all very well and true1 but there is another aspect to the matter4 ,catholics have worldly rights as well as heavenly4 ,they are here to live in this world1 and to live happily and freely1 and to do their work in it4 ,no prince or government introduced them into life2 no prince or government escorts them out of life4 ,no prince1 or government1 or state can absolutely claim human life as theirs4 ,life is a free gift of ,god1 to be used freely4 ,government is not divine1 save in so far as it conforms to the divinity4 ,men are not chattels and tools to be used as things of no volition4 ,the government of a people is only a human institution erected for the people1 by the people1 and of the people4 ,it cannot lay claim to superhuman power1 and where it does it is an infamous assumption4 ,the numen imperatorum is more than a myth2 it is a devil4 ,the 8divine ,csar0 is but a man1 and generally a very disreputable man4 ,the assumptions of many modern states to absolute rule over man--states that for the wickedness of those ruling them have been turned topsy-turvy time and again by the subjects whom they absolutely ruled--is a return to paganism1 and a very artful return4 ,obey us1 it says1 and we will set you free--free from the ,christian ,god and the laws that go against your nature4 ,obey us1 and you need bow the knee to no ,god2 you need have no religious belief or practice2 we will abolish sin for you2 you shall marry and unmarry as you please1 and as often as you please2 you shall do what you like and have no one to gainsay you4 ,fall down and worship us1 and all the kingdoms of the world are yours4 ,this is only a true reading of the pet measures of modern governments3 of the divorce court1 of civil marriage1 of civil baptism1 of schools into which everything but ,god may enter4 ,and this is the drifting of the age3 the ,gambetta party in ,france1 the revolutionary party in ,italy1 of which ,victor ,emanuel is the regal tool and ornament2 the ,bismarckian and ,falk party in ,germany2 the ,josephism of ,austria2 the 8free0 thought of all lands4 ,it is this that is in conflict1 eternal conflict1 with the ,catholic ,church4 ,it calls itself liberalism2 it is the tyranny of paganism4 ,it does not threaten the ,catholic ,church alone4 ,it only threatens that openly1 because it feels it its necessary foe2 it threatens the world and carries in its right hand the social and moral ruin of nations4 ,there is no possible modus vivendi between it and men who believe in ,christ2 and men who believe in ,christ form the bulk of all civilized peoples4 ,there will be no peace in the world1 no peace among nations1 until religion is free to assert itself4 ,while the creeds of ,christendom are still divided there must be freedom for all--freedom to adjust their differences and come back once again to the lost unity for which all honest men sigh4 ,politics are the affairs of a day2 religion an affair of ,eternity to be settled in ,time4 ,it must have freedom to work2 and the attempt to restrict and restrain that freedom is the secret of more than half the troubles that afflict mankind4 ,this freedom is all that the head of the ,catholic ,church demands4 ,he has no other quarrels with princes than this4 ,he blesses and loves ,protestant ,england1 for it recognizes this freedom2 he blesses and loves this country1 for it also recognizes this freedom4 ,the wonderful reign of ,pius ,,ix4 will1 in after-time1 be most memorable for this3 that in a deafening and confused time1 in a time when all things were called in question and all rights invaded1 his voice and vision were for ever clear in upholding the most sacred rights of man1 in detecting and exposing what threatened them1 and in maintaining the truth by which the world lives1 at all hazard and in the face of all sacrifice4 ,the truth of which he is the oracle is the faith in ,god that makes men free--faith in the undying church founded by the ,son of ,god1 in its work and its mission among men1 in the present and the future of a human society spreading over the world and built upon that faith4 ,and the world has recognized this4 ,it recognizes in the ,pope1 not because he is ,pius the ,ninth1 but because he is ,pope and head of the ,church ,catholic1 the centre of this society1 the head of ,christendom2 for ,christendom is wider than nations2 it embraces them in its arms2 they are children of it1 and the ,pope is their spiritual father4 ,is not this truth plain8 ,whither have the eyes of the world been turned during the year8 ,less to the bloody battle-fields of the ,east1 less to the hearts of ,european nations and the courts and cabinets of kings1 than to the sick bed in the ,vatican4 ,the gaze of many has been that of brutal intensity2 the gaze of many more1 and those not all ,catholics1 has been one of affectionate and tender regard4 ,speculations as to the future are not in place here4 ,the ,pope1 of course1 will die some day4 ,he has stood the brunt of the battle4 ,he has lived a great life1 given a great example1 and done great things for the church of ,god4 ,not a stain1 not a breath or whisper of reproach1 mars that long career of mingled triumph and suffering4 ,he has witnessed strange events4 ,he has seen the church discarded by all the powers that were once her faithful children4 ,he has seen the sacred territory of the church invaded and torn from his grasp4 ,he sees himself in his old age and at the close of a stormy life imprisoned in his own palace4 ,he has seen the world and the princes of the world do their worst against the church of which he is the earthly guardian4 ,and yet he sees the church spreading abroad1 growing in numbers and in virtue1 borne on the wings of commerce and carrying its message of peace and good-will to all lands4 ,there is no faltering in the faith4 ,his eyes have been gladdened1 even if saddened1 by as noble confessors1 of all grades1 rising up to testify to it as the church in her history of nineteen centuries has ever known4 ,when he obeys the last call of the ,master he has served so well1 there will pass from this world the greatest figure of the age1 and as holy a man as the ages ever knew4 ,but his work will not pass with him4 ,that will remain1 and the lesson of his life will remain to the successor1 on whom we believe that brighter times will dawn--a brightness won out of the darkness1 and the sacrifice1 and the storm braved by the good and gentle man who so resolutely bore ,christ's cross to the very hill of ,calvary and lay down on it and died there4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,monotheism4 ,the ,primitive ,religion of ,rome4 ,by ,rev4 ,henry ,formby4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,london3 ,williams ,norgate2 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,welford ,co4 #ahgg4 ,this is a very interesting and1 in some respects1 a learned work2 but we are fain to confess that we have been disappointed in it4 ,if the author1 instead of attempting to show that the worship of the one true ,god was the early religion of ,rome1 had contented himself with proving it to have been professed by the primitive ,gentile nations in general1 we should agree with him1 and thank him for unfolding in our ,english language the incontrovertible truth that polytheism and idolatry are but corruptions of great primeval traditions collected1 preserved1 and handed down by ,noe1 and that heathen mythology can be made to bear witness to the original idea of the unity and spirituality of ,god4 ,this view of the religious errors of the ancients has been held up by several eminent writers1 and particularly by two who deserve to be rescued from an unjust oblivion--by ,monsignor ,bianchini 7#afig7 in ,la ,storia ,universale provata con ,monumenti e figurata con ,simboli ,antichi2 and by ,abb ,bergier 7#aggc7 in his ,origine des ,dieux du ,paganisme4 ,while we do not accuse our reverend author of a want of modesty precisely in stating his prime opinion about the monotheism of the second king of ,rome1 we do think that he writes a little too dogmatically and as though he had discovered some historical treasure-trove wherewith to enrich his arguments2 whereas no new documents or monuments whatever have been brought to light to throw a different or brighter ray upon the character of ,numa ,pompilius1 in connection with whom1 moreover1 he seems to us to confound idolatry and polytheism4 ,we confidently believe that the ,cleste ,numen of ,numa1 on which so great stress is laid1 like the ,deus ,optimus ,maximus of ,tully1 or the ,divm pater atque hominum rex of ,virgil1 was nothing more than another form of man's continual1 almost involuntary1 protest against the falling away of the human race from the worship of the ,creator1 but practically did not betoken more than a recognition of one among many greater than his fellow-gods4 ,while ,numa forbade the worship of idols in ,rome1 and consequently professed a less corrupt error than did many contemporary rulers1 he never asserted the unity or1 we prefer to say1 the oneness of ,god4 ,he was a prolific polytheist1 multiplying divinities and introducing new superstitions among his people4 ,father ,formby has brought up nothing in his favor unknown to ,arnobius1 ,orosius1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and ,tertullian4 ,this last writer1 although he absolves ,numa from the crime of idolatry1 distinctly charges upon him a many-parted god3 8,nam a ,numa concepta est curiositas superstitiosa0 7,apol4 xxv47 ,our author's present work is an amplification of a smaller one published in pamphlet form two years ago1 in which he shows the 8city of ancient ,rome0 to have been 8the divinely-sent pioneer of the way for the ,catholic ,church40 ,on this subject we cannot too closely agree with him1 or sufficiently thank him for turning towards our students and illustrating for them a side of ,roman history which is so important4 ,our own studies have always pointed in the same direction1 and we cannot better conclude this notice of ,father ,formby's work and show our sympathy with him than by a brief extract from our commonplace book1 made up many years ago in ,rome itself3 8,the celebrated ,gallo-,roman poet and statesman1 ,rutilius ,numatianus1 was much attached to the false ancient divinities of ,rome and no small help to the political party of ,symmachus1 which so stubbornly fought ,st4 ,ambrose and the ,christians4 ,the following lines from his ,itinerarium 7i4 #fb et seq47 are truly beautiful and express a grand idea1 but one that is still grander in another sense than his2 for if a heathen understood it to be a blessing in disguise upon the conquered peoples of the earth to be brought under the domination of ,rome on account of the prosperity and civilization that accompanied her rule1 how shall not a ,christian admire the action of divine ,providence1 preparing the world for the ,new ,law1 and applaud those triumphs that brought so many countries through the ,roman ,empire into the ,church of ,christ4 ,of ,christian less than of pagan ,rome we shall interpret the poet's sentiment3 8#8,fecisti patriam diversis gentibus unam2 ,profuit invitis1 te dominante1 capi2 ,dumque offers victis patrii consortia juris ,urbem fecisti quod prius orbis erat4'0 ,,the ,,illustrated ,,catholic ,,family ,,almanac for #ahgh4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 ,this annual1 neat1 compact1 and perfect in all its mechanical arrangements--the labor of many busy and well-stored minds condensed into a portable form--has just been issued4 ,to say that it equals its predecessors1 which have found so much favor with the public1 would be doing it great injustice4 ,in every respect it is far superior1 and shows palpable evidence that its conductors1 appreciating the growth in public taste as well as the increasing desire for reliable information on important ,catholic subjects1 have left no effort untried to satisfy the wishes of their readers4 ,this is particularly noticeable in the illustrations1 which we consider to be not only good pictures but genuine works of art4 ,the portraits of ,archbishop ,bayley1 ,bishops ,von ,ketteler and ,de ,st4 ,palais1 and the venerable ,jesuit ,father ,mc,elroy are not only excellent likenesses of those deceased prelates1 but the best specimens of wood-cut portraiture we have yet seen on this side of the ,atlantic4 ,the other engravings1 of which there are about a dozen1 are alike creditable to the artist and suitable for the pages of such a publication4 ,the reading matter1 however1 will probably most attract the attention of the majority of purchasers1 many of whom will doubtless wonder where a great portion of it could possibly have been discovered4 ,thus1 in addition to the lives of the ecclesiastics above mentioned1 and biographical sketches of the venerable ,sister ,mary ,margaret ,bourgeois1 ,frederic ,ozanam1 ,columbus1 and others1 we have an elaborate ,history of ,printing1 a description 7with fac-similes7 of 8,the ,earliest ,irish ,madonna10 accounts of the ,libraries of the ,bollandists and of the ,eremites of ,york2 an archological sketch of the oldest churches of the world1 an explanation of the antique ,cross of ,st4 ,zachary1 a rsum of the labors of the ,franciscans in ,california1 and a well-digested mass of astronomical1 chronological1 and statistical information which cannot help proving of incalculable value as matters of reference4 ,,evidences ,,of ,,religion4 ,by ,louis ,jouin1 ,s4,j4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahgg4 ,there is nothing more gratifying to ,catholics who watch the progress of their religion in this country than to find that the church in the ,united ,states is beginning to supply her own literature1 and more especially her polemical literature1 which she needs most of all4 ,within the last few years several controversial works and books of instruction have been written in this country which are far better adapted to our people than the standard works of foreign authors2 and the time1 we trust1 is not far distant when we shall be fully supplied with a well-adapted course of polemics of our own1 and be no longer dependent on the writings of men in lands which are often more or less out of harmony with the ,american mind4 ,the ,evidences of ,religion is one of the books of which we stood most in need1 and the wonder is that it was not written long before4 ,perhaps1 however1 it is as well that no one attempted it before ,father ,jouin2 for we doubt if any other attempt could have been so entirely successful4 ,the book is a marvel of condensed matter and thought and argument4 ,in its #chj octavo pages are summed up the philosophical treatise ,de ,certitudine and theological tract ,de ,locis ,theologicis2 and it contains in addition a refutation1 short1 sharp1 and decisive1 of the latest errors in philosophy1 politics1 and religion4 ,christianity rests on facts1 not on mere theories4 ,the science of the day pretends to deal with facts1 and in every case to accept them1 so that in our controversies with the pseudo-science of the times there is nothing more important than to bring out clearly and strongly the facts on which the certainty of the ,christian faith rests4 ,this ,father ,jouin has done1 and in his book we have the whole groundwork on which ,christianity is based spread out before us in perspective2 the outline is complete1 though of course1 in the limited space which he allowed himself1 he has not been able to bring out each detail in full4 ,yet he assures us in his preface that nothing essential has been left out1 and we have verified his assertion4 ,altogether this is just the sort of book1 in our opinion1 that is needed to combat the errors of the age1 and to serve as an antidote to the poison of rank infidelity and materialism with which the very atmosphere around us is charged4 ,the author tells us that he designs the work more especially as a text-book for students in the higher classes of our ,catholic colleges1 and we sincerely hope that it may be adopted in every ,catholic college throughout the country4 ,our ,catholic instructors fully realize the importance of giving their students a thorough grounding in the evidences of their religion1 and ,father ,jouin's book in the hands of a good professor can be made the basis of a thorough course of such instruction4 ,not alone to students in colleges do we recommend the study of this work1 but to every intelligent educated ,catholic1 who should investigate the reasons on which his religion is founded1 and be able to answer for the faith that is in him4 ,let our ,catholic lawyers and doctors and business men take it up1 and they will find in it sufficient to convince them of the reasonableness of their creed4 ,it will furnish them1 moreover1 with conclusive arguments against the absurd theories and false views of religion which are being advanced every day in their hearing4 ,the greatest enemy that the ,catholic ,church has to contend with1 both without and within1 at the present day1 is ignorance of her true position and teaching1 and we eagerly invite and encourage every study and investigation that may in any way help to dispel it4 ,it is to be regretted that so valuable a work has not been brought out in a worthy manner4 ,it is neither well printed nor well put together4 ,,the ,,new ,,vesper ,,hymn-,,book3 ,a companion to ,the ,new ,vesper ,psalter2 containing a collection of all the hymns sung at ,vespers throughout the year 7classified according to metre71 set to music1 either for unison or four voices1 with accompaniment1 and including the best of the plain chant melodies1 together with the words in full1 and the versicles and responses proper to each hymn4 ,the whole compiled and edited by ,charles ,lewis1 ,director of the ,cathedral ,choir1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,boston3 ,thos4 ,b4 ,noonan ,co4 ,at the present stage of the revival of ,gregorian ,chant1 the true song of the church1 we can commend this little work as one which will doubtless be found useful in many churches whose organists are unable to harmonize the chant or the singers to read its proper notation4 ,we wish1 however1 that the editor had given all the hymns as found in the ,vesperale1 as the musical airs which are substituted are not worthy to supplant the original melodies4 ,the style of notation is that usually adopted in translations from the old form of four lines and square notes4 ,could not the editor have done better1 so as to give to those unaccustomed to plain chant some idea of its movement and expression8 ,there is no mark given to designate accented from unaccented notes1 and1 lacking this1 we defy any one who is not familiar with the traditional movement of a phrase to give its true expression4 ,we think the spacing of notes and phrases as given in the old style should be preserved--that is1 the notes upon each syllable should be printed close together1 and a wider and distinct space left between syllables and words4 ,an intelligent system of writing plain chant upon the modern musical staff is yet to be invented4 ,we have been told that in some places the ,tonic ,sol-,fa system is being attempted1 with what success we have not learned4 ,,lotos ,,flowers1 ,,gathered ,,in ,,sun ,,and ,,shadow4 ,by ,mrs4 ,chambers-,ketchum4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgg4 ,mrs4 ,chambers-,ketchum is already known to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world through her poems1 8,advent0 and 8,a ,birthday ,wish0 7appearing under the name of 8,twenty-one0 in the present collection71 published in its pages during the present year4 ,her verse is pure in thought and written out of a woman's heart full of love and enthusiasm4 ,with true ,southern fervor she revels in the luxuriant flora of her home1 and in the landscape of all her pictures she takes a dear delight4 ,even so unsightly an object as a ,mississippi steamboat-landing grows picturesque under her hand1 and do we not feel soft ,italian air as we read8-- 8,peaceful stand ,the sentinel poplars in their gold-green plumes ,beside the ,enzo bridge4 ,where late the hoofs ,of flying squadrons scared th'affrighted land ,the soft cloud-shadows chase each other now ,o'er violet gardens40 ,as with many another poet1 the ease with which ,mrs4 ,chambers-,ketchum writes is at times a snare1 leading her to accept too readily a hackneyed term or word1 surrendering after too slight a struggle to the tyranny of rhyme4 ,in her verse1 also1 there is sometimes a lack of smoothness that would set despair in the heart of the faithful scanner4 ,was it because our ears were sick with a certain slang of 8culture0 that1 when we stumbled over ,krishna in the 8,christian ,legend10 we felt a strong desire to banish these ,indian immortals to that ,hades where languished the gods of ,greece until ,schiller called them forth to run riot in the field of religion as well as of art8 ,and is not the term 8legend0 a strange misnomer1 for the ,new ,testament narrative of the raising of ,lazarus8 ,for ,mrs4 ,chambers-,ketchum's verse is essentially ,christian and womanly1 and even so short a notice of it would scarcely be complete without a mention of 8,benny10 who1 with his kitten and his 8baby's sense of right10 is already dear and familiar to the mothers and children of our whole country1 whose kindly hearts will surely give to ,benny's mother their sympathy in his loss4 ,,surly ,,tim1 ,,and ,,other ,,stories4 ,by ,francis ,hodgson ,burnett4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,unfortunately for our first impression of the merit of the little volume of which 8,surly ,tim0 is the initial story1 we began our reading with 8,lodusky10 attracted to it by the locality of the tale1 its hill people and dialect being a loadstone to us1 but lately returned from similar surroundings4 ,but as even in our mountain ,edens we find the trail of the serpent1 so in 8,lodusky0 we seemed to be treading the familiar path of moral irresponsibility and the tyranny of personal magnetism1 and we craved the flaming sword of the archangel to put the evil to flight4 ,nor did our impression grow fairer on turning to 8,le ,monsieur de la ,petite ,dame40 ,but in 8,one ,day at ,arle0 and in 8,seth0 we welcomed truly the author's strong and exquisite pathos4 ,in these pictures of the sorrow of the laboring classes the author draws with a pencil full of feeling1 working under a sky whose hue is the leaden monotone of modern ,french landscape painting2 a break of sunshine here and there1 but the light seems to fall1 after all1 on earthly stubble and the dumb1 almost soulless faces of patient cattle that know nothing beyond their daily furrow and the mute1 faithful service they bear a kindly hand at the plough4 ,we are reminded of the pathos of ,robert ,buchanan's ,north-,coast verse1 and we close the little volume sadly1 almost as if all human sorrow wherein is no ,christian joy stood at our threshold1 asking from us an alms we had no power to give4 ,,repertorium ,,oratoris ,,sacri3 ,containing ,outlines of ,six ,hundred ,sermons for all the ,sundays and ,holidays of the ,ecclesiastical ,year2 also for other solemn occasions4 ,compiled from the works of eminent preachers of various ages and nations by a secular priest4 ,with an introduction by the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,joseph ,dwenger1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,fort ,wayne4 ,new ,york and ,cincinnati3 ,fr4 ,pustet1 ,typographus ,sedis ,apostolic4 #ahgg4 ,this publication is to be continued in monthly parts1 each part containing the outlines of two sermons for each ,sunday and holiday for one quarter of the year4 ,there will be four volumes of four parts each1 so that when the work is completed there will be eight sermons for each occasion4 ,it will1 if it fulfils the promise of this first number1 be the best and most complete collection of the kind ever published so far as we are aware4 ,it hardly needs to be said that plans of sermons such as are here given are very much more valuable to a preacher than the actual sermons themselves2 for there are few who can give with much effect the words of another1 to say nothing of the trouble involved in committing them to memory4 ,the sermons of great pulpit orators are indeed extremely useful and deserving of study as models of style2 but a few will answer that purpose as well as a thousand4 ,the work is in ,english1 being designed principally for use in this country4 ,it is most earnestly to be hoped that it will receive the liberal support which it certainly deserves4 ,,nicholas ,,minturn4 ,a ,study in a ,story4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,we prefer ,dr4 ,holland's stories to his essays4 ,he possesses fine descriptive powers2 his genial humor captivates the reader2 his power of analysis is searching4 ,no one can read ,nicholas ,minturn without recognizing the author's ability to lay bare the vices and follies of the various classes with whom his hero is brought in contact4 ,in doing this1 however1 ,dr4 ,holland is apt to forget their redeeming virtues4 ,this is his great fault as a novelist4 ,he lacks the power to vitalize the subtle traits that appeal to our humanity4 ,there is no bond of union between his people and us4 ,he is unable to centralize our interest4 ,when disaster overtakes the ocean steamer there is not a single figure to start out from the group and wring a groan of compassion from us4 ,we listen to the wailing of despair and the shriek of terror with as much apathy as if it arose from a distant battle-field4 ,in all other respects the story is far superior to the great mass of light literature4 ,,the ,,eternal ,,years4 ,by the ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,montgomery1 author of ,the ,divine ,sequence1 also ,the ,bucklyn ,shaig1 ,mine ,own ,familiar ,friend1 ,the ,wrong ,man1 ,on the ,wing1 etc4 ,with an introduction by the ,rev4 ,s4 ,porter1 ,s4,j4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 ,the ,eternal ,years is a republication of a series of articles from ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a number of thoughtful readers of our magazine have expressed the great interest with which they have read those articles and their desire to know the name of the author4 ,they will be pleased to see that they are now published in a volume under their author's name4 ,on the ,wing will be remembered as having been one of the most popular of the series of sketches taken from scenes in ,european life and incidents of travel which we have from time to time published4 ,mrs4 ,montgomery possesses a very versatile talent as a writer1 and passes with facility 8from grave to gay1 from lively to severe40 ,whatever she writes is always both instructive and pleasing4 ,,the ,,sunday-,,school ,,teacher',s ,,manual2 or1 ,the ,art of ,teaching ,catechism4 ,for the use of teachers and parents4 ,by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,a4 ,lambing1 author of ,the ,orphan's ,friend4 ,new ,york3 ,benziger ,brothers4 #ahgg4 ,father ,lambing has done for ,sunday-school teachers what ,m4 ,amond1 the cur of ,st4 ,sulpice1 and ,father ,porter have done for those engaged in the sacred ministry of the pulpit4 ,this manual1 written in a clear and popular style1 supplies a need that should have been more felt than it was4 ,it gives those in charge of ,sunday-schools a true idea of their very important mission1 a deep sense of the responsibility that rests upon them1 points out the various qualifications necessary for the faithful discharge of their duties1 and contains many useful instructions which will aid them in becoming effective catechisers4 ,,iza3 ,a ,,story ,,of ,,life ,,in ,,russian ,,poland4 ,by ,kathleen ,o',meara4 ,london3 ,burns ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this book1 by a lady who since its first appearance has become distinguished in the higher walks of literature1 has been republished at a very seasonable time1 when the ,eastern war1 and the novel pretensions of ,russia to be considered the friend and protector of oppressed nationalities1 have once more called public attention to her barbarous treatment of the gallant ,poles4 ,the scenes are laid in ,poland2 the characters1 which are few and clearly drawn1 are ,polish or ,muscovite1 and the plot1 though simple and natural1 is well and artistically wrought out4 ,the theme of the whole story is the oppression of the ,polish nobility by the shrewd1 keen1 and unscrupulous agents of the czar1 wherein the generous1 high-spirited and confiding patriotism of the one class is strongly contrasted with the accomplished villainy of the other4 ,though the superstructure is1 of course1 a work of pure fiction1 it is based on well known historical facts4 ,the entire work is written with great care and accuracy as to names1 places1 costumes1 and local customs1 the situations are highly dramatic1 and the moral effect produced on the reader is healthful and salutary4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,the attention of readers will be directed to the advertisement of complete sets of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world and ,,the ,,young ,,catholic as suitable and valuable ,christmas presents4 ,bound volumes of ,,the ,,young ,,catholic make the very best present that could be offered to children4 ,the reading matter is interesting1 the illustrations are really excellent1 and the puzzles and charades afford unfailing amusement for the long winter evenings4 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world is now in its twenty-sixth volume4 ,it constitutes a library1 and a most valuable and varied library1 in itself4 ,in it is everything that could be desired4 ,theology and philosophy have their departments1 filled by men of known and recognized competence1 master minds indeed in those higher sciences4 ,the literary articles and reviews are acknowledged by the secular press to be unsurpassed in power1 grace1 and strength4 ,the polemics of the day find their true solution in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 which has told upon the non-,catholic mind in this country as no other magazine or publication has been able to tell4 ,there is an abundance of fiction and light literature in its pages1 a fiction that has known how to be interesting without being dangerous1 and good without being dull4 ,many stories that have already made their mark in the literary world and won deserved fame for their authors began by passing through the columns of this magazine4 ,all the leading and absorbing questions of the day are taken up and discussed in it by men thoroughly equipped and fitted for so important a task4 ,indeed ,,the ,,catholic ,,world may fairly claim to be a channel through which the very best ,catholic literature of the day1 in all its forms1 passes1 a guide to and in all the questions of the day1 and a compendium from year to year of all that is best and most worthy of attention in the higher sciences1 in physical science1 in politics1 in literature1 and in art4 ,his ,eminence the ,cardinal has recently kindly taken occasion to 8congratulate the ,catholics in ,america on possessing a magazine of which they may be justly proud10 and trusts 8that they will contribute their share to make ,,the ,,catholic ,,world still more useful to themselves and to the ,church at large40 ,no words could add strength to this commendation and appeal2 and it is to be hoped that ,catholics will take both to heart4 ,no intelligent ,catholic in this country should be without a magazine that is peculiarly and designedly his own4 ,yet are there thousands of intelligent persons who are without it1 who probably do not know of its existence4 ,it is for those who do know it and appreciate it to make it known among their friends4 ,taken in the very lowest sense1 no man has yet complained that in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world he did not receive the full1 and more than the full1 value of his money4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #aee4--;,,february1 #ahgh4 ,,ceadmon ,,the ,,cow-,,herd1 ,,england',s ,,first ,,poet4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,the ,venerable ,bede's ,ecclesiastical ,history of the ,english ,nation contains nothing more touching than its record of ,ceadmon1 the earliest ,english poet1 whose gift came to him in a manner so extraordinary4 ,it occurs in the #bdth chapter3 8,by his verses the minds of many were often excited to despise the world1 and to aspire to heaven4 ,others after him attempted in the ,english nation to compose religious poems1 but none could ever compare with him2 for he did not learn the art of poetry from man1 but from ,god1 for which reason he never would compose any vain or trivial poem40 444 8,being sometimes at entertainments1 when it was agreed1 for the sake of mirth1 that all present should sing in their turns1 when he saw the instrument come towards him he rose from the table and retired home4 ,having done so on a certain occasion1 444 a ,person appeared to him in his sleep1 and1 saluting him by his name1 said1 #8,ceadmon1 sing some song for me4' ,he answered1 #8,i cannot sing4'0 ,ceadmon's song is next described3 8,how he1 being the ,eternal ,god1 became the author of all miracles1 ,who first1 as ,almighty ,preserver of the human race1 created heaven for the sons of men1 as the roof of the house1 and next the earth40 444 8,he sang the ,creation of the world1 the origin of man1 and all the history of ,genesis1 444 the ,incarnation1 ,passion1 ,resurrection of our ,lord1 and ,his ,ascension40#aeh ,ceadmon's poetry is referred to also in ,sharon ,turner's ,history of the ,anglo-,saxons2 and ,sir ,francis ,palgrave points out the singular resemblance of passages in ,paradise ,lost to corresponding passages in its surviving fragments4 ,to the history of ,ceadmon ,montalembert has devoted some of the most eloquent paragraphs in his admirable work1 ,les ,moines d',occident--see chapter ii41 vol4 iv41 page #fh4 ,sole stood upon the pleasant bank of ,esk ,ceadmon the ,cow-herd1 while the sinking sun ,reddened the bay1 and fired the river-bank ,with pomp beside of golden ,iris lit1 ,and flamed upon the ruddy herds that strayed ,along the marge1 clear-imaged4 ,none was nigh3-- ,for that cause spake the ,cow-herd1 8,praise to ,god6 ,he made the worlds2 and now1 by ,hilda's hand ,he plants a fair crown upon ,whitby's height3 ,daily her convent towers more high aspire2 ,daily ascend her ,vespers4 ,hark that strain60 ,he stood and listened4 ,soon the flame-touched herds ,sent forth their lowings1 and the cliffs replied1 ,and ,ceadmon thus resumed3 8,the music note ,rings through their lowings dull1 though heard by few6 ,poor kine1 ye do your best6 ,ye know not ,god1 ,yet man1 his likeness1 unto you is ,god1 ,and him ye worship with obedience sage1 ,a grateful1 sober1 much-enduring race ,that o'er the vernal clover sigh for joy1 ,with winter snows contend not4 ,patient kine1 ,what thought is yours1 deep-musing8 ,haply this-- #8,god's help6 how narrow are our thoughts1 and few6 ,not so the thoughts of that slight human child ,who daily drives us with her blossomed rod ,from lowland valleys to the pails long-ranged6' ,take comfort1 kine6 ,god also made your race6 ,if praise from man surceased1 from your broad chests ,that ,god would perfect praise1 and1 when ye died1 ,resound it from yon rocks that gird the bay3 ,god knoweth all things4 ,let that thought suffice60 ,thus spake the ruler of the deep-mouthed kine3 ,they were not his2 the man and they alike ,a neighbor's wealth4 ,he was contented thus3 ,humble he was in station1 meek of soul1 ,unlettered1 yet heart-wise4 ,his face was pale2 ,stately his frame1 though slightly bent by age3 ,slow were his eyes1 and slow his speech1 and slow ,his musing step2 and slow his hand to wrath1 ,a massive hand1 but soft1 that many a time ,had succored man and woman1 child and beast2 ,ay1 yet could fiercely grasp the sword6 ,at times ,as mightily it clutched his ashen goad ,when like an eagle on him swooped some thought3 ,then stood he as in dream1 his pallid front ,brightening like eastern sea-cliffs when a moon ,unrisen is near its rising4 ,round the bay ,meantime with deepening eve full many a fire ,up-sprung1 and horns were heard4 ,around the steep ,with bannered pomp and many a dancing plume ,ere long a cavalcade made way4 ,whence came it8 ,oswy1 ,northumbria's king1 the foremost rode1 ,oswy triumphant o'er the ,mercian host1 ,to sue for blessing on his sceptre new2 ,with him an ,anglian prince1 student long time ,in ,bangor of the ,irish1 and a monk ,of ,gallic race far wandering from the ,marne3 ,they came to look on ,hilda1 hear her words ,of far-famed wisdom on the ,interior ,life3 ,for ,hilda thus discoursed3 8,true life of man ,is life within3 inward immeasurably ,the being winds of all who walk the earth2 ,but he whom sense hath blinded nothing knows ,of that wide greatness3 like a boy is he ,that clambers round some castle's wall extern ,in search of nests--the outward wall of seven-- ,yet nothing knows of those great courts within1 ,the hall where princes banquet1 or the bower ,where royal maidens touch the lyre and lute1 ,much less its central church1 and sacred shrine ,wherein ,god dwells alone40#aei ,thus ,hilda spake2 ,and they that gazed upon her widening eyes ,low whispered1 each to each1 8,she speaks of things ,which she hath seen and known40 ,on ,whitby's crest ,the royal feast was holden3 far below1 ,a noisier revel dinned the shore2 therein ,the humbler guests partook4 ,full many a tent ,glimmered upon the white sands1 ripple-kissed2 ,full many a savory dish sent up its steam2 ,the farmer from the field had driven his calf2 ,the fisher brought the harvest of the sea2 ,and ,jock1 the woodsman1 from his oaken glades ,the tall stag1 arrow-pierced4 ,in gay attire ,now green1 now crimson1 matron sat and maid3 ,each had her due3 the elder1 reverence most1 ,the lovelier that and love4 ,beside the board ,the beggar lacked not place4 ,when hunger's rage1 ,sharpened by fresh sea-air1 was quelled1 the jest ,succeeded1 and the tale of foreign lands2 ,but1 boast who might of distant chief renowned1 ,his battle-axe1 or fist that felled an ox1 ,the ,anglian's answer was 8our ,hilda0 still3 8,is not her prayer puissant as sworded hosts8 ,her insight more than wisdom of the seers8 ,what birth like hers illustrious8 ,edwin's self1 ,dira's exile1 next ,northumbria's king1 ,her kinsman was4 ,together bowed they not ,when he of holy hand1 missioned from ,rome1 ,paulinus1 poured o'er both the absolving wave ,and knit to ,christ8 ,kingliest was she1 that maid ,who spurned earth-crowns60 ,the night advanced1 he rose ,that ruled the feast1 the miller old1 yet blithe1 ,and cried1 8,a song60 ,so song succeeded song1 ,for each man knew that time to chant his stave1 ,but no man yet sang nobly4 ,last the harp ,made way to ,ceadmon1 lowest at the board3 ,he pushed it back1 answering1 8,i cannot sing30 ,around him many gathered clamoring1 8,sing60 ,and one among them1 voluble and small1 ,shot out a splenetic speech3 8,this lord of kine1 ,our herdsman1 grows to ox6 ,behold1 his eyes ,move slow1 like eyes of oxen60 ,sudden rose ,ceadmon1 and spake3 8,i note full oft young men ,quick-eyed1 but small-eyed1 darting glances round ,now here1 now there1 like glance of some poor bird1 ,that light on all things and can rest on none3 ,as ready are they with their tongues as eyes2 ,but all their songs are chirpings backward blown ,on winds that sing ,god's song1 by them unheard3 ,my oxen wait my service3 ,i depart40 ,then strode he to his cow-house in the mead1 ,displeased though meek1 and muttered1 8,slow of eye6 ,my kine are slow3 if ,i were swift my hand ,might tend them worse40 ,hearing his steps the kine ,turned round their hornd foreheads3 angry thoughts ,went from him as a vapor4 ,straw he brought1 ,and strewed their beds2 and they1 contented well1 ,down laid ere long their great bulks1 breathing deep ,amid the glimmering moonlight4 ,he1 with head ,propped on the white flank of a heifer mild1 ,rested1 his deer-skin o'er him drawn4 ,hard days ,bring slumber soon4 ,his latest thought was this3 8,though witless things we are1 my kine and ,i1 ,yet ,god it was who made us40 ,as he slept1 ,beside him stood a ,man ,divine and spake2 8,ceadmon1 arise1 and sing40 ,ceadmon replied1 8,my ,lord1 ,i cannot sing1 and for that cause ,forth from the revel came ,i4 ,once1 in youth1 ,i willed to sing the bright face of a maid1 ,and failed1 and once a gold-faced harvest-field1 ,and failed1 and once the flame-eyed face of war1 ,and failed once more40 ,to him the ,man ,divine1 8,those themes were earthly4 ,sing60 ,and ,ceadmon said1 8,what shall ,i sing1 my ,lord80 ,then answer came1 8,ceadmon1 stand up1 and sing thy song of ,god40 ,at once obedient1 ,ceadmon rose1 and sang1 ,and help was with him from great thoughts of old ,within his silent nature yearly stored1 ,that swelled1 collecting like a flood that bursts ,in spring its icy bar4 ,the ,lord of all ,he sang2 that ,god beneath whose hand eterne1 ,then when he willed forth-stretched athwart the abyss1 ,creation like a fiery chariot ran1 ,inwoven wheels of ever-living stars4 ,him first he sang4 ,the builder1 here below1 ,from fair foundations rears at last the roof1 ,but ,song1 a child of heaven1 begins with heaven1 ,the archetype divine1 and end of all1 ,more late descends to earth4 ,he sang that hymn1 8,let there be light1 and there was light02 and lo6 ,on the void deep came down the seal of ,god ,and stamped immortal form4 ,clear laughed the skies1 ,while from crystalline seas the strong earth brake1 ,both continent and isle2 and downward rolled ,the sea-surge summoned to his home remote4 ,then came a second vision to the man ,there standing #8mid his oxen4 ,darkness sweet1 ,he sang1 of pleasant frondage clothed the vales1 ,ambrosial bowers rich-fruited which the sun1 ,a glory new-created in his place1 ,all day made golden1 and the moon by night ,silvered with virgin beam1 while sang the bird ,her first of love-songs on the branch first-flower'd-- ,not yet the lion stalked4 ,and ,ceadmon sang ,o'er-awed1 the ,father of all humankind ,standing in garden planted by ,god's hand1 ,and girt by murmurs of the rivers four1 ,between the trees of ,knowledge and of ,life1 ,with eastward face4 ,in worship mute of ,god1 ,eden's ,contemplative he stood that hour1 ,not her ,ascetic1 since1 where sin is none1 ,no need for spirit severe4 ,and ,ceadmon sang ,god's ,daughter1 ,adam's ,sister1 ,child1 and ,bride1 ,our ,mother ,eve4 ,lit by the matin star1 ,that nearer drew to earth1 and brighter flashed ,to meet her gaze1 that snowy ,innocence ,stood up with queenly port4 ,she turned3 she saw ,earth's ,king1 mankind's great ,father4 ,taught by ,god1 ,immaculate1 unastonished1 undismayed1 ,in love and reverence to her ,lord she drew1 ,and1 kneeling1 kissed his hand3 and ,adam laid ,that hand1 made holier1 on that kneeler's head1 ,and spake2 8,for this shall man his parents leave1 ,and to his wife cleave fast40 ,when ,ceadmon ceased ,thus spake the ,man ,divine3 8,at break of day ,seek thou some prudent man1 and say that ,god ,hath loosed thy tongue2 nor hide henceforth thy gift40 ,then ,ceadmon turned1 and slept among his kine ,dreamless4 ,ere dawn he stood upon the shore ,in doubt3 but when at last o'er eastern seas ,the sun1 long wished for1 like a god upsprang1 ,once more he found ,god's song upon his mouth ,murmuring high joy2 and sought a prudent man1 ,and told him all the vision4 ,at the word ,he to the ,abbess with the tidings fled1 ,and she made answer1 8,bring me ,ceadmon here40 ,then clomb the pair that sea-beat mount of ,god ,fanned by sea-gale1 nor trod1 as others used1 ,the curving way1 but faced the abrupt ascent1 ,and halted not1 so worked in both her will1 ,till now between the unfinished towers they stood ,panting and spent4 ,the portals open stood3 ,ceadmon passed in alone4 ,nor ivory decked1 ,nor gold1 the walls4 ,that convent was a keep ,strong 'gainst invading storm or demon hosts1 ,and naked as the rock whereon it stood1 ,yet1 as a church1 august4 ,dark1 high-arched roofs ,slowly let go the distant hymn4 ,each cell ,cinctured its statued saint1 the peace of ,god ,on every stony face4 ,like caverned grot ,far off the western window frowned3 beyond1 ,close by1 there shook an autumn-blazoned tree3 ,no need for gems beside of storied glass4 ,he entered last that hall where ,hilda sat ,begirt with a great company1 the chiefs ,down either side far ranged4 ,three stalls1 cross-crowned1 ,stood side by side1 the midmost hers4 ,the years ,had laid upon her brows a hand serene1 ,and left alone their blessing4 ,levelled eyes ,sable1 and keen1 with meditative strength ,conjoined the instinct and the claim to rule2 ,firm were her lips and rigid4 ,at her right ,sat ,finan1 ,aidan's successor1 with head ,snow-white1 and beard that rolled adown a breast ,never by mortal passion heaved in storm1 ,a cloister of majestic thoughts that walked1 ,humbly with ,god4 ,high in the left-hand stall ,oswy was throned1 a man in prime1 with brow ,less youthful than his years4 ,exile long past1 ,or deepening thought of one disastrous deed1 ,had left a shadow in his eyes4 ,the strength ,of passion held in check looked lordly forth ,from head and hand3 tawny his beard2 his hair ,thick-curled and dense4 ,alert the monarch sat ,half turned1 like one on horseback set that hears1 ,and he alone1 the advancing trump of war4 ,down the long gallery strangers thronged in mass1 ,dane or ,norwegian1 huge of arm through weight ,of billows oar-subdued1 with stormy looks ,wild as their waves and crags2 ,southerns keen-browed2 ,pure ,saxon youths1 fair-fronted1 with mild eyes 7,these less than others strove for nobler place71 ,and ,pilgrim travel-worn4 ,behind the rest1 ,and higher-ranged in marble-arched arcade1 ,sat ,hilda's sisterhood4 ,clustering they shone1 ,white-veiled1 and pale of face1 and still and meek1 ,an inly-bending curve1 like some young moon ,whose crescent glitters o'er a dusky strait4 ,in front were monks dark-stoled3 for ,hilda ruled1 ,though feminine1 two houses1 one of men3 ,upon two chasm-divided rocks they stood1 ,to various service vowed1 though single4 ,faith2 ,nor ever1 save at rarest festival1 ,their holy inmates met4 8,is this the man ,favored1 though late1 with gift of song80 ,thus spake ,hilda with placid smile4 ,severer then ,she added3 8,son1 the commonest gifts of ,god ,he counts his best1 and oft temptation blends ,with powers more rare4 ,yet sing6 ,that ,god who lifts ,the violet from the grass as well could draw ,music from stones hard by4 ,that song thou sang'st1 ,sing it once more40 ,then ,ceadmon from his knees ,arose and stood4 ,with princely instinct first ,the strong man to the abbess bowed1 and next ,to that great twain1 the bishop and the king1 ,last to that stately concourse ranged each side ,down the long hall2 and1 dubious1 answered thus3 8,great ,mother1 if that ,god who sent the song ,vouchsafe me to recall it1 ,i will sing2 ,but ,i misdoubt it lost40 ,slowly his face ,down-drooped1 and all his body forward bent ,as brooding memory1 step by step1 retracked ,its backward way4 ,vainly long time it sought ,the starting-point4 ,then ,ceadmon's large1 soft hands ,opening and closing worked2 for wont were they1 ,in musings when he stood1 to clasp his goad1 ,and plant its point far from him1 thereupon ,propping his stalwart weight4 ,customed support ,now finding not1 unwittingly those hands ,reached forth1 and on ,saint ,finan's crosier-staff ,settling1 withdrew it from the old bishop's grasp2 ,and ,ceadmon leant thereon1 while passed a smile ,down the long hall to see earth's meekest man ,the spiritual sceptre claim of ,lindisfarne4 ,they smiled2 he triumphed3 soon the ,cow-herd found ,that first fair corner-stone of all his song2 ,then rose the fabric heavenward4 ,lifting hands1 ,once more his lordly music he rehearsed1 ,the void abyss at ,god's command forth-flinging ,creation like a ,thought3--where night had reigned1 ,the universe of ,god4 ,the singing stars ,which with the ,angels sang when earth was made ,sang in his song4 ,from highest shrill of lark ,to ocean's deepest under cliffs low-browed1 ,and pine-woods' vastest on the topmost hills1 ,no tone was wanting2 while to them that heard ,strange images looked forth of worlds new-born1 ,fair1 phantom mountains1 and1 with forests plumed1 ,the marvelling headlands1 for the first time glassed ,in waters ever calm4 ,o'er sapphire seas ,green islands laughed4 ,fairer1 the wide earth's flower1 ,eden1 on airs unshaken yet by sighs ,from bosom still inviolate forth poured ,immortal sweets4 ,with sense to spirit turned ,who heard the song inhaled those sweets4 ,their eyes ,flashing1 their passionate hands and heaving breasts1 ,tumult self-stilled1 and mute1 expectant trance1 ',twas these that gave their bard his twofold might1 ,that might denied to poets later born ,who1 singing to soft brains and hearts ice-hard1 ,applauded or contemned1 alike roll round ,a vainly-seeking eye1 and1 famished1 drop ,a hand clay-cold upon the unechoing shell1 ,missing their inspiration's human half4 ,thus ,ceadmon sang1 and ceased4 ,silent awhile ,the concourse stood 7for all had risen71 as though ,waiting from heaven its echo4 ,each on each ,gazed hard and caught his hands4 ,fiercely ere long ,their gratulating shout aloft had leaped ,but ,hilda laid her finger on her lip1 ,or provident lest praise might stain the pure1 ,or deeming song a gift too high for praise4 ,she spake3 8,through help of ,god thy song is sound3 ,now hear ,his ,holy ,word1 and shape therefrom ,a second hymn1 and worthier than the first40 ,then ,finan stood1 and bent his hoary head ,above the ,scripture tome in reverence stayed ,upon his kneeling deacon's hands and brow1 ,and sweetly sang five verses1 thus beginning1 8,cum esset desponsata10 and was still2 ,and next rehearsed them in the ,anglian tongue3 ,then ,ceadmon took ,god's ,word into his heart1 ,and ruminating stood1 as when the kine1 ,their flowery pasture ended1 ruminate2 ,and was a man in thought4 ,at last the light ,shone from his dubious countenance1 and he spake3 8,great ,mother1 lo6 ,i saw a second ,song6 ,t'wards me it came2 but with averted face1 ,and borne on shifting winds4 ,a man am ,i ,sluggish and slow1 that needs must muse and brood2 ,therefore that ,scripture till the sun goes down ,will ,i revolve4 ,if song from ,god be mine ,expect me here at morn40 ,the morrow morn ,in that high presence ,ceadmon stood and sang ,a second song1 and manlier than his first2 ,and ,hilda said1 8,from ,god it came1 not man2 ,thou therefore live a monk among my monks1 ,and sing to ,god40 ,doubtful he stood--8,from youth ,my place hath been with kine2 their ways ,i know1 ,and how to cure their griefs40 ,smiling she answered1 8,our convent hath its meads1 and kine2 with these ,consort each morning3 night and day be ours40 ,then ,ceadmon knelt1 and bowed1 and said1 8,so be it03 ,and aged ,finan1 and ,northumbria's king ,oswy1 approved2 and all that host had joy4 ,thus in that convent ,ceadmon lived1 a monk1 ,humblest of all the monks1 save him that slept ,in the next cell1 who once had been a prince4 ,seven times a day he sang ,god's praises1 first ,when earliest dawn drew back night's sable veil ,with trembling hand1 revisiting the earth ,like some pale maid that through the curtain peers ,round her sick mother's bed1 misdoubting half ,if sleep lie there1 or death2 latest when eve ,through nave and chancel stole from arch to arch1 ,and laid upon the snowy altar-step ,at last a brow of gold4 ,from time to time1 ,by ancient yearnings driven1 through wood and vale ,he tracked ,direan or ,bernician glades ,to holy ,ripon1 or late-sceptred ,york1 ,not yet great ,wilfred's seat1 or ,beverley3-- ,the children gathered round him1 crying1 8,sing60 ,they gave him inspiration with their eyes1 ,and with his conquering music he returned it4 ,oftener he roamed that strenuous eastern coast ,to ,yarrow and to ,wearmouth1 sacred sites1 ,the well-beloved of ,bede1 or northward more1 ,to ,bamborough1 ,oswald's keep4 ,at ,coldingham ,his feet had rest--there where ,st4 ,ebba's ,cape ,that ends the lonely range of ,lammermoor1 ,sustained for centuries o'er the wild sea-surge ,in region of dim mist and flying bird1 ,fronting the ,forth1 those convent piles far-kenned1 ,the worn-out sailor's hope4 ,fair ,english shores1 ,despite the buffeting storms of north and east1 ,despite rough ages blind with stormier strife1 ,or froz'n by doubt1 or sad with sensual care1 ,a fragrance as of ,carmel haunts you still ,bequeathed by feet of that forgotten saint ,who trod you once1 sowing the seed divine6 ,fierce tribes that kenned him distant round him flocked2 ,on sobbing sands the fisher left his net1 ,his lamb the shepherd on the hills of ,march1 ,suing for song4 ,with wrinkled face all smiles1 ,like that blind ,scian upon ,grecian shores1 ,if ,god the song accorded1 ,ceadmon sang2 ,if ,god denied it1 after musings deep ,he answered1 8,i am of the kine and dumb02-- ,the man revered his art1 and fraudful song ,esteemed as fraudful coin4 ,music denied1 ,he solaced them with tales wherein1 so seemed it1 ,nature and ,grace1 inwoven1 like children played1 ,or like two sisters o'er one sampler bent1 ,one pattern worked4 ,ever the sorrowful chance ,ending in joy1 the human craving still1 ,like creeper circling up the ,tree of ,life1 ,lifted by hand unseen1 witnessed that ,he1 ,man's ,maker1 is the ,healer too of man1 ,and life his school1 expectant4 ,parables-- ,thus ,ceadmon named his legends4 ,they who heard ,made answer1 8,nay1 not parables1 but truths20 ,endured no change of phrase2 to years remote ,transmitted them as facts4 ,better than tale ,they loved their minstrel's harp4 ,the songs he sang ,were songs to brighten gentle hearts1 to fire ,strong hearts with holier courage1 hope to breathe ,through spirits despondent1 o'er the childless floor ,or widowed bed1 flashing from highest heaven ,a beam half faith1 half vision4 ,many a tear1 ,his own1 and tears of those that listened1 fell ,oft as he sang that hand1 lovely as light1 ,forth stretched1 and gathering from forbidden boughs ,that fruit fatal to man4 ,he sang the ,flood1 ,sin's doom that quelled the impure1 yet raised to height ,else inaccessible1 the just4 ,he sang ,that patriarch facing at ,divine command ,the illimitable desert--harder proof1 ,lifting his knife o'er him1 the seed foretold3 ,he sang of ,israel loosed1 the twelve black seals ,down pressed on ,egypt's testament of woe1 ,covenant of pride with penance2 sang the face ,of ,moses glittering from red ,sinai's rocks1 ,the ,tables twain1 and ,mandements of ,god4 ,on ,christian nights he sang that jubilant star ,which led the ,magians to the ,bethlehem crib ,by ,joseph watched1 and ,mary4 ,pale1 in ,lent1 ,tremulous and pale1 he told of ,calvary1 ,nor added word1 but1 as in trance1 rehearsed ,that ,passion fourfold of the ,evangelists1 ,which1 terrible and swift--not like a tale-- ,with speed of things which must be done1 not said1 ,a river of bale1 from guilty age to age1 ,along the lamentable shore of things ,annual makes way1 the history of the world1 ,not of one race1 one day4 ,up to its fount ,that stream he tracked1 that primal mystery sang ,which1 chanted later by a thousand years1 ,music celestial1 though with note that jarred 7,some wandering orb troubling its starry chime71 ,amazed the nations--8,there was war in heaven3 ,michael and they1 his angels1 warfare waged ,with ,satan and his angels40 ,brief that war1 ,that ruin total4 ,brief was ,ceadmon's song3 ,therein the ,eternal ,face was undivulged3 ,therein the ,apostate's form no grandeur wore3 ,the grandeur was elsewhere4 ,who hate their ,god ,change not alone to vanquished but to vile4 ,on ,easter morns he sang the ,saviour ,risen1 ,eden regained4 ,since then on ,england's shores ,though many sang1 yet no man sang like him4 ,o holy ,house of ,whitby6 on thy steep ,rejoice1 howe'er the tempest1 night or day1 ,afflict thee1 or the craftier hand of ,time1 ,drag back thine airy arches in mid spring2 ,rejoice1 for ,ceadmon in thy cloisters knelt1 ,and singing paced beside thy sounding sea6 ,long years he lived2 and with the whitening hair ,more youthful grew in spirit1 and more meek2 ,and they that saw him said he sang within ,then when the golden mouth but seldom breathed ,sonorous strain1 and when--that fulgent eye ,no longer bright--still on his forehead shone ,not flame but purer light1 like that last beam ,which1 when the sunset woods no longer burn1 ,maintains its place on ,alpine throne remote1 ,or utmost beak of promontoried cloud1 ,and heavenward dies in smiles4 ,esteem of men ,daily he less esteemed1 through single heart ,more knit with ,god4 ,to please a sickly child ,he sang his latest song1 and1 ending1 said1 8,song is but body1 though 'tis body winged3 ,the soul of song is love3 the body dead1 ,the soul should thrive the more40 ,that ,patmian ,sage ,whose head had lain upon the ,saviour's breast1 ,who in high vision saw the ,first and ,last1 ,who heard the harpings of the ,elders crowned1 ,who o'er the ruins of the ,imperial ,house ,and ashes of the twelve great ,csars dead ,witnessed the endless triumph of the just1 ,to earthly life restored1 and1 weak through age1 ,but seldom spake1 and gave but one command1 ,the great 8,mandatum ,novum0 of his ,lord1 8,my children1 love each other60 ,like to his ,was ,ceadmon's age4 ,weakness with happy stealth ,increased upon him3 he was cheerful still3 ,he still could pace1 though slowly1 in the sun1 ,still gladsomely converse with friends who wept1 ,still lay a broad hand on his well-loved kine4 ,the legend of the last of ,ceadmon's days3-- ,that hospital wherein the old monks died ,stood but a stone's throw from the monastery3 8,make there my couch to-night10 he said1 and smiled3 ,they marvelled1 yet obeyed4 ,there1 hour by hour1 ,the man1 low-seated on his pallet-bed1 ,in silence watched the courses of the stars1 ,or casual spake at times of common things1 ,and three times played with childhood's days1 and twice ,his father named4 ,at last1 like one that1 long ,begirt with good1 is smit by sudden thought ,of greater good1 thus spake he3 8,have ye1 sons1 ,here in this house the ,blessed ,sacrament80 ,they answered1 wrathful1 8,father1 thou art strong2 ,shake not thy children6 ,thou hast many days60 8,yet bring me here the ,blessed ,sacrament10 ,once more he said4 ,the brethren issued forth ,save four that silent sat waiting the close4 ,ere long in grave procession they returned1 ,two deacons first1 gold-vested2 after these ,that priest who bare the ,blessed ,sacrament1 ,and acolytes behind him1 lifting lights4 ,then from his pallet ,ceadmon slowly rose ,and worshipped ,christ1 his ,god1 and reaching forth ,his right hand1 cradled in his left1 behold6 ,therein was laid ,god's ,mystery4 ,he spake3 8,stand ye in flawless charity of ,god ,t'wards me1 my sons1 or lives there in your hearts ,memory the least of wrong or wrath80 ,they answered3 8,father1 within us lives nor wrong1 nor wrath1 ,but love1 and love alone40 ,and he3 8,not less ,am ,i in charity with you1 my sons1 ,and all my sins of pride1 and other sins1 ,humbly ,i mourn40 ,then1 bending the old head ,above the old hand1 ,ceadmon received his ,lord ,to be his soul's viaticum1 in might ,leading from life that seems to life that is1 ,and long1 unpropped by any1 kneeling hung ,and made thanksgiving prayer4 ,thanksgiving made1 ,he sat upon his bed1 and spake3 8,how long ,ere yet the monks begin their matin psalms80 8,that hour is nigh10 they answered2 he replied1 8,then let us wait that hour10 and laid him down ,with those kine-tending and harp-mastering hands ,crossed on his breast1 and slept4 ,meanwhile the monks 7,the lights removed in reverence of his sleep7 ,sat mute nor stirred such time as in the ,mass ,between 8,orate ,fratres0 glides away1 ,and 8,hoc est ,corpus ,meum40 ,northward far ,the great deep1 seldom heard so distant1 roared ,round those wild rocks half way to ,bamborough ,head2 ,for now the mightiest spring-tide of the year1 ,following the magic of a maiden moon1 ,had reached its height4 ,more near1 that sea which sobbed ,in many a cave by ,whitby's winding coast1 ,or died in peace on many a sandy bar ,from river-mouth to river-mouth outspread1 ,they heard1 and mused upon eternity ,that circles human life4 ,gradual there rose ,a softer strain and sweeter1 making way ,o'er that sea-murmur hoarse2 and they were ware ,that in the black far-shadowing church whose bulk ,up-towered between them and the moon1 the monks ,their matins had begun4 ,a little sigh ,that moment reached them from the central gloom ,guarding the sleeper's bed2 a second sigh ,succeeded3 neither seemed the sigh of pain3 ,and some one said1 8,he wakens40 ,large and bright ,over the church-roof sudden rushed the moon1 ,and smote the cross above that sleeper's couch1 ,and smote that sleeper's face4 ,the smile thereon ,was calmer than the smile of life4 ,thus died ,ceadmon1 the earliest bard of ,english song4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,confession ,,in ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,england4#afj ,the subject of confession has of late been brought prominently before the ,british public4 ,we need hardly say that a storm of indignation has been raised4 ,parliament has been called upon to put a stop to a practice which is generally believed to be quite at variance with the spirit of the ,church of ,england1 and many of the bishops have publicly condemned it4 ,it may1 however1 be doubted whether any effect has really been produced2 for as long as clergy are found who claim the power of forgiving sin1 and as long as people feel the need of absolution1 it is certain that confession will be practised4 ,a ,catholic must necessarily look on confession1 as existing in the ,anglican communion1 with feelings of a very mixed nature4 ,on the one hand it is impossible not to appreciate the sincerity and humility evinced by those who voluntarily seek what they believe to be a means of grace4 ,it is hard to doubt that the habit of self-examination and of watchfulness naturally resulting from confession must have its value2 above all1 it seems as if we might fairly hope that the spirit of obedience and the faithfulness in acting on conviction will be rewarded by fuller light and knowledge4 ,on the other hand1 it is equally impossible to shut our eyes to the great dangers which beset confession among ,anglicans4 ,in the first place1 there is the absence of all sacramental grace2 secondly1 of training1 and even of theological knowledge1 in the clergy2 and1 thirdly1 those who use confession are in an exceptional position1 which of itself is fraught with peril to the soul4 ,of course no ,catholic supposes ,anglican clergymen to have true orders4 ,confession in the ,english communion is simply a conversation between two lay people on some of the most important subjects that can occupy the thoughts of human beings4 ,there may be on either side sincerity1 piety1 and earnestness1 but sacramental grace there is not4 ,relations so close between two souls are certainly not without peril2 we do not speak of the danger to morals which the ,protestant party constantly insists upon1 and whose existence we cannot altogether deny1 but of the tyranny on the part of the minister1 and of the unreasonable obedience yielded by the penitent to a self-appointed guide4 ,those who have looked a little into their own hearts1 and who have reflected on the subtle influences which have told on their characters1 must feel that dealing with another soul is no light matter2 that the chances of doing harm are many and great2 and that special graces are needed by those who are called to so sacred an office4 ,the need of training1 too1 is obvious2 he who is to be the physician of the soul ought to be as well acquainted with moral theology as a physician should be with medical science4 ,among the clergy of the ,church of ,england there is an absolute want of theological knowledge4 ,it would be hard to mention an ,anglican book on any subject connected with moral theology4 ,anglican clergymen1 even where they have learnt to believe many of the dogmas of the ,catholic faith1 are1 generally speaking1 ignorant of the difference between mortal and venial sin4 ,hence results a spirit of severity on the part of the confessor which tends to produce scrupulosity and depression in the penitent4 ,converts have declared that the first time they heard ,catholic teaching as to the nature of sin it seemed to them the most consoling doctrine possible4 ,it is true that of late years some ,catholic manuals have been translated and 8adapted0 to the ,anglican use4 ,in the recent controversies regarding the ,priest in ,absolution some of the leading ,high-,church clergy have proclaimed their ignorance of the book1 and have asserted that experience had taught them all that they could learn from its pages2 but while they were gaining their experience what became of the poor souls who were the subjects of their study8 ,in the ,catholic ,church a person cannot be said in any way to distinguish himself by going to confession2 he does what has to be done if he would save his soul4 ,among ,anglicans1 although the practice is now pretty widely spread1 the case is very different2 the man or woman who goes to confession occupies a somewhat exceptional position1 and is more or less considered as a support of the church1 as one of those through whose influence that church is gradually to be reformed and restored4 ,it is hard to get at statistics as to the actual strength of the extreme ,high-,church party1 and even among those who call themselves ,high ,church there are many shades and differences of opinion2 the amount of notice which it has attracted is due rather to the adoption of practices unknown in the ,church of ,england1 and to the earnestness and activity of its clergy1 than to the great number of its adherents4 ,if we were to count one-tenth part of the members of the ,church of ,england as ,high ,church we should probably be overshooting the mark2 and of these it is by no means to be assumed that the greater number go to confession4 ,personal inquiry in at least one so-called centre of ritualism has led us to believe that it is the practice of a mere minority4 ,we believe that the practice of confession may be said to be pretty nearly universal in the case of the ,anglican religious communities 7which are about thirty in number74 ,many people living in the world are accustomed to go to confession weekly or fortnightly1 and in some few ,london churches the practice is probably followed by the majority of the congregation2 children are trained to it from their earliest years1 and it is boldly proclaimed to be the 8remedy for post-baptismal sin40 ,as far as we can gather from the testimony of those who have confessed and heard confessions as ,anglicans1 we should say that confession is often an actual torture to the soul2 that penances are often imposed altogether without proportion to their cause2 that a kind of obedience unknown among ,catholics is claimed and is rendered4 ,this1 after all1 is the great danger4 ,it will never be known till the last day how many souls have been kept out of ,god's church by the authority of their ,protestant 8directors40 ,a director finds that one of his penitents begins to think that the ,catholic ,church has claims worthy1 at least1 of being examined4 ,at once active works of charity are proposed as a remedy2 all reading of ,catholic books1 or intercourse with ,catholic friends or relations1 is forbidden2 the director is not afraid to say that leaving the ,church of ,england is a sin against the ,holy ,ghost1 and furthermore will promise to answer at the last day for the soul that1 in reliance on his dictum1 suspends all search after truth and blindly obeys4 ,the moment of grace is too often lost2 the soul holds back and will not respond to ,god's call4 ,too often those things which it had are taken from it1 and the sad result is an utter loss of faith4 ,a ,catholic's interest in the working of the ,anglican ,church is solely in reference to the work of conversion4 ,those who in one sense are said to come nearest to the ,catholic ,church are often in reality the furthest off2 for they believe ,catholic doctrines not because they are proposed by a divine authority1 but because they consider them reasonable1 or find that they are in accordance with the testimony of antiquity4 ,their religion is as much a matter of private judgment as that of the ,bible ,christian2 the difference lies in the fact that the ritualist exercises his private judgment over a more extended field than the other4 ,an ,anglican who goes to confession must be an object of great anxiety to a ,catholic friend4 ,in such a case1 at least where the practice has been voluntarily and earnestly adopted1 we feel that ,god is calling that soul to his church2 that he has awakened in it a sense of need1 a craving for the grace and aid which1 generally speaking1 are only to be found in the sacraments4 ,we can hardly doubt that1 if that soul is true to grace1 it will ere long be in the one true fold2 but the position is one of peculiar difficulty1 and the temptations which beset it are of no common kind4 ,minds of a weak order naturally yield to anything that bears the semblance of lawful authority2 the conscientious fear to go against those whom they believe to be wiser and better than themselves2 a peace of mind often follows the confession of an ,anglican4 ,perhaps it is the natural result of having made an effort and got over what is supposed to be a painful duty2 perhaps it is a grace given by ,god in consideration of an act of contrition4 ,how is the poor soul to discern this peace from the effect of sacramental grace8 ,so the very goodness of ,god is turned into a reason for delay and for resting satisfied4 ,hitherto we have looked on the subject of confession in the ,anglican communion chiefly from the side of the penitent2 the case of the clergy who hear confessions is widely different and is beset with many difficulties4 ,generally speaking1 the only question arising in the mind of the penitent would be3 ,can ,i get my sins forgiven by going to confession8 ,of course the reality of the absolution turns primarily on the validity of orders2 strange to say1 a vast number of the laity of the ,church of ,england are contented to take the validity of the orders of their ministers as an unquestioned fact4 ,the clergy naturally are most positive in the assertion that their orders are valid2 as the nature and the necessity of jurisdiction are alike unknown to the ordinary ,anglican mind1 the matter seems pretty clear4 ,the laity in the ,anglican body are not in any very definite manner bound by the ,prayer-book or by any of the authorized documents of that body2 there is nothing anomalous in the idea of ,anglican lay people1 especially women1 going to confession without even asking themselves whether the practice is in accordance with the mind of the communion to which they belong4 ,moreover1 ,high-,church ,anglicans are avowedly bent on improving their church2 their church is not their guide or their mother1 but rather an institution which has so far fulfilled its purpose but imperfectly1 and which1 by a judicious process of reformation1 they hope to assimilate to an ideal existing in their own minds4 ,many conscientious ,anglicans would therefore deem any objection founded on the evident want of encouragement of their views by their church as quite irrelevant4 ,the ,church of ,england does not forbid such and such a practice1 they would say2 we are convinced that it is in accordance with the teaching of antiquity1 that it is useful1 and therefore we encourage it4 ,the clergy1 however1 are bound not only to follow the voice of individual conscience1 but to keep certain solemn promises by which they have voluntarily bound themselves4 ,even if a clergyman be fully convinced that he possesses the tremendous power of the keys1 it does not necessarily follow that he should feel at liberty to exercise it at all times or in all places4 ,we do not go at all into the question of ,anglican orders1 except to remark in passing that it seems strange that the majority of the clergy should give themselves so little trouble on the subject2 they know that1 to say the least1 grave doubts as to their position are entertained by ,christendom in general1 and yet it is very seldom that any one of them takes the same trouble to investigate his orders that a reasonable man would take in regard to his title-deeds1 if a doubt were thrown on them4 ,we believe that the feeling which we once heard expressed by a clergyman said to be ,high ,church is not very uncommon2 being told by a friend that there were serious reasons for doubting ,anglican orders1 and consequently ,anglican sacraments1 he made no attempt to defend them1 but simply remarked3 8,i don't suppose that ,god would let us suffer for such a trifle40 ,to make the position of the ,anglican clergy clear to our readers1 we must begin by citing from 8,the ,form and ,manner of making ,priests0 the solemn words which a ,protestant bishop1 8laying his hands upon the head of every one that receiveth the order of priesthood10 pronounces over him3 8,receive the ,holy ,ghost for the office and work of a priest in the church of ,god1 now committed unto thee by the imposition of our hands4 ,whose sins thou dost forgive1 they are forgiven2 and whose sins thou dost retain1 they are retained4 ,and be thou a faithful dispenser of the word of ,god1 and of his holy sacraments3 ,in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,amen40 ,by the thirty-sixth canon of the ,church of ,england1 published and confirmed in #ahfe1 it is required that the following ,declaration and subscription should be made by such as are to be ordained ministers3 8,i1 ,a4 ,b41 do solemnly make the following declaration3 ,i assent to the ,thirty-nine ,articles of ,religion1 and to the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 and of ,ordering of ,bishops1 ,priests1 and ,deacons2 ,i believe the doctrine of the ,united ,church of ,england and ,ireland1 as therein set forth1 to be agreeable to the word of ,god2 and in public prayer and administration of the sacraments1 ,i will use the form in the said book prescribed1 and none other1 except so far as shall be ordered by lawful authority40 ,an ,anglican clergyman1 again1 pledges himself at his ordination to minister the doctrine and sacraments and the discipline of ,christ as our ,lord hath commanded1 and as this church and realm hath received the same4 ,the subject of confession is mentioned three times in the ,book of ,common ,prayer1 which1 as our readers may perhaps be aware1 is the only authorized formulary of devotion possessed by the ,church of ,england4 ,there is no separate ritual for the clergy2 the ,common ,prayer is the one comprehensive whole and is in the hands of everybody4 ,in the exhortation which is appointed to be read on the ,sunday immediately preceding the celebration of the ,holy ,communion1 and which1 by the way1 a great many regular church-goers seldom or never have heard read1 the concluding paragraph runs as follows3 8,and because it is requisite that no man should come to the holy communion1 but with a full trust in ,god's mercy1 and with a quiet conscience2 therefore if there be any of you1 who by this means1 7i4e41 by self-examination and private repentance17 cannot quiet his own conscience herein but requireth further comfort or counsel1 let him come to me1 or to some other discreet and learned minister of ,god's word1 and open his grief2 that by the ministry of ,god's holy word he may receive the benefit of absolution1 together with ghostly counsel and advice1 to the quieting of his conscience and avoiding of all scruple and doubtfulness40 ,the next occasion on which we find confession in the pages of the ,prayer-book is the ,visitation of the ,sick4 ,a rubric lays down the 8priest's0 duty in these words3 8,here shall the sick person be moved to make a special confession of his sins1 if he feel his conscience troubled with any weighty matter4 ,after which confession the priest shall absolve him 7if he humbly and heartily desire it7 after this sort3 ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 who hath left power to his church to absolve all sinners who truly repent and believe in him1 of his great mercy forgive thee thine offences2 and1 by his authority committed to me1 ,i absolve thee from all thy sins1 in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,amen40 ,lastly1 in the twenty-fifth of the ,thirty-nine ,articles of ,religion1 which are subscribed by all the clergy1 we read3 8,there are two sacraments1 ordained of ,christ our ,lord in the ,gospel--that is to say1 baptism and the ,supper of the ,lord4 ,those five commonly called sacraments--that is to say1 confirmation1 penance1 orders1 matrimony1 and extreme unction--are not to be counted for sacraments of the ,gospel1 being such as have grown partly of the corrupt following of the apostles1 partly are states of life allowed in the ,scriptures2 but yet have not like nature of sacraments with baptism and the ,lord's ,supper1 for that they have not any visible sign or ceremony ordained of ,god40 ,as the ,church of ,england has but one authorized book of devotion1 she has but one book of instruction2 her ,homilies are declared1 in the thirty-fifth of the ,thirty-nine ,articles1 8to contain a godly and wholesome doctrine and necessary for these times10 and it is directed that they should 8be read in churches by the minister diligently and distinctly1 that they may be understanded of the people40 ,the ,homilies are not read in churches2 in fact we believe it would be safe to assert that they are hardly ever read anywhere1 and we might almost suppose them to be obsolete1 were it not that every candidate for orders signs the statement that they are 8necessary for these times40 ,the second part of the ,homily on ,repentance says3 8,and where they 7the ,roman teachers7 do allege this saying of our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ unto the leper1 to prove auricular confession to stand on ,god's word1 #8,go thy way1 and show thyself unto the priest1' do they not see that the leper was cleansed from his leprosy1 before he was by ,christ sent unto the priest for to show himself unto him8 ,by the same reason we must be cleansed from our spiritual leprosy--,i mean our sins must be forgiven us--before that we come to confession4 ,what need we1 then1 to tell forth our sins into the ear of the priest1 sith that they may be already taken away8 ,therefore holy ,ambrose1 in his second sermon upon the #aaith ,psalm1 doth say full well3 ,go show thyself unto the priest4 ,who is the true priest1 but he which is the priest for ever after the order of ,melchisedech8 ,whereby this holy ,father doth understand that1 both the priesthood and the law being changed1 we ought to acknowledge none other priest for deliverance from our sins but our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 who1 being our sovereign bishop1 doth with the sacrifice of his body and blood1 offered once for ever upon the altar of the cross1 most effectually cleanse the spiritual leprosy and wash away the sins of all those that with true confession of the same do flee unto him4 ,it is most evident and plain1 that this auricular confession hath not the warrant of ,god's word1 else it had not been lawful for ,nectarius1 ,bishop of ,constantinople1 upon a just occasion to have put it down4 99 99 99 99 99 8,let us with fear and trembling1 and with a true contrite heart1 use that kind of confession which ,god doth command in his ,word1 and then doubtless1 as he is faithful and righteous1 he will forgive us our sins and make us clean from all wickedness4 ,i do not say but that1 if any do find themselves troubled in conscience1 they may repair to their learned curate or pastor1 or to some other godly learned man1 and show the trouble and doubt of their conscience to them1 that they may receive at their hand the comfortable salve of ,god's word2 but it is against the true ,christian liberty1 that any man should be bound to the numbering of his sins1 as it hath been used heretofore in the time of blindness and ignorance40 ,such are the scanty devotional and dogmatical utterances of the ,church of ,england on the subject of confession4 ,the only other instruction given to her clergy in regard to their duties as confessors is to be found in the one hundred and thirteenth canon1 which treats of the presentment of notorious offenders to the ordinaries4 ,parsons and vicars1 or in their absence their curates1 may themselves present to their ordinaries 8,all such crimes as they have in charge or otherwise1 as by them 7being the persons that should have the chief care for the suppressing of sin and impiety in their parishes7 shall be thought to require due reformation4 ,provided always1 that if any man confess his secret and hidden sins to the minister1 for the unburdening of his conscience1 and to receive spiritual consolation and ease of mind from him2 we do not any way bind the said minister by this our ,constitution1 but do straitly charge and admonish him1 that he do not at any time reveal and make known to any person whatsoever any crime or offence so committed to his trust and secrecy 7except they be such crimes as1 by the laws of this realm1 his own life may be called into question for concealing the same71 under pain of irregularity40 ,as far as we can gather1 the belief of the ,church of ,england on the subject of confession may be summed up in the following propositions3 #a4 ,penance is not a sacrament1 but #b4 ,her ministers have the power of forgiving sins4 #c4 ,this power is exercised after confession made by the penitent4 #d4 ,but such confession is not to be made1 save in case of serious illness or of great disquiet of mind4 #e4 ,the absolution of the priest is not the ordinary means by which sins are forgiven4 #f4 ,the penitent is to be the judge in his own case4 ,if he feels very much in want of confession1 he may have it2 if not1 he is to do without it4 ,his own feeling is the only rule in the matter4 ,we think our readers will admit that the above statements are in no way an unfair summary of the teaching of the ,church of ,england as represented by her formularies4 ,certainly they give no warrant for the assertion now made by the ,high-,church party that confession is the ordinary remedy for post-baptismal sin1 or to the practice of frequent and regular confession which is now so widely advocated and followed4 ,confession is evidently1 according to the teaching of ,anglicanism1 what it has been well called by an ,anglican1 a 8luxury40 ,how1 it may be asked1 can men who are pledged to teach and maintain the doctrines of the ,church of ,england act in direct opposition to the instructions which she has given them8 ,we do not maintain that those instructions have the appearance of being all the expression of the same convictions4 ,there is an apparent discrepancy existing amongst them2 they are not consistent with each other4 ,but the one broad fact is plain as daylight3 they do not countenance the present action of extreme ,anglicans4 ,lookers-on constantly ask1 ,are these men sincere8 ,why do they not 8go over to ,rome08 ,are they not traitors in the ,anglican camp8 ,to these questions we can only reply3 ,we judge not2 each individual must stand or fall to his own master2 but we cannot hesitate in saying that ritualism as a system is dishonest1 and that the position occupied by its adherents is the most untenable that any man can undertake to defend4 ,if we seek for the reason why men whom we are ready to believe upright and honorable act in a manner which is apparently absolutely incompatible with their solemn engagements1 it may perhaps be discovered by a consideration of one of the chief characteristics of the ,church of ,england4 ,st4 ,paul speaks of the church of ,christ as 8the pillar and ground of the truth40 ,the ,church of ,england is essentially a compromise4 ,some of her dignitaries even look on this as her glory3 the ,high-,churchman can find his belief in the ,real ,presence supported by her catechism1 but the ,low-,churchman has the black rubric1 which is equally strong in favor of his opinion2 her prayers are for the most part preserved from the days of ,catholic piety1 and her ,articles bear the impress of foreign heresy2 she prays against 8false doctrine1 heresy1 and schism10 and devotes one of her ,articles to the assertion that all churches have erred4 ,her clergy are required to accept anomalies and inconsistencies2 and we cannot but do them the justice to say that they accept them with great equanimity4 ,every one has something to get over3 the ,high-,churchman could wish some things altered1 and the ,low-,churchman would be glad to see others omitted2 the result seems to be that every one subscribes with a kind of laxity which1 if it does not imply a want of honesty1 at least betrays an absence of accuracy and of definite conviction4 ,subscription to articles and formularies seems to sit very lightly on the ,anglican conscience2 it is a mere means to an end4 ,but the ,anglican clergyman not only pledges himself to the doctrines of the ,prayer-book and ,articles2 he also promises obedience to his bishop4 ,here is something apparently definite4 ,in the voice of a living bishop there can hardly be the same scope for diversity as the pages of the ,prayer-book afford4 ,generally speaking1 the ,anglican bishops condemn the practice of confession2 if they were really rulers in their communion there can be no doubt that the ,high-,church party would long since have been extinct4 ,as a fact1 the ,anglican does not obey his bishop2 at this very moment one of the leading ,high-,church clergy of ,london has definitely and deliberately refused to obey his bishop by removing from his church a crucifix and a picture of ,our ,lady1 which he believes tend to promote devotion among his flock4 ,for the reasons which lead conscientious men to disobey the ordinary whose godly admonitions they have engaged with a glad mind and will to follow1 and to whose godly judgments they have promised with ,god's help to submit1 we must again look to the peculiar theories of the ,church of ,england4 ,it is hardly necessary to say that the ,church of ,england does not in any way or under any circumstances claim infallibility2 nay1 more1 she goes out of her way to deny its very existence4 ,one of her ,articles asserts that the churches of ,jerusalem1 ,alexandria1 ,antioch1 and ,rome have erred in matters of faith1 and another follows up this assertion by the kindred statement that general councils may err1 and sometimes have erred1 even in things pertaining to ,god4 ,she indeed daily professes her belief in ,one1 ,holy1 ,catholic1 and ,apostolic ,church1 but she does not inform her children where and how the voice of that church is to be heard4 ,she constantly asserts the authority of ,holy ,scripture1 but she recognizes no authority competent to interpret ,scripture in a decisive manner4 ,under the influence of such teaching it is not surprising that there should exist in the ,church of ,england two theories regarding authority in matters of faith4 ,one is that there is no authority save ,holy ,scripture4 ,everything must be proved by ,scripture2 and as there is no one necessarily better entitled than another to explain ,scripture1 this virtually amounts to a recognition of the right and duty of private judgment to its fullest extent4 ,the other theory is based on belief in the ,one ,catholic ,church4 ,it admits that our ,lord appointed his church to teach men all truth2 it believes that the voice of the church in primitive times was the voice of ,god2 it doubts not that at a former period the church was guided by the ,spirit of ,god1 but it holds that supernatural guidance to be in abeyance2 it recognizes no living voice of the church2 it looks forward with a vague hope to the reunion of ,catholics1 ,greeks1 and ,anglicans1 and the possibility in such a case of a general council being held1 whose decisions would bind all ,christendom4 ,in the meantime the church is dumb1 if not dead1 and all that can be done is to turn with a reverent mind to the study of antiquity1 to an examination of what has been handed down from the days of pure and undoubted faith4 ,this last is the theory of the ,high-,church party in general4 ,to their mind a bishop is a necessity2 he is required for the conferring of orders and for giving confirmation2 he is not the centre of sacrificial power in his diocese1 nor the source of jurisdiction2 he is not a teacher in any other sense beyond that in which they are themselves teachers2 their obedience to him is not an obedience to one whom our ,lord has set over his flock with a special charge to feed his sheep as well as his lambs2 it is an obedience rendered to one who is officially a superior--an obedience which has no direct reference to ,god1 and which is constantly evaded 7it may be in perfect good faith7 on the principle that 8we ought to obey ,god rather than man40 ,another cause which has probably much to do with the apparent inconsistencies of the ,high-,church ,anglican clergy is the fact that they are in a great many cases absorbed and overwhelmed by an amount of active work which leaves little leisure for the serious examination of their position4 ,it is admitted on all sides that the last century was a period of spiritual apathy and deadness as far as the ,church of ,england was concerned4 ,the movement of the past forty years has not been merely in the direction of ,catholic doctrine1 but it has also led to a renewal of zeal1 to energy and self-sacrifice1 which we cannot but appreciate4 ,the poor1 the young1 the ignorant1 and the fallen are cared for with a charity whose root is1 we trust1 to be found in the increased knowledge of the life and of the love of our ,lord4 ,but even works of mercy have their snares2 a man who is toiling night and day among the outcast and the poor of great cities1 who sees the results of his labor in the reformed life of many a wanderer1 and who also sees pressing on him needs which he can never fully satisfy1 must be sorely tempted to turn a deaf ear to all such questionings as would stay his course4 ,he hears people's confessions1 and he sees them turn to ,god and lead better lives2 naturally he concludes that all is right1 and he resents any interference with a practice which is apparently so salutary4 ,we have now given a short and1 we hope1 a fair idea of confession as it exists at present in the ,anglican communion4 ,we must add1 for the information of those who have not had the opportunity of watching the progress of events in ,england1 that the practice of confession was unknown1 or almost unknown1 in the ,anglican communion until about five-and-thirty years ago4 ,it was one of the first fruits of that turning back to the old ,catholic paths which by ,god's blessing has led so many souls into the ,church4 ,the movement still goes on2 it has passed through different phases1 and year by year it brings one after another to the very threshold of their true home2 they enter in and are at rest1 and find the reality of all that they had hitherto sought and longed for4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,michael ,,the ,,sombre4#afa ,,an ,,episode ,,in ,,the ,,polish ,,insurrection1 #ahfc-ahfd4 ,it is a trite remark that every age has produced its heroes1 its saints1 and its martyrs2 but there are few amongst us who have sufficient discernment to recognize them when they cross our path in life4 8,should we know a saint if we met him80 asks ,father ,faber4 ,and so if we were to meet the heroine of this tale1 quietly working in her own village or busy with the ouvroir for young girls she has just established in her province in ,france1 we should be far indeed from guessing that we saw with our own eyes a woman who had equalled1 if not surpassed1 ,joan of ,arc in heroism1 devotion1 and courage1 and who had done deeds which would be incredible1 if not attested by a multitude of living witnesses4 ,she was born in one of the departments of ,france unhappily annexed during the war of #ahgj-ga4 ,having lost her mother in infancy1 she was brought up by her father1 an old officer under ,louis ,,xviii4 and ,charles ,x41 who educated her entirely as a boy4 ,at twelve years of age she was a complete mistress of the art of fencing1 riding1 shooting1 and other manly accomplishments4 ,then1 fearing lest she should be altogether unfitted for the society of those of her own sex1 her father suddenly determined to send her to a convent1 where her extraordinary cleverness soon enabled her to conquer all difficulties1 and she made the most rapid progress in every branch of study4 ,a vein of earnest ,catholic piety ran through her whole character1 coupled with an equally earnest devotion to her country and her king4 ,we do not know what family circumstances induced her father to part for a time from a child on whose education he had lavished such thought and care4 ,but at eighteen we find her established in ,poland as an inmate of one of its noblest families4 ,after two years thus spent1 during which she acquired a thorough knowledge of the ,polish and ,german languages1 she returned to ,france and had the melancholy consolation of nursing and assisting her father in his last moments2 after which she was entreated to return to the ,countess ,l---- in ,poland1 and become the adopted child of the house1 to which she consented4 ,so that1 when the insurrection in that country broke out in #ahfc1 8,mika10 as she was affectionately called by the whole family1 rejoiced in the opportunity it afforded her of repaying the debt of gratitude she owed to those who had been as her second parents1 by a devotion which was ready to sacrifice life itself in their service4 ,it is an episode in this war which we are about to give to our readers1 and which we think will be doubly interesting at the present moment1 when all eyes are fixed on the terrible struggle going on in the ,east4 ,the story is told in the heroine's own words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was on the #bb;d ,january1 #ahfc1 that the ,poles1 in little bands of ten or twenty men1 met by a cross raised in honor of ,kosciusko in the palatinate of ,radom1 and made a vow to deliver ,poland from the ,muscovite yoke or perish in the attempt4 ,let those who blame them remember the intolerable persecution which they had patiently endured for years--a persecution which deprived them of their faith1 their language1 their rights as citizens1 and all that men hold most dear4 ,on the #bdth they marched on ,miechow1 having no other arms than scythes and sticks and old-fashioned fowling-pieces4 ,led by inexperienced chiefs1 who1 in their ardor1 fondly imagined that patriotism and a holy cause would carry the day against military tactics1 they were foolish enough to attack1 in broad daylight1 a strong body of ,russians1 well armed and superior to them in numbers1 who occupied an almost impregnable position on the heights above the town4 ,the result may be easily imagined4 ,the ,poles were repulsed with heavy loss1 and the ,russians1 who delight in celebrating their triumphs by a bonfire1 burnt down the town and massacred all the ,poles who came within their reach4 ,ten of the ,polish wounded were secretly brought to the castle1 where we had established a subterranean ambulance4 ,it was my business to dress the wounds of these poor fellows1 assisted by a holy nun1 the ,mother ,alexandra1 who played too important a part in my future history not to be mentioned here4 ,the ,count ,l---- did not approve of the insurrection and considered it hopeless from the first2 but he would not abandon his brave peasants4 ,towards the #cjth of this month our couriers gave us warning that the ,russians were aware of the wounded men being under our care1 and that they were marching on the castle for the purpose of burning it down4 ,the count refused to fly1 saying that his place was amongst his own people at ,syez1 of whom he had always been both the father and protector4 ,but he called me into his counsels1 and implored me to carry off his wife and children and his sister-in-law 7who lived with us7 to ,mislowitz1 a little manufacturing town on the frontier of ,silesia and ,poland4 ,after all it was a false alarm2 and after a fortnight's exile1 which anxiety and fear had doubled1 a letter from the count recalled us4 ,we had nearly reached the end of our journey when we were attacked by a mob of ,russian fanatics1 who endeavored to seize the carriage4 ,i was on horseback at the head of the little cavalcade1 and ,i managed by means of my revolver to keep these miscreants at bay4 ,the coachman profited by this moment's respite to lash his horses into a gallop1 by which means we escaped the ambush and reached the castle in safety4 ,but our tranquillity was not destined to be of long duration4 ,about a fortnight later eight insurgents of the legion called of 8,despair0 sought refuge in our house4 ,we concealed them as well as we could2 but in the middle of the night notice was sent us that the ,russians were on their track and had discovered their hiding-place4 ,we hastened to send them off to a part of the forest where a cavern had been prepared to receive any such fugitives4 ,they reached it in safety1 but unhappily were betrayed by a peasant to whom the secret had been confided4 ,the exasperated ,russians again threatened the castle2 and again the count insisted on our flight4 ,on our way an alarm was given of some sort which so terrified the coachman that he threw down his whip and fled for his life1 leaving us and the carriage at the mercy of the four horses1 which were strong beasts and very fresh4 ,luckily1 they stood still for a moment1 and1 as ,i was used to driving1 ,i reassured the countess and jumped on the box4 ,hardly1 however1 had ,i taken the reins than the wheels of the carriage became wedged in the sand4 ,i jumped off the box1 and1 seizing one of the leaders by the bridle1 urged him forward with all my might4 ,the animal made so violent an effort that he threw me down and dragged me some twenty paces2 but as ,i held on for dear life1 he ended by stopping1 and1 the carriage being thus released1 we went on as fast as we could1 continually in dread of pursuit1 till we reached the house of ,countess ,n----1 who received us with the warmest kindness and hospitality4 ,our stay here1 however1 was not of long duration1 for my poor friend1 the ,countess ,l----1 was in an agony to return to her husband1 who had been left alone in the castle2 and so1 at the risk of being again captured1 we returned to ,syez4 ,fortunately1 this time we had no alarms on the road1 and the joy of the family at their safe reunion was as great as their thankfulness4 ,but our happiness was short-lived4 ,although the count did not take any part in the insurrection1 it was well known that his sympathies were with his people1 and this was sufficient to make him a marked man with the ,russian authorities4 ,at last we heard from undeniable authority that his arrest had been determined upon1 and that he had been already condemned to ,siberia4 ,then followed a heartrending scene--his wife and children 7whose whole future would have been wrecked had his deportation been carried into effect7 imploring him to take refuge in ,germany1 where he had a small property1 and to remain there till the storm was past2 while he clung tenaciously to his old home and to his duties as a proprietor during the struggle4 ,finally1 he yielded to our tears and entreaties2 but before leaving he sent for me and solemnly commended his wife and children to my care4 ,i swore to defend them or to die in the attempt4 ,it was agreed that we were to watch our opportunity1 and1 if possible1 obtain an escort so as to cross the frontier and rejoin the count as soon as we could4 ,three days only after his departure we received intelligence that the ,russians were close to our gates and were going to insist on a domiciliary visit4 ,i flew to the count's private room and commenced making an auto-da-f of every compromising letter or paper ,i could find and of all suspected newspapers4 ,whilst ,i was fanning the flames the count's sister came in1 and1 seeing what ,i was about1 exclaimed with horror3 8,o ,mika6 for ,god's sake stop4 ,you don't know what you are doing4 ,all ,arthur's gunpowder is hidden and stowed away in that chimney60 ,i was almost paralyzed with fear1 but ,i said3 8,fly for your life and get the countess and the children out of the house40 ,and then1 with a fervent ejaculatory prayer to ,god1 ,i tore the burning papers out of the grate before the flames had had time to ignite the gunpowder1 which1 luckily for me1 had been carefully done up in packets and placed in a metal box4 ,i managed to drag the papers into another fireplace1 and had time to see that they were all burnt1 and to conceal the tinder1 before the ,cossacks surrounded the house and summoned us to open the doors4 ,their officers made the most minute examination of everything1 but found nothing that they could lay their hands on1 and went away disgusted1 while ,i escaped with a few trifling burns on my hands and arms4 ,a few days after this scene ,mme4 de ,i---- and ,i were sitting talking in the room where we generally met and waited before dinner1 when the countess came in with an open letter in her hand and looking more sad and pale than usual4 8,what has happened80 we both exclaimed2 and ,i added1 smiling3 8,are we condemned to the knout8 ,or do the ,russians reserve us the honor of a hempen collar80 ,but my dismal pleasantry produced no response1 and the poor lady silently came and sat down by me1 taking my hand4 ,after a pause she said3 8,mika1 ,i have been unwittingly guilty of a great indiscretion4 ,you know how miserably anxious ,i am for news of ,arthur's safety4 ,a servant whom ,i had sent to the post1 in hopes of finding a letter from him1 brought me back this one2 and1 full of my cruel anxiety1 ,i tore it open without looking at the address1 being fully convinced it came from him40 8,well80 ,i inquired1 as she hesitated to go on4 8,well1 this letter was a terrible disappointment4 ,it wasn't from ,arthur at all1 or for me1 but for you1 and from your own family1 who1 dreading the consequences of this sad insurrection1 insist on your immediate return to ,france40 8,is that all80 ,i asked1 smiling4 8,i don't know10 she replied4 8,i only read enough to find out my mistake1 and ,i was so absorbed by my own anxiety that ,i hardly took in the meaning of the words at first40 8,but that is not what ,i ask10 ,i rejoined4 8,i want to know what there was in that letter which makes you look so sad40 ,the countess' eyes filled with tears4 8,i own1 ,mika1 that the thought of losing you breaks my heart4 ,you know1 at the first moment of alarm1 ,miss ,b---- and ,frulein ,f---- left the children and returned to their homes4 ,i fancied you would follow their example2 but seeing you so brave and so ready to share in all our dangers1 ,i had been completely reassured1 until ,god allowed this letter to fall into my hands40 8,and what have you concluded from that letter80 ,i asked rather coldly4 8,i have made up my mind1 ,mika1 that it would be the height of selfishness on my part to strive to induce you to stay on with us in a country where desolation and terror reign supreme2 where we are not safe from one moment to the other2 where neither human nor divine laws are respected1 and where even ladies are not spared the lash or the stake4 ,yesterday1 as you well know1 ,countess ,p----1 for having worn mourning for her brother1 who had been massacred by the ,russians1 was flogged publicly in the market-place and hanged afterwards4 ,fly1 then1 my dearest ,mika1 while there is yet time4 ,already you have done far more than your duty4 ,you have risked your life over and over again for us4 ,i cannot1 ,i must not1 exact any further sacrifice4 ,leave us1 ,mika1 leave us to our sad fate1 and may ,god be with you60 ,here the poor wife and mother hid her face in her hands1 and ,i saw great tears coursing down her cheeks through her clasped fingers4 ,mme4 de ,i---- and the children1 who had come in during the interval and had heard their mother's words1 clustered round me and cried too4 ,when ,i could command my own voice ,i turned towards the countess and said3 8,dearest madam6 seven years have now elapsed since ,i first became an inmate of your home4 ,when ,i arrived here1 ,poland1 if not happy1 was at least at peace1 and ,i reckoned you among the limited number of the truly happy ones on this earth4 ,you received me 7,i1 whom a deep sorrow had driven from my native land7 as a friend1 as a child1 as a sister2 and this affection and consideration for me have never failed for a single moment4 ,when the insurrection broke out your ,english governess left you2 and ,i think she was right4 ,a sacred duty was laid upon her--that of supporting her old mother1 who lived entirely on her earnings4 ,as to ,frulein ,f----1 that is quite another matter4 ,i expected she would go away on the very first alarm4 ,with ,prussians devotedness does not exist4 ,i believe they have tomatoes in place of hearts6 ,as for me1 ,i have only one brother in the world1 and he is good enough to think of me only when his purse is empty4 ,i have1 therefore1 not the same excuse as ,miss ,b----1 still less that of ,frulein ,f----2 for if ,i chose to live independently1 the little fortune left me by my father would be enough for my wants4 ,if ,i returned to ,poland after his death it was to find the same disinterested love and affection ,i had left there4 ,i have found more than a duty to fulfil3 ,i have a debt of gratitude to pay2 and ,i thank ,god for the portion he has assigned to me40 8,but your family80 again urged the countess1 whose face began to brighten4 8,since my father and sister died10 ,i replied1 8,i do not consider ,i have any family claims4 ,now1 listen to me1 contessina10 ,i continued1 clasping her two hands in mine4 8,god has put into my heart an inexhaustible treasure of devotedness and tenderness4 ,he has given me likewise unusual courage and strength2 and now ,i thank him that he has also given me the occasion to employ these1 his gifts1 in your service4 ,your husband is in exile2 you are threatened in your home1 in your children1 in your property1 and by everything around you2 and you could imagine for a moment that1 under such circumstances1 ,i should go and abandon you6 ,thank ,god6 that there never has been a stain yet on our family name1 and my father1 an old soldier1 impressed upon me1 from a child1 the strongest feelings of duty and honor4 ,i swear1 therefore1 in the sight of ,god1 that as long as this war lasts your country shall be my country1 your children shall also be mine1 and as long as my heart beats not a hair of your dear head shall be touched6 ,when happier days arise for ,poland1 and peace shall be restored1 then1 but not till then1 ,i shall remember that ,france is my country1 and that ,i have left well-beloved tombs on her soil40 ,the countess threw her arms round me in a close embrace and cried on my shoulder4 ,mme4 de ,i---- looked at me with the sweetest smile4 8,thanks1 ,mika10 she murmured in a broken voice4 8,i never believed for a moment that you would leave us4 ,you60 ,the children seized hold of my hands and covered them with kisses4 ,it was a moment of the purest happiness ,i had known on earth4 ,in proportion to the progress and extent of the insurrection the cruelty of the ,russians increased4 ,every day brought new vexations or fresh tortures4 ,we lived in constant fear1 and our position became really insupportable4 ,almost every noble family in the neighborhood had fled and left the country1 and we should long before have followed their example had it not been for the great distance we were from the railroad4 ,the count had arrived safely at ,dresden1 whence he wrote imploring his wife to join him4 ,but we were at least forty versts from the nearest station1 and to go there without an escort would have exposed us inevitably to fall into the hands of the ,russians1 who had lately ranked emigration in the category of crimes of high treason4 ,and how was it possible to form an escort8 ,the peasants1 in the pay of the ,raskolnicks 7or old believers71 would refuse to march1 and the servants would1 in all probability1 have betrayed us4 ,in vain ,i racked my brains to find some way out of this difficulty1 and every day the danger became more imminent4 ,providence at last had pity upon us1 and disposed events in a way which became eventually the salvation of those so dear to me4 ,every evening1 when the rest of the family were gone to bed1 ,i went alone into the library to answer letters1 verify the steward's registers1 and look after the accounts4 ,in the absence of the count there was no one to see after these necessary duties but myself1 and ,i looked upon them as my right4 ,one night1 when this work had kept me up later than usual1 ,i heard some one knocking at the door4 ,it was past midnight4 ,i rose to open it1 very much surprised at any one coming to me at that hour1 and all the more as no servant would venture into that part of the house at night1 as it was reported to be haunted4 ,what was my astonishment at finding the countess herself outside the door in a pitiable state of agitation4 8,o ,mika60 she exclaimed1 almost falling into my arms as ,i led her to a seat1 8,i am in the most horrible perplexity and anxiety4 ,i have just received an entreaty to send a despatch instantly to ,general ,b----1 my husband's oldest and dearest friend4 ,he is encamped with his squadron at ,gory1 on the property of ,count ,dembinski2 and he does not know that eight hundred ,russians are in the immediate neighborhood and have laid an ambush to surprise him4 ,this despatch is to warn him of it2 for he has only three hundred men with him1 who will all be cut to pieces1 if he should not be warned in time4 ,who knows8 perhaps already it may be too late4 ,but you1 ,mika1 who are always so clear-headed--can you suggest anything8 ,can you advise me what to do80 8,but the man who brought this despatch10 ,i exclaimed--8where is he8 ,why cannot he go on instantly to ,gory80 8,alas6 it is impossible10 replied the countess4 8,he has just galloped seven leagues without stopping to take breath1 and his horse dropped down dead at the entrance of the village4 ,the poor fellow himself is half dead with fatigue and exhaustion40 ,i thought for a minute or two1 and then said3 8,leave the despatch with me4 ,i will go and rouse the steward1 and between us we will find some one who will undertake this perilous mission40 8,do you really think so1 ,mika80 8,yes1 ,i am sure of it10 ,i replied4 8,oh6 what a weight you have lifted off my heart10 said the countess joyfully4 8,go at once1 dearest child4 ,i will wait for you1 and not go to bed till ,i have heard the result of your consultation40 ,when the countess had gone back to her own room a terrible struggle arose in my heart4 ,i had studied the peasants and servants well enough to know that in such a moment of extreme danger not one of them was to be trusted4 ,the steward himself did not inspire me with much confidence2 and1 besides1 he was the father of a family4 ,on the other hand1 the lives of three hundred men hung upon the delivery of this message4 ,i knelt down and prayed with my whole heart for guidance4 ,when ,i rose my resolution was taken4 ,the hour was come for me to pay my debt of gratitude towards this ,poland which had become so dear to me1 and perhaps in this way alone could ,i save the family to whom ,i had devoted my life4 ,i wrote a few lines to the countess1 and then went and woke my own maid4 8,marynia10 ,i said1 8in half an hour1 but not before1 you must take this note to the countess1 who is sitting up for me4 ,and if to-morrow1 when you get up1 ,i am not come back1 you must take another letter to her1 which you will find on my chest of drawers40 8,but1 ,holy ,virgin of ,czenstochowa60 exclaimed the poor girl1 8you are not going out at this time of night80 8,yes2 ,i am starting this very instant40 8,but then ,i will wake the whole house4 ,i won't have you go alone at this hour40 8,no1 you will stay quiet10 ,i said to her in a tone which admitted of no reply1 8and in half an hour you will do what ,i have told you40 ,so saying1 ,i left ,marynia to her lamentations and went out4 ,the first thing ,i had to do was to put on a man's dress--,i had received permission to do this from ,rome in case of an emergency like the present--and then1 taking my pistols1 which were always ready1 ,i went to the stable and picked out the best horse ,i could find1 which ,i saddled myself1 blessing again the education my father had given me1 that made me independent of any assistance4 ,the road which ,i took passed in front of the castle4 ,there was a light in the countess' room where she was waiting for me4 ,good1 gentle1 loving woman with a child's heart6 ,twice ,i saw her shadow pass and repass across the curtain1 and twice my heart failed me4 ,this feeling only lasted a minute2 but this minute might have been a century for the agony concentrated in it4 ,there to the left was the old castle which held those two young women so dear to me1 and those children whose birth ,i had witnessed and who loved me so tenderly4 ,to the right stretched the road that was to lead me--to ,siberia1 perhaps1 or to a sudden and violent death4 ,if at this thought my heart failed me1 and if for a moment ,i hesitated1 ,god will1 ,i hope1 have forgiven it4 ,at twenty-four years of age one does not fling away life without one look back4 ,i stopped my horse instinctively1 fully realizing the almost foolhardiness of my attempt4 ,but then my thoughts reverted to those three hundred brave fellows whose lives ,i held1 as it were1 in my hand1 and1 with a sigh which was more like a sob1 ,i dug my spurs into my beautiful 8,kirdjcali10 who bounded into the air with surprise and pain1 and commenced galloping at a furious pace along the road--a pace ,i did not even try to check1 for it seemed to relieve my bursting heart4 ,now and then ,i had to lie down on his mane to take breath4 ,but by degrees the cold and calm silence of the night1 and the satisfaction of feeling that ,i was accomplishing a great and sacred duty1 restored my peace of mind4 ,i checked the pace of my horse1 and after about three-quarters of an hour came to a thick fir-wood1 through which ,i was quietly ambling when ,kirdjcali stopped suddenly1 and ,i instantly perceived the cause4 ,on the edge of the wood1 about five hundred paces off1 a great fire was crackling1 round which were grouped a number of men and horses4 ,it was either a ,russian or a ,polish patrol2 but in either case my situation was a critical one4 ,i had no 8safe-conduct0 papers1 and no password save for ,general ,b----4 ,i should be taken for a spy and hanged without form or ceremony4 ,what was to be done8 ,go back8 ,that would be the height of weakness4 ,take another road8 ,there was no other4 ,yet to go on was undoubtedly to run the risk of falling directly into their hands4 ,again ,i lifted up my whole heart in prayer2 after all ,i had ,god and the right on my side1 and so ,i decided to venture it1 feeling besides that my good ,kirdjcali had the legs of a race-horse and could beat almost any other animal1 if it came to a chase4 ,the moon1 which till then had guided my path1 was suddenly hidden behind a thick cloud that concealed me from the enemy4 ,i made my horse walk1 and1 lying flat on his neck1 ,i went on to within fifty paces of the ,cossacks 7for they were ,russian ,cossacks7 without their dreaming of my vicinity2 for the soft sand deadened the sound of my horse's feet4 ,all of a sudden ,kirdjcali threw up his head and sniffed the wind with ever-widening nostrils4 ,and then what ,i most dreaded came to pass4 ,he recognized some companion of the steppes and gave a loud neigh1 which was answered instantly by a hurrah from the children of the ,don1 who were on foot in a moment4 ,making the sign of the cross1 ,i dug my spurs once more into my poor ,kirdjcali's flanks1 and passed like a flash of lightning before the astonished ,cossacks4 8,stoj60 7stop7 they cried with one voice4 ,my only answer to this summons was to urge on my steed to still greater speed4 ,then they had recourse to a more active means of arresting my course4 ,two flashes lit up the darkness of the night1 and one ball whistled past my ear1 grazed my head1 and cut off a lock of my hair close to the temple2 the other passed through a branch of a tree some paces before me4 ,but ,kirdjcali flew like the wind1 and ,i was soon out of the reach of pursuit4 ,as soon as ,i dared ,i stopped him to let him breathe2 five minutes more of this furious pace1 and the poor beast would have dropped down dead4 ,by the time ,i had reached ,general ,b----'s column it was three o'clock in the morning4 8,who goes there80 cried the sentinel4 8,military orders10 ,i replied4 8,the password80 8,polska ,volnoszez0 7,poland and liberty74 ,he let me pass1 and ,i was received by ,m4 ,d----1 one of the general's aides-de-camp4 ,i gave him the despatch1 which he hastened to take to his chief4 ,hardly had he left me1 and before ,i had time to rejoice at having accomplished my mission1 when a discharge of musketry1 accompanied by the savage ,russian war-cry1 was heard to the left4 ,in spite of the fearful speed of my ride1 ,i had arrived too late6 ,the enemy had almost surrounded the little camp4 ,a few minutes sufficed for the general to throw himself into the saddle and place himself at the head of his column4 8,first squadron1 forward60 he cried in a stentorian voice4 ,not a man stirred4 8,second squadron1 forward60 ,the same result4 ,the poor fellows1 worn out with fatigue1 exhausted from hunger1 and totally unprepared for this attack1 remained1 as it were1 paralyzed4 ,to me this first moment was terrible2 and those who boast of never having been afraid the first time they take part in a battle either deceive themselves or they lie4 ,it took me a few minutes to master my emotion2 but ,kirdjcali too made a diversion by furious bounds and neighing1 which proved that for him also this was the first baptism of fire4 ,seeing the demoralization of his soldiers1 the brave general made a desperate charge in the very midst of the enemy's ranks1 followed by a handful of dragoons under the orders of ,count ,k----4 ,i followed his movements with my eye in a mechanical sort of way1 when all of a sudden ,i saw the unhappy general staggering rather than falling from his horse1 while an infernal hurrah of triumph burst from the ,russians4 ,then all my fears vanished4 ,i thought of my father1 and all that was ,french in my blood was roused4 ,i seized a sword that lay close by1 and turning towards the troops1 who were still hesitating and wavering1 ,i cried out3 8,cowards1 if you have allowed your chief to be murdered1 at least do not let his dead body bear witness of your shame by leaving it in the hands of your enemies4 ,come on and rescue it1 and wash out in your blood the stain you have set on ,polish honor60 ,saying those words1 and recommending my soul to ,god in one fervent aspiration1 ,i threw myself impetuously into the strife1 followed by all the soldiers1 whom my words had roused from their stupor4 ,the whistling of balls1 the smell of powder1 the cries of the dying and the dead1 and more than all the savage howlings of the ,russians1 threw me into a sort of mad rage and furious excitement which made me insensible to anything but a longing for vengeance4 ,every time ,i rose in my stirrups to wield my sword a man bit the dust4 ,i felt a sort of superhuman strength at that moment1 and never ceased to strike till ,i saw the ,poles driving the defeated ,russians completely out of the camp1 from whence they fled in the utmost disorder4 ,i woke then as from a horrible nightmare1 and felt an inexpressible disgust and horror at the sight of the dead and dying bodies of horses and men all round me weltering in their blood4 ,at that moment an orderly officer galloped up to me4 8,sir10 he exclaimed1 8the general desires you to come to him immediately40 8,your general60 ,i exclaimed joyfully4 8,why1 ,i saw him fall with my own eyes4 ,he is not dead1 then80 8,not yet2 but his wounds are mortal1 and ,i fear there is no hope of saving him40 ,i followed the officer hastily to a tent where the poor general was lying on a camp-bed4 ,his face was literally hacked with sabrecuts2 one ball had gone through his chest1 and the surgeon1 who was bending over him1 was trying in vain to stanch the blood which was escaping in a black stream from this gaping wound4 ,i took off my cap and bowed low before the dying hero4 8,sir10 he said in so weak a voice that ,i had to bend down my ear close to him to be able to hear1 8,i do not know you1 and ,i do not remember ever to have seen you before2 but whoever you may be1 may ,god bless you for what you have done this day6 ,you have saved my troops from dishonor1 and me from having my last moments embittered by the cruelest sorrow ,i could ever have experienced40 ,at this moment a rush of blood from his mouth threatened to stifle the dying man4 ,when he had a little recovered he spoke again3 8,whence do you come1 and what is your name80 8,i am ,french1 and my name is ,michael10 ,i replied1 blushing deeply4 ,here the general drew off a ring from his finger4 ,it was a signet-ring used throughout the war as a password of command4 8,take this10 he said1 8and swear to me not to leave my troops till the ,central ,committee have sent another officer to take my place4 ,this is the last request of a dying man1 and ,i feel sure that you will not refuse it to me40 ,i hesitated an instant4 ,how reveal my secret and explain my anomalous position at such a moment8 ,the general1 striving to raise his voice1 reiterated his dying entreaty3 8,swear not to leave them60 ,i felt ,i could not resist any longer4 8,i swear it1 general1 but on one condition3 that your soldiers consent to serve as escort to ,countess ,l---- from her chteau to the frontier1 as she wishes to escape with her children and rejoin her husband1 who is in exile40 8,what6 ,countess ,l----1 ,arthur's wife80 8,the same1 general10 ,i replied2 8and it was to implore your protection for her in her hour of need1 as well as to convey to you the information she had received of the ,russian ambuscade1 that determined me to accept this dangerous mission40 8,thanks1 my child--thanks for her and thanks for me4 ,gentlemen10 he added1 turning to his officers1 who1 silent and sad1 were standing at the other end of the tent1 8you will obey this young officer until my successor be appointed from headquarters4 ,this is my last order1 my last prayer4 ,and as long as he1 though a stranger1 fights at the head of your column1 you will not again forget1 ,i hope1 that the cause for which you are fighting is a sacred one1 the most holy of all causes1 for it is the cause of ,god and your country40 ,the officers hung their heads at this tacit reproach--the only one addressed to them by the hero whom they had allowed to be slain in so cowardly a manner4 ,after another fainting fit the general made me a sign to draw close to him4 ,i knelt down by his side4 8,if death spares you10 he said1 8go and tell my poor mother how ,i died4 ,console her1 and try and replace me to her2 for ,i am the only thing she has left in the world40 ,here tears filled his eyes1 which he turned away to hide his emotion from his officers4 ,the surgeon had just finished dressing his wounds1 but he shook his head sadly as he rose4 ,the general perceived the movement and said3 8,my poor friend6 you have given yourself a great deal of trouble1 and all for nothing2 but ,i am just as grateful to you40 ,the surgeon wrung his hand1 too much moved to speak4 ,then ,i took courage and said3 8,general1 when the doctor of the body can do no more1 and science is exhausted1 a ,christian has recourse to another ,physician40 8,you are quite right1 my child10 replied the good general gravely2 8and ,i have no time to lose1 for ,i feel my life is ebbing away every moment40 ,he made a sign to one of his aides-de-camp1 and whispered his instructions to him1 which the latter hastened to obey4 ,he returned in a few minutes with a young ,capuchin1 who was the chaplain of the corps4 ,the officers left the tent1 and ,i was about to do the same when a sudden thought struck me4 8,one word more1 general4 ,i want three days to make my arrangements and get my kit ready40 8,take them1 my son2 but do not be away longer1 for when you return ,i shall be no more here40 8,not here1 perhaps1 but in a better world10 ,i exclaimed4 8,god bless you1 general6 ,i cannot replace you1 but ,i may perhaps be able to show your troops how those should fight and die who have had ,general ,b---- for their leader60 8,thanks1 my child1 and may ,god bless you6 ,adieu60 ,i pressed the hand which the dying man held out to me with respectful tenderness2 and then1 hurrying from the tent to hide my emotion1 ,i obtained a 8safe-conduct0 passport1 and1 remounting my horse1 stopped at the best inn ,i could find in the next village1 and wrote a few lines to ,countess ,l----1 not to tell her of the extraordinary position in which ,i had been placed or the fearful events of the past night1 but to reassure her1 and bid her to hold herself in readiness for a speedy departure1 as an escort had been promised for her4 ,thence ,i rode as fast as ,i could to the convent of the ,bernardines at ,kielce1 and asked to see ,father ,benvenuto immediately--that eloquent preacher and holy confessor who had lingered for twenty years in a ,siberian dungeon4 ,he was my confessor1 and at this moment of all others in my life ,i needed his advice and guidance4 ,fortunately for me1 he was at home1 and ,i instantly told him all that had happened1 and of the almost compulsory promise which had been extorted from me by the brave and dying general4 ,the good old father listened in silence1 and then said3 8,my child1 what you have done is heroic and great2 but if you were to return to the camp1 and had to bear alone this terrible secret1 it would crush you with its weight40 8,but1 good ,god6 what can ,i do80 ,i exclaimed4 8,must ,i give it up and forfeit my word80 8,no2 because ,god1 in permitting these extraordinary events1 had evidently his divine purpose for you4 ,you must return and fulfil your vow1 but you must not go alone4 ,more than a month ago ,i asked permission of my superiors to be allowed to carry the consolations of religion to our brave troops in the field4 ,this permission ,i received yesterday2 and so ,i can at once precede you to the camp1 and when you arrive will be your safeguard and protector40 ,an enormous weight was taken off my mind by this proposal4 ,i thanked him with my whole heart1 and he then insisted on my going to sleep for some hours2 for all that ,i had gone through had nearly exhausted my strength4 ,after a good night's rest ,i woke1 refreshed in body and relieved in mind1 to ride to ,breslau1 where ,i completed my military equipment and then returned to the camp4 ,,to ,,be ,,concluded ,,next ,,month4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,final ,,philosophy4#afb ,the war waged by modern thought against supernatural revelation in the name of the so-called 8advanced0 science is looked upon in a different light by ,catholic and by ,protestant thinkers4 ,catholic philosophers and divines look upon it as a noisy but futile effort of modern anti-,christianism to shake and overthrow the mighty rock on which the incarnate ,god has been pleased to build his indefectible church4 ,they know1 of course1 that they must be ready to fight1 for the church to which they belong is still militant2 but1 far from apprehending a coming defeat1 they feel certain of the victory4 ,god is with them1 and1 on ,god's infallible promise1 the church whose cause they serve is sure of her final triumph4 ,protestant divines1 on the contrary1 hold no tokens of future victories1 and look upon infidel science not as an enemy whom they have to fight1 but as an old acquaintance1 and a rather capricious one1 whom they must try to keep within bounds of decency1 and from whom they may borrow occasionally a few newly-forged weapons against the ,catholic ,church4 ,some sincere ,protestants1 considering the tendency of scientific thought to destroy all supernatural faith1 saw1 indeed1 the necessity of resisting its baneful incursions2 but their resistance did not1 and could not1 prove successful4 ,protestantism is the notorious offspring of rebellion2 it is not built on the rock2 it has no claims to special divine assistance2 it cannot reckon but on human weakness for its support2 it is supremely inconsistent2 in short1 it is no proof against the anti-,christian spirit of the age1 and1 what is still more discouraging1 it is fully conscious of its progressive dissolution4 ,these considerations and others of a like nature kept continually coming to our mind as we were perusing the pages of the singular work whose title stands at the head of this article4 ,the great object of ,dr4 ,shields is to reconcile religion with science by means of what he calls final philosophy4 ,in the introduction to the work the author points out the limits and the topics of ,christian science2 the logical1 historical1 and practical relations of science and religion2 the possibility of their reconciliation1 and the importance of their harmony to science1 to religion1 to philosophy4 ,the work is divided into two parts4 ,the first part is a review of the conduct of philosophical parties as to the relations between science and religion2 whilst the second part propounds and explains the philosophical theory of the harmony of science and religion1 as conceived by the author4 ,the first part opens with a chapter on the early conflicts and alliances between science and religion1 where the author investigates the causes of the present disturbed relations between religion and science1 and traces them from the dawn of the ,greek philosophy to the ,protestant ,reformation2 describes the conflicts of philosophy and mythology in the pre-,christian age2 the wars of pagan philosophy against ,christianity in the first centuries of the present era2 the alliance of theology with philosophy in the patristic age2 the predominance of theology and the subjugation of philosophy in the scholastic age2 and1 lastly1 the revolt of philosophy against theology in the age of the ,reformation4 ,in a second chapter he describes the modern antagonism between science and religion1 the conflict in astronomy1 in geology1 in anthropology1 in psychology1 in sociology1 in theology1 in philosophy1 and in civilization4 ,the third chapter1 which fills more than two hundred pages1 describes the modern indifferentism between science and religion1 under the name of 8schism0 or 8rupture0 in all the branches of science already enumerated--viz41 the schism in astronomy1 in geology1 in anthropology1 etc41 to which is added the schism in metaphysics4 ,in the fourth chapter the author examines the modern eclecticism between science and religion3 eclecticism in astronomy1 eclecticism in geology1 and so on through the other branches of knowledge already mentioned4 ,the fifth and last chapter describes the modern scepticism between science and religion3 scepticism in astronomy1 in geology1 in anthropology1 and in all the aforesaid branches of human knowledge1 with a conclusion about 8effete religious culture40 ,the second part of the work1 though much shorter than the first1 is divided also into five chapters1 of which the first aims to show that philosophy is the natural umpire between religion and science1 wherever they are in conflict2 the second expounds and refutes the positive philosophy2 the third examines and criticises the absolute philosophy2 the fourth states that final philosophy1 or a theory of perfectible science1 may bring about the conciliation of positivism and absolutism2 and the last offers a sketch of the ultimate philosophy1 the science of sciences1 derived scientifically from their own historical and logical development1 and whose characteristic features the author thus glowingly describes in the closing sentence of his work3 8,the summary want of the age is that last philosophy into which shall have been sifted all other philosophy1 which shall be at once catholic and eclectic1 which shall be the joint growth and fruit of reason and faith1 and which shall shed forth1 through every walk of research1 the blended light of discovery and revelation2 a philosophy which shall be no crude aggregate of decaying systems and doctrines1 but their distilled issue and living effect1 and which shall not have sprung full-born from any one mind or people1 but mature as the common work and reward of all2 a philosophy which1 proceeding upon the unity of truth1 shall establish the harmony of knowledge through the intelligent concurrence of the human with the divine intellect1 and the rational subjection of the finite to the ,infinite reason2 a philosophy1 too1 which shall be as beneficent as it is sacred1 which in the act of healing the schisms of truth shall also heal the sects of the school1 of the church1 and of the state1 and1 while regenerating human art1 both material and moral1 shall at length regenerate human society2 a philosophy1 in a word1 which shall be the means of subjecting the earth to man and man to ,god1 by grouping the sciences1 with their fruits and trophies1 at the feet of ,omniscience1 and there converging and displaying all laws and causes in ,god1 the cause of causes and of laws1 of whom are all things and in whom all things consist2 to whom alone be glory0 7pp4 #ehg1 #ehh74 ,these are noble words4 ,it is certain that our age is in great need of a philosophy at once catholic and eclectic1 as the author very wisely remarks4 ,but it is our firm conviction that if ,dr4 ,shields had studied our great ,catholic authors1 he would know that there is a philosophy and a theology which does already all that he wishes to do by his projected final philosophy1 and much better too4 ,we praise his excellent intention2 but we do not think that his project has any chance of being carried out in a proper manner4 ,we even doubt if a new system of philosophy can be found so comprehensive1 coherent1 impartial1 and perfect in all its parts as to justify the high expectation entertained by the author4 ,this new system of philosophy cannot be the product of infidel thought1 as is evident4 ,hence none of the advocates of advanced science can have a part in the projected work1 except as opponents whom philosophy shall have to refute1 or as claimants upon whose rights philosophy has to pronounce its judicial sentence4 ,nor will the new system be the product of ,catholic thought2 for we ,catholics are under the impression that the world has no need of new philosophical systems4 ,as for us1 we have a philosophy of admirable depth1 great soundness1 and incomparable precision1 which has ever successfully refuted heresy1 silenced infidelity1 and harmonized the teachings of revelation and science to our full satisfaction4 ,this philosophy can1 indeed1 be improved in some particulars1 and we continually strive to improve it3 but we are determined not to change its principles1 which we know to be true1 and not to depart from its method1 which has no rival in the whole world of speculative science4 ,who1 then1 would frame and develop the new and 8final0 philosophy8 ,free-thinkers8 ,freemasons8 ,free-religionists8 ,these sectaries would doubtless be glad to dress philosophy in a white apron1 with the square in one hand and the triangle in the other2 for1 if the thing were feasible1 they would acquire at once that philosophical importance which they have not1 and which they have always been anxious to secure1 but in vain1 by their united efforts4 ,but then we are sure that they would only develop some humanitarian theory calculated to flatter the sceptical spirit of the age1 and to merge all creeds in naturalism and free-religion2 and this1 of course1 would not do1 for the 8final philosophy0 should1 according to ,dr4 ,shields' view1 maintain the rights of supernatural revelation no less than of natural reason4 ,should1 then1 the great work be abandoned to the hands1 industry1 and discernment of the ,protestant sects8 ,men of talent and men of learning are to be found everywhere2 but as to philosophers1 we doubt whether any can be found among ,protestants who will be honest enough to draw the legitimate consequences of their principles1 when those consequences would imply a condemnation of their religious system4 ,in other terms1 if the work were to be entrusted to ,protestant thinkers1 one might1 without need of preternatural illumination1 boldly predict that the whole affair must end in nothing but failure4 ,what can be expected of a ,protestant thinker1 or of any number of ,protestant thinkers1 whether divines or philosophers1 but an inconsistent and preposterous tampering with truth8 ,protestantism lacks1 and ever will lack1 a uniform body of doctrines1 whether philosophical or theological2 it has no head1 no centre1 no positive principle1 no recognized living authority1 no bond of union2 it has only a mutilated ,bible which it discredits with contradictory interpretations2 it is neither a church nor a school1 but a ,babel confusion of uncertain and discordant views2 and it has no better foundation than the shifting sand of private judgment4 ,on what ground1 then1 can a ,protestant apologist force upon modern thought those shreds of revealed truth which he claims to hold on no better authority than his own fallible and changeable reason8 ,and what else can he oppose to the invading spirit of unbelief8 ,alas6 ,protestantism is nothing but a house divided within itself1 a ship where all hands are captains with no crew at their orders1 an army whose generals have no authority to command and whose soldiers have no duty to obey4 ,such a ,house cannot but crumble into dust2 such a ship must founder2 and such an army cannot dream of ,christian victories1 as it is doomed to waste its strength in perpetual riots1 unless it succeeds in putting an end to its intestine troubles by self-destruction4 ,it is evident1 then1 that 8final philosophy0 cannot be the product of ,protestant thought4 ,dr4 ,shields seems to have seen these difficulties2 for he holds that such a philosophy must not spring full-born from any one mind or people1 but mature 8as the common work and reward of all40 ,here1 however1 the question arises whether this mode of working is calculated to give satisfactory results4 ,when a number of persons contribute to the execution of a great work1 it must be taken for granted that1 if their effort has to prove a success1 they must work on the same plan and tend in the same direction1 so that the action of the one may not interfere with the action of the other4 ,if all men were animated by an intense love of truth1 and of nothing but truth1 if they all could agree to start from the same principles1 if they were all modest in their inferences1 if they were so humble as to recognize their error when pointed out to them1 and if some other similar dispositions were known to exist in all or in most students of science and philosophy1 ,dr4 ,shields' plan might indeed be carried out with universal satisfaction4 ,but men1 unfortunately1 love other things besides truth and more than truth3 they love themselves1 their own ideas1 and their own prejudices2 they ignore or pervert principles2 they defend their blunders1 and even embellish them for the sake of notoriety1 and they are obstinate in their errors4 ,on the other hand1 we see that an ignorant public is always ready to applaud any philosophic monstrosity which wears a fashionable dress2 and this is one of the greatest obstacles to the triumph of truth1 as error grows powerful wherever it is encouraged by popular credulity4 ,thus error and truth will continue to fight in the future as they did in the past4 ,the history of philosophy is a history of endless discords4 ,the wildest conceptions have ever found supporters1 and charlatanism has ever been applauded4 ,the only epoch in which error had lost its hold of philosophy1 and was compelled to retire almost entirely from the field of speculation1 was when theology and philosophy1 bound together in a defensive and offensive alliance under the leadership of the great ,thomas ,aquinas1 so overpowered the ,moorish philosophers and confounded their rationalistic followers that it was no longer possible for error to wear a mask4 ,then it was that the principles of a truly 8final0 philosophy were laid down1 faith and reason reconciled1 and false theories discredited4 ,and it is for this reason that the disciples of error1 who after the time of the ,lutheran revolt have never ceased to attack some religious truth1 style that scholastic epoch a dark age4 ,dark1 indeed1 for error1 which had lost much power of mischief1 but bright for philosophy1 which had triumphed1 and glorious for ,christianity1 which reigned supreme4 ,if any age must be called dark1 it is the one we live in1 owing to the numbers of ignorant scribblers1 unprincipled men in responsible positions1 and illogical scientists who disgrace it4 ,this state of things is the product of free thought1 which has disturbed and nearly destroyed the harmony of all the sciences1 and all but extinguished the light of philosophical principles4 ,the idea of employing free thought as an auxiliary for the defence of philosophy is so preposterous on its very face that none but a sectary or a sceptic could have entertained it4 ,it must be pretty evident to all that such a course is like introducing the enemy into the fortress4 ,introduce ,draper and ,bchner1 ,tyndall and ,moleschott1 ,haeckel and ,darwin1 ,huxley and ,clifford into the parlor of philosophy1 and you will see at once how utterly mistaken is ,mr4 ,shields if he reckons on them for his great work2 you will see with what self-reliance1 arrogance1 and intolerance they condemn everything contrary to their favorite views4 ,tell them that they must help you to make a 8final philosophy0 which shall reconcile ,scripture and science1 ,christianity and human reason4 ,what would they think of such a proposal8 ,would they condescend to answer otherwise than by a sneer8 ,but let us admit that they will favor you with an honest answer4 ,what will they say8 ,draper would probably remark that philosophy cannot undertake any such task1 as the conflict between religion and science has its origin and reason of being in the nature of things1 which is unchangeable4 ,bchner would laugh impertinently at the idea of a ,god1 a ,scripture1 and a religion4 ,tyndall would have nothing to do with the scheme2 for modern science cannot shake hands with revelation without encouraging a belief in miracles and in the utility of prayer--both which things science has exploded for ever1 as conflicting with inviolable laws4 ,moleschott would object that revelation and science are irreconcilable1 at least1 as to psychology2 for the study of physiology has made it clear that thought consists in a series of molecular movements1 and he is not willing to renounce this new dogma of science or to modify in any manner his view of the question for the sake of a new philosophy4 ,haeckel would indignantly protest against the scheme1 for there is no philosophy but the ,evolution of species and the ,descent of man2 and he would turn to the great ,darwin1 his respected friend1 for an approving smile4 ,the great ,darwin would then smile approvingly on his loving and faithful disciple1 and remark that ,logic1 for instance1 which is believed to be a part of philosophy1 and his ,descent of man are on such bad terms that it would be but a waste of time to attempt a reconciliation between them1 so he would let them alone4 ,the talkative ,huxley would gladly second ,mr4 ,darwin's resolution by the further remark that a logic or a philosophy which cannot be weighed in the balance of the chemist1 or be verified by the microscope1 or be illustrated by the series of animal remains preserved in palontological museums1 has no claims to engage the attention of the noble scientists present in the room4 ,clifford would scout the idea of a philosophy enslaved by theological prejudices4 ,for free thought cannot come to terms with theology2 it must combat it in the name of progress and civilization with all available weapons1 and with an ardor proportionate to the grandeur and importance of the cause4 ,this sketch1 which is certainly not over-colored1 might be enlarged almost indefinitely by the introduction of other living or dead materialists1 pantheists1 atheists1 theists1 idealists1 free-religionists1 etc41 whose discordant views would have to be either accepted1 reformed1 or refuted1 as the case may be4 ,john ,stuart ,mill and ,comte1 ,bain and ,spencer1 ,kant and ,fichte1 ,schelling and ,hegel1 ,hume and ,hobbes1 and a host of other minor lights of heterodox thought1 would have to be harmonized1 if possible1 or else condemned and forgotten4 ,but let the dead rest in peace and suppose that none but living thinkers are to be consulted4 ,a dilemma presents itself3 either ,dr4 ,shields and his co-operators get the best of fashionable errors1 and reject them1 or not4 ,if not1 then a final philosophy reconciling revelation with science will be out of the question4 ,if yes1 then the final philosophy will be denounced by the evicted party as a mass of unscientific and priori reasoning1 a counterfeit of medival metaphysics1 a tardy and clumsy attempt at resuscitating the discredited notions of a slavish and intolerant past4 ,newspaper writers1 pamphleteers1 lecturers1 and professors would sneer at your final philosophy1 as they now sneer at the scholastic doctrine2 and the ever-increasing mass of sciolists1 who think with the brains of others1 would take up the sneer and propagate it even to the ends of the world4 ,thus science and religion1 so long as human pride and human obstinacy are not curbed by the keenest love of truth1 will remain antagonistic1 and the present war will continue in spite of the 8final philosophy40 ,dr4 ,shields very explicitly declares that he believes in ,god1 in ,christ1 and in the ,bible4 ,for this we cannot but praise him4 ,yet his book leads thoughtful readers to suspect that his faith is still undeveloped1 uncertain1 indefinite1 and1 as it were1 in an embryonic condition4 ,in fact1 religion and science1 as he conceives1 are still at war1 and revelation must yet be reconciled with reason by the aid of final philosophy2 and this final philosophy is a thing of the future4 ,what will he believe meanwhile8 ,what will all other ,protestants believe8 ,must they adopt a provisional scepticism8 ,this is1 indeed1 what most of them do2 nor can we see that any other course is open to them1 if they are waiting for the final philosophy4 ,but1 since 8without faith it is impossible to please ,god10 how will they be saved8 ,the question deserves an answer4 ,there is a science which teaches that man's soul is not immortal1 not spiritual1 not even a substance1 but only a molecular function1 which cannot survive the body4 ,must ,dr4 ,shields' disciples remain uncertain about this point of doctrine until the final philosophy is published8 ,and there is a science which maintains with the greatest assurance that what we call 8,god0 is nothing more1 in reality1 than nature1 or the universe and its forces and laws4 ,must we suspend our judgment on this all-important subject on the plea that final philosophy has not yet shed its brilliant light on the question8 ,and there is a science1 too1 which contends that the human will1 though long believed to be free1 is nevertheless determined by exterior and interior causes according to a law of strict physical necessity which admits of no exception4 ,ought we1 then1 to consider ourselves irresponsible for our deliberate actions1 till the final philosophy shall teach us that we are not mere machines1 and that the freedom of the human will has at last been reconciled with the general laws of causation8 ,to our mind1 a ,christian divine cannot for a moment admit that such a provisional scepticism could be recommended as a healthy intellectual preparation for the attainment of truth4 ,nor could a ,christian divine fancy for a moment that a provident ,god has hitherto left mankind without sufficient light to understand and solve such capital questions as we have mentioned1 and many others whose solution was equally indispensable for the moral and the religious education of the human race4 ,the truth is that mankind has been endowed from the beginning with the knowledge of the principles of moral science1 the laws of reasoning1 the precepts of religion1 and the eternal destiny of the just and the unjust4 ,this knowledge was transmitted from fathers to sons1 but was soon obscured by the surging of turbulent passions and a proud desire of independence4 ,the human family soon emancipated itself from the moral law1 and learned to stifle the voice of conscience by false excuses and by worldly maxims4 ,nations fell into polytheism1 idolatry1 revolting superstitions1 and barbarism4 ,indeed1 a few pagan philosophers1 still faintly illumined by the remnants of the primitive tradition1 attempted the reconstruction of human science2 but they were only partially successful1 and their names became famous no less for the errors with which they are still associated than for vindicated truths4 ,even the ,jews1 who were in possession of an authentic record of the past1 and could read the ,law and the ,prophets1 often adopted pagan views1 or at least mistook the spirit of their sacred books by a too material adherence to the killing letter4 ,at last ,jesus ,christ1 ,god and man1 the light that enlightens the world1 the new ,adam1 the divine ,solomon1 came1 and brought us the remedy of which our ignorance and corruption had so much need4 ,he gave us his ,gospel of truth and life1 and not only restored but increased and perfected the knowledge of divine and human things2 he founded his church2 and he appointed1 in the person of his vicar on earth1 a permanent and infallible judge of revealed doctrine4 ,the two hundred and odd millions of ,christians who recognize this infallible judge know distinctly what they ought to believe4 ,they need not await the decisions of any 8final philosophy0 in order to be fixed on such questions as the origin of matter1 the creation of man1 the liberty of the soul1 the existence of a personal ,god1 and the worship acceptable to him4 ,and as to the scientific questions1 these millions very naturally argue that any theory which clashes with the doctrine defined by the church bears in itself its own condemnation1 whilst all the other theories are a fit subject of free discussion by the rational methods4 ,this is our intellectual position in regard to science2 and we venture to say that even ,dr4 ,shields could not find a better one either for himself or for his pupils and friends4 ,but he1 unfortunately1 does not belong to the true and living church of ,christ2 he belongs to a spurious system of ,christianity1 which countenances intellectual rebellion1 and which1 after having imprudently fostered free thought1 is now at a loss how to restrain its destructive influence4 ,hence he is anxious to be on good terms with all free-thinkers1 in the hope1 we assume1 that1 by yielding in a measure to the spirit of infidelity1 some arrangement may be arrived at1 equally acceptable to both sides1 by which ,protestantism1 as an old but now useless and despised accomplice1 may be left to die a natural death4 ,thus the 8final philosophy0 of ,dr4 ,shields1 so far as we can judge from the details of his work1 will put in the same balance ,god and man1 revelation and free thought1 wisdom and folly1 with the pitiful result that we have briefly pointed out4 ,final philosophy1 as conceived by our author1 can be of no service to the ,catholic1 and of no great benefit to the ,protestant1 world4 ,at any rate a truly 8final0 philosophy has scarcely a chance of seeing the light in the present century1 especially through the exertions of ,protestant divines4 ,the century to which we belong1 though famous for many useful discoveries1 is even more conspicuous for its great ignorance of speculative philosophy4 ,in the middle ages1 which were not half so dark as modern thinkers assume1 there was less superficial diffusion of knowledge1 but a great deal more of philosophy4 ,giants1 like ,st4 ,anselm1 ,albert the ,great1 ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas1 had collected1 sifted1 and harmonized the philosophical lore of all the preceding ages1 refuted the errors of a presumptuous pagan or heretical science1 shown the agreement of revelation with reason1 reconciled metaphysics with theology1 and made such a body of philosophical and theological doctrines as would1 and did1 satisfy the highest aspirations of deeply-cultivated intellects4 ,it is men of this type that could have written a 8final0 philosophy4 ,but who are we men of the nineteenth century8 ,are we not mere pigmies when compared with these old masters8 ,where do we find profound metaphysicians and profound theologians8 ,some1 of course1 are to be found in the ,catholic ,church1 which alone has preserved the traditions of the ancient intellectual world2 but we do not think that any one of them would consider himself clever enough to write a 8final0 philosophy4 ,and should such a competent man be found1 who would care for his doctrine8 ,scientists would certainly not bend to his authority1 as they only laugh at metaphysics1 nor to his arguments1 which they would scarcely understand2 and unbelievers would probably not even listen to him1 as they would be afraid of being awakened from their spiritual lethargy4 ,on the other hand1 to expect that a ,protestant divine1 or a body of ,protestant divines1 will be able to compose such a final philosophy as ,dr4 ,shields describes in the passage we have quoted is the merest delusion4 ,not that there are not able and learned men in the ,protestant sects1 but because the ,protestant mind is trained to look at things in the light of expediency more than of principles1 and1 besides other disqualifications already referred to1 it sadly lacks the jewel of philosophical consistency4 ,dr4 ,shields1 who holds1 as we gladly recognize1 a prominent place among the learned men of his own denomination1 is by no means exempt from the weaknesses of his ,protestant compeers4 ,for example1 he is apt to confound things which should be distinguished1 and to draw consequences which go farther than the premises2 he frequently yields to partisan prejudices2 he makes false assumptions2 he seems ready to sacrifice some religious views to modern thought2 and he misrepresents or misinterprets history4 ,a few references to his book will suffice to substantiate this criticism4 ,thus1 in the very first chapter of his work he says that in the first age of ,christianity there was on the side of the church 8an apparent effort to supplant philosophy0 7p4 #ca72 and to prove this he alleges that 8the apostles had scarcely left the church when there sprang up1 in the unlettered class from which the first ,christians had been largely recruited1 a weak jealousy of human learning1 which1 it was claimed1 had been superseded in them by miraculous gifts of wisdom and knowledge40 ,this statement is captious4 ,from the fact that the first ,christians1 guided by the wisdom of the ,gospel1 had come to despise the absurd fables of pagan philosophy1 it does not follow that they rejected human learning1 but only that they had common sense enough to understand and to fulfil the duties of their religious position4 ,on the other hand1 to imagine that 8the unlettered class0 could have thought 8of supplanting human learning0 is as ridiculous as if we pretended that our carpenters and blacksmiths might conspire to supplant astronomy4 ,the author adds that 8,clement of ,rome was held by his party to have enjoined abstinence from mental culture as one of the apostolic canons10 that 8,barnabas and ,polycarp were classed with ,st4 ,paul as authors of epistles which carry their own evidence of imposture10 and that 8,hermas1 as if in contempt of scholars1 put his angelical rhapsodies in the mouth of a shepherd40 ,we scarcely believe that these three assertions will enhance the credit of ,dr4 ,shields as a student of history4 ,clement was himself a theologian and a philosopher2 8his party0 is a clumsy invention2 8apostolic canons0 never condemned mental culture2 ,st4 ,paul's epistles bear no evidence whatever of imposture2 and1 as to ,hermas1 it is well known to the learned that he put his instructions in the mouth of a shepherd1 not that he might show his 8contempt of scholars0--for he himself was a scholar--but because his guardian angel1 from whom he had received those instructions1 had appeared before him in the garb of a shepherd4 ,the author says 7p4 #cc7 that in the age of the ,greek ,fathers 8there was a false peace between theology and philosophy2 and religion and science1 in consequence1 became more or less corrupted by admixture with each other40 ,this statement is another historical blunder4 8,the doctrines of ,st4 ,john were sublimated into the abstractions of ,plato40 ,this1 too1 is quite incorrect4 8,the ,son of ,god was identified as the divine ,logos of the schools40 ,by no means4 ,the ,logos of the schools was only a shadow as compared with the ,son of ,god2 the ,logos of the schools was an abstraction1 whereas the ,logos of the ,fathers was a divine ,person4 8,eusebius1 ,athanasius1 ,basil1 the two ,gregories1 ,chrysostom1 and the two ,cyrils did scarcely more than consecrate the spirit of the ,academy in the cloisters and councils of the church40 ,this statement has no need of refutation4 ,the works of all the ,fathers here mentioned are extant1 and they eloquently protest against the slander4 ,but ,protestant authors are anxious to show that the ,catholic ,church was corrupted from its very first age2 and to do this they do not scruple to gather lies and misrepresentations from all accessible sources1 to transform history into a witness to facts that never had an existence4 8,philosophy10 continues the author1 8became not less corrupted through its forced alliance with the new theology40 ,who ever heard of a new theology in the patristic age8 or of a theology with which philosophy could not make an alliance1 except by force1 and without being corrupted8 8,if philosophy gained somewhat on its metaphysical side by having its own notional entities traced up to revealed realities as the flower from the germ of reason1 yet it lost quite as much on its physical side through a narrowing logic and exegesis which bound it within the letter of the ,scripture1 and turned it away from all empirical research2 and1 consequently1 even such crude natural science as it had inherited from the early ,greeks was soon forgotten and buried under a mass of patristic traditions0 7p4 #cd74 ,from this we learn that logic1 according to ,dr4 ,shields1 8narrows the physical side of philosophy10 and exegesis opposes 8empirical research06 ,is it not surprising that such assertions could find a place in a work which purports to be serious and philosophical8 ,and as to the 8crude natural science0 of the early ,greeks1 which was a confused mass of conflicting guesses1 does the author believe that it had a right to the name of science8 or that it commanded the respect of theologians8 or does he think that the ,scripture has not a literal sense1 which contains more truth than all the crude natural science of the early ,greeks8 8,in geology the speculations of ,thales1 ,anaximenes1 and ,heraclitus1 tracing the growth of the world from water1 air1 or fire1 were only exchanged for the fanciful allegories and homilies of ,origen1 ,basil1 and ,ambrose on the ,hexameron1 or six days' work of creation40 ,dr4 ,shields has just complained that the ,fathers bound science 8within the letter of the ,scripture02 and he now complains of ,origen abandoning the literal for the allegorical sense6 ,such is his need of quarrelling with the ,fathers4 ,we may grant that some of ,origen's allegorical interpretations were rather 8fanciful02 but since such interpretations were generally rejected even in his own time1 it is difficult to understand how they could supersede the speculations of philosophers4 ,as to ,st4 ,basil and ,st4 ,ambrose1 however1 no one who has studied their works will dare to maintain that they have indulged in fanciful theories4 ,of course they were not professors of science but of ,christianity2 nor were they obliged to forsake ,moses for ,anaximenes or ,heraclitus1 whose theories were nothing but dreams4 ,geology1 as a science1 was yet unborn2 and we are certain that1 had the ,fathers embraced the theories which they are denounced for ignoring1 ,dr4 ,shields or some of his friends would have considered the fact as equally worthy of censure4 ,such is the justice of certain critics4 8,in astronomy the heliocentric views of ,aristarchus and ,pythagoras had already given place to the ,ptolemaic theory of the heavens40 ,this does not prove that the ,fathers have corrupted astronomy2 it shows1 on the contrary1 that the false system of astronomy originated in what was then considered science4 ,it is to false science1 therefore1 and not to false theology that we must trace the false explanation of astronomical phenomena4 8,in geography1 the corruption of natural knowledge with false ,biblical views became even more remarkable1 and the doctrine of the earth's rotundity and antipodes which had been held by ,plato and ,aristotle1 and all but proved by the ,alexandrian geometers1 was at length discarded as a fable not less monstrous than heretical40 ,we wonder how it could have been possible to prove 8by geometry0 the existence of men at the antipodes1 and we still more wonder how could the doctrine of the earth's rotundity1 which is a ,scriptural doctrine1 be discarded as a monstrous and heretical fable by men familiar with the teachings of the ,bible4 ,but what is the fact8 ,did any of the ,fathers suggest that the words orbis terr1 which are to be found in many ,scriptural texts1 could be understood to mean anything but the earth's rotundity8 ,or did any of them maintain that the earth's rotundity was a 8false ,biblical view08 ,the author replies by quoting the ,topographia ,christiana of ,cosmas ,indicopleustes1 who teaches that the earth is flat4 ,but we answer that ,cosmas was not a father of the church1 and that his work has never been considered 8a standard of ,biblical geography10 as the author assumes4 ,the theory of this monk was not the result of 8theological0 learning1 as ,dr4 ,shields imagines1 but the offspring of ,nestorian ignorance and presumption4 ,nor does it matter that ,cosmas cites 8patriarchs1 prophets1 and apostles in its defence as doctrine concerning which it was not lawful for a ,christian to doubt0 7p4 #ce72 for we know1 on the one hand1 that there is no monstrosity which heretics are not apt to defend obstinately with ,scriptural texts1 and on the other that the theory of the ,indicopleustes made no fortune in the ,christian world2 which further shows that the theological mind was not 8inwrought0 with any such fancies as the author pretends to have swayed the doctors of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we know1 of course1 that our old doctors did not admit that the antipodes were inhabited by men2 but this scarcely deserves criticism1 as it is plain that before the discovery of the new world no serious man could take the responsibility of affirming a fact of which there was not a spark of evidence4 ,the author adds3 8,at the same time all the issuing interests of this paganized ,christianity could not but share in its hybrid character4 ,its piety became but a mixture of austerity and license40 ,he then says that the ,christian ritual 8was a mere medley of incongruous usages02 that 8the sign of the cross became a common charm as well as a sacred rite02 that ,pachomius organized monasteries and nunneries as sanctuaries of virtue 8amid a social corruption too gross to be described02 that 8,christian and pagan factions contended for supremacy in the ,roman senate02 that 8the ,lord's day was observed by imperial edict on a day devoted to the god of the sun10 etc41 etc42 and he winds up his survey of the patristic age by the remark that 8the patristic type of ,christian science has been likened to a twilight dream of thought before the long night-watches of the middle ages0 7p4 #ce1 #cf74 ,it would be useless to ask ,dr4 ,shields how he has ascertained that ,christianity was 8paganized10 and that the sign of the cross had become a 8charm02 he would tell us simply that these gems of erudition have been culled by him from ,protestant or infidel books4 ,as to the 8mixture of austerity and license0 nothing need be said1 for the contradiction is glaring4 ,that the social corruption was 8too gross to be described0 is not astonishing1 as the world was still more than half pagan2 but to connect social corruption with the monasteries and nunneries organized by ,st4 ,pachomius1 in order to denounce them as a mixture of austerity and license1 is a proof not only of bad taste1 but of bad will and of want of judgment4 ,the author forgets to tell us why the ,christian ritual should be called 8a mere medley of incongruous usages02 and yet1 as our present ritual does not substantially differ from that of the patristic age1 it would have been easy to point out a few of such usages1 were it not that their incongruity is only a crotchet of ,protestant bigotism4 ,that the ,lord's day was observed 8by imperial edict0 may indeed seem scandalous to free-thinkers and free-religionists1 but not to ,protestant doctors2 for they must know that in ,protestant countries the ,lord's day is still observed by a law which has the same power as an imperial edict4 ,but ,protestants are perhaps scandalized at the ,lord's day being kept on the 8day devoted to the god of the sun0 instead of the ,sabbath2 and from this they argue that the ,church of ,god has been utterly corrupted and paganized4 ,if so1 then they should either prove that the ,lord's day1 the day of ,christ's resurrection1 was the ,sabbath1 or denounce ,jesus ,christ himself for doing on the day 8devoted to the god of the sun0 what he ought to have done on the ,sabbath4 ,o the ,pharisees6 ,we cannot wonder if they despise the 8patristic type of ,christian science0 as a dream when we see how shamelessly they strive to misrepresent the most glorious ages of ,christianity1 and to turn truth itself into poison4 ,the few quotations we have here made1 and the remarks we have appended to them1 are far from giving an adequate idea of the partisan spirit and unreliable statements with which ,dr4 ,shields has filled the first part of his book4 ,what we have given is only a small sample of the rest1 and was extracted from three pages4 ,were we to extend our criticism to only ten pages more1 we would find matter enough for a volume4 ,our author1 as nearly all ,protestant authors1 characterizes the scholastic age as one of philosophic bondage4 ,theology subjugates philosophy3 8,the church is the only school2 orthodoxy the one test of all truth2 the traditions of the ,fathers the sole pabulum of the intellect2 and the system of ,aristotle a mere frame-work to the creed of ,augustine40 ,peter ,lombard 8narrowed the circle of free thought by putting the authority of the church above that of ,scripture02 ,alexander of ,hales 8rendered the thraldom of the intellect complete by systematizing the patristic traditions or sentences with ,aristotelian logic40 ,alas6 we know only too well that ,protestantism detests logic as much as the patristic traditions4 ,but1 then1 why should a ,protestant ,d4,d4 undertake to harmonize philosophy and theology8 ,is there any philosophy without logic1 or any theology without patristic traditions8 ,thomas ,aquinas 8dazzled all ,europe02 but ,duns ,scotus 8proceeded to evaporate the distinction of ,aquinas in a jargon which defies modern comprehension40 ,this does little credit to modern comprehension2 for the jargon of ,scotus is nothing but the ,latin tongue adapted to philosophical use4 8,philosophy10 at this time1 8could only succumb to theology40 8,in logic any deflection in mere form as well as matter was enough to draw down the anathemas of the church40 ,roscellin 8was arraigned as a tritheist10 ,william of ,champeaux 8was pursued as a pantheist10 ,abelard 8was forced to cast his own works into the fire1 and condemned to obscurity and silence40 ,it is evident that these facts1 and others of a similar nature1 must fill with horror our liberal ,protestants and all free-religionists1 just as prison and capital punishment fill with horror a convicted criminal4 ,but if ,dr4 ,shields condescends to examine the doctrines of ,roscellin1 ,william of ,champeaux1 and ,abelard in the light of ,scripture1 as they are faithfully portrayed in reliable works 7such as ,st4 ,thomas' life by ,rev4 ,bede ,vaughan1 for example71 he will see that all three were guilty of heresy1 and that they richly deserved the treatment to which they were subjected4 ,we cannot1 of course1 enter here into a discussion of such doctrines2 we merely state that they have been fully examined and debated in the presence of the interested parties with all the calm1 patience1 and impartiality which characterize the proceedings of the ,catholic ,church4 ,as to the singular notion entertained by ,dr4 ,shields1 that philosophy 8could only succumb to theology10 we wish to tell him that no man can be a theologian unless he be also a philosopher2 whence it follows that philosophy and theology are naturally friendly to one another1 and1 if they ever happen to disagree1 they do not fight like enemies1 but they state their reasons like good sisters equally anxious to secure each other's support4 ,philosophy is like a clear but naked eye2 theology is the same eye1 not naked1 but armed with a powerful telescope4 ,will ,dr4 ,shields maintain that the eye succumbs when it sees by the telescope what the naked eye cannot discover8 ,yet this is the idea latent in his notion of philosophy succumbing to theology4 ,what succumbs to theology is not philosophy1 but error masked in the garb of philosophy4 ,the author himself tells us that 8reason and revelation are complemental factors of knowledge1 the former discovering what the latter has not revealed1 and the latter revealing what the former cannot discover40 ,this is exactly what we were saying2 for the science of reason is philosophy1 and the science of revelation is theology4 ,we would never end1 if we were to follow our author through the five hundred and eighty-eight pages of his book4 ,we only add that the theological and philosophical erudition which he parades throughout the whole work has been derived from the same baneful sources from which ,dr4 ,draper collected the materials of his ,history of the ,conflict between ,religion and ,science1 and deserves the same heavy censure4 ,the late ,dr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 when ,dr4 ,draper's work was published1 said of it3 8,the only thing in ,dr4 ,draper's book that we are disposed to tolerate is his style1 which is free1 flowing1 natural1 simple1 unaffected1 and popular4 ,aside from its style1 the book cannot be too severely censured4 ,it is a tissue of lies from beginning to end4 ,it is crude1 superficial1 and anything but what it professes to be4 ,it professes to be a history of the conflict between religion and science4 ,it is no such thing4 ,it is a vulgar attack on ,christianity and the ,christian church1 in which is condensed the substance of all that has been said by anti-,christian writers from the first century to the nineteenth40 ,we do not say that ,dr4 ,shields' intention has been to attack ,christianity in general as ,dr4 ,draper did2 he1 on the contrary1 professes to labor for a reconciliation of ,christianity and reason4 ,but1 good as the intention is1 the book will do as much harm as that of ,dr4 ,draper4 ,its style is as good1 to say the least1 as ,dr4 ,draper's1 and its subject-matter is well distributed and orderly developed2 but these and other good qualities1 instead of redeeming its numerous misrepresentations of truth1 make them more dangerous by adding to them a charm against which the average reader can ill defend himself4 ,besides1 ,dr4 ,draper's work1 owing to its shameless infidelity1 disgusts the ,christian reader and makes him unwilling to swallow the poison it contains2 whereas ,dr4 ,shields' book has such an attractive title1 professes such a reverence for ,scripture1 and displays such an earnestness and ingenuity in the holy task of reconciling religion with science1 that the unsophisticated reader 7the ,protestant reader in particular7 will follow him1 not only with great pleasure1 but also with great docility and deference1 till he persuades himself that religion is now in such a state that it needs to be purified by philosophy1 and that reason must be made the umpire between revealed and scientific dogmas4 ,the consequence is that the author's 8final philosophy0 will serve the interests of rationalism rather than of religion4 ,the more so as the author shows himself well acquainted with the errors of modern thought1 some of which he exposes and refutes in a truly philosophical spirit1 and with a talent and ability of which we see few instances in modern thinkers4 ,we have been particularly struck by his powerful handling of positivism and absolutism1 not to mention many other topics which he has treated in a very fair and intelligent manner4 ,had he not taken his stand on the shifting ground of ,protestant opinions1 he might have achieved a very meritorious task4 ,he speaks of catholic views1 catholic philosophy1 and catholic spirit as something indispensable to carry on the much-desired conciliation of natural with supernatural knowledge4 ,but what can the word 8catholic0 mean on the lips of one who does not listen to the ,catholic doctors1 and who is a stranger to the ,catholic ,church8 ,his 8catholic0 spirit cannot but be a spirit of compromise1 and a kind of rationalistic eclecticism1 ready to accept only so much of revelation as men will condescend to authorize on a verdict of their fallible reason1 and no less ready to sacrifice and ignore as much of it as human reason cannot explain or harmonize with natural science4 ,it is evident that such a spirit can lead to nothing but religious scepticism4 ,and this should convince even ,dr4 ,shields that his 8final philosophy0 will never achieve a success4 ,the ,catholic thinker1 if he had to compose a final philosophy1 would place himself on much higher and much securer ground2 he would first range in a series all the truths which the ,catholic ,church has defined to be of faith2 he would then range in another series all the demonstrated truths of the natural sciences1 and all the principles1 axioms1 and propositions of philosophy which are generally received by the different schools2 he would next inquire whether any proposition of this second series clashes with any of the truths contained in the first series2 and1 as he would be unable to find any truth of science or of philosophy conflicting with any revealed truth1 he would conclude that the world is not just now in need of a final philosophy for settling a conflict which has no existence except in the imaginative brains of scientific charlatans4 ,dr4 ,shields may think that this course is not calculated to secure the alliance of religion and science2 but let him read the magnificent article published by ,dr4 ,brownson in his ,quarterly ,review 7,april1 #ahge71 on ,dr4 ,draper's pretended history of the conflict between religion and science1 and he will see his mistake4 ,the 8final philosophy10 as we have already remarked1 will be of no use to the ,catholic world4 ,protestants may1 perhaps1 relish it all the more4 ,but no class of men will1 in our opinion1 be more gratified with it than the sceptics1 the free-thinkers1 and the enemies of supernatural truth2 for they will not fail to see that to set up philosophy as 8umpire0 between religion and science is to make men distrust the doctrines of religion1 and to prepare1 though with the best intentions1 the triumph of religious scepticism4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,great ,,bishop4 ,in writing the lives of saints their biographers often forget that they are writing history1 and telling the part which a wise1 strong1 and manly character bore in that history4 ,william ,emmanuel von ,ketteler1 the late ,bishop of ,mayence1 might by many be reckoned among saints1 so holy was his life and so like the primitive ,christian ideal4 ,but he has another claim to fame1 as one of the greatest modern champions of order against socialism1 and of the church against organized godlessness4 ,the 8iron bishop10 the 8fighting bishop10 were nicknames given him by his foes1 and1 though given in hate and derision1 they unconsciously set forth one side of his powerful character4 ,a man of his reach of mind1 however humble1 could not have taken a less prominent part and position in the struggle of principle against license of which the present religious disturbances in ,germany are the type4 ,it fell naturally to his share to be the speaker and standard-bearer of the cause of church liberties1 and the representative of the episcopal order4 ,his legal studies and experience1 as well as his hardy habits and magnificent physique1 seemed to have prepared him and pointed him out among all others for the championship of his party1 including all the bodily fatigue and mental anxiety incident to such a leadership4 ,he was as thorough a man as he was an ideal bishop and exceptional orator1 and this manliness1 physical and intellectual1 was the basis of his simple and grand character4 ,his chosen motto1 8,let all be as one10 is no bad interpretation of the leading ideal which he tried through life to realize3 church unity and ,christian loyalty1 served by the whole round of his exceptional and perfectly-developed faculties4 ,before setting forth the fruits of his special studies1 and examining his life and personality from the point of view most important in this century of social strife1 we purpose giving a short biographical sketch of the ,bishop of ,mayence4 ,he was born on ,christmas day1 #ahaa1 at ,mnster in ,westphalia1 of a noble family1 one branch of which1 embracing the doctrines of the ,reformation1 had in the sixteenth century migrated to ,poland and become hereditary dukes of ,courland1 and a second1 remaining ,german and ,catholic1 had been distinguished by giving more than one member to the ,order of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem4 ,his own branch1 the third1 known as that of ,alt-,assen1 was worthily represented by his father1 a stern1 faithful1 and upright man1 an uncompromising ,christian1 and a moralist of what our easier age calls the 8old school40 ,as in every great character1 there was something of the soldier in ,baron ,frederick von ,ketteler of ,harkotten1 and this streak was reproduced in at least two of his sons1 ,william and ,richard4 ,his mother1 ,clementina1 ,baroness von ,wenge of ,beck1 was a woman of superior character1 as it is noticed that the mothers of remarkable men almost invariably are1 and one of the bishop's biographers is certainly entitled to dwell as he does1 with special force1 on the fact of the home-training of young ,ketteler having had more real influence in shaping his character than either the schooling he got at the cathedral school of ,mnster until he was thirteen years of age1 or the atmosphere of the ,swiss ,jesuit ,college at ,brieg1 where he studied until he was eighteen4 ,the two most conspicuous traits in the youth were his passion for hunting and sport of all kinds1 athletic games1 ,alpine climbing1 and all exercises requiring hardiness and disregard of wind and weather1 and his earnest and unobtrusive piety4 ,he was spared the trial through which so many noble natures pass before fully identifying themselves with the spirit of the church1 whose letter they have been early taught to obey3 he experienced no time of doubt1 of wavering1 of temptation1 and the modern sore of unbelief never seems to have even come near his mind4 ,from a youth passed in alternate study and sport and a free1 out-of-door life he grew to a manhood serious and industrious1 with a routine of work always hallowed by early prayer and daily attendance at ,mass1 and a social position in his native town1 as counsel or referee for the government1 which was1 if not fully worthy of his talents1 yet sufficiently honorable as the beginning of a professional career4 ,his university life had1 like that of most young ,germans1 been marked by one duel1 which seriously displeased his father1 and his military obligations had been discharged1 according to the laws as they then stood1 by his service as a 8one-year volunteer0 in the local militia4 ,his legal career seemed assured1 though there were many among his early friends who foresaw that his entering the church was not unlikely4 ,the incident that determined this change was the outbreak of ,cologne in #ahch1 when the first note of the coming ecclesiastical troubles was sounded by a municipality that went to the length of imprisoning the archbishop1 ,clement von ,droste-,vischering2 the friend of ,stolberg1 and the primate of the ,rhine provinces4 ,ketteler1 never averse to ,prussia1 in whose mission to ,germany he believed1 even up to the late ,falk or ,may ,laws which tore away the veil1 could1 nevertheless1 not reconcile himself to serve any longer a government that allowed such violations of personal freedom and of the principles which underlie that freedom4 ,in the autumn of the same year he went to the ,mnich ,theological ,college and began his ecclesiastical studies4 ,among his professors were ,dllinger and ,grres1 and others whose fame is less ,european but scarcely less great in ,germany itself2 and among his fellow-students ,paul ,melchers1 the present ,archbishop of ,cologne1 who1 like himself1 had been a lawyer of great promise4 ,coming at the age of twenty-seven to study among a body of whom many members were hardly more than boys1 it may have been a hard task to preserve humility and charity2 yet the verdict of his fellow-students1 summed up by one of themselves1 was to the effect that ,ketteler's simplicity and good-nature were in every way as marked as his intellectual superiority4 ,these qualities came out again later in his intercourse with his country parishioners1 each of whom1 peasants as they were1 he treated with the cordiality and respect of a neighbor and an equal4 ,he was no demagogue1 and had no theories save the everlasting theories of the ,gospel and the church2 but1 as is usually the case1 his practice with his social inferiors went far beyond the noisy and deceiving show of equality made by professional agitators4 ,after four years' study in ,mnich he devoted one year more to theological subjects in the episcopal seminary at ,mnster1 and received holy orders in #ahdd1 when he was sent as curate to ,beckum1 a small town in ,westphalia4 ,he was then thirty-three1 and had reached half his allotted years2 for it has been noticed that his term of service as priest and bishop was also thirty-three years4 ,the coincidence of his last illness having lasted thirty-three days also struck many persons who are fond of these calculations4 ,at ,beckum1 where he was associated with two other young priests 7one of whom1 ,brinkmann1 is now ,bishop of ,mnster71 he led a life as near as possible to one of his ideals--still unfulfilled in practice1 but only postponed in his mind because of more urgent and present needs--the life in common of the secular clergy4 ,he and his fellow-curates lived in a small house1 where each had one room besides the common gathering-room1 and one purse for all uses1 whether personal or charitable4 ,he and ,brinkmann founded a hospital during their short stay1 and this grew afterwards to very satisfactory proportions2 but ,ketteler had opportunities of proving himself a good nurse under his own roof1 where his third colleague was often bedridden for months at a time4 ,his public ministry1 however1 never suffered1 and his assiduity at the bedside of his sick parishioners and in the confessional at all times1 in season and out of season1 were remarkable4 ,if all priests would reflect how momentous1 nay1 how awful1 is the responsibility incurred in this matter of ever-readiness to hear a man's confession1 they would less seldom deviate from the self-sacrificing example which ,bishop ,ketteler gave consistently throughout his life4 ,his zeal in this particular was not inferior1 however1 to his care of the schools which in his public career so distinguished him2 and both led his diocesan after two years to remove him from ,beckum1 to a full parish1 that of ,hopsten4 ,his life here was a repetition of the life at ,beckum2 his ministry was so efficacious that the spiritual life of the parish resembled a permanent 8mission10 or revival1 and his active charity had a large field for exercise in the famine and the fever which visited his people during his incumbency4 ,it is related of him that1 his sister coming to visit him at ,hopsten1 he proposed to take her to see some of his friends in the neighborhood1 and accordingly took her to his poorest people1 begging for each a gift sorely needed1 which resulted in her emptying her purse so effectually that she had to borrow money for her journey home4 ,he provisioned his parish during the famine1 and got his rich relations to help him in the work2 and in the fever1 besides his gifts of food1 bedding1 and medicines1 and his regular offices as their pastor1 he literally became his people's physician and nurse4 ,it was no wonder that he should so have won the respect and trust of his neighbors that1 even in that very ,protestant borough of ,lengerich1 of which his parish formed part1 he was unanimously returned as deputy to the ,frankfort ,parliament in #ahdh4 ,it was here that he first came publicly before ,germany as an orator and a statesman1 and that he made that famous speech at the funeral of the ,prussian delegates1 ,lichnowsky and ,auerswald1 murdered during the riots1 which has become the most popular and widely known of any of his discourses4 ,after his retirement from ,parliament1 and his attendance in the same year at the first meeting of the ,catholic ,union at ,mayence1 he was asked to give a course of lectures in the cathedral on the social and political problems of the day4 ,it is said that ,catholics1 ,protestants1 and ,jews1 besides free-thinkers1 crowded to hear these eloquent and exhaustive lectures1 and that the competition for seats was a fitting type of the intellectual stir they made in the city4 ,his physical endurance was no less marvellous1 and added much to the impressiveness of the discourses1 delivered in close succession1 with a full1 melodious1 resounding voice under perfect control of the speaker1 and carefully husbanded1 so that neither enthusiasm nor emotion should drive it into shrillness or sink it into huskiness4 ,that year saw the preacher transferred to the provostship of ,st4 ,hedwige's ,church in ,berlin1 which he occupied only for ten months1 but long enough to win the love of his city congregation as he had that of his country parish4 ,his younger brother1 ,richard1 who had left the army to become a priest1 succeeded him at ,hopsten1 but left the place later to become a ,capuchin2 he was long known as ,father ,bonaventure4 ,in #ahdi ,provost ,ketteler was chosen ,bishop of ,mayence1 after a stormy election and dispute in the cathedral chapter4 ,the first nominee1 ,doctor ,leopold ,schmid1 professor of theology at ,giesen1 the local university1 being1 on grounds of 8undue influence10 strongly disapproved of by a large minority of the canons1 they and their opponents of the majority agreed to a re-election and to an appeal to the ,holy ,see1 upon which1 out of the three names sent in1 the ,pope chose the provost of ,st4 ,hedwige4 ,he was not consecrated till ,july1 #ahej1 by the archbishop of ,freiburg1 assisted by the bishops of ,limburg and ,fulda4 ,thenceforward one may say that his life was entirely a public one1 so intimately was it connected with the living and burning questions of the time4 ,each year the crisis between church and state seemed to draw nearer2 and1 if one may say so1 the gap between the two has become complete since the promulgation of the ,may ,laws4 ,in this struggle1 which lasted all through his episcopate1 the state certainly proved the aggressor1 for the lukewarmness of ,german ,catholics in the last generation was a proverb2 and ,ketteler succeeded to a diocese in very different order from the one he has left4 ,things were working1 or rather lapsing1 into the hands of the church's enemies1 had they been wise enough to wait and watch2 by hurrying matters they roused the spirit of ,catholics1 and raised against themselves a zealous band firmly attached to their faith and determined to vindicate its rights and liberties4 ,of this band ,bishop ,ketteler1 whether as deputy1 pamphleteer1 lecturer1 or spiritual guide1 was practically the head4 ,his first works in ,mayence were1 on a wider scale1 the repetition of those in ,hopsten4 ,he instituted reforms and amendments in every department2 gathered the clergy together in yearly retreats1 during which the exercises of ,st4 ,ignatius1 which he held in high esteem1 were made the basis of instruction2 founded several ,capuchin convents for the purpose of giving missions1 especially in the country1 and one ,jesuit college1 on the occasion of whose establishment he had to bear the brunt of a determined journalistic opposition2 set up schools and an orphanage for girls under the care of the ,sisters of ,mercy1 an asylum for repentant women under the nuns of the ,good ,shepherd1 a refuge for servant-maids out of employment1 a community of ,poor ,clares to visit and relieve the poor in their own homes1 a ,boys' ,orphanage1 ,boys' ,reformatory1 and ,boys' ,refuge1 several unions and brotherhoods to keep the people together and preserve them from the snares of irreligious associations--notably a ,working-men's ,catholic ,union--and last1 not least1 a school taught by the ,christian ,brothers1 which soon won such golden opinions that ,protestants by scores withdrew their children from the communal schools and placed them under the new teachers4 ,with rare liberality a ,lutheran clergyman was allowed free access to the school to teach these children the religion of their parents4 ,the bishop's care for1 and personal visitation of1 the hospitals also reacted on the management of these institutions1 so that they were more than ever well conducted during his episcopate4 ,though his enemies1 despairing of finding other sins to lay to his charge1 accused him of undue harshness as a taskmaster in the things he required of his clergy1 this body itself never found fault with his zeal for discipline and austerity4 ,he counselled nothing which he did not perform and1 indeed1 far surpass2 for1 unlike many bishops1 estimable and even holy men1 he did not consider his rank as exempting him from the most ordinary duties of a priest2 he sat as many hours on regular days in the confessional as any country curate1 and his daily ,mass at five o'clock was always said in the cathedral instead of a private house-chapel--that is1 until the last four or five years of his life1 when old age made this indulgence necessary4 ,he preached almost incessantly2 the ,sundays in ,lent and ,advent always in his own cathedral1 other ,sundays alternating with his clergy1 and in the evenings of ,sundays and week-days alike in any church1 chapel1 or even hall1 where he was asked to further any good cause4 ,his confirmation and church-visitation journeys were remarkable2 he returned to the rightful custom of confirming1 no matter how few the candidates1 separately in each parish1 instead of lumping many parishes together in one central ceremony1 and this in order that he might gain a personal knowledge of each place1 its needs and workings4 ,on these occasions he would give a preliminary introduction on the eve of the confirmation1 then hear confessions far into the night or morning1 say ,mass early1 and confess again till he preached the sermon and administered the sacrament2 in the afternoon inspect the schools1 catechise the children1 and visit any sick persons there might happen to be2 conduct the evening service himself and preach a second time1 the intermediate moments being passed again in the confessional or in private intercourse with any one who asked for special advice or comfort4 ,his daily life at home was as simple1 hardy1 and frugal as it had been at ,beckum3 he rose at four and worked incessantly1 yet finding time1 besides his ,breviary1 to say the rosary and the office of the ,third ,order of ,st4 ,francis every day4 ,add to this his writings1 his minute supervision of the ecclesiastical machinery of his diocese1 his conferences with political leaders1 his necessary journeys or excursions1 besides his frequent undertaking of the duties of the archbishop of ,freiburg after the latter grew too infirm to go on long confirmation rounds1 and it will be easily seen that he was far from an ordinary man4 ,in virtue of his office he was entitled to a seat in the ,upper ,house 7in the grand-duchy of ,hesse71 with the right of sending a representative1 if he chose1 which he did1 sending one of his canons1 ,dr4 ,monsang1 who1 among other things1 distinguished himself by voting for the freedom of the ,jewish religious bodies1 in the matter of internal reform1 from state interference1 and for their right to receive state aid1 provided they themselves solicited it4 ,in the ,german ,reichstag1 however1 where ,bishop ,ketteler represented the borough of ,tauberbischofsheim1 he sat in person1 and was numbered among the members of what was known as the ,fraction of the ,centre1 of whom ,windthorst1 his friend1 was and is the leader4 ,during the two ,german wars1 #ahff and #ahgj1 he1 though deploring the civil nature of the first1 according to the tradition of the greater part of the ,westphalian nobility1 leaned to the side of ,prussia1 in whose mission to unite ,germany his belief never wavered1 and whose influence in things purely political he always upheld4 ,his very patriotism and enlightened views in this direction made his firm stand against the ,prussian aggression on the church of more weight and importance--a fact which his enemies fully appreciated and often tried to make capital of1 dubbing him as inconsistent with himself4 ,every one will see how one-sided this view was4 ,he was so far modern in his ideas that he claimed not to have lost any of the rights of a citizen by becoming a priest2 but the way in which he used those rights1 civic and parliamentary1 roused the anger of men whose interpretation of the same principle led them to see in a priest nothing more than a military serf of the empire4 ,he never claimed for the church any privilege or any exemption1 only the full meed of liberty due to any other corporation2 the exception need not be in her favor1 but should not be directed specially against her4 ,the state and the church were separate bodies1 indeed1 and well for the latter that such a doctrine could be conscientiously held2 but the very separation involved perfect autonomy for the church1 and forbade any interference on the part of political authorities1 while her influence in social questions was to be exerted only through her direct influence on individuals2 for a state under bondage to the church never occurred to him as desirable4 ,meanwhile1 he labored to carry out his ideal of internal church government1 a noble and primitive one1 based upon the importance of parish organization and of the thorough efficacy of the parish clergy1 to whom the religious orders1 in his view1 were to act as helpers and subordinates4 ,to the disuse of ancient church laws and customs he attributed the troubles that have often come upon the church in all times2 for he held her discipline1 and even her ritual1 to be no less than her doctrine under the direct guidance of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,this alone would have made him a reformer in a lax and lukewarm age1 when it was the fashion for ,catholics themselves to join in mild or witty reflections upon their own faith1 and to remain outwardly in conformity with that faith only by habit and by intellectual sluggishness4 ,but this1 joined to his powerful zeal in matters more prominent and public1 made him specially the leader of a spiritual revival among the people of his city1 his diocese1 and ,germany at large4 ,it was not in vain that he sat in the see of ,st4 ,boniface2 and when he encouraged the celebration of his predecessor's eleventh centenary1 it was fully as much to stir up the zeal of his people for church liberty as to honor the memory of the great missionary4 ,his five journeys to ,rome on various solemn anniversaries1 and notably that on the occasion of the ,vatican ,council1 were the only other incidents of his life that remain to be noticed2 on his way back from the last1 in #ahgf1 when the ,holy ,father received him with special marks of esteem and rejoiced to have him as a witness of his 8golden0 anniversary1 ,bishop ,ketteler fell ill at ,alt-,oetting1 a shrine where he had encouraged and taken part in many a pilgrimage4 ,he could get no farther than the ,capuchin convent of ,burghausen1 where he died on the #acth of ,july1 of typhoid fever2 on the #ahth he was buried in his own cathedral amidst the lamentations of his clergy and people4 ,the country people1 to whom he had always had a special leaning1 and who knew him as familiarly as his own canons did through his frequent presence at and ministry in the great ,rhine pilgrimages1 were loud in their expressions of grief2 all felt that they had lost a father1 but those whose chief concern was in temporal matters felt also that a great speaker and thinker had departed4 ,of his style1 his mode of thinking1 and the zeal1 always burning yet never intemperate1 which he brought to his work even so early as #ahdh1 one can judge by the famous passage of his speech at the funeral of ,lichnowsky and ,auerswald at ,frankfort3 8,who are the murderers of our friends8 ,are they the men who shot them through the breast1 or those who clove open their heads with their axes8 ,no1 these are not the murderers4 ,their murderers are the principles which produce both good and evil deeds upon the earth1 and the principles which produced this deed are not born of our people4 ,i know the ,german people1 not1 indeed1 by the experience of conventions1 but by that of its inner1 daily life4444 ,i have devoted my life to the service of the poor people1 and the more ,i have learnt to know them the more have ,i learnt to love them2 ,i know what a great and noble character our ,german people has received from ,god4 ,no1 ,i repeat it3 it is not our noble1 our honest ,german people who are answerable for this wicked deed4444 ,the true murderers are those who1 before the people1 seek to bring into contempt and to soil with their low ribaldry both ,christ1 ,christianity1 and the church2 those who strive to efface from the heart of the people the healing message of the redemption of mankind2 those who do not look upon revolution as a sad necessity under certain circumstances1 but erect revolution into a principle1 and hurry people from revolution to revolution2 444 those who would take from the people the belief in the duty of man to command himself1 to curb his passions1 and to obey the higher laws of order and of virtue1 and would1 on the contrary1 make laws of those passions and therewith inflame the people2 those men who would set themselves up as lying gods over the people1 in order that it may fall down before them and worship them40 ,ketteler's first well-known speech on social subjects was delivered on the #dth of ,october1 #ahdh1 at the original meeting of the ,catholic ,union at ,mayence--a body whose 8congresses0 have been held yearly since that time1 and have been distinguished by speeches such as those of ,montalembert1 ,dupanloup1 ,manning1 ,dllinger1 before #ahgj1 and others whose names are public property4 ,his subject was 8,the ,freedom of the ,church1 and the ,social ,crisis02 and says one of his biographers1 8,it is no mean testimony to his far-sightedness that he already foresaw and took part in the importance of the social question40 ,his lectures in the cathedral took in such themes as these3 8,the ,catholic ,doctrine of ,property10 8,rational ,freedom10 8,the ,destiny of ,man10 8,the ,family1 based on ,christian ,marriage10 8,the ,authority of the ,church1 based on ,man's ,need of ,authority40 ,of the impression these discourses made on all classes we have spoken already4 ,to show how liberal were his views on the form of government1 it may be mentioned that it was one of his axioms that it mattered little who ruled1 but much how he ruled4 ,all forms of legitimate government were practically alike to him1 though his own ideal for ,germany was a revival of the old unity of confederation1 with the equal representation of the burghers and of the peasantry by the side of the clergy and nobility2 but the manner in which the government1 no matter what it called itself1 dealt with weighty questions of morals was in his view a touchstone4 ,it will be seen from this that if his foes delighted in calling him the most ultramontane of ultramontanes1 they had no reason1 politically speaking1 to call him retrograde1 absolutist1 or even monarchist4 ,in fact1 it seems as if one might sum up his political character thus3 a citizen of a free imperial city of the middle ages1 imbued with the keenness of sight and the versatility of tongue peculiar to the modern ,european politician4 ,in #ahea and #aheb a new phase of unbelief1 dubbing itself 8,german ,catholicism10 did its best to bewilder the mind of ,catholic ,germany1 and the bishop plainly warned his people against it1 saying3 8,though ,i should incur hereby the reproach of intolerance1 ,i must warn you against #8,german ,catholicism1' for it denies the ,godhead of ,christ1 revelation1 and redemption1 and makes itself a god according to its own fancy40 ,in #aheb1 in his ,lenten pastoral1 he touched upon the connection between this belief and political radicalism2 also upon the common reproach of rebellion against authority or of flattery towards princes which these new philosophers were constantly bringing against the church4 8,when the church10 he says1 8advises the people to submit to the civil power1 she is thus attacked3 #8,see the flatterer of princes1 the protectress of all abuses1 the willing instrument of the oppression of the people4' ,when1 on the other hand1 she reminds the state of its obligations1 and1 under certain circumstances1 proclaims that ,god is to be obeyed rather than man1 the spirit of deception cries out3 #8,see the rebel1 the seeker after undue authority4'0 ,in #ahgc1 when a new attack was made on religion by the establishment of communal schools1 he resisted1 by writing and preaching1 8these institutions which contradict all the principles of religion1 disturb ,christian education1 contradict and confuse the understanding and the nature of childhood1 and damage all the interests of the ,christian family40 ,in #ahea1 when every government in ,germany had been more or less remodelled1 and many fetters of old prescription and prejudice had been shaken off by the revolution of #ahdd1 the bishops of the ,upper ,rhine province came together at ,freiburg1 and presented a memoir on church relations with the state to the neighboring rulers of ,hesse1 ,wrtemberg1 ,baden1 and ,nassau4 ,no notice was taken of it1 and two years later it was repeated with almost the same result1 save that in ,hesse the grand-duke and his prime minister1 ,dalwigk1 called a convention in #ahed1 and established the liberty and autonomy of the church upon a legal basis4 ,ketteler's pamphlet in the same year1 three months previous to the convention1 had some influence on the course of affairs2 it was on 8,the rights1 and the right to protection1 of the ,catholic ,church in ,germany1 with special reference to the claims of the episcopate of the ,upper ,rhine and the present struggle10 and may be summed up in this quotation from it3 8,the rights of sovereignty are doubtless holy4 ,they belong to ,god's ordinances1 and are therefore of ,god2 but those indefinite1 boundless1 unhistorical1 unfounded rights of sovereignty stand exactly on a level with the equally indefinite1 boundless1 unhistorical1 unfounded rights of humanity4 ,they are distorted images of lofty truths1 and are born of the same fallacy as absolutism4 ,once face to face with them1 the church must either allow herself to be ravaged or must begin a struggle for life and death40 ,however well known and widely spread were ,ketteler's influence and writings1 the latter partook of the local and circumstantial nature of most political writings3 they were not solid1 dignified1 technical treatises of theology1 nor popular and 8taking0 books of devotion1 but the outcome of present necessities1 quick and vigorous protests against injustice1 weapons specially adapted to the ever-shifting warfare between socialism and religion4 ,his pamphlets were mostly short1 terse1 and to the point2 he slept in his armor and was always on the watch4 ,he speaks of his work in this direction with great simplicity to ,prof4 ,nippold1 of ,heidelberg3 8,besides my spiritual ministry in my diocese1 ,i follow and observe all the movements of my time1 and cannot help meeting with all the injustices which men do to one another1 not always1 indeed1 of malice prepense1 but often through misunderstandings1 prejudices1 and false representations4 ,then1 if ,i can spare time from my work1 ,i make an effort towards clearing up those unfortunate misunderstandings44440 ,but though he spoke and felt thus modestly about his important part in the questions of the day1 we know how impossible it is for a man of his stamp not to rise to his natural level4 ,he was born to be a leader1 and neither necessity nor humility could block the path to political prominence4 ,such a man1 weighted with even more absorbing work than his1 would have made time for occupations so naturally fitted for him2 such a mind1 even had it been in a less robust body1 would have overcome disease and weakness1 and wrested from them the power to make itself known4 ,a list of a few of his writings will show how universal was his watchfulness3 ,can a believing ,christian be a ,freemason8 ,the ,true ,foundations of ,religious ,peace4 ,the ,defamation of the ,church by the ,tribune4 ,the ,right of ,free ,election of the ,cathedral ,chapter4 ,germany after the ,war of #ahff4 ,the ,fraction of the ,centre at the ,first ,german ,reichstag4 ,catholics in the ,german ,empire4 ,freedom1 ,authority1 and the ,church1 considerations upon the ,great ,problem of the ,day4 ,the ,labor ,question and ,christianity4 ,liberalism1 ,socialism1 and ,christianity4 ,the ,general ,council and its ,influence on ,our ,time4 ,the ,doctrinal ,infallibility of the ,pope after the ,definition of the ,vatican ,council4 ,what he has said and written on the social question1 including the subjects of marriage1 the family1 education1 and the relations between capital and labor1 even most of his opponents judge to belong to the quota of wisest utterances extant on the subject4 ,his gift of opportunity1 or of speaking always to the point1 has been noticed already4 ,here is what a ,german contemporary says of it3 8,the bishop did not devote himself to journalism as a profession1 for he looked upon his ministry as immeasurably more precious and higher than political influence4 ,but he used it as a weapon at every important turning-point of contemporary ,german history1 when dangers threatened the moral order of ,german society1 and when the rights of the church were violated and her institutions hampered2 and precisely because his writings sprang from instant necessities or the peculiarities of the day1 they were1 in the noblest sense of the word1 timely--not productions of labored pulpit-wisdom1 but the forcible words1 piercing through bone and marrow1 of a powerful voice sounding the battle-cry of a mind-conflict2 of a man whose keen and far-sighted look measured the heights and depths of the mind-disturbances of his day1 and shared heartily in the joys and sorrows of his time40 ,it is worth while to notice his usual method in these earnest pamphlets4 ,it consisted1 as a rule1 of taking his opponents' own arguments or 8accomplished facts0 nakedly as they stood1 and carrying them on to their strictly legitimate but startling consequences4 ,yet1 in the whole course of his polemical writings1 he carefully abstained from the least personality4 ,in this he might with advantage be taken as a model by most schools of political pamphleteering4 ,soon after his speech at ,frankfort his fame as an orator was already held so high that it suggested the following poetical portrait of him by ,bede ,weber1 in a work entitled ,historico-,political ,sketches4 ,this is almost a literal translation3 8,the parish priest of ,hopsten has a tall and powerful figure1 with sharply-cut features1 in which speak a fearlessness impelling him irresistibly to #8do and dare1'#afc joined to an old ,westphalian tradition of loyalty to ,god and church1 to emperor and realm4 ,to his discerning spirit the ,german nation1 in its unity1 its history1 and its ,catholic traditions1 is still living and strong4 ,luther and ,melanchthon1 ,charles the ,fifth and ,napoleon1 the ,peace of ,basle and the cowardly ,pillersdorf1 are nothing in his eyes but passing shadows over the black1 red1 and gold shield of the ,german people4 ,from the blood of ,general ,auerswald and of ,prince ,lichnowsky1 from the murder of ,lamberg and ,latour1 the roses of hope spring only more obstinately for him1 and his tears hang on them only as the pearly dew of the dawn of ,german freedom1 ,german loyalty to the faith1 and ,german order4 ,he bears the great1 brave ,german people1 with the everlasting spring of its virtues1 in the innermost depths of his heart1 and from this union1 or rather identification1 flows the peculiar pride of his address1 which1 in the evil seething of elements in the #8days of ,march1' still points out the means of building up the cathedral of the ,german ,church sooner and more beautifully than the cathedral of ,cologne4 ,therefore was it that his words impressed his hearers with a resistless might4 ,when ,i think of the orator ,ketteler1 ,i see before me a thorough man1 who can awake fear in many a heart1 but whose individuality is in itself a right to do so40 ,most of his bitterest opponents in the ,reichstag acknowledged his power in speaking1 and respected the fearless use he made of his position to remind them of their duties as men1 ,christians1 and lawmakers2 and when circumstances made it impossible for him to combine his duties as deputy with his dignity as bishop1 and caused him to retire from his place1 his party felt the loss of his voice as much as his adversaries rejoiced in their deliverance from a parliamentary 8,son of ,thunder40 ,his lectures and sermons1 even on ordinary days and stereotyped subjects1 were always startling and mind-compelling by the manner in which old truths were handled and new meanings brought out therefrom2 while his open-air preaching at pilgrimages1 where he was often heard by ten thousand people1 bore an equally powerful and peculiar stamp1 and1 though his thoughts were then clothed in simpler language1 they lacked none of the breadth which distinguished his more finished speeches4 ,in a monthly magazine edited at ,mayence by the bishop's friends ,heinrich and ,monsang1 both dignitaries of his cathedral chapter1 is a review of his life which gives a prominent place to his opinion on the importance and seriousness of social questions3 8,he was deeply and firmly convinced that political and social problems are so inseparably connected with religious questions that any one aiming at defending religion from a high stand-point and in a comprehensive manner cannot indifferently pass by these problems40 ,a newspaper generally opposed to his political views1 the ,catholic ,voice 7or 8,opinion071#afd speaks in the same sense3 8,one of the most noteworthy traits in the life and works of ,bishop ,ketteler is the lively interest which he took1 by deed1 word1 and writing1 in the social question4 ,it is precisely in this direction that most misunderstandings take place4 ,but we would remind the public that the attitude of the bishop towards this problem was wholly shaped by his ,catholic principles and his priestly duties4 ,nothing was further from his mind than the wish to use the needs of the laborer as a basis for political agitation1 or to carry out any chimerical theories of a general millennium4 ,he took a part in the labor question1 because he saw in working-men the victims of so-called liberal lawgivers1 and because he found it his duty as a pastor to care for the poor4 ,these high and noble motives were not always appreciated1 but working-men themselves have repeatedly testified their confidence in him1 and after his death were published many gratifying tributes from the same source40 ,the sense in which he took part in this question is again impressed on the ,german public by means of the article from which we have quoted before--namely1 that it was determined by personal experience and a sensitive consciousness of his duties as a priest4 8,what he wrote and did concerning this subject proceeded not from mere theoretical interest1 still less from political reasons1 but from ,christian love and brotherly feeling towards the people1 especially the poorer classes1 and from the ardent wish to further their eternal and temporal welfare1 as well as to save them1 together with the whole of society1 from the terrible chaos towards which we are being hurled1 if the old maxims and practice of ,christian charity and justice do not prevail against the principles of modern liberalism and pseudo-conservatism40 ,in his political prominence1 and his fearless handling of questions often1 under specious pretexts1 withdrawn from the allowed limits of clerical oratory1 ,ketteler seems to invite a comparison with ,dupanloup1 the ,bishop of ,orleans1 who1 having fought in the earlier struggle for freedom of education in ,france1 has lived to take part in a struggle more vital and less local--that of the whole field of ,christian doctrine in arms against systematized revolution4 ,occasion naturally moulds the men it needs2 the material of such characters is always present1 but in the church1 as in the world1 8mute1 inglorious ,miltons0 and 8village ,hampdens0 die and leave no mark4 ,this explains the rush of talent to the rescue of every cause seriously imperilled by its successful adversaries2 among others the cause of the church1 under whatsoever persecution it may chance to suffer4 ,this also explains the present superiority1 as a body1 of the ,german episcopate4 ,in the first quarter of this century the reconstruction of society in ,france1 and the reorganization of the church on a basis less majestic but more dignified than that of the ancien rgime1 brought about the same bristling of great gifts greatly used around the threatened liberties of the church4 ,in ,poland1 during the two insurrections which this century has witnessed1 heroes rose up naturally wherever there was a priest or a bishop2 in the late ,french war1 and its sequel1 the ,commune1 the martyrdoms and ,christian stoicism of #agic were repeated and nearly surpassed1 while the present more tedious1 less brilliant struggle of the church in ,germany has called forth men of iron will and fathomless patience to resist1 legally and passively1 an active1 goading injustice4 ,in countries where there is no need for it there is less of this public display of unusual powers2 bishops who might be statesmen remain simply administrators1 priests who might be heroes remain obscure pastors2 in literature it is research1 learning1 theology which take up their leisure time1 not public speaking or political writing2 the silent1 healthful life of the church goes on1 without struggle and hindrance1 and work is done indeed1 but it seldom becomes known beyond a small local circle4 ,and even this happens only under the shadow of suppressed hostility to the church1 such as there exists at present in almost every country2 for there have been times when1 splendid as the outward position of the church has been1 or seemingly unfettered her organization1 there was at the core a spiritual drowsiness which was far from honorable4 ,such a period came before the first ,french ,revolution2 another earlier1 before the ,german ,reformation2 another later1 before ,catholic ,emancipation in ,england2 and another before the late ,prussian church laws in ,germany4 ,there was either security or sovereignty2 no shade of persecution2 at most a polished indifference or a scornful toleration1 and hence no revival1 no earnest1 quick-pulsing life4 ,we have omitted to mention one of ,bishop ,ketteler's most important undertakings--that of the theological institute in ,mayence1 to replace the education given to the clergy at the local university of ,hesse1 ,giesen4 ,the grand-duke heartily approved of the plan of restoring to the episcopal seminary the whole training of the diocesan clergy1 instead of the taking on1 as a secondary branch1 of a chair of theology to ,giesen2 and the bishop was enabled to carry out his plans in this matter1 and to leave behind him a body of priests1 zealous1 loyal1 whole-hearted1 and imbued with his own spirit4 ,ketteler was in every sense a great man1 and no less a man of his age4 ,he accepted everything as it legitimately stands1 with no hankerings after the old order of things1 no political1 or rather romantic1 longings after forced revivals of bygone conditions2 but he took his stand firmly on the principle that the church has her own appointed and immutable place in every successive system1 and ought to stand by her claim to this place4 ,this is the basis whence every member of her army should in these days fight her battles1 and1 taking up the new weapons1 make them his own4 ,ketteler has shown them the way4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,old ,,stone ,,jug4 ,a ,,tale ,,of ,,the ,,neutral ,,ground4 ,a century ago on the post-road to ,boston1 and sixteen miles from the city of ,new ,york1 stood a tavern called the ,old ,stone ,jug4 ,it was a one-story building of dark-colored stone1 with a single window fronting upon the highway--a quaint1 lozenge-shaped window1 of thick1 dingy glass1 through which the sun's rays penetrated with difficulty4 ,the chimney1 battered by two generations of northwest winds1 sagged considerably to the south2 a frowning rock rose close behind the house2 and altogether the ,old ,stone ,jug wore a sinister appearance1 which tallied well with the stories told about it4 ,a band of ,indians had come in the night-time and massacred the first family who dwelt here2 a peddler had been seen to enter the doorway and never been heard of afterwards2 a cavern of fathomless depth was said to connect the cellar with the rock2 and certain it is that no one who had made this spot his home had either remained long or prospered there1 except ,peter ,van ,alstyne--better known in the township of ,east ,chester as ,uncle ,pete--who kept the tavern at the opening of the ,revolution4 ,but he did well2 the poorer his neighbors became1 the more light-hearted did he grow and the richer1 and all because the fox which prowleth about in the dark was not cunninger than ,uncle ,pete4 ,his wife was dead1 but he had a daughter named ,martha1 who kept house for him1 and whom he tenderly loved and strove to bring up in his own principles--namely1 to be all things to all men4 8,for these are critical times10 he would say1 8and who can tell1 child1 which side will win80 ,martha was just twenty years of age1 and1 if not what we might call a handsome girl1 had something very attractive about her4 ,she was tall and graceful and abounding in spirits4 ,she knew everybody for miles around1 and everybody knew her2 and if the more knowing ones shook their heads and looked a little doubtful when they spoke of ,van ,alstyne1 all agreed that ,martha was a fine young woman4 ,the only member of the household besides herself and parent was a diminutive negro boy christened 8,popgun40 ,and at the moment our tale begins ,popgun is perched on the topmost limb of a wild-cherry tree hard by1 ,martha is in the kitchen making doughnuts1 while the publican is standing in the middle of the road gazing up at the sign-board which hangs immediately above the entrance--and1 considering that he painted it himself1 'tis not a bad work of art4 ,here we see ,king ,george with a crown on his head2 at the royal feet crouches a lion1 and around the two figures1 in big red letters1 are the words1 8,god save the ,king60 ,he was still contemplating the features of his sovereign when a shrill voice cried down from the sky1 8,be ready1 sir40 ,in an instant ,uncle ,pete's face lost its tranquil expression1 and putting his hand to his ear1 so as to catch well ,popgun's next warning note1 he listened attentively4 ,in another minute came the voice again3 8#8,lisha ,williams1 sir1 on ,dolly ,dumplings40 8,ho6 ,then ,i must be brisk1 for the mare travels fast10 muttered ,van ,alstyne1 hastening toward a ladder which lay a few yards off in readiness for these occasions4 ,in less time than it takes to relate the sign-board was turned round1 and1 lo6 in place of ,king ,george and the lion behold now ,george ,washington1 holding in his hand a flag whereon are thirteen stripes and thirteen stars1 and circling the picture are the words1 8,god save our ,liberties40 8,child1 here's #8,lisha coming10 shouted ,uncle ,pete1 thrusting his head into the doorway4 8,elisha6 ,indeed60 exclaimed ,martha1 letting drop the cake she was rolling in her hands4 8,oh6 how glad ,i am4 ,haven't seen the dear boy for an age40 ,then away she flew to make ready for her lover1 or rather for one of her lovers4 ,and now1 while the girl is putting on another gown1 let us speak a few words about the horseman who is approaching4 ,elisha ,williams was a young man of five-and-twenty1 with sandy hair and blue eyes1 and whose father owned a farm half a mile east of the inn4 ,he and ,martha had been friends from childhood1 and when at length the time came for him to think of matrimony there was no lass whom he desired more for his wife than ,martha4 ,she was a girl after his own heart3 not demure and timid and silent as a tombstone1 but brave and full of fun2 he had even known her to pursue and kill a rattlesnake2 and she was as fond of a horse as he was himself4 ,when news came of the fight at ,lexington ,elisha openly took the patriot side1 bought ,dolly ,dumplings of ,martha's father 7a mare so given to kicking and jumping fences that1 although of unstained pedigree1 ,uncle ,pete was fain to part with her71 and now he is one of the most daring troopers in the ,continental army1 and is known far and wide as ,the ,flying ,scout4 ,but ,elisha was not the only one who courted ,martha4 ,he had a rival named ,harry ,valentine1 son of ,doctor ,valentine1 the most notorious ,tory in ,east ,chester2 and this caused ,elisha not a little anxiety4 ,for1 although ,martha always received him very cordially when he paid her one of his flying visits1 and seemed pleased to hear of his exploits1 she never would listen when he said anything harsh of the ,tories4 ,elisha's heart was beating quite as fast as her own when presently he reined in his foaming steed before the tavern door4 ,martha was standing on the threshold1 looking1 in his eyes1 never so bewitching4 ,between her fingers she held a lump of sugar for ,dolly ,dumplings--she seemed to care only for ,dolly2 her long1 luxuriant brown hair1 which flowed loose down her shoulders1 had a spray of wild honeysuckle twined through it--you might have fancied she had been wandering through the woods1 and that the flowers had got tangled there by accident4 ,her cheeks were slightly tinged by the sun2 but what of it8 ,they were plump1 healthy cheeks1 adorned by two pretty dimples2 and ,elisha1 who loved cherries1 felt his mouth water when he looked on ,martha's lips4 8,how is my ,martha80 he exclaimed1 sliding nimbly off the saddle4 8,your ,martha1 indeed60 answered the girl1 tossing her head2 then with a smile1 as he caught both her hands3 8,well1 ,i'm alive and well1 and--0 8,not at all pleased to see me1 eh80 interrupted ,elisha4 8,delighted to see you10 she added1 a sweet pink blush spreading itself with the quickness of light over her face4 8,really8 ,truly8 #8,pon your honor80 cried ,elisha1 squeezing her hands tighter4 8,come inside and let's have a talk10 said ,martha1 trying to free herself from his grasp4 ,but she only half tried2 and when presently they were seated side by side he was still holding fast to her right wrist4 8,what delicious flowers60 observed ,martha1 looking down at a nosegay which the youth had stuck in his belt4 8,wild-flowers give no such perfume40 8,these are for you10 said her lover1 presenting them to her4 8,they came from ,van ,cortlandt's garden4 ,i spent last night at the ,manor4 ,van ,cortlandt is a patriot1 and is not ashamed to offer a farmer's son hospitality40 8,how delicious60 said ,martha1 bringing the nosegay to her nose4 8,colonel ,delancey's hot-house plants cannot surpass them40 8,delancey6 ,the ,tory6 ,the ,cowboy chief6 ,what do you know about his flowers1 ,martha80 8,harry ,valentine brought me a magnolia from there a few days ago10 replied ,martha frankly4 ,the other murmured something to himself1 then burst out3 8,confound and hang the ,tories60 ,martha was silent a moment1 then remarked3 8,well1 however much you dislike them1 ,i hope you will not harm ,harry ,valentine1 if he ever falls into your hands40 8,it being your wish1 ,i will always aim a mile above his precious head10 returned ,elisha4 8,you are a good fellow--a real good fellow2 just the same as you always were10 continued ,martha tenderly4 8,oh6 ,i often think of our old frolics together1 ,elisha40 8,do you1 really8 ,well1 ,martha1 ,i often think of them too4 ,what happy days those were60 8,yes1 much happier than these4 ,o ,elisha6 you can't think how changed everything is since this dreadful war began4 ,not a sloop sails up the creek now2 no carriages pass along the road2 no bees1 no husking parties--everybody is gloomy4 ,first this man's barn is burnt1 then that man's2 and chickens and horses and cattle are stolen4 ,in short1 between the ,skinners and the ,cowboys poor ,westchester ,county is fast becoming a desert40 8,well1 for all that it is a glorious war1 and will end in freeing us from ,england10 said ,elisha1 thumping his fist upon his knee4 8,ay1 to be sure it will4 ,god save our liberties6 ,hurrah for the ,continental ,army60 cried ,uncle ,pete1 waddling into the house4 ,then1 as he opened a cupboard which contained a number of bottles of rum and cherry-bounce3 8,tell me1 #8,lisha1 how you like ,dolly ,dumplings40 8,like her8 ,why1 ,uncle ,pete1 she's just the best animal that ever was shod4 ,nothing can catch her--not even the wind40 8,right1 my boy6 ,colonel ,livingstone1 who imported her sire from ,england1 and who sold the mare to me five years ago1 declared that she has in her veins the blood of the ,flying ,childers1 and you know he ran a mile a minute40 8,father1 ,popgun is calling10 said ,martha1 with a disturbed air4 8,is he80 ,and ,van ,alstyne hurried away as fast as possible2 but before you could count ten he was back again4 8,too bad1 #8,lisha10 he said1 8that you must quit us so soon--hardly time to take one drink4 ,but some enemy's cavalry are in sight and they're on a trot40 ,then out he went again to fetch ,dolly ,dumplings4 8,well1 dear boy1 may the ,lord watch over you and keep you safe60 spoke ,martha1 in a tone of deeper feeling than she had yet evinced toward her lover4 ,the latter gazed earnestly in her face a moment1 then said3 8,must ,i bid good-by and depart in uncertainty8 ,o ,martha dear6 tell me what ,i so long to know3 will you be my wife80 ,her response was3 8,elisha1 ,i love the brave1 and the bravest shall win me40 8,then1 by ,heaven1 ,i'll be a hero60 cried ,elisha4 ,these were his last words2 in another moment he was gone4 ,but ere ,dolly ,dumplings had galloped fifty paces the sign-board was turned round and ,king ,george came once more in view4 8,who are they1 pa--,hessians or real ,britishers80 inquired ,martha calmly2 for she knew they could not overtake ,elisha4 8,hessians1 ,i believe10 replied ,van ,alstyne4 8,detestable creatures60 exclaimed the girl1 withdrawing into the house4 8,don't say that1 child4 ,they're as good as any soldiers who fight for the king2 and if they halt here they'll leave more than one guinea behind them40 ,and so they did1 for they were a party of very thirsty and hungry men who shortly arrived2 and for the next hour and a half the ,old ,stone ,jug was as busy as a bee-hive4 ,many a bottle of spirits was emptied1 every doughnut and pie was devoured2 and in consideration of his being a staunch loyalist they paid ,uncle ,pete without grumbling1 albeit the score was rather high4 8,they're gone at last--what a blessing60 said ,martha1 while her father was counting over the money to make sure it was all good coin4 8,why1 how foolish you talk60 said happy ,uncle ,pete4 8,well1 father1 ,i'm in earnest4 ,i don't dislike real ,britishers or ,tories2 but these ,german mercenaries ,i do detest40 8,bah6 bah60 growled ,van ,alstyne4 8,perhaps to-morrow we'll have a band of ,continentals or some roving ,skinners2 then perhaps1 day after1 #8tother side may visit us again4 ,why1 child1 ,i'm getting rich out of this war40 8,take one side or the other10 returned ,martha1 shaking her head4 8,i'd rather be fair and open1 even if we made less money40 8,humph6 ,we'd be in a pretty fix if ,i did that1 child--a pretty fix4 ,why1 this tavern wouldn't stand a week1 except for my double-faced sign-board2 whereas now ,george ,washington might be entertained here and depart highly edified1 and so might ,king ,george4 ,the only unpleasantness would be if they both happened to come at the same time4 ,and so1 child1 you ought not to be finding fault40 ,then1 after pausing long enough to take a chew of tobacco3 8,and besides10 he went on1 8'tis not easy in this world always to see the clear path we ought to follow4 ,why1 you yourself are in a fix2 and ,i don't wonder at it1 for in this township ,i can't name two honester1 jollier more manly fellows than #8,lisha ,williams and ,harry ,valentine4 ,and if ,i were a girl with those two boys for sparks1 ,i believe ,i'd jump into ,east ,chester ,creek1 so that neither of 'em might be disappointed40 ,here ,martha's merry laugh rang through the house2 then1 taking ,elisha's bouquet in one hand and ,harry's magnolia in the other1 she stretched forth her arms and stood exactly half-way between the two love-gifts1 and said3 8,well1 yes1 ,i am in a fix40 8,and a very1 very sweet fix10 mumbled ,uncle ,pete1 rolling the quid about in his capacious mouth4 8,many a young woman might envy you40 8,well1 ,i do wonder how long it will last4 ,i must decide one of these days40 8,don't be in a hurry1 child4 ,wait2 have patience4 ,if we are beaten and forced to remain colonies1 marry ,harry ,valentine2 if we secure our independence1 then choose #8,lisha4 ,for 'twill go hard with the party that's beaten2 their land will be confiscated40 8,dear1 darling flowers6 ,how delicious you are60 said ,martha1 bringing the magnolia and the nosegay together and pressing both to her lips2 and she kept kissing them and smelling them1 and smelling and kissing them1 till at length her father said3 8,humph6 they'll soon wilt1 if you treat the pretty things that way40 8,oh6 ,i'll get fresh ones afore long10 answered ,martha4 8,however1 ,i will put these in water4 ,they may as well last a few days40 ,but a week went by1 and then another week1 without bringing again either of her suitors4 ,the weather was delightful1 for it was early ,june4 ,the summer heat had not yet begun2 and if it were not for war1 ruthless war1 how fair all nature would have appeared6 ,but although the meadows were spangled with dandelions and buttercups1 the woods scented with dogwood blossoms1 and the air full of the melody of bobolinks and orioles1 the people of ,east ,chester were more depressed than ever4 ,bob ,reed's mill had just been burnt by the ,cowboys2 in revenge the ,skinners had scuttled a ,tory sloop anchored in the creek2 while some miscreants had even made an attempt to fire ,st4 ,paul's ,church in the village4 ,but1 sad as all this was1 nothing caused ,martha ,van ,alstyne so much distress as the doings at the ,old ,stone ,jug4 ,for two whole nights she was kept awake and bustling about1 attending to the wants of a set of profane marauders who belonged both to the ,british and ,american side4 ,these villains1 sinking all difference of opinion1 would occasionally unite to rob friend as well as foe2#afe and it was to the ,old ,stone ,jug they carried their plunder1 which ,uncle ,pete would hide in the cavern behind the house4 8,well1 don't blame me1 child10 said ,van ,alstyne4 8,remember how ,i am situated4 ,why1 if ,i had refused to conceal those bags of gold ,i'd like enough have been hung forthwith2 for among the men who were here last night and the night before are some of the greatest scoundrels in ,america40 8,well1 ,i am going to choose my husband afore long10 answered ,martha--8either ,elisha ,williams or ,harry ,valentine2 and then you must abandon this tavern and come live with me4 ,for if you stay here--0 8,o child6 ,i sha'n't stay after you're gone4 ,but why marry so soon8 ,why not wait a while8--at least1 until we see what ,burgoyne does with his army1 which is large and well appointed4 ,he may sweep everything before him2 and if he does1 then you'll see your way much clearer1 and ,i'll be the first to tell you to wed ,harry ,valentine40 ,martha shook her head3 8,i'll give my hand to the bravest1 father1 no matter which side he is on4 ,and it is because they are both so good and so brave that ,i hesitate40 8,well1 now1 child1 if you're not careful you may cause the death of 'em both4 ,ay1 'tis hard to say what wild1 foolhardy deed they may not attempt in order to win you40 8,do you think so80 exclaimed ,martha1 pressing her hand over her heart and turning pale4 ,this thought had not occurred to her before4 ,but it was too late4 ,she had already told each wooer that the bravest one should have her4 ,the girl was inwardly lamenting her folly when a voice from the cherry-tree cried3 8,be ready1 sir40 ,and immediately she and her father listened with all their ears for the next call4 8,red-coats60 shouted ,popgun in about three minutes4 8,all right10 said ,uncle ,pete1 and off he went to get the ladder4 ,but quick ,martha checked him1 saying3 8,why1 father1 the sign-board is all right for ,britishers40 8,oh6 so it is10 ejaculated ,uncle ,pete2 then1 with a grin3 8,the fact is1 child1 ,i'm so used to turning it round and round--first to ,king ,george1 then to ,george ,washington1 then back again to ,king ,george--that ,i'm afraid some day ,i'll make a mistake1 and ,i've half a mind to give you charge of it40 8,if you do ,i'll either nail the sign fast to the house1 or else take it away entirely10 answered ,martha4 ,her parent was still laughing at this innocent1 unbusiness-like speech when the ,british dragoons arrived1 and at their head was ,harry ,valentine4 ,harry was a very different looking man from ,elisha ,williams3 not only was he clad in a brilliant scarlet uniform1 but he had more refined features and courtly manners1 which seemed to confirm the view that ,martha's father held--namely1 that the most genteel people were ,tories4 ,and now1 while ,harry clasped the hand of his sweetheart1 the latter forgot altogether ,elisha's freckled but honest face1 his sandy hair and homespun coat1 with naught to distinguish him from an ordinary citizen save a black cockade and eagle feather in his hat1 and she thought to herself3 8,was there ever such a magnificent wig as my ,harry's6 ',tis powdered to perfection6 ,dear1 darling boy60 8,ah6 there is the magnolia ,i gave you10 said ,harry1 smiling1 as they entered the little sitting-room1 where ,martha passed most of her time when not engaged in the kitchen4 8,how fresh it looks6 ,yet 'tis a good while since ,i brought it40 8,an age10 returned ,martha1 eying him fondly4 8,and what pretty flowers those are yonder60 he continued1 looking toward the other end of the mantel-piece4 8,none could be prettier10 said ,martha in a quiet voice1 yet she felt the blood stealing over her cheeks4 8,from ,reverend ,doctor ,coffee's garden1 perhaps80 8,no indeed6 ,they were given me by one whom nobody can come up to--one who keeps ahead of everybody4 ,now guess his name60 8,oh6 ,i know--that ,skinner1 ,elisha ,williams10 said ,harry with apparent indifference1 but inwardly groaning4 8,he is not a ,skinner1 any more than you are a ,cowboy4 ,you are both in the regular armies10 said ,martha2 then1 laying her hand on ,harry's shoulder3 8,and1 ,harry1 ,i hope1 if ,elisha is ever your prisoner1 that you will treat him kindly40 8,for your sake he who in your eyes is ahead of all the rest of the world shall have not a single one of his red hairs injured10 answered ,harry1 making a low bow4 8,but might ,i venture to ask what valiant exploit has ,elisha performed that you say he is ahead of me1 his open1 determined1 but honorable rival80 8,o ,harry6 your dear brains are running away with you10 said ,martha4 8,you speak hastily4 ,i only meant that ,dolly ,dumplings is so fleet that not a trooper in the king's army can catch ,elisha4 ,that is all ,i meant40 8,is that really all80 exclaimed ,harry1 giving a sigh of relief4 8,yes1 upon my word it is40 8,well1 ,elisha must look out10 continued the young man1 his countenance beaming once more4 8,he must not presume too much on the fleetness of his steed2 for a hundred pounds reward has just been offered to whoever will capture ,dolly ,dumplings40 8,indeed6 ,a hundred pounds60 exclaimed ,martha4 8,well1 for all that ,dolly will still continue to show you her heels40 ,at this ,harry laughed1 then said3 8,martha1 ,i hope the next time you see me ,i'll have a decoration2 we expect stirring events soon40 8,o ,harry6 pray don't be rash10 said the girl4 8,do1 do take care of yourself40 8,stop no preaching1 dear ,martha4 ,i love you too much to heed the bullets4 ,you remember you said the bravest should possess you2 and you are a treasure worth shedding blood for40 8,oh6 did ,i say that80 ,here she pressed her hand to her brow4 8,well1 yes1 ,i believe ,i did4 ,but ,i was a fool1 for who can be braver than you and ,elisha8 ,who can doubt the courage of either of you80 8,well1 then1 precious ,martha1 why not decide at once between us8 ,oh6 ,i assure you 'tis a great trial for me1 this long uncertainty40 ,when he had spoken these words ,martha turned her eyes upon ,elisha's nosegay1 which1 despite the water1 was beginning to fade2 then from the flowers her eyes dropped to the floor1 while her heart throbbed violently4 ,then1 looking up1 she was on the very point of uttering something of vast moment1 when1 lo6 a bullet crashed through the window1 whizzed close by her head1 and buried itself in the wainscoting1 half blinding her with whitewash and mortar4 ,immediately there was a great stir and confusion in the bar-room1 where ,harry's company were drinking and smoking their pipes4 ,quick the troopers were on their feet and rushing pell-mell out of the house1 while their horses were pawing the earth and neighing furiously1 for 8whizz60 8whizz60 8whizz60 like so many bees the balls were flying past them4 8,good ,lord6 here they come1 and close upon us60 gasped ,uncle ,pete1 shaking like an aspen leaf as he glanced up the highway1 then looking toward the sign-board4 ,would he have time to make the sign change front8 ,momentous question6 ,and on the ,american cavalry were coming--a whole regiment--on1 on1 at full speed4 ,but1 rapidly as they approached1 the ,britishers were too quick for them2 every man of the latter was already in the saddle1 and ,martha1 although seeing but dimly1 was giving ,harry's hand a parting squeeze1 heedless of the danger she was in and deaf to his urgent entreaties to withdraw4 8,no1 no1 ,i'm not afraid10 she said4 ,nor did she retire until he had pressed his lips to her cheek2 then back she flew into the house4 ,scarcely had ,harry put spurs to his horse when ,uncle ,pete--his movements happily hidden by a cloud of dust--sprang up the ladder1 turned the sign-board round in a jiffy1 then1 pulling from his pocket a bit of chalk1 drew it thrice across ,george ,washington's benign visage4 ,after which down he came1 or rather down he tumbled2 the ladder was hastily flung aside1 and through the doorway after ,martha he ran1 shouting3 8,smash the bottles1 child6 ,smash a lot of 'em60 ,poor ,martha1 who was cleansing the mortar from her eyes1 was filled with amazement at these words4 ,had her parent suddenly lost his wits8 ,ay1 surely he had1 for he was already hard at work breaking bottle after bottle1 and by the time ,colonel ,glover's regiment1 which pursued the enemy only half a mile1 drew up at the ,old ,stone ,jug1 two pounds ten shillings would not have made good the damage which ,uncle ,pete had wrought to his own property4 8,god save our liberties1 and the devil take ,king ,george60 cried ,van ,alstyne as the ,american colonel dismounted2 then1 pointing indignantly at the sign-board3 8,look1 sir1 what the ,british villains have done6 ,look60 8,ay1 disfigured our noble commander-in-chief10 answered the officer4 8,but now come1 sir1 and see what they have done inside10 continued ,uncle ,pete1 foaming at the mouth4 ,in a few minutes the tavern was crowded with officers and soldiers heaping maledictions upon the ,british for having destroyed so much excellent rum2 the whole floor was reeking with spirits4 ,but ,uncle ,pete1 in consideration of his loyalty to the ,american cause1 recovered all he had lost1 and more too2 for the cavalry-men made the inn merry until the day was well-nigh spent4 ,and when at length they departed there was not a more contented citizen in the township than ,peter ,van ,alstyne4 8,what a narrow escape we had60 he said to ,martha when they were once more alone4 8,very2 and we may thank ,god 'tis all over without one drop of blood being spilt10 answered the girl4 8,well1 no1 'tisn't quite over yet10 added the publican2 then1 going to the door1 he shouted3 8,popgun1 come down40 ,popgun obeyed1 but his movements were slow2 he moved like one who has the rheumatism1 and he took double the usual time to descend the tree4 8,i say1 you little black imp10 growled ,uncle ,pete as soon as the boy got within reach--8you little black imp1 you fell asleep on your perch to-day4 ,now1 don't lie2 you did1 and you're #8sponsible for the broken bottles1 and the disfigured sign1 and the bullets in the wall4 ,ay1 you're #8sponsible for every penny's worth of damage1 and now ,i'm going to punish you40 8,o massa6 please don't make me dance a hornpipe10 said the unhappy boy1 whining and wringing his hands4 8,don't6 don't6 ,i'll never fall asleep again--no1 never40 8,well1 it's a hornpipe ,i'm going to make you dance2 and now begin40 ,so saying1 ,uncle ,pete lifted up a stout ox-gad and brought it down with all his might on ,popgun's legs4 ,the blow was followed by a piercing cry4 ,martha implored her father not to strike him again1 but ,van ,alstyne was deaf to her appeals for mercy1 and during several minutes ,popgun continued to hop about like a dancing bear1 and you might have heard his screams as far as ,east ,chester village4 ,finally1 ,uncle ,pete having broken the whip over the poor child's legs1 ,martha1 who was truly vexed at such cruelty1 led ,popgun into the kitchen1 intending to console him with something good to eat4 ,but ,van ,alstyne1 who knew how soft her heart was1 said3 8,martha1 ,i positively forbid you to give him one mouthful of sweetmeats1 and not a single doughnut or tart4 ,obey me60 ,the girl made no response1 but1 having fastened the kitchen door and brushed a tear out of her eye1 bade the little sufferer sit down2 then said3 8,now1 mind1 you are to have no sweetmeats and no tarts and no doughnuts1 so here's some honey and a corncake40 ,popgun looked up in her face1 and ,martha was not a little surprised to see him recovering so rapidly from his terrible castigation2 so broad was his grin that every one of his gleaming teeth was visible4 8,i'd like to dance a hornpipe every day1 ,miss ,martha10 he said1 8for ,i love corncake and honey40 8,do you8 ,well1 then1 you shall have plenty40 ,but before the urchin began his feast he whispered3 8,miss ,martha1 you won't tell anybody if ,i tell you a secret1 will you80 8,of course not10 answered ,martha1 who was anxious to please him1 and thus make amends for the barbarous treatment he had received4 8,well1 then1 ,miss ,martha1 look here40 ,and ,popgun stooped1 and1 turning up the rim of his light linen trowsers1 revealed underneath a pair of cowskin breeches about a quarter of an inch thick2 and these breeches had proved a good friend to him1 for he had danced many a hornpipe4 8,oh6 fie1 you naughty boy60 exclaimed ,martha2 and she was strongly tempted to take away the honey-jar4 ,but after reflecting a moment she burst into a laugh1 while ,popgun tried to laugh too1 but did not succeed for the honey which filled his mouth4 ,never had ,martha known so much anxiety as during the four months which followed ,harry ,valentine's last visit4 ,neither of her lovers came to see her4 ,never had they stayed away so long before2 and whenever any one arrived at the tavern with news she would listen with rapt attention and a sinking heart1 fearful lest she might hear that some evil had befallen them4 ,often and often ,martha would turn from her spinning-wheel to gaze on the flowers they had given her--poor faded flowers1 but more precious now than diamonds in her sight2 and instead of keeping them far apart1 ,martha set the nosegay and magnolia near together--so near that she might circle them both in one fond embrace4 ,it was an anxious1 trying summer1 too1 for the patriots4 ,washington was suffering defeats in ,pennsylvania2 two important posts on the ,hudson ,river--,fort ,montgomery and ,fort ,clinton--were captured by the ,british2 and ,congress had fled from ,philadelphia to ,york4 ,nothing seemed likely to rescue the cause of independence from utter ruin1 save the army under ,general ,gates1 which was marching to meet ,burgoyne2 and every breath of rumor from the north was eagerly listened to4 8,a crisis is approaching1 child10 ,uncle ,pete would say1 8and ,i guess you'll be able to select your husband afore the next moon40 ,but ,martha had grown too down-hearted to heed what her father said1 and more than once he found tears in her eyes4 ,by and by autumn came--rich1 ripe1 golden autumn4 ,but in many an orchard the apples were left unpicked1 for the young men were gone to the war and the old folks had no heart for the labor4 ,the blackbirds were flocking1 and ,martha would watch them as they took wing for the south1 and she felt toward the little birds as never before2 for perhaps in their long journey they might pass over ,harry and ,elisha2 in ,new ,jersey1 in ,delaware1 in ,maryland1 or even in the far-off ,carolinas1 they might see their camp-fires1 might hear the cannon booming4 8,sweet birds1 you will come back in spring-time10 she sighed4 8,will ,harry and ,elisha come back80 8,child1 here is something that may cheer you up10 said ,uncle ,pete one ,october evening4 ,the girl looked round1 and1 lo6 he had a letter for her4 ,martha's hand trembled as she took it4 ,a century ago people did not write as often as nowadays2 indeed1 comparatively few knew how to read and write4 ,hence it was not so very strange that ,martha was unable to tell at a glance from whom the letter came4 ,was it from ,elisha8 or ,harry8 or from some comrade of theirs imparting sad news8 ,few moments in life are more big with keen suspense than the moment between the breaking of a letter's seal and the reading of the first line1 when the missive is from one very dear to us and far away4 ,this interval of time--brief as three heart-throbs--may prove the boundary-line where happiness ends for ever and dark days begin1 or it may set us smiling as ,martha is smiling now2 therefore let us peep over her shoulder and learn what the glad tidings are3 8,i am coming in three days1 dearest ,martha1 to take you to ,st4 ,paul's ,church and make you my darling wife4 ,now1 don't say nay4 ,i implore you not to break my heart4 ,i have won two decorations1 and am a major1 and in all ,america nobody loves you more truly than your devoted 8,,harry ,,valentine40 ,although an exceedingly short letter1 it required some little time for ,martha to spell it all out2 and when she did get to the end she was in such a flurry that she could barely speak when ,uncle ,pete asked what was the matter4 8,o father6 ,harry ,valentine says he will be here in--in three days to marry me4 ,and--and he has won two decorations1 and he is a major1 and ,i don't know what to think about it40 8,humph6 he has risked his life twice for you1 has he8 ,got two decorations6 ,well1 that ought to count a good deal in his favor40 8,well1 yes1 it ought1 father40 8,and do you know1 child1 there is a rumor flying about that ,gen4 ,gates has found ,burgoyne too strong for him1 and that he is retreating4 ,therefore1 all things considered1 ,i think you may bet on ,king ,george and marry ,harry40 8,o father6 how little you understand me10 exclaimed ,martha with a look of reproach4 8,i may seem a flirt1 a coquette1 but ,i'm not4 ,my heart is not like your sign-board1 and ,i have suffered more than you imagine from not being able to decide between ,harry and ,elisha1 who love me so truly1 and each of whom is so worthy of my love40 ,then1 pressing her hands to her bosom3 8,poor heart60 she cried1 8what must ,i do8 ,oh6 tell me1 what must ,i do80 ,then1 hastening into the sitting-room1 where she kept the nosegay and the magnolia1 she put her lips to ,elisha's withered love-gift1 then carried it off1 leaving the magnolia alone in its glory4 ,but ere ,martha reached the window1 where she meant to fling the flowers away1 the glass which held them slipped from her quivering hand1 and in an instant it lay shattered at her feet4 8,well1 really1 child1 you do astonish me10 said her father the afternoon of the day when ,harry ,valentine was expected4 8,you can't sleep1 you've lost your appetite1 and all because #8,lisha's posy dropped on the floor4 ,why1 what nonsense60 8,well1 yes1 it is silly10 said ,martha4 8,one of the two ,i will wed1 and ,i have made up my mind it is to be ,harry1 and ,i doubt not ,elisha will live fifty years and be happy too4 ,any one might let a glass break40 8,ay1 ay4 ,i've smashed scores of 'em1 child1 and never knew any ill to follow--except once1 when ,i stumbled and fell on top of the broken bits and cut my finger40 ,martha now made a strong effort to dispel the sense of approaching evil which for three days had been haunting her1 and during the next hour she kept in good spirits4 ,she had on her best gown1 there was a flush upon her cheeks1 and every few minutes she would go to the foot of the cherry-tree and ask if ,harry ,valentine were in sight4 8,no1 miss10 answered ,popgun the last time she put the question to him4 8,but there is a man in the cedars yonder making signs2 ,i guess he wants to speak with you or master4 ,he looks like an ,indian40 ,martha did not hesitate to go herself and see what the stranger wanted2 and after the latter had spoken a few words to her and she turned to leave him1 the bright color had fled from her face and she trembled4 ,a half-hour later a cavalcade of gay horsemen arrived at the tavern1 and1 as we may imagine1 ,van ,alstyne wondered very much why his daughter was not present to greet ,harry ,valentine4 ,he searched all through the house for ,martha2 he called her name1 but she did not answer4 ,where could ,martha be8 ,in the meanwhile ,harry1 directed by ,popgun's finger1 which pointed to the woods1 had set out in quest of his love4 ,and ,martha was soon found2 but not1 as the young officer had fancied she would be1 gathering chestnuts or wild grapes by the brookside1 by ,rattlesnake ,brook1 where he had first met her five years ago--oh6 never-to-be-forgotten day1 when she was just emerging from girlhood and the first down was on his chin4 ,but now ,harry found her kneeling upon a mossy rock1 praying4 ,and when at the sound of footsteps ,martha rose up and flew into his arms1 although transported with delight to meet her again1 and to feel she had yielded him her heart at last--that heart which it had taken so long to win--nevertheless a pang shot through him when he discovered a tear on her cheek2 'twas easy to kiss the tear away1 but why had she been weeping8 ,he asked the question1 but ,martha only shook her head and said3 8,remember1 dear one1 the promise you once made me3 if ,elisha ever falls into your hands1 you will do him no injury4 ,remember40 ,and now evening has come1 and a jovial party is assembled in the ,old ,stone ,jug4 ,uncle ,pete bestirred himself as never before to do his guests honor2 he could scarce remain quiet a moment4 ,the best his house afforded he gave without stint1 and 'twas a free gift4 ,uncle ,pete intended that his future son-in-law should long remember the hospitality of this autumn evening4 ,martha was the only one who did not make merry4 ,she sat close beside ,harry ,valentine1 her eyes resting on his manly1 sunburnt face2 she seemed ready to devour him with her eyes1 and spoke very little4 ,but ever and anon she would withdraw her hand from his and go peep out of the window4 ,it was when she had done this for the third time1 then come back and placed her hand within his again1 that ,harry observed in a tone of surprise3 8,why1 my beloved1 what is the matter8 ,your hand is grown suddenly cold as ice40 8,is it80 said ,martha nervously4 ,there were other words quivering on her lips1 but she held them back4 ,in after-years she bitterly lamented her silence at this critical moment4 ,it was late1 yet not too late--the moon was still a quarter of an hour below the horizon--and when ,harry noticed her agitation1 if she had only been frank with him1 how different might have been the whole current of her after-life--how very different6 ,and now the sky in the east is growing rapidly brighter1 and ,martha's heart is throbbing faster and louder--so loud that ,harry might almost have heard it4 ,but 'twas not necessary for him to hear the beating of her heart in order to discover her growing distress4 ,martha was leaning back in the chair1 her cheeks were become as cold as her hand1 and her eyes strayed from his eyes to the window in a wild1 fearful way2 then1 looking at him again1 she seemed about to say something1 but did not1 and ,harry was really becoming alarmed at the strange mood she was in1 when the tavern door was suddenly flung wide open1 and1 as it swept round on its hinges1 a small1 black hand passed swiftly over the table4 ,in an instant the candles were extinguished1 and in the pitchy darkness which followed ,martha found herself borne away in somebody's arms4 8,now1 ,martha1 you're mine10 said ,elisha ,williams exultingly1 as he bounded like a deer up the road to the spot where he had left his horse4 8,be true to me1 ,martha4 ,mount6 and we'll hie to the ,jerseys together40 ,what the girl's feelings were just at this moment 'twere not easy to describe4 ,in her ears came deafening uproar from the ,old ,stone ,jug--quick commands2 the neighing of steeds2 a voice cried1 8,fire60 ,then--well1 she must have swooned2 for when next she became conscious of anything1 ,martha found herself seated on the saddle-bow1 ,elisha's arm supporting her1 and ,dolly ,dumplings galloping at terrific speed along ,cusser's ,lane4 ,and here let us say that the very first thought to enter ,martha's mind was a glad thought4 ,ay1 her dark presentiment in regard to ,the ,flying ,scout had proved utterly untrue1 and she even laughed aloud when presently she told ,elisha what her fears for him had been4 ,whereupon he cried3 8,me dead6 ,ha6 ha6 ,no indeed6 ,hurrah for ,independence and ,martha ,van ,alstyne60 ,then1 while his voice was echoing through the woods which lined the road on either side--frightening an owl and rousing a partridge out of its sleep--,elisha went on to tell the great news of ,burgoyne's surrender4 8,i was present1 my love10 he said4 8,i saw the ,british colors lowered4 ,hurrah for ,martha and ,independence6 ,hurrah6 hurrah60 ,but swift as was ,dolly's pace--her tail1 back1 and nose formed one beeline--it was none too swift1 and she needed all the blood of her grandsire1 the ,flying ,childers1 to save her from being overtaken4 ,on1 on at a furious rate ,harry ,valentine was coming4 ,he led the pursuit2 his friends were close behind him4 ,and now1 we may ask1 did ,martha remonstrate with ,elisha8 ,did she urge him to draw rein8--to surrender her to the one whom she had consented to wed on the morrow8 ,no1 indeed4 ,elisha's astounding boldness in stealing her away from her home when surrounded by a score of armed men drowned every other thought2 verily1 he was the boldest of the bold4 ,the bracing night-air1 too1 was like wine to her throbbing veins1 and the moonbeams shimmering through the trees lent a weirdness to the scene which prevented ,martha from thinking calmly about anything4 ,she felt as if bewitched4 ,dolly ,dumplings appeared like a ghostly steed2 ,elisha was a wizard knight bearing her off to his enchanted castle2 and not for all the world would she have slipped off the saddle to go back to the ,old ,stone ,jug4 ,but great changes often come unawares1 and in a few minutes everything changed4 ,it happened thus3 lying in the middle of the lane1 directly in front of old ,isaac ,cusser's house--from whom the lane takes its name--was a cow1 and between the cow and the stone wall opposite the farmer had piled a load of salt hay4 ,now1 had there been a little more light1 ,dolly ,dumplings would have discovered the animal in time and jumped over her4 ,but the trees just at this spot threw a broad shadow across ,dolly's path1 and naught was visible until the mare got within a stride of the obstacle4 ,then she swerved violently to one side1 and in another moment ,martha found herself rolling over and over in the hay4 ,needless to observe that ,elisha did his utmost to stay the course of ,dolly ,dumplings4 ,but1 once past the cow1 ,dolly had instantly resumed her headlong gait1 and she went quite a distance ere she was brought to a halt4 ,poor ,elisha6 he knew well that ,martha was lost to him2 yet he did not hesitate to return--to approach within easy pistol-shot of where ,harry ,valentine and his friends were assembled round about the young woman4 ,the farmer1 too1 had come out with a lantern1 and ,elisha1 plunged in despair1 could distinguish the figure of ,martha standing upright1 and he could hear her voice1 and even fancied she was laughing6 ,was this possible8 ,no1 no6 ,elisha would not believe his ears2 and he called to her to be true to him--that he would never love another4 8,martha1 ,martha1 ,i will always love you10 he cried4 8,save yourself6 ,do6 do6 ,make haste60 came back the response to his words2 and ,elisha was slowly turning ,dolly round when the crack of a pistol rang through the forest2 'twas followed by a sting in his breast2 and while the mare continued her flight ,elisha's life-blood trickled down upon the saddle and left red marks along the road4 ,but1 although desperately wounded1 ,the ,flying ,scout was not going to be captured1 and faithful ,dolly1 who heard the clatter of hoofs behind her1 flew on swifter than ever4 ,it was the firm belief of ,elisha's pursuers that he would turn to the right after leaving ,cusser's lane and take the way to ,tuckahoe2 for the bridge across the ,bronx ,river1 a half a mile on his left1 had been destroyed4 ,although aware of this fact1 ,elisha nevertheless had the audacity to turn ,dolly's head toward the stream2 and down the hill which led to it ,dolly plunged1 a dozen bullets whizzing by her4 ,would the ,scout venture such a leap8 ,from bank to bank was farther than any horse had ever been known to spring4 ,but blood will tell--,dolly's grandsire was the ,flying ,childers--and now like a bird she rose into the air1 and1 lo6 to the amazement of the enemy1 ,elisha was landed upon the west side of the ,bronx4 ,here1 as they abandoned the chase1 let us go back to ,martha ,van ,alstyne4 ,it is the morrow morning1 and we find her once more under her father's roof1 making ready to repair with ,harry ,valentine to ,st4 ,paul's ,church2 for she has promised to become his bride1 and she cannot break her word4 ,yet at this the eleventh hour ,elisha holds the first place in ,martha's heart2 she openly rejoices to hear that he escaped1 and even twits her affianced husband for not having been able to catch ,dolly ,dumplings1 whereupon ,harry good-naturedly admits that not another steed in ,america could have cleared the ,bronx at one leap4 8',twouldn't surprise me in the least10 ,martha said to herself1 as they were about to set out for the village1 8if ,elisha dashed up to the very church-door and carried me off a second time4 ,but then10 she added after a moment's reflection1 8it is not likely to happen2 no1 ,i must banish him from my heart as soon as possible and love ,harry alone40 ,here she threw her eyes upon her betrothed and in all the lovely autumn landscape nothing was more lovely than those two faces as they met4 ,but although ,martha was struggling hard to conquer her greater love for ,elisha1 'twas a difficult battle she was waging with herself4 ,there are embers which will live and glow despite the ashes we heap over them2 so even now1 while her eyes were searching into ,harry's eyes1 while her smile was answering his smile1 ,martha's countenance fell anew and she recoiled from him4 ',twas at this very moment ,popgun's voice cried out3 8,dolly ,dumplings's in sight60 ,this startling announcement was more than ,martha could bear without the deepest emotion4 ,quick she looked up the road2 the astonished ,uncle ,pete and all the others did the same1 while the girl stretched forth her hands to welcome the one who was approaching4 ,her heart was in her throat2 every limb of her body quivered4 ,on1 on galloped the mare4 ,in less than two minutes ,dolly dashed into the midst of the party gathered in front of the ,old ,stone ,jug4 ,and what a spectacle did she present6 ,she had no rider1 and the red marks which stained the empty saddle were blood-marks6 ,oh6 surely they were4 ,the wild look1 too1 and the fierce neigh of poor ,dolly told plainly enough that something horrible had occurred4 ,it took ,martha but an instant to decide what to do1 and1 breaking loose from ,harry and her father1 who were vainly striving to calm her1 she sprang upon the saddle2 then1 turning to ,harry ,valentine with an expression pen cannot describe1 8,marry you60 she cried4 8,no1 not for the kingdom of ,england60 ,and away she galloped4 ,in a remote corner of the graveyard at ,east ,chester is a tombstone with the following inscription carved upon it3 8,here lie the remains of ,martha ,van ,alstyne1 spinster1 who departed this life in the year of grace #ahch1 aged #ha40 ,these few words tell the rest of our story4 ,martha1 when she discovered that ,elisha ,williams had been killed1 never married2 and although no man knows ,elisha's burial-place1 his name is not forgotten1 and the bridge which spans the ,bronx ,river at the point where ,dolly ,dumplings made her wonderful leap is called ,williams ,bridge4 ,as late as #ahdj the ruins of the ,old ,stone ,jug were visible on what is now known as ,schieffelin's ,lane2 ,rattlesnake ,brook still flows on1 but the rattlesnakes have long disappeared2 and here and there stands an aged tree beneath whose shade ,martha and ,harry and ,elisha used to play together in the days when ,george ,,iii4 was king4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,brother ,,and ,,sister4 ,happy those turtle-doves that went1 my ,queen1 ,with you to the temple--tho' to death they went4 ,could they have known1 they had been full content ,to give their little lives4 ,and well ,i ween ,your pitying hand caressed them2 and1 between ,the turns you took with ,joseph 7favored saint67 ,at carrying ,jesus1 you would soothe their plaint1 ,and hold to your heart their bosoms' silver sheen4 ,but cherish more my sister-dove and me3 ,carry within your heart1 and all the way1 ,our souls to the true ,temple4 ,offered so1 ,they cannot perish--no1 nor parted be3 ,for ,he whom you presented on this day ,whom you present ,his own must ever know4 ,,feast ,,of ,,the ,,purification1 #ahgf4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,christianity ,,as ,,an ,,historical ,,religion4 ,,ii4 ,to know the true genius of ,christianity is the same thing as to know the true destiny of man1 and the actual order of ,providence by which he is conducted to its fulfilment1 through the state of his earthly probation4 ,the true destiny of man is supernatural2 his end is beyond the earth and the present life1 which is the place and period of origin and transit only1 where he has his point of departure1 his impulse of direction1 the beginning of the movement which is to draw a line of endless length on the absolute duration and absolute space of eternity and infinity4 ,the actual order of ,providence1 within the infinitesimal limits of time and extension which bound man's earthly existence1 is exclusively determined1 as to its ultimate end1 to this eternal and infinite sphere of being1 where man shares with ,god1 according to the mode and measure which is possible to his finite nature1 the 8total1 simultaneous1 and perfect possession of interminable life40 ,this is precisely what is meant by eternal salvation1 final beatitude1 union with ,god1 and all other terms of similar import4 ,any temporal good1 in comparison with this1 is trivial4 ,it cannot be an ultimate object of ,god's providence1 and ought not to be regarded as an end by a rational man4 ,these are the suppositions1 the prcognita1 from which all ,christian philosophy must take its initial movement4 ,dr4 ,fisher enunciates1 therefore1 one of the axioms of ,christianity when he says that in the design of the divine religion given by ,god to mankind1 8the good offered is not science10 or1 as is evidently implied1 any other temporal good1 8but salvation40 ,the original right to this salvation and to the means of attaining it having been forfeited in the fall and restored only through ,christ1 8the final cause of revelation is the recovery of men to communion with ,god--that is1 to true religion40 ,as a consequence from this1 8whatever knowledge is communicated0--and1 equally1 whatever other good is communicated for human perfection in this present state--8is tributary to this end0 7p4 #c74 ,the whole of human history before the ,christian epoch1 in general1 and specifically the whole inspired history of patriarchal and ,judan religion1 being a record of events looking towards the coming of the ,son of ,god to the earth1 the learned professor proceeds logically in making the statements which follow3 8,christianity is the perfect form of religion4 ,in other words1 it is the absolute religion1 444 the culminating point in the progress of revelation1 fulfilling1 or filling out to perfection1 that which preceded4444 ,in ,jesus religion is actually realized in its perfection4444 ,in ,christ the revelation of ,god to and through man reaches its climax4444 ,in ,christianity the fundamental relations of ,god to the world are completely disclosed4444 ,through ,christ the kingdom of ,god actually attains its universal character40#aff ,many passages scattered throughout the entire work of ,dr4 ,fisher repeat1 confirm1 or amplify these general statements of his fundamental conception of ,christianity4 ,thus1 he says that it 8proposed the unification of mankind through a spiritual bond0 7p4 #db72 that it brings ,god near 8to the apprehension1 not of a coterie of philosophers merely1 but of the humble and ignorant0 7p4 #ahi72 that it 8made human brotherhood a reality0 7p4 #aij74 8,from his first public appearance ,jesus represented himself as the founder and head of a kingdom0 7p4 #ddc71 and this kingdom 8was to be bound together by a moral and spiritual bond of union0 7p4 #ddd74 ,moreover1 8his kingdom was to act upon the world1 and to bring the world under its sway0 7p4 #def72 it was to 8leaven human society with its spirit1 until the whole world should be created anew by its agency02 8a world-conquering and world-purifying influence10 destined 8for the accomplishment of a revolution1 the grandest which it ever entered into the heart of man to conceive--it being nothing less than the moral regeneration of mankind0 7ibid47 ,the idea which lies at the foundation of all these statements is nothing else than that which ,st4 ,ignatius has made the basis of his ,spiritual ,exercises1 and which is fully developed in the meditations on fundamental ,christian principles which are placed at the beginning of the series for a retreat in books like the ,raccolta of ,father ,ciccolini4 ,on these principles is founded the whole system of instructions given to ecclesiastics and religious during their retreats1 by which they are formed for the sacerdotal or religious life or renovated in the spirit of their state4 ,the very same form the basis of the sermons preached at the beginning of missions given to the faithful in churches1 8,on the ,end of ,man10 8,on the ,value of the ,soul10 8,on the ,necessity of ,salvation40 ,that man is the only being on the earth who is an end in himself1 and that all other creatures1 together with all arrangements of divine ,providence respecting this world1 are for him2 that the chief and ultimate end of man is his eternal salvation1 and that everything else is intended as a means for attaining this end2 is the doctrine inculcated and preached in all ,catholic spiritual books and in all sermons1 in all theological treatises1 and expositions of ,catholic philosophy which profess to explain the fundamental relations of the natural to the supernatural order4 ,any other idea of ,christianity than this is unworthy of its ,author4 ,it is a very low and childish view which represents the perfection of humanity in respect to the political1 social1 and intellectual spheres of the earthly and temporal order as the direct object of the mission and work of ,christ in the world4 ,prterit figura hujus mundi4 ,that which is transitory cannot be an ultimate end4 ,there is nothing permanent and having an eternal value on the earth except the spiritual perfection of the human soul and whatever appertains to it or is inseparably connected with it4 ,the regeneration and perfection of men in the spiritual and divine life is necessarily the only direct and primary object of the theandric work of ,christ as the mediator between ,god and mankind4 ,his kingdom is in the soul1 his reign and conquests are in the spiritual realm4 ,st4 ,augustine explains that difficult statement of ,st4 ,paul1 that the ,son will finally deliver up his kingdom to the ,father1 by means of this ,scriptural conception of the nature of his kingdom4 ,this kingdom is the multitude of the saved1 the complete number of the elect1 in whose glorification the special work of the ,son as creator and redeemer reaches its consummation and attains its final end4 ,the kingdom is delivered up when these souls1 in whom the reign of ,christ is perfectly and for ever established by grace and divine love1 are united with the divine essence in the beatific vision4 ,the initial and temporal conditions of the eternal kingdom of ,christ1 the kingdom of heaven1 disappear1 of course1 in the fulfilment2 as his human childhood1 life1 death1 and resurrection were transient states or events1 as the whole of human history is transient4 ,in its initial state the kingdom of heaven on the earth is a preparation for its perfect state1 which it contains in germ and principle1 and with which it must necessarily have a similitude of nature4 ,it is therefore only a truism to say that the kingdom of ,christ is spiritual and its bond of unity spiritual4 ,we may even say that the whole universe is a spiritual empire and its bond of unity spiritual4 ,physical beings1 in the ontological order are metaphysical1 and in the order of cognition are logical4 ,all the transcendental predicates1 which really express only phases of the same idea2 being1 unity1 truth1 and good2 are1 in an analogous sense1 predicable of ,god and of everything which has or is capable of having existence4 ,god is a spirit1 and the ideal of all beings is in his intelligence4 ,the ,greek3 ,logos ,greek3 endiathetos1 in the bosom of the ,father from eternity1 and the ,greek3 ,logos ,greek3 prophorichos1 uttering the creative word whose effect is in time1 whose intelligible expression is in all creatures1 are one--the ,word of ,god4 ,there are material substances and forces1 but their origin is spiritual2 their essence and existence are the expression of thought2 the space in which they move has its foundation in the essence of ,god2 they are an adjunct of the spiritual world1 and are subordinated to it with a view to the same end4 ,there are temporal and contingent things1 but their duration has a fixed relation to the absolute duration of ,god1 and to his eternal1 immutable decree and foreknowledge4 ,though some things are trivial and worthless by comparison with others1 and every being is infinitely less than ,god1 yet nothing is absolutely trivial or worthless1 and every finite thing has infinite relations4 ,bodies are infinitely inferior to spirits1 yet they are infinitely superior to nothing1 and not only the grand bodies which express in magnitude and number an image of the immensity of ,god1 but grains of sand and the minutest molecules1 are terms of divine ,omnipotence1 and their being presupposes and imitates the being of ,god4 ,god formed the body of the first man out of the dust of the earth before he breathed into him the living soul1 and he will awaken all human bodies to an everlasting life from the dust of the universal tomb of humanity4 ,the ,word assumed not only a rational but also a corporeal nature into hypostatic union with the divinity in his own person1 and arose bodily from the sepulchre to glorify matter as well as spirit1 and make it a gem eternally lustrous and sparkling with divine splendor4 ,god came to this small solar system1 a mere point in the milky way1 to this minute planet1 to the insignificant country of ,juda1 to the little village of ,bethlehem1 to the narrow cave of the ,nativity1 to the humble cottage of ,joseph and ,mary1 and was born and brought up the son of a humble maiden under the guardianship of an obscure artisan4 ,the future and eternal kingdom of heaven with all its splendor1 which was only made that it may serve as a reflection of the glory of the ,incarnate ,word1 has its origin from these mere points in time and space4 ,things which1 isolated and in their mere physical quantity1 are almost nothing receive an infinite value through their relations4 ,nude first matter1 apart from form1 is1 as ,st4 ,augustine says1 8fere nihil--a being not-being40 ,yet it seems to be rigorously demonstrated that the active force of every material element is capable of attracting or repelling other elements in an infinite sphere of space around its centre4 ,the visible universe1 considered as having a mere isolated existence and motion in space and time1 is not much1 compared with even one finite spirit--is fere nihil4 ,the intellectual creation1 considered as isolated within the bounds of nature1 finite1 actually existing only in one indivisible now of time1 which by its gliding from a beginning point on an endless line never actually draws more than a line of finite duration1 compared with the infinite possibility is not much more4 ,all creation1 even supposing that ,god continued to extend and multiply it for ever1 could never become anything which would not be infinitely less than absolute space and duration4 ,on the lower surface of things which faces the nothingness out of which they came they participate in not-being and resemble nothingness4 ,in their negation and privation1 they are not4 ,on their upper surface which faces the being above them they participate with all being1 even the highest4 ,that which is lower touches by its highest point that which is lowest in the higher1 and so from the bottom to the top4 ,the physical universe has a sufficient reason of being in the intellectual universe1 the intellectual in the spiritual1 and the spiritual at its apex touches ,god by the union of the highest nature--the created nature of the ,word1 with the uncreated1 divine essence4 ,the universe1 notwithstanding its intrinsically finite and contingent being1 receives thus a mode and order of relation to the infinite and eternal being1 giving it a species of divinization which extends to its least and lowest parts4 ,therefore we say that the whole universe is a spiritual empire and its bond of unity spiritual4 ,this world is a garden of ,god1 set apart for the planting and growth of human souls4 ,the garden of ,eden1 which ,god planted and beautified as the residence of the first parents of the human race1 is a type of the ideal earth as it was conceived in the mind of ,god4 ,the redemption1 in its ideal form1 is a work for the restoration of paradise on earth1 under a modified condition suited to the fallen state of man1 and in its actual results is an approximation to this idea4 ,the growth of human souls in the regenerated and spiritual life is its end1 and the only thing of absolute importance in the sight of ,god4 ,the ,creator himself came on the earth in human form expressly for the sake of fulfilling this divine intention of bringing souls to the completion of their growth in a perfect likeness to himself4 ,it is needless to quote his own distinct and solemn affirmation of the value of the soul1 and the worthlessness of the whole world beside1 in comparison with its highest spiritual good4 ,his great work in humanity may therefore be fitly summed up in the terse and succinct formula of 8moral regeneration10 provided that these terms are so defined as to give them an adequate extension and comprehension4 ,the whole plan of ,god in creating the universe1 and elevating it through the microcosmical being man by the ,incarnation1 must be kept in view2 and the nature of the regeneration to be effected must be so understood as to justify the necessity of the stupendous and multiplied means employed by the divine wisdom in bringing it to actual accomplishment4 ,the universe1 and this little epitome of creation which is man's world1 as well1 is complex and composed of heterogeneous parts4 ,the problem of man's destiny and of the end proposed in the plan of the divine creator and redeemer of human nature is1 therefore1 necessarily complex4 ,if it is expressed in a ratio of simple terms1 these terms must be virtually equivalent to a great number and a great variety1 corresponding to the complex reality which they denote and signify4 ,a simplification of our ideas which is not the result of a combination of all the elements that ought to enter into composition1 but is produced by the suppression of some1 is a work of destructive and not of constructive philosophy4 ,if we interpret1 therefore1 that spiritual doctrine which we have laid down in the beginning of this argument too literally and exclusively1 we make a misinterpretation of the sense of ,holy ,scripture and of the writings of the saints1 and manufacture for ourselves a false and absurd doctrine4 ,a philosophy which aims to give the spirit a complete riddance of matter1 and of the whole world beside spiritual existence in its purest and most immediate relation to ,god1 may arrogate the name of spiritual philosophy1 but it is a counterfeit spiritualism4 ,if ,god desired that we should get rid of matter1 and had no other aim except to produce purely spiritual being in his own likeness and in participation with his own pure essence1 he would never have created anything except spirit1 and he would have made it at once in that state of perfection which he willed it to possess4 ,if this perfection were limited to the order of pure nature1 nothing more was requisite than to create a multitude of intellectual beings naturally endowed with the intelligence and felicity conformed to their essence4 ,if they were to be elevated to supernatural perfection in the beatific vision of ,god1 one act of divine power and love would suffice to place them at the first instant of their creation in the term of being1 the ultimate perfection1 the everlasting felicity in the possession of the sovereign good1 to which they were destined4 ,there is no necessity for probation1 gradual progress1 or any sort of conditions precedent1 in order that created spirits may be made perfect in cognition and volition1 either natural or supernatural1 in any finite degree and grade of existence and beatitude which ,god may choose in his pure goodness to communicate4 ,still less is there any reason1 on the hypothesis of such an end in creation as we suppose1 for the existence of matter and corporeal beings4 ,matter and body cannot help purely intellectual beings to attain their proper intelligible object4 ,the light of glory1 and the direct illumination which gives the spirit an immediate intuitive vision of the divine essence1 cannot be conjoined with any material1 corporeal medium or organ4 ,why1 then1 did not ,god create angels only1 and1 if he desired to elevate creation to the hypostatic union with himself1 assume the angelic nature8 ,the only possible answer to this question is derived from the manifestation which ,god has made1 through his works and through his word1 that his plan of creation included something besides the natural and supernatural communication of glory and beatitude to created spirits4 ,it was his will to create the corporeal1 visible universe in connection and harmony with the invisible and spiritual world4 ,it was his will to place man in the middle-point of all creation1 and to give him a complex essence composed of rationality and animality1 that he might unite in his substantial being the highest with the lowest--ima summis4 ,moreover1 the creating ,word assumed this nature as microcosmical1 that in humanity he might elevate the entire universe and bring it in his own person to its acme4 ,even this might have been accomplished instantaneously1 without probation1 without the long procession of second causes1 without the efforts and the pain which the struggle toward the ultimate end has cost the creature1 and to which the ,incarnate ,word subjected himself when he became obediens usque ad mortem1 mortem autem crucis4 ,why the long process from the chaos at the beginning toward the consummation of the end which has not yet been attained8 ,the only answer to this question which can possibly be given is that ,god chose to make the creature concur to its own glorification by the way of merit1 and to bring the utmost possible effect out of created causality4 ,this is the reason for the probation of the angels and of man2 for the full scope given to free-will1 notwithstanding the incidental evil which through this avenue has rushed in upon the fair creation of ,god2 and for the choice of the most difficult and painful way of redemption and restoration through ineffable labors and sufferings4 ,the regeneration of humanity must1 therefore1 take its character from the supernatural destiny of man1 his complex nature1 and the relations in which it places him to the complex plan of ,god which takes in all the parts of the universe1 from the lowest to the highest1 and gives the utmost possible play to the action of created causality4 ,its chief end is to prepare human souls1 through the grace and fellowship of ,christ1 to share with the other sons of ,god1 the holy angels1 in the glory and beatitude of the ,incarnate ,word in the kingdom of heaven4 ,included in this end of beatification in ,god1 which is essentially the same for all spiritual beings who attain it1 are the distinctive grades of glory1 gained through grace and personal merit1 in an ascending scale from the souls of infants to the soul of ,jesus ,christ1 by which the celestial firmament is decorated4 ,this beatitude in the vision of ,god certainly does not exclude the secondary and natural beatitude arising from the knowledge and enjoyment of the creatures of ,god1 and this must therefore be a secondary and subordinate end in the divine plan4 ,intellectual cognition and volition are not organic acts of human nature2 and1 therefore1 if we believe in the bodily resurrection of our ,lord and of the saints to a glorified corporeal life1 we must admit the existence in the divine plan of some subordinate end1 in view of which man was created as a composite being1 and in view of which1 also1 the ,word assumed the composite human nature1 which is complete only by the union of the spiritual and material substances4 ,the glorified body no doubt receives a reflected lustre from the glorification of the soul4 ,but its glorified senses cannot be the organs of anything more than an elevated and sublimated sensitive cognition and enjoyment4 ,the term of their action is the physical1 visible creation to which human nature partially belongs2 and therefore the final end of man is partially identified with the final cause for which the vast and everlasting visible universe was created4 ,the ,incarnate ,word touches this visible1 material realm of his creation by the bodily part of his human nature4 ,the what and the wherefore of this almost infinite realm of nature we do not pretend to understand4 ,it is certainly not a mere jeu d'esprit of ,omnipotence1 a causeless or transitory spectacle to excite the babyish wonder of the human race not yet out of its nursery4 ,it belongs to the great sphere of the divine plan1 a segment of one of whose great circles is human history on this earthly planet4 ,as we cannot demonstrate the problem of this sphere and its great circles1 we cannot completely solve the problem of man's destiny on the earth4 ,it is an enigma1 a mystery4 ,and1 above all1 the question ,cur ,deus ,homo8 the what and the wherefore of the ,incarnation1 is an enigma1 a mystery for human reason1 only obscurely manifested to faith4 ,christ in history1 universal history as having its mot d'enigme in ,christ1 must consequently present to the believing and enlightened mind of the ,christian student an object of investigation and thought which he cannot hope to understand and know adequately1 much less to comprehend4 ,whatever we can know must be learned by the manifestation which ,god makes of his wise intentions through his word and his works1 the instruction which he deigns to give us by experience1 reason1 and divine faith4 ,for what is man being educated on the earth1 and what did his ,creator intend to bring him to when he came down in person1 after a long series of precursors had prepared the way before him1 to teach and to do that which could be entrusted to no mere creature1 whether man or angel8 ,the manifestation of ,christ in the history of mankind on the earth will make known the answer to this question to all intelligent beings when this history is completed4 ,but this will be only at the day of universal resurrection and final judgment4 ,until that day arrives there can only be a gradual and incomplete disclosure and justification of the ways of ,god to men1 which are unsearchable and past finding out by human wisdom4 ,the ,eternal ,word1 who created all things1 and directed all nations on the earth by his providence before he assumed human nature and died on the cross for their salvation1 has not ceased1 since his ,incarnation1 to carry on his work1 or confined his care to a small number elected out of the mass of mankind4 ,nature has not been substantially or totally depraved by the fall1 or become the property of ,satan4 ,the ,incarnation is not a mere device and contrivance1 to which ,god was forced to resort because he could not otherwise pardon the elect1 and substitute for the eternal punishment which was due to them an eternal reward due to ,christ1 and transferred to them without any personal merit of congruity or condignity4 ,the plan of ,god for salvation through ,christ is not a mere segregation of a certain number of individuals from the world1 that they may devote themselves exclusively to their sanctification by purely interior1 spiritual acts--waiting until death shall release their souls from a bodily existence which is a mere degradation1 and a world which is utterly accursed and given over to the dominion of the devil4 ,such ideas are exaggerations and perversions of ,christian doctrine4 ,they necessarily provoked a reaction and revolt in the minds and hearts of men whenever they were taught2 and there has been1 consequently1 a perpetual effort1 among ,protestants who were not willing to abandon ,christianity altogether1 to find some kind of rational religion which can plausibly assume to be the pure1 original ,christianity of ,christ4 ,but by eliminating or altering and diminishing the mysteries and supernatural elements of ,christianity1 they change its nature and reduce it to something so ordinary and commonplace that its divinity is lost4 ,the ideal ,christianity becomes a sort of peaceable1 orderly1 moral1 well-educated society1 in which as nearly as possible all men enjoy the comfortable and respectable mode of life belonging to the gentry of ,england1 and the poorest class are as well off as the ordinary inhabitants of a pleasant1 old-fashioned ,new ,england village4 ,that there is something attractive about this picture we will not deny4 ,but we cannot think that the production of a state of merely natural well-being in society1 of commonplace human happiness1 even supposing it founded upon religion1 sanctified by piety1 and tending toward a more perfect happiness in the future life1 was the real1 ultimate end which our ,lord had in view when he founded the church4 ,the old idea of a millennium which used to prevail among the ,puritans of ,new ,england had something in it very beautiful2 but it was only a beautiful dream1 never destined to be realized in this world4 ,the philosophical dream of a golden age1 to be attained by progress in science1 civilization1 political and social reform1 is still more futile4 ,the doleful and terrible wail of the pessimist philosophers and poets of ,germany1 which begins to find an echo over all the civilized world1 would be the outcry of a despair justified by the whole history of mankind1 were it not for the light which faith casts across the gloom1 and the solution of the dark enigma of life which is given by the cross on which ,jesus died1 exclaiming1 8,my ,god1 my ,god1 why hast thou forsaken me80 ,the drama of human history is grand and terrible and tragic4 ,it has scenes and episodes which have a character of quiet1 delightful1 and joyous comedy1 but it is a tragedy2 it has been so from the first1 and will be the same to the end4 ,the ,son of ,god came on the earth in the very crisis of human history1 and his human life was a tragedy1 ending in a sublime triumph1 but a triumph won by sorrow1 conflict1 and conquest4 ,all that was tragic in previous history culminated in him1 and subsequent history can be nothing else than the last act of the tragedy hastening to the dnoment1 and preparing the way for the second coming of the ,son of ,man in the clouds of heaven1 with great glory1 to achieve his final triumph4 ,the ,apocalypse of ,st4 ,john1 in which all things that were to come to pass in the last age of the world passed before his entranced spirit in a series of sublime and awful pictures1 shows that this horoscope is true4 ,what for him was a vaticination is for us in great part a retrospect1 by which it is historically verified1 so far as the scroll of time has unrolled itself1 and by which the similar character of that part which is still in prospect is surely foreboded4 ,christianity is an historical religion4 ,it is the outcome of all previous history1 and its inspired documents alone1 in which the genealogy of its founder is traced back to ,adam1 and the record of the origin of the human race preserved1 give us authentic history of the most important facts which underlie all the great events and movements of the world4 ,this history connects the beginning of human destinies with the earlier and higher sphere1 where the history of the intelligent creation begins--with those great events1 the trial of the angels1 the rebellion of ,lucifer1 and the commencement of the warfare whose seat was transferred to the earth by the successful ruse of the serpent in the temptation of ,eve4 ,in the expulsion of our weeping parents from ,eden into the outside world1 humanity was led by a counter strategic movement upon the new battle-field1 where ,satan was to be vanquished in fair and open war4 ,all the demons1 reinforced by all the traitors and deserters they could gain from among men1 were allowed to pit themselves against the sons of ,god and the holy angels1 and against the ,first-begotten ,son himself when he came in the infirmity of human nature1 as the captain of salvation1 to become perfect through sufferings and to lead his brethren by the same arduous road to glory4 ,redemption and salvation consist essentially in liberation from the servitude of ,satan2 victory in the combat against that mass of false maxims1 evil principles1 and wicked men called the world1 those low and vicious propensities called the flesh1 and the seducing spirits sent forth by ,satan to draw men into his rebellion against ,god4 ,human society was organized under the law of redemption1 in the family1 in the social1 and in the political community1 in religious communion1 in order to reconstruct fallen humanity2 to repair the ruin effected by the devil2 to oppose a barrier against his further aggressions2 to consolidate a perpetual force of resistance and warfare against him2 and to be the instrument of the ,son of ,god1 the creator and redeemer of mankind1 in effecting the final subjugation of the rebellion inaugurated and carried on by ,lucifer4 ,the division of nations1 the colonization of the earth1 the foundation of states1 of industry and commerce1 of art and science1 of culture and civilization1 is a divine work4 ,everything good in humanity is from the ,word1 the predestined ,son of ,man4 ,the ,book of ,wisdom says that it was the delight of the eternal wisdom to be with the sons of men1 and the early ,fathers dilate on what is expressed in the ,german word ,menschenfreundlichkeit1 better than in any equivalent ,english term1 as an attribute of the ,logos4 ,that admirable sentiment of the ,latin poet1 ,homo sum1 et nihil humani alienum a me puto1 may be most appropriately ascribed to the divine ,person who joined the human nature to his uncreated essence in an indissoluble marriage4 ,the devil is the author of nothing on the earth which has real being and life1 but only of error and sin with their logical consequences--that is1 of intellectual and moral perversion1 of ruin1 decay1 and death4 ,his kingdom is a graveyard and a realm of darkness beneath it4 ,the kingdom of the living is the kingdom of ,christ1 and of the ,holy ,spirit1 the ,lord and ,life-giver1 who proceeds from the ,father through the ,son4 ,the power of ,satan on the earth is gained by the invasion and treasonable surrender of the cities and fortresses founded by the rightful ,king of men1 and consists in the influence which he usurps in the affairs of men1 in the schism and heresy by which he breaks the unity of human brotherhood in ,christ4 ,the apostasy1 the false religions1 the corrupted ethics1 the degenerate institutions of the old heathen world were schisms and heresies against the primitive revelation and the patriarchal unity of mankind in one true doctrine1 worship1 and discipline4 ,the foundation of ,judaism was a measure which the ,lord adopted to oppose a bulwark against universal apostasy1 to preserve the treasure of revelation and grace1 and to prepare the way for a more perfect organization of the universal religion4 ,without abandoning the other nations1 he concentrated his special providence upon ,israel4 ,and even here the history of his own special kingdom and peculiar people is altogether different from what our human reason and sentiments would expect and wish for1 and especially so in reference to the epoch when the ,messias appeared4 ,we cannot understand it1 unless we recognize the universal law pervading the divine plan1 by which almost unlimited play is given to free-will2 the conflict of the powers of good and evil permitted to run its course2 victory and salvation are achieved by labor1 combat1 and suffering2 the world and humanity are set apart as a battle-field1 between the ,son of ,god1 with his brethren by adoption among angels and men1 on one side1 ,lucifer1 with his army of apostate angels and men1 on the other--a battle-field on which the everlasting destinies of the universe are decided for eternity4 ,after this long and circuitous digression we may direct our attention now on the specific nature of ,christianity as an historical religion1 and consider what organization ,jesus ,christ gave redeemed humanity in the universal church1 how he embodied the absolute1 universal religion1 what means he adopted for achieving the work of the moral regeneration and eternal salvation of mankind4 ,the work undertaken by the ,incarnate ,word in person is evidently the continuation of that which he began through his ministering angels1 his prophets1 and his other human agents1 and by far the most difficult and important part of the entire plan of ,god4 ,passing over his principal theandric work of redemption1 we must affirm the same with equal emphasis and certainty of that which is supplementary to it1 and by which it is extended to its term4 ,in assuming human nature the ,son of ,god assumed all its temporal and eternal relations2 he grasped and drew into himself universal humanity and the whole creation4 ,his first and direct object was the glorification and beatification of human souls in ,god1 but his action toward this end drew into its current and impelled by its energy all things connected with and subordinate to this highest and purely spiritual sphere of his creative wisdom4 ,the action of ,christ in history after his resurrection is necessarily more complex1 more far-reaching and universal1 more manifest and immediate1 more obviously dominant and victorious1 more evidently bearing on the final and eternal consummation of the divine plan in the universe through the destinies of man and the earth1 than it could have been before that glorious and decisive event4 ,christianity1 as an historical religion1 must have more comprehension in its actual development than in its inchoate state before ,christ4 ,while it remains true that it is characteristic of the pure and perfect religion taught by the mouth of its divine ,author to lead men to an interior1 spiritual life1 to the contemplation and love of ,god1 to a paramount desire and effort for the salvation of the soul1 and to bring this way of union with ,god in loving1 spiritual brotherhood among men down to the level of the lowly and the poor in all natural goods1 this idea does not require an exclusion of other and different aspects of the same religion4 ,the specific good proposed and placed within reach is salvation1 and not science1 art1 civilization1 political order1 social well-being1 national development1 the natural progress of mankind1 the production of a brilliant series of great men1 extraordinary works and events in the temporal order4 ,the empires and cities1 the grand monuments1 the intellectual masterpieces1 the entire array of results produced by human activity1 and all the splendor and felicity of the men who in outward seeming are the most favored and fortunate1 are transient2 they return to the nothingness from which they came4 ,nevertheless1 they may be made tributary to something higher and more durable1 and what is substantial and indestructible in and under these evanescent forms may survive and reappear1 like the mortal part of human nature1 by a future resurrection4 ,there is no reason1 therefore1 why ,christ1 the ,incarnate ,word1 in effecting the regeneration of the human race by means and instruments which are natural and human1 yet not purely natural and human1 or standing alone in their nude and finite essence1 should not take hold of all human things and relations and subject them to his own special service4 ,there is no reason why he should not have secondary and subordinate ends indirectly connected with his one principal and ultimate object4 ,there is no reason why ,christianity1 though not identified with and merged in human affairs1 should not be in intimate relations with them all4 ,in fact1 there is every kind of reason to the contrary1 and as an historical religion it cannot be regarded in any other light4 ,it must be in continuity with its own past on the same lines4 ,the same constructive principles must pervade religion in all ages4 ,the same law of curvature must be verified in every segment of the circle1 and all the diameters must be equal4 ,unity is essential to universality4 ,the superior courses of stone in the building must correspond to the inferior1 and rest upon them and upon the foundation4 ,christianity as an historical religion must be of equal dimensions and similar structure to the substratum furnished by the pre-,christian universal history1 where1 so to speak1 its sub-cellar1 crypts1 and basement are covered1 and in great measure buried in inexplorable obscurity1 beneath the walls of its colossal architecture4 ,when we consider ,christianity as a religion in the precise and restricted sense1 and the church as a strictly religious society1 we cannot identify the ,christian ,church and religion so completely with ,christianity in the wider sense as to confound the central nucleus with its environment and atmosphere4 ,we must distinguish1 accurately and carefully1 those things which are really distinct1 though not disunited and separate from one another4 ,religion is well defined by ,mr4 ,baring-,gould as consisting essentially in dogma1 worship1 and discipline4 ,the church is its organic embodiment4 ,the absolute and universal religion must of course throw off what was proper only to a state of inchoate and imperfect development1 and the church must be freed from what was proper only to a partial and national organic constitution4 ,this is a doctrinal certitude with an actual verification in history4 ,it is needless to prove that our ,lord never thought of making ,christianity a mere extension of ,judaism1 and of founding a universal kingdom which should be an enlargement1 co-extensive with the world1 of ,david's monarchy1 with the institutes of ,moses and the religious ceremonial of ,solomon's temple as the model of its civil and ecclesiastical polity and its ritual of worship4 ,it is equally unnecessary to prove that the divine ,master thought as little of going back to the more ancient and simple dispensation of patriarchal religion4 ,this would have been a regression instead of a progression2 a dwindling and dwarfing of humanity into a second infancy instead of its expansion into adult proportions1 similar to the absurd imagination of ,nicodemus in respect to the process of regeneration4 ,the absolute1 universal religion1 by virtue of the law of continuity in growth1 must necessarily retain all that which pertained to the essence and properties of religion as such--that is1 of religion generically and specifically considered in respect to human nature in a state of probation2 a lapsed condition2 and in the way of restoration1 through the redemption with its law of grace1 as revealed by ,god from the beginning4 ,all pertaining to its integrity and to its accidents1 in so far as any such appurtenance is suited to human nature in all ages and nations--giving greater perfection1 adaptation to its end1 and power in its operation to religion--must also be considered as permanent for a sufficient reason1 viz41 that its cause and motive are general and persistent1 though it may undergo modification and be subject to variation4 ,natural religion is preserved in revealed religion1 the patriarchal in the ,mosaic1 and all these in the ,christian religion4 ,precisely how much has been preserved1 how much modified or altered1 and in what way1 how much dropped as obsolete in ,christianity considered as an historical religion1 must be determined historically4 ,we know1 however1 before we examine the historical documents of ,christianity1 that1 unless ,god manifests in his actual providence a determination to derogate from constant and general laws by introducing an entirely miraculous dispensation1 we shall surely find in historical ,christianity certain features absolutely requisite in a human religion4 ,there are such features or characteristics which in their generic ratio are known with certainty1 prescinding from any information given by the actual1 objective manifestation which ,christianity presents in its history4 ,it must be adapted to human nature--that is1 it must be a religion suitable to a being who is not a pure spirit1 or one united to a body by accidental1 extrinsic1 and temporary relations1 but who is composed of soul and body in his specific and permanent essence4 ,it must be adapted to the conditions in which human nature exists in its earthly stage of progress toward perfection--that is1 suitable to men who are in multifarious relations with one another in the family1 in society1 in the state2 relations both amicable and hostile1 relations of similarity and of opposition1 relations of great complexity and variability4 ,it must be adapted to the character of the divine ,person from whom it proceeds2 as the ,son of ,god and the ,son of ,man1 united with the ,father in one essence by the ,holy ,spirit2 hypostatically united within his proper personality subsisting in two distinct natures1 by the same ,spirit2 sanctified in soul and body by this life-giving ,spirit2 and by the same ,spirit sanctifying1 and uniting in himself to the ,godhead1 redeemed humanity4 ,it must be adapted to the temporal and eternal end for which it is intended--that is1 suitable for the instruction1 sanctification1 unification1 temporal and eternal salvation of all mankind1 in all nations and ages2 for the work of regeneration1 individual1 social1 political1 intellectual1 moral1 and physical1 as an absolute1 universal1 world-conquering power4 ,in order to meet these requisitions1 its spirit and body must be essentially and indissolubly united2 it must be organized in a perfect and unequal society of universal extension1 sovereign independence1 complex and irresistible forces4 ,it must have both divine and human attributes1 and be vivified by the divine ,spirit4 ,it must be inseparably united with its head and throughout its members1 indefectible1 immutable1 and endowed with the plenitude of graces1 gifts1 and powers merited by ,jesus ,christ for mankind and sufficient for the production of the highest degrees of human virtue in the greatest possible variety4 ,it must be supreme1 and have all things subordinated to its own end1 controlled by its influence1 subservient to its purposes as instrumentalities of its dynamical action4 ,as the absolute world-religion1 its dogma1 worship1 and discipline must vastly transcend the initial revelation1 elementary ritual1 and propdeutic order of ,judaism4 ,there is a kind of foreshadowing of all these features of the kingdom of ,christ in universal history1 and there are abundant types and prophecies of it in the history and inspired documents of the patriarchal and ,judaic dispensations4 ,we need only to confront the idea of ,christianity1 derived priori from the consideration of the plan of ,god manifested in his works and word before the time of ,christ1 with the actual1 historical ,christianity1 in order to give this idea distinctness1 and to add the last complement of certitude to our judgment that it truly represents the reality4 ,wherever we find existing as a concrete1 historical fact that which realizes in the fullest and the highest sense the predictions of the prophets2 that which fulfils in the most perfect manner the anticipations of history2 that which is the most worthy of the stupendous miracles culminating in the resurrection2 that which corresponds in magnitude and grandeur to all the great works of ,god2 that which gives the most sublime significance to the destiny of man2 that which magnifies in the most wonderful way the power and love of ,god and the object of the ,incarnation--there we behold1 with all the evidence which moral demonstration can furnish1 the genuine1 absolute religion1 manifest before our eyes as historical ,christianity4 ,facts interpret prophecy1 confirm and consolidate the conclusions of reason1 determine the sense of much that is ambiguous in the disclosures of revelation4 ,the test of history is therefore safe and conclusive in respect to the genuine essence and nature of ,christianity4 ,the application of this test shows that ,catholic ,christianity1 which alone can claim unbroken1 unaltered historical continuity and universality from the apostolic age1 is the genuine and absolute religion of ,christ4 ,any other species is unknown to history as an historical religion4 ,the ,catholic faith1 worship1 and discipline manifest themselves in the church of apostolic succession at the earliest period in which this church is clearly and distinctly visible through the medium of historical testimony4 ,there is no resource for those who call in question the identity of ,nicene ,christianity with the apostolic religion1 except in the obscurity of the century immediately following the death of ,st4 ,john1 and in the indistinct1 incomplete1 and1 as considered separately from the traditional supplement and commentary1 partly ambiguous records1 allusions1 and testimonies1 in respect to some parts of ,christian doctrine1 worship1 and discipline1 of the ,new ,testament4 ,the nobler class of modern ,protestant writers admit in a general sense the historical continuity of the essence of ,christianity in the ,catholic ,church1 placing their own restrictions on the definition of that which is essential as distinguished from the non-essential1 as well as from abnormal modifications4 ,those who are not of the semi-,catholic school are obliged to seek for some tenable ground on which to maintain their claim of fellowship in essentials with the universal church1 in a theory of transition from apostolical to ecclesiastical ,christianity during the period lying between the close of the first and the end of the second centuries4 ,the hinge of the question is the institution of the episcopate1 as a distinct and superior grade of the ,christian presbyterate1 with hierarchical authority4 ,we do not propose to discuss the proofs from ,scripture and the most ancient historical records of the apostolic institution of the episcopate1 and of what is called the apostolic succession of bishops1 as a principal and immutable part of organic ,christianity4 ,this controversy has been exhausted by the able writers of the high-church school4 ,professor ,fisher presents but little in addition to what has been urged by the advocates of parity1 and fully answered in several works easily accessible to ,english readers1 though his manner of presenting his case is such as to make the most of it1 and shows both critical ability and a candid spirit4 ,a rejoinder ought to be minute and critical like the argument itself4 ,as we have not at present time and space for this1 we prefer to pass it over altogether4 ,our line of argument leads us to consider some deeper and more universal and at the same time more obvious and easily apprehended principles of bringing the ,catholic and ,protestant theories of ,christianity to an historical issue4 ,the essential nature of ,christianity as represented by one of these theories is specifically different from what it is as represented by the other4 ,according to the latter theory1 the essence of the ,christian religion is something exclusively spiritual and individual4 ,the exterior organization is not in vital and substantial unity with it1 but is an habiliment1 an extrinsic instrument1 a vehicle1 or a separate medium4 ,one who considers that faith1 the way of salvation1 spiritual union with ,god in ,christ1 are in a separate and independent sphere1 very naturally and logically considers that questions of ecclesiastical organization and government are of inferior moment2 that symbols of doctrine1 forms of worship1 and modes of discipline are not matters of perpetual and universal obligation as founded on divine right and law4 ,such a question as that of episcopacy must1 therefore1 appear to him as among the non-essentials2 and even supposing that he admits the certainty or probability that it is the apostolic form1 he will see no reason why it should be necessary to the being of the church1 or even to its well-being1 or why ,christians should be divided in fellowship on account of matters merely belonging to exterior order and indifferent forms4 ,according to the former theory1 the spiritual and corporeal parts1 religion and the church1 are after the model of human nature and the ,incarnation1 in vital1 essential1 and perpetual unity4 ,the church is the way of salvation1 the body of ,christ vivified by his ,spirit1 the medium of union with ,god4 ,christianity is a sacramental religion4 ,the episcopal order has been established and consecrated by ,jesus ,christ to possess and transmit the plenitude of sacerdotal grace and power received from him as a gift2 to preserve and transmit the faith1 sacramental grace1 the pure oblation of ,christian worship1 the discipline of the ,new ,law in ,catholic unity4 ,a ,christianity of the first species1 loosely organized in an imperfect society1 could never have been transmuted into the second species4 ,the specific ,catholic ,christianity1 hierarchical1 dogmatic1 sacramental1 liturgical1 is the historical ,christianity of the period of the first six cumenical councils1 and appears at the ,council of ,nice1 in the person of the great ,athanasius1 in all parts of the earth1 in all the saints and doctors1 in all writings and all monuments1 pointing backward to the past1 the era of martyrdom1 the period of foundation and of apostolic labor1 as the origin and source of its doctrine1 discipline1 and worship4 ,a transmutation of species in ,christianity like that which the ,protestant theory supposes is rationally impossible4 ,there is the additional impossibility to be taken into account of such a great and universal change having occurred without leaving its records and traces in history4 ,christianity is an historical religion1 and the historical ,christianity is identical with ,catholicity4 ,it is the absolute and universal religion which has manifested itself as a work which only divine power could have produced1 in the history of the past2 in present history it is showing before our eyes its supernatural and divine character2 and the fulfilment of its end in the final consummation and triumph of the kingdom of ,christ will finish the last chapter of the ,revelation of ,christ in ,history4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- 8,,there ,,was ,,no ,,room ,,for ,,them ,,in ,,the ,,inn40 ,foot-sore and weary1 ,mary tried ,some rest to seek1 but was denied4 8,there is no room10 the blind ones cried4 ,meekly the ,virgin turned away1 ,no voice entreating her to stay2 ,there was no room for ,god that day4 ,no room for her round whose tired feet ,angels are bowed in transport sweet1 ,the ,mother of their ,god to greet4 ,no room for ,him in whose small hand ,the troubled sea and mighty land ,lie cradled like a grain of sand4 ,no room1 ,o ,babe divine6 for thee ,that ,christmas night2 and even we ,dare shut our hearts and turn the key4 ,in vain thy pleading baby cry ,strikes our deaf souls2 we pass thee by1 ,unsheltered #8neath the wintry sky4 ,no room for ,god6 ,o ,christ6 that we ,should bar our doors1 nor ever see ,our ,saviour waiting patiently4 ,fling wide the doors6 ,dear ,christ1 turn back6 ,the ashes on my hearth lie black-- ,of light and warmth a total lack4 ,how can ,i bid thee enter here ,amid the desolation drear ,of lukewarm love and craven fear8 ,what bleaker shelter can there be ,than my cold heart's tepidity-- ,chill1 wind-tossed1 as the winter sea8 ,dear ,lord1 ,i shrink from thy pure eye1 ,no home to offer thee have ,i2 ,yet in thy mercy pass not by4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,home-,,rule ,,candidate4 ,a ,,story ,,of 8,,new ,,ireland40 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,little ,,chapel ,,at ,,monamullin10 8,,the ,,romance ,,of ,a ,,portmanteau10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,a ,,new ,,irelander4 8,i'm afraid your shooting party is spoiled10 said my mother1 handing me a letter across the breakfast-table in the well-known hieroglyphics of my ,uncle ,jimmy4 8,i should hope not10 ,i retorted1 as the expedition in question had been looked forward to with considerable pleasure1 on account of ,harry ,welstone1 my old chum at the ,catholic ,university1 having announced his intention of 8turning the head of his dromedary to the desert of ,kilkenley10 the name of my ancestral seat1 in the snug morning-room of which my mother and myself were discussing cream1 tea1 new-laid eggs1 and crisp rashers4 ,my ,uncle ,jimmy's note1 addressed to my mother1 his only sister1 ran thus3 8,,united ,,service ,,club1 8,,london1 ,sept4 #aj4 8,,my ,,dear ,,susey3 ,my old and valued friend1 ,mr4 ,fribscombe ,hawthorne1 the member for ,doodleshire1 is most anxious to treat ,ireland fairly on the ,home-,rule question4 ,he is well disposed towards the ,green ,isle1 and the country cannot afford to lose an ally in this crisis4 ,freddy myself1 although no politician1 manages his tenants exceedingly well1 and ,i should like ,hawthorne to learn that at least one ,irish landlord can live upon his estate without fear of bullet or bludgeon4 ,hawthorne leaves to-night1 and will stop at the ,shelborne ,hotel1 ,dublin4 ,tell ,freddy to drop him a line1 asking him to put up at ,kilkenley1 and to give him some of that ,sneyd and ,barton claret which ,i love1 not wisely but too well4 ,my enemy is at work on my big toe1 but ,i hope to be with you as usual at ,christmas4 ,the grouse were capital1 fat and large1 and ,i am on the look-out for partridge4 ,your affectionate brother1 8,,jimmy ,l',,estrange40 8,p4,s4 ,i forgot to mention that ,hawthorne's daughter accompanies him2 you had better enclose a note to her4 8,j4 ,l',e40 8,confound it60 ,i cried1 8it's really too bad of ,uncle ,jimmy to saddle us with some dried-up statistician and his mummy daughter4 ,you must write to him1 madre mia1 saying that ,i am at ,derravanagh and beyond reach of post and wire40 8,if your uncle wasn't very anxious about this he would never write so urgently2 and don't you think a little sacrifice is due to him80 ,my mother was in the right4 ,a moment's reflection told me that my uncle's letter was as forcible as an act of ,parliament4 8,besides10 added my mother1 with a cheery smile like a ray of sunshine1 8this ,mr4 ,hawthorne may be a sportsman and enjoy the shooting as keenly as ,harry ,welstone or yourself40 ,my uncle was1 or ,i should say is--for while ,i write he is enjoying a pipe in the company of ,barney ,corcoran1 who stands to him in the same capacity as did ,corporal ,trim to 8,my ,uncle ,toby0--as thorough a gentleman as ever saw the light of day4 ,simple1 unassuming1 loyal1 generous1 brave1 he actually refused the recommendation for the ,victoria ,cross1 in order that a fair-haired boy1 whose very soul was set upon its possession1 might receive the decoration4 ,pure-minded and good1 he is at once1 as ,bayard1 sans peur et sans reproche4 ,jimmy entered the army in the year #ahdg1 roving about with his regiment from clime to clime with a superb indifference as to change of scene1 but with a fervid determination to remain with the gallant ,thirty-third2 and it was only when the ,crimean war-cloud loomed overhead that he resolved upon quitting the old corps for one under orders for the ,east4 ,one-half of the fighting ,thirty-third volunteered with him1 and the great redoubt at the ,alma is steeped in the blood of many a gallant fellow who chose to follow the fortunes of ,jimmy ,l',estrange4 ,jimmy was badly hit at ,inkerman1 and was sent home invalided1 to be nursed by my mother4 ,in a few months1 however1 he returned to the seat of war1 only to be knocked over at the taking of the ,redan1 which he entered side by side with the dashing ,tom ,esmonde1 where1 in addition to a bayonet thrust in the chest1 he was made the depositary of a bullet in the right leg4 ,this bullet1 clumsily extracted by an unskilful surgeon1 constitutes the only decoration my uncle deigns to wear1 and he carries it suspended from the steel chain attached to a huge gold watch formerly in possession of his great-grandfather1 to whom ,king ,james presented it ere he rode from the disastrous battle-field of the ,boyne4 ,jimmy has eight thousand pounds lent out at four per cent41 and lives like a nabob at his ,london club--reading the ,army and ,navy ,gazette all the morning1 gossiping with his former companions-in-arms during the afternoon1 sunning himself in the park until dinner-time1 and playing shilling whist up to his wonted hour for turning in for the night4 ,he spends three months in every year at ,kilkenley1 during which1 by a judicious course of open air1 early hours1 plain food1 and #8#cd claret1 he is enabled to undertake the ,london campaign with renewed vigor and vitality4 ,visions of a crabbed1 hard-headed1 hard-fact1 singularly uninteresting ,englishman crossed my mind as ,i helplessly gazed at my uncle's epistle--of mornings spent in debating the question of ,home ,rule versus ,imperial legislation2 of days engaged in quoting acts of ,parliament and compiling statistics2 of evenings behind the horror of a white choker1 passed in dissecting and arranging these statistics1 converting figures into facts1 and facts into figures--this dreary drudgery instead of the delectable society of the bright1 happy1 and joyous ,harry ,welstone1 of mornings on the hillside1 of days in the turnip-fields looking for the identical partridge of which my uncle had made honorable mention in his letter1 of evenings whirled through in chatting over old times and old associations4 ,what cared ,i for ,mr4 ,butt or ,home ,rule1 the land question1 fixity of tenure1 tenant right1 and such bother8 ,if my tenants required time to pay the rent1 they got it4 ,if they required help toward fencing1 draining1 top-dressing1 or thatching1 they got it4 ,if they were twelve months in arrear1 they came to my mother to plead for them2 if over that period1 they invariably waited for the annual visit of my ,uncle ,jimmy1 in order to utilize him as ambassador2 and my private opinion is1 that upon one occasion1 in order to keep up the credit of a family distantly related to his valet1 ,barney ,corcoran1 he paid the rent himself4 ,i dare not hint at such a thing1 but ,i feel thoroughly assured that the money came out of his own pocket4 ,in the end1 however1 things generally came right1 and delay in this case did not prove dangerous4 ,i read my uncle's epistle twice1 confounded him once1 and contented myself by showering mild maledictions upon the heads of his ,english friends with a fervor that bore witness to my feelings of chagrin and disappointment4 ,the letters were duly written to ,mr4 and ,miss ,hawthorne and forwarded to the ,shelborne4 8,an' yez are not goin' to ,derravanagh80 asked ,ned ,clancy1 my game-keeper1 in tones betraying the deepest dejection--8afther all me thrubble wud the birds1 an' the dogs blue-mowlded for a set4 ,begorra1 ,i dunno what ,i'll do wud the poor bastes4 ,i tould thim we wor aff in the mornin'1 an' now be me song it's at home they'll have for to stay an' set gruel40 8,i'm sorry to say ,i can't go1 ,ned1 as ,i expect an ,english gentleman and his daughter to visit us02 and1 wishing to impress him with their importance1 added3 8,he is a member of ,parliament1 and is coming over to study the ,home-,rule question40 ,my addendum failed to produce the desired effect4 8,an' much he'll larn here10 observed ,clancy with a toss of his head4 8,av he axes the quollity for information1 sorra an information they have for to give him2 an' if he axes the poorer soart1 they'll only cod him1 bad cess to him60 ,ned ,clancy was even more fatally 8sold0 than ,i by the postponement of our visit to ,derravanagh2 for a certain blue-eyed colleen1 the daughter of a 8warm0 farmer living close to the shooting-lodge1 had succeeded in stirring tender emotions in the region lying beneath ,mr4 ,clancy's waistcoat on the left side1 which1 while productive of joy1 were equally productive of pain1 since the sunshine of her presence was unhappily counterbalanced by the very prolonged shadow of her absence4 ,forty miles lay between him and the object of his admiration2 and although there are but seventy thousand four hundred yards in forty miles1 still it is a long road for a gentleman to travel1 unless he is pretty certain of his welcome1 and as yet ,ned ,clancy had 8never told his love40 8,mebbe yer honor wud like for to show this ,english gintleman the counthry2 an' shure1 in regard to scenery1 there's no batin' ,derrynacushla all the ways be ,derravanagh4 ,sorra a finer sight nor the view from ,ballyknocksheelin hill2 it flogs ,rooshia1 ,ashia1 an' ,africa--so ,misther ,corcoran1 yer uncle's boy1 tould me2 an' shure he ought for to know1 be raisin' av his havin' travelled all the world1 likewise ,arabia40 8,i'm afraid it's a little too far1 ,ned40 8,far60 he contemptuously ejaculated--8a few dirty mile1 an' the horses atin' their heds aff4 ,lily av the ,valley darted through her stall this mornin'1 an' it tuk me an' a cupple more for to hould ,primrose40 ,this was special pleading with a vengeance4 8,mebbe the gintleman wud take a gun4 ,give him a lind av ,miss ,blake1 sir4 ,she goes aff soft an' aisy1 an' wudn't rub the dew aff th' eyebrow av a grasshopper4 ,blur an' ages1 ,masther ,fred6 for th' honor av ould ,ireland give him a shot4 ,the birds is as thick as hayves1 an' he cudn't miss thim no more nor a haystack2 an' shure10 he added1 8anything he misses ,i'll be on the luk out for1 so betune us we'll make it soft anyhow40 8,it's not to be done1 ,ned2 besides1 ,miss ,hawthorne accompanies her father1 and she possibly would not like to separate from him40 8,bad cess to thim for wimmen60 he muttered1 as he tossed the gun across his shoulders2 8they spile everything4 ,i wish they wor niver invinted40 ,in the course of post two very polite letters reached us1 one addressed to my mother from ,miss ,hawthorne1 the other to myself from the ,m4,p41 accepting the invitation and stating that the writer would leave ,dublin by the one o'clock train upon the following day1 reaching ,ballyvoreen station at #e4cj4 ,the letters were excellently well written1 both as regards style and caligraphy1 especially that of the lady1 whom ,i now felt assured must be a distinguished member of the ,social ,science or of the ,british ,association4 8,they will be here to-morrow1 mother4 ,how on earth are we to amuse them8 ,we are in for it now1 and must do our best to make their visit agreeable4 ,i know little1 and care less1 about ,home ,rule1 so ,i'll hand ,mr4 ,hawthorne over to ,myles ,casey1 of ,loftus ,park1 who opposed our present member4 ,father ,o',dowd1 too1 will give this base1 bloody1 and brutal ,saxon enough to think about for a dozen sessions of ,parliament4 ,i'll do my part like a man40 8,we must give a dinner-party10 said my mother with a weary sigh1 visions of unpacking the family plate1 which had not seen the light of day since my poor father's death1 floating across her mind's eye4 8,i can drive ,miss ,hawthorne about the country and pay visits40 8,don't trouble yourself about her1 mother4 ,she'll be able to amuse herself4 ,show her the old quarry at ,rathnamon1 and she can geologize until she's black in the face4 ,or bring her to ,carrignageena1 and she'll find ferns to bother her2 and if she's a dab at antiquities1 the old church at ,bohernacapple ought to put her on the treadmill for a week4 ,there is one tombstone there that has bewildered ,sir ,william ,wilde and the entire ,royal ,irish ,academy40 8,she may be interested in the ,home-,rule question10 suggested my mother with a smile1 adding3 8,and perhaps political economy is her forte40 8,in that case ,i'll hand her over to ,harry ,welstone4 ,he can talk ,adam ,smith1 ,martin ,tupper1 and ,stuart ,mill4 ,he can enlighten her on the land question as well as ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan or ,mitchel ,henry2 and he shall do it as sure as my name is ,frederick ,fitzgerald ,ormonde4 ,besides1 he can imitate ,gladstone1 ,bright1 ,toole1 ,mathews1 and ,buckstone4 ,he's just the sort of fellow to encounter this antediluvian female1 and1 if such a thing were within the realms of possibility1 metamorphose her40 ,visitors to a country house1 should the entertainers be not in the habit of receiving company1 are about the severest penances that can by any possibility be inflicted4 ,everything requires to be turned topsy-turvy for them--beds1 bedrooms1 furniture1 carpets1 8fixins'0 of every description4 ,the cellar must be overhauled and confidential conferences held with the cook4 ,the 8trap0 used for knocking about the roads and attending markets and fairs must be shoved aside1 and the family coach put into formidable requisition4 ,the horses must be clipped1 while the harness is found to be defective and a new whip an absolute necessity4 ,the very door-mats suggest renovation4 ,as regards ,harry ,welstone1 his room and his tub were always ready4 ,i would have felt no hesitation in quartering him on the house-top1 and the only preparation ,i went in for with reference to his visit was a scrupulous overhauling of the billiard-table4 ,having no person to practise with except ,martin ,heaviside of the ,grove1 or ,captain ,o',reilly of the ,connaught ,rangers when home on leave1 the cushions became more like bags of sand than those springy1 elastic walls from which the pale white or the blushing red ball bounds gaily towards the coquettish pocket or the artfully-arranged collision of the carrom4 ,with the aid of ,ned ,clancy--who1 in addition to being game-keeper1 was a sort of ,jack-of-all-trades--and the usual formul1 ,i succeeded in imparting the necessary tone to the table1 and was satisfied that ,harry would scarcely fail to appreciate the utility of the preparations4 ,i felt no anxiety whatever to 8show off0 to the ,english member of ,parliament1 while ,i honestly confess to a burning desire to appear the 8correct thing0 in the eyes of my old college chum2 and while ,i ordered a homely vehicle called the shandradan--half pilentum1 half brougham1 very old1 very rickety1 and very seedy--to meet ,mr4 and ,miss ,hawthorne upon the following day1 ,i turned out my own dog-cart1 built by ,bates1 of ,gorey--stained ash1 brass-boxed wheels1 brass-mounted harness1 #8possum rug1 with ,lily of the ,valley and ,primrose tandem--in order to bowl ,harry ,welstone from ,ballyvoreen station to the lodge gate1 nine miles1 in the forty minutes4 ,in accordance with preconcerted arrangement1 ,i met ,harry1 hugged him1 whacked him on the back1 refreshed him from my flask1 rolled him in the #8possum rug as though the mercury were in the tens below zero1 and almost yelled with pleasure the entire way back4 ,is any meeting equal to the meeting of old school-fellows8 ,ay de mi6 no4 ,he had grown much stouter and much handsomer4 ,his eyes were more romantically dark1 and his black moustache1 which ,i recollected so well in its struggling tooth-brush infancy1 was now pointed after the fashion of the third ,napoleon4 ,after he had received a cordial welcome from my mother ,i dragged him up to his room1 and there we sat talking over ,jim ,cooper1 that went to the diggings1 and ,bobby ,thyne1 now a leader at the ,indian bar1 and ,tom ,o',brien1 who was a ,jesuit1 and ,phil ,dempsey1 whose last speech on circuit had elicited the warm encomiums of ,mr4 ,justice ,fitzgerald2 of the ,corbet girls1 and the ,walshs' picnic at the ,dargle1 when ,harry fell overhead into the river in a chivalrous endeavor to pluck a maiden-hair fern for ,miss ,walsh1 and a host of similar delightful souvenirs1 until the dinner-bell rang4 8,harry1 my old bird1 what will you dip your beak into--claret or the ding-dong80 8,well1 ,i stand by the solid liquor1 ,fred1 but the pace is too heavy40 ,over our punch we resumed the conversation on the olden1 golden time4 ,ah6 how weary1 as we approach the end1 to look back at the milestones we have passed on our journey4 ,why did we tarry here1 why not have rested there1 why not have halted for good and aye8 ,with us it was couleur de rose4 ,we had no shadows to sadden memory4 ,our gossip was of our college days1 when life was on the spring and every nerve braced for the forthcoming struggle4 ,we talked late into the night1 disregarding dove-like messages from the ark announcing coffee4 ,the next day ,harry went on a ferreting expedition with ,ned ,clancy1 and my mother was too deeply immersed in household affairs to be enabled to take my place and go to meet our expected guests2 so1 with feelings of no very amiable description1 ,i threw myself1 all untidy and ill-dressed as ,i was1 into the shandradan1 and jingled the nine miles to ,ballyvoreen behind as sorry a pair of nags as ever ploughed a nine-acre field4 ,i had to wait at the station1 as of course the train was five-and-twenty minutes late1 and ,i was seriously hoping that some untoward accident had occurred which would retard its progress for four-and-twenty hours at the very least1 when it came creaking and groaning in4 ,just as ,i had anticipated1 a tall1 grim1 gaunt1 elderly gentleman alighted1 followed by a tall1 grim1 gaunt1 elderly young lady1 with a nose as sharp as a shilling razor1 wearing her hair in wiry curls1 and dragging by a long blue ribbon a plunging1 howling1 ill-visaged pug4 ,the sight of the dog was somewhat of a relief to me1 as ,i foresaw the miserable existence he was likely to lead with my two ,skye terriers--a counterpart of the torture ,i should be compelled to endure with his master and mistress4 8,mr4 ,hawthorne1 ,i presume10 bowing and lifting my hat4 ,he bowed stiffly4 ,i repeated the question1 fearing1 perhaps1 that he had not heard me4 8,you are mistaken1 sir10 in freezing tones4 8,i am ,lord ,mulligatawney40 8,i was mistaken40 ,apologizing for the error1 ,i looked up the line and perceived in the distance--for the train was a long one--a well-dressed1 dapper little man engaged in lugging a valise from beneath the seat of a first-class carriage4 8,this must be my guest10 thought ,i1 advancing1 and as ,i reached the carriage the portmanteau came to earth with a chuck that nearly precipitated its proprietor into an adjacent hedge4 ,following the 8leathern conveniency10 and with a spring graceful as that of a gazelle1 a young girl alighted from the compartment4 ,she was small but exquisitely proportioned4 ,her hair1 pure gold1 was wound round the back of her head in ponderous plaits4 ,her eyes were of that blue which in certain lights cries 8check0 unto the violet4 ,her nose was straight and delicately shaped1 but not in the least classical4 ,her mouth was large1 full1 and generous1 and adorned with flashing white teeth1 somewhat irregular1 it is true1 but in their irregularity lay a special charm all their own4 ,she was attired in a shepherd's plaid silk travelling dress1 a ,die ,vernon hat with a sweeping blue feather almost caressing her left shoulder1 and her dainty little hands were encased in black kid gauntleted gloves4 ,struck by her singular grace and beauty1 ,i remained staring at her--staring like a schoolboy at a waxen effigy4 8,you are ,mr4 ,ormonde10 she said laughingly1 and advancing towards me4 8,you are ,miss ,hawthorne10 ,i stammered4 8,i am1 and papa1 as usual1 is fussing about our luggage--impedimenta you scholars call it nowadays4 ,i knew you from your photograph4 ,it is so kind of you to come and meet us40 ,she put out her hand as she said this in a winning1 confiding way that was fraught with captivation4 ,i bowed over the tips of her fingers in respectful reverence1 scarcely daring to touch her hand4 8,may ,i ask where you saw my photograph80 ,i asked1 inwardly hoping she had come across the one taken for the ,rathaldron hunt1 in which ,i figured in full field toggery1 my right hand caressing the shoulder of ,galloping ,bess1 my favorite hunter4 8,in your uncle's album10 she replied4 ,of course it was that photograph1 done while at the university1 with the lackadaisical expression around the eyes and a general limpness about the form1 while my garments bore the appearance of having been constructed for the celebrated ,irish giant4 ,if ,i had had the artist in my hands at that particular moment1 it is possible that ,i might have taken his photograph with something akin to a vengeance4 8,papa1 this is mine host40 ,and she curtsied towards me after the fashion of the ladies at the ,court of ,st4 ,james1 when hoops were worn at the hips and patches and powder held their parti-colored sway4 ,i grasped the little man by the hand1 telling him fervently that his acquaintance was the greatest favor ever bestowed upon me by my uncle1 that my house was his home1 together with several similar expressions of intense good-will and of the liveliest satisfaction4 ,how ,i inwardly anathematized my seedy coat1 my unkempt beard1 and above all the jingling shandradan with its villanous pair of garrons standing at the exit gate6 ,i believe ,i offered ,miss ,hawthorne my arm to lead her to the vehicle in question1 calling loudly to ,peter ,o',brien1 who acted in the duplicate capacity of coachman and butler4 ,finding that my servant failed to respond to the summons1 ,i flung open the door of the carriage1 and was about to hand her into it1 when1 to my utter shame1 misery1 and mortification1 ,i beheld my missing retainer rolled up like a ball in the space between the seats1 fast asleep1 and snoring like a fog-horn4 ,in a blaze of indignation ,i caught him by the coat-collar1 with the intention of giving him a shake that would rattle him into an eel-like liveliness2 but while in the act of inserting my fingers deftly around the collar1 so as to afford me the grip necessary to the effectual carrying out of my intention1 he suddenly awoke from his slumbers1 and1 upon perceiving the condition of affairs1 with the howl of a startled wolf1 plunged upwards with such overwhelming force as to cause me to lose my hold1 to lurch against the step of the carriage1 carrom off the open door1 and lastly1 ,o agony6 ,o shame6 to measure my full length in the dusty roadway1 whilst a shout of laughter from porters1 passengers1 and by-standers1 in which ,i could detect the silvery notes of ,miss ,hawthorne1 greeted my tingling ears4 ,i sprang to my feet1 full of the intention of throttling the misguided rascal1 but was restrained1 bon gr mal gr1 on discovering him upon his knees in the centre of a sympathizing audience1 whom he was addressing with astonishing volubility ere ,i could possibly interpose4 8,o mother o' ,moses6 ,i was overkem wud sleep2 an' shure ,i'm not for to blame afther all1 for never a sight o' me bed ,i seen last night till daylight this blessed mornin'4 ,but shure ,i'd sit up for a month like a ,banshee for his honor1 av it divarted him4 ,let me aff this wanst1 ,masther ,fred1 an' ,i'll carry ye up to bed every night in--0 ,deeming it advisable to stop this dangerous harangue as speedily as possible1 as ,i found myself quietly dropping from out of the frying-pan into the fire1 and as1 in his anxiety to make out a good case for himself1 the rascal was using me as a scapegoat1 ,i sternly bade him look to his horses4 ,finding himself once more approaching the sunshine of favor1 he hastily scrambled to his feet1 and1 before ,i could intercept his movement1 had commenced to rub me down as if ,i were one of the quadrupeds under his especial care1 accompanying each vigorous rub with that purring sound wherein the groom proper delights to indulge4 8,bad cess to it for dirt6 it #8ill never come out10 he began1 as1 with a slap that brought tears to my eyes1 he endeavored to remove the dust from the back of my coat4 8,silence1 sir6 ,go to your box60 ,i shouted1 as ,i handed ,miss ,hawthorne into the shandradan1 placing her father beside her1 and my miserable1 humiliated self opposite directly beneath the perilous influence of her violet eyes4 8,i trust1 ,miss ,hawthorne10 ,i blurted1 as we started for ,kilkenley1 8that you are not too deeply influenced by first impressions80 8,will you permit me to be very ,irish1 and answer your question by putting another8 ,are you80 ,despite my late discomfiture1 my unkempt hair1 my gloveless hands1 and general seediness1 ,i had sufficient grace within me to gaze for one brief second into her lovely eyes until red as a rose was she1 and reply with a well-toned emphasis3 8,most decidedly40 ,i then1 in a disjointed and desultory way1 endeavored to explain why so shaky a vehicle had been sent to the station2 why ,peter ,o',brien's hat was so brown and bore such traces of snail-creeping from brim to crown2 why ,i had turned out so shabbily2 why the horses were so slow--in a word1 it was the old story of qui s'excuse s'accuse1 and my explanations1 such as they were1 will ever remain a matter of the profoundest mystery to myself1 as ,i never by any possibility could recall their tenor to my memory4 ,i believe that during the drive ,mr4 ,hawthorne spoke a good deal of my uncle1 of ,london1 ,parliament1 late hours1 divisions1 of the ,home-,rule question1 and upon several other equally agreeable and interesting topics1 all of which seemed to afford the most exquisite delight to ,peter ,o',brien1 who sat perched sideways upon the box1 with one eye approvingly upon the 8mimber0 and the other skewise upon the road2 but as for me1 ,i was so lost in contemplating the charms of my vis--vis that the eloquence of the member for ,doodleshire was as completely wasted as if he were addressing ,mr4 ,speaker himself4 ,miss ,hawthorne only spoke upon two occasions--once to comment upon the beauty of the foliage at ,ballyknockscroggery1 the name amusing her immensely1 and which she endeavored to repeat with a childlike glee2 and once to ask about my mother--but the sounds were as music1 and my ears quaffed the delicious1 dreamy draught with greedy avidity4 ,how those nine miles passed ,i never knew2 they seemed but so many yards4 ,peter kept 8a trot for the avenue10 and brought us to a standstill with a jerk that spoke volumes in favor of the anxiety of the screws for a respite from their labors4 ,i handed the young and lovely girl to my mother1 who stood upon the steps awaiting our approach1 and1 having escorted ,mr4 ,hawthorne to his room1 retired to my own in a whirlwind of new and pleasing emotion--ay1 new and pleasing indeed6 ,i ate no dinner4 ,what cared ,i for food8 ,mabel ,hawthorne's presence enthralled me with an undefinable ecstasy4 ,every gesture1 every movement seemed fraught with a new-born grace1 while her every word filled my very being as with melody4 ,i envied my mother that she talked so much to her2 ,i envied ,harry ,welstone for looking so confoundedly handsome and because he sat opposite to her2 ,i envied ,peter when she addressed even a 8yes0 or 8no0 to him2 ,i envied her father1 who called her 8,mabel0 and 8darling40 ,heigh-ho6 ,how ,i hated the approach of that fatal moment when the conventionalities demanded the withdrawal of the ladies--a cruel and barbarous custom1 and ,i said so4 ,she brushed past me as ,i held the door open1 her eyes lifting themselves like violets from beneath the leafy lashes2 and when she had glided away on my mother's arm1 ,i felt that the light had ceased to live in the apartment4 ,i longed for a cigar in the stillness of the autumn night1 surrounded by the lordly gloom of nature1 and yearned for the priceless abandon of my own musings4 ,but1 as in duty bound1 ,i descended to the realities and the #8#cd claret4 8,a good wine1 sir10 exclaimed ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 smacking his lips and cunningly holding his glass between the lamp and his left eye2 the right being carefully closed4 8,a grand wine1 sir4 ,a comet vintage1 sir4 ,mr4 ,speaker has no wine like this2 and the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons has the best cellar in ,england1 sir40 ,mr4 ,hawthorne spoke solemnly4 ,his sentences seemed carefully weighed1 and were delivered with an unctuousness that bespoke considerable satisfaction with himself4 ,he addressed me as if ,i were the ,speaker of the ,house of ,commons1 and as though he were desirous of catching my eye4 ,some persons hold you with their eye4 ,it's not pleasant4 ,he was one of this class4 8,it's a #8#cd1 sir2 you are quite correct4 ,my poor father was very particular about his cellar4 ,i have too much of it2 you must permit me to send you a dozen at ,christmas40 ,what would ,i not give her father8 8,on the condition that you will come and help me to drink it1 sir40 ,need ,i say how profuse were my thanks8 ,this was a chance--to see her in her own home1 too4 8,we live in the ,regent's ,park1 ,york ,terrace4 ,our windows command a very pleasing prospect4 ,it's a nice walk for me to the ,house1 and from my roof ,i can tell by the electric light in the clock tower whether the ,house is sitting or not4 ,this is of immense importance1 as to lose a division very often means to lose a seat--ha6 ha6 ha60 ,i must be forgiven if ,i joined in this melancholy merriment4 8,full well ,i laughed1 with counterfeited glee1 ,at all his jokes1 for many a joke had he40 ,i kicked ,harry ,welstone beneath the table as a signal to join in1 but he maintained a grim1 stolid silence4 ,he told me subsequently that it wasn't to be done at any price4 8,you may not possibly have heard ,mr4 ,disraeli's last1 gentlemen10 said ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 placing his left hand inside his waistcoat and flourishing the right in my direction4 8,it's--ha6 ha6--so very like ,dizzy that--ha6 ha6--,i cannot help repeating it40 ,here he laughed 8consumedly0 for fully a minute4 ,the reader is possibly acquainted with some one man who cozens time by inward chuckles at his own conceits4 ,it is a melancholy ordeal to have to endure this individual1 to reflect back his dulness1 and to return smile for smile4 ,all bores are terrors1 but the worst class of bore is the political2 he is the embodiment1 the concentrated essence1 the amalgam and epitome of bores4 ,he mounts his dreary ,rosinante1 and jogs along1 taking acts of ,parliament for milestones and the dullest utterances in the lives of eminent men as his halting-places1 quoting long-winded1 meaningless speeches as epigrams1 and paralyzing his auditory with wooden extracts from a blue-book of exploded theories4 ,his pertinacity is as inexhaustible as it is undaunted2 he is free from the faintest suspicion of self-distrust2 he is a bore within a bore4 ,of course1 as the father of ,mabel1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne interested me1 and ,i listened with a reverence that begat the reputation of a shrewd1 sensible fellow--an encomium never heretofore passed upon me under any circumstance whatsoever4 8,the ,right ,honorable the senior member for the city of ,dublin10 commenced ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 after his merriment had cooled off a little1 8is--ha6 ha6--a ,mr4 ,jonathan ,pim1 ,quaker1 and a laborious statistician4 ,the ,house likes a statistician on the budget or in committee1 but we will not have him in debate--no1 gentlemen1 we will not tolerate him in debate4 ,a question arose in which ,i had fruitlessly endeavored to catch the ,speaker's eye--the ,speaker is1 by the bye1 no particular friend of mine1 as ,i once overruled his decision on a point of order2 consequently1 ,i seldom get an opportunity of speaking1 and am compelled to write to the ,times4 ,well1 gentlemen1 as ,i was observing1 a question came up in which the ,right ,honorable the senior member for the city of ,dublin felt himself interested1 and he made a very creditable speech1 bristling with figures--quite a surprise to some of us2 but it bored us1 gentlemen1 and the ,house will not tolerate a bore40 ,harry trod upon my toe2 my boots were tight--,i involuntarily groaned4 8,i perceive that you agree with me10 said the ,m4,p42 8the affliction is terrible40 8,awful60 said ,harry1 peeling a plum4 8,well1 gentlemen1 the ,right ,honorable gentleman1 the senior member for the city of ,dublin1 had--ha6 ha6--just concluded his speech1 when ,mr4 ,disraeli1 who sat upon the ,opposition benches1 said to the honorable member for ,shrewsbury1 who sat behind him1 and placing his eyeglass up so0--suiting the action to the word-- 8#8,who is this person8' 8#8,mr4 ,pim1 sir1 the senior member for the city of ,dublin1' responded the honorable member for ,shrewsbury4 8#8,oh6 indeed4 ,dublin used to send us a gentleman and a blackguard2 this creature is neither4'0 ,this was not quite so bad1 and we joined the honorable member for ,doodleshire in his mirth1 which continued long after our responsive haw-haws had become things of the past4 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 being thus encouraged1 was good enough to enliven us with a prolonged description of his original ,parliamentary yearnings1 his first and unsuccessful contest1 and his subsequent triumphant victory--a victory which we were led to believe was unparalleled in the annals of electioneering struggles1 and one that caused a thrill of dismay all along the entire line of the great conservative party4 ,we were solemnly inducted into the forms of the ,house1 from the entrance of a newly-fledged member to his maiden speech4 ,we were initiated into the mysteries of the 8,opposition benches10 the 8gangway10 the 8table10 the 8bar10 the duties of the 8whip0 and the 8tellers10 the modus operandi as regards notices of motion and divisions1 the striking of committees1 and the rules of ,parliament generally1 until we were surfeited ad nauseam4 ,these pleasing preliminaries having been satisfactorily gone through1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne very obligingly proceeded to give us brief biographical sketches of ,gladstone1 ,bright1 ,disraeli1 ,northcote1 ,hartington1 and other leading men of that august assembly1 dilating upon the peculiarities in their style and the mistakes in their several ,parliamentary careers1 until ,i wished him--in the drawing-room4 ,the windows were open1 and across the sensuous night-glow came sweet1 soothing strains from the piano1 now in low1 wailing cadences soft and sorrow-laden as the cry of the ,banshee1 now in the dashing brilliancy1 the lan of those chromatic fireworks which none but the most skilled pyrotechnist dare handle save deux mains4 8,miss ,hawthorne is at the piano10 ,i ventured1 in the earnest hope that her father1 in the pride of parental fondness1 might suggest an adjournment4 8,yes1 yes10 coolly and imperturbably4 8,she plays divinely40 8,rubinstein1 who gave her lessons at ,i'm ashamed to say how much per lesson1 said she was his best amateur pupil4 ,but1 as ,i was observing1 ,mr4 ,gladstone pronounces some words very strangely2 for instance1 issue he always pronounces #8issew1' and ,mr4 ,bright invariably says #8can't' for #8cawnt4'0 ,after a dissertation of about half an hour's duration upon the ,marquis of ,hartington's lisp1 the unwieldy oratory of ,ward ,hunt1 ,mr4 ,roebuck's #8no1' and ,mr4 ,whalley's #8heaw1 heaw1' ,i again hinted at an adjournment1 and on this occasion with a view to a general move1 suggested the billiard-room4 8,ah6 no1 my dear sir1 we overworked members of the legislature value too much the delightful tranquillity of our claret to #8rush things1' as they say in ,america4 ,we must make hay while the sun shines4 ,how many nights during the coming session shall ,i not have to snap at my food with the ting6 ting6 of the division-bell ringing in my ear6 ,how often have ,i just raised my soup to my lips1 when ting6 ting6 and away into the ,house or to the division-lobby1 and back to find it cold4 ,fish6--ting6 ting60 playfully tapping a wine-glass with his dessert-knife by way of illustration4 8,entre6--ting6 ting6 ,and as for wine1 ,i have been compelled1 ay1 six nights out of the seven1 to gulp it1 gentlemen4 ,fancy gulping claret as a navvy tosses off a quart of ale4 ,festina lente1 young gentlemen4 ,make haste slowly with your dinner and your post-prandial wine2 the pace of the tortoise is the winning1 and assuredly the most pleasant1 one40 ,harry ,welstone1 who had been sipping his claret in dogged silence1 suddenly started from his chair1 and exclaiming1 8,by ,jove6 she's playing ,les ,baisers d',amour2 excuse me1 ,fred10 hurriedly quitted the apartment1 leaving me in a condition of the deepest dejection1 and writhing under the dreary torture of the ,parliamentary souvenirs of the member for ,doodleshire4 8,i--ha6 ha6--call to mind another mot of ,mr4 ,disraeli's2 not at all a bad one1 either10 continued the ,m4,p41 deliberately attacking a fresh decanter of claret--attacking it in that steady1 methodical way which indicated a determination to reduce it by slow degrees to the last extremity4 8,dizzy says a thing1 sir1 in a quaint1 dry way peculiarly his own--,multum in parvo ,i call it--and he looks so demure1 seated upon the ,opposition bench in his short black velvet coat1 and caressing his daintily-booted left foot upon his right knee4 ,one night during the last session a very particular friend of mine1 ,sir ,brisbane ,bullflier1 the junior member for ,hants1 happened to ask him what he thought of ,mr4 ,gladstone4 ,dizzy turned his gaze toward the government benches1 and coolly surveying the prime minister1 who was parrying an adroit question1 said1 as he calmly surveyed him3 8#8,mr4 ,gladstone is a man without a single redeeming vice4'0 ,my heart was in the drawing-room1 where ,i now imagined ,harry ,welstone leaning with his elbows upon the piano and his chin upon his hands 7his favorite position when my mother played for him71 gazing at ,mabel--,i had commenced to think of her by this gracious and winsome name--uttering some of his daring faceti1 and being rewarded by a glance from those bewildering violet eyes1 while ,i1 bound in the iron fetters of a vile conventionalism1 was compelled to listen to 8,i thus addressed the ,speaker3 #8,mr4 ,speaker1 sir1'0 or1 8,i called for a division1 sir1 and insisted upon explaining to the ,house my motives for adopting this somewhat daring and untoward course10 and 8,would you believe it1 sir1 the ,times never noticed my speech upon the church disestablishment2 it is positively amusing--ha6 ha6 ha602 his face bore no traces of the amusement in question--8and that contemptible rag1 the ,daily ,telegraph1 merely mentioned that the honorable member for ,doodleshire said a few words which were inaudible--this1 sir1 to a speech that cost me three weeks in the preparation and three hours in the delivery40 ,this sort of thing under ordinary circumstances1 would have been dry and prosy enough1 but under the special conditions of the case it became simply unbearable4 ,i suggested cigars2 he didn't smoke4 ,a ,bras ,mouton instead of ,chteau ,lafitte2 he preferred the existing vintage4 ,coffee ,i dared not venture upon1 and ,i relinquished the hopeless struggle with a weary sigh4 ,he was there for the evening1 and in that spot he would remain until the contents of the decanter had disappeared4 8,do you take an active part in politics1 ,mr4 ,ormonde80 he asked after a prolonged silence1 during which ,i had the dismal satisfaction of hearing the strains of a valse brillante1 accompanied by an occasional ripple of laughter1 wafted in through the windows4 8,none whatever40 8,no80 uttered in a tone almost of dismay4 8,no1 sir4 ,our country is in the hands of an ,orange clique1 who will not allow a ,catholic to hold a position of any consequence whatever4 ,the representation is1 as a matter of course1 in their hands1 and the family of ,de ,ruthven have supplied the members since the sacking of ,drogheda under ,cromwell1 and will continue so to do1 although1 perhaps1 under the recent ,ballot ,act some outsider may get a chance1 ,there are but two ,catholics in the grand panel4 ,i am one of them1 and was never even summoned to attend until ,i threatened to horsewhip the high sheriff4 ,my colleague is what we call in this country a #8,cawtholic'--that is1 one who invariably votes with the ,orange party1 and who would drink the great1 glorious1 pious1 and immortal ,king ,william in preference to the health of ,pius the ,ninth40 8,you have done away with that absurd toast10 said ,mr4 ,hawthorne4 8,not at all1 sir2 it is given at every dinner-party in the country1 and it was once given in this very room40 8,in this room8 ,why1 ,i thought you ,ormondes were always out-and-out papists40 8,and so we have been1 and so we are4 ,i'll tell you how it happened4 ,my father--,god be merciful to him6--was always noted for his hospitality1 and one evening1 after a hard run with the ,bohernabreena hounds1 he invited the hunt1 at least as many as were in at the death1 home to dinner1 sending a boy across the bog with the news to my mother40 8#8,i haven't much to offer you to eat1 gentlemen1' he said1 #8but we'll make it up in the liquor4' 8,about twenty gentlemen rode over here1 and1 after having dined in a scratch sort of way1 they plunged on the claret--this identical wine40 8,it is too good for fox-hunters10 observed my guest4 8,such liquid nectar is for brain-workers like me40 8,after a very joyous carouse one of the party1 called #8,orange ,dick1' a ,mr4 ,templeton1 of ,ashbrooke ,hall1 about ten miles from this1 a deputy lieutenant and ,j4,p41 stood up and asked permission to propose a toast4 ,the permission was freely accorded by my father1 and full bumpers were called for4 ,when the glasses were all filled and the company on their feet1 ,mr4 ,templeton gave the memory of the great1 glorious1 pious1 and immortal ,king ,william1 which was received with three times three1 my father1 to the astonishment of one or two1 joining in4 8#8,now1 gentlemen1' said my father1 #8,i drank your toast2 you'll drink mine4 ,fill your glasses4' 8,they required but little inducement to do as he bade1 and in an instant were in readiness4 8#8,to your feet1 gentlemen4' 8,this order having been complied with--for it was given as such1 and not as a request--my father shouted in a voice of thunder3 8#8,here's to the sorrel nag that broke ,king ,william's neck4'0 ,mr4 ,hawthorne was about to enter into the question of the ,hanoverian succession1 and had already briefly sketched the career of the ,prince of ,orange1 when ,peter entered1 and1 approaching me as though he were treading upon eggs1 whispered in a voice which betrayed a vigorous razzia upon the decanter1 and sufficiently loud to make itself distinctly overheard3 8,the sooner the punch is riz the betther1 sir2 the kittle's gettin' cowld an' the mould fours is runnin' low40 ,inwardly cursing the fellow's garrulity1 ,i proposed to my guest that we should join the ladies4 8,begorra1 yez may save yourselves the thrubble1 gintlemin1 for it's in their beds th' are02 here he lowered his voice into a whisper solely addressed to my ear3 8,the young leddy axed me confidintial3 #8,when will he be comin' to the dhrawin'-room8' sez she4 8#8,not till he's had his five1' sez ,i4 8#8,what five8' sez she4 8#8,tumblers av punch1 miss6' sez ,i4 8,an' didn't ,i do well1 ,masther ,fred1 for to keep up the credit av' the family80 ,my hands clenched involuntarily1 preparatory to making themselves acquainted with the body of my blundering retainer1 when ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 upon whom the fatigue of the journey1 and perhaps his ,parliamentary reminiscences1 had produced a somniferous effect1 suggested following the good example of the ladies--a proposition which ,i joyfully acceded to4 ,i assisted him to his bed-chamber1 where1 after listening to a very lengthened and no doubt excessively profound disquisition upon a proposed amendment in the ,irish ,poor-,law ,act1 ,i left him to 8nature's sweet restorer10 and1 gruffly refusing to partake of a night-cap with ,harry ,welstone1 lighted a cigar and went out into the night4 ,what a revolution had taken place in my existence within a few hours6 ,behind yonder lighted casement a young girl was preparing for rest1 the very thoughts of whom1 but a short while back1 were a source of mortification and chagrin1 and now--love and light and joy beckoned me towards her1 drawing me to her by a chain of roses4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,child-,,beggar4 ,soul1 from thy casement look1 and thou shalt see ,how he persists to knock and wait for thee6 --,,lope ,,de ,,vega1 ,longfellow's ,translation4 ,there knocketh at thy door to-night ,a tender little hand4 ,without the portal1 waiting thee1 ,two feet1 way-weary1 stand4 ,so oft to-night that hand hath knocked1 ,so often been denied2 ,o wavering soul6 ope thou thy house1 ,bid this child-beggar bide4 ,without the bitter moonlight casts ,cold glitter on the snow2 ,with icy fingers #8mid the boughs ,the wind wakes sounds of woe2 ,unclouded is the light of stars ,filling the frosty blue2 ,yet1 heedless of the winter chill1 ,a childish voice doth sue3 8,open1 dear love1 and let me in1 ,the world without is cold2 ,in the warm shelter of thy heart ,i pray thee me enfold4 ,weary ,i wander forth to-night1 ,i knock at many a door1 ,i call1 but seems my voice too weak ,to rise the bleak wind o'er4 8,a little exile here ,i stand1 ,begging an easy grace-- ,beside thy hearth this biting night ,a little resting-place40 ,o patient voice6 ,o weary feet6 ,o soul6 be thou beguiled1 ,thy bolts undo1 thy bars let fly1 ,keep ,love no more exiled4 ',tis ,love that knocks and begs for love ,in that soft1 childish tone1 ,who pleads a beggar at thy gate1 ,whose right is thy heart's throne4 ,open1 dear heart1 and do not fear2 ,with him can enter in ,not any ill--nay1 from his hand ,thou shalt all blessing win4 ,though heaped thy house with treasure rare ,ah6 do not ,love deny2 ,he may not seek thee any more1 ,scorning to-night his cry4 ,and do not fear that thou shalt find ,a little rosy elf ,with laughing eyes that look through tears ,that pity but himself4 ,no fretful1 pouting lips are his ,who waiteth at thy gate2 ,no querulous tone shall dim his voice ,who knocks so long and late2 ,his are no folded rainbow wings ,wherewith he may ensure ,his safe retreat when his weak faith ,no longer shall endure4 ,he bears no burden of barbed shafts2 ,a cross his quiver is1 ,and of a crown of thorns his brow ,beareth the cruelties2 ,his feet are pierced with wounds whose stain ,lies on the moonlit snow1 ,and in his tender baby hands ,twin blood-red roses blow4 ,beneath the cross and crowning thorn ,infinite peace doth shine4 ,ah6 open quick4 ,o doubting heart6 ,let in this ,love ,divine4 ,have thou no fear of heavy cross-- ,his shoulders bear its weight2 ,the thorny wreath with sharp1 strong touch ,shall joy undreamed create4 ,these infant lips shall bless thy tears1 ,this tender voice give peace2 ,the hand that begs thy grace to-night ,shall sign thy woe's release4 ,he asks so little1 gives so much1 ,and sigheth to give more ,who1 patient in the wintry world1 ,stands knocking at thy door4 ,hasten1 my soul1 let ,him not wait2 ,fling thy heart's portal wide2 ,bid thou this weary little ,child ,fore'er with thee abide4 ,kneel thou a beggar at his feet ,who begs to-night of thee2 ,no alteration knows this ,love ,born of eternity4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,isles ,,of ,l,,rins4 ,there like a jewel in the ,midland ,sea ,far off discerned1 the isle of ,lrins hangs ,upon the coast of ,provence1 no fit haunt1 ,as from its beauty might at first appear1 ,for summer revel or a moonlit masque1 ,but where in studious cloister ,vincent lived ,and taught1 and1 in the simple panoply ,of ,catholic tradition armed1 struck down ,the heretics4 --,,faber4 ,the town of ,cannes1 to which so many ,english and ,americans resort on account of its delicious climate1 its healing air1 and the lovely shores where grow the olive and the vine1 has1 too1 its balmy atmosphere for the soul4 ,all the neighboring heights are clothed with the mystic lore of medival saint and chapel1 the waves of the azure sea still seem to move to the holy impulses that once swept the air1 and across the beautiful bay are two fair isles at the entrance--,st4 ,marguerite1 associated in most persons' minds with the prison in which was confined the mysterious ,man of the ,iron ,mask1 but once was more happily peopled with 8,virgins good ,who gave their days to heaven02 and ,st4 ,honorat1 the ,happy ,isle 7beata illa insula71 as it was once called1 famous for its ancient monastery1 that played so glorious a rle in the religious history of ,gaul4 ,these are the isles of ,lrins1 two gems of that collar of pearls thrown by ,god around the ,mediterranean ,sea1 to quote ,st4 ,ambrose1 where once those who would escape from the perilous charms of the world found refuge4 ,the island of ,st4 ,honorat is now occupied by the ,cistercians1 and early one morning1 soon after our arrival at ,cannes1 we went in search of the boat they send to the mainland every day for their necessary supplies4 ,we were so fortunate as to find on board a young monk of great intelligence1 who was well versed in all the traditions of ,lrins and the surrounding region4 ,he kindly volunteered to become our guide1 and proved an invaluable one4 ,the islands are between two and three miles distant1 and we were about an hour in crossing4 ,a sail on those blue waters1 in sight of their shores of radiant beauty1 is always a delight1 but especially so on a lovely day such as we had chosen1 in the middle of ,october1 with just air enough--and what soft air it was6--to ripple the sea and make it give out a thousand flashes from the tiny waves4 ,we first came to ,st4 ,marguerite1 which is the largest of the islands4 ,it is seven kilometres in circumference1 oval in shape1 and almost entirely covered with maritime pines4 ,it looks indeed like a gem1 this emerald isle rising out of the sea of dazzling gold4 ,it is said to have once borne the name of ,lro1 from some person of ancient times whose prowess excited the admiration of his contemporaries1 and the sister isle took the diminutive of this name--,lrina4 ,st4 ,honorat is said to have overthrown the temple of the deified ,lro1 and perhaps built the church early erected here in honor of the illustrious virgin martyr of ,antioch4 ,an old legend says when he retired to the neighboring isle his sister ,margaret came here to live1 and gathered around her a community of pious maidens1 to whom the sea1 as it were1 offered its mystic veil4 ,as ,lrina was interdicted to women1 she begged ,st4 ,honorat to visit her frequently1 and complained that her wish was so seldom gratified4 ,on the other hand1 the saint feared that he held converse with his sister too often1 and thought such visits disturbed his recollection in prayer4 ,at length he told her he should restrict his visits to a periodical one1 and selected the time when the cherry-trees should be in bloom--meaning1 of course1 once a year4 ,margaret wept and entreated1 but nothing could change his resolution4 ,then she declared ,god would be less inflexible1 and1 in answer to the prayers she addressed to him1 a cherry-tree planted on the shore put forth its snowy blossoms every month4 ,honorat no longer felt disposed to resist1 and whenever he saw their white banner on ,st4 ,marguerite's ,isle he crossed the water1 which became solid under his feet4 ,this island is also said to have afforded a secret asylum to the monks called to the contemplative life1 or who wished to pass some time in utter solitude4 ,little is known of these lofty contemplatives1 but it is believed that it was here ,st4 ,vincent of ,lrins wrote his immortal work1 the ,commonitorium4 ,st4 ,eucher also dwelt here for a time1 and here received letters from ,st4 ,paulinus of ,nola1 who1 like him1 had abandoned the world4 ,it is melancholy that an isle1 once consecrated to virginal purity and holy contemplation1 should become a place of expiation for criminals1 and that the most noted of its prisoners should almost efface the memory of ,st4 ,vincent and ,st4 ,margaret4 ,st4 ,honorat is just beyond the island of ,st4 ,marguerite4 ,it is a low1 flat island1 also oval in form1 only about a mile in length1 and three kilometres in circumference4 8,parva1 sed felix meritis ,lrina1 ,quam ,paraclito1 ,genito1 ,patrique ,rit quingenti roseo dicrunt ,sanguine testes0 --,lrins is small in extent1 but illustrious by its glory2 five hundred martyrs have worthily consecrated it to the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost by shedding their noble blood1 says ,gregorius ,cortesius4 ,along the edge is a line of low1 craggy rocks1 called monks or brothers1 which protect the shore from the encroachment of the waves4 ,at the east are some little islets1 the largest of which bears the name of ,st4 ,frol1 who1 according to tradition1 was here martyred by the ,saracens and received burial4 ,the numerous trees that formerly grew on ,st4 ,honorat gave it the poetic title of the aigrette de la mer1 but they are all gone except a few olives in the centre1 and a girdle of pines along the shore which protect the interior from the winds injurious to vegetation1 and serve as an agreeable promenade4 ,but no1 there is one more tree--it is rather a monument--the ancient palm of ,st4 ,honorat1 which stands before the door of the conventual church4 8,honor thy paternal aunt1 the palm-tree10 says the prophet of ,islam1 8for she was created in ,paradise and of the same earth from which ,adam was made60 ,let us especially honor this legendary palm2 for if we understood1 as the rabbis say ,abraham did1 the language of its leaves1 that never cease their mysterious murmuring1 even on a windless day1 what a page in the history of the church we should learn6 ,a legend tells us that the island in ancient times was infested with venomous serpents1 of which a frightful picture was drawn by the inhabitants of the mainland to retain ,st4 ,honorat at ,cap ,roux1 whither he at first went on retiring from the world4 ,when the saint arrived at ,lrina1 and beheld their number and size1 he prostrated himself on the ground and cried to the ,lord to exterminate them1 and they all died at once4 ,their bodies infecting the air1 the saint climbed a palm-tree and prayed to ,him who had led him into this solitude1 and the waves of the sea immediately rose and swept over the isle1 carrying off the serpents that covered it4 ,this miracle of the palm1 as it is called1 is attested by ,st4 ,hilaire1 who passed several years as a monk at ,lrins1 and speaks of the numbers of serpents that still infested the neighboring shores4 ,at all events1 this isle1 like ,ireland1 is free from them to this day1 though they are to be found on ,st4 ,marguerite1 which is not saying much for the gallantry of ,st4 ,honorat4 ,this palm-tree has always been regarded with great veneration1 and the legend was represented on the old shrine of ,st4 ,honorat--the saint in the palm-tree1 and the waves sweeping the serpents into the sea4 ,and on the arms of ,lrins the abbatial crosier is placed between two palms4 ,under the care of ,st4 ,honorat and his disciples the aspect of the island was before long so changed that ,st4 ,eucher1 one of the first to inhabit it1 says3 8,watered by gushing fountains1 rich with verdure1 brilliant with flowers1 odorous with sweet perfumes1 and with delightful views on every side1 it seems to those who inhabit it the very image of heaven toward which tend all their desires40 ,and ,isidore1 the monk1 speaking of its eternal verdure1 exclaims3 8,pulchrior in toto non est locus orbe ,lerina0--,no1 the universe presents not a more beautiful spot than ,lrins4 ,but it appears that the holy cenobites suffered greatly at first from the want of pure water1 and at length they came one day and prostrated themselves at ,st4 ,honorat's feet1 beseeching him to obtain by his prayers what nature had refused to the island4 8,go1 brethren10 he replied1 8and dig perseveringly in the centre of the isle between the two palms4 ,it appears there were two then1 as on the arms4 ,god1 who has created the living springs of the earth1 is sufficiently powerful to grant what you ask with faith40 ,the monks set to work with ardor1 and dug till they came to a solid rock1 without finding water or the least sign of humidity4 ,discouraged1 they returned to ,st4 ,honorat1 who ordered them to attack the live rock and confide in the ,lord4 ,they returned obediently to the task1 and succeeded in excavating a few feet deeper1 but still without any result1 and they finally requested permission to try another spot2 but ,st4 ,honorat went with unshaken faith to the place and descended into the pit4 ,after praying to the ,lord he smote the rock thrice in the name of the ,holy ,trinity1 and an abundant stream gushed forth4 ,such is the tradition of ,lrins1 founded on the testimony of ,,ss4 ,eucher and ,hilaire1 who both lived with ,st4 ,honorat4 ,st4 ,eucher says the waters rose to the surface and spread over the land around4 ,there is nothing miraculous in the present appearance of the well1 but an old farmer of this region1 who has been down several times to clean it out1 says the water issues from four different points1 as from the extremities of a cross4 ,it is now covered with a little rotunda1 and over the entrance is an inscription in ,latin to this purpose3 8,the leader of the hosts of ,israel made sweet the bitter waters2 his rod brought forth a stream from the rock4 ,behold here the fountain that sprang up from the hard rock1 the sweet water that welled from the bosom of the sea4 ,honorat smote the rock1 and abundant waters gushed forth1 thus renewing at once the prodigies ,moses wrought with the tree and the rod40 ,everywhere on the island are dbris of all kinds--hewn stones1 old cement1 bricks of ,roman type1 fragments of inscriptions1 etc4 ,the soil is red and stony4 ,the centre is partly cultivated1 and bears a few grapes1 olives1 and vegetables4 ,the ,cistercians1 who have been here eight years1 have built a new convent near one end1 which includes part of the old abbey and ,st4 ,honorat's palm4 ,this is enclosed by a high wall1 as if they were not girt about by the great deep1 and beyond this wall no woman is permitted to go4 ,even the ,duchess of ,vallombrosa1 the great benefactress of the house1 has been allowed to enter but once1 and then as part of a suite of a princess to whom the pope had given a special permission4 ,but there are some low buildings without the walls where pilgrims can find shelter1 even those of the obnoxious sex1 and be provided with refreshments4 ,there are about fifty monks in the community1 one of them a novice of sixteen1 who looked like an anachronism in his ,cistercian robes4 ,near the monastery is an orphan asylum containing about thirty boys under the care of ,brother ,boniface4 ,they are taught trades1 and for this purpose there are joiner's shops1 a printing establishment1 etc41 on the island4 ,while the monks were attending some rite we made the entire circuit of the island1 following the path among the odorous pines on the shore1 calm1 peaceful1 and embowered as the arcades of a cloister4 ,these tall pines are aslant1 as if bent by the winds1 and the foliage1 high up in the air1 shelters from the sun1 without excluding the sea breeze or obstructing the view4 ,everywhere was the flash of the waves1 and the mysterious sound of the waters that gently broke upon the shore of this happy isle1 mingled1 as in the olden time1 with the solemn measure of holy psalmody4 ,it was delightful to wander in this lone aisle of nature1 and drink in the beauty of sea and land1 and give one's self up to the memories that embalm the place4 ,it was early in the fifth century when ,st4 ,honorat established himself here4 ,he belonged to a patrician race1 and his father1 to divert his mind from religious things1 sent him at an early age to the ,east with his brother ,venance1 who was of a livelier turn4 ,venance1 however1 soon yielded to ,honorat's moral ascendency1 but died at ,messenia1 and the latter returned sorrowfully to ,gaul with ,st4 ,caprais1 his spiritual guide1 who had accompanied them4 ,for some time he lived as a hermit in a cave at ,cap ,roux4 ,then he came to ,lrins1 where numerous disciples gathered around him who are now numbered among the most eminent churchmen of ,gaul4 ,maxime1 ,bishop of ,riez1 ,hilary of ,arles1 ,jacques of ,tarentaise1 ,vincent of ,saintes1 ,fauste of ,riez1 ,ausile of ,frjus1 were all formed in his school of ,christian philosophy4 ,st4 ,eucher1 whom ,bossuet calls 8the great ,eucher10 here forgot his noble birth and attained the sanctity which raised him to the see of ,lyons4 ,salvian1 surnamed 8the ,master of ,bishops10 and styled 8the ,jeremias of his age10 on account of his lamentations over the woes and corruptions of the world1 here wrote his treatise on the government of ,god4 ,cassian1 after long journeys and great sorrows1 spent a year at ,lrins before he founded the abbey of ,st4 ,victor at ,marseilles4 ,st4 ,patrick1 according to the tradition of the island1 passed long years here in prayer and frightful austerities4 ,st4 ,vincent of ,lrins here wrote those works which have made him an authority in the church4 ,st4 ,csarius also1 who became one of the most influential bishops of southern ,gaul1 and ,st4 ,loup of ,troyes1 who inspired so much deference in ,attila1 the ,scourge of ,god1 were among the first disciples of ,st4 ,honorat1 and many more1 some of whom have left no name on earth1 but whose names are written in the ,lamb's ,book of ,life4 8,how many assemblies of saints have ,i seen in this isle60 cries ,st4 ,eucher--8precious vases1 which spread abroad the sweet perfume of their virtues40 ,and ,st4 ,sidonius ,apollinaris1 with a bolder figure1 says3 8,quanto illa insula plana ,miserit ad clum montes60 --,how many lofty mountains rise toward heaven from this low isle6 ,and ,st4 ,csarius of ,arles3 8,happy1 blessed isle of ,lrins1 thou art small and level1 but from thee have risen innumerable mountains60 ,over forty saints are mentioned by name in the ,litany of ,lrins1 besides the hundreds of martyrs who are invoked4 ,salvian thus alludes to the paternal rule of ,st4 ,honorat3 8,as the sun changes the aspect of the firmament by its splendor or obscurity1 so joy and sadness are diffused among those who1 under his paternal guidance1 aim at heaven and devote themselves to the angelic functions4 ,if ,honorat suffers1 all suffer2 restored to health1 all return to new life40 ,lrins became so renowned as a school of theology that1 in the seventh century1 there were three thousand and seven hundred monks1 and the ,christian world sent here to obtain its bishops and the directors for its monasteries4 ,it was in this century that ,st4 ,aygulph established here the rule of ,st4 ,benedict4 ,in the eighth century1 when the ,saracens invaded the island1 more than five hundred monks fell victims to their hatred of ,christianity4 ,eleuthre1 by the aid of ,king ,pepin1 restored the ruined buildings1 but the enemy returned again1 committing fresh ravages1 and1 indeed1 devastating the island4 ,these attacks at length became so frequent that the pope granted indulgences to all who would aid in defending it against the infidel4 ,whosoever devoted himself to this good work for the space of three months acquired the same indulgences as a pilgrim to the ,holy ,places at ,jerusalem1 and minor ones were accorded to those who sent substitutes4 ,in #ajhh was erected the lofty citadel1 which is still the most prominent object on the island1 as a retreat for the monks in time of danger4 ,it was connected with the abbey by a subterranean passage4 ,this is now a picturesque ruin4 ,it is on the eastern shore of the island1 and rises directly out of the water4 ,the massive walls of hewn stone have acquired a soft1 mellow tint that contrasts admirably with the sky and sea4 ,they are scarred with many a cannon-ball that tells of more than one rude assault4 ,here and there are narrow loop-holes1 and high up in the air is a line of battlements that still seem to defy both the sea and the ,moor4 ,there was formerly a drawbridge1 and nothing was lacking necessary to sustain a siege4 ,this stronghold formed part of a line of signals along the sea-coast4 ,it was four or five stories high1 and contained four kitchens1 several chapels1 thirty-six cells for the monks and five for strangers1 with cisterns1 and everything to render it a complete monastery as well as castle4 ,the ,pre ,antonin was our guide around this interesting ruin4 ,it is entered by a spiral staircase1 which brought us into a small court or cloister with several galleries around it1 one above the other1 communicating with the different stories1 sustained by pillars of marble1 porphyry1 and granite4 ,old fragments of carved capitals1 and inscriptions1 some ,roman1 some ,christian1 were scattered here and there4 ,in the centre is an immense cistern1 paved with marble1 which contains a never-failing supply of water4 ,this was constructed by ,gastolius de ,grasse1 who1 having lost his wife and children1 retired to the island to console himself with the thought of heaven and eternal reunion1 devoting his whole fortune to the poor and the improvement of the monastery4 ,the old chapter-room is utterly ruined4 ,its arches were blown up by some ,scotchman in his attempts to find the supposed treasure of ,st4 ,honorat1 and the rank grass is growing from the accumulated soil4 ,there is the old refectory with its crumbling pulpit1 and1 in the next room1 the lavatory of calcareous stone1 like an ancient sarcophagus1 where the monks washed their hands before entering the refectory4 ,on it is graven in ,latin3 8,o ,christ6 by thy right hand1 which can cleanse us within and without1 purify our souls1 which this water cannot cleanse40 ,then there is the chapel which once contained the relics of ,,ss4 ,honorat1#afg ,caprais1 ,venance1 ,aygulph1 etc41 and the three sacred altars to which indulgences were attached at the request of the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,the chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,piti1 or of the dead1 was used for domestic purposes by some layman who held the island after the ,revolution1 and the place where once rose the solemn requiem and the odor of incense was now filled with the fumes of a kitchen4 ,we went up1 still by the spiral staircase1 to the battlements4 ,here we looked down on the whole island4 ,before us was stretched the neighboring shore with fair towns and villages from ,cannes to ,nice1 with the purple mountains in the background4 ,on the other hand1 in the distance1 rose the mountains of ,corsica4 ,and all around was the sea that bathes the shores of so many storied lands4 ,with increased means of defence the prosperity of the abbey revived4 ,it had the exclusive right1 conferred by the counts of ,provence1 of fishing in the surrounding waters4 ,it owned numerous priories all along the coast from ,genoa to ,barcelona1 as well as in the interior4 ,and it continued to be a centre from which radiated light1 and many a person escaped from the ,mare ,magnum of the profane world to this haven of spiritual rest4 ,we read that ,bertrand1 ,bishop of ,frjus in the eleventh century1 retired to ,st4 ,honorat 7as the bishop of ,valence has recently done7 and died here in the odor of sanctity4 ,for those who wished to lead the eremitical life there were formerly many cells around the island4 ,how dear this holy retreat was to its inmates may be seen by a letter from ,denis ,faucher1 whose duties retained him from the isle1 to his superior3 8,my thoughts turn eagerly towards ,lrins4 ,sad1 ,i bewail my long exile4 ,in spite of my oft-renewed entreaties1 you defer my deliverance4 ,a cruel grief torments my desolate soul4 ,i love not these magnificent palaces4 ,let kings inhabit them4 ,for them1 they gleam with marble2 for me1 the desert and the lonely shore4 ,that little isle suffices for my happiness40 ,around the island were seven small chapels1 or oratories1 mostly on the shore1 to which1 like the seven stations at ,rome1 great indulgences were attached4 ,these were successively visited by the pilgrims as a preparation for receiving the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,the tombs of the saints1 the holy chapels1 the soil impregnated with the blood of the martyrs1 and the wondrous history of the island1 gave it a glorious prestige that made it not only a resort for pilgrims1 but even the dead were brought across the waters1 with crucifix and lanterns held aloft in the boats1 and chants mingling with the sad murmur of the waves1 to be laid in this consecrated isle4 ,many remains of their marble tombs are still to be found4 ,we1 too1 made the stations of the seven holy chapels1 though they are mostly in ruins4 ,that of the ,holy ,trinity1 in the eastern part of the island1 is the most ancient4 ,its walls of massive stones are still erect4 ,it is a ,romanesque chapel1 with three bays1 the remains of an ancient porch1 and vaults beneath for recluses or the dead4 ,but the windows are gone1 and rank weeds grow in the interior4 ,only a few traces remain of ,st4 ,cyprian's chapel2 not ,st4 ,cyprian who shed his blood at ,carthage1 but ,st4 ,cyprian of ,lrins1 surnamed the ,magician1 who is honored ,september #bf4 ,further on1 among the rocks on the shore1 is the legendary cave known as the ,baoumo de l',abbat1 only accessible by going down into the water and wading through a narrow crevice between two tall rocks4 ,it was here1 when ,st4 ,porcaire and his five hundred companions were martyred by the ,saracens1 that two of the monks1 ,colomb and ,eleuthre1 fled in terror to conceal themselves4 ,but they could still hear the vociferations of the infidel1 and1 their eyes being opened1 could see the souls of their brethren ascending to heaven1 conducted by the angels4 ,ravished by this spectacle1 ,colomb cried out with holy enthusiasm3 8,let us go forth to be crowned like them4 ,let us fly to the ,lord60 ,eleuthre still shrank with fear1 but ,colomb went boldly out to share the glory of his brethren4 ,eleuthre afterwards gathered together the monks who had escaped1 and became abbot of ,lrins4 ,hence the name of the ,abbot's ,cave1 given to the place of his concealment4 ,nearly opposite1 in the centre of the island1 is the octagon chapel of the ,transfiguration1 or ,st4 ,sauveur1 with a star-shaped vault4 ,it is twenty feet in diameter and twelve high4 ,it has been rudely restored by the bishop of ,frjus1 and has an ancient stone altar pierced with holes1 as if for the passage of liquids4 ,some consider this chapel the ancient baptistery4 ,the sailors call a neighboring inlet the ,caranquo d ,sant ,saouvadou1 or ,crique de ,st4 ,sauveur4 ,several of these chapels were used in the construction of batteries by the ,spaniards in the seventeenth century1 as that of ,st4 ,pierre on the southern shore1 near the remains of which is an old votive altar to ,neptune with the inscription3 ,neptvno ,veratia ,montana4 ,the walls of ,st4 ,caprais are partly standing4 ,this saint is still invoked in our day for rheumatism4 ,a portion of his relics1 hidden at the ,revolution1 is religiously preserved at ,chartves1 in the diocese of ,soissons1 and is the object of pilgrimages on the #bjth of ,october4 8,qu sancta ,caprasi vita senis60 says ,st4 ,sidonius ,apollinaris--,what an admirable life is that of the aged ,caprais6 ,the chapel of ,st4 ,porcaire and the ,five ,hundred ,martyrs1 on the place where they were buried1 has recently been repaired1 and ,father ,boniface says ,mass there every morning4 ,over the altar is a painting of ,st4 ,porcaire pointing to heaven and encouraging his brethren4 ,the seventh chapel1 ,st4 ,michael's1 is within the walls of the ,cistercian convent4 ,the isles of ,lrins have been a place of pilgrimage for more than a thousand years4 ,they were already frequented when ,pope ,eugenius ,,ii4 came here early in the ninth century to venerate the traces of the saints and martyrs4 ,when he landed on the shore of ,st4 ,honorat1 he put off his shoes and made the tour of the island in his bare feet4 ,he consecrated the church1 blessed the whole isle1 and granted those who visited it with the proper dispositions between the eve of the ,ascension and ,whit ,monday all the indulgences to be gained by a pilgrimage to ,jerusalem1 as well as smaller ones to those who came here at other seasons1 with the exception of those who had been guilty of striking their parents or violating their marriage vows4 ,in accordance with his wish1 all who had gained the indulgence used to receive a palm in testimony thereof4 ,these pilgrimages were called1 in the language of the country1 ,romipet4 ,all the towns on the neighboring coast were numerously represented here at the ,grand ,pardon4 ,twenty-seven nobles are mentioned as coming once from ,arles4 ,pilgrims even came from ,italy4 ,the old records tell how fifty-three came from ,pisa to offer thanks for their miraculous escape after being taken by the corsairs4 ,but the annual pilgrimage from ,rians was the most famous1 and has been celebrated in a quaint old ,provenal ballad that is delightfully redolent of the age4 ,it consisted of the greater part of the villagers1 and to sanctify the journey1 they used to halt at all the places of devotion along the road4 ,every one of these places had its holy legend that1 like a fragrant flower1 embalmed the way4 ,at ,cotignac they paused to drink at the miraculous fountain of ,st4 ,joseph-- ,foou ana boiro la souro ,doou benhurux ,sant ,jaous-- which1 say the people1 sprang up to quench the extreme thirst of a poor simple country laborer1 named ,gaspar1 to whom the compassionate ,st4 ,joseph appeared under the form of an aged man1 and pointed out the spot where water could be found--a spot since widely known as a place of miraculous cures and abundant spiritual favors4 ,then the pilgrims ascended the hill of ,verdale1 near ,cotignac1 to pray at the altar of ,nouastro ,damo d ,graci4 ,this is quite a noted chapel4 ,it was visited in #afjj by ,louis ,,xiv4 and his mother1 ,anne of ,austria1 for whom a new road was expressly constructed1 still known as the ,chemin de ,louis ,quartorze4 ,he hung his cordon bleu on the ,virgin's breast1 and ,anne of ,austria founded six ,masses in the chapel4 ,the king afterwards sent here copies of his marriage contract and the treaty of the ,pyrenees in a magnificently-bound volume1 by way of placing these important transactions under the protection of our great ,lady2 and when his mother died he founded ,masses here for her soul1 and set up a marble tablet with a commemorative inscription4 ,pope ,leo ,x4 conferred indulgences on this chapel4 ,at the village of ,arcs1 or near it1 the pilgrims turned aside to venerate the remains of the beautiful ,st4 ,rossoline1 who sprang from the barons of ,villeneuve and ,sabran4 ,her cradle in infancy was surrounded by a supernatural light4 ,the miracle of the roses was renewed in her favor to avert the anger of her father1 who was weary of the importunity of beggars at his castle4 ,at the age of seventeen she buried her youth and beauty in the ,chartreuse of ,celle ,roubaud1 and was consecrated deaconess by the bishop of ,frjus in #abhh1 which gave her1 by an exceptional privilege to the nuns of this house1 the right of reading the ,gospel in church4 ,hence she is represented in art1 not only with the crown of roses wherewith she was crowned on the day of her sacred espousals1 but wearing a stole4 ,she spent the remainder of her life in transcribing the sacred books1 in order1 as she said1 to be always holding intercourse with ,god1 and1 as she could not preach in public1 aid in propagating the ,gospel4 ,she held the office of prioress for a time1 but1 at her own request1 ended her days as a recluse4 ,while she was breathing her last ,st4 ,hugh of ,lincoln and ,st4 ,hugo of ,grenoble appeared and incensed her cell1 and she died with ,deo gratias on her lips4 ,an old ballad tells how1 after her death1 ,st4 ,rossoline delivered her brother1 ,helion de ,villeneuve1 a crusader1 who had been taken prisoner by the ,saracens4 ,she appeared to him in his dungeon1 loosed his heavy chains1 opened the doors1 and conducted him to the sea-coast1 where1 spreading her veil on the waters1 they both placed themselves thereon1 and so came safely to ,provence4 ,helion now happened to fall asleep1 and when he awoke his sister was missing4 ,he thought she had gone home to announce his arrival1 but1 when he came to the manor-house1 learned she had for some time been dead4 ,her tomb became noted in ,provence1 and was one of the stations where pilgrims loved to pay their vows4 ,our villagers next came to ,frjus to see the image of the ,holy ,child ,jesus venerated in the cathedral4 ,at ,esterel the prior gave them refreshments under the great chestnut-trees near the inn4 ,cannes welcomed them with the ringing of bells1 and went out to meet them in procession3 8,canno1 villo maritimo-- ,remplido d zlo d'estimo ,per leis plrins d ,rians-- ,seis campanos souanoun toutos ,per faire la proucession40 ,then they came with 8,allegresso ,dins leis ilos d ,lrins40 ,it seemed to them like entering ,paradise4 ,they went to shrift1 visited the seven chapels1 and finally came to the church of the glourious ,sant ,hounourat1 where they received the ,holy ,eucharist and their palms4 ,besides the latter1 they also carried away1 as the custom was1 some sprigs of a marine plant still known as the herbo doou par doun--the herb of the ,pardon or ,indulgence4 ,this is the cineraire maritime1 common on the shores of the isle1 which has hoary1 pinnatifid leaves and a flower that grows in panicles4 ,on their way home the pilgrims went to pray at the tomb of ,sant ,armentari1 a great miracle-worker at ,draguignan1 specially invoked for those who have lost their reason4 ,but we shall speak of him further on4 ,arriving home1 they were met by their fellow-townsmen and led in triumph to the church1 when ,benediction was given1 thus ending the pilgrimage4 ,the expense of the journey1 or the gradual lukewarmness of the people1 at length diminished the number from ,rians1 and finally the pilgrimage ceased altogether1 till a failure of the crops induced the town to revive it partially by sending a yearly deputation as its representative4 ,there is a nave legend of one ,boniface who lived at ,oraison--a simple1 upright man whom lack of worldly wisdom had reduced to such want as to force him to become the swineherd of a wicked usurer1 named ,garinus1 who was blind4 ,for six successive years he had visited ,lrins at the time of the ,grand ,pardon1 and1 when the seventh arrived1 he humbly begged permission of ,garinus to go and gain the indulgence4 ,garinus refused1 and1 lest the swineherd should secretly join the other pilgrims1 he carefully fastened him up4 ,boniface's grief increased as the feast of ,pentecost drew near4 ,the eve arrived1 but he was prevented from keeping even a lonely vigil by an overpowering drowsiness4 ,suddenly the sound of music awoke him1 and1 opening his eyes1 he found himself before the altar of the church of ,lrins4 ,when the stations were made and the divine offices were over1 the monks1 as usual1 distributed the palms among the ,romin4 ,boniface also approached with the others to receive his1 and then retired to an obscure corner of the church1 where he soon fell sound asleep4 ,when he awoke he found himself once more in the prison where he had been confined by his master4 ,the rest of the pilgrims from ,oraison arrived three days after1 and1 not knowing the state of affairs1 complimented the usurer on his kindness to his servant4 ,he denied having given ,boniface permission to go1 and summoned him to his presence4 ,the swineherd related with great simplicity what had happened to him4 ,garinus was at once astonished and affected by the account1 and besought ,boniface to give him the palm he had brought from the holy isle4 ,taking it reverently in his hands1 he applied it to his eyes1 and at once not only recovered his sight1 but the eyes of his soul were likewise opened4 ,but to return to the history of the island4 ,the abbey was secularized in #aghh--some say on account of the luxuries and excesses of the monks4 ,but the inventory shows how few luxuries they really had--not more than the simplest villagers now possess4 ,the monks withdrew to their families4 ,not one was left to guard the graves of the martyrs and continue the prayers of so many ages4 ,the last prior of ,lrins1 ,dom ,thodule ,bon1 died at his sister's residence in ,vallauris4 ,the people of ,cannes used to say of him3 ,moussu lou ,priour es ,bouan d noum et d fach--,m4 le ,prieur is good by name and good by nature4 ,in #agia the island was sold at public auction1 and the purchaser's daughter1 who had been an actress1 came here to reside4 ,o isle of saints6444 ,in #ahef ,mr4 ,sims1 an ,anglican minister1 bought it4 ,he showed some respect for the ancient monuments1 and had begun to restore the citadel when he died4 ,the bishop of ,frjus bought it in #ahei4 ,two bishops1 several dignitaries of the church1 and a number of priests came over to take possession of the island4 ,a great crowd awaited them4 ,the clergy 7those of ,cannes bearing the relics of ,st4 ,honorat7 advanced toward the old church1 chanting the mournful psalm1 ,deus1 venerunt gentes1 many verses of which were so particularly applicable4 ,the walls so long profaned were blessed1 and the crowd prostrated themselves while the ,litany of ,lrins was solemnly sung4 ,some agricultural brothers of the ,order of ,st4 ,francis were established here for a time4 ,on the eve of the feast of ,st4 ,caprais 7,st4 ,honorat's spiritual guide7 the bishop blessed the chapel of ,st4 ,porcaire and the ,five ,hundred ,martyrs1 which had been restored1 and ,mass was said amid the ruins of the old church of ,st4 ,honorat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are several places of great interest on the mainland1 associated with the saints of ,lrins1 all of which we devoutly visited as a part of our pilgrimage4 ,one is ,cap ,roux1 at the western termination of the ,bay of ,cannes1 always dear to the monks of the isle on account of the baume1 or cave1 on the western side of the cliff1 inhabited for some time by ,st4 ,honorat after his return from the ,east1 and still called by his name4 ,the ascent to this grotto is rather dangerous1 and at the foot was once an oratory where pilgrims stopped to pray before undertaking the ascent4 ,they used to cry3 8,sancte ,maguncti60 perhaps because they associated the name of this saint of ,lrins with the ,provenal word m'aganti1 as if they would say1 ,saint ,i-cling-to1 as they seized hold of the sides of the cliff4 ,denis ,faucher1 the monk1 graved an inscription in ,latin verse over the entrance to the ,baume de ,st4 ,honorat1 which may thus be rendered3 8,reader1 in ,honorat1 our father1 thou wilt find an example of lofty virtue and reason to admire the wonderful gifts of ,god4 ,others visit the holy places and seek afar off the noble models they have not at home4 ,the renown of ,honorat renders sacred every place he approached1 though now devoid of his presence4 ,behold this retreat1 once almost inaccessible to the wild beasts1 now rendered so famous by the holy bishop as to attract innumerable visitors from every land40 ,in the cave there has been for centuries an altar for celebrating the ,christian mysteries4 ,at the left is a well that rarely fails1 even in the greatest drought4 ,at the right is a hollow in the rock like the impress of the human form1 called by the people the ,couche de ,st4 ,honorat4 ,over it is also an inscription by the same monk3 8,illustrious pontiff1 from the height of heaven reveal thy august presence to him who seeks thy traces upon earth40 ,another cave in the side of the mount near the sea was inhabited for a time by ,st4 ,eucher1 to whom his wife1 ,galla1 came to bring food while he gave himself up to contemplation4 ,an angel revealed to the people of ,lyons where he lived concealed1 and they sent messengers to ask him to be their bishop4 ,st4 ,armentaire1 who was bishop of ,embrun in the middle of the fifth century1 being deposed by the council of ,riez1 retired to ,cap ,roux4 ,it was he who slew the dragon that infested the neighborhood of ,draguignan4 ,the fame of his sanctity led to his being chosen bishop of ,antibes1 but his body was1 after his death1 brought back to ,draguignan and placed in a church he himself had erected in honor of ,st4 ,peter4 ,the concourse to his tomb was formerly very great1 as we have seen in the case of the pilgrimage from ,rians4 ,there were hermits at ,cap ,roux as late as the eighteenth century1 and pilgrims used to go there in procession1 chanting the litany of ,lrins1 to implore the cessation of some scourge4 ,now it is only visited from time to time by a solitary devotee1 or some naturalist to study the flora and the formation of the rocks1 who pauses awhile at the cave and drinks at the fountain4 ,about a league west of ,cannes1 above ,cap ,roux1 is ,mt4 ,arluc1 which rises out of the plain of ,laval4 ,it belongs to the tertiary formation1 and looks so artificial that it has often been regarded as a tumulus made by the ,romans1 who1 according to tradition1 had an intrenched camp here to protect the ,aurelian road#afh that ran through the plain1 as well as the galleys on the coast4 ,after the submission of the province to the ,roman domination a temple was built here in honor of ,venus1 who could not have desired a fairer shore1 in sight of the very sea from which she sprang4 ,her altar was surrounded by trees to veil her unholy rites1 and the mount took the name of ,ara-luci--altar of the sacred wood--whence the name of ,arluc4 ,this consecrated grove was cut down by ,st4 ,nazaire1 abbot of ,lrins1 who knew the importance of destroying these high places of the ,gentiles4 ,to him1 too1 the waves beneath were always whispering of love1 but not profane love4 ,they spoke of 8love eternal and illimitable1 not bounded by the confines of the world or by the end of time1 but ranging beyond the sea1 beyond the sky1 to the invisible country far away40 ,and he set up an altar to the ,infinite ,one1 and beside the church built a monastery1 which he peopled with holy maidens under the direction of ,hlne1 a princess of ,riez4 ,one of the first abbesses bore the name of ,oratorie4 ,it was to her ,st4 ,csaire of ,arles addressed two of his essays3 one on the qualities that should be possessed by those who have the direction of souls2 the other on the text1 8,o the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and the knowledge of ,god60 ,about the year #fgg ,st4 ,aygulph1 abbot of ,lrins1 rebuilt or enlarged this monastery at the request of several noble ladies of the region1 and1 the house having perhaps been depopulated by the ,saracens1 a colony of nuns came here from ,blois under the care of ,st4 ,angarisma4 ,when the holy abbot was martyred1 ,angarisma1 learning the fate of her spiritual father1 went with the sisterhood to venerate his remains4 ,the monks who had escaped described the sufferings and constancy of the martyrs1 and showed their mangled remains4 ,one of the nuns1 named ,glauconia1 who was blind1 applied the right arm of ,st4 ,aygulph to her eyes and at once recovered her sight4 ,whereupon the abbess begged for his body1 but in vain4 ,the arm which had restored ,glauconia's sight was given to her1 however1 and they carried it with them to ,arluc4 ,st4 ,aygulph is invoked in this region still1 under the name of ,st4 ,agou1 for diseases of the eye1 and a statue of him is to be seen at ,chteauneuf in the chapel of ,notre ,dame de ,brusc4 ,the nuns of ,arluc fled several times before the ,saracens1 but we read of the monastery in the tenth century1 when ,st4 ,maxime1 of the illustrious family of ,de ,grasse1 came here in search of ,christian perfection4 ,she was afterwards sent to found a house at ,callian1 where part of her remains are still preserved4 ,in the life of ,st4 ,honorat there is an interesting legend of one of the nuns of ,arluc1 named ,cibeline1 the daughter of ,reybaud1 a lord of ,antibes4 ,she had been married in early life1 but lost her husband soon after1 and was still renowned for her beauty when she became infected with leprosy4 ,st4 ,honorat appeared to ,reybaud in a dream and said to him3 8,give me thy daughter as a bride40 ,he had the same vision three times1 which at last so impressed him that he took ,cibeline with him and went to ,lrins to relate it to the holy abbot ,porcaire4 ,the latter at once comprehended its spiritual significance and said to ,cibeline3 8,wilt thou1 out of love to ,god and devotion to ,st4 ,honorat1 lead henceforth a pure life and take the sacred veil in the monastery of ,arluc80 ,cibeline then confessed this had been the earliest desire of her heart1 and that she regarded her disease as the judgment of ,god for having violated the vow she had made in yielding to worldly persuasions and wedding the husband she had lost4 ,st4 ,porcaire then took pure water1 in which he plunged holy relics1 and ordered her to bathe therein4 ,she was instantly cured of her leprosy1 and her father led her to ,arluc and consecrated her to ,god4 ,arluc probably took the name of ,st4 ,cassian1 by which it is now more generally known1 in the fourteenth century1 when it fell under the jurisdiction of the abbey of ,st4 ,victor at ,marseilles1 which ,cassian had founded4 ,nor is the name inappropriate for this mount that stands in sight of the places rendered sacred by ,st4 ,honorat and ,st4 ,eucher1 for whom ,cassian had so great an admiration as to cry in one of his books on the ascetic life dedicated to them3 8,o holy brothers6 your virtues shine upon the world like great beacon-lights4 ,many saints will be formed by your example1 but will scarcely be able to imitate your perfection40 ,cassian has been regarded as a saint in ,provence1 and the people of ,cannes used to make a romrage1 or pilgrimage1 to the chapel that took his name at ,arluc1 on the #bc;d of ,july1 the festival of ,st4 ,cassian4 ,when the ,revolution arrived the republicans wished to sell the mount1 and two hundred soldiers were sent to strip the chapel4 ,the number was none too large1 for at the news the people of ,cannes sounded the tocsin and went in crowds to the rescue4 ,the very women were armed4 ,one in particular aimed her reaping-hook at the neck of the leader4 ,they bore triumphantly away the relics and ornaments1 but the chapel and land were sold some time after to nine men belonging to ,cannes4 ,st4 ,cassian1 or ,arluc1 is still crowned with oaks1 as in the time when ,venus held sway there1 though ,bonaparte1 when in the vicinity1 had many of them cut down4 ,the monastery of ,arluc gave its name to a village on the sea-shore at the mouth of the ,siagne4 ,this stream1 in which the monks of ,lrins once had the sole right to fish1 derives its name from the ,provenal word saignos or siagnos1 given to the cat-tails that grow so abundantly on its banks4 ,on the ,siagne is the hamlet of ,mandelieu1 on land which once belonged to ,st4 ,consortia1 the daughter of ,st4 ,eucher4 ,she gave her fortune to works of charity1 and founded here a hospital under the invocation of ,st4 ,stephen4 ,and there is a cape on the coast1 near ,la ,napoule1 called ,theoule1 from another daughter of ,st4 ,eucher1 named ,tullia4 ,when ,st4 ,eucher abandoned the world and retired to ,lrins he took with him his two sons1 ,vran and ,salonius1 leaving his wife1 ,galla1 and her two daughters on his domains near ,la ,napoule1 where ,tullia1 who died young1 was buried4 ,such are the memories associated with the isles of ,lrins1 for many of which we are indebted to the interesting work by ,m4 l',abb ,alliez4 ,we made a second visit to ,st4 ,honorat before leaving ,cannes1 to take a farewell look at the old donjon on the shore1 the holy palm in the cloister1 and the ruined chapels4 ,when we left the isle several of the white-robed monks accompanied us to the shore1 and1 on looking back from our swiftly-receding boat1 we saw two of them still standing at the foot of a huge cross among the sad pines4444 8,o satis nunquam celebrata tellus6 ,dulce solamen1 requiesque cordis6 ,clitum sedes procul a profani ,turbine vulgi60 --,o land that can never be sufficiently praised6 ,sweet consolation1 repose of the heart6 ,haven sheltered from the tempests of a profane world6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,in ,,retreat4 8,break1 my heart1 and let me die6 ,burst with sorrow1 drown with love6444 ,lord1 if ,thou the boon deny1 ,thou wilt not the wish reprove40 444 ,whence that piercing1 burning ray1 ,seem'd to reach me from the light ,where1 behind the ,veil1 'tis day-- ,where the ,blessd walk by sight8 ,thine1 'twas thine1 ,o ,sacred ,heart6 ,mercy-sent--that ,i might see ,something of the all ,thou art1 ,something of the naught in me4 ,ah6 ,i saw ,thy patient love ,watching o'er me year on year2 ,guarding1 guiding1 move for move-- ,always faithful1 always near3 ,saw ,thy pardon's ceaseless flow ,evermore my soul bedew2 ,washing scarlet white as snow1#afi ,sere and blight to morning-new3 ,saw this self--how weak1 how base6-- ,still go sinning1 blundering1 on2 ,thankless with its waste of grace1 ,wearied with the little done4 ,then ,i murmur'd3 8,o my ,king6 ,what are all my acts of will8 ,each best effort can but bring ,failure and confusion still6 8,this poor heart1 which ought to burn1 ,smoulders feebly2 yet may dare ,offer ,thine one last return-- ,one fond1 fierce1 atoning prayer8 8,let it break1 this very hour-- ,burst with sorrow1 drown with love6 ,for if ,thou withhold thy power1 ,thou wilt not the wish reprove40 444 ,pass'd that moment3 but1 as fall ,lovers' whispers1 answer'd ,he2 8,daily die#agj--with thy ,saint ,paul4 ,die to self--and live to ,me40 ,,september1 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preachers ,,on ,,the ,,rampage4#aga ,men who are by no means optimists are apt unconsciously to allow themselves to get a dim impression that the world is becoming better1 more kindly1 more charitable1 and that we are approximating a time when1 by the pure influences of increased material appliances and 8well-regulated human nature10 the hatreds and strifes both of nations and sects will have measurably ceased4 ,the delusion is a pleasant one1 but it is none the less a delusion1 and will not endure the slightest contact with the sharp edge of fact4 ,in this nineteenth century1 notwithstanding the peace society1 more human beings have lost their lives by war than in any other since the advent of our ,lord4 ,in this1 the freest1 the most prosperous1 and1 so far as the masses are concerned1 the best-instructed of all ,christian countries1 we have but had breathing time since one of the bloodiest civil wars on record4 ,in the lull 7protracted by war and its results7 many ,catholics seem to have become in like manner possessed with an undefined notion that the people who made the ,penal ,laws and executed them have become imbued with a milder spirit toward the church2 that ,know-nothingism is a thing of the past1 the virtue of the cry of 8,no ,popery0 dissipated1 and the fell spirit of the ,native ,american party utterly extinct4 ,those who think thus will see cause to awake from their dream on examining the volume whose title heads this article4 ,in ,october1 #ahgf1 a ,joint ,special ,committee of three senators and three members of the ,lower ,house sat in ,san ,francisco for the purpose of procuring testimony in regard to the advisability of restricting or abolishing the immigration of ,mongolians to this country--a question which has been for some time exciting at least a considerable section of the inhabitants of our ,pacific coast4 ,whether truly or falsely we cannot say1 but the impression is produced that the ,catholic1 and more particularly the ,irish ,catholic1 population of ,california has ranged itself in hostility to the ,chinese4 ,if this be true we should be very sorry for it1 knowing full well that by any such action foreigners of all sorts1 more especially ,catholics1 are simply supplying whips of scorpions with which they will be lashed on the outburst of the next campaign 7under whatsoever name it may be known7 conducted on principles of hostility to them4 ,on its face it looks altogether likely that so plausible a movement as this opposition to the ,chinese should take with a laboring class not very well posted in the principles of political economy1 and we know that the large majority of white laboring people are in ,san ,francisco ,catholic1 while certainly a great many of them are ,irishmen4 ,their priests are too few and have too much to do to give them lectures on ,say1 ,smith1 and ,ricardo2 and it is no part of their duty1 still less would it be a pleasure1 to instruct them how they shall view purely political issues1 whether local or national4 ,repeating1 then1 that we cannot but deem it a terrible blunder for their own sakes1 and utterly against their own real interests1 that these people should so range themselves against the influx of the ,chinese1 we have certainly no right to dictate to them how they shall vote or on what side they shall exert any influence they may have2 and we must add that they seem to err 7if error there be7 in very good company1 and plenty of it1 since both political parties have in their national platforms endorsed the views said to be held by the ,irish ,catholics of ,california1 as did also both ,republicans and ,democrats in the last campaign of the ,golden ,state4 ,this report contains the sworn testimony on the subject at issue of one hundred and thirty witnesses2 but we only call attention to the evidence of some of the preachers1 and that1 too1 not on the general merits of their testimony or concerning ,chinese immigration at all1 but on account of the ,vatinian hatred which they have gone out of the way to display towards ,catholics1 and the deadly venom they exhibit towards ,irishmen especially4 ,for just as women are sometimes most bloodthirsty during a war1 far outdoing in rancor the combatants themselves1 so would preachers seem to be the least charitable of the human species--to have1 as ,dean ,swift well remarked1 8just enough religion to make them hate1 and not enough to make them love1 one another40 ,the first of these worthy representatives of ,christian charity and disseminators of the truth is a certain ,rev4 ,o4 ,w4 ,loomis1 in the employ of the ,presbyterian ,board of ,foreign ,missions1 who takes occasion to say3 8,unlike some others who come to ,america1 as we have been told 7and who manage to get to the ballot-boxes very soon71 they the ,chinese are not sworn to support any foreign hierarchy and foreign ecclesiastical magnate who claims the whole earth as his dominion0 7p4 #dag74 ,while the ,english of this sentence is very far from clear1 yet the animus of the whole is so patent that he must needs be a very stupid fellow indeed who does not perceive that ,catholics are aimed at4 ,whether ,mr4 ,loomis 8has been informed0 that ,catholics come to ,america1 or that they reach the ballot-boxes early1 or that they are sworn to support a foreign hierarchy1 or that the ,chinese are not under such obligations1 is far from being as limpid as 8bog-water10 and it is to be hoped that1 in his instructions to his neophytes1 he seldom degenerates into such want of perspicuity2 still more would it be desirable that he should confine himself more strictly in his usual ministrations to the truth and to matters within his own knowledge than he does when before the committee and on oath4 ,it is distinctly false that ,catholic foreigners1 in coming to this country1 make a business of getting to the ballot-boxes any sooner than the law allows them to do4 ,it is equally mendacious1 if he means to assert the same thing of any one set of ,catholics as a specific nationality4 ,if the statement were as true as it is false1 scurrilous1 and malicious1 that 8man of ,god0 could not possibly know more than a few individual instances1 and could not predicate the fact as true of a whole nationality1 any more than the writer 7who happens to have known in his life four instances in which young ,americans voted without having attained their majority7 would be justified in slanderously describing the young men of the ,united ,states as in the habit of perjuring themselves in order to anticipate the right of elective franchise4 ,but our friend1 though on oath1 never blinks--in fact1 he has1 while on oath1 gone out of his way to drag in the above statement1 and is only prevented from taking the bit in his teeth and careering madly over the whole plain of anti-,catholic bigotry by being checked peremptorily with the information furnished him by ,representative ,piper3 8,that is entirely foreign to the matter at issue40 ,as to the assertion that ,catholics swear allegiance to the ,pope in any sense that would interfere with their fealty to any temporal rule or government1 its absurdity has been so often1 so ably1 and so clearly demonstrated that it is only persons of the third sex who at this day pretend to believe it4 ,we will give even ,mr4 ,loomis credit for appreciating the distinction between the loyalty which his people owe to the confession of faith1 their synods and presbyteries1 and that which they owe to the government of the land4 ,we wish we could in conscience credit him with as much candor as ability and knowledge in the premises2 for a great deal of his testimony proves him to be by no means one of those persons whom we pass by as being entitled to a 8fool's pardon40 ,did it never occur to this man1 and to others of his way of thought or expression1 that this oath or obligation of two hundred million ,catholics must be of very little avail--might1 in short1 quite as well not have been taken--if its only result is to land the ,pope here in the fag end of the nineteenth century1 in the ,vatican1 without an acre of land over which he can exercise temporal jurisdiction1 while ,catholics all over the world1 with the numbers1 the power1 and the means to restore him1 if they had but the will1 lie supinely by1 not making a move1 either as governments or as individuals1 in his behalf8 ,that bugbear is too transparent for use2 people can no longer be scared by it2 it is high time to excogitate another and a more plausible one1 if you are still bent on war with the ,pope4 ,for our own part1 we would recommend the propriety of a change2 but that change should be to the culture of ,christian charity1 the practice of the golden rule1 not forgetting the commandment which people of ,mr4 ,loomis' persuasion call the ninth4 ,ah6 ,mr4 ,loomis1 hatred springs apace fast enough among men without any necessity for its culture on the part of professing religious teachers4 ,again1 the same professor of the doctrine that 8the earth is the ,lord's10 that 8we are all his children10 and that 8we are all one in ,christ10 announces3 8,i was a ,native ,american on principle1 and ,i believe that ,america should belong to ,americans0 7p4 #dfd74 ,this is bad1 in our opinion1 but it is ,english1 it is intelligible1 and it is no doubt true as an utterance of his individual sentiment4 ,the set of principles referred to have twice been adjudged by the voice of the ,american people1 and condemned on both occasions as anti-,american1 opposed to the genius and traditions of our people1 and subversive of the aims which made us one of the foremost nations of the earth4 ,mr4 ,loomis1 or any other man1 has an inherent right to believe in them1 if he so list2 but we question much his discretion in dragging his enunciation of political principles into his sworn evidence on the ,chinese question1 and we doubt much whether a knowledge that such is his belief would be calculated to enhance the regard of the ,chinese1 among whom he states that he is an evangelist1 for either the philanthropy or the hard sense of their coryphus4 ,that there may be no doubt about the intensity of his virulence against the church1 he returns to the charge2 and1 strangely enough1 it is the same committeeman that now goads him on who1 on the previously-mentioned reference to foreign hierarchs1 stopped his mouth by stating that his opinions on that subject were not at issue in the examination4 8,ques4 ,you spoke about these ,irish as people coming here who have sworn allegiance to some foreign potentate4 ,to whom have you reference8 8,ans4 ,i refer to the ,roman ,catholics4 8,ques4 ,do you1 then1 think ,chinese immigration less dangerous to our institutions than that of ,roman ,catholics8 8,ans4 ,i think so2 decidedly less4 ,the ,chinese do not purpose to intermeddle with our religious rights4 ,they have no hierarchy4 ,they are not sworn to support any religious system4 ,they are mixed up at home4 ,they have no one religion4 ,they may be ,mahometans4 8,ques4 ,you think they are less dangerous than ,european ,christians of a certain persuasion8 8,ans4 ,i think they are less dangerous than ,roman ,catholics4 8,ques4 ,are they less dangerous than ,europeans8 8,ans4 ,whether they be ,europeans or of any other nationality1 providing they are ,romanists4 8,ques4 ,suppose the ,chinese should become ,catholics2 then they would become dangerous8 8,ans4 ,i think so4 8,ques4 ,the ,roman ,catholics are not ,christians1 then8 8,ans4 ,they are ,christians1 but not ,protestant ,christians4 ,they are ,roman ,catholic ,christians4 ,i make a wide distinction between ,protestants and ,romanists0 7p4 #dfi74 ,thus this man1 professing himself an ambassador of ,christ1 deliberately puts himself on record as holding that pagans who know nothing of ,christ's atonement1 and who1 in his phrase1 worship idols1 are preferable to those who have had invoked upon them the name of ,god in baptism1 who believe in the ,divinity1 bow at the name and hope to be saved by the merits of ,jesus4 ,could the spirit of the most malevolent odium theologicum go further8 ,would such an assertion be believed of any ignorant communist1 much less of one who claims to be a minister of ,christ1 were it not contained in print in the report of a ,congressional committee8 ,if the man believes so little in the influence of the religion of the ,saviour whom he preaches as his statement would indicate1 it is his duty at once to resign1 and relieve the society which supports him of the burden of a salary which he cannot conscientiously earn4 8,believe10 said the apostle1 8in the ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and thou shalt be saved60 8,not enough10 says ,rev4 ,loomis2 8you must be additionally a ,protestant1 or a belief in the ,saviour will profit you no whit40 ,has any man yet ever had a clear definition of that term1 8,protestant08 ,thomas ,kempis and ,st4 ,vincent of ,paul1 ,st4 ,augustine and ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 the glorious cohort of martyrs and confessors1 would be dangerous citizens of the ,united ,states compared with ,ah ,sin and ,fan ,chow6 ,this is certainly information of an unlooked-for kind1 and the man competent to impart it does not usually hide his light in the dreary pages of a ,congressional committee's report4 ,he says himself that he has been a missionary since #ahdd4 ,by consequence he must have attained to a good age1 and the great wonder to us is that a man of such astoundingly original views has not heretofore made his mark upon an age always anxious 8to see or hear some new thing40 ,the assertion that ,catholics purpose to interfere with the rights of ,protestants or other unbelievers1 implied in the statement that the ,chinese have no such intention1 is both too indefinite and too futile for discussion4 ,catholics in all countries1 but more especially in ,english-speaking countries1 have for the past two hundred years had all they could manage to be allowed to follow the dictates of their own faith1 free of legal pains and penalties1 to have any time to spare for concocting plans against the civil or religious rights of others4 ,in the only ,english-speaking state that they founded they established liberty of conscience1 which statute was abolished by the friends of ,mr4 ,loomis just as soon as they had the power4 ,but ,mr4 ,loomis assigns reasons in favor of the superior desirability of pagan over ,christian immigration1 and the prominent ones seem to be that they have essentially no religion--or rather1 that they have fifty2 that they have no hierarchy2 that1 in fact1 they do not support any religious system--to sum it up1 that they are mixed up at home6 ,how ill does not the adversary of mankind brook the distinctive unity of the church of ,god6 ,like ,pharao's magicians1 everything else he can counterfeit or imitate2 but the unity of the church is too much for him4 ,common sense teaches the most ignorant1 that if our ,saviour founded any church at all he founded one1 and not four hundred jarring and jangling conventicles4 ,probably this is the gravamen4 ,the ,catholic1 strong in the oneness of his church1 and stanch in the conviction that everything not of it must be a sham emanating from the father of lies1 will not be perverted by ,mr4 ,loomis1 charm he never so wisely2 while1 on the other hand1 a lot of pagans1 especially of pagans who were 8considerably mixed up at home10 might furnish grist for ,mr4 ,loomis' peculiar gospel mill1 with due toll for the miller4 ,as with the apostle before1 so this preacher now differs with the ,saviour1 who said and thought that there should be 8one fold and one ,shepherd40 ,absit blasphemia6 but the sects all differ widely both from the ,master1 his apostles1 and the church1 with which he promised to abide for ever4 ,lest1 however1 any ,catholic should lay to his soul the flattering unction that his ,american birth might eliminate him from the general unfitness of ,catholics for citizenship in the ,united ,states or from an entire appreciation of the institutions of his native country1 ,mr4 ,loomis is very careful to inform us that it does not matter whether they be ,europeans or of any other nationality2 if they are ,catholics1 they are not so fit for immigration to this country1 still less for the exercise of citizenship1 as if they were 8heathen ,chinese40 ,here is a man who declaims against ,catholics and denounces them for purposing to interfere with the rights of those who disagree with them in religious views1 and in the same breath argues the unfitness of a population of possibly nine millions for citizenship in his own country1 they being at the time all residents1 mostly citizens and largely natives1 merely because they belong to the old religion--the religion of ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton4 8,resolved10 said the meeting1 8that the earth belongs to the saints40 8,resolved10 added the same body1 8that we are the saints40 ,did it ever by chance occur to our friend of decidedly original1 if limited1 intellect that ,senator ,casserly lives in his own town1 and is looked upon1 with some reason1 as a representative man1 very well posted upon ,american institutions1 and that it would be very hard to persuade the people of the ,united ,states of any latent disability on the part of that senator to appreciate or support them8 ,mr4 ,loomis makes a great distinction between a ,catholic and a ,protestant1 and no doubt the difference is considerable2 but the chasm is by no means as great as that which separates the ,christian from the bigot1 and it is hard for us to put ,mr4 ,loomis in the ranks of the former4 ,abeat ,loomis4 ,rev4 ,w4 ,w4 ,brier1 after describing himself as 8a ,presbyterian minister by profession1 who makes his living by raising fruit10 proceeds thus3 8,ques4 ,would a reasonable restriction of ,chinamen be an advantage or not8 8,ans4 ,if a restriction is to be made in respect to ,china1 it ought to be made upon people who are far worse for us than ,chinese4 ,i would trade a certain nationality off for ,chinamen until there was not one of the stock left in trade0 7p4 #ege74 ,other portions of his evidence show that he herein refers to the ,irish as inferior to the ,chinese4 ,how he regards the latter is shown by his response to the suggestion of a possible danger resulting from the presence of sixty thousand ,chinamen in the ,state1 without any women of their kind1 viz43 8,ans4 ,the fact is1 they are laborers1 and ,i regard them very much in the light ,i do any other thing we want to use--horses1 mules1 or machinery0 7p4 #egg74 ,when asked if he would be willing to give the ,chinese a chance to overrun ,california1 he says3 8,ans4 ,why not8 ,as well as to give the ,irish a chance6 ,my real opinion is that we would be better off without any more foreigners 7p4 #ehj74 8,ques4 ,are you quite willing there shall be no laws to prevent this ,state from becoming a ,chinese province8 8,ans4 ,my opinion is that there is a great deal worse class of foreigners in our land1 who have all the rights of citizenship and everything else0 7p4 #eha74 ,that a man saturated to the heart's core with such bitter prejudices against any portion of ,god's children should have1 under any circumstances1 engaged in the work of saving souls may seem strange1 and we shall not here go into the explication1 which would detain us from our subject2 but it is by no means surprising that such a person should fail of success as an evangelist and devote his time and prejudices to fruit-raising4 ,he describes himself as a successful fruit-grower1 and we have good authority for believing that 8no man can serve two masters40 ,not that he has given up preaching by any means2 for he tells of his ministering in the vineyard1 which means with people of his stamp delivering on ,sunday an essay or so something after the fashion of a screed from the ,spectator1 and taking leave of all practical religion till the next ,sunday4 ,of the ministrations of the ,catholic priest--going in and out daily among his parishioners1 preparing this one for death1 comforting that one bereaved1 advising and warning the vicious1 alleviating want and encouraging all--he knows as little as his own mules4 ,it appears by his evidence that he hires at times as many as sixty-five or seventy ,chinamen1 and1 as he confessedly regards them in the same light as so much machinery1 it is by no means to be wondered at that he should prefer men who will submit to be so regarded4 ,the ,chinaman possibly may1 certainly the ,irishman will not2 and1 upon the whole1 we should think very much less of an ,irishman if he had proved a favorite with such a specimen fossil as ,rev4 ,brier4 ,the ,irishman is quick1 full of life1 strong1 prone to resent an insult1 courageous1 and of all men least likely to allow himself to be trampled upon1 ignored1 or regarded in the same light as the mules and horses about the place4 ,further1 it is more than likely that1 in an encounter of wit with an ,irishman1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brier would not come out first2 and it is a dead certainty that ,brier's view of religion would appeal as little to the ,irishman's sympathies as it probably does to those of the reader4 ,taking1 then1 everything into account1 we are not surprised that this person should not like ,irishmen1 but we do wonder that he should not have the grace to conceal the hypocrisy involved between his own ostensible profession on the one side1 and his utter disregard of the dignity of humanity1 of the value of the human soul1 on the other4 ,under such shepherds it is no wonder that the flock becomes scattered1 and1 while we do not wish well to ,protestantism at any time 7for individual ,protestants we entertain the most kindly feelings71 it would be impossible for us to wish the system worse than that the watchmen upon the walls of the fortress founded by ,luther and ,calvin may all have the osseous heart1 the hypocritical profession1 and the eocene brain of ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brier4 ,calvinism is disintegrating very rapidly1 in all conscience2 it needs but a few more years of the ministrations of such reverend gentlemen as this to give it the final quietus4 ,why1 even ,chinamen have in this century been touched by the progressive spirit of the age4 ,they emigrate1 are found in ,california1 the ,sandwich ,islands1 ,australia1 ,singapore1 etc4 ,they have opened their ports to foreigners1 and are sending their young men to be educated both in the ,united ,states and in ,europe4 ,and here we have the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,brier--who would build up in these ,united ,states a ,chinese wall of exclusion1 who would have ,japan and ,china return to their ancient policy of non-intercourse1 and who1 if he had his way1 would cause this great country to join them--who says deliberately that the ,united ,states would be 8better off without any more foreigners40 ,he is a credit to the college that educated him1 the ,state that bred him1 and the religion he professes6 ,exeat ,brier4 ,rev4 ,s4 ,v4 ,blakeslee is an orthodox ,congregational minister1 acting now as editor of the ,pacific1 which he describes as 8the oldest religious newspaper on the coast40 ,contrary to the former two ministers1 he is bitterly opposed to ,chinamen1 and is only less rancorous against them than he is against the hated ,irish ,catholics4 ,we give parts of his examination1 omitting much that would but lead us over ground already trodden3 8,ques4 ,is there any other class of foreign labor that you think has a tendency to render labor disreputable8 8,ans4 ,yes1 ,i mean all whom we regard as inferior2 to whom we consign the work--all who are really inferior4 8,ques4 ,what race would you put in that category8 8,ans4 ,if ,i were to mention names1 ,i believe the ,americans generally regard the ,irish as very much inferior2 yet ,i believe if the priests were out of the way1 if ,romanism were out of the way1 the ,irish would be equal to any people on earth4 ,as it is1 they are inferior in intelligence1 inferior in morality0 7p4 #ajce74 ,in another portion of his testimony he complains that the people of his town 7,oakland71 with forty thousand inhabitants1 have by no means the supply of ,congregational and other ,protestant churches which in the ,east would be considered necessary1 and is asked3 8,ques4 ,there are many ,catholics1 are there not8 8,ans4 ,oh6 ,catholics can hardly be said to go to church4 ,they do not go to listen to a sermon2 they do not go to get instructed 7p4 #ajcg74 8,ques4 ,do the ,irish assimilate with the ,american people8 8,ans4 ,they do1 if they are ,protestant2 but the priests mean to keep them separate1 and mean to keep them as a power in ,america under their control0 7p4 #ajda74 ,as to his knowledge of ,catholic practice and belief1 the following will suffice1 viz43 8,ques4 ,have you as much prejudice against an ,american or ,german ,catholic as against an ,irish ,roman ,catholic8 8,ans4 ,if you ask1 is my judgment more in approval of an ,american or ,german than of an ,irish ,catholic1 ,i should say it was1 because ,i do not find that the priest can control the ,german as he can the ,irish ,catholic4 8,ques4 ,does the priest control them for evil or for good8 8,ans4 ,i think that a great many priests teach them that the end justifies the means1 and that to tell a lie for mother church is honest4 8,ques4 ,did you ever hear one preach that8 8,ans4 ,well1 they were so near it--it's all the same1 probably2 but they did not use those words4 8,ques4 ,have you heard them preach8 8,ans4 ,no1 sir2 they don't preach much4 ,they will stand a long time1 going through a performance1 and ring a little bell for a man to rise and kneel down1 and then they will rise up again1 but they don't preach much60 ,the reader will observe the marked contempt with which those to whom we consign the work are regarded as being really inferior4 ,why1 in the eyes of this exponent of ,christian doctrine and republican practice1 labor1 and those who do it1 are quite as disreputable as used to be1 in their own region1 a class known as poor white trash4 ,now1 from the conditions of this world in which we are placed1 there can never1 by any possibility1 come a time 7as there never has hitherto been one7 in which it will not be incumbent on two-thirds of earth's inhabitants to earn their bread in the sweat of their brow4 ,it is ,god's decree1 man's destiny1 and a large proportion of the one-third who in any age of the world have managed to exempt themselves from the consequence of the fiat of the ,omnipotent in respect to labor1 have done so by taking advantage of the honesty or simplicity of their fellow-men4 ,they or their ancestors must have converted to their own use more than their share of the soil1 the common heritage of the human race and the source of all wealth4 ,there are not wanting at this day those who consider the laws which perpetuated the right to such original seizures unjust1 and it is just such despisers of the laborer and appropriators of his work as this reverend gentleman who unwittingly give the greatest occasion for discontent to those who fancy themselves aggrieved by the existing condition of things4 ,we are neither communists nor agrarians1 but we see that1 even in this happy country1 it will be very possible to convert the laboring class into such by subjecting them to the scorn of such men as this witness1 causing them to feel that they are regarded as really inferior1 and incidentally exciting the envy which the sight of ranches of seventy-six thousand acres of land in the hands of one individual is calculated to produce4 ,such contempt of the laborer is un-,american1 to say nothing of its entire lack of ,christianity1 and to us it seems that no men of any nationality or religion could be so injurious to the real interests of any country as those entertaining it4 ,we do not say that we would trade the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,blakeslee for a ,chinaman1 but we hope and believe that there are few ,americans of his way of thinking in regard to labor1 and trust that soon there will be none of that stock left4 ,the preamble to the ,declaration of ,independence must have long ceased to be remembered1 and ,christianity will be in her last throes1 ere such views shall obtain2 and we have confidence in the permanence of this republic1 with an abiding faith that ,god will be with his church4 ,we will not bandy words with ,mr4 ,blakeslee as to his opinion that ,americans generally regard the ,irish as inferior in intelligence and morality4 ,it is one of those lump statements which impulsive or prejudiced men sometimes make about a whole nation in the heat of conversation1 but which seldom find their way into sworn testimony4 ,we are ,american to the manner born1 and we not only do not believe the fact1 but1 so far as both reading and intercourse with our countrymen have enabled us to form an opinion1 we should assert the direct contrary4 ,there is1 we well know1 about all our large cities a class corresponding to the 8hoodlums0 of ,san ,francisco 7and we are sorry to add that they are nearly all ,americans7 who fancy that their mere accidental birth upon this soil has not only elevated them above all other nationalities1 but raised them above the necessity of work4 ,we can lay no stress on the opinions of this class4 ,by all other ,americans not influenced by hatred of the church1 and1 indeed1 by many who do not regard her favorably1 we have always heard remarked 7and statistics will prove7 the almost entire immunity of the ,irish from the crime of fticide2 their large generosity to their friends and relatives1 as proved by the proportionately larger amounts of money yearly transmitted by them to the old country2 their unconquerable industry2 the chastity of their women1 though1 by their condition in life1 more exposed to temptation than perhaps any other body of females in the world4 ,it is denied by nobody that where a soldier is wanted the ,irishman is always on hand1 and that he compares very favorably with the soldier of any other nation4 ,as to intelligence1 ,mr4 ,blakeslee must surely be poking some mild fun at us under the sanctity of his oath4 ,if he had ever tried to get the advantage of the most illiterate ,irishman in conversation1 if he had ever heard or read a true account of the result to any one who did so1 he would not1 for shame's sake1 appear making the wild assertion that the ,irishman is deficient in intelligence4 ,the common experience of any local community in the ,united ,states will at once brand the statement with its proper stamp1 for which three letters are quite sufficient4 ,but here comes the real gist of ,mr4 ,blakeslee's charge of immorality and stupidity against the countrymen of ,swift and ,burke1 of ,wolfe ,tone and ,o',connell1 of ,moore and ,john of ,tuam4 8,if10 says he1 8it were not for ,romanism1 they would be in course of time a very excellent people40 ,in other words1 if they would cease to be what they are1 if they would sit under the ministrations of ,rev4 ,blakeslee and his like1 if they would now give up the religion from which centuries of persecution and penal laws have failed to dissever them1 they might finally come to have as thorough-paced a contempt for labor and as strong a belief in the inferiority of the laborer as this reverend gentleman himself4 8,paddy10 says ,mr4 ,blakeslee1 8you are a ,papist1 you are an idolater1 you are very immoral1 and you have very little sense4 ,will you be good enough now to become a ,congregationalist80 ,the ,irishman's blood boils1 fire flashes from his eye1 the church militant is roused in him1 and away runs ,rev4 ,blakeslee1 more than ever convinced of the inferiority of the mean ,irish and their imperviousness to the charms of ,protestantism6 ,among the ephemeral sects of the day1 depending1 as they do1 on the temporary whims or idiosyncrasies of the individuals who 8run them10 there is apt to arise a fashion in morality1 so that it is something not unlike fashion in ladies' dress--very different this season from what it was the last4 ,now1 these sects are loud and noisy1 making up in vehemence for what they lack in numbers1 logic1 and authority4 ,just now1 and for some years past1 the sin which it is the fashion to decry to the neglect of all others is that of drunkenness1 which the church has always held to be a great scandal amongst men and a sin against the ,almighty4 ,but1 while the church has received no new light on the subject1 the various sectaries have erected 8drinking0 into the one typical1 the sole crying vice1 the incorporation of all the other sins4 ,a man is now practically 8a moral man10 provided he does not use liquor2 and no other crime1 short of murder1 is1 in the eyes of the ,protestant community1 so damning as is addictedness to drink4 ,there is no doubt but that1 in the early part of this century1 liquor was drunk by the ,irish to too great an extent4 ,there is just as little doubt that a great change for the better has come over the ,irish in this regard1 and that the good work is still going on4 ,but the ,irish at no time exceeded the ,scotch in their consumption of liquor1 nor did they ever equal either the ,danes or ,swedes1 both thoroughly ,protestant nations4 ,but if you give a man a bad name you may as well hang him2 and the same holds good of a nation4 ,it suited the sectarian temperance orators to select the ,irish as the 8shocking example0 among nations1 and falsely to attribute the exaggerated drunkenness which they represented as then existing to the influence of the church4 ,such a cry1 once well set going from ,exeter ,hall and the various ,ebenezer chapels1 is not easily quelled2 and as it is much easier for most men to take their opinions ready made than to frame them for themselves1 there does remain on the minds of a large number of people a lurking distrust of the sobriety of the individual ,irishman1 and a general belief that drunkenness is his peculiar and besetting national vice4 ,the statistics of the quantity of ardent spirits consumed in ,ireland since the year #ahgj1 as compared with the quantities used in ,england1 ,scotland1 or ,wales1 will convince any one who desires to know the truth2 and we are not writing for those who are content to defame a people by the dishonest repetition of a false cry4 ,these tables prove that1 man for man1 the consumption referred to is in ,ireland not so much as in ,scotland by over three gallons1 in ,england by nearly two gallons1 and in ,wales by a little less than in ,england4 ,so long1 however1 as ,sweden overtops the consumption of the highest of them by the annual amount of two and a half gallons per man1 and ,catholic ,ireland holds the lowest rank as a consumer of ardent spirits1 we have no hope that it will 8suit the books0 of sectarian temperance agitators to call attention to the facts4 ,it is much easier to defame than to do justice1 and by this craft many people nowadays are making a livelihood4 ,yet this false charge of a vice which betrays by no means the blackheartedness involved in many others--which1 bad as it is1 is by no means so heinous as defrauding the laborer of his hire1 swindling the poor of their savings1 watering stocks1 accepting bribes1 etc41 etc41 and which is not even mentioned in the decalogue--is the only one that could at any time have been charged with a decent show of plausibility against the ,irish as a nation1 or against the individual ,irishmen whom we have in this country4 ,we ourselves must admit that we thought there was some truth in it1 till we searched the statistical tables to find out the facts1 and we here make to the ,irish people the amende honorable for having misjudged them on the strength of the cry of sectarian demagogues4 ,going to church can1 in the mind of ,mr4 ,blakeslee1 mean only one thing--i4e41 going to hear a sermon--and so he says that 8,catholics can hardly be said to go to church40 ,certainly the prime object of a ,catholic in going to church is not to listen to a sermon1 nor should it be so4 ,it is hardly worth while to attempt to enlighten a man like ,mr4 ,blakeslee1 who himself habitually sheds light from both pulpit and press2 but if we are to take the knowledge he seems to possess of the ,catholic ,church as a specimen of the information he diffuses on other points1 what rare ideas must not his hearers and readers attain of matters and things in general6 ,yet he is a man who professes to have made a theological course1 which should involve not only the study of the doctrines and practises of his own sect1 but also1 to some slight extent1 of the remaining sects of ,protestantism1 to say nothing of the church on which two hundred million ,christians rest their hopes of salvation4 ,he knows no more of the celebration of the ,blessed ,eucharist in the ,church of ,rome than to describe it as 8going through a performance and ringing a little bell for a man to rise and kneel down02 and yet the fellow does not hesitate to announce what is the doctrine and what the practice of the church--nay1 to hold himself forth as a champion against her tenets1 as though he were divinely commissioned to instruct thereon4 ,to see ignorance is at all times unpleasant2 blatant ignorance combined with assumption of knowledge is doubly nauseous2 but the supereminent degree of loathing is only excited when ignorance or conceit of knowledge elevates itself into the chair of the spiritual guide and denounces what it in no whit understands4 ,be these thy gods1 ,o ,israel8 ,surely it is not to hear the lucubrations of men of this stamp that any sane people would go to church4 ,we can only wish to the sheep of such a pastor increase of knowledge1 decrease of prejudice1 and an enlarged ability to tell truth on the part of their shepherd6 ,we repeat that ,catholics do not go to church primarily or solely to hear a sermon4 ,but they do go there to join in spirit at the celebration of the divine ,sacrifice1 to pray to ,god for grace to assist them through life1 to make and strengthen good resolutions1 and to obey the command of the church4 ,we all believe that the devout hearing of one ,mass is far more valuable than the hearing of all the sermons ever delivered or printed since the sermon on the ,mountain of ,beatitudes2 and we lay no stress whatever on the best formul of words ever strung together by the ingenuity even of the most pious and learned of mere men1 when compared with the expiatory sacrifice of ,christ's body and blood1 instituted by him and celebrated1 not merely commemorated1 by the priest to whom he has given the power4 ,should it ever happen--and as the mercy of ,god is infinite1 and his ways past finding out1 it is not impossible--that this poor deluded man should be brought to a knowledge of the truth1 with what shame and confusion of face would he not read his ignorant and impudent travesty of the worship of ,god in his church6 ,if there be1 as there doubtless are1 other ,protestants who get their instruction about ,catholics from ,mr4 ,blakeslee and his like1 and who believe with this witness that the priests mean to keep them 7the ,catholics7 as a power in ,america under their 7the priests'7 control1 it would not be1 and is not1 worth our while to attempt to argue the point with such4 ,they will so believe1 like the relatives of ,dives1 though one rose from the dead to confute them4 ,ephraim is joined to his idols2 let him alone6 ,but we appeal to the ,catholic voters of this country1 of ,american or foreign birth1 to answer3 ,has your bishop or parish priest ever undertaken to dictate to you how you should vote8 ,has your vote1 on whatever side given1 interfered in the slightest degree with your status in the church8 ,do you know of a single instance in which one or the other of these things has taken place8 ,we cannot lay down a fairer gauge4 ,if these things take place they cannot occur without the knowledge of those among whom they are done and upon whom they are practised4 ,they are ,americans1 and it is a free country4 ,long ere this would the country have rung with the proof1 had any such been forthcoming4 ,mr4 ,blakeslee's lying charge meant1 if it meant anything1 that ,catholics were to be kept apart as a political power2 for neither we nor any other ,catholic desires or hopes otherwise than that the church1 as a religious body1 shall1 till the end of time1 be kept separate and apart from all the sects of ,protestantism1 which we believe to be heresy and schism4 ,one would naturally always rather give an adversary the credit of having honestly mistaken the facts than be obliged to consider him a wilful slanderer and falsifier4 ,but there are circumstances in which the assertion made is so patently false1 or has been so often thoroughly refuted1 that1 though the heart would fain take refuge in the former course1 the brain refuses to accept any but the latter4 ,such a case occurs where ,mr4 ,blakeslee says that 8a great many priests teach them that the end justifies the means1 444 that to tell a lie for mother church is honest40 ,every ,catholic who has learned his catechism knows that this is not so4 ,we believe that he knew it was not so when he said it1 but that his own innate malevolence against the church1 and the spirit of the father of lies speaking through him1 compelled him to the utterance of this vile slander4 ,for which great sin may ,god forgive him3 he stands in sore need of it4 ,but after all1 if ,satan is so easily caught on a cross-examination as he on this occasion allowed his servant to be1 we need not stand in much dread of his lies4 ,the same man whose lips are not yet dry from saying on oath that the priests teach their people to tell lies1 when asked if he ever heard any single priest so teach1 shuffles out of it thus--his own words need no comment from us3 8,ans4 ,well1 they were so near it2 it's all the same1 probably6 ,they didn't use those words6 8,ques4 ,have you ever heard them preach8 8,ans4 ,no1 sir6 ,we1 on the contrary1 think that it was not all the same 8probably10 and heartily thank his satanic majesty for his negligence in failing to inspirit his servant with the knowledge that1 in order to be believed1 in swearing as to what priests preach in their sermons1 it is necessary to be able also to swear that the witness has heard at least one such sermon4 ,valeat ,blakeslee4 ,other preachers testified2 and when the question arose as to ,catholic foreigners1 more especially ,irish ,catholic1 all betrayed the cloven hoof1 though some veiled their hatred in much more seemly words than did others4 ,it had been our intention to examine their testimony1 in so far as it touched the church1 seriatim2 but further reflection induces us to believe that from these few pages the reader can learn sufficiently the depth of the ignorance and the extent of the hatred of these blind leaders of the blind4 ,if the reward in heaven be exceeding great to those whom all men shall hate1 revile1 and despitefully use1 surely the glory of ,catholics1 and of ,catholic ,irishmen especially1 will be great in the next world2 for certainly they are not loved of men in this4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,a ,,little ,,sermon4 ,,from 8,,the ,,little ,,flowers ,,of ,,st4 ,,francis40 ,the ,poor ,one of ,assisi trod one day ,bevagna's road1 and1 praying by the way-- ,his heart seraphic1 like the choirs above1 ,filled with the sweetness born of heavenly love-- ,lifting his eyes1 that loved the earth's fair face1 ,he saw1 thick gathered in a bosky place1 ,a host of birds that flitted to and fro1 ,filling the boughs with twittering murmur low4 8,wait here1 my brothers10 fell in gentle speech2 8,unto this multitude needs must ,i preach3 8,here by the wayside1 good ,masseo1 bide ,till ,i these little birds have satisfied40 ,into the field he passed1 the flowers among1 ,where1 on the bending stems1 the songsters swung4 ,gathered the wingd things about his feet1 ,dropped from the boughs amid the grasses sweet3 ,reverent dropt down to listen to ,god's word1 ,silenced their song that his ,poor ,one be heard4 ,touching with his gray robe their eager wings1 ,st4 ,francis softly stilled their flutterings4 ,sedate they sat with crested heads alert1 ,the near ones nestling in their brother's skirt4 8,my little birds1 ye owe deep gratitude ,to ,god1 who has your forms with life imbued1 8,and ever in all places should ye praise ,your ,maker1 who in love keeps you always1 8,since by ,his hand to you is freedom given ,to fly where'er ye will1 on earth1 in heaven3 8,since from his strong and loving hand ye hold ,your double garments guarding you from cold3 8,since1 that no evil blight fall on your race1 ,he gave in ,noe's ark your sires a place4 8,and unto him deep gratitude ye owe ,for this pure air whence life itself doth flow4 8,and then ye sow not1 neither do ye reap1 ,yet ,god for you doth plenteous harvest keep2 8,the streams ,he gives you1 and the limpid spring ,where ye may drink of waters freshening2 8,he gives the hills and valleys for your rest1 ,the great-armed trees where each may make his nest4 8,and1 since ye cannot spin nor sew1 his care ,weaves the soft robes ye and your fledglings wear4 8,how much he loves that doth so richly give6 ,praise him1 my little birds1 all days ye live6 8,so keep ye well from sin of thanklessness1 ,and ,god keep you1 whom let all creatures bless60 ,bowed all the little birds their heads to earth1 ,oped wide their bills1 and sang with holy mirth ,their ,deo gratias when ,st4 ,francis ceased1 ,yet rose not till his hand their wings released ,with ,christian cross signed in the happy air1 ,giving the songsters leave to scatter there4 ,softly1 so blessed1 the grateful birds up-soared ,and marvellous music in their flight outpoured3 ,looked not at earth1 nor him they left behind1 ,parting in ways the holy cross had signed4 ,singing they cleft the quarters of the sky-- ,type of ,st4 ,francis' mission wide and high3 ,type of his little ones who nothing own1 ,whose humble trust is in their ,lord alone-- ,so nourished as their brother birds are fed1 ,whose great ,creator doth their table spread4 ,listening the lessening chant1 ,st4 ,francis smiled1 ,praising his ,lord for joy so undefiled4 --,from the ,french of ,f4 ,a4 ,ozanam4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,knowledge ,,of ,,mary4 ,by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,de ,concilio1 ,pastor of ,st4 ,michael's ,church1 ,jersey ,city1 author of ,catholicity and ,pantheism4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 #i ,barclay ,street4 #ahgh4 ,we must apologize to ,father ,de ,concilio for being late with our notice of his book4 ,our excuse is1 simply1 lack of time for its perusal--anything but lack of desire2 for1 on learning that the author of ,catholicity and ,pantheism--a work that has won unstinted and generous praise from all competent critics1 and established the fame of its author as a profound philosophical thinker--was engaged upon a work about the ,blessed ,virgin1 we hailed the promised boon as a feast1 both intellectual and devotional1 of the rarest kind4 ,and are we disappointed8 ,on the contrary1 our most sanguine expectations are surpassed4 ,father ,de ,concilio tells us in his preface that this new book is 8a necessary part0 of his former work on ,catholicity and ,pantheism1 8though it may seem to have very little to do with it40 8,for ,mary10 he says1 8is the best refutation of pantheism1 the universal error of our time4 ,the substance of this error is to absorb the finite in the infinite1 and1 consequently1 to abolish1 to do away with1 all created agency4 ,now1 ,mary1 as we shall prove1 represents created agency in its grandest1 sublimest1 and most magnificent expression4 ,she represents created agency in all the mysteries of ,god relating to the creature4 ,she is1 therefore1 the best and most convincing refutation of pantheism1 the rock against which the mighty waves of this universal error must exhaust their force40 ,again3 8,pantheism1 in pretending to exalt humanity1 degrades it and deprives it of everything that causes its glory4 ,mary1 the grandest specimen of human nature1 exhibits human personality in its most colossal proportions1 and is the glory1 the pride1 the magnificence of our race40 ,we quote these passages from the author's preface1 because they furnish the key-note to the whole work4 ,the volume opens with an admirable 8,introduction10 showing how ,christianity was needed to bring fallen man to the knowledge and love of ,god1 and how 8the world owes ,christianity1 along with its results1 to ,mary02 also1 how the same instrument must bring back the knowledge and love of ,god to-day1 lost again as they have been in great part2 whence 8the necessity of true1 accurate1 solid knowledge of ,mary40 ,then follow the five books into which the essay is divided1 the chapters of each book being subdivided into articles4 ,this arrangement at once gives conciseness to the argument1 and much relieves the strain upon the reader's thought4 ,the first1 second1 and fourth books are the most important3 the first dealing with 8,mary's place in the divine plan of the universe02 the second with 8the grandeur of ,mary's destiny02 and the fourth with 8the consequences of ,mary's dignity relatively to ,god1 to the human race1 and to herself40 ,the third book treats of 8the perfections of ,mary in general10 and its arguments will be readily admitted by the reader who has accepted those of the preceding books2 the fifth1 again1 elucidates 8,mary's merit and glory10 which no one will question who agrees with the fourth book4 ,father ,de ,concilio shows himself a master by the easy strength with which he expounds the divine plan of the universe1 and the place which the ,incarnation holds therein4 ,the eight articles of his first chapter are thus recapitulated3 8,end3 ,the greatest possible manifestation and communication of divine goodness4 8,preliminary means3 ,creation of substances1 spiritual1 material1 and composite--angels1 matter1 and men4 8,best means to the object3 ,the hypostatic union of the ,word with human nature4 8,effects of the ,incarnation with regard to ,god3 ,infinite glory and honor4 8,with regard to created nature3 ,universal deification4 8,with regard to personalities3 ,deification of their nature in ,christ1 and beatific union with the ,trinity through their union with ,christ by sanctification4 8,god foresees the fall1 and permits it in order to enhance these effects by redemption40 ,we do not at all wonder at a reviewer in the ,chicago ,interior complimenting our author on 8profound scholarship in ,catholic theology40 8,the book10 he says1 8is bold to familiarity in describing with scientific particularity and clearness of outline the constitution of the ,holy ,trinity as defined by ,catholic theologians40 ,we do1 however1 wonder that this writer1 if a believer in revelation1 should go on to compare ,father ,de ,concilio to a chemist analyzing 8a pyrite of iron10 and still more that he should declare his 8ideas as grossly anthropomorphic as it is possible to be0767 ,would this critic call the ,bible anthropomorphic8 ,he says nothing about our author's theology of the ,incarnation--unless he means to hit at that as 8anthropomorphic40 ,it is precisely about the ,incarnation that ,protestants are utterly at sea4 ,when the reviewer adds3 8,we can understand1 after examining this book1 the character of ,catholic devotion to ,mary as we never understood it before10 we are compelled to reply3 8,then your understanding of it is a greater mistake than ever before1 unless you have first come to realize the ,catholic doctrine of the ,incarnation with its bearings2 and if that were the case you would avow it1 for you could not remain a ,protestant another hour40 ,let any ,protestant of sufficient education read the first of these five books earnestly and prayerfully1 and he will have to acknowledge that his hitherto ,christianity1 be it what it may1 is divided toto clo from ,catholic ,christianity--the totum clum being precisely his lack of that 8knowledge of ,mary0 which is inseparable from an intelligent belief in the ,incarnation4 ,the ,catholic student will be specially interested by the way in which ,father ,de ,concilio treats of ,mary's 8co-operation40 ,she is set forth--and in a clearer light than ever before by any book in the ,english language--as the great 8representative personality0 of our race4 ,it is in this capacity that she consents to the ,incarnation and ,redemption4 8,a ,god-,man was necessary to expiate for the sins of mankind4 ,but that was not sufficient4 ,according to the law of wisdom1 mentioned in our last argument1 ,god was ready to help human nature to that extent as to effect the ,incarnation and produce the ,god-,man2 but ,god required1 also1 that mankind should do all it could towards its own redemption4 ,it could not give the ,god who was to divinize the acts of human nature2 it could not actually effect the union between human nature and the divine person of the ,word2 but it could freely and deliberately offer the nature to be united for the express purpose and intent of suffering2 and this offering could only be made by means of a representative human person fully conscious of the necessity of expiation1 of the conditions required by it1 and of the consequences resulting therefrom0 7pp4 #gg1 #gh74 ,again 7pp4 #gh1 #gi73 8,the consent of ,mary was required in the plan of ,god in order to elevate created personality to the highest possible dignity1 and thus to fulfil the end which ,god had proposed to himself in exterior work40 ,this purpose1 he goes on to say1 was not completed by ,god 8taking human nature to be his own nature1 and to be ,god with him40 444 8,human personality does not exist in ,christ1 and receives no honor from him4 ,there is one person in him1 and that is divine40 444 8,mary1 therefore 7p4 #hj71 fulfils the office of creation1 and especially of created personality1 in its most sovereign act--the act which this personality would have elicited in ,jesus ,christ1 if it had been in him4 ,human nature1 such as it was in ,christ1 could not give itself1 because to give is a personal act1 and ,god wished to carry to its utmost extremity the communication of goodness1 that human nature should give itself in order to be made partaker of the responsibility and attribution of the effects of that mysterious union40 ,having thus shown the inestimable importance of ,mary's consent to the ,incarnation1 our author proceeds to point out 8the extent or comprehensiveness0 of that consent--to wit1 that 8in giving her consent to the ,incarnation and redemption0 she 8not only agreed to become the ,mother of ,jesus ,christ the ,redeemer1 444 but also to become a co-sufferer with him2 so that ,mary's ,compassion was to accompany1 to go hand in hand with1 ,christ's ,passion1 both being necessary for the redemption of mankind1 according to the plan selected by ,god's wisdom40 ,here is something new to us1 but very delightful to discover1 since it glorifies ,our ,blessed ,lady so much more than the ordinary view of her ,dolors4 ,we knew that 8she consented to undergo all the anguish and sorrow and martyrdom consequent upon her from the sacrifice and immolation of her divine ,son10 and thus 8join her ,compassion to his ,passion1 in order to redeem mankind02 that1 in this sense1 she 8consented to become the corredemptrix of the human race40 ,but it had not occurred to us that 8all this1 implied in her consent1 was necessary as that consent itself40 ,our author here quotes ,father ,faber's theory about ,mary's privilege of being 8corredemptrix0--the term by which saints and doctors call her--and shows that the gifted ,oratorian1 in his exquisite book on ,mary's sorrows 7,the ,foot of the ,cross71 8has not done justice to the subject40 ,he even quarrels with ,faber's 8co-redemptress0 as a 8substitution0 for the ancient 8corredemptrix10 whereas it would appear but a translation--that is1 as ,faber uses it4 ,we feel sure1 too1 that the ,english word may mean the full equivalent of the ,latin4 ,but1 at all events1 ,father ,faber's theory is that ,mary's dolors were among the unnecessary sufferings of the ,passion4 8,indeed10 he says1 8they were literally our ,lord's unnecessary sufferings4444 ,her co-operation with the ,passion by means of her dolors is wanting1 certainly1 in that indispensable necessity which characterizes the co-operation of her maternity40 ,to this ,father ,de ,concilio remarks that ,father ,faber 8had an incomplete idea of the office of ,mary as to redemption10 and objects to the doctrine of 8unnecessary sufferings0 as 8theologically inaccurate1 to say the least40 8,the ,passion of ,christ10 he says1 8must be considered as a variety of sorrows co-ordained by the unity of the sacrifice--the beginning of which was the maternal womb1 in which the ,incarnate ,word placed himself in the state of a victim1 and the termination ,calvary1 where the grand holocaust was consummated40 ,and1 after establishing this point1 he proceeds to prove that ,mary's ,compassion was 8among the necessary elements of the redemption40 ,he brings to light1 both from the ,fathers and from reason1 8a principle in the economy of our redemption10 whereby ,god had to supply1 indeed1 a means of infinite merit 7through the ,incarnation71 but1 equally1 had to exact from humanity all that itself could do towards atonement4 ,from this principle he deduces three consequences3 ,first4 ,that 8our ,lord's humanity was to suffer as much as 444 would bear a kind of proportion to the offence and realize the principle that human nature was to do as much as possible towards its own redemption40 ,whence1 obviously1 8the distinction of necessary and unnecessary sufferings in the life of our ,lord0 is untenable4 ,second4 ,that 8human nature was required to do more than suffer in ,christ4 ,it was required to deliberately and willingly offer up that human nature to be united to the ,word of ,god for the purpose of redemption1 by means of a representative of the whole human race40 ,whence 8the necessity of ,mary's consent to the ,incarnation and redemption40 ,third4 ,that 8it was necessary that the highest representative of human personality1 the human head of the race1 should be subject also to the highest possible martyrdom which a human person may be subject to1 as a reparation coming from a human personality1 and unite it with the sufferings of the humanity of the ,word1 and thus bring its own meed of suffering required by ,god's wisdom for our ransom40 8,this was necessary10 he adds1 8because in our ,lord humanity suffered as a nature1 not as a personality40 ,from these deductions1 then1 the author concludes that 8,mary's ,compassion is a necessary element of the redemption1 and ,mary is really and truly the corredemptrix of the human race40 ,but1 of course1 he is careful to add that 8,christ alone redeemed us truly1 really1 and efficaciously1 because he alone could give infinite value to those sufferings1 and1 therefore1 he is the only ,redeemer4 ,mary is the corredemptrix1 but only in the sense just explained40 8,those10 he says1 8who are afraid to think ,mary's sufferings necessary for our redemption are thinking only of the infinite value required for our sacrifice4 ,mary has nothing to do with that4 ,in speaking of her co-operation we limit ourselves to speaking of what was required from human nature and human personality as their mite towards redemption1 independent of the infinite worth to be given only by ,christ's infinite personality40 ,to us1 we must joyfully avow1 this elaborate argument for ,mary's greater glory appears irrefragable4 ,what specially delights us in the fourth book1 again1 is to see our heavenly ,mother proved the 8channel0 and 8dispenser0 of all grace4 ,this1 also1 is an unspeakable gain to us4 ,and we need not say that if1 on the one hand1 our learned theologian has invested his ,queen with a sublimity and an awe that makes us feel how unworthy of her notice is our best of love and service1 he has inspired us1 on the other hand1 with more confidence than ever in her tenderness and power4 ,those1 too1 of our readers who have a turn for contemplation and have thought much on ,our ,lady will meet in these pages with many an idea which has come into their minds before1 and which1 perhaps1 they have been afraid to disclose1 or even harbor4 ,such will join with us in revelling over the logic which makes blessed certainties of these exquisite guesses4 ,in conclusion1 we are quite unable to express our thanks to ,father ,de ,concilio for his magnificent book4 ,but he does not need our gratitude4 ,she whose champion he is will not fail to fulfil in his regard the promise which to him must be so precious3 ,qui elucidant me vitam ternam habebunt--8,they who make me shine forth shall have life everlasting40 ,,why ,a ,,catholic ,,in ,,the ,,nineteenth ,,century8 ,by ,william ,giles ,dix4 ,new ,york3 ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co41 #i ,barclay ,street4 #ahgh4 ,the author of this essay once contributed to ,,the ,,catholic ,,world a thoughtful article called 8,the ,roman ,gathering40 7,see ,,catholic ,,world1 ,may1 #ahfh47 ,he was then a ,protestant4 ,it is consoling to find him no longer among those who1 while forced to envy the ,catholic ,church1 remain outside her communion on the strength of some hazy theory or from a superstitious dread of using their reason4 ,having come1 by ,god's grace1 to see the truth himself1 he aims at making others see it equally clearly4 ,he shows very forcibly1 and in simple language1 8that the ,new ,testament1 and the ,protestant version of that1 proves these propositions3 8,i4 ,christ founded a church4 8,,ii4 ,christ founded one church1 one only3 not a corporation of national churches1 not a federal union of churches1 but literally one church4 8,,iii4 ,that one church of ,christ was intended to be the only spiritual guide1 on earth1 of ,christians4 8,,iv4 ,that this church had the promise of endurance and of guidance until the end of the world4 8,v4 ,that this church was the beginning of the church known historically as the ,catholic ,church40 ,of course this is very old ground2 but ,mr4 ,dix goes over it in a way that ought to induce earnest ,protestants of any denomination to follow him4 ,here is an excellent hit3 8,a word is in many mouths--,ultramontane--intended to represent extreme views of papal rights4 ,now1 ,i care not whom you select among the defenders of the powers of ,st4 ,peter and his successors1 you will find the attributes ascribed by any such writer to the successors of ,st4 ,peter not so strong as the single commission of our ,lord to his apostles recorded in the ,new ,testament4 ,the most ultramontane writers that ,i know of are ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john4 ,the only difficulty which any one finds in the interpretation of the words of our ,lord referring to his church is because those words are so plain and direct4 ,they so clearly set forth the amplest prerogatives ever claimed for the ,church of ,christ that many people seem to believe that they cannot mean what they seem to mean1 and1 therefore1 must be explained away40 ,we hope this short essay will meet with the success its ability deserves4 ,we regret1 however1 to say that while the plainness of its language is a great point in its favor1 its style is open to improvement4 ,,the ,,mirror ,,of ,,true ,,womanhood4 ,a ,book of ,instruction for ,women in the ,world4 ,by ,rev4 ,bernard ,o',reilly4 ,new ,york3 ,peter ,f4 ,collier4 #ahgh4 ,dr4 ,o',reilly continues to lay ,catholics under obligation to his fluent and versatile pen4 ,he has a keen instinct for what is wanting in ,catholic popular literature1 and this large and handsome volume fills a niche in the ,catholic household that was too long left empty4 ,women in the world are apt to be overlooked by spiritual writers1 or the works intended for them are of a character not well adapted to attract the average woman of the world1 however good she may be4 ,they need something to take hold of their homes and their hearts1 and to enter into their ordinary daily life4 ,this ,dr4 ,o',reilly's excellent volume aims at doing1 and1 we trust1 will succeed in doing4 ,it is a work of practical suggestion1 illustrated and annotated1 so to say1 by examples from the lives of women in all ages and in every station of life4 ,a tender heart1 a practical mind1 and a pious soul speak in every line4 ,it is the mother first of all who is chiefly instrumental in shaping the life of man4 ,if she is good and pure and high-minded1 a constant example of the height and greatness of those noblest of estates1 wifehood and motherhood1 the chances are altogether in favor of her children following her example4 ,she is their great safeguard1 their earthly guardian-angel until they are properly launched upon the sea of life1 and even after that period her heart follows them and her virtues live in their memory and their lives4 ,it is because so many women neglect this high office that so many children go astray4 ,virtue belongs to no class2 it is common to all ,christians4 ,the truest nobility is a ,christian life1 which is open to all4 ,the object of his book is well described by ,dr4 ,o',reilly in the 8,introductory03 8,it is precisely because women are1 by the noble instincts which ,god has given to their nature1 prone to all that is most heroic that this book has been written for them4 ,it aims at setting before their eyes such admirable examples of every virtue most suited to their sex1 in every age and condition of life1 that they have only to open its pages in order to learn at a glance what graces and excellences render girlhood as bright and fragrant as the garden of ,god in its unfading bloom1 and ripe womanhood as glorious and peerless in its loveliness and power as the ,may moon in its perfect fulness when she reigns alone over the starry heavens40 ,we cannot too earnestly recommend ,the ,mirror of ,true ,womanhood to women of every class1 station1 and time of life4 ,,shakspeare',s ,,home3 ,visited and ,described by ,washington ,irving and ,f4 ,w4 ,fairholt4 ,with a letter from ,stratford4 ,by ,j4 ,f4 ,sabin4 ,with etchings by ,j4 ,f4 and ,w4 ,w4 ,sabin4 ,new ,york3 ,j4 ,sabin ,sons4 #ahgg4 ,this is an interesting little volume4 ,a fair idea of its contents may be gathered from the title4 ,the etchings are carefully executed1 and are full of promise4 ,,what ,,catholics ,,do ,,not ,,believe4 ,a ,lecture delivered in ,mercantile ,library ,hall1 on ,sunday evening4 ,dec4 #af1 #ahgg4 ,by ,right ,rev4 ,p4 ,j4 ,ryan1 ,bishop of ,triconia1 and ,coadjutor to the ,archbishop of ,st4 ,louis4 ,st4 ,louis3 ,p4 ,fox4 #ahgh4 ,it was a happy thought to publish this lecture in pamphlet form2 for the matter which it contains is worthy of wide dissemination and close study4 ,bishop ,ryan has here presented some admirable points in an admirable manner to the consideration of fair-minded men who are interested in the doings and the faith of the ,catholic ,church4 ,he has taken up a few of the chief current objections against the church1 set them strongly forward1 and then disposed of them in a manner that wins admiration as much for its honesty and calmness as for its completeness and skill4 ,we understand that it has provoked much discussion in ,st4 ,louis1 in the public press and elsewhere4 ,such discussion can only do good4 ,we strongly recommend the pamphlet to ,catholic and ,protestant alike4 ,it is interesting for its own sake2 it will be of great use to the ,catholic who is thrown into non-,catholic society2 it will relieve the fairly-disposed ,protestant mind of some inherited darkness and much foolish misconception4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,publications ,,received4 ,,the ,,written ,,word2 or1 ,considerations on the ,sacred ,scriptures4 ,by ,william ,humphrey1 ,priest of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,,the ,,christian ,,reformed ,,in ,,mind ,,and ,,manners4 ,by ,benedict ,rogacci1 of the ,society of ,jesus4 ,translation edited by ,henry ,james ,coleridge1 of the same ,society4 ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,knowing ,,ourselves2 or1 ,the ,looking-,glass which does not ,deceive4 ,by ,fr4 ,john ,peter ,pinamonti1 ,s4,j4 ,with ,twelve ,considerations on ,death1 by ,fr4 ,luigi ,la ,nuza1 ,s4,j41 and ,four on ,eternity1 by ,fr4 ,john ,baptist ,manni1 ,s4,j4 ,,life ,,of ,,henri ,,planchat1 ,priest of the ,congregation of the ,brothers of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 etc41 etc41 ,one of the ,hostages ,massacred by the ,commune at ,belleville1 ,may #cf1 #ahga4 ,by ,maurice ,maignen1 ,member of the ,congregation of ,brothers of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,translated from the ,french1 with an ,introductory ,preface1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,anderdon1 ,s4,j4 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,roman ,,catacombs4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,spencer ,northcote1 ,d4,d4 ,,meditations4 ,from the ,spanish of ,rev4 ,fr4 ,alonso de ,andrade1 ,s4,j4 ,,erleston ,,glen4 ,a ,lancashire ,story of the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,by ,alice ,o',hanlon4 ,all the above are published by ,burns ,oates1 ,london1 and are for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co4 ,,penitentiary ,,sermons4 ,by ,rev4 ,theodore ,noethen1 ,catholic ,chaplain4 ,albany3 ,van ,benthuysen ,printing-,house4 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,tower ,,of ,,percemont4 ,a ,novel4 ,from the ,french of ,george ,sand4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 #ahgg4 ,,the ,,scholastic ,,almanac for the year of our ,lord #ahgh4 ,compiled by ,j4 ,a4 ,lyons4 ,notre ,dame1 ,ind43 ,the ,scholastic ,printing-,office4 ,,to ,,the ,,sun4 ,a ,journey through ,planetary ,space4 ,from the ,french of ,jules ,verne4 ,by ,edward ,roth4 ,illustrated4 ,philadelphia3 ,claxton1 ,remsen ,haffelfinger4 #ahgh4 ,,ireland3 ,as ,she ,is1 ,as ,she ,has ,been1 and ,as ,she ,ought ,to ,be4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,clancy4 ,new ,york3 ,thomas ,kelly4 #ahgg4 ,,new ,,ireland4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,sullivan1 ,member of ,parliament for ,louth4 ,philadelphia3 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co4 #ahgh4 ,,lives ,,and ,,times ,,of ,,illustrious ,,and ,,representative ,,irishmen4 ,by ,thomas ,clarke ,luby1 ,a4,b41 ,t4,c4,d4 ,part ,,ii4 ,new ,york3 ,thomas ,kelly4 ,,holy ,,church1 ,,the ,,centre ,,of ,,unity2 or1 ,ritualism ,compared with ,catholicism3 ,reasons for ,returning to the ,true ,fold4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,shaw4 ,london3 ,r4 ,washbourne4 #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,xxvi41 ,no4 #aef4--,,march1 #ahgh4 ,,ireland ,,in #ahgh4 ,i4 ,a history of ,ireland still remains to be written2 nor has there been even an attempt to collect some of the chief materials for such a work4 ,ten centuries of almost continuous conflict since the ,danish incursions1 or seven since the ,anglo-,norman settlement and the destruction or dispersion of the national archives1 are sufficient to account for the absence of any full1 authentic1 or valuable ,irish history4 ,from ,giraldus ,cambrensis in the twelfth century to ,froude in our day1 there have never been wanting subsidized1 and even able1 writers to defame and revile the native population and laud the ,english rule in ,ireland4 ,nor1 on the other hand1 has there been any lack of enthusiasts whose patriotism1 more ardent than their erudition is profound or exact1 is ever ready to excuse or defend the natives and execrate the ,anglo-,norman and ,saxon tyrants and despoilers4 ,even in ,ireland it is difficult to obtain reliable information regarding the country2 while outside of it such aim is impossible of attainment4 ,the dispersion of the ,irish race during the last thirty years has been greater in extent and over a larger area of the globe than any exodus of humanity known to history4 ,these millions have carried the traditions of their country's wrongs1 and the dismal tales of the misgovernment of ,ireland1 to the uttermost ends of the earth1 exaggerating1 perhaps1 the oppression of their persecutors1 and depicting in touching sympathy the glowing virtues of the victims4 ,the largest contingent of this ,irish emigration has enriched the ,united ,states of ,america1 where partiality has culminated in alternate praise and censure of the ,irish race4 ,the circumstances under which most of these people reached the ,american shores were truly tragic and appalling1 and are well-nigh forgotten by the older portion of the generation now passing away4 ,the estimated population of ,ireland in #ahde was #h1bie1jfa1 which made it then one of the most densely peopled countries in ,europe4 ,in the autumn of that year the potato crop1 one of the chief products of the country and the staple food of three-fifths of the people1 failed1 involving a loss estimated by ,mr4 ,labouchere1 the ,british minister1 of eighty million dollars1 or sixteen millions sterling4 ,this failure in #ahde was followed by successive blights of the potato-crop in #ahdf and subsequent years1 causing what is called the ,irish famine1 and with it the great emigration1 which brought an increase of millions of citizens to the ,united ,states4 ,there had been an ,irish immigration in ,america from the earliest days of the colony--to ,maryland1 for example1 in the seventeenth century2 but the ,irish famine of #ahde-di marks the opening of the great influx of ,irish into the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,we propose to consider the social and industrial condition and the political and religious prospects of ,ireland in #ahgh1 making the eve of the famine1 in #ahde1 the basis of comparison4 ,we write from ,ireland1 with the amplest knowledge of our subject1 and1 as we hope1 having no object in view save a full and clear statement of the main facts necessary for its elucidation4 ,we have travelled over every province1 every county1 every parish1 every locality of its soil2 are intimate with every phase of its history and every section of its population1 and feel every throb of its national life4 ,yet we invite the fullest criticism of our attempt to discuss the present condition of ,ireland from a scientific1 a truthful1 and an impartial stand-point4 ,nowhere out of ,ireland is such discussion more desirable or more difficult than in the ,united ,states4 ,the republic contains about the same number of ,irish1 by birth or by descent1 that remain in the old country4 ,the emigrants of the famine period left under dire pressure1 the origin of which is not fully understood abroad4 ,in the forty-four years #ahja-ahde the population of ,ireland increased from #e1baf1cbi to #h1bie1jfa1 or by #c1jgh1gcb persons--an increase of fifty-nine per cent4 ,emigration was throughout that period inconsiderable2 in the decade #ahca-da it was only #djc1dei1 or about #dj1jjj a year2 in the next four years it fell to little over half that average2 while in the year #ahdc1 when ,o',connell led the great agitation for repeal of the ,union1 only #ac1jbf persons left the country1 being the lowest on record4 ,although the potato blight appeared in #ahde1 it was not until #ahdg that the horrors of the famine and of emigration assumed their most awful aspect4 ,in the single year #ahdg1 that of ,o',connell's death1 there was a loss of population of #bfb1egd1 or three per cent41 by the conjoint action of emigration and the excess of deaths over births2 while in the next four years the aggregate decrease reached #a1eaj1hja persons--little short of nineteen per cent4 of the whole population4 ,the following table exhibits the estimated population at the middle of the year relating to our inquiry3 ,,decrease ,,year ,,population ,,persons ,,per ,,cent4 #ahde #h1bie1jfa ---- ---- #ahdf #h1bhg1hdh #g1bac #j4ji #ahdg #h1jbe1bgd #bfb1egd #c4a #ahdh #g1fci1hjj #che1dgd #d4c #ahdi #g1bef1cad #chc1dhf #e4j #ahej #f1hgg1edi #cgh1gfe #e4a #ahea #f1ead1dgc #cfc1jgf #e4a #ahfa #e1ggh1dae #gcf1jeh #aa4c #ahga #e1cie1jjg #chc1djh #f4f #ahge #e1cji1did #fe1eac #a4j #ahgf #e1cba1fah ---- ---- #ahgg #e1cch1ijf ---- ---- ,over the whole period from #ahde to #ahge population decreased1 but the rate of decline diminished after #ahea4 ,in the thirty years there was a loss of #b1igc1ddc--nearly #ajj1jjj annually1 or thirty-six per cent4 of the inhabitants4 ,the year #ahgf is memorable as the starting-point of reactionary improvement4 ,for the first time during a generation emigration has so diminished that the natural increase of births over deaths added #aj1ceb to the population in #ahgf1 and #ag1bhh in #ahgg4 ,increase must henceforth be the normal law of population1 but it is never again likely to reach the rate it attained in the thirty years #ahja-ca1 when it expanded about fourteen per cent4 each decade1 or an increase of nearly one in seven every ten years4 ,we are now to inquire into the main causes of these terrible calamities1 strange and conflicting explanations of which are advanced by public writers in the ,united ,states and other countries4 ,one flippant1 fertile1 and accepted theory is the peculiar proneness of the ,irish to contention and disunion--a theory generally credited as sound by those ignorant of history or those prejudiced against the ,irish race4 ,we shall adduce a few broad and suggestive facts in disproof of this theory4 ,can any nation exhibit a nobler proof of unity than the ,brehon laws1 or ,seanchus ,mor1 which prevailed universally in ,ireland for centuries before the ,christian era1 until revised by ,st4 ,patrick and the ,christian kings1 and which continued in force throughout the country1 save the small patch called the ,pale1 until the seventeenth century1 while the traditions and principles of that code yet influence the people after a lapse of twenty to five-and-twenty centuries8 ,and so as regards the tenacity with which1 for ages1 the people have adhered to the use of the ,gaelic or native tongue1 still spoken by little short of a million of the inhabitants1 after the ,greeks1 the ,romans1 the ,french1 the ,spaniards1 the ,britons1 and the ,scotch have mainly abandoned the primitive tongues of their ancestors4 ,all pagan ,ireland was converted to ,christianity by one man--an example of unity and docility without parallel in the history of the human race4 ,ireland1 like ,france1 ,england1 and other countries1 was ravaged by the ,danish and ,norse invaders1 yet the ,irish defeated and expelled them in #ajad1 long before the ,gauls or the ,saxons had banished or crushed them in ,normandy or in ,england4 ,towards the close of the twelfth century the ,anglo-,normans found partial footing in ,ireland1 yet for seven hundred years the native race have opposed their rule1 and oppose it to-day--an example of unity and persistency unsurpassed in the world4 ,the ,english1 the ,scotch1 and most of the nations in the north and northwest of ,europe abandoned their ancient faith and accepted the ,protestant ,reformation1 at the bidding of their sovereigns1 in the sixteenth century2 while ,catholic ,ireland1 in defiance of penal laws that plundered property1 denied education1 reduced the people almost to barbarism1 and sent them to the scaffold for adherence to their church1 has remained1 through centuries of suffering1 loyal to conscience1 and by unity1 fidelity1 and perseverance has effected the overthrow of the ,protestant ,church ,establishment of the ,tudors4 ,proud and great memories these for the ,irish nation--memories sufficient to disprove the shallow and unfounded charge that to disunion1 peculiar to their race1 must be attributed the sad and chequered history of the country4 ,while if we turn to all other kingdoms at corresponding periods1 even to the present time1 we find analogous internal strife and domestic political factions as numerous and as intense as any in ,ireland4 ,england1 ,scotland1 the several ,british colonies1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy1 ,spain1 ,holland1 and the ,united ,states were quite as much torn by internal dissension as ,ireland1 and are so at the present day2 so that this hypothesis is wholly unfounded and quite inadequate to account for the disastrous decadence1 or at least want of progress1 of ,ireland1 compared in many respects with other countries4 ,the causes of ,irish discontent and comparative social backwardness are remote1 chronic1 and cumulative4 ,from the arrival of the ,anglo-,normans in #aafi to the defeat of the ,irish in the ,williamite war1 near the close of the seventeenth century1 one clear purpose was kept in view by the aliens--the extirpation of the natives from ownership and even occupancy of the soil4 ,attainders1 escheatments1 plantations1 transplantations1 and settlements--all had the same purpose4 ,penal ,laws1 the ,court of ,wards1 and dire persecution had driven the ,catholic natives from proprietorship1 and almost from occupancy1 of the soil4 ,cupidity led many ,cromwellian and planter landlords to baffle the ,penal ,laws and pocket the higher rents offered by popish recusants4 ,protestants of the humbler classes complained that the protection promised and due to them as of right in the ,english interest was denied and defeated by the planter and palatine landlords in preferring popish tenants whose lower standard of living and degraded social caste enabled them to pay a higher rent than ,protestant tenants1 who claimed1 by right of class1 a better mode of living4 ,thus robbed and deprived of their estates1 denied leases1 and rackrented by middlemen and others1 the mass of the ,irish people before the famine were mere squatters on the soil1 neither owners nor1 in any true sense1 occupiers4 ,catholics were emancipated in #ahbi and rendered admissible to almost all the offices in the state2 they obtained an instalment of educational concession in #ahca1 and a modification of the grinding oppression of the tithe system and the ,protestant ,church ,establishment a few years afterwards2 a ,poor ,law1 directed by a ,london board1 was passed in #ahch1 and corporate reform was granted in #ahdj2 but these and other remedial measures1 in operation for a few years1 could effect little towards the elevation of a people impoverished and degraded by centuries of foreign and crushing legislation4 ,from an economic and industrial stand-point the condition of ,catholics1 in relation to land1 was the chief cause of the wretchedness of the country4 ,the agricultural laborers were in the lowest social state in ,europe1 scarcely excepting the ,russian serfs4 ,employment was precarious and rarely secured a higher average wages than sixpence to eightpence a day1 or scarcely a dollar a week4 ,from ,connaught a large number went to ,england for some weeks at the hay1 corn1 and potato harvests1 where they earned what paid the rent of the cabin and the potato-plot2 while many of the cotters and small farmers were little better in position4 ,a few facts from the census of #ahda and #ahea will suffice to illustrate the large number and the terrible fate of these classes1 as indicated by the grades of house accommodation before and after the famine3 #ahda4 #ahea4 ,,house ,,accommodation4 ,,per ,,per ,,houses ,,cent4 ,,houses ,,cent4 ,first class #ca1ccc #b4a #ci1cgj #c4c ,second class #bda1ffd #af4d #bib1bhj #bd4c ,third class #egd1chf #ci4j #ehh1ddj #dh4i ,fourth 7cabin7 class #fbe1cef #db4e #bhd1bbi #bc4e ,total #a1dgb1gci #ajj4j #a1bjd1cai #ajj4j ,here we see that1 seemingly in ten but really in five years1 no less than #cda1abg fourth-class houses--mud1 sod1 or stone1 thatched cabins with only a single apartment--were swept away1 inhabited by that number of families1 which included about #a1hjj1jjj persons2 while the table of population above given shows that in these years the estimated decrease was #a1ghj1ehh--;a striking concurrence between both4 ,another proof as regards the class swept away is found in the following table of agricultural holdings1 grouped by extent1 in #ahda and #ahea3 ,,holdings4 #ahda4 #ahea4 ,not exceeding one ,not known4 #cg1gbh acre ,one to five acres #caj1dcf #hh1jhc ,five to fifteen #beb1gii #aia1hed acres ,fifteen to thirty #gi1cdb #ada1caa acres ,above thirty acres #dh1fbe #adi1jij ,total #fia1bjb #fjh1jff ,excluding the very large number of holdings under an acre not ascertained in #ahda1 we find the disappearance in that decade1 or rather in half of it1 of #bbb1cec tenements between one and five acres1 which represents a diminished population of #a1bjj1jjj persons4 ,the decrease of #fj1ide1 in the tenements from five to fifteen acres1 representing about #cbj1jjj people1 is portion of this same subject4 ,if we now turn to another head of evidence we find that the population was thinned from the least educated classes4 ,the census of #ahda returned fifty-three per cent4 of the whole population1 aged five years and upwards1 as illiterate1 being unable to read or write1 while the return for #ahea showed a decrease to forty-seven per cent42 and turning to the great decrease in the percentage of the ,irish-speaking population between #ahda and #ahea1 we find similar results4 ,lastly1 the creed census demands attention4 ,the first taken in ,ireland was that by the ,royal ,commission of ,public ,instruction in #ahcd1 when1 of a population of #g1ied1ajj1 it was found there were #f1dcf1jjj1 or #hj4i per cent41 ,catholics2 while the followers of the intruded ,anglican ,church1 established for three centuries1 numbered only #hec1afj1 or #aj4g per cent4 ,the adherents of the ,scotch ,presbyterian ,church1 endowed by the state1 though not established1 #fdc1jeh1 or #h4a per cent42 and all other ,protestant dissenters mustered only #ba1hbb or #j4c per cent4 ,between #ahcd and #ahde1 when the potato blight first appeared1 the population had increased from #g1ied1ajj to #h1bie1jfa1 during which period of eleven years there are ample evidences to prove that the ,catholic element underwent a larger increase than the ,protestant1 so that we may fairly assume the whole population in #ahde to have been thus composed3 ,,per ,,cent4 ,catholics #f1gfj1dge #ha4e ,protestants #a1ecd1ehf #ah4e -------- ---- ,total #h1bie1jfa #ajj4 ,these millions of ,catholics1 emancipated only sixteen years1 were the descendants of the natives who for over six centuries had battled against ,english domination2 whose estates and lands had been wrested from them and given to soldiers and adventurers from ,england and ,scotland--8the scum of both nations02 whose ancient church had been despoiled of her property2 to whom education was denied and the profession of their faith made penal2 whose manufacturing industries were suppressed by ,english laws2 who were excluded from all offices1 civil and military1 and from all social rank and distinction1 and denied not alone a seat in ,parliament for #acg years1 #afib to #ahbi1 but from #agbg to #agic1 a period of #ff years1 the right to vote4 ,such is a broad outline of the main facts concerning the population of ,ireland in #ahde1 as to quantity and quality4 ,we must1 however1 supplement these by a few particulars4 ,from one-third to one-half the rental of the kingdom went to absentee and alien landlords1 who spent it in ,england or on the ,continent4 ,the imperial taxes borne by ,ireland were in excess of her capacity and in violation of the articles of the ,act of ,union4 ,all the state departments had their headquarters in ,london1 while ,ireland had slender share either in the appropriating or the enjoyment of those taxes4 ,the local taxation1 through grand jury and other cess1 was enormous1 but levied and appropriated by the country gentry1 all predominantly ,protestant4 ,the county officers1 the grand jury1 the jail1 the lunatic asylum1 infirmary1 and poor-law union boards were almost exclusively ,protestant4 ,the corporations1 reformed by statute in #ahdj1 were still ,protestant4 ,one or two ,catholic judges had reached the bench1 as ,o',loghlen1 and many ,catholics were pressing to the front at the bar and in medicine1 while in all the professions1 in trade1 and in commerce ,catholic influence was beginning to be felt4 ,catholics had1 it is true1 only trifling share in the administration of the government and the laws4 ,they had little representation in the magistracy or on the grand juries2 while jury-packing was the normal condition of the administration of justice4 ,the ,orange system1 stimulated by the triumph of ,catholic emancipation1 was rampant and aggressive at the prospect of social equality4 ,yet1 amidst such disadvantages1 ,ireland1 in the two or three years before the famine1 presented a moral and political spectacle such as the modern world had never witnessed4 ,o',connell1 the greatest political leader of this century1 led the millions of ,irish people in their demand for justice to ,ireland4 ,he claimed the restoration of the legislative independence of ,ireland as it existed from #aghb to #ahja1 or a repeal of the ,act of ,union4 ,his efforts towards that object1 the millions who rose to support him1 and the moral1 intellectual1 and national sympathy that his demand elicited1 are perfectly well known4 ,the famine appeared in #ahde and blasted the whole agitation1 while ,o',connell died at ,genoa1 ,may #ae1 #ahdg1 when the country that he wildly1 passionately loved was in the throes of the famine1 the horrors of which ,o',connell vainly endeavored to avert by appeals for substantial relief to the ,british government4 ,the present prime minister of ,england1 the ,earl of ,beaconsfield1 declared in the ,house of ,commons1 in reference to ,ireland1 on the opening of the famine1 that for a country with an absentee proprietary1 an alien established church1 and a population starving or fleeing the country1 most ,englishmen can see but one remedy1 and that revolution4 ,the great ,irish famine1 contrary to popular opinion1 was exceeded by many visitations of the kind in ,india and elsewhere1 and perhaps equalled by some that had occurred even in ,ireland1 so far as extent of mortality is concerned2 but1 measured by the aggregate of its social and economic effects1 no such disaster is recorded in history4 ,the mortality was considerably less than was supposed--that is1 of deaths caused directly by starvation1 suffering1 and sickness arising out of the famine4 ,dysentery1 diarrha1 fever1 cholera--all supervened4 ,workhouse accommodation failed1 notwithstanding the utilization1 as auxiliary houses1 of nearly all the idle and abandoned stores in cities and towns1 and of large numbers of rural mansions deserted by the country gentry4 ,all the habits1 feelings1 and traditions of the ,irish nation were opposed to a poor-law4 ,passed in #ahch1 although a poor-law had been in operation in ,england from #afja1 it was only in #ahdg1 the third year of the famine1 that the last of the #aca ,irish workhouses was opened1 in ,clifden1 ,connemara1 and then by mandamus of the ,queen's ,bench4 ,in #ahdd1 the year before the appearance of the potato blight1 there were only #aac workhouses open1 with an aggregate of #aje1ceh paupers relieved that year at an expense of #a1jhe1ccf4 ,in #ahdg the number relieved in the workhouses1 auxiliaries included1 was #dag1aci1 or nearly fourfold1 while the expenditure was #c1bad1gdd1 or threefold4 ,the entire ,poor-,law ,act and the workhouse system utterly broke down under pressure of the mass of destitution4 ,that act was administered from ,somerset ,house1 ,london1 under an ,english commission1 from #ahch to #ahdg4 ,all the leading officers1 assistant commissioners1 and others were sent from ,england to carry out a law amongst a people of whose feelings and social circumstances they were thoroughly ignorant1 and to their race and faith were totally opposed4 ,that act expressly denied out-door relief1 in any form or towards any destitution1 how acute soever1 in ,ireland2 while out-door relief was the general and normal form of poor relief in ,england for centuries1 and continues so at present4 ,the law was framed so as to throw the whole influence of its administration into the hands of the landlords and magistracy1 or their agents1 the vast majority of whom were planters and ,cromwellians1 hostile in faith and feeling to the destitute classes4 ,a temporary ,poor ,relief ,extension ,act1 passed ,june #h1 #ahdg1 was necessitated1 or the destitute classes must have seized in self-defence the cattle1 corn1 and other edibles abounding in the country to prevent starvation4 ,out-door relief was permitted1 but should be administered solely in food2 while the able-bodied recipients were subjected to severe tests of stone-breaking or other unproductive labor4 ,the tenth section of this act was the infamous quarter-acre clause1 which declared that1 8,if any person so occupying more than the quarter of a statute acre 7less than thirty-five yards square7 shall apply for relief1 or if any person on his behalf shall apply for relief1 it shall not be lawful for any ,board of ,guardians to grant such relief1 within or without the workhouse1 to any such person40 ,this horrible clause gave the alternative of death or the surrender of their cabins1 cottages1 and small farms to the tens1 the hundreds of thousands who occupied the humbler allotments and homesteads in ,ireland4 ,if they refused to surrender possession to the landlord1 they perished1 relief being denied them2 while if they yielded1 the crowded workhouse1 with a weekly mortality of twenty-five in every one thousand inmates1 precipitated them from the trap-coffin1 often unshrived and always unshrouded1 into the common fosse without a semblance of ,christian burial4 ,as an adjunct to the quarter-acre clause1 and further to effect the clearance of the mass of the laboring and industrious classes1 urban as well as rural1 occupiers rated at under twenty-five dollars who surrendered their holdings1 whether held on lease or otherwise1 to their landlords1 were1 with their families1 assisted to emigrate1 two-thirds of the expenses of the same to be borne on the rates of the electoral division1 the other third by the landlord4 ,and to complete and give effect to these provisions for the death or the extermination of the population1 the landlords were secured1 by a radical change in the act of #ahch1 a monopoly in the whole administration of relief4 ,under that act each ,board of ,guardians consisted of three-fourths elected members and one-fourth ex-officio members1 being magistrates resident in the union2 whereas1 by an amendment introduced into the act of #ahdg the proportion of ex-officio members is doubled1 being increased from one-fourth to one-half the whole strength of the board4 ,with a full moiety of the members of the landlord class1 the territorial influence through the multiple vote1 which gives rated property from one to six votes1 and also voting by proxy1 the land magnates are always able to command1 if not a majority1 at least a large number1 of seats amongst the elected guardians1 and thus secure dominance in the administration of the whole poor-law4 ,under the original act of #ahch the incidence of the poor's rate was divided equally between the occupier and the owner1 while occupiers whose tenements were below twenty-five dollars annual valuation were exempt1 the rate being charged to the landlord2 and1 moreover1 a clause declared that any contract made between owner and occupier which would release the former from liability to a moiety of the poor's rate was null and void4 ,the landlord added1 of course1 the rates to the rent1 save in the case of the small number of tenants holding under lease1 so that the whole cost of relief fell on the occupier2 while a clause in the ,poor-,law ,amendment ,act passed in #ahdi repealed the annulling provision of the act of #ahch1 and legalized the enabling power of the tenant to contract himself1 under compulsion1 out of the protection secured to him that property should bear a moiety of the cost of poor relief4 ,we may mention that the savage quarter-acre clause continued in operation from #ahdg until partially repealed in #ahfb1 a period of fifteen years1 during which it quenched many a hearth1 dismantled thousands of roof-trees1 and sent more than a million of the ,irish race to the grave or as scattered exiles over the face of the globe4 ,in #ahfb1 its fell purpose fulfilled1 it was partially repealed1 to the extent that destitute persons1 although occupiers of a quarter of an acre of land1 may be relieved1 but in the workhouse only2 so that still a cotter with forty perches of a garden1 or a small farmer1 suffering under temporary distress from failure of crop1 sickness1 or accident1 must either surrender his little holding and enter the workhouse1 or starve under the scheme of legal charity devised to extirpate the ,irish from the soil of which their ancestors had been robbed through ages4 ,we write fact and law1 and repudiate all but sober statement in our attempt to illustrate the present position of the ,irish people4 ,in the most acute throes of the famine1 ,july #bb1 #ahdg1 an act was passed for the punishment of vagrants and persons offending against the laws in force for the relief of the poor in ,ireland--an act worthy of the worst days of ,nero or ,diocletian4 ,let us inquire what was the condition of the country when this act was passed4 ,at the end of ,february that year there were #aaf1cba inmates in receipt of relief in the workhouses1 and in ,july there were #aj1jjj cases of fever1 apart from other terrible diseases1 in those institutions1 the mortality being enormous4 ,under the ,temporary ,relief ,act there were issued1 ,july #c1 rations equal to the support of #c1jbj1gab persons4 ,yet the ,vagrant ,act inflicted imprisonment in a common jail and hard labor for a month upon any person 8placing himself in any public place1 street1 highway1 court1 or passage to beg or gather alms10 with the same punishment for removing from one poor-law union1 or even one electoral division1 to another for the purpose of relief4 ,more than half the population were then in receipt of relief1 a vast portion of them being engaged upon relief works1 which necessitated the migration to considerable distances of the male heads of families4 ,yet a clause in this act imposed imprisonment for three months1 with hard labor1 for desertion or wilful neglect of a family by its head--desertion that might have arisen from removal for some miles to another union or electoral division1 in order to provide food for them4 ,ireland was one uncovered lazar-house in #ahdg4 ,we write from vivid and painful remembrance of personal travel of #e1jjj to #aj1jjj miles yearly1 in an official capacity1 over the most afflicted of the famine-stricken districts1 from ,waterford round to ,sligo1 during that and subsequent years up to #aheh4 ,we visited every workhouse1 every auxiliary1 every fever hospital1 every relief depot1 every soup-kitchen1 every centre of public works1 by way of relief1 every missionary station for proselytizing purposes1 every ragged-school1 every jail1 and made a minute personal survey of the most distressed localities in the south and west of ,ireland in #ahdg and throughout the famine4 ,holding an important commission from the government1 we had access to and command of sources of reliable information open to few1 while we had personal communication with the chief officers of several public departments that enabled us to understand thoroughly the precise condition of the suffering classes throughout the whole period of acute distress in ,ireland4 ,charged1 unsolicited1 by the government with a special inquiry connected with the condition of the destitute and criminal classes which embraced the whole kingdom1 owing to experience acquired during the famine period1 we visited officially every county1 every diocese1 every poor-law union1 every parish in ,ireland1 and willingly place the results of that experience before the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,the history of the famine is yet to be written1 and1 if not soon prepared1 the records of personal experience will be lost1 and a reliable account of it rendered impossible4 ,when political factions in the ,united ,states traduce the ,irish race1 and when factions in the several ,british colonies do likewise1 as regards ,irish immigrants1 they do so ignorant1 it is to be hoped1 of the precise circumstances under which these immigrants reached those countries during pressure of the famine4 ,we have treated the amount of decline of population in ,ireland1 and the social quality of that decline1 in this article4 ,the decrease of population directly through the famine is1 as we have said1 exaggerated4 ,the census commissioners of #ahea set down the deaths from extraordinary causes1 between #ahda and #ahea1 or rather from #ahde1 as follows3 ,deaths from fever #bbb1jbi ,deaths from dissentery #acd1cee and diarrha ,deaths from cholera #ce1ihi ,deaths from starvation #ba1ggj ------ ,total #dad1adc ,these figures1 sad and enormous as they are1 we are prepared to show are an entire understatement of the true facts of the case4 ,the whole condition of society below the middle classes was disorganized and demoralized4 ,panic and paralysis seized the entire population4 ,the dependent perished at home or in the workhouses1 while those with means to emigrate fled the country4 ,flying from famine1 fever1 and pestilence1 these reluctant emigrants1 numbers of whom perished before settlement1 have helped to lay the foundation of the prosperity of the ,united ,states and of the ,british colonies4 ,the author of the ,record of the ,o',connell ,centenary1 describing the character of the early ,irish emigrants1 says1 with great truth and force3 8,snatched from rough rural labor1 little skilled in handicraft1 a very large number wholly illiterate1 and many unable to speak any tongue save the native ,gaelic2 nearly half of them females1 without that cultured training in domestic service required by other countries2 a heavy1 helpless juvenile element hanging on them2 intensely clannish1 yet removed from those tribal and religious standards of morality and social life which powerfully influence the ,irish at home2 memory saddened with the recollection of the roofless cabin and the loved little ancestral farm lost for ever1 the dead who had been starved at home or fell in fever1 the dear relatives who sought the shelter of the workhouse1 but through whose trap-coffin they were precipitated into the famine fosse without shroud or requiem2 and the uncertainty of despair as to the living remnant of the family left behind--agonized by such feelings1 the millions were hastily deported on the shores of ,america1 ,australia1 and ,new ,zealand1 objects of sympathy and affection to the generous1 of pity to the benevolent1 of alarm and horror to the timid1 of contempt to the misanthropic1 and of scorn and hatred to the enemies of the race and faith of the ,irish nation4 ,never before was spectacle so sad1 so gigantic1 so appalling submitted to the contemplation of humanity2 the history of ,ireland was dramatized throughout ,christendom1 and its tragic story personated on every hospitable shore on both hemispheres1 when ,moore's prediction was literally and amply fulfilled3 8#8,the stranger shall hear thy lament on his plain2 ,the sigh of thy harp shall be sent o'er the deep4'0 ,we have given an outline sketch of the condition of ,ireland just before and in the early stages of the famine2 in our next we shall endeavor to trace what progress she has made from that sad period to her present improved position in #ahgh4 ,copyright3 ,rev4 ,i4 ,t4 ,,hecker4 #ahgh4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,blessed ,,virgin4 ,like chants which fade yet linger still to bless1 ,while float their formless notes of joy or dole1 ,so thought doth grieve for words beyond control1 ,that to itself it may thy charms confess1 ,and tell each grace with joyous eagerness1 ,as did the morning stars their anthems roll1 ,or as the angels greet a ransom'd soul4 ,such tongues alone could paint the loveliness ,which o'er thy face in sad1 sweet beauty smiled2 ,as though in unseen wingings1 ever near1 ,the ,dove had coo'd a legend in thine ear ,of some rare tenderness to grief beguiled-- ,perchance of love which bought redemption dear1 ,with all its cost of sorrow to thy ,child4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,among ,,the ,,translators4 ,,virgil ,,and ,,horace--,,iii4 ,the work of translation seems in an odd way to enlist that mimetic impulse which is so strong an element of human nature1 and which is really at the bottom of so much of human rivalry4 ,to wish to do as much as others in any given line of effort is but an after-thought1 a secondary motion of the mind2 the initial instinct is to do the same as they4 ,that men do not rest at this2 that they are not content with merely duplicating what they see done about them1 like the late lamented ,mr4 ,pongo2 that they are for ever seeking 8to better their instruction10 is due to that further instinctive yearning for perfection which helps to differentiate them from ,mr4 ,pongo1 and interferes so sadly with many most ingenious and scientific schemes for recreating the universe without a ,creator4 ,all literatures1 it may be said1 all poets1 begin with translation--that is1 with imitation of some other literature or poet4 ,alcus and ,sophron1 no doubt1 are but ,horace and ,theocritus to the unknown who went before them2 ,homer is first1 doubtless1 only because we know not the greater than ,homer--rapt from us by the irrevocable years--whom ,homer may have copied1 as ,virgil copied ,homer4 ,this1 however1 is a law of literature which was known as long ago as the days of ,solomon1 at least4 ,what is not so obvious1 and even more curious as well as more to the present point1 is why translators under certain conditions should be so fond of repeating one another in regard to any particular bit of work4 ,for a generation or so some one of the poets who are the favorite objects of the translator's zeal will be neglected and seemingly forgotten4 ,then some day appears a version which attracts attention and gets talked of1 and1 presto6 a dozen pens are in eager chase to rival or surpass it4 ,now it is ,homer which is thus brought into notice1 and we have ,professor ,newman1 ,lord ,derby1 ,mr4 ,wright1 ,mr4 ,worsley1 ,mr4 ,dart1 ,professor ,blackie1 ,mr4 ,bryant--what muse shall catalogue the host8--giving us in quick succession and in every kind of metre their versions of the ,iliad or ,odyssey1 or both8 ,again it is ,virgil1 and within a brief interval ,professor ,conington1 ,mr4 ,morris1 and ,mr4 ,cranch have done the neid into ,english4 ,or once more ,horace sways the hour1 and in a twinkling or thereabouts a dozen translations of the ,odes are smoking hot from the press on the critic's table1 and bewildering him to choose among their various merits4 ,within the last half-century1 nay1 within the last twenty-five years1 we have seen just this revolution4 ,is it because our own is so peculiarly one of those transitional periods in the history of a literature which are most favorable to translation--indeed1 most provocative of it2 one of those intervals when the national imagination is1 as it were1 lying fallow after the exhaustion of some great creative epoch1 and intellectual effort takes chiefly the form of criticism1 which in one sense translation is8 ,well1 such generalizations are as perilous as they are fascinating and we must not yield to them too rashly4 ,in this case1 if we did yield1 we should be told1 no doubt1 that translation was no more a peculiarity of a transitional period than of a creative one2 that the notion of such divisions in the history of a literature is preposterous and but another invention of the arch-enemy1 like comparative philology and the ,eastern question1 to set the mildest and wisest of sages--even ourselves1 beloved reader--thirsting for each other's blood2 or that1 finally1 an epoch which has produced ,tennyson and ,browning1 ,de ,vere and ,arnold1 ,swinburne1 ,morris1 and ,rossetti1 and--let nothing tempt us back to our own side of the ,atlantic1 where poets grow like pumpkins1 big and little1 in every garden patch2 yet surely1 if originality goes for anything1 we may add--,tupper--that a time so prolific of poetic genius is not to be counted a transitional period at all4 ,this1 or something like it1 we should no doubt hear1 if we ventured upon putting forth as our own the enticing proposition we have but modestly thrown out as a suggestion to the reader4 ,and if we were not withheld by that providential want of time and opportunity which so often saves us from our rasher selves1 we should no doubt go on to make the venture even now3 to assert that1 in spite of ,tennyson and ,browning1 in spite even of ,matthew ,arnold--in one sense a truer voice of his time than either of them--in spite of the pagan and medival renaissance piloted by that wonderfully clever coterie of the ,rossettis1 the present can in no sense be called a creative epoch in our literature1 as we call creative the two epochs of which ,shakspeare and ,wordsworth are1 broadly speaking1 the representative names--representative1 however1 in different ways and in widely different degrees2 that it is1 on the contrary1 a true transitional period1 as the period of ,pope and ,dryden was transitional1 and for analogous reasons2 and that1 because it is so1 the art of translation flourishes now as then4 ,nor should we forget1 in saying this1 the numerous translations which marked the ,elizabethan era4 ,but it is to be noted that while all1 or nearly all1 the then extant classics were turned into ,english before the close of the ,elizabethan era1 translations of any one of them were not repeated1 and precisely for this reason3 that the age1 being a creative epoch1 made its main effort in the direction of knowledge1 and not of criticism--sought to acquire ideas1 and not to arrange them1 as was the case with the translating periods which came after it4 ,then1 too1 it was the virtual beginning of our literature1 when translation1 as we have said1 came natural to it4 ,chaucer two hundred years before was a creative poet1 if the term may be used1 in a time that was not creative1 a time that was not his1 a time whose sluggishness not even his pregnant genius could inform2 ,chaucer was the glad premature swallow of a lingering1 long-delaying spring1 whose settled sunshine came to us only with ,spenser's later bird-song1 8,preluding those melodious bursts that fill ,the spacious times of great ,elizabeth ,with sounds that echo still40 ,milton may be said to have concluded1 as ,spenser preluded1 that mighty time1 without fairly belonging to it4 ,they belonged rather to each other4 8,milton has owned to me10 says ,dryden1 8that his original was ,spenser40 ,they were the epilogue and the prologue of that mighty opening chorus of our literature1 in which the translators1 too1 had their parts1 but only as prompters to the great singers1 to help them to add to their native melody here and there some sweetness of a foreign note4 ,the time of critical translation1 of translation for its own sake1 as an art1 came in only with ,dryden--perhaps1 on the whole1 the greatest of the transition poets4 ,then1 too1 translators began first to repeat each other's work4 ,before the year #aehj most of the classic poets had been translated into ,english verse4 ,they were not duplicated1 because1 as we have said1 the time wanted first of all the knowledge of them1 and it was not fastidious as to the shape in which it came4 ,for a hundred years after its appearance ,phaer's version of the neid had no rival4 ,then came ,vicars'1 only to disappear almost as quickly4 ,doubly lapped in lead1 it sank at once in that ,stygian pool where ,dulness tries the weight of her favorites1 and there it has since remained1 like ,prospero's book and staff1 drowned 8,deeper than did ever plummet sound40 ,undeterred by this untoward fate1 ,john ,ogilby brought out his translation soon after1 first at ,cambridge and again in ,london1 8adorned with sculptures and illustrated with annotations0--8the fairest edition10 grave ,anthony ,wood assures us1 8that till then the ,english press ever produced40 ,this gorgeous work1 pronounced by ,pope to be below criticism1 nevertheless went through four editions before descending to the congenial fellowship of ,vicars under the forgetful wave--a proof how much a good ,english version of the neid was desired4 ,ogilby had been a dancing-master1 and perhaps learned in his profession to rival ,lucilius1 who 8,in hora spe ducentos ,ut magnum versus dictabat stans pede in uno40#agb ,at all events1 although he took to literature late in life--he was past forty before he learned ,latin or ,greek--he was a prodigious author1 as we learn from the ,dunciad3 8,here groans the shelf with ,ogilby the great40 ,besides translating remorselessly everything he could lay hands on1 from ,homer to sop1 he found time to write various heroic poems1 and had even completed an epic in twelve books on ,charles ,i41 when fate took pity on his fellows and sent the great fire of ,london to the rescue4 ,phillips1 in the ,theatrum ,poetarum1 styles ,ogilby a prodigy1 and avers that his 8,paraphrase on sop's ,fables0 8is generally confessed to have exceeded whatever hath been done before in that kind40#agc ,as ,milton's nephew can scarcely be suspected of a joke1 we must conclude that this is not one of the critical judgments which ,milton inspired4 ,nevertheless1 ,ogilby's translations and paraphrases procured him a 8genteel livelihood0 which many better poems have failed to do for their authors4 ,neither ,vicars nor ,ogilby1 however1 was of sufficient note1 nor had their labors sufficient vitality1 to set the current of translation fairly going4 ,that was reserved for ,dryden1 whose famous work came out in #afig4 ,dryden had all the qualifications necessary to ensure him a full harvest of imitation and rivalry at once4 ,he was the most famous poet and critic of his day1 and in either capacity had found means to excite abundance of jealousies and resentments4 ,moreover1 his change of religion1 and the vigor with which he had espoused the ,catholic cause in his ,hind and ,panther1 made him many additional enemies4 ,so it is not to be wondered at that when1 as ,pope puts it1 8,pride1 malice1 folly1 against ,dryden rose ,in various shapes of parsons1 critics1 beaux10 the parsons led the onslaught4 ,first came ,parson ,milbourn1 8the fairest of critics10 who printed his own version side by side with the one he found fault with1 and whom ,dulness also promptly claimed for her own4 ,then ,dr4 ,brady1 giving over to his worthy coadjutor1 ,tate1 for the nonce the herculean task of promoting ,sternhold and ,hopkins to be next to the worst poets in the world1 devoted himself to the equally gigantic labor of proving that there was a work he could translate more abominably than the ,psalms4 ,his version in blank-verse1 8when dragged into the light10 says ,dr4 ,johnson1 8did not live long enough to cry40 ,then ,dr4 ,trapp1 the ,oxford professor of poetry--majora viribus audens--rushed to the attack and did the neid into1 if possible1 still blanker verse than his predecessor's4 ,it was he who said of ,dryden's version 8that where ,dryden shines most we often see the least of ,virgil40 ,this was true enough2 and it was1 no doubt1 to avoid the like reproach that the good doctor forbore to shine at all4 ,on him was made the well-known epigram apropos of a certain poem said to be better than ,virgil3 8,better than ,virgil8 ,yes1 perhaps2 ,but then1 by ,jove1 'tis ,dr4 ,trapp's60 ,this is only another form of ,bentley's famous judgment3 8,a very pretty poem1 ,mr4 ,pope1 but you must not call it ,homer40 ,the doctor has had no better luck than his fellows4 8,olli dura quies oculos et ferreus urguet ,somnus2 in ternam clauduntur lumina noctem40#agd ,these efforts of the parsons1 however1 were no doubt inspired at least as much by odium theologicum as by the genuine impulse of emulation4 ,the first true exemplification of this came about #agbi with the version of ,pitt1#age whose choice of ,dryden's couplet was a direct challenge4 ,johnson's estimate of the success of this rivalry is not1 on the whole1 unfair--or1 at least1 as fair as such comparisons often are4 8,dryden10 he says1 8leads the reader forward by his general vigor and sprightliness1 and ,pitt often stops him to contemplate the excellence of a single couplet2 ,dryden's faults are forgotten in the hurry of delight1 and ,pitt's beauties neglected in the languor of a cold and listless perusal2 ,pitt pleases the critics and ,dryden the people2 ,pitt is quoted and ,dryden read40 ,dryden1 however1 is probably oftener read nowadays than ,pitt is quoted4 ,it is something to be a poet after all1 and in the exchange of translation we allow for the purity of his metal and the beauty of his coinage4 ,most of us would rather have the gold of ,dryden1 though it fall a piece or two short in the reckoning1 than the small change of ,pitt1 though every silver sixpence and copper farthing be accounted for4 ,other translations of the neid there were during the eighteenth century1 among them one by another ,oxford professor of poetry1 ,hawkins1 but none have survived4 ,pope's translation of ,homer1 which was published soon after ,pitt's neid1 diverted attention to the ,greek poet1 and gave him with translators a pre-eminence over his ,latin rival which only within a few years he can be said to have lost4 ,pope had no imitators1 however1 till long after4 ,even more absolutely than ,dryden he swayed the sceptre of poetry in his time2 and the presumptuous wight who had ventured to challenge his sovereignty or to measure strength with 8that poetical wonder1 the translation of the ,iliad1 a performance which no age or nation can pretend to rival10 gods--critical gods--and men and booksellers would have laughed to scorn4 ,it is true1 ,addison1 that most uneasy 8brother near the throne10 was shrewdly suspected of meditating such a design under the cloak of his friend and follower1 ,tickell1 and even went so far as to publish--so ran the current gossip of the coffee-houses--a version of the first book of the ,iliad in ,tickell's name4 ,but the scheme stopped there2 ,pope's triumph was too splendid and overwhelming1 and his great work calmly defied competition1 until the spell of his honeyed couplet was broken1 and ,cowper could find a hearing for his ponderous ,miltonic periods1 a full half-century after ,pope's death4 ,the battle which soon thereafter came to be joined between the partisans of the ,popian and ,cowperian methods--both of them1 as ,mr4 ,arnold assures us1 really on a complete equality of error--had the effect of keeping ,homer in the foreground and ,virgil in the shade1 despite the praiseworthy versions of the latter by ,simmons in rhymed couplets about #ahag1 and ,kennedy in blank-verse some thirty years later1 until the critical furore created by the appearance of ,prof4 ,conington's neid about ten years since once more turned the tide and brought our ,mantuan to the front4 ,conington's translation1 by the novelty of its metre1 the freshness of its treatment1 the spirit of its movement1 its union of fidelity and grace1 took the public ear and at once won a popularity which1 if we may judge from the fact that a new edition has been lately advertised1 it has not yet lost nor is destined speedily to lose4 ,moreover1 its peculiar metre gave rise to a discussion among the critics1 which has no doubt had its share in bringing out the two additional versions by ,mr4 ,cranch and ,mr4 ,morris at brief intervals after ,professor ,conington's1 the former at ,boston1 the latter in ,england and reprinted here4 ,each of these three versions has that 8proper reason for existing0 in novelty of method and manner which ,mr4 ,arnold demands1 and without which1 indeed1 multiplied translations are but cumberers of the book-stall and a weariness to the flesh4 ,of ,mr4 ,cranch this assertion may sound a trifle odd1 since his work upon its face presents little that is new4 ,in place of the galloping octosyllabics of ,prof4 ,conington or the resurrected ,alexandrines of ,mr4 ,morris1 he offers us only the familiar blank-verse which ,kennedy and ,trapp and ,brady used1 or misused1 before him2 he has no theories to illustrate1 but translates his author as faithfully as he knows how1 and his rendering is neither so exceedingly good nor so excessively bad as to give it any claim to originality upon that score4 ,but then it is the first ,american translation of ,virgil1 and that is surely novelty enough4 ,for as each age1 so every country1 looks at a classic author through spectacles of its own4 8,each age10 as ,conington well says in his preface1 8will naturally think that it understands an author whom it studies better than the ages which have gone before it02 and it is for this reason1 he adds1 8that the great works of antiquity require to be translated afresh from time to time to preserve their interest as part of modern literary culture40 ,but it is not alone that each age will understand an author better than preceding ages2 it will understand him differently2 it will see him in another light1 from far other points of view1 modified and interpreted by its own spirit4 ,what ,heyne says of the poet is in a measure true of the translator--that he has the genius of his era1 which must necessarily qualify his work4 ,we have sometimes fancied even that this business of translation was a kind of metempsychosis through which the poet's soul shall speak to many different times and lands through forms and in voices changing to suit the moods of each4 ,this1 of course1 is only one of those fantastic notions which a writer must sometimes be indulged in1 if he is to be kept in reasonable good-humor4 ,but we think we may venture to say that two nations translating for themselves what antiquity has to say to them will insensibly find its utterances modified for each of them by their natural modes of thought4 ,nay1 may we not go further and say that no two human minds will find precisely the same message in ,homer or ,virgil or ,horace--so infinite are the gradations of thought1 so innumerable the shades of meaning and suggestion in a word4 ,of ,virgil this is especially true2 for he has1 says ,prof4 ,conington1 8that peculiar habit1 444 common to him and ,sophocles1 of hinting at two or three modes of expression while actually employing one40 ,it is just for this reason that repeated translations of a great author are not only useful but desirable2 that1 to quote ,conington again1 8it is well that we should know how our ancestors of the ,revolution period conceived of ,virgil2 it is well that we should be obliged consciously to realize how we conceive of him ourselves40 ,how true this is no one can fail to perceive who contrasts ,dryden's method in any given passage with ,conington's4 ,the sense of ,virgil may be given with equal exactness by each--we say may be1 which is rather stretching a point1 for1 in respect of verbal fidelity1 the two versions are not to be compared--the interpretation may be equally poetical1 but there will remain a subtle something which stamps each1 and which we can only say is the flavor of the time4 ,or1 again1 compare the ,abb ,delille's ,french version with ,dryden's ,english--perhaps a fairer comparison2 for both are equally free1 though by no means equally acquainted with their author1 and both to a certain extent belonged to the same school of composition4 ,nor are they so very far apart as they seem in point of time2 the century or so which divides them was a very much longer period in ,england than in ,france4 ,charles ,,ii4 was nearer to ,louis ,,xv4 than to ,george ,,iii4 in point of taste4 ,yet how different from ,dryden's ,virgil1 or from any ,englishman's1 is ,delille's1 even though he does not find in his text such enchanting gallicisms as ,jean ,regnault de ,segrais could twist out of the lines1 8,ubi templum illi centumque ,sabo ,thure calent ar1 sertisque recentibus halant03#agf 8,dans le temple o toujours quelque ,amant irrit ,accuse dans ses vux quelque jeune ,beaut40 ,this is an extreme case1 no doubt1 and there are ,frenchmen even who would not be beyond laughing at it4 ,we are not to forget1 as we laugh at it ourselves1 that ,segrais was not unknown in the ,htel ,rambouillet1 and that although his own poetry was not all of this order1 not even his neid--,saint-,evremond liked it--he also wrote novels which not even the ,htel ,rambouillet could read4 ,but when that really able man and accomplished scholar1 ,cardinal ,du ,perron1 turns ,horace's lines in the charming farewell to ,virgil 7,carm4 i4 #c73 8,ventorumque regat ,pater ,obstrictis aliis prter ,iapygia10 into this sort of thing3 8,ainsi des vents l'humide ,pre ,ton cours heureusement tempere1 ,tenant ses enfants emplumez ,si bien sous la clef enfermez ,except l'opportun ,zephyr10 we have a version which no doubt seems correct and poetical enough to a ,frenchman1 but to an ,english mind suggests nothing so much as a damp and aged poultry-fancier locking up his chickens in the hen-house out of the rain4 ,and a countryman of the cardinal can make nothing more of the 8laughing eyes0 of ,dante's ,piccarda3 8,ond' ella pronta e con occhi ridenti10#agg than 8,l'ombre me repondit d'un air satisfait60 as though the celestial phantom had been a small girl bribed with a tart to answer4 ,to the post-academic ,gaul1 shivering in the chaste but chilly shadow of that awful ,pantheon of the verbal proprieties1 the 8,marguerite aux yeulx rians et verds0 whom his forebears loved to sing would be but a green-eyed monster indeed4 ,ronsard's parodies of ,pindar were no worse than ,ambrose ,philips' travesties of the deep-mouthed ,theban--the sparrow-hawk aping the eagle--and not much worse1 indeed1 than ,west's or even ,wheelwright's1 or any other imitation of the inimitable that we have seen4 ,but the badness of the one is thoroughly ,french and of his time1 even to his bragging that it was his noble birth which enabled him to reproduce ,pindar1 wherein ,horace1 for lack of that virtue1 had failed2 the badness of the other as thoroughly ,english and of his age4 ,and what more salient instance could be given of this natural difference in mental constitution1 in 8the way of looking at things10 than ,voltaire's treatment of the scene in ,hamlet where the sentinel answers the question1 8,have you had quiet guard80 by the familiar household idiom1 8,not a mouse stirring08 8,pas un souris qui trotte0 the author of ,zaire makes it1 and proceeds to inform his countrymen that this ,shakspeare was a drunken savage4 ,now1 while there is no such radical difference between ,english and ,american ways of thought as between ,english and ,french ways1 there is still difference enough to justify us in giving place to ,mr4 ,cranch's blank-verse neid1 as being priori another thing from the ,english blank-verse neids of forty or one hundred and forty years ago4 ,so1 without more ado1 let us repeat that these three versions of the last decade are sufficiently unlike one another or any that have gone before to warrant attentive notice4 ,in choosing for the vehicle of his attempt the octosyllabic line--the well-known metre of ,scott's ,marmion--,prof4 ,conington turned his back intrepidly on all the traditions4 ,scarcely any rhythm we have would seem at first blush worse fitted to give the unlearned reader an adequate idea of the sonorous march of the ,latin hexameter or of the stately melody of ,virgil's verse1 of the dignity of his sentiments1 or the noble gravity of his style4 ,for him who uses such a metre to render the neid one half anticipates the need of some such frank confession as that ,ronsard1 in a fit of remorse1 or perhaps a verbal indigestion over his own inconceivable pedantry1 puts at the end--at the end1 mark you--of one of his never-ending series of odes3 8,les ,franois qui mes vers liront1 ,s'ils ne sont et ,grecs et ,romains1 ,en lieu de ce livre1 ils n'auront ,qu'un pesant faix entre les mains0-- which for our present purpose we may paraphrase3 ,my excellent reader1 if you don't know ,virgil as well as ,i do1 you will find very little of him here1 and if you do you will find still less4 ,but ,professor ,conington soon puts away from us all such forebodings4 ,he gives us1 in spite of his metre1 for the most part1 in rare instances1 by the help of it1 a great deal of ,virgil--more1 on the whole1 than almost any other of the poet's translators4 ,he has put the story of the neid into bright and animated ,english verse which may be read with pleasure as a poem for itself1 and is yet strictly faithful to the sense and spirit of its original1 as close as need be--wonderfully close in many parts--to its language1 often skilfully suggestive of some of the most salient peculiarities of its form1 and only failing conspicuously1 where all translations most conspicuously fail1 in rendering the poet's manner1 because the manner of any poet--and we mean by manner that union of thought and form of the poet's way of seeing with his way of saying things which is the full manifestation of his genius--only failing here because this part of any poet it is next to impossible to reproduce in a foreign tongue1 and because the vehicle chosen by ,prof4 ,conington1 so opposite in every way to ,virgil's vehicle1 increased that difficulty tenfold4 ,but a translation of a long narrative poem is not like the translation of a brief lyric4 ,is the former to be written for those who understand the original and care for no translation1 or for those who1 not understanding the original1 ask first of the translator that he shall not put them to sleep1 and1 second1 that he shall give them all that his author gives as nearly as possible in the same manner8 ,two of these demands ,prof4 ,conington's version fully meets1 and it comes as near to the third as was consistent with a metre which gave him the best chance of combining the other two4 ,if any translation of ,virgil can hope to be popular it is his2 and we hold to the belief that it will share with ,dryden's1 which1 if only for its author's sake1 will live1 the affections of the unlatined ,english reader for long to come4 ,as might be expected1 it is in battle-pieces and in scenes of swift and animated action1 to which ,scott's metre naturally lends itself1 and with which it is as naturally associated1 that this version chiefly excels4 ,take1 for example1 the onset in the eleventh book3 8,meantime the ,trojans near the wall1 ,the ,tuscans and the horsemen all1 ,in separate troops arrayed2 ,their mettled steeds the champaign spurn1 ,and1 chafing1 this and that way turn2 ,spears bristle o'er the fields1 that burn ,with arms on high displayed4 ,messapus and the ,latian force1 ,and ,coras and ,camilla's horse1 ,an adverse front array2 ,with hands drawn back they couch the spear1 ,and aim the dart in full career2 ,the tramp of heroes strikes the ear1 ,mixed with the charger's neigh4 ,arrived within a javelin's throw1 ,the armies halt a space2 when1 lo6 ,sudden they let their good steeds go ,and meet with deafening cry2 ,their volleyed darts fly thick as snow1 ,dark-shadowing all the sky40 ,the ,latin could scarcely be given with more spirit or closeness2 though in neither respect does ,morris fall short of his predecessor1 from whom in manner1 however1 he differs toto clo3 8,but in meanwhile the ,trojan folk the city draw anigh1 ,the ,tuscan dukes and all their horse in many a company ,well ordered2 over all the plain1 neighing1 the steed doth fare1 ,prancing and champing on the bit that turns him here and here4 ,and far and wide the lea is rough with iron harvest now1 ,and with the weapons tost aloft the level meadows glow4 ,messapus and the ,latins swift1 lo6 on the other hand1 ,and ,coras with his brother-lord1 and maid ,camilla's band1 ,against them in the field2 and1 lo6 far back their arms they fling ,in couching of the level spears1 and shot-spears brandishing4 ,all is afire with neigh of steeds and onfall of the men4 ,and now1 within a spear-shot come1 short up they rein1 and then ,they break out with a mighty cry and spur the maddened steeds2 ,and all at once from every side the storm of spear-shot speeds1 ,as thick as very snowing is1 and darkens down the sun40 ,it would be hard to say which version is closer to the original4 ,conington leaves out the epithet celeres which ,virgil bestows on the ,latins1 and also--a graver omission--that brother whom ,virgil makes attend him like his shadow 7et cum fratre ,coras7 in every battle-field of the neid4 ,this fraternal warrior ,morris gives us1 indeed1 but not very intelligibly1 as ,coras' 8brother-lord40 ,on the other hand1 although ,morris renders the ,latin line for line1 he is not so concise as ,conington1 who puts ,virgil's fifteen hexameters into twenty of his short lines as opposed to fifteen of ,morris' long ones4 ,virgil has nothing of ,morris' 8iron harvest02 here-- 8,tum late ferreus hastis ,horret ager1 campique armis sublimibus ardent0-- we should give ,conington the preference1 while ,morris excels in rendering the verse3 8,adventusque virum fremitusque ardescit equorum40 ,in ,morris' version four words are to be specially noted3 folk1 dukes1 maid1 and very4 ,they contain the key to his method1 and we shall recur to them again4 ,our ,american's blank-verse here helps him to no greater degree of fidelity than either of his rivals1 while even patriotism must own his version1 as compared with theirs1 a trifle tame3 8,meanwhile1 the ,trojan troops1 the ,etruscan chiefs1 ,and all the cavalry approach the walls1 ,in order ranged4 ,the coursers leap and neigh ,along the fields1 and fight against the curb1 ,and wheel about4 ,an iron field of spears ,bristles afar1 and lifted weapons blaze4 ,upon the other side the ,latins swift1 ,messapus1 ,coras1 and his brother come1 ,also ,camilla's wing2 in hostile ranks ,they threaten with their lances backward drawn1 ,and shake their javelins4 ,on the warriors press1 ,and fierce and fiercer neigh the battle steeds4 ,advancing now within a javelin's throw1 ,each army halted2 then1 with sudden shouts1 ,they cheer and spur their fiery horses on4 ,from all sides now the spears fly thick and fast ,as showers of sleet1 and darken all the sky40 ,the word 8cavalry0 here is too modern in its associations to suit us entirely1 nor strikes us as highly poetical4 8,wave1 ,munich1 all thy banners wave1 ,and charge with all thy chivalry10 is the way ,campbell put it4 ,again1 the rendering of the line ,adventusque virum fremitusque ardescit equorum is less exact than ,morris'1 if not than ,conington's1 and much less poetical than either2 and were it not for the printer's aid1 we should be unable to tell such blank-verse as 8,messapus1 ,coras1 and his brother come1 also ,camilla's wing10 from the very prosiest of prose4 ,mr4 ,cranch1 like ,prof4 ,conington1 omits ,camilla's attribute of virginis--though that is1 perhaps1 better than to call her1 as ,dryden does1 a 8virago0--and turns ,virgil's snow into sleet1 no doubt having in mind ,gray's 8,iron sleet of arrowy shower ,hurtles in the darkened air10 or the 8sharp sleet of arrowy shower0 in ,paradise ,regained4 ,it may be of interest to set side by side with these ,english translations the ,french version of ,delille4 ,it will show us1 at least1 where ,mr4 ,morris went1 perhaps1 for his 8iron harvest03 8,mais dj les ,troyens1 dj les fiers ,toscans ,pour attaquer vers ,lausente ont dploy leurs rangs2 ,ils marchent2 le coursier de sa tte hautaine ,bat l'air1 ronge le frein1 et bondit dans la plaine2 ,les champs sont hrisss d'une moisson de fer1 ,et chaque javelot fait partir un clair4 ,et ,messape1 et ,coras et son valeureux frre1 ,et la chaste ,camille et sa troupe lgre1 ,se prsentent ensemble4 ,on voit de toutes parts ,et s'alonger la lance et s'agiter les dards4 ,sous les pas des guerriers les champs poudreux gmissent2 ,et soldats et coursiers de colre frmissent4 ,enfin1 la distance o le trait peut porter1 ,les partis ennemis viennent de s'arrter3 ,on s'crie1 on s'lance1 et d'un essor rapide4 ,chacun pousse en avant son coursier intrpide4 ,plus presss que la neige au retour des hivers ,des nuages de traits en obscurci les airs40 ,in a future number we purpose concluding our present examination and taking a final leave of the translators4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,home-,,rule ,,candidate4 ,a ,,story ,,of 8,,new ,,ireland40 ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,of 8,,the ,,little ,,chapel ,,at ,,monamullin10 8,,the ,,romance ,,of ,a ,,portmanteau10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,new ,,ireland ,,and ,,young ,,england4 ,how glad ,i felt when morning came1 as it brought me nearer to seeing our fair guest6 ,i gathered a bouquet for her1 wet with the kisses of the lingering night-dew4 ,i flatter myself that my bouquets are constructed with a tender regard for tone4 ,i have sat for hours in ,paris1 upon an upturned empty basket in the ,march aux ,fleurs1 watching the fleuristes deftly composing those exquisite poems in color which serve to render flowers a charming necessity4 ,upon this occasion ,i selected blood-red geraniums as the outer edge1 with narrowing circlets of stefanotis and mignonette1 the whole enshrined in a bower of maiden-hair fern4 ,how lovely she looked when ,i presented them to her at breakfast2 how enchanting her transparent complexion1 that flushed as she spoke1 and crimsoned when she was spoken to6 ,alphonse ,karr speaks of a similar indefinable charm in his own delightful way3 8,elle avait ce charme potiquement virginal1 qui est la plus grande beaut de la femme40 ,alas6 my bouquet had been forestalled by the gift of a veritable last rose of summer which ,harry ,welstone had culled while ,i was engaged in imparting some finishing touches to my rather bristly hair4 ,the words 8too late0 to meet me on the very threshold of my new career6 ,it was truly disheartening4 ,she was attired in a tightly-fitting dress of pure white1 adorned by a series of coquettish blue ribbons1 the edgings being of the same color4 ,her cavalier collar and gauntlet cuffs finished a toilette which almost recalled my ,virgil1 as ,i could hardly refrain from exclaiming 8,o ,dea certe60 8,might ,i ask1 if it is not an unparliamentary question1 ,mr4 ,ormonde1 at what hour you allowed poor papa to retire to his bed8 ,was it late last night or early this morning80 she asked with a droll archness4 8,well1 it was rather late1 ,miss ,hawthorne2 but as your father was good enough to favor me with some exceedingly interesting passages in his senatorial career1 the time galloped by at a break-neck pace and we took no note of it40 ,i had already learned to play the hypocrite4 ,o ,master ,cupid6 and this was thy first lesson4 8,is my memory mocking me1 or did ,i hear awful mention of ,irish whisky80 she laughed4 ,this enabled me to explain the blunder of my retainer in his desire to uphold the honor of the family1 and to exonerate myself from the soupon of having neglected her society for that of the bottle4 ,peter's ideas upon the family status seemed to afford her the liveliest merriment1 and she laughed the silvery laugh with which1 old playgoers tell me1 ,mme4 ,vestris used to bring down the house4 8,peter is a character1 then80 8,you will find that out before very long1 ,miss ,hawthorne40 8,i do so love characters60 ,i ran over my characteristics like a flash1 and found them of the baldest and mildest nature4 ,not a single strong point came to the rescue1 not a liking or a disliking4 ,pah6 what a dull1 drowsy weed2 what a prosy1 colorless nobody4 8,peter is a great admirer of the fair sex10 said my mother4 8,you must see him on ,sunday standing at the chapel gate #8discoorsin'' the pretty girls as they pass in to last ,mass40 8,is he a bachelor80 8,oh6 yes4 ,i have often asked him why he doesn't marry1 and his invariable reply is1 #8,i'd rayther keep looking at them4'0 8,perhaps ,i might have a chance10 said ,miss ,hawthorne1 with a delicious coquetry in her manner4 8,not a bit of it1 my dear2 he would not ally himself to a ,saxon for a crock of gold40 8,he is a hard-hearted wretch1 then10 laughed our guest1 8and ,i shall not endeavor to make a conquest40 ,little did she imagine that she might have uttered ,veni1 vidi1 vici at that particular moment4 ,a poor triumph1 though--a paltry victory4 ,i did not feel myself worthy of powder and shot4 ,harry ,welstone kept gazing at ,miss ,hawthorne from out his supremely handsome eyes4 ,how ,i envied him those deep1 dark1 corsair-like organs of vision1 inwardly railing against my own heavy blues6 ,he chatted with her upon every conceivable topic1 planning excursions1 arranging her boating1 riding1 walking1 and even the songs she was to sing1 disposing of her time to his own especial advantage1 and leaving me helplessly out in the cold with the prosy member for ,doodleshire4 ,i could not find a solitary topic to speak upon2 at least1 just as ,i had summoned up courage to 8cut in10 as they say at whist1 the wind had shifted and the current of the conversation had taken another turn1 leaving my disabled argosy high and dry4 ,i had spent my most recent years in the secluded valley of ,kilkenley with my mother1 my horses1 and my dogs4 ,i had seen little or nothing of the whirl of the world1 and was so purely1 so essentially local as to be almost ignorant of what was going on in the outer circle of life4 ,of course ,i read the ,freeman's ,journal--generally two days old when it reached us--and then ,i merely glanced at the hunting fixtures or the sales of thoroughbreds at ,farrell's or ,sewell's4 ,of course ,i had done some reading2 and of a lighter kind the ,waverley ,novels and ,dickens1 the ,titanic ,thackeray and a few unwholesome ,french effusions2 but of late ,i had read nothing1 and1 as a consequence1 was local to a contemptuous degree4 ,in what did ,peter1 my own servant1 differ from me8 ,merely in the perusal of a few books4 ,he was a better judge of a horse and--but why proceed8 ,my reflections were all of this melancholy cast as ,i listened to dissertations upon ,chopin1 ,schubert1 and ,wagner1 upon the novelists and poets of the period1 upon ,gainsborough hats and ,pompadour flounces1 upon the relative merits of ,rve d',amour and ,ess' bouquet4 ,harry and our fair young guest kept the shuttlecock going between them1 and ,i was forced to bear the burden of my own ignorance in a stolid1 stupid silence4 ,one chance was offered me which ,i took as ,i would a six-foot wall--flying4 ,the question of horses came upon the tapis1 and ,i vaulted into the saddle4 ,i rode down ,harry and scarcely spared ,miss ,hawthorne2 nor did ,i draw rein until ,i had described the run of last season1 from meet to death1 winding a 8,view-halloo60 that actually caused the teacups to ring upon their saucers4 ,this blew off my compressed excitement1 and1 although very much ashamed1 ,i felt all the better for it4 ,my foot was on my native heath1 and ,i showed her that my name was ,mc,gregor4 8,what are you going to do with ,mr4 ,hawthorne to-day80 asked my mother4 8,what are you going to do with ,miss ,hawthorne1 mother80 ,i retorted4 8,oh6 ,harry ,welstone and ,i have arranged all that4 ,you are not in the baby-house40 ,this was gratifying intelligence with a vengeance4 ,i was told off as bear-leader to the prosy ,parliament man1 while ,harry was to revel in the radiance of ,miss ,hawthorne's presence4 ,this was grilling4 ,and yet what could ,i do or say8 ,my hands were tied behind my back4 ,i was host1 and should pay deference to the respected rites of bread and salt1 the sacred laws of hospitality4 ,a sacrifice was demanded1 and in me was found the victim4 8,could we not manage to unite our forces80 ,i suggested1 in the faint1 flickering hope that a compromise might be effected4 8,impossible60 said ,harry4 ,i could have flung my teacup at his head4 8,and why not1 pray80 ,i asked in a short1 testy way4 8,because you are to take ,mr4 ,hawthorne over to ,clonacooney1 and to talk tenant-right and landlord-wrong with old ,mr4 ,cassidy2 then1 when exhausted there1 you are bound for the model farm at ,rouserstown1 and any amount of steam-ploughing and top-dressing2 then you can pay a flying visit to ,phil ,dempsey's hundred-acre field1 and show the ,saxon the richness of the land he has invaded2 then you are to call for ,father ,o',dowd1 where you can coal and do ,home ,rule2 and then you may come home to dinner1 where we shall be very happy to receive you40 ,and ,harry laughed loudly and long at my utter discomfiture--a discomfiture written in my rueful countenance in lines as heavy as those laid on the grim visage of ,don ,quixote by ,gustave ,dor4 8,you are very kind1 ,welstone--a most considerate fellow4 ,why not have arranged for ,knobber1 or the other side of the ,shannon--say ,ballybawn1 or ,curlagh ,island80 ,the iron had entered my soul4 8,is not this arrangement a very heavy tax upon ,mr4 ,ormonde's good-nature80 exclaimed our fair guest1 graciously coming to the rescue1 addressing my mother1 who1 par parenthse1 expressed herself perfectly charmed with ,miss ,hawthorne4 8,tax6 my dear child8 ,on the contrary1 it is just the sort of day my son will thoroughly enjoy3 going about the country1 talking second crops1 turnips1 and the price of hay and oats4 ,he is devoted to all that sort of thing1 and ,i doubt if even his duties of gallantry to you1 ,mabel1 would get the better of his devotion to ,mme4 ,ceres40 ,i was about to blurt out something that might possibly have compromised me on all sides1 when1 as luck would have it1 the ,m4,p4 entered4 ,he stalked into the room as if the division-bell were ringing1 and took his seat as though below the gangway1 bowing gravely to the assembled ,house4 ,he lifted his cup as he would a blue-book1 and handled his knife as an act of ,parliament4 8,you will--ahem6--,i'm sure excuse my being a little late0--with a preparatory cough--8but the late sittings of last session have totally unfitted me for bed until the wee sma' hours40 8,surely1 papa1 you are not going to carry the ,house of ,commons hours into the romantic glens of ,kilkenly80 8,i admit that ,i ought not to do so1 my dear1 but1 as a great statesman once observed--,i1 ahem6 quite forget his name at this particular moment--habit is second nature2 and were ,i to retire early1 it would--ha6 ha6--be only for the purpose of quarrelling with one of my best friends1 my best friend--,morpheus40 8,you must find the fatigues of ,parliament very great10 said my mother4 8,herculean1 madam4 ,my correspondence1 before ,i go down to the ,house at all1 is a herculean task1 and one in which ,i am very considerably aided by my daughter40 8,oh6 yes10 she laughed2 8,i can write such diplomatic letters as #8,i beg to acknowledge receipt of your communication of the blank instant1 which shall have my very best attention4' ,papa's constituents invariably hear from me in that exact phraseology by return of post4 ,i have a whole lot of such letters1 as the ,americans say1 #8on hand4'0 8,if it were not for the off-nights1 madam10 continued the member for ,doodleshire1 8,wednesdays and ,saturdays1 ,i should seriously think of accepting the ,chiltern ,hundreds1 which is a gentlemanlike way of resigning a seat in the ,house40 8,and on the off-nights poor papa devotes himself to me10 exclaimed ,mabel2 8and ,i always accept invitations for those nights1 so the only chance he has for sleep is during the recess40 ,i wondered who her friends might be1 what they were like1 where they resided1 and if the men were all in love with her4 ,she had upon three distinct occasions referred to a ,mr4 ,melton1 and somehow the mention of this man filled me with a grim foreboding4 8,we take too much sleep4 ,we should do with as little as possible1 and divide that by three4 ,sleep is waste of time4 ,sleep is a sad nuisance1 a bore4 ,it is born in a yawn and dies in imbecility10 cried ,harry1 suddenly bursting into vitality4 8,is it thus you would designate ,nature's soft nurse1 sir80 demanded ,mr4 ,hawthorne in a severe tone4 8,this comes very badly from ,mr4 ,welstone10 said my mother1 8who requires to be called about ten times before he will deign to leave off sleeping40 8,you should see the panels of his door--actually worn away with knuckle-knocking10 ,i added4 8,in the country ,i sleep because there's nothing else to do4 ,i get up early6 ,what for8 ,to see the same mist on the same mountains1 and the same cows in the same field1 and the same birds in the same trees2 though1 mot d'honneur1 ,i was up and out this morning at eight o'clock1 and played ,romeo to ,miss ,hawthorne's ,juliet--at least1 so far as a garden and a balcony could do it40 8,who ever heard of a ,romeo by daylight80 ,i exclaimed sarcastically4 8,let's see what that love-stricken wretch does #8neath the sun's rays4 ,we all know what he says and does in the pale moonlight40 8,he kills ,tybalt10 ,i interposed1 not utterly displeased in being able to show ,mabel that ,i was on intimate terms with the ,bard of ,avon4 8,and buys a penn'orth of strychnine10 added ,harry with a grin4 8,we know a gentleman who plays ,romeo to perfection10 observed ,mabel4 8,such a handsome fellow6 ,and the dress suits him charmingly40 ,how ,i hated this ,romeo6 8,a ,mr4 ,wynwood ,melton40 ,i knew it before she had uttered the words4 8,an actor80 ,i drawled in a careless sort of way4 8,oh6 dear1 no2 he's in the ,foreign ,office1 and a swell4 ,he is nephew or cousin--,i don't know which--to ,mr4 ,gladstone or some other great chief40 ,this with an animation that sent a thrill of despairing jealousy to my very soul4 8,he is--ahem6--a very promising young man1 a great favorite of ours1 and will make his mark4 ,he is destined for the ,house4 ,you'll meet him1 ,mr4 ,ormonde1 when you come over4 ,he is--ha6 ha6 ha6--rather a constant visitor10 with a significant glance in the direction of his daughter4 ,she flushed crimson4 ,the deep scarlet glowed all over her like a rosy veil4 ,that blush tolled the death-knell of my hopes4 ,our eyes met2 she withdrew her glance1 as ,i haughtily outstared her4 8,he is a great favorite of papa's10 she murmured1 almost apologetically4 8,and how about papa's only daughter80 laughed my mother4 8,papa's only daughter admires him very much--thinks him very handsome1 very nice1 very cultivated1 very clever1 et voil tout40 8,what more would papa's only daughter have80 ,a quaint little shrug1 and a dainty laugh4 8,a thousand things10 she said4 ,from that moment ,i marked down ,melton as my foe--as the man who had dared to cross my path4 ,not that ,i hoped for success1 or could ever hope for it2 yet to him she had evidently surrendered her heart1 and he must reckon with me4 ,meet him6 ,rather6 ,i would now accept the invitation to ,london for the sole purpose of falling foul of ,melton4 ,it would be such exquisite torture to see them together2 such racking bliss to behold them pressing hands and looking into each other's eyes4 ,what pleasurable agony to look calmly on while those nameless frivolities and gentle dalliances by which lovers bridge the conventionalities were being performed beneath my very nose6 ,ha6 ha6 ,i would close with ,mr4 ,hawthorne's offer and make arrangements for proceeding to #8town1' as he would persist in calling the ,english metropolis1 at the earliest possible opportunity consistent with his1 and ,melton's1 convenience4 8,miss ,hawthorne10 suddenly exclaimed ,harry1 8do tell us something more about this ,romeo4 ,you have only given us enough to make us wish for more4 ,what is he like80 8,will you have his portrait in oil or a twopenny photo80 she laughed4 8,let us strike #8ile' by all means40 8,imprimis--that's a good word to begin with--he is tall40 8,good60 8,graceful40 8,good again60 8,dignified-looking40 8,bravissimo60 8,parts his hair in the centre40 8,i don't care for that10 said ,harry4 8,it becomes him40 8,possibly4 ,pray proceed4 ,his eyes80 8,gray40 8,nose80 8,aquiline40 8,beard8--men parting their hair in the centre wear beards40 8,henri ,quatre40 8,hands80 8,small and white40 ,i threw a hasty glance at mine2 they were of the same hue as the leg of the mahogany breakfast-table at which we were seated4 ,sun and saddle had done their work effectually4 8,does he smile80 8,why1 of course he does40 8,now10 said ,harry1 8upon your description of his smile a good deal may depend40 8,i object to this line of cross-examination10 said my mother4 8,i consider the subject has been sufficiently thrashed already10 ,i added4 ,truly1 ,i was sick of it4 8,i shall throw up my brief1 if ,i do not get an answer to my question40 8,i shall tell you by and by1 ,mr4 ,welstone40 8,by and by will not do40 8,well1 then1 ,mr4 ,melton's smile is like a sunbeam4 ,are you satisfied now80 8,mr4 ,hawthorne10 said ,harry1 turning to the ,m4,p41 8this is a very bad case40 8,i'm afraid--ha6 ha6 ha6--that it looks somewhat suspicious10 was the significant reply4 8,if you mean--0 ,mabel began4 8,i don't mean what you mean10 laughed ,harry4 8,what do you mean80 she asked4 8,what do you mean80 he playfully retorted4 ,at this juncture ,peter ,o',brien's shock head appeared at the open window1 through which he unceremoniously thrust it1 announcing1 in no very delicate accents3 8,the yokes is convaynient40 8,that's a fine morning1 ,peter10 exclaimed ,miss ,hawthorne1 rising and approaching the window4 8,troth1 it's that same1 miss1 glory be to ,god6 ,it's iligant weather intirely for the craps40 8,we've cut all our corn in ,england1 ,peter40 8,see that1 now10 gloomily2 but1 brightening up1 he added3 8,sorra a haporth to hindher us from cuttin' it long ago1 av it was only ripe enough40 8,an ,irish peasant will never admit ,saxon superiority in anything10 said my mother1 placing her arm about ,mabel's waist4 8,what #8yokes' have you out to-day1 ,peter80 8,the shay for you1 ma'am1 and the young leddy there2 though ,i'm afeared it's not as nate as it ought for to be1 be raisin av a rogue av a hin--a red wan1 full av consait an' impidence--makin' her nest right--0 8,here1 ,peter10 ,i cried1 to put a stop to these hideous revelations1 8get my car round at once40 ,i could have strangled him4 ,as all ,english visitors to ,ireland are possessed of a frantic desire to experience the jolting of an ,irish jaunting-car1 ,i ordered my own special conveyance round1 also from the workshop of ,bates--a low1 rakish-looking craft1 with a very deep well for the dogs when going out shooting1 and bright yellow corduroy cushions2 an idea of my own1 and upon which ,i rather piqued myself4 ,harry ,welstone and the ladies came to the doorsteps to see us off1 and while he explained the beauties of the chariot to ,miss ,hawthorne ,i endeavored to initiate her father into the mysteries of clinging on1 advising him not to clutch the front and back rail so convulsively1 but rather to allow his body to swing with every motion of the vehicle1 and above all things to trust to luck4 8,lave yourself as if ye wor a sack o' male1 sir10 suggested ,peter1 who was charioteer1 8or as if ye had a sup in4 ,sorra a man that was full ever dhropped off av a car1 barrin' ,murty ,flinn2 an' shure that was not his fault aither1 for it was intirely be raisin av a bargain he med wud a lump av a mare he was dhrivin' at that time40 8,who was ,murty ,flinn1 ,peter80 asked ,miss ,hawthorne4 8,a dacent boy1 miss1 that lives beyant at the crass-roads--a rale hayro for sperits10 was the prompt response1 accompanied by a semi-military salute4 8,and how did he fall off the car80 8,troth1 thin1 mavourneen1 it wasn't ,murty that fell aff av the car1 so much as that the car fell aff av ,murty2 an' this is how it happened3 ,murty was comin' from the fair av ,bohernacopple1 where he wint for to sell a little slip av a calf1 an' afore he left the fair he tuk several gollioges av sperits1 an' had a cupple uv haits wud ,phil ,clancy1 the red-hedded wan--not ,phil av ,tubbermory--an' he was bet up intirely betune the whiskey an' the rounds wud red ,clancy1 so that whin he cum for to make for home he was hard set for to yoke the mare1 an' harder set agin for to mount to his sate on the car4 ,but ,murty is the persevarionist man ye ever laid yer two purty eyes on1 miss1 an' he ruz himself into the sate afther a tremendjus battle2 and th' ould mare1 whin she seen that he was comfortable1 tuk the road like a ,christian mare4 ,well1 ,murty rowled backwards an' forwards1 an' every joult av the car ye'd think wud sind him on the crown av his caubeen2 but1 be me song1 he was as secure as a prisner in ,botany ,bay1 an' it's a sailor he thought he was1 up in a hammock no less4 ,well1 miss1 the night was a little dark an' the road was shaded wud threes1 an' whin they cum to th' ould graveyard at ,killencanick never a fut the mare #8ud go farther4 8#8,what's the matther wud ye8' axed ,murty2 but sorra an answer she med him4 8#8,are ye bet1' sez he1 #8an' you so far from home8' ,she riz a cupple av kicks1 as much as to say1 #8,ye hit it off that time1 anyhow1 ,misther ,flinn6' 8#8,did ye get a dhrink at the fair beyant1 ,moria8'--the little mare's name1 miss4 ,she shuk her hed in a way that tould him that she was as dhry as a cuckoo4 8#8,musha1 musha1 but that was cruel thratemint1' sez he4 #8,what's to be done at all1 at all8' 8,well1 miss1 he thought for a minit1 an' he sez3 #8,moria1 we're only two mile from the ,cock an' ,blackberry1 an' ,i'll tell ye what ,i'll do wud ye3 you carry me wan mile1 sez he1 #8an' ,i'll carry you th' other4'0 ,this proposition on the part of ,murty ,flinn was received with a peal of ringing laughter from ,miss ,hawthorne1 who1 with flashing eyes and an eager expression of delighted curiosity1 begged of ,peter to proceed4 8,av coorse1 miss10 replied the gratified ,jehu4 8,well1 ye see the words was hardly acrass his mouth whin1 cockin' her ears an' her tail1 th' ould mare darted aff as if she was runnin' for the ,cunningham ,coop at ,punchestown1 an' ,murty swingin' like a log round a dog's neck all the voyage2 an' the minnit she come to the milestone undher ,headford demesne she stopped like a dead rabbit4 8#8,where are we now8' axed ,murty4 8,she sed nothin'1 but rouled the car up to the milestone an' grazed it wud the step4 8#8,well1 yer the cutest little crayture1' sez ,murty1 #8that ever wore shoes1' sez he2 #8an'1 be the powers1 as ye kept yer word wud me1 ,i'll keep me word wud you4' ,and he rouled aff av the car into the middle o' the road1 while th' ould mare unyoked herself as aisy as if it was aitin' hay she was insted av undoin' buckles that riz many a blisther on ,murty's fingers2 for the harness was contrairy1 and more betoken as rusty as a ,hessian's baggonet4 ,when ,murty seen the mare stannin' naked in the road1 he med an offer for to get up1 but he was bet intirely be raisin av the sup he tuk1 an' he cudn't stir more nor his arms2 but the ould mare wasn't goin' for to be done out av her jaunt in that way1 so she cum over1 an' sazin' him--savin' yer presence1 miss--be the sate av his small-clothes1 riz him to his feet1 an'1 wud a cupple av twists1 dhruv him betune the shafts av the car1 an' in a brace av shakes had him harnessed like a racer4 8#8,i'm reddy now1 ma'am1' sez ,murty1 mighty polite1 for he seen the whip in one av her forepaws--#8,i'm reddy now1 ma'am2 so up wud ye1 an' ,i'll go bail we'll not be long coverin' the road betune this an' the ,cock an' ,blackberry4' 8,well1 miss1 th' ould mare mounted the car1 an' ,murty started aff as well as he cud2 but he was bet up afther runnin' a few yards1 an' he dhropped into a walk1 but no sooner he done it than he got a welt av the whip that med him hop4 8#8,what are ye doin8' sez he1 an' down cums the lash agin be way av an answer4 8#8,how dare ye raise yer hand to a ,christian8' sez he4 ,a cupple av welts follied this4 8#8,i'll not stan' it6' he bawled2 but the more he roared an' bawled the heavier th' ould mare welted1 an' he might as well be spakin' to the ,rock o' ,cashel4 8#8,hould yer hand6' he roared1 thryin to soothe her--#8hould yer hand1 an' ye'll have a bellyful av the finest oats in the barony--ould ,tim ,collins' best crap4 ,dhrop the whip1 an' sorra a taste av work ye'll do till next ,michaelmas4 ,i can't thravel faster1 ,moria1 be raisin av a corn1' and the like2 but the mare had him1 an' she ped off ould scores1 an' be the time they kem to the ,cock an' ,blackberry poor ,murty was bet like an ould carpet1 an' he wasn't fit for to frighten the crows out av an oat-field4 ,an' that's how it all happened1 miss40 8,and did he give ,moria the drink80 asked ,miss ,hawthorne4 8,he sez he did10 replied ,peter1 with a peculiar grin2 8but the people that owns the public-house sez that he niver darkened their doore1 an' that he was found lying undher the yoke near the crass-roads1 wud th' ould mare grazin' about a half a mile down the road4 ,but it's a thrue story10 he added with somewhat of solemn emphasis4 8,si non e vero e ben trovato10 laughed our guest1 as she waved us a graceful adieu4 ,it was one of those lovely mornings nowhere to be found but in ,ireland3 the dim1 half-gray light1 the heavily-perfumed air1 the stillness that imparted a sort of sad solemnity to the scene1 the glorious tints of green on hill and hollow that mellowed themselves with the sombre sky1 a something that inspires a silence that is at once a resource and a regret4 ,i became wrapped up in my own thoughts--so much so that1 although ,i held the 8ribbons0 ,i was scarcely aware of the fact1 and it was only the exclamation from ,peter3 8,blur an' ages6 ,masther ,fred1 luk out for the brudge0--a narrow structure1 across which it was possible to pass without grazing the parapet walls1 and nothing more--that brought me to my senses4 ,my guest1 in spite of the earnest instructions of ,peter1 was clinging frantically to the rails at either end of the seat1 and1 instead of allowing his body to swing with the motion of the vehicle1 was endeavoring to sit bolt upright1 as though he were in the ,house of ,commons and in anxious expectation of catching the ,speaker's eye4 ,upon arriving at the foot of ,ballymacrow hill ,peter sprang to the ground--an example followed by myself2 but ,mr4 ,hawthorne retained his seat1 as there was plenty of walking in store for him1 and my horse could well endure the weight of one1 when the weight of three would make a very essential difference in so steep a climb4 ,peter1 reins in hand1 walked beside the 8mimber10 and in a few minutes was engaged in 8discoorsin'0 him4 8,home ,rule8 ,sorra a wan o' me cares a thraneen for it1 thin40 8,what is a thraneen80 asked ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 eager for information all along the line4 8,a thraneen is what the boys reddies their dhudeens wud10 was the response to the query4 8,i am still in ignorance40 8,wisha1 wisha6 an' this is a mimber av ,parliamint10 muttered ,peter1 8an' he doesn't know what a thraneen manes1 an' the littlest gossoon out av ,father ,finnerty's school beyant cud tell him02 adding aloud3 8,a thraneen is a blade av grass that sheeps nor cows won't ait1 an' it sticks up in a field2 there's wan10 suiting the action to the word1 plucking it from a bank on the side of the road1 and presenting it to the member for ,doodleshire4 8,and so you are not a ,home-,ruler1 my man80 8,sorra a bit1 sir40 8,then what are you80 8,i am a repayler4 ,i'm for teetotal separation2 that's what ,dan ,o',connell sed to ,drizzlyeye40 8,what did ,mr4 ,o',connell say to ,mr4 ,disraeli80 asked my guest in very ,parliamentary phraseology4 8,i'll tell ye4 #8,what is it yez want at all1 at all1 over beyant in ,hibernium8' sez ,drizzlyeye4 #8,yez are always wantin' somethin1' sez he1 #8an' what the dickens do yez want now8' 8#8,i'll tell ye what we want1' says ,dan1 as bould as a ram4 8#8,what is it1 ,dan8' sez ,drizzlyeye4 8#8,we want teetotal separation1' sez ,dan4 8#8,arrah1 ge lang ou' a that1' sez ,drizzlyeye4 #8,yez cudn't get along wudout us1' sez he4 8#8,cudn't we8' sez ,dan4 #8,thry us1 ,drizzlyeye1' sez he4 #8,how did we get on afore8' 8#8,bad enuff1' sez ,drizzlyeye--#8bad enuff1 ,dan4 ,yez were always batin' aich other and divartin' yerselves1 and1 barrin' the weltin' ,brian ,boru gev the ,danes at ,clontarf1 bad cess to the haporth yez ever done1 ,dan4 ,england is yer best frind4 ,we always play fair1' sez he4 8#8,how dar ye say that to me8' sez ,dan1 takin' the ,traity av ,limerick out av his pocketbuke4 #8,luk at that documint1' sez he1 firin' up2 #8there's some av yer dirty work2 an' ,i ax ye square an' fair1' sez ,dan1 in a hait1 for he was riz1 #8if the brakin' av that wasn't as bad as anything yer notorious ancesthor ever done8' alludin' to ,drizzlyeye's ancesthor1 the impenitint thief4 8#8,that's none of my doin'1 ,dan1' sez ,drizzlyeye1 turnin' white as a banshee4 8#8,i know it's not1' sez ,dan2 #8but ye'd do it to-morrow mornin'1' sez he1 #8an' that's why ,i demand the repale an' a teetotal separation4' 8#8,begorra1 but ,i think yer right1 ,dan1' sez ,drizzlyeye40 8,such an interview could not possibly have occurred10 observed the practical ,englishman4 8,cudn't it80 with an indignant toss of the head4 8,i had it from ,lanty ,finnegan1 who heerd it from the bishop's own body-man40 ,and ,peter1 giving the horse a lash of the whip1 dashed into the laurestine-bordered avenue leading up to the cosey cottage wherein resided the 8darlintest priest outside av ,room10 ,father ,myles ,o',dowd4 ,father ,o',dowd's residence was a long1 single-storied house1 whitewashed to a dazzling whiteness1 and thatched with straw the color of the amber wept by the sorrowing seabird4 ,a border of blood-red geraniums ran along the entire faade1 and the gable ends were embowered in honeysuckle and clematis4 ,a rustic porch entwined with ,virginia creeper jealously guarded the entrance1 boldly backed up by the 8iligantest ratter in the barony0 in the shape of a bandy-legged terrier1 who winked a sort of facetious welcome at ,peter and bestowed a cough-like bark of recognition upon me4 ,the parlor was a genuine snuggery1 8papered with books10 all of which1 from ,st4 ,thomas of ,aquinas to ,father ,perrone1 were of the rarest and choicest theological reading4 ,nor were the secular authors left out in the cold1 to which the well-thumbed volumes of the ,waverley ,novels and the immortal faceti of ,dickens bore ample testimony4 ,a charming copy of ,raphael's masterpiece stood opposite the door1 the glorious eyes of the ,virgin ,mother lighting the apartment with a soft and holy radiance1 while the fresh and rosy flesh-tints of the divine ,infant bespoke the workmanship as being that of a maestro4 ,a portrait of ,henry ,grattan hung over the chimney-piece1 and facing it1 between the windows1 a print of the review of the volunteers in ,college ,green1 while some dozen valuable engravings1 all of a sacred character1 adorned the walls in graceful profusion4 ,a statuette of the ,holy ,father occupied a niche specially prepared for it1 and an old brass-bound rosewood bureau1 black as ebony from age1 sternly asserted itself in defiance of a hustling crowd of horse-hair-seated chairs2 a shining sofa a little the worse for the wear1 and presenting a series of comfortless ridges to the unwary sitter1 and a genuine ,domingo mahogany table bearing an honest corned beef and cabbage and 8boiled leg with0 completed a picture that was at once refreshing and invigorating to behold4 8,shure he's only acrass the bog1 ,masther ,fred10 exclaimed ,biddy ,finnegan1 the housekeeper1 with a joyous smile illuminating the very frills of her old-world white cap1 8an' ,i'll send wan av the boys for him4 ,he'd be sore an' sorry for to miss ye1 sir4 ,an' how's the misthress--,god be good to her6--an' the major1 whin ye heerd av him8 ,it's himself that's kindly and dhroll40 ,and ,biddy1 dusting the sofa1 requested the member for ,doodleshire to take a 8sate40 8,won't ye have a sup o' somethin' afther yer jaunt1 ,masther ,fred1 or this gintleman8 ,och6 but here's himself now40 ,father ,o',dowd had been attached to ,imogeela since his ordination--a period of thirty years1 during twenty-five of which he was its devoted parish priest4 ,respectfully declining the promotion in the church which his piety1 erudition1 and talents claimed for him as their natural heritage1 he clung with paternal fondness to his little parish1 ministering to the spiritual wants of his flock with an earnest and holy watchfulness that was repaid to the uttermost by a childlike and truthful obedience4 ,to his parishioners he was all1 everything--guide1 philosopher1 friend4 ,he shared their joys and their sorrows1 their hopes and their fears4 ,he whispered hope when the sky was overcast1 urging moderation when the sun was at its brightest4 ,he had christened every child and married every adult in the parish2 and those1 alas6 so many1 lying beneath the green grass in the churchyard of ,imogeela had been soothed to their long1 long rest by the words of heavenly consolation from his pious lips4 ,ever at his post1 the cold1 bleak nights of winter would find him wending his way through rugged mountain-passes1 fording swollen streams1 or wading treacherous bogs to attend to the wants of the sick and dying1 while a granite boulder or the stump of a felled tree1 the blue canopy of heaven overhead1 has upon many memorable occasions constituted his confessional4 ,a profound scholar1 a finished gentleman1 and1 despite his surroundings1 a good deal a man of the world1 ,i was proud1 exceedingly proud1 to be enabled to present to ,mr4 ,hawthorne so true a specimen of that order which ,lord ,john ,russell had been pleased to describe as 8surpliced ruffians40 ,the priest entered1 a smile illuminating his expressive face like a ray of sunlight4 ,stretching forth both hands1 he bade me welcome1 exclaiming3 8,ah6 you have made your pilgrimage at last2 you come1 as old ,horace hath it1 inter silvas ,academi qurere verum4 ,how is your excellent mother8 ,i received your joint epistle1 and ,i hope you got my promissory note1 due almost at sight40 ,father ,o',dowd was about fifty-five or fifty-six2 hale1 handsome1 and muscular2 his silken1 snow-white hair and ruddy complexion1 with his lustrous1 dark blue eyes and glittering teeth1 giving him an air of genial cordiality pronounceable at a single glance4 ,tall1 sunburnt1 and powerfully built1 he carried that solidity of gesture and firmness of tread sometimes so marked in muscular ,christianity4 ,i saw with feelings of intense pleasure that my guest was both pleased and impressed--an impression strengthened by the cordial greeting which the worthy priest extended to him4 8,welcome to ,ireland1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne4 ,it's about the best thing ,strongbow ever did for me--the pleasure of seeing a friend of my dear young friend's here4 ,collectively you ,saxons hate us2 individually you find us not quite the lawless savages the ,pall ,mall ,gazette and ,spectator would make us40 8,we want to know you better10 said the ,m4,p4 8,ah6 that's the rub4 ,you don't know us1 and never will know us2 but we know you4 ,englishmen come over to ,ireland1 believing that a real knowledge of the country is not to be acquired from newspapers1 but that a man must see ,ireland for himself4 ,they come2 they go2 and all they pick up is a little of our brogue4 ,we never can hope for much more than what ,lucan calls concordia discors40 8,i believe if ,ireland were to take the same stand as ,scotland--0 8,scotland me no ,scotland10 laughed ,father ,o',dowd4 8,scotland is contented and thrifty40 8,and ,ireland is poor and proud4 ,i tell you1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 that we have a big bill of indictment against you that ,i fear may never be settled in my day4 ,why should not ,scotland be contented8 ,is she not fed on sugar-plums8 ,is there not a sandy-haired ,scotchman in every position worth having1 from the cabinet to the custom-house8 ,do you not develop all her industries1 and pat her on the back like a spoiled child8 ,are not your royal family ipsis ,hibernicis ,hiberniores1 or1 if ,i freely translate myself1 more ,scotch than the ,scotch themselves8 ,why should she not be contented and prosperous when she gets everything she asks for80 8,but you ask too much1 reverend sir40 8,it is scarcely asking too much to ask for one's own40 8,surely yours are at best but--ahem6--sentimental grievances1 and the ,house makes every--ahem6--effort at conciliation40 8,we can stand hard knocks and square fighting1 and possibly feel all the better for it2 but when you speak of conciliation and all that sort of thing we get on our edge at once1 as we know that we are going to be bamboozled40 8,but surely you will admit that we have done a good deal for the country4 ,see the ,church ,disestablishment ,act and the ,land ,act40 8,only two patches on our ragged coats1 my dear sir4 ,we want independence1 and that you won't give us2 nor will you offer us a quid pro quo1 as you did with ,scotland1 because you know we would not accept it4 ,no1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne1 we'll have to fight you for this1 and our ,irish members must do the ,mrs4 ,caudle for ,john ,bull1 and give him sleepless and wretched nights in the big house at ,st4 ,stephen's40 8,have you any fault to find with the administration of the laws80 8,fault6 ,when we find ourselves gagged and fettered by a miserably weak administration1 and hedged in by a set of uncertain and floating laws1 we begin to think about righting ourselves4 ,you send us a lord-lieutenant who knows as much about ,ireland as he does of ,bungaroo--who comes over with a hazy idea that there's some one to be conciliated and some one to be hanged2 a chief-secretary who knows less2 an attorney-general who1 if active1 means a necessity for strengthening the garrison2 and a commander of the forces who pants for a chance of manuvring his flying columns over our prostrate bodies4 ,but here comes ,biddy ,finnegan with a cutlet of mountain mutton1 and ,i can give you a drop of the real mountain dew that never paid the ,saxon gauger a farthing duty--or1 at least1 if we had our rights1 ought not1 according to ,peter ,o',brien40 ,and he laughed4 8,these subjects are much better worth discussing than ,english misrule4 ,quantum est in rebus inane40 ,and ushering ,mr4 ,hawthorne to a seat upon his right hand1 he proceeded to do the honors with a courtly grace blended with a fascinating hospitality4 8,that poteen has its story4 ,as ,i have already told you1 it never paid duty4 ,a friend of mine was anxious that ,i should keep it on tap1 as he constantly comes this way4 ,it is somewhat difficult to obtain it now1 as the excise officers are1 like you members of ,parliament1 particularly wide awake40 ,the ,m4,p4 bowed solemnly in recognition of the compliment4 8,at last1 however1 he managed to drop on a man1 who knew another man1 who knew another man1 in whose cabin this particular crayture was to be found4 ,my friend ferreted him out1 and1 upon asking the price per gallon1 was informed by the manufacturer that he would only charge him eighteen shillings4 8#8,eighteen shillings6' exclaimed my friend4 #8,why1 that's an enormous price4' 8#8,och6 shure1' replied the other1 with a droll look perfectly indescribable1 #8,i cudn't part it for less1 as the duty's riz4'0 ,it took a considerable time to drive the point of ,father ,o',dowd's fictitious narrative and the illicit distiller's rejoinder into the head of the member for ,doodleshire2 and when he did manage to grapple it1 wishing to lay it by in order to retail it in the ,house1 it was found impossible to get him completely round it1 as the word 8riz0 invariably balked him1 and it is scarcely necessary to observe that his ,anglican substitution failed in every way to improve the story4 ,the cutlets were deliciously tender1 and the potatoes in their jackets so mealy and inviting that the ,saxon fell to with a vigor that fairly astonished me4 ,as dish after dish of the diminutive shies disappeared1 and potato after potato left its jacket in shreds behind it1 ,i congratulated myself upon the signal success of this visit4 8,my drive gave me an appetite1 father10 he said4 8,i haven't eaten luncheon for many months4 ,in the ,house ,i generally pair off with some friend to a biscuit and a glass of sherry2 but here ,i have--ahem6--eaten like a navvy40 8,i'm delighted to hear you mention the drive as the cause of the appetite2 for ,i must endeavor to induce you to repeat it and help me to eat a saddle of mutton that will be fit for ,lucullus on ,thursday40 8,i am in ,mr4 ,ormonde's hands40 ,i was in an agony--another day from ,mabel6 8,oh6 ,ormonde will do as ,i direct him2 and ,i'll tell you what we must conspire about to-night--to induce the ladies to drive over4 ,i should be very pleased to show ,miss ,hawthorne a little this side of the county40 ,i breathed again4 8,you shall have my vote10 said the ,m4,p42 8and1 if ,i might dare suggest an amendment to the saddle1 it would be in #8chops4'0 8,we might do the swell thing10 laughed the padre1 8and have two dishes--an entre2 how magnificently that sounds6 ,in any case ,i can say with ,horace3 8,hinc tibi copia ,manabit ad plenum1 benigno ,ruris bonorum opulenta cornu40 8,i have--ahem6--almost forgotten my ,horace10 sighed our guest4 8,one might say to you1 as was said to the non-whist-player1 ,what an unhappy old age you are laying up for yourself1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne60 8,well1 reverend sir1 so long as a man has the ,times he can defy ennui2 every leader is an essay40 8,you cannot commit the ,times to memory40 8,i read it every day1 sir10 was the pompous reply4 8,apropos of the ,times1 they tell a story of ,chief-,baron ,pigott which is eminently characteristic4 ,he is one of the most scrupulous1 painstaking men the world ever saw1 who1 sooner than do a criminal injustice1 would go over evidence ad nauseam and weigh the pros and cons1 driving the bar nearly to distraction4 ,one day a friend found him upon the steps of his house superintending the removal of a huge pile of newspapers4 8#8,what papers are those1 ,chief-,baron8' he asked4 8#8,the ,london ,times4' 8#8,do you read the ,times regularly8' 8#8,oh6 dear1 yes4' 8#8,did you read that slashing leader on ,bright's speech8' 8#8,no2 when did it appear8' 8#8,last ,thursday4' 8#8,oh6 my dear friend1 ,i shall come to it by and by2 but at present ,i am a year in arrear4'0 8,am ,i to understand that he intended to read up to that speech80 8,certainly4 ,this will illustrate the man4 ,at his house in ,leeson ,street1 ,dublin1 the hall-door was divided into two1 and a knocker attached to each door4 ,the chief-baron has been known to stand for hours1 pausing to consider which knocker he would rap with1 fearing to act unjustly by the unutilized one40 8,i can scarcely credit this10 exclaimed the member4 8,oh6 you'll hear of stranger things than that before you leave ,ireland40 ,and the merry twinkle in the priest's eye dissipated any doubts still lingering in the ponderous mind of the learned member for ,doodleshire4 8,that story is worthy of our--ahem6--charioteer40 8,who8 ,peter ,o',brien8 ,what good company the rascal is6 ,of him one can safely say with ,publius1 ,comes jucundus in via pro vehiculo est4 ,peter would lighten any journey4 ,what was the subject of the debate to-day80 8,well--ahem6--he gave us a new and original version of ,a ,strange ,adventure with a ,phaeton40 ,and the little man chuckled at his wit4 8,i know the story10 said ,father ,o',dowd4 8,it is one of ,peter's favorites1 and it takes ,peter to tell it40 8,from the phaeton he plunged into ,home ,rule40 8,freddy10 addressing me1 8you must get ,peter to tell our ,english friend here the story of how #8ould ,casey done ,dochther ,huttle out av a guinea'2 it's racy of the soil40 8,there are--ahem6--some words of his that ,i cannot exactly follow4 ,they are ,irish1 but they have quite a ,saxon ring about them1 which evidently shows the affinity in the languages40 8,and a further reason for uniting us4 ,you ,english will never rest content until a causeway is built between ,kingstown and ,holyhead1 garrisoned for the whole sixty miles by a ,yorkshire or ,shropshire regiment--one that can be depended upon40 8,that idea has been mooted in the ,house before now2 ,i mean the--ahem6--connection of the two countries by a tunnel40 8,so you would bind us in the dark1 ,mr4 ,hawthorne80 8,ha6 ha6 ha6 ,father ,o',dowd1 that is so good that ,i must book it here10 tapping his forehead in a ghastly way4 8,don't be surprised if it is heard in the ,house4 ,we are very witty there40 8,if there is any wit in the ,house of ,commons we send it to you4 ,but ,i doubt if there is a sparkle of repartee among all the ,irish members even4 ,i've seen a ,french mot rehashed1 with the epigram left out in the cold1 and an ,irish story with the point striking somewhere in ,tipperary40 8,tipperary is very ,irish1 is it not8 ,they speak the ,irish language there1 and run their vowels into each other40 8,you are right1 sir2 that is the place where you'd get your two i's knocked into one40 ,mr4 ,hawthorne saw this1 and1 although the laugh was against him1 enjoyed it amazingly4 ,father ,o',dowd could hit from the shoulder1 but could also pick up his prostrate foe with the delicacy of a woman4 ,when creed or country came up1 one found a stalwart champion in the worthy priest1 who could meet his adversary with shillelah or polished steel1 as the requirements of the case demanded4 8,finish that glass of wine1 and let me show you a set of the finest boneens in the county40 8,boneens8 ,what are boneens80 8,this is more of your ,saxon ignorance10 laughed ,father ,o',dowd1 as1 followed by ,mr4 ,hawthorne and myself1 he led the way in the direction of the stable-yard4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,outside ,,st4 ,,peter',s4 ,how grand the approach6 ,the dome's ,olympian disc ,albeit has sunk behind the huge faade4 ,lo6 with its cross the sentinel obelisk ,salutes as on parade4 8,hewn from the red heart of primeval granite10 ,it says1 8among the monuments which man ,reared to outmass the mountains of his planet1 ,i was1 ere ,rome began4 8,by no dark hieroglyphs my sides are storied2 ,my titular god1 in ,heliopolis1 ,in the world's morning burned into my forehead ,the signet of his kiss4 8,converted like an ancient scroll rewritten1 ,what heeds the ,sun of ,righteousness my date8 ,i lift his symbol on my brow1 dawn-smitten1 ,and at his portal wait60 ,and the twin fountains leap in joy1 and twist ,their silvery shafts in foaming strength amain1 ,whose loosening coil is whirled into a mist ,of sun-illumined rain4 ,therein the bow of promise tenderly1 ,a ,heart in glory1 palpitates and glows2 ,and musically1 in words of melody1 ,the crystal cadence flows3 8,ho6 fallen ones1 ,eve's sorrowing sons and daughters6 ,in our lustration nothing is accurst2 ,ho6 come ye1 come ye to the living waters1 ,whoever is athirst40 ,the colonnaded1 stately double-porch ,for world-wide wanderers stretches arms of grace2 ,the bosom of the universal church ,draws us to her embrace4 ,in their white silence the apostles look ,benignantly upon us4 ,waving hands ,of welcome--if our tears such vision brook-- ,in midst the ,master stands4 8,humanity10 he pleadeth1 8heavy laden1 ,come unto me1 and ,i will give you rest6 ,through this1 my portal1 to the nobler ,eden ,enter1 and be possessed60 ',tis ,easter2 and they sing the risen ,christ-- ,how jubilant ,st4 ,peter's wondrous choir6 ,but now no vision of the ,evangelist1 ,preceding throne and tiar1 ,is borne amid the mystic candlesticks2 ,no waving feathers flash with starry eyes2 ,in the gold chalice and the gold-rayed pyx1 ,for paschal sacrifice1 ,no pontiff consecrates the elements2 ,and dost remember1 in the olden time1 ,how heaven was stormed with silver violence-- ,that trumpet-burst sublime1 ,like cherubim in battle8 ,or1 all sound ,tranced for the elevation of the ,host1 ,how tingling silence thrilled through worlds profound1 ,where moved the ,holy ,ghost1 ,and then ,rome rocked with bells8 ,if such things were1 ,they are not now4 ,but we are strangely wrought ,and vibrant1 answering like a harp in air ,the impalpable wind of thought4 ,o'er the ,campagna's wastes of feverous blight ,i've watched ,st4 ,peter's mighty dome expand ,in soaring cycloids to the infinite1 ,when heaven was blue and bland4 ,when storm was on the mountains and the sea1 ,have seen its whole empyreal glory tost ,like shipwreck on a wild immensity1 ,that heaved without a coast4 ,but it was grand through all4 ,from far or near1 ,it seemed too vast for heresies or schisms2 ,no colored glass1 within its hemisphere1 ,breaks white light as with prisms4 ,i have dreamed dreams therein3 of charity ,wide as the world1 impartial as the sun2 ,that on such ,sion1 in fraternity1 ,might all men meet as one4 ,dreams6 ,yet one cross1 one hope--we scarce can err-- ,may1 must all wanderers to one fold recall3 ,the ,apostles' ,creed1 the bunch of precious myrrh1 ,can purify us all4 8,i have builded on a rock60 ,his word symbolic ,he will make plain--the ,eternal cannot fail3 8,earth shall not shake my ,one ,church ,apostolic1 ,nor gates of hell prevail60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,french ,,home ,,life4#agh ,philosophers1 theologians1 and political economists alike are agreed that the family is the basis of society and the type of government4 ,home life and teaching1 therefore1 is the most important thing in youth1 and of whatsoever kind it is1 so will be the behavior in riper years of the generation brought up in its precepts4 ,if parents did their duty1 the state would need fewer prisons2 or1 as a ,chinese proverb more tersely puts it1 8,if parents would buy rods1 the hangman would sell his implements40 ,individual effort1 however heroically it may make head against the stream1 has but a hard and uncertain task in an atmosphere the very reverse of ,christian and ,scriptural1 and in the teeth of laws becoming every day more and more antagonistic to the ,ten ,commandments4 ,still1 since the spirit of the age has almost put on one side1 as obsolete1 the ideal of reverence for age and experience1 and the respect due to parents1 husbands1 masters1 and superiors1 the preservation of the worthy traditions of ,christian home-life falls necessarily to the hands of families themselves4 ,we have to live not up to or within the laws1 but beyond them1 and to train our children not only as good and obedient citizens but as earnest and practical ,christians4 ,not only in one country is this the case1 nor even among the countries of one race1 but everywhere1 from modernized ,japan to ,spain1 from ,russia to the reservations of friendly ,indians4 ,there is one country1 however1 whose modern literature and practice for a century and a half has been a synonym for looseness of teaching1 for disregard of family ties1 honor1 authority1 and restraint1 for every element brilliantly and fatally disintegrating1 for every moral and philosophical novelty4 ,france is perhaps the nation most misrepresented and maligned by her public literature--at least the ,france whose delinquencies have been so shamelessly and with seeming enjoyment dissected before our eyes by her novelists and satirists4 ,the sound body on whose surface these sores break out is ignored2 the old tradition1 rigid and artificial in many points1 but made so by the very license of court and city which for ever assaulted its simplicity1 is overlooked1 and the decent1 quiet1 and strong substratum of manliness1 truth1 and purity underlying the froth of vice in the capital and the large towns is forgotten4 ,the first ,french ,revolution was prepared by atheistical epicures1 the airy and refined unbelievers of the court of ,louis ,,xiv4 and ,,xv42 and though turbulent masses here and there caught the infection1 and with cruel precision put in practice against the court nobility the theories about which the latter so complacently wrote essays and epigrams1 yet the rural populations still believed in ,god and virtue--the evil had not struck root among the body of the nation4 ,the infidelity of the present century has completed the task left unfinished by ,voltaire and ,rousseau2 newspapers have carried doubt and arrogance among the simple people of the country2 the laws of partition have destroyed many homesteads once centres of families1 and driven people into crowded and unhealthy cities2 the example of a noisily prominent class of self-styled leaders has carried away the senses of otherwise sober and decent men2 the increase of drunkenness has further loosened family and home ties2 politics have become a mere profession1 instead of the portion allotted by duty to the collective body of fathers of families1 and so the old ideal is vanishing fast4 ,frenchmen of the right sort look despairingly into the far past of their own country1 and into the history of foreign nations--,english1 ,american1 ,dutch1 ,hanoverian--for models of pure living1 respect for authority1 law-abidingness1 and attachment to home4 ,some have set themselves to study ,hindoo1 ,chinese1 and ,egyptian models1 and to put together from the ,proverbs and ,ecclesiastes of ,solomon1 and the exhortations of ,plato and ,cicero1 an ideal code of home-life2 some have gathered together and published with loving regret the memorials of ,french life at its purest1 of the patriarchal ideal which survived even till the seventeenth century--the age1 pre-eminently1 of great ,frenchmen and women1 and of which some shadows lingered into our own century4 ,from the naf advice of ,louis ,,ix41 the saintly king of ,france1 to his son and daughter1 ,philip and ,isabel1 to the family registers of small yeomen of ,provenal valleys and the grave admonitions of a judge to his newly-married daughter just before the ,french ,revolution1 the same spirit breathes through the dying addresses of ,christian fathers of families in what we only know as infidel and immoral ,france4 8,the seven thousand who bowed not the knee to ,baal0 were always represented1 though the licentious courts of the ,valois and the ,bourbons threw a veil over the virtues of the country2 not one class alone1 but all1 from the titled proprietor to the small tradesman and struggling mnager1 or yeoman1 contributed its quota of redeeming virtue4 ,but it is noticeable that the majority of these upright men were poor4 ,they could not afford to be idle2 they had large families to support2 they had their patrimony to keep in the family1 and1 if possible1 to increase4 ,all the customs that we are going to see unrolled before us1 the sentiments expressed1 the simple1 dull1 serious life led1 are utterly alien from anything we call technically ,french4 ,we shall be surprised at every page1 but less so if we remember that this patriarchal life was generally spent in the country1 and often in mountainous regions and severe climates4 ,while reading of these scenes some may be reminded of a story placed in a singular region in the south of ,france1--the ,camargue1 not far from ,aigues-,mortes--in which ,miss ,bowles has embodied the characteristic traits of a magnificent1 healthy1 hardy1 and upright race4 ,one of these ,provenal farms had much in common with some described in that book4 ,the reason which makes the author of ,la ,vie ,domestique choose the ,courtois family register as the first subject of his two volumes is that it is the latest that has come to his knowledge2 and reproducing1 almost in our own generation1 the traits of a vanished society1 it is of more interest and of greater weight as a possible model4 ,the author of it1 descended from a family of lawyers and judges at least two hundred years old1 died in #ahbh1 and his descendants still live in the valley of ,sault--one of those natural republics not uncommon in mountainous districts--retired from the outer world1 faithful to ancestral tradition1 and governing themselves patriarchally according to their old and never-interrupted communal liberties4 ,there is a vast field for research1 and more for meditation1 in the liberties of the old medival states north and south of the ,pyrenees2 it is startling to see what bold claims the parliaments of ,aragon and ,navarre could enforce1 and their ,spartan disregard of the kingly office unless joined to almost perfect virtue4 ,but centralization1 the genius of our time1 has ruthlessly declared that sort of liberty antiquated1 and1 after the decay of the despotism which the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries began1 the liberty of the individual was insisted on rather than that of the commonwealth4 ,the valley of ,sault was originally independent of any feudal duties1 and though later on its lords1 the ,d',agoults1 paid homage and fealty to the counts of ,provence and then to the counts ,d',anjou1 they still retained the sovereign rights of coinage and independent legislation4 ,the country is rocky and woody2 for1 though reckless wood-cutting decreased the forests round this commune1 ,sault itself remained a forest oasis1 which the provident inhabitants have tried to perpetuate by planting young oaks on the barren slopes of their hills4 ,the ,courtois were assiduous planters of trees1 and a grove of fairly-grown oaks formed a background to their farm buildings4 ,quantities of aromatic herbs grow in this neighborhood1 and their distillation into essences forms an industry of the country4 ,but the beauty that ,sault chiefly lacks is that of water2 for1 though not far from the famous fountain of ,vaucluse1 there is no local stream of any importance4 ,this is ,alpine scenery without ,alpine torrents4 ,but1 on the other hand1 ,sault has a sulphur spring1 as yet only locally famous1 and the meadows are green and moist4 ,the principal natural curiosity of the valley is the ,avens1 a kind of rifts in the earth1 like craters1 which1 at the rainy season1 gape open and absorb floods of rain1 leaving only a small portion to feed the ,nesque1 a tiny tributary of the ,rhone4 ,beech1 birch1 and maple abound1 and pasturage forms a surer road to fortune than agriculture4 ,yet the small freeholds are pretty equally divided1 and the more advanced among the inhabitants have very clear and approved notions of practical farming4 ,the custom of selling or exchanging the paternal acres was1 till the last quarter of a century1 unknown1 or at least abhorred2 and a local tradition dating hundreds of years back had established a modified right of primogeniture--one of the sons1 generally but not necessarily the eldest1 devoting himself to the care of his aged parents1 the settlement of his sisters1 the management of the farm1 and the accumulation of a reserve fund from his income for the unforeseen necessities of the younger branches of the family4 ,his portion in money was sometimes double1 according to the ,mosaic precedent1 but it was understood that the ,support of the ,house 7such was the phrase7 should use his advantages only for the general benefit of the family1 and also that his wife's dowry should nearly cover the deficit caused by the marriage and dowries of his sisters4 ,those simple people knew nothing of laws1 such as shameful excesses have made necessary in ,anglo-,saxon countries1 for the protection1 against the husband and father1 of the wife's fortune and children's inheritance4 ,antoine de ,courtois1 one of these model yeomen of southern ,france1 looked upon any alienation of ancestral property1 or even any use of capital1 as sheer robbery of his descendants1 and says in his family register3 8,to sell our forefathers' land is to renounce our name and disinherit our children4 ,never believe that it can be replaced by other property1 and remember that all those who have been ready to exchange their ancestors' for other land have ruined themselves4444 ,if our farm is well managed1 it will always bring in more than six per cent4 ,any other land you could buy would not bring in three per cent41 and would ruin you to improve it4 ,you would have a decreased capital and no income1 and it would break your heart40 ,the description of the homestead is interesting4 ,the buildings included the master's house1 with ten rooms on the ground-floor1 eight others on the first floor1 three granaries above1 with a dovecote1 and three cellars below2 a farmer's house1 a shepherd's1 hay-barns and stables1 a courtyard and fountain1 a garden and orchard with over a hundred fruit-trees1 a fish-pond1 fifty bee-hives1 and two hundred sheep4 ,he had rebuilt much of this himself1 and spent ten thousand francs on the work2 and in laying some new foundations he had put his wife's and children's names below the corner-stone4 ,as to farm management1 he emphatically preferred and advised self-work with hired help1 instead of renting the place on shares or otherwise to a farmer with a useless family4 ,he gave very judicious rules for sowing1 hoeing1 harvesting1 etc41 and impressed upon his son the profit to be derived from bees1 and the increased value of land of a certain kind1 if planted with young oaks4 ,work he considered the only condition of happiness1 as well as the road to comfort1 and he said he would sooner see his sons shoemakers than idlers4 ,the family profession was the law1 though he himself in his youth studied medicine1 successfully enough in theory1 but not in practice1 since1 after losing his first patient1 his scruples and disgust ended by forcing him to leave his calling4 ,the business of a notary public was the one he recommended to his son in the choice of a profession2 his family tradition led him in this groove1 where1 indeed1 he had been preceded by some of the greatest men in ,france4 ,this choice of a state is so much a matter of custom or of personal inclination that we must carefully discern between things in the ,courtois family which were models and things of indifference4 ,their moral qualities alone are universal types2 their local customs1 worthy in their own circumstances1 would probably be utterly unfit for a country and race so different as ours4 ,but ,courtois' native town1 of which he was mayor for nearly twenty years1 gives an example less rare in foreign countries than in either ,england or the ,united ,states--that of supporting an institution containing an archological museum1 a botanical collection1 and a collection of local zology and mineralogy1 besides a library which occupies a separate building1 the whole under the care of a member of the ,french ,archological ,society1 ,m4 ,henri ,chrestian--an example which it would be well if our own towns of three thousand inhabitants 7,sault has no more7 would be public-spirited enough to follow4 ,it is not the lack of money that debars small rural towns of such advantages2 they generally contrive to keep three or four barrooms going1 a dancing-hall1 a ,masonic hall1 an annual ball and supper1 half a dozen discreditable places for summer picnics1 and other things either useless and showy or downright disreputable4 ,instead of paying money year by year for the gratification of folly and temptation to vice1 and putting money in the pockets of men who deliberately trade on their fellow-men's weakness or wickedness1 why not pay a subscription the full benefits of which they reap themselves not for one day or night only in a year1 but every day8 ,where there is a library in a small town1 what books are most numerous8 ,trashy novels vilely illustrated1 and ,saturday newspapers with their ignoble1 misleading1 immoral tales and cuts4 ,what a contrast to many a ,french1 ,italian1 ,german village of three to five thousand inhabitants1 or even to some of the island-villages of ,north ,holland1 remote and unvisited as they are6 ,antoine de ,courtois was the natural outcome of the secluded domestic atmosphere in which his family had grown up4 ,the doctrines that led to the excesses of the ,reign of ,terror--for we must not confound the legal and rightful reforms of #aghi with the bloody fury of #agic--;and the abuses that hurried on the great dislocation of society1 had not reached his valley4 ,in all lands where the local land-owners had remained at home and identified themselves with their neighbors1 keeping only as a badge of their superiority a higher standard of honor and bravery1 there was no revolt against the gentlemen4 ,if any village followed the example of the large cities1 it was sure to be owing to some scapegrace who had left home and learnt a more successful rascality among the tavern politicians of some seething city1 and then come back to play ,robespierre on his own small stage4 ,courtois married in the midst of the ,revolution1 in #agih1 and quietly took up the task of his brother ,philip1 who had died suddenly without leaving any children1 and whose wife1 though only a bride of a few months1 devoted herself all her life to the family interests4 ,antoine1 always humane and charitable1 had given shelter to two of the revolutionary commissioners1 pursued by enemies of an opposite faction then uppermost1 for which he was speedily denounced by an informer and imprisoned4 ,his widowed sister-in-law travelled to ,nice and besought the interference of the man he had formerly saved--the young ,robespierre4 ,a respite1 then a pardon1 was granted1 and ,antoine retired for a short time to ,nice1 sheltering himself behind his nominal profession of medicine1 until one night the informer who had betrayed him came trembling to his door1 begging him to save his life4 ,he fed and clothed him1 and gave him money to set him on his way1 as well as a promise to turn his pursuers from his track should he be examined4 ,such a man acted as he believed1 and might say the ,lord's ,prayer with a clear conscience4 ,his equable temperament1 and his firm reliance on reason as the corner-stone of morality1 are very unlike what we attribute to the typical ,frenchman--emotional1 unreliable1 fantastic1 or affected2 the ,parisian has blotted out all worthier types from our sight4 ,his advice to his children on their duty of consulting reason and moderation in all things1 and sternly repressing mere inclination or passion1 goes so far as to seem exaggerated and to banish from life even its most legitimate pleasures4 ,but he knew the corruption pressing upon his retreat1 besieging it and luring it1 and to extreme evils he opposed extreme remedies4 ,besides1 ancient custom sanctioned1 or at least colored1 his advice as to marriage1 in which matter not only his daughters but also his son were not to choose for themselves1 but let their mother choose and decide for them4 ,he required his children to be wise beyond their years1 and would fain have put 8old heads on young shoulders02 but the frightful license he saw around him made the recoil only natural4 ,men had need to be ,solomons in early youth1 when hoary heads degraded themselves to play at ,satyrs4 ,among other precepts--and there is not one that could not be matched out of ,proverbs and ,ecclesiastes--he insisted on the duty of neither borrowing nor lending2 his teaching was inflexible on this point4 8,better go shirtless than borrow money0 was his maxim4 ,in these days of lax and indiscriminate pity for all misfortune such advice sounds selfish and harsh2 it belongs to the conscience of each man to interpret it and make exceptions4 ,as to the borrowing we might be inclined to say1 8,never under any circumstances02 but as to the lending there may be exceptions4 ,in the first you fetter yourself1 than which nothing is less wise2 in the second you incur no obligation1 and1 if you can afford to lose the sum lent1 there is an additional excuse4 ,courtois' objection was founded on the principle he set forth elsewhere1 that your property is not your own but your posterity's1 and that you have no right to diminish it4 ,if he had had any other and absolutely personal property1 the objection would have been no doubt qualified4 ,in many cases he showed by his own example that he had no objection to give1 and to be helpful to his neighbor according to his ability4 ,he was rigidly opposed to the reading of novels1 to games of chance1 to balls and theatre-going2 one could almost fancy one's self listening to an old ,puritan on this subject4 ,but in this respect who is more of a ,puritan than ,st4 ,jerome in his instructions to ,paula for the education of her daughter8 ,reading consisted1 with ,antoine de ,courtois1 chiefly of the ,scriptures and of the ,following of ,christ1 that universal book of devotion1 with ,chteaubriand's then recently-published ,gnie du ,christianisme4 ,the later development of ,christian literature1 less florid than ,chteaubriand1 might have added other books in his own language to his restricted library1 but they hardly existed in his day4 ,for instance1 he would have sympathized with ,joubert1 who wrote3 8,whenever the words altars1 graves1 inheritance1 native country1 old customs1 nurse1 masters1 piety1 are heard or said with indifference1 all is lost40 ,the practical and physical advantages of virtue were always before his eyes1 and he never ceased showing his children how sensible and rational are the laws of ,god4 ,they preserved health and gave success2 they ensured happiness and kept peace4 ,honesty is not only the first duty of man to his fellow1 but is the safest road for one's self1 and brings with it the confidence1 the respect1 and the love of one's neighbors4 ,on the subject of drunkenness it is worth while to note what a ,frenchman1 one of a nation of wine-drinkers--who1 it is said1 are so sober as opposed to a nation of ale and spirit drinkers--and of a generation long preceding any agitation on the temperance question1 says in his solemn advice to his children3 8,nothing is more contemptible than drunkenness1 and1 in order that it may be impossible for you to fall into this sin1 ,i advise you never to drink wine4 ,water-drinkers live longer and are stronger and healthier4 ,be sure of this3 it is easy to accustom yourself to drink no wine1 but1 once the habit of drinking wine is formed1 it costs a good deal to satisfy it1 and often painful efforts to restrain it within the bounds of moderation4 ,i never drank wine till ,i was five-and-thirty1 and ,i should have done better never to drink any4 ,wine strengthens nothing but our passions2 it wears out the body and disturbs the mind40 ,he recommended work1 not only as a duty but as the essential condition of happiness1 and no one knows how true this is but those who have tried to do without regular employment4 ,one often hears people wonder why so-and-so1 being so rich1 continues in business1 and slaves at the desk instead of enjoying the fruits of his wealth4 ,nothing is more natural1 unless a man has a taste strong enough to form an occupation1 such as ,schliemann had from his boyhood1 and was able to indulge after he earned money enough by business to prosecute researches in the ,east4 ,the leisure that some people recommend is only idleness under a veil of refinement1 and no man or woman can be rationally happy unless through some special occupation which towers above all others4 ,doing a score of things1 and giving an hour or so to each1 never brings any result worth mentioning2 devoting all your spare time to one pursuit strengthens the mind even where it is not needed to support the body4 8,if you have no profession10 says ,antoine de ,courtois1 8you will never be anything but useless men1 a burden to yourselves and a weariness to others40 ,domestic economy is another cardinal virtue of this thrifty ,french farmer1 and the rule he prescribes--that of laying by one-sixth of one's income to form a reserve fund1 so as not to encroach on one's capital for repairs or other unexpected expenses--is worthy of notice4 ,going to law1 especially among relations1 he utterly abhors1 and advises his son1 in cases of dispute1 to have recourse to the arbitration of some mutual friend4 ,on one occasion1 when he was compelled to go to law against a neighbor1 he mentions the suit as that of 8our mill against ----'s meadow10 and takes the first opportunity to do his adversary a personal favor1 carefully distinguishing between the individual and the cause4 ,in a word1 all the elements of discord and dissolution most familiar to ourselves1 and too unhappily common to cause any surprise1 or even to elicit more than languid blame1 are1 in this family register1 studiously held up to execration4 ,family affection1 again1 was not restricted to the brothers and sisters2 it included all relations1 and was supposed1 whenever necessary1 to show itself in practical help4 ,uncles and aunts were second fathers and mothers2 god-parents were more than nominal connections2 cousins were only another set of brothers and sisters4 ,a maiden aunt1 ,mlle4 ,girard1 called in the affectionate patois of ,provence 8our good tata10 helped to bring up ,antoine's children1 and her brothers1 far from wishing her to follow her first impulse1 and1 on account of her feeble health1 take the veil in some neighboring convent1 argued with her in favor of home life and duties4 ,she died at the age of fifty-two1 a holy death1 as her life had been useful1 humble1 and charitable4 ,courtois himself considered marriage the natural state of man1 and said that1 for his part1 he thought 8there was no true happiness1 and perhaps no salvation1 outside of the married state40 ,but he looked upon it as so much a means to an end that he deprecated the interference of personal inclination against such practical considerations as health1 virtue1 becoming circumstances of fortune and station4 ,he wisely said that one was only the steward of one's own property1 and was bound to hand it on unimpaired to one's posterity2 yet it is possible that he had too little confidence in the probably wise choice his children would make for themselves4 ,it is true that the choice of mates by the parents provides in each generation a balance to the inability of the parents to choose for themselves in their own case--a sort of poetic retribution2 and it is true also that men and women at the age of parents with marriageable children have just come to that maturity and perfection of judgment which enables them to be good guides to their sons and daughters while the latter are still in that chrysalis state when obedience is the wisest course4 ,but such an education as he had given them should have made them more capable of discernment than others1 and in his precepts there is perhaps as much of old tradition as of reaction against the subversive theories which were rending ,french society in pieces4 ,how else interpret such a sweeping assertion as this3 8,a father is the only man a young girl need not fear08--a withering comment1 indeed1 on the general state of society4 ,on the important subject of marriage and its duties ,mme4 de ,lamartine1 the mother of the poet1 has a beautiful passage in her journal1 written at ,milly1 near ,mcon1 at a small country house1 whose orchards1 meadows1 and vineyards brought in the small income of six hundred dollars a year4 ,on this she had a large family of sons to bring up and workmen to pay1 yet the family life was as dignified and as calm as ,abraham's with his vast possessions4 ,her husband she calls a peerless man1 8a man after ,god's own heart10 and1 as is often the case with the fathers of brilliant men1 his character stands contrasted with that of the poet1 as the oak by the side of the willow4 ,the father of ,macaulay was infinitely superior in his moral character to his amiable1 genial1 and gifted son--a man of iron1 austerely upright1 and a rock on which to depend1 8through thick and thin10 but not what the world calls charming4 ,here is ,mme4 de ,lamartine's judgment1 worthy to be graven in the heart of every bride as she leaves the altar3 8,i was present to-day1 #eth ,feb41 #ahje1 at a taking of the veil of a ,sister of ,mercy in the hospital at ,mcon4 ,there was a sermon1 in which the candidate was told that she had chosen a state of penance and mortification1 and1 as an emblem of this1 a crown of thorns was put upon her head4 ,i admired her self-sacrifice1 but could not help remembering also that the state of the mother of a family1 if she fulfils her duties1 can match the cloistered state4 ,women do not think enough of it when they marry1 but they really make a vow of poverty1 since they entrust their fortune to their husbands1 and can no longer use any of it except what he allows them to spend4 ,we also take a vow of chastity and obedience to our husbands1 since we are hereafter forbidden to seek to please or lure any other man4 ,over and above this we take a vow of charity towards our husbands1 our children1 our servants1 including the duty of nursing them in sickness1 of teaching them as far as we are able1 and of giving them sound and ,christian advice4 ,i need not1 therefore1 envy the ,sisters of ,mercy2 ,i have only faithfully to fulfil my duties1 which are fully as arduous as theirs1 and perhaps more so1 since we are not surrounded by good examples1 as they are1 but rather by everything which would tend to distract us4 ,these thoughts did my soul much good2 ,i renewed my vows before ,god1 and ,i trust to him to keep me always faithful to them40#agi ,her life was serious and busy3 8,i go to ,mass every morning with my children at seven4 ,then we breakfast1 and ,i attend to some housekeeping cares2 then study1 first the ,bible1 then grammar and ,french history--,i sewing all the while4444 ,my chief object is to make my children very pious and keep them constantly in full occupation40 ,they had family prayer1 too1 and she says in her journal3 8,it is a beautiful custom and most useful1 if one would have one's house1 as ,scripture recommends1 a house of brethren4 ,nothing is so good for the mind of servants as this daily partaking with their masters in prayer and humiliation before ,god1 who recognizes neither superiors nor inferiors4 ,it is good for the masters to be thus reminded of ,christian equality with those who are their inferiors in the world's eyes1 and the children are thus early taught to think of their true and invisible ,father1 whom they see their elders beseech with awe and confidence40 ,the ,courtois family were cousins of the ,girards1 one of whom1 ,philip de ,girard1 invented a flax-spinning machine in #ahaj1 and many other mechanical improvements4 ,in #ahbc his father's property was in danger of being sold at auction1 and1 having no capital but his genius1 he made a contract with the ,russian government1 binding himself to become chief-engineer of the ,polish mines for ten years4 ,he thus saved his patrimony4 ,a new town grew up around one of the factories established in ,poland on his system1 and took his name1 ,girardow2 the present emperor has given the town a block of porphyry as a pedestal for the founder's statue4 ,he1 too1 was of the old ,french stock1 a dutiful son and sincere ,christian1 schooled in tribulation in his own country1 but1 notwithstanding his many disappointments as an inventor1 happy enough to have been buried in his own old home4 ,a better-known name is that of the ,d',aguesseau family1 a remarkable house1 both for inherited piety and genius4 ,the great chancellor of this name was a model son to a model father1 and all his own children were worthy of him4 ,perhaps the ,la ,ferronnays are equally fortunate2 as far as their family life is revealed in ,a ,sister's ,story1 it seems cast in the same mould4 ,few1 however1 so prominent1 and therefore so open to temptation1 as the ,d',aguesseaus have given such a sustained example of high virtue4 ,the chancellor1 whose family1 always connected with the law1 dated authentically from the end of the fifteenth century1 was dangerously fortunate in his public career4 ,at twenty-two he was advocate-general to the ,parliament of ,paris1 and procurator-general at thirty-two1 an orator famous all over ,france1 a historian1 a judge1 a philosopher1 and a writer4 ,his name was synonymous with several important laws4 ,he held the seals of the chancellorship for thirty-two years1 and died in #agea1 over eighty4 ,his linguistic studies embraced ,hebrew and ,arabic--rare acquirements at that time--and he was also a good mathematician4 ,his own saying1 which he applied to his father1 is no less true of himself3 8,the way of the righteous is at first but an imperceptible spot of light1 which grows steadily by degrees till it becomes a perfect day40 ,another of his maxims was that 8public reform begins in home and self-reform40 ,his children's education was his greatest solicitude1 even among his public duties1 and one gets an interesting glimpse of him in ,mme4 d',aguesseau's letters describing the business journeys of inspection on which he had to go1 and which he made with his family in a big coach4 ,the mother would open the day by prayer1 and the sons then studied the classics and philosophy with their father1 while even the hours of leisure were mostly filled up by reading2 for the chancellor wisely taught his boys to choose subjects of interest out of school-hours1 that they might not identify reading with compulsory tasks4 ,school teaching he considered only as a basis for continued education by one's self1 and his ideal of his daughter's education was the union of domestic deftness with scientific study4 ,this daughter1 in her turn1 left to her sons advice such as truly proved her to be a mother in ,israel4 ,his wife he enthroned as a queen in his heart and his home1 and would smile when others rallied him on his domestic obedience4 ,he trusted to her for all home matters and expenses2 and such women as she and those she represented were fit to be trusted4 ,the seventeenth century was essentially the age of great women in ,france1 and the early part of the eighteenth still kept the tradition4 ,mme4 de ,chantal had a manly soul in a woman's body1 and yet proved herself as good a housekeeper as an administrator of her son's estate while a minor4 ,prayer1 work1 and study went hand in hand in these women1 and the ,d',aguesseaus were only shining representatives of whole families and classes of noble wives and mothers4 ,they remind one of some ,scotch mothers and homes1 in districts where old customs still abide2 where servants are part of the family1 yet never1 in all their loving and rude familiarity1 approach to a thought of disrespect or disobedience2 where there is intense love but no demonstration2 where honor and truth are loved better than life1 and simplicity becomes in reality the most delicate and grave courtesy4 ,d',aguesseau loved farming as his chosen recreation1 and vehemently denounced the rising prejudice of the young who were ashamed of their father's simple homestead and refused to live such rustic lives4 ,the ,hebrew ideal--than which no finer has ever been invented--was his absolute standard of home-life1 and how his father's character answered to it we shall presently see4 ,the publication of this manuscript biography and other domestic writings of the chancellor was due only to long-continued pressure1 and his sons consented only with the hope of doing good to a perverse generation4 ,in these days1 when people are rather flattered than otherwise to see their names in print1 even if it be only in a local sheet1 many may wonder at this reticence which denoted the delicacy of this exceptional family4 ,whether the publication did good we can hardly judge2 it must have helped to stop some on a downward career1 or at least strengthened the weak resolves of some few struggling against the current4 ,the elder ,d',aguesseau had singular natural advantages such as the majority lack1 but much of this happy temperament was probably the result of generations of clean1 temperate1 and orderly living1 such as his forefathers had been famous for4 ,his son traces a portrait of him which seems to unite the primitive ,christian with the ancient ,roman3 8,exempt from all passion1 one could hardly tell if he had ever had any to fight against1 so calmly and sovereignly did virtue rule over his soul4 ,i believe the love of pleasure never made him lose a single instant of his life4 ,it even seemed as if he needed no relaxation to balance the exhaustion of his mind1 and1 if he allowed himself any at rare intervals1 a little historical or literary reading1 a short conversation with a friend1 or a chat with my mother was enough to strengthen his mind for more work2 but these relaxations were so few and far between that one would have thought he grudged them to himself4 ,ambition never disturbed his heart2 for himself1 he had never had any1 and in his children's careers he looked only for opportunities for them to serve their country and avoid idleness and luxury1 which he considered a perpetual temptation to evil4 ,how could avarice come near a soul so generous8444 ,twenty years' labor on public works and thirty-one in the council never suggested to him the idea of asking for anything4#ahj 444 ,he died at the age of eighty-one1 never having received any extraordinary gratuity1 pension1 or grant4 ,even his salary1 in spite of his share in the distribution of the public treasury1 was always the last to be paid4 ,mr4 ,desmarets1 finance minister1 said to me one day as we were walking in his garden3 #8,i must say your father is an extraordinary man4 ,i found out by chance that his salary has not been paid for some time1 though he needs it4 ,why did he not tell me8 ,he sees me every day1 and he knows there is no one ,i would oblige sooner than him4' ,i answered with a laugh that the salary never would be paid1 if he waited for my father to ask for it1 for he well knew that the word ask was the hardest in the world for my father to utter4444 ,what defects could a man have who was so insensible to pleasure1 ambition1 even legitimate self-interest8 ,nearly all human weaknesses are the results of these three passions1 444 and ,despraux was only literally in the right when he said of your grandfather3 #8,such a man makes humanity despair4' ,he did not know justice only through the discernment of his mind2 he felt it as the natural instinct and impulse of his heart1 spite of all prejudices and predilections4 ,diffident of his own judgment1 he feared the illusions of a first impulse and the snares of a hasty conclusion4 ,wisely lavish of his time in listening to causes and reading the memoranda of his clients1 he was never contented till he had got to the smallest details of the truth1 for to judge aright was the only anxiety or disturbance of mind he ever experienced4 ,mindful only of things in the abstract1 he wholly lost sight of names and persons2 and if in the exercise of his functions he was ever known to give way to emotion1 it was only on behalf of endangered justice1 never of individuals as such4 ,in this there was no obstinacy or arrogance4 ,zeal for justice and love of truth would often so move him that he was unable to contain his thoughts1 and would admonish others of the danger of trusting too much to what is erroneously called common sense1 though it be so rare a gift2 of the duty of learning accurately the principles of justice1 and of forming one's judgment on the experience of the wisest men40 ,his gentleness and patience1 his prudence and discretion1 were no less conspicuous2 his son says further3 8,no one knew men better1 and no one spoke less of them40 ,his gentleness was a companion virtue of his courage4 ,apparently timid1 he was yet impassible2 neither moral nor physical danger awed him4 8,from this mixture of justice1 prudence1 and bravery resulted a perfect equipoise as little in danger from variations of temper as from tempests of passion4444 ,he was always the same1 always himself1 always lord of his thoughts and feelings4 ,hence that groundwork of moderation that kept him in an atmosphere so serene that pride never puffed him up1 nor weakness degraded him1 nor extreme joy upset him1 nor immoderate sorrow depressed him4 ,duty1 ever present to his mind1 kept him within the bounds of the most solid wisdom1 and one might epitomize his character thus3 he was a living reason1 quickening a body obedient to its lessons and early accustomed to bear willingly the yoke of virtue40 ,of lesser qualities1 having these greater ones1 he could not be destitute1 and in his daily life1 his eating and drinking1 his recreations1 his domestic relations1 he was equally steady and perfect4 ,he disliked dinner-parties especially1 as involving a loss of time1 though1 if obliged to be at them1 he never went beyond the frugal portion equivalent to his home meals2 he drank so little wine that it scarcely colored the water with which he mixed it2 and as to display1 he was such an enemy to it that he would use only a pair of horses where his colleagues and subordinates ostentatiously used two pair4 ,he was sickly of body1 but retained his gentle and equable temperament throughout his life2 his servants found him too easy to serve1 so careless was he of his personal comfort2 his friends1 few but sincere1 found in him another self1 so forgetful was he of his interests in theirs4 ,in conversation he repressed his natural turn for pleasantry1 because he despised such frivolous talents2 but his esprit pierced his gravity at times1 and he was always a hearty laugher4 ,piety was inborn in him1 and his faith was as childlike as his morals were pure4 ,scripture was his favorite reading1 the ,gospels especially1 and his grave devotion in church was a rebuke to younger and more thoughtless men4 ,he laid aside a tenth of his income for the use of the poor1 whom he looked upon collectively as an additional child of his own2 and a famine1 or local distress of any kind1 always found him with a reserve fund ready to help the needy4 ,on the other hand1 he practised the strictest domestic economy1 and on principle shunned all display beyond what was necessary for simple comfort and the respect due to his official position4 ,we might go further in this eulogium1 but1 having pointed out the steadiness of character which was peculiar to him1 we need not enlarge on qualities which he shared with many weaker but still well-meaning men4 ,all real saints are first true men2 wherever an element of weakness crosses the life of a servant of ,god there is a corresponding flaw in his perfection4 ,the death of ,henri d',aguesseau was worthy of his life2 the consideration for others1 the solicitude for some poor clients whose interests he feared would suffer through the time lost in formalities after his death1 the strong reliance on ,god1 the frequent repetition of the ,psalms1 8the possessing his soul in patience10 which distinguished his dying hours1 all pointed to the 8preciousness0 which it must have worn in ,god's sight4 ,the ,chancellor d',aguesseau walked in his father's footsteps4 ,among his teachings to his son1 who at nineteen was leaving home1 he insists especially on the study of ,holy ,scripture1 supplemented by a practice of marking and bringing together in writing all such passages as relate to the duties of a ,christian and a public life1 to serve as a body of moral precepts for his own guidance4 ,others1 he says1 have commented upon ,scripture in this direction1 but he does not advise his son to follow them in their methods1 for 8the true usefulness and value of this sort of work is only for the person himself1 who thereby profits at his leisure1 and imbues himself with the truths he gathers40 ,in his book1 ,reflections on ,christ1 he says3 8,the characteristic of ,gospel doctrine is that it is as sublime1 while it is also as simple1 as one1 as ,god himself4 ,there is but one thing needful3 to serve ,god1 to imitate him1 to be one with him4 ,this truth includes all man's duties40 ,simplicity and uprightness1 singleness of purpose and love of truth1 were for him the practical synonym of religion4 ,his father's death he calls 8simple and great02 ,job's eulogium he emphatically points out as having been that of 8a man simple and upright1 fearing ,god and eschewing evil40 ,other moralists1 public and private1 have harped1 not unnecessarily1 on the same string4 ,the ,provenal poet1 ,frederick ,mistral1 adds another element to the definition of goodness--work4 ,brought up on a farm1 among all the interests and details of agriculture and the vintage1 in a household whose head was his father and teacher1 and where daily family prayer and reading in common ended a day of hard work1 he was a strong and rustic boy4 ,all old customs were in vogue3 the father solemnly blessed the huge ,yule-log at ,christmas1 and then told his children of the worthy doings of their ancestors4 ,he never complained of the weather1 rebuking those who did in these words3 8,my friends1 ,god above knows what he is about1 and also what is best for us40 ,his table was open to all comers1 and he had a welcome for all but idlers4 ,he would ask if such and such a one was a good worker1 and1 if answered in the affirmative1 he would say3 8,then he is an honest man1 and ,i am his friend40 ,the men and women on the farm were busy1 healthy1 strong1 and pious4 ,the old man had been a soldier under ,napoleon1 and had harbored proscribed and hunted fugitives in the ,reign of ,terror4 ,his adventures were a never-ending source of interest to his family1 his hired men1 and to strangers4 ,we are perhaps wrong in saying so1 but there is always a tendency1 when we see or hear of such men1 to say3 8,there are none such now40 ,certainly there are fewer1 but in every age the same lament has been raised4 ,the 8good old times10 if you pursue them closely1 vanish into the age of fable2 yet in hidden corners one may always find some of their representatives1 and goodness1 alas6 has always been exceptional4 ,m4 ,taine1 in his ,sources of ,contemporary ,france1 wisely says3 8,in order to become practical1 to lord it over the soul1 to become an acknowledged mainspring of action1 a doctrine must sink into the mind as an accepted1 indisputable thing1 a habit1 an established institution1 a home tradition1 and must filter through reason into the foundations of the will2 then only can it become a social force and part of a national character40 ,unfortunately1 it takes centuries1 or at least generations1 to produce such results2 but the continual and unchanging teaching of religion1 running parallel to1 and yet distinct from1 all local changes of circumstance1 may often supply much of this natural tradition4 ,in the sixteenth century ,olivier de ,serres1 in a manual of agriculture1 touches on the duties of a landholder1 and the old principles of the ,bible are revived in his archaic ,french4 ,he bids masters1 8according to their gifts1 exhort their servants and laborers to fly sin and follow virtue40 8,he 7the master7 shall show them how industry profits every business1 specially farming1 by means of which many poor men have built houses2 and1 on the other hand1 how by neglect many rich families have been ruined4 ,on this subject he shall quote the sayings of the wise man1 #8that the hand of the diligent gathers riches1' and that the idler who will not work in winter will beg his bread in summer4 ,such and like discourses shall be the ordinary stock of the wise and prudent father of a family concerning his men1 whence also he will learn to be the first to follow diligence and virtue1 and to let no word of blasphemy1 of lasciviousness1 of foolishness1 or of backbiting ever pass his lips1 in order that he may be a mirror of all modesty40 ,gerebtzoff's ,history of ,ancient ,russian ,civilization gives curious details of the patriarchal rules of life in that country1 the respect lavished on parents and elders1 the early-imbibed love of truth1 and the familiar use of proverbs embodying these doctrines4 ,why do these things seem new to us1 or at least why is their repetition so necessary8 ,st4 ,marc ,girardin1 lecturing at the ,sorbonne thirty years ago on the fifth chapter of ,proverbs1 distrusted the effect on his audience of youths 8of the period40 ,he handled the subject manfully1 but so well that his audience caught his own enthusiasm and rained down applause on those noble1 ancient ,hebrew maxims1 so dignified in theory1 so beautiful in practice4 ,but if the world would not listen to such teaching1 the same precepts would meet it unawares in the books of classic writers--in the ,republic of ,plato1 in the speeches of ,cicero1 the ,politics of ,aristotle1 in the laws of ,solon4 ,the ancients constantly startle us with their maxims of more than human virtue2 much of their heathen teaching puts to shame the practice of their pseudo-,christian successors4 ,those among them who do not uphold piety1 filial respect1 obedience1 and faith belong to a time when literature as well as morals was degenerating2 but it would have required a ,sardanapalus in literature to teach unblushingly what ,rousseau taught to the most polished society of ,europe4 ,all law is contained in the ,ten ,commandments1 and in ,china1 relates one of the missionaries whose 8letters10 unpretentious as they are1 are the greatest help to science1 a committee of learned men1 on being ordered to report flaws in ,christian doctrine1 said they had considered well1 but dared not do it1 for all the essential doctrine was already contained in their own sacred books1 the ,king4 ,again1 ,christian practice in old times revived the precept of ,deuteronomy to bear the commandments 8on the wrist1 and engrave them on the threshold of the house and the lintel of the door0 7,deut4 vi4 #f-i74 ,in ,luneburg1 ,hanover1 a farm-house built in #ajjj1 and which for six hundred years has been in the family of its present owner1 a small yeoman1 ,peter ,heinrich ,rabe1 has this text over the door3 8,the blessing of ,god shall be thy wealth1 ,if1 mindful of naught else1 thou art ,faithful and busy in the state ,god has given thee1 ,and seekest to fulfil all thy duties4 ,amen40 ,english and ,dutch1 ,german and ,french1 houses have more or less such decorations and reminders on their walls2 churches abounded with them1 and men and women wore illuminated texts as jewels4 ,the immutable law of which ,cicero1 in his ,republic1 gives a definition worthy of the ,bible1 and to deny which1 he says1 is to fly from one's self1 deny one's own nature1 and be therefore most grievously tormented1 even if one escapes human punishment2 the law of conscience1 of which a ,chinese family register says3 8,nothing in the world should turn your heart away from truth one hair's breadth10 and 8,if you set yourself above your conscience1 it will avenge itself by remorse2 heaven and earth and all the spirits will be against you02 the law which ,pre ,gratry resumed in three passages of ,scripture3 8,increase and multiply1 and possess the earth10 8,man is put on earth to set order and justice in the world10 and 8,seek first the kingdom of ,god and his justice1 and all things else shall be added unto you02 the law which ,garron de la ,bvire1 a victim of the ,revolution1 though himself a sincere advocate of liberty1 translates thus3 8,he who knows not how to suffer knows not how to live02 that law which does not deal only in magnificent generalities1 but carries its dignity into the smallest details of practical life1 so that ,pre de ,ravignan could apply it from the pulpit of ,notre ,dame to the sore point of a fashionable audience whom he startled by asking if they paid their debts--that law was the shield and the groundwork of the heroic old family life of ,french provinces4 ,simple tradesmen and untaught peasants lived under it as blamelessly as gentlemen and statesmen1 and taught their sons the same traditions1 the same honesty1 the same truth1 the same deference to their conscience1 the same fear of evil for evil's sake1 and not for the punishments it involves or the misfortunes it often brings on4 ,the custom of keeping family registers is a very old one2 even before ,st4 ,louis' famous instructions to his children it was common3 ,bayard's mother left him a similar manual1 and people of all conditions made a practice of it4 ,from these documents1 and the sentiments written in them from time to time by fathers for the guidance of their children1 ,m4 de ,ribbe has collected many memorials of domestic life in ,france--chiefly in remote and happy neighborhoods1 but also in more populous and disturbed ones2 and the sameness of the precepts in all is less strange than the likeness they bear to those of the ,chinese family books1 which date back often more than #b1jjj years4 ,he has found in the recently-discovered papyri in ,egyptian tombs the same eternal rules1 set forth in language almost equal to the simple grandeur of the ,bible1 while the ,hindoo hymns and books of morals teach in many instances the same truths in nearly the same words4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,dr4 ,,draper ,,and ,,evolution4 ,at a meeting of ,unitarian ministers held at ,springfield1 ,massachusetts1 on the #aath of ,october1 #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,draper delivered a lecture on 8,evolution3 its ,origin1 ,progress1 and ,consequences40 ,prof4 ,youmans publishes it in the ,popular ,science ,monthly1 with the remark that 8some passages omitted in the lecture for want of time are here introduced02 which means1 so far as we can understand1 that ,dr4 ,draper1 before allowing the publication of his lecture1 retouched it1 and introduced into it some items1 views1 or considerations which the lecture delivered to the ,unitarian meeting did not contain1 but which he considered necessary as giving the last finish to his composition4 ,it seems1 in fact1 that the doctor must have felt a little embarrassed in the performance of the task which he had accepted2 for he well knew that in speaking to a body of sectarian ministers he could not make the best use of the ordinary resources of free-thought without breaking through the barriers of conventional propriety2 and he himself candidly informs his hearers that1 when he received the request to deliver this lecture before them1 he was at first disposed to excuse himself1 giving the following reason for his hesitation3 8,holding religious views which perhaps in many respects are not in accordance with those that have recommended themselves to you1 ,i was reluctant to present to your consideration a topic which1 though it is in truth purely scientific1 is yet connected with some of the most important and imposing theological dogmas40 ,this was1 perhaps1 one of the motives 7besides the want of time7 why in the delivery of the lecture some passages were omitted which have subsequently found their way into the pages of the scientific monthly4 ,it would be interesting to know what 8imposing theological dogmas0 ,dr4 ,draper considered it to be his duty to respect while lecturing before a ,unitarian audience4 ,unitarians do not generally overload their liberal minds with dogmas4 ,their creed is very short4 ,they simply admit1 as even the good ,mahometans do1 that there is one ,god4 ,this is all4 ,what that one ,god is they are not required to know2 their denial of the ,holy ,trinity leaves them free to conceive their ,god as an impersonal being1 a universal soul1 or a sum total of the forces of nature4 ,on the other hand1 their denial of ecclesiastical authority and of the inspiration of the ,scriptures leaves them absolutely free to disbelieve every other dogma and mystery of ,christianity4 ,it seems to us1 therefore1 that ,dr4 ,draper1 who had no need1 and certainly no inclination1 to descant on ,trinitarian views or to defend the inspiration of the ,bible1 ought not to have feared to scandalize the good souls to whom he was requested to break the bread of modern science4 ,it is clear that only an unequivocal profession of scientific atheism could have been construed into an offence2 and even this1 we fancy1 would have been pardoned1 for the sake of science1 by the easy and accommodating gentlemen whose 8liberality of sentiment0 triumphed at last over ,dr4 ,draper's hesitation4 ,whether or not the assembled ,unitarian ministers were satisfied with the lecture1 and converted to the scientific views maintained by the lecturer1 we do not know2 this1 however1 we do know3 that ,dr4 ,draper's reasoning and assertions about the origin1 progress1 and consequences of evolution1 even apart from all consideration of religious dogmas1 are not calculated to command the assent of cultivated intellects4 ,the lecture begins with the statement that two explanations have been introduced to account for the origin of the organic beings that surround us2 the one1 according to the lecturer1 8is conveniently designated as the hypothesis of creation10 the other as 8the hypothesis of evolution40 ,this statement1 to begin with1 is incorrect4 ,it may1 indeed1 be very 8convenient0 for ,dr4 ,draper to speak of creation as a mere hypothesis2 but the device is too transparent4 ,the creation or original formation of organic beings by ,god is not a hypothesis1 but an historical fact perfectly established1 and even scientifically and philosophically demonstrated4 ,evolution1 on the contrary1 as understood by the modern school1 is only an empty word and a dream1 unworthy of the name of scientific hypothesis1 under which sciolists attempt to conceal its absurdity4 ,in fact1 even the little we ourselves have said on this subject in some of our past numbers would amply suffice to convince a moderately intelligent man that the theory of evolution has no real scientific character1 is irreconcilable with the conclusions of natural history1 and has no ground to stand upon except the worn-out fallacies of a perverted logic4 ,to call it 8hypothesis0 is therefore to do it an honor which it does not deserve4 ,a pile of rubbish is not a palace1 and a heap of blunders is not a hypothesis4 8,creation10 says ,dr4 ,draper1 8reposes on the arbitrary act of ,god2 evolution on the universal reign of law40 ,this statement1 too1 is entirely groundless4 ,creation is a free act of ,god2 but a free act needs not to be arbitrary4 ,we usually call that arbitrary which is done rashly or without reason4 ,but an act which forms part of an intellectual plan for an appointed end we call an act of wisdom2 to call it 8arbitrary0 is to falsify its nature4 ,if ,dr4 ,draper admits that there is a ,god1 he ought to speak of him with greater respect4 ,but1 omitting this1 is it true that evolution 8reposes on the universal reign of law08 ,by no means4 ,we defy ,dr4 ,draper and all the modern evolutionists to substantiate this bold assertion4 ,not only is there no universal law on which the evolution of species can repose1 but there is1 on the contrary1 a well-known universal law which sets at naught the speculations and stultifies the pretensions of the ,darwinian school4 ,the law we refer to is the following3 ,in the generation of organic beings there is no transition from one species to another4 ,this is the universal law which rules the department of organic life2 and it is almost inconceivable how a man who is not resolved to injure his scientific reputation could so far forget himself and his science as to pretend a blissful ignorance of this known truth1 in order to propagate a silly imposture exploded by philosophy and contradicted by the constant1 unequivocal testimony of nature itself4 ,had we been present in the ,unitarian audience when the doctor uttered the assertion in question1 we doubt if it would have been possible for us to let him proceed further without interruption2 for the recklessness of his doctrine called for an immediate challenge4 ,when a man1 in laying down the foundations of a theory1 takes his stand upon the most evident false premises1 he simply insults his hearers4 ,why should an intelligent man accept in silence such a glaring absurdity as that 8evolution reposes on the universal reign of law08 ,why should he not rise and say3 8,i beg permission1 in the name of science1 to contradict the statement just made1 and to express my astonishment at the want of consideration shown to this learned assembly by the lecturer08 ,however contrary to the received usages1 such an interruption would have been highly proper and meritorious in the eyes of a lover of truth4 ,but1 unfortunately1 the assembled ministers had no right to remonstrate4 ,they had requested the doctor to lecture1 and to lecture on that very subject2 they knew beforehand the doctor's views concerning evolution2 and they were not ignorant that his manner of reasoning was likely to exhibit that disregard of truth of which so many striking instances had been discovered in his history of the conflict between religion and science4 ,the assembled ministers were simply anxious to hear a bit of genuine modern thought2 hence1 whatever the lecturer might think good to say1 they were bound to listen to with calm resignation1 if not with thankful submission4 ,dr4 ,draper told them1 also1 that the hypothesis of evolution derives all the organisms which we see in the world 8from one or a few original organisms0 by a process of development1 and 8it will not admit that there has been any intervention of the divine power40 ,but when asked1 ,whence did the original organisms spring8 he replies3 8,as to the origin of organisms1 it 7the hypothesis7 withholds1 for the present1 any definite expression4 ,there are1 however1 many naturalists who incline to believe in spontaneous generation40 ,here we must admire1 if not the consistency1 at least the sincerity1 of the lecturer4 ,he candidly acknowledges that1 as to the origin of organisms1 the theory of evolution 8withholds1 for the present1 any definite expression40 ,this phrase1 stripped of its pretentious modesty1 means that the advocates of evolution1 though often called upon to account by their theory for the origin of organic life1 and though obliged by the nature of the case to show how life could have originated in matter alone 8with no intervention of the divine power10 have always failed to extricate themselves from the difficulties of their position1 and have never offered an explanation deserving the sanction of science1 or even the attention of thoughtful men4 ,the axiom ,omne vivum ex ovo still stares them in the face4 ,they cannot shut their eyes so as to lose sight of it4 ,at the same time they cannot explain the origin of the ovum without abandoning their principles2 for if the first ovum1 or vital organism1 is not the product of evolution1 then its existence cannot be accounted for except by the intervention of the divine power1 which they are determined to reject2 and if the first vital organism be assumed to have been the product of evolution1 then they cannot escape the conclusion that it must have sprung from lifeless1 inorganic matter--a conclusion which few of them dare to maintain1 as they clearly see that it is absurd to expect from matter alone anything so cunningly devised as is the least seed1 egg1 or cell of a living organism4 ,to confess1 therefore1 that the evolution theory cannot account for the origin of the primitive organisms is to confess that the efforts of the evolutionists towards banishing the intervention of the divine power and suppressing creation have been1 are1 and will ever be ineffectual4 ,but this legitimate inference was carefully kept out of view by the lecturer1 who1 not to spoil his argument1 hastened to add that 8many naturalists incline to believe in spontaneous generation40 ,this1 however1 far from making things better1 will only make them worse4 ,it is only when a cause is nearly despaired of that the most irrational fictions are resorted to in its defence4 ,now1 spontaneous generation is an irrational fiction4 ,even in our own time1 when the world is full of organic matter1 and when the working of nature has been subjected to the most searching investigations1 the spontaneous formation of a living organism without a parent of the same species is deemed to be against reason2 for reason cannot give the lie to the principle of causality1 by virtue of which nothing can be found in the effect which is not contained in its cause4 ,hence very few naturalists 7though ,dr4 ,draper calls them many7 are so reckless as to support1 or countenance by their example1 a belief in spontaneous generation4 ,nothing would be easier to them than to imitate ,dr4 ,draper by assuming without proof what is not susceptible of proof2 but1 although some scientists have adopted this convenient course1 few have dared to follow them1 because the inadmissibility of spontaneous generation has been confirmed by the best experimental methods of modern science itself4 ,now1 if this is the case in the present condition of the world1 and with such an abundance of organic matter1 how can any one1 with any show of reason1 maintain that in the remote ages of the world1 and before any organic compound had made its appearance on earth1 cells and seeds and eggs burst forth spontaneously from inorganic matter without the intervention of the divine power8 ,at any rate1 if it would be preposterous to assume that inert1 lifeless1 unintelligent matter has the power of planning and making a time-piece1 a sewing-machine1 a velocipede1 or a wheelbarrow1 how can a man in his senses assume that the same inert1 lifeless1 and unintelligent matter has the power to plan1 form1 and put together in perfect harmony1 due proportion1 and providential order the organic elements and rudiments of that immensely more complicated structure which we call an ovum or a seed1 with its potentiality of life and growth1 and its indefinite power of reproduction8 ,and who can believe that the same inert1 lifeless1 and unintelligent matter has been so inventive1 so crafty1 and so provident as to devise two sexes for each animal species1 and to make them so fit for one another1 with so powerful an instinct to unite with one another1 as to ensure the propagation of their kind for an indefinite series of centuries8 ,we need not develop this argument further4 ,books of natural history are full of the beauties and marvels concealed in millions of minute organisms1 which proclaim to the world the wisdom of their contriver1 and denounce the folly of a science which bestows on dead matter the honor due to the living ,god4 ,evolution of life under the hand of ,god would have a meaning2 but evolution of life 8without the intervention of the divine power0 means nothing at all1 as it is1 in fact1 inconceivable4 ,dr4 ,draper quotes ,aristotle in favor of spontaneous generation4 ,the ,greek philosopher1 in the eighth book of his history of animals1 when speaking of the chain of living things remarks3 8,nature passes so gradually from inanimate to animate things that from their continuity the boundary between them is indistinct4 ,the race of plants succeeds immediately that of inanimate objects1 and these differ from each other in the proportion of life in which they participate2 for1 compared with minerals1 plants appear to possess life1 though when compared with animals they appear inanimate4 ,the change from plants to animals is gradual2 a person might question to which of these classes some marine objects belong40 ,this doctrine is unobjectionable2 but we fail to see its bearing on spontaneous generation4 ,aristotle does not speak here of a chain of beings genetically connected1 nor does he derive the plant from the mineral1 or the animal from the plant4 ,on the other hand1 even if we granted that ,aristotle 8referred the primitive organisms to spontaneous generation10 we might easily explain the blunder by reflecting that a pagan philosopher1 having no idea of creation1 could not but err when philosophizing about the origin of things4 ,we need not follow our lecturer into the details of the ,arabic philosophy4 ,when we are told that the ,arabian philosophers 8had rejected the theory of creation and adopted that of evolution10 and that they reached this conclusion 8through their doctrine of emanation and absorption rather than from an investigation of visible nature10 we may well dismiss them without a hearing4 ,dr4 ,draper seems to be much pained at the thought that a religious revolt against philosophy succeeded in 8exterminating0 such progressive ideas so thoroughly that they 8never again appeared in ,islam40 ,but that which causes him still greater disgust is that 8if the doctrine of the government of the world by law was thus held in detestation by ,islam1 it was still more bitterly refused by ,christendom1 in which the possibility of changing the divine purposes was carried to its extreme by the invocation of angels and saints1 and great gains accrued to the church through its supposed influence in procuring these miraculous interventions40 ,these words1 and others which we are about to quote1 must have given great pleasure to the assembled ,unitarian ministers2 for we all know that to throw dirt at the church is a task singularly congenial to the natural bent of the sectarian mind4 ,but1 be this as it may1 whoever knows that our lecturer is the author of the history of the conflict between religion and science1 so truly described by the late ,dr4 ,brownson as 8a tissue of lies10 will agree that ,dr4 ,draper's denunciations deserve no answer4 ,when a man undertakes to speak of that of which he is absolutely ignorant1 the best course is to let him blunder till his credit is entirely gone4 ,the reader need not be informed that ,christendom never opposed the doctrine of 8the government of the world by law10 and never imagined that there was a 8possibility of changing the divine purposes0 through the invocation of angels and saints2 whilst1 if 8miraculous interventions0 brought 8great gains to the church10 the fact is very naturally explained by the principle that 8piety is useful for all things10 and that ,god's intervention cannot be barren of beneficial results4 ,but ,dr4 ,draper1 who does not understand how ,god's intervention is compatible with the universal reign of law1 denies all miracles1 and denounces the church as a school of deceit1 superstition1 and hypocrisy1 his hatred of miracles being his only proof that all miracles are frauds4 ,his assumption is that1 because the natural order is ruled by law1 therefore no supernatural order can be admitted2 which1 if true1 would equally warrant the following3 ,because bodies gravitate towards the centre of the earth1 therefore no solar attraction can be admitted4 ,the papal government1 ,dr4 ,draper assures us1 could not tolerate 8universal and irreversible law40 ,how did he ascertain this8 ,perhaps he thought that the papal government was embarrassed to reconcile irreversible law with miracles4 ,but the popes never taught or believed that a miracle was a reversal of law2 they only taught that the course of nature1 without any law being reversed1 was susceptible of alteration1 and that this alteration1 when proceeding from a power above nature1 was miraculous4 ,we fancy that even ,dr4 ,draper must concede this1 unless he prefers to say with the fool that 8there is no ,god40 8,the ,inquisition had been invented and set at work40 ,to do what8 ,to overthrow the 8universal and irreversible law08 ,certainly not4 ,what was it1 then1 called to do8 8,it speedily put an end1 not only in the south of ,france but all over ,europe1 to everything supposed to be not in harmony with the orthodox faith1 by instituting a reign of terror40 ,it is scarcely necessary to remark that what the lecturer calls 8a reign of terror0 was nothing but self-defence against the murderous attacks of the ,albigenses and other cut-throats of the same dye1 who were themselves the terror of ,christendom--a circumstance which ,dr4 ,draper should not have ignored4 ,but whilst the ,inquisition caused some terror to the enemies of ,christian society1 it actually restored the reign of law and secured the benefits of religious peace to countries which1 but for its remedial action1 would have sunk again into a lawless barbarism4 ,and if the ,inquisition 8put an end to everything contrary to the orthodox faith10 no thoughtful man will find fault with it4 ,false doctrines are a greater curse than even armed rebellions4 ,dr4 ,draper will surely not complain that the ,united ,states 8put an end0 to the rebellion of the ,southern ,confederates1 though they were gallant fellows and fought for what they believed to be their right4 ,but1 while he finds it natural that thousands of valuable lives should have been destroyed for the sake of the ,american ,union1 he pretends to be scandalized at the punishment which the ,inquisition1 after regular trial1 inflicted on a few worthless and contumacious felons for the sake of religious and civil peace and the preservation of the great ,catholic union4 ,such is the delicacy of his conscience6 ,then he continues3 8,the ,reign of ,terror in revolutionary ,france lasted but a few months1 the atrocities of the ,commune at the close of the ,franco-,german war only a few days2 but the reign of terror in ,christendom has continued from the thirteenth century with declining energy to our times4 ,its object has been the forcible subjugation of thought40 ,this is how ,dr4 ,draper manipulates history4 ,it would be superfluous to inform our readers that there has never been a reign of terror in ,christendom1 except when and where ,lutherans1 ,calvinists1 ,anglican ,puritans1 or infidel revolutionists held the reins of power1 and crowned their apostasy by tyrannical persecution1 by plundering1 and burning1 and murdering1 and demolishing1 and prostituting whatever they could lay their hands on1 with that diabolical fiendishness and cool brutality of which we had lately a new instance in the ,paris ,commune here mentioned by the lecturer4 ,this very mention of the ,commune1 and of the reign of terror inaugurated by it1 is a blunder on the part of ,dr4 ,draper4 ,the heroes of the ,commune belong to his school2 they are infidels2 they are men whose thought has not been 8subjugated0 by the church2 and to confess that their ephemeral triumph constituted a reign of terror amounts to a condemnation of unsubjugated thought and a vindication of the principle acted on by the church1 that from unbridled thought nothing can be expected but discord1 confusion1 and violence4 ,yet ,dr4 ,draper1 who is a profound chemist1 knows how to make poison out of innocent drugs2 and whilst the church aimed only at preserving the loyalty of her children from the attacks of heresy and the snares of hypocrisy1 the doctor depicts her as 8subjugating0 thought4 ,this is just what might be expected4 ,the snake draws poison from the same flowers from which the bee sucks honey3 ,spesso del serpe in seno ,il fior si fa veleno2 ,ma in sen dell' ape il fiore ,dolce liquor si fa4 --,metastasio4 ,we have dwelt longer than we intended on this subject1 which is1 after all1 only a digression from the principal question2 yet ,dr4 ,draper furnishes us with the opportunity of a further remark1 which we think we ought not to omit4 ,he says3 8,the ,reformation came4 ,it did not much change the matter4 ,it insisted on the ,mosaic views1 and would tolerate no natural science that did not accord with them40 ,on this fact we argue as follows4 ,if the reason why ,catholics rejected certain theories was that they were 8under a reign of terror10 and that their thought had been 8forcibly subjugated10 it would seem that the ,protestants1 whose thought could not be subjugated1 who laughed at the ,inquisition and were inaccessible to terror1 should have embraced those long-forbidden theories1 were it only for showing to the world that they had broken all their chains and recovered unbounded liberty4 ,what could prevent them from throwing away the book of ,genesis and reviving the ,arabian theory of evolution8 ,had they not rejected other parts of the ,bible8 ,had they not freed themselves from the confession of sins1 explained away the ,real ,presence1 set at naught authority1 and inaugurated free-thought8 ,the truth is that they could not resuscitate a theory for which they could not account either by science or by philosophy1 and which would have involved them in endless difficulties4 ,it is common sense1 therefore1 and not reverence for the ,mosaic views1 that compelled them to abide by the ,biblical record of creation4 ,the consequence is that men of common sense had no need of being 8forcibly subjugated0 to the ,mosaic views1 and that the ,inquisition had nothing to do with the matter4 ,hence ,dr4 ,draper's declamation against the ,inquisition was entirely out of place in a lecture on evolution4 ,but his bias against the church led him still further4 ,he wanted to denounce also the ,congregation of the ,index2 and as he knew of no book on evolution condemned by it1 he charged it with having condemned the works of ,copernicus and ,kepler4 ,the reader may ask what these two great men have done for the theory of evolution4 ,the lecturer answers that 8the starting-point in the theory of evolution0 among ,christians 8was the publication by ,copernicus of the book ,de ,revolutionibus ,orbium ,clestium40 ,at this we are tempted to smile2 but he continues3 8,his work was followed by ,kepler's great discovery of the three laws that bear his name4444 ,it was very plain that the tendency of ,kepler's discovery was to confirm the dominating influence of law in the solar system4444 ,it was1 therefore1 adverse to the ,italian theological views and to the current religious practices4 ,kepler had published an epitome of the ,copernican theory4 ,this1 as also the book itself of ,copernicus1 was placed in the ,index and forbidden to be read40 ,it is evident that these statements and remarks have nothing to do with the subject of evolution1 and that they have been introduced into the lecture for the mere purpose of slandering 8the ,italian theological views0 which were the views of the whole ,christian world1 and of decrying the ,congregation of the ,index1 which opposed as dangerous the spreading of an opinion that was at that time a mere guess1 and was universally contradicted by the men of science4 ,dr4 ,draper ignores altogether this last circumstance1 and remarks that 8after the invention of printing the ,index ,expurgatorius of prohibited books had become essentially necessary to the religious reign of terror1 and for the stifling of the intellectual development of man4 ,the papal government1 accordingly1 established the ,congregation of the ,index40 ,it is a great pity that we have no room here for instituting a comparison between the intellectual development of the ,catholic and of the ,protestant or the infidel mind4 ,such a comparison would show whether the ,index ,expurgatorius has stifled our intellectual development as much as ,protestant inconsistency1 and the anarchy of thought which followed1 have stifled that of other people4 ,we are still able1 after all1 to fight our intellectual battles and to beat our adversaries with good arguments1 whereas they are sinking every day deeper into scepticism1 and know of no better weapons than arbitrary assumption1 flippancy1 and misrepresentation4 ,the lecturer goes on to say that ,newton's book substituted mechanical force for the finger of ,providence2 and thus 8the reign of law1 that great essential to the theory of evolution1 was solidly established40 ,this sentence contains three errors4 ,the first is that the ,newtonian theory of mechanical force suppresses ,providence4 ,the second is that the reign of law was not solidly established before the publication of ,newton's work4 ,the third is that the establishment of the law of mechanical forces lends support to the theory of evolution4 ,is this the result of 8intellectual development10 as understood by ,dr4 ,draper8 ,newton1 whose intellect was undoubtedly more developed than that of the lecturer1 did not substitute mechanical force for the finger of ,providence1 but continued to acknowledge the finger of ,providence as the indispensable foundation of his scientific theory4 ,nor did he imagine that his theory was calculated to establish the reign of law4 ,the reign of law was already perfectly established1 so much so that it was on this very ground that ,newton based his deductions4 ,finally1 neither ,newton1 nor any really 8developed intellect10 ever confounded the mechanical with the vital forces so as to argue from the law of gravitation to the law of animal propagation4 ,from this we can form an estimate of the intellectual development of man by free-thought4 ,the lecturer blunders in philosophy by contrasting law against ,providence2 he blunders in history by attributing to ,newton the discovery of the reign of law2 and he blunders in logic by tracing the theory of evolution to a mere law of mechanics4 ,further on ,dr4 ,draper gives a sketch of ,lamarck's theory4 ,lamarck was ,darwin's precursor4 ,he advocated the doctrine of descent4 ,according to him1 organic forms originated by spontaneous generation1 the simplest coming first1 and the complex being evolved from them4 8,so far from meeting with acceptance10 says ,dr4 ,draper1 8the ideas of ,lamarck brought upon him ridicule and obloquy4 ,he was as much misrepresented as in former days the ,arabian nature-philosophers had been4 ,the great influence of ,cuvier1 who had made himself a champion of the doctrine of permanence of species1 caused ,lamarck's views to be silently ignored or1 if by chance they were referred to1 denounced4 ,they were condemned as morally reprehensible and theologically dangerous40 ,the fact is1 however1 that there had been no necessity of 8misrepresenting0 ,lamarck's ideas1 and that his infant ,darwinism was condemned not only as morally reprehensible and theologically dangerous1 but also as scientifically false4 ,cuvier had certainly the greatest influence on the views regarding this branch of knowledge2 but his influence was not the result of a ,masonic conspiracy1 as is the case with certain modern celebrities1 but the honest result of deep knowledge and strict reasoning2 for men were not yet accustomed to believe without proofs1 and scientists had not yet forgotten philosophy4 ,dr4 ,draper tells his audience that ,geoffroy ,st4 ,hilaire 8became the opponent of ,cuvier1 and did very much to break down the influence of that zologist40 ,yes2 but did he succeed in his effort8 ,did he destroy the peremptory arguments of the great zologist8 ,did he convince the scientific world1 or make even a score of converts8 ,no4 ,the influence of ,cuvier remained unimpaired1 and evolution did not advance a step4 ,then ,mr4 ,darwin came4 ,mr4 ,darwin is1 we have reason to believe1 the mouthpiece or chief trumpeter of that infidel clique whose well-known object is to do away with all idea of a ,god4 ,owing to this circumstance1 he was sure to have followers4 ,a few professors in ,germany1 and a few others in ,england1 proclaimed with boldness the new theory2 they wrote articles1 delivered lectures1 printed pamphlets in his honor2 his works were widely advertised and strongly recommended2 and the curiosity of the public1 which had been raised by all these means1 was carefully entertained by the scientific press4 ,people read ,darwin and smiled2 read ,wallace1 the friend of ,darwin1 and were not converted2 read ,huxley1 the great ,darwinian oracle1 and remained obdurate4 ,only two classes of men took to the new theory--professors of unbelief and simpletons4 ,thus ,darwinism in ,europe1 in spite of the great efforts of its friends1 has been a failure4 ,here in ,america the same means have been employed with the same effect4 ,no sooner was anything published in ,england or ,germany in support of the new theory than some worthy associate of the ,european infidels republished it for the ,american people4 ,new original articles were also added by some of our professors2 and even ,mr4 ,huxley did not disdain to devote his versatile eloquence to the enlightenment of our free but benighted citizens concerning the subject of evolution4 ,what has been the result8 ,are the ,american people converted to the new doctrine8 ,no4 ,they laugh at it4 ,the failure of ,darwinism is as conspicuous and as complete in ,america as it has been in ,europe4 ,has ,dr4 ,draper1 after all1 converted any of the ,unitarian ministers who attended his lecture8 ,we think not2 and the lecturer himself seems to have felt that his words fell on sceptical ears and failed to work on the brains or touch the hearts of his hearers4 ,towards the end of his lecture he exclaims3 8,my friends1 let me plead with you4 ,don't reject the theory of evolution60 ,it is manifest from this exhortation that the audience1 in the opinion of the lecturer himself1 was still reluctant to accept the theory4 ,had the lecturer thought otherwise1 he would have said3 8,my friends1 ,i need not plead with you4 ,you have heard my arguments4 ,i leave it to you to decide whether the theory of evolution can be rejected by intelligent men40 ,this language would have shown the earnest conviction of the lecturer that he was right1 and that his reasonings were duly appreciated and approved4 ,but to say1 8,don't reject the theory10 is to acknowledge that the arguments had not commanded the assent of the intellect1 and that no other resource remained than a warm appeal to the good-will of the hearers4 ,such an appeal1 in a scientific lecture1 may seem out of place2 but it is instructive1 for it leads us to the conclusion that even ,dr4 ,draper was convinced of the futility of his attempt4 ,the only argument which we could find in his lecture in support of the ,darwinian theory is so puerile that we believe not one of the assembled ministers can have been tempted to give it his adhesion4 ,after pointing out that 8each of the geological periods has its dominating representative type of life10 the lecturer introduces his argument in the following form3 8,perhaps it may be asked3 #8,how can we be satisfied that the members of this long series are strictly the successive descendants by evolution from older forms1 and in their turn the progenitors of the latter8 ,how do we know that they have not been introduced by sudden creations and removed by sudden extinctions8' ,simply for this reason3 ,the new groups make their appearance while yet their predecessors are in full vigor4 ,they come under an imperfect model which very gradually improves4 ,evolution implies such lapses of time4 ,creation is a sudden affair40 ,o admirable philosophy6 ,the predecessors were still vigorous when the successors made their appearance2 therefore the former were the progenitors of the latter6 ,and why so8 ,because 8evolution implies lapse of time10 whilst 8creation is a sudden affair06 ,even a child1 we think1 would see that such reasoning is deceptive4 ,but1 since ,dr4 ,draper is bold enough to take his stand upon it1 we must be allowed to ask him two questions4 ,first1 admitting that 8creation is a sudden affair10 does he believe that ,god could not create the successors before the disappearance of their predecessors8 ,if ,god could do this1 what matters it that creation is 8a sudden affair08 ,and if ,god could not do this1 what insuperable obstacle impeded the free exertion of his power8 ,secondly1 is there no alternative between genetic evolution and creation strictly so-called8 ,if between these two modes of origination a third can be introduced1 the doctor's argument falls to pieces4 ,now1 8production0 from pre-existing materials 7earth1 water1 etc47 in obedience to ,god's command is neither genetic evolution nor creation strictly so-called1 and need not be 8a sudden affair40 ,and this mode of origination is just the one which seems more clearly pointed out by the ,sacred ,scriptures2#aha and therefore it should not have been ignored by the lecturer1 if he wished to argue against the ,scriptural record4 ,why did he1 then1 keep out of view this excellent explanation of the origin of species8 ,is it because it was convenient to conceal a truth which could not be refuted8 ,thus the only reason by which ,dr4 ,draper attempts to prove the theory of evolution is a demonstrated fallacy1 and the theory falls to the ground1 in this sense1 at least3 that it remains unproved4 ,but if every attempt at proving it involves some logical blunder1 if it implies contradictories1 if it is based on unscientific assumptions1 as is evident from the argumentations of ,darwin1 ,huxley1 ,youmans1 and other advanced writers on evolution1 and if history1 geology1 and philosophy unitedly oppose the theory with arguments which admit of no reply1 as is known to be the case1 then we must be allowed to conclude that the theory1 besides being unproved1 is fabulous and absurd4 ,dr4 ,draper1 after citing some controvertible facts1 of which he gives a yet more controvertible explanation from the ,darwinian assumptions1 says3 8,now ,i have answered1 and ,i know how imperfectly1 your question1 #8,how does the hypothesis of evolution force itself upon the student of modern science8' by relating how it has forced itself upon me2 for my life has been spent in such studies1 and it is by meditating on facts like those ,i have here exposed that this hypothesis now stands before me as one of the verities of ,nature40 ,yes4 ,the student of modern science1 if he is unwilling to admit creation1 must appeal to evolution1 and call it 8one of the verities of ,nature02 but1 though he may call it a 8verity10 he also admits that it is a mere 8hypothesis10 by which the origin of organisms cannot be accounted for and against which a host of facts and reasons are daily objected by science and philosophy4 8,in doing this ,i have opened before you a page of the book of ,nature--that book which dates from eternity and embraces infinity40 ,is this a 8verity10 a hypothesis1 or an imposture8 8,no council of ,laodicea1 no ,tridentine ,council1 is wanted to endorse its authenticity1 nothing to assure us that it has never been tampered with by any guild of men40 ,this is an allusion to the declarations of councils regarding the authenticity of the ,bible4 ,does1 then1 modern science transform educated men into sorry jesters8 ,if so1 why does not ,mr4 ,draper derive the monkey from the gentleman8 8,then it is for us to study it as best we may1 and to obey its guidance1 no matter whither it may lead us40 ,yes1 it is for us to study the book of nature as best we may2 but we must not forget that the author of this book is ,god1 and that ,god does not contradict in the book of nature what he teaches in the book of ,genesis4 ,it is for us 8to obey its guidance40 ,yes2 and therefore it is not for us to pervert its evidences1 as ,dr4 ,draper does1 in order to exclude 8the intervention of the divine power40 ,as to 8whither it may lead us0 we have no doubts2 but the lecturer seems to believe that it may lead in two opposite directions4 ,here are his words3 8,i have spoken of the origin and the progress of the hypothesis of evolution1 and would now consider the consequences of accepting it4 ,here it is only a word or two that time permits1 and very few words must suffice4 ,i must bear in mind that it is the consequences from your point of view to which ,i must allude4 ,should ,i speak of the manner in which scientific thought is affected 444 ,i should be carried altogether beyond the limits of the present hour4 ,the consequences6 ,what are they1 then1 to you8 ,nobler views of this grand universe of which we form a part1 nobler views of the manner in which it has been developed in past times to its present state1 nobler views of the laws by which it is now maintained1 nobler expectations as to its future4 ,we stand in presence of the unshackled1 as to ,force2 of the immeasurable1 as to ,space2 of the unlimited1 as to ,time4 ,above all1 our conceptions of the unchangeable purposes1 the awful majesty of the ,supreme ,being become more vivid4 ,we realize what is meant when it is said3 #8,with him there is no variableness1 no shadow of turning4' ,need ,i say anything more in commending the doctrine of evolution to you80 ,these are1 then1 the consequences 8from the point of view0 of the ,unitarian ministers1 as the lecturer very explicitly declares ,as to the consequences 8from the point of view0 of advanced scientists1 the lecturer gives only a hint1 because1 had he spoken of the manner in which scientific thought is affected1 the lecture would have proved rather too long4 ,it is apparent1 however1 that the 8verity0 or the 8hypothesis0 which leads the ,unitarians to a 8,supreme ,being0 can lead ,dr4 ,draper and the scientific mind to something different1 according to the manner in which scientific thought is affected4 ,we may well say1 although ,dr4 ,draper preferred not to say it1 that it leads to atheism or to pantheism2 for the new 8verity0 was invented with the aim of escaping 8the intervention of the divine power0 and of subjecting everything in the world to the 8universal reign0 of an abstraction called 8,law40 ,dr4 ,draper himself tells us1 as we have just seen1 that the book of ,nature 7with a capital ,n7 8dates from eternity and embraces infinity02 and surely1 if the world is eternal and infinite1 ,nature is everything1 and a personal ,god becomes an embarrassing superfluity4 ,it seems1 then1 that ,dr4 ,draper1 when he mentions the divine power or the ,supreme ,being1 does not speak the language of his 8scientific0 conscience1 but the language which he considers to express the convictions of the ,unitarian body4 ,perhaps it would have been more in keeping with the requirement of the subject1 if he had frankly stated the 8consequences0 which he1 as a scientist1 would draw from the 8verity0 he had proclaimed2 but1 as he may have feared that a frank statement would have created a little scandal1 we are inclined to acquit him of the charge of 8scientific0 dishonesty--the more so as the consequences which he deduces1 taken in connection with the rest of the lecture1 give a sufficient clue to the private views of the speaker4 ,it is difficult1 however1 to understand how the acceptance of the theory of evolution can lead to 8nobler views of this grand universe10 or to 8nobler views of the manner in which it has been developed10 or to 8nobler views of the laws by which it is now maintained40 ,to us these 8consequences0 are incomprehensible2 for is it nobler to view this grand universe as a mere mass of matter than to view it as full of the divine power of which it is the work8 or is it nobler to derive man from the brute than to view him as the son of ,god and the image of his ,creator8 ,on the other hand1 the laws by which the universe is now maintained are in direct opposition to the theory of evolution1 as all men of science confess2 hence a view of such laws suggested by the theory of evolution must be a false and contradictory view1 and ,dr4 ,draper1 when calling it a 8nobler view10 amuses himself at the expense of his audience4 ,fancy an assembly of grave men listening in silence to such rhetoric6 and fancy a professor of materialism seriously engaged in the highly scientific business of beguiling such a grave audience6 ,it is no less difficult to understand how the theory of evolution makes us 8stand in presence of the unshackled1 of the immeasurable1 and of the unlimited40 ,these epithets do not designate ,god1 for it is manifest that the theory of evolution has no claim to the honor of showing ,god as present in his creatures2 nor can they be applied to the universe1 for it is not true that the universe is 8unshackled as to ,force1 immeasurable as to ,space1 and unlimited as to ,time02 and1 even were it true1 it would not be a 8consequence0 of evolution4 ,what do they mean1 then8 ,but the most unintelligible of all such 8consequences0 is that by the acceptance of the theory of evolution 8our conceptions of the unchangeable purposes1 the awful majesty of the ,supreme ,being become more vivid40 ,what 8purposes0 can the ,supreme ,being have formed with reference to a universe which is not subject to 8the intervention of the divine power08 ,is it wise to entertain purposes which one has no power to carry out8 ,or is the 8,supreme ,being0 of ,dr4 ,draper so unwise as to cherish purposes which must be defeated by 8universal1 irreversible law08 ,we strongly suspect that his 8,supreme ,being0 is nothing but the universe itself1 and that it is for this reason that he writes ,force1 ,space1 and ,time with capital letters1 thus forming a mock ,trinity 8unshackled1 immeasurable1 and unlimited10 but consisting of material parts and controlled by the laws of matter1 with which 8there is no variableness1 no shadow of turning40 ,if so1 then ,dr4 ,draper has no ,god but the universe1 the sun1 the moon1 and the stars1 light1 heat and electricity1 gravitation1 affinity1 and motion2 and this is 8the awful majesty0 before which he bends his knee in scientific adoration4 ,having drawn these devout 8consequences0 for the edification of the meeting1 the lecturer1 with a happy stroke of audacity1 asks his hearers3 8,need ,i say anything more in commending the doctrine of evolution to you80 ,as if he said3 8,do you expect that an infidel has anything more to say in favor of your ,supreme ,being8 ,have ,i not given you a sufficient proof of deference and self-abnegation by putting together a few equivocal phrases in honor of your divinity8 ,need ,i torture my brain any longer for the sake of a view which is not mine80 ,but1 fortunately for ,dr4 ,draper1 a sudden recollection of the fact that ,unitarianism and infidelity agree in rejecting the authority of the ,index ,expurgatorius suggested to him the following words3 8,let us bear in mind the warning of history4 ,the heaviest blow the ,holy ,scriptures have ever received was inflicted by no infidel1 but by ecclesiastical authority itself4 ,when the works of ,copernicus and of ,kepler were put in the ,index of prohibited books the system of the former was declared1 by what called itself the ,christian ,church1 to be #8the false ,pythagorean system1 utterly contrary to the ,holy ,scriptures4' ,but the truth of the ,copernican system is now established4 ,there are persons who declare of the hypothesis of evolution1 as was formerly declared of the hypothesis of ,copernicus1 #8,it is utterly contrary to the ,holy ,scriptures4' ,it is for you to examine whether this be so1 and1 if so1 to find a means of reconciliation40 ,we do not doubt that the lecturer honestly believes what he says about the 8heaviest blow0 inflicted on the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,but we would inform him that the ,congregation of the ,index does not make definitions of faith1 and that its authority1 however respectable1 is disciplinary1 not dogmatic4 ,if he consulted our theologians1 he would learn that not even cumenical councils are considered infallible as to the reasons by which they support their decisions1 but only as to the decisions themselves4 ,much less can the theologians of the ,index bind our judgment by giving expression to their theological views4 ,the books which they forbid are forbidden2 but the reasons for which they are forbidden are not all necessarily incontrovertible1 and this suffices to show that it is not 8the ,christian ,church0 that declared the ,copernican system contrary to the ,holy ,scriptures1 for the church never defined such a point2 such a declaration was the expression of a theological view which was then common1 but which had no dogmatic consequences and could give no 8blow0 to the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,dr4 ,draper remarks that evolution1 too1 has been declared to be 8contrary to the ,holy ,scriptures40 ,the fact is true2 but he should have added that the same hypothesis has been refuted by philosophy as a logical blunder1 and rejected by science as a monstrous falsehood4 ,hence the two cases are not similar4 8,let us not be led astray10 continues ,dr4 ,draper1 8by the clamors of those who1 not seeking the truth and not caring about it1 are only championing their sect or attempting the perpetuation of their profits4 ,my friends1 let me plead with you4 ,don't reject the theory of evolution4 ,there is no thought of modern times that more magnifies the unutterable glory of ,almighty ,god60 ,how edifying6 how pathetic6 but how ludicrous on the lips of an unbeliever6 ,for the ,god of the lecturer is no creator1 as creation is inconsistent with the pretended eternity of matter2 he is not omnipotent1 for he cannot work miracles2 he is not provident1 for ,dr4 ,draper rejects all intervention of the divine power in the government of the universe1 and says that 8the capricious intrusion of a supernatural agency has never yet occurred02 whence we see that ,god1 according to him1 would be an intruder1 and even a capricious one1 if he dared to meddle with the affairs of the material1 moral1 or intellectual world4 ,such being the ,god of the evolutionist1 who does not see that the only meaning which can be legitimately attached to ,dr4 ,draper's words is that the theory of evolution 8magnifies the unutterable glory of almighty matter0 and does its best to suppress ,almighty ,god8 ,he gives another grave warning to his clerical hearers3 8,remember1 ,i beseech you1 what was said by one of old times3 #8,ye men of ,israel1 take heed to yourselves what ye intend to do4 ,and now ,i say unto you1 if this counsel be of men it will come to naught2 but if it be of ,god1 ye cannot overthrow it1 lest haply ye be found to be fighting against ,god4' ,shall ,i continue the quotation8--#8,and to him they all agreed4'0 ,this quotation from a speech of ,gamaliel in the ,jewish council would be appropriate1 if the evolutionists1 like the apostles1 had wrought public miracles to prove their divine mission4 ,in the case of the apostles all tended to prove that they were right1 and that ,god was on their side4 ,they spoke languages that they had never learned1 they cured the sick without medicine1 by a word or by their shadow1 and filled the city with wonders which their enemies could not deny4 ,when ,mr4 ,darwin or ,dr4 ,draper shall give us like evidences of their divine mission1 we will 8take heed to ourselves what we intend to do0 with their doctrine2 but1 as things are now1 everything compels us to look on them as emissaries and ministers of the kingdom of darkness4 ,we cannot put in the same balance evolution and creation2 for all the weight would be on the side of the latter4 ,a dream1 a nonentity1 an unscientific fiction1 a paralogism1 have no weight2 whilst effects without causes1 conclusions without premises1 phrases without meaning1 weigh only on the conscience of modern thinkers1 but without affecting in the least the balance of truth4 ,thus we are not afraid that we 8be found fighting against ,god0 while fighting for creation against evolution4 ,the matter is too evident to need further explanation4 ,we are tired of following ,dr4 ,draper through his tortuous reasonings1 and the reader is probably equally tired4 ,on the other hand1 there is little need of exposing the mischievous glorification of modern science in which the lecturer indulges in the interest of his materialistic views4 ,when we are told that 8profound changes are taking place in our conceptions of the ,supreme ,being10 or that 8the doctrine of evolution has for its foundation not the admission of incessant divine intervention1 but a recognition of the original1 the immutable fiat of ,god0--of a ,god1 however1 who did not create matter1 and who must respect the dominion of universal and irreversible law under pain of being stigmatized as a 8capricious intruder0--or when we are told that 8the establishment of the theory of evolution has been due to the conjoint movement of all the sciences10 and that 8,knowledge1 fresh from so many triumphs1 unfalteringly continues her movement on the works of ,superstition and ,ignorance10 we need no great acumen to understand the meaning of this 8scientific0 slang4 ,declamation is the great resource of demagogues and charlatans4 ,unfortunately1 there are charlatans and demagogues even among the doctors of science1 and their number1 though small1 is apt to increase in the same proportion as their vagaries are diffused among the rising generation4 ,catholics1 thank ,god6 are less exposed to seduction than sectaries who have no guide but their inconsistent theories2 but even ,catholics should be on their guard lest they1 too1 be poisoned by the foul and infectious atmosphere in which they live4 ,indeed1 all the modern errors have been refuted2 but when a taste for error becomes predominant1 and such fables as evolution are styled 8science10 then human weakness and human pride are easily drawn into the vortex of scepticism2 and then we must be watchful and pray1 for the time is at hand when even the elect1 as the ,gospel warns us1 shall be in danger of seduction4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,after ,,castel-,,fidardo4 ,a ,,soldier',s ,,letter4 ,,from ,,the ,,italian4 ,wounded1 my friend1 and dying1 ,waiting the end1 ,i lie-- ,a sword-cut in my right leg1 ,a ball in my left thigh2 ,dying1 and ever hoping-- ,and in that hope ,i die-- ,one day--not here--to see you1 ,but in our home on high4 ,of this our earth all thought now ,for me has useless grown1 ,all its bright days are ended1 ,its last dark shadow thrown4 ,for my dear faith so freely ,my blood with joy ,i gave1 ,and for the ,holy ,father1 ,his earthly realm to save4 ,content am ,i1 and fortunate1 ,my duty to have done2 ,and valorous too1 as truly ,became the church's son4 ,yet now our dear ,lord calleth1 ,and in his hands ,i leave ,my cause so dearly cherished3 ,may he all loss retrieve ,who will not me abandon1 ,nor valiant comrades mine1 ,nor yet his church1 nor ,vicar ,who guards his spouse divine6 ,dear friend1 to me be pitiful2 ,pray unto ,god for me2 ,leaving the world1 this charity ,i beg so earnestly4 ,this world ,i leave untroubled1 ,save by this one regret3 ,that none of mine are near me-- ,kind eyes that would be wet ,with tears of long-tried loving4 ,my friends1 in mercy pray ,for my poor soul1 that draweth ,so near eternal day6 ,a kiss my blood has tinted ,i beg each one receive ,that now ,i send you1 waiting ,from life a last reprieve2 ,hoping one day to give you ,the blessed kiss of peace ,in our dear1 common country-- ,fair-shining ,paradise4 ,e'en as ,i am1 earth leaving1 ,your true and loving friend1 ,so shall ,i be in heaven ,with love that knows no end4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,michael ,,the ,,sombre4 ,,an ,,episode ,,in ,,the ,,polish ,,insurrection1 #ahfc-ahfd4 ,,conclusion4 ,on my arrival at the camp ,i found ,father ,benvenuto already installed as head chaplain and everything prepared for my reception4 ,the poor general had died only two hours after my departure4 ,he had been buried at ,gory2 but his soldiers1 having heard that the ,russians intended to dig up his body in order to mutilate it in their barbarous fashion1 dug up the coffin and carried it to ,koniec-,pol4 ,the ,russians1 furious at finding the grave empty1 hanged the parish priest of the village for having given permission for the removal of the body4 ,the mother of the priest1 who was seventy-five years of age1 was dragged to the foot of the gibbet1 and1 like the ,mother of ,dolors1 was made to assist at the execution of her only son4 ,when they tried to remove her she fell down dead4 ,her soul had flown to heaven after that of her boy4 ,no sooner had ,i entered on my new duties than ,i determined to start immediately with my squadron to protect ,countess ,l----'s flight4 ,but ,general ,c----1 at the head of the ,russian garrison from ,kielce1 never ceased pursuing and attacking us1 harassing our march day and night2 so that it was not for fifteen days after my departure from the castle that ,i was enabled to carry out my plan4 ,my troops1 who always saw me with a frown1 which ,i had adopted to keep them at a greater distance1 had nicknamed me 8,michael the ,sombre10 and ,i signed all orders in that name4 ,after repeated marches and counter-marches we managed at last to escape from our enemies1 and arrived one evening at ,syez after a forced march of ten hours1 ,i encamped my men in a field about twenty minutes from the castle1 whither ,i galloped1 accompanied only by my orderly1 whom ,i left at the outer gates to keep watch1 while ,i asked an audience of ,countess ,l---- for 8,michael the ,sombre40 ,a footman admitted me directly without recognizing me in the least1 and took me into a room where a lamp with a dark-green globe prevented any object from being easily distinguished4 ,overcome with fatigue1 ,i threw myself into an arm-chair4 ,i was full1 however1 of thankful emotion4 ,god had indeed heard my prayer and brought me back in safety to be the preserver of those whom ,i held so dear4 ,the door opened2 the countess and her sister appeared1 and began by the usual formal words of welcome and courtesy1 asking me to be seated--for ,i had1 of course1 risen on their entrance4 ,as ,i did not answer1 and continued looking at them with my eyes full of tears1 they suddenly looked up too1 and1 with a joint cry1 threw themselves into my arms4 ,i had suffered terribly from hunger1 cold1 and fatigue during the past fortnight2 but that moment of intense joy made me forget everything4 ,five minutes after ,i was surrounded by all the children2 the youngest had scrambled up on my knees and thrown her arms tightly around my neck2 ,sophia had seized my helmet1 and1 putting it on before the glass1 compared herself to ,minerva4 ,stanislas had unhooked my sword1 and ,stephen was trying to take off my spurs4 ,half the night was spent in telling one another all that had passed in that eventful fortnight2 and although ,i made light of my difficulties and position1 yet ,i saw that the poor countess could hardly bear to realize what ,i must still go through before ,i was released from my command4 ,this1 however1 was not a moment for doubt or hesitation4 ,it was necessary to move immediately before the ,russian spies could give the alarm2 so that by daybreak the following morning the countess' carriage1 escorted by my flying column1 started on the road to the frontier4 ,fortunately1 we were not molested on the way1 and1 when we arrived at about a quarter of a mile from ,myszkow1 ,i halted my soldiers1 and1 putting on the ordinary dress of a civilian1 ,i accompanied the ladies to the station and busied myself with their passports1 tickets1 and baggage with all the feverish anxiety of one who strove to forget the terrible ordeal through which ,i had yet to pass before ,i should be able to rejoin them4 ,when the train came up ,i brought the ladies out on the platform1 and1 having procured a special compartment for them1 made them get into it with the children4 ,then at last ,i could breathe freely4 ,no one had discovered them--they were safe6 8,adieu60 ,i exclaimed1 as ,i shook hands with them at the carriage-door4 8,you are now out of danger1 for which ,i thank ,god with my whole heart4 ,you will tell the count that ,i have fulfilled my promise to him1 will you not8 ,and you will not forget me80 ,i added with a faltering voice4 ,they looked at me as if stupefied4 8,but1 ,mika10 exclaimed the countess1 8we cannot go without you6 ,you must be joking4 ,it is not possible for you to stay behind4 ,what on earth is there to detain you80 8,you forget10 ,i replied as calmly as ,i could1 8my promise to the dying general2 my vow to remain with his troops until replaced1 if he would only grant me this escort2 ,poland1 which ,i have sworn to defend40 8,but this is dreadful60 murmured the poor countess4 8,how can we enjoy our liberty1 purchased at such a price80 ,mme4 de ,i---- said nothing4 ,she was as white as a sheet2 her hand tightened on mine1 and she fixed her eyes on me as if she were turned into stone4 ,more fully than the countess did she realize the full peril of the position4 ,i was broken-hearted2 but1 fearing lest this scene should attract the attention of the officials or of any ,russian spies1 ,i left the carriage-door under pretence of having forgotten something4 ,when ,i returned the train was already moving out of the station4 ,the countess rushed to the window and wrung my hand convulsively for the last time4 ,she could not speak4 ,my eyes followed the receding train with a feeling of despair in my heart4 ,it was carrying off all ,i loved best on earth1 and ,i was alone4 ,all of a sudden ,i heard my name called out with a cry of anguish from the carriage1 and then1 ,i think1 for a moment ,i lost consciousness1 as if struck by lightning1 and remained motionless and stunned4 ,till that moment ,i had not realized the full bitterness of the sacrifice4 ,i woke from this kind of stupor to hear voices in hot dispute behind me4 ,i turned round and saw a ,polish soldier1 covered with dust and in a tattered uniform1 struggling with two of the porters of the railroad1 who were trying to stop him4 8,what do you want to do80 ,i exclaimed4 8,who are you looking for80 8,michael the ,sombre10 replied the soldier4 8,i am the man10 ,i replied quietly1 drawing him aside out of the station to a part of the road where we could talk without being heard4 8,o sir6 make haste10 the poor fellow cried4 8,generals ,o----1 ,de la ,croix1 and ,zaremba are fighting at ,koniec-,pol and are being overwhelmed by the superior forces of the enemy4 ,if they be not reinforced by two o'clock they will all be cut to pieces40 ,i instantly sent off a messenger to ,general ,chmielinski to warn him of the danger2 and then1 without giving myself time to put on my uniform1 ,i buckled my sword over my black coat1 and galloped as hard as ,i could to the scene of action4 ,i divided my squadron into three columns1 and sent each1 under the command of an officer1 in three different directions4 ,the ,russian sentinels consequently gave the alarm on three sides at once1 and the ,russians1 fancying themselves surrounded by a large force1 were seized with an uncontrollable panic and fled in the direction of ,shepca2 ,chmielinski's column1 advancing exactly in that direction1 met them1 and the three infantry companies of which they were composed were literally cut to pieces4 ,during the charge a ball had passed through my boot and wounded me in the right leg4 ,father ,benvenuto was at my side in a moment and had me removed to ,chezonstow1 where the good ,mother ,alexandra1 of whom ,i have before spoken1 was at the head of the ambulance4 ,she gave me up her own cell and would allow no one but herself to nurse me4 ,during my illness a division arose among my troops4 ,they dispersed2 some went home1 others joined a corps under the orders of ,langewiecz1 while the remainder followed ,norbut4 ,when sufficiently recovered from my wound1 finding ,i was still too lame for active service1 ,i accepted a mission for the ,central ,polish ,committee at ,p----1 but was unable to obtain my release4 ,from thence ,i started for ,n----1 where ,i made my will and a general confession1 and then started again for the front1 having my passport drawn up under the name of ,michael ,l----4 ,this time ,i enlisted as a common soldier under the orders of ,general ,sokol4 ,after the first engagement ,i was appointed quartermaster and interpreter to a ,french officer1 ,ivon ,amie1 dit ,de ,chabrolles4 ,on the next brush we had with the enemy ,i was promoted to be sub-lieutenant for having rescued the national flag from a ,russian4 ,between ,secemin and ,rudnick we were attacked by six hundred ,russians with two field-pieces4 ,we were only two hundred and fifty men1 with no cannon4 ,chabrolles1 in his mad zeal1 rushed forward1 pistol in hand1 and fired straight at the men who were loading their guns at only twenty paces off4 ,then he turned to give an order1 and the enemy's fire 7both pieces being pointed in his direction7 carried off part of his shoulder4 ,regardless of his wound1 he cheered on his men by word and deed1 and they were on the point of capturing the guns when a ,cossack thrust him through and through with his lance4 ,i was by ,chabrolles' side and fired at his adversary1 who fell before he had had time to draw out his weapon4 ,this sad office devolved upon one of our own men4 ,chabrolles1 when falling1 gave me his hand4 8,my brother10 he said faintly1 8if you get back to ,france go to ,paris and see my mother4 ,she is at #cg ,rue ,clerc au ,gros ,caillou4 ,tell her that her son has died as a brave ,christian should die40 ,unable to reply1 ,i tore my crucifix out of my breast and presented it to him4 ,he made a last effort1 kissed it with fervor1 made the sign of the cross1 and expired1 his eyes raised to heaven4 ,our detachment was then entirely defeated4 ,in vain ,i tried to rally our men2 they fled in the utmost disorder4 ,with a few braver spirits than the rest ,i managed1 at least1 to protect our retreat4 ,i was just beginning to congratulate myself on our escape when a ,cossack1 with his lance at rest1 rode straight at me4 ,i had fired off my last pistol4 ,with one hand ,i seized my sword to parry the charge2 with the other ,i pressed my crucifix to my breast4 ,the lance turned aside1 went through the sleeve of my uniform and out at my back without touching my flesh4 ,if ,i never believed in a miracle ,i should at this moment1 when ,i realized that ,i was really unhurt1 although death had seemed so inevitable4 ,in this terrible fight we lost1 besides ,chabrolles1 ,major ,zachowski and ,captains ,piotraszkiewicz and ,krasmicki4 ,at the close of the day ,i was promoted to be lieutenant of the ,uhlans4 ,one day ,i was ordered to convey some arms and ammunition to a distant outpost1 and loaded the bottom of a britzska with about twenty guns and swords and fifty revolvers4 ,i was in plain clothes1 and my orderly1 ,badecki1 acted as coachman4 ,the road was supposed to be quite safe4 ,judge1 then1 of our fright when we discovered a large body of ,russian cavalry riding directly towards us4 ,it was too late to think of beating a retreat4 ,a shudder passed through me2 for it was the worst kind of death which threatened us--not a glorious one on the field of battle1 but a slow torture1 or else to be hanged on the nearest tree4 ,i prayed with my whole heart for deliverance1 and felt that the hand of ,god alone could save us4 ,after this moment of recollection calm again fell upon me and my presence of mind returned4 ,the officer who commanded the corps came up a few seconds after and asked me who ,i was and where ,i was going4 ,i replied 8that ,i was the ,german tutor of ,princess ,ikorff 7a ,russian lady71 and that ,i was going to ,kielce to buy books40 ,my story was confirmed by my ,berlin accent2 and as at this moment the ,prussians were in odor of sanctity with their brethren1 the ,russians1 the officer simply bowed and let us pass without interruption or suspicion4 ,but the last ,cossack of the band drew near to the carriage-door4 8,noble ,sir60 he exclaimed in that cringing voice which is natural to the race1 8give me some kopecks to drink your health40 ,in the state of excitement ,i was in ,i did not think of what ,i was doing1 and threw him three ducats instead of kopecks4 ,the poor fellow was so amazed that he hastened to show his gratitude after the ,cossack fashion--that is1 by kissing my feet--and calling me by every imaginable title3 prince1 duke1 etc4 ,this was a terrible moment for me4 ,the guns were under my feet1 only hidden by a slight covering of hay1 the least displacement of which would have exposed them4 ,god1 in his mercy1 did not allow it1 and my ,cossack1 after a thousand obeisances and calling down on my head every blessing from ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,nicholas1 left me and rejoined his companions4 ,i arrived at my destination without further alarms1 my heart filled with thankfulness to ,him who had so mercifully preserved us from the worst of deaths4 ,about the beginning of ,september ,gen4 ,iskra was attacked by a strong corps1 and ,i was sent off to his relief with about one hundred men4 ,the ,russians were repulsed2 but we lost in this skirmish our ,italian doctor1 ,m4 ,vigani1 and ,m4 ,loiseau1 a ,french officer of artillery4 ,during the night the ,russians1 having received reinforcements1 returned to the attack4 ,we were too few in numbers and too exhausted to attempt to fight1 and retreated on ,pradla4 ,during this retreat my horse1 which belonged to a private in the corps1 made a false step and fell4 ,i had fired the last barrel of my revolver1 and one of my legs had got doubled up under my horse1 which made me powerless4 ,at this moment a ,cossack galloped straight at me4 ,i felt that my last hour was come1 and recommended my soul to ,god4 8,yield thyself1 rebel60 he cried out in bad ,polish4 8,a ,frenchman dies1 but never yields10 ,i replied4 ,my enemy hesitated for a moment1 and then lowered his sword1 which he had already raised to cut me down4 8,listen10 he said3 8,in the ,crimea a ,frenchman who had me at his mercy spared my life2 for his sake ,i will spare thine4 ,but give me all the money thou hast40 ,i threw my purse to him1 which contained about twenty roubles4 ,the ,cossack helped me to rise1 and then said3 8,now fly for thy life2 for my comrades are at hand1 and they will not spare thee60 ,during the whole war this was the only instance of humanity ,i ever heard of on the part of the ,cossacks1 and ,i gladly record it here4 ,the following day ,princess ,elodie ,c---- came to the camp1 at the head of a deputation of ,polish ladies1 to thank me for my devotion to the cause of ,poland4 ,one day ,i was sitting1 sadly enough1 under a pine-tree4 ,my troops1 silent and sombre1 were warming themselves by a great fire4 ,for two days we had eaten nothing4 ,as for me1 ,i was thinking of the absent1 and felt terribly lonely4 ,when ,i looked up ,i saw two beautiful1 intelligent heads watching me1 as if saying3 8,are we1 then1 nothing to you--we who have shared all your sufferings and dangers80 ,they were my two only friends and companions3 ,al-,mansour1 my ,arab horse1 and ,csar1 my faithful ,newfoundland dog4 ,i got up and caressed them both4 8,o my best friends60 ,i exclaimed1 8you will be with me till death1 and if you survive me you will mourn for me more than any one else40 ,and as ,i kissed them my eyes filled with tears4 ,al-,mansour laid his head on my shoulder1 and ,csar licked my hand4 ,they were my only comfort4 ,one minute after a courier arrived to beg for reinforcements4 ,gen4 ,izioranski was fighting c at ,piaskowa-,scala4 ,i whistled to ,csar1 who was an excellent bearer of despatches1 and would even fight to defend them1 and fastened a note under his collar4 ,then1 showing him the direction he was to take1 ,i cried3 8,hie quickly1 ,csar6 and return as soon as you can40 ,and the dog started off like a shot4 ,we mounted and galloped to ,piaskowa-,scala4 ,the action was short1 and we managed to free ,izioranski1 who was surrounded on all sides4 ,at the very moment when the ,russians were giving way ,al-,mansour bounded with me up in the air1 gave a terrible cry1 and fell4 ,i had hardly time to get my feet out of the stirrups4 ,he had been shot by a ball in the chest4 ,the poor beast had a moment of convulsion1 and then turned his beautiful1 soft eyes towards me1 as if to implore my help2 then his legs stiffened and he trembled again all over4 ,i bent over him and passed my hand through his thick and beautiful mane1 calling him for the last time2 and then 444 ,i covered my face with both hands and sobbed like a little child4 ,al-,mansour had been a real friend to me4 ,i had had him when quite young and unbroken2 ,i had trained him entirely myself1 and from ,breslau to ,warsaw ,i defy any one to have found a more beautiful or intelligent animal4 ,i alone could ride him2 he never would allow any one else on his back4 ,for four years ,i had ridden him every day4 ,the countess had given him to me1 and ,i had brought him with me to the camp4 ,alas6 he was no longer the splendid beast which used to excite the admiration of everybody in the castle stables4 ,fatigue and privations of all kinds had reduced him to a skeleton1 so that his old grooms would not have known him again4 ,i only loved him the more2 and it used almost to break my heart when ,i saw him1 for want of hay1 oats1 or even straw1 eating the bark of trees to deaden the pangs of his hunger4 ,he loved me as much as ,i loved him4 ,i used to talk to him1 and he understood me perfectly and answered me after his fashion4 ,although people who read this may laugh at me1 it was yet a fact1 which ,i am ready to maintain1 that when ,i was wounded ,al-,mansour had tears in his eyes2 and nothing on earth will ever efface his memory from my heart4 ,another anecdote which ,i must relate here refers to a lad--a very child--whom ,i had in my squadron1 and whose name was ,charles ,m----4 ,at fifteen years of age he was a perfect marvel of cleverness1 and had received1 besides1 an excellent education4 ,he was born in ,paris1 his father being a ,polish exile1 and his mother1 after twenty years' residence in ,france1 still yearned for the arid plains and marshes of ,poland4 8,boze ,polska60 7,god and ,poland7--those were the first words she taught her boy to pronounce2 and ,charles could never separate his worship of one from the other4 ,this double love1 strengthened by all the surroundings of his childhood1 became in him a kind of fanaticism4 ,when the insurrection broke out in ,poland ,charles was a boarder in the ,polish college of ,batignolles4 ,he was just fifteen4 ,from that moment his life became a continual fever4 ,to go to ,poland to fight1 and1 if necessary1 to die for the soil of his fathers were the thoughts which took such possession of the lad that they became irresistible4 ,he saved from his pocket-money and from whatever he gained in prizes the sum necessary for the journey1 and1 when he thought he had enough1 he escaped from the college1 leaving a note to explain his intentions1 and1 after many difficulties1 arrived at the camp4 ,i was then in command of the second squadron of ,uhlans1 under ,gen4 ,sokol4 ,charles came straight to me to be enrolled4 ,i flatly refused to accept him1 saying he was too young and too weak to bear arms4 8,what does it matter if one's arm be weak10 he exclaimed1 8if hatred for our oppressors drive my blows home8 ,it is true that ,i have only the height of a child1 but in my love for ,poland ,i have the heart of a man1 and ,i will fight like a man60 ,i remained inflexible4 ,at that moment the general came into my tent and asked what was the question in dispute4 ,i told him4 ,after a moment or two of reflection he turned to me and said3 8,you must accept him4 ,i am apt to judge of character by people's heads2 and this one is filled with indomitable energy and courage40 ,charles was consequently enlisted1 to his intense joy4 ,i got him a little pony1 and arms proportioned to his size1 and he fought by my side like a lion in every encounter4 ,after the fight at ,piaskowa-,scala we returned to the camp1 having fortunately found some provisions4 ,the night was so dark that we were obliged to light torches1 which the soldiers carried at certain distances4 ,passing before a pine-tree1 the new horse ,i was riding suddenly shied and nearly threw me4 ,i looked to see what had frightened him1 and discovered a black object hanging from a branch of the tree4 ,i called a soldier to bring his torch1 that we might find out what it was4 ,the light fell on the hanging form2 it was my dear dog1 ,csar4 ,on the trunk of the tree was fastened a paper with this inscription3 8,we hang the dog until we can hang his master40 ,i was thunderstruck4 ,al-,mansour1 ,csar1 both my friends in one day1 perhaps at the very same hour6 8,nothing1 then1 is left to me60 ,i exclaimed with bitterness1 feeling that my poor dog was quite cold--8nothing1 not even those poor faithful beasts who loved me so much40 8,yes10 said a voice in my ear1 8a countryman is left to you1 and1 if you will1 a friend60 ,i turned round2 it was little ,charles1 who was holding out his hand to me with looks full of sadness and sympathy4 ,i pressed the child's hand4 8,charles60 ,i exclaimed1 8we will try and avenge them40 ,and spurring my horse1 ,i left the fatal spot far behind me in a few minutes4 ,a day or two later we went to join the larger corps of ,general ,chmielinski at the camp at ,tedczyjowa4 ,when ,i say 8camp0 ,i make a mistake4 ,none existed2 we had only a few miserable tents and hardly any baggage4 ,the men slept by parties of ten in the woods1 on the cold ground1 with such coverings or sheepskins as they could get together2 many had only cloth cloaks4 ,at break of day the rveil sounded1 ordinarily at the entrance of some glade where the vedettes could embrace a wide space4 ,at the first bugle sound the soldiers emerged from the forest4 ,the men were gentle and sad4 ,the indomitable and calm energy of their souls was reflected on their faces1 though blanched with cold and worn with hunger and sufferings of every description4 ,they had a kind of interior brightness in their look that cast over them a sort of sacred halo1 before which ,i believe the veriest sceptic would have bowed with reverence4 ,these men were all possessed with one idea3 to die for their faith and their country4 ,nothing else1 indeed1 was left for them4 ,the struggle was becoming more hopeless every day1 and they knew it2 yet they never dreamt of giving it up4 ,the roll-call over and the sentries relieved1 ,father ,benvenuto came in the midst of us1 and every knee was bowed before the sacred sign he bore--the sign of our redemption4 ,there was indeed something glorious in that prayer in the open air1 joined in audibly by all those men1 united in one thought and in one wish1 who were fighting with the certainty of eventual defeat1 but who only asked of ,god the grace not to falter or turn back from the path which duty and the love of their country had marked out for them1 albeit that path might have no issue but exile or death4 ,happy were those who fell in battle6 ,they went at once to swell the glorious army of martyrs4 ,the others1 when not hanged1 chained in a long and mournful procession1 were sent to ,siberia after that terrible word of farewell addressed to fathers and mothers1 and wives and children1 gathered sobbing by the roadside3 8,do nie widzenia60--,never to meet again4 ,many of these poor fellows were fastened to an iron bar1 sometimes ten of them together1 and carried off in the direction of ,kiew4 ,those who survived the horrors of the march or the lash of their drivers were taken across ,greater ,russia4 ,a 8soteria10 or company1 of ,cossacks surrounded these innocent men on every side as they toiled on and on1 loaded with chains and treated worse than the vilest criminals4 ,the lance and the whip were the only answer to pleas of exhaustion or sickness4 ,a resigned silence was the sole refuge from the brutality of their escort1 whose only orders were not to spare the blood of those ,polish dogs4 ,any complaint brought down a hailstorm of blows on the unfortunate victims1 even when not followed by death4 ,truly1 the sufferings endured by the ,poles will never be known till the day when all things shall be revealed4 ,when we arrived at the camp we found that ,father ,benvenuto had preceded us by four or five hours4 ,he had been commissioned to receive about one hundred volunteers who had arrived that morning from ,galicia4 ,the greater part of them were dressed in the gray kontusz 7or ,bradenburg greatcoat71 with the large leathern girdle of a gral 7a mountaineer74 ,on their heads they wore the roqatka 7a kind of square cap1 something like the czapka of the ,lancers74 ,they generally had a common fowling-piece with two barrels1 and a little hatchet in their waistbands4 ,each had a canvas bag and a hunting-pouch4 ,these might be considered as the flower of the flock4 ,they were mostly students from ,lemberg and ,cracow4 ,others were peasants dressed in short tunics with scythes in their hands4 ,these were the kopynicry 7or mowers71 half-soldiers1 half-peasants1 and famous in all the struggles of ,poland4 ,besides these there were men of every age and condition of life1 but all animated with the same patriotic spirit3 citizens1 villagers1 ,catholics1 ,protestants1 ,jews even1 some wearing black coats1 others workmen's blouses4 ,their arms were as varied as their costumes3 parade swords1 sabres blunted in the great wars with ,napoleon1 old muskets of ,sobieski's days1 halberds1 and even old ,french weapons4 ,some had only hunting-knives and sticks4 ,this curious assemblage of discordant elements1 which anywhere else would have seemed grotesque1 assumed under the circumstances an imposing1 and even a touching1 character4 ,at the extreme end of the glade ,father ,benvenuto was praying before a great ,christ stretched on his cross4 ,when he rose he fastened an amaranth and white flag 7which was the ,polish banner7 to the end of a lance4 ,this flag bore on one side the picture of ,notre ,dame de ,czenstochowa1 the patroness of ,poland2 on the other a ,lithuanian cavalier with the white eagle4 ,he fixed the lance in the ground before the cross1 and then made a sign to the volunteers to lay down their arms and draw near4 ,when each had taken his place the good priest remained for a moment in silent prayer and recollection4 ,his thin cheeks with their prominent cheekbones1 his long white beard1 his forehead furrowed with wrinkles and glorious wounds1 and his tall and commanding figure gave him an appearance of energy1 strength1 and majesty which impressed the beholders with deep and affectionate veneration4 8,brothers60 at last he said1 8it is a holy and yet a fearful cause to which you are about to devote yourselves4 ,it is one beyond mere vulgar or animal courage2 and before you enroll yourselves in our ranks--before1 in fact1 you engage yourselves any further in the matter--it is right you should know and fully realize what awaits you and what is expected of you40 ,the patriots listened respectfully1 their heads bare1 standing before the crucifix and the banner4 ,around them1 and as if to protect them1 stretched the virgin forests1 those fortresses of the ,polish insurgents1 while the sun shed its pale rays over the whole scene4 8,what you have to expect10 continued the good father1 8is this3 ,you will suffer daily from hunger1 for we have no stores2 you will have to sleep on the bare ground1 for we have no tents2 you will have to march more often with bare feet than with shoes and stockings2 you will shiver with cold under clothes which will be utterly insufficient to protect you from the rigors of this climate4 ,if you are wounded1 you will fall into the hands of the ,muscovites1 who will torture you4 ,if you are afraid and refuse to go forward1 your own comrades have orders to shoot you40 8,we are prepared for everything10 they replied simply4 ,the good father continued3 8,have you a family8 ,they may as well mourn for you beforehand2 for we have no leave in our ranks1 except to go to the mines of ,siberia or to death4 ,have you reconciled yourselves to ,god8 ,i can only lead you to death and prepare you to meet it4 ,are you ready to die for your country80 ,he paused1 and then added3 8,there is still time to draw back4 ,i can facilitate your return to your homes4 ,weigh the matter well before you decide40 8,no1 no60 they exclaimed with one voice1 8we will not turn back4 ,we wish to fight to-day1 to-morrow--when you will--but to fight and die for our country4 ,a cheer for ,poland6 ,another cheer for our ,mother60 8,my brethren10 began the venerable priest again1 8do not give way to illusions4 ,you are lost if you imagine that you can conquer the enemy in a few months4 ,woe be to us all if we forget that it is a giant's struggle in which we are engaged1 and that a whole generation must perish before we can expiate the sins of our fathers6 ,therefore ,i ask you again3 ,are you ready to march to battle1 knowing that in the end you must be defeated1 that you must be overpowered by numbers1 and that you have nothing to hope for either in victory or defeat--nothing1 not even glory1 which lays its crowns of laurel on the graves of the brave80 ,here his voice faltered2 but1 mastering his emotion1 the venerable old man1 lifting his eyes to heaven and stretching out his hands towards the crucifix1 exclaimed with almost superhuman enthusiasm3 8,o my ,god6 thou who knowest the hearts of all men1 give to these thy servants the spirit of courage1 self-sacrifice1 and faith4 ,blot out the memory of our beloved ,warsaw from their hearts1 and with it the remembrance of their mothers1 their sisters1 their betrothed6 ,let them henceforth see naught but the glorious army of martyrs and their mother ,poland1 torn and blood-stained4 ,let their ears be closed to all whispers of home1 and be open only to hear the laments of the widows and orphans1 the groans from the depth of the dungeons1 the cries which the east wind brings us across ,muscovy from the ,siberian mines6 ,may they have but one thought1 one wish1 one will--to pursue and annihilate this ,russian vampire1 which for nearly a century has fastened on the breasts of our ,virgin of ,poland1 and has become drunk with her tears and with her blood60 8,may ,god hear and grant thy prayer60 replied the volunteers with one voice4 8,what thou willest we will2 what thou commandest we will do4 ,lead us to death or to torture2 we will not shrink from either40 ,a look of deep joy lit up for a moment the old man's face and made him seem as one inspired4 ,he blessed the banner1 and then gave out the ,polish national hymn1 ,boze cs ,polske przesz tak licznie wieki1 of which the following is an ,english translation3#ahb ,i4 ,o ,god6 who gave ,poland her wonderful dower ,of faith through long ages1 of strength and of glory1 ,and now spreadst that faith like a shield o'er an hour ,the saddest and darkest of all in her story ,,chorus4 ,great ,god6 to thine altars we suppliants come2 ,give us back the blest freedom of faith1 hearth1 and home4 ,,ii4 ,o thou who1 in pity1 and touched by her fall1 ,still strengthenst thy children to fight in thy name4 ,and showeth the world1 #8midst her sorrow and thrall1 ,the deeper her suffering1 the brighter her fame2 ,,iii4 ,o ,god6 whose all-powerful arm can o'erthrow ,the proudest of kingdoms1 like huts built on sand1 ,avert from thy children these dark clouds of woe4 ,raise the hopes of the ,poles2 give them back their dear land4 ,,iv4 ,give back to old ,poland her bright days of yore1 ,to her fields and her cities the blessings of peace4 ,give plenty1 give freedom1 give joy as before2 ,oh6 cease to chastise us and fill us with grace4 ,v4 ,o merciful ,god6 by thy marvellous might ,keep far from us slaughter and war's fierce despair2 #8,neath the sway of the angel of peace and of light ,let all be united in love and in prayer4 ,great ,god6 to thine altars we suppliants come2 ,give us back the blest freedom of faith1 hearth1 and home4 ,the soldiers1 kneeling1 repeated this in chorus1 and1 rising1 gave another cheer for ,poland4 ,then ,gen4 ,chmielinski1 who was standing to the right of ,father ,benvenuto1 turned to them and said3 8,now1 my children1 go and rest and recruit your strength4 ,you will need it all2 for the enemy we have to fight is strong and numerous1 and many among us will appear before ,god to-morrow40 ,the soldiers did as they were bid1 and prepared themselves to pass the night as comfortably as they could1 feeling that it was indeed the last many would spend on earth4 ,i was going to do the same when ,i was sent for by ,gen4 ,sokol1 whom ,i found talking over plans with ,gen4 ,chmielinski4 8,lieut4 ,l----10 he said to me1 8we are very anxious for exact information as to the amount of the ,russian force4 ,are you tired80 8,yes1 but not enough to refuse a perilous mission4 ,what is there to be done80 8,to go with a picked body of men on whom you can rely1 and reconnoitre the ,russian strength and position2 but1 for heaven's sake1 be very prudent4 ,you know the full extent of the danger40 8,yes4 ,thanks for having chosen me10 ,i replied2 and1 bowing to the two officers1 ,i withdrew and told ,badecki to have my horse saddled immediately4 ,whilst ,i was looking to the loading of my pistols young ,charles ,m---- came up4 8,lieutenant10 he exclaimed1 8you are going to reconnoitre the ,russian army80 8,yes10 ,i replied4 8,why do you ask80 8,will you let me go with you80 8,no1 my boy4 ,to-morrow's fight may be a serious one1 for which you will need all your strength40 ,the poor little fellow made a wry face1 but went and lay down again at the foot of a tree4 ,i only took with me ,badecki and an old soldier named ,zeromski1 who had distinguished himself in the campaign of #ahcj4 ,he had an austere and severe countenance1 which1 however1 brightened into the sweetest and gentlest smile possible when you spoke to him4 ,he was as laconic as a ,spartan and kept himself always aloof2 but under fire his bravery was heroic1 and almost amounted to rashness4 ,his comrades had nicknamed him ,stalowy-serce 7heart of steel74 ,we reconnoitred the enemy's position without being discovered1 and were returning towards the edge of the camp1 when my horse stumbled against the root of a tree and fell on one knee4 ,my orderly1 ,badecki1 looked at me anxiously1 shook his head1 coughed1 sighed1 and turned uneasily in his saddle4 8,what on earth is the matter1 ,badecki80 ,i exclaimed4 8,one would think you were sitting on a wasp's nest40 8,lieutenant10 he answered1 sighing1 8it is because your horse stumbled just now40 8,well1 and what is that to you80 ,i replied4 8,don't you know1 lieutenant1 that if a horse stumbles before a battle it forebodes misfortune to his rider8 ,i always remarked that in the campaign of #ahcj40 8,oh6 you believe that1 do you80 ,i said1 smiling4 8,and you1 ,zeromski--have you remarked it too80 8,no1 ,i have not done so myself1 but ,i have been always told so40 ,arrived at the camp1 ,i hastened to give in my report to ,general ,sokol4 ,he thanked me warmly1 and added3 8,now is your opportunity1 lieutenant1 to win your captain's epaulets40 8,yes1 general1 or a good sabre-cut4 ,i hope it may be one or the other40 ,sokol laughed and said3 8,it is certain that1 if these unlicked cubs of ,russians are as numerous as you say1 they will give us trouble40 ,leaving the general's quarters1 ,i went and wrapped myself up in my bear-skin1 and1 throwing myself under a tree1 fell asleep in a moment4 ,i was completely worn out with fatigue4 ,only two hours later1 however1 ,i was awakened by the sentries being relieved4 ,the day had just dawned4 ,the first thing which recurred to my memory was ,badecki's words4 ,i had a sort of presentiment that they would turn out to be true4 ,after a few moments of fervent prayer ,i took out my pocket-book and made a slight sketch of the spot where the battle would most likely be fought1 and where1 perhaps1 that very night they would dig my grave4 ,i wrote a few lines with the sketch1 folded them up1 and directed it4 ,scarcely had ,i made my last preparations in this way than our advanced posts gave the signal that the enemy was approaching4 ,it was part of the army of ,gen4 ,c----1 and consisted of two battalions of infantry1 several soterias of ,cossacks and dragoons1 and four pieces of artillery4 ,they numbered upwards of three thousand men4 ,we had only twelve hundred1 many of whom were but raw recruits4 ,very soon every soul was on the alert and armed4 ,father ,benvenuto was the first to appear4 8,my children60 he cried1 8many amongst us will fall this day4 ,you are all1 thank ,god6 prepared for whatever may be his will4 ,kneel1 and ,i will give you all a last absolution and benediction40 ,every one knelt with the venerable priest1 who prayed for a few minutes in a low voice and commended us all to ,god4 ,then1 rising1 he added with emotion3 8,my children1 ,i absolve you and bless you all1 in the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost40 8,amen60 we all responded1 and rose filled with fresh strength and courage4 8,let every one of you do his duty10 continued he2 8that is all ,i will say at this moment to patriots who wish to free our dear and holy ,poland or die in the attempt40 ,the men went silently to take each his place in the ranks4 ,gen4 ,zaremba was to assume the chief command that day4 8,what will do us the most mischief and paralyze our operations10 he said1 8are those field-pieces4 ,if they had not those cannon we should win40 ,count ,s----1 captain of artillery1 came forward4 8,if you will give me leave1 general1 ,i will go and spike their guns4 ,are there two hundred men amongst you who will follow me to certain death8 ,let them make the sacrifice of their lives for the safety of all40 ,nearly a thousand men volunteered for this terrible service1 though they knew perfectly well that1 in all probability1 not one would return alive4 8,well10 exclaimed the general1 8we are twelve hundred men2 let us draw lots40 ,a few minutes later the two hundred1 favored by fate and their own heroism1 separated themselves from the rest and gathered round their intrepid leader1 forming what might well be called the phalanx of death4 ,charles ,m---- burst into tears at not having been one of those selected4 8,don't be afraid10 ,i said to him2 8to-day we shall all be equally favored40 ,the general then disposed of his small force in the best manner he could4 ,he desired no one to fire a single shot till the enemy was within one hundred paces4 ,those among the sharpshooters and zouaves who had breech-loaders were to reserve their second shots till those who had only single-barrelled guns were reloading4 ,in the event of confusion or defeat ,i was ordered with my ,uhlans to charge the fugitives1 always taking care to double back with my column behind the fusileers4 ,these dispositions having been made1 and distinct orders given to each corps1 we all remained at our posts in silence1 awaiting the enemy's approach4 ,on they came1 in the well-known serried masses of the ,russian troops1 and not a shot was fired till they arrived at the appointed distance4 ,then1 with a shout and a sharp cry1 the signal was given1 our men fired1 and upwards of one hundred ,russians fell4 ,so unprepared were they for this sudden discharge that the men behind the front rank fell back1 in spite of the efforts of their officers1 and1 scattering to the right and left1 became the victims of my ,uhlans or were cut to pieces by the scythes of the kopinicry4 ,then the ,russians in their turn fired1 and twenty of our ,poles fell4 ,this was the moment chosen by ,count ,s---- and his two hundred heroes to dash in amidst the ,russian artillery and try and silence their cannon4 ,passing through the ,russian ranks like a flash of lightning1 the count and my brave old ,zeromski succeeded in spiking two of their field-pieces4 ,whilst ramming in his gun a ball broke the count's arm2 the next took off his head4 ,zeromski had his head broken by the butt-end of a musket1 and fell at the very moment when he had succeeded in spiking a gun to the cry of 8,niech zeja ,polske60 7,hurrah for ,poland67 ,we could not look on in cold blood and see the horrible massacre of these two hundred4 ,comrades and all with one accord threw themselves into the enemy's ranks4 ,the voice of our officers fell on dead ears2 we were engaged in a hand-to-hand fight with equal fury on both sides4 ,now and then1 when our ,poles gave way before superior numbers1 the ,russian artillery had time to load their remaining guns1 and when our poor fellows came back to the charge they were simply mowed down before the heavy fire that opened upon them4 ,but still no one thought of self-preservation1 only how to deal the hardest blows4 ,all strategy or tactics had become impossible1 and officers and men alike fought inch by inch for their lives4 ,from the first moment when the fighting had become general ,i was attacked by a quartermaster of dragoons4 ,we both fought with swords2 but ,i was so exhausted that ,i could hardly keep my saddle1 and all ,i could do was to try and parry the strokes of my adversary4 ,all of a sudden a violent cramp seized my right arm2 but at that critical moment ,i heard the voice of little ,charles behind me3 8,hold on for a minute longer60 he cried2 and1 galloping with his pony across a heap of dead1 he fired off his pistol close to the head of my enemy1 who dropped without a word4 ,but at the same instant ,i saw the heroic child stagger and turn deadly white2 a ball had struck him in the chest4 8,adieu1 lieutenant6 ,adieu1 brother60 he murmured1 as he slipped off his horse to the ground4 8,my poor mother6 ,how she will cry6 ,my ,lord and my ,god1 have mercy upon me60 ,those were his last words4 ,i bore him on my shoulders1 and carried him out of the field of battle1 and laid him down under a tree4 ,i put my hand on his heart2 it had ceased to beat4 ,the generous child had died to save me4 ,he had a beautiful smile on his face1 and two tears glistened on his cheeks4 ,i closed his eyes1 and1 kissing his forehead1 said3 8,sleep in peace1 my brave boy6 ,if ,i survive this day ,i will carry these tears to your poor mother40 ,i called two of the pioneers1 and told them to dig a separate grave for poor ,charles1 that his body might not fall into the enemy's hands2 and then1 jumping on the horse of a ,cossack who had just been killed1 ,i threw myself again into the fray4 ,all my strength had come back4 ,i fought like one possessed2 and this over-excitement lasted till ,i felt the cold steel going through me4 ,a ,cossack had thrust his lance into my left breast4 ,i lifted up my heart to ,god for one moment1 and then fell1 pressing my crucifix convulsively4 ,my orderly1 seeing me fall1 carried me off rapidly to a carriage which was already full of wounded men4 ,thanks to ,father ,benvenuto1 who never ceased watching over me1 ,i came back to life again and met the loving and sisterly eyes of ,mother ,alexandra1 who again insisted on my sharing her cell4 ,i was in great danger for five days1 and1 if ,i did not sink under my sufferings1 it was owing to the devoted care of which ,i was the object4 ,one night my secret was well-nigh discovered4 ,mother ,alexandra had been called away to some other patient and had left me to the care of a young sister4 ,my fever ran high1 and1 being delirious1 ,i tore off the bandages from my wound and threw them away4 ,frightened at my state1 the sister luckily ran to fetch ,mother ,alexandra1 exclaiming3 8,come as quickly as you can2 the lieutenant is dying60 ,she flew back to me1 and remained alone by my bedside4 ,her presence calmed me at once1 and ,i allowed her to bandage me up again and stop the blood1 which had burst out in streams from the wound4 ,in the same house we had forty-five wounded from this battle1 wherein the ,poles had displayed prodigies of valor4 ,the ,russian loss was very great1 and if they were not altogether crushed1 it was owing to their numerical superiority4 ,as it was1 they retired in good order1 for we had not sufficient men to follow them in their retreat4 ,when ,i was allowed to go out of my cell ,i went to see my comrades4 ,i helped the sisters in dressing their wounds1 and1 when my strength would allow me1 ,i used to read aloud to them as we sat round the stove4 ,at the end of a month1 out of forty-five wounded thirty-two were convalescent4 ,at the end of six weeks ,i felt myself strong enough to bear the motion of a horse1 and so accepted a mission for my old general1 who1 by the orders of the ,central ,committee1 came to take the command of the forces in the place of ,general ,iskra1 who had been condemned to death for high treason4 ,as ill-luck would have it1 on this occasion my usual good-fortune deserted me and ,i fell into the hands of a ,russian patrol1 who seized me1 tied my hands behind my back1 and marched me off to the little town of ,kielce4 ,as ,i was still very weak and walked with difficulty1 they accelerated my march by blows from the butt-ends of their muskets4 ,at ,kielce ,i was taken straight to the headquarters of ,gen4 ,c----4 ,all ,polish soldiers who had fallen into the hands of this brute since the beginning of the war had been hanged4 ,from the window1 close to which ,i had been placed1 ,i could see the gibbet1 with two shapeless bodies hanging from it on which birds of prey were already feasting4 ,the sight filled me with horror1 and feeling sure this time that my last hour was at hand1 ,i recommended my soul to ,god1 made a fervent act of contrition1 and prepared myself as well as ,i could to die4 ,the general came in for the usual interrogatory1 and frowned when he looked at me4 8,you are from the rebel army80 he exclaimed in bad ,polish4 8,i do not know any rebels10 ,i replied proudly4 8,i am of the army of the ,crusaders40 7,we called the war a ,crusade1 and all of us wore a white cross sewed on our uniforms47 ,at this reply ,general ,c----'s face darkened and1 with a furious gesture1 he made a step toward me4 8,do you know10 he cried1 8to what fate you have exposed yourself by falling into my hands80 8,yes1 perfectly10 ,i replied1 turning my head in the direction of the dead bodies4 8,and you are not afraid80 8,no4 ,i belong to a nation which does not know the feeling40 8,yet you are very pale40 8,oh60 ,i replied eagerly1 8do not think it is from fear4 ,six weeks ago ,i was wounded in an engagement with your troops1 and to-day ,i have gone out for the first time40 ,here the ,muscovite smiled4 8,what is your age8 ,nineteen8 ,do you know that there are very few ,poles as young as you are who would face death in this way without a shudder80 8,but ,i am not a ,pole2 ,i am ,french40 8,do you speak the truth80 8,i never lie10 ,i replied1 presenting him my man's passport4 ,he examined it carefully4 8,this saves you10 he said at last1 beginning to be almost civil4 8,we have not yet the right to hang the ,french1 even though they may have fought with the rebel troops4 ,i shall send you with an escort across the frontier of ,silesia2 but if ever you again set foot on ,russian soil you will be hanged without mercy and without shrift40 ,i was sent out of his presence1 escorted by two ,cossacks1 thoroughly unlicked bears1 who had orders to shoot me on the least suspicious movement on my part4 ,i had the pleasure of these gentlemen's society in a third-class carriage during the whole journey from ,myszkow to ,szczakowa--that is1 for four mortal hours4 ,you can imagine1 therefore1 that ,i did not breathe freely till ,i had stepped out of the carriage and found myself once more on ,silesian soil1 released from their attentions4 ,i felt now that my vow had been kept and my promise fulfilled4 ,i had shed my blood for ,poland1 and any further effort on my part would have been worse than useless4 ,i determined1 therefore1 to rejoin the countess and her children1 who were at that moment at the waters of ,altwasser4 ,i pass over the joy of our reunion4 ,we soon went on to ,dresden for the winter1 and once more that happy family were together1 though in exile4 ,i heard soon after that ,father ,benvenuto had been struck by a ball in the heart at the battle of ,swientz-,krszysz1 at the very moment when he was lifting up the crucifix to bless his soldiers4 ,the memory of this saint will be for ever revered in ,poland1 and in the hearts of all those who had the happiness of knowing him4 ,with his heroic death ,i close my account of this episode in a war which1 however mistaken on the part of those who first conceived so hopeless an attempt1 was carried on to the last with a faith1 a courage1 and a patriotism that deserve to be immortalized in the history of any country1 and will redound to the eternal honor of this persecuted and unhappy people4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,late ,,dr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,marshall4 ,the renaissance of ,english ,catholic literature has been a growth of the last quarter of a century4 ,from the time when ,dr4 ,newman became a convert to the church there has been a continual stream of the most ardent ,catholic literature1 didactic1 controversial1 and devotional4 ,of devotional works we need hardly speak at all1 since they are much the same in all ,catholic countries1 and are mostly modelled on one spirit of one faith4 ,of works which are didactic it is superfluous to say anything1 for all teachers of the ,catholic faith teach the same thing4 ,but of works which are controversial it is desirable to take notice1 because they indicate the peculiar spirit of the age1 the nature of the anti-,catholic opposition1 and the growth or the decay of old prejudices4 ,there is probably no literature in any country in the world which is so full of original lines of pure controversy as that of the modern ,english school of ,catholic converts4 ,nor is there any difficulty in accounting for this fact4 ,when we remember that ,english converts have stepped across that huge gulf which divides old-fashioned ,protestantism from ,catholicity2 that they have brought with them from the 8,establishment0 the most perfect knowledge of all the arguments which can be devised against the acceptance of 8the faith02 that they are often highly educated men1 who have been as 8intellectually0 as they have been 8spiritually0 converted--we should be surprised if they did not sometimes write controversy with both a newness and a richness of intuition4 ,for example1 let us take the great ,dr4 ,newman1 whose vast stores of digested learning often sparkle or are sweetened with delicious touches of the perception of the humorous--a boon to his readers which is not only due to his wit but to the drolleries of the old heresy which he has left4 ,or let us take ,dr4 ,faber--that 8poet of ,catholic dogmas10 as a ,protestant lady has described him--and note the exquisite appreciation with which he contrasts ,catholic truths with their denial or their imitation in ,protestantism4 ,these two writers could not have written as they have done unless they had been brought up as ,protestants4 ,they might have been equally luminous and profound2 they might have wanted nothing of ,catholic science2 but their appreciation of contrast1 which is one of the essentials of humor1 could not have been nearly so developed4 ,yet1 delightful as it would be to dwell on the rich gifts of these two writers--the profound ,newman and the poetical ,faber--it is with reference to another writer that we would say something at this time--to one who has but recently passed away4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,marshall1 who twice visited the ,united ,states1 and who gained great repute as a lecturer1 was among the most gifted of the controversialists--in some senses he was unique--who have contributed to ,english ,catholic literature4 ,we are not speaking of his learning1 though this was considerable2 nor of his reasoning power1 though this1 too1 was very striking2 for there are many ,english ,catholic writers who1 both in learning and in reasoning1 may be esteemed to have surpassed ,dr4 ,marshall2 but we are speaking of him as a 8pure controversialist10 as one who made controversy his sole pursuit1 or who1 at least1 will be always remembered as a polemic1 and this both as a speaker and as a writer4 ,now1 in the capacity of a polemic--of a 8popular0 polemic--we have affirmed that ,dr4 ,marshall was unique2 and let us indicate briefly in what respects4 ,we have spoken at the beginning of the immense advantage which is possessed by those ,catholics who attempt to write controversy when their first years have been passed in the camp of the ,anglican 8,establishment10 and so they have learned all its secrets4 ,dr4 ,marshall was 8bred and born0 an ,anglican4 ,he was the descendant of a long line of ,protestants4 ,he was educated at two ,english public schools1 and subsequently spent three years at ,cambridge2 emerging from the university to 8take orders0 in the ,establishment1 and soon becoming incumbent of a parish4 ,finding his lot cast in a pleasant rural district1 where he had but very few clerical duties1 he devoted his spare time to the study of the ,fathers2 and1 while reading1 he made copious notes4 ,the present writer1 who had the happiness to be his pupil1 remembers well with what avidity he used to devour the big tomes which he borrowed from the not distant cathedral library4 ,finding1 as he read on1 that the ,fathers were 8strangely ,roman ,catholic10 that 8they most distinctly were none of them ,protestants10 he may be said to have read and to have written himself into the faith1 which he embraced the moment that he realized it4 ,and no sooner was he received into the ,catholic ,church than he devoted all his talents to the proving to ,english ,protestants the truths of which he himself was convinced4 ,christian ,missions was his first great work1 though it had been preceded by more than one brilliant pamphlet2 and ,my ,clerical ,friends and ,protestant ,journalism followed in much later years4 ,besides these works there was the unceasing contribution to more than one of the ,english ,catholic papers1 to several magazines or periodicals1 and also to a few secular weeklies4 ,it may be remembered with what raciness1 and at the same time with what depth1 he used to punish 8our ,protestant contemporaries0 for their inventions and their puerilities about the church4 ,his series on the 8,russian ,church0 was especially brilliant1 and produced much sensation among ,high-,churchmen4 ,but his many other series1 such as 8,fictitious ,appeals to a ,general ,council10 8,sketches of the ,reformation10 8,two ,churches10 8,modern ,science10 were all deserving of most careful digestion1 and produced their due effect upon ,anglicans4 ,it was when probing the ,ritualists1 week after week1 with the most terrible weapons of ,catholic logic1 that ,dr4 ,marshall was seized with his last illness1 and he laid aside for ever that pen which1 for thirty years1 had been the dread of many insincere ,protestants4 ,if we examine critically into the merits and demerits of this accomplished theologian and controversialist1 we shall find three points in particular which mark him off from other men1 and which render him1 as we have said1 unique4 ,first1 he had the capacity of uniting extensive learning with a lightness1 even a gayety1 of style2 weaving scores of quotations into a few pages of easy writing1 without ever for a moment becoming dull4 ,he played and he toyed with any number of quotations1 as though he had them all at his fingers' ends2 and he 8brought them in0 in such a way that1 instead of cumbering his pages1 they made them more diverting and light4 ,let it be asked whether this one particular art is not worthy of universal imitation8 ,nine out of every ten of even good polemical writers 8drag their quotations in by the head and shoulders10 or hurl them down upon the pages as though they had been carted with pitch-forks and had to be uncarted in similar fashion4 ,a lightness and a tripping ease in the introduction of quotations is one of the most captivating of gifts2 for it takes the weight off the learning1 the drag off the style1 the 8bore0 off the effort of controversy4 ,it would be very easy to name half a score of good books1 vastly learned and admirably fitted for the shelves1 which are simply rendered unreadable by that after-dinner sleepiness which comes from too heavy a table4 ,now1 is it not desirable that even wise men should make a study of this art of trippingly weaving quotations8--for1 as a matter of fact1 a quotation badly used might just as well not be used at all4 ,dr4 ,marshall made quotations a grace of his style1 instead of an interruption of his text2 and so neatly did he 8,tunbridge-ware0 them into his pages that they fitted without joint and without fissure4 ,this is1 we think1 a great merit2 and if ,dr4 ,marshall had done nothing more than suggest to learned writers that it is possible to quote immensely yet trippingly1 he would have rendered a service to all polemics4 ,he has been1 perhaps1 8an original0 in this respect2 or1 if not an original1 he has at least been unique in the excellence of the practice of the art4 ,the second feature in his writings which strikes us as admirable is an individuality in the neatness of expression4 ,short sentences1 quite as pithy as short1 with a calm grace of defiant imperturbability1 make his writings equally caustic and gay4 ,scholarly those writings certainly are2 they have all the honeyed temperance of art and much of the perfection of habit4 ,no one could write as ,dr4 ,marshall could write unless he had made writing his study4 ,no doubt style 8is born1 not made02 but most styles are better for education1 and we could name but few writers of whom we could say that their style was apparently more natural than it was acquired4 ,of ,dr4 ,newman it might be said 8the style is the man10 for there is a personal repose in his writings2 and we could imagine ,dr4 ,newman1 even if he had not been a great student1 still writing most beautifully and serenely4 8,the perfection of ,dr4 ,newman's style is that he has no style0 was a very good remark of a learned critic2 but then we cannot talk of such very exceptional men as giving a rule for lesser writers4 ,now1 ,dr4 ,marshall had a very marked style4 ,it was ease1 with equal art and equal care4 ,the care was as striking as the ease4 ,this1 it will be said1 proves at once that ,dr4 ,marshall was not what is called 8a genius40 ,well1 no one ever pretended that he was4 ,a man may be both admirable and unique without having one spark of real genius2 and a man may have graces of style1 with highly cultured arts of fascination1 and yet be no more than just sufficiently original to attract a marked popular attention4 ,few men attain even to this standard2 and certainly1 as writers of controversy1 very few men even approach to it4 ,what we assert is that to be 8controversially unique0 a writer must be exceptional in certain ways1 and especially in the two ways we have particularized--namely1 light quoting and light writing4 ,we return1 then1 to the opinion that for neatness of phraseology2 for the 8art10 if you will1 of suave cuttingness2 for the clever combination of the caustic with the calm1 of the profoundly indisputable with the playful1 ,dr4 ,marshall was really remarkable4 ,he could say a thing quietly which1 if robbed of its quietness1 would have been1 perhaps1 a veritable insult4 ,perhaps it was the more pungent because quiet2 and here we touch the third and last of the literary characteristics which we propose to notice briefly at this time4 8,milk and gall are not a pleasing combination10 observed a gentleman--who was an ,anglican at the time--after reading ,our ,protestant ,contemporaries4 ,he added that he did not care for milk--he was too old to find it sufficiently stimulating--but he objected to gall1 at least when it was directed against some favorite convictions of his own mind4 ,most persons will agree with this old gentleman1 who1 however1 became a convert to the church4 ,yet it may be said that there are two apologies which may be offered for this defect--if defect1 indeed1 it be--of 8milk and gall40 ,first1 let it be remembered that the keen perception of the ridiculous1 which is generally a characteristic of superior minds1 finds its richest exploration in what1 from a certain point of view1 may be regarded as those immense fields of folly which are popularly denominated ,english ,protestantism4 ,to the humorous mind there is nothing so humorous as the mental gymnastics of ,protestants4 ,to suppress this humorous sense becomes impossible to any writer who does not look on gloom as a duty4 ,dr4 ,newman only suppresses it in this way3 that his huge mind works above the mere playground1 or avoids it as too provocative of games4 ,he descended into it once in ,loss and ,gain1 and he became fairly romping towards the close2 now and then1 too1 we can detect the laughing spirit which only veils itself1 for decorum1 in his grave writings2 but he feels probably that his weapons are too sharp to need satire1 for he is not a controversialist1 but a reasoner4 ,when he does1 for the moment1 write satire1 he shows what he could do1 if he would2 but we are glad that the normal attitude of his mind is rather didactic than playful4 ,of lesser writers we cannot expect that their discrimination should be hampered by a grave sense of doctorship2 it is not necessary that they should sit in professors' chairs2 they are writing for the million1 whose perceptions of what is true must be aided by their perceptions of what is false4 ,moreover1 the ,english mind1 not being normally humorous--which is a great national loss in all respects--requires to be jolted and jerked into an attitude which would be most useful for the intelligence of truth4 ,if we could only get ,englishmen to see the comedy of heresy1 they might soon want the gravity of truth2 but they are constitutionally dull in apprehending those fallacies which southern peoples can see through in a moment4 ,now1 a writer who can teach ,englishmen to laugh at their ,protestantism1 to appreciate its anomalies and its shams1 to see the difference between a parson and a priest1 between ten thousand opinions and one faith1 and generally to get rid of morbid sentiment and prejudice1 and to look at things in a thoroughly healthful way1 has 8taken a line0 which is as salutary for feeble souls as is bright mountain air for feeble bodies4 ,dr4 ,marshall used to laugh with ,protestants at their shams much more than he used to laugh at the victims4 ,but it is true that there was sometimes an acerbity in his remarks which gave offence to those who loved not the humor4 ,could this be helped8 ,be it remembered that acerbity1 in the apparent mood of expression1 is often more intellectual than it is moral2 it is simply an attitude of conviction1 or it is the natural vexation of a profound religious faith which cannot calm itself when protesting against folly4 ,nor do we think it at all probable that1 if there were no gall in controversy1 more converts would be made to the truth4 ,and1 after all1 what do we mean by the word 8gall08 ,is humor gall8 ,is satire gall8 ,is even acerbity1 when it is obviously but vexation1 a fatal undoing of good8 ,much will depend on the mood of the reader4 ,some readers like spice and cayenne even in their 8religious0 opponents4 ,most readers know that mere literary temperament cannot make a syllogism out of a fallacy4 ,all readers distinguish between caprices of temperament and the attitude of the reason and the soul4 ,it is only on account of the mental babes among ,protestants that it is to be regretted that all ,catholics are human4 ,for the ordinary1 strong reader a good dash of human nature is much better than is too much of 8the angel40 ,take mankind for what they are1 and we like the honesty of the irritation which sometimes puts the gall into the milk4 ,it might be desirable that our first parent had not fallen4 ,if he had not fallen we should not have had controversy4 ,but since he has fallen1 and since we must have controversy1 we must also of necessity have gall4#ahc ,we have only to express regret that so useful a writer as ,dr4 ,marshall has passed away out of the ranks of controversialists4 ,as a speaker1 too1 ,dr4 ,marshall was most delightful2 indeed1 he spoke quite as well as he wrote4 ,at the time when he was in the ,united ,states it was thought by some persons that ,dr4 ,marshall was quite the model of a speaker2 for he was at once gentle and commanding1 refined yet highly pungent1 scholarly yet most easy to be understood4 ,these praises were allowed by every one to be his due4 ,we have1 then1 to lament the loss of a really richly-gifted ,catholic1 who1 though an ,englishman1 was cosmopolitan4 ,and when we remember that such men as ,dr4 ,marshall 7with ,dr4 ,faber1 or ,mr4 ,allies1 or ,canon ,oakeley7 were born ,protestant--intensely ,protestant--,englishmen1 we can appreciate what was involved in their conversion to the church1 both in the intellectual and in the purely social sense4 ,conversion means more than a change of conviction to such ,englishmen as have been born of ,protestant parents2 it means the revolution of the whole life of the man1 as well as of the whole life of the ,christian4 ,such men seem to be born over again4 ,when they have passed away we can say for them1 with as much hope as charity1 ,requiescant in pace4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,papal ,,elections4 ,,ii4 ,in the twelfth century the cardinals of the ,holy ,roman ,church were in full and undisputed possession of the right of electing the ,sovereign ,pontiff2 and although the exercise of this right is commonly attributed to the ,sacred ,college1 only from the passing of the famous decree of the ,third ,council of ,lateran1 in #aagi1 beginning ,licet de vitanda discordia in electione ,romani ,pontificis 7cap4 vi4 de ,elect471 it rather supposes the cardinals to be already the sole papal electors1 and merely determines what majority of their votes shall constitute a valid election4#ahd ,factious and semi-ignorant persons have often protested against this exclusive right of the cardinals to elect the visible head of the church4 ,of such a kind was ,wycliffe1 whose diatribe1 ,electio ,pap a cardinalibus per diabolum est introducta1 was condemned by the ,council of ,constance 7artic4 xl4 sess4 viii472 and ,eybel1 whose errors were exposed by ,mamacchi1 under his poetical name of ,pisti ,alethini1 as a member of the ,academy of the ,arcadians4#ahe ,in early times1 when the pope died at ,rome the cardinals met to elect a successor in the ,lateran or the ,vatican basilica1 or in the cathedral of any other city in which they might have determined to hold the election4 ,conclave is the term used exclusively for many centuries for the place in which the cardinals meet in private to elect a pope2 but it was used in the early middle ages of any room securely shut1#ahf just as1 among the ancient ,romans1 conclave was a covered and enclosed apartment or hall that could be fastened with a lock and key--cum clavi4 ,long before the pontificate of ,gregory ,x4 the cardinals who assembled for a papal election met in some part of a large and noble building--generally the sacristy of a cathedral--where they transacted the business of the day1 and returned after each session to their private abodes4 ,the gloss ,nullatenus1 on the decree of ,alexander ,,iii41 says that if two-thirds--the majority required--of the cardinals will not agree upon a candidate1 they should be closely confined until they do--includantur in aliquo loco de quo exire non valeant donec consenserint--and mentions several popes elected after the cardinals had been subjected to a reasonable duress4 ,this is precisely the conclave4 ,it was not1 however1 until the year #abgd that the mode of procedure in a papal election was settled--after the incursions of the barbarians and the many vicissitudes to which the ,holy ,see then became subject had deranged the earlier and apostolic manner--and the rules and regulations of the modern conclave were published4 ,after the death of ,clement ,,iv4 in ,viterbo1 on ,nov4 #bb1 #abfh1 the eighteen cardinals composing the ,sacred ,college met there to elect his successor2 but not agreeing after a year and a half1 although the kings of ,france and ,sicily1 ,st4 ,bonaventure1 ,general of the ,franciscans1 and many influential1 learned1 and holy men came in person to urge them to compose their differences and relieve the church of her long widowhood1 they were all got together one day1 by some artifice1 in the episcopal palace1 which was instantly closed upon them and surrounded with guards4 ,even this imprisonment did not change their temper1 and after some further delay the captain of the town1 ,raniero ,gatti1 took the bold resolution of removing the entire roof and otherwise dilapidating the edifice1 in hopes that the discomforts of the season1 added to their confinement1 might break the stubbornness of the venerable fathers4#ahg ,this move succeeded1 and a compromise was effected among the discordant cardinals on the #gth of ,september1 #abga1 in virtue of which the papal legate in ,syria1 ,theobald ,visconti1 ,archdeacon of ,liege1 was elected4 ,this was not the first time that extraordinary and almost violent measures had been taken to bring the cardinals to make a prompt election4 ,at ,viterbo the captain of the town coerced their liberty2 at ,naples the commandant of the castle bridled their appetite when1 after the death of ,innocent ,,iv41 in #abed1 he diminished day by day the quantity of food sent in to them--cibo per singulos dies imminuto--until they agreed upon a worthy subject4#ahh ,gregory ,x41 who was so singularly elected at ,viterbo while far away in ,palestine1 called a general council1 which met at ,lyons on ,may #b1 #abgd4 ,five hundred bishops1 over a thousand mitred abbots and other privileged ecclesiastics1 the patriarchs of ,constantinople and ,antioch1 the grand master of the famous ,knights of ,st4 ,john of ,jerusalem1 the kings of ,france and ,aragon1 besides ambassadors from ,germany1 ,england1 ,sicily1 and other important nations1 took part in it4 ,the pope was resolved to establish the manner of electing the ,roman ,pontiff on a better principle1 and now drew up a constitution which1 in spite of considerable opposition from the cardinals1 was read between the fourth and fifth sessions1 and finally received the approbation of the fathers4 ,this is substantially the code that still regulates the conclave4 ,the original constitution1 which had been suspended by some popes and not observed by the cardinals in several elections1 was introduced into the body of canon law#ahi by ,boniface ,,viii41 in order to impress it1 if possible1 with a more solemn and perpetual obligation of observance2 and when some of the cardinals1 incensed at the transfer of the see to ,avignon1 maintained that1 despite all this1 the ,sacred ,college could modify or abolish it at discretion1 it was confirmed by the ,general ,council of ,vienne and their factious spirit reproved4 ,this conciliar decree has also a place in the canon law1 where it is found among the ,clementines 7,ne ,romani1 #b de elect47#aij 8,where the danger is known to be greatest10 says the preamble to ,pope ,gregory's constitution1 8there should most care be taken4 ,how many risks and what great inconvenience a long vacancy of the ,holy ,see entails is shown by looking back upon the disorders of other days4 ,it is1 therefore1 wise that1 while diligently engaged in reforming minor evils1 we should not neglect to provide against calamity4 ,now1 therefore1 whatever our predecessors1 and particularly ,alexander ,,iii41 of happy memory1 have done to remove a spirit of discord in the election of the ,roman ,pontiff1 the same we desire to remain in full force2 for we do not intend to annul their decrees1 but only by our present constitution to supply what experience points out to be wanting40 ,the whole decree may be divided into fifteen paragraphs1 which are called the ,fifteen ,laws of the ,conclave4 ,they are summarized as follows3 ,on the death of the pope the cardinals1 having celebrated for nine days his obsequies in the city where he died1 shall enter the conclave on the tenth day1 whether absent colleagues have arrived or not1 and be accompanied by a single attendant1 whether lay or clerical1 or at most1 in case of evident necessity1 by two attendants4 ,the conclave shall be held in the palace last occupied by the pope1 and there the cardinals must live in common1 occupying a single spacious hall not cut off by curtains or partitions1 and so carefully closed on every side that no one can secretly pass in or out4 ,one room1 however1 may be cut off for private purposes--reservato libero ad secretam cameram aditu--but no access shall be allowed to any cardinal1 nor private conversation with nor visits to him1 except from those who1 by consent of all the other cardinals1 may be summoned to consult on matters germane to the affair in hand2 nor shall any one send letters or messages to their lordships or to any of their familiars1 on pain of excommunication4 ,a window or other opening shall be left in the hall of conclave1 through which the meals are introduced1 but it must be of such a size and shape that no human being can penetrate thereby4 ,if1 after three days from the opening of the conclave1 no election has been made1 the prelates appointed to attend to this shall allow each cardinal no more than one dish at dinner and supper during the next five days1 after which only bread and water until they come to a conclusion4 ,the cardinals shall take nothing from the papal treasury during the vacancy of the see2 but all its revenues are to be carefully collected and watched over by the proper officers4 ,they shall treat of nothing but the election1 unless some imminent danger to the temporalities of the ,holy ,see may demand their attention2 and1 laying aside all private interests1 let them devote themselves entirely to the common weal2 but if any cardinal shall presume to attempt by bribes1 compacts1 or other arts to entice his brethren to his own side1 he shall suffer excommunication1 nor shall any manner of agreement1 even if sworn to1 be valid4 ,if a cardinal draw off from the conclave1 or should he retire from motives of health1 the election must still proceed2 yet1 if he recover1 he shall be readmitted4 ,cardinals arriving late or at any stage of the proceedings1 as also those who may be under censures1 shall be received4 ,no one can give his vote outside of the conclave4 ,two-thirds of the votes of all the electors present#aia are requisite to elect2 and any one not radically disqualified#aib is eligible to the ,papacy4 ,the feudal superiors of the territory and the municipal officers of the city in which the conclave is held are charged to observe these regulations1 and shall swear in presence of the clergy and people to do so4 ,if they fail to do their duty they shall be excommunicated1 be declared infamous and lose their fiefs1 and the city itself shall be interdicted and deprived of its episcopal dignity4 ,solemn funeral services are to be held in every important place throughout the ,catholic world as soon as news arrives of the pope's death2 prayers are to be recited daily and fast days appointed for the speedy and concordant election of an excellent pontiff4 ,in this provident constitution of ,gregory ,x4 are contained in brief the rules and regulations which have ever since governed the conclave4 ,in a few points1 however1 its severity has been relaxed1 particularly by ,clement ,,vi4 in the bull ,licet de ,constitutione1 dated ,december #f1 #acea2 and in others some small modifications have been introduced1 in accordance with the manners and customs of a more refined age1 by ,gregory ,,xv4 7,ludovisi1 #afba-afbc7 in his comprehensive ceremonial4#aic ,thus ,clement ,,vi4 7,de ,beaufort1 #acdb-aceb71 while recommending the greatest frugality at table during the seclusion of the conclave1 removed the alimentary restrictions and left it to the cardinals themselves to select the kind1 quality1 and amount of their food1 but forbade the prandial civilities of sending tidbits from one table to another4 ,the same pope allowed each cardinal to have his bed enclosed by curtains1 and to have two attendants1 or conclavists1 in every case4 ,the monastic simplicity of a common sleeping-room was done away with in the sixteenth century1 when each cardinal was allowed the use of a separate cell1 which ,pius ,,iv4 commanded should be assigned by lot4 ,when a cardinal's name and number have been drawn1 his domestics upholster it with purple serge or cloth1 if their master was created by the late pope2 but if by a former one1 with green--a difference in color that was first observed in the conclave for the election of ,leo ,x4 ,a few articles of necessary furniture1 such as a bed1 table1 kneeling-bench1 and a couple of chairs1 complete the interior arrangements4 ,on the outside of his cell each cardinal affixes a small escutcheon emblazoned with his arms1 which serves as a substitute for that vulgar modern thing called a door-plate4 ,while great care is still taken to hinder suspicious communications between the conclave and the outer world1 it is no longer prohibited to visit a cardinal or member of his suite1 although the colloquy must be held at some one of the entries1 and whatever is spoken be heard by the prelates doing duty there4 ,instead of the single small window--more like an oubliette than anything else--which ,gregory prescribed1 openings in the shape of pivotal or revolving wooden frames1 like those used in nunneries and called tours in ,french1 were adopted at the suggestion of ,paride de' ,grassi1 master of ceremonies to ,leo ,x4 ,eight of them are always connected on different sides with the hall of conclave1 wherever it may be4 ,the ten days before the conclave can open begin from the very day of the pope's death2 but sometimes a much longer time has elapsed--as1 for instance1 after the death of ,alexander ,,vi41 when the violence of ,csar ,borgia and the presence of a ,french army in ,rome occasioned a delay of thirty days2 and again1 when ,cardinal ,ferreri was arrested on his way from ,vercelli to the conclave by the ,duke of ,milan1 his loyal colleagues waited for him eight days beyond the usual time4 ,the conclave in which ,julius ,,iii4 was elected in #aeej was not opened until nineteen days after his predecessor's death1 to oblige the ,french cardinals1 who had not yet all arrived at ,rome4 ,in early ages1 before it became customary to give the hat to occupants of episcopal sees other than the seven suburbican ones1 and when cardinals were strictly bound to reside in curia--i4e41 to live near the pope of whose court they were the principal personages--there was generally no necessity for a considerable delay4 ,anastasius the ,librarian#aid says that ,boniface ,,iii41 in the year #fjg1 made a decree forbidding any one to treat of a future pope's election during the lifetime of the living one1 or until three days after his death2 but1 as ,mabillon shows1#aie this three days' delay was observed in the ,roman ,church long before the seventh century1 as appears from the despatch sent to the ,emperor ,honorius after the death of ,pope ,zosimus in the year #dah4 ,it is not known when it began to be observed as a law4 ,in many cases an election took place either on the very same day that a pope died or on the following one1 particularly during the era of persecutions and in the tenth and twelfth centuries1 when the seditious disposition of the populace and the factions of rival barons made any unnecessary delay extremely hazardous4 ,during the fifteenth1 sixteenth1 and following centuries the conclaves have generally been short1 averaging about two weeks each4 ,but during the greater part of the middle ages1 after the supremacy of the ,sacred ,college during the vacancy of the ,holy ,see was undisputed1 and the cardinals had little to fear from princes or people1 their own dissensions often occasioned an interregnum of months1 and even years1 to the discredit of their order and the scandal of the ,christian world4 ,the election should take place in ,rome1 if possible1 because ,rome is1 or ought to be1 the ordinary residence of the ,sovereign ,pontiffs2 but both before and after ,pope ,gregory's constitution many elections have been held elsewhere1 according as the ,curia was in one place or another4 ,urban ,,ii4 was elected in ,terracina2 ,calixtus ,,ii4 in ,cluny2 ,lucius ,,iii4 in ,velletri2 ,urban ,,iii4 in ,verona2 ,gregory ,,viii4 in ,ferrara2 ,clement ,,iii41 ,alexander ,,vi41 ,honorius ,,iii4 in ,pisa2 ,innocent ,,iv4 in ,anagni2 ,alexander ,,iv4 and ,boniface ,,viii4 in ,naples2 ,urban ,,iv41 ,gregory ,x41 and ,martin ,,iv4 in ,viterbo2 ,innocent ,v4 in ,arezzo2 ,honorius ,,iv41 ,celestin ,v41 and ,clement ,v4 in ,perugia4 ,during the stay of the popes in ,france ,john ,,xxii41 ,benedict ,,xii41 ,clement ,,vi41 ,innocent ,,vi41 ,urban ,v41 and ,gregory ,,xi4 were elected at ,avignon4 ,john ,,xxiii4 was elected at ,bologna1 and ,martin ,v4 at ,constance1 since whom all his successors1 except ,pius ,,vii41 have been elected in ,rome4 ,the law of ,gregory ,x4 commanded that the conclave should be held there where the last pope died--,statuimus ut1 si eundem pontificem in civitate1 in qu cum sua curia residebat1 diem claudere contingat extremum1 cardinales omnes conveniant in palatio1 in quo idem pontifex habitabat--because in one sense1 as of ancient ,rome1 444 ,vejos habitante ,camillo1 ,illico ,roma fuit2 and of modern ,rome1 ,ubi ,papa1 ibi ,roma4 ,when1 however1 he was absent only on some extraordinary occasion1 the election was to be held in ,rome itself1 no matter where he died4 ,gregory ,,xi41 who brought back the see from ,avignon1 intending to return to ,france on business and to better his health1 but wishing to assure an ,italian election and the permanent re-transfer of the ,holy ,see to ,rome1 made a decree on ,march #ai1 #acgh1 ordering a majority of the cardinals1 should his death occur during his absence1 to meet in any part of ,rome1 or1 if more convenient1 in some neighboring city1 and there elect a successor4 ,clement ,,viii4 restricted the place of holding the conclave to ,rome alone1 in a bull issued ,october #f1 #aebi1 on occasion of his journey to ,bologna to crown the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 and in another one1 dated ,august #cj1 #aecc1 when going to ,france to confer with ,francis ,i4 ,when ,pius ,,iv4 had a mind to go to ,trent and preside in person at the council1 he declared on ,september #bb1 #aefa1 that a papal election--should one become necessary by his death while away--was to be held in ,rome1 unless it were under an interdict1 in which case in ,orvieto or ,perugia4 ,clement ,,viii41 when going to ,ferrara to receive back the fief which had reverted to the ,holy ,see on the death of ,alphonsus d',este1 declared on ,march #cj1 #aeih1 that1 should he die before returning1 the subsequent election was to be held nowhere but in ,rome4 ,long usage1 continued up to the beginning of the present century1 has consecrated the ,vatican as the most proper seat of the conclave4 ,the first pope elected there was ,benedict ,,xi4 in #acjc1 and the next was ,urban ,,vi4 in #acgh4 ,when ,honorius ,,iv41 of the great house of ,savelli1 died where he had lived and held his court1 in his family mansion on the ,aventine1 some remains of which are seen near the convent of ,santa ,sabina1 the cardinals1 in scrupulous observance of the first law of ,gregory's constitution1 met there and elected his successor1 ,nicholas ,,iv41 on ,february #bb1 #abhh4 ,eugene ,,iv4 in #adca1 and ,nicholas ,v4 in #addg1 were elected in the ,dominican convent of the ,minerva1 the great dormitory of the friars being fitted up for the cardinals1 and the election itself being held in the sacristy behind the choir1 over the door of which a large fresco painting and a ,latin inscription commemorate the event4 ,there were several projects on foot in the seventeenth century to establish with every possible convenience1 and in accordance with the prescriptions of the ,roman ceremonial of election1 a hall of conclave which should serve for all future occasions4 ,the venerable ,lateran and the more modern ,quirinal each had its advocates1 and ,pius ,,vi4 is said by ,cancellieri to have intended the vast and magnificent sacristy building which he erected alongside of ,st4 ,peter's for such a purpose2 but his immediate successor was elected in ,venice on account of the ,french troubles1 and all of his successors have been elected in the ,quirinal palace4 ,on the pope's death the ,sacred ,college1 or apostolic senate of ,rome1 succeeded to the government of the ,states of the ,church4 ,all the officers of the government were instantly suspended until provision was made to carry on the public business4 ,only the chamberlain of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 the grand penitentiary1 and the vicar-general1 who are always cardinals1 continued to exercise their powers by a privilege granted to them by ,pius ,,iv4 ,the chamberlain 7camerlengo7 was the executive or head of the government1 acting as a quasi-sovereign1 and was consequently honored with a special guard and allowed to coin money stamped with his family arms and the distinctive heraldic sign of the vacancy of the see1 which is a pavilion over the cross-keys4 ,with him were associated three other cardinals1 each for three days at a time1 one from each of the three orders1 beginning with the dean1 the first priest1 and first deacon1 and so on in turn of seniority4 ,the secretary of the ,sacred ,college1 who is always a prelate of very high rank1 was prime minister and transacted all the correspondence and other relations of the cardinals with foreign ambassadors and the representatives of the ,holy ,see at foreign courts4 ,clement ,,xii4 provided that if the chamberlain and grand penitentiary should die during the conclave1 the cardinals are to elect a successor to him within three days2 but if the cardinal-vicar die1 the vicegerent1 who is always a bishop in partibus1 succeeds ex-officio to his faculties4 ,the ,sacred ,congregation of ,rome are privileged to transact business of small importance through their secretaries1 and even to finish affairs of whatever importance1 if at the pope's death they were so far advanced as to need only the secretary's signature4 ,if a cardinal fall ill and choose to remain in conclave1 provision is made to take his vote2 but he may retire1 if he wish1 losing his vote1 however1 which cannot be given outside of the conclave or by proxy4 ,if he recover he is obliged in conscience to return1 because it is a duty of his office1 and not a mere personal privilege1 to take part in papal elections4 ,all cardinals1 unless specially deprived by the pope before his death of the right of electing and of being elected1 can vote and are eligible1 even if under censures4 ,thus1 cardinals ,de ,noailles and ,alberoni were invited to the conclave at which ,innocent ,,xiii4 was elected2 but cardinals ,baudinelli-,saoli and ,coscia had been deprived1 the one by ,leo ,x4 and the other by ,clement ,,xii41 of what is called in canon law the active and passive voice4 ,the cardinals may elect whom they please2 nor is it necessary to be either a member of the ,sacred ,college or an ,italian to become pope4 ,in former ages the choice of subjects was more confined than it is at present2 for we learn from the acts of a council composed chiefly of ,french and ,italian bishops1 convened at ,rome in #gfi by ,stephen ,,iii41 alias ,,iv41 to condemn the anti-pope ,constantine1 who was not even a cleric1 that no one who was not either a cardinal-priest or deacon could aspire to the ,papacy--,nullus unquam prsumat 444 nisi per distinctos gradus ascendens1 diaconus aut presbyter cardinalis factus fuerit1 ad sacrum pontificatus honorem promoveri4#aif ,nevertheless1 in view1 presumably1 of the greater good of the church1 many persons have since been elected who did not answer to this description4 ,this was the case with ,gregory ,v4 in #iif2 ,sylvester ,,ii4 in #iii2 ,clement ,,ii4 in #ajdf2 ,damasus ,,ii4 in #ajdh2 ,leo ,,ix4 in #ajdi2 ,victor ,,ii4 in #ajee2 ,nicholas ,,ii4 in #ajeh2 ,alexander ,,ii4 in #ajfa2 ,calixtus ,,ii4 in #aaai2 ,eugene ,,iii4 in #aade2 ,urban ,,iv4 in #abfa2 ,gregory ,x4 in #abga2 ,celestine ,v4 in #abid2 ,clement ,v4 in #acje2 ,urban ,v4 in #acfb1 and ,urban ,,vi4 in #acgh1 since whom no one not a cardinal has been elected1 although several have come near being chosen4 ,at the conclaves at which ,adrian ,,vi4 and ,clement ,,vii4 were elected ,nicholas ,schomberg1 a celebrated ,dominican and archbishop of ,capua1 received a number of votes2 and as late as the middle of the last century1 at the conclave from which proceeded ,benedict ,,xiv41 ,father ,barberini1 ex-general of the ,capuchins and apostolic preacher1 was repeatedly voted for4 ,no matter what may have been a man's previous condition1 he can be elected2 and there are not a few instances of persons of ignoble birth or mean antecedents having been exalted to the ,papacy1 which they have illustrated by their virtues or their learning3 8,choose the best1 and him who shall please you most of your mother's sons 7children of the ,catholic ,church71 and set him on his father's throne0#aig 7as vicegerent of ,god in his kingdom on earth74 ,however1 since ,sixtus ,v4 7#aehe-aeie71 who is said to have been a hogherd in his youth1 all the popes have belonged to noble families2 for1 says ,cardinal ,pallavicini1 the celebrated ,jesuit and historian of the ,council of ,trent1 nobility of birth1 although no necessary condition1 adds dignity and splendor to the pontificate--reca grandecoro ed ornamento al pontificato4#aih ,but then he belonged to a princely family himself and wrote two centuries ago4 ,almost every ,european nationality has had a representative on the papal throne2 but for several centuries the ,italians have jealously guarded its steps from any one but themselves1 and perhaps with reason so long as the pope was temporal sovereign of a large part of the ,peninsula4 ,adrian ,v41 of ,utrecht 7#aebb-aebc71 was the last foreigner ever allowed to wear the tiara1 and he for his relations with the powerful emperor ,charles ,v41 rather than for his undoubted virtues and learning2 and yet so great was the indignation of the ,romans when his name was announced that the cardinals were insulted and some of them maltreated as they left the conclave4 ,but if a ,hollander might be tolerated for some grave political reasons--not a ,frenchman under any condition4 ,in the conclave of #adeh the worthiest subject to very many of his brethren seemed the ,cardinal d',estouteville1 ,archbishop of ,rouen--the same who built the magnificent church of ,san ,agostino at ,rome4 ,but ,timeo ,danaos et dona ferentes2 so when there was a fine chance of his getting the requisite number of votes1 ,orsini and ,colonna1 as heads of the ,roman party1 deliberately turned the tide in favor of ,piccolomini1 although his record was bad and his health not good4 ,when ,clement ,v4 7,bertrand de ,got1 archbishop of ,bordeaux1 #aeje-aead7 was elected1 he summoned the ,sacred ,college to ,lyons to assist at his coronation4 ,when the order reached the cardinals old ,rosso ,orsini1 their dean1 rose and said3 8,my venerable brethren1 soon we shall see the ,rhone--but1 if ,i know the ,gascons1 the ,tiber will not soon see a pope again40 ,and so ,d',estouteville1 with all his wealth and learning and high connections1 was made to feel that ,necdum etiam caus irarum svique dolores ,exciderant animo4 ,gregory ,x4 prescribed that a strict watch should be kept over the conclave wherever it might be held4 ,when held in ,rome the representatives of the noblest families have a principal part in maintaining order in the city and protecting the cardinals from any kind of interference4 ,the marshal of the ,holy ,roman ,church and guardian of the conclave watches over the external peace and quiet of the ,sacred ,college4 ,this is one of the highest offices held by a layman at the ,roman court4 ,it is hereditary1 and belonged for over four hundred years to the great baronial family of ,savelli until its extinction4 ,it passed in #agab to the princely family of ,chigi4 ,the very ancient and now ducal family of ,mattei was charged with preserving the peace of the ,ghetto and ,trastevere4 ,for this purpose it used to raise and equip a small body of troops which was kept up as long as the conclave lasted4 ,the majordomo of the late pope is ex-officio governor of the conclave since the time of ,clement ,,xii4 7,corsini1 #agcj-agdj74 ,although he also exercises some external jurisdiction1 he is more particularly required to attend to the domestic wants of the cardinals and preserve order within the palace where the conclave may be held4 ,delegations from the various colleges of the ,roman prelacy--apostolic prothonotaries1 auditors of the pope1 clerks of the chamber1 etc4--taking their orders daily from the governor1 are to be stationed at one or other of the ,ruote1 or turnstile windows1 during the whole of the conclave4 ,prlati1 says ,pius ,,iv41#aii ad custodiam conclavis deputati1 sub pna perjurii et suspensionis a divinis1 maxima et exquisita diligentia utantur in inspiciendis ac perscrutandis epulis1 aliisve rebus1 ac personis conclavi intrantibus1 ac de eo exeuntibus1 ne sub earum rerum velamine liter1 aut not1 vel signa aliqua transmittantur4 ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 when every species of gambling and games of chance was practised with frenzied passion in ,italy1 it was very common in ,rome1 although prohibited under severe penalties by ,pius ,,iv4 and ,gregory ,,xiv4 as a sort of sacrilege1 to bet on the cardinals whose 8backers0 thought they had a chance of being elected4 ,the collect ,pro eligendo ,pontifice--that ,god may grant a worthy pastor to his church--is said at all ,masses throughout the world from the beginning of the conclave until news arrives of the pope's election4 ,in ,rome there is a daily procession of the clergy from the ,church of ,st4 ,lawrence in ,damaso to ,st4 ,peter's basilica 7if the conclave be held in the ,vatican71 chanting the litany of the saints and other prayers4 ,when the procession arrives there a ,mass de ,spiritu ,sancto is said by a papal chaplain in a temporary chapel fitted up near the main entrance to the conclave4 ,the singing is by the papal choir4 ,the literature1 if we may call it so1 of papal elections is varied and extensive4 ,besides the letters1 bulls1 and conciliar decrees of twenty-eight popes from ,boniface ,i4 in #dai to ,pius ,,ix41 there is a host of writers on the subject1 some of whom are distinguished for piety and learning1 while others are noted for their hatred of the ,holy ,see4 ,almost every conclave from ,clement ,v4's down has had its chronicler or historian4 ,the oldest special treatise extant on a papal election is one written by ,cardinal ,albericus1 a monk of ,monte ,cassino1 in #ajej--;,de ,electione ,romani ,pontificis1 liber4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,holy ,,cave ,,of ,,manresa4 ,,digitus ,,dei ,,est ,,hic6 ,it is difficult to bring it home to one's mind that ,manresa is a place of petty industries and striving for worldly gain2 that it ever had a hand in war or bloodshed1 or1 indeed1 ever took any active part in the turmoil of ordinary life2 for its very name has for more than three hundred years been almost synonymous with solitude and ascetic piety1 on account of the ,santa ,cueva1 or ,holy ,cave1 so celebrated throughout the ,christian world1 where1 amid the ecstasies of divine contemplation and the severities of the most rigorous penance1 ,st4 ,ignatius de ,loyola laid the foundation of the ,society of ,jesus1 and by the infusion of supernatural light1 to use the expression of the ,congregation of the ,rota1 composed his famous ,spiritual ,exercises--a work which1 said ,st4 ,francis de ,sales two hundred years ago1 8has given as many saints to the church of ,god as it contains letters40 ,but ,manresa is1 in fact1 a busy1 thriving place of about fifteen thousand inhabitants1 on the direct railway line from ,barcelona to ,zaragoza4 ,it is a centre of industry1 and contains a number of cotton and woollen mills by no means in harmony with its medival walls and towers that rise up out of the plain1 gray and time-worn1 and with many a mark of ancient conflict4 ,for it is a walled town1 and was in existence before the ,roman conquest4 ,we should say city1 for so it has been styled ever since the ninth century1 at least2 and ,don ,jaime of ,aragon1 by a diploma of ,april #bb1 #acae1 conferred on it1 for its loyal services1 the perpetual title of buena y leal ciudad4 ,nay1 more1 after ,marshal ,macdonald came here in #ahaa1 and burned five hundred houses and factories1 and slaughtered many of the inhabitants with a ferocity almost unequalled1 the ,spanish ,cortes gave it the qualification of muy noble y muy leal city 7for these ,spanish towns have their gradations of titled rank1 of which they are as jealous as an ancient hidalgo of his family quarterings71 on account of the bravery of the people1 who rallied in their desperation and madness1 and1 pursuing the enemy1 amply avenged their dead in true national fashion4 ,we arrived at ,manresa after dark1 and1 as there was not a single vehicle at the station1 we gave our travelling-bags to a porter1 and followed after him on foot through narrow1 ascending1 tortuous1 dimly-lighted streets to the ,fonda de ,san ,domingo1 very ,spanish in character1 with a court full of diligences and stables on the ground floor1 and an enormous dining-room above1 out of which opened the bedrooms--at least1 ours did4 ,this was by no means favorable to repose1 for the hilarity of its habitus was kept up to a late hour1 to say nothing of the singing and music in the neighboring streets4 ,this would not have surprised us in ,andalucia1 but in an industrious place like ,manresa we expected to find that labor had laid its repressing hand on the people1 as is so often the case with us in the north4 ,but the elastic temperament of the race causes a rebound as soon as the hour of toil is over4 ,then the dance and the song have their time1 and castanets and the tambour take the place of the shuttle and the spindle4 ,manresa is noted for the publication of romanceros1 ballads1 and complaintes1 illustrated with coarse engravings1 which are sold under the general name of pliegos4 ,this kind of literature is a key to the character of the people1 and therefore not without its interest2 but the sound of these jolly songs in such a place1 and at so late an hour1 was1 it must be confessed--unreasonable as we may appear--very much to our disgust2 for not only were we fatigued with our journey1 but our thoughts were continually wandering off to the lonely cave and its mystic tome4 ,we were up betimes in the morning1 notwithstanding1 and1 seeing the tower of a church from our window1 we hurried out2 for all through ,spain1 as in ,italy1 if there is anything worth seeing in a town1 it is certainly the churches4 ,however1 it was not a question of art with us1 though by no means insensible to the grand in architecture or to the beautiful in painting and sculpture4 ,the church we soon came to had given its name to the ,fonda4 ,it was the church of ,st4 ,dominic1 an edifice of the fourteenth century1 formerly connected with a ,dominican convent4 ,it is a grim1 mouldy church1 with a tomb-like atmosphere about it--and1 indeed1 it is partly paved with memorial stones of those who sleep in the damp vaults below4 ,but it was quiet and solemn1 and there was a certain grave simplicity about it peculiar to the ,dominican churches in ,spain4 ,a priest was saying ,mass in subdued tones at the very altar where ,st4 ,ignatius once saw the glorious ,humanity of our ,saviour at the elevation of the ,host1 and a few people were kneeling here and there on the flag-stones1 praying devoutly4 ,st4 ,dominic and the dog with a flaming brand still seemed to be keeping watch and ward over the place1 though his children are banished from his native land4 ,the adjoining convent often gave ,st4 ,ignatius hospitality1 and it was at one of its windows1 after being tempted to despair in view of his sins1 that he exclaimed3 8,lord1 ,i will not do aught that will offend thee60 ,he often made the ,via ,crucis in the cloisters1 bearing a large wooden cross on his shoulders from station to station1 shedding floods of tears over the divine ,sufferer4 ,this cross is still religiously preserved1 and bears the inscription3 ,enecvs ,a ,lohola porta bat hanc crv cem1 #aebb --,ignatius de ,loyola bore this cross1 #aebb4 ,we found ,manresa exceedingly picturesque by daylight1 rising abruptly1 as it does1 out of the valley of the ,llobregat on one side and that of the ,cardoner on the other4 ,the railway station is at the foot of the eminence1 with the river between1 and the effect of the steep cliffs1 crowned by the noble and loyal city1 is very striking4 ,directly opposite1 as if it sprang out of the mount1 rises the ,seo1 a venerable cathedral of the fourteenth century1 beautifully mellowed and embrowned by time4 ,further to the left are the spires of the ,carmen and the tower of ,san ,miguel2 while at the right1 but lower down1 built into the very side of the cliff1 so that it seems like a continuation of it1 is the church of the ,jesuits1 with the ,santa ,cueva which gives celebrity to the city4 ,one would like to see the ,holy ,cave in its primitive simplicity2 but such was the devotion of pilgrims who came here in thousands after the canonization of ,st4 ,ignatius that1 to save it from being carried off piecemeal1 it was found necessary to place some safeguard around it1 and it is now enclosed within the walls of the church4 ,crossing the bridge that leads from the station1 and walking along the opposite bank beneath the long arms of the umbrageous plane-trees for five minutes1 we turned to the left1 and1 going up a short street1 found ourselves directly beneath the overhanging cliff1 which is tapestried with vines and the delicate fronds of the maiden-hair1 kept green and fresh by little cascades of clear water that come trickling down the rocks with a pleasant murmur1 glittering like the facets of a thousand jewels in the bright morning sun4 ,here is the ,holy ,cave1 though no longer open on the side of the valley1 towards which turn with interest so many hearts from the ends of the earth4 ,we passed beneath the church walls1 with its long line of sculptured saints1 of rather coarse workmanship in the ,renaissance style1 but producing a striking effect from the valley below4 ,one more turn to the left up a steep path1 and we were on the terrace leading to the entrance4 ,a statue of ,st4 ,ignatius is over the door4 ,one always recognizes his striking physiognomy1 with the noble dome of solemn thought that crowns it1 and we saluted it with reverence and love1 as we had done in many a strange land1 as a symbol of the paternal kindness we had met with from the order to which he has bequeathed his spirit4 ,the church consists of a single aisle1 with four small chapels on each side1 and a latticed gallery above for the inmates of the residence4 ,there is nothing remarkable about it1 and1 in fact1 it was never completed according to the original plan1 owing to the suppression of the order in ,spain4 ,seeing an open door on the gospel side of the sanctuary1 we went directly towards it and found ourselves in a long1 narrow passage lined with portraits of the ,jesuit saints1 and1 at the further end1 a doorway secured by a strong iron grating1 above which is graven3 ,,santa ,,cueva4 ,finding the grating ajar1 we pushed it back1 and1 descending three stone steps1 found ourselves in the ,holy ,cave4 ,it is long and narrow1 being about thirty feet in length1 seven in width1 and about the same in height4 ,a small octagon window is cut through the wall that closes the original entrance1 and there is a feeble lamp hanging before the altar1 but neither gives light enough to disperse the gloom1 and1 as there was no one in the cave1 it was as silent and impressive as a tomb4 ,you could only hear the pleasant rippling of the water over the rocks without4 ,the pavement is the solid rock1 and the upper part of the cave is in its rough state1 but the lower part of the walls is faced with marble1 and jasper1 and a series of bas-reliefs that tell the history of the saint4 ,an inscription on the wall says3 8,in this place1 in the year #aebb1 ,st4 ,ignatius composed the book of ,exercises1 the first written in the ,society of ,jesus1 which has been approved by a bull from his ,holiness ,paul ,,iii40 ,at the right1 as you enter1 is a projection1 or shelf1 in the wall1 on which the ,spiritual ,exercises were written1 and there is a cross hollowed in the rock where the saint used to trace the holy sign before beginning to write4 ,one's first impulse is to kiss the ground where his holy feet once stood1 and pray where he so often prayed4 ,st4 ,ignatius said he learned more in one short hour of prayer in the cave of ,manresa than all the doctors in the world could have taught him4 ,here1 like ,st4 ,jerome1 trembling before the judgments of ,god1 he used to smite his breast with a hard stone4 ,here he wept over the sufferings of ,christ1 with whose bodily ,presence he was often favored1 as well as the presence of the angels and their ,queen4 8,flow fast1 my tears10 wrote he in this very place1 8break forth1 my heart1 in bitter sighs1 that ,i may weep worthily over the sorrows of my ,saviour6 ,o ,jesus6 may ,i die before ,i cease to have a horror of sin4 ,god liveth1 in whose sight ,i stand2 for while there is breath in me1 and the spirit of life in my nostrils1 my lips shall not give utterance nor my heart consent to iniquity40#bjj ,a phalanx from his right hand is preserved here in a crystal reliquary1 set in gold and jewels1 on which is graven the ,scriptural exclamation of ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 after reading the ,constitutions of ,st4 ,ignatius3 ,digitus ,dei est hic4 ,paulus ,,iii4 --,the finger of ,god is here6444 ,over the altar is a large bas-relief of the saint1 kneeling before a cross in the ,holy ,cave and gazing up at the ,virgin1 who1 enthroned on a cloud1 is dictating to him the ,spiritual ,exercises1 according to the constant local tradition4 ,this relief is framed in black marble with white mouldings1 and on each side are angels of white marble playing on musical instruments4 ,these1 as well as the other sculptures1 were done by ,francisco ,grau1 a ,manresan artist of local celebrity4 ,among the others is one in which ,st4 ,ignatius1 arrayed like the ,spanish caballero he was1 with sword in hand1 is keeping his vigil before the altar of ,our ,lady of ,montserrat4 ,in the next he is giving his rich garments to a beggar1 coming down from the mount4 ,beyond is the miracle of the ,pozo1 of which we shall speak further on1 and many such4 ,there were1 at the time of our visit1 four ,jesuit ,fathers in the adjoining ,casa1 and a daily service was held in the ,santa ,cueva4 ,many indulgences are attached to the place1 on the usual conditions1 granted by ,pope ,gregory ,,xv4 and other pontiffs4 ,the cave1 of course1 was regarded from the time of ,st4 ,ignatius as a place singularly favored by ,heaven4 ,in his day it belonged to ,don ,fernando ,roviralta1 a great friend of the saint4 ,he lived to be over a hundred years of age1 and at his death he bequeathed it to his nephew1 ,don ,mauricio ,cardona1 who sold it ,january #bg1 #afjb1 to the ,marquesa de ,ailona1 who in the following year gave it to the ,jesuits4 ,as soon as it fell into their possession means were used to ornament it1 and in the course of time a ,casa de retiro was built adjoining1 with a church intended to be one of the finest in ,catalonia4 ,the ,countess of ,fuentes1 a native of ,manresa1 gave one thousand escudos to ornament the ,holy ,cave4 ,don ,pedro ,osorio1 commissary-general of ,lombardy1 came here on foot from ,barcelona when seventy years of age1 and presented eight thousand escudos for the same purpose4 ,and finally the crown took it under its protection1 and ,philip ,v4 gave it a valuable chalice on which were graven the royal arms4 ,not only ,don ,john of ,austria1 but several of the kings of ,spain1 came here to visit a place of historic as well as religious interest1 for the mysterious influences that have gone out of this ,holy ,cave have been a power in the world4 ,the public documents of ,manresa show the devotion of the ,christian world to have been such that some days in the year #afjf there were more than a thousand visitors1 many of whom came from a distance4 ,they used to carry away with them pieces of the ,holy ,cave1 which they preserved as relics4 ,a fragment was sent to ,queen ,margaret of ,austria1 who had it set in gold surrounded by rubies and diamonds1 and wore it on festivals of great solemnity4 ,when ,st4 ,ignatius came to ,manresa there were only about a thousand families in the place1 it having been reduced by wars and pestilence to one-fourth its former size4 ,it is said that he stopped at the bridge leading to the city to pray at the chapel of ,nuestra ,seora de la ,guia--,our ,lady of ,guidance--and was there supernaturally directed to the cave4 ,it was then surrounded by shrubs and brambles1 and was almost inaccessible4 ,though so near the city1 it seemed retired1 for it lay towards the broad valley1 and was shaded by thorn-bushes and the cistus1 which gave it an aspect of solitude4 ,the pavement was uneven1 and it was much smaller than at the present day4 ,the birds of the air made it their home1 and water trickled down the walls4 ,the first thing the saint did was to prostrate himself on the ground and kiss it1 then1 with a sharp stone1 trace a cross on the wall1 still to be seen4 ,from the windows of the passage now leading to the ,santa ,cueva is the same landscape ,st4 ,ignatius had before him from the mouth of the cave2 only in his day the country was wilder1 and therefore more beautiful1 if possible1 and there were no factories1 no railway1 in the valley to disturb the peaceful solitude4 ,it is certainly a landscape of surpassing beauty1 and we could imagine his exaltation of soul in gazing at it2 for ,st4 ,ignatius had the soul of a poet and was a great admirer of nature4 ,he loved to walk in the meadows and gardens1 to observe the form1 color1 and odor of flowers2 and from time to time1 when at ,rome1 used to go forth on his balcony to look at the starry heavens1 as if to refresh his soul4 ,directly beneath the cliff is the swift-gliding stream1 and1 beyond it1 a hill crowned with the tower of ,santa ,catalina1 then dark with sombre pines and gigantic oaks1 but now descending in gentle terraces covered with the silvery olive4 ,at the left opens the smiling valley of the ,llobregat1 covered with perpetual verdure1 once called the ,valle del ,paraiso--the ,vale of ,paradise--and in the distance1 against the bluest of heavens1 rise the marvellous pinnacles of ,montserrat1 the sacred mountain of ,spain4 ,over the present entrance to the ,holy ,cave is an ancient stone crucifix1 once part of the famous ,cruz del ,tort1 at which ,st4 ,ignatius so often went to pray4 ,on the eve of his festival1 #afbg1 the ,christ was seen1 to the astonishment of every one present at ,vespers1 to exude blood1 first from the side1 then from the hands and feet1 and finally from the thorn-crowned head4 ,we went to visit the cross from which it was removed for preservation4 ,on leaving the ,santa ,cueva we kept on1 up the side of the hill1 by a circuitous road the saint must often have trod1 then towards the east by an old narrow street4 ,we passed a crucifix in a niche1 with red curtains before it1 and a hanging lamp4 ,just beyond came several peasants with scarlet ,catalan caps1 broad purple sashes1 blue trowsers1 black velvet jackets1 and alpargatas laced with wide blue tape across their white stockings4 ,they were driving mules that looked as gay as their owners1 with their heads streaming with bright tassels and alive with tinkling bells4 ,we soon came to a house on which was a fresco representing the ,virgin appearing to ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,just opposite this was a terrace on the edge of the hill1 where stood the ,cruz del ,tort1 a lofty stone cross with several stone steps around the base4 ,it was on these steps that ,st4 ,ignatius1 while praying here one day1 as he was accustomed to do1 and shedding floods of tears1 had the mystery of the ,holy ,trinity made clear to him by some vision which he compares to three keys of a musical instrument4 ,his eyes were opened to a new sense of divine things4 ,his doubts fell off like a garment4 ,his whole nature seemed changed1 and he felt ready1 if need were1 to die for what was here made manifest to him4 ,on the cross is this inscription3 ,hic habvit ,st4 ,ignativs ,trinitatis visionem1 #aebb4 ,while we were saying a prayer at the foot of the cross a peasant woman1 who was passing by1 stopped to tell us how ,san ,ignacio came here to do penance and had a vision of ,god4 ,the terrace occupies an opening between the houses which frame an incomparable view over the valley of the ,llobregat1 with the solemn turrets of ,montserrat in full sight4 ,the tall gray cross against that golden sky1 with the ,vale of ,paradise spread out at the foot1 is certainly one of the most ravishing views it is possible to conceive4 ,steps descend from the cross1 winding a little way down the side of the cliff1 which is covered with ivy1 to a pretty fountain fed by clear water bubbling from the rocks4 ,turning back from the ,cruz del ,tort1 and passing through the suburbs1 we soon came into the city among streets that looked centuries old4 ,we passed ,san ,antonio in a niche1 and soon came to a small ,plaza with a painting of ,st4 ,dominic at the corner1 and in the centre a stone obelisk with a long inscription1 of which we give a literal translation3 8,to ,ignatius de ,loyola1 son of ,beltran1 a native of ,cantabria1 the founder of the ,society of ,jesus1 who1 in his thirtieth year1 while valiantly fighting in defence of his country1 was dangerously wounded1 but being cured by the special mercy of ,god1 and inspired with an ardent desire to visit the holy places at ,jerusalem1 after making a vow of chastity1 set forth on the way1 and1 laying aside his military ensigns in the temple of ,mary1 the ,mother of ,god1 at ,montserrat1 clothed himself in sackcloth1 and in this state of destitution came to this place1 where with fastings and prayers he wept over his past offences1 and avenged them like a fresh soldier of ,christ4 ,in order to perpetuate the memory of his heroic acts1 for the glory of ,christ and the honor of the ,society1 ,juan ,bautista ,cardona1 a native of ,valencia1 bishop of ,vich1 and appointed to the see of ,tortosa1 out of great devotion to the said father and his order1 dedicates this stone to him as a most holy man to whom the whole ,christian world is greatly indebted1 ,sixtus ,v4 being pope1 and ,philip ,,ii4 the great and ,catholic king of ,spain40 ,on another side is the following3 8,this monument1 having been overthrown during a time of calamity1 has been restored and commended to posterity by the most noble ayuntamiento of the city of ,manresa1 out of ineffaceable love1 ,pius ,v4 being ,sovereign ,pontiff1 ,carlos ,,iv4 king1 and ,ignacio de la ,justicia governor of the city4 #agii40 ,bishop ,cardona1 the first to set up this monument1 was an able writer of the golden age of ,spanish literature1 and a man of such vast knowledge that he was employed by ,philip ,,ii4 in the formation of the royal library at the ,escorial4 ,he was a great admirer of ,st4 ,ignatius1 and left an inedited manuscript1 now in the ,national ,library1 entitled ,laus ,st4 ,ignatii4 ,while we were standing before this obelisk we were agreeably convinced that1 notwithstanding all the ravages of pestilence and the massacres of the ,french1 the good and loyal city was in no danger of being depopulated2 for the doors of a large edifice on one side of the square opened1 and forth came a swarm of boys that could not have been equalled1 it seemed to us1 since the famous crusade of children in the thirteenth century4 ,they came from a school in what was once the ,jesuits' college1 built out of the ancient hospital of ,santa ,lucia1 where ,st4 ,ignatius used to minister to the sick1 and sometimes seek shelter himself4 ,this was what we were in search of4 ,connected with the college is the modern church of ,st4 ,ignatius1 and from one side of the nave you enter the old church of the hospital1 which has been carefully preserved4 ,here we found the ,capilla del ,rapto1 a small square chapel1 opening into the aisle and covered with frescos4 ,it is so called because it was here ,st4 ,ignatius lay rapt in ecstasy from the hour of complines on the eve of ,passion ,sunday till the same hour on the following ,saturday4 ,it was during this wonderful withdrawal into the spiritual world that the foundation of the ,society of ,jesus was revealed to him1 as is stated in an inscription on the wall4 ,for more than two centuries a solemn octave has been annually celebrated here in commemoration of this divine ecstasy4 ,beneath the simple altar lies the saint in effigy1 wearing the coarse robe which made the gamins of that day call him ,el ,saco1 or ,old ,sackcloth1 till they found out he was a saint4 ,over the altar is a painting of the ,rapto1 in which1 unable to endure the vision of ,christ ,glorified with mortal eyes1 ,st4 ,ignatius is mercifully rapt in ecstasy4 ,angels bend around him1 holding the banner of the ,holy ,name that has become the watchword of the ,society4 ,in hoc vocabitur tibi nomen4 ,on one side of the chapel he is represented catechising the children1 and on the other he stands in his penitential garments1 exhorting the patients of the hospital1 while some lord1 doubtless ,don ,andrs de ,amigant1 is kneeling to him in reverence4 ,the original pavement of stone is covered with a wooden floor to preserve it1 but a brass plate1 on which is inscribed the name of ,jesus1 is raised to show the spot where the saint's head lay in his ecstasy4 ,the stone is worn with kisses1 and has been partly cut away by pilgrims4 ,behind the chapel is the room where he used to teach children the catechism1 and there is the same old stone stoup for holy-water that was used in his day4 ,here1 too1 is an inscription3 ,serviendo en este ,hospital ,ignacio a gloria ,divina1 ,enseaba la ,doctrina ,en las piedras de este umbral4 ,a few months after his arrival at ,manresa ,st4 ,ignatius fell ill and was taken to this hospital among the poor with whom he now identified himself4 ,but ,don ,andrs de ,amigant1 a nobleman of the place1 soon had him removed to his own house1 where he and his wife nursed him till he recovered4 ,it was a pious custom of theirs to take two patients from the hospital every year1 and tend them as if our ,saviour in person4 ,for this ,don ,andrs was styled 8,simon the ,leper0 by the wits of ,manresa1 and ,doa ,is1 his wife1 was called ,martha4 ,this admirable charity had been practised in the family nearly two hundred years4 ,it appears by a ,,ms4 in possession of the ,marquis de ,palmerola1 its present representative1 that a remote ancestor of his1 ,gaspar de ,amigant1 introduced the practice into his family in #acfd1 out of devotion4 ,he added two rooms to his house1 where he kept two poor patients1 providing every remedy and means of subsistence1 and1 as soon as they recovered1 diligently sought out others to supply their places1 that1 as he said1 so religious an exercise might never be wanting in his family4 ,how faithful his descendants were to so holy a practice appears from the statement that ,juan de ,amigant in #adgh1 having1 8according to his custom10 received a woman named ,igns ,buxona into his house1 she bequeathed to him when she died1 having no relations1 the patronage of the benefice of ,san ,francisco in the ,seo of ,manresa4 ,many traditions concerning ,st4 ,ignatius have been preserved in this pious family4 ,a cross has been recently discovered on the wall of the chapel of ,s4 ,ignacio enfermo during some repairs1 similar to that in the ,santa ,cueva4 ,and there is a curious old family painting commemorating his illness in the house4 ,the convalescent saint is represented sitting up in bed1 supported by the left hand of ,don ,andrs1 who with his right offers him a cup of broth4 ,behind are ,doa ,angela1 his mother1 ,doa ,is1 his wife1 and all the other members of the household1 each one with some restoring dish in hand4 ,in front of the bed is the inscription3 ,stvs ,ignativs de ,loyola lang vens --that is1 ,st4 ,ignatius ill4 ,at the foot of the bed is another3 ,hc omnia evenervnt #bb ,ivlii anno #aebb4 --,all these things took place ,july #bb1 #aebb4 ,his illness1 by this1 appears to have occurred about four months after his arrival at ,manresa4 ,the honor of having ,st4 ,ignatius was disputed by many noble families of the place4 ,in the patio of one of the houses he sometimes visited1 in the street called ,sobreroca1 is a picture of him1 now indulgenced by the diocesan authority4 ,the college of ,st4 ,ignatius was founded in #afjc4 ,the ayuntamiento of ,manresa1 touched by a discourse during the ,lent of #afja at the ,seo1 purchased the ancient hospital of ,santa ,lucia1 and established the ,jesuits here soon after4 ,the college became a flourishing institution1 and they were before long able to build a new church and adorn the precious chapel of the ,rapto4 ,when ,carlos ,,iii4 issued the decree for the expulsion of the ,jesuits1 ,april #c1 #agfg1 the residence at ,manresa was at first overlooked1 and the fathers1 as usual1 celebrated the octave of the ,maravilloso ,rapto4 ,on the very day it ended1 ,april #aa1 the eve of ,palm ,sunday1 at the same hour when ,st4 ,ignatius awoke from his mysterious trance1 crying3 8,ay ,jesus6 ,ay ,jesus60 the venerable fathers were seized and carried away amid the tears of the citizens to ,tarragona1 where they were put on a vessel of war1 and1 with nine hundred from ,aragon1 were transported to ,ajaccio4 ,the island of ,corsica had on it at one time three thousand ,jesuits who1 for no crime1 had been barbarously torn from their native land4 ,among them were the venerable ,pignatelli and several who were eminent for letters4 ,but on the #aeth of ,august1 #agfi1 ,napoleon ,bonaparte was born at ,ajaccio1 who proved the scourge of ,spain4 ,the churches of the ,jesuits were dismantled and the temporalities sold4 ,the vestments and sacred vessels were given to poor churches of the diocese1 but even these were mostly sold afterwards to help to defray the expenses of the war of independence4 ,the chalice of ,philip ,v41 given to the ,santa ,cueva1 was1 however1 saved4 ,manresa has the glory of having been the first city in ,catalonia to sound the war-cry against ,bonaparte1 and by the battle of ,bruch1 in which a handful of men routed the ,french army1 to convince ,spain that the ,great ,captain's troops were not invincible4 ,after the ,french had captured ,tortosa they came to ,manresa1 and the house of the ,santa ,cueva was turned into a barrack and the church into a stable4 ,with the restoration of the ,bourbons returned the ,jesuits4 ,at ,manresa the people rang the bells1 and went out to meet them with cries of ,viva la ,compaia6 ,the mules were taken from their carriages1 and men drew them to the ,seo1 where the clergy and people with tears of emotion chanted the ,te ,deum4 ,on ,july #be1 #ahaf1 they were reinstated in their former places1 the keys of the ,santa ,cueva were presented to them in a silver basket1 and on the #cast of ,july the festival of ,st4 ,ignatius was celebrated with solemn pomp in the ,seo1 with a congratulatory discourse on the restoration of the society4 ,manresa has always been a religious city1 as is to be seen by the number of solidly-built churches and the remains of its monastic institutions4 ,when ,st4 ,ignatius quitted the place it is said there was hardly a person left unconverted4 ,and when he was canonized there was a general explosion of joy1 exhibited in ,spanish fashion by dances1 comedies1 ,moorish fights1 illuminations1 fireworks1 salvos of artillery1 triumphal arches and bowers--all of which contrast strangely with the penitential life of the saint in his cave4 ,there is something very friendly and cordial about the people4 ,inquiring our way to the ,seo of an old woman1 she said as she pointed it out3 8,go with ,god2 may he preserve you from all ill40 ,we went on through the steep1 narrow streets1 which are often hewn out of the rock4 ,the houses show traces of war and violence1 and would be gloomy but for the galleries and hanging gardens with flowers and orange-trees4 ,the women were gossiping from balcony to balcony4 ,the plazas were lively with trade4 ,everywhere was an interesting picture of ,spanish life4 ,in one place we passed a group of women around a well1 washing at a huge tank1 beating their clothes with wooden paddles1 all laughing1 all talking1 all looking up with a flash of wonderful expression in their brown faces4 ,the ,seo is an immense ,gothic edifice1 the first stone of which was laid ,october #i1 #acbh1 but the crypt is several centuries older4 ,the nave is of enormous width1 which gives it an air of grandeur1 and there are some fine stained windows1 though greatly injured by the ,french4 ,it is gloomy1 but1 when lighted up for a solemn service1 presents an imposing appearance4 ,there are queer ,saracens' heads on the walls of the choir1 and steps lead to one of those subterranean churches full of solemn gloom so favorable to meditation and solitary prayer4 ,among the notable things to be seen at ,manresa is the ,pozo di ,gallina1 where took place what is called the primer milagro of ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,tradition says1 as he was crossing the principal street of the city1 called ,sobreroca1 on his way from the ,carmen to the hospital of ,santa ,lucia1 he met a child crying for fear of her mother1 because the hen she was carrying home had escaped and fallen into an old well close by4 ,touched by her grief1 the saint paused a moment1 as if in prayer1 and1 while he stood1 the water in the well rose to the brim1 bringing with it the hen1 which with a smile he restored to the child and went on his way4 ,an oratory was afterwards built here1 and the healing virtues of the water--such is the power of charity--have often been experienced by the people of ,manresa1 as is testified by the inscription from the pen of the learned ,padre ,ramon ,sol3 ,disce1 viator1 amor quid sit quo ,ignatius ardet ,testis aqua est1 supplex hanc bibe1 doctus abi4 ,s4 ,ignacio de ,loyola en el ao del ,seor de #aebb hizo aqui el primer milagro sacando viva flote hasta el borde una gallina ya ahogada4 ,this favored hen naturally became an object of special care1 and it seems to have become the ancestress of an illustrious breed which kings did not disdain to have set before them at table4 ,we can fancy this gallina resucitada laying now and then an egg1 as ,hawthorne says of the ,pyncheon hens1 8not for any pleasure of her own1 but that the world might not absolutely lose so admirable a breed40 ,brillat-,savarin pretended that the redeeming merit of the ,jesuits was the discovery and introduction of the turkey into ,europe4#bja ,had he only known of this race of hens1 rendered meet for the palates of princes by their great founder1 they might have had an additional title to his approbation4 ,father ,prout1 speaking of the ,jesuits being accused of having a hand in every political disturbance for the last three hundred years1 compares them to ,mother ,carey's chickens1 which always make their appearance in a storm1 and1 for this reason1 give rise to a belief among sailors that it is the fowl that has raised the tempest6 ,how ominous1 then1 was this ,spanish hen of ,manresa6 ,we could not find out whether there are any scions of this time-honored race still living in their ancestral coops1 or whether they were all suppressed with the order as dangerous to the state2 but we do know that six of the breed--three pollos and three pollas--in a line direct from the famous hen1 were1 in the beginning of the year #afjc 7the miracle of the ,pozo1 it must be remembered1 took place in #aebb71 sent to her ,catholic majesty1 ,queen ,margaret of ,austria1 who received them with as many demonstrations of pleasure as would have been consistent with royal etiquette in ,spain4 ,we trust no supposititious egg was ever smuggled into the nest of this illustrious gallina to deteriorate the breed4 ,pre ,vanire1 a learned ,french ,jesuit of note in the last century1 has described in an able ,latin poem1 part of which has been translated by ,delille1 the sorrows of a poor old hen when she found1 for instance1 that she had hatched a brood of ducks1 which became the torment of her life by their inclination for water4 ,as ,hood has it3 8,the thing was strange--a contradiction ,it seemed of nature and her works1 ,for little chicks beyond conviction ,to float without the aid of corks40 ,imagine1 then1 the woes of this maternal hen1 in her new-fledged pride of race1 should any ,moorish or ,guinea fowl taint her ennobled ,spanish blood6 ,there is a hotel at ,manresa1 called the ,chicken1 of about the same stamp as the ,san ,domingo1 though ,mr4 ,bayard ,taylor1 whose experience in such matters transcends ours1 satisfied himself that1 8although the ,saint has altogether a better sound than the ,chicken1 the ,chicken is really better than the ,saint60 ,it was one of ,st4 ,ignatius' favorite devotions1 while at ,manresa1 to visit the sanctuary of ,our ,lady of ,viladordis1 on the banks of the ,llobregat1 about three miles from the city4 ,the last time he went there he gave his hempen girdle of three strands to the tenant of a neighboring farm-house who had often offered him hospitality1 and assured him that as long as he and his posterity should continue to aid the poor they would never lack the means of a decent livelihood1 and1 though they might not attain great wealth1 they would never be reduced to absolute poverty2 which prophecy has been fulfilled to the present day1 for the family still continues to exist4 ,in this rural church a solemn jubilee is celebrated every year on ,whitmonday in memory of ,st4 ,ignatius4 ,over the altar is a picture of the saint inscribed3 8,st4 ,ignatius1 founder of the ,jesuits1 in the year #aebb1 the first of his conversion1 frequented this church of ,our ,lady of ,viladordis1 and here received singular favors from ,heaven1 in memory of which this devout and grateful parish dedicates this portrait1 ,feb4 #ai1 #afcb40 ,in #ahfj ,queen ,isabella ,,ii41 the great-granddaughter of ,carlos ,,iii41 came to ,manresa1 and1 after visiting the ,santa ,cueva1 expressed a wish to the city authorities that a monument so important in the religious history of ,spain1 and associated with the chief glory of ,manresa1 should be carefully preserved4 ,this excited fresh interest4 ,spontaneous contributions from the devotos de ,s4 ,ignacio flowed in for the restoration of the church and the ornamentation of the cave4 ,to the former was transferred the miraculous image of ,nuestra ,seora de la ,guia1 before which ,st4 ,ignatius often used to pray4 ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 conferred new indulgences on the ,holy ,cave1 and its ancient glory had already revived when the revolution of ,september1 #ahfh1 broke out1 overthrowing the royal government and compelling the ,jesuits once more to take the road of exile4 ,but the bishop of the diocese has watched over the cave1 and it continues to be visited by pilgrims from all parts of the world4 ,a visit to the ,santa ,cueva marks an era in one's life2 for it is one of those places that produce an ineffaceable impression on the soul4 ,thank ,god6 there are such places where the claims of a higher life assert themselves with irresistible force4 ,who that ever made a retreat with the ,spiritual ,exercises in hand has not turned longingly to the ,holy ,cave in which they were written8 ,followed there1 they seem to acquire new significance and authority4 ,wonderful book1 that for three hundred years has on the one hand been regarded with admiration and love1 and on the other been the object of distortion and abuse6 ,some have gone so far as to declare it a book of servilism and degradation2 others1 more happy1 look upon it as an inexhaustible mine of wise directions in the practice of virtue4 ,the sons of ,st4 ,ignatius have never ceased to meditate on the little volume which embodies the religious experience of their founder4 ,they cherish it the more for giving them so large a draught in the chalice of ignominy1 and they carry it with them through the wilderness of this world1 as the children of ,israel did the ark1 to ensure their happy progress in the spiritual life4 ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 in his bull ,pastoralis ,officii1 says3 8,out of our apostolic authority and certain knowledge1 we approve1 we praise1 we confirm by this document these teachings and these spiritual exercises1 exhorting in the ,lord1 with all our might1 the faithful of both sexes1 one and all1 to make use of these ,exercises1 so full of piety1 and to follow their salutary directions40 ,manresa may well be proud of her ,holy ,cave1 for it was here the great soul of ,st4 ,ignatius was tempered for his vast undertakings4 ,but he did not indulge in any spiritual dalliance4 ,his work once planned1 he went boldly forth to achieve it4 8,forth to his task the giant sped2 ,earth shook abroad beneath his tread1 ,and idols were laid low4 8,india repaired half ,europe's loss2 ,o'er a new hemisphere the cross ,shone in the azure sky1 ,and1 from the isles of far ,japan ,to the broad ,andes1 won o'er man ,a bloodless victory60 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,miracle ,,of ,,september #af1 #ahgg4 ,,abridged ,,from ,,the ,,french ,,of ,m4 ,,henri ,,lasserre4 ,in the month of ,august1 #ahgd1 ,canon ,martignon1 previously cur-archiprtre of ,algiers1 arrived at ,lourdes4 ,he was a man of about forty years of age1 and while in ,africa had been attacked by an affection of the chest which entirely deprived him of the use of his voice2 he had therefore crossed the ,mediterranean to seek healing in the city of ,mary4 ,at the rocks of ,massabielle he prayed1 drank of the miraculous font1 and bathed in the piscina1 but without obtaining the cure he sought4 ,not disheartened1 he resolved to make a novena4 ,this1 too1 was unaccompanied by any change for the better4 8,well1 then10 he said1 8,i will make a novena of weeks40 ,and he took up his abode at ,lourdes for sixty-three days4 ,on the sixty-fourth day1 finding himself in absolutely the same state1 he left for ,pau1 to seek a temporary alleviation in the mildness of its climate4 ,but soon reproaching himself for having quitted ,lourdes1 and regarding his having done so as an act of weakness and a want of faith1 and1 moreover1 possessing in the depth of his heart a conviction that sooner or later the ,blessed ,virgin would grant his prayer1 he returned to the sacred grotto and took up his abode in the town4 ,an invalid1 he constituted himself the guide and guardian of the sick and suffering4 ,pilgrims who of late years may have spent any time at ,lourdes will recollect having seen there a priest1 still young1 with a long1 light beard1 a distinguished countenance1 with a bright earnestness and sweetness in the expression of the eyes2 a tall1 slight figure1 the chest somewhat narrowed and the shoulders bent by suffering--a priest who led the blind1 assisted the lame and infirm1 to the piscina1 and spent the whisper of his failing voice in cheering and consoling the afflicted4 ,this was the ,abb ,martignon4 8,if ,our ,blessed ,lady does not cure me this time10 he would say1 smiling1 8,i have made up my mind for a novena of years1 then a novena of centuries2 and after that ,i will stop40 ,he had the joy of seeing several of the sick of whom he had been the guide and stay miraculously cured2 but he himself1 though experiencing at times some slight alleviation1 did not obtain the complete recovery he sought4 ,did he at last feel that there was some secret resistance on the part of the ,blessed ,virgin to grant the favor he solicited8 ,we do not know2 but it seemed to us that1 while his faith continued the same and his charity ever on the increase1 the virtue of hope was with him gradually turning into that of resignation--or1 to speak more accurately1 that he was postponing his hope4 ,happy to remain in this corner of the earth1 on which the feet of the ,queen of ,heaven had rested1 and to pray daily at the sacred grotto1 he did not begin the novena of years and of centuries of which he had smilingly spoken4 8,i stay here10 he would say1 8at the disposal of ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 like a person sitting in an ante-chamber waiting for an audience4 ,she will hear me when she pleases4 ,my turn will come2 ,i shall have my hour or minute1 and will take care not to let it escape me40 ,for this hour and this minute he waited three years4 ,then1 a few months ago1 he felt an impulse within him urging him to knock again at the heavenly gate4 ,he resolved to make a novena which should end on the ,feast of ,our ,lady of the ,seven ,dolors4 ,he had not observed that1 this being a movable feast1 the first day of the novena would this year 7#ahgg7 coincide with the ,nativity of the ,blessed ,virgin1#bjb and that his prayer would thus go1 as it were1 from the birth of ,mary to the last sigh of ,jesus--from the cradle of the ,mother to the sepulchre of her ,son4 ,had the ,abb ,martignon been cured he would have returned to ,algeria2 and we imagine that if at first the ,blessed ,virgin refused his request1 it was because she had no intention of so soon granting leave of departure to such a servant4 ,neither ,god nor his priest were losing anything by this refusal4 ,when such and such a temporal blessing--that is to say1 the copper coin--is denied to our prayers1 it is because the gold and the rich increase are being laid up in store for us1 either in this world or the world to come4 ,besides1 a new mission had been imposed on the ardent zeal and charity of the ,abb ,martignon3 one which flowed naturally from the function to which he devoted himself of consoling the afflicted4 ,from the commencement of his sojourn at ,lourdes he had found a man more suffering than the sick and more tried than the ordinarily afflicted1 and to him also he had ministered aid and support4 ,he to whom we allude--the ,abb ,peyramale--had had the signal honor of receiving a message from heaven1 and of accomplishing1 in spite of every obstacle1 the divine command4 ,but the ,blessed ,virgin1 doubtless reserving for him a higher place1 had said3 8,i will show him how much he must suffer for love of me02 and the most unlooked-for troubles had been sent to torture his heroic heart4 ,by a strange contrast he was at the same time on ,calvary and on ,thabor4 ,while his name was celebrated throughout ,christendom1 while he was blessed by the people whose beloved father and patriarch he was1 he had also1 especially during these latter times1 the bitter pain of being misjudged1 forsaken1 and obstinately persecuted in that matter which he had most at heart--in his zeal for the ,lord's house4 ,like the ,cyrenian1 he was the man bearing the cross1 and his robust shoulders were bruised and bleeding beneath the sacred burden1 while around his sufferings1 as around those of his ,master1 many shook their heads1 saying3 8,he has been the instrument of ,mary2 let her now help and deliver him60 ,when1 at the time of the apparitions1 now nearly twenty years ago1 he had asked ,our ,lady to make roses bloom in the time of snow1 she1 who was in that same place to work so many miracles1 refused this one1 and to the priest whom she had chosen replied by the austere word1 8,penance40 ,the illustrious ,abb ,peyramale1 the priest of the ,immaculate ,conception1 had thus been condemned to suffer4 ,it was he of whom1 for some years1 the ,abb ,martignon was the filial comforter and the friend of every hour4 ,it is not our purpose here to dwell on the sorrows beneath the weight of which sank the venerable cur of ,lourdes2 we would only call to mind that1 when the basilica of the grotto was completed and enriched with the gifts of all the world--the basilica which was to be the point of arrival for the processions commanded by ,our ,lady--he undertook to rebuild the parish church1 which ought to be their point of departure4 ,he died at his work1 without having been able to complete it1 and having more than once announced his death as a sort of necessity--a last sacrifice on his part in the interest of the house of ,god4 ,the unfinished church had stopped at the height of the arches4 ,aid on which he had been led to rely had failed him1 and his efforts had been impeded by inconceivable hostilities4 8,i shall not enter the promised land10 he would say2 8,i shall only see it afar off4 ,i must die to repair the ruin4 ,when ,i am here no more1 all difficulties will be smoothed4 ,my death will pay all0--sorrowful words1 which brought tears to his eyes and to the eyes of those who loved him6 ,we ourselves had the sad consolation of being present at his departure4 ,god chose the ,feast of the ,nativity of ,our ,blessed ,lady to open the gates of eternity to her faithful servant4 ,around the death-bed of ,mgr4 ,peyramale were his brother and other relations1 his vicaires1 friends1 and those of his flock who had been able to penetrate into his room4 ,among this tearful family was the ,abb ,martignon1 broken down with grief1 and scarcely thinking of himself1 his malady1 or his cure1 or yet of his novena to ,our ,lady of the ,seven ,dolors1 which1 by a curious coincidence1 was to begin that same day4 ,mgr4 ,peyramale1 after a long agony1 had just rendered his last sigh to earth and his immortal soul to ,god4 ,in that hour of grief and desolation his friend1 while raising his heart to her who is the ,consolatrix ,afflictorum1 recollected his promised novena4 ,what was passing in his mind8 ,kneeling by that bed and holding in his the lifeless hands of the cur of ,lourdes1 he remained for some time bowed down in silence4 ,then1 rising1 he said to some of those present3 8,i have just said the first prayer of my novena to ,our ,lady of ,sorrows1 and made my request for a cure1 in presence of these holy remains2 and ,i conjure ,our ,lady of ,lourdes to permit that in her own name1 and on the ninth day1 our friend may himself transmit to me the answer02 adding3 8,the choice ,god has made of the #hth of ,september to call to himself the ,priest of the ,apparitions sufficiently authorizes me to associate his first remembrance 7souvenir7 with my humble supplication40 ,side by side with a great sorrow a great hope from this moment entered in and possessed the heart of the sick priest4 ,the thought of recovery did not1 assuredly1 lessen his grief for the loss of his friend2 but seeing himself henceforth alone in ,france1 it was a happiness to him to know that his protector was in heaven1 and that it would be doubtless owing to the intervention of that friend1 next to that of ,god and ,our ,blessed ,lady1 that he should receive the favor so long solicited4 ,he spoke of this with conviction4 ,it seemed to him that1 with such an intercessor1 the ,blessed ,virgin would1 on the ninth day1 put herself in some sort at the disposal of his prayer4 ,he even wrote to ,paris1 to the ,rev4 ,pre ,picard of the ,assumption1 to tell him of his hope4 ,already he spoke of what he would do when he was cured1 and how he would employ himself in furthering the unfinished work of the cur of ,lourdes4 ,he prayed with fervor2 friends joined him in his novena2 and thus the time went on until ,saturday1 the #aeth of ,september--the eve of the ninth day4 ,on this ,saturday1 in the morning1 he received a telegram to tell him that ,m4 and ,mme4 ,guerrier were on their way to ,lourdes1 and to ask if he would kindly meet them at the station with a carriage4 ,m4 and ,mme4 ,guerrier were utterly unknown to him4 ,a letter only1 which he had received from the cur of ,st4 ,gobain twenty-four hours before the telegram1 informed him that ,mme4 ,guerrier had for several years been suffering from a very serious illness1 and was starting for ,lourdes to seek a cure1 full of faith that it would be granted4 ,this lady and her husband were earnestly recommended to the ,abb ,martignon1 as this was their first visit to the city of the ,blessed ,virgin4 ,the canon gladly undertook this act of charity1 and went to the station in good time to meet the three o'clock train4 ,leaving him for a time occupied with his ,breviary in the waiting-room1 we will relate by what series of circumstances ,m4 and ,mme4 ,guerrier were brought to ,lourdes on that day4 ,m4 ,edouard ,guerrier1 judge of the peace at ,beaune1 married1 about fifteen years ago1 ,mlle4 ,justine ,biver1 a religious and excellent lady4 ,her father was a distinguished physician1 and her two brothers occupied high commercial positions1 one being general director of the ,company of ,st4 ,gobain1 and the other director of the celebrated glass manufactories of ,st4 ,gobain and ,chauny4 ,god had blessed this union with three children1 healthy and intelligent1 to whose training and education their mother devoted herself1 bringing them up especially in the love of ,god and of the poor4 ,thus passed eleven years of unbroken happiness4 ,in #ahgd1 however1 a dark cloud suddenly over-shadowed this clear sky4 ,the health of ,mme4 ,guerrier broke down rapidly1 and violent headaches1 frequent faintings1 and increasing weakness were succeeded by a general state of paralysis1 which seized successively several important organs of the frame4 ,the spine and lower limbs became powerless1 and the sight dim and enfeebled4 ,the sufferer was unable to sit up in bed1 and obliged to remain always lying down4 ,finally the lower limbs became not only incapable of movement but insensible to pain1 so that1 if pinched or pricked1 they remained without feeling4 ,during the long fits of fainting it often seemed as if life must become extinct4 ,death was knocking at the door1 and mourning had already entered the home lately so bright with happiness4 ,unable to continue the education of her children1 the poor mother could only assist them in their religious duties4 ,night and morning they knelt at her bedside1 adding to their prayers an earnest petition for her recovery4 ,in this state ,mme4 ,guerrier had continued about two years1 when ,alice1 her eldest girl1 was about to make her ,first ,communion1 on ,april #b1 #ahgf4 ,this great day constantly occupied the thoughts of this ,christian mother4 ,she thought of it for her child1 and also a little for herself4 ,it seemed to her as if1 in coming to take possession of this young heart1 the compassionate ,saviour would surely bring some relief to her own great needs1 and leave in the house some royal token of his visit and sojourn there4 ,had he not1 on entering the house of ,simon ,peter1 healed the sick mother-in-law1 enabling her to rise and serve him8 8,i am certain of it10 she said4 8,on that day ,i shall get up and walk40 ,alice made her ,first ,communion on the appointed day2 and in the evening the priest who had prepared her1 and a few members of the family1 were assembled at dinner4 ,no change1 however1 had taken place in the state of the sick lady1 and her place was remaining empty1 as for so many months past1 when1 at the moment the party were about to sit down to table1 suddenly recovering her lost powers1 she rose1 dressed1 and came to take her place amid her family circle4 ,her sight was clear1 the spine had recovered its strength1 and she walked and moved with the same ease as before her illness4 ,the priest intoned a hymn of thanksgiving1 all present answering4 ,every one felt that ,he who that morning had given himself in the divine ,banquet was invisibly present at the family feast4 ,during the night ,mme4 ,guerrier's sleep was calm and profound2 but in the morning1 when she attempted to rise1 her limbs refused their service1 having fallen back into their helpless state4 ,was it1 then1 a dream or an illusion8 ,was it an effect of the nerves1 the imagination1 or the will8 ,the day of her daughter's ,first ,communion ,he would not disappoint the mother's hope and faith4444 ,but afterwards he willed her to understand that1 for purposes known to him alone1 she was still to bear the weight of her trial4 ,the intolerable headaches returned no more1 the faintings ceased1 and the sight remained clear and distinct4 ,from this day the resignation of ,mme4 ,guerrier1 already very great1 became greater still4 ,her soul as well as her body had received grace from on high4 ,the dimness of vision which had hidden from her the faces of her husband and children had disappeared before the breath of ,heaven1 and1 although she remained infirm and always stretched upon her bed1 she was filled with thankfulness and joy4 ,from the beginning of her illness she had never seen her aged parents4 ,she lived at ,beaune1 in the ,cte d',or1 and they at ,st4 ,gobain1 in the department of ,aisne1 one hundred and forty leagues away1 and1 ,dr4 ,biver being then in his eighty-second year1 any journey was a difficulty to him4 ,his daughter longed to see him once more1 and from ,april to ,september this longing continued to increase4 ,in vain the exceeding risk as well as difficulty of travelling in her state was represented to her2 she at last persuaded her husband to consent to the imprudent undertaking upon which she had set her heart4 ,as the physicians had foreseen1 the journey very seriously aggravated ,mme4 ,guerrier's sufferings1 which increased to such a degree that1 even after some weeks of repose1 it was impossible for her to attempt to return to ,beaune4 ,the slightest movement often brought on an alarming crisis4 ,the consequence of such a state1 under existing circumstances1 was nothing less than the breaking up of the family4 ,the husband1 on account of his duties as judge of the peace1 was compelled to reside at ,beaune1 while the condition of his wife rendered it impossible for her to quit ,st4 ,gobain4 ,she had asked to have her children with her1 and thus1 between every two audiences1 when possible1 ,m4 ,guerrier took a journey of one hundred and forty leagues and back1 in order to spend a few days with those who made all the happiness of his life4 ,nearly a year passed in this way4 ,a moment of improvement was constantly watched for which might permit ,mme4 ,guerrier to travel2 but this moment was waited for in vain4 ,on the contrary1 the paralysis was beginning to affect the left arm1 and the thought of her journey thither made that of the homeward one very alarming4 ,last ,august1 ,m4 ,guerrier being at ,st4 ,gobain in the same painful state of hope deferred1 his wife astonished him by saying3 8,my dear1 ,i wish to make a pilgrimage to ,lourdes4 ,i shall be cured there4 ,you must take me40 ,m4 ,guerrier1 seriously alarmed at this proposal1 energetically withstood an idea which he believed could not be acted upon without a fatal result4 8,my dear wife1 you are asking impossibilities10 he said4 8,think what it has cost us for having1 eleven months ago1 yielded to your wishes by attempting the journey from ,beaune to ,st4 ,gobain6 ,remember that from that time you have not even been able to bear being carried into the garden or drawn a few paces in a sofa-chair4 ,and yet you would venture to travel across ,france1 to a part of the country where we are utter strangers1 with the pleasant prospect of being unable to get away again6 ,do not think of it1 dearest6 ,it would be tempting ,god and running a risk that would be simply madness40 8,i am certain that ,i shall be cured at ,lourdes10 was the answer1 8and ,i wish to go thither40 ,it was a struggle of reason against faith and hope1 and1 both parties being resolute1 the struggle lasted for some days4 ,mme4 ,guerrier's faith1 however1 communicated itself to her two brothers2 they advised her husband to grant her wish1 and he1 weary of contention1 at last gave a reluctant consent4 ,provided with a medical certificate as to the state of his wife's health1 he requested of the minister a few weeks' leave of absence1 in order to take her to the ,pyrenees4 ,it was on ,saturday1 the #hth of ,september1 ,feast of the ,nativity1 that the journey was resolved upon4 ,m4 ,guerrier felt1 however1 no small anxiety at the prospect 7in case his worst fears should be realized7 of finding himself in a place where1 knowing no one1 he could expect no aid or support beyond the services to be had at hotels4 8,if only10 he said1 8,i knew of any one there who could guide us a little6 ,i shrink from this plunge into the unknown40 ,on the #ajth or #aath of ,september the ,abb ,poindron1 cur of ,st4 ,gobain1 saw1 announced in a newspaper1 the death of ,mgr4 ,peyramale1 and in the account given of his last moments observed the name of the ,abb ,martignon4 ,he went immediately to ,m4 ,guerrier1 and said3 8,you will have some one at ,lourdes to receive and direct you4 ,i know ,canon ,martignon1 and am writing to recommend you particularly to his kind care4 ,on the way telegraph to him the hour of your arrival4 ,he will be prepared for it40 ,the exact time of the dreaded departure was then fixed for ,wednesday1 the #abth of ,september4 ,it was arranged that the travellers should stop at ,paris for a day's repose1 and that the rest of the journey should1 if possible1 be made without another halt until they reached ,lourdes4 ,an invalid carriage was engaged of the railway company to be in readiness4 ,great was the anxiety of the family4444 ,the children1 however1 rejoiced beforehand1 implicitly believing that their mother would be cured3 ,marie1 the youngest1 who never remembered seeing her otherwise than in bed and infirm1 exclaimed3 8,mamma will come back to us like another mamma1 and we shall have a mamma who can walk40 8,and10 joined in little ,paul1 who in this respect had sometimes envied other children of his acquaintance1 8mamma will be able to take us on her lap40 8,yes10 said ,alice1 8she will come back quite well40 ,in order to spare ,mme4 ,guerrier's aged father the uncertainties and anxieties which preceded the decision1 he had not been told what was in contemplation until everything was arranged1 and the only thing that remained was to obtain his consent4 ,the venerable physician was deeply moved on hearing from his daughter her intention of visiting that distant sanctuary to seek from the ,mother of ,god a cure which human science had proved powerless to effect4 ,he consented without hesitation1 and1 when the moment of departure arrived1 raised his hands over his afflicted child in a parting benediction4 ,the journey was painful4 ,at ,paris it was not without great difficulty that ,mme4 ,guerrier was transported to the house of her brother1 ,m4 ,hector ,biver4 ,their brother-in-law1 ,m4 ,louis ,bonnel1 professor at the lyce at ,versailles1 met them there4 8,i have just ascertained10 he said1 8that ,henri ,lasserre is at ,lourdes4 ,i knew him formerly2 he is a friend of mine4 ,here is a letter for him40 ,and thus it was that the writer of the present account was enabled later to learn all its details4 ,notwithstanding the courage of the sick lady1 her prostration was so complete when the train entered the station at ,bordeaux that her husband dared not allow her then to go further1 and insisted on her again taking a day's repose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ,saturday1 the #aeth of ,september1 the travellers arrived at ,lourdes4 ,the ,abb ,martignon was at the station1 having prepared everything necessary4 ,two porters bore ,mme4 ,guerrier to a commodious carriage1 and the three repaired to the furnished apartments of ,mme4 ,detroyat1 where the abb had engaged a room4 ,this room was on the first or second story1 and the helpless state of ,mme4 ,guerrier rendered it absolutely necessary that she should have one on the ground floor4 ,the canon had not been made aware of this1 and was consequently in much perplexity4 8,do not be uneasy10 said ,mme4 ,detroyat4 8,you are very likely to find a room that will suit you1 close by1 at the house of ,m4 ,lavigne40 ,m4 ,lavigne is the owner of a very pleasant house1 surrounded by shrubs and flowers4 ,the garden gate opens on the highroad which passes through ,lourdes and forms its principal street4 ,the house is in the lower part of the town1 between the cit and the station4 ,m4 ,lavigne1 with the greatest kindness1 put his house at the disposal of the pilgrims1 and thus they were soon installed in a large room on the ground floor1 temporarily transformed into a bedroom and opening into the garden4 ,after resting for a time they repaired to the grotto2 ,m4 ,guerrier having engaged two men-servants to assist him in lifting his wife from the carriage to the foot of the statue of ,mary ,immaculate4 ,it was then about five o'clock4 ,there it was that we first saw ,mme4 ,guerrier4 ,her husband gave us the letter of ,m4 ,louis ,bonnel1 and thus we became acquainted with the trials of this family4 ,the prayer of ,mme4 ,guerrier was ardent and absorbed4 ,motionless and fixed1 as if in ecstasy1 her gaze never quitted the material representation of the ,holy ,virgin1 who had appeared where now her image stands1 and whom she had come so far to invoke4 ,everything in her countenance and aspect expressed faith and hope4 ,before setting out ,mme4 ,guerrier had received absolution1 and as much as possible disposed her soul for the reception of the great grace she implored4 ,she was ready4 ,her husband1 though a practical ,christian1 was still a little behindhand4 ,burdened as he had been with all the weight of temporal anxieties1 he had not been quite so active in arranging for his spiritual needs4 ,with an exceeding watchfulness he had attended to everything relating to the comfort of his charge1 but the preparation of himself he had delayed1 awaiting for this1 the decisive moment and the latest hour4 ,at ,lourdes this hour came4 ,late in the evening he requested the ,abb ,martignon to hear his confession4 ,as he had all along intended1 he desired on the morrow to receive ,holy ,communion with his wife4 ,and thus in the sacrament of penance1 after the avowal of his faults1 he had the consolation of pouring out his troubles and deep anxieties into the sympathizing heart of his confessor4 ,the details of these confidences are the secret of ,god1 but this we know well3 that the confessor1 who is ,god's lieutenant for the time1 and who1 in the name of the ,father of all1 pronounces the words of pity and pardon1 often experiences1 more fully than other men1 the sentiment of deepest compassion4 ,and great was the compassion of the ,abb ,martignon for the misfortune of this distressed husband1 for the sufferings of the wife1 and the mourning of their family4 ,he put aside all consideration of himself to think only for them4 ,not that he forgot his own sufferings1 or the bright hope with which he was looking forward to the morrow2 on the contrary1 he remembered this2 but a thought of a higher order1 which had already presented itself to his mind1 recurred to him now1 and he at once acted upon it4 8,let your wife have confidence10 he said to his penitent1 8and do you have confidence as well4 ,i saw her when she was praying this evening at the grotto4 ,she is one of those who triumph over the heart of ,god and compel a miracle40 ,then1 telling him about his own novena1 he added3 8,to-morrow1 then1 at eight o'clock ,i shall celebrate the ,mass which is my last hope6444 ,well1 say to ,mme4 ,guerrier that not only will ,i say this ,mass for her1 but that1 if ,i am to have a share in the sensible answer which ,i solicit1 ,i give up this share to her4 ,i make over to her intention all the previous prayers of this novena1 and ,i substitute her intentions for mine1 so that1 if the answer is to be a cure1 it shall not be mine but hers4 ,let her1 before she goes to sleep to-night1 and to-morrow on awaking1 associate with her prayers the name of ,mgr4 ,peyramale1 and at eight o'clock come1 both of you1 to my ,mass at the basilica4 ,i have good hope that something will happen40 ,in accepting with simplicity such an offer as this ,m4 and ,mme4 ,guerrier could not measure the heroism and the extent of the sacrifice which the ,abb ,martignon was making in their favor4 ,for this the knowledge of a long past was necessary--a past of which they knew nothing4 ,the sick lady did not fail to mingle in her prayers the name of ,mgr4 ,peyramale1 and towards eight o'clock in the morning she was taken to the basilica to be present at the last ,mass of this novena1 her feeling of assured confidence in her recovery being singularly strengthened by the noble act of self-denial made in her favor4 ,since the previous day the crypt and upper church had been filled by the pilgrims from ,marseilles4 ,it would have been difficult to carry a sick person through the dense multitude1 especially one to whom the least shock or movement caused suffering and fatigue4 ,one of the first chapels on entering was therefore chosen in which to say the ,mass4 ,it happened to be the first on the left1 dedicated to ,ste4 ,germaine ,cousin4 ,mme4 ,guerrier heard the ,mass seated on a chair1 her feet1 absolutely inert1 being placed on a priedieu in front of her4 ,while reading the epistle the remembrance of ,mgr4 ,peyramale suddenly presented itself with extraordinary clearness before the mind of the celebrant1 when he came to the last lines1 and saw these words1 whose striking fitness impressed itself irresistibly upon him3 8,the ,lord 444 hath so magnified thy name this day that thy praise shall not depart out of the mouth of men1 who shall be mindful of the power of the ,lord for ever2 for that thou hast not spared thy life by reason of the distress and tribulation of thy people1 but in the presence of the ,lord our ,god thou hast repaired our ruin40#bjc 8,i must die to repair the ruin10 had often been the words of ,mgr4 ,peyramale4 ,at the moment of the ,elevation all were kneeling except the paralyzed lady4 ,in her powerlessness she was compelled to remain reclining1 the sacred ,host being brought to her where she lay4 ,scarcely had she received the ,blessed ,sacrament when she felt in herself a strange power which seemed as if impelling her to rise and kneel1 while an inner voice seemed to command her to do so4 ,near to her knelt her husband1 absorbed in prayer and thanksgiving after ,communion4 ,he heard the soft rustling of a dress1 looked up1 and saw his wife kneeling by his side4 ,respect for the holy place alone prevented the exclamation of wonder that rose to his lips4 ,instinctively he looked towards the altar--it was at the moment of the ,dominus vobiscum--and his eyes met those of the priest1 which were radiant with joy and emotion4 ,at the ,last ,gospel ,mme4 ,guerrier rose without effort and continued standing4 ,as for her husband1 he could scarcely remain upright1 his knees trembled so4 ,he gazed at his wife1 afraid to speak to her or to believe the testimony of his senses1 while she remained praying and giving thanks in the greatest calmness and recollectedness of spirit4 ,the priest laid aside his sacred vestments and knelt at a corner of the altar to make his thanksgiving1 with what fervor may be imagined4 ,the sign he had asked had been given1 luminous and unmistakable1 on the ninth day1 when1 at the ,mass said by himself1 the requested answer came which by an heroic act of charity he had transferred to another4 ,whatever may have been the joy of the recovered lady1 that of the priest was greater still4 ,his friend1 the ,cur ,peyramale1 now in heaven1 had already begun to manifest his presence there1 while the circumstances attending the miracle seemed to show that ,mary herself took in hand the glorification of the faithful servant who had been here below the minister of her work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,neither the ,abb ,martignon nor those who had accompanied him had then paid any attention to the details of the little side-chapel into which a hand more delicate and strong than that of man had led them2 and yet the stones1 the sculptures1 and inscriptions there were so many voices which repeated the same name4 ,it was the first chapel on entering1 and the commencement of the basilica4 ,under the window1 on three large slabs of marble1 is inscribed an abridged account of the eighteen apparitions1 including the message with which ,bernadette was charged by ,our ,blessed ,lady3 8,go and tell the priests that ,i wish a chapel to be built to me here0--a message which indicated the mission and the person of him who had dug the foundation and laid the first stone4 ,above the great arch which forms the entrance to this chapel is inscribed the word 8,pnitence0--the answer to the request for roses to bloom in ,february1 and which spoke of suffering2 while on the right of the altar1 over the smaller arch leading to the next chapel1 the sculptor has represented ,simon the ,cyrenian bearing the cross of ,jesus4 ,on the altar is carved the young shepherdess saint 7also of the south of ,france7 who seemed best to typify the favored child of ,lourdes--namely1 the pure and innocent ,ste4 ,germaine ,cousin4 ,bernadette was wont to say3 8,of all my lambs ,i love the smallest best40 ,ste4 ,germaine is represented with a lamb at her feet1 while behind her is the dog1 symbol of ,vigilance1 ,fidelity1 and ,strength1 these virtues recalling the energetic pastor who had never suffered persecution to touch the child of ,mary4 ,if1 in granting this cure1 ,our ,lady of ,lourdes had not intended specially to associate with it the remembrance of her servant1 would she not have chosen another moment than this ninth day1 asked for beforehand1 another place than this significative chapel1 and another circumstance than the last ,mass of the novena made by that servant's intimate friend8 ,in all these delicate harmonies of detail we seem to perceive the divine hand4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we resume the narrative4 ,after her act of thanksgiving ,mme4 ,guerrier rose from her knees1 calm and serene1 without the least excitement1 physical or moral1 but still radiant from the heavenly contact1 and1 turning to her husband1 she said3 8,give me your arm1 dear2 let us go down40 ,still fearing that what he saw was too good to last1 ,m4 ,guerrier wished to summon the porters4 8,no10 said the ,abb ,martignon2 8let her walk40 ,taking her husband's arm1 she pressed it for a moment to her heart1 full of happiness and gratitude2 then1 with a firmer step than he1 descended the two steps of the chapel and crossed the nave4 ,the ,marseilles pilgrims thronged the church1 singing the power of the ,immaculate ,mother of ,god1 not knowing that close beside them1 in a little side-chapel1 during the stillness of a ,low ,mass1 that benignant power had just been put forth4 ,on leaving the basilica ,mme4 ,guerrier descended with ease the twenty-five steps of the stone flight at the foot of which the carriage was waiting4 ,the coachman gazed at ,mme4 ,guerrier in amazement and remained motionless1 until1 on a sign from her husband1 he got down and opened the door4 8,no10 said the cured lady2 8,i wish to go to the grotto40 8,certainly2 we will drive there40 8,not at all4 ,your arm is enough4 ,i will walk40 8,she is cured10 said the ,abb ,martignon2 8let her do as she wishes40 ,so1 all together1 they walked to the grotto4 ,here ,mme4 ,guerrier made her second act of thanksgiving before the image of ,mary ,immaculate4 ,then1 after drinking of the miraculous spring1 she went to the piscina1 in which1 though cured1 she wished to bathe4 ,after this immersion she lost entirely a certain stiffness which had remained1 and which had somewhat impeded the free play of the articulations4 ,she made a point of returning on foot to the town1 the carriage preceding at a slow pace2 but about half-way the ,abb ,martignon said1 smiling3 8,madame1 you are cured1 but ,i am not2 and ,i must own that ,i can go no further4 ,in charity to me let us get into the carriage40 8,willingly10 she replied1 and1 hastening to it1 she sprang lightly in4 ,they traversed ,lourdes1 until1 a little below the old parish church1 they turned into the ,rue de ,langelle1 and stopped near the rising walls of the new one4 ,mme4 ,guerrier and her companions alighted1 and1 descending some steep wooden steps1 entered the crypt4 ,here was a tomb1 as yet without inscription4 ,she sprinkled some holy water over it with a laurel spray that lay there1 and then knelt down and made her third act of thanksgiving by the venerated remains of ,mgr4 ,peyramale4 ,during the week which had followed the death of this holy priest no pilgrimage had appeared in the mourning town4 ,it was on this same day of glory that the first1 that of ,catholic ,marseilles1 came to pray at his tomb1 and thus the first crown 7from a distance7 placed upon it bears the date of the event we have just related3 8,les ,plerins ,marseillais1 #af ,septembre1 #ahgg40 ,when ,m4 and ,mme4 ,guerrier returned to the house of ,m4 ,lavigne great was the joy of those who had so kindly received them4 ,they regarded this miracle as a benediction upon their house1 and heard with deepest interest the details of what had taken place4 8,madame10 then said ,m4 ,lavigne1 8are you aware into what place exactly ,providence led you in bringing you to us8444 ,you are in the house which was the presbytery of ,lourdes at the time of the apparitions2 and you occupy the room in which ,m4 le ,cur ,peyramale questioned ,bernadette and received from her mouth the commands of the ,blessed ,virgin40 ,after remaining some days at ,lourdes ,m4 and ,mme4 ,guerrier returned to ,st4 ,gobain4 ,the journey was rapid and without fatigue4 ,passing over its earlier details1 we quote the following portions of a letter from ,m4 ,guerrier1 now before us3 8,when we reached ,chauny my wife's younger brother1 ,m4 ,alfred ,biver1 was waiting for us at the station1 full of anxiety2 for1 in spite of the letters and telegrams1 he could not believe4 ,what was his surprise when my beloved wife threw herself into his arms6--a surprise from which he could not recover1 and which drew from him repeated exclamations during the drive of fourteen or fifteen kilometres from ,chauny to ,st4 ,gobain4 ,we drove rapidly1 for we were eager to reach home4 ,how long the way appeared6 ,at last there was the house6 ,it was then about five in the evening4 ,we saw the whole family waiting for us1 great and small3 sisters1 sisters-in-law1 nephews1 nieces1 and1 above all1 our dear little ones--all were at the door1 eager to make sure that their happiness was real4 8,ah6 when they saw their mother1 sister1 aunt alight alone from the carriage and hasten towards them1 it was a picture which no human pencil could paint4 ,what joy6 what tears6 what embraces6 ,the mother of my ,justine was never weary of embracing the daughter whom ,our ,lady of ,lourdes restored to her upright1 walking with a firm step--cured4 8,detained by his eighty-three years1 her father was in his sitting-room up a few stairs4 ,we mounted2 he was standing at the door1 his hands trembling more from happiness than age1 and his noble countenance glistening with tears4 8#8,my daughter6444' 8,mme4 ,guerrier knelt before him4 #8,father1' she said1 #8you blessed me when1 incurably afflicted1 ,i started for ,lourdes2 bless me now that ,i return to you miraculously cured--as ,i said ,i should4444' 8,and1 as if nothing were to be wanting to our happiness1 it so happened that this very day was the fte of her who returned thus triumphantly to her father's house4 ,what a glad feast of ,st4 ,justine we celebrated6 8,but this is not all4 ,the family had its large share2 the church also must have hers4 ,the excellent cur of ,st4 ,gobain1 the ,abb ,poindron1 had obtained from the lord bishop of ,soissons authority to have solemn benediction in thanksgiving for the incomparable favor that had been granted to us4 8,on the day after our arrival1 therefore1 we repaired to the parish church1 through crowds of awestruck and wondering people4 ,the bells were ringing joyously1 and the church was full as on days of great solemnity4 ,above the congregation rose the statue of ,notre ,dame de ,lourdes1 and1 facing it1 a place was prepared for her whom ,mary had deigned to heal4 ,the priest ascended the pulpit1 and related simply and without comment the event that was the occasion of the present ceremony1 after which some young girls1 veiled and clad in white1 took upon their shoulders the statue of ,our ,lady of ,lourdes1 and the procession began2 my dear wife and myself walking immediately behind the image of our heavenly benefactress1 amid the enthusiastic singing of hymns of praise and the triumphal sound of the organ4444 ,then the ,te ,deum burst forth4 ,our ,lord ,god was upon the altar44440 ,if earth has festivals like this1 what must be the festivals of ,paradise8 99 99 99 99 99 ,here we would fain close our narrative1 leaving the hearts of our readers to sun themselves in these heavenly rays4 ,but in this world there is no light without a shadow4 ,in the letter we have just quoted ,m4 ,guerrier1 after speaking with fervent gratitude of the heroic charity of ,canon ,martignon1 says how earnestly he and his are praying for the restoration of his health4 ,alas6 these prayers are not yet granted4 ,a few weeks after the event here related he left ,lourdes for ,hyres1 being too ill to return1 as he had desired1 to his own archbishop in ,algiers4 ,in the midst of her joy ,mme4 ,guerrier has a feeling very like remorse4 8,poor ,abb ,martignon60 she lately said to us2 8it seems to me as if ,i had stolen his cure40 ,no6 ,this lady has1 it is true1 received a great and touching favor2 but assuredly a still more signal grace was granted to that holy priest when he was enabled to perform so great an act of self-renunciation and charity--an act which bestows on him a resemblance to his divine ,master1 who said3 8,greater love than this no man hath1 to lay down his life for his people40 ,let us not presume to pity him1 for he has chosen 8the better part40 ,may his humility pardon us the pain we shall cause him by publishing1 contrary to his express prohibition1 this recent episode of his life6 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,pius ,,the ,,ninth4 ,in the afternoon of ,thursday1 ,february #g1 our ,holy ,father1 ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 died4 ,in his person passes away one who to two hundred millions of spiritual subjects was the greatest figure of the age1 and who to all the rest of the world1 if not the greatest1 was certainly the most conspicuous4 ,the history of the last thirty years--that larger history that takes within its scope the whole human family rather than this or that nationality or people--will in after-times centre around him4 ,it will be seen that he has had a hand in shaping it1 though to-day it may seem that that hand was brushed rudely aside or lifted only in impotent menace against the irresistible movements and the natural aspirations of the age4 ,time is a great healer and revealer of truth2 and time will deal gently and justly with the memory of ,pius ,,ix4 ,when the smoke of the long battle that has been raging in ,europe1 and more or less over all the world1 during the last half-century1 shall have finally cleared away1 and men's eyes be better prepared to regard all things honestly1 truth1 now obscured and hidden1 will come to light1 and the persistent action1 misnamed reaction1 of ,pius ,,ix4 will appear to have been the truest wisdom and the soundest policy4 ,the field1 of which this wonderful life is the central figure1 is so vast1 its lights and shadows so changing1 its surface so diversified1 and the events with which it is crowded are so many and so great1 that one shrinks from attempting to picture it even faintly4 ,yet we cannot1 even with the brief time allowed us1 permit the ,holy ,father to go to his grave without a tribute of admiration and respect for his memory1 however inadequate that tribute may be4 ,into the minute details of his life we do not purpose here to enter4 ,these are already sufficiently well known1 and there are ample sources of information from which to gather them4 ,we purpose rather passing a rapid glance over the most prominent events that mark the career of the ,pope1 that give it its significance and make of it one of the most remarkable in history4 ,whoever attempts to deal with ,pius ,,ix41 with a view to what the man was1 what he achieved1 what he failed to achieve1 the meaning1 the purport1 and the influence of his life1 must necessarily regard him in a twofold aspect3 first1 as a temporal prince1 a man occupied with human and secular affairs2 secondly1 as the supreme head of the ,catholic ,church1 the vicar of ,christ on earth1 and the father of the faithful4 ,as the one his life was a failure1 outwardly at least4 ,he has gone to his grave shorn of all his earthly possessions and dignities2 and his successor will enter into office much as the first pontiff entered1 with no authority save that bequeathed him by his divine ,master4 ,as the second--as supreme pastor of the church--,pius ,,ix4 yields to none of his illustrious predecessors in point of moral and real dignity and grandeur4 ,this is the strange and significant contrast in the man's life3 the decadence and utter loss of the temporal power and principality of the church under his reign1 with a contrary deepening and strengthening of the bonds that bind him to the faithful as their spiritual father and guide4 ,in both these aspects we shall look at him3 as a prince who failed in much that he attempted1 and as a spiritual ruler who grew stronger by his very losses2 under whom the church has marvellously1 almost miraculously1 developed2 and who leaves it to-day in a spiritually stronger condition than perhaps it has ever been in4 ,as a temporal sovereign there may have been greater popes than he2 as a spiritual1 few1 if any1 have surpassed him4 ,and much1 very much of the growth of the church within the period of his troubled reign is undoubtedly to be attributed to the personal influence of the pontiff1 to his own high example of virtue and burning zeal1 and to the keen eye he had for the church's truest interests and welfare4 ,he was ushered into a revolutionary epoch1 in a time when disaster was heaped upon the church and on civil society4 ,lacordaire says of himself3 8,i was born on the wild and stormy morning of this nineteenth century40 ,the same is true of him who became ,pius ,,ix4 ,he was born at ,sinigaglia1 ,may #ac1 #agib1 while ,louis ,,xvi4 and ,marie ,antoinette were prisoners and waiting for the scaffold to release them from their woes4 ,napoleon ,i4 had not yet arisen4 ,the ,united ,states had not much more than come into being4 ,joseph ,,ii4 ruled and reigned in ,austria4 ,france was in the hands of the progeny of ,voltaire4 ,sardinia did not exist4 ,catholic ,ireland did not exist politically4 ,australia was almost an unknown land4 ,it was a period of moral earthquakes4 ,the progeny of ,voltaire were very active in the propagation of their doctrines2 and ,italy1 which for centuries had been the battle-ground of kings and the theatre of petty rival factions1 offered an inviting soil for the evil seed4 ,in #agic the heads were struck off from ,louis and his queen2 the ,goddess of ,reason was enthroned in ,notre ,dame2 and the reign of 8liberty1 fraternity1 equality0 began and ended with--8death40 ,then came that grim child of the ,revolution1 ,napoleon1 and changed everything4 ,he had an eye to religion1 and he wanted a sort of tame pope whom he might use as a puppet4 ,italy felt his iron heel1 and things went from bad to worse there4 ,it saw the pope1 with others of its treasures1 carried off by this rough-and-ready conqueror4 ,in #ahje this same conqueror had himself crowned 8,king of ,italy0--king of a kingdom which did not exist1 save as a pillage-ground for whoever chose to enter4 ,in #ahjh the ,papal ,states were 8irrevocably0 incorporated with the ,french ,empire4 ,so decreed the omnipotent conqueror4 ,where is his empire now8 ,where was it and where was he a few years afterwards8 ,he was eating his heart out at ,st4 ,helena2 his empire had vanished2 and the pope whom he had captured and imprisoned was back in ,rome4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,rome ,,prepared ,,for ,,revolution4 ,all this time the young ,giovanni ,masta-,ferretti was pursuing his studies as conveniently as he could under such circumstances4 ,we do not recall these events in the earlier life of the boy idly1 but with a very distinct purpose3 to show that when in #ahdf ,pius ,,ix4 was elevated to the ,papacy1 and to the guardianship of the church's temporalities1 he stepped into no bed of roses4 ,he stepped1 on the contrary1 into a very hot-bed of revolution--a revolution that1 with less or more of secrecy1 had overspread ,europe1 and that found its most convenient as well as its most necessary centre of attack in ,rome and in the ,papal ,states4 ,italy had long been the prey of ,europe4 ,the people had suffered terribly from foreign invasions4 ,they suffered almost equally from home intrigues and jealousies4 ,with all this the popes had nothing to do4 ,it was simply a repetition of the history of the ,italian peninsula from the disruption of the ,roman ,empire down4 ,the outer barbarians were always knocking at her gates and trampling on her soil1 invited there by native quarrels4 ,it is necessary to bear these things well in mind1 in order to judge rightly of the difficulties against which ,pius ,,ix4 had to contend4 ,he was elected to an impoverished and disturbed principality1 to a centre of revolution in an era of revolution4 ,all ,italy groaned with trouble4 ,the people were ripe for any mad-cap scheme which should profess to better their condition4 ,there was revolution in the air1 all around them1 all over the world4 ,there were burning ideas afloat of people's rights1 and people's wrongs1 and people's futures4 ,schemes of regeneration for the human race were abundant as the schemers2 and some of these were very keen1 far-sighted1 and resolute men4 ,mazzini was one of them4 ,his policy was simple enough1 and it is the policy of all his followers to-day3 ,for the people to rule you must first destroy the rulers--kings2 before destroying the kings1 who 7in ,europe at least7 are the representatives of authority1 you must destroy the priests who preach submission to lawful authority4 ,death to the priests6 death to the kings6 and then1 long live the people6 ,that1 we believe1 is a fair presentation of the ,mazzini programme for the regeneration of ,italy and of the rest of the world4 ,it has its fascinations for empty minds and empty stomachs1 and the masses of the people1 particularly of the ,italians1 just about the time of which we write had both empty minds and empty stomachs4 ,the people of the ,papal ,states1 in common with the people of all the other ,italian ,states1 and1 indeed1 of states generally1 were not in the happiest condition possible4 ,wars and foreign invasions and constant turmoil from day to day are not the best agents of good government4 ,so ,pius ,,ix4 came to an uneasy throne4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,as ,a ,,political ,,reformer4 ,the cry of the ,roman people1 of the whole ,italian people1 as of all people just then1 was for reform4 ,they wanted a share in the government2 and there was no harm in that4 ,the new pontiff began his reign by at once setting about practical reform4 ,his scheme was excellent4 ,the details of it must be found elsewhere4 ,practically it amounted to letting the people have a just and rational share in the government4 ,it was not universal suffrage4 ,but the ,papal ,states were not the ,united ,states2 and there are intelligent and patriotic men in the ,united ,states even who begin to doubt about the actual efficacy of universal suffrage as a panacea for all political or social evils4 ,it is not long since ,mr4 ,disraeli laid down the daring doctrine in the ,english ,house of ,commons that universal suffrage was not a natural right of man1 to which doctrine nobody seemed to object4 ,the ,pope1 then1 set earnestly and practically to work at every kind of reform4 ,he set on foot a scheme of government which should admit the laity to their lawful place in civic functions4 ,he looked to the laws of commerce1 which were in a very bad state4 ,he struck at vicious monopolies1 in return for which the monopolists struck viciously at him4 ,he was very careful about the finances1 his treasury being low indeed1 or rather non-existent4 ,he advised the people1 who1 under the impulse of a steady conspiracy1 seized every opportunity at the beginning of his reign of getting up festivals in his honor1 to spend their money at home1 or hoard it for an evil hour1 or devote it to some charitable or educational purpose4 ,he was clement to political offences4 ,he was kind and charitable to the oppressed ,jews of ,rome1 and removed their civil disabilities before ,england thought of doing so4 ,all this is matter of fact1 beyond question or dispute4 ,it was recognized by the outer world4 ,all the crowned heads of ,europe1 with the exception of ,austria and the ,italian principalities1 who found themselves in a position of painful contrast1 sent their hearty congratulations to the ,pope2 and the voice of ,new ,york--non-,catholic ,new ,york--joined in with them4 ,the ,pope was1 for the time being at least1 the most popular man in the world as well as in ,italy4 ,and he deserved his popularity1 for he was real and resolute in what he attempted4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,why ,,he ,,failed ,,as ,a ,,reformer4 ,how1 then1 came the sad sequel8 ,why did all this fail8 ,pius ,,ix4 looked even beyond the ,papal ,states in his political schemes4 ,he wished for a united ,italy4 ,he was a true ,italian4 ,he proposed a confederation of the ,italian ,states1 which1 without infringing on any people's rights1 should constitute one ,italy1 show a united front to the foreigner1 and remove all excuse for foreign interference4 ,why was this1 too1 a failure8 ,because it was intended that it should be a failure4 ,because the men who used the clamor for reform as an agitating force among the people wanted nothing so little as actual reform1 least of all in the prince of the church4 ,good government was what most they feared2 for good government makes1 as far as government can make1 people happy and well off and reconciled to order4 ,but order and contentment among the people were precisely what ,mazzini least desired4 ,pius ,,ix4 was in heart and soul and act a reformer of reformers4 ,as a temporal ruler he desired nothing in this world so much as the welfare and happiness of his people1 and he took all honest means to bring about that happiness and welfare4 ,but he was met at the outset by a strong and wide-spread conspiracy--a conspiracy that had existed long before his time1 that had laid its plans and arranged its mode of action1 and that was ready to do any diabolical deed in order to carry its purpose through4 ,the very willingness of the ,pope to concede reforms helped it4 ,it took him up and petted and played with him4 ,the clubs that roamed the streets and shouted themselves hoarse with ,viva ,pio ,nono6 and ,viva ,pio ,nono solo6 were instruments of the conspirators4 ,the offices which the ,pope threw open to the laity were seized upon by conspirators4 ,his guards and soldiers were corrupted and led by corrupt officers and generals4 ,some of the clergy even felt the contamination4 ,ministry after ministry was tried and changed1 and only succeeded in exasperating the minds of the people1 as it was intended they should4 ,the ,pope had faith in human nature1 and could not believe but that the honest measures which he devised for the benefit of his subjects would be honestly accepted by them4 ,although he knew of the conspiracy against his throne and against society1 perhaps he scarcely realized its depth and intensity4 ,the horrible assassination of ,de ,rossi undeceived him1 and the reformer and gentle prince had to fly for his life and in disguise from his own subjects4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,triumph ,,of ,,the ,,revolution4 ,not two years of his reign have passed1 and the ,pope is already an exile at ,gaeta4 ,pandemonium reigned in ,rome4 ,it was not the secret societies alone who brought all this about4 ,they were aided by some1 at least1 of the crowned heads of ,europe2 and ,palmerston1 as infamous a politician as ever conspired against the right1 was hand and glove with them1 ably seconded by ,gladstone1 whose recent attack on the ,pope cannot have surprised those who remembered his political career4 ,meanwhile ,piedmont was creeping to the front in ,italy1 and though at first ,mazzini was as thoroughly opposed to ,charles ,albert as to the ,pope and the priests1 the conviction grew upon the conspirators that kings might sometimes be utilized as well as killed1 and that ,italy might1 for the time being at least1 be united under the ,sardinian4 ,this conviction only came slowly1 and there was a man at the head of affairs in ,piedmont who was keen in reading the signs of the times1 and who never missed a chance4 ,cavour utilized the secret societies1 and the secret societies utilized ,cavour4 ,in like manner ,louis ,napoleon1 then coming to the front in ,france1 utilized1 and was in turn utilized by1 them4 ,palmerston1 ,cavour1 ,louis ,napoleon1 a dangerous and powerful triad1 were with the conspirators1 while ,austria blundered on with characteristic stupidity1 actually courting the fate which has since overtaken it4 ,it may be said that we concede too much power to the secret societies4 ,who and what are they after all8 ,a handful of men working in the dark1 led by crack-brained enthusiasts who write inflammatory letters and publish silly pamphlets at safe distances from the scene of action4 ,they are more than this1 however4 ,they are well organized1 and they trade on real wrongs and disaffection too well grounded4 ,certainly1 in the earlier period of the ,pope's reign men were far from being1 as a whole1 well governed in ,europe4 ,they were not at rest2 they had not been at rest from the beginning of the century4 ,reforms from their rulers came very slowly and grudgingly4 ,the conspirators possessed all the daring of adventurers1 and spread out a political ,el ,dorado glittering before the hungry eyes of bitter and disappointed men4 ,in such a state of affairs the wildest chimeras seem possible to the common mind1 and in this lies the real strength of secret societies1 which find their growth cramped only where men are freest and best off1 as among ourselves4 ,a fair idea of what the reign of 8the people0 meant may be gathered from the state of ,rome while the pontiff was in exile at ,gaeta4 ,it was cousin-german to the reign of the ,commune in ,paris in more recent days4 ,and for this the ,pope was driven from his own city4 ,these were the reformers who could not be satisfied with the ,holy ,father's rational measures of real reform4 ,these were the 8heroes0 honored by ,england1 by the ,united ,states1 by all the enlightened and advanced men of all lands4 ,it was for opposing and condemning these that ,pius ,,ix4 is regarded by enlightened non-,catholics as a reactionist of the worst type1 a foe to progress1 an enemy to popular liberties4 ,a government of assassins was preferred by the world1 or at least by a very large portion of it1 to the mild and beneficent sway of ,pius ,,ix4 ,for condemning cut-throats he is against the spirit of the age2 and for refusing to honor men like ,mazzini and ,garibaldi--men who openly professed and caused to be practised murder as a necessary political instrument--he is condemned as one who refused to recognize the progressive spirit of the times in which we live4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,pope ,,and ,,louis ,,napoleon4 ,while the ,pope was at ,gaeta1 and while ,rome was in the hands of what1 without fear of contradiction1 may be described as the vilest of vile rabbles1 the baleful star of ,louis ,napoleon was rising over ,france4 ,he was false from the very beginning to the ,pope1 and the ,pope understood him4 ,but he was tricky and adroit4 ,he had the born conspirator's liking for mystery and secrecy and intrigue4 ,he seemed by nature incapacitated to speak and act openly4 ,he never was a friend to the ,pope4 ,by means that are already known and stamped in history he came to the lead of what1 in spite of all vicissitudes and awful changes1 remained at heart a ,catholic nation4 ,the trickster realized his position and trimmed his sails accordingly4 ,he cared nothing for the ,pope or for ,catholicity2 but the ,french people did4 ,moreover1 the protection of the ,pope and ,french predominance in ,italy was a part of the ,napoleonic legend1 and likely to advance his own cause4 ,french cannon1 then1 and ,french bayonets cleared the way for the return of the ,pope to ,rome4 ,not ,france1 ,catholic ,france alone1 but all the world1 had been shocked at the awful excesses perpetrated by the revolutionists in ,rome1 as was the case earlier still at the outbreak of the first ,french ,revolution4 ,france only anticipated ,europe in its action by staying the reign of blood4 ,louis ,napoleon thenceforth assumed the character of protector of the interests of the ,holy ,see4 ,he was the persistent enemy of those interests4 ,he was altogether opposed to ecclesiastical rule in an ecclesiastical state4 ,this friend and protector of the ,pope labored all his political life1 and used the great influence of a ,catholic nation1 to bring about what has since been consummated3 the robbery of the ,states of the ,church1 the invasion of the ,holy ,see1 the ,piedmontese ascendency in ,italy1 and the reducing of the head of the ,catholic ,church to a political cipher in his own states4 ,yet intelligent men are surprised at the ingratitude displayed by ,pius ,,ix4 towards ,louis ,napoleon6 ,pius ,,ix4 loved ,france2 he despised the dishonest trickster to whose hands the fate of so noble a nation was for a time committed4 ,he despised him1 for he knew him with that instinctive knowledge by which all honest and open natures detect duplicity and fraud1 under whatever smiling guise they may appear4 ,some good qualities the man may have had4 ,open honesty was not one of them4 ,some regard for the ,catholic religion he may have had4 ,he never allowed it to interfere with his schemes or with the schemes of those of whom after all he was a tool1 never a master4 ,louis ,napoleon knew perfectly well that the ,pope understood him and his schemes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,pope ,,again ,,as ,a ,,reformer4 ,pius ,,ix4 returned to ,rome in #ahej4 ,he immediately set to work to repair the losses which his subjects had sustained during his absence4 ,he proceeded in his work of reform4 ,within seven years he succeeded in clearing off the enormous debt with which the country had been saddled4 ,the ,french commission1 of which ,m4 ,thiers was a member1 appointed to examine and report on the political wisdom and practical value of the institutions granted to his states by ,pius ,,ix41 reported to the ,republican ,government 7#ahdi73 8,by a large majority your commission declares that it sees in the motu proprio 7the ,pope's decree reorganizing the government of the ,pontifical ,states7 a first boon of such real value that nothing but unjust pretensions could overlook its importance4444 ,we say that it grants all desirable provincial and municipal liberties4 ,as to political liberties1 consisting in the power of deciding on the public business of a country in one of the two assemblies and in union with the executive--as in ,england1 for instance--it is very true that the motu proprio does not grant this sort of political liberty1 or only grants it in the rudimentary form of a council without deliberative voice4 8444 ,that on this point he 7the ,pope7 should have chosen to be prudent1 that after his recent experience he should have preferred not to reopen a career of agitation among a people who have shown themselves so unprepared for parliamentary liberty1 we do not know that we have either the right or the cause to deem blameworthy40 ,and ,palmerston1 whose testimony is surely as unbiassed as that of ,thiers1 said of the same act in #ahef3 8,we all know that1 on his restoration to his states in #ahdi1 the ,pope published an ordinance called motu proprio1 by which he declared his intentions to bestow institutions1 not indeed on the large proportions of a constitutional government1 but based1 nevertheless1 on popular election1 and which1 if they had only been carried out1 must have given his subjects such satisfaction as to render unnecessary the intervention of a foreign army40 ,we have gone into this matter of reform and home government in the ,papal ,states at some length1 because it is precisely on this ground of all others that the temporal power of the popes is attacked4 ,priests are unfit to rule1 it is said2 their business is with the souls of men1 to tend to spiritual wants4 ,they should have no concern with the things of this world4 ,this may be all very well1 and is a very convenient way of disposing of rights and properties which do not belong to us4 ,if the invasion of the ,papal ,states and their occupation by a hostile power is justified on the ground that the ,pope was a priest1 and1 because a priest1 unfit to rule his subjects1 that at least is intelligible4 ,we have seen1 however1 that ,pius ,,ix4 was in heart and in act a wise and just ruler1 who aimed at doing nothing but good1 and who did nothing but good1 to his people1 but who was steadily prevented from doing all the good he wished and attempted to do by conspiracy at home and abroad4 ,had he been left alone to work out the constitution he framed1 to carry through the reforms he proposed and entered upon1 it is beyond question that the ,states of the ,church would have been more happily governed and more peacefully ordered than any states in the world4 ,but he was prevented from ruling as he wished as well by the opposition of governments1 such as those of ,palmerston1 ,cavour1 and ,louis ,napoleon1 as by the organized conspiracy within his own domains--a conspiracy that sprang from causes with which he had had nothing to do1 which assailed him because by his very position he was the symbol and type and fountain-head of all earthly order1 and which would not be reconciled to good4 ,he trod on volcanic ground from the beginning4 ,all that a good man could do to dissipate the evil elements he did4 ,but the conspiracy abroad and the conspiracy at home were too much for him4 ,indeed1 the existence of the ,papacy as a temporal power always depended on the sense of right and the good-will of men4 ,there have been a few fighting popes in other days2 but as a matter of fact the ,papacy has always been a power built essentially on peace2 and if powerful enemies insisted on invading it1 it was always open to them4 ,the pope1 like the ,master whose vicar he is1 is 8the prince of peace40 ,it is needless here to enter into the details of the intrigues and events that led up to the invasion of the ,papal ,states1 and to their forced blending into what is called united ,italy4 ,we cannot here go into the question as to when invasion is necessary and justifiable4 ,common sense1 however1 is a sufficient guide to the doctrine that no invasion of another's territory or property is justifiable or necessary1 unless the holder of that property is incapable2 unless that property has been and is being grossly abused2 unless those who live on that property invite the invasion on just grounds2 and unless the invader can guarantee a better holding and guardianship of the property1 a reform in its administration1 a sacred regard for rights that are sacred4 ,if any man can show us that any one of these conditions was fulfilled by the ,sardinian invasion of the ,papal ,states1 we are open to conviction4 ,nor in this matter are we taking the rights and property of the church as something apart from ordinary rights and property1 though they are so4 ,we base our whole opposition to this most infamous usurpation and robbery on known and accepted natural rights common to all property and holders of property4 ,it is useless to tell ,europe that it solemnly sanctioned a sacrilege4 ,europe has forgotten the meaning of the word sacrilege4 ,it has still some sense of what robbery and wrong mean1 though constant practice in robbery and wrong and nefarious proceedings has so blunted its moral sense that it can always readily connive at the wrong1 especially when the wrong is done to the ,catholic ,church4 ,we invite all honest men to contrast the condition of the ,papal ,states to-day1 under the present ,italian rgime1 with their condition under the ,papal rgime4 ,they cannot show that that condition is bettered4 ,all ,italy is in a chronic state of legal and secret terrorism4 ,there was no terrorism under ,pius ,,ix4 ,the people groan under taxes such as in their worst days they never had to sustain4 ,parliamentary representation and freedom of election in ,italy is a farce4 ,as for the social and moral effects of the invasion1 they have been dwelt upon so often and are so patent that they need no mention here4 ,pius ,,ix4 failed as a political leader and ruler1 not because he was not a wise and just and benevolent ruler1 but because1 as we said1 it was intended that he should fail4 ,the combinations against him were too powerful4 ,the wonder is that he withstood them so long4 ,but history will faithfully record that the last ruler--the last1 at least1 as things are at present--of the temporalities of the church was the best and most just prince in ,europe1 and the one who cared most for the material and moral advance of his people4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,pius ,,ix4 ,,as ,,head ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,so much for one aspect of the ,pope's life and character4 ,it is a sad and a saddening one--the one in which he is most bitterly and unjustly assailed4 ,thus far the story has been one of a long and disastrous failure4 ,we turn now to look at him in his greater character as ,pontiff and ,high-,priest of the ,catholic ,church ,here the heart lifts1 the eyes grow dim1 the pen falters1 as we glance across the ocean and see the meek old man who has done so much for the church1 who has served her so faithfully1 who has given her so high and holy an example of undaunted faith1 of burning zeal1 of universal charity1 of meekness and long-suffering1 laid out at last on the bier to which the eyes of all the world turn in sorrowing sympathy and respect4 ,in this is his true triumph4 ,in the midst of universal disaster the great and mighty church1 which was entrusted to him in a condition that was truly deplorable1 so far as its existence in the various states of the world went1 has gathered together its strength1 has renewed its youth like the eagle1 has flown abroad on the wings of the wind to the uttermost parts of the earth4 ,in #ahdf how stood the church in ,europe8 ,in ,england the ,ecclesiastical ,titles ,bill had not yet been passed4 ,the ,act of ,catholic ,emancipation had only been granted in #ahbi4 ,ireland was still a political nonentity4 ,catholicity in ,france was suffering under the worst features of the ,napoleonic ,code4 ,in ,austria it was strangled by ,josephism4 ,in all places it was under a ban4 ,in the ,united ,states and ,australia it was still almost a stranger4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,wonderful ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,but a new spirit was awakening among men4 ,the ,american ,revolution was productive of important results to mankind4 ,the ,french ,revolution1 which followed1 gave a startling impetus to these4 ,all over the world men were rising to a new sense of their natural rights4 ,the awakening found expression in deplorable and revolting excesses here and there1 but there were some right principles under the mass of extravagances and chimeras afloat4 ,these principles good1 earnest ,catholics hastened to grasp and utilize4 ,they beat the progeny of ,voltaire1 they beat the liberal philosophers1 the apostles of liberty1 equality1 and fraternity1 with their own weapons4 ,they gave the right and lawful meaning to those words and would not surrender their claims4 ,thus uprose ,o',connell1 who gave the cue and the lead to so many other illustrious champions of civil and religious liberty4 ,o',connell roared and thundered in ,england1 and made himself heard over the world4 ,montalembert and ,lacordaire and the unfortunate ,de ,lamennais took up the great ,irish leader's cry in ,france4 ,grres sharpened his pen in ,germany4 ,balmes arose in ,spain4 ,brownson was won over in the ,united ,states4 ,louis ,veuillot found the antidote to his infidel poison1 and the school of ,voltaire found one of their doughtiest warriors heart and soul in the ,catholic ranks4 ,a crowd of men1 equally illustrious or nearly so1 sprang up and around these leaders4 ,catholic laymen took heart1 entered zealously into good works and political life1 and many a one lent his powerful pen and voice to the service of the church1 in places often where the priest could not well enter4 ,catholicity assumed1 if we may so say1 a more manly and aggressive tone4 ,the children of ,voltaire were wont to laugh at it as a thing of cassocks and sacristans4 ,they were astonished to find the young1 the enthusiastic1 the noble entering on what was veritably a new crusade1 and defending their faith courageously and ably wherever they found it attacked4 ,what ,pius ,,ix4 had attempted in his temporal dominions had actually and1 as it were1 spontaneously come to pass in the spiritual domain4 ,the laity assumed their lawful place in the life of the church4 ,the ,holy ,father encouraged them in every way possible2 and his aged eyes have been gladdened by witnessing in all lands a new army of defenders of the faith growing up and disciplined1 and daily increasing in numbers1 strength1 and usefulness4 ,he saw the faith in ,france and in the ,german states revive wonderfully4 ,able and zealous bishops were appointed2 the education of the clergy1 on which he always insisted with especial vehemence1 was very carefully cultivated4 ,bands of missionaries followed the newly-opened rivers of commerce and carried the faith with them to new lands4 ,the ,irish famine of #ahdf-ahdg sent out a missionary nation to the ,united ,states1 to ,australia1 to ,england itself4 ,priests went with them1 or followed them1 and in time grew up among them4 ,while ,sardinia was confiscating church property1 destroying monasteries and institutions of learning1 and turning priests and monks out of doors1 ,england and her possessions and the ,united ,states were beginning to receive them1 and1 in accordance with the principles of their government1 letting them do their own work in their own way4 ,and so the church has gone on developing with the greatest impetus in the most unpromising soil4 ,already men say wonderingly that it is strongest and best off in ,protestant lands4 ,pius ,,ix4 had the happiness of creating the hierarchy in ,england1 in the ,united ,states1 and in ,australia1 in the ,british possessions--wherever the faith is to-day reputed to be in the most flourishing condition4 ,but all this has not come about by accident4 ,there was a very active1 keen1 and observant man at the head of affairs4 ,it is wonderful how the ,pope1 with the troubles that were for ever pressing upon him regarding the affairs of the ,papal ,states1 could have found time to attend to those wider concerns of the universal church4 ,but if he loved ,rome and its people with a love that was truly paternal1 his first care was always for the church of which he was the guardian4 ,his heart was in every work and enterprise for the advancement of the faith4 ,his eye was all-seeing4 ,his prayers were unceasing4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,great ,,events ,,of ,,the ,,pontificate4 ,the definition of two great dogmas marks the pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 and will make it memorable for ever in the annals of the church3 the dogma of the ,immaculate ,conception of the ,blessed ,virgin ,mother1 and of the ,papal ,infallibility4 ,the last was a death-blow to schism and heresy4 ,we do not mean that schism and heresy will die out because of it4 ,but it roots them out of their holes2 and henceforth they will know that over them hangs a voice1 not often used1 indeed1 or idly1 but which1 once it has uttered its last and final and solemn decision1 is irrevocable4 ,the scenes that ,rome witnessed in its last declining days as the city of the popes will dwell in the memory of men4 ,the bishops of all the earth1 in numbers unprecedented1 flocking to what was vainly thought to be the rocking chair of ,peter1 was perhaps one of the most striking testimonies to a scoffing and unbelieving age of the immense vitality of the faith1 of the vastness1 the splendor1 and renown of the ,catholic ,church4 ,a more solemn testimony still was the joyful acceptance by the faithful of the dogma of ,papal ,infallibility1 which1 it was thought by those who knew not the ,catholic faith1 would rend the church asunder4 ,the canonization of the martyrs of ,japan1 the thronging of the bishops and faithful to ,rome on the occasion of the various jubilees1 and the crowning event of last year1 when all the ,catholic world assisted at the celebration of the fiftieth episcopal jubilee of ,pius ,,ix41 are other events that mark this great pontificate with significance and splendor4 ,these last were as much personal tributes to the man as of respect to the supreme head of the church1 and they showed1 if aught were needed to show1 that ,pius1 stripped of his dominions1 bereft of his possessions1 imprisoned in the ,vatican1 lived and reigned as1 perhaps1 no other pope lived and reigned in the hearts1 not of a small section of his people1 but of all the great church that covers the earth4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,the ,,pope',s ,,personal ,,character4 ,one feature of all others marks the character of ,pius ,,ix4 ,personally the meekest and most yielding of men1 he was always filled with the sense of his position and his sacred charge4 ,we do not mean that as ,pope he was proud1 overbearing1 intolerant4 ,he was anything but that4 ,but in all that touched the faith and the sacred prerogatives that had been placed in his pure hands he was simply inflexible4 ,he would not yield a jot of them4 ,he would not compromise4 ,he would not temporize4 ,a singularly open1 honest1 and frank character1 ready to trust all men1 he seemed to scent out danger from afar off when it threatened what was dearer to him than life--life was always a small matter in his eyes--the chair of ,peter and the faith of ,christ4 ,the utterances of his bulls and encyclical letters1 the speeches that he delivered1 sometimes off-hand1 on important subjects1 bear all one tone1 never contradict one another4 ,they are resolute and bold and breathe authority throughout4 ,he saw from the first the movement of the age1 and that it was moving in a false direction4 ,the movement was1 in one word1 towards a complete rejection of divine authority1 of divine revelation1 and consequently of the church as a divine institution1 and of all authority save such as men choose to set up for themselves4 ,from his first papal allocution to the ,syllabus of ,errors to be condemned1 he always struck at this spirit1 and this spirit recognized its vigilant foe and master4 ,hence the rage with which his utterances were received in the courts of ,europe and by the infidel press4 ,but he never swerved from his course4 ,he was never weary of condemning what he knew to be wrong2 and the state of public opinion to-day regarding rights that were once held as sacred even by large and powerful non-,catholic bodies is a sufficient vindication1 if any were needed1 of the pontiff's course4 ,rights1 natural and supernatural1 are everywhere invaded4 ,the cloister is desecrated4 ,the home is threatened with disruption by divorce and an easy marriage that is no marriage4 ,innocent infants are no longer consecrated to ,god4 8,free0 thought finds its issue in 8free0 religion1 and free religion means no religion4 ,the sense of right has yielded to the sense of force4 ,education is handed over to infidels4 ,this is the larger growth of the conspiracy that swept away the ,states of the ,church only by way of a beginning to a wider sweeping that was to desolate the earth4 ,all this was what ,pius ,,ix4 felt coming on and resisted to his last breath4 ,he guarded the church well1 and1 if human judgment be allowed to follow him1 he goes before his divine ,master with a clean heart and untroubled conscience1 having done his work thoroughly4 ,we shall miss that majestic figure from our busy scene4 ,we shall miss the grand old man seated prophet-like on the now bare and barren rock of ,peter1 the storms of the earth roaring around and threatening to overwhelm him1 and he calm and unmoved1 his head lifted above them clear and lovely in the white light of heaven4 ,we shall miss the face that we all know as we know and cherish the picture of a father3 with its large1 bright eyes1 its sweet lips1 and that smile that could only come from a heart free from guile and clear from constant communings with heaven4 ,set the men of the age beside him1 and see how they dwarf and dwindle away4 ,set ,cavour1 ,louis ,napoleon1 ,bismarck1 ,thiers1 ,palmerston1 those known as the greatest among the leaders of men1 by ,pius ,,ix41 and what a contrast6 ,the story of the struggle that he waged is told in this4 ,ages stamp themselves in the men they deify4 ,in brutal1 debased1 but 8civilized0 pagan ,rome statues were set up to men like ,nero and ,domitian and ,claudius and ,diocletian2 and these were the gods of the degenerate ,romans4 ,the gods of to-day1 the idols of the people1 are the men we have mentioned above and the lower brood of the ,mazzinis1 ,garibaldis1 ,victor ,emanuels1 ,gambettas4 ,to the worshippers of these heroes ,pius ,,ix4 was a despot and a ruler of a brood of despots1 an enemy of the human race4 ,the gown of the cleric has become the garb of ignominy and darkness2 the blood-red cap of the revolutionist the beacon of liberty and light4 ,the intellectual stream of ,voltaire and the ,voltairists1 the men of 8science0 of to-day1 filters down into the mud and blood of the rabble4 ,these dainty gentlemen prepare the dynamite1 leaving others more ignorant to fire it4 ,this is the progress that ,pius ,,ix4 stigmatized1 and these the lights of the age whom he condemned4 ,but his work has been effectual4 ,he guarded the vineyard of the ,lord4 ,he made straight its paths4 ,he weeded it well and watered it1 if not with his heart's blood1 with the labors and sufferings of a long life that never knew rest or thought but of good to the whole human race4 ,he has left to the world the example of a life of unspotted virtue1 of large and wise charity1 of undaunted courage and zeal1 of meekness and childlike simplicity4 ,he goes to his grave amid the tears and benedictions of the mightiest body on earth1 followed by the sorrowing sympathy of all who esteem piety1 honor integrity1 and admire courage4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,new ,,publications4 ,,morning ,,offices ,,of ,,palm ,,sunday1 ,,holy ,,thursday1 ,,and ,,good ,,friday4 ,together with a ,magnificat for ,holy ,saturday and a few selections for the ,tenebr ,function4 ,arranged and edited by ,edwin ,f4 ,mac,gonigle1 ,st4 ,charles' ,seminary1 ,overbrook1 ,pa4 ,the publication of this work is another comforting evidence of the reality of the revival of a better taste amongst church musicians1 and of the demand of church people for a style of music at the divine offices which1 at least1 shall not outrage every sentiment of religious reverence and respect which they have for the house of ,god4 ,although giving but few selections from the vast number of sentences1 anthems1 etc41 enjoined to be sung during the great week1 the choice made proves that there is a more general knowledge of the ,rubrics than has hitherto prevailed amongst church musicians1 and a consequent desire to produce the offices of the church in their entirety4 ,it will also serve a purpose--to us a very desirable one--which is to turn the attention of choir-masters and organists to the sanctioned chant melodies for the ,holy-,week services1 which are1 in our judgment1 after long experience1 quite unequalled by any musical melodies that were ever written4 ,we fail to see any possible reason for a harmonized morceau de musique to take the place of the cantor's chanting of the ,recordare at the ,tenebr function1 nor can we discover any special merit in the composition itself4 ,the works of ,sig4 ,capocci seem to us to be better suited for exhibition at one of our 8,vesper ,series0 concerts at ,chickering and other halls than for practical use in choro before an altar--unless1 indeed1 the hearing of a musical concert is to be the proper and most edifying manner of satisfying the precept of hearing ,mass devoutly1 or of piously assisting at ,vespers and ,benediction4 ,can the editor give any authority for the whining ,fa in the first member of the cadence of the ,benedictus1 ,no4 #a1 here treated as ,do8 ,sig4 ,capocci may have so written it2 but then he ought to have known better4 ,those who use concerted music for their church services1 and who possess capable singers1 will no doubt be pleased to add this publication to their collection of 8church music40 ,a ,,visit ,,to ,,the ,,roman ,,catacombs4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,spencer ,northcote1 ,d4,d41 canon of ,birmingham4 ,london3 ,burns and ,oates4 #ahgg4 7,for sale by ,the ,catholic ,publication ,society ,co47 ,this book is another proof of the untiring attention that ,canon ,northcote continues to devote to the object of his special studies--the ,roman ,catacombs1 to which1 as he modestly tells us1 he first applied himself in #ahdf4 ,the length of time that he has devoted to the subject1 his diligence1 scholarship1 and perfect orthodoxy1 make him the standard authority among ,english-speaking ,catholics on all matters connected with those wonderful subterranean cemeteries which are inexhaustible mines of treasure to students of ,christian antiquities1 and points of attraction to all really learned1 as well as to some ignorant and conceited1 visitors to ,rome4 ,the traveller to the ,tiber and the ,seven ,hills who does not visit the ,catacombs has not seen one of the three ,romes1 and returns with a very inadequate knowledge of the ,eternal ,city4 ,a study of the ,roman ,catacombs is as necessary to enable one to understand the manners and customs of the early ,christians1 and to appreciate the various stages of the doctrines and practices of the church from apostolic times to the period that followed the triumph of religion under ,constantine1 and its splendid development of ritual and of ceremonial during the middle ages1 as the careful examination of the deeply-planted roots of a mighty oak is wanted to show the lover of nature how so noble a tree grows up the monarch of the forest1 8and shooteth out great branches1 so that the birds of the air may lodge under the shadow of it0 7,mark iv4 #cb74 ,we are glad to learn from the preface of this short but interesting and instructive ,visit to the ,roman ,catacombs that a second and enlarged edition of the ,roma ,sotteranea of the same author1 published in conjunction with ,rev4 ,w4 ,r4 ,brownlow in #ahfi1 and which will contain the substance of ,de ,rossi's recently-issued third volume1 is in preparation4 ,we shall heartily welcome it4 ,the present little book contains a great amount of information in a convenient1 attractive1 and well-written form4 ,,materialism3 ,a ,lecture by ,p4 ,j4 ,smyth1 ,m4,p41 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,chev4 ,leg4 d',hon4 ,dublin3 ,joseph ,dollard4 #ahgg4 ,this is a strong and outspoken defence of ,christianity by a layman from the lecture platform against the attacks of materialism on religion as addressed to popular assemblies under the cloak of science4 ,the lecture reaffirms the primitive convictions of the soul and the common consent of mankind against the unsupported assertions of the modern materialist school4 ,the ,irish people have heroically withstood the assaults made against their religious faith--assaults more cruel and persistent than have been even charged upon the ,spanish ,inquisition--and that1 too1 from a nation which boasts of being the champion of religious liberty4 ,it is a cheering sign to see that they are fully able to defend their faith with personal intelligent conviction against the materialism of the demagogues of science4 ,ireland has a class of thoroughly-educated laymen1 and when religion is invaded from every quarter1 as it is in our day1 it is time that men who have deep and strong religious feelings should speak out in words which are fraught with the power of intelligent conviction and in tones which will make themselves heard4 ,mr4 ,smyth's lecture is solid1 manly1 and eloquent1 and we hope to hear from him again and often4 ,,records ,,of ,a ,,quiet ,,life4 ,by ,augustus ,j4 ,c4 ,hare1 author of ,walks in ,rome1 etc4 ,revised for ,american readers by ,william ,l4 ,gage4 ,boston3 ,roberts ,brothers4 #ahgf4 ,the author of this volume1 in presenting the picture of the ,hare family1 labored under the impression that he was revealing a model life to the public4 ,confined to non-,catholics1 perhaps he and the writer of the ,american preface were not mistaken1 and this class of readers will derive profit from its perusal4 ,the ,hares were ,anglican clergymen1 in charge of parishes1 and with families4 ,the volume furnishes pictures of the performance of their parochial duties1 the life of their family circles1 and the characteristics of their members4 ,the ,hares were above the common run of men of their class in intellectual gifts and scholarly attainments4 ,they appear to have done their best to fulfil the duties of their position with the incoherent fragments of ,christian truth which their sect teaches4 ,a ,catholic feels after reading this volume as if he had been passing through a picture-gallery of second-class artists4 ,our counsel to non-,catholic readers is3 read these ,records1 and then take up the ,life of the ,cur of ,ars1 or ,the ,inner ,life of ,pre ,lacordaire1 or ,a ,sister's ,story1 or ,the ,life of ,madame ,swetchine1 and you will understand1 if not fully appreciate1 our meaning4 ,,is ,,the ,,human ,,eye ,,changing ,,its ,,form ,,under ,,the ,,influences ,,of ,,modern ,,education8 ,edward ,g4 ,loring1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york4 #ahgh4 ,this is a very clever brochure upon a very vexed question--namely1 does compulsory education of the young under certain bad hygienic and dietetic conditions produce ocular deformity1 and is such deformity hereditary8 ,dr4 ,loring produces certain eminent ,german oculists who state that myopia 7near-sightedness7 is certainly hereditary4 ,the doctor only partially agrees with the ,german savants whom he cites1 and believes that no organ having reached its highest state of perfection1 as has the human eye1 can be changed by hereditary transmission1 unless under conditions that affect the human organism as a whole1 and that it would take ages to accomplish this under the most favorable conditions4 ,the doctor explains why educated ,germans as a rule are myopic by stating that the ,german forcing system for children under fifteen is radically wrong1 and1 moreover1 that ,germans as a nation are not fond of out-door sports4 ,he further argues that their manner of cooking and sanitary arrangements are bad2 all which1 under certain conditions1 will tend to produce hereditary myopia4 ,americans1 it is stated1 exhibit in some respects an inclination to follow the ,german plan rather than adhere to the traditional educational system of our ancestors of the ,english race4 ,children1 the doctor argues1 must not be pushed in their studies until after fifteen1 at which period the danger from over-use of the eye is diminished2 and it is thus that watchmakers1 type-setters1 and other artisans who continuously use their eyes upon minute objects have better sight than the studious professional man or laborious scientific worker4 ,we may sum up the article in a few lines when we say that nothing good1 either physical or mental1 can accrue from forcing young minds beyond a certain extent1 and that we have reached1 possibly passed1 the ultimum in our present system of education4 ,encourage1 as far as possible1 out-door sports1 and let the heavy mental work be done after fourteen4 ,give our children air and light1 lest harm be done to the race4 ,,an ,,american ,,almanac ,,and ,,treasury ,,of ,,facts1 ,,statistical1 ,,financial1 ,,and ,,political1 ,,for ,,the ,,year #ahgh4 ,edited by ,ainsworth ,r4 ,spofford1 ,librarian of ,congress4 ,new ,york and ,washington3 ,the ,american ,news ,company4 ,few persons in this country are more competent to compile a volume such as this than the ,librarian of ,congress4 ,himself a practical bookseller1 he brought years of the necessary experience to his aid4 ,the results of this experience are manifest in the intelligently-arranged and trustworthy volume before us4 ,it contains a vast amount of really useful information1 on agriculture1 politics1 banks1 finances1 libraries1 the census1 chronology1 commerce1 the post-office1 gold and silver coinage1 education--in fact1 on every practical subject about which persons need ready and accurate information4 ,its statistics can be relied on as trustworthy4 ,it is preceded by a short 8,history of ,almanacs10 in which ,mr4 ,spofford enumerates several that have appeared of late years1 though he has forgotten to mention the ,illustrated ,catholic ,family ,almanac1 now in its tenth year4 ,this1 we presume1 was an oversight2 for1 if we are not mistaken1 it has been a guide to some of the statisticians in ,washington with regard to the statistics of ,catholic colleges and institutions of learning conducted by ,catholics4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,footnotes ----- ,footnote #a3 ,macaulay4 ,footnote #b3 ,marble ,faun1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abi1 ,tauch4 ,ed4 ,footnote #c3 ,john ,dwight's translation4 ,footnote #d3 ,see ,sum of ,st4 ,thomas1 i4 #b1 cviii4 ,footnote #e3 ,words of ,pius ,,ix4 ,footnote #f3 ,lutheran ,i am not2 nor ,zwinglian2 still less ,anabaptist4 ,in short4 ,i am one who believes in1 honors1 and respects the holy1 true1 and ,catholic ,church4 ,footnote #g3 ,childlike simplicity4 ,footnote #h3 ,the ,jukes3 ,a ,study in ,crime1 ,pauperism1 ,disease1 and ,heredity1 etc4 ,by ,r4 ,l4 ,dugdale4 ,with an ,introduction by ,elisha ,harris1 ,m4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,footnote #i3 ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,june1 #ahgf1 8,hammond on the ,nervous ,system40 ,footnote #aj3 ,some ,remarks on ,crime-,cause4 ,richard ,vaux4 ,footnote #aa3 ,st4 ,hedwige1 ,duchess of ,silesia and ,poland4 ,by ,f4 ,becker4 ,collection of ,historical ,portraits4 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,herder ,co41 ,freiburg in ,breisgau and ,strassburg4 #ahgb4 ,footnote #ab3 ,theodore1 ,archbishop of ,canterbury4 ,footnote #ac3 ,belatucadus was also the name of a divinity worshipped by the ancient ,britons4 ,a rock situated a little to the north of ,belenus still retains the name of ,tombalaine or ,tombalne1 formerly ,tumba ,beleni4 ,several strange legends linger about both these rocks4 ,the ancient poem of ,brut1 of which a ,,ms4 copy is preserved in the archivium of ,mount ,st4 ,michael1 has the story of ,king ,arthur1 ,sir ,launcelot1 and ,elaine1 and makes out the etymology of the northern rock to be ,le ,tombe 7d'7,elaine4 ,footnote #ad3 ,these priestesses were in the habit of selling to the seafaring men who came to consult them arrows of pretended virtue in calming tempests1 if thrown into the sea1 during a storm1 by one of the youngest sailors on board4 ,in the ancient ,druidic poem called ,ar ,rannou1 or ,the ,series1 where the ,child says1 8,sing me the number ,nine10 the ,druid answers1 8444 ,nine ,korrigan with flowers in their hair1 robed in white wool1 dancing around the fountain in the light of the full moon40 7,see ,de ,villemarqu1 ,barzaz ,breiz1 p4 #f47 ,pomponius ,mela designates as ,garrigena 7evidently ,korrigan ,latinized7 the 8nine priestesses or sorceresses of the ,armorican ,isle of ,sein40 ,footnote #ae3 ,monsieur de la ,fruglaye mentions the existence1 near to ,morlaix1 of a vast forest which has been submerged by the ocean4 ,in a black and compact stratum1 which is covered for the most part by a fine white sand1 he found traces of very ancient and abundant vegetation3 whole trees thrown in every direction--yews1 oaks1 large trunks1 and green mosses4 ,beneath this layer the soil appeared to be that of meadows1 with reeds and rushes1 etc4 ,here all the plants were undisturbed and in a vertical position1 and the roots of the ferns still had their downy coating4 7,see ,observations sur les origines du ,mont ,st4 ,michel4 ,maury47 ,a similar1 though gradual1 sinking of the coast is going on on the western coast of ,france and ,england1 also at ,alexandria1 ,venice1 ,pola1 and the coast of ,dalmatia1 besides other localities4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,itinraire dans le ,mont ,st4 ,michel1 par ,edouard ,le ,hricher4 ,footnote #ag3 ,proceedings at the ,tenth ,annual ,meeting of the ,free-,religious ,association1 held in ,boston1 ,may #ca and ,june #a1 #ahgg4 ,boston3 ,published by the ,free-,religious ,association1 #bca ,washington ,street4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ah3 ,vide ,moehler's ,symbolism4 ,footnote #ai3 ,the ,impeachment of ,christianity1 p4 #f4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ibid4 p4 #a4 ,footnote #ba3 ,p4 #bf4 ,footnote #bb3 ,p4 #bc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,p4 #bi4 ,footnote #bd3 ,p4 #bh4 ,footnote #be3 ,is ,romanism ,real ,christianity8 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #bf3 ,p4 #bb4 ,footnote #bg3 ,p4 #bh4 ,footnote #bh3 ,p4 #bh4 ,footnote #bi3 ,p4 #bi4 ,footnote #cj3 ,p4 #cj4 ,footnote #ca3 ,p4 #cc4 ,footnote #cb3 ,p4 #cd4 ,footnote #cc3 ,p4 #dj4 ,footnote #cd3 ,p4 #db4 ,footnote #ce3 ,the fact of ,st4 ,james having taken this journey has been generally considered indubitable1 although ,baronius held it as uncertain4 ,mariana1 in his history1 affirms that all written documents were destroyed in ,spain1 first by the persecution of ,diocletian1 and afterwards by the ,moorish invasion and its attendant wars4 ,the silence of ancient testimony is thus fully explained1 and the learned ,suarez1 writing on the subject1 says3 8,it matters little that the local histories of the time make no mention of this journey of ,st4 ,james2 for1 besides that nothing happened in it so extraordinary or notorious that the renown thereof would necessarily spread abroad1 ,spain had at that period no writers careful to collect the facts of her history1 and strangers would not be likely to know anything about it1 especially as being of a religious nature1 concerning which men would not trouble themselves at all4444 ,if ,st4 ,luke had not left in writing the acts of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 many of their journeyings would be forgotten1 or rest only upon such traditions as might be preserved by the churches they founded40 ,footnote #cf3 ,tome vi4 ,aprilis4 ,footnote #cg3 ,in fest4 ,sancti ,isidori1 lect4 #b;a4 ,footnote #ch3 ,see the account as given by ,john de ,beka in the ,chronicle of ,utrecht4 ,footnote #ci3 ,datum ,viterbii1 ,,xii4 ,kalend4 ,junii4 ,footnote #dj3 ,we published last month an article on the ,indian question1 based chiefly on the official reports to and of the ,board of ,indian ,commissioners4 ,we publish this month a second article on the same question by another writer1 one who is personally familiar with the matter of which he treats1 and whose observations and suggestions on so important a subject cannot fail to command attention4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #da3 ,audax omnia perpeti1 ,gens humana ruit per vetitum nefas4 ,footnote #db3 8,gentiles have often said before me that ,mormonism is as good as any other religion1 and that ,mr4 ,joseph ,smith #8had as good a right to establish a church as ,luther1 ,calvin1 ,fox1 ,wesley1 or even bluff ,king ,hal'0 7,the ,city of the ,saints1 by ,richard ,f4 ,burton74 ,footnote #dc3 ,it was one of ,mr4 ,finney's doctrines that whenever we pray with sufficient faith1 ,god1 so to speak1 is bound not only to answer the prayer1 but to give us the precise thing we ask for2 in other words1 that we know better than ,god what is good for us4 8,there are men and women still alive and among us10 says ,dr4 ,spring1 8who remember the circumstances of the death of ,mrs4 ,pierson1 around whose lifeless body her husband assembled a company of believers1 with the assurance that if they prayed in faith she would be restored to life4 ,their feelings were greatly excited1 their impressions of their success peculiar and strong4 ,they prayed1 and prayed again1 and prayed in faith4 ,but they were disappointed4 ,there was none to answer1 neither was there any that regarded40 ,the italics are ,dr4 ,spring's4 ,footnote #dd3 ,remarkable ,visions4 ,by ,orson ,pratt1 one of the ,twelve ,apostles of the ,church of ,jesus ,christ of ,latter-,day ,saints4 ,liverpool1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #de3 ,mormon books contain representations of six plates of brass1 inscribed with unknown figures1 which are said to have been dug out of a mound in ,pike ,county1 ,illinois1 in #ahdc4 ,like those which ,moroni is supposed to have revealed to ,joseph ,smith they are described as bell-shaped and fastened together by a ring4 ,but the evidence that any such plates were ever found is not satisfactory1 and the characters on the published pictures of them bear little or no resemblance to those which ,joseph ,smith presented to the world as a fac-simile of a part of the ,book of ,mormon4 ,footnote #df3 ,many suppose that ,joseph ,smith and his brother ,hyrum fabricated plates of some basemetal and imposed them upon their credulous followers4 ,but if they had gone to the trouble of doing this it is probable that they would have shown them to a number of people1 and not confined the exhibition to a handful of their immediate associates4 ,the mere fact that evidence as to the existence of any plates at all is so defective seems to us conclusive that there were none--not even forged ones4 ,footnote #dg3 8,revelation given to ,joseph ,smith1 ,jr41 ,may1 #ahbi1 informing him of the alteration of the manuscript of the fore part of the ,book of ,mormon40--,covenants and ,commandments1 sec4 xxxvi4 ,footnote #dh3 ,five thousand copies were printed1 yet the first edition is excessively rare4 ,the later editions differ a little from the original4 ,the 8third ,european edition10 which is now before us1 was published at ,liverpool in #aheb4 ,footnote #di3 ,oliver ,cowdery was expelled from the church some years later for 8lying1 counterfeiting1 and immorality10 and died a miserable drunkard4 ,sidney ,rigdon attempted to rule the church by revelation after the death of ,joseph ,smith1 and1 being 8cut off0 at the demand of ,brigham ,young1 led away a small sect of seceders4 ,parley ,p4 ,pratt1 having induced a married woman to become his polygamous wife1 was killed by the outraged husband4 ,orson ,pratt is still living1 and one of the ablest of the ,mormon leaders4 ,footnote #ej3 ,although these lectures bear ,smith's name1 it is understood that they were really written by ,sidney ,rigdon4 ,footnote #ea3 ,autobiography of ,joseph ,smith1 quoted by ,stenhouse4 ,footnote #eb3 ,this is quoted by ,capt4 ,burton1 but he does not give his authority4 ,footnote #ec3 ,about the time of the invention of ,mormonism ,robert ,owen's communistic propaganda was making an extraordinary sensation in ,america4 ,in his 8,declaration of ,mental ,independence0 at ,new ,harmony1 ,july #d1 #ahbf1 ,owen declared that man had up to that hour been the slave of 8a trinity of monstrous evils0--,irrational ,religion1 ,property1 and ,marriage4 ,footnote #ed3 ,in the 8,revelation on ,celestial ,marriage0 ,joseph ,smith is styled 8him who is anointed both as well for time and for all eternity2 and that1 too1 most holy10 and it is added3 8,i have appointed unto my servant ,joseph to hold this power in the last days1 and there is never but one on the earth at a time on whom this power and the keys of this priesthood are conferred40 ,hence a government by the quorum of apostles1 in the ,mormon idea1 can never be anything but an interregnum4 ,they believe that ,heaven will not fail to send them a 8prophet1 seer1 and revelator10 and1 as ,brigham succeeded ,joseph1 so they look for some one in the appointed time to succeed ,brigham4 ,uno avulso1 non deficit alter4 ,footnote #ee3 ,to avoid unpleasantness1 the 8,legislature of ,deseret0 annually re-enacts en bloc the laws of the territorial legislature of ,utah4 ,footnote #ef3 ,the ,mormon ,prophet4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,v4 ,waite4 ,cambridge4 #ahff4 ,footnote #eg3 ,address by ,brigham ,young in the ,salt ,lake ,city ,tabernacle4 ,april #i1 #aheb1 four months before the publication of ,joseph's 8,revelation40 ,footnote #eh3 8,you believe that ,adam was made of the dust of this earth4 ,this ,i do not believe4 ,i never did and ,i never want to1 because ,i have come to understanding and banished from my mind all the baby stories my mother taught me when ,i was a child0 7,sermon by ,brigham ,young1 ,oct4 #bc1 #ahec74 ,footnote #ei3 ,joseph ,smith professed to get this version by inspiration4 ,footnote #fj3 ,they made it over to him as trustee1 retaining1 however1 the use of it4 ,thus an additional tie was made to keep them true to the faith4 ,brigham could at any time take away all that they possessed1 and if they left the ,territory they would have to go penniless4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see the whole passage in the ,popular ,science ,monthly for ,november1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #fb3 ,the site of the fort in ,new ,york attacked by ,champlain in #afae has only recently been determined1 although a number of leading historians have been discussing it for some years4 ,footnote #fc3 ,a foot or more of soft black soil 7humus7 on the bottom of the cellar refuted the suspicion entertained by some that this excavation was of more recent origin than the ancient buildings4 ,footnote #fd3 ,indians1 some of whom are no mean anatomists1 have since pronounced one of them to be part of a vertebra in all probability human4 ,footnote #fe3 ,even at this day our pagan ,ojibwas make such a use of human bones4 ,they either carry them in their 8medicine bags0 as 8manitous0 or grind them to powder1 which they apply especially to their puncturing instruments4 ,in diseases of the head the powder of the skull is used2 in the case of a sore leg1 that of the tibia or femur1 etc4 ,footnote #ff3 ,short ,studies on ,great ,subjects4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #fg3 ,alexandre de ,saint-,cheron4 ,introduction to ,harber's translation of ,ranke's ,history of the ,papacy4 ,second edition4 ,paris4 #ahdh4 ,footnote #fh3 ,prince ,bismarck4 ,footnote #fi3 ,north ,american ,review1 ,sept4-,oct41 #ahgg1 art4 on 8,perpetual ,forces40 ,footnote #gj3 ,the word 8royal0 has so degenerated in these days that we feel no scruple in applying it to ,victor ,emanuel4 ,footnote #ga3 ,froude's ,history of ,england1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ddg4 ,scribner ,co4 #ahgj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,st4 ,louis and ,calvin1 p4 #adi4 ,macmillan ,co4 ,footnote #gc3 8,let them not come forth ,till the ninth ripening year mature their worth40 --,horat4 ,ars ,poet41 #chh1 ,francis' trans4 ,footnote #gd3 8,than if far ,cadiz1 ,libya's plain1 ,and either ,carthage owned your sway40 --,horat4 ,carm4 ii4 #b4 ,en passant1 it may be said that this stanza1 which begins 8,latius regnes1 avidum domando ,spiritum quam si10 etc41 furnishes a curious parallel to the words of ,holy ,writ1 ,prov4 xvi4 #cb3 8,he that ruleth his spirit is better than he that taketh cities40 ,it is far from being the only passage in ,horace which in spirit1 if not in letter1 suggests the inspired writers so strongly as to tempt one to believe that he must have had some acquaintance with them4 ,cf4 ,virgil's ,pollio4 ,footnote #ge3 ,byron1 however1 if we are to take literally the well-known lines in ,childe ,harold1 can scarcely rank with true lovers of our ,horace3 8,then farewell1 ,horace1 whom ,i hated so1 ,not for thy faults1 but mine2 it is a curse ,to understand1 not feel1 thy lyric flow1 ,to comprehend but never love thy verse40 ,footnote #gf3 8,why is all journeyman-work of literature1 as ,i may call it1 so much worse done here than it is in ,france8444 ,think of the difference between the translations of the classics turned out for ,mr4 ,bohn's library and those turned out for ,m4 ,nisard's collection60--,m4 ,arnold1 ,essays in ,criticism1 ,am4 ed41 p4 #ea4 ,footnote #gg3 8,i can understand that we must not make form everything in poetry4 ,but why1 in dealing with an art1 we should take no account of the technique of that art1 should make light of those who excel in its technique1 ,i do not understand at all40 ,footnote #gh3 8,with a mind undisturbed take life's good and life's evil1 ,temper grief from despair1 temper joy from vain-glory2 ,for1 through each mortal change1 equal mind1 ,o my ,dellius1 befits mortal born40 --,horat4 ,carm4 ii4 #c1 ,lord ,lytton's trans4 ,footnote #gi3 8,fell ,care climbs brazen galley's sides2 ,nor troops of horse can fly ,her foot1 which than the stag's is swifter--ay1 ,swifter than ,eurus when he madly rides ,the clouds along the sky40 --,carm4 ii4 #af1 ,martin's translation4 ,footnote #hj3 ,we do not here forget such songs as ,shakspeare's 8,come away1 come away1 ,death10 or ,ben ,jonson's 8,see the chariot at hand here of ,love10 or the anapests and dactyls in the madrigals4 ,but we think it cannot be gainsaid that the general tendency of the earlier poets was to simple rhythms1 and that the intricate arrangements of rhyme and novelties of metre in which modern poets delight were little known to them1 or1 if known1 little relished4 ,footnote #ha3 8,fled are the snows2 and the green1 reappearing1 ,shoots in the meadow and shines on the tree40 ,footnote #hb3 ,note by the author of the article4--,the import of this needs some further explanation4 ,since the body is full of various and contrary physical forces1 these must come either from the soul as the active principle giving the materia of the body its first being1 or from the elements which are the chemical components of the blood1 bones1 and other integral parts of the body4 ,the soul cannot furnish them1 because it does not possess them4 ,therefore the elements remain1 and the material substance remains1 and they are not divested of their substantial formality4 ,footnote #hc3 ,viz41 that the modern theory destroys the unity of substances1 and particularly the unity of the human nature or substance4--,author of the article4 ,footnote #hd3 ,cant4 iv4 #g4 ,footnote #he3 ,ex4 xvi4 #cc2 ,heb4 ix4 #d4 ,footnote #hf3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,july1 #ahgg1 8,the ,european ,exodus40 ,footnote #hg3 ,among the ,catholic colleges whose teaching staff is wholly or mainly ,german1 and whose students are largely of ,german birth1 we may mention the ,redemptorist ,convent and ,house of ,studies at ,ilchester1 ,maryland1 which has a staff of #aa learned professors2 ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo's ,seminary of the ,congregation of the ,precious ,blood1 ,carthagena1 ,ohio2 ,st4 ,joseph's ,college1 ,cincinnati1 conducted by the ,brothers of the ,holy ,cross2 ,seminary of ,st4 ,francis of ,sales1 ,milwaukee2 ,college of ,st4 ,laurence of ,brundusium1 ,calvary1 ,ohio1 conducted by the ,capuchin ,fathers2 ,st4 ,vincent's ,abbey of the ,order of ,st4 ,benedict1 ,beatty's ,station1 ,pennsylvania1 with a staff of #be professors2 ,st4 ,francis' ,monastery1 ,loretto1 ,pennsylvania2 ,st4 ,francis ,solanus' ,convent of the ,franciscan ,fathers1 ,quincy1 ,illinois2 ,st4 ,joseph's ,college1 conducted by the ,franciscan ,fathers1 at ,teutopolis1 ,illinois2 ,franciscan ,college1 ,allegany1 ,new ,york2 ,st4 ,ignatius' ,college1 ,buffalo2 ,franciscan ,collegiate ,institute1 ,cleveland2 ,gymnasium of the ,franciscan ,fathers at ,cincinnati2 ,st4 ,joseph's ,college1 ,rohnerville1 ,california1 under the direction of the ,priests of the ,precious ,blood2 and ,st4 ,john's ,college1 conducted by the ,benedictines1 at ,st4 ,joseph1 ,minnesota4 ,we may add in this place that thirteen of our sixty-eight ,american prelates are of ,german birth or descent4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 ,august1 #ahgg1 8,colonization and ,future ,emigration40 ,footnote #hi3 ,by ,carlyle4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #ij3 ,the ,beginnings of ,christianity4 ,with a ,view of the ,state of the ,roman ,world at the ,birth of ,christ4 ,by ,george ,p4 ,fisher1 ,d4,d41 ,professor of ,ecclesiastical ,history in ,yale ,college1 etc4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ia3 ,mr4 ,leeser1 a late eminent ,jewish scholar and minister of a synagogue in ,philadelphia1 translated the original text of ,gen4 i4 #aa3 8,the ,spirit of ,god was waving over the face of the waters40 ,footnote #ib3 ,wisdom i4 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote #ic3 ,p4 #e4 ,footnote #id3 ,pp4 #cic-cie4 ,footnote #ie3 ,pp4 #dfd1 #dfe4 ,footnote #if3 ,we should prefer to say contrived by the human intelligence1 constructed and directed by the human will4 ,footnote #ig3 ,p4 #dfe4 ,footnote #ih3 ,p4 #ff4 ,footnote #ii3 ,pp4 #acg-aci4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,p4 #adj4 ,footnote #aja3 ,p4 #db4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,short ,studies on ,great ,subjects4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,we cannot1 in the space of an article of this kind1 give chapter and verse for every statement we may make4 ,limits forbid this4 ,in saying that incoherency and inconsistency mark the ,protestant tradition throughout1 we are aware that we make a very large and very grave assertion4 ,to those who feel inclined to doubt its truth we would recommend as the readiest and fullest confirmation of it the very able series of articles on the ,protestant tradition which appeared last year in the ,london ,tablet--a series that1 enlarged and carried further1 we should like to see published in book-form4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,mr4 ,froude probably means the children of ,catholic parents1 who were encouraged by the state to apostatize1 and thereby enter into the possession of their family estates2 as otherwise there was no legal possibility of a ,protestant being injured by a ,catholic4 ,footnote #aje3 ,the ,english in ,ireland in the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,london3 ,longmans1 ,green ,co4 #ahgb4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,herein is plainly confirmed the view we took of ,mr4 ,froude's theory of might and right in our last article1 8,mr4 ,froude on the ,revival of ,romanism10 ,dec41 #ahgg4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,the ,great ,hall at ,westminster1 so called from ,william ,rufus1 who built it 7#ajig7 for a banqueting-hall--and kept his word4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,see1 for the true character of this much-maligned and really lamb-like sovereign1 ,froude's ,history of ,england4 ,yet--so harsh is the judgment of men--it is this very prince of whose robber--we should say resumption of the church lands the ,protestant antiquary1 ,sir ,henry ,spelman1 writes3 8,god's blessing1 it seemeth1 was not on it2 for within four years after he had received all this1 and had ruined and sacked three hundred and seventy-six of the monasteries1 and brought their substance to his treasury1 444 he was drawn so dry that ,parliament was constrained to supply his wants with the residue of all the monasteries of the kingdom1 great ones and illustrious1 444 by reason whereof the service of ,god was not only grievously wounded and bleedeth at this day1 but infinite works of charity were utterly cut off and extinguished40 ,footnote #aji3 ,riding the wild mare--i4e41 playing at see-saw4 ,the kneeling of the ox refers to an old ,english superstition that at midnight on ,christmas ,eve the oxen would be found kneeling in their stalls4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,a peculiar peal of bells rung at ,christmas-tide on the church-bells in ,languedoc--doubtless1 like ,noel1 from natalis4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,du ,darwinisme3 ou l'homme singe4 ,paris1 #ahgg1 page #agj4 ,footnote #aab3 ,on the ,intrusion of certain ,professors of ,physical ,science into the ,region of ,faith and ,morals3 ,an address delivered to the members of the ,manchester ,academia of the ,catholic ,religion by ,j4 ,stores ,smith1 ,esq4 ,footnote #aac3 ,manuel d'une ,corporation ,chrtienne1 par ,lon ,harmel4 ,tours1 ,marne1 ,paris3 au ,secrtariat de l'uvre des ,cercles ,catholiques d',ouvriers1 #aj ,rue du ,bac4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #aad3 #a ,tim4 iii4 #g4 ,footnote #aae3 ,cyprian1 ,epist4 lxvii4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,celestine1 ,epist4 ii4 #e4 ,footnote #aag3 ,de ,clericis1 lib4 i1 cap4 vi4 ,footnote #aah3 ,lib4 v4 ,biblioth4 ad4 not4 #aah4 ,footnote #aai3 ,de ,concord4 ,sacerd4 et ,imp41 lib4 viii4 cap4 ii4 ,footnote #abj3 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,ecclesia ,discipl41 par4 ii4 lib4 ii4 cap4 i4 ,footnote #aba3 ,epist4 v4 ,footnote #abb3 ,epist4 lv4 ,no4 vii41 ed4 ,tauchnitz1 ,lipsi4 #ahch4 ,footnote #abc3 ,apud ,wouters1 ,hist4 ,eccl4 ,comp41 vol4 i4 p4 #fe4 ,footnote #abd3 #a ,cor4 x4 #bd4 ,footnote #abe3 #a ,tim4 ii #aa4 ,footnote #abf3 ,cfr4 ,alzog's ,church ,hist41 ,papisch ,byrne1 vol4 i4 p4 #cif4 ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,chrysostom1 ,de ,sacerdotio1 iii4 #ae4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see ,graziani1 ,lettera di ,s4 ,clemente ,primo ,papa e ,martire ai ,corinti1 444 corredata di note critiche e filologiche1 ,rome1 #ahcb4 ,footnote #abi3 ,cfr4 ,devoti1 ,inst4 ,can41 lib4 i4 tit4 v4 sect4 i4 par4 vii41 in note4 ,footnote #acj3 ,see ,augustine1 ,epist4 clv42 ,synesius1 ,epist4 lxvii42 ,baronius1 ad an4 #cjd2 ,baluze1 ,miscell41 ii4 #ajb4 ,footnote #aca3 ,h4 ,e41 vi4 #dc4 ,footnote #acb3 ,compare ,tertullian1 ,apol41 xxxvii4 ,footnote #acc3 ,cfr4 ,novaes1 whose voluminous1 erudite1 and orthodox work1 the ,lives of the ,popes1 is enriched with preliminary dissertations on every subject relating to the ,papacy and the ,cardinalate4 ,footnote #acd3 ,de ,rossi1 in his ,bullettino di ,archeologia ,cristiana1 ,anno iv41 ,jan4-,feb41 #ahff1 has given the reasons for the preponderating influence which the cardinal-deacons had in the affairs of the church1 and for their frequent succession to the ,papacy4 ,indeed1 it became in the third and fourth centuries an almost invariable rule to elect the archdeacon to succeed to the chair of ,st4 ,peter4 ,footnote #ace3 ,cap4 ,si duo1 viii1 dist4 lxxix4 ,footnote #acf3 ,strange to say1 ,vigilius did1 although not immediately succeed to the ,papacy1 and is reckoned the sixty-first in the series of pontiffs4 ,footnote #acg3 ,see the controversy apud ,ferraris1 ,bibliotheca1 ,art4 8,papa40 ,footnote #ach3 ,const4 ,prudentes ,bullar4 ,rom41 tom4 iv4 par4 ii4 page #ij4 ,footnote #aci3 ,pagi1 ,breviarium ,,rr4 ,,fp41 vol4 i4 p4 #abi1 in vita ,symmachi4 ,footnote #adj3 ,in a curious old ballad sung in low ,french by the ,scotch in the king's service occurs the contemptuous line1 ,les ,romains bien tout villain mutinail4 ,francisque-,michel1 ,les ,ecessais en ,france4 ,footnote #ada3 ,apologia del ,pontificato di ,benedetto ,x41 par4 i4 cap4 ii4 num4 #b4 ,footnote #adb3 ,odoacer1 the first king of ,italy in olden times1 become so by violence and usurpation like the first king of ,italy of modern times1 and the first to interfere in a papal election1 was captured in ,march1 #dic1 and put to death by his victorious rival1 ,theodoric4 ,footnote #adc3 ,darras1 ,general ,history of the ,catholic ,church1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ff4 ,footnote #add3 ,some writers1 it must be said1 attribute the imposition of this odious burden to the ,gothic kings4 ,graveson1 who agrees with them1 says 7,hist4 ,eccl41 tom4 ii4 page #fb7 that the money was always distributed in alms to the poor4 ,footnote #ade3 ,cap4 ,quia ,sancta1 xxviii4 ,dist lxiii4 ,footnote #adf3 ,paul the ,deacon1 apud ,pagi 7,breviarium1 ,,rr4 ,,pp41 tom4 i4 p4 #cej74 ,footnote #adg3 ,when a successor to the throne was elected or appointed during the emperor's lifetime he was called ,king of ,rome or of the ,romans4 ,footnote #adh3 ,ad an4 #hhd4 ,footnote #adi3 ,in ,ord4 ,rom4 cap4 xvii4 page #aad4 ,footnote #aej3 ,ad an4 #hhd4 ,footnote #aea3 ,de ,nummo ,argenteo ,benedicti ,,iii41 pag4 #bb et seq4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,vet4 et ,nov4 ,eccl4 ,discipl41 part ii4 lib4 ii4 cap4 xxvi par4 #f4 ,footnote #aec3 ,primacy of the ,apostolic ,see1 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #aed3 ,die ,deutschen ,ppste1 #b vols41 ,regensburg1 #ahci4 ,footnote #aee3 ,see a long and interesting note to the point headed1 ,quali consequenze discendano dalla condizione della chiesa romana al secolo x4 in ,mozzoni's ,tavole ,cronologiche critiche della ,storia della ,chiesa ,universale4 ,secolo ,decimo1 ,rome #ahfe4 ,footnote #aef3 ,cap4 ,in ,nomine ,domini1 i4 dist4 xviii4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,ix41 cap4 ,licet1 #f4 de ,elect4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,bede's ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,england1 p4 #bag4 ,edited by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles1 ,d4,c4,l4 7,henry ,g4 ,bohn74 ,footnote #aei3 ,this thought is taken from ,st4 ,teresa4 ,footnote #afj3 ,one of the most recent and significant signs of change in the ,anglican communion is the movement in favor of confession4 ,it may be well to inform our readers that the above article is from the pen of ,mgr4 ,capel1 than whom no man in ,england probably is better fitted from his position1 knowledge1 and experience to treat of such a subject4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #afa3 ,this strange narrative1 which has never hitherto been published in any language1 is the autobiography of a friend of the ,lady ,herbert of ,lea1 who has translated it for ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #afb3 ,the ,final ,philosophy2 or1 ,system of ,perfectible ,knowledge issuing from the ,harmony of ,science and ,religion4 ,by ,charles ,woodruff ,shields1 ,d4,d41 ,professor in ,princeton ,college4 ,new ,york3 ,scribner1 ,armstrong ,co4 #ahgg4 ,footnote #afc3 ,have we no word to express shortly the meaning of the fine ,german word 8,thaten-drang08 ,footnote #afd3 ,katholische ,stimme4 ,footnote #afe3 ,sparks' ,life of ,arnold1 p4 #bah4 ,footnote #aff3 ,pp4 #be-bg4 ,footnote #afg3 ,the remains of ,st4 ,honorat are now in a church at ,cannes4 ,footnote #afh3 ,near ,cap ,roux is an inlet called ,aurle from the old ,roman road along the shore4 ,footnote #afi3 ,is4 i4 #ah4 ,footnote #agj3 #a ,cor4 xv4 #ca4 ,footnote #aga3 ,report of the ,joint ,special ,committee to investigate ,chinese ,immigration4 ,washington1 #ahgg4 ,footnote #agb3 8,who1 perched on one foot1 as though 'twere a feat1 ,some hundreds of verses an hour would repeat40 --,horat41 ,sat4 i4 #d1 #i4 ,footnote #agc3 ,a couplet from this great work is quoted in the ,dunciad3 8,so when ,jove's block descended from on high 7,as sings thy great forefather1 ,ogilby71 ,loud thunder to its bottom shook the bog1 ,and the hoarse nation croaked1 8,god save ,king ,log60 ,footnote #agd3 8,and iron slumber fell on him1 hard rest weighed down his eyes1 ,and shut were they for ever more by night that never dies40 --neid1 x4 #gde-gdf1 ,morris' translation4 ,footnote #age3 ,the translation of the ,earl of ,lauderdale appeared before ,pitt's1 but it was really completed before ,dryden's1 and the latter had the use of it in ,,mss4 in preparing his own1 as he admits in his preface4 ,some three or four hundred of the earl's lines were adopted by ,dryden without change4 ,footnote #agf3 8,there is her temple1 there they stand an hundred altars meet1 ,warm with ,saban incense smoke1 with new-pulled blossoms sweet40 --neid1 i4 #dae-daf1 ,morris' trans4 ,footnote #agg3 8,whence she with kindness prompt ,and eyes glistering with smiles10 ,carey gives it1 which is certainly ,english1 but-- ,footnote #agh3 ,la ,vie ,domestique1 ses ,modles et ses ,rgles--d'aprs les documents originaux4 ,charles de ,ribbe4 ,paris3 ,edouard ,baltenweck4 ,footnote #agi3 ,in regard to the heroic virtue that can be practised in the married state there can be no question4 ,as little can there be any question that in the scale of perfection the religious is the higher state4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,he refused the chancellorship when ,boucherat gave up the seals1 but did his work effectually as commissioner of finance and overseer of public work in the south and west of ,france between #afej and #afij4 ,footnote #aha3 ,dixit etiam ,deus3 ,producant aqu reptile anima viventis1 et volatile super terram4444 ,producat terra animam viventem in genere suo 444 et factum est ita4--,gen4 i4 #bj1 #bd4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,the translation is from the graceful pen of ,lady ,georgiana ,fullerton4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,as for 8gall10 there is1 according to the writer's own showing1 more of fallen than regenerate humanity in it4 ,the less gall1 then1 the better4 ,the ,holy ,father has recently favored the ,catholic press by selecting ,st4 ,francis de ,sales as its patron saint4 ,the more closely writers adhere to the saint's spirit the nearer they will approach their divine model1 and the more abundant will their labors be in good fruits4--,,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,marchetti1 ,critica al ,fleury1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,ad auctorem opusc4 ,quid est ,papa8 vol4 ii4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,du ,cange1 ,gloss41 ad verb4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,macri1 ,hierolexicon1 ad verb4 ,conclave4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,biondo da ,forl1 lib4 vii4 decad4 #b4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,cap4 ,ubi periculum4 #c de ,elect4 in #f4 ,footnote #aij3 ,ne ,romani electioni ,pontificis indeterminata opinionum diversitas aliquod possit obstaculum vel dilationem afferre2 nos1 inter ctera prcipue attendentes1 quod lex superioris per inferiorem tolli non potest1 opinionem adstruere1 sicut accepimus satagentem1 quod constitutio felicis recordationis ,gregorii ,pap ,x4 prdecessoris nostri1 circa electionem prfatam edita in concilio ,lugdunensi1 per coetum cardinalium ,roman ecclesi ipsa vacante modificari possit1 corrigi vel immutari1 aut quicquam ei detrahi sive addi1 vel dispensari quomodolibet circa ipsam seu aliquam ejus partem1 aut eidem etiam renunciari per eam tanquam veritati non consonam de fratrum nostrorum consilio reprobamus1 irritum nihilominus et inane decernentes1 quicquid potestatis aut jurisdictionis1 ad ,romanum1 dum vivit1 ,pontificem pertinentis 7nisi quatenus inconstitutione prdicta permittitur7 coetus ipse duxerit eadem vacante ecclesia exercendum1 etc4 ,footnote #aia3 ,voting by proxy is not recognized in the conclave4 ,footnote #aib3 ,such1 for instance1 is a woman1 a manifest heretic1 an infidel--i4e41 one who is not baptized4 ,footnote #aic3 ,cremoniale continens ritus electionis ,romani ,pontificis1 cui prfiguntur ,constitutiones ,pontifici1 et ,conciliorum decreta ad eam rem pertinentia4 ,rom1 #afbb1 in #daj4 ,footnote #aid3 ,lib4 ,pontif41 tom4 iv41 in vita ,bonif4 ,footnote #aie3 ,mus4 ,ital41 cap4 xvii4 p4 #aab4 ,footnote #aif3 ,labb1 ,concil41 tom4 vi4 col4 #agba4 ,footnote #aig3 #d ,kings x4 #c4 ,footnote #aih3 ,hist4 of ,alex4 ,,vii4 ,footnote #aii3 ,const4 ,in eligendis ,bullar4 ,rom41 tom4 iv4 part ii4 pag4 #ade4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,spiritual ,exercises4 ,second ,day4 ,footnote #bja3 ,turkeys were introduced into ,france by the ,jesuits in #aegj1 in which year they were first eaten at ,mzires1 department of ,ardennes1 at the marriage of ,charles ,,ix4 and ,elizabeth of ,austria4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,the ,feast of ,our ,lady of ,dolors is on the #c;d ,sunday of ,september4 ,this ,sunday1 in #ahgg1 fell on the #afth--i4e41 the ninth day after the ,nativity of ,our ,lady1 which is on the #hth of ,september4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,hodie nomen tuum ita magnificavit1 ut non recedat laus tua de ore hominum1 qui memores fuerint virtutis ,domini in ternum1 pro quibus non pepercisti anim tu propter angustias et tribulationem generis tui1 sed subvenisti ruin ante conspectum ,dei nostri 7,epistle in the ,mass of ,our ,lady of the ,seven ,dolors1 third ,sunday in ,september74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected4 ,typographical errors were silently corrected4 ,inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant form was found in this book4 ,text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores 7italics7 and text that was bold1 is enclosed by equal signs 7,now674