,,mod]n ,,copp] ,,smelt+4 ,! ,col\r ( ! ,conv]t] ,flame dur+ ! ,bessem]is+ ( ,copp] ,matte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,flame at comm5cem5t ( bl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,flame dur+ ! fir/ or 8slagg+0 /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 8,:ite ,metal /age40 ,slagg+ ( ,copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,flame dur+ second or 8bl[+ to bli/]0 /age4 ,,mod]n ,,copp] ,,smelt+4 ,,be+ ,,lectures ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,birm+ham ,,univ]sity ,,greatly ,,ext5d$ ,,& ,,adapt$1 ,,& ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory1 ,,uses ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,copp]4 ,,by ,,donald ,m4 ,,levy1 ,m4,sc41 ,assoc4 ,r4,s4,m41 ,,assi/ant ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,metallurgy1 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,birm+ham4 ,) frontispiece1 & #gf illu/rations4 ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,*>les ,,griff9 ,,company1 ,,limit$2 ,,exet] ,,/reet1 ,,/r&4 #aiab4 ,all ,rights ,res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,! lectures on 8,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+0 embodi$ 9 ?is volume 7 deliv]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham to ! ,s5ior ,/ud5ts 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,metallurgy & to o!rs int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,!y are bas$ l>gely ^u ! results ( a /udy ( ! practice z conduct$ at a numb] ( ! be/ organis$ smelt]s & ref9]ies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 at :i* ! au?or has _h ! opportunity ( sp5d+ "s consid]able "t1 & x has be5 felt t !re exi/s a scope1 p>ticul>ly on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 = a compact volume deal+ broadly ) ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+1 illu/rat$ ) su* examples ( work+ practice f p]sonal obs]vation4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! ,lectures has be5 ext5d$ by ! addition ( an ,introduction on ! ,hi/ory1 ,uses1 & ,g5]al ,metallurgy ( ,copp] z appli$ to ,mod]n ,practice4 ,! ,copp] ,indu/ry is already =tunate 9 ! lit]ature at its disposal4 ,x possesses /&>d works ( ref]5ce ?r\gh ! publication ( ,dr4 ,pet]s' classical volumes on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,copp] ,smelt+1 & m rec5tly 7dur+ ! prep>ation ( ! pres5t "w7 ( ! volume on ! ,practice ( ,copp] ,smelt+--works :i* h done mu* to raise copp] smelt+ to a sci5ce4 ,! indu/ry is be+ r5d]$ invaluable s]vice by ! ,te*nical ,societies & ,te*nical ,press1 ^: publications furni% an admirable record ( ! con/ant advance 9 ! !ory & practice ( ! art4 ,use has be5 made ( ^! s\rces ( in=mation 9 ! pres5t "w1 & li/s ( su* ref]5ces are app5d$ to ea* ( ! ,lectures4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is made to sev]al au?ors & editors :o h giv5 p]mission = ! reproduction ( illu/rations or = ! inclusion ( ref]5ces3--,dr4 ,pet]s1 ,pr(essor ,g[l&1 ,mr4 ,hughes1 ! ,editors ( ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 ,m9es & ,m9]als1 & o!rs4 ,! ,in/itution ( ,m9+ & ,metallurgy1 ,messrs4 ,*amb]s ,bros41 ,! ,traylor ,eng9e]+ ,co41 & ! ,p[] & ,m9+ ,ma*9]y ,co4 h v k9dly provid$ blocks = sev]al ( ! illu/rations2 ! ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,co4 furni%$ a set ( photographs1 :il/ ,figs4 #h1 #cg1 & #gf h be5 reproduc$ by p]mission ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itution ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s4 ,to ! ,sup]9t5d5ts & ,/affs ( ! sev]al smelt]s :]e opportunities 7 s freely giv5 = /udy+ mod]n practice1 & p>ticul>ly to ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,ma!wson at ,anaconda1 ,montana1 to ,mr4 ,j4 ,p>ke ,*ann+ at ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,company's ,smelt]1 & to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,freel& at ,duckt[n1 ,t5nessee1 ! au?or desires to express 8 appreciation = mu* valu$ in=mation & _m o!r k9d s]vices4 ,! frequ5t ref]5ces made 9 ?is book to ! organisation & ! me?ods employ$ at ^! works is n only a tribute to ! useful in=mation freely imp>t$1 b is also due to ! fact t su* features are s ?or\ghly repres5tative ( ! mo/ advanc$ practice 9 copp] smelt+ ^u a l>ge scale & ( ! direction 9 :i* all mod]n "w is und\bt$ly t5d+4 ,! au?or fur!r ?anks ,pr(essor ,turn] ( ,birm+ham ,univ]sity = 8 int]e/ 9 ?is volume1 ,mr4 ,frank ,levy = read+ ! pro(s1 & ! publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,*>les ,griff9 ,co41 ,ltd41 = ! c>e tak5 9 ! prep>ation & production ( ! "w4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,birm+ham1 ,may1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,pages ,hi/ory ( ,copp] -- ,developm5t ( ! ,copp] ,indu/ry -- ,progress ( ,smelt+ ,practice -- ,price & ,co/ ( ,production ( ,copp] -- ,copp] ,/ati/ics1 #a-ag ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,! ,uses ( ,copp]3 z ,metal & z ,alloy -- ,! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,copp] -- ,effects ( ,impurities -- ,me*anical ,prop]ties -- ,*emical ,prop]ties1 #ah-cd ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,comp\nds ( ,copp] -- ,copp] ,mattes -- ,! ,v>ieties ( ,comm]cial ,copp] -- ,ores ( ,copp] -- ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ,ores -- ,sampl+1 #ce-ej ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+ ,practice -- ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ,ores3 ,conc5tration1 ,briquett+1 ,s9t]+ -- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,copp] ,smelt+ -- ,roa/+1 #ea-hj ,,lecture ,v4 ,rev]b]atory ,smelt+ ,practice3 -- ,functions ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,furnace -- ,requirem5ts = ,successful ,work+ -- ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,rev]b]atory ,practice -- ,op]ation ( ,mod]n ,l>ge ,furnaces -- ,fuels = ,rev]b]atory ,"w2 ,oil ,fuel2 ,analysis ( ,co/s -- ,condition ( ! ,*>ge1 #ha-aab ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,bla/-,furnace ,practice3 -- ,functions ( ! ,furnace -- ,r$uction ,smelt+ -- ,oxidation 9 ! ,furnace -- ,! ,pyritic ,pr9ciple -- ,features ( ,mod]n ,work+3 ,wat]-,jacket+1 ,increase 9 ,furnace ,size1 ,ext]nal ,settl+ -- ,con/ructional ,details ( ! ,furnace1 #aac-ade ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,mod]n ,bla/-,furnace ,practice 7cont9u$73 -- ,*>ge ,calculations -- ,work+ -- ,disposal ( ,products -- ,pyritic ,smelt+ -- ,sulphuric ,acid ,manufacture f ,smelt] ,gases1 #adf-aia ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,! ,bessem]is+ ( ,copp] ,mattes3 -- ,developm5t ( ! ,process -- ,! ,conv]t] -- ,conv]t] ,l9+s -- ,grade ( ,matte -- ,op]ation ( ! ,process -- ,sy/ems ( ,work+1 #aib-baf ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,! ,purification & ,ref9+ ( ,crude ,copp]3 -- ,prelim9>y ,ref9+ & ,ca/+ into ,anodes -- ,electrolytic ,ref9+ -- ,br++ to ,pit*1 & ,ca/+ ( ,m]*ant ,copp]1 #bag-bdc ,,index1 #bde-bei ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,frontispiece--,! ,col\r ( ! ,conv]t] ,flame dur+ ! ,bessem]is+ ( ,copp] ,matte4 ,,page ,fig4 #a4--;,fluctuations 9 ! ,price ( ,be/ ,select ,copp]1 #ab #b4--;,annual ,production ( ,copp]1 #af #c4--;,equilibrium ,diagram1 ,cu-,zn ,s]ies1 #bb #d4--;,influ5ce ( ,ars5ic & ,antimony on ! ,electrical ,conductivity ( ,copp]1 #be #e4--,relations ( ,copp] & ,oxyg51 #bg #f4--,micro/ructure ( ,copp] conta9+ ,oxyg5 7,heyn71 ,plate to face #bh #g4--,relations ( ,copp] & ,ars5ic1 #bi #h4--;,freez+-,po9t ,curve ( ,iron-,copp] ,sulphides 7,mattes71 #ch #i4--,outl9e ( ,sampl+ ,s*eme1 ,anaconda1 #dh #aj4--,section ?r\gh ,sampl+ ,mill1 #dh #aa4--;,brunton ,sampl]1 #di #ab4--,outl9e ( ,smelt+ ,s*eme at ! ,anaconda ,smelt]1 ,montana1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 #ed #ac4--,sket* ,plan ( ,briquett+ ,plant1 #ef #ad4--,section ?r\gh ,aug]-,=m]1 %[+ ,briquett+ ,me*anism ( ,*amb]s' ,ma*9e1 #ef #ae4--;,*amb]s' ,briquette-mak+ ,ma*9e1 ,plate to face #eg #af4--;,dwight-,lloyd ,s9t]+ ,ma*9e1 #fj #ag4--,o',h>ra ,furnace 7,fras]-,*alm]s71 illu/rat+ ,pr9ciple ( ,me*anical ,rabbl+ by ,travell+ ,pl\ghs1 #ga #ah4--,section ?r\gh ,me*anically ,rabbl$ ,roa/] ,furnace 7illu/rat+ ,improvem5ts = ,protect+ ,driv+ ,me*anism71 #ga #ai4--,mac,dougal ,roa/]--,v]tical ,section1 #gd #bj4--;,h]re%( ,furnace--,section indicat+ ,connections = ,cool+ ,rabbles & ,sp9dles1 #gd #ba4--,sp9dle ,connections & ,guide ,%ields ( ,evans-,klepetko ,roa/]s1 #gf #bb4--,rabble-blades & ,bases1 #gg #bc4--;,developm5t ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,furnace 7,g[l&71 #ij #bd4--;,draft ,pressure ,record ( ,anaconda ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 #id #be4--,skimm+ ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 ,plate to face #if #bf4--,transv]se ,section ( ,mod]n ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 indicat+ ,f\ndations1 ,he>?1 & ,brac+1 #if #bg4--,rev]b]atory ,furnace "u ,con/ruction1 ,plate to face #if #bh4--,sectional ,plan & ,elevation ( ,rev]b]atory ,furnace at ,anaconda1 #ih #bi4--;,fire-box ,end ( ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 %[+ massive ,brac+1 ,*>ge ,b9s1 & ,*>g+ ,lev]s1 ,anaconda1 ,plate to face #ajj #cj4--;,int]ior ( ,rev]b]atory ,furnace 7look+ t[>ds ,skimm+ ,door71 %[+ ,expansion ,spaces 9 ,ro(1 & ,*>g+ ,holes1 ,anaconda1 ,plate to face #ajj #ca4--,%elby ,oil-,burn] = ,rev]b]atory ,furnace ,use1 #ajf #cb4--,mod]n ,bla/-,furnace ,%ell ( ,section$ ,jackets 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co471 ,plate to face #abb #cc4--;,bla/-,furnaces "u ,con/ruction1 %[+ ,fix+ ( ,jackets1 ,bottom ,plate1 ,me?od ( ,support1 ,section+1 etc4 7,t4 ,e4 ,co471 ,plate to face #abd #cd4--;,developm5t ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace 7,g[l&71 #abf #ce4--,plan ( #ea-;foot ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 indicat+ ,position ( ,crucibles1 ,sp\ts1 & ,connect+ ,bridge betwe5 ,old ,furnaces1 #abh #cf4--,longitud9al ,section & ,"p ,elevation ( #hg-;foot ,bla/-,furnace1 ,anaconda1 indicat+ ,crucibles ( ,old ,furnaces1 ,bridge1 & ,jacket+1 #abh #cg4--;,copp] ,cont5ts 9 ! ,slags accompany+ ,mattes ( ,v>i\s ,grades1 #acb #ch4--,wat]-,jacket$ ,bla/ ,furnace1 l[] portion indicat+ ,air & ,wat] ,connections1 ,bottom ,supports1 ,end ,slag ,sp\ts1 etc4 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co471 ,plate to face #acd #ci4--,tapp+ ,brea/ ( ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,cananea1 #acf #dj4--,rivett$ ,/eel ,wat]-,jacket1 %[+ ,tuy]e ,holes & ,wat] ,inlets1 etc4 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co471 #acg #da4--,transv]se ,section ?r\gh ,mod]n ,bla/ ,furnace1 %[+ ,arrangem5ts ( ,bo%$ ,l[] ,jackets1 ,upp] ,jackets1 & ,plates1 ,/ays & ,supports1 etc41 #ach #db4--;,int]ior ( ,anaconda ,bla/ ,furnace1 %[+ ,jacket+1 ,tuy]e ,holes1 & ,bridge1 ,plate to face #ach #dc4--,%[+ ,upp] ,jackets1 ,apron & ,mantle ,plates & ,sup]/ructure ( ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 ,plate to face #adj #dd4--;,*>g+ ,bla/ ,furnaces1 ,anaconda1 ,plate to face #adj #de4--;,bla/-,furnace ,%ell1 ) ,air ,connections 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co471 #adb #df4--;,details ( ,tuy]e1 ,cananea ,bla/ ,furnace1 #adb #dg4--,v-,%ap$ ,*>g+ ,c>1 indicat+ ,me*anism = ,release & ,tilt+1 #aec #dh4--;,end ,view ( ,bla/ ,furnace1 %[+ ,tilt+ ( ,*>ge ,c>1 ,anaconda1 #aee #di4--;,hodge's ,*>g+ ,c>1 #aee #ej4--;,freel& ,*>g+ ,ma*9e 7,d4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4 ,co471 #aeg #ea4--;,freel& ,*>g]-,details1 #aeg #eb4--,slag ,sp\t1 %[+ ,me?od ( ,trapp+ ,bla/1 also ,replaceable ,nose-,piece ( ,sp\t 7,a71 #aei #ec4--;,details ( ,slag ,sp\t1 ,cananea1 #afa #ed4--,slag ,sp\t1 %[+ ,me?od ( ,support1 #afa #ee4--;,g5]al ,view ( ,settl] 7,t4 ,e4 ,co471 #afc #ef4--,me?od ( ,l9+ ,settl]1 ,cananea1 #afc #eg4--;,arrangem5t = ,matte & ,slag ,dis*>ge f ,settl]s 7,t4 ,c4 ,c471 #afd #eh4--,tap-hole ,ca/+ & ,detail = ,settl]s1 #afe #ei4--;,anaconda ,bla/ ,furnace 7#ea feet long71 %[+ ,settl]s1 ,plate to face #aff #fj4--;,hopp]s ( ,flue-,du/ ,*amb]s & ,tracks = ,c>s und]nea?1 #afg #fa4--,slott$ ,tuy]es1 #ab in*es by #d in*es 7,t4 ,c4 ,c471 #ahe #fb4--,sectional ,elevation & ,plan ( ,b>rel-,%ap$ ,silica-,l9$ ,conv]t] 7,pet]s71 #aif #fc4--,late/ ,=m ( ,silica-,l9$ ,b>rel ,conv]t]1 #aig #fd4--,longitud9al ,section ( ,basic-,l9$ ,conv]t]1 #aih #fe4--;,basic-,l9$ ,conv]t]1 indicat+ ,tuy]es1 ,l9+1 c41 #aii #ff4--;,composition ( a ,*>ge dur+ ,bessem]is+ ,op]ation1 #bjh #fg4--,p\r+ ,slag1 ,anaconda1 #bji #fh4--;,g5]al ,view ( ,conv]t] ,%op1 ,anaconda1 ,plate to face #bad #fi4--,sectional ,plan1 ,elevation1 & ,transv]se ,sections ( ,ref9+ & ,anode-,ca/+ ,furnace1 ,anaconda 7,pet]s71 #bbj #gj4--;,indicat+ ,tilt+ & ,p\r+ ,me*anism ( ,ladle ( ,ca/+ & ,ref9+ ,furnaces1 #bbe #ga4--,walk]'s ,anode-,ca/+ ,ma*9e1 ,plate to face #bbf #gb4--;,g5]al ,view ( ,tank-room ( ,electrolytic ,ref9]y 7,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4,j471 ,plate to face #bbf #gc4--;,indicat+ ,me?ods ( ,susp5d+ & ,connect+ ,electrodes 7,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4,j471 #bcd #gd4--;,indicat+ ,connections = ,circulation ( ,electrolyte 7,b>nett71 #bce #ge4--,tank-h\se1 %[+ ,anode ,crane 7,ulke71 #bcg #gf4--,micro/ructure ( ,comm]cial ,copp] conta9+ ,oxyg5 7,h(man71 ,plate to face #bdb ,,tables4 ,,table ,,page ,i4 ,! ,production ( ,copp]1 #ae ,,ii4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,production ( ,copp]1 #ag ,,iii4 ,influ5ce ( ,impurities on ! ,electrical ,conductivity ( ,copp]1 #bc ,,iv4 ,analysis ( ,v>i\s ,comm]cial ,copp]s1 #dd ,v4 ,developm5t 9 ,size ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 #hi ,,vi4 ,daily ,reports4 ,rev]b]atory ,furnaces1 #ajb ,,vii4 ,daily ,assay ,report4 ,rev]b]atory ,furnaces1 #ajc ,,viii4 ,mon?ly ,report4 ,rev]b]atory ,furnaces1 #ajd ,,ix4 ,effect on ,coke ,consumption ( ,increas$ ,sulphur 9 ! ,furnace ,*>ge1 #abj ,x4 ,bla/-,furnace ,*>ge ,calculations1 #aea ,,xi4 ,typical ,*>g+ ,tables at ,pyritic ,smelt]1 #ahg ,,xii4 ,*anges 9 ,composition dur+ ,bessem]is+1 #bjf ,,copp] ,,smelt+4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,hi/ory ( ,copp] -- ,developm5t ( ! ,copp] ,indu/ry -- ,progress ( ,smelt+ ,practice -- ,price & ,co/ ( ,production ( ,copp] -- ,copp] ,/ati/ics4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,copp]4--,copp] 0 probably ! e>lie/ metal commonly employ$ by mank9d4 ,x occurs 9 ! native condition 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! natural product ?us requir$ no metallurgical treatm5t prior to use4 ,its malleability & ! prop]ty ( be+ readily t\gh5$ by simple me*anical treatm5t 7 also factors :i* acc\nt = ! discov]y ( its g5]al usefulness 9 su* primitive times4 ,al?\gh silv] & gold 7 possibly kn[n ev5 e>li]1 ^! metals appe> to h be5 employ$ *iefly = ornam5tal purposes1 & z tok5s1 r ?an = g5]al s]vice4 ,! alloy ( copp] & t91 kn[n z bronze1 0 ! fir/ metallic comb9ation 9 common use by man2 its employm5t 0 s *>act]i/ic 9 prehi/oric times1 t ar*ologi/s assign to "o ( ! epo*s ! "n ( ! ,bronze ,age4 ,z is well kn[n1 ar*ological "t is m>k$ by a s]ies ( ages1 9 :i* ! use1 fir/ ( /one1 !n ( bronze1 & ultimately ( iron = ! manufacture ( tools & implem5ts1 indicate ! developm5t ( indu/rial culture4 ,! dates :i* c be assign$ to ^? p]iods v>y ) ! locality2 ! races 9 ! m ,nor!rly latitudes be+ lat] 9 _! developm5t4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ! ,/one ,ages may be said to date f #cjjj ,b4,c4 d[n to #ajjj ,b4,c41 & ! ,e>ly & ,late ,bronze ,ages f #ajjj ,b4,c4 to #ejj ,b4,c41 & f #ejj ,b4,c4 to ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t era1 respectively4 ,x is n unlikely t 9 _m places copp] 0 l>gely us$ dur+ ! ,/one ,ages & be=e ! ,bronze epo*1 s9ce x 0 only aft] ! art ( mak+ fire _h be5 discov]$ t x became possible to manufacture bronze1 :il/ native copp] c\ld be fa%ion$ )\t ! aid ( heat4 ,metallic relics ( ! ,bronze ,age1 9 ! =m ( arms1 ornam5ts1 & dome/ic implem5ts h be5 f\nd 9 widely di/ribut$ localities4 ,! m5tion ( copp] occurs 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 ! metal be+ t]m$ ,neho%e?1 f ! root ,nah%1 to gli/54 ,?is 0 translat$ z 7*alcos7 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & ,aes 9 ! ,vulgate2 ! ,greeks & ,romans us+ ! t]ms1 h[ev]1 bo? = copp] & = ! alloys brass & bronze4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ! ,roman supply 0 d]iv$ *iefly f ,cyprus1 & ! metal ?us came to be kn[n z ,aes ,cyprium1 :i* 0 gradually %ort5$ to ,cyprium1 a "n aft]w>ds corrupt$ to ,cuprum1 f :i* are d]iv$ our mod]n t]ms ,copp]1 ! ,g]man ,kupf]1 & ! ,fr5* ,cuivre4 ,copp] 0 well kn[n to ! al*emi/s1 & inasmu* z x 0 l>gely obta9$ f ,cyprus1 an isl& d$icat$ to ,v5us1 x 0 consid]$ to be ! metal specially sacr$ to ! ,goddess1 & 0 g5]ally kn[n by t "n 9 _! writ+s1 & symbolis$ by ! sign symbol3 circle ) plus sign und]nea?4 ,! production ( metallic copp] on iron by ! action ( c]ta9 liquors f ! ,hung>ian m9es & o!r localities1 0 likewise kn[n to ! al*emi/s1 & 0 a con/ant s\rce ( inspiration to !m2 ! *anges 7 reg>d$ = "s hundr$s ( ye>s z examples ( ! transmutation ( ! elem5ts1 until ,boyle %[$ t x 0 necess>y to introduce copp] into su* solutions be=e t metal c\ld be precipitat$ f !m4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,copp] ,indu/ry4--,! m9+ & smelt+ ( copp] ores on a primitive scale h be5 c>ri$ on f "t immemorial2 ^! op]ations 7 c]ta9ly practis$ 9 ,greek & ,roman days1 & ! deposits ( ,brita9 are said to h be5 kn[n to ! ,phnicians s f> back z #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,p]cy ref]s to ! f9d+ ( lumps ( copp] weigh+ #db lbs41 c>ry+ a ,roman inscription2 ?is metal 0 f\nd 9 close proximity to m9es 9 ,nor? ,wales1 :i* yield$ an easily r$ucible ore1 & he conclud$ t ?is 0 smelt$ 9 situ by ! ,romans4 ,!re are und\bt$ records ( copp] m9+ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii41 & 9 t ( ,elizabe?2 :il/ ! fir/ au!ntic acc\nts ( copp] smelt+ date also f ! latt] p]iod1 relat+ to ,s\? ,wales4 ,x appe>s t "o ( ! e>lie/ e/abli%m5ts 0 situat$ at ,nea?--a fact record$ 9 a publication ( #afjb4 ,! works probably exi/$ = a c5tury be=e t date1 & ! copp] smelt]s at ,swansea 7 e/abli%$ ab\t #abj ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,! processes employ$ = ! primitive smelt+ ( copp] ores 71 to a l>ge ext5t1 ( ! same nature z ! crude op]ations practis$ g5]ally = ! extraction ( metals 9 remote ages & by primitive races1 z record$ f "t to "t by travell]s & explor]s4 ,! furnace-he>? 0 a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 work+ usually on oxide ores ) *>coal or wood z fuel4 ,?is primitive furnace 0 lat] develop$1 by ! addition ( walls = enclos+ ! *>ge1 until ! 8%aft furnace0 provid$ ) an air bla/ ( "s k9d 0 atta9$4 ,! sulphide ores pres5t$ r m difficulty 9 _! treatm5t1 b ! production ( metallic copp] f sulphide mat]ials by sup]-oxidation1 9 a process ak9 to ! bessem]is+ ( to-day1 0 develop$ 9 ,japan c5turies ago1 & has be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,g[l&4 ,x w\ld appe> t dur+ ! middle ages1 ! art ( r$uc+ copp] ores to metal on a comp>atively l>ge scale 0 practis$ simultane\sly 9 ,brita9 & 9 ,c5tral ,europe2 fir/ by primitive me?ods simil> to ^? indicat$ above1 develop+ lat] by successive improvem5ts into ! employm5t ( small bla/ furnaces4 ,by ab\t #agjj1 h[ev]1 ! me?ods div]g$1 & x is int]e/+ to note t ! diff]5t /yles ( work+ !n introduc$ h p]si/$1 until rec5t ye>s1 z ! me?ods typical ( ^! two p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ,wales1 :]e ! well-kn[n furnace coal 0 "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! locality1 z x /ill rema9s to-day1 ! smelt+ processes develop$ along ! l9es ( rev]b]atory practice1 = :i* su* fuel is em95tly suit$1 & ?is result$ 9 ! e/abli%+ ( ! repres5tative ,wel% process4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! enorm\s =e/s ( ,c5tral ,europe furni%$ wood suitable = ! mak+ ( *>coal1 a type ( fuel :i* necessitates close proximity ) ! furnace *>ge1 s t 9 ^! localities smelt+ 0 c>ri$ out 9 ! %aft furnace1 :i* gradually develop$ into ! small bla/ furnace4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! solid fuel suitable = rev]b]atory practice is only obta9able 9 v small quantities 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 & ! *>act]i/ic me?od employ$ !re = copp] smelt+ is t 9 :i* small bla/ furnaces are us$1 except t *>coal has be5 l>gely replac$ by coke z ! fuel4 ,x is probable t ! e>ly ore furnaces ( ! primitive bla/-furnace type 9 ,brita9 7 work$ by ,g]mans exp]i5c$ 9 t class ( "w1 j z at a lat] p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! indu/ry1 ,swansea copp]m5 7 to be f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w tea*+ o!r nations _! art4 ,g[l& reproduces a lett]1 dat$ ,janu>y1 #aehc1 prote/+ aga9/ ! introduction ( ?is =eign lab\r1 :il/ a second lett]1 dat$ ,july1 #aehe1 :i* is also quot$1 is ( p>ticul> int]e/1 z x gives evid5ce ( a rem>kable k ( ! art ( smelt+1 &1 :il/ illu/rat+ an important feature ( mod]n practice1 indicates also ! mann] 9 :i* an a/ute smelt]man 0 able to "w pr(itably ) difficult mat]ial s long ago z ?ree & a qu>t] c5turies4 ,! lett] is to ! foll[+ effect3-- 8,,ulricke ,,frosse to ,,rob]t ,,d5ham4 #d? ,july1 #aehe4 8,to 8 lov+ fri5d1 ,rob]t ,d5ham4 8,fri5d ,d5ham1--,i h me he>tily comm5d$ unto y1 y %all und]/& x we did lack ore m ?an #ad days ago1 = we h f\nd out a way to smelt #bd cwts4 ( ore e day ) "o furnace1 ! ,"l be ?ank$1 & if we may h ore en\gh f y\r side we may1 ) ,god's help1 melt ) two furnaces 9 #dj weeks #efj tons ( ore1 hav+ reasonable provision made = x1 desir+ y f h5ce-=w>d to s5d su* ores z y h ) z mu* spe$ z maybe1 n c>+ :at ore x is4 ,y\r ore ( ,/4 ,d9es is v h>d to melt x1 hop+ we w ov]come x :at ,/4 ,u/ ores w d1 we long to see x4 8,?is ,i re/1 ! ,"l s5d y good success ) y\r m9es4 ,& s ,i commit y to ,god4 ,f ,nea?1 ! #d? ( ,july1 #aehe4 8,y\r fri5d1 8,,ulricke ,,frosse4 8,:5 y d s5d any m ore1 if y c1 s5d ( all sorts1 ! bett] x w melt & ) m pr(it40 ,! s\nd pr9ciple ( obta9+1 :5 possible1 "o class ( copp] ore = ! purpose ( flux+ (f ! gangue f ore ( ano!r class1 0 ?us recognis$ z a pr(itable feature ( practice f comp>atively e>ly times4 ,copp] m9+ & smelt+ 9 ,/af=d%ire dates back a consid]able "t1 c]ta9ly prior to #afhf2 ! m9es 7 situat$ at ,ecton1 & ! smelt] 0 at ,elle/on1 ne> ,a%b\rne1 :]e small bla/ furnaces 7 employ$4 ,copp] smelt+ 9 ,lanca%ire1 :i* is n[adays conduct$ on a comp>atively ext5sive scale1 appe>s to h comm5c$ 9 #agbj ) ,corni% ores & small] importations f ! ,we/ ,indian & ,am]ican ,colonies4 ,dur+ ! #ah? c5tury1 ! *ief supply ( ! _w's copp] ore came f ! ,corni% m9es1 :i* ev5 at t "t1 7 deep & ext5sive4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t = "s peculi> reason1 ! ,corni%m5 7 unable to smelt ^! ores ) pr(it1 nor inde$1 to d m ) !m ?an to s5d ! mat]ial to ,s\? ,wales to be treat$4 ,!re are num]\s explanations = _! failure1 :i* h be5 discuss$ exhau/ively by ,p]cy4 ,! c5tre ( ! copp] smelt+ indu/ry ?us came to be locat$ 9 ! ,s\? ,wales 7,swansea7 di/rict1 :]e circum/ances 7 v fav\rable4 ,! /udy ( local conditions is "o ( great importance = metallurgi/s1 & s9ce ?is case af=ds a good example1 x w be ( value to ref] briefly to ^? circum/ances :i* r5d]$ ! ,swansea di/rict su* an excell5t c5tre = ! indu/ry4 ,! ext5sive colli]ies 9 ! locality r5d]$ available an abundant supply ( suitable fuel at a l[ price1 & _m ( ! smelt]s held a f9ancial int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! l>ge coal 0 pr(itably us$ = home consumption or export1 & ! small1 :i*1 ?\gh dirty1 /ill gave ! long flame requir$1 0 v suitable = smelt+ "w1 & 0 res]v$ = t purpose4 ,fur!r1 ,swansea 0 an excell5t seaport1 situat$ at a %ort di/ance only f ,cornwall1 ! *ief s\rce ( ore1 & 0 also readily accessible to vessels c>ry+ cuprif]\s ores & products f ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 & o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is 0 a great advantage1 9 t ! ,swansea copp] smelt]s1 hav+ a l>ge v>iety ( ores at _! disposal1 "s ) basic gangue1 o!rs ) silice\s gangue1 7 9 a position to make up furnace *>ges :i* 7 m or less self-flux+1 & ?us avoid$ ! necessity = pur*as+ & us+ b>r5 fluxes4 ,! f9i%$ products 7 also 9 a mo/ conv5i5t c5tre = di/ribution1 at ! seaport ( ,swansea4 ,at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ,great ,brita9 0 produc+ #ge p] c5t4 ( ! _w's copp]1 ! ,corni% m9es supply+ mo/ ( ! copp] ore1 & ! ,swansea smelt]s extract+ mo/ ( ! _w's supply ( metal4 ,/ev5s has summ>is$ ! position = #agii1 %[+ t 8f ! ,corni% ores #d1ibc tons ( ref9$ copp] 7 produc$1 & f ! ,wel% ores ( ,anglesea #b1jjj tons4 ,! great ,mansfeld m9e 9 ,g]many produc$ only #cgb tons 9 t ye>1 ,spa9's output 0 insignificant1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates only a few tons 7 made4 ,russia & ,japan probably rank$ next to ,great ,brita9 z produc]s1 small am\nts ( ore f ,au/ria1 ,sc&9avia1 & ,italy made up ! rema9d]4 ,?us at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! copp] res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,spa91 ,*ili1 ,mexico1 ,au/ralia1 ,tasmania1 ,canada1 & ,s\? ,africa1 :i* n[ supply ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! _w's metal1 7 ei!r undevelop$1 or only yield$ a few tons ea*2 ,great ,brita91 :i* produc$ ne>ly #g1jjj tons ( copp] at t "t1 extract$ f its own ore supplies1 a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 only #eej tons40 ,x w be rememb]$ t x 0 9 connection ) ! developm5t ( ,corni% copp] m9+ t ! use ( /eam p[] 9 eng9e]+ 0 introduc$ & successfully work$ out4 ,on acc\nt ( ! increas+ dep? & ext5sion ( ! ,cornwall m9es1 ! problem ( dispos+ ( ! und]gr\nd wat] became urg5t1 & l$ to ! introduction ( /eam eng9es = driv+ ! pumps1 ! ,newcom5 eng9e be+ in/all$ on ! ,:eal ,=tune ,m9e 9 #agbj4 ,! success ( ?is eng9e l$ to increase bo? 9 dep? & 9 ext5t ( ! work+s1 until x became impossible to cope ) ! pump+ requirem5ts by ?is means4 ,at ! "r mom5t ,watt br\ght out ! mod]n /eam eng9e1 & ! fir/ ,watt eng9e 0 erect$ 9 #aggg at ,*asewat]1 9 ,cornwall4 ,x 0 ! introduction ( ^! improv$ me?ods ( pump+ :i* h made possible ! successful developm5t ( pres5t-day m9+4 ,n only has ! /eam eng9e ?us l$ to an increase 9 ! supply ( copp]1 by enabl+ ! op5+ up ( va/] deposits to be und]tak51 b ! developm5t ( eng9e]+ sci5ce :i* x has br\ght ab\t1 has caus$ a fur!r consumption ( ! increas+ quantity ( copp] :i* x has help$ to r5d] available = use4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? c5tury ,great ,brita9 reta9$ its position z ! *ief copp] produc] ( ! _w1 & ! ,swansea smelt]s possess$ advantages su* z h be5 r>ely enjoy$ by any o!r body ( manufactur]s4 ,!y 7 able to impose :at conditions !y pleas$ on ! produc]s & sell]s ( copp] ore1 z well z on ! consum]s ( ! metal1 & z bus9ess m51 7 n sl[ to avail !mselves ( _! opportunities to ! greate/ possible ext5t1 /r5g!n+ _! position by ! =mation ( a comb9ation kn[n z ! ,associat$ ,copp] ,smelt]s ( ,swansea1 :i* controll$ ! price ( ! metal f #ahej to #ahfj4 ,p]cy gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! t]ms impos$ by !m "u ! "n ( return+ *>ges1 etc41 z well z ( ! conditions ( sampl+1 analysis1 & sale1 :i* 7 /rongly 9 _! fav\r4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ( monopoly1 ! smelt]s 71 on ! :ole1 cons]vative 9 t5d5cy f ! metallurgical po9t ( view1 & few great developm5ts 9 ei!r processes or me?ods 7 devis$3 nev]!less1 !y enjoy$ great prosp]ity1 & _! bus9ess atta9$ su* dim5sions t ,swansea rema9s "o ( ! greate/ c5tres ( smelt+ indu/ry 9 ! _w4 ,! ,wel% smelt]m5 _h1 moreov]1 acquir$ su* pr(ici5cy 9 furnace managem5t1 & su* k ( ! work+ & control ( copp] *>ges1 t _! reputation _h spread to all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,?\gh f #ahdj onw>d1 ! ,briti% copp] m9+ indu/ry comm5c$ to decl9e1 /ill = #bj ye>s long] ! ,swansea smelt+ works prosp]$ m & m z new m9es 7 be+ op5$ abroad & ?us furni%$ a con/antly increas+ supply ( ri* copp] ore1 *eap to pur*ase & easy to smelt4 ,x 0 ?is developm5t ( =eign copp] res\rces1 & ! unsatisfactory conditions :i* ! produc]s receiv$ at ! h&s ( ! smelt]s1 :i* 0 ! cause ( ! ev5tual displacem5t ( ,swansea f its position z ! lead+ seat ( copp] manufacture4 ,9 #ahcj1 ! production ( copp] ore 9 ,*ili _h comm5c$ & develop$ rapidly1 ,*ili soon becom+ "o ( ! *ief suppli]s ( ore to ! ,wel% smelt]s1 ^: indep5d5t attitude l$ to ! fir/ introduction ( ! copp]-smelt+ indu/ry on any l>ge scale 9 ,am]ica4 ,ow+ to ! sail+ conditions ( ! "t1 ! simultane\s com+ into port ( sev]al %ips lad5 ) ore1 in/ead ( _! arrival at regul> int]vals1 enabl$ pur*ases to be made by ! smelt]s at a rem>kably l[ figure1 ! /&>d price ( ! metal be+ subsequ5tly rais$4 ,m9e-own]s comm5c$ to seek = a rem$y1 _! ultimate endeav\r be+ to sub/itute1 = ! exportation ( _! ores1 smelt+ op]ations at or ne> ! m9es !mselves4 ,9 #ahdb ,lamb]t introduc$ rev]b]atory furnaces into ,*ili1 & s great 0 8 success1 t 9 a %ort "t !y 7 9 use ?r\gh\t t c\ntry4 ,9 #aheg he erect$ ! fir/ bla/ furnace 9 ,*ili1 & ! smelt+ indu/ry !reupon grew s rapidly t1 :il/ f #ahef to #ahfe ! copp] exports f ,*ili 7 9 ! proportions ( ore #ba p] c5t41 regulus #ch p] c5t41 & b>s #dj p] c5t41 !y subsequ5tly became ore #a p] c5t41 regulus #c p] c5t41 & b>s #ie p] c5t4 ,! ultimate effect 0 a wid5+ ( ! m>ket = ! f9i%$ ,*ilian product1 s t ,cont95tal pur*as]s 7 enabl$ to obta9 _! supplies ( metal direct1 in/ead ( be+ oblig$ to pur*ase f ! ,wel% smelt]s on ! unsatisfactory t]ms !n preval5t4 ,9 #ahdb ! fir/ l>ge copp] m9es ( ,au/ralia 7,kapunda & lat] ,burra ,burra7 7 discov]$1 b develop$ sl[ly2 & 9 #ahdd ! fir/ copp] m9es ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict began "w--on oxide ore1 n on native metal4 ,9 #ahej an enorm\s developm5t 9 ! ,*ilian m9es comm5c$1 half ! _w's copp] be+ produc$ f ?is s\rce2 9 #ahei-fj ! ,spani% m9es at ,/4 ,dom+o 7,mason & ,b>ry7 7 re-op5$1 z well z ! ,portuguese m9e1 ! ,?>sis4 ,^! m9es 7 9 reality op]at$ 9 ord] to supply ! wants ( ! sulphuric acid indu/ry1 ! ore residues be+ subsequ5tly smelt$ = copp] at ,swansea4 ,9 #ahfb1 h[ev]1 ! ,h5d]son wet process = copp] 0 introduc$1 = :i* ^! mat]ials 7 v suitable1 & ! ,spani% & ,portuguese supplies became ( consid]able importance1 soon aft]w>ds com+ "u ! control ( a ,scotti% company4 ,! competition f ^! new & abundant supplies ( ri* ores f ,*ili1 ,spa91 & ,portugal sev]ely injur$ ! production f ! ,briti% m9es2 increas+ supplies l$ to a fall 9 ! price1 & "o native m9e aft] ano!r %ut d[n1 ! ,briti% supply dim9i%+ ) consid]able rapidity4 ,9 #ahff ! great ,calumet & ,hecla m9e at ,lake ,sup]ior comm5c$ op]ations1 & spe$ily became "o ( ! mo/ important s\rces ( copp] 9 ! _w2 ! ,moonta & ,wall>oo m9es 9 ,au/ralia op5$ ab\t ! same "t1 & 9 #ahgc ! ,arizona m9es />t$ produc+4 ,9 #ahgf ! enorm\s ,spani% m9es at ,rio ,t9to 7 re-op5$1 & soon r5d]$ available l>ge quantities ( ore4 ,lat]1 ! ,tasmanian supplies ent]$ ! m>kets4 ,9 #ahhj a rem>kable developm5t 9 copp] m9+ occurr$ ) ! discov]y ( ! ,butte camp 9 ,montana2 ?is is n[ ! greate/ produc] 9 ! _w4 ,! lat] ext5sions ( ! copp] m9+ indu/ry occurr$ 9 ,utah1 ,t5nessee1 & ,que5sl&1 :il/ )9 rec5t ye>s ! mo/ important "w on a l>ge scale has be5 comm5c$ 9 ,tanganyika1 9 ,nevada1 & 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! developm5ts 9 ! smelt+ indu/ry 9 mo/ ( ^! localities h proce$$1 until ! la/ few ye>s1 on v simil> l9es4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iods foll[+ ! op5+ up ( m9es & works1 ore 0 %ipp$ to ! cu/om smelt]s1 mo/ (t5 to ,swansea2 :]e1 9 ! e>ly days1 _m ( ^? connect$ ) ! smelt+ works _h "s sort ( f9ancial int]e/ 9 ! =eign m9es4 ,lat]1 ! ore und]w5t its fir/ smelt+ to matte 9 ! m9+ di/rict itself1 ! matte product be+ !n %ipp$ ,ea/ = treatm5t1 ?us sav+ mu* ( ! freight-*>ge on useless gangue1 z well z smelt]s' heavy return+ *>ges1 etc4 ,at a lat] p]iod ! smelt+ op]ation 0 c>ri$ to a /ill fur!r /age 9 ! m9+ di/rict1 crude bli/] copp] only be+ s5t to ,swansea or else:]e to be ref9$4 ,gradually1 electrolytic ref9]ies 7 e/abli%$ some:at ne>] to ! m9+ di/ricts1 & 9 ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 & :]e local conditions are n prohibitive1 ! probability is t ! :ole cycle ( op]ations f m9+ to ! production ( ref9$ m>ket metal w be c>ri$ out at ! great camps !mselves4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ?is is n g5]ally ! case1 s9ce ! conditions "u :i* ! enorm\s ref9]ies 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & 9 ,baltimore1 etc41 op]ate1 all[ ( ! *eap] production ( electrolytic copp] at po9ts ne>] to ! di/ribut+ m>kets4 ,at ,anaconda1 inde$1 ! fully-equipp$ electrolytic plant 0 %ut d[n1 ow+ to ! comm]cial conditions su* z h j be5 indicat$1 hav+ r5d]$ ! ref9+ ( ! anode copp] at ! ,ea/]n ref9]ies m pr(itable ?an electrolytic treatm5t on ! spot4 ,! ,*ief ,features 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+ ,practice4--,9 ! e>ly days ( copp] smelt+1 ! r$uction ( ! oxidis$ ores1 :i* 7 !n *iefly available1 0 n a problem ( v great difficulty1 al?\gh losses 9 slag 7 likely to be v high1 & ! op]ation g5]ally wa/eful4 ,:51 h[ev]1 m9es became deep] & sulphide ores _h to be smelt$1 ! problem became r m complicat$4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ( developm5t1 su* ores 7 probably roa/$ until z mu* sulphur z possible _h be5 driv5 (f1 leav+ practically an oxide *>ge to be treat$ by ! old] r$uction me?ods involv+ ! att5dant extravagance 9 fuel consumption & l>ge losses ( copp] 9 ! slag4 ,f ^! crude & wa/eful me?ods ! ,wel% process 0 gradually work$ out1 & x w ev] rank z "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( highly develop$ smelt+ practice 9 ! hi/ory ( metallurgy1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! times & work+ conditions are borne 9 m9d4 ,! process hav+ receiv$ su* full treatm5t f mo/ ( ! common text-books1 x is n propos$ to review x 9 detail "h1 s9ce1 moreov]1 x has be5 l>gely sup]s$$ by m mod]n processes4 ,z w be expla9$ lat]1 copp] smelt+ ( sulphide ores is ess5tially a fractional oxidation--*iefly ( iron & sulphur--foll[$ by ! slagg+ or elim9ation ( extrane\s con/itu5ts ( ! ore4 ,! ,wel% process embodi$ a s]ies ( roa/+s & slagg+s :i*1 ?\gh mo/ admirably adju/$ = a sub/antial conc5tration ( ! copp] 9 ea* succe$+ product1 all[$ ( ! =mation ( slags 9 ! fir/ /ages :i* c>ri$ b comp>atively little copp]1 on acc\nt ( ! l[ t5or ( ! matte2 :il/ ! slags 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! process1 conta9+ m copp] on acc\nt ( _! association ) high] grade matte1 7 made 9 su* relatively small quantity t _! re-treatm5t = ! recov]y ( ^! values did n involve v mu* loss ( effici5cy 9 ! furnace op]ations4 ,lat] modifications ( ! process 7 *iefly devis$ ) ! view to r$uc+ ! numb] ( op]ations1 by elim9at+ ! successive roa/+ /ages1 = :i* purpose oxidis$ mat]ials1 su* z roa/$ or oxidis$ ores1 7 add$ to ! *>ge4 ,! ,be/-,select+ process1 & ! ,ni*oll & ,james process are likewise valuable & +5i\s modifications ( ! ,swansea me?od = special "w4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 up to #ahhj1 !re _h tak5 place b little *ange 9 pr9ciple f ! old] me?ods ( smelt+4 ,! *ief improvem5ts involv$ a sl[ *ange 9 furnace size1 & progress 9 sev]al details 9 practice4 ,! m important ( ^! advances 7-- 7a7 ,9 ,roa/+ ,practice4--#ahfe4 ,introduction ( ! me*anically driv5 furnace 7! ,brckn] cyl9d]72 n1 h[ev]1 adopt$ = copp] smelt+ till _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,lat]--,arrangem5ts = us+ roa/] gases = sulphuric acid manufacture4 7b7 ,9 ,rev]b]atory ,furnace ,smelt+4--#ahfa4 ,gas fir+ introduc$1 b ) v little success = copp] smelt+1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 7c7 ,9 ,bla/-,furnace ,smelt+4--,sev]al v important *anges 7 introduc$ 9 ! con/ruction ( furnaces4 #ahfc4 ,elongation ( ! furnace4 ,ra*ette 9 ,g]many introduc$ ! elliptical bla/ furnace4 7,int5d$ fir/ = lead smelt+2 rapidly adopt$ = copp] matte smelt+47 #ahge4 ,! wat]-jacket+ ( bla/ furnaces4 ,! ,piltz wat]-jacket$ furnace 0 likewise fir/ employ$ 9 lead smelt+1 & subsequ5tly introduc$ into copp] smelt+ practice4 ,! pr9ciple _h1 inde$1 be5 utilis$ 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( iron smelt+ be=e ?is date1 b = non-f]r\s "w ! idea 0 new4 ,al?\gh ! me?od ( wat]-jacket+ 0 recognis$ z lead+ to great improvem5t 9 ! work+ ( ! furnace1 its use 0 at fir/ some:at re/rict$1 ow+ to v>i\s practical difficulties1 & ! ultimate great success 0 effect$ :5 9 ,am]ican practice1 ! plan ( work+ ! two pr9ciples ( elongat$ furnaces & wat]-jacket+ 9 conjunction1 0 adopt$4 ,comm5c+ f #ahhj1 & onw>ds1 h[ev]1 :5 production 9 ! ,f> ,we/ began1 enorm\s advances h be5 made1 bo? 9 connection ) ! pr9ciples ( work+ z well z 9 practical op]ation4 ,^! include-- 7#a7 ,enorm\s increase 9 ! size & capacity ( furnaces ( bo? ! rev]b]atory & ! bla/-furnace type4 7#b7 ,! application ( ! ,bessem] process to copp] mattes4 7#c7 ,! developm5t ( ! pyritic smelt+ pr9ciple4 7#d7 ,! adoption ( electrolytic ref9+4 7#e7 ,! use ( me*anically rabbl$ roa/] furnaces4 7#f7 ,! manufacture ( sulphuric acid f bla/-furnace gases4 7#g7 ,! bla/-roa/+ & s9t]+ ( sulphide f9es4 ,) an increas$ output ( ore f ! m9es1 & ) increas$ consumption1 /imulat$ by ! gr[? ( ! electrical indu/ry1 ! dem& = metal increas$ s quickly t developm5ts naturally foll[$ ) a view to an augm5t$ & rapid production by m effici5t & sci5tific processes2 especially s9ce increas$ competition & poor] ore supplies necessitat$ a v decid$ l[]+ ( ! co/s ( production4 ,to meet ! enorm\s pres5t-day dem& = metal ) ! old] me?ods & furnaces w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,! greate/ /imulus to ! adoption ( ^! new or modifi$ processes 0 ! %ift+ ( ! *ief produc+ c5tres f ! old] & m cons]vative influ5ces to di/ricts l ! !n newly awak5+ ,we/1 :]e1 ) ev]-increas+--almo/ limitless--supplies ( ore available1 & free f ! necessity ( consid]+ ! capital inve/$ 9 old plants1 ! m5 9 *>ge ( ! "w1 untrammell$ by old smelt+ cu/oms :i* might /& 9 ! way ( rapid progress1 7 9 a position to develop _! ideas ) orig9ality & vig\r4 ,!re may1 nev]!less1 be recall$ ! important %>e :i* ,briti%1 & especially ,swansea1 workm5 _h 9 ?is great developm5t ( ! indu/ry4 ,at _m ( ! great] smelt]s 9 ^! new di/ricts1 ,wel% furnacem5 are /ill to be f\nd1 & l>ge numb]s w5t abroad 9 =m] days to take *>ge ( su* "w1 especially dur+ ! critical e>ly /ages4 ,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ^! mod]n improvem5ts 71 9 _m cases1 fir/ work$ out by sci5ti/s 9 ,europe4 ,! ,price & ,co/ ( ,production ( ,copp]4--,! price ( copp] has be5 influ5c$ to an enorm\s ext5t by f9ancial speculation1 s t until rec5t times x has fluctuat$ v consid]ably f ye> to ye>1 ! curve 9 fig4 #a relat+ to ,be/ ,select copp]1 indicat+ ?is v>iation ov] a consid]able p]iod4 ,! price ( ! o!r qualities ( comm]cial copp] foll[s ?is l9e fairly closely1 electrolytic copp] be+ f #b to #d p] ton l[]1 & /&>d copp] #c to #f p] ton4 ,! av]age value ( ! /&>d ref9$ metal at ! pres5t "t 7,decemb]1 #aiaa7 is ab\t #ef p] ton 9 ,london1 & ab\t #ab c5ts p] p\nd 9 ,new ,york4 ,on ?ree occasions dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 & once at lea/ dur+ ! pa/ decade1 ! m>ket price ( copp] has be5 directly affect$ by m or less artificial conditions consequ5t on f9ancial manipulation4 ,! fir/ ( ^! in/ances 0 ! #ahej-ahfj p]iod1 :5 ! ,wel% smelt]s held ! monopoly ( ! copp] trade1 & 7 9 a position to fix _! own price2 ! second 0 dur+ ! ,fr5* comb9ation ( ,secretan dur+ #ahhg-i1 :i*1 z a result ( m]e m>ket speculation1 caus$ fluctuations ( price :i* am\nt$ on "o occasion to no less ?an #ce p] ton )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ?ird in/ance 0 creat$ by ! ,am]ican comb9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,fluctuations 9 ! ,price ( ,be/ ,select ,copp]4 ,9 #ahii ! ,amalgamat$ ,copp] ,company 0 =m$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is corporation 0 e/abli%$ 9 view ( ! enorm\sly increas+ production ( ! ,we/1 & ( ! ext5sive developm5t ( electrical indu/ry :i* involv$ a greatly increas$ consumption ( copp]2 & x 0 probably design$ to control ! _w's copp] indu/ry4 ,prices 7 rais$ gradually = "s "t1 b 9 #aija ! ,tru/1 z !n con/itut$1 fail$1 ow+ l>gely to trade depression 9 ,europe4 ,heavy losses result$1 z well z exp5sive law suits1 & ! price ( ! metal dropp$ aga9 ) great rapidity4 ,trade subsequ5tly reviv$ & exp&$1 ! consumption ( copp] increas$ & appe>$ to ov]take ! rate ( production1 :il/ /ocks dim9i%$ & ! price advanc$1 until1 9 #aijg1 copp] 0 sold at well ov] #ajj p] ton4 ,! ,am]ican f9ancial panic 9 ! autumn ( t ye> aga9 r$uc$ prices to a comp>atively l[ figure1 & !y h1 on ! :ole1 rema9$ fairly /eady s9ce1 ?\gh %[+ a t5d5cy to decrease4 ,production has1 mean:ile1 increas$ v l>gely1 & a /eady price ( #ab to #ac c5ts p] p\nd yields h&some pr(its to mo/ ( ! l>g] conc]ns4 ,! pres5t situation 9 ! copp] m>ket is su* t ! enhanc$ production has aga9 result$ 9 an accumulation ( /ocks1 :i* has occasion$ re/rict$ output on ! "p ( _m ( ! pr9cipal smelt]s until briskness ( trade developm5t %all call =? increas$ consumption & m satisfactory prices4 ,! "q ( price is "o involv+ c]ta9 consid]ations to :i* att5tion may be drawn4 ,! pres5t conditions & ! comp>ative /ead9ess 9 ! copp] m>ket h be5 %[n 9 a rec5t review to result 9 "p f3-- 7#a7 ,! conc5tration ( ! copp] indu/ry 9 a few /rong h&s1 :i*1 :il/ ma9ta9+ heal?y competition1 keeps ! m>ket free f su* outside pressure z w\ld r$uce ! price too mu*1 & by re/rict+ unpr(itable output1 br+s production & consumption into equilibrium1 mak+ = /ability4 7#b7 ,! comp>ative *eapness ( money1 :i* has all[$ ( ! f9anc+ = l>ge production1 ) ! prospect ( absorption n be+ long delay$4 ,at ! same "t1 "s ( ! ri*] & m *eaply work$ m9es ( =m] times are gradually approa*+ exhau/ion--rec5t in/ances ( ?is w be readily recall$1 :il/ ! disadvantages ( hav+ to "w l[]-grade deposits at great] dep? h also t5d$ to increase ! price ( metal4 ,^! conditions1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 c\nt]balanc$ by improvem5ts 9 ! m9+ & metallurgical processes conc]n$1 by ! op5+ up ( new di/ricts1 & by ! economies result+ f amalgamation ( int]e/s1 involv+ clos] organisation & enorm\s outputs ( mat]ial4 ,ap>t f f9ance1 two ( ! factors mo/ likely to affect ! price ( ! metal consid]ably are ! possible replacem5t ( copp] = electrical transmission purposes by conductors ( o!r metals2 & fur!r1 ! enorm\s prospective production 9 ! new] di/ricts1 su* z ,utah1 ,nevada1 & ,tanganyika1 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s4 ,! co/ ( production ( ! metal is s dep5d5t on local & g5]al circum/ances z n to admit ( analysis 9 ?is place4 ,que/ions ( locality1 transport facilities1 proximity to supplies ( e k9d1 problems ( lab\r1 capitalisation1 bye-products1 & num]\s simil> consid]ations h su* an important be>+ on ea* individual case z to convey a def9ite mean+ only to ! man on ! spot4 ,9 ! same way1 detail co/s ( ea* /age ( ! copp] smelt+ processes are influ5c$ by simil> circum/ances4 ,broadly speak+1 ! av]age total co/ ( production & m>ket+ at pres5t may be tak5 z be+ some:]e ab\t #aj c5ts p] p\nd ( copp]2 9 c]ta9 specially fav\r$ cases1 #i1 #h1 or ev5 #g c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! newly op5$ l[-grade 8porphyry0 camps at ,utah & else:]e1 :i* h be5 comm5c$ "u an enorm\s capitalisation1 anticipate a production at a co/ ( ab\t #f c5ts p] p\nd :5 /eady & normal runn+ is 9 progress4 ,a rec5t analysis gives int]e/+ in=mation ) reg>d to ! co/ ( production e/imat$ at diff]5t plants4 ,( ! ,am]ican output ( ab\t #dhj1jjj tons 9 #aiji-- ,almo/ #ce p] c5t4 0 produc$ at a co/ ( #gad c5ts p] lb4 7,nevada74 #ah #gih 7,baltic1 ,sup]ior74 #aje #h-i 7,utah1 etc474 #dhc #i-aj 7,bo/on & ,montana1 ,calumet & ,hecla1 etc474 #ij #aj-aa 7,utah ,consolidat$1 ,t5nessee1 etc474 #bjj #aa-ab 7,anaconda1 ,arizona1 ,cananea74 #ah #ab-ac #aa #ac-ad #ad #ad-ae 7,tam>ack74 #aa #ae-af #aa #af-ag #ja #agji ,copp] ,/ati/ics4--,! out/&+ features :i* attract att5tion 9 ! /ati/ics ( copp] production w be mo/ readily se5 f ! curves ( fig4 #b4 ,! enorm\s increase )9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! total output ( metal1 & ! ov]:elm+ proportion produc$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 is cle>ly indicat$4 ,! curves also %[ ! practical ext9ction ( ! native supply ( ,great ,brita9 & ! /eady output ( ,spa9 & ,g]many4 ,an analysis ( ! total production = ! ye> #aiaj is giv5 9 ! foll[+ ,table ,i43-- ,,table ,i4--,,! ,,production ,,( ,,copp] 7,%ort ,tons ( #b1jjj lbs474 #aiji4 #aiaj4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 #edi1aad #edc1abe ,canada1 #bf1iih #bh1hja #aiji4 #aiaj4 ,newf\ndl&1 #a1edf #a1baj ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 #fc1jhe #fh1hii #fdd1jeh #fde1ibg ,cuba1 #c1cae #c1hib ,arg5t9a1 #fgb #ccf ,bolivia1 #b1bdj #b1hjj ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,*ili1 #dj1jgi #ci1dfc #fj1iaa #fc1aja ,p]u1 #ag1ibj #bj1ejb ,spa9 & ,portugal1 #eh1ddg #ef1chf ,g]many1 #be1aej #bg1fge ,russia1 #ai1hhj #bd1ihg ,norway1 #aj1agj #aa1fgf ,hung>y1 #e1aeb #e1eej ,europe1 #abg1bhc #ace1gch ,sw$51 #b1bdj #b1bdj ,italy1 #c1jeb #c1fjf ,au/ria1 #a1hji #b1chf ,turkey1 #hif #fgb ,great ,brita91 #dhg #efj ,japan1 #eb1fdj #ea1ebj ,africa1 #af1gch #ag1jcj ,au/ralasia1 #ch1ebh #de1aec ,total1 #idj1aeh #ieh1dfi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,annual ,production ( ,copp]4 ,9 ,table ,,ii4 is indicat$ ! di/ribution ( ! ,am]ican production among ! v>i\s ,/ates4 ,,table ,,ii4--,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,production ,,( ,,copp] 79 ,%ort ,tons ( #b1jjj lbs474 #aiji4 #aiaj4 ,alaska1 #b1jbh #b1ejd ,arizona1 #adf1jba #adi1hjc ,cali=nia1 #bf1fgi #bb1hig ,colorado1 #e1bdd #e1jfc ,idaho1 #c1hhe #c1ajh ,mi*igan1 #aac1fbd #aaj1gjj ,montana1 #aef1iah #adc1aba ,nevada1 #be1iag #ca1idd 7ab\t #f1jjj tons 9 #aijh7 ,new ,mexico1 #b1efg #a1haf ,utah1 #ej1bai #fb1eba 7ab\t #ce1jjj tons 9 #aijh7 ,wyom+1 #dd #ij ,s\? & ,ea/1 #aa1dji #i1jih ,o!r ,/ates1 #a1igc #dfc ------- ---------- ,totals1 #edf1ech #edc1abe ,!re w be notic$ a decl9e 9 ! production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye> #aiaj1 result+ f ! pres5t movem5t to re/rict output :il/ ! l>ge accumulat$ /ocks ( metal are be+ absorb$4 ,! movem5t is probably m or less tempor>y1 & is be+ l>gely direct$ by ,am]ican f9anci]s :o are endeav\r+ to br+ ab\t an int]national agreem5t on ! subject4 ,reg>d+ ! ,am]ican output1 ! m>k$ movem5t = curtailm5t 9 ,montana has r$uc$ ! output ( t ,/ate to su* an ext5t1 t ! position x ga9$ 9 #aiji1 ( be+ ! greate/ produc+ ,/ate once m rev]ts to ,arizona4 ,! increases f ,nevada & ,utah1 9 :i* developm5ts on a l>ge scale are comm5c+1 may be not$4 ,ref]5ces4 ,p]cy1 ,john1 8,metallurgy 7,copp]740 ,g[l&1 ,william1 ,presid5tial ,address1 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m9+ & ,metallurgy1 vol4 xvi41 #aijf-g1 pp4 #bfe-bia4 ,/ev5s1 ,h4 ,j41 8,! ,copp] ,h&book40 ,br[n1 ,n41 & ,turnbull1 ,c4 ,c41 8,a ,c5tury ( ,copp]40 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 8,copp] ,production40 ,may #f?1 #aiaj1 p4 #hia4 ,m9]al ,/ati/ics ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,m9]al ,indu/ry4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,! ,uses ( ,copp]3 z ,metal & z ,alloy -- ,! ,physical ,prop]ties ( ,copp] -- ,effects ( ,impurities -- ,me*anical ,prop]ties -- ,*emical ,prop]ties4 ,! ,uses ( ,copp]4--,g5]ally speak+1 ! indu/rial applications ( copp] involve its employm5t 9 two =ms3-- 7#a7 ,z metal4 7#b7 ,z a con/itu5t ( alloys4 ,! m limit$ use 9 ! =m ( copp] salts is ( *emical r ?an ( metallurgical int]e/4 ,copp] 9 ! metallic =m is employ$ = ?ree classes ( "w3-- 7a7 ,= electrical purposes4 7b7 ,= eng9e]+ purposes4 7c7 ,g5]al indu/rial uses4 7a7 ,electrical ,uses4--,( late ye>s ! m>k$ gr[? 9 ! consumption ( copp] has aris5 v l>gely f its usefulness z a conductor ( electricity2 ! increas$ dem& = ! metal ) ! developm5t ( electrical ent]prise be+ a well-m>k$ feature 9 indu/rial progress4 ,x is e/imat$ t f #fj to #gj p] c5t4 ( all ! copp] produc$ is utilis$ = ?is purpose1 & metal is specially prep>$ & sold "u ! designation ( 8high-conductivity copp]40 ,! dem& has1 to a l>ge ext5t1 increas$ irrespective ( price up to rec5t ye>s1 ow+ to ! necessity ( employ+ copp] = su* purposes1 ?\gh ! natural economic factor t an enhanc$ price ( ! metal t5ds to "s disc\ragem5t ( expansion & ( fre% electrical ent]prise1 has ex]t$ consid]able effect 9 *eck+ consumption4 ,x is m]ely necess>y to enum]ate "s few ( ! pres5t aspects ( electrical indu/ry 9 ord] to realise ! enorm\s absorption ( copp] 9 ?is connection1 z1 = in/ance1 electrical traction1 light+1 & p[]1 ! telegraph1 & ! telephone4 ,) ref]5ce to ! use ( ! metal = ?is "w1 x is important t c]ta9 me*anical z well z electrical requirem5ts %\ld be fulfill$1 = 9 _m bran*es1 consid]able /r5g? ( ! mat]ial is also requisite4 ,! dem& ( ! electrical eng9e] is t z a conductor1 ! copp] %all (f] a m9imum ( resi/ance to ! passage ( ! curr5t1 & = ?is requirem5t ! metal mu/ be 9 a condition ( v great purity4 ,) b few exceptions1 ?is necessitates ! purification ( ! copp] by electro-deposition4 ,electro-deposit$ metal z produc$ at ! ref9]ies is1 h[ev]1 n imm$iately suitable = draw+ into wire1 ow+ to ! weakness & porosity inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial prep>$ by ?is me?od4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be melt$1 br\ght to pit*1 ca/ into b>s1 & ^! b>s trans=m$ into wire1 :i* op]ations require to be conduct$ ) mu* c>e 9 ord] to keep ! metal 9 z pure a condition z possible = its "w4 ,x may be not$ t )9 rec5t ye>s1 sev]al processes1 notably ^? ( ,c[p]-,coles & ,elmore1 h be5 put into op]ation = ! direct manufacture = electrical purposes1 ( electrolytic-copp] wire ( ! requisite /r5g?4 ,! me*anical qualities dem&$ ( ! metal = su* purposes z telegraph "w may be indicat$ by ! two specifications ( wire = ! ,briti% ,po/ ,(fice1 :i* are app5d$3-- ,a4 ,po/ ,(fice ,specification4 ,weight1 #aej lbs4 p] mile4 ,m9imum diamet]1 #ie4 ,maximum diamet]1 #ih4a ,m9imum break+ /ra91 #dij lbs4 ,m9imum numb] ( twi/s1 #be 9 #c in*es4 ,wraps requir$1 #f times r\nd wire ( its own diamet]1 unwrapp$1 & aga9 wrapp$ )\t break+4 ,maximum resi/ance p] mile at #fj ,f41 #eheg 4 ,b4 ,po/ ,(fice ,specification4 ,weight1 #ejj lbs4 p] mile4 ,m9imum diamet]1 #ace4 ,maximum diamet]1 #ach4 ,m9imum break+ /ra91 #iej lbs4 ,m9imum numb] ( twi/s1 #cj 9 #f in*es4 ,wraps requir$1 #f times r\nd wire ( its own diamet]1 unwrapp$1 & aga9 wrapp$ )\t break+4 ,maximum resi/ance p] mile at #fj ,f41 #bibh 4 ,! foll[+ figures af=d "s indication ( ! increas+ dem& = copp] 9 two bran*es only ( electrical indu/ry3-- #aijb4 #aijg4 ,mileage ( wire = telegraph purposes1 #ci #ec telephone purposes1 #aji #bhb 79 million ( miles7 7b7 ,eng9e]+ ,uses4--,metallic copp] f9ds application 9 m>9e %ipbuild+ & eng9e "w1 z well z 9 railway & locomotive "w1 :]e ! metal is p>ticul>ly employ$ = /eam pipes1 & = fire-box plates & /ays1 sometimes also = boil] tubes1 on acc\nt ( its high conductivity = heat1 comb9$ ) t\ghness4 ,! que/ions ( suitable composition1 & ! o!r requirem5ts ( ! metal int5d$ = ^! purposes1 has be5 a subject = discussion by "s ( ! lead+ m>9e & locomotive eng9e]s4 ,useful in=mation on ! subject w be f\nd 9 ! reports ( "s ( ^! discussions at ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,! foll[+ te/s are requir$ = copp] plate 7be/ quality7 int5d$ = locomotive fire-boxes on ! ,lanca%ire & ,york%ire ,railway1 tak5 f /&>d specifications giv5 by _! ,*ief ,me*anical ,eng9e] at ! ,in/itute ( ,metals3-- ,b5d+ ,te/4--,pieces ( ! plate %all be te/$ bo? cold & at a r$ heat by be+ d\bl$ ov] on !mselves-- t is1 b5t ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj--)\t %[+ ei!r crack or flaw on ! outside ( ! b5d4 ,flang+4--,plates mu/ n %[ any defects 9 flang+4 ,t5sile ,te/4--,ultimate break+ load1 #ad tons p] squ>e in*2 ,elongation1 #ce p] c5t4 9 #h in*es4 ,analytical ,te/4--,to be made at contractor's exp5se4 ,! copp] ^u analysis to give ! foll[+ results3--,ars5ic1 n less ?an #jce p] c5t4 nor m ?an #jee p] c5t42 o!r =eign elem5ts1 exclusive ( comb9$ oxyg51 n to exce$ #jbe p] c5t4 ,clauses are also ins]t$ z to /amp+1 inspection1 & ! giv+ ( te/+ facilities4 ,typical analysis ( su* plates %[-- ,copp]1 #iicj p] c5t4 ,ars5ic1 #jdc to #jea p] c5t4 ,oxyg51 #ja p] c5t4 ,impurities1 *iefly antimony1 lead1 iron1 nickel1 t91 & sulphur1 n exce$+ #jbe p] c5t4 ,! av]age te/ on a numb] ( plates gave-- ,t5sile /r5g?1 #adff tons p] squ>e in*4 ,elongation on #h in*es1 #dccf p] c5t4 ( orig9al l5g?4 ,contraction ( area1 #dei p] c5t4 ,close b5d te/1 ,d\ble4 ,! effect ( temp]ature & ! influ5ce ( impurities on ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! metal int5d$ = eng9e]+ purposes are ( v great importance1 & mu* att5tion has be5 devot$ to rese>*es 9 ?is subject1 p>ticul>ly by ,milton & ,le ,*ateli]1 ^: publi%$ exp]i5ce gives important in=mation ( mu* practical value4 ,! ma9 conclusions arriv$ at f practice h _h ref]5ce to ! g5]al effects ( impurities 9 h>d5+ ! metal1 & ! g5]al t5d5cy ( heat to s(t5 x & to increase ! ductility4 ,! div]se effects ( diff]5t impurities on /r5g? & ductility w be review$ 9 detail at a lat] /age4 7c7 ,g5]al ,indu/rial ,uses4--,copp] z metal is also employ$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 c]ta9 important indu/ries1 z 9 textile manufacture1 :]e x is us$ = ! roll]s 9 calico-pr9t+2 & x is 9 g5]al indu/rial use 9 ! =m ( copp] heat]s1 vats1 coils1 pans1 & ! l1 & occasionally also = ro(+ & %ea?+4 ,uses ( ,copp] ,alloys4--,betwe5 #bj & #cj p] c5t4 ( ! copp] produc$ is employ$ 9 ! =m ( alloys4 ,! m important ( ^! are3-- ,brasses2 alloys ( copp] & z9c4 ,bronzes2 *iefly alloys ( copp] & t94 ,co9age ,alloys2 ( gold & silv] ) copp]4 ,g]man ,silv]2 alloys ( copp]1 nickel1 & z9c4 ,special ,bronzes2 alloys ( copp] ) su* metals z alum9ium & manganese4 ,x is fur!r n unlikely t sev]al classes ( t]n>y alloys1 at pres5t /ill "u inve/igation1 may h important indu/rial application 9 ! future4 ,among su* alloys may be m5tion$ ! copp]-alum9ium s]ies alloy$ ) o!r metals1 ,monel metal & ! ,monel /eel s]ies1 etc4 ,( ! above alloys1 ! brasses are by f> ! mo/ widely us$4 ,x may be recall$ t ! advantages possess$ by alloys ( copp] & z9c are 9 l>ge measure due to _! increas$ /r5g? & h>dness2 to ! fact t !y are m fusible1 & m fluid :5 melt$1 & s give good ca/+s2 t !y are *>act]is$ by a good col\r & high lu/re1 z well z by ! factor ( *eapness result+ f ! addition ( a less co/ly metal--z9c--9 _! manufacture4 ,! uses ( ! copp] alloys may also be arrang$ 9 two classes--7a7 eng9e]+ uses1 & 7b7 g5]al uses4 ,( ! brasses1 ^? conta9+ upw>ds ( #gj p] c5t4 ( copp] may be roll$ cold1 :il/ ! alloys ) less ?an #gj p] c5t4 are hot-roll$4 ,9 ! eng9e]+ indu/ry l>ge quantities ( #gj_/cj brass are utilis$ 9 ! =m ( cond5s] tubes1 :il/ = ! multif>i\s requirem5ts ( g5]al eng9e]+ "w1 v consid]able am\nts ( brass ( l[] t5or are employ$ 9 ! =ms ( taps1 pipes1 fitt+s1 etc4 ,muntz metal1 ! #fj_/dj brass1 f9ds ext5d$ application = ! %ea?+ ( %ips1 :il/ ! employm5t ( brass & ( ! o!r alloys = all mann] ( articles ( g5]al utility is a matt] ( common k4 ,! close connection betwe5 prop]ties1 con/itution1 & ! equilibrium diagram ( ^! v>i\s classes ( alloys has become manife/ to a m>k$ degree )9 rec5t ye>s1 & ! effects ( !rmal treatm5t p>tly 9 modify+ _! con/itution1 & !reby ! prop]ties1 & also 9 controll+ ! condition & di/ribution ( ! con/itu5ts1 are at ! pres5t "t hav+ an important be>+ on ! manipulation ( ^! alloys 9 ! indu/ries manufactur+ !m & adapt+ !m = _! v>i\s uses4 ,! /udy & application ( ^! equilibrium diagrams are highly important to ^? :o h to deal ) ^! alloys on an indu/rial scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,equilibrium ,diagram1 ,cu-,zn ,s]ies4 ,! ,prop]ties ( ,copp]4--,! prop]ties ( ! metal :i* r5d] x ( su* s]vice 9 ! arts & indu/ries are ma9ly its high electrical conductivity1 its great ductility1 malleability1 & t\ghness1 :i* enable x to be readily work$ up into ! diff]5t =ms 9 :i* x is employ$1 its high !rmal conductivity1 & its resi/ance to ! v>i\s ag5cies :i* lead to corrosion4 ,^! are consequ5tly ! prop]ties to :i* close /udy is direct$4 ,( p]haps /ill great] importance is a k ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ^! prop]ties by ! circum/ances :i* usually att5d work+ practice2 su* z1 = example1 ! v>i\s common impurities1 & ! v>iations ( temp]ature1 z well z ! previ\s me*anical & !rmal treatm5t4 ,^! c only be indicat$ 9 g5]al t]ms "h1 ref]5ces to au?orities on ! diff]5t bran*es be+ giv5 lat]4 ,,table ,,iii4--,,influ5ce ,,( ,,impurities ,,on ,,! ,,electrical ,,conductivity4 ,addicks4 ,johnson4 ,impurity4,conductivity4,impurity4,condu ctivity4 ,p] c5t4 ,p] c5t4 ,pure copp]1 44 #aja 44 #aja ,copp] )-- ,alum9ium1 #jjjf #ihf #jja #iig #jaji #ffh #jjb #ihh #jgci #dce 44 44 ,antimony1 #jjjg #iif 44 44 #jjbb #igb 44 44 #jjdg #ied #jje #ifi ,ars5ic1 #jjjd #iif 44 44 #jjjg #ifh 44 44 #jjac #icb #jjd #ibd #jadj #fbc #jjf #hbj ,bismu?1 #jjbh #iif #jja #ieg #jjde #iic 44 44 ,cadmium1 #jjfb #iie 44 44 #jaac #iia 44 44 #jdbg #ifa 44 44 ,cobalt1 44 44 #jje #ibj ,gold1 #jjhi #ihi #jje #iig #jadi #ihd 44 44 #jcag #ifd 44 44 ,iron1 #jjdb #ifh 44 44 #jjdf #ibi 44 44 #jjfh #hif #jji #ihh ,lead1 #jjhc #iia 44 44 #jjeb #ihg #jjf #ajjf #jcdg #ihc 44 44 ,manganese1 44 44 #jjb #ihh ,nickel1 44 44 #jje #iad ,oxyg51 #jjbj #ajjg 44 44 #jjej #ajad 44 44 #jajj #ajje #jaj #iih ,phosphorus1 #jjh #ebc #jjjd #ihe ,plat9um1 44 44 #jjb #icf ,silicon1 #jjjg #iid #jjjd #iig #jjdb #iij #jja #ihd ,silv]1 #jjjc #ajje 44 44 #jacg #ajjj #jje #iih #jcdj #ihc 44 44 ,sulphur1 #jjec #ajjj #jja #ihe #jace #iij 44 44 #jbcf #ihi 44 44 ,tellurium1 #jjfe #ajjd 44 44 #jaha #ajjb 44 44 #jdje #ihg 44 44 ,t91 #jjeb #igf #jje #ajje #jjig #ibg 44 44 #jbie #gih 44 44 ,z9c1 #jjdh #ihc #jjb #ihe #jjie #ifc 44 44 ,,physical ,,prop]ties4--,! col\r ( copp] is famili>1 be+ a f9e salmon p9k4 ,! appe>ance ( ! fractur$ surface is a useful guide 9 sev]al respects z to ! condition ( ! metal1 & 9 ! process ( manufacture ! ref9] relies ^u ?is appe>ance z an important crit]ion ( ! progress ( ! ref9+ op]ation4 ,copp] conta9+ an excess ( oxyg51 = example1 has a purpli%-r$ col\r & a co>se brick-l fracture2 ?is is kn[n z 8dry copp]10 & ! metal is brittle & comm]cially useless :5 9 t =m4 ,! +ot ( dry copp] is also *>act]is$ by a depression runn+ along ! surface4 ,t\gh copp] 78t\gh-pit*07 ! me*anically useful v>iety result+ f ! furnace-ref9+ op]ation1 possesses a bright salmon-col\r$ fracture1 f9ely granul> to silky 9 appe>ance1 :il/ 8ov]pol$ copp]10 also brittle & indu/rially valueless :il/ 9 t condition1 has a v light salmon-col\r$ fracture1 & is m co>sely fibr\s4 ,! melt+ po9t ( copp] is #a1jhc ,c41 & is slightly l[]$ by ! small quantities ( impurity usually pres5t 9 comm]cial metal4 ,molt5 copp] is ( a pale apple-gre5 col\r4 ,! boil+ po9t "u ord9>y conditions is ab\t #b1cjj ,c4 7#a1gjj ,c4 9 vacuo74 ,! electrical conductivity is ( mu* importance4 ,copp] ranks second only to silv] z a conductor1 ! relative conductivity ( ! be/ copp] be+ ab\t #ih comp>$ ) silv] z #ajj4 ,! resi/ance ( #ab in*es ( pure copp] wire1 #jjja in* 9 diamet]1 is #ifab ohms4 ,! conductivity ( ! metal is decreas$ by me*anical work+1 & x foll[s ! g5]al /raight-l9e law connect+ conductivity & temp]ature4 ,! effect ( ev5 small quantities ( impurity on ?is prop]ty is v m>k$1 s mu* s t only ! pure/ v>ieties are suitable = electrical "w1 & = ?is reason electrolytic ref9+ is (t5 a necess>y op]ation 9 ! manufacture ( copp] int5d$ = ?is purpose4 ,table ,,iii4 on prec$+ page1 summ>ises ! results ( ! "w ( ,addicks & ,johnson1 & indicates ! effects ( small am\nts ( diff]5t impurities on ! conductivity ( ! metal4 ,! notori\sly de/ructive effect ( ars5ic on ! conductivity is v app>5t4 ,! influ5ce ( mo/ ( ! common impurities is ( a simil> nature1 & detail$ inve/igations indicate t ! effect is m or less progressive z ! quantity increases--)9 ! limits usually pres5t 9 comm]cial metal4 ,! results ( ,hiorns & ,lamb's exp]im5ts ) ref]5ce to ars5ic & antimony are indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! specific gravity ( copp] naturally v>ies accord+ to its condition & composition4 ,:5 pure & 9 ! work$ /ate1 its d5sity is #hie2 ca/ metal1 m op5 & incl9$ to porosity1 has a d5sity ( ab\t #hb to #hf1 dep5d+ on ! purity1 rate ( cool+1 etc4 ,impurities l[] ! specific gravity4 ,! conductivity = heat ( ! metal is high1 be+ #hih comp>$ ) gold z #a1jjj1 & z a conductor x is two & a-half times m effici5t ?an iron4 ,x is ?is prop]ty1 comb9$ ) its t\ghness & resi/ance to corrosion1 etc41 :i* l>gely det]m9es its employm5t = heat]s1 /eam-coils1 & ! l4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,influ5ce ( ,ars5ic & ,antimony on ! ,electrical ,conductivity ( ,copp]4 ,p[] ( ,dissolv+ ,gases4--,:5 molt51 especially "u r$uc+ conditions1 ! metal possesses ! prop]ty1 common to _m o!rs1 ( absorb+ gases su* z c>bon monoxide1 hydrog51 hydroc>bons1 sulphur dioxide1 etc41 :i* are moreov]1 to a l>ge ext5t insoluble 9 ! solid mat]ial1 & are1 !re=e1 (t5 lib]at$ at or ab\t ! mom5t ( solidification2 ?\gh "s may rema9 dissolv$4 ,?is action is "o ( ! causes ( ! difficulty :i* is exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ s\nd ca/+s ( ! metal1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! gases m5tion$ are pres5t 9 quantity dur+ ! pol+ & ref9+ op]ations4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 mat]ials 9 ! copp]1 z 9 ! case ( /eel1 appe>s to r$uce ! dissolv+ p[] ( ! liquid metal = ^! gases1 or possibly to increase _! solubility :5 ! copp] is solidify+1 & 9 ?is way t5ds to m9imise _! injuri\s effects4 ,x w\ld seem t "o ( ! functions ( ! cupr\s oxide1 :i* is purposely introduc$ into ! metal :5 8br++ x up to pit*10 is to ex]t ?is action4 ,! ridge 9 ! +ot ( ov]pol$ copp] is1 to "s ext5t1 acc\nt$ = z be+ due to ! effects ( ! evolv$ gases1 & ?is appe>ance indicates ! abs5ce ( ! requisite quantity ( cupr\s oxide necess>y to c\nt]act ! effect4 ,copp] is also suppos$ to be capable ( hold+ c]ta9 quantities ( gas 9 solution aft] x has become solid1 & ! result+ metal is m brittle & (t5 comm]cially useless4 ,sev]al ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ov]pol$ copp] probably arise f ?is cause also4 ,impurities#b 9 ,copp]4--,9 view ( ! m>k$ influ5ce ( impurities on ! prop]ties ( metallic copp]1 x may be advisable 9 ?is place briefly to review ! results ( rec5t sci5tific "w z to ! condition 9 :i* !y exi/ 9 ! metal1 ?us (f]+ "s cle>] indication ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y affect ! me*anical & o!r prop]ties4 ,! common impurities 9 ord9>y comm]cial metal may be oxyg51 ars5ic1 antimony1 bismu?1 lead1 & to small] ext5ts1 iron1 sulphur1 tellurium1 & sel5ium4 ,a factor ( mu* importance is t ! effect ( two or m ( ! common con/itu5ts :5 pres5t toge!r1 may be ( ev5 great] mom5t ?an t ( ea* "o sep>ately1 & 9 ?is connection ,hampe's classical "w %\ld be consult$4 ,! inve/igation ( ! jo9t effects ( impurities becomes s complex t sy/ematic /udy progresses b sl[ly4 ,metallographic "w is1 h[ev]1 reveal+ mu* evid5ce1 & ! rese>*es 9 progress at pres5t at sev]al laboratories w1 :5 publi%$1 af=d greatly increas$ k on ! subject4 ,rec5t pap]s by ,f4 ,johnson give valuable detail$ in=mation 7see ,ref]5ces1 p4 #cd74 ,! importance ( oxyg5 9 ?is connection is p>ticul>ly m>k$3 its effects are pr(\nd1 s9ce 9 addition to its own specific influ5ce z oxide1 x also br+s ab\t *emical *anges 9 "s ( ! o!r con/itu5ts1 ?us lead+ to ! =mation ( entirely new comp\nds possess+ q diff]5t prop]ties4 ,! b5eficial influ5ce ( c]ta9 def9ite proportions ( oxyg5 9 addition to ! o!r con/itu5ts ( comm]cial copp] is well kn[n 9 practice1 & has be5 sy/ematically /udi$ by ,hampe1 & lat] by sev]al o!r work]s ) m delicate means ( inve/igation at _! disposal4 ,oxyg5 9 ,copp]4--,molt5 copp] has ! p[] ( dissolv+ its oxide1 ,cu#b,o4 ,:5 ! melt$ metal is expos$ to oxyg51 ?is oxide is produc$ & passes into solution 9 ! liquid1 yield+ a s]ies ( b9>y alloys1 ( :i* ! oxide acts z ! second con/itu5t4 ,! equilibrium diagram ( ! s]ies1 z work$ out by ,heyn#c 7see ,fig4 #e71 af=ds a good indication ( ^! relation%ips1 & ?r[s light on sev]al features connect$ ) ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 9 copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--,relations ( ,copp] & ,oxyg54 ,x w be obs]v$ t :5 molt5 oxyg5at$ metal conta9+ less ?an ab\t #jch p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 solidifies1 copp] cry/allises out fir/1 :il/ lat]1 9 betwe5 ! copp] cry/als1 !re solidifies a eutectic ( copp] & cupr\s oxide4 ,?is eutectic conta9s ab\t #cde p] c5t4 ( cupr\s oxide1 equival5t to #jch p] c5t4 ( oxyg52 x melts at a temp]ature ab\t #ah ,c4 bel[ t ( ! pure metal4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is mat]ial1 :i* is ( a blue col\r :5 view$ "u ! microscope1 con/itut+ slightly m fusible1 t\gh1 non-conduct+ areas betwe5 ! copp] cry/als1 acc\nts = _m ( ! well-kn[n effects ( oxyg5 9 metallic copp]4 ,:5 oxyg5 is pres5t 9 quantities above ! eutectic proportion1 ! fir/ con/itu5t to solidify f ! molt5 ov]-oxyg5at$ copp] is brittle copp] oxide1 & ! pres5ce ( su* brittle mat]ial dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! metal expla9s :y 8dry copp]0 _c be work$4 ,! effects ( comp>atively small quantities ( oxyg5 are greatly increas$ on acc\nt ( ! fact t "o "p ( oxyg51 :5 pres5t z cupr\s oxide1 yields a con/itu5t 9 almo/ n9e times z great a proportion by weight alone1 s9ce ,cu#b,o 3 ,o 33 #adb 3 #af or #i 3 #a2 :il/ oxyg5 exi/+ z oxide-eutectic is repres5t$ 9 ! ratio ( ne>ly #cj 3 #a4 ,! pres5ce ( excess ( copp] oxide 9 ! metal is p>ticul>ly dang]\s :5 copp] is to und]go anneal+ 9 a r$uc+ atmosph]e1 s9ce ! r$uc+ gases act+ ^u ! oxides at ! cry/al b\nd>ies de/roy !m1 ?us t5d+ to produce t rott5ness 9 ! mat]ial :i* is s (t5 enc\nt]$ "u su* circum/ances4 ,! great value & importance ( oxyg5 9 copp] lies 9 its prop]ty ( br++ ! metal up to pit* z indicat$ above4 ,! effect ( c>bon on oxyg5at$ copp] 0 ! subject ( mu* enquiry 9 e>ly ye>s4 ,x 0 ?\ght at "o "t t ! influ5ce ( c>bon p] se 9 ! copp] 0 responsible = ! b5eficial effects result+ f ! melt+ ( brittle 8dry0 copp] ) c>bon1 b ! "w ( ,p]cy1 s9ce confirm$1 %[$ t its sole action is 9 ! r$uction ( ! injuri\s excess ( oxide4 ,9 addition to ! specific influ5ces ( oxyg5 z j record$1 & to its important physical effects ) reg>d to ! solubility ( gases1 etc41 oxyg5 9 copp] p]=ms o!r valuable functions1 by =m+ ) r$uc$ impurities :i* are exce$+ly dang]\s1 oxyg5at$ comp\nds m infusible & m insoluble2 & ?is has ! effect ( segregat+ or di/ribut+ su* injuri\s impurities into =ms & positions mu* less h>mful4 ,illu/ration3 a b ,fig4 #f4--,micro/ructure ( ,copp] conta9+ ,oxyg5 7,heyn74 a4 ,hypo-eutectic4 b4 ,hyp]-eutectic4 ,oxyg5 #jac p] c5t4 #aaf p] c5t4 ,cu#b,o4 ,oxyg5 #jec p] c5t4 #dg p] c5t4 ,cu#b,o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,relations ( ,copp] & ,ars5ic4 ,ars5ic 9 ,copp]4--,:5 ars5ic & copp] are melt$ toge!r *emical comb9ation occurs1 & a s]ies ( ars5ides is produc$2 ! sy/em1 :i* has be5 inve/igat$ by ,fri$ri* 7f ^: "w ! foll[+ diagram has be5 con/ruct$71 ,hiorns1 ,b5g\gh ,hill1 & o!rs1 be+ "o ( consid]able complexity4 ,) proportions ( ars5ic su* z are usually pres5t 9 comm]cial copp]s1 ! comp\nd produc$ is probably ,cu#c;,z 7#bhc p] c5t4 ( ars5ic71 :i* passes into solution 9 ! excess ( metal1 & on solidification ! copp] reta9s ?is ars5ide 9 solid solution4 ,z 9 ! case ( all su* solid solutions1 ! solidification takes place ov] a range ( temp]ature repres5t$ betwe5 ! liquidus & solidus curves2 ! pur] metal cry/allis+ out fir/1 foll[$ gradually by cry/als ( copp] :i* become progressively ri*] & ri*] 9 ars5ic 7/ill 9 solid solution74 ,9 ! case 9 "q1 diffusion ( ! ars5ic ?r\gh\t ! cry/all9e mass proce$s b sl[ly1 & z a result1 ! metal1 z usually obta9$ 9 ! ca/ /ate1 %[s fr+es ( su* ars5ic-ri* copp]4 ,by anneal+1 diffusion is greatly assi/$1 & ! mat]ial gradually becomes homog5e\s1 z is se5 on microscopic exam9ation4 ,!re appe>s fur!r to be "s decrease ( ?is solubility ) fall ( temp]ature :5 ! ars5ic is high1 lead+ sometimes to a sep>ation ( ! ars5ide itself at ! cry/al b\nd>ies4 ,antimony appe>s to =m an analog\s comp\nd1 ,cu#c,sb1 also capable ( pass+ into solid solution 9 ! copp]1 b to a r small] ext5t ?an ! correspond+ ars5ide4 ,! fr+es are !re=e m pron\nc$1 & ! decrease ( ! solubility on fur!r cool+ is also m m>k$4 ,bismu?4--,! influ5ce ( ev5 m9ute quantities ( bismu? on copp] is notori\s4 ,bismu? appe>s to be soluble 9 liquid copp]1 b n 9 ! solid metal4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :5 copp] conta9+ bismu? solidifies1 ! copp] cry/als sep>ate fir/1 :il/ ! liquid bismu? /ill rema9s betwe5 !m1 until ! metal rea*es a temp]ature ( ab\t #bfh ,c4--! melt+ po9t ( bismu?--:5 x too solidifies 9 situ4 ,! pres5ce ( su* envelopes ( v brittle1 fusible1 & limpid bismu? mat]ial expla9s mu* ( ! h>mful effect ( ?is impurity4 ,^! envelopes are f\nd to consi/ almo/ entirely ( practically pure bismu?4 ,oxyg5 conv]ts ! bismu? into a m compactly cry/all9e oxide1 mu* less fusible & h>mful4 ,ars5ical copp] t5ds to ! scatt]+ ( ! bismu? globules among ! fr+es :i* are =m$ dur+ ! gradual process ( solidification ov] ! range ( temp]ature already indicat$1 & ?us r5d]s ?is impurity to "s ext5t less dang]\s4 ,lead behaves 9 app>5tly mu* ! same way z bismu?1 & ! effects produc$ ^u x by ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & ars5ic are probably simil>4 ,sel5ium & ,tellurium probably exi/ 9 ! =m ( sel5ides & tellurides1 :i* are *>act]is$ by m>k$ brittl5ess & fusibility4 ,me*anical ,prop]ties ( ,copp]4--,! me*anical prop]ties ( comm]cial copp] are influ5c$ to a vital degree by ! conditions associat$ ) work+ practice1 su* z composition1 previ\s me*anical & !rmal treatm5t1 temp]ature ( work+1 etc4 ,z has be5 already indicat$1 x is ! possession by ! copp] ( c]ta9 me*anical qualifications :i* leads to its employm5t by eng9e]s1 & x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to consid] ! influ5ce ( ! above conditions1 :5 review+ ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! metal4 ,mu* ( ! copp] employ$ = g5]al eng9e]+ "w 7ap>t f electrical & alloy+ purposes7 is ( ! quality designat$ z 8t\gh-pit*0 copp]4 ,?is t\gh copp] g5]ally conta9s c]ta9 impurities :i* r5d] ! metal exce$+ly useful = me*anical s]vice1 & _! pres5ce is1 inde$1 almo/ ess5tial 9 copp] int5d$ = su* purposes4 ,at ! same "t1 su* elem5ts w\ld r5d] x absolutely unfit = ! o!r uses j specifi$1 :]e purity is practically ! fir/ necessity4 ,! /&>d works & ! pap]s indicat$ 9 ! app5d$ li/ ( ref]5ces %\ld be consult$ = details conc]n+ ! effect ( ea* circum/ance on ! sev]al me*anical prop]ties2 c]ta9 g5]al consid]ations mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$ "h4 ,n only %\ld ! composition ( ! metal be c>efully consid]$1 b att5tion mu/ be direct$ to ! actual condition & di/ribution ( ea* con/itu5t4 ,ow+ l>gely to ! difficulties ( det]m9+ ! oxyg5 cont5ts 9 copp]1 & to a want ( def9ite k z to ! condition1 am\nt1 & effects ( ! dissolv$ gases 9 ! metal1 ! in=mation at pres5t available is n suffici5tly concise to all[ ( a sy/ematis$ /atem5t be+ made z to ! direct influ5ce ( ! con/itu5ts on ! me*anical prop]ties4 ,?is is m especially ! case s9ce ! o!r att5dant circum/ances ( work+ practice may react ?r\gh ^! to a consid]able ext5t4 ,_m ( ! m g5]al results h1 h[ev]1 long be5 kn[n to eng9e]s f practical work+1 & ^! h be5 plac$ on record f "t to "t4 ,! malleability & ductility ( copp] are consid]able4 ,cold roll+ & hamm]+ causes a r$uction 9 ?is respect1 & ! metal is h>d5$1 b ! prop]ties are re/or$ by anneal+4 ,! anneal+ effect comm5ces at ab\t #cjj ,c41 b proce$s m effectively at high] temp]atures1 ! factors ( anneal+ temp]ature & duration necess>y = anneal+ be+ inv]sely connect$4 ,! impurities :i* influ5ce ^! prop]ties mo/ adv]sely are bismu? & tellurium4 ,! effect ( o!r con/itu5ts1 oxyg5 p] se1 sulphur1 & iron1 9 ! quantities usually pres5t 9 comm]cial copp]1 is v small4 ,ars5ic & antimony up to #jd or #je p] c5t4 h no delet]i\s effect on ! malleability & ductility ( copp] ( ! correct pit*1 & may ev5 improve ! metal :5 te/$ 9 ! cold2 ! hot malleability is1 h[ev]1 some:at decreas$4 ,! pres5ce ( impurities raises ! temp]ature requir$ to br+ ab\t ! full effects ( anneal+ aft] ! metal has be5 h>d5$ by me*anical "w4 ,?is action is probably expla9$ by ! int]f]5ce ( ! impurities ^u ! molecul> fre$om ( ! metal1 :i* controls ! me*anism ( anneal+4 ,! conditions1 :e!r r$uc+ or oxidis+1 dur+ anneal+1 may ex]t an important influ5ce on ! results4 ,h>dness4--,pure copp] is a comp>atively s(t metal4 ,x is h>d5$ by me*anical "w--! h>dness ( roll$ copp]1 det]m9$ by ! ,br9ell ,te/1 be+ #gd comp>$ ) mild /eel z #ajj--;& by ! pres5ce ( ev5 small quantities ( impurities1 t9 possess+ a p>ticul>ly m>k$ effect 9 ?is connection4 ,! work$ metal is s(t5$ on anneal+4 ,t5sile ,/r5g? & ,elongation4--,! /r5g? ( copp]1 be+ a prop]ty ( su* practical importance1 has be5 ! subject ( mu* ext5d$ inve/igation4 ,! "w has1 h[ev]1 be5 conduct$ "u su* a great v>iety ( conditions1 _m ( :i* h be5 left unrecord$1 t co-ord9ation ( ! results is b>ely possible1 & does n all[ ( e/abli%+ on a def9ite basis ! effect ( diff]5t influ5ces on ?is prop]ty ( ! metal4 ,lat] "w1 "s already publi%$1 "s /ill 9 progress1 %\ld ev5tually all[ ( m g5]al /&>disation ?an is at pres5t possible4 ,! t5sile /r5g? ( pure ca/ copp] is #h to #i tons p] squ>e in*4 ,me*anical "w causes an increase 9 ! value up to #ad1 or ev5 #af tons1 cold "w ex]t+ a /ill m m>k$ influ5ce2 :il/ #cc tons & m p] squ>e in* has be5 record$ ) cold-drawn f9e wire4 ,! elongation v>ies accord+ to ! me*anical "w :i* ! metal has und]gone2 ! am\nt ranges f #ce to #dj p] c5t4 & upw>ds1 measur$ on a #c-;in* l5g?4 ,t5sile /r5g? is r$uc$ on anneal+1 b nev] to s l[ a degree z t ( ! ca/ mat]ial1 ! usual figure be+ #ab to #ad tons p] squ>e in*4 ,! effect ( temp]ature 9 r$uc+ t5sile /r5g?1 especially :5 impurities are pres5t1 is important f ! indu/rial po9t ( view4 ,! r$uction 9 /r5g? caus$ by anneal+ appe>s to be consid]ably small] 9 ! pres5ce ( ars5ic & antimony4 ,ars5ic increases ! t5sile /r5g? ( copp] :5 ! metal is ( ! correct pit*1 g5]ally to well ov] #ae or #af tons1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! proportions usually f\nd4 ,antimony has a simil> effect4 ,"s work]s /ate t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ! /r5g!n+ effect ( ?is elem5t is ev5 m pron\nc$4 ,excess ( antimony ex]ts1 h[ev]1 a mu* m adv]se influ5ce ?an does excess ( ars5ic4 ,! elongation is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( mod]ate quantities ( ars5ic4 ,oxyg5 p] se1 :5 pres5t 9 mod]ate quantity 9 copp]1 has b little effect on ! t5acity4 ,bismu?1 tellurium1 sulphur1 & lead are ! impurities :i* l[] ! /r5g?1 ev5 :5 pres5t 9 m9ute quantities1 & especially on heat+4 ,bismu? 9 ! proportion ( #jjje p] c5t4 l[]s ! malleability & ductility consid]ably1 & rec5t reports /ate t #jjb p] c5t4 bismu? r5d]s copp] cold %ort1 t #jje p] c5t4 makes x r$ %ort1 & t #jjje p] c5t4 is ! limit = electrolytic copp] :i* is to be roll$4 ,! delet]i\s effects ( bismu? are1 z already expla9$1 to "s ext5t mask$ by ! pres5ce ( ars5ic & by oxyg54 ,! /r5g? is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( nickel1 t91 & z9c 9 ! proportions usually pres5t 9 ! comm]cial metal2 ^! are1 h[ev]1 g5]ally small4 ,f ! =ego+ review1 indications w be af=d$ ( ! reasons = ! *oice by eng9e]s ( 8t\gh-pit*0 copp] = mu* ( _! "w1 & ! explanation = ! #jc to #je p] c5t4 ars5ic (t5 p>ticul>ly specifi$ =4 ,! frequ5t use ( ars5ical copp]s = su* purposes z fire-box plates w also be und]/ood1 s9ce ! ars5ic n only improves ! me*anical prop]ties ( ! metal1 b ensures ! ret5tion ( rigidity & /r5g? at ! high work+ temp]atures requir$1 to a great] degree ?an w\ld h be5 ! case _h pure copp] be5 employ$4 ,! effect ( ! above factors on ! ela/ic limit ( copp]1 is also v m>k$ & ( mu* importance1 ! influ5ce be+ closely analog\s to t produc$ on ! o!r me*anical prop]ties4 ,*emical ,prop]ties4--,! atomic weight ( copp] is #fceg4 ,! metal is un*ang$ 9 dry air at ord9>y temp]atures2 9 ! pres5ce ( moi/ure & ( c>bon dioxide a gre5 coat+ ( basic c>bonate is produc$4 ,:5 heat$ 9 air1 a black scale1 consi/+ ( cupr\s oxide1 ,cu#b,o1 is obta9$1 :i* is readily deta*$ by qu5*+ & hamm]+4 ,wat] at ord9>y temp]atures is )\t effect ^u copp]2 conc5trat$ sulphuric & nitric acids h little action ^u x 9 ! cold1 b attack x on heat+4 ,! be/ solv5t = ! metal is dilute nitric acid1 :i* dissolves x v readily4 ,copp] is liable to corrosion :5 subject$1 :il/ hot1 to ! action ( *lor9e or hydro*loric acid gas2 ?is action has provid$ an explanation ( ! corrosion ( copp] boil] tubes :]e ! coal employ$ _h be5 expos$ to sea wat]4 ,copp] is deposit$ f solution z a dull r$1 spongy mass1 by iron1 z9c1 or alum9ium1 b x is m electro-positive ?an gold or silv]1 & readily precipitates ^! metals f solutions ( _! salts1 ^! effects be+ ext5sively made use ( 9 practice4 ,! metal possesses a p[]ful aff9ity = sulphur1 & ?is prop]ty has v important applications 9 ! smelt+ processes4 ,copp] readily alloys ) gold1 silv]1 t91 z9c1 & nickel1 b n ) lead or iron4 ,ref]5ces4 ,composition & ,prop]ties ( ,metal = ,railway & ,locomotive ,"w 7p4 #bj74 ,proc4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,eng41 #ahic2 ,dean1 p4 #aci2 ,bl\nt1 p4 #afd2 ,watson1 p4 #afh2 ,g[l&1 p4 #agf2 ,asp9all1 p4 #aic2 ,toml9son1 p4 #ahb4 ,webb1 ,f4 ,w41 8,locomotive ,fire-box ,/ays40 ,proc4 ,in/4 ,c4,e41 #aijb4 ,milton1 ,j4 ,t41 8,! ,treatm5t ( ,copp] = ,/eam ,pipes40 ,in/4 ,m>9e ,eng41 #aijh-i4 ,hughes1 ,g41 8,non-f]r\s ,metals 9 ,railway ,"w40 ,j4 ,in/4 ,metals1 ,sept4 #aiaa4 ,law1 ,e4 ,f1 8,alloys40 ,influ5ce ( ,impurities on ! ,electrical ,conductivity ( ,copp] 7p4 #bd74 ,lawr5ce ,addicks1 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,elect4 ,eng41 #aijc1 vol4 xxii41 pp4 #fie-gjb2 ,electro-,*emical ,indu/ry1 #aijb-c1 pp4 #ehj-ehc2 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aijf1 vol4 xxxvi41 p4 #ah4 ,walk]1 ,a4 ,l41 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #ahih1 vol4 vii41 p4 #bdh4 ,t4 ,johnson1 8,"s ,features 9 ! ,metallurgy ( ,copp]40 ,proc4 ,b'ham4 ,met4 ,soc41 #aijf4 ,hiorns & ,lamb1 8,influ5ce ( ,ars5ic & ,antimony on ,copp]40 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,may1 #aiji4 ,condition & ,influ5ce ( ,impurities on ! ,me*anical ,prop]ties ( ,copp] 7p4 #cb74 ,zeits*rift fr ,b]g4 ,hutt5 & ,sal4 ,wes51 ,hampe #ahgc1 xxi41 #bah2 #ahgf1 xxiv41 #bf ,*emik] ,zeitung1 #ahib1 ,no4 #db1 p4 #af4 ,heyn1 ,e41 ,reports1 ,royal ,te*4 ,te/+ ,in/itute4 8,copp] & ,oxyg540 ,*>lott5burg1 #aijj1 p4 #cae4 ,metallographi/1 vol4 vi41 #aijb1 p4 #dh4 ,arnold1 ,eng9e]+1 vol4 lxi41 p4 #agf4 ,feb4 #g1 #ahif4 ,rob]ts-,au/51 ,second ,report1 ,alloys1 ,rese>* ,committee4 ,proc4 ,in/4 ,me*4 ,eng41 ,april1 #ahic1 p4 #aad4 ,rudel(f1 ,mit!il4 ,knig4 ,te*4 ,v]su*s4 ,an/alt41 #ahid1 ii4 7b71 pp4 #bib-ccj2 #ahih4 #af;a1 pp4 #aga-bai4 ,lawrie1 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aiji1 pp4 #heg-ff4 8,bismu? 9 ,wire ,b> ,copp]40 ,johnson1 ,f41 8,impurities 9 ,t\gh ,pit* ,copp] conta9+ ,ars5ic40 ,proc4 ,in/4 ( ,metals1 #aiaj1 vol4 iv42 ,no4 #b1 p4 #afc1 et seq4 ,johnson1 ,f41 8,! ,influ5ce ( ,impurities on ! ,prop]ties ( ,copp]40 ,metallurgical & ,*emical ,eng9e]+1 ,oct4 #aiaj1 p4 #egj4 8,anneal+ ( ,copp] & ,diseases ( ,copp]40 ,ibid41 ,feb4 #aiaa1 p4 #hg4 8,notes on ! ,metallurgy ( ,wr\ght ,copp]40 ,ibid41 ,augu/1 #aiaa1 p4 #cif4 ,see also ,/&>d ,specifications = ,copp] ,wire-,b>s 7recomm5dations by ! ,committee ( ! ,am]ican ,society = ,te/+ ,mat]ials74 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,jan4 #bj1 #aiab1 p4 #aha4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,comp\nds ( ,copp] -- ,copp] ,mattes -- ,! ,v>ieties ( ,comm]cial ,copp] -- ,ores ( ,copp] -- ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ,ores1 ,sampl+4 ,comp\nds ( ,copp]4--,f ! smelt+ po9t ( view1 ! ?ree mo/ important classes ( copp] comp\nds are ! oxides1 ! sulphides1 & ! silicates4 ,copp] ,oxides4--,( ! oxides1 two are ( importance--cupr\s oxide1 ,cu#b,o1 & cupric oxide1 ,cu,o--! fir/-nam$ p>ticul>ly1 hav+ ext5sive connection ) smelt+ practice4 ,cupr\s oxide is black :5 9 ! massive =m1 & has a r$ hematite col\r :5 p[d]$4 ,x is readily =m$ by ! oxidation ( copp]1 & melts at a r$ heat )\t decomposition2 fur!r heat+ 9 ! pres5ce ( air produces ! cupric oxide :i* is less fusible4 ,z has be5 already indicat$1 cupr\s oxide dissolves 9 ! molt5 metal4 ,x is easily r$uc$ to metallic copp] by heat+ ) c>bon1 ! metal be+ also obta9$ if ! oxide be heat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( r$uc+ gases2 x comb9es readily ) silica :5 heat$1 yield+ fusible silicates4 ,:5 cupr\s oxide is heat$ ) sulphide ( iron1 ! copp]1 hav+ a great] aff9ity = ! sulphur ?an iron possesses1 ent]s into comb9ation ) x1 =m+ copp] sulphide & iron oxide1 & if suffici5t silica be pres5t1 a silicate ( iron slag is produc$4 ,:5 melt$ ) copp] sulphide1 cupr\s oxide yields metallic copp] ) lib]ation ( sulphur dioxide accord+ to ! equation-- ,cu#b,s #b;,cu#b,o #f;,cu ,,s#b4 ,?is reaction is a quantitative "o1 & takes place 9 ! ,direct ,process ( ,ni*oll & ,james z op]at$ at ,swansea4 ,! excess ( ei!r con/itu5t rema9s un*ang$4 ,! reaction is ( great importance 9 ! processes ( copp] extraction1 s9ce ^u x dep5ds ! lib]ation ( metallic copp] f ! sulphide1 bo? 9 ! old roa/] process & 9 ! mod]n conv]t] op]ation4 ,sulphides ( ,copp]4--,( ! sulphides ,cu#b,s & ,cu,s1 ! =m] only is ( metallurgical importance4 ,x is grey black1 brittle1 & cry/all9e1 its melt+ po9t is ab\t #a1ace ,c41 & its specific gravity1 :5 cold1 ab\t #ee4 ,ow+ to ! great aff9ity ( sulphur = copp]1 ?is elem5t acts z practically ! univ]sal c>ri] ( ! metal 9 smelt+ "w1 deta*+ ! copp] f all o!r =ms ( comb9ation1 & collect+ x z sulphide1 mix$ ) ! sulphides ( o!r metals1 p>ticul>ly t ( iron--copp] sulphide & iron sulphide alloy+ 9 all proportions4 ,:5 copp] sulphide is melt$ ) an excess ( sulphur1 x rema9s un*ang$2 :5 melt$ ) copp] & subsequ5tly cool$1 ! sulphide & metal sep>ate z su*1 al?\gh x is believ$ t small am\nts ( copp] are pres5t 9 solid solution 9 ! sulphide on solidification1 b t !y sep>ate f x dur+ a dimorphic *ange 9 ! mat]ial1 :i* occurs at ab\t #ajc ,c4 ,! sulphide reacts ) iron ) lib]ation ( "s metallic copp]1 & ! =mation ( "s iron sulphide :i* associates itself ) ! re/ ( ! copp] sulphide1 =m+ a matte4 ,?is matte is n fur!r affect$ by iron1 s t x is n possible to completely decompose copp] sulphide by ?is means4 ,:5 heat$ 9 a p[d]$ condition 9 excess ( air1 copp] sulphide is oxidis$1 oxides ( copp] & sulphur be+ produc$4 ,!re occur probably sev]al int]m$iate reactions1 & sev]al int]m$iate products are =m$1 b ! ma9 effect is repres5t$ by ! equations-- ,cu#b,s #b,o #b;,cu ,,s#b #b;,cu ,o ,cu#b,o :i* take place simultane\sly1 ! copp] repres5t$ 9 ! fir/ equation be+ oxidis$ spontane\sly accord+ to ! second1 & ! resultant is ! reaction ,cu#b,s #c,o ,cu#b,o ,,s#b4 ,9 ! furnace op]ations1 "s ( ! ,,s#b 9 ! pres5ce ( air & oxidisable mat]ial1 & 9 contact ) ! heat$ brickwork becomes oxidis$ to ,,s#c1 :i*1 int]act+ ) ! oxides & sulphides pres5t1 comb9es to =m copp] sulphate & cupric oxide4 ,at a high] temp]ature ! sulphate is aga9 decompos$ to ,cu,o & ,,s#c1 "s ( :i* passes (f & is free to oxidise m sulphide2 ! re/ is decompos$ to ,,s#b & oxyg54 ,^! reactions occur dur+ ! roa/+ ( *>ges conta9+ copp] sulphides4 ,copp] ,mattes4--,on smelt+ a furnace *>ge :i* conta9s bo? copp] & sulphur1 ! sulphur appe>s to h a /rong] attraction = ! copp] ?an = any ( ! o!r metals usually pres5t1 & only :5 ?is aff9ity has be5 satisfi$ is ! excess sulphur free to comb9e ) o!r con/itu5ts ( ! *>ge4 ,! fusible copp] sulphide :i* is ?us produc$1 has ! p[] ( mix+ completely ) any m sulphides :i* may be pres5t1 especially ) sulphide ( iron4 ,! fus$ sulphides result+ f su* furnace op]ations are t]m$ copp]-mattes4 ,!y may conta9 f a m]e trace to upw>ds ( #hj p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & 9 ord9>y "w1 sulphide ( iron is ! o!r con/itu5t pres5t 9 ! greate/ proportion1 b sulphides ( nickel1 silv]1 z9c1 or lead1 etc41 may also be f\nd1 z well z ars5ides & antimonides4 ,^! facts relat+ to ! collection ( ! copp] z a con/itu5t ( a fus$ sulphide product1 =m ! basis ( mod]n copp]-smelt+ "w4 ,9 view ( ! practical importance ( ! mix$ sulphides1 ! diagram repres5t+ _! equilibrium requires notice4 ,a numb] ( work]s h /udi$ ! "q ) widely diff]+ results4 ,rntg5 made an exhau/ive inve/igation ( ! sy/em ,fe,s--,cu#b,s1 & publi%$ a v complete diagram ( ! s]ies1 work+ ) ,fe,s & ,cu#b,s 9 ! pure /ate4 ,! sulphides z commonly met )1 especially 9 smelt+ practice1 d n h[ev]1 occur z mat]ials ( ! composition d5ot$ by ! =mul ,cu#b,s & ,fe,s4 ,! ord9>y comm]cial sulphide ( iron corresponds m closely to ! impure eutectic ( ! iron-,fe,s sy/em1 conta9+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ,fe,s & #ae p] c5t4 ( iron1 & melts at ab\t #igj ,c41 :]eas ! pure ,fe,s has a melt+ po9t ( upw>ds ( #a1ahj ,c4 ,at ! elevat$ temp]atures ( ! copp]-smelt+ furnace1 pure ,fe,s t5ds to lose sulphur & to assume ! composition ( ! eutectic4 ,!re are1 fur!r1 good reasons = believ+ t copp] sulphide behaves 9 a some:at simil> mann]1 s t ! s]ies ( sulphides con/itut+ ! mattes ( practice are n repres5t$ by pure mat]ials s well z by a s]ies compos$ ( mixtures ( ! respective eutectics4 ,! diagram ( ?is s]ies ( indu/rial sulphides 0 work$ out by ,h(man1 ,caypless1 & ,h>r+ton1 & gives a fair summ>y ( ! melt+ po9ts ( ! s]ies ( mattes4 ,x is reproduc$ 9 fig4 #h4 ,! temp]atures may be supplem5t$ by ,gibb's det]m9ations ( #a1aba ,c4 = ! #gag p] c5t4 copp] matte1 & #a1jih ,c4 = ! #hj p] c5t4 matte4 ,! problem ( ! con/itution ( mattes is1 h[ev]1 a v complex "o1 & is n yet satisfactory settl$4 ,an int]e/+ view 0 put =w>d by ,gibb & ,philp4 ,mattes correspond+ to ! =mula #e;,cu#b,s 4 ,fe,s 7copp] #gag p] c5t471 :5 exam9$ microscopically1 appe>$ to be homog5e\s1 & indicat$ "s =m ( comb9ation betwe5 ! sulphides 9 ^! proportions4 ,l[]-grade mattes 7 assum$ to consi/ ( ?is comp\nd sub/ance & excess ,fe,s4 ,iron sulphide 0 held to be capable ( c>ry+ a c]ta9 quantity ( copp] 9 solution1 & mattes might1 !re=e1 c>ry ?is copp]1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( excess ,fe,s :i* !y conta9$4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits ! l[] ! grade ( ! matte--i4e41 ! m ,fe,s pres5t--! m copp] 0 held 9 solution1 & ) a fall ( temp]ature ?is solubility 0 less5$1 & moss copp] 0 set free 9 ! solid matte4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--;,freez+-,po9t ,curve ( ,iron-,copp] ,sulphides 7,mattes74 ,deposition ( copp] may also be acc\nt$ = by a v>iation 9 ! solubility = copp]1 accompany+ ! well-m>k$ dimorphic *ange occurr+ 9 ,fe,s at #acj ,c4 :il/ ano!r possible cause ( ! sep>ation ( moss copp] is ! p>tial decomposition ( ,cu#b,s1 be+ effect$1 z previ\sly indicat$1 by ! free iron ( ! iron-,fe,s eutectic :i* con/itutes ! iron sulphide compon5t ( copp] mattes4 ,! :ole subject is ?us ( consid]able complexity1 & involves que/ions ( !rmal & *emical equilibrium4 ,! appe>ance1 *emical con/itution1 & physical prop]ties ( mattes v>y accord+ to ! rate ( cool+1 & are fur!r influ5c$ by ! nature & am\nt ( ! impurities !y conta91 & ! foll[+ /atem5t mu/ be und]/ood to be m or less g5]al3--,usually l[-grade mattes 7up to #bj p] c5t4 or s ( copp]7 are m or less /ony 9 fracture1 ) a blui%-purple col\r2 z ! copp] cont5ts increase1 a r$d5+ ( ! col\r occurs1 & also an increase 9 ! cry/all9e "* & brittl5ess4 ,consid]able quantities ( moss copp] are pres5t 9 ^! mattes4 ,beyond #cj p] c5t4 ( copp]1 increas$ s(tness & brittl5ess result1 ) a d>k5+ t[>ds blue-black 9 ! col\r1 :il/ ) ! #fj to #gj p] c5t4 mattes ! col\r becomes 9 g5]al ( a /eel-grey hue4 ,increase 9 ! copp] cont5ts leads to an increase 9 ! d5sity--a matt] :i* has important applications 9 connection ) ! economical sep>ation ( matte f slag1 & ! slag-losses 9 smelt+ practice4 ,! specific gravity ( ! #ac p] c5t4 copp] matte is ab\t #dhj4 #dc #eah4 #fj #edb4 #hj #eee4 7,gibb & ,philp47 ,! d5sity 9 ! fluid /ate1 :i* is ! important condition 9 smelt+1 is less ?an ?is1 & may inde$ be some:at diff]5t1 ow+ to *anges 9 ! con/itution ( ! mat]ial4 ,copp] ,silicate is =m$ by ! action ( copp] oxide & silica on heat+4 ,! silicate is decompos$ :5 heat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( sulphides1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( sulphide ( copp] & silicate ( ! second metal1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great aff9ity ( copp] & sulphur4 ,^u ?is fact dep5ds ! extraction ( copp] f v>i\s silicate ores1 z well z ! clean+ ( slags high 9 copp]1 :i* are (t5 add$ to ! sulphide *>ges 9 ! furnace ) ?is object4 ,:5 heat$ ) iron1 ! silicate is r$uc$ to metallic copp] ) ! production ( silicate ( iron2 x is also r$uc$ by c>bon 9 ! pres5ce ( metallic oxides capable ( unit+ ) ! silica :i* is lib]at$4 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,comm]cial ,copp]4--,! copp] employ$ indu/rially comes into ! m>ket 9 widely diff]+ =ms4 ,diff]5t v>ieties are nam$ accord+ to ! me?od ( manufacture1 ! uses = :i* !y are int5d$1 ! locality 9 :i* !y are produc$1 or by special trade names4 ,! mo/ important v>iety is3-- ,electrolytically-ref9$ ,high-conductivity ,copp]1 :i* is l>gely us$ = electrical "w4 ,! me?ods by :i* x is produc$ ensure t mo/ ( ! impurities inimical to high conductivity h be5 remov$1 & ! metal is specially free f ars5ic1 antimony1 & bismu?1 z well z f silv] & gold4 ,z ord9>ily produc$ at ! electrolytic ref9]y1 x is 9 ! =m ( ca?ode plates1 (t5 ab\t #c feet #b feet #f in*es by in* ?ick1 weigh+ #aej to #agj lbs4 ,x is !n remelt$ 9 ord] to br+ x 8up to pit*10 & to give x ! necess>y me*anical prop]ties1 s t x may be trans=m$ at once into ! p>ticul> =m suitable = ! electrical purposes int5d$4 ,su* metal (t5 comes into ! m>ket 9 ! =m ( wire-b> +ots1 cakes1 or billets1 weigh+ f #gj to #ejj lbs4 :5 9 b> =m1 & f #ajj to #djj lbs4 :5 9 o!r %apes4 ,electrolytic copp] is also suitable = ! manufacture ( alloys4 ,lake ,copp]4--,! copp] ores ( ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict are p>ticul>ly pure1 & on smelt+ & furnace-ref9+ yield a metallic product ( great purity :i* also possesses good me*anical prop]ties4 ,x is1 !re=e1 p>ticul>ly suitable = electrical "w4 ,by reason ( its satisfactory prop]ties1 ,lake copp] realises prices :i* usually rule some:at high] ?an ^? ( ord9>y electrolytic copp] z quot$ on ! ,new ,york m>ket4 ,be/ ,select ,copp]4--,= ! production ( copp] alloys1 su* z be/ brass1 etc41 x is ess5tial t ! copp] %\ld be pure4 ,! impurities :i* are pres5t 9 ord9>y t\gh copp]1 & :i* may be valuable = imp>t+ /r5g? to ! mat]ial1 h a v h>mful effect :5 pres5t 9 alloys4 ,9 ! old] ,wel% process ( manufactur+ copp]1 a special me?od 0 employ$ = obta9+ metal free f ^! impurities1 especially ars5ic & antimony4 ,?is 0 kn[n z ! 8be/ select+0 process4 ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! me?od 0 to conduct ! furnace op]ations to ! /age at :i* a small quantity ( copp]1 kn[n z 8copp] bottoms10 0 obta9$4 ,! metal s produc$ has ! prop]ty ( collect+ f ! re/ ( ! matte-*>ge 9 ! furnace1 ! gold1 ! silv]1 & ! great bulk ( ! o!r impurities1 ow+ to its great] solv5t p[] = !m4 ,z a result1 ! great] "p ( ! matte 78:ite metal07 0 left pure1 & f ?is mat]ial ! copp] 0 extract$ by cont9u+ ! furnace op]ations 9 ! usual mann]1 ! result+ product be+ kn[n z 8be/ select0 7,b4,s47 copp]4 ,! process 0 lat] us$ pr9cipally = ! extraction ( ! gold 9 ! *>ge1 r ?an = obta9+ specially pure copp]4 ,! product is ess5tially a ,briti% "o1 & 0 l>gely us$ = ! manufacture ( high quality alloys4 8,t\gh ,pit* ,copp]40--,! op]ation ( 8br++ copp] up to pit*0 has = its object ! imp>t+ to ! metal ( ! t\ghness & me*anical /r5g? requir$ = indu/rial s]vice4 ,! process resolves itself into ! adju/m5t ( ! correct proportion ( oxyg51 ! function ( :i* is l>gely to elim9ate ! gases f ! copp]1 or to ov]come _! delet]i\s effects1 z well z to conv]t ! o!rwise m injuri\s metalloid impurities into a less h>mful =m4 ,9 mod]n practice1 practically all copp] is br\ght up to pit*1 b x is useful to di/+ui% betwe5 t\gh-pit* furnace-ref9$ copp] & t\gh-pit* electrolytic copp]4 ,! =m] is ! br& to :i* ! g5]al t]m 8t\gh pit* copp]0 is be/ appli$1 ?is "n hav+ be5 giv5 to ! product f ! ref9+ furnaces ( ! old ,wel% & simil> processes4 ,be=e ! conv]t] me?od 0 introduc$ into copp] practice1 ! furnace processes = extract+ copp] f ! ores result$ 9 ! production ( a crude 8bli/]0 copp]1 into :i* sev]al injuri\s con/itu5ts1 if orig9ally pres5t 9 ! ore1 f\nd _! way4 ,! pr9cipal impurity 0 usually ars5ic4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 also removable by special ref9+ me?ods1 & ) "s difficulty1 x 0 kn[n1 z has be5 indicat$1 t :5 ars5ic is pres5t "u suitable conditions & 9 prop] proportions1 x is capable ( imp>t+ consid]able /r5g? & rigidity to ! metal4 ,su* copp] be+ p>ticul>ly suit$ = v>i\s eng9e]+ & me*anical uses1 ! ars5ic be+ sometimes ev5 specifi$ = & purposely add$--z 9 fire-box plates & /ay bolts1 ?\gh x is nev] employ$ = conductivity "w or = ! manufacture ( alloys if any consid]able proportion be pres5t--! metal f\nd a ready m>ket :5 br\ght to pit*4 ,t\gh pit* copp] may ?us v>y l>gely 9 composition1 especially 9 ars5ical cont5ts1 up to ab\t ! #je p] c5t4 already indicat$ z be+ me*anically v useful4 ,! actual process1 z us$ = br++ all classes ( metal to pit*1 w be describ$ 9 detail lat]1 x be+ practically ! same :e!r conduct$ on furnace-ref9$ metal1 conv]t] metal1 or on electrolytic copp]1 z a necess>y prelim9>y to ca/+ into ! v>i\s =ms ( +ot 9 :i* x is to be m>ket$4 ,9 prep>+ ! t\gh metal f crude copp]1 ! m oxidisable impurities 7iron1 sulphur1 etc47 are fir/ remov$ by a ?or\gh oxidation dur+ or aft] melt+ d[n1 ?is be+ kn[n z 8air+40 ,! op]ation oxidises "s ( ! copp]1 & x is probable t ! copp] oxide ?us =m$ plays an important "p 9 gett+ rid ( impurities4 ,by ! "t !y h be5 ?or\ghly expell$1 ! metal is consid]ably ov]-oxidis$4 ,samples tak5 at ?is /age exhibit ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3--,! +ot has a depression d[n ! c5tre l9e1 ! mat]ial is v brittle1 ! fracture is brick-l 9 texture & purple-r$ 9 col\r1 :il/ mu* copp] oxide & oxidule-eutectic are se5 on exam9ation "u ! microscope4 ,?is mat]ial is kn[n z ,dry ,copp]2 x is m]ely an int]m$iate product1 & is comm]cially useless4 ,! excess ( oxyg5 is remov$ by 8pol+0--t is1 r$uction1 effect$ l>gely by *>coal1 z well z by r$uc+ gases--successive samples %[+ less & less ( ! *>act]i/ics ( dry copp]4 ,! surface becomes level1 ! metal exce$+ly t\gh1 ! fracture f9e-gra9$ to silky 9 texture1 & a f9e salmon-p9k 9 col\r4 ,) satisfactory me*anical prop]ties1 ! metal has n[ become t\gh pit* copp]4 ,if ! pol+--t is1 ! r$uction ( ! oxidis$ con/itu5ts ( ! t\gh pit* copp]--be c>ri$ too f>1 ! metal becomes brittle aga91 be+ kn[n z ov]-pol$ copp]4 ,! fracture !n t5ds to become co>se & fibr\s1 ! col\r light]1 & ! upp] surface ( ! +ot exhibits a ridge4 ,! reasons = ^! effects h n yet be5 q fully expla9$1 b !re is no d\bt t !y arise f ! removal ( oxyg5 f ! oxyg5at$ con/itu5ts1 & ! )drawal f ! metal ( ! protect+ influ5ce ( ! cupr\s oxide4 ,su* influ5ces are to "s ext5t physical1 s9ce !y prev5t ! ret5tion ( ! r$uc+ gases2 p>tly me*anical1 9 _! effects on ! prop]ties ( ! metal p] se1 & p>tly *emical1 z ! oxide _h probably ent]$ into *emical comb9ation ) "s ( ! objectionable impurities1 produc+ comp\nds1 9 :i* =m !y 7 mu* less h>mful4 ,! removal ( ?is oxyg5 f ! metal breaks d[n su* comb9ations1 leav+ ! r$uc$ impurity aga9 to ex]cise its de/ructive effects on ! prop]ties4 ,ov]-pol$ copp]1 l dry copp]1 be+ brittle1 is comm]cially useless z su*1 & is really an int]m$iate product1 ! metal be+ br\ght to pit* aga9 by fur!r aration to make x 8dry10 aft] :i* x may be pol$ back to correct pit*4 ,z already /at$1 ! ov]-pol+ effects are n due to any intr9sic action ( c>bon directly on ! copp] itself4 ,summ>is+1 x may be /at$ t ! mo/ important comm]cial v>ieties ( copp] are3-- ,electrolytically-ref9$ metal1 employ$ = electrical "w 7also = alloy-mak+74 ,t\gh ,pit* ,copp] = eng9e]+ uses4 ,be/ ,select ,copp] = alloy manufacture4 ,&1 9 addition1 ,lake ,copp] & "s ,conv]t] ,b>s4 ,a numb] ( unref9$ metallic products met ) 9 practice include3-- ,conv]t] ,b>s4--,! product f ! ,bessem] op]ation on copp] mattes4 ,mo/ conv]t] metal is subsequ5tly electrolytically ref9$1 b sev]al v>ieties ( ,au/ralian & ,am]ican copp] are put on ! m>ket direct 9 ?is =m4 ,be+ produc$ f fairly pure ores1 :i* c>ry b little silv] & gold1 ! conv]t] metal may be suffici5tly pure to r5d] electrolytic ref9+ unnecess>y1 & too l[ 9 gold & silv] values to make su* an op]ation pr(itable4 ,ca?ode ,copp] is ! product f ! electrolytic ref9]y1 & is usually remelt$1 br\ght up to pit*1 & ca/ into +ots previ\s to use4 ,black ,copp] is produc$ by ! smelt+ ( oxide ores1 & is subsequ5tly ref9$4 ,cem5t ,copp] is produc$ by wet processes1 usually by precipitation f copp]-be>+ solutions by means ( iron1 ! product be+ a r impure r$di%-br[n spongy mass4 ,_m v>ieties conta9 ars5ic4 ,x requires melt+ & subsequ5t ref9+ to adapt x = s]vice4 ,bli/] ,copp] 0 ! "n giv5 to ! crude metal f ! old] type ( furnace op]ations4 ,su* copp] conta9$ l>ge quantities ( gas1 p>ticul>ly ,,s#b1 :i*1 t5d+ to escape at ! mom5t ( solidification 9 ! m\ld1 gave a bli/]$ appe>ance to ! surface4 ,x conta9$ #if to #ih p] c5t4 ( metallic copp]1 & 0 subsequ5tly ref9$4 ,! t]m is g5]ally appli$ /ill to all crude copp] exhibit+ simil> features4 ,*ili ,b> is an impure copp] import$ f ,*ili = ref9+4 ,! composition v>ies1 ! metal usually conta9+ #if to #ih p] c5t4 ( copp]1 ) indef9ite quantities1 sometimes small1 ( undesirable impurities4 ,app5d$ is a s]ies ( repres5tative analyses ( v>i\s copp] products1 compil$ f diff]5t s\rces4 ,! composition ( su* mat]ial z t\gh pit* copp] & ! v>i\s crud] v>ieties is1 h[ev]1 subject to v great v>iation4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,copp]4--,copp] ores usually consi/ ( v>i\s m9]als ( copp] mix$ ) ^? ( _m o!r metals1 & accompani$ by v v>i$ gangue1 accord+ to ! locality 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,!y are be/ classifi$ "u ?ree gr\ps3-- 7#a7 ,native ,ores4 7#b7 ,sulphide ,ores4 7#c7 ,oxide ,ores4 ,! mo/ important po9ts to be not$ ) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( ^! diff]5t classes are t-- 7#a7 ,native ores are localis$ 9 _! occurr5ce1 be+ *iefly conf9$ to ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict4 ,,table ,,iv4--,,analyses ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,comm]cial ,,copp]s4 ,copp] ,gold ,silv] ,lead #a4 ,electrolytic conductivity #iihi nil nil nil copp]1 #b4 ,lake copp]1 #iigg nil #jjbi nil #c4 ,be/ select copp]1 #iige 44 44 #jjbd #d4 ,t\gh pit* copp]1 #iida 44 44 #jjgj #iibe 44 #jcf #jjajc #e4 ,copp] fire-box plate 7ran #ejj1jjj miles1 ,met4 ,ry471 #ihgj #jjjjajjcdf #jdjhe ,,int]m$iate ,,products-- ,ref9$ conv]t] copp]1 #iibe 44 #jcf #jjajc #iijh 44 #jcj #jjjhe ,ca?ode copp]1 44 44 #jjja #jjjjed ,black copp]1 #idci 44 #jaa #jai #iggj 44 #jbacc #jgh ,cem5t copp] 7,spani%71 #eaij 44 #bce #ade #gfic #jaj 44 trace ,bli/] copp]1 44 #jjjjijjd #jjdb ,*ili b>1 #ihfj 44 44 trace ,ars5ic ,antimony ,bismu? ,iron #a4 ,electrolytic conductivity #jjaf trace nil #jjdb copp]1 #b4 ,lake copp]1 nil trace nil #jjjgg #c4 ,be/ select copp]1 #jjbe trace #jjaa #jaj #d4 ,t\gh pit* copp]1 #jcbj trace #jjaj #jjaj #jjbaa #jfcj #jjjdd 44 #e4 ,copp] fire-box plate 7ran #ejj1jjj miles1 ,met4 ,ry471 #jcgbf #jjcdf #jjcfj #jjjfi ,,int]m$iate ,,products-- ,ref9$ conv]t] copp]1 #jjbaa #jjfcj #jjjdd 44 #jjbij #jjbed #jjjce trace ,ca?ode copp]1 #jjjjcd #jjjjh #jjjjc 44 ,black copp]1 trace 44 44 44 #jjeb #jbchj #jjjce #jag ,cem5t copp] 7,spani%71 #bie #jej #jie #gjj #acb #jjb 44 #gf ,bli/] copp]1 #jajh #jaeg #jjee #jd ,*ili b>1 #jajj trace nil #jjji ,nickel ,t9 ,oxyg5 ,sulphur #a4 ,electrolytic conductivity #jjjf 44 #jjjh nil copp]1 #b4 ,lake copp]1 #jjadf nil #jjgj 44 #c4 ,be/ select copp]1 #jjfa 44 #jadc 44 #d4 ,t\gh pit* copp]1 #jjfj 44 #jabj 44 44 44 #jbhd 44 #e4 ,copp] fire-box plate 7ran #ejj1jjj miles1 ,met4 ,ry471 #jcjci 44 #jjaha #jjjfd ,,int]m$iate ,,products-- ,ref9$ conv]t] copp]1 44 44 #jbhd 44 44 44 #jab #jja ,ca?ode copp]1 44 44 #jjje 44 ,black copp]1 #bjd #jjg 44 #jhj 44 44 44 #jgif ,cem5t copp] 7,spani%71 44 44 #afjj #eaj 44 44 44 #jdh ,bli/] copp]1 #jj-jb #jj-je 44 #jaab ,*ili b>1 44 44 44 #jiji 7#b7 ,sulphide ores supply ! bulk ( ! _w's copp]1 con/itut+ upw>ds ( #hj p] c5t4 ( ! total4 7#c7 ,! oxidis$ ores are f\nd 9 mo/ copp] di/ricts1 ?\gh usually to only a limit$ ext5t4 ,!y are (t5 gossan deposits produc$ by wea!r+ or by decomposition ( sulphides1 h5ce are g5]ally f\nd ne>] ! surface1 *ang+ to sulphide ) dep?4 ,! supply ( copp] f oxidis$ ores1 :i* 0 at "o "t v l>ge1 is decreas+ rapidly1 & ! great] proportion ( ! copp] n[ obta9$ f !m comes f ! m rec5tly develop$ deposits1 ( :i* ^? at ,tanganyika af=d an example4 ,m ?an #bjj m9]als :i* conta9 copp] are kn[n1 b mo/ ( !m are unimportant f ! smelt+ po9t ( view4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! m notewor?y may be fully /udi$ f text-books ( economic m9]alogy4 ,copp] ,ores--,native ,copp]4--,occurs ext5sively 9 ! ,lake ,sup]ior di/rict ( ,mi*igan1 9 ,precambrian rocks1 sp>+ly 9 ,new ,mexico & ,*9a1 b seldom any:]e else 9 workable quantities by itself4 ,copp] b>illa or copp] s&1 an impure native metal f ,*ili1 0 =m]ly ( importance4 ,native copp] con/itutes ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican supply4 ,x yields metal ( exceptional purity1 & ! br&s ( ,lake copp] rea* a v high /&>d1 bo? z reg>ds electrical & me*anical prop]ties4 ,a /ill pur] v>iety is ! native metal f ,yunnan1 ,*9a4 ,! ,lake ,sup]ior copp] occurs 9 ?ree =mations3-- 7a7 ,ve9 deposits1 f :i* ! enorm\s masses ( copp] are tak5 out4 7b7 ,copp]-be>+ a% b$s1 ( amygdaloidal diabase4 ,*ief m9e1 ,qu9cy4 7c7 ,b$s ( conglom]ate 9 :i* ! cem5t+ mat]ial consi/s p>tly ( copp]4 ,?is la/ class ( deposits yields ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ,lake copp] supply4 ,_! av]age copp] cont5t is #bi p] c5t4 ,! *ief m9es are ! ,calumet & ,hecla1 ! ,tam>ack & ! ,atlantic1 all situat$ on "o ore *ute measur+ #c miles 9 l5g?1 & work$ to a dep? ( #d1jjj feet4 ,sulphide ,ores3 ,*alcopyrite 7,copp] ,pyrites7 is by f> ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ore ( copp]1 & furni%es ! great] proportion ( ! _w's supply4 ,! =mula :5 pure is ,cu#b,s4 ,fe#b,s#c 7,cu #cdd1 ,fe #cje1 & ,s #cea p] c5t471 b usually ! ore is n 9 ?is condition1 be+ me*anically mix$ ) l>ge quantities ( iron pyrites1 & v (t5 ) pyrrhotite4 ,x occurs pr9cipally 9 ! old] cry/all9e rocks1 (t5 9 b$d$ ve9s4 ,! value ( copp] ve9s bel[ ! limit ( surface decomposition is ne>ly always due to *alcopyrite4 ,silv] & gold are (t5 c>ri$1 z well z o!r metals4 ,x occurs ext5sively 9 ,montana1 ,arizona1 ,t5nessee1 ,canada1 ,*ili1 ,japan1 ,spa91 ,cornwall1 etc4 ,*alcopyrite ores v>y consid]ably 9 copp] cont5ts2 ?us ,t5nessee ores conta9 ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( copp]1 ,montana ores #e to #e p] c5t4 7) gold & silv] valu$ at ab\t #aa p] ton ( copp]71 :il/ ! ,arizona ores v>y1 be+ (t5 ri*4 ,*alcocite 7also kn[n z copp] glance or r$ru?ite7 is mu* less important4 ,! copp] cont5ts are #gih p] c5t4 :5 pure1 b su* a condition is r>e1 al?\gh ! ore seldom conta9s less ?an #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,bel[ ?is proportion x (t5 t5ds to pass into bornite1 & !n to *alcopyrite4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,montana1 is an important ore 9 ,arizona 7,clifton di/rict71 & occurs also 9 ,cornwall4 ,o!r important sulphides include3-- ,bornite 7,erubescite1 ,peacock copp] ore71 #c;,cu#b,s4,fe#b,s#c1 occurr+ 9 ,cornwall1 :i* passes ) dep? into *alcopyrite4 ,tetrah$rite 7,fahl ore71 a v complex sulphide ( copp]1 iron1 lead1 z9c1 ) ars5ic1 etc4 ,x is (t5 ri*1 & c>ries silv] values4 ,oxidis$ ,ores4--,! mo/ important ( ! oxidis$ ores are-- ,mala*ite1 ,cu,c,o#c4;,cu7,,oh7#b1 conta9+1 :5 pure1 #egc p] c5t4 copp] 7#gcg ,cu,o72 is widely di/ribut$1 b usually occurs z su* 9 non-pay+ quantities except 9 a few p>ticul> localities4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ve9s4 ,:5ev] f\nd ) sulphide ores1 x is an extremely useful mat]ial to mix 9 ! *>ge1 z x supplies oxyg5 z well z copp]4 ,mala*ite is /ill an important s\rce ( ! metal 9 ,mexico1 ,*ili1 & ,bolivia1 ?\gh n q s mu* s z =m]ly1 :il/ x is specially important 9 ! ,tanganyika 7,katanga7 deposits1 ( :i* x con/itutes ! great] portion s f> develop$4 ,cuprite1 ,cu#b,o1 conta9s #hhh p] c5t4 copp]1 :5 pure4 ,x is widely di/ribut$1 b is nev] f\nd by itself 9 pay+ deposits1 ?\gh 9 ! e>ly days ( m9+ & smelt+ x 0 an important s\rce ( metal1 s9ce x 0 easily r$uc$1 & consequ5tly 0 *eaply work$4 ,melaconite1 ,cu,o1 conta9s #gih p] c5t4 copp]1 :5 pure2 is fairly widely di/ribut$1 al?\gh h>dly ev] 9 suffici5t quantity to pay4 ,9 "o or two localities1 h[ev]--viz41 ,t5nessee1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,virg9ia--x 0 =m]ly an important s\rce ( ! metal4 ,! deposits 7 at fir/ v promis+1 z !y consi/$ l>gely ( v ri* melaconite ore2 ?is 0 h[ev]1 quickly work$ out1 ! ord9>y heavy *alcopyrite ) #be p] c5t4 copp] be+ /ruck bel[4 ,o!r oxidis$ ores include-- ,azurite1 #b;,cu,c,o#c4 ,cu7,,oh7#b1 & ,atacamite1 ,cu,cl#c4 #c;,cu7,,oh7#b1 f ,*ili4 ,9 mod]n "w1 ! *ief ore smelt$ is impure *alcopyrite4 ,c>bonate & oxidis$ ores1 :5 !y c be obta9$1 are mix$ ) x1 increas+ ! conc5tration & %ort5+ ! process2 except "u c]ta9 special circum/ances4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ,ores4--,! treatm5t ( ores prep>atory to smelt+ includes ! processes ( sampl+1 wet conc5tration1 agglom]ation ( f9es1 & roa/+4 ,sampl+4--,s9ce sampl+ is n a "p ( ! extraction process prop]1 9 copp] smelt+1 x w be conv5i5t to deal ) ! subject sep>ately "h4 ,x is important t ores & all o!r products ent]+ or leav+ ! works1 z well z _m ( ! int]m$iate products ( ! v>i\s op]ations1 %\ld be prop]ly sampl$ & assay$4 ,great att5tion is paid to ?is po9t at ! be/ organis$ smelt]s1 s9ce only by ?is means c ! "w ( ! plant & ( its sev]al dep>tm5ts be prop]ly *eck$ & controll$4 ,ea* works has its own special me?od ( tak+ samples f ! /ocks1 ! ,anaconda practice1 = example1 be+ to pass ! :ole ( ! fir/-class ore1 am\nt+ 9 quantity to #be1jjj tons p] mon?1 ?r\gh ! sampl+ mill1 :il/ ( ! poor]1 second-class1 ore = conc5trat+1 e fif? c>-load is sampl$4 ,!re are _m diff]5t types ( sampl+ plant1 & ! me?ods employ$ v>y also1 b ! pr9ciple is mu* ! same 9 ea* case--namely1 to use "s automatic device :i* cuts out & deflects a c]ta9 proportion ( ! /ream ( ore on its c\rse ?r\gh ! mill2--! deflect$ portion be+ cru%$ f9]1 & a "p ( x aga9 cut out & deflect$2 repeat+ ! op]ation 9 ?is way ?ree or f\r times4 ,! sampl+ process & plant at ,anaconda is s repres5tative ( ! be/ practice1 t x may be review$ 9 brief1 z an example4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,outl9e ( ,sampl+ ,s*eme1 ,anaconda4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,section ?r\gh ,sampl+ ,mill4 ,! ,anaconda ,sampl+ ,plant is entirely automatic 9 its action4 ,! mill is built 9 two sections1 ea* ( :i* treats #a1hjj tons daily4 ,ea* section consi/s ( a set ( f\r sampl+ ma*9es ) int]m$iate cru%]s4 ,! ore goes f ! b9 to a ,blake cru%]1 break+ to #c-;in* to #d-;in* size2 ! cru%$ ore is elevat$ & f$ d[n a *ute to ! fir/ sample cutt]1 :i* takes out "o-fif? 7#djj lbs4 p] ton7 z a sample1 & deflects ! re/ d[n ano!r *ute4 ,! sample is cru%$ fur!r 9 a ,blake cru%]1 & passes a second sample cutt] 7r small] 9 size71 :i* aga9 takes out "o-fif? 7#hj lbs4 = e orig9al ton ( ore71 & rejects ! re/ d[n ! 8rejects-*ute40 ,! sample is n[ cru%$ 9 rolls1 a ?ird cut ( "o-fif? 7#af lbs4 ( ! ton7 tak5 z be=e1 ! re/ reject$4 ,! sample passes to a f9al set ( cru%+ rolls1 & ! la/ cut ( "o-fif? is tak54 ,h5ce ea* ton ( ore is repres5t$ ev5tually by #cb lbs4 ( sample4 ,! sample cutt] employ$ is ( ! ,brunton =m4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a curv$ boat ( #abj arc1 :i* rotates to & fro on a c5tral sp9dle4 ,! top is op52 "o side has "o hole cut 91 ! o!r has two1 ! area ( ! latt] be+ toge!r f\r times t ( ! s+le "o1 s t ! fall+ /ream is cut cont9ually1 & "o-fif? is deflect$ to "o side1 fall+ d[n a *ute to ! next cru%]1 :il/ ! o!r f\r-fif?s fall f ! o!r side to ! rejects-*ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--;,brunton ,sampl]4 ,! above description is q g5]al1 sev]al details = c]ta9 classes ( ore hav+ be5 omitt$1 b x gives a fair idea ( ! g5]al pr9ciples und]ly+ su* "w4 ,! f9al sample1 say #c1bjj lbs4 p] #a1jjj tons ( ore1 is mix$ on an iron plate on ! floor1 qu>t]$ sev]al times by a ,brunton %ovel1 & ! *os5 sample !n gr\nd 9 an ,engleh>dt mill 7small ,gates' cru%] ) two dis*>ges74 ,! mat]ial is pass$ ?r\gh a #a-;foot riddle ( #ajj me% wire clo?1 ! v small quantity ( co>s] /uff rema9+1 is buck$ d[n & add$1 & ! :ole is !n ?or\ghly mix$ 9 a cani/] ( #a foot side gripp$ at opposite corn]s1 & rotat$ me*anically4 ,ref]5ces4 ,con/itution ( ,copp] ,mattes4 ,kell]4 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 vol4 ix41 #aijj1 p4 #bdj4 8,elim9ation ( ,impurities f ,copp] ,mattes40 ,rntg54 ,metallurgie1 vol4 iii41 #aijf1 p4 #dgi4 ,h(man1 ,caypless1 & ,h>r+ton4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 vol4 xxxviii41 #aijh1 pp4 #adb-aec4 ,gibb & ,philp4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 vol4 xxxvi41 #aijf1 p4 #ffe4 ,heyn & ,bau]4 ,metallurgie1 vol4 iii41 #aijf1 p4 #hd4 ,fulton & ,goodn]4 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 vol4 xxxix41 #aijh1 pp4 #ehd-fbj4 ,ref9+ ( ,copp]4 ,h4 ,o4 ,h(man1 ,r4 ,hayd51 & ,h4 ,b4 ,hall[ell1 8,a ,/udy 9 ! ,ref9+ & ,ov]pol+ ( ,electrolytic ,copp]40 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,am]4 ,m94 ,eng4 ,h(man1 ,gre51 & ,y]xa1 8,a ,laboratory ,/udy ( ! ,/ages 9 ,ref9+ ,copp]40 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aijd1 vol4 xxxiv41 pp4 #fga-ie4 ,/ahl1 8,ueb] ,raff9ation1 ,analyse & ,eig5s*aft5 des ,kupf]s40 ,b]g4 & ,htt5mnnis*e ,zeitung1 #ahhi1 vol4 xlviii41 pp4 #cbc-d2 #ahij1 vol4 xlix41 p4 #cii2 #ahic1 vol4 lii41 p4 #ai2 #aija1 vol4 lx41 pp4 #gg-gi4 ,kell]4 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 vol4 vii41 p4 #bde1 et seq4 ,sampl+4 ,d4 ,w4 ,brunton1 8,mod]n ,practice 9 ,ore ,sampl+40 ,m9+ & ,sci5t4 ,press1 ,oct4 #cj1 #aiji4 8,!ory & ,practice ( ,ore ,sampl+40 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 vol4 xxv41 p4 #hbf4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+ ,practice -- ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ,ores3 ,conc5tration1 ,briquett+1 ,s9t]+ -- ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,copp] ,smelt+ -- ,roa/+4 ,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+ ,practice4--,until rec5tly1 mod]n smelt+ practice has be5 und]/ood to involve ! production ( a matte conta9+ f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]1 :i* is !n bessem]is$4 ,!re are h[ev] proce$+ at pres5t 7ow+ to ! successful work+ ( basic-l9$ conv]t]s7 developm5ts :i* indicate t su* practice may1 )9 a few ye>s1 be modifi$ v consid]ably 9 ! direction ( ! conv]t] treatm5t ( l[]-grade mattes4 ,until su* op]ations become successfully e/abli%$ & g5]ally adopt$1 ! production & subsequ5t bessem]is+ ( #dj to #ej p] c5t4 matte w be "h dealt ) z con/itut+ mod]n practice2 p>ticul>ly s9ce1 g5]ally speak+1 ! pr9ciples involv$ are equally applicable to ! modifi$ me?ods n[ be+ develop$4 ,prelim9>y ,treatm5t ( ! ,ore4--,! factors :i* h to be consid]$ 9 draw+ up a s*eme ( treatm5t = ! supply ( ores %ipp$ to a smelt] are exce$+ly num]\s1 & w be discuss$ 9 due ord]4 ,!re are no h>d & fa/ pr9ciples :i* det]m9e su* s*emes1 yet a numb] ( consid]ations mu/ be not$ conc]n+ ! treatm5t prelim9>y to ! actual smelt+ ( ! ores4 ,su* prelim9>y treatm5t may include-- ,a4 ,conc5tration or ,wet ,dress+4 ,b4 ,agglom]ation ( ,f9es--7a7 ,briquett+1 7b7 ,s9t]+4 ,c4 ,roa/+4 ,a4 ,conc5tration or ,wet ,dress+4--,9 treat+ ! ores ( copp]1 x may be not$ t 9 g5]al-- ,native ,ores1 unless v massive1 are usually dress$ 9 a special mann] peculi> to !mselves--e4g41 /amp-mill+4 ,oxide ,ores are r>ely wet-dress$4 ,!y pres5t mu* difficulty 9 treatm5t on acc\nt ( _! comp>atively l[ d5sity1 :i* makes effici5t wet conc5tration almo/ impossible1 :il/ heavy losses 9 ! tail+s g5]ally accompany su* op]ations4 ,sulphide ,ores4--,no def9ite rules c be laid d[n z to :e!r ! ore %\ld be wet-dress$ or n2 ! treatm5t dep5ds altoge!r on att5dant circum/ances1 su* z--7a7 ! "* ( ! ore1 7b7 ! conc5tration ( ! copp] desir$ 9 ! fir/ smelt+ op]ation1 & 7c7 ! smelt+ me?od & furnaces adopt$4 ,wet conc5tration is only pr(itable :5 ! copp] ore is ( l[ grade1 & !n only "u suitable conditions4 ,?us ! l[ t5or may be due to admixture ) mu* gangue or ) o!r sulphides1 or bo?4 ,a massive l[-grade pyritic ore c>ry+ b little gangue is n suitable = su* treatm5t1 s9ce ! mix$ sulphides are n sep>at$ f "o ano!r by wet dress+1 & consequ5tly b little enri*m5t ( ! copp] 9 ! dress$ product w\ld be possible2 ap>t altoge!r f o!r consid]ations4 ,su* is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) ! ,t5nessee ores c>ry+ ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( copp] & only #be to #ce p] c5t4 ( gangue4 ,an ore ) a self-flux+ or almo/ self-flux+ gangue might all[ ( its copp] be+ conc5trat$ m *eaply & conv5i5tly by direct smelt+ ?an by wet dress+1 ?is dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 on ! local conditions4 ,9 o!r cases a balance has to be /ruck z to :e!r ! circum/ances are m fav\rable = remov+ ! excess ( gangue by means ( cru%+ & treatm5t 9 a /ream ( wat]1 or by slagg+ x (f 9 a furnace ) ! addition ( suitable fluxes4 ,9 _m cases1 ) l[-grade ores1 ! =m] treatm5t is ! *eap]4 ,! case ( ! l[-grade ores ( ! ,butte1 ,montana1 di/rict1 af=ds a good example ( ^! consid]ations4 ,?is ore conta9s #e to #e p] c5t4 copp]1 ) a l>ge quantity ( highly silice\s gangue4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! pur*ase & c>riage ( suffici5t flux1 & ! co/ ( c>ry+ out ?is flux+ op]ation 0 s exp5sive t x 0 *eap] to build a conc5trator & smelt] at ,anaconda1 #cj miles away--9 a locality :]e a suitable wat] supply 0 available = ! dress+--& to convey ! ore ?is di/ance 9 ord] to conc5trate x by a wet me?od4 ,! dress$ ore assays #i to #aj p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,x is important to note t ! process ( wet dress+ involves cru%+ ! ore1 & yields ! product 9 a m or less f9ely divid$ =m4 ,mo/ copp] sulphide m9]als are exce$+ly brittle1 & break up to a v small size on cru%+ = conc5tration1 s t ! copp] conc5trates usually include a l>ge quantity ( f9e mat]ial4 ,!re are two g5]al types ( furnace available = smelt+--rev]b]atory furnaces & bla/ furnaces--& ! que/ions ( ! desirability & ( ! degree ( cru%+ & conc5tration dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! plant & furnaces adopt$ or propos$4 ,bla/-furnace treatm5t has hi!rto (t5 be5 consid]$ ! mo/ economical process = smelt+ copp] ores1 especially ) reg>d to fuel co/s1 b = _m reasons x is n a conv5i5t or effici5t furnace = ! direct treatm5t ( f9e mat]ial4 ,:5 x is desir$ to employ ! bla/ furnace1 x is necess>y to make up *>ges consi/+1 to z great an ext5t z possible1 ( co>se mat]ial4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :5 conc5trat+ ores ) a view to subsequ5t bla/-furnace treatm5t1 ! degree ( cru%+ & dress+ has to be modifi$ ) ^! factors 9 view2 o!rwise a fur!r prelim9>y manipulation ( ! f9e conc5trates t are produc$ is r5d]$ necess>y4 ,su* modifi$ dress+ s*emes involve a maximum ( co>se break+ & scre5+1 ! cru%+ & sep>at+ /ages be+ ?us v gradual1 & ! units 9 ! plant are multipli$1 :il/ ! process is r5d]$ complex 9 consequ5ce4 ,) ! greate/ c>e1 moreov]1 l>ge quantities ( f9es are b\nd to be produc$1 & h to be dealt ) by "s means o!r ?an imm$iate bla/-furnace treatm5t4 ,dress+ s*emes & plant = sulphide copp] ores are ?us (t5 complicat$1 p>ticul>ly = ! recov]y ( ! values f ! f9] mat]ial1 & _c be discuss$ at any l5g? "h4 ,ref]5ce %\ld be made to ,ri*>ds or o!r /&>d works on ! subject4 ,z repres5tative ( wet-dress+ practice1 ! ,anaconda s*eme may be not$1 z summ>is$ bel[4 ,!re are eight mills1 ea* treat+ #a1jjj tons ( ore p] day1 & conduct+ !-- ,co>se cru%+ 9 ,blake cru%]s4 ,co>se siz+ by trommels4 ,co>se sep>ation on ,h>z jigs ( #a-;in* & -in* fe$4 ,middl+s cru%+ 9 rolls4 ,middl+s siz+ by trommels4 ,middl+s sep>ation on f9e jigs ( #g1 #e1 #b1 #a1 & #a millimetre fe$4 ,f9e/ cru%+ 9 ,hunt+don mills4 ,f9es settl+ by spigot settl]s4 ,f9es sep>ation on ,wilfley tables 7#dga are 9 use on ! plant74 ,! muddy wat] goes to enorm\s settl+ ponds1 :]e ! slime settles d[n1 gradually dra9s1 & dries1 & x is aft]w>ds us$ = v>i\s purposes dur+ ! smelt+ op]ations2 be+ dug out 9 ! =m ( a f9e clay4 ,a new =m ( c5trifugal app>atus 7! ,peck7 is n[ be+ in/all$ = ! sep>ation ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! products f ! conc5trat+ op]ation is indicat$ 9 ! diagram 7fig4 #ab71 f :i* x w be se5 t !-- ,co>se ,conc5trates1 #a1 7& 7 in* size1 are smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnaces4 ,f9e ,conc5trates1 #g1 #e1 #b1 #a1 & #a millimetre size1 pass to ! roa/]s1 & !nce to ! rev]b]atory furnaces4 ,slimes are us$ = briquett+1 & sev]al o!r op]ations4 ,tail+s pass to ! dump4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--,outl9e ( ,smelt+ ,s*eme at ! ,anaconda ,smelt]1 ,montana1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,b4 ,agglom]ation ( ,f9es4--,x has j be5 se5 t ! wet conc5tration ( ores 7consid]$ advisable 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases7 results 9 ! production ( a consid]able quantity ( f9e conc5trate1 a =m ( mat]ial n well suit$ = imm$iate bla/-furnace treatm5t4 ,9 addition1 smelt]s (t5 receive consid]able am\nts ( f9es 9 ! smelt+-ore supply1 :i* x is n unusual to scre5 out & to treat sep>ately f ! co>s] mat]ials4#d ,! alt]natives = ! treatm5t ( f9es1 & m p>ticul>ly ( f9e conc5trate1 include smelt+ 9 rev]b]atory furnaces 7usually aft] roa/+72 bl[+ into ! conv]t] 7a new process /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age72 & bla/-furnace treatm5t aft] suitable prep>ation4 ,bla/ furnaces h _m advantages :i* lead to _! ext5d$ use 9 copp] smelt+ practice1 b "o important feature1 :i* also applies to ! smelt+ ( o!r metals1 has always to be borne 9 m9d 9 ?is connection--viz41 t mat]ial 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate _c be treat$ directly 9 a bla/ furnace )\t heavy losses1 & ! work+ ( ! furnace on su* *>ges is n effici5t4 ,no mat]ial less ?an to in* 9 size1 especially :5 9 ! =m ( sulphides1 %\ld be f$ z su* into a mod]n bla/ furnace4 ,f9es 9 ! furnace lead to-- 7a7 ,accretions1 7b7 ,irregul> work+ ( ! furnace & ! *>ge1 7c7 ,clott+ & l[ conc5tration1 7d7 ,heavy flue-du/ losses1 & _! pres5ce is (t5 ! cause ( mu* tr\ble at _m ( ! mod]n smelt]s4 ,! agglom]at+ ( ! f9es is1 !re=e1 a v important prelim9>y 9 any s*eme ( treatm5t involv+ ! employm5t ( ! bla/ furnace on su* mat]ial4 ,agglom]at+ is usually p]=m$ by "o ( two me?ods--7#a7 briquett+1 7#b7 s9t]+4 ,( ^!1 briquett+ has hi!rto be5 9 v g5]al use1 b sev]al advantages connect$ ) ! s9t]+ process & ! result+ product are lead+ to its adoption ) mu* success 9 sev]al localities1 & attract+ = x consid]able att5tion at pres5t4 7a7 ,briquett+4--,among ! advantages ( briquett+ is ! fact t x utilises l>ge quantities ( ! copp]-be>+ slime produc$ at ! conc5trat+ plant1 ?is mat]ial (t5 possess+ good b9d+ prop]ties :i* r5d] x v suitable = briquette-mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,sket* ,plan ( ,briquett+ ,plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--,section ?r\gh ,aug]-,=m]1 %[+ ,briquett+ ,me*anism1 ( ,*amb]s' ,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--;,*amb]s' ,briquette-mak+ ,ma*9e4 ,! type ( plant 9 use at diff]5t smelt]s v>ies consid]ably1 ! me?od adopt$ be+ ei!r ! /amp+ out ( ! briquettes1 or by ! application ( /eady pressure1 ! production ( b>s :i* are !n cut up to conv5i5t size4 ,! con/itu5ts us$ dep5d naturally on ! mat]ials available at ! smelt]1 briquettes1 bo? ) lime & )\t1 be+ made4 ,! ,briquett+ ,plant at ,anaconda4--,! op]ation ( ?is plant af=ds a good example ( ! process4 ,its work+ is v successful 9 us+ up mu* f9e conc5trate1 z well z ! slime f ! ponds1 :i* acts z b9d+ mat]ial & at ! same "t supplies copp]4 ,briquette1 inde$1 con/itutes "o ( ! bigge/ items ( ! *>ge = ! ,anaconda bla/ furnaces4 ,!re are f\r ,*amb]s' ma*9es 9 use1 mak+ #hdj tons ( briquettes daily4 ,! briquettes consi/ ( slime1 f9e fir/-class ore scre5+s 7 -in* size71 f9e conc5trate f ! dress+ plant1 & coke 7:i* is recov]$ f ! rev]b]atory furnace grat+s74 ,! quantities us$ daily are some:at z foll[s1 ?\gh !y are naturally subject to "s v>iation1 dep5d+ on supplies3-- ,slime1 #ejj tons4 ,fir/-class ore scre5+s1 #cjj ,f9e conc5trate1 #bjj ,coke1 #gj & ! composition ( ! briquettes is ab\t-- ,copp]1 #ej p] c5t4 ,f]r\s ,oxide1 #af ,silica1 #de to #ej ,sulphur1 #ae ,lime1 #jg ,moi/ure1 #aej ,coke1 #ej ,! diff]5t mat]ials are /or$ 9 b9s1 & f$ ?r\gh doors to conveyors1 :i* dis*>ge on to an elevator lead+ to a divid$ hopp]1 ea* division ( :i* fe$s a pug-mill4 ,! pug mills are long tr\ghs 9 :i* int]-mov+ blad$ sp9dles rotate1 *urn+ up ! mat]ials2 ! mix+ be+ assi/$ by a wat] supply f above4 ,! mixture passes d[n a *ute to "o end ( an aug] ma*9e1 f :i* x issues1 ?r\gh a /eel r+1 9 ! =m ( a cont9u\s slab1 #f in*es #d in*es 9 section1 to a cutt] #aj feet di/ant1 :i* slices (f bricks #aj in*es long1 ea* ( :i* weighs ab\t #aj lbs4 ,! bricks pass to a travell]1 !nce by ano!r to fe$ b9s4 ,! briquettes are n dri$1 b are us$ j z made ) #ae p] c5t4 ( moi/ure1 & are g5]ally ! la/ item ( ! *>ge to be add$ on ! c>4 ,!y crumble slightly1 b are suffici5tly /rong to /& ! h&l+ dur+ *>g+4 ,_m simil> me?ods1 includ+ h& processes1 are employ$4 7b7 ,s9t]+ ,processes4--,?is me?od ( treat+ f9es involves roa/+ reactions1 z well z ! me*anical process ( agglom]at+4 ,:il/ x ?us fur!rs ! conc5tration obta9$ 9 ! subsequ5t furnace op]ation1 s9ce x elim9ates "s sulphur1 x also utilises ! fuel value ( ! f9es1 & yields a product :i* works well 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,sev]al processes h be5 introduc$1 & ! ,m#8,murty-,rog]s me?od in/all$ at ,wall>oo1 ,s4 ,au/ralia1 illu/rates v well ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ?is class ( treatm5t dep5ds4 ,x is a s9t]+ & roa/+ process simil> 9 type to ! ,hunt+don-,heb]le9 me?od = lead smelt+1 b lime is n us$ z a rule4 ,x is employ$ prim>ily = f9e conc5trates :i* are some:at silice\s4 ,*>ge4--,mu/ conta9 #ae to #ce p] c5t4 silica1 & #ae to #be p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,pots4--#h feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 :5 us$ = ore1 & #d feet #f in*es deep2 ) v]tical sides4 ,!re is a false grate #aj in*es above ! bottom1 pi]c$ ) -in* holes4 ,bla/4--#a1jjj cubic feet p] m9ute at #ac to #bj ozs4 pressure p] squ>e in*4 ,capacity1 #h to #aj tons4 ,"t1 #h to #aj h\rs4 ,me?od4--,cov] ! grate ) a lay] ( roa/$ mat]ial1 light small fire ( wood1 bl[1 & gradually *>ge 9 ! ore :il/ ! bla/ is on4 ,lime is unnecess>y1 b wat] is ess5tial 9 ! process1 & ! ore mu/ be v wet2 #f to #i p] c5t4 wat] be+ us$ = ore *>ges1 & #c to #d p] c5t4 ) ri* mattes1 o!rwise work+ is n uni=m1 & ! losses by du/+ are great4 ,) ! requisite quantity ( wat] pres5t1 ! work+ is regul> & uni=m1 !re is little du/1 & ! roa/+ is effici5tly p]=m$4 ,products4--,if ore is *>g$1 a s9t]$ mass ( matte & f]r\s silicate results2 if poor matte is us$1 ! product is a ri* matte & f]r\s silicate2 & if ri* matte is us$1 metallic copp] & f]r\s silicate are obta9$4 ,at ! end ( ! bl[ ! *>ge is tipp$ out & f$ into ! bla/ furnace4 ,co/s4--,! me?od z employ$ at ,wall>oo to treat #djj to #ejj tons ( mat]ial p] week1 op]at$ at a co/ ( #cs4 #f;d4 p] ton1 or ab\t #as4 m p] ton ?an = ord9>y roa/+4 ,?\gh ?is p>ticul> process is only1 to ! au?or's k1 employ$ at a few smelt]s1 s9t]+ or bla/-roa/+ me?ods on ! same pr9ciple h be5 introduc$ at sev]al o!r works1 & _! adoption promises to lead to v successful results1 be+ p>ticul>ly suit$ = ! class ( mat]ial indicat$ above4 ,! advantages claim$ = ! process are t-- 7a7 ,x saves heavy me*anical losses1 su* z ^? ( ! du/ result+ f calc9+ op]ations & f ! *>g+ ( hot calc9es into rev]b]atory furnaces4 7b7 ,x gives a product suitable = bla/-furnace smelt+--(t5 ! *eape/ & mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( work+4 7c7 ,x results 9 effici5t roa/+ & good r$uction ( sulphur1 yields ! product 9 an advantage\s =m = subsequ5t smelt+1 & promotes a satisfactory removal ( impurities 9 ! slag4 ,9 addition1 ! process (f]s ! possibility 9 ! future ( be+ s modifi$ z to leave 9 ! adequately compact$ products s mu* sulphide t _! fuel values c be realis$ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,9 o!r words1 aft] ! prelim9>y s9t]+ process1 to smelt ! 7f9e7 sulphide-conc5trates pyritically 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,( ! m rec5t types ( ma*9e = conduct+ ! process ( s9t]+1 t ( ,dwight & ,lloyd is 9 op]ation at sev]al smelt]s4 ,! moi/5$ ore falls on to an endless *a9 conveyor1 compos$ ( sep>ate grids c>ri$ on :eels4 ,! conveyor c>ries ! ore ?r\gh ! flame f a small furnace :i* />ts its ignition1 & x is !n drawn ov] a long suction *amb] :]e air is suck$ ?r\gh ! hot mass1 ?us effectually roa/+ & s9t]+ x4 ,! *amb] has special devices :i* ensure ! draw+ 9 ( ! air ?r\gh ! *>ge only1 & s prev5t inw>d leakage 7see ,fig4 #af74 ,! s9t]$ cakes are f9ally dis*>g$ automatically into c>s4 ,details reg>d+ ! ma*9e v>y at diff]5t smelt]s2 at "o works ! l5g? is #cj feet1 ! rate ( travel #h in*es p] m9ute1 & ! vacuum 9 ! suction *amb] #f ozs4 ,! size ( ! p>ticles %\ld n exce$ in*1 & n m ?an #be p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge %\ld be s l>ge4 ,"s #c to #e p] c5t4 t5ds to pass ?r\gh ! grids1 & s be drawn into ! suction *amb]2 ?is is cle>$ out at int]vals ?r\gh special doors4 ,wat] is necess>y1 & f #f to #aj p] c5t4 mu/ be employ$ 9 uni=mly moi/5+ ! *>ge1 :i*1 by ! addition ( suitable fluxes1 is (t5 made ( su* proportions t 9 subsequ5t bla/-furnace smelt+ a satisfactory slag is produc$ )\t fur!r additions4 ,! sulphur r$uction by ! process is v consid]able4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,dwight-,lloyd ,s9t]+ ,ma*9e4 ,su* bla/-roa/+ me?ods1 ) suitable modifications1 promise to assume consid]able importance 9 ! developm5ts ( mod]n smelt+ practice4 c4 ,roa/+4--,roa/+ is (t5 a v important prelim9>y /age 9 ! s*eme ( treatm5t ( copp] ores4 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ an ess5tial op]ation 9 smelt+ processes = sulphide ores1 ! mat]ial be+ cru%$ & conc5trat$ l>gely ) a view to su* subsequ5t treatm5t4 ,?is is n ! practice 9 mod]n smelt+4 ,roa/+ is n[ only conduct$ :]e ! necessity = x arises1 z 9 ! case :]e wet dress+1 hav+ be5 consid]$ advisable1 has result$ 9 ! production ( l>ge am\nts ( f9e conc5trate1 & :]e rev]b]atory furnaces are in/all$ = ! smelt+ ( ?is mat]ial4 ,prelim9>y roa/+ ( ! conc5trates !n conduces to ! production ( a matte ( conv]t] grade 9 "o smelt+ op]ation4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,copp] ,smelt+4--,copp] extraction f sulphide ores is ess5tially an oxidation process1 ! iron & sulphur be+ oxidis$ & ! oxide ( iron slagg$ away4 ,all su* smelt+ processes1 bo? ! old] & ! m mod]n ones1 are bas$ on ?is fact1 & und]ly+ all ( !m are c]ta9 fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* x is ess5tial to keep 9 m9d 9 consid]+ e phase ( ! subject4 ,^! may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,9 ! melt+ d[n ( a furnace *>ge1 ! copp] has fir/ claim on any sulphur :i* may be pres5t4 7#b7 ,only su* sulphur z rema9s 9 excess aft] ! copp] has be5 satisfi$1 is free to comb9e ) o!r con/itu5ts ( ! *>ge4 ,^! fundam5tal pr9ciples c be/ be illu/rat$ by foll[+ ! reactions dur+ ! smelt+ ( a typical *>ge4 ,?us-- ,copp]--- ,cu#b,s-- _/ ,sulphur-- ,cu#b,s4 y,fe,s 444 ,matte4 _/ ,fe,s------ _/ ,iron----- ,fe,o---- _/ ,oxyg5--- ,fe,o4 y,si,o#b 444 ,slag4 _/ ,silica ,si,o#b-- ,! copp] takes up suffici5t sulphur to =m ,cu#b,s2 ! rema9+ sulphur comb9es ) any iron :i* is available1 =m+ ,fe,s4 ,^! two sulphides1 dissolv+ 9 all proportions1 con/itute ! matte product ( smelt+4 ,! iron 9 excess ( t requir$ by ! sulphur becomes oxidis$1 & ! result+ oxide comb9es ) silica 9 ! *>ge1 =m+ ! silicate slag ( ! smelt+ op]ation4#e ,x w ?us be app>5t t1 9 g5]al1 ! l>g] ! am\nt ( sulphur pres5t 9 a furnace *>ge1 ! m ,fe,s w !re be 9 ! matte aft] melt+1 & ! small] w be ! proportion ( copp]4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! grade ( ! matte w be l[]4 ,! proportion ( sulphur 9 ! *>ge ?us controls ! conc5tration ( ! copp] by ! smelt+ op]ation1 &1 9 ord] to effect ! desir$ conc5tration1 oxyg5 is requir$ 9 ord] to burn (f sulphur & to oxidise iron4 ,!re are two g5]al me?ods ( supply+ ?is necess>y oxyg54 7#a7 ,by a prelim9>y oxidation ( ! *>ge outside ! smelt+ furnace--,roa/+4 7#b7 ,by oxidation inside ! smelt+ furnace itself--,! pyritic pr9ciple 7to be consid]$ lat]74 ,mod]n ,practice z reg>ds ,roa/+4--,9 mod]n copp] smelt+1 ! t5d5cy is to d away ) roa/+ z mu* z possible4 ,objections to ,roa/+4--7#a7 ,exp5se involv$ by a sep>ate prelim9>y process4 ,?is includes 7a7 ,prep>ation ( ! ore = roa/+4 7b7 ,extra gr\nd1 & plant requir$ = h&l+4 7c7 ,lab\r1 fuel1 etc41 requir$4 7d7 ,extra h&l+ ( mat]ial be=e & aft] roa/+4 7#b7 ,heavy me*anical & o!r losses dur+ ! process4 7#c7 ,loss ( ! fuel value ( ! iron & sulphur = smelt+4 7#d7 ,necessity1 9 ! majority ( cases1 ( hav+ ! ore 9 a f9e /ate ( division 9 ord] to conduct effici5t roa/+1 ?us militat+ aga9/ its subsequ5t use 9 ! bla/ furnace1 unless ! product receives prelim9>y agglom]ation4 ,?us at ,t5nessee1 ! co/ ( roa/+ 0 ab\t #dj c5ts1 or #as4 #h;d4 p] ton ( ore 7equival5t to d4 on e p\nd ( copp] produc$74 ,! co/ = ! ye> #aijc am\nt$ to #ai1jjj1 employ+ #agj m5 out ( a total /aff ( #ijj at m9es & smelt]s4 ,! conditions = roa/+ 7 "h exceptionally fav\rable4 ,! clos+ ( ! roa/-y>ds set at lib]ty #cd1jjj1 :i* _h be5 ti$ up 9 ?is mann]4 ,advantages ( ,roa/+4--,illu/rative ( ! conditions "u :i* roa/+ is advantage\sly conduct$ 9 mod]n practice1 ! case ( ! ,butte second-class ores may be quot$4 ,^! ores conta9 ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( copp] 9 ! =m ( sulphides1 f9ely dissem9at$ ?r\gh l>ge quantities ( silice\s gangue4 ,direct smelt+ 9 a bla/ furnace w\ld n yield a matte ( ! desir$ 8conv]t]0 grade1 except at v heavy exp5se & difficulty4 ,! ore is1 !re=e1 wet-dress$ up to #i to #aj p] c5t4 copp]1 & ! co>se conc5trates n[ help to yield a good matte1 :5 smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,by ! wet-dress+ treatm5t1 h[ev]1 a consid]able quantity ( f9e mat]ial is unavoidably produc$1 = :i* ! mo/ conv5i5t treatm5t 9 su* l>ge quantities1 "u prevail+ conditions1 is 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace4 ,! atmosph]e ( ?is type ( furnace be+ to a great ext5t neutral1 ! *>ge w\ld t5d simply to melt d[n )\t v mu* r$uction ( sulphur1 result+ 9 ! production ( v l[-grade matte4 ,roa/+ ( ^! f9e conc5trates is1 !re=e1 desirable = r$uc+ ! sulphur to su* an ext5t z w yield a high-grade conv]t] matte4#f ,roa/+ be+ ?us (t5 advisable z a prelim9>y1 its inclusion 9 a smelt+ s*eme "u suitable conditions entails ! foll[+ advantages ov] ! direct rev]b]atory treatm5t ( unroa/$ ores3-- 7#a7 ,x ensures satisfactory conc5tration on smelt+4 7#b7 ,x leaves rev]b]atory furnace smelt+ practically a remelt+ op]ation1 & s af=ds exact control ( ! conc5tration effect$4 7#c7 ,! roa/] gases may be utilis$ = mak+ acid4 ,9 mod]n practice ! "w ( ! rev]b]atory plant is controll$ at ! roa/]s4 ,! rev]b]atory =eman smelts :atev] mixture is s5t f ! roa/+ plant1 & if ! grade ( ! result+ matte is n satisfactory1 x is 9 ! roa/+ op]ations t ! requir$ *ange is made = ! correct adju/m5t ( ! sulphur & = controll+ ! consequ5t t5or ( ! matte4 ,! ,reactions ( ,roa/+4--,! op]ation ( roa/+ is ! expos+ ( a sub/ance to ! effects ( heat & air1 9 ord] to oxidise x1 & to r5d] x m suitable = subsequ5t smelt+ op]ations4#g ,9 ! case ( ! ord9>y sulphide copp] ores1 roa/+ n only 7a7 r$uces sulphur1 & s ensures good conc5tration on smelt+1 b 7b7 by oxidis+ ! iron1 provides a ready flux = silice\s gangues4 ,! m important reactions occurr+ to ! usual con/itu5ts ( ! copp] ores :i* are roa/$1 may be summ>is$ z foll[s3-- ,iron ,pyrites4--,fir/ loses free sulphur at a l[ temp]ature3 x is g5]ally assum$ t ,fe,s is left1 b ! residual sulphide r>ely atta9s ?is composition-- ,fe,s#b ,fe,s ,s4 ,iron ,sulphide4--,sulphur has a great aff9ity = oxyg51 to =m ,,s#b & x may be assum$ t ?is reaction fir/ takes place ?us-- ,fe,s ,o#b 7,fe7 ,,s#b 7i47 ,! iron is h[ev] in/antly oxidis$ by ! excess oxyg5 always pres5t-- 7,fe7 ,o ,fe,o 787 7ii47 ,or1 comb9+ 7i47 & 7ii47-- ,fe,s #c1,o ,fe,o ,,s#b4 ,?is sulphur oxidation is an important s\rce ( heat1 & 9 ! e>ly /ages ( roa/+1 sulphur is se5 burn+ ) ! famili> blue flame1 & ! mass becomes r$ hot2 /irr+ be+ requir$ to prev5t ! mat]ial f s9t]+ by ! heat g5]at$ )9 itself4 ,! oxidation ( ! iron g5]ally proce$s fur!r1 yield+ high] & m /able oxides-- #b;,fe,o ,o ,fe#b,o#c4 #c;,fe,o ,o ,fe#c,o#d4 ,! ,,s#b 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & 9 contact ) /rongly heat$ mat]ial fur!r t5ds to =m ,,s#c1 :i* is a p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t1 & plays a consid]able "p 9 ! v>i\s oxidis+ reactions :i* occur4 ,pyrrhottite behaves 9 mu* ! same way2 x may be reg>d$ z consi/+ ( x,fe,s a little extra sulphur4 ,x does n roa/ q s easily z pyrites1 p>tly on acc\nt ( physical *>act]i/ics1 & p>tly because1 9 ! case ( pyrites1 ! great] am\nt ( excess sulphur :i* is fir/ driv5 (f1 t5ds to leave ! mass m por\s & s assi/s oxidation4 ,copp] ,sulphide4--,its *>act]i/ics on oxidation h already be5 indicat$ 9 ,lecture ,,iii41 p4 #cf4 ,x melts easily1 (t5 at roa/+ temp]atures1 h5ce c>eful heat+ & att5tion are requir$ :5 mu* is pres5t4 ,! reactions are probably analog\s to ^? ( ,fe,s oxidation1 9 ! prim>y oxidation ( ! sulphur & ! in/antane\s oxidation ( ! nasc5t copp]-- ,cu#b,s ,o#b 7#b;,cu7 ,,s#b 7#b;,cu7 ,o ,cu#b,o1 ?us ,cu#b,s #c4,o ,cu#b,o ,,s#b2 ?is be+ accompani$ by simultane\s action ( ! foll[+ nature3-- ,cu#b,o ,,s#b #b1,o #b;,cu,o ,,s#c ,cu,o ,,s#c ,cu,s,o#d ,cu,s,o#d ,cu#b,o #c;,cu,o ,,s#b4 ,9 addition to ! t5d5cy to melt1 copp] sulphide roa/s less p]fectly ?an ! ,fe,s1 usually yield+ oxides :i* are accompani$ by small quantities ( sulphate4 ,*alcopyrite is ! commone/ copp] ore1 & ! mat]ial mo/ frequ5tly subject$ to roa/+ 9 copp] smelt+ practice4 ,consi/+ ( ,cu#b,s4 ,fe#b,s#c1 & accompani$ usually by a l>ge excess ( ,fe,s#b1 x behaves v mu* l a mixture ( ^! sulphides :5 treat$ 9 ! roa/] furnace1 h5ce ! reactions on roa/+ foll[ on ! l9es j indicat$4 ,9 practice ! roa/+ is nev] c>ri$ to su* a degree t all ! sulphur is elim9at$1 s9ce x is ess5tial to reta9 "s sulphur 9 ord] to collect ! copp] 9 ! =m ( matte1 & also because ! "t1 & ! co/ ( ! fuel requir$ to roa/ all ( x (f1 w\ld be prohibitive4 ,consequ5tly1 ! products f ! roa/+ ( *alcopyrite consi/ pr9cipally ( oxides ( iron & copp]1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( copp] sulphate1 v little iron sulphate1 & "s undecompos$ sulphides4 ,! actual =m 9 :i* ! sulphur is pres5t at ! end ( ! roa/+ op]ation is n usually ( v special importance 9 practice1 especially :]e ! previ\s exp]i5ce ) ! roa/$ mat]ial det]m9es ! ext5t to :i* ! roa/+ is conduct$1 s9ce ! great] "p ( ! sulphur ev5tually produces ! sulphide & con/itutes ! matte1 on smelt+ ! roa/$ *>ge2 al?\gh "s is also elim9at$ z ,,s#b by int]action ) oxides4 ,9 mod]n roa/+ practice1 !re=e1 all t is usually requir$ is to roa/ ! ore d[n to1 say1 #e p] c5t41 #f p] c5t41 #h p] c5t41 or :atev] proportion ( sulphur is necess>y to yield ! requir$ grade ( conv]t]-matte 9 ! rev]b]atories1 z judg$ by previ\s exp]i5ce ( ! furnace plant & work+4 ,mu* ,,s#b is evolv$ dur+ ! roa/+1 ?\gh x is usually l>gely dilut$ ) nitrog5 f ! air us$ up4 ,o!r ,=eign ,con/itu5ts ( ,copp] ,ores--,z9c ,sulphide4--,zn,s is sometimes pres5t4 ,"s rema9s un*ang$ on roa/+1 z ! heat 9 ord9>y practice is n great en\gh to ?or\ghly decompose x4 ,"s oxide & "s sulphate are also produc$4 #b,zn,s #g1,o ,zn,o ,zn,s,o#d ,,s#b is sugge/$ by ,pet]s z a probable reaction occurr+ to ?is mat]ial "u roa/+ conditions4 ,lead ,sulphide is also occasionally pres5t ) copp] ores4 ,x melts readily1 & is n entirely decompos$ at ! temp]atures employ$ = ! roa/+ ( copp] ores4 ,! reactions on oxidation are l>gely analog\s to ^? = o!r sulphides4 ,pb,s ,o#b ,pb ,,s#b ,pb ,o ,pb,o or1 ,pb,s #c4,o ,pb,o ,,s#b4 ,also1 #b,pb,o ,,s#c ,pb,s,o#d4,pb,o 7basic sulphate74 ,ars5ides are p>tly left z ! correspond+ oxides1 :il/ "s ,z#d,o#f is evolv$1 & "s basic ars5ate g5]ally rema9s4 ,roa/+ ,practice4 ,fav\rable ,conditions = ,successful ,roa/+4 7a7 ,! sulphide %\ld be 9 a f9ely divid$ =m1 s z to ensure good contact ) ! air4 7b7 ,! air %\ld be suppli$ 9 a g5tle curr5t1 s z to cont9ually provide fre% oxyg51 & sweep away ! in]t gases :i* are produc$4 7c7 ,! ore %\ld be heat$ to a dull r$ heat1 :i* is a condition fav\rable = comm5c+ ! ignition & reactions4 ,! temp]ature %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be well bel[ a melt+ heat 7,pet]s74 ,! ,app>atus = ,roa/+ dep5ds to "s ext5t on ! class ( mat]ial to be dealt )1 :i* may be 9 ! =m ( ei!r 7a7 lump ores1 or 7b7 f9e ores4 7a7 ,roa/+ ( ,lump ,ores4--,9 mod]n copp]-smelt+ "w1 ! practice ( roa/+ lump ores is practically obsolete4 ,! conditions "u :i* its use might /ill be ju/ifi$ are ^? associat$ ) new] m9+ di/ricts1 :]e rapid conc5tration ( heavy sulphide ore into matte is requir$1 be=e ! "t is ripe = smelt+ ! mat]ial pyritically1 & :]e fur!r1 x is desir$ to employ ! bla/ furnace = ! smelt+ op]ations "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! advantages possess$ by ! me?od are-- 7#a7 ,no prelim9>y cru%+ is requir$4 7#b7 ,! product is l>gely 9 ! =m ( lumps1 & h5ce imm$iately suitable = bla/-furnace "w4 7#c7 ,! plant & appliances requir$ are simple4 ,! two me?ods employ$ are--7,a7 op5-air roa/+1 7,b7 roa/+ 9 kilns4 ,a4 ,op5-air ,roa/+ ( ,lump ,ores4--,?is me?od is conduct$ 9 heaps or /alls1 & ! features j consid]$ apply p>ticul>ly to ?is bran* ( roa/+ practice4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy is to avoid heap-roa/+ altoge!r1 & x is only conduct$ :5 ! conditions are exceptional4 ,among/ ! _m grave objections to op5-air roa/+ are-- 7a7 ,x is v sl[1 s9ce a long p]iod ( "t is requir$ = ! oxidis+ effect to p5etrate ?r\gh massive lumps ( ore4 7b7 ,a l>ge am\nt ( capital is ti$ up 9 ! mat]ial at ! roa/-y>ds4 7c7 ,! losses occasion$ by w9d & ra9 are v consid]able4 7d7 ,x is difficult to use up a l>ge quantity ( f9es 9 ! roa/-heaps4 7e7 ,difficulties arise ow+ to damage by ! fume1 & f int]f]5ce by litigation4 ,!re is "o special in/ance ( a mod]n smelt] mak+ a great success ( heap-roa/+--namely1 at ,rio ,t9to--b ! circum/ances are peculi>1 z ! roa/+ is foll[$ by lea*+ op]ations ( ! imm5se ore heaps 9 situ4 ,?is bran* ( roa/+ ne$ n be consid]$ at l5g?1 & ! old] /&>d text-books give full descriptions ( ! v>i\s me?ods employ$4 ,! foll[+ p>ticul>s are important1 h[ev]1 :5 "u exceptional circum/ances su* "w has to be und]tak53-- ,! maximum & be/ av]age size "u ord9>y conditions is #dj feet by #bd feet1 by #g feet high above ! b$ ( fuel4 ,! height is important1 & v>ies ) ! quantity ( sulphur 9 ! ore4 ,! l[] ! sulphur cont5t1 ! high] ! pile2 ) ab\t #dj p] c5t4 sulphur1 ! be/ height is #f to #g feet2 ) #ae p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 up to #i feet2 & if /ill less sulphur be pres5t1 ! height may ev5 be a little great]4 ,su* a heap holds ab\t #bdj tons1 & if ! quantity ( ore to be dealt ) exce$s ?is1 a numb] ( su* piles %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 roa/+ is ab\t #gj days1 ) #aj days m = remov+ & rebuild+4 ,! selection ( a prop] site is important4 7a7 ,! prevail+ direction ( ! w9d mu/ be consid]$1 s z to keep ! fumes away f ! works & (fices4 7b7 ,! y>ds mu/ be protect$ f w9ds1 s z to prev5t losses ( du/1 z well z unev5 burn+4 7c7 ,! gr\nd mu/ be p]fectly dry or dra9$4 ,along ! upp] edges ( ! roa/-y>d a deep tr5* %\ld be cut1 s z to cat* ra9-wat]1 & prev5t x f wa%+ soluble copp] salts out ( ! pile2 dra9age tr5*es mu/ also be provid$ to c>ry any copp]-be>+ liquors to "s po9t :]e ! copp] c conv5i5tly be precipitat$ on scrap iron4 ,enorm\s losses ( copp] may occur if ^! precautions are n obs]v$2 ?us1 at "o p]iod 9 ! old roa/+ process 9 ,t5nessee1 z mu* z #cd p] c5t4 ( ! copp] 9 ! heaps 0 lo/ 9 #ahf days4 ,prep>+ ( ! ,floor4--,remove roots & subsoil1 fill space ) brok5 /one or r\gh tail+s1 cov] ) #d to #f in*es ( clayey loam1 & beat d[n well4 ,! floor is !n fairly imp]vi\s1 & does n crack on dry+4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be giv5 a g5tle slope s z to facilitate dra9+4 ,a lay] 7ab\t #f in*es ?ick7 ( f9e ore is next put d[n1 !n #i in*es ( fuel2 *annels are n[ mapp$ out by means ( logs set 9 bo? directions1 lead+ to r\gh *imneys4 ,! pile is !n con/ruct$1 ) ! l[] p>ts ( ! v co>se mat]ials1 small] /uff be+ put t[>ds ! top & sides4 ,on ! v top & at ! outside ( ! pile are plac$ ! f9es1 b ?is top cov] is only put on :5 ! burn+ is well />t$4 ,?is process is /ill work$ at ,tyee1 ,b4,c41 & at "s o!r localities1 b is mo/ probably only a tempor>y plan1 to be replac$ by a m effici5t me?od z developm5t progresses4 ,b4 ,kilns = ,lump ,ores4--,kilns possess ! advantage t !y p]mit ( arrangem5ts be+ made = ! recov]y ( ,,s#b = acid manufacture1 & ! subject belongs m prop]ly to t bran* ( te*nology4 ,few l>ge smelt+ works employ kilns = roa/+ lump ores1 ?\gh !re are important exceptions at works bo? 9 ,brita9 & on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe4 ,kilns are us$ at ! ,cape ,copp] ,company's smelt] at ,britton ,f]ry1 = ?is purpose4 7b7 ,! ,roa/+ ( ,f9es4--,f9es 7& p>ticul>ly f9e conc5trates7 are ! usual mat]ials subject$ to roa/+4 ,! f9] ! p>ticles1 ! m rapid & complete is ! oxidation1 b ! losses by du/ are heavi]4 ,! size limit is ?us liable to "s v>iation1 b (t5 ! mat]ial roa/$ is t "u -in* 9 size4 ,roa/+ ,furnaces--,requirem5ts4--,= ! roa/+ ( f9es !re is simply requir$ a place :]e ! mat]ial c be g5tly heat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a con/antly r5ew$ air supply4 ,! fuel has itself a r$uc+ action1 x mu/ !re=e be sep>at$ f ! *>ge1 & h5ce ! furnace employ$ is ( ! rev]b]atory type4 ,muffles are nev] us$ = ! oxidis+ roa/+ ( copp] ores4 ,s9ce only a mod]ate temp]ature is necess>y = ! op]ation1 ! furnace ne$s b a small fireplace1 & x is provid$ ) a l>ge he>? area4 ,! fuel us$ is "o yield+ ! fairly long oxidis+ flame requir$4 ,developm5ts ( ,roa/+ ,practice4--,! ma9 objects s\ght 9 roa/+ practice h be5-- 7#a7 ,to h z l>ge a surface ( mat]ial expos$ to heat & air z possible4 7a7 ,by elongat+ & multiply+ ! b$s ( ! furnace4 7b7 ,by furr[+ & rabbl+ ! *>ge4 7#b7 ,cont9ually to expose fre% surfaces ( ore to oxidation4 7a7 ,fir/ by h&-rabbl+4 7b7 ,lat] by movable furnace he>?s4 7c7 ,by me*anical rabbl+4 7#c7 ,to obta9 a cont9u\s output-- 7a7 ,by me*anical *>g+1 rabbl+1 & dis*>g+4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,roa/+ ,furnace4 ,a4 ,,fix$ ,,he>?4--,9 ,great ,brita9 f #aehc onw>d1 roa/+ 9 small rev]b]atory furnaces seems to h be5 ! usual me?od1 & up to #ahej ! furnaces appe> to h be5 only ( mod]ate dim5sions1 ) a s+le he>?1 #af feet #ac feet #f in*es1 con/ruct$ ( firebricks set on end1 & ) a fire-box #g feet #b feet #c in*es #ah in*es4 ,rabbl+ 0 done by a long rake1 ! mat]ial be+ *>g$ & work$ ?r\gh "o door4 ,?is me?od ( work+ wa/$ "t1 made ! process int]mitt5t1 & caus$ cont9ual cool+ d[n ( ! furnace1 involv+ l>ge fuel co/s & mu* lab\r4 ,! fir/ improvem5ts 7 to l5g!n ! he>?1 to add m work+ doors1 & to put ! *>ge into ! furnace by a hopp] pass+ ?r\gh ! ro(4 ,x 0 next f\nd be/ to elongate ! he>? /ill fur!r1 & to drop ! level ( ! b$ 9 /ages by ab\t #b in*es at a "t1 ?us ensur+ bett] control ( work+4 ,by ?is means ! be/ type ( h&-calc9] 0 arriv$ at1 consi/+ ( f\r b$s1 ea* #af feet #af feet1 ! :ole *>ge be+ mov$ =w>d f "o b$ to ! next at ea* /age ( ! process4 ,9 roa/+1 ! ore is fir/ plac$ 9 ! coole/ "p ( ! furnace1 & is work$ t[>ds ! fire1 s t ! *>ge travels 9 "o direction1 & ! flame & furnace gases 9 ! opposite direction to meet x4 ,! advantages ( ?is sy/em are t-- 7a7 ,! clott+ ( ! sulphides is prev5t$1 s9ce ! fir/ "p ( ! roa/+ proce$s at a comp>atively v l[ temp]ature4 7b7 ,! sulphur 9 ! ore (t5 provides suffici5t heat to ma9ta9 ! roa/+ 9 progress dur+ ! e>ly /ages4 7c7 ,! hotte/ p>ts ( ! furnace are :]e ! roa/$ infusible oxides arrive1 s b little clott+ or s9t]+ occurs "h4 ,! capacity ( ! f\r-b$d$ h&-roa/] is #g to #ae tons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dep5d+ on ! sulphur proportion 9 ! *>ge & 9 ! roa/$ product4 ,x is a v useful =m ( furnace :5 lab\r is *eap4 ,! furnace works v effici5tly1 b 9 ! ,new ,_w1 :]e manual lab\r 0 de>1 lab\r co/s became prohibitive1 & 9 ord] to economise 9 ?is direction1 me*anical rabbl+ 0 introduc$4 ,! ,o',h>ra ,calc9] 7#ahhe7 0 ess5tially ! old type ( furnace1 d\ble he>!d & me*anically rabbl$4 ,x consi/$ ( long /raight furnace he>?s4 ,! rabbles 7 pl\ghs dragg$ ?r\gh ! furnace by means ( endless *a9s :i* 7 c>ri$ ov] groov$ pulleys1 situat$ outside ! furnace1 at ! ends4 ,?is 0 an important inv5tion1 giv+ a cont9u\s fe$ & dis*>ge1 a mu* l>g] output1 & effici5t & regul> /irr+ )\t mu* h& lab\r4 ,! rabbles became cool$ on issu+ f ! he>?4 ,! capacity 0 #ej tons p] day f furnaces ( #ij feet #i feet he>?s1 giv+ a roa/+ capacity ( #fa lbs4 ( ore p] squ>e foot ( he>? area1 comp>$ ) ab\t #cc lbs4 p] squ>e foot ) ! old h& calc9]4 ,9 work+ ! e>ly =ms ( ?is furnace !re 7 _m me*anical tr\bles & breakd[ns1 & ! subsequ5t modifications ( ?is =m consi/$ l>gely ( devices = ! purpose ( ov]com+ su* difficulties4 ,modifications & ,improvem5ts4--,all51 in/ead ( a rope to c>ry ! pl\ghs1 us$ small :eel$ c>riages1 runn+ on a track :i* 0 laid along ! floor4 ,br[n 7important7 ran ! c>riages along n>r[ corridors at ei!r side ( ! he>?1 s z to protect ! ropes & c>riages f ! v corrosive action ( ! furnace gases4 ,a cont9u\s n>r[ slit along ! inn] wall ( ! corridors all[$ ! arm c>ry+ ! pl\gh to travel =w>d4 ,we!y2 ,kell]2 work$ on v simil> pr9ciples4 ,! *ief improvem5ts 7 9 details1 & _h = _! object ! prev5tion ( we> & te>1 & ( ! break-d[n ( p>ts4 ,pross]4--,v simil>2 us$ at ,swansea ,works4 ,ropp4--,! c>riage runs und]nea? ! b$1 & supports a v]tical %aft :i* passes ?r\gh a slot along ! furnace he>? & c>ries ! arms furni%$ ) pl\ghs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,o',h>ra ,furnace 7,fras]-,*alm]s71 illu/rat+ ,pr9ciple ( ,me*anical ,rabbl+ by ,travell+ ,pl\ghs4 ,! ,ropp & ,pross] calc9]s "w v successfully4 ,! he>? is ab\t #aje feet long #aa feet wide1 ) a capacity ( ab\t #cf tons p] day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--,section ?r\gh ,me*anically ,rabbl$ ,roa/] ,furnace 7illu/rat+ ,improvem5ts = ,protect+ ,driv+ ,me*anism74 ,br[n ,horse-,%oe ,furnace op]ates on ! same pr9ciple z ! above1 except t ! he>? is b5t r\nd 9 ord] to save space4 ,pe>se-,turrett 7#ahib at ,argo74--,9 ?is type ( furnace ! b$ is curv$ r\nd 9 ! =m ( a circle4 ,! rabbl+ pl\ghs are c>ri$ at ! ends ( arms :i* are atta*$ to an upright rotat+ sp9dle4 ,! sp9dle is set 9 ! c5tre ( ! space enclos$ by ! circul> he>?4 ,9 all ! above classes ( furnace1 ! fir+ is done1 :5 necess>y1 f fireplaces built at int]vals along ! sides ( ! furnace2 ei!r coal or gas be+ employ$ z fuel4 ,b4 ,,rotat+ ,,he>?s4--,?is type ( furnace is /ill rev]b]atory1 b in/ead ( mak+ use ( me*anical rabbl+1 ! he>? rotates1 9 ord] to give agitation to ! mat]ials & assi/ _! dis*>ge4 7a7 ,int]mitt5t ,work+--,! ,brckn] ,roa/]4--,! details & work+ ( ?is roa/] are famili>4 ,! furnace 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahfd = gold & silv] ore-roa/+ 9 ,colorado1 & 0 lat] introduc$ = ! roa/+ ( copp] ores1 be+ at "o "t ! furnace mo/ commonly us$ = ! purpose4 ,x 0 employ$ all ov] ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 & at "o works alone1 #ef 7 at "o "t 9 use4 ,! usual l5g? 0 #ah feet #f in*es & ! diamet]1 #h feet #f in*es2 giv+ an output ( ab\t #ab tons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x 0 furni%$ ) a removable fireplace1 us$ to />t ! roa/+4 ,! op]ation c\ld !n be all[$ to proce$ by itself1 ! fireplace be+ :eel$ away to ano!r he>?1 & be+ ev5tually br\ght back to ! fir/ he>? = ab\t ?ree h\rs1 9 ord] to give ! requir$ high] f9i%+ temp]ature4 ,sev]al du/ *amb]s 7 atta*$ to ?is1 z to all =ms ( roa/+ furnaces1 :i* by _! nature & mann] ( "w are apt to produce consid]able quantities ( du/4 ,! advantages ( ! ,brckn] cyl9d] lay l>gely 9 ! fact t x af=d$ good control ( ! sulphur cont5ts 9 ! *>ge1 s9ce ! ore c\ld be reta9$ 9 ! furnace until ! sulphur 0 suffici5tly l[4 ,! furnace is simple to "w1 & n s liable to get out ( ord] z _m o!r =ms4 ,x possesses h[ev]1 di/9ct disadvantages 9 t its work+ is int]mitt5t1 its use involves comp>atively high fuel co/s1 :il/ ! dis*>g+ pres5ts consid]able difficulty & tr\ble to ! lab\r employ$1 on acc\nt ( ! awkw>dness & ! high temp]ature ( ! dis*>ge1 & ! sulphur\s gases evolv$4 ,its use has n[ be5 v l>gely discont9u$4 ,improvem5ts--7b7 ,cont9u\s ,work+4--,! cont9u\s type ( roa/+ furnace ( ?is class involves ! use ( slop+ cyl9drical he>?s :i* rotate1 & s agitate & help to dis*>ge ! mat]ials4 ,oxl& 7#ahfh7 fir/ introduc$ ?is type 9 ,cornwall1 = ! roa/+ ( t9 ores4 ,! ,oxl& furnace 0 an incl9$ cyl9d]1 ! mat]ial 0 f$ 9 at ! top1 & by ! rotation ( ! cyl9d] ! *>ge gradually travell$ d[nw>ds1 approa*+ ne>] & ne>] to ! fire1 & be+ dis*>g$ close to ! fire-box4 ,:ite 7#ahgb7 improv$ ?is furnace1 & ! ,:ite cyl9d] is l>gely us$ 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,! cyl9d] revolves sl[ly by friction ge>+2 inside are f\r l9es ( project+ brick-"w :i* =m a %elf1 ?us assi/+ ! agitation ( ! *>ge4 ,! ,:ite-,h[ell ,furnace is some:at simil> to ! ,:ite1 b is unl9$ = ! great] "p ( its l5g?1 except at ! l[] end ne> ! fire-box1 :]e x is mu* wid] & is brick$4 ,x is /at$ to "w m satisfactorily ?an ! old] =m1 hav+ a l>g] capacity & us+ b little fuel4 ,! furnace is employ$ at ! ,cape ,copp] ,works1 ,s\? ,wales1 = matte-roa/+4 ,x is "h #fj feet long1 #g feet diamet]1 incl9$ #f in*es 9 #fj feet1 makes #h revolutions p] h\r1 & has a capacity ( #aj tons ( *>ge p] day4 ,argall ,furnace4--,consi/s ess5tially ( f\r n>r[ tubes b\nd toge!r1 ea* #bh feet long1 #b feet diamet]1 & l9$4 ,x works rapidly1 hav+ a capacity ( #dj to #ej tons p] day1 b is us$ m = ! roa/+ ( cuprif]\s gold ores ?an at ! copp] smelt]s4 ,c4 ,,! ,,macd\gal ,,type4--,! mo/ important =m ( mod]n roa/] furnace1 & t mo/ g5]ally employ$1 is ! ,mac,dougal type4 ,! fir/ furnace on ?is pr9ciple 0 inv5t$ by ,p>kes 9 #ahfj4 ,! design embodi$ two he>?s1 "o above ! o!r4 ,v]tically d[n ! c5tre ( ^! pass$ a sp9dle1 support+ arms f :i* 7 susp5d$ ! pl\ghs1 & ! rotation ( ?is sp9dle c>ri$ ! arms ov] ! b$s4 ,z devis$ by ,p>kes1 v>i\s me*anical difficulties 7 f\nd1 & ! work+ 0 int]mitt5t1 b ! pr9ciple 0 recognis$ z important4 ,mac,dougal 9 #ahgc introduc$ 8 modification ( ! furnace1 prim>ily = ! roa/+ ( pyrites1 at a ,liv]pool works1 & ?is =m has n[ supplant$ _m ( ! old] types = copp] ore roa/+1 & is 9 op]ation at mo/ ( ! new smelt+ works4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,mac,dougal ,type4--,! furnace consi/s ( an iron cyl9d] l9$ ) brick4 ,six circul> he>?s are con/ruct$ inside1 "o above ! o!r1 & ! v]tical sp9dle c>ry+ ! arms & pl\ghs = ea* he>? passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! furnace4 ,! ore is pl\gh$ t[>ds op5+s on ea* he>?1 :i* communicate ) ! he>? bel[2 ! *>ge ?us travell+ f ! out] edge t[>ds ! c5tre1 ?r\gh ! c5tral op5+ to ! middle ( ! next floor1 !n outw>ds to ! op5+s at ! edge1 & s on4 ,! orig9al ,mac,dougal furnace 0 #ab feet high & #f feet 9 diamet]4 ,x 0 improv$ by ,h]re%( 9 ! direction ( bett] rabbl+ me*anism & great] ease ( repair4 ,! c5tral sp9dle 0 an air-cool$ %aft1 ! support+ arms 7 made s z to be easily removable f ! %aft to facilitate repairs1 & ! furnace 0 enl>g$4 ,h]re%( us$ air-cool+ = ! sp9dle & arms1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #bj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--,mac,dougal ,roa/]--,v]tical ,section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,h]re%( ,furnace--,section indicat+ ,connections = cool+ ,rabbles & ,sp9dles4 ,evans1 & subsequ5tly ,klepetko1 9 work+ ! furnaces 9 ,montana1 introduc$1 9 ab\t #ahib1 v>i\s m>k$ improvem5ts4 ,! dim5sions 7 increas$1 enl>g+ ! output4 ,! sp9dle & arms 7 wat]-cool$1 :i* improvem5t remov$ mu* ( ! great difficulty 9 work+ ! ,mac,dougal furnace1 :]e ! rapid we>+ out ( work+ p>ts1 & ! difficulty ( _! removal1 repair1 & r5ewal int]f]$ greatly ) effici5t work+4 ,_m ( ^! tr\bles h n[ be5 ov]come 9 ! ,evans-,klepetko type1 & 9 ! /ill fur!r improvem5ts s9ce made at ,anaconda4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! floors1 sp9dles1 arms & o!r details %[n 9 ! ,h]re%( furnace 7,fig4 #bj7 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,evans-,klepetko & simil> types ( roa/]2 ! *ief alt]ations are 9 matt]s ( detail1 ! results ( :i* h h[ev]1 be5 important4 ,furnaces ( ?is improv$ k9d are n[ us$ all ov] ! ,we/2 !re are #fd at ,anaconda1 ,mont42 #cb at ! ,int]national ,smelt]1 ,tooele1 ,utah2 #bd at ,g>field1 ,utah2 #af at ,/eptoe1 ,nevada2 & also at ,balakala1 ,cal41 ,c]ro de ,pasco1 ,p]u1 & o!r l>ge smelt+ c5tres4 ,important ,advantages4--,( ! m>k$ advantages ( ?is type ( furnace1 ! foll[+ are p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ & important3-- 7#a7 ,!re is a great sav+ ( floor space by hav+ ! six he>?s "o above ! o!r4 7#b7 ,! use ( a c5tral common sp9dle c>ry+ ! arms & pl\ghs simplifies ! me*anism4 7#c7 ,! =m is conv5i5t = ! compact arrangem5t ( a roa/+ plant ( _m units = fe$+1 dis*>ge1 & sup]vision4 7#d7 ,v little heat is lo/ by radiation1 z ! heat passes mo/ly f "o he>? to ano!r4 7#e7 ,v little fuel is requir$1 none ) heavy sulphides 7except = />t+71 z ! heat ( oxidation ( ! iron & sulphur usually yields a high en\gh temp]ature to keep ! op]ation go+4 ,! fuel co/s are l[] ?an 9 o!r types ( roa/]4 7#f7 ,?or\gh rabbl+1 great] uni=mity & bett] mix+ ( product1 cont9u\s & regul> fe$ & dis*>ge are obta9$4 7#g7 ,! roa/+ is ?or\gh1 & p]fect control ( ! degree ( oxidation is ensur$ by adju/+ ! rate ( passage ( ! ore ?r\gh ! furnace1 :i* is regulat$ by v>y+ ! ore fe$ & ! spe$ ( rotation ( ! rabbles4 7#h7 ,great sav+ 9 lab\r co/s & difficulties4 ,! lab\r 9 roa/+ plants is extremely ardu\s1 on acc\nt ( ! high temp]ature ( ! mat]ial1 & is dang]\s on acc\nt ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! ,evans-,klepetko-,mac,dougal ,roa/+ ,furnace ,plant at ,anaconda4--,! roa/+ plant at ,anaconda =m]ly consi/$ ( #ef ,brckn] cyl9d]s1 :i* 7 ev5tually all scrapp$ & replac$ by new plant ( ! ,mac,dougal type1 subsequ5tly greatly modifi$ & improv$ z "o difficulty aft] ano!r _h to be ov]come4 ,! sav+ 9 work+ co/s result+ f ?is replacem5t ( ! ,brckn]s by ,mac,dougal roa/]s is reckon$ at ab\t #e c5ts 7#b;d47 on e ton ( calc9es treat$4 ,! roa/]s are arrang$ 9 f\r r[s ( #af ea*1 runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,! *>ge c>s travel along tracks at a height ( #bj feet above1 dis*>g+ into r[s ( b9s1 "o situat$ ov] ea* calc9]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--,sp9dle ,connections & ,guide ,%ields ( ,evans-,klepetko ,roa/]s4 ,details ( ,furnace4--,height1 #ah feet #c in*es2 diamet]1 #af feet4 ,six he>?s4 ,! sp9dle is made 9 ?ree l5g?s1 ea* to c>ry ! arms = two he>?s2 x is #ah in*es 9 diamet] & is wat]-cool$4 ,! rabble arms are #f feet long1 half r\nd1 & flang$ on ! l[] side2 !y too1 are holl[ & wat]-cool$4 ,! rabble-blades 7 =m]ly ca/ 9 "o piece ) base plate1 s z to slide on to ! arms1 b are made n[ ) deta*able blades1 :i* slide into grooves on ! base plate1 s z to facilitate removal = repairs2 ! blades are #f in*es squ>e & #a in*es ?ick 7,fig4 #cb74 ,! arms on sep>ate floors are set alt]nately at "r angles4 ,( ! two arms = ea* floor1 "o c>ries six blades1 ! o!r sev51 s t ! furr[s result+ f "o set ( blades are turn$ ov] by ! o!r4 ,! blades are set s z to direct ! ore f ! out] to ! inn] edge or vice v]s1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> he>?4 ,! sp9dle & connections are protect$ f fall+ ore by %ields :i* are bolt$ on4 ,! rabbles move sl[ly1 mak+ a #b-;in* furr[ 9 a #e-;in* lay] ( mat]ial4 ,capacity4--#dj to #de tons p] day ea*1 r$uc+ ! sulphur 9 ! *>ge f #cj p] c5t4 to ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ,! output ( ! plant is ab\t #c1jjj tons ( calc9es daily4 ,sy/em ( ,work+4--,s9ce rev]b]atory furnaces are us$ ess5tially z remelt+ furnaces only1 ! roa/+ plant is op]at$ s z to yield a product ( su* composition z w directly produce a suitable matte & slag on melt+ 9 ! rev]b]atories4 ,! fluxes requir$ = ! calculat$ rev]b]atory *>ge are1 !re=e1 s5t ?r\gh ! roa/]s mix$ ) ! f9e conc5trate2 su* practice possess+ _m advantages4 ,! *>ge ?us consi/s ( f9e conc5trate f ! conc5trator settl+ tanks1 & scre5$ lime-rock flux 7too f9e to be us$ 9 ! bla/ furnaces74 ,! lime/one light5s ! *>ge1 decreases ! t5d5cy to clott+ ( ! pure sulphides1 *emically assi/s oxidation1 preheats & ?or\ghly mixes ! flux1 & ensures a uni=mly mix$ *>ge = ! rev]b]atory furnaces2 :il/ ! extra co/ involv$ is b v small4 ,?ree p] c5t4 ( lime is us$2 #dj tons ( conc5trates1 #a tons ( lime-rock1 & #a tons ( flue-du/ be+ *>g$ p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs p] furnace1 ?r\gh an automatic gravity fe$1 ! op5+ ( :i* is clos$ & op5$ by an ecc5tric4 ,! spe$ ( ! ecc5tric & ! ext5t ( ! op5+ are adju/able4 ,work+4--,*>ge conta9s #be to #ce p] c5t4 sulphur4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--,rabble-blades & ,bases4 #a/ ,he>?4--,temp]ature ab\t #bcj ,c4 7black heat74 ,?is is practically a dry+ floor1 & ! wet ore we>s ! rabbles away r quickly4 ,special =ms ( pl\gh are be+ introduc$4 ,ab\t #d p] c5t4 ( sulphur is driv5 (f f ! pyrites4 #bnd ,he>?4--,hott]2 n q r$1 except ne> out] edge4 ,ab\t #e p] c5t4 ( sulphur burnt (f4 #crd ,he>?4--,bright r$ heat 7ab\t #gjj ,c474 ,sulphur c be se5 burn+ (f ! ridges ( calc9es1 ) a blue flame4 #e p] c5t4 ( sulphur elim9at$4 ,!re is "s clott+1 & ! s9t] /icks to ! rabble-blades1 & has to be b>r$ (f occasionally4 #d? ,he>?4--,bright r$ heat 7ab\t #gej ,c471 uni=mly bright1 b ! flame has ceas$4 ,sulphur loss1 #d p] c5t4 #e? ,he>?4--,! hotte/ 7#hjj ,c474 ,bright r$4 ,bottom ,he>?4--,cool]1 d>k r$ 7ab\t #fej ,c474 ,! doors on ?is floor are left op54 ,! *>ge is guid$ t[>ds op5+s at ! out] edge to dis*>ge *utes :il/ /ill r$ hot1 & x is f$ f "h :il/ hot into ! rev]b]atory furnace-b9s4 ,effici5t du/ cat*]s & settl]s are ess5tial on ! roa/+ plant4 ,! gases escap+ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #cae ,c4 conta9 #b p] c5t4 ( ,,s#b by volume1 #e p] c5t4 by weight4 ,! ore takes #b h\rs to pass ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,practically no fuel is requir$ except to w>m up ! roa/] on comm5c+ "w4 ,lab\r4--,! requirem5ts are small4 ,!re is "o g5]al =eman = ! plant1 & two help]s = ea* set ( f\r furnaces4 ,! conditions are r try+1 especially dur+ ! dis*>ge ( ! calc9es into ! rev]b]atory *>ge c>s4 ,,roa/+ ,,ores ,,poor] ,,9 ,,sulphur1 ,,9 ,,macd\gal ,,roa/]s4--,! ,anaconda conc5trates c>ry suffici5t sulphur 7#cc p] c5t47 to supply all ! heat necess>y = c>ry+ out ! roa/+ op]ations4 ,:5 ! sulphur is bel[ ?is requisite quantity1 "s extra heat+ may be requir$1 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 ! r$uction :i* is necess>y 9 ! sulphur cont5ts is less5$1 dep5d+1 ( c\rse1 on ! proportions ( copp] & iron 9 ! *>ge4 ,at ,g>field1 ,utah1 :]e ! conc5trate only conta9s #bj p] c5t4 ( sulphur1 ! fuel requir$ = all roa/] purposes is equival5t to #jb p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge1 "o ( ! calc9es' outlets be+ conv]t$ into a fireplace4 ,"h ! output p] furnace p] day approa*es #ee tons1 roa/+ ! sulphur f #bj p] c5t4 d[n to #aj to #aa p] c5t4 ,! flue-du/ losses at ?is plant are #f p] c5t41 s effici5t du/ cat*+ appliances are ess5tial4 ,! ,co/s ( ,roa/+ 9 ! ,mac,dougal ,furnace4--,ricketts has rec5tly publi%$ a valuable analysis ( ! co/s ( ! roa/+ op]ations at ! ,cananea ,smelt]4 ,! figures mu/1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood to apply /rictly to ! conditions prevail+ at ?is p>ticul> camp4 ,! roa/] plant consi/s ( #cb improv$ ,mac,dougal furnaces4 ,! *>ge suppli$ to ! roa/]s assays-- ,copp]1 #eb p] c5t4 ,iron1 #bhd ,sulphur1 #bii ,silica1 #bcf ,alum9a1 #cg :il/ ! product 78calc9es07 has an av]age composition ( ,copp]1 #fc p] c5t4 ,iron1 #cde ,sulphur1 #gg ,silica1 #bhf ,alum9a1 #dd ,! plant op]at$ on ! foll[+ quantities ( mat]ial1 f ,febru>y to ,july1 #aiaa1 inclusive3-- ,conc5trates1 #cb1ibi %ort tons #gfjh p] c5t4 ( *>ge4 ,f9e sulphide ores1 #i1eij #bbaf ,lime/one1 #gfb #agf ------------ ------------ ,total *>ge1 #dc1bha #ajjjj ,weight ( 8calc9es0 produc$1 #ce1ecc #hbaj ------------ ------------ ,%r9kage1 #g1gdh #agij ,! total co/s ( roa/+ 7f roa/] *>ge-b9s to rev]b]atory furnace7 work$ out at #chde c5ts p] ton1 ! di/ribution ( ^! co/s be+ z foll[s3-- ,total ,co/s4 ,co/ p] ,dry ,ton4 ,sampl+1 #bbbfb #jjjea ,b$d+1 #b1jafbg #jjdff ,reclaim+1 #c1jgbga #jjgaj ,op]at+ furnaces1 #g1fhjeh #jagge ,haul+ calc9es1 #iaaja #jjbaj ,g5]al exp5ses1 #a1fciii #jjcgi ---------------- ------------- ,total direct co/s1 #ae1edcch #jceia ,co/ ( flux1 #a1jighe #jjbed ---------------- ------------- ,total co/s1 #af1fdabc #jchde ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/-- 7#a7 ,op]at+-- ,lab\r1 #g1cihef #jagji ,p[]1 #a1eggfd #jjcfe ,fuel1 #ggcjh #jjagi ,wat]1 #ghga #jjjah ,sundries1 #ajcj #jjjjb ,flux1 #a1jighe #jjbed -------------------- ----------------- #aj1icfad #jbebg 7#b7 ,repairs-- ,lab\r1 #b1ejgce #jjegi ,%op exp5se1 #cfajj #jjjhc ,supplies1 #b1hcfgd #jjfef ------------------- ------------- ,total co/s1 #af1fdabc #jchde ,ref]5ces4 ,pet]s1 ,e4 ,d41 8,pr9ciples0 & 8,practice ( ,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+40 ,cl\d1 ,t4 ,c41 8,! ,m#8,murty-,rog]s ,process = ,desulphuris+ ,copp] ,ores40 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 vol4 xvi41 #aijf-g1 p4 #caa4 ,h(man1 ,h4 ,o41 8,rec5t ,progress 9 ,bla/ ,roa/+40 ,bullet9 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 ,no4 #db1 ,june1 #aiaj4 ,au/91 ,l4 ,s41 8,! ,wa%oe ,plant ( ! ,anaconda ,copp] ,m9+ ,company40 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 vol4 xxxviii41 #aijf1 p4 #efj4 ,rickets1 ,l4 ,d41 8,developm5ts 9 ,cananea ,practice40 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #g?1 #aiaa1 p4 #fic4 ,r$ick ,f4 ,moore1 8,rec5t ,rev]b]atory ,smelt+ ,practice40 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,may #ad?1 #aiaj1 p4 #ajba4 ,see also-- ,pulsif]1 ,h4 ,b41 8,important ,factors 9 ,bla/ ,roa/+40 ,met4 & ,*em4 ,eng41 #aiab1 vol4 x41 ,no4 #c1 ,m>*1 pp4 #aec-aei4 7,) good ,bibliography47 ,editorial ,correspond5ce1 8,s9t]-,roa/+ ) ,dwight-,lloyd ,ma*9es at ,salida1 ,col40 ,ibid41 #aiab1 vol4 x41 ,no4 #b1 ,feb41 p4 #hg4 ,dwight1 ,a4 ,s41 8,effici5cy 9 ,ore-,roa/+40 ,s*ool ( ,m9es ,qu>t]ly1 #aiaa1 vol4 xxxiii41 ,no4 #a1 ,nov41 pp4 #a-ag4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,rev]b]atory ,,smelt+ ,,practice4 ,functions ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,furnace -- ,requirem5ts = ,successful ,work+ -- ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,rev]b]atory ,practice -- ,op]ation ( ,mod]n ,l>ge ,furnaces -- ,fuels = ,rev]b]atory ,"w2 ,oil ,fuel2 ,analysis ( ,co/s -- ,condition ( ! ,*>ge4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,furnace4--,! rev]b]atory is ess5tially ! furnace = ! smelt+ ( f9e mat]ial1 z ! comp>atively /ill atmosph]e1 ! abs5ce ( bla/1 & ! opportunities = settl+ prev5t ! heavy losses by du/ :i* necess>ily accrue ) ! o!r types ( smelt+ furnace4 ,! atmosph]e ( ! furnace is practically neutral1 x !re=e ex]cises little influ5ce on ! reactions tak+ place 9 ! *>ge1 & ! rev]b]atory is1 9 consequ5ce1 ma9ly a melt+ furnace4 ,its functions are3-- 7a7 ,to all[ ( ! =mation1 f ! mixture ( sulphides & oxides 9 ! roa/$ mat]ials f ! calc9]s1 ( a copp] matte & a slag4 7b7 ,to ma9ta9 su* a high temp]ature z to r5d] ^! products p]fectly fluid1 & ?us to all[ ! matte & slag to settle & sep>ate ?or\ghly4 ,9 spite ( ! neutral atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 ! smelt+ ( ! roa/$ mat]ials usually results 9 a high] conc5tration ?an w\ld be expect$ f ! calculation ( ! sulphur1 copp]1 & iron 9 ! *>ge4 ,! reason ( ?is is t ! smelt+ op]ation results 9 "s fur!r elim9ation ( ! sulphur1 :i* causes ! production ( a high] grade matte4 ,?is additional elim9ation ( sulphur 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace smelt+ ( ! roa/$ *>ge is due to ! reactions :i* take place on melt+1 betwe5 ! oxides1 sulphates1 & sulphides ( copp]1 all ( :i* exi/ 9 ! products f ! roa/]s4 ,^! reactions are express$ by ! equations-- ,cu#b,s #b;,cu#b,o #f;,cu ,,s#b ,cu#b,s ,cu,s,o#d #c;,cu #b,,s#b1 :i* indicate a fur!r addition ( copp] to ! matte1 & a correspond+ loss ( sulphur4 ,?us a typical rev]b]atory *>ge ( ! foll[+ composition3-- ,silica1 #bgb p] c5t4 ,iron1 #caj ,lime1 #bc ,sulphur1 #hd ,copp]1 #hc %\ld !oretically yield1 on melt+ d[n1 a matte runn+-- #h;,cu 7#hc7 - ,cu#b,s #ajd ,cu #hc ,cu #cj ,s #hd or ,s #cj ,s 7#hdba7 - ,fe,s #agf ,fe #aac ,fe #dj ,9 actual practice h[ev]1 ! matte result+ f ! rev]b]atory smelt+ ( ! *>ge _h ! composition-- ,cu #de p] c5t4 ,s #bg ,fe #bh ! #c p] c5t4 loss ( sulphur caus+ a #ae p] c5t4 increase 9 ! copp] cont5ts ( ! matte4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! work+ ( ! plant enables ! managem5t to det]m9e ?is important factor ) fair accuracy1 & ?us f a k ( ! composition ( ! roa/] product1 to regulate & control ! grade ( ! matte produc$ at ! rev]b]atories4 ,9 mod]n rev]b]atory practice1 !re=e1 ! control ( ! furnace products is c>ri$ out at ! roa/+ plant1 & ! rev]b]atory furnace has simply to melt ! *>ge & ensure good settl+4 ,anaconda ,practice af=ds a good illu/ration4 ,! =eman ( ! rev]b]atory furnaces simply *>ges :at is s5t him f ! roa/]s1 & practically no?+ else is put 91#i 8 duty be+ to smelt ?is mixture & to obta9 f x a clean slag & fluid matte4 ,he is n responsible = ! grade ( ! matte1 & if ?is is n satisfactory1 "s *ange is made 9 ! work+ at ! roa/]s4 ,! rev]b]atory =eman does n le>n ! composition ( ! mat]ials pass+ into 8 furnace until he is furni%$ ) ! daily assay reports on ! foll[+ day4 ,rev]b]atory smelt+ is ess5tially a ,briti% process1 develop$ 9 ,wales1 z already expla9$1 ow+ to a pl5tiful supply ( good furnace coal yield+ a long flame1 & also ( good refractory mat]ial4 ,_m ,swansea workm5 71 9 ! e>ly days ( ,am]ican developm5t1 & are /ill1 employ$ 9 *>ge ( su* copp] furnaces1 & x is l>gely due to ,briti% te*nical skill & to ,am]ican g5ius = organisation & developm5t t rev]b]atory smelt+ 9 ! l>ge furnaces at mod]n works has become s v successful4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,mod]n ,practice4--,success 9 mod]n rev]b]atory "w has be5 due to ! recognition ( ! fact1 t ) ! ma9t5ance ( con/ant high temp]ature on l>ge masses ( mat]ial1 ?or\gh fusion & sep>ation ( ! products c be v effici5tly conduct$4 ,! ,requirem5ts = ,successful ,rev]b]atory ,"w4--,s9ce ! action 9 ! furnace is p]=m$ ma9ly by ! effects ( heat1 x is necess>y t-- ,a4 ,! melt+ %\ld be z rapid z possible4 ,b4 ,! losses ( heat dur+ melt+ %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = ! =mation ( slag & = obta9+ a ?or\gh fluidity ( ! mat]ials is f #a1djj to #a1fjj ,c41 & ! me?ods ( a*iev+ ! prop] conditions c be/ be /at$ z ! avoid+ ( all circum/ances likely to cool ! furnace or to int]f]e ) ! melt+ d[n ( ! *>ge4 ,a4 ,to ensure rapidity ( melt+1 x is ess5tial t a v l>ge quantity ( coal %all be burn$ z rapidly z possible4 ,?is requires-- i4 ,a l>ge grate area4 ii4 ,a good draft4 iii4 ,! fir+ & grat+ to be conduct$ s z to int]f]e z little z possible ) ! regul>ity & degree ( heat+4 ,9 localities :]e a supply ( suitable coal is n available1 o!r me?ods ( heat+1 su* z ! use ( oil or gase\s fuel1 are necess>y4 ,b4 ,to prev5t heat losses z mu* z possible1 x is necess>y-- i4 ,to avoid leakages ( cold air into ! furnace4 ii4 ,to prev5t radiation ( heat ?r\gh walls & ro(4 iii4 ,to prev5t ! he>? f be+ cool$ by ! )drawal ( heat$ *>ges & ! sub/itution ( fre% & cold ones4 iv4 ,to utilise ! heat ( ! already melt$ *>ge = ! heat+ up ( ! fre% ore4 v4 ,to avoid z mu* z possible1 wa/e ( heat by ! escap+ gases4 ,a4 ,,= ,,rapidity ,,( ,,melt+4 ,a4 i4--,enl>g$ ,grate ,area4--,9 ! old] me?ods ( work+1 !re 0 a g5]al t5d5cy to employ a furnace ( /&>d size1 & improvem5ts 9 ! economy ( ! process 7 9 ! direction ( r$uc+ ! fuel bill z mu* z possible = ! giv5 size ( furnace4 ,?is 0 effect$ by keep+ ! grate area fairly small4 ,9 mod]n practice1 economical work+ /ill involves hav+ ! ratio ( size ( he>? to size ( fire-box z l>ge z possible1 b in/ead ( r$uc+ ! dim5sions ( ! fire-grate to suit ! he>?1 a l>ge grate is built to comm5ce )1 & ! he>? is con/ruct$ ( su* a size z w utilise all ! heat available4 ,f ?is pr9ciple ( burn+ a l>ge quantity ( fuel & melt+ ) x z mu* *>ge z possible1 ! effici5t & economical work+ ( l>ge furnaces has be5 develop$4 ,a grate area ( ab\t #bh squ>e feet is n[ reg>d$ z ! m9imum = economical "w at mod]n smelt]s1 & fire-boxes up to #abh squ>e feet 9 area are usual 9 practice4 ,9 small fire-boxes1 only small quantities ( fuel c be burn$ at once1 & 9 consequ5ce1 fre% fir+ is cont9ually requir$1 :i* int]f]es greatly ) ! "w ( ! furnace & decreases ! rapidity ( heat+4 ,ea* addition ( cold fuel has a cool+ effect on ! fire & furnace gases1 ! temp]ature 9 ! he>? be+ f\nd to drop = a p]iod ( five or t5 m9utes by z mu* z #ajj ,c41 ! flame becom+ smoky1 r$1 & cold4 ,a simil> "t is requir$ = ! orig9al temp]ature to be atta9$ once m4 ,cold air is also admitt$ e "t ! fire-box doors are op5$ = *>g+4 ,! advantages ( l>ge grate area !re=e include3-- 7a7 ,mu* less cool+ ( ! furnace by frequ5t additions ( fuel4 7b7 ,high] temp]atures1 ow+ to ! increas$ calorific int5sity ( l>ge quantities ( fuel burn$ at once4 7c7 ,less blanket+ ( ! fire by fuel additions4 7d7 ,less *ance ( ! :ole ( ! grate area be+ cl9k]$ up at once1 & 9 consequ5ce1 less likelihood ( int]f]5ce ) ! rapid combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,! mo/ rapid & economical smelt+ at ! pres5t day requires t at lea/ #jg lb4 ( coal be burn$ p] m9ute p] squ>e foot ( he>? area4 ,a4 ii4--,draft4--,! *>ge 9 a rev]b]atory furnace he>? is melt$ *iefly by ! heat f ! hot gases pass+ ov] x1 & 9 giv+ up _! heat to ! *>ge1 ! gases become cool$ d[n4 ,! heat+ ( ! *>ge is made cont9u\s by ! cont9ual addition ( fre% fuel 9 ! fire-box1 & by ! draw+ ( ! flames ov] ! he>? by means ( flues situat$ at ! o!r end ( ! furnace & lead+ to ! /ack4 ,! flues & /ack mu/ be l>ge en\gh to cause suffici5t draft ?r\gh ! furnace = ! heat$ gases to be drawn ov] ! *>ge ) suffici5t rapidity1 & mu* unsuccessful "w has be5 due to ! fact t ^! requirem5ts h n be5 fulfill$4 ,!re %\ld be a suction equival5t to at lea/ #a in* to #ae in*es wat] pressure up ! /ack1 ?is be+ readily measur$ by wat]-manomet]s--a feature ( mod]n work+4 ,rev]b]atories may be work$ ei!r by =c$ or natural draft1 ! latt] be+ usually pref]r$1 ?\gh x necessitates a l>ge /ack & spaci\s flues4 ,=c$ draft by fan or bl[] "u ! fire-grate has be5 9 use at sev]al smelt]s1 ! a%pit !n be+ clos$4 ,x 0 at "o "t adopt$ at ,anaconda1 b 0 giv5 up lat]4 ,! use ( =c$ draft has ! advantage t leakages ( cold air into ! furnace are to a l>ge ext5t prev5t$1 hot gases t5d+ to be =c$ out r ?an cold air drawn 91 b ! objections to its use include ! facts t-- 7a7 ,special p[] & ma*9]y are requir$4 7b7 ,! int5se action ne> ! fire-b>s produces1 f ! a% ( ! coal1 a massive cl9k] 9 a semi-fus$ condition1 difficult to deal )4 7c7 ,x is /at$ by smelt]s to h a cool+ action ne> ! fire-bridge4 ,a4 iii4--,fir+ & ,grat+4--,?is "q is closely connect$ ) ! dim5sions ( ! grate1 s9ce ! use ( a small fire-box necessitates me?ods ( fir+ & grat+ :i* are n conducive to ! mo/ rapid & effici5t combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,9 addition to ! cool+ action ( frequ5t fre% fuel *>ges 9 ! small fireplace1 att5dant disadvantages include ! clos+ up ( ! spaces 9 ! grate by :i* air ent]s = burn+ ! fuel1 & ! consequ5t necessity = frequ5t grat+ ) small b$s ( fuel1 :i* entails num]\s objections4 ,! addition ( fre% coal to ! fire causes ! production ( l>ge quantities ( volatile hydroc>bons :i* require an increas$ air supply = prop] combu/ion1 & ?is air admission is j prev5t$ by ! blanket+ action ( ! fre% fuel add$4 ,?is is indicat$ by ! r$ smoky flame1 & means wa/e & cool+4 ,! difficulty is ov]come by ! arrang+ ( a s]ies ( air-holes at ! fire-box end ( ! furnace1 ne> ! fire-bridge1 & by ! op5+ ( ^! directly aft] fir+1 ! volatiles are imm$iately burnt up4 ,?is is an important feature 9 successful work+1 & ) a l>ge fire-grate & ?is air-admission1 ! effect ( add+ ev5 #a tons ( fuel on to ! fire at once causes little diff]5ce 9 ! furnace temp]ature4 ,! flame is obs]v$ ?r\gh a w9d[ let into ! (f-take flue1 :i* all[s ( ! *anges 9 appe>ance be+ not$ by ! fireman on ! fire-box plat=m4 ,! fire is kept mod]ately %all[1 to all[ ( rapid burn+ ( ! fuel1 ?\gh deep en\gh to keep up ! enorm\s body ( heat necess>y 9 ! furnace4 ,b4 ,,! ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,heat ,,losses4 ,b4 i4--,avoid+ ,leakage ( ,cold ,air4--,! admission ( cold air 0 ! cause ( mu* wa/e 9 ! old] processes ( work+4 ,ea* "t ! doors 7 op5$1 ei!r at ! fire-box1 or dur+ *>g+ on to ! he>?1 l>ge quantities ( cold air 7 admitt$2 air ent]$ ?r\gh ! work+ door :il/ slag 0 skimm$ (f1 :il/ matte 0 be+ tapp$1 & :il/ ! furnace he>? 0 be+ clay$2 all ( :i* op]ations occupi$ consid]able "t4 ,! doors 7 op5$ dur+ ! levell+ d[n ( ! fre% *>ges1 & at lat] p]iods :5 ! *>ge 0 /irr$ & ! half-fus$ masses /ick+ to ! bottom 7 work$ up4 ,9 mod]n practice1 an ess5tial feature ( work+ is to keep all ! doors clos$ z mu* z possible1 &1 z w be indicat$ %ortly1 e means is tak5 to elim9ate ! heat losses f ! causes j ref]r$ to4 ,air leakage is also occasion$ by bad grat+1 :i* causes ! =mation ( *annels 9 a few p>ts ( ! b$ ( fuel1 admitt+ excess ( air at ^! places1 in/ead ( caus+ x to come regul>ly ?r\gh ! b$ 9 all p>ts4 ,*annell+ is n[ *eck$ by ! drop ( suction-pressure 9 ! flues1 z regi/]$ by ! manomet]4 ,b4 ii4--,prev5tion ( ,radiation ?r\gh ,walls & ,ro(4--,su* heat losses are n[ m9imis$ by ?ick5+ ^! p>ts1 & blanket+ ! outside ( ! ro( ) s&1 keep+ ! con/ruction toge!r by v heavy brac+4 ,b4 iii4--,prev5tion ( ,cool+ ( ! ,he>? on ,)drawal & on ,*>g+4--,by f> ! mo/ important cause ( heat losses 9 work+ 0 occasion$ by ! )drawal ( ! :ole ( ! melt$ products1 ! *>g+ ( fre% cold ores1 & ! effici5cy ( ! furnace 0 v greatly r$uc$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 ! old] me?ods1 fully ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! "t & fuel1 & almo/ all ! lab\r1 7 sp5t 9 manipulat+ ! *>ges & br++ !m up to ! po9t ( fusion1 ! actual smelt+ op]ation be+ responsible = b a small proportion4 ,! )drawal ( ! hot slag & matte ab/racts mu* ( ! heat ( ! furnace1 & ! cold *>ge :i* is f$ 91 n only cools ! furnace he>? on :i* x re/s1 b be+ a poor conductor1 prev5ts ! heat f aga9 p5etrat+ ?r\gh x to ! he>? & to ! und]mo/ portion ( ! *>ge4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ ?r\gh ! use ( pyromet]s1 t ! temp]ature 9 ! furnace aft] su* )drawal & re*>g+ may drop to less ?an #gjj ,c4--a dull r$ heat--& !re is no way "u su* circum/ances ( heat+ up ! he>? aga91 except by conduction ?r\gh ! *>ge4 ,"s h\rs' h>d fir+ 7 ?us requir$ to br+ ! furnace to ! desir$ temp]ature aga91 aft] :i* x 0 necess>y to re-op5 ! work+ doors1 9 ord] to /ir ! mat]ials s z to prev5t ! half-fus$ masses1 /ill ly+ on ! he>?1 f /ick+ to x4 ,?is also occasion$ delay 9 ! op]ations1 & caus$ mu* wa/e ( fuel1 heat1 & lab\r4 ,b4 iv4--,utilis+ ! ,heat ( ,melt$ ,*>ges = ! ,heat+ ( ,fre% ,additions4--,all ! above difficulties1 & _m o!rs1 h be5 ov]come by ma9ta9+ a deep pool ( hot molt5 matte 9 ! furnace1 & by fe$+ hot *>ges ^u ?is matte lay]4 ,^! are two ( ! mo/ vital & successful *anges introduc$ into mod]n rev]b]atory practice1 & w be review$ 9 detail subsequ5tly4 ,b4 v4--,utilis+ ! ,heat ( ! ,escap+ ,gases z mu* z possible4--,improvem5ts 9 ?is direction h be5 br\ght ab\t-- 7a7 ,by con/ruct+ ! furnace ( z great a l5g? z w all[ ( ma9ta9+ ! *>ge 9 a suffici5tly fluid /ate to p]mit ( its be+ tapp$ f ! fur!rmo/ end ( ! furnace4 7b7 ,by us+ ! /ill hot escap+ gases "u boil]s4 ,mod]n ,rev]b]atory ,practice4--,! requirem5ts = ! successful op]ation ( ! rev]b]atory furnace1 & ! me?ods = ensur+ its effici5t work+ :i* h j be5 review$1 involve ! application ( ! foll[+ pr9ciples1 :i* are ! ess5tial factors 9 mod]n rev]b]atory smelt+ practice3-- #a4 ,! grade ( ! furnace products is controll$ at ! roa/]s4 #b4 ,! melt+ mu/ be z rapid z possible4 #c4 ,! employm5t ( v l>ge furnaces4 #d4 ,! use ( a heat$ matte-pool 9 ! furnace4 #e4 ,! *>g+ ( hot calc9es4 #f4 ,! regulation ( ! furnace work+ by draft pressures4 #g4 ,! cont9u\s work+ ( ! furnace4 #h4 ,modifi$ con/ructional details4 #a4 ,control ( ,furnace ,products at ! ,roa/]s4--,?is feature has already be5 indicat$ 9 deal+ ) roa/+ practice4 ,! importance ( ?is sy/em 9 ! economy & effici5cy ( ! furnace work+ is v m>k$4 7a7 ,! roa/+ plant af=ds ! mo/ ready means ( control ov] ! desir$ sulphur elim9ation1 ?is be+ its sole function4 ,! mod]n roa/] is s design$ z to all[ ( almo/ p]fect regulation 9 ?is respect1 s9ce am\nt ( fe$ & rate ( passage ( ! sulphides ?r\gh ! furnace are "u p]fect control4 7b7 ,! "w ( ! rev]b]atory is ?us conf9$ to "o object only1 t ( rapid melt+ d[n1 to :i* ! =eman c give 8 sole att5tion free f ! necessity ( manipulat+ ! grade ( ! matte at ! same "t4 ,9 mod]n "w x is usual to pass ! :ole ( ! *>ge 7conc5trates z well z flux7 int5d$ = ! rev]b]atories1 ?r\gh ! roa/+ plant4 ,! advantages ( su* proc$ure are-- 7i47 ,! flux is preheat$ at little extra exp5se1 !re be+ usually pl5ty ( heat to sp>e = ?is1 & ! roa/] capacity is n unduly decreas$4 7ii47 ,intimate mix+ ( ! *>ge is assur$1 & ?is greatly facilitates ! fusion & reaction4 7iii47 ,m rapid & ?or\gh roa/+ is effect$1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( ! in]t flux prev5ts clott+ or undue s9t]+ ( ! sulphides 9 ! roa/]4 7iv47 ,! *>ge is f\nd to be 9 a mu* bett] condition1 bo? physically & *emically1 = successful rev]b]atory smelt+4 ,lime 9 ! roa/] *>ge appe>s to assi/ ! ?or\ghness ( ! roa/1 :il/ an incipi5t slag =mation is comm5c$ ow+ to ! juxtaposition ( basic oxides & silica1 9 ! hott] p>ts ( ! roa/] furnace4 #b4 ,rapidity ( melt+ is an indisp5sable feature ( mod]n "w4 ,! conditions necess>y = rapid melt+ h be5 review$ above4 #c4 ,use ( ,l>ge ,furnaces4--,rev]b]atory furnaces appe> to h replac$ ! bla/ furnace 9 ,great ,brita9 some:]e ab\t #agjj1 & by #ahed !y 7 9 g5]al use 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,at ?is p]iod ! usual dim5sions 71 = ! he>? #ac feet by #i feet1 ) a fire-box #d feet by #d feet1 ! furnace hav+ a capacity ( #ab tons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 ! size increas$ v sl[ly1 & x 0 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica t ! important increase 9 dim5sions & 9 enorm\s outputs 7 develop$4 ,! "w 0 comm5c$ sy/ematically 9 ab\t #ahgh by ,ri*>d ,pe>se 7a ,swansea-tra9$ metallurgi/7 at ! ,argo ,smelt] 9 ,colorado4 ,table ,v4 indicates ! gradual improvem5ts 9 practice result+ f ^! developm5ts 7see also ,fig4 #bc1 p4 #ij74 ,,table ,v4--,,developm5t ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,rev]b]atory ,,furnace4 ,firebox ,he>? ,tons ,ore p] ,ye>4 ,dim5sions4 ,dim5sions4 ,/ack ,capacity4 ,ton ,coal4 #ahgh1d' #f #e' #i' #h #ae' #b' #iab tons4 #bd tons4 #ahhb1d' #f #e' #aj' #d #ag' #ajb' #iag #bdc #ahhg1d' #f #e' #fab' #h #ba' #bc' #jbd #bfg #ahia1d' #f #f' #ad' #b #bd' #dc' #jbh #bh #ahic1e' #f' #faf' #cj' #c' #fce 7#dc7bg 7#cc7 #ahid1e' #f' #faf' #ce' #d' #j 7#ej7 7#cg7 #aijc1e' #f #aj' #bj' #ej' #e' #e 7#gj7 7#ca7 #aiaj1h' #af' #ai' #aaf' 44 7#bge7 7#dff7 ,! *>ges ( calc9es 7 f$ :il/ /ill r$ hot4 ,?is practice has be5 cont9u$ 9 mod]n smelt] "w1 ! developm5ts be+ 9 ! direction ( attempt+ to melt ! l>ge/ possible quantity ( *>ge 9 "o furnace z rapidly z possible4 ,?is has be5 f\nd to dep5d ^u ! rapidity ) :i* ! fuel is burn$1 & ! enl>g+ ( ! fire-box _h a specially important influ5ce 9 effect+ ?is rapidity ( combu/ion4 ,!n1 ) ! size ( grate fix$ & ! mo/ effici5t burn+ ( ! fuel arrang$ =1 ! capacity ( ! furnace dep5ds simply on increas+ ! area ( ! he>? to z great an ext5t z ! heat g5]at$ is capable ( ma9ta9+ at ! desir$ temp]ature4 ,! bread? ( ! furnace is h[ev]1 limit$ by-- 7a7 ,! span ( ar* :i* c be support$ 9 ! con/ruction4 7b7 ,! l5g? ( ! tools :i* c be conv5i5tly manag$4 ,! maximum wid? s f> f\nd satisfactory is ab\t #ai feet1 s t ?is dim5sion be+ fix$1 ! furnace capacity is enl>g$ by increas+ ! l5g?1 & ?is is limit$ only by ! di/ance f ! fire-box to :i* ! flame c ma9ta9 ! temp]ature necess>y = keep+ ! *>ge 9 a /ate ( p]fect fluidity4 ,= _m ye>s ! l5g? 0 reg>d$ z limit$ to #ej feet1 smelt+ ab\t #bg to #cj tons ( *>ge p] ton ( coal1 b ,e4 ,p4 ,ma!wson1 at ,anaconda1 f9d+ ! escap+ gases /ill v hot1 gradually increas$ ! l5g? ( ! he>?1 fir/ to #fj feet1 !n to #hj feet1 & f9ally up to #aaf feet1 :5 ! furnace smelt$ #dhc to #ej tons ( *>ge p] ton ( coal4 ,! gases !n left ! furnace at a temp]ature ( ab\t #iej ,c41 & conta9$ suffici5t heat to fire two ,/irl+ boil]s1 ea* ( #cge ,h4,p4 ,e furnace ?us provid$ ab\t #fjj ,h4,p4 f ?is wa/e heat1 & ! gases f9ally escap$ at a temp]ature ( #cbj ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--;,developm5t ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,furnace 7,g[l&74 ,! capacity ( ^! l>ge furnaces is ab\t #bgj to #cjj tons ( *>ge p] day1 & 9 addition to ! economy & effici5cy result+ f ! treatm5t ( su* l>ge quantities ( mat]ial at once1 !re are ! fur!r great advantages 9 t-- 7a7 ,settl+ ( matte & slag is mu* m p]fect :5 su* l>ge quantities ( fluid mat]ial are /or$4 7b7 ,tapp+ ( matte & slag is easi] & m effici5tly conduct$4 ,ab\t #aaj feet appe>s to be ! practicable maximum = furnace l5g?1 & rev]b]atories ( ?is size are be+ con/ruct$ :]ev] circum/ances p]mit1 sev]al new smelt]s hav+ erect$ su* furnaces--!re are eight at ,anaconda1 ,mont42 two at ,g>field1 ,utah2 five at ,tooele1 ,utah2 f\r at ,cananea1 etc4 ,! l5g? ( ! he>? is naturally dep5d5t ^u ! "* ( ! fuel1 p>ticul>ly ! l5g? ( flame giv5 out on burn+4 ,bitum9\s fat coals are ! mo/ suitable = ?is purpose1 & 9 localities :]e su* fuel is n available1 ! use ( liquid fuel has n[ be5 successfully adopt$4 #d4 ,ma9ta9+ a ,heat$ ,matte ,pool 9 ! ,furnace4--,?is is probably ! mo/ important & b5eficial advance made 9 rev]b]atory practice4 ,9 c]ta9 /ages ( ! old ,wel% process1 a /ore ( matte 0 reta9$ 9 ! furnace aft] skimm+ (f ! slag1 b ! object 0 to collect a suffici5tly l>ge quantity ( matte 9 ! furnace = conv5i5t tapp+ out4 ,! mod]n practice has sev]al objects & possesses enorm\s advantages-- 7i47 ,x assi/s effici5t settl+4 7ii47 ,x cons]ves ! heat inside ! furnace4 7iii47 ,x pres5ts a highly heat$ surface = ! fre% *>ge to fall ^u1 & ?us greatly increases ! rapidity ( melt+1 by ensur+ t ! *>ge is heat$ bo? f above & f bel[4 7iv47 ,x prev5ts ! /ick+ ( half-fus$ *>ges to ! furnace bottom1 ! removal ( :i* masses w\ld necessitate mu* lab\r1 & occasion cool+ ( ! furnace by ! op5+ ( work+ doors4 7v47 ,x pres]ves ! furnace bottom4 ,liquid matte has practically no action on ! silice\s mat]ial ( ! he>?1 & s pres5ts an in]t mass betwe5 ! bottom & ! *>ge4 ,?is *>ge consi/s ( calc9es 7ma9ly oxides ( iron71 :i* w\ld1 dur+ ! process ( melt+ d[n1 slag ) & corrode ! furnace he>? 7 x n protect$ by ! matte lay]4 7vi47 ,x all[s ( cont9u\s *>g+ & )drawal ( mat]ials1 & ( cont9u$ high temp]ature 9 ! furnace1 ?us protect+ ! furnace l9+ f mu* we> & te>4 ,no?+ damages furnace l9+s m ?an exposure to *anges ( temp]ature1 on acc\nt ( ! cont9ual expansion & contraction ( ! brickwork & ! l[ !rmal conductivity ( ! silica4 ,furnace l9+s we> out mu* m f su* action ?an f long exposure to cont9u$ high temp]ature4 7vii47 ,!re is effect$ an enorm\s sav+ ( "t1 fuel1 & lab\r by ma9ta9+ a con/ant high temp]ature1 in/ead ( hav+ to heat ! furnace up aga9 aft] ea* tapp+ & *>g+1 z 0 ! case ) ! old] me?ods ( work+4 7viii47 ,! levell+ ( ! *>ges 9 ! furnace is greatly facilitat$4 ,! *>ges w\ld o!rwise pile up "u ! *>g+ hopp]s1 & =m heaps :i* are n only difficult to melt d[n1 b :i* t5d to /ick to ! furnace bottom1 requir+ "t & ardu\s lab\r = _! removal4 ,9 mod]n practice1 *>ges 9 quantities ( #aj to #ae tons at a "t maybe dropp$ 91 ^! m]ely spread !mselves out on ! ba? ( molt5 mat]ial & float d[n 9 a ?9 /ream t[>ds ! skimm+ door at ! end1 & !y g5]ally melt & disappe> :5 half-way d[n ! furnace4 ,by ?is means1 ! work+ doors at ! side ne$ practically nev] be op5$ = manipulat+ ! fre% *>ges4 #e4 ,! ,*>g+ ( ,hot ,calc9es4--,?is improvem5t 0 also introduc$ by ,pe>se1 & possesses v _m advantages2 he 0 able to increase ! furnace output by #bc p] c5t4 ) ! aid ( ?is device4 ,in/ead ( all[+ ! mat]ials f ! roa/]s to cool d[n1 !y are tak5 /raight f ! roa/] b9s to ! hopp]s :i* fe$ ! rev]b]atory furnace1 :]e !y reta9 mu* ( _! heat until *>g$ into ! furnace1 be+ !n /ill r$ hot z a rule4 ,mu* "t & fuel is ?us sav$ ow+ to ! *>ge requir+ less heat+ up1 & ! cool+ action ( *>g+ is dim9i%$4 ,a *>ge ( #ae tons is completely melt$ )9 an h\r4 #f4 ,regulation ( ,furnace by ,draft ,pressure4--,x has already be5 po9t$ out t rapid combu/ion ( fuel1 & consequ5tly rapid melt+1 is greatly assi/$ by good draft ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,9 mod]n practice1 :]e ! factors1 su* z *>ge composition1 nature ( fuel1 & furnace proportions1 h be5 satisfactorily arrang$ = indep5d5tly1 ! actual work+ ( ! furnace is regulat$ by ! draft pressures4 ,^! are regi/]$ automatically by wat]-manomet]s arrang$ at v>i\s po9ts4 ,"o usually communicates ) ! furnace1 above ! fire-bridge2 ano!r is connect$ to ! d[n-take flues4 ,! indications ( ^! in/rum5ts enable a record to be kept ( ! v>i\s op]ations1 & ( ! *>g+ ( ! furnace1 z well z ( ! condition ( ! fire4 ,! usual draft pressure work$ ) corresponds to ab\t #jh in* ( wat]1 regi/]$ above ! fire-bridge4 ,on op5+ ! hopp] = *>g+1 ! pressure drops almo/ to z]o2 ! op5+ ( any doors causes a r$uction 9 pressure2 ! *>g+ ( coal is also r5d]$ noticeable by a drop 9 ! record4 ,r$uction ( pressure also indicates 8air+0 ( ! furnace by an excess ( air ent]+ ?r\gh *annels 9 ! b$ ( coal2 draft-pressure ?us act+ z a *eck on ! fir+ & also on ! grat+1 s9ce ! =mation ( excessive cl9k] 9 ! fire-box is indicat$ by an increase 9 ! pressure4 ,correspond+ to su* record ov] an #h-;h\r %ift1 z %[n on fig4 #bd1 ,(f]haus not$ ! foll[+ furnace manipulations1 illu/rat+ h[ accurately ! op]ations are *eck$ by ?is me?od3-- a4m4 #g4jj-g4ad ,skimm+ 7coal *>g$ dur+ ?is p]iod74 #g4af-g4af ,side door op5$4 #g4bh-g4ca ,coal *>g$4 #g4eb-g4eg ,*>g$4 #h4je-h4ae ,tapp$4 #h4ae ,coal *>g$4 #h4dj ,coal *>g$4 #h4ed-h4ei ,grat+4 #i4je ,side door op5$4 ,*>g$4 #i4bg ,coal *>g$4 #i4di ,coal *>g$4 #aj4jg ,*>g$4 #aj4be ,coal *>g$4 #aj4da ,coal *>g$4 #aj4de-aj4eh ,skimm+4 #aa4jd ,coal *>g$4 #aa4af ,*>g$4 #aa4af-aa4ce ,"s grat+4 #aa4cf ,coal *>g$4 #ab4jc p4m4 ,coal *>g$4 #ab4jd ,*>g$4 #ab4cg-ab4dh ,tapp$1 #a ladles 7ab\t #aa tons74 #ab4de ,coal *>g$4 #a4jj ,*>g$4 #a4aa-a4de ,grat+4 #a4bf ,coal *>g$4 #a4dd ,*>g$4 #a4ea ,coal *>g$4 #b4ah ,coal *>g$4 ,total *>ges dur+ %ift1 #af coal1 #g calc9es4 ,! draft record is plac$ close to ! *>g+ plat=m1 9 ord] to be 9 a conv5i5t position = ! guidance ( ! workm54 ,! draft 9 ! ma9 flues is #ag to #ah in*es wat] pressure2 ?is is simil>ly record$ 9 ! =eman's (fice4 #g4 ,cont9u\s ,work+ ( ! ,furnace4--,! cont9u\s work+ ( ! furnace is a mo/ important factor 9 mod]n practice1 & is naturally insep>ably b\nd up ) ! pr9ciple ( ma9ta9+ ! heat$ matte-pool 9 ! furnace1 :i* all[s ( ! cont9u\s *>g+ ( hot 8calc9es10 & ! cont9u\s or regul> )drawal ( slag & ( matte :5 requir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--;,draft ,pressure ,record ( ,anaconda ,rev]b]atory ,furnace 7,(f]haus74 ,! matte 7:i* c be effici5tly settl$1 ow+ to ! prevail+ high temp]ature & ! l>ge mass ( heat$ mat]ial 9 ! furnace7 is /or$ !re until requir$ at ! conv]t]s1 :5 ! desir$ quantities are tapp$ out4 ,! slag :i* is produc$ by ! smelt+ action gradually accumulates1 & at regul> int]vals mo/ ( x is run out 7r ?an skimm$74 ,?is usually takes place e f\r h\rs4 ,! slag accumulates until x rea*es a level "s #c or #d in*es above ! skimm+ plate at ! end ( ! furnace1 & ! quantity :i* is run out at ea* 8skimm+0 am\nts to "s #fj or #hj tons1 ! cont5ts ( ! furnace be+ l[]$ to su* an ext5t t a fre% accumulation ( mat]ial may proce$ dur+ ! next f\r h\rs4 ,no pull+ ( ! slag is requir$ z 9 ! old] me?ods ( work+1 s9ce ! mat]ial is s v hot & fluid t x simply p\rs out ( ! furnace1 & tw5ty m9utes usually suffices = ! :ole ( ! #fj or #hj tons to run (f1 ! rabble be+ us$ *iefly to regulate & control ! /ream1 & to keep back silice\s cru/s or float]s4 ,! slag is run out until ! matte is se5 und]nea?1 on flapp+ back a ?9 lay]1 or until ! level ( ! skimm+ plate is rea*$1 & its removal is su* a %ort & simple op]ation t !re is v little int]f]5ce ) ! regul> & cont9u\s runn+ ( ! furnace4 ,simil>ly1 ! tapp+ ( z mu* z #ej to #ajj tons ( matte f ! /ore ( #bej tons ( hot fluid mat]ial has little influ5ce on ! cont9u\s work+4 ,*>g+ ( coal & calc9es is p]=m$ at regul> int]vals1 & ! *>ges ( #ae tons ( 8calc9es0 f$ 9 at a "t1 readily melt d[n & settle4 ,practically ! only int]f]5ce ) cont9u\s runn+ is ! necessity = clay+ & repair+1 & ! use ( ! matte pool on ! he>? has less5$ ! frequ5cy = ?is to a l>ge ext5t1 ! he>? bottom itself be+ protect$ f corrosion1 ow+ to ! sulphides ex]t+ no action ^u x1 :il/ ! oxides 9 ! *>ge :i* w\ld be capable ( attack+ ! silice\s bottom are slagg$ (f be=e !y get an opportunity ( rea*+ x4 ,! he>? bottom1 if prop]ly put 91 is practically p]man5t4 ,! portion ( ! furnace mo/ subject to corrosion is at ! slag l9e1 :]e deep *annels are gradually cut out4 ,e f\r to six weeks ! furnace is tapp$ dry1 repair$1 & fettl$1 z mu* z #bj tons ( fettl+ s& be+ (t5 requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,! s& is ?r[n 9 & patt$ into place by long rabbles1 ! op]ations occupy+ ab\t eighte5 h\rs4 ,e n9e mon?s or s ! furnace is repair$ m fully1 #bj or #cj feet ( brickwork ne> ! fire-bridge be+ tak5 d[n1 & ! great cavities 9 ! side walls repair$ by masons1 us+ silica bricks4 ,! employm5t ( high] temp]atures 9 mod]n "w all[s ( m silice\s slags be+ produc$1 :i* less5s ! t5d5cy to ! eat+ away ( ! walls4 ,! fe$+ ( silice\s copp] ores ?r\gh a s]ies ( small hopp]s situat$ 9 ! ro(1 ne> to ! walls1 has lately be5 introduc$ ) a view to protect+ ! furnace sides f ! corrosive action ( ! slag1 & to expos+ a suitable silice\s flux to ?is mat]ial4 ,?is appe>s to h fulfill$ its purpose to "s ext5t1 b v>i\s difficulties h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 practice1 especially ! t5d5cy = ! cold add$ mat]ial to =m float]s1 :i* require lime/one additions 9 ord] t !y may be flux$ (f2 & ! cool+ effects & leakages ?r\gh ! op5+s h also giv5 tr\ble4 #h4 ,modifi$ ,con/ructional ,details4--,9 addition to ! increas$ size ( fire-box1 he>?1 & flues1 & to ! necessity = v heavy /ay+ 9 ord] to keep ! enorm\s ar* 9 p]man5t %ape1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( mod]n practice1 ! con/ruction ( mod]n furnaces involves ! build+ ( a suitable he>? to c>ry ! heavy burd5 ( hot & fluid matte :i* is /or$ 9 ! furnace4 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ correct practice1 9 ! small] types ( furnace1 to con/ruct ! he>? ov] a vault1 9 ord] to keep ! und]side cool & ?us prev5t ! corrosion & eat+ away ( ! silice\s bottom by ! oxidis$ *>ges1 dur+ ! process ( melt+ d[n4 ,9 mod]n practice x is absolutely ess5tial to "w ) a p]fectly solid /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,skimm+ ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 ,anaconda4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,transv]se ,section ( ,mod]n ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 indicat+ ,f\ndations1 ,he>?1 & ,brac+4 7a7 ,because ! he>? mu/ be kept z hot z possible1 s z to ensure rapid melt+ ( ! *>ge & ma9ta9 ! products 9 a p]fectly fluid condition4 ,any circum/ance t5d+ to cool ! he>? is rigor\sly avoid$1 ?is be+ ! contr>y ( ! old] practice4 ,! protective influ5ce ( ! heat$ matte-pool 9 mod]n "w pres]ves ! b$ f ! corrod+ effects ( fre% oxidis$ *>ges1 & 9 consequ5ce1 ! maximum degree ( heat c ) safety be ma9ta9$ on ! furnace he>?4 7b7 ,! enorm\s weight ( *>ge & ! heavy ar* & walls dem& ! /ronge/ possible f\ndations & support4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,rev]b]atory ,furnace "u ,con/ruction4 ,9 build+ mod]n rev]b]atories1 ! f\ndation = ! he>? is con/ruct$ ( solid masonry or brickwork1 or z at ,anaconda1 ( a solid b$ ( slag1 "s #bd in*es 9 dep?1 run 9 f an adjac5t furnace4 ,! ,i-beams us$ = c>ry+ ! brac+ are erect$ 9 a surr\nd+ tr5*1 & a fur!r quantity ( slag 7#d feet ?ick by #b feet deep7 is run 91 ?us yield+ a p]fectly rigid & imp]vi\s f\ndation 7,fig4 #bf74 ,on ! top ( ?is slag-f\ndation is built a lay]1 #ab in*es ?ick1 ( silica bricks1 & ^u ?is1 ! actual work+ bottom ( ! furnace is con/ruct$4 ,?is bottom is n[ put 9 also 9 a mann] diff]5t to ! old] practice1 & excell5t results h accru$ f ! *ange4 ,! old me?od ( con/ruct+ s& bottoms consi/$ ( putt+ 9 ! b$s ( s&1 lay] by lay]1 & ?or\ghly fritt+ ea* "o be=e ! addition ( ! next3 9 mod]n practice1 x is f\nd t prop] consolidation is n atta9$ ) b$s ( ! enorm\s area n[ employ$1 :5 ! bottom is con/ruct$ 9 su* lay]s4 ,! pres5t me?od ( work+ ! rev]b]atory furnace is n to drop ! *>ge on to ! s& he>? at all1 b into ! deep pool ( matte1 & ! s&-he>? is reg>d$ m z a conv5i5t f\ndation = ! support ( ?is liquid work+-b$1 on acc\nt ( its con/itut+ a *eap non-conduct+ & fire-pro( mat]ial :i* is unaffect$ by ! mat]ials re/+ ^u x4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 on comm5c+ ?is matte-pool practice1 t ! old] me?od ( putt+ 9 ! bottom 9 successive s& lay]s 0 n suitable = ?is "w2 aft] a little we>1 ! b$s became rais$ 9 lay]s1 ?is be+ especially ! case if any holes happ5$ to be eat5 ?r\gh 9 places4 ,moreov]1 ! l>ge weight ( matte t5d$ to f9d its way d[n betwe5 ! lay]s & raise !m up bodily1 or else x work$ d[n at ! edges ( ! he>? & side walls1 & ei!r broke out und]nea? ! =m] or ?r\gh ! latt]4 ,:5 x 0 asc]ta9$ t liquid matte itself _h no corrosive action on ! silice\s he>? if ! latt] be kept con/antly cov]$1 & t ! causes ( break\ts 7 pr9cipally due to me*anical weaknesses1 x requir$ only improvem5ts 9 design & con/ruction 9 ord] to avoid !m4 ,?is is n[ atta9$ by con/ruct+ ! b$ 9 a compact & p]fectly massive =m1 & is be/ accompli%$ by putt+ 9 ! :ole lay] ( #bf in*es ( s& at once1 & fir+ z h>d z x is possible = ! brickwork to /&4 ,! me?od has met ) exceptional success 9 practice1 rigid & imp]vi\s he>?s are obta9$2 x be+ f\nd t less ?an #a in* has worn (f ! b$ aft] two ye>s' work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4--,sectional ,plan & ,elevation ( ,rev]b]atory ,furnace at ,anaconda4 ,l>ge ,rev]b]atory ,furnaces3 ,details ( ,con/ruction4--,! l>ge furnaces at ,anaconda 7 ! fir/ ( ! mod]n type to be con/ruct$1 !y h met ) enorm\s success 9 practice & con/itute ! /&>d =m4 ,simil> furnaces are n[ 9 op]ation or "u con/ruction at _m ( ! l>ge mod]n camps1 & are ( simil> design & con/ruction4 ,! he>? is #ajb to #aaf feet long by #ai feet wide4 ,grate1 #af feet by #h feet #abh squ>e feet grate area4 ,ratio ( he>? to grate area is #af 3 #a4 ,di/ance f he>? to level ( fire-bridge1 #bf in*es2 he>? to cr[n ( ar*1 #f feet #e in*es4 ,walls are #bf in*es ?ick4 ,ro( is #ae in*es ?ick 7except = #d to #f feet ov] ! fire-bridge1 :]e x is #bj in*es74 ,! brac+ ( ! furnace is necess>ily p>ticul>ly /rong 7see ,fig4 #bi74 ,l9$ inside ) silica brick1 said to be ! f9e/ 9 ! _w4 ,! b$ is ( ! f9e/ ,dillon s& 7#ige p] c5t4 silica71 gr\nd to pass -in* me%2 ! b$ has a slope ( #h in*es t[>ds ! tap-holes1 ( :i* !re are two4 ,dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge furnace !re are left 9 ! ro( t5 expansion op5+s ( #c in*es ea*1 :i* by ! "t ! furnace has atta9$ its work+ temp]ature1 become clos$ up 7see ,fig4 #cj74 ,! conk] plate :i* runs ?r\gh ! fire-bridge is #ad to #ae feet long1 & is made ?ick] ne> ! furnace side1 :]e x is #c in*es ?ick4 ,! air space ?r\gh ! plate is #b feet #c in*es by #i in*es1 & s]ves ! purpose ( keep+ ! fire-bridge cool2 air passes ?r\gh x cont9u\sly1 & if ! plate %[s signs ( becom+ hot1 a bla/ ( cold high-pressure air is s5t ?r\gh x4 ,/ill fur!r heat+ ( ! plate & signs ( r$ heat are an indication t ! #b feet ( silica ( ! fire-bridge wall are be+ burnt ?r\gh4 ,work+ ( ! ,rev]b]atory ,plant at ,anaconda4--,! plant consi/s ( eight l>ge furnaces1 built p>allel to "o ano!r1 sev5 be+ usually at "w :il/ ! eigh? is und]go+ repair4 ,ea* furnace treats #cjj tons ( hot calc9es & flue-du/ daily4 ,*>g+4--,! furnaces are *>g$ e #fe to #gj m9utes ) #ae-ton *>ges1 & z soon z "o *>ge is melt$1 ano!r is add$2 ) av]age runn+1 #aej *>ges are work$ 9 ! sev5 furnaces daily4 ,! *>ge tra91 consi/+ ( an eng9e & ?ree c>s1 ea* ( :i* c>ries #e tons ( *>ge1 travels f ! roa/]s & ent]s ! rev]b]atory build+ by an ov]head track runn+ above ! *>ge b9s ( ! furnaces4 ,x dis*>ges ?r\gh hopp]s into ! b9s :i* ext5d across ! entire wid? ( ! he>?4 ,b9s 7 =m]ly arrang$ at int]vals all ! way d[n ! furnace1 b n[ only ! two b9s ne>e/ to ! fire-bridge are employ$4 ,into ! back b91 #aj tons ( *>ge are plac$1 & into ! o!r1 #e tons4 ,ea* ( ^! b9s dis*>ges ?r\gh two hopp] dis*>ge op5+s1 fe$+ ! furnace ?r\gh holes 9 ! ro( 7,figs4 #bi1 #cj71 :i* are clos$1 :5 n 9 use1 by r\nd firebrick tiles #bj in*es 9 diamet] & #b in*es ?ick2 ^! are mov$ 9 & out ( position by means ( lev]s op]at$ f ! fire-box plat=m4 ,! temp]ature ma9ta9$ 9 ! furnace is high1 approximat+ to #a1ejj ,c41 & j previ\s to dropp+ 9 a fre% *>ge1 a workman1 by means ( a rabble1 feels ab\t ! he>? bel[ ! *>g+ hopp] 9 ord] to ensure t all ( ! previ\s *>ge has be5 melt$1 & t none ( x is /ick+ to ! furnace he>?4 ,by employ+ only ! comp>atively small quantities ( #ae tons1 ?is /ick+ is avoid$1 s9ce su* *>ges are n heavy en\gh to s9k unmelt$ ?r\gh ! #h in*es ( slag & #h in*es ( matte 9 ! furnace4 ,! =m] practice ( fe$+ *>ges am\nt+ to #de tons ?r\gh hopp]s situat$ all ! way along ! furnace _h giv5 s]i\s tr\ble 9 t respect1 & _h consequ5tly to be disc>d$4 ,:5 ! exam9ation ( ! he>? is complet$1 ! "t occupi$ be+ v %ort1 ! side door is clos$1 & seal$ ) s&2 ! cov]s to ! holes 9 ! ro( are n[ )drawn1 ! gates clos+ ! hopp]s pull$ back1 & fir/ ! #e-ton1 !n ! #aj-ton *>ge is dropp$ into ! furnace4 ,! :ole op]ation1 includ+ ! prelim9>y op5+ ( ! door to te/ ! furnace bottom1 occupies five m9utes4 ,v little h& lab\r is requir$ r\nd ^! enorm\s furnaces1 except = ! grat+ ( ! fires1 = ! *>g+ ( coal & calc9es e h\r by ! op]ation ( lev]s f ! fire-box plat=m1 = ! skimm+ ( slag at int]vals ( f\r h\rs1 & = ! tapp+ ( matte :5 requir$4 ,! :ole ( ?is "w is conduct$ by ! skimm] & two help]s to ea* furnace1 "o ( ! m5 also look+ aft] ! boil]s4 ,z soon z ! *>ge has be5 dropp$ on to ! pool ( molt5 mat]ial1 ! mass appe>s to spread out ov] ! surface & float t[>ds ! skimm+ door1 9 a ?9 sl[-mov+ /ream :i* disappe>s :5 ab\t half-way d[n1 be+ usually melt$ )9 "o h\r4 ,! =m] #dj-ton *>ges requir$ z mu* z eight h\rs = melt+4 ,ow+ to ! great heat+ effect ( ! l>ge ba? ( hot mat]ial bel[1 & ( ! int5se flame above1 !re is b little cool+ action on add+ ! fre% *>ge2 :il/ ) ?is l5g? ( furnace1 practically all ! du/ is settl$1 & v little is c>ri$ into ! flues4 ,coal+4--,! quantity ( coal employ$ am\nts to #bj to #be p] c5t4 ( ! *>ge1 or ab\t #ej to #fj tons p] day p] furnace1 #a ton ( coal smelt+ r less ?an #e tons ( calc9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,fire-box ,end ( ,rev]b]atory ,furnace1 %[+ massive ,brac+1 ,*>ge ,b9s1 & ,*>g+ ,lev]s--,anaconda4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--;,int]ior ( ,rev]b]atory ,furnace 7look+ t[>ds ,skimm+ ,door71 %[+ ,expansion ,spaces 9 ,ro(1 & ,*>g+ ,holes--,anaconda4 ,coal is *>g$ e #dj m9utes 9 quantities ( #a tons at a "t1 f b9s :i* ext5d across ! entire wid? ( ! fireplace1 fe$+ ?r\gh f\r hopp]s into op5+s #a foot squ>e 9 ! ro( ( ! fire-box1 & ! )draw+ ( ! gates is op]at$ by means ( lev]s at ! plat=m4 ,ov] ! fire-bridge are two r[s ( air-holes us$ = regulat+ ! l5g? & "* ( ! flame 9 ! furnace2 ! flame1 h[ev]1 plays a subord9ate "p 9 ! smelt+ reactions4 ,! coal employ$ is f ,diamondsville1 ,wyom+1 & gives a flame #abe feet 9 l5g?1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is gaug$ ?r\gh ! w9d[ fix$ 9 ! (f-take flue1 ?is be+ visible f ! fire-box plat=m4 ,! coal is run-(-m9e quality1 & consid]able slack is us$4 ,x possesses a high calorific p[] & a l>ge proportion ( volatile con/itu5ts1 b cl9k]s r badly1 & a cl9k] grate is work$ )4 ,grat+4--,! fire re/s ^u #c-;in* r\nd b>s plac$ at #d to #f-;in* c5tres1 & is ma9ta9$ at a dep? ( ab\t #bg in*es4 ,grat+ requires to be conduct$ at fairly frequ5t int]vals1 usually twice p] %ift1 9 ord] to keep ! fire free & to prev5t *annell+1 :i* is indicat$ on ! draft gauge by a drop f #jge in* to #jej in*1 due to air+4 ,x s]ves fur!r to prev5t cl9k]+1 :i*1 :5 tak+ place 9 ! fire1 causes a rise ( f #jge up to #aj in* on ! gauge4 ,! op]ation ( grat+ usually occupies ab\t half-an-h\r2 ! "w is ardu\s1 & ! heat to :i* ! workman is expos$ is itself v try+4 ,coke ,recov]y4--,a con/ant /ream ( half-burnt fuel & a%es falls ?r\gh ! b>s1 & dur+ ! cl9k]+ op]ations l>ge quantities are dropp$4 ,! mat]ial all falls d[n a bank incl9$ at #de1 into a *annel :]e x is met by a /ream ( wat] :i* wa%es x along laund]s & ?r\gh a grizzle1 to a settl+ tank4 ,! settl$ products are subsequ5tly jigg$1 ! recov]$ coke be+ wa%$ ov] ! tail-bo>d to a trommel1 & by ?is means #aj p] c5t4 ( ! fuel *>g$ into ! furnace is recov]$ 9 a useful =m4 ,?is coke is us$ up z a con/itu5t ( ! briquettes4 ,,table ,,vi4--,,daily ,,report--,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces4 ,,augu/ #ag,,?1 #aijh 7,,good ,,day74 ,*>ge4 ,furn- ,total ,bla/ ace ,smel- ,cal- ,macd\gal ,furnace ,ma9 ,resi- ,no4 ,coal t$ c9es ,flue-,du/,flue-,du/,flue-,du/,extrasdue s ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,f9e lime rock4 #a #fjf #bhhh #bgib 44 #hi 44 #jg 44 #b #egb #bggg #bfbg 44 #bi #aah #jc 44 #c #fda #bhfg #becb #abj #hi #aah #jh 44 #d #fje #bghg #bfdg 44 #bf #ci #jb #gc #e #egc #bdei #bbag #abj #aab 44 #aj 44 #f #egc #bgca #bfdd 44 #gi 44 #jh 44 #g 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #h #egd #bghg #bffh #aai 44 44 44 44 ,total#daddaibifahabg #cei #dbd #bge #ch #gc ,co/ ,delays4 ,ladles ( ,coal ( ,furn-,copp] p] ,wait- ,wait+ ,matte ace ,mat]ial ,ton + = ,miscel- ,total,boil]s 9 ,no4 ,smelt$ ( = ,calc9eslane\s ,delays,work+,furnace p] ,ton ,metal ,coal at ,end ( ,coal ,melt$ ( ,day4 ,tons 4 ,h\rs ,h\rs ,h\rs ,h\rs ,h\rs #a #dgg #jie #bd #aj #b #dhe #jid #bd #aj #c #ddg #ajb #bd #aj #d #dfa #jii ,no delays4 #bd #aj #e #dbi #ajf #bd #aj #f #dgg #jie #bd #aj #g 44 44 44 44 #h #dhe #jid #bd #aj ,total 44 44 44 44 44 44 #afh #gj ,draft1 #ag in*es4 ,numb] ( furnaces runn+1 #gjj ,all furnaces work+ sl[4 ,numb] ( *>ges1 #adj ,furnace ,no4 #e1 "o bad *>ge4 ,ladles matte tapp$1 #cd ,cuprif]\s mat]ial smelt$ p] furnace1 #bgef tons4 ,,daily ,,report--,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces4 ,,augu/ #ai,,?1 #aijh4 ,*>ge4 ,furn- ,total ,bla/ ace ,smel- ,cal- ,macd\gal ,furnace ,ma9 ,resi- ,no4 ,coal t$ c9es ,flue-,du/,flue-,du/,flue-,du/,extrasdue s ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons ,tons #a #eed #adcj #adcj 44 44 44 44 44 #b #eed #bdfd #bdja 44 44 44 44 #fc #c #fba #bejg #bcfi 44 44 #ach 44 44 #d #ehi #bfbg #bfbi 44 44 44 44 44 #e #fbb #bdgh #bdgh 44 44 44 44 44 #f #eia #bdai #bdai 44 44 44 44 44 #g 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #h #eea #bebi #bebi 44 44 44 44 44 ,total1 #djhbafdefafbee 44 44 #ach 44 #fc ,,daily ,,report--,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces4 ,,augu/ #ai,,?1 #aijh4 ,co/ ,delays4 ,ladles ( ,coal ( ,furn-,copp] p] ,wait- ,wait+ ,matte ace ,mat]ial ,ton + = ,miscel- ,total,boil]s 9 ,no4 ,smelt$ ( = ,calc9eslane\s ,delays,work+,furnace p] ,ton ,metal ,coal at ,end ( ,coal ,melt$ ( ,day4 #a #beh #agf 44 44 #hjj #hjj #bb #b #b #dde #ajb 44 44 44 44 #bd #h #c #djd #aac 44 44 44 44 #bd #f #d #ddf #ajb 44 44 44 44 #bd #f #e #cih #aad 44 44 44 44 #bd #h #f #dji #aaa 44 44 44 44 #bd #h #g 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #h #dei #aai 44 44 44 44 #bd #h ,total1 44 44 44 44 #hjj #hjj #aff #df ,draft1 #ag in*es4 ,furnace ,no4 #a delay$ #h h\rs tapp+ & clay+4 ,furnace ,no4 #g d[n = repairs4 ,bad coal on all furnaces4 ,numb] ( furnaces runn+1 #ffg ,numb] ( *>ges1 #aah ,ladles matte tapp$1 #dg ,cuprif]\s mat]ial smelt$ p] furnace1 #bdfg tons4 ,tapp+ ! ,furnace4--,matte is usually )drawn f ^! l>ge /ores ^u su* occasions z x is requir$ = ! conv]t]s1 ?\gh sometimes :5 ! supply has got ahead ( ! conv]t]s' dem&s1 ! matte is tapp$ & run outside ! rev]b]atory build+1 be+ ca/ into l>ge matte-b$s4 ,! tap-holes are situat$ betwe5 ! second & ?ird doors1 & betwe5 ! f\r? & fif?2 & ea* consi/s ess5tially ( a copp] plate #b in*es ?ick & #be in*es squ>e1 :i* at fir/ /&s back #i in*es f ! outside ( ! wall4 ,?r\gh ?is plate a #a-;in* hole has be5 drill$4 ,! tapp+ b> is ma9ta9$ ins]t$ up ?is hole1 be+ pass$ ?r\gh ! conical clay plug :i* closes x4 ,at ! back ( ! plate is #ba in*es ( l9+ mat]ial ?r\gh :i* ! tapp+-hole passes4 ,:5 ! copp] plate %[s signs ( a r$ heat1 x is an indication ( ! l9+ t5d+ to burn ?r\gh2 ?is "p ( ! furnace is !n cool$1 ! plate tak5 out1 a #i-;in* lay] ( s& is ramm$ into position1 & ! plate is ?us mov$ =w>d a correspond+ di/ance4 ,su* a tap-hole plate la/s = ab\t five mon?s4 ,! rev]b]atories are usually n tapp$ until !y conta9 ab\t #bej tons ( matte4 ,! op]ation ( tapp+ is p]=m$ by )draw+ ! rod by means ( a w$ge & r+1 :5 ! matte fl[s along ! laund]s lead+ to ! ladles = ! conv]t]s2 two ladles ( ab\t #h tons capacity ea* are usually fill$ at once1 ea* ladleful be+ sampl$ at ! runn]4 ,! tap-hole is !n /opp$ ) a cone ( clay1 & ! tapp+-rod driv5 ?r\gh x aga94 ,typical daily reports ( ! furnaces are app5d$ 9 ,tables ,,vi4 & ,,vii41 & a mon?ly report on ,table ,,viii4 ,,table ,,vii4--,,f ,,daily ,,assay ,,report--,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces4 ,,augu/ #ai1 #aijh4 ,p] ,c5t ,copp] 9 ,slag4 ,furnace ,numb]4 ,%ift #a4 ,%ift #b4 ,%ift #c4 #a #jcj #jcj #jcj #b #jcj #jce #jbe #c #jcj #jcj #jce #d #jde #jcj #jbe #e #jcj #jdj #jce #f #jcj #jbj #jbj #g 44 44 44 #h #jce #jbe #jcj ,av]age 9 slag1 #jce #jcj #jcj ,si,o#b1 #bie p] c5t4 ,fe,o1 #cgc ,composition ( calc9es ,s1 #gg ,ca,o1 #bg ,copp]1 #hf ,si,o#b1 #cid p] c5t4 ,composition ( slag1 ,fe,o1 #djg ,ca,o1 #dc ,copp] 9 matte1 #chf ,,table ,,viii4--,,mon?ly ,,report--,,rev]b]atory ,,furnaces4 ,,total ,,*>ge--,,all ,,furnaces4 ,*>ge4 ,si,o#b4 ,fe,o4 ,tons4 ,p] c5t4 ,tons4,p] c5t4 ,tons4 ,calc9es & lime rock #ej1jed #bgbj #ac1faf #cidj #ai1gba ,m#8,d\gal flue-du/1 #igg #cjej #bih #baij #bad ,bla/ flue-du/1 #a1fci #ceij #ehh #bbjj #cfa ,conv]t] flue-du/1 #acb #aij #b #ffj #i ,ma9 flue-du/1 #a1jcd #cjb #cab #aghj #ahd ,total1 #ec1hcf 44 #ad1haf 44 #bj1dhi ,matte to conv]t]1 #aj1iej 44 44 #cfgj #d1jai ,matte *ips to ,b4,f41 #gd #hbj #f #chaj #bh ,slag *ips to ,b4,f41 #fji #ciej #bda #cgdj #bbh ,d$uct f above total1 #aa1fcc 44 #bdg 44 #d1bge ,leaves = slag1 44 44 #ad1efi 44 #af1bad ,lime4 ,sulphur4 ,copp]4 ,p] ,tons4 ,p] ,tons4 ,p] ,lbs4 c5t4 c5t4 c5t4 ,calc9es & lime rock1 #bcj #a1aej #hdj #d1bje #hbff #h1bgd1gii ,m#8,d\gal flue-du/1 #acj #acadjj #acg #ghhd #aeb1bie ,bla/ flue-du/1 #dcj #gj #fgj #aaj #efih #ahf1ghb ,conv]t] flue-du/1 44 44 #abaj #affhgdc #aha1dhb ,ma9 flue-du/1 #baj #bb #hhj #ij #gabh #adg1dje ,total1 44 #a1bef 44 #d1eeh #hcje #h1idb1gfc ,matte to conv]t]1 44 44 #bfdj #b1hiachbji #h1cfg1hgb ,matte *ips to ,b4,f41 #jbj 44 #bahj #afcbhaa #dh1efj ,slag *ips to ,b4,f41 #bcj #ad #bbj #acceeig #dc1ceg ,d$uct f above total1 44 #ad 44 #b1ibj 44 #h1dei1ghi ,leaves = slag1 44 #a1bdb 44 44 44 44 ,analysis4 ,slag ,calculation ,calculat$4 ,actual4 ,si,o#b 9 slag1 #ad1efi #ch1ech #cgh #cga ,fe,o #af1bad #ch1ech #dba #dcb ,ca,o #a1bdb #ch1ech #cb #bh #cb1jbe at #hcag #ch1ech #hcaj #hcaj ,fuels = ,rev]b]atory ,furnace ,"w4--,! *ief requirem5ts ( ! fuel = good rev]b]atory "w w n[ be app>5t1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to l5g? ( flame4 ,?is dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! proportion ( volatile hydroc>bons1 b also on ! conditions "u :i* !y are giv5 (f4 ,= in/ance1 a coal :i* rapidly p>ts ) its hydroc>bons & leaves 9 ! grate a d5se lay] ( sl[-burn+ coke w\ld be unsuitable = rev]b]atory "w1 ?\gh "s cak+ is necess>y 9 ord] t ! fuel %\ld n burn away too rapidly1 z x %\ld yield a good b$ ( ! requir$ dep?4 ,! great success ( l>ge rev]b]atory furnaces work$ "u suitable conditions1 has _h ! t5d5cy to tempt smelt]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w to erect furnaces ( simil> size indep5d5tly ( ! "* ( ! available fuel1 & 9 sev]al cases results h be5 unsatisfactory1 at lea/ 9 ! e>li] /ages4 ,^! prelim9>y failures h1 h[ev]1 s]v$ ! purpose ( develop+ ! adaptation ( o!r fuels = ?is "w1 & f ! employm5t ( oil = ! purpose1 important ext5sions 9 practice w und\bt$ly develop 9 ! future ( rev]b]atory furnace work+4 ,! device ( us+ pulv]is$ coal z a fuel has attract$ att5tion at sev]al smelt]s :]e ! local coal z m9$ 0 prov$ to be unsuitable = use4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! me?od has1 up to ! pres5t1 giv5 unsatisfactory results1 = al?\gh a long] flame & high] temp]ature h be5 obta9$ 9 ! furnace1 difficulties 9 work+ h aris5 :i* appe> to b> its use4 ,"o ( ! *ief drawbacks has be5 due to ! f9e a% f ! fuel1 :i* is deposit$ 9 ! flues 9 l>ge quantities & ev5 causes consid]able slagg+ 9 !m1 imp$+ ! work+ ( ! furnace & prev5t+ ! recov]y ( heat f ! furnace gases4 ,fur!r difficulty1 ?\gh n q s s]i\s1 0 caus$ by ! du/ be+ bl[n ^u ! *>ge & t5d+ to settle ^u x2 =m+ a non-conduct+ blanket :i* ret>d$ ! melt+ ( ! mat]ial by ! flames4 ,! me?od does n appe> at pres5t to (f] mu* promise ( ext5d$ application to copp] smelt+4 ,oil ,fuel 9 ,rev]b]atory ,practice4--,! successful application ( oil z a fuel m>ks a useful advance 9 rev]b]atory practice1 p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ! work+ ( l>ge furnaces4 ,on sev]al ( ! small] plants1 oil fuel has be5 9 use ) consid]able success = "s "t1 b )9 rec5t ye>s ! build+ ( l>ge-siz$ furnaces )\t hav+ at h& suitable coal res\rces has l$ to attempts to employ oil 9 its place1 & ! prelim9>y difficulties appe> to h be5 to a l>ge ext5t successfully ov]come4 ,! "w at ! ,cananea ,smelt] ) oil fuel1 & ! discussion on ,ricketts' fir/ report ( 8 exp]i5ce1 af=d valuable indications ( ! possibilities ( ?is me?od4 ,work+ on *>ges consi/+ to a l>ge ext5t ( flue-du/1 sev]al ?\s& tons ( mat]ial h be5 smelt$ 9 furnaces yield+ #bde tons daily output1 at a co/ :i* comp>es v fav\rably ) t ( ord9>y practice4 ,?is success is p>ticul>ly notewor?y 9 view ( c]ta9 features 9 ! prelim9>y sy/em ( work+ :i* w d\btless be alt]$ at no v di/ant date1 & ( ! fact t flue-du/ is sometimes a difficult mat]ial to melt 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 ev5 :5 good coal is available z a fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--,%elby ,oil-burn] = ,rev]b]atory ,furnace ,use4 ,! *ief difficulties 9 work+ appe> to h be5 l>gely 9 connection ) ! regulation ( ! flame & ! managem5t ( ! oil-burn]s4 ,9 endeav\r+ to obta9 ! requisite high temp]ature ov] ! entire l5g? ( ! furnace-he>?1 an int5se local action 0 caus$ ne> ! place :]e ! oil 9 ! =m ( a spray ent]$ ! furnace1 result+ 9 ! burn+ out ( ! ro(-ar* on sev]al occasions4 ,^! difficulties w d\btless be ov]come ) fur!r exp]i5ce 9 ! design & managem5t ( ! burn]s con/ruct$ = ?is class ( "w4 ,at ,cananea1 f\r oil burn]s ( ! ,%elby type are employ$ on ea* furnace1 & ?is =m is /at$ to project ! flame fur!r into ! furnace1 & to prev5t its imp++ on ! ro(1 m successfully ?an ! o!r types tri$4 ,! wa/e heat fires ?ree ,/irl+ boil]s ( #ffd ,h4,p4 ,less ?an "o b>rel 7#db gallons1 or #caj lbs47 ( oil is consum$ p] dry ton ( *>ge1 & ( ?is quantity #jdc b>rel is *>geable to /eam-rais+ "u ! boil]s4 ,! mann] ( work+ ! *>ges1 & ! furnace con/ruction 9 o!r respects1 foll[ v closely ! me?ods ( op]ation already describ$4 ,co/s ( ,oil-fir$ ,rev]b]atory ,work+4--,ricketts has contribut$ a useful analysis ( ! co/s ( rev]b]atory "w us+ oil z fuel1 "u ! conditions prevail+ at ,cananea1 ,mexico4 ,he not$ t ! use ( too mu* oil %\ld be avoid$4 ,?is precaution l$ to a decrease 9 ! am\nt ( repairs necess>y4 #eej b>rels ( oil 7 requir$ to get ! furnace into fairly good condition1 & #h b>rels p] furnace p] h\r to keep x go+ well4 ,x is hop$ ultimately to r$uce ! oil consumption to #jh b>rel gross p] ton ( *>ge4 ,analysis ( ,oil-fir$ ,rev]b]atory ,furnace ,co/s--,cananea--,febru>y to ,july1 #aiaa1 inclusive4 ,furnace ,days1 #cabe4 ,,tonnage ,,*>g$-- ,dry ,tons4 ,p] c5t4 ( ,total4 ,flue-du/1 #ba1jai #cdii ,calc9es1 #ce1ecc #eiae ,ores1 #c1jdj #ejf ,lime/one1 #dgi #jhj ------------ ------------ #fj1jga #ajjjj ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,co/s-- ,am\nt4 ,p] ,dry ,ton4 ,op]at+ exp5ses1 #aaa1fhgag #aheic ,slag & matte exp5se1 #e1aaajg #jjhea ,boil]-h\se1 #aa1dfhgg #jaiji ,g5]al exp5se1 #d1baheh #jjgjb ,co/ ( flux1 #hagdf #jjacf ----------------- ------------- #acc1cjcje #bbaib ,/eam cr$it1 #dh1hfahf #jhacd ----------------- ------------- ,op]at+ co/1 #hd1ddaai #adjeg ,,analysis ,,( ,,co/s-- 7#a7 ,op]at+-- ,am\nt4 ,p] ,dry ,ton4 ,lab\r1 #ag1hbidb #jbifh ,p[]1 #eibcf #jjjii ,fuel oil1 #hh1jbhii #adfed ,coal1 #bdcfa #jjjda ,wat]1 #iafh #jjjae ,transportation1 #chjde #jjjfc ,sundries1 #caefd #jjjec ,flux1 #hagdf #jjacf ----------------- ------------- #ajh1biifa #ahjbi 7#b7 ,repairs-- ,lab\r1 #aa1jfcic #jahdb ,supplies1 #ab1dbecj #jbjfh ,%op exp5se1 #a1eadba #jjbeb ---------------- ------------- #be1jjcdd #jdafb ---------------- ------------- ,total1 #acc1cjcje #bbaia ,/eam cr$it1 #dh1hfahf #jhacd ----------------- ------------- ,net total1 #hd1ddaai #adjeg ,gase\s ,fuel4--,! proposal to employ gase\s fuel 9 copp] smelt+ dates f ! introduction ( ?is me?od ( furnace-fir+ by ,siem5s #ej ye>s ago4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n 9 g5]al use1 al?\gh at sev]al smelt]s gas-fir+ is employ$ 9 furnaces = ! ref9+ ( ! metal4 ,! *ief difficulties h be5 9 connection ) ! control ( ! flame1 burn+-out ( ! ro( hav+ be5 a n infrequ5t occurr5ce :5 employ+ gase\s fuel1 & ! me?od has be5 tri$ & giv5 up at ! ,great ,falls ,smelt] 9 ,montana1 & at sev]al o!r works4 ,! practical difficulties ought n1 h[ev]1 to be insup]able %\ld gas-fir+ be o!rwise f\nd mo/ practicable = ! p>ticul> conditions at ! smelt]1 al?\gh !re appe> to be c]ta9 physical *>act]i/ics ( su* flames :i* may be responsible = "s ( ! difficulties met ) 9 employ+ ?is type ( fuel = ! work+ ( v l>ge rev]b]atory furnaces4 ,! ,condition ( ! ,*>ge = ,good ,rev]b]atory ,"w4--,! consid]ations :i* decide ! advisability or o!rwise ( in/all+ at a smelt]1 any p>ticul> types ( furnace1 :e!r rev]b]atory or bla/ furnace or bo?1 cov] a v wide field1 & w be m app>5t :5 bla/-furnace practice has be5 review$ 9 detail4 ,x is cle> t ! bla/ furnace is unsuit$ = ! direct smelt+ ( f9e mat]ials z su*1 & t ! rev]b]atory =m ( furnace is be/ fitt$ = _! treatm5t :5 l>ge quantities ( ?is mat]ial require to be dealt )4 ,actual practice has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! rev]b]atory does n give equally satisfactory results on all classes ( f9es1 & t !re are c]ta9 physical & *emical conditions ( ! *>ge :i* appe> to be necess>y = ! mo/ successful & rapid smelt+4 ,:5 su* conditions are n adh]$ to1 less satisfactory work+ has result$4 ,rec5t exp]i5ce has1 to "s ext5t1 def9$ m cle>ly ! nature ( ^! requirem5ts1 & has indicat$ ! proc$ure :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to avoid an undue supply ( ! less suitable mat]ial = ! rev]b]atory *>ge4 ,x is usual to smelt 9 ! rev]b]atory furnaces1 :]e su* are available1 ! great] portion ( ! du/ :i* accumulates 9 v l>ge quantities 9 ! flues at ! smelt]4 ,! rev]b]atory is ! only type ( furnace 9 :i* su* mat]ial c\ld be treat$ directly1 "u ! pres5t conditions ( work+4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 x has be5 f\nd 9 sev]al in/ances1 ?\gh n univ]sally1 t su* du/ is consid]ably m difficult to treat 9 ! furnace1 & entails consid]ably m exp5se 9 smelt+ ?an does ! ord9>y roa/$ conc5trate4 ,x is e/imat$ by ,ricketts t ?is extra co/ is practically equival5t to ! exp5se ( roa/+ an equal weight ( conc5trate4 ,flue-du/1 z a rule1 consi/s ma9ly ( mat]ial 9 a m9ute /ate ( division1 9 :i* condition1 z is well kn[n1 a mu* high] temp]ature is requir$ = its fusion ?an if x 7 9 ! =m ( co>s] p>ticles4 ,?is is l>gely due to ! poor conductivity = heat :i* g5]ally *>act]ises su* du/1 & to ! insulation by ! air envelopes surr\nd+ ! individual gra9s1 :i* ?us prev5ts ! heat pass+ f p>ticle to p>ticle1 & ret>ds _! clott+1 ev5 :5 ! prevail+ temp]ature w\ld o!rwise be suffici5t to cause fusion4 ,! p>ticles ( flue-du/ moreov]1 h be5 bl[n f ! surface ( ! *>ge1 especially 9 ! bla/-furnace process1 & are ?us rapidly & (t5 almo/ completely oxidis$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! oxidis+ atmosph]e :i* prevails above ! *>ge & 9 ! flues4 ,su* oxides clot only ) ! greate/ difficulty1 & are *>act]is$ by comp>ative infusibility & poor conduct+ p[]1 & h5ce are f\nd to melt ) consid]able difficulty :5 treat$ 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace4#aj ,roa/$ f9e conc5trate1 on ! o!r h&1 con/itutes an ideal mat]ial = ! rev]b]atory furnace *>ge1 & ! sy/em ( pass+ bo? ! conc5trate & ! flux ?r\gh ! roa/]s has be5 %[n to possess num]\s advantages4 ,9 addition to ! ?or\gh mix+ & ! preheat+ ( ! furnace *>ge1 x 0 f\nd t its *emical & physical conditions 7 p>ticul>ly well suit$ = ! subsequ5t rev]b]atory furnace treatm5t4 ,! p>ticles ( conc5trate1 be+ gradually heat$ & con/antly /irr$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! small proportion ( flux usually requir$1 roa/ well1 & lose ! desir$ quantity ( sulphur )\t an undue am\nt ( prelim9>y clott+ :i* w\ld o!rwise int]f]e ) ! op]ation1 :il/ any residual sulphide 9 ! product is uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! roa/$ *>ge4 ,9 addition1 at ! high] temp]atures :i* prevail 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! roa/+ process :5 almo/ z mu* sulphur z 0 desir$ has be5 driv5 (f1 ! mat]ials are rais$ to a po9t approa*+ incipi5t fusion & slagg+4 ,! heat 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace is suffici5t to complete ?is effect1 & enable ! necess>y *emical comb9ations & physical sep>ations to be readily accompli%$4 ,! roa/$ conc5trate %\ld !re=e =m ! ma9 proportion ( ! rev]b]atory *>ge1 work+ 9 ) x1 9 mod]ate quantities1 su* flue-du/ z is made at ! smelt]4 ,( ?is flue-du/1 x is naturally desirable to produce z small an am\nt z possible1 n only on acc\nt ( ! difficulties 9 subsequ5t treatm5t1 b also on acc\nt ( ! actual losses 9 ! economy ( ! furnace processes & ! co/ ( reh&l+1 etc4 ,9 mod]n smelt+1 naturally1 e ef=t is made to r$uce ! quantity ( du/ to ! l[e/ practicable limit4 ,! great] portion ( ! du/ results f ! treatm5t ( unsuitably f9e mat]ial 9 ! bla/ furnace1 & by decreas+ ! quantity ( ?is con/itu5t ! flue-du/ problem w be l>gely ov]come4 ,! smelt+ ( f9e conc5trate 9 ! bla/ furnace has up to ! pres5t be5 consid]$ judici\s :]e circum/ances h r5d]$ imp]ative ! addition ( sulphides to ! *>ge irrespective ( _! physical condition 7ei!r to act z a base = ! matte1 or on acc\nt ( _! fuel values71 ?\gh naturally ! proportion ( f9es has be5 kept z l[ z possible4 ,! rec5t developm5ts 9 s9t]+ processes1 h[ev]1 sugge/ ! possibility ( ! future successful treatm5t1 aft] prelim9>y agglom]ation1 ( f9e conc5trate 9 ! bla/ furnace1 & if x be f\nd possible to conduct ! s9t]+ by utilis+ ! heat ( oxidisation ( ! m free sulphur atom ( ! pyrites1 & ?us leave ! bulk ( ! iron-sulphide fuel values 9 ! s9t]$ product1 z sugge/$ by ,pet]s1 ! difficulties 9 connection ) excessive flue-du/ production f ! above causes w be l>gely ov]come1 & ! rev]b]atories w ?us be reliev$ ( ?is difficult con/itu5t ( _! *>ge4 ,x !re=e appe>s desirable1 :5 circum/ances p]mit1 ei!r to agglom]ate f9e conc5trates & !n treat !m 9 ! bla/ furnace1 or else to roa/ !m & smelt ! product 9 ! rev]b]atories4 ,s f> z pres5t exp]i5ce has gone1 x appe>s t--o!r circum/ances be+ equally fav\rable--! correct s*eme ( treatm5t dep5ds almo/ entirely ^u ! composition ( ! conc5trate1 !re be+ = ea* process a p>ticul> class ( f9es = :i* x is be/ suit$4 ,! s9t]+ process deals mo/ satisfactorily ) "o class ( conc5trate1 :il/ ! roa/+ process seems m p>ticul>ly suit$ = a diff]5t type ( mat]ial4 ,?us ! high] ! iron & sulphur values1 & ! l[] ! silica cont5t1 ! m successful1 *eap1 & effici5t is ! roa/+ process--! ,anaconda mat]ial = example roa/s well1 requires practically no ext]nal fuel or heat+1 & ) ! add$ flux1 works v successfully 9 ! rev]b]atories4 ,z ! silica cont5t increases1 h[ev]1 & ! iron & sulphur cont5ts dim9i%1 !re is a consequ5t decrease 9 ! natural fuel values ( ! mat]ial1 & z a result1 ! roa/+ is nei!r s effici5t nor s *eaply op]at$1 ow+ to ! ne$ ( ext]nal fuel = giv+ ! requir$ roa/+ temp]atures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s to be j ?is class ( mat]ial :i* is be/ suit$ = bla/-roa/+4 ,x is f\nd 9 actual work+ practice t mat]ial :i* does n conta9 a c]ta9 proportion ( silica does n "w well 9 ! bla/-roa/+ or s9t]+ processes1 ! result+ product be+ f\nd to be m irregul> 9 composition & m difficult to op]ate 9 ! s9t]+ plant4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t a c]ta9 class ( f9e conc5trate high] 9 silica & l[] 9 iron & sulphur cont5ts1 :i* is n q s suitable = ord9>y roa/+ 7ow+ to ! necessity = ext]nal heat+1 due to l[] fuel values7 is em95tly suit$ = bla/ roa/+ or s9t]+ processes1 yield+ lump products v suitable = subsequ5t bla/-furnace treatm5t4 ,! rev]b]atory furnace ?us deals mo/ successfully ) f9e table conc5trates high 9 iron & sulphur1 mod]ately l[ 9 silica2 roa/$1 ) its requir$ flux1 to ! necess>y ext5t1 & !n *>g$ :il/ /ill r$ hot into ! furnaces4 ,to relieve ! rev]b]atories ( ! great] bulk ( ! bla/-furnace flue-du/1 :i* x treats ) m difficulty1 f9e conc5trates1 z su*1 require to be kept out ( ! bla/-furnace *>ge1 ei!r by subject+ ! m silice\s mat]ial to a prep>atory s9t]+ process1 or by res]v+ ! highly pyritic v>iety = roa/+ & subsequ5t rev]b]atory treatm5t4 ,ref]5ces4 ,pet]s1 ,e4 ,d41 8,pr9ciples ( ,copp] ,smelt+40 ,(f]haus1 ,c41 8,mod]n ,rev]b]atory ,smelt+ ( ,copp] ,ores40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,june #ac1 #aijh1 pp4 #aahi-aaic2 ,june #bj1 #aijh1 pp4 #abcd-abcf4 ,ricketts1 ,l4 ,d41 8,exp]im5ts 9 ,rev]b]atory ,practice at ,cananea1 ,mexico10 & discussion1 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 vol4 xix41 #aiji-aj1 pp4 #adg-ahe4 ,ricketts1 ,l4 ,d41 8,developm5ts ( ,cananea ,practice40 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,oct4 #g?1 #aiaa1 p4 #fic4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,bla/-,,furnace ,,practice4 ,functions ( ! ,furnace -- ,z ,melt+ ,ag5t--,r$uction ,smelt+ -- ,oxidation 9 ! ,furnace -- ,! ,pyritic ,pr9ciple -- ,features ( ,mod]n ,practice3 ,wat]-,jacket+1 ,increase 9 ,furnace ,size1 ,ext]nal ,settl+ -- ,con/ructional ,details ( ! ,furnace4 ,! ,functions ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! functions ( ! bla/ furnace may be consid]$ f ?ree po9ts ( view3-- #a4 ,z a ,melt+ ,ag5t4 #b4 ,z a ,r$uc+ ,m$ium4 #c4 ,z an ,oxidis+ ,m$ium4 ,9 mod]n copp] smelt+ practice1 ! bla/ furnace is "u ord9>y circum/ances nev] employ$ 9 ! capacity ( a r$uc+ m$ium1 b is us$ = a v>iety ( "w 9 :i* its op]ations range f ^? ( a melt+ furnace to ^? m p>ticul>ly ( an oxidis+ m$ium1 z its oxidis+ functions are becom+ develop$ to a gradually increas+ ext5t4 ,9 ! old] processes ( copp] smelt+1 :5 work+ on oxidis$ *>ges1 ! melt+ & r$uc+ functions ( ! furnace 7 ex]cis$ simultane\sly2 :51 at a lat] /age1 sulphides 7 smelt$ 9 ! *>ge1 ! directly r$uc+ function 0 utilis$ to a v mu* small] ext5t4 ,9 ! r$uc+ atmosph]e !n ma9ta9$ inside ! furnace1 ! sulphides liquat$ & melt$ d[n )\t caus+ mu* conc5tration ( ! copp] 9 ! product1 elim9ation ( sulphur be+ effect$ ma9ly by ! direct action ( heat on ! pyritic con/itu5ts ( ! *>ge1 & by ! int]actions betwe5 ! sulphides & ! oxidis$ comp\nds ( copp] pres5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 increas+ quantities ( sulphide ore became available1 modifications 9 bla/-furnace smelt+ practice 7 introduc$ ) a view to increas+ ! conc5tration ( ! copp]1 ?is be+ attempt$ ei!r by prep>atory roa/+ or by ! addition ( oxidis$ cuprif]\s mat]ials to ! *>ge1 sulphur be+ ?us elim9at$ & "s conc5tration result+ 9 consequ5ce4 ,9 su* "w ! furnace *iefly ex]cis$ its melt+ function1 all[+1 z 9 ! case ( rev]b]atory work+1 ( ! =mation & ?or\gh fusion ( sulphide matte & silicate slag f ! mixture ( oxides & sulphides 9 ! *>ge4 ,9 ! late/ developm5ts ( practice1 ! oxidation has be5 c>ri$ out to a cont9ually increas+ ext5t by ! air bla/ at ! tuy]es ( ! furnace4 #a4 ,! ,melt+ ,functions ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! bla/ furnace is "u ord9>y circum/ances1 usually reg>d$ z ! *eape/ ( melt+ ag5ts4 ,comp>$ ) ! rev]b]atory1 ! heat 9 ! bla/ furnace is utilis$ m effici5tly4 ,rev]b]atory work+ involves ! pass+ ( a flame ov] ! surface ( ! *>ge1 & ! transf]5ce ( ?is heat ?r\gh ! mass dep5ds ^u ! conduct+ p[] ( ! mat]ial itself1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 usually poor4 ,al?\gh ! mod]n rev]b]atory practice ( melt+ ?9 lay]s ( preheat$ *>ge bo? f above & f bel[ has greatly increas$ ! effici5cy ( ! furnace 9 ?is respect1 ! clos] contact ( *>ge & fuel 9 ! bla/ furnace all[s ( a m ?or\gh communication ( ! heat4 ,! pr9cipal features ( bla/-furnace work+ :i* t5d to make x ! *eap] & m effici5t ag5t = ! treatm5t ( cuprif]\s mat]ials--) ! exception ( f9es--are ^? ( con/ruction1 work+1 & fuel economy4 7a7 ,! con/ruction ( ! furnace is comp>atively simple1 & x is n excessively exp5sive to erect2 furnaces & accessory plant c be pur*as$ complete & easily set up & tak5 d[n aga9 :5 requir$4 7b7 ,! furnace is ela/ic 9 its op]ation1 especially :]e ! supply ( mat]ial v>ies f "t to "t1 involv+ *anges 9 ! composition ( ! *>ge4 7c7 ,! furnace is readily />t$1 %ut d[n1 & re/>t$ at w1 & )\t mu* difficulty or additional exp5se4 7d7 ,! op]ation & smelt+ are rapid & *eap1 ! capacity c be made enorm\sly l>ge2 all classes ( mat]ial--except f9es--su* z ores1 slags1 & residues1 :i* accumulate to a consid]able ext5t r\nd a smelt]1 c be conv5i5tly dealt ) directly1 :il/ f9es c n[1 :]e necess>y1 (t5 be prep>$ into a suitable =m = bla/-furnace treatm5t4 7e7 ,! heat is m effici5tly communicat$ to ! individual p>ts ( ! *>ge1 9 consequ5ce ( ! m intimate contact ( *>ge & fuel4 7f7 ,! fuel consumption is l[1 ! natural fuel values ( ! iron & sulphur on ! *>ge c be utilis$1 & ! degree ( oxidation 7& consequ5t conc5tration7 c be controll$ 9 ! furnace op]ation4 7g7 ,! furnace works cont9u\sly 79 mod]n practice ! rev]b]atory furnace is also cont9u\s 9 its action74 ,ow+ to ! great ela/icity 9 bla/-furnace op]ation1 & its capability ( deal+ ) practically e class ( copp]-be>+ mat]ial 9 lump =m1 mod]n practice is ( ! mo/ div]se "*4 #b4 ,! ,bla/ ,furnace z a ,r$uc+ ,m$ium4--,9 mod]n smelt+ practice1 ) b a few exceptional in/ances1 a di/9ctly r$uc+ atmosph]e is avoid$ z f> z possible4 ,?is arises l>gely f ! fact t ! mat]ial available 9 mod]n "w usually dem&s oxidation 9 ord] t satisfactory conc5tration may be effect$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( copp] smelt+1 h[ev]1 ! r$uc+ action 0 ! *ief function :i* 0 ex]cis$1 ma9ly because at t "t oxidis$ ores con/itut$ an important "p ( ! *>ge1 & a r$uc+ action 0 requir$ to obta9 m>ketable products f su* mat]ial4 ,at a lat] /age 9 ! developm5t ( bla/-furnace practice1 ! sulphide ores :i* became available 7 roa/$1 & ! result+ oxidis$ products 7 subject$ to r$uction smelt+1 9 ord] to extract ! metal4 ,on su* oxidis$ *>ges1 bla/ furnaces 7 almo/ univ]sally employ$1 us+ c>bonace\s fuel ei!r 9 ! =m ( coke or *>coal1 ?is mat]ial fulfill+ ! d\ble purpose ( fuel & r$uc+ ag5t1 ! excess c>bon caus+ ! r$uction ( ! metal f ! oxidis$ ore4 ,?is op]ation 0 kn[n commonly z 8black-copp] smelt+40 ,at ! pres5t "t su* oxidis$ ores are r>ely met ) 9 suffici5t quantity by !mselves to be work$ by ?is me?od1 :i* involves also v s]i\s losses 9 op]ation4 ,fur!r1 su* oxidis$ mat]ials are 9 _m cases valuable = smelt+ along ) sulphide *>ges1 greatly assi/+ ! conc5tration1 & x is usually advantage\s to employ !m 9 ?is mann]4 ,! losses & difficulties 9 8black-copp] smelt+0 are1 h[ev]1 ( int]e/ 9 s f> z !y apply to c]ta9 analog\s problems 9 mod]n "w4 ,^! difficulties 9 r$uction smelt+ arose l>gely f ?ree causes3-- 7a7 ,losses ( copp] 9 ! slag4 7b7 ,simultane\s r$uction ( iron ) ! copp]4 7c7 ,*ill+ 9 ! furnace he>?4 7a7 ,9 ! case ( r$uction smelt+ :]e sulphides are n pres5t 9 any appreciable quantity1 ! losses ( copp] may be ei!r 7i47 ,z silicate1 or 7ii47 ,z metal4 7i47 ,sulphur is ! natural protector ( ! copp] 9 ! furnace *>ge1 z1 ow+ to _! p[]ful aff9ity1 a fusible1 fluid & d5se product is =m$1 :i* is v slightly soluble 9 slag2 & on ?is acc\nt1 a ready sep>ation ( ! copp] f ! e>?y mat]ials c be effect$4 ,s long z sulphur is pres5t 9 mod]ate quantity !re is little *ance ( copp] ent]+ ! slag z silicate4 ,9 r$uction smelt+1 h[ev]1 & especially 9 black-copp] smelt+ :]e sulphur is lack+1 su* losses are liable to occur1 s9ce copp] oxide is itself /rongly basic1 & readily fluxes (f ) silica at high temp]atures1 yield+ silicates4 ,^! products are less d5se1 & are m>k$ly soluble 9 ! o!r silicates :i* con/itute ! slag2 moreov]1 ! copp] oxides !mselves are likewise p>tly soluble 91 & are readily c>ri$ 9 susp5sion by1 ! silicate slags4 ,9 ord] to prev5t su* losses z mu* z possible1 ! r$uc+ conditions 9 ! furnace mu/ be increas$ by ! employm5t ( m coke1 s z to ensure ! r$uction ( ! copp] oxides & silicates4 ,^! r$uc+ conditions mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be too dra/ic1 especially if ! temp]ature ( work+ be high1 on acc\nt ( ! great t5d5cy to cause 7b7 a r$uction ( metallic iron1 :i* results 9 ! =mation ( be>s & scaffolds1 ) _! att5dant difficulties ( removal & _! int]f]5ce ) work+4 ,betwe5 ^! oppos+ causes ( loss & difficulty1 a c>eful balance has to be obs]v$ 9 ! smelt+ op]ations4 7,9 mod]n practice1 losses ( copp] z silicate & oxide1 = reasons su* z ^? detail$ above1 occur to a m>k$ ext5t 9 ^? op]ations :]e ! sulphur is pres5t 9 small proportions only1 & p>ticul>ly :]e ! reactions are int5sely oxidis+1 z 9 ! furnace-ref9+ op]ations & ! lat] /ages 9 ! conv]t] process4 ,! slags 9 su* cases usually c>ry consid]able quantities ( copp] 9 ! =m ( silicate & oxide1 n infrequ5tly to ! ext5t ( #bj to #cj p] c5t41 or ev5 m4 ,! quantity ( ?is slag is1 h[ev]1 kept z small z possible1 & copp] 9 ! mat]ial is readily recov]$ by ! addition ( ^! slags to ! bla/-furnace *>ge47 7ii47 ,losses ( copp] z metal also1 7 =m]ly s]i\s 9 black-copp] smelt+1 ! metallic copp] held 9 susp5sion 9 ! slag be+ inde$ ! *ief s\rce ( loss 9 ?is me?od4 ,! effici5t sep>ation ( copp] f slag1 especially 9 ! small quantities =m]ly op]at$1 0 !re=e ( importance4 ,satisfactory settl+ 01 h[ev]1 difficult ( application1 s9ce ! behavi\r ( metallic copp] is v diff]5t f t ( sulphides4 ,x is mu* less fusible1 mu* less fluid1 & ! small globules1 z r$uc$1 d n readily coalesce1 :il/ ! high temp]atures fav\rable to good fluidity ( ! products & to good settl+1 promote copp] losses f ! o!r causes not$ above4 ,moreov]1 ! high melt+ po9t ( ! metal & its great conductivity add$ to ! difficulties 9 provid+ suitable arrangem5ts = settl+1 s9ce ! copp] n only t5d$ to *ill readily 9 any ext]nal settl]1 b x 0 also v liable to d s 9 ! crucible ( ! ord9>y =m ( wat]-jacket$ bla/ furnace1 su* masses be+ exce$+ly difficult to remove1 :il/ ! work+ ( ! furnace 0 necess>ily mu* int]f]$ )4 ,9 ord] to conduct ! necess>y int]nal settl+1 ! old] type ( bla/ furnace 0 requir$1 9 :i* wat]-jacket+ ne> ! he>? 0 disp5s$ )1 a l>ge crucible bottom ( non-conduct+ brasque or brickwork be+ employ$ in/ead4 ,su* a =m ( furnace is n adapt$ to ! mod]n me?ods ( smelt+ :]e enorm\s capacity & output are ess5tial1 :il/ su* a sy/em ( work+ int]f]es ) ! rapid & cont9u\s smelt+ ( l>ge quantities1 to a great] ext5t ?an if ! :ole ( ! molt5 products are run out ( ! furnace cont9u\sly & ! settl+ p]=m$ 9 an ext]nal vessel4 #c4 ,! ,bla/ ,furnace z an ,oxidis+ ,m$ium3 ,sulphide ,ores 9 ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,9 mod]n bla/-furnace practice1 ! oxidis+ function ( ! furnace is ! pr9cipal feature ( work+4 ,sulphide ores n[ con/itute ! *ief s\rce ( copp]1 & ! smelt+ op]ations involve ! oxidation ( ! accompany+ con/itu5ts & ! elim9ation ( ! result+ oxidis$ products4 ,su* ores :5 smelt$ 9 ! bla/ furnace ) c>bonace\s fuel1 & "u ! r$uc+ conditions *>act]i/ic ( ! old] me?ods ( work+1 w\ld yield a product %[+ l[ conc5tration ( ! copp]1 s9ce ! r$uc+ conditions w\ld l>gely ret>d ! oxidation ( sulphur :i* is an ess5tial = ! enri*m5t ( ! matte4 ,except = ! sulphur elim9at$ f ! pyritic con/itu5ts by ! direct action ( heat1 & a c]ta9 quantity by ! int]actions ) oxides z already indicat$1 ! loss ( sulphur w\ld be slight4 ,! furnace "u su* circum/ances w\ld ?us t5d ma9ly to ex]cise its melt+ function1 & ! result ( su* work+ w\ld be ! melt+ d[n & subsequ5t sep>ation ( ! sulphides & slag1 ) ev5 less t5d5cy to conc5tration ?an occurs 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace1 :]e ! atmosph]e is less di/9ctly r$uc+4 ,! mod]n me?od ( smelt+ sulphide ores be+ ess5tially an oxidis+ process1 x is necess>y t oxyg5 be add$ to ! *>ge ) ! object ( promot+ ! elim9ation ( ! sulphur & iron1 & ! consequ5t conc5tration ( ! copp]4 ,?is oxyg5 may be add$ 9 "o ( ?ree ways3-- ,a4 ,addition ( oxyg5 to ! *>ge previ\s to ! bla/ furnace smelt+ op]ation 7,roa/+74 ,b4 ,addition ( oxyg5 to ! *>ge dur+ ! smelt+ op]ation itself4 i4 ,by add+ oxidis$ mat]ials to ! *>ge 7,bla/-furnace smelt+ ) c>bonace\s fuel74 ii4 ,by us+ ! air bla/ ( ! furnace = oxidis+ ! iron & sulphur1 ?us at ! same "t utilis+ ^! elem5ts z fuel & proportionately dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( c>bonace\s fuel requir$ 7,! pyritic pr9ciple ( smelt+74 ,a4 ,roa/+ practice has already be5 discuss$1 & ! reasons = avoid+ ! op]ation :]e practicable1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5ses ( an extra process1 ! losses involv$1 ! f95ess ( ! product1 & ! loss ( fuel values1 h be5 indicat$ 7,lecture ,,iv41 pp4 #ff-hj74 ,b4 i4 ,addition ( ,oxidis$ ,*>ges 9 ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! t5d5cy = oxidis$ cuprif]\s mat]ials to int]act ) sulphides f9ds useful application 9 copp] smelt+1 s9ce x assi/s ! conc5tration ( ! copp] 9 ! result+ mattes4 ,! pr9cipal reactions involv$ 9 ?is me?od are-- #b;,cu,o ,cu#b,s #d;,cu ,,s#b #b;,cu#b,o ,cu#b,s #f;,cu ,,s#b ,cu,s,o#d ,cu#b,s #c;,cu #b,,s#b :]eby copp] is produc$ & sulphur is elim9at$ z ,,s#b4 ,! lib]at$ copp] int]acts ) ! excess ( iron sulphide usually pres5t 9 ! furnace *>ge1 & ent]s ! matte z sulphide1 :il/ ! iron :i* is ?us set free is oxidis$ & c>ri$ into ! slag z silicate1 ! ultimate reactions be+ indicat$ approximately by ! equation-- #b;,cu ,fe,s x,fe,s ,cu#b,s 4 x,fe,s 7matte7 ,fe 7oxidis$ & ent]s slag74 ,copp] silicates readily int]act ) iron sulphides 9 ! *>ge1 produc+ copp] sulphides & iron silicates1 ?us-- ,cu#b,o 4 x,si,o#b ,fe,s ,cu#b,s 7ent]s matte7 ,fe,o 4 x,si,o#b 7ent]s slag74 #f7;,cu,o 4 x,si,o#b7 #d;,fe,s #c;,cu#b,s 7ent]s matte7 #d7;,fe,o 4 x,si,o#b7 #bx,si,o#b7;ent]s slag7 ,,s#b4 ,all ! above reactions lead to an enri*m5t ( ! matte 9 copp] cont5ts1 & at ! same "t1 to ! transf]5ce ( iron f ! matte to ! slag1 & al?\gh ! conditions 9 ! m r$uc+ atmosph]e ( ! coke-f$ bla/ furnace are n s fav\rable to ! fulle/ op]ation ( ^! reactions z are ! m neutral conditions ( ! rev]b]atory1 ! addition ( oxidis$ mat]ials con/itutes a valuable means ( increas+ ! conc5tration 9 ?is me?od ( smelt+4 ,! bla/ furnace is ?us also p>ticul>ly suit$ = ! recov]+ ( ! copp] f ! oxidis$ residues1 su* z conv]t] slags & scrap1 8calc9e-b>r+s10 & ! l1 :i* accumulate 9 v consid]able quantities at a smelt]1 & :i* by reason ( _! c>ry+ mu* copp] z oxide or silicate1 n only add _! quota ( copp] to ! products1 b mat]ially assi/ ! conc5tration & ! furnace op]ation g5]ally4 ,b4 ii4 ,! ,pyritic ,pr9ciple 9 ,bla/-,furnace ,smelt+4--,?is is ! mo/ important pr9ciple introduc$ into mod]n bla/-furnace smelt+ practice4 ,x has be5 evolv$ by ! application ( ! results ( exp]im5ts conduct$ f two diff]5t po9ts ( view--"o s]ies ma9ly on a laboratory scale1 ! o!r f actual indu/rial practice4 ,/>t+ f !oretical consid]ations1 ,john ,holway demon/rat$ by exp]im5t t ! heat ( oxidation ( ! iron & ! sulphur ( pyritic copp] ores 0 s great z to make _! smelt+ a self-support+ op]ation "u suitable conditions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )9 comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 smelt]m5 z a result ( work+ practice1 h f\nd t an increase ( sulphides on ! furnace *>ge has l$ to less & less c>bonace\s fuel be+ necess>y = ! smelt+ op]ations1 provid+ t ! conditions 9 ! bla/ furnace be suffici5tly oxidis+4 ,9 utilis+ ^! results = g5]al bla/-furnace practice1 ! ext5d$ & successful application ( ?is pyritic pr9ciple has l$ to m>k$ advance 9 mod]n work+4 ,! results obta9$ 9 a s]ies ( trials at ! ,keswick smelt]1 ,cali=nia1 are typical ( su* exp]im5ts on a practical scale1 & 9 spite ( ! two anomal\s in/ances1 ! g5]al effects ( ! increase ( sulphides 9 ! *>ge are /rongly m>k$ 7see ,table ,,ix41 p4 #abj74 ,,table ,,ix4--,,effect ,,on ,,coke ,,consumption ,,( ,,increas$ ,,sulphur ,,9 ,,! ,,furnace ,,*>ge 7,keswick ,smelt]1 ,cal474 ,sulphur 9 ,*>ge4 ,coke ,consumption4 #fh p] c5t4 #aeg p] c5t4 #gg #afc #acf #ajb #agj #gg #aie #he #bbh #ga #bde #fh ,rec5t practice at ,anaconda af=ds ano!r in/ance ( ! utilisation ( ! pyritic pr9ciple4 ,a l>ge quantity ( ! ore available 7kn[n z second-class ore7 requires wet dress+ be=e x c be treat$ mo/ pr(itably at ! furnaces1 & ! op]ation ?us produces consid]able quantities ( sulphide conc5trate1 ( :i* a mod]ate proportion is co>se--well suit$ = bla/-furnace treatm5t4 ,! *>ge if submitt$ to r$uction smelt+ ) c>bonace\s fuel1 w\ld yield a matte too l[ 9 copp] cont5ts = imm$iate conv]t] treatm5t1 s9ce !re is n available a suffici5t supply ( oxidis$ cuprif]\s mat]ial to effect a high en\gh conc5tration = ! direct production ( a conv]t]-grade matte4 ,in/ead ( roa/+ s z to r$uce ! sulphur cont5ts to ! requir$ degree1 & !n smelt+ ) ! usual am\nt ( c>bonace\s fuel1 ! pyritic pr9ciple has be5 utilis$ to ! fulle/ possible ext5t1 by smelt+ ! raw *>ge conta9+ z mu* ( ! co>se conc5trate z is available1 ) a /rongly oxidis+ bla/1 ?us effect+ ! desir$ conc5tration1 & occasion+ ! use ( a l[] coke proportion ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 necess>y4 ,by gradually increas+ ! sulphide on ! *>ge until ! sulphur proportion rea*$ #h to #i p] c5t41 ! coke consumption 0 r$uc$ to ab\t #aa to #ab p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s ! advantages ( introduc+ m & m sulphide h become s app>5t1 t increas+ quantities ( in* conc5trates are be+ includ$ 9 ! *>ge1 & al?\gh su* mat]ial is exce$+ly difficult to deal ) 9 ! bla/ furnace1 ! advantages aris+ f its use outweighs ! tr\ble x causes 9 actual work+4 ,by ?is fur!r increase ( ! sulphur proportion1 f ! =m] #h to #i p] c5t4 up to #aa to #ab p] c5t41 ! coke consumption has be5 /eadily r$uc$ until x n[ am\nts to ab\t #i p] c5t4 only4 ,! fuel value ( ! iron & sulphur is augm5t$ at a rate mu* great] ?an _! actual increase 9 num]ical proportion w\ld sugge/1 on acc\nt ( ! mu* high] calorific int5sity ( l>ge & massive quantities ( fuel burn$ at once ?an t result+ f small] am\nts dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t a mass ( in]t mat]ial su* z gangue4 ,! practical application ( ! pyritic pr9ciple to bla/-furnace practice ?us involves ! employm5t ( ! furnace z a m$ium = conduct+ ! requir$ oxidation ( ! *>ge1 z a result ( :i*1 ! heat ( ?is combu/ion proportionately r$uces ! am\nt ( c>bonace\s fuel requir$ = ! smelt+ & sep>ation ( ! products1 :il/ at ! same "t ! desir$ conc5tration is also effect$4 ,! basis ( su* work+ is1 !re=e1 ! p[]ful oxidis+ action )9 ! furnace itself1 & ! fulle/ utilisation ( ! heat result+ f ?is oxidation ( ! sulphides4 ,9 ord] to supply ! heat necess>y = ! reactions & fusions ( smelt+1 a def9ite quantity ( fuel is ess5tial 9 ! furnace4 ,9 ^? cases :]e ! proportions ( sulphide are n suffici5t to supply ! requir$ am\nt1 a supplem5t>y quantity ( coke fuel becomes requisite4 ,! ext5t to :i* coke is necess>y = ! smelt+ op]ations decides :e!r ! process may be t]m$ 8true pyritic0 or 8p>tial pyritic0 smelt+4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! coke all[ance may be r$uc$ to su* small proportions t its influ5ce 9 ! smelt+ zone ( ! furnace is practically negligible4 ,9 p>tial pyritic smelt+1 coke is necess>y to ! ext5t ( supplem5t+ ! heat d]iv$ f ! sulphide fuel1 & ! proportion employ$ 9 mod]n "w is r$uc$ to ! l[e/ possible quantity4 ,n only is economy 9 coke all[ance "o ( ! *ief ess5tials 9 furnace managem5t1 b ! pres5ce ( a l>g] am\nt ?an is absolutely necess>y decreases ! effici5cy ( ! smelt+ op]ations1 s9ce1 ow+ to its r$uc+ action & its consumption ( ! oxyg5 9 ! air bla/ :i* is to be utilis$ = ! combu/ion ( ! iron & sulphur1 ! conc5tration ( ! copp] 9 ! result+ matte w\ld be decreas$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! pyritic pr9ciple may be op]at$ 9 actual work+ dep5ds 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^u ! nature ( ! *>ge itself1 especially ^u ! relative proportions ( copp]1 iron1 & sulphur1 & on ! quantity ( gangue4 ,s9ce ^! v>y 9 ! ore supply ( diff]5t localities1 ! ext5t to :i* ! pr9ciple may be appli$ & ! coke consumption be r$uc$1 w be subject to alt]ation accord+ly4 ,?us 9 ! case ( an ore :i* conta9s su* proportions ( ^! con/itu5ts z w\ld on simple melt+ yield a matte ( conv]t] grade1 ! pyritic effect 9 ! furnace w\ld necess>ily be v small1 & ! smelt+ w\ld be almo/ entirely a melt+ op]ation requir+ f #aj to #ae p] c5t4 ( coke on ! *>ge1 ev5 ?\gh ! sulphur cont5ts ( ! *>ge be high4 ,ores & *>ges ( su* a composition are1 h[ev]1 r>ely met ) 9 mod]n practice1 ! ratio ( copp] to iron sulphides usually be+ l[4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! case ( an ore consi/+ l>gely ( iron sulphides ) b little copp]--i4e41 a massive l[-grade pyritic ore--! pyritic effect 9 ! furnace might rea* a maximum1 & ! coke requir$ on ! *>ge be r$ucible to v small proportions4 ,su* mat]ial is well suit$ = true pyritic smelt+4 ,h5ce mod]n practice ranges f ! true pyritic smelt+1 :]e pyritic fuel is pr9cipally employ$1 ?r\gh v>y+ degrees ( p>tial pyritic smelt+1 :]e ! pyritic fuel is supplem5t$ to ! requir$ degree by coke1 to r$uction smelt+1 rely+ ma9ly on c>bonace\s fuel = ! necess>y heat supply4 ,9 all cases1 ! object ( ! op]ation is to oxidise inside ! furnace s mu* sulphur & iron z is necess>y to yield a matte product ( conv]t] grade1 utilis+ ! natural sulphide fuel values ( ! mat]ial s z to r$uce to ! l[e/ possible proportion ! quantity ( coke requir$4 ,features ( ,mod]n ,practice4--,ap>t f ! applications ( pyritic smelt+1 :i* w be consid]$ sep>ately1 ?ree features ( great importance h be5 introduc$ into mod]n bla/-furnace work+4 ,^! involve3-- ,a4 ,! practice ( wat]-jacket+ ! furnace4 ,b4 ,! developm5t 9 ! size ( ! furnace4 ,c4 ,! practice ( ext]nal settl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,mod]n ,bla/-,furnace ,%ell ( ,section$ ,jackets 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co474 ,a4 ,! ,practice ( ,wat]-jacket+4--,! evolution ( ! bla/ furnace f ! primitive hole-9-!-gr\nd =m to ! mod]n type may be rapidly sket*$4 ,9 its e>ly /ages1 ! developm5t 0 c>ri$ out ma9ly on ! ,cont95t ( ,europe1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! enclos+ ( ! *>ge 9 %afts :i* became ( gradually increas+ height1 ! introduction ( bla/ ?r\gh tuy]es ne> ! bottom ( ! %aft1 & ! arrangem5ts = collect+ ! molt5 mat]ials 9 ! he>?1 & = tapp+4 ,by ! ye> #ahej a typical =m ( furnace 0 repres5t$ by ! ,mansfeld patt]n1 :i* consi/$ ( a rectangul> firebrick %aft enclos$ by massive /onework4 ,at ! l[] extremity 0 a he>? con/ruct$ ( refractory mat]ial1 usually ( brasque--a mixture ( fireclay & coke--well tamp$ d[n4 ,! dim5sions 7 f ab\t #b feet to #b feet #f in*es broad1 #ad feet to #af feet high1 ) two tuy]es ( #a to #b in*es diamet]1 supply+ bla/ at #d to #aj in*es wat] pressure2 ! capacity ( su* a furnace be+ ab\t #d tons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ?is =m ( furnace possess$ arrangem5ts bo? = int]nal or ext]nal settl+ ( ! products1 ! usual practice be+1 h[ev]1 to all[ ! smelt$ mat]ial to collect & settle 9 ! he>?4 ,9 endeav\r+ to increase ! capacity ( ! furnace & ! rapidity ( work+1 z well z to ensure effici5t settl+ ( ! products1 x became necess>y to ma9ta9 a high temp]ature 9 ! l[] p>ts2 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! excessive heat & ! corrosive nature ( ! molt5 mat]ials1 ! mo/ refractory brasqu+ available 0 rapidly attack$1 & ! necessity = adopt+ means to prev5t ! de/ruction ( ! furnace l9+s became app>5t4 ,! use ( wat]-jacket+ = ?is purpose _h long be=e be5 appli$ to c]ta9 bran*es ( ca/-iron ref9+1 & 9 #ahge ! ,piltz wat]-jacket$ bla/ furnace 0 introduc$ = ! smelt+ ( lead ores4 ,?is =m ( furnace 0 circul> 9 horizontal section1 & ! bo%es consi/$ ( two conc5tric %ells betwe5 :i* a /ream ( wat] circulat$4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 quickly adopt$ = ! purposes ( copp] smelt+ furnaces1 al?\gh modifications 7 f\nd to be necess>y 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s be=e p]fectly successful work+ 0 a*iev$4 ,ow+ to ! high] temp]atures prevail+ 9 ! furnace1 ! height to :i* ! wat]-jackets 7 c>ri$ requir$ to be increas$1 & x 0 *iefly :5 ! rectangul> =m ( furnace 0 introduc$ t ! ?or\ghly successful application ( wat]-jacket+ 0 accompli%$4 ,?is feature 9 bla/-furnace "w 0 rapidly & v successfully develop$ by ! ,am]ican copp] smelt]s :5 ! new e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,we/ 7 op5$ up1 & ! sub/itution ( ! old] =m ( l9+ by metallic wat]-cool$ jackets1 :i* 9 comp>ison are practically inde/ructible1 imm$iately l$ to an enorm\s improvem5t 9 smelt+ practice4 ,! mod]n bla/ furnace is ess5tially a wat]-jacket$ %ell f *>g+ floor to base plate1 rectangul> 9 plan1 & completely sectionis$4 ,_m ( ! advantages ( su* a furnace con/ruction are app>5t1 & h be5 ref]r$ to 9 discuss+ ! furnace z a melt+ ag5t4 ,! sali5t features ( ! mod]n wat]-jacket$ furnace are3-- 7i47 ,wat]-jacket$ furnaces are plann$1 con/ruct$1 & erect$ simply & ) ease4 7ii47 ,! fir/ co/ ( ! furnace1 mak+ all[ance = excavation & f\ndations1 is n unfav\rable to ! wat]-jacket$ furnace1 :il/ ! ease ( fitt+ & ! int]*angeability ( p>ts due to section+1 r$uce ! co/s ( erection4 7iii47 ,! conv5i5ce & simplicity 9 op]ation ( ! wat]-jacket$ furnace are v m>k$1 :il/ ! p]man5ce 9 ! %ape t5ds to great] uni=mity ( work+ & to ease ( managem5t4 7iv47 ,accretions & ! g5]al difficulties ( work+ are readily dealt ) & controll$1 b>r+ & o!r op]ations be+ m conv5i5tly conduct$4 7v47 ,! repair+ ( wat]-jacket$ furnaces is r5d]$ v simple1 *eap1 & rapid 9 op]ation1 ! pr9ciple ( sectionis+1 all[+ ( ! ready removal or replacem5t ( ! jackets = repairs2 ! sav+ 9 "t1 lab\r1 & g5]al exp5se be+ p>ticul>ly m>k$4 7vi47 ,! ela/icity ( ! furnace1 bo? z reg>ds size & managem5t1 has be5 enorm\sly increas$1 & ! successful ext5sion & work+ ( ! l>ge mod]n furnaces h only become possible ) ! adoption ( ?is feature4 7vii47 ,wat]-jacket+ has all[$ ( ! rapid driv+ ( furnaces1 lead+ to an enorm\s increase 9 ! output p] squ>e foot ( he>? area1 by p]mitt+ int5se heat+ inside ! furnace1 & rapid )drawal ( ! molt5 products4 ,! *ief consid]ation affect+ ! adoption ( wat]-jacket+ 9 any locality might be ! sc>city or unsuitability ( ! wat] supply1 :i* may necessitate a *oice betwe5 ! employm5t ( brick furnaces1 or ! cru%+1 roa/+ & rev]b]atory treatm5t ( ! ore4 ,9 cases :]e ! wat] supply is n well suit$ = jacket+ purposes1 settl+ or o!r prelim9>y treatm5t ( ! wat] might be requir$4 ,! =m] objection to wat]-jacket+ on ! assumption ( valuable heat be+ c>ri$ away by ! jacket wat]1 ?us involv+ a wa/e ( fuel1 has prov$ to be gr\ndless 9 practice2 ) good managem5t su* heat losses are small] 9 am\nt & less damag+ 9 effect ?an ^? due to radiation f highly heat$ brick walls1 q ap>t f ! actual necessity = su* jacket+ 9 mod]n furnace con/ruction1 ev5 _h su* losses be5 m>k$4 ,b4 ,! ,developm5t 9 ,furnace ,size4--,! bla/ furnace increas$ b sl[ly 9 size dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury up to #ahej1 & ! dim5sions ( ! mo/ advanc$ type did n exce$ #d feet by ab\t #b feet #f incites int]nally at ! tuy]e level1 ! capacity be+ ab\t #d tons p] day4 ,furnaces at ?is p]iod 7 usually squ>e or circul> 9 section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--;,bla/ ,furnaces "u ,con/ruction1 %[+ ,fix+ ( ,jackets1 ,bottom ,plate1 ,me?od ( ,support1 ,section+1 etc4 7,t4 ,e4 ,co474 ,! size ( su* furnaces 0 l>gely dep5d5t on ! p5etrat+ p[] ( ! bla/1 & a slight increase 9 cross-section result$ gradually1 z improvem5ts 9 ! me*anical contrivances = produc+ bla/ 7 develop$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 soon rea*$ a limit1 ow+ to ! difficulties 9 mak+ ! bla/ p5etrate to ! c5tre ( ! *>ge 9 ! wid] furnaces1 & to ! disproportionate co/l9ess & increas$ work+ difficulties att5dant on su* practice4 ,x 0 fur!r f\nd t ! high pressure requir$ 9 ord] to =ce ! bla/ ?r\gh an increas$ wid? ( *>ge produc$ an int5se local heat+ effect aga9/ ! tuy]es1 result+ 9 high slag losses & l[ conc5tration on smelt+1 :il/ ! consumption ( fuel 0 mu* increas$4 ,an important modification 9 bla/-furnace design 0 introduc$ 9 #ahfc1 :5 ! pr9ciple ( increas+ ! size ( ! furnace 9 direction ( its l5g?1 :il/ ma9ta9+ ! wid? :i* _h be5 f\nd be/ suit$ to economical work+1 0 appli$ by ,ra*ette4 ,?is 0 fir/ int5d$ = ! purposes ( lead smelt+1 b ! pr9ciple 0 quickly recognis$ z hav+ important applications to copp] smelt+ practice1 & 0 readily adopt$ & develop$4 ,x has become ! basis ( all subsequ5t mod]n copp] bla/-furnace design1 & ! gradual increase 9 dim5sions up to ! enorm\s bla/ furnaces ) huge outputs ( ! pres5t day has be5 made by ext5d+ ! l5g? :il/ ma9ta9+ a relatively small wid?4 ,= "s "t developm5t proce$$ along ^! l9es sl[ly & ) mu* caution1 *iefly ow+ to ! difficulties anticipat$ 9 ! managem5t ( su* l>ge units4 ,up to #ahhe1 ! l>ge/ bla/ furnace 7at ! ,p>rott ,smelt]1 ,butte7 0 b #h feet long by #cf in*es wide2 by ! ye> #aijj ! dim5sions _h rea*$ #aj feet by #db in*es4 ,subsequ5tly1 "u ! direction ( ! rem>kably ent]pris+ managem5t ( ! ,wa%oe ,smelt] at ,anaconda1 a wond]ful era ( furnace ext5sions 0 comm5c$1 & is inde$1 /ill und]go+ developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--;,developm5t ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace 7,g[l&74 ,"h 9 #aijb1 bla/ furnaces #ae feet long by #ef in*es wide 7 erect$1 ! plant ev5tually consi/+ ( sev5 su* furnaces built 9 a /raight l9e1 & situat$ #ba feet ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,a l>gely augm5t$ ore supply subsequ5tly com+ to ! smelt] = treatm5t1 an increas$ furnace capacity 0 requir$1 = :i* only a v limit$ suitable space 0 available4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,ma!wson1 ! smelt] sup]9t5d5t1 det]m9$ ^u attempt+ ! revolution>y idea ( jo9+ up two ( ! #ae-;foot furnaces by bridg+ ov] ! #ba-;foot space betwe5 !m1 & cont9u+ ! v]tical side wat]-jackets across ?is space1 ?us =m+ a furnace #ae #ba #ae1 or #ea feet 9 l5g?4 ,no "w on su* a l>ge & boldly conceiv$ scale _h ev] be5 attempt$ be=e1 & _m difficulties 9 con/ruction & op]ation 7 anticipat$4 ,ma!wson fir/ conduct$ a s]ies ( con/ructional trials1 & f\nd 9 ! fir/ in/ance t by tak+ suitable precautions1 x w\ld be possible to c>ry out ^! *anges :il/ ! furnaces !mselves 7 runn+4 ,x 0 f\nd t x 0 possible to remove or replace s+le jackets )\t %utt+ d[n ! furnace1 by ! device ( =m+ a cru/ aga9/ su* a jacket1 ( suffici5t ?ickness to be> ! weight ( ! *>ge = ! %ort p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* ! *ange 0 be+ made4 ,su* a cru/ is readily obta9$ by %utt+ (f ! tuy]es 9 ! p>ticul> jacket & 9 its neighb\rs1 & ma9ta9+ a rapid /ream ( cold wat] ?r\gh ^! jackets4 ,fur!r1 x 0 f\nd t any desir$ portion ( ! sides or he>? ( su* a long furnace c\ld be well b>r$ & clean$ :il/ ! re/ ( ! furnace 0 9 op]ation1 :]eas su* b>r+ & clean+ on a small furnace s]i\sly int]rupt$ ! work+1 & r$uc$ ! capacity4 ,! prelim9>y te/s be+ satisfactory1 ! necess>y con/ructional "w 0 c>ri$ out :il/ ! two furnaces 7 9 bla/2 ! inn] end jackets ( ^! furnaces 7 tak5 d[n1 & 9 a %ort "t ! new #ea-;foot furnace 0 9 regul> op]ation1 & prov$ s rem>kably successful t two o!r pairs ( furnaces 7 simil>ly jo9$ up4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a /ill fur!r great ext5sion 0 made by jo9+ up 9 a l mann] ! end #ea-;foot furnace to ! la/ rema9+ #ae-;foot furnace1 by aga9 bridg+ ov] ! int]v5+ #ba-;foot space1 ?us con/ruct+ a furnace ( ! enorm\s l5g? ( #ea #ba #ae1 or #hg feet4 ,x 0 at "o "t int5d$ to c>ry ?is progress /ill fur!r by jo9+ up ! o!r two #ea-;foot furnaces1 s z to make a s+le "o #abc feet 9 l5g?1 b c]ta9 difficulties 9 ! matt] ( br++ coke supplies to ! two sides1 "u ! special conditions ( available floor space1 & ! disa/r\s effects ( ! f9ancial panic ( ,octob]1 #aijg1 /opp$ all ext5sion "w = ! "t4 ,su* ext5sions w\ld h[ev]1 pres5t no real difficulties ei!r 9 con/ruction or 9 subsequ5t furnace managem5t or op]ation4 ,figs4 #ce & #cf indicate 9 plan & elevation ! arrangem5t ( ! plant & accessories = ^! ext5d$ furnaces4 ,ea* #ae-;foot furnace _h its own settl] situat$ 9 front1 & ^! h be5 reta9$ )\t any *ange ( position or any fur!r additions4 ,! he>? ( ! newly bridg$ portion slopes f ! middle ( ! bridge to ! tap-holes ( ! old furnaces1 :i* /ill s]ve ?is purpose = ! l>g] ones1 & f :i* a cont9u\s /ream ( matte & slag fl[s ?r\gh a slag sp\t to ! settl] 9 front4 ,! side wat]-jackets ( ! old furnaces rema91 be+ built up 9 two sets ( panels1 ea* #g feet #f in*es wide1 :il/ ! new bridge portions are con/ruct$ ( ?ree sets ( jackets1 ea* #g feet wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,plan ( #ea-;foot ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 indicat+ ,position ( ,crucibles1 ,sp\ts1 & ,connect+ ,bridge betwe5 ,old ,furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,longitud9al ,section & ,"p ,elevation ( #hg-;foot ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,anaconda1 indicat+ ,crucibles ( ,old ,furnaces1 ,bridge1 & ,jacket+4 ,! furnaces 9 _! l5g!n$ =m h prov$ a trem5d\s success1 f> inde$ beyond ! anticipation ( ! design]s & manag]s4 ,?is is l>gely due 7a7 ,to ! increas$ effici5cy & economy ( replac+ a numb] ( small] furnaces situat$ end to end by a s+le l>ge furnace2 7b7 ,to ! increas$ int5sity ( heat & reactions ow+ to l>ge mass$ quantities ( fuel burn$ at once1 & to l>ge masses ( mat]ial be+ smelt$ & 9 a /ate ( *emical activity4 ,! advantages :i* result f su* l5g!n+ ( bla/ furnaces are3-- 7i47 ,ga9 9 he>? area )\t ext5sion ( ! bla/-furnace floor & build+4 7ii47 ,increase 9 smelt+ or he>? area & 9 consequ5t capacity1 at a rate v mu* sup]ior to ! extra wat]-jacket+ involv$4 ,?us1 9 ! #ea-;foot furnace1 ! capacity has be5 increas$ 9 ! proportion ( #ch to #a1 ! jacket$ surface has increas$ only at ! rate ( #bd to #a4 ,! output has increas$ at a mu* great] spe$ ?an 0 actually anticipat$ f ! additional he>? area4 7iii47 ,a v m>k$ sav+ ( fuel4 ,! am\nt ( coke requir$ = simil> *>ges has be5 r$uc$ by "o-t5?2 m ?an #aa p] c5t4 0 requir$ =m]ly on a *>ge1 only #aj p] c5t4 0 necess>y "u ! new conditions4 7iv47 ,! rapidity ( work+ ( ! furnace has increas$ ow+ to ! effect ( ! n>r[ wid? & small crucible dim5sions z comp>$ ) ! l5g?4 ,?is has caus$ a m rapid fl[ ?r\gh ! furnace slag-holes1 ?us prev5t+ ! =mation ( ob/ructions1 & t5d+ to wa% out any :i* might ?reat5 to /ick4 7v47 ,high] furnace temp]atures result1 & bo? slag & matte are hott] ?an 9 small] furnaces4 ,9 consequ5ce m silice\s slags c be run1 ?us sav+ ! co/ ( ! fluxes :i* might o!rwise be necess>y4 7vi47 ,m>k$ decrease 9 incru/ation4 ,cru/+ is mo/ likely to occur at po9ts :]e ! smelt+ activity is l[e/1 & 9 ! cool] p>ts ( ! furnaces1 su* conditions be+ usually preval5t at ! corn]s1 :]e ! %ape also assi/s 9 ! hold+ up ( mat]ial4 ,cru/+ is "o ( ! *ief tr\bles to be prev5t$ & ov]come 9 op]at+ ! bla/ furnace4 ,! elongat$ furnace ( #hg feet l5g? practically takes ! place ( five %ort] ones1 repres5t+ no less ?an #bj corn]s & #aj end jackets2 ! new furnace ?us r$uces ! opportunities = cru/+ at lea/ five-fold4 ,9 ?is way ! he>? area has be5 v greatly increas$1 ) /ill b two ends to hold cru/s4 ,! long furnace-walls ) _! ends s f> ap>t1 9 addition1 (f] mu* less opportunity = ! =mation ( cru/s ?an d ! side walls ( %ort] furnaces1 accretions obta9 little support1 & (t5 t5d to break d[n "u _! own weight1 :il/ !y c be m readily remov$ by b>r+1 on l[]+ ! height ( ! furnace *>ge = a "t4 7vii47 ,! ela/icity ( ! furnace op]ations has be5 mu* increas$4 ,9 %ort furnaces1 clean+ & b>r+ = ! removal ( ob/ructions1 etc41 necessitate ! %utt+ d[n ( ! unit1 (t5 a complete tak+ d[n ( ! furnace-walls & _! subsequ5t replacem5t1 foll[$ by a re-/>t+ ( ! furnace "w4 ,! ideal 9 mod]n "w is cont9u\s runn+ ( ! unit4 ,! l>g] furnaces all[ ( su* practice1 s9ce !y c be kept 9 op]ation :il/ a p>ticul> portion is und]go+ clean+ or repair4 ,z /at$ above1 ! elongation ( ! furnaces !mselves 0 conduct$ :il/ ! old] #ae-;foot portions 7 work+4 ,leaky or worn-out jackets or sp\ts are readily remov$ )\t s]i\s int]f]5ce ) ! work+ ( ! re/ ( ! furnace1 & ?is op]ation usually requires a few h\rs only4 7viii47 ,! *>ge may be v>i$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! furnace to suit special requirem5ts1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! g5]al op]ations4 ,?us1 suitable additions = ! smelt+ out ( cru/s1 or v>iations 9 ! *>ge to r$uce corrosion ne> ! #ba-;foot bridge1 c be effect$ :il/ ! furnace is runn+ z usual4 7ix47 ,increas$ fl[ ( mat]ial ?r\gh ! settl]s is effect$ )\t decreas+ ! effici5cy ( ! settl+4 ,ea* settl] n[ s]ves #be feet ( furnace-he>? l5g?1 in/ead ( ! #ae feet ( ! small] furnaces1 & 9 spite ( ! m rapid passage ( ! mat]ials1 ! settl+ is actually bett] & ! result+ slag clean]1 ow+ to ! high] temp]atures ( work+ & ! consequ5t great] liquidity ( ! products1 :il/ ! settl] is also hott]4 ,?us ! great] output ( mat]ial has requir$ no extra lab\r or con/ruction on ! tapp+ floor1 ?\gh tapp+s are n[ m frequ5t4 7x47 ,! lab\r co/s p] ton ( furnace capacity are greatly r$uc$1 z are also ! op]at+ & managem5t co/s1 s9ce su* lab\r & control are to a l>ge ext5t dep5d5t on ! numb] ( units compris+ ! plant4 7xi47 ,! initial co/1 p] ton ( furnace capacity1 is also mu* r$uc$4 ,9 ! elongat$ furnace1 ! settl]s h n be5 add$ to1 ! old slag not*es only are requir$ to d duty z be=e1 & ! old] equipm5t = brac+ & truss+ provides = mu* ( t requir$ 9 ! ext5sions :il/ ! orig9al build+ itself s]v$ = ! h\s+ ( ! increas$ furnace area4 7xii47 ,fur!r ext5sion ( ! furnace l5g? is readily possible if desir$4 ,! old] #ae-;feet furnaces _h a smelt+ capacity ( #ef tons p] squ>e foot ( he>? area p] day1 ^? ( #ea feet l5g? smelt on an av]age #fgb tons p] squ>e foot daily1 :il/ ! output ( ! #hg-;foot furnace am\nts to #c1jjj tons ( mat]ial daily1 correspond+ to #c1jjj #hg feet #d feet #h in*es1 or ab\t #ge tons p] squ>e foot ( he>? area4 ,:il/ ?is p>ticul> smelt] is ( c\rse unique 9 ! dim5sions1 equipm5t1 organisation & managem5t ( its plant & ! magnitude ( its op]ations1 & ?\gh at mo/ mod]n smelt]s ! ore supplies & smelt+ conditions d n admit ( ! introduction ( su* enorm\s units2 at ! same "t ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! great advantages ( ! long] =m ( bla/ furnace h _h an important influ5ce on bla/-furnace equipm5t & design g5]ally4 ,! con/ructional details ( ^! l>ge furnaces are1 = ! mo/ "p1 common to all mod]n bla/ furnaces2 x is ma9ly ! size & capacity :i* are exceptional4 ,! usual l5g? adopt$ at smelt]s ) m mode/ output v>ies f ab\t #ae to #be feet1 ) a smelt+ capacity ( f ab\t #djj to #hjj tons p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 dep5d+ naturally on ! work+ conditions4 ,c4 ,! ,practice ( ,ext]nal ,settl+4--,9 connection ) mod]n bla/-furnace practice1 ! feature ( ext]nal settl+ is ( mu* importance1 its adoption hav+ _h a m>k$ influ5ce on3-- 7a7 ,! effici5cy ( sep>ation ( ! smelt$ products1 & ! production ( clean slags4 7b7 ,! output1 & rapidity ( work+ ( ! furnace4 7c7 ,! control & organisation ( ! smelt+ processes4 7a7 ,! function ( ! bla/-furnace plant is ! conc5tration ( ! values into a matte ( correct grade = fur!r treatm5t1 & ! production ( a slag :i* is suffici5tly clean--t is1 free f copp] & o!r values--to all[ ( its be+ dispos$ ( z wa/e1 imm$iately4 ,num]\s factors decide ! copp] cont5ts ( ! slag :i* is economically ! cleane/--! g5]al av]age is ab\t #jbe to #jce p] c5t4 ( copp]4 ,! actual condition ( ! copp] 9 ! slags is a matt] ( "s unc]ta9ty1 & x does n appe> improbable t v small quantities ( sulphides may actually be 9 solution 9 ! silicate slags4 ,! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 fav\rs ! view t mu* ( ! copp] :i* is pres5t exi/s 9 ! =m ( m9ute %ots ( ! matte1 actually held 9 me*anical susp5sion1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! case :5 ! copp] cont5ts exce$ ! limits /at$ above4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x is frequ5tly not$ 9 practice t ! copp] 9 ! slag increases ) ! grade ( ! matte4 ,! "q has be5 review$ by ,l4 ,t4 ,wright :o sugge/s "s actual solubility ( matte-products 9 ! slag4 ,wright's curve indicat+ ! connection betwe5 matte-grade & slag values is reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #cg4 ,?is connection might h[ev]1 possibly result f ! fact t ! individual %ots ( matte are !mselves high] 9 copp] cont5ts1 s9ce x may be assum$ t 9 fairly clean slags practically ! same numb] ( %ots are held up1 ow+ to ! =ces ( capill>y attraction & surface t5sion1 & t ! increas$ d5sity ( ! high] grade mattes w\ld influ5ce b slightly _! d[nw>d settl+ :5 9 su* a f9e /ate ( division4#aa ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--;,copp] ,cont5ts 9 ! ,slags accompany+ ,mattes ( ,v>i\s ,grade4 ,! molt5 products ( ! bla/-furnace op]ation are sep>at$ by ! settl+ ( ! matte & slag "u ! action ( gravity1 & ! production ( ! economically cleane/ slag dep5ds ^u ! fulfilm5t ( ^? conditions :i* all[ ( ! mo/ p]fect d[nw>d settl+ ( ! small p>ticles ( matte4 ,! ?ree ma9 requirem5ts = effici5t settl+1 ap>t f ! composition ( ! slag1 are3-- 7i47 ,suffici5tly high temp]ature4 7ii47 ,opportunities z reg>ds "t1 re/1 & space = quiet settlem5t4 7iii47 ,l>ge masses ( heat$ products4 ,9 ea* ( ^! ess5tials1 ! me?od ( ext]nal settl+1 z n[ conduct$ at mod]n smelt]s1 be/ satisfies ! conditions requir$ = successful "w4 ,! pres5t practice is to make no attempt to conduct settl+ 9 ! bla/ furnace1 b to run ! products ?r\gh & out ( ! furnace ) ! greate/ spe$ atta9able1 & to all[ ! matte & slag suffici5t "t & opportunity to settle & sep>ate 9 "s indep5d5t & ext]nal vessel1 :i* /ores ! matte & all[s ! clean slag to run /raight away to wa/e4 ,! =m] me?od ( inside settl+ gave rise to _m difficulties 9 practice1 b objections 7 urg$ aga9/ ! ext]nal settl]1 to ! effect t heat might be wa/$ by ! ab/raction ( hot mat]ials f ! furnace to an ext]ior vessel1 & t ! settl+ w\ld n be effici5tly conduct$ outside1 z 9 ! v hot int]ior ( ! smelt+ furnace4 ,mod]n practice has prov$ conclusively t bo? objections are gr\ndless4 ,su* heat z is c>ri$ away by ! cont9ual /ream ( molt5 mat]ial c usually be well sp>$ 9 ! mod]n plant1 :i* is driv5 s rapidly t an abundant supply ( exce$+ly hot matte & slag pass ?r\gh to ! settl]1 :il/ ! results ( e-day work+ demon/rate ! effici5cy ( ! ext]nal settl]1 :i* _c be equall$1 f> less surpass$1 by any me?od ( inside settl+1 "u mod]n smelt+ conditions4 ,?\s&s ( tons ( slag pass daily ?r\gh ! settl]s1 clean en\gh to dis*>ge /raight to ! dump1 ! copp] cont5ts r>ely exce$+ #jdj p] c5t4 7b7 ,! mod]n conditions ( rapid work+ & l>ge output r5d] ! use ( ext]nal settl]s practically ess5tial1 ow+ to ! d\ble "w ( smelt+ & sep>at+ be+ no long] conf9$ to "o & ! same vessel4 ,! aim 9 pres5t practice is to ex]cise ! smelt+ function only ( ! furnace1 & to d s to its fulle/ capacity1 smelt+ = matte ( ! desir$ grade z rapidly z possible1 & !re=e runn+ ! products ?r\gh ! furnace 9 a con/ant rapid /ream & all[+ !m to settle quietly outside4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! furnace itself smelts mo/ economically & effici5tly4 ,x w be recall$ t pres5t-day practice involves ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! fluid matte--product 9 ! conv]t]1 s t :il/ ! =m] me?ods ( work+ might h possess$ c]ta9 advantages = ! settl+ & /or+ ( matte 9 ! small furnaces1 & !n tapp+ out & ca/+ into cakes = subsequ5t treatm5t1 su* me?ods h practically no application to mod]n sy/ems ( work+4 ,int]nal settl+ almo/ inv>iably leads to ! accumulation ( debris1 ( *ills & ( any infusible masses ( mat]ial :i* may be produc$ 9 ! furnace1 occasion+ delay 9 ! op]ations1 wa/e & difficulty 9 work+1 & s int]f]+ s]i\sly ) ! spe$ & cont9uity ( ! smelt+1 z well z decreas+ ! output ( ! furnace4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a rapid fl[ ( hot molt5 mat]ial ?r\gh ! furnace n only t5ds to prev5t ?is =mation ( *ills or accretions1 b greatly assi/s 9 ! dissolution or removal ( su* z might be =m$4 ,%\ld ! production or collection ( su* masses be transf]r$ to ! settl] in/ead1 !y are m readily attack$ & rem$i$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! cont9u$ op]ation ( ! furnace4 ,fur!r1 ! nature ( ! he>? :i* w\ld be mo/ satisfactory = int]nal settl+ is n at all suit$ = mod]n smelt+ conditions4 ,! ord9>y wat]-jacket+ w\ld h too m>k$ a cool+ effect on ! he>? = ! mat]ials to rema9 suffici5tly hot & fluid to all[ ( prop] settl+1 :il/ a brasque or simil>ly l9$ he>? suitable = su* settl+ w\ld1 "u ! pres5t conditions ( rapid driv+ & int5se reactions1 be unable to )/& ! highly corrosive & abrasive action to :i* x w\ld be subject1 s t break\ts1 necessitat+ delays & repairs1 w\ld con/antly occur4 ,wat]-jacket+ 9 ?is portion ( ! furnace is inde$ an ess5tial = mod]n conditions1 & consequ5tly rapid driv+ & quiet int]nal settl+ 9 ! same area are q incompatible4 ,! mod]n =e-he>?1 on ! o!r h&1 is accessible & easy ( repair1 & 9 ! ev5t ( any tr\ble occurr+ !re91 ! furnace itself c cont9ue its smelt+ activity to ! full1 s9ce o!r suitable arrangem5ts c readily be made = tempor>ily deal+ ) ! products4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--,wat]-,jacket$ ,bla/ ,furnace 7#dh in*es by #bdj in*es74 ,l[] ,portion1 indicat+ ,air & ,wat] ,connections1 ,bottom ,supports1 ,end ,slag ,sp\ts1 etc4 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co474 7c7 ,! functions ( ! bla/ furnace 9 ! mod]n smelt+ s*eme are p>ticul>ly dep5d5t ^u ! employm5t ( ! ext]nal settl] 9 conjunction ) x4 ,! "w ( ! furnace plant is to produce z rapidly z possible1 a supply ( suitable grade matte = ! conv]t]s2 l>ge quantities ( hot fluid matte mu/ be available at a mom5t's notice1 & su* dem&s are (t5 v erratic1 be+ dep5d5t on ! work+ ( ! conv]t] plant & ! ref9+ furnaces4 ,x is ess5tial to ! successful op]ation ( ! bla/ furnaces t ! manag] %\ld be 9 a position to "w 8 furnace z rapidly & cont9u\sly z possible1 :i* is be/ atta9$ by mak+ ! output indep5d5t ( irregul> tapp+s ( matte j :5 requir$ by ! conv]t] dep>tm5t4 ,! settl]s1 9 ex]cis+ ! function ( res]voirs = matte1 f :i* ! conv]t] dep>tm5t may draw at w1 all[ ( regul>ity ( work+ & rapidity ( output 9 a mann] possible 9 no o!r way4 ,! only alt]native1 us+ int]nal settl+1 w\ld consi/ ( tapp+ out matte at regul> int]vals & ca/+ su* mat]ial :5 x is n imm$iately requir$1 a wa/eful & unnecess>y practice incompatible ) mod]n ideas ( smelt+ "w4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! developm5t ( smelt] plant1 ! use ( rev]b]atory =e-he>?s receiv$ consid]able att5tion1 ! pr9ciple be+ to build a fire-box 9 communication ) ! settl]1 s z to ensure a suffici5t supply ( heat 9 ! vessel = effici5t settl+4 ,mod]n furnaces h[ev]1 usually supply a l>ge en\gh quantity ( v hot & fluid matte & slag z to all[ ( v effici5t sep>ation )\t ! use ( extra heat+1 provid+ ! position & con/ruction ( ! settl] is suitably plann$1 z w be describ$ 9 due c\rse4 ,! ,con/ruction ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace4 ,dim5sions4--,! mod]n bla/ furnace is a long1 n>r[1 wat]-cool$ %ell1 rectangul> 9 plan4 ,! dim5sions1 p>ticul>ly ! l5g?1 v>y greatly1 be+ regulat$ accord+ to ! anticipat$ output ( ! furnace-unit4 ,! size is g5]ally express$ 9 t]ms ( ! int]nal dim5sions at ! tuy]e level1 :i* repres5ts ! smelt+ area4 ,! wid? ( ! mod]n furnace v>ies usually f #dd to #ef in*es1 accord+ to ! bla/ pressure1 me?od & spe$ ( work+1 conc5tration to be effect$1 & s =?4 ,! l5g? 9 _m cases is betwe5 #ae & #be feet1 :5 ! furnace may be conv5i5tly work$ 9 connection ) "o l>ge settl]4 ,! capacity ( su* a unit naturally dep5ds on ! conditions ( work+2 x may be tak5 r\ghly z f #d to #f tons ( mat]ial p] squ>e foot ( he>? area p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,f\ndations4--,! furnaces are built ^u a f\ndation :i* is necess>ily v /rong1 be+ usually ei!r ( solid rock or ( concrete4 ,bottom ,plate4--,! bottom plate ( ! furnace usually c>ries "p ( ! weight ( ! l[] ti] ( wat]-jackets z well z ! furnace burd51 & is support$1 "s di/ance above ! gr\nd1 on screw-jacks leav+ an air-space bel[ ! furnace1 :i* all[s ( conv5i5t access = repairs or adju/m5t4 ,! height ( ! con/ruction is ?us rais$ to a conv5i5t di/ance = adju/m5t to ! dis*>ge to ! settl]s4 ,! bottom plate %\ld consi/ ( sectionis$ wat]-cool$ ca/-iron plates bolt$ toge!r1 ) a ?9 lay] ( brickwork plac$ above1 to protect !m f ! corrosive influ5ces to :i* !y are subject4 ,!re is a slight slope t[>ds ! slag-not*4 ,! actual work+ b$ ( ! furnace is h[ev]1 a *ill$ cru/ ( mat]ial :i* sets on ?is bottom ow+ to radiation bel[1 & :i*1 :5 suitable precautions h be5 tak51 usually adju/s itself naturally :il/ ! furnace is 9 op]ation1 by :at may be t]m$ automatic radiation4 ,?us1 ap>t f ! wat]-cool+ devices1 if ! work+ bottom we>s d[n t[>ds ! metal plates1 ! loss ( heat by radiation ?r\gh ! ?9 lay] ( mat]ial causes a *ill+ effect :i* leads to a ?ick5+ ( ! cru/4 ,%\ld ! cru/ ?ick5 unduly & s ?reat5 to int]f]e ) ! dis*>ge1 ! radiation is decreas$ ow+ to ! ?ickness2 & ! high temp]ature :i* prevails ^u ?is lay] causes a p>tial melt+ s t x gradually becomes ?9n] aga9--?us regulat+ itself = ! mo/ "p automatically4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,tapp+ ,brea/ ( ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,cananea 7see p4 #aci74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--,rivet$ ,/eel ,wat]-,jacket1 %[+ ,tuy]e ,holes & ,wat] ,inlets1 etc4 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,transv]se ,section ?r\gh ,mod]n ,bla/ ,furnace1 %[+ ,arrangem5ts ( ,bo%$ ,l[] ,jackets1 ,upp] ,jackets & ,plates1 ,/ays & ,supports1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,int]ior ( ,anaconda ,bla/ ,furnace1 %[+ ,jacket+1 ,tuy]e ,holes1 & ,bridge4 ,wat]-,jackets4--,! usual height ( ! mod]n furnace1 z reckon$ f tap-hole to *>ge floor1 is r\ghly f #ad or #af feet up to #bj feet1 wat]-jacket$ all ! way4 ,! sides & ends ( ! furnace are con/ruct$ ( sectionis$ wat]-jackets arrang$ horizontally 9 ti]s & v]tically 9 panels4 ,!re are usually two1 occasionally ?ree1 ti]s1 suitably /ay$ & support$4 ,! practice z reg>ds ! %ape & arrangem5t ( ! jackets v>ies greatly4 ,x 0 =m]ly n uncommon to "w ) ?ree ti]s ( jackets = ! sides2 ( ^! ! l[] ti] ext5d$ only f ! sole-plate to ! level ( ! slag-not*1 =m+ practically ! crucible jackets1 ! height v>y+ f #b feet #f in*es to #d feet4 ,^! 7 mo/ us$ :5 ! dis*>ge to ! settl] 0 situat$ at ! side wall ( ! furnace4 ,above ^! jackets 0 situat$ ! second ti] ?r\gh :i* ! tuy]es pass$2 ^! build up ! bo%es ( ! furnace1 & are t]m$ ! 8bo%0 or 8tuy]e0 jackets4 ,9 mo/ mod]n furnaces ^! two ti]s ( l[] jackets are replac$ by "o set ( panels ( f #g to #aj feet 9 height1 ! jackets be+ giv5 a slight slope t[>ds ea* o!r at ! bottom1 s z to =m a v small bo% angle2 ! contraction is ab\t #h in*es4 ,?is improvem5t does away ) a good deal ( ! jo9t+ o!rwise necess>y ne> ! hotte/ p>ts ( ! furnace1 & ?us less5s ! dang] ( leakage at ^! po9ts4 ,! wat]-cool$ brea/-plate conta9+ ! op5+ = ! escape ( ! products is n[ put 9 position z a sep>ate piece1 well secur$ to ! re/ ( ! jacket+ 7,fig4 #ci74 ,above ! l[] ti] ( jackets is plac$ ! upp] s]ies1 (t5 f #g to #i feet 9 height1 :i* c>ries ! walls ( ! furnace up to )9 a few feet ( ! *>g+ plat=m4 ,^! jackets are p>allel1 & no bo% is giv5 7see ,fig4 #da74 ,! end jackets are usually built 9 two ti]s only1 ! upp]1 #g feet to #g feet #f in*es1 z a rule1 & ! l[]1 #h feet to #i feet #f in*es1 accord+ to circum/ances2 9 ! small] furnaces ! end wall may sometimes consi/ ( a s+le jacket only4 ,!y are v]tical1 no end bo% be+ all[$4 ,! end jackets are ea* s+le panels1 :il/ ! side walls are built up 9 panel sections1 ! wid? ( :i* v>y1 b are (t5 #g feet to #g feet #f in*es wide1 ! panels be+ bolt$ or clamp$ toge!r & /rongly /ay$4 ,! wat]-jackets are con/ruct$ ( flang$ /eel plate1 ! inn] sides ( :i* are #e_/af to in* ?ick1 ! outside to #e_/af in*4 ,! seams are flang$ outw>ds1 s z to prev5t jo9ts1 etc41 be+ expos$ to ! inside ( ! furnace4 ,! wat] space betwe5 ! two plates ( ! jacket is f #c to #d in*es4 ,x is usual to support ! weight ( ^! jackets on ,i-beams c>ri$ by ! upright columns2 v /rong brac+ & tie+ is also necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t ! side walls f bulg+ by ! great pressure to :i* !y are subject$4 ,9 ord] to protect ! jackets !mselves f buckl+ by ! =ces act+ ^u !m1 !y are /r5g!n$ inside ! wat] space by a s]ies ( 8 b&s1 :i* run v]tically d[nw>ds betwe5 ! plates1 & are rivett$ to ! out] side--?is device is f\nd n to int]f]e unduly ) ! prop] circulation ( ! wat]4 ,leakage betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! sep>ate jackets is prev5t$ by asbe/os pack+4 ,9 spite ( ! /rong b9d+ & brac+ ( ! walls 9 ?is mann]1 ! connections are s devis$ z to all[ ( _! be+ unfa/5$ v easily1 s t jackets may be readily disconnect$ & tak5 d[n :5 x becomes necess>y to d s4 ,arrangem5ts = ! wat] supply to ! jackets v>y consid]ably4 ,9 localities :]e a pl5tiful supply is available1 ea* jacket has its indep5d5t outlet & inlet pipes2 9 o!r cases x is common to arrange an indep5d5t fe$ to ea* set ( panels1 wat] be+ suppli$ fir/ to ! jackets ( ! l[] ti]1 & be+ dis*>g$ f !m to ! jackets situat$ above4 ,! supply pipes = ! v>i\s jackets bran* f wat] ma9 pipes runn+ at ! sides ( ! furnace4 ,! tuy]e or bo% jackets are pi]c$ horizontally at int]vals ( ab\t #a foot1 ) a l9e ( #e-to #g-;in* holes = ! fitt+ 9 ( ! tuy]e pieces4 ,^! are =m$ ( /eel ?imbles1 ( -in* metal1 :i* h a slight tap]1 fitt+ secur$ aga9/ ! inn] plate & rivett$ to ! out] "o1 ?us all[+ ( ready replacem5t :5 necess>y 7see also ,fig4 #dj74 ,above ! side jackets ( ! furnace !re is usually a heavy mantel-plate1 #b feet to #b feet #f in*es high1 ) a slop+ front1 & surm\nt+ ?is are apron plates1 #a foot #f in*es to #b feet high1 incl9$ at #de1 con/itut+ a hopp] :i* directs ! *>ge t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! furnace 9 su* a way z to keep ! f9es ne>] to ! middle l9e1 & ?us leave ! sides ( ! *>ge m op51 9 ord] to ensure m regul> work+4 ,sup]/ructure4--,! jacket+1 toge!r ) ! apron & mantel plates c>ry ! /ructure up to ! *>g+ floor4 ,above ?is is ! sup]/ructure ) ! arrangem5ts = tak+ (f ! furnace gases1 & = ! fe$+ ( mat]ial = ! *>ge4 ,9 _m cases ! g5]al practice /ill prevails ( con/ruct+ ! walls ( ?is portion ( brickwork1 (t5 ab\t #ad feet high1 surm\nt+ ?is ) a hood ( metal f ! top or sides ( :i* l>ge (f-takes c>ry ! furnace gases to ! du/ *amb]s1 & !nce to ! flue sy/em & /ack4 ,modifications 9 ! design ( ! bla/-furnace sup]/ructure h be51 h[ev]1 9 c\rse ( progress at _m works1 p>ticul>ly 9 connection ) ! employm5t ( automatic or me*anical *>g+ appliances & ! tak+-(f ( ! gases bel[ ! fe$-floor level4 ,?is is specially ! case at plants op]at+ ! pyritic process & :]e ! gases are to be utilis$ = acid manufacture1 z well z 9 connection ) ! treatm5t ( smelt] fume4 ,sev]al furnaces are also at "w us+ ei!r metallic wat]-cool$ or air-cool$ tops1 f :i* ! removal ( accretions is /at$ to be v readily effect$4 ,"s ( ! mo/ rec5t developm5ts 9 ! design ( bla/-furnace sup]/ructure h be5 describ$ by ,emmons 9 review+ ! exp]im5ts at ! ,copp]hill ,smelt]1 ,t5nessee4 ,! gases "h are us$ = acid-mak+1 & are s5t to ,glov] t[]s "u "s pressure4 ,! furnace top consi/s ( ca/-iron corn]-po/s & divid]s1 ! walls & ends laid up ) brickwork1 surm\nt$ by a tubul> top ( ! ,%elby type f :i* ! gas (f-takes lead4 ,! horizontally pivot$ doors op5 inw>ds & fit tightly4 ,^! arrangem5ts are /at$ to be v satisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,%[+ ,upp] ,jackets1 ,apron & ,mantel ,plates1 & ,sup]/ructure ( ,bla/ ,furnace1 ,anaconda4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4--;,*>g+ ,bla/ ,furnaces at ,anaconda4 ,! *>g+ plat=m1 suitably support$ on v]tical columns1 runs at ! upp] level1 be+ provid$1 on ei!r side ( ! furnace1 ) tracks ( rails = ! *>ge c>s4 ,! *>g+ doors usually correspond 9 position to ! panels ( wat]-jackets1 & are situat$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ea* side furnace-wall1 ! bottom ( ! *>g+ op5+ be+ flu% ) ! floor4 ,!y are g5]ally mov$ up & d[n 9 ! groov$ guides ( ! upright columns betwe5 !m1 & are ( %eet /eel suitably /r5g!n$1 f #f to #g feet wide & #d feet #f in*es to ab\t #e feet high1 support$ by wire-rope & *a9s1 & op]at$ by compress$ air cyl9d]s4 ,! ,air ,supply to ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! quantity ( air requir$ by ! bla/ furnace v>ies v widely ) ! class ( "w1 rapidity ( output1 "* ( *>ge1 & g5]al smelt+ conditions4 ,x may be /at$ r\ghly z be+ f #cjj to #ejj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute p] squ>e foot ( he>? area1 at a pressure ( ab\t #dj to #ej ozs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! rot>y bl[] ( ! ,roots or ,conn]sville type is v well suit$ = ! supply ( ^! enorm\s quantities ( air at mod]ate pressures1 b = bla/ at high] pressures ! air leakage becomes excessive1 & pi/on-driv5 bl[+ eng9es become almo/ a necessity4 ,su* improvem5ts h1 h[ev]1 be5 made 9 rot>y-bl[+ appliances )9 rec5t ye>s t mo/ bla/-furnace plants are equipp$ ) bl[]s ( ! rot>y type1 :i* are f\nd highly satisfactory4 ,! air is br\ght along bla/ ma9s ( consid]able size--ab\t #cj in*es diamet]--to ! furnace build+1 !nce to ! bu/le pipes ( #bd in*es diamet]1 :i* surr\nd ! furnace1 f :i* bran* (f ! pipe connections 7#e or #f in*es diamet]7 = ! tuy]es4 ,! practice ( equipp+ ea* furnace ) its own bl[+ unit is fairly g5]al1 mak+ ! necess>y res]ve connections 9 case ( tempor>y breakd[n2 _m smelt]s1 h[ev]1 adopt ! sy/em ( deliv]+ ! air f all ! eng9es into "o l>ge common air ma91 mak+ ! necess>y connections f ?is to ea* sep>ate furnace4 ,! importance ( avoid+ leakages is recognis$1 & ! requisite valves = regulat+ & controll+ ! air supply are arrang$ =4 ,f ! bu/le pipe ! air passes d[n ! pipe connections :i* are atta*$ by flang$ jo9ts1 !nce to ! tuy]e pipes1 :i* are ( ca/-iron1 ! bla/ be+ regulat$ by valves4 ,! actual =m ( tuy]e employ$ v>ies consid]ably1 ea* smelt] usually hav+ its own special devices = ! conv5i5ce ( repair1 r5ewal1 & fix+1 z well z = valve regulation & pun*+4 ,! tuy]e is held aga9/ ! face ( ! jackets by bolts1 leakages be+ prev5t$ by asbe/os pack+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4--;,bla/-,furnace ,%ell1 ) ,air ,connections 7,p4 ,m4 ,m4 ,co474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4--;,details ( ,tuy]e1 ,cananea ,bla/ ,furnace4 ,! tuy]es are usually #d to #e in*es 9 diamet]1 & are g5]ally plac$ ab\t #ab in*es ap>t4 ,air is suppli$ only ?r\gh ! side jackets1 & n at ! ends ( ! furnace4 ,heat+ ! ,air ,bla/4--,! advisability ( heat+ ! air-supply = copp] bla/-furnace smelt+ has be5 ! subject ( v consid]able discussion1 ! "q requir+ consid]ation bo? ) respect to its influ5ce on ! rationale ( ! smelt+ op]ation z well z f ! economic /&po9t4 ,! matt] is dealt ) m fully 9 connection ) pyritic practice1 f :i* po9t ( view ,pet]s has review$ ! subject exhau/ively4 ,x may be "h /at$ t !re appe>s to be no advantage 9 preheat+ ! air :5 ! true pyritic process is op]at$1 & actual trial has result$ 9 ! rejection ( ! me?od at ! smelt]s practis+ ?is "w4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 coke fuel to any consid]able ext5t is employ$ on ! *>ge1 a supply ( heat$ air ?r\gh ! tuy]es may result 9 an increas$ rapidity ( smelt+1 z well z 9 ! production ( hott] & m fluid slags4 ,especially 9 p>tial pyritic smelt+ & m p>ticul>ly :5 work+ *>ges :i* conta9 b little sulphide & :]e ! employm5t ( mu* coke is n advantage\s1 ! use ( preheat$ bla/ may be economically v useful4 ,9 su* cases1 ! heat production 9 ! furnace is n s fundam5tally b\nd up ) ! !rmo-*emical reactions ( slag =mation z x is 9 true pyritic smelt+1 & !re=e ! enhanc$ int5sity ( combu/ion ( coke-fuel at ! tuy]e-zone by ! use ( hot air may ex]t an important influ5ce 9 improv+ ! furnace op]ation & 9 decreas+ ! am\nt ( coke-fuel requir$4 ,9 _m su* in/ances inde$ x has be5 *iefly ! economic factor ) ref]5ce to ! co/ ( in/all+ & op]at+ suitable devices = w>m+ ! air-supply :i* has det]m9$ ! "q ( adopt+ ?is sy/em4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! use ( a supply ( heat$ air causes a l>gely increas$ calorific int5sity f ! combu/ion ( coke1 result+ 9 high] temp]ature at ! tuy]e-zone1 "u :i* circum/ances ! *>ge mat]ials are smelt$ m rapidly1 & ! result+ products are m fluid1 :il/ slags ( high] silica cont5t 7sometimes economically advisable7 c be conv5i5tly work$ )4 ,! devices employ$ = ! preheat+ ( ! bla/ v>y consid]ably--*eapness1 capacity1 simplicity 9 design & op]ation be+ ! ma9 ess5tials4 ,! utilisation ( ! wa/e heat f ! smelt+ furnaces or products w\ld sugge/ itself z an economical me?od = accompli%+ ! w>m+ ( ! bla/1 b 9 practice sev]al difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 effici5tly mak+ use ( ?is heat4 ,heat is available f two s\rces1 ei!r f ! furnace gases or f ! hot slag4 ,! v successful op]ation 9 ca/-iron smelt+1 ( hot-bla/ /oves work$ by ! 8wa/e gases10 _c1 h[ev]1 be appli$ to copp] bla/-furnace smelt+1 s9ce ! gases 9 ?is case d n possess simil> calorific value ow+ to ! small proportions ( c>bon monoxide pres5t4 ,fur!r1 ! temp]ature ( ^! gases is n suffici5tly high to all[ ( ! effective application ( ! reg5]ative pr9ciple us+ brickwork *amb]s4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! use ( metal pipe-/oves (f]s ! only me?od ( utilis+ ! heat+ values ( ! furnace gases1 b _! comp>atively l[ temp]ature does n af=d suffici5t heat = ! w>m+ ( ! l>ge quantities ( air :i* are requir$ at ! tuy]es4 ,! mu* high] temp]ature ( ! rev]b]atory furnace gases (f]s1 h[ev]1 mu* great] scope = _! utilisation 9 ?is respect1 if bo? classes ( furnace happ5 to be 9 op]ation at ! plant & if !y are conv5i5tly situat$ = ! purpose4 ,at sev]al smelt]s1 bla/ furnaces h be5 equipp$ ) hot-bla/ 8tops0 = ! purpose ( preheat+ ! air supply1 ! air-heat+ pipes be+ expos$ to ! gases 9 ! upp] portions ( ! furnace4 ,! ,gir\x bla/-heat+ device has be5 in/all$ on furnaces at smelt]s 9 ,mexico & ,arizona1 :il/ at o!rs 9 ! same localities1 ! ,mit*ell sy/em ( baffle passages has be5 successfully us$4 ,! ,kiddie sy/em ( runn+ ! bla/ pipes ?r\gh ! du/ *amb]s has be5 tri$ at ,tyee1 ,b4,c4 ,! advantages ( ?us utilis+ ! heat ( wa/e gases h g5]ally1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd to be m ?an balanc$ by ! extra co/s involv$4 ,ef=ts h be5 made to use ! heat conta9$ 9 molt5 slag = w>m+ ! air1 b ow+ to ! l[ conduct+ p[] ( ^! mat]ials1 & ! difficulty ( br++ ext5d$ surfaces 9 close contact1 ! me?od has n prov$ itself v effici5t4 ,bla/ is occasionally w>m$ by pass+ ! air ?r\gh tunnels 9 :i* bogies ( molt5 slag are all[$ to rema9 = "s "t4 ,:5 me?ods ( utilis+ wa/e heat f ! furnace products fail1 ! fuel-heat$ iron pipe-/ove is g5]ally employ$4 ,s9ce ! temp]atures requir$ are comp>atively l[1 & ! m>g9 ( pr(it involv$ by ! use ( hot bla/ is usually small1 ! use ( ! *eape/ class ( fuel available is imp]ative2 b _m classes ( fuel unsuitable = o!r purposes may f9d useful application = ?is "w4 ,! /ove is ( ! usual %ape3 alt]nat+ up-d[n pipe ca/-iron pipe =m1 design$ to give ! maximum expos+ surface1 suitably /r5g!n$ & protect$ f direct action ( ! fire4 ,mu* valuable in=mation on ! advantages1 disadvantages1 & appliances = bla/ heat+ 0 af=d$ by ! smelt]m5 :o contribut$ to ! symposium on 8,pyrite ,smelt+10 :i* ,rick>d edit$ = ! ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,ref]5ces4 ,ma!wson1 ,e4 ,p41 8,! ,developm5t ( ! ,mod]n ,bla/ ,furnace40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,may #bg1 #aiaa1 p4 #ajeg4 ,wright1 ,lewis ,t41 8,metal ,losses 9 ,copp] ,slags40 ,bullet9 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aiji1 ,sept41 ,no4 #cc1 p4 #hag4 ,%elby1 ,geo4 ,f41 8,cananea ,bla/ ,furnaces40 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,april #be?1 #aijh4 ,emmons1 ,n4 ,h41 8,copp] ,bla/-,furnace ,tops40 ,bullet9 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 ,feb41 #aiaa1 p4 #aai4 8,heat+ ,bla/40 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,june #af & ,sept4 #ae & #bi1 #aijf4 8,pyrite ,smelt+10 ,t4 ,a4 ,rick>d4 ,also ! ,au?ors already ref]r$ to1 ,au/9 7p4 #hj71 ,g[l& 7p4 #ag71 ,pet]s 7p4 #hj74 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,mod]n ,,bla/-,,furnace ,,practice 7,cont9u$74 ,*>ge ,calculations -- ,*>g+ -- ,work+ -- ,disposal ( ,products -- ,pyritic ,smelt+ -- ,sulphuric ,acid ,manufacture f ,smelt] ,gases4 ,*>ge ,calculations4--,mod]n practice aims at ! production ( a matte ( conv]t] grade1 conta9+ usually f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & pref]ably 9 a s+le smelt+ op]ation2 except 9 true pyritic "w4#ab ,full analysis ( ! :ole supply ( mat]ial available at ! smelt] is ess5tial1 z well z a report on ! quantities ( ea* sep>ate con/itu5t4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! *>ge-calculation is ! computation ( ! total weights ( copp]1 iron1 & sulphur available = ! smelt+ campaign2 f ^! quantities ! losses ( copp] & sulphur to be all[$ = dur+ ! op]ation itself1 z bas$ on previ\s exp]i5ce1 are d$uct$4 ,! balance indicates ! quantities ( ^! elem5ts f :i* ! matte & slag c be produc$4 ,! copp] is trans=m$ into matte1 9 :i* product x may be reg>d$ z exi/+ 9 ! =m ( copp] sulphide1 ,cu#b,s1 & ! sulphur requir$ = ?is comb9ation ) ! copp] is calculat$ f ! relation-- ,cu#b,s ,cu#b 3 ,s 33 #b #fce 3 #cb 33 #abg 3 #cb 33 #d 3 #a approximately4 ,?us e unit ( copp] comb9es ) "o-qu>t] ( its own weight ( sulphur4 ,a matte ( conv]t] grade conta9+1 say1 #dd p] c5t4 ( copp] is con/itut$ z foll[s3--,copp]1 #dd p] c5t4 sulphur1 #aa p] c5t41 or copp] sulphide1 #ee p] c5t41 ! rema9+ portion ( ! matte be+ iron sulphide1 :i* am\nts to #ajj #ee1 or #de p] c5t4 ,assum+ z a fir/ approximation t ?is iron sulphide has ! =mula ,fe,s1#ac ! proportions ( iron to sulphur 9 ?is mat]ial are ,fe 3 ,s 33 #ef 3 #cb 33 #g 3 #d h5ce #g_/aa ( ! rema9+ #de p] c5t4 ( ! matte is iron & #d_/aa is sulphur--t is1 ! matte conta9s 9 addition1 iron #bh p>ts1 sulphur #ag p>ts4 ,h5ce ! composition ( ! conv]t] matte is approximately--,copp] #dd p>ts1 iron #bh p>ts1 & sulphur #aa #ag #bh p>ts4 ,! am\nt ( copp] = ! matte is fix$ by ! available ore supply2 ! quantity ( sulphur is controll$ by ! furnace op]ation & *>ges1 z judg$ f previ\s exp]i5ce--! oxidation be+ s regulat$ t ! prop] grade ( matte is produc$4 ,! iron requir$ = ! matte is next consid]$4 ,e #dd p>ts ( copp] require #bh p>ts ( iron = ! production ( a matte ( ! correct grade4 ,if ! quantity ( iron 9 ! mat]ials available at ! /ock-b9s be n suffici5t to furni% ! am\nt requir$1 z j calculat$1 f]rug9\s mat]ial mu/ be add$ z flux1 if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is a sup]abundance ( iron available 9 ! *>ges = ?is purpose1 ! excess mu/ be flux$ (f4 ,9 ?is mann] ! am\nts ( ! con/itu5ts = ! matte production are det]m9$1 & ! composition & mak+ up ( ! slag-=m+ con/itu5ts are next consid]$4 ,9 ?is connection ! local conditions ) respect to proximity & co/ ( suitable flux1 z well z exp]i5ce ) ! previ\s work+ ( ! furnace & ore *>ges are important factors 9 det]m9+ ! type & composition ( ! slag to be made1 :il/ 9 true pyritic practice ! special conditions ( work+ fix c]ta9 limits to ! composition ( ! slag1 z w be indicat$ lat]--! pyritic furnace 8t5d+ to make its own slag40 ,9 p>tial pyritic smelt+1 ! coke all[ance & ! furnace conditions all[ ( fairly wide latitude 9 mak+ up ! *>ges = ! production ( suitable slags ) :i* ! furnace c deal effici5tly1 s9ce ! heat production is n dep5d5t on ! =mation ( any p>ticul> slag4 ,x is always possible to add extra coke = ! purpose ( melt+ ! slag desir$4 ,! sci5tific pr9ciple gov]n+ ! calculations = slag composition is ! prop] proportion+ ( acid & basic con/itu5ts4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! oxyg5 ratio--i4e41 ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! acid con/itu5ts comp>$ ) t 9 ! bases4 ,) ! d\btful exception ( alum9a 9 c]ta9 cases1 silica con/itutes ! entire acid portion ( mo/ copp]-smelt+ slags4 ,! requirem5ts = a satisfactory slag are t x %all be-- 7a7 ,fusible at ! temp]ature ( furnace work+4 7b7 ,fluid & run easily4 7c7 ,( suffici5tly l[ specific gravity z w all[ ( good settl+ & sep>ation ( ! matte or metallic products4 ,x is well kn[n t )9 c]ta9 broad limits ( silica cont5t1 slags w fulfil ^! conditions to a great] or less ext5t1 :il/ ! mo/ suitable & economic slag "u any p>ticul> circum/ances is decid$1 z /at$ above1 by ! composition ( ! *>ge1 ! quantity & "* ( ! available fluxes1 & ! previ\s exp]i5ce ) ! furnace4 ,! limits ( ! silica cont5t = suitable slags z j indicat$ are fix$ by sev]al well-kn[n g5]al prop]ties ( ! silicates4 ,speak+ broadly1 & f ! po9t ( view ( ! m or less f]rug9\s silicates con/itut+ copp]-smelt+ slags1 ! m basic silicates--su* z ! subsilicate class 7oxyg5 9 acid 3 oxyg5 9 base #a 3 #a7--;are g5]ally *>act]is$ by high =mation-temp]ature1 & by be+ v fluid1 ?9 & fi]y1 d5se & corrosive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m acid silicates1 su* z ^? ( ! multi-silicate class 7oxyg5 9 acid 3 oxyg5 9 base #b 3 #a7 are *>act]is$ by l[] =mation-temp]ature & l[ d5sity1 & by be+ ?ick & visc\s4 ,z ! silica cont5t )9 ?is range ( silicates increases1 ! melt+ po9t is l[]$ & ! specific gravity is r$uc$1 features :i* are v advantage\s f ! po9t ( view ( ! production ( clean slags4 ,_! fluidity1 h[ev]1 decreases1 & a v high temp]ature is ?us requir$ 9 ord] to r5d] !m suffici5tly limpid to run freely f ! furnace4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! highe/ proportions ( silica usually consid]$ feasible 9 a slag1 correspond to ! bisilicates ( ! repres5tative composition1 ,,mo4 ,si,o#b4 ,) high temp]ature conditions 9 ! furnace & rapid work+1 su* slags c be dealt ) successfully1 & if ! *>ges are necess>ily highly silice\s1 x may be advantage\s f ! economic po9t ( view to "w ) ?is class ( slag4 ,9 proportion z ! silica cont5t gradually decreases & z !y become m basic1 ! silicates are m & m corrosive & fi]y1 & especially 9 ! case ( ! iron silicates1 !y gradually atta9 su* a high specific gravity t effici5t settl+ ( ! matte is n possible4 ,9 addition1 ! m basic ! silicate ! great] is its dissolv+ p[] = sulphides1 h5ce high copp] losses 9 ! slags result f ^! comb9$ causes4 ,su* basic silicates possess1 h[ev]1 ! advantage ( m>k$ liquidity1 & ( fl[+ f ! furnace 9 a ?9 limpid /ream4 ,! high d5sity & ! solv5t p[] ( basic slags ?us fix a limit to ! composition :i* is consid]$ economically suitable1 & ! l[e/ proportions ( silica usually work$ ) correspond to ! mono-silicates repres5t$ by ! =mula #b,,mo4 ,si,o#b4 ,slags conta9+ a great] proportion ( base 7usually iron7 possess too high a d5sity to p]mit ( clean settl+4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 ! majority ( slags are mix$ silicates ( a composition rang+ betwe5 ! limpid b some:at d5se mono-silicate & ! light] b m visc\s bisilicate1 correspond+ to silica cont5ts ( f #cj to #dh p] c5t4 ( silica1 & )9 ! limits ( #ce to #de p] c5t4 ( silica mo/ copp] bla/-furnace slags w be f\nd4 ,! composition r\ghly corresponds 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases to t ( ! sesqui-silicates ( ! g5]al =mula #d,,mo4 #c,si,o#b 7oxyg5 9 base 3 oxyg5 9 acid 33 #d 3 #f 33 #a 3 #a74 ,z is well kn[n1 mix$ silicates--i4e41 silicates ( two or m bases--are g5]ally *>act]is$ by ! prop]ties ( increas$ fusibility1 & (t5 ( increas$ fluidity1 & _! employm5t is usual & g5]ally advantage\s 9 smelt+ practice4 ,! relative proportion betwe5 ! v>i\s bases 9 su* mix$ silicates is l>gely a matt] dep5d+ ^u ! prevail+ conditions at ! smelt]4 ,9 mod]n smelt+1 p>ticul>ly :]e p>tial pyritic "w is conduct$1 & :]e fairly silice\s *>ges are work$1 a slag runn+ ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ,si,o#b is aim$ =1 iron & e>? oxides con/itut+ ! rema9+ #fj p] c5t4 or s4 ,9 cases :]e ?is quantity ( iron is pres5t 9 ! *>ge1 ! slag may be con/itut$ *iefly ( iron silicate1 b ev5 9 su* in/ances ! advantages ( lime additions are m>k$4 ,:5 iron is n available 9 suffici5t quantity1 ! extra fuel co/s & work+ difficulties ( runn+ ) m silice\s slags w\ld r5d] _! production undesirable1 & ! pur*ase ( lime/one or simil> e>?y flux is p>ticul>ly advantage\s4 ,! purely iron silicates are usually d5se1 & ?us t5d to hold up copp] values bo? 9 me*anical susp5sion z well z 9 solution2 ! addition ( lime1 :i* has a m>k$ effect 9 r$uc+ ! specific gravity1 p]mits ( m basic slags be+ work$ )1 :]e necess>y1 )\t su* heavy losses 9 ! slag4 ,! pres5ce ( lime silicate ) ! iron silicates has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! fluidity ( ! slags1 ev5 :5 !y are m highly silice\s1 :il/ on acc\nt ( ! l[] atomic weight ( calcium1 lime w1 weight = weight1 flux (f a great] quantity ( silica ?an w f]r\s oxide4 ,9 =m+ a slag ( simil> oxyg5 ratio1 ?us-- ,mono-silicate ( lime1 #b;,ca,o 4 ,si,o#b1 ,lime 3 silica 33 #aab to #fj1 or #a "p to #jed "p4 ,mono-silicate ( iron1 #b;,fe,o 4 ,si,o#b1 ,iron oxide 3 silica 33 #add to #fj1 or #a "p to #jdb "p2 h5ce = ! production ( a slag ( ! same oxyg5 ratio1 less weight ( lime w\ld be requir$ to flux (f ! same weight ( silica2 9 o!r words1 ! replac+ values ( ! two oxides are z #aab to #add1 or #g to #i4 ,( ! o!r bases :i* are occasionally pres5t 9 slags1 ! proportions ( ! oxides ( magnesium & z9c are sometimes consid]able1 ! calculations be+ analog\s to ! previ\s cases4 ,! case ( alum9a is anomal\s1 & its behavi\r 9 slag production is n def9itely und]/ood4 ,_m exp]i5c$ work]s hold ! view t x t5ds to act ei!r z acid or base1 accord+ to ! proportions ( silica4 ,?us1 9 a v silice\s slag1 alum9a 9 mod]ate quantity behaves z a basic oxide1 =m+ alum9ium silicates1 & 9 v basic or l[ silica slags ! alum9a appe>s ei!r to neutralise "s ( ! excess base1 act+ z an acidic oxide1 or to dissolve z su* 9 ! slag1 :il/ 9 int]m$iate cases x possibly behaves p>tly z an acid & p>tly z base4 ,?is view has rec5tly be5 que/ion$1 & x has be5 sugge/$ by ,%elby t alum9a always acts z an acid 9 ! =mation ( slags4 ,! matt] is ?us "o :i* requires fur!r consid]able inve/igation4 ,usually nei!r alum9a nor z9c oxide behave v satisfactorily 9 ! furnace :5 pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 t5d+ to ?ick5 ! slags & to promote viscosity4 ,anaconda ,practice 9 ,*>ge ,calculations4--,an example ( "s ( ! practical consid]ations :i* ent] into ! calculation & mak+ up ( *>ges is well illu/rat$ 9 c]ta9 p>ticul>s ( ! practice z conduct$ at ,anaconda4 ,details ( ! mat]ials *>g$ ov] a p]iod ( "o mon? are indicat$ 9 ,table ,x4 ,! important *>ge con/itu5ts available 9 l>ge quantity include3-- ,cu4 ,si,o#b4 ,fe7,o74 ,s4 ,fir/-class smelt+ ore1 #hf #edj #acf #adj ,conc5trates1 #aji #bfj #cbj #cbj ,briquettes1 #ej #ejj #acj #acj ,lime-rock 7flux71 44 44 44 44 ,old conv]t] slags & residues1 44 44 44 44 ,,table ,x4--,,bla/-,,furnace ,,*>ge ,,calculations--,,total ,,*>ge1 ,,all ,,furnaces4 ,tons ( ,si,o#b4 ,fe,o4 ,ca,o4 ,*>ge4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,fir/-class ore1 #bh1fdfebhjae1abeadij #d1bfh #jej #adc ,second-class ore1 #a1iacecej #a1jbcaegi #cjj #jfj #aa ,l9+ ore1 #ebhcga #dd #daf #b #jfg #a ,b4 & ,b4 slag1 #f1ffgceih #b1ciidgbg #c1aeb #aaa #gd ,b4 & ,m4 slag1 #dhadbib #bjfdbad #bjc #jab #a ,precipitates1 #ccc #hjj #bgabdj #db 44 44 ,precipitates f old works1 #da #bgj #aaedj #f 44 44 ,slimes f old works1 #aieffj #aafej #a #jhj 44 ,co>se conc5trates1 #ad1jhcbebg #c1eehcbif #d1fdb #jde #fc ,calc9e be>+s1 #bcb #iej #bbegjj #acb #jhj #b ,briquettes1 #bg1efjdhggac1ddaaeaf #d1agg #jfe #agi ,rev]b]atory matte1 #adf #dcj #fcgej #ee #jhj #a ,rev]b]atory slag1 #fhgdcaj #bifcifj #bgb #djj #bg ,conv]t] cold matte1 #eebacfj #gebiej #afc #dij #bg ,conv]t] slag1 #i1iiicacj #c1abieeij #e1ehi #jgj #gj ,conv]t] clean+s1 #g1hiacjec #b1dcgcfee #b1iag #jgi #fd ,lime-rock1 #fa1gid #fij #d1bfd #jej #cjidhhjcj1aee ,coke1 #ah1gffbce tons1 at #ad4ba p] c5t4 a%1 #b1ffgdebh #a1bjhabba #cbf #fca #afh ,total *>ge1 #afc1hecbhhedg1bgbafbabf1eefahiacj1ihf ,total production1 #ah1ddg #fch #a1aiabicf #e1dhf #aeg #bic ,to slag1 44 44 #df1jha 44 #ba1jga 44 #cj1fic ,tons ( ,sulphur4 ,copp]4 ,*>ge4 ,tons4 ,p\nds4 ,fir/-class ore1 #bh1fdfaeej #d1ddj #ffda #c1hjd1eee ,second-class ore1 #a1iacadfj #bgi #edgf #bji1ddg ,l9+ ore1 #eb #ade #a #chcd #c1ihh ,b4 & ,b4 slag1 #f1ffg 44 44 #jgig #ajf1cbe ,b4 & ,m4 slag1 #dha 44 44 #aiai #ah1dej ,precipitates1 #ccc 44 44 #ehhec #cib1ceb ,precipitates f old works1 #da 44 44 #fhcdd #ef1fjg ,slimes f old works1 #ai #gej #a #dbjc #a1fcg ,co>se conc5trates1 #ad1jhccbaj #d1ebaajghb #c1jcf1hjb ,calc9e be>+s1 #bcb #dej #aj #icba #dc1bcj ,briquettes1 #bg1efjaecb #d1bbc #dibh #b1gaf1bii ,rev]b]atory matte1 #adfbccj #cdcegeb #ajd1fea ,rev]b]atory slag1 #fhg #aaj #h #aeff #ba1eja ,conv]t] cold matte1 #eebahbj #ajjdbfge #dgj1hci ,conv]t] slag1 #i1iii #aaj #aaj #cjah #fjc1dbi ,conv]t] clean+s1 #g1hia #ffj #ebhafhdj #b1fhh1jbd ,lime-rock1 #fa1gid 44 44 44 44 ,coke1 #ah1gffbce tons1 at #ad4ba p] c5t4 a%1 #b1ffg 44 44 44 44 ,total *>ge1 #afc1hec #hgjad1bee #dcegad1bgh1acf ,total production1 #ah1ddgbaac #c1hihcidhcad1efg1cgf ,to slag1 44 44 44 44 44 ,si,o#b 9 slag1 #df1jha #aaj1haj tons slag ,fe,o 9 slag1 #ba1jga #aaj1haj ,ca,o 9 slag1 #cj1fic #aaj1haj ,total1 #ig1hde tons1 at #hhcj p] c5t4 #aaj1haj tons slag4 ,coke consumption1 #ajfc p] c5t4 wet weight #ajif p] c5t4 dry weight4 ,analysis4 ,si,o#b 9 slag1 ,calc4 #daei ,actual #dacj ,fe,o 9 slag1 #aija #aijj ,ca,o 9 slag1 #bggj #bhjj #hhcj #hhcj ,! o!r con/itu5ts us$ 9 ! *>ge comprise v>y+ quantities ( mat]ials :i* accumulate r\nd ! works1 & :i*1 be+ ri* 9 copp] values1 x becomes useful & ess5tial to clean up4 ,= ! calculat+ ( ! furnace *>ges1 ! am\nts ( cuprif]\s mat]ial available at ! /ock-b9s are report$ to ! bla/-furnace dep>tm5t4 ,! quantities decid$ ^u are divid$ among ! numb] ( *>ges :i* are consid]$ likely to be work$ (f dur+ ! day1 ?is numb] av]ag+ ab\t #a1ajj4 ,! result ( ?is calculation indicates ! am\nt ( ea* k9d ( mat]ial to be weigh$ = ! sep>ate *>ges2 ! analysis ( ea* con/itu5t be+ naturally kn[n4 ,! mat]ials available = smelt+ are highly silice\s 9 "*1 ! fir/-class smelt+ ore1 ( :i* l>ge quantities are treat$1 giv+ a /rongly acid composition to ! *>ge2 copp]-be>+ basic mat]ials suitable = flux+ are n available 9 l>ge quantity1 & ?is necessitates ! pur*ase ( b>r5 lime-rock1 ?is item be+ ! l>ge/ ( ! bla/-furnace *>ge4 ,9 mak+ up ! *>ge %eet1 z l>ge a quantity ( conc5trate z possible is includ$1 s9ce ?is con/itu5t is n only high 9 copp] values1 b ow+ to a high iron & sulphur proportion1 x increases ! fuel value ( ! *>ge1 ! influ5ce on ! coke consumption be+ v m>k$4 ,! conc5trate fur!r =ms a base = ! matte1 & introduces iron1 ( :i* !re is a %ortage1 into ! slag1 ?us r$uc+ its too-silice\s "* & less5+ ! quantity ( lime :i* x w\ld o!rwise be necess>y to procure = ! purpose4 ,! briquettes are next work$ 9 to z great an ext5t at possible1 s9ce by ?is means ! l>ge /ocks ( settl+-pond slime & ( scre5$ f9es are r$uc$ & _! #e p] c5t4 ( copp] is extract$4 ,! :ole /ock ( old slags & residues is us$ up on ! *>ge1 ^! mat]ials introduc+ consid]able am\nts ( copp]1 :il/ be+ irony1 !y fur!r help to r$uce ! acidity ( ! slag1 ?us sav+ ! employm5t ( ! lime-rock o!rwise requir$ = flux+4 ,! total quantity ( copp]1 iron1 & sulphur available be+ !n calculat$1 & ! all[ances = sulphur elim9ation & = ! copp] loss on smelt+ 7#b to #g p] c5t471 z bas$ ^u previ\s exp]i5ce1 be+ d$uct$1 ! am\nt ( iron requir$ to con/itute ! #de p] c5t4 copp] matte is e/imat$4 ,f ?is figure ! ,fe,o rema9+ = slag production is det]m9$4 ,! silica introduc$ by ! above mat]ials is also kn[n1 & ! am\nt ( lime-rock requir$ to produce an easily runn+ slag is next calculat$4 ,! slag :i* is f\nd by exp]i5ce to give ! mo/ satisfactory runn+ has a composition ( ab\t-- ,si,o#b1 #da p] c5t4 ,fe,o1 #ai ,ca,o1 #bi ,v>iations f ?is composition1 especially z reg>ds high] silica cont5ts1 imm$iately introduce difficulties1 increas+ ! exp5se ( furnace runn+1 by requir+ m fuel & c>e 9 work+1 r$uc+ tonnage1 & produc+ a slag :i* runs f> less freely4 ,s t al?\gh ! l>ge quantity ( silice\s mat]ial at h& might tempt ! managem5t to "w ) a m silice\s slag1 & s save ! procur+ ( su* l>ge am\nts ( b>r5 lime-rock1 ! co/ ( ?is mat]ial is mu* m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! advantages :i* result f ! work+ ) a slag :i* conta9s only ab\t #dj p] c5t4 ( silica4 ,! quantities ( ! *>ge con/itu5ts ?us calculat$1 divid$ by ! likely numb] ( *>ges to be work$1 are ent]$ up on ! *>ge %eet1 :i* is h&$ ov] to ! *>ge =eman4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4--,v-,%ap$ ,*>g+ ,c>1 indicat+ ,me*anism = ,release & ,tilt+4 ,! ,*>g+ ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! me?od ( 8h& *>g+10 z employ$ 9 ! old] processes ( work+1 :5 us+ small furnaces ( small output1 possess$ sev]al !oretical advantages1 b x is ess5tial 9 mod]n practice1 :]e at lea/ #cjj tons ( *>ge1 & (t5 mu* l>g] quantities1 are f$ into ! bla/ furnace daily1 to employ me*anical means = *>g+4 ,at _m smelt]s1 h[ev]1 ! coke is add$ sep>ately1 f b>r[s4 ,c>e 9 ! *>g+ is n[ recognis$ z be+ ( special importance = successful bla/-furnace op]ation1 especially = ! purpose ( procur+ ! correct di/ribution ( co>se & f9e mat]ial4 ,! pr9ciple ( keep+ ! sides m op5 by di/ribut+ ! co>s] mat]ials aga9/ ! jackets & keep+ ! f9e p>ts ne>] to ! c5tre is (t5 fav\r$1 s9ce ?is device r$uces ! t5d5cy to cru/+ by ! f9] sulphide p>ticles aga9/ ! walls4 ,x is p>tly ) ?is object 9 view t ! mantel & apron plates are arrang$ 9 ! hopp] =m1 :il/ at ! same "t ! di/ance betwe5 ! top ( ! *>ge & ! fe$-floor level is ma9ta9$ at su* a height t ?is desir$ di/ribution ( ! fre% *>ges is obta9$4 ,! practice /ill commonly employ$ is to fe$ ! mat]ials f side-dump+ c>s 7( v v>i$ design7 br\ght along 9 a tra9 drawn by locomotives & travell+ along tracks runn+ at ea* side ( ! furnace4 ,a =m ( c> frequ5tly us$ has a ,v-section1 & x is secur$ 9 a v]tical position :il/ 9 transit by "s =m ( cat*-p9 device1 :i* is readily releas$ :5 x is requir$ to tilt ! c> = *>g+4 ,ano!r =m1 employ$ at ,anaconda1 has a %ape3 flat base ) sides slop+ inw>ds %ap$ section1 ! sides ( :i* are pivot$ & admit ( be+ v readily secur$ or unfa/5$ z desir$4 ,! c> bottom itself is tilt$ by connect+ x ) a compress$ air lift by means ( a hook situat$ at ! side ( ! c> remote f ! furnace4 ,! mat]ial is ?us dis*>g$ along ! incl9$ *ute s produc$4 ,an int]e/+ me?od is employ$ at ! ,granby ,smelt]1 :]e ! ,hodge c> & ! end-fe$+ me?od are 9 use4 ,! c>s1 :i* h a d\ble-hopp] dis*>ge1 are divid$ into f\r comp>tm5ts by v]tical plates4 ,^! c>s ent] at ! ends ( ! furnace ?r\gh suitable op5+s at ! level ( ! fe$-floor1 & run by small :eels on tracks :i* are built inside ! furnace along ! side ( ea* v]tical wall4 ,9 ?is mann] a /raight v]tical fall = ! *>ge is arrang$1 & ?is af=ds ! be/ control ( prop] di/ribution4 ,! furnace holds ?ree c>s at a "t1 & !re are pat5t op5]s & clos]s = manipulat+ ! end doors ( ! furnace1 z well z = releas+ ! hopp]-bottoms ( ! c>s4 ,a p>ticul>ly +5i\s & successful device is 9 use at ! ,duckt[n ,smelt] ( ! ,d4,s4,c4,i4 ,co41#ad ,t5nessee1 :]e ! pyritic process is op]at$4 ,c>eful *>g+ is "h held to be "o ( ! great ess5tials = successful work+ ( ! process1 especially 9 ! n>r[ furnaces 9 use1 :]e ! dang]s ( cru/+ are greatly increas$4 ,! pr9ciple ( work+ is1 t by dropp+ ! *>ges v]tically d[nw>ds1 hav+ previ\sly arrang$ ! mat]ials 9 ! desir$ ord] across ! furnace1 !y w fall into ! position1 & be di/ribut$ j z desir$4 ,! ,freel& *>g] is a k9d ( conveyor belt made ( ov]lapp+ /eel plates1 :i* is exactly ! l5g? & wid? ( ! furnace1 s t :5 ! ma*9e is br\ght ov] x1 ! furnace op5+ is entirely cov]$4 ,! conveyor is c>ri$ on a frame m\nt$ on :eels1 & ?is is mov$ =w>d & backw>d by a motor 9 ! front1 ne> :i* is seat$ ! *>geman :o is also ! motorman4 ,an indep5d5t swit* & ge>+ causes ! belt to move r\nd & ?us deposit its *>ge ov] ! end4 ,9 front ( ! frame is a /rong cat*1 fitt+ into a recess on ! cov] ( ! furnace1 :i* is wat]-cool$ & m\nt$ on :eels1 s t z ! conveyor is br\ght into position ! cov] is mov$ back4 ,all ^! run along a track :i* ext5ds bel[ ! /ock fe$ b9s 9 ! same /raight l9e4 ,! furnace gases are drawn (f bel[ ! fe$-floor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4--;,end ,view ( ,bla/ ,furnace1 %[+ ,tilt+ ( ,*>ge ,c>1 ,anaconda4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4--;,hodge's ,*>g+ ,c>4 ,! me?od ( work+ is to br+ ! *>g] "u ! b9s & to drop ! v>i\s mat]ials = ! *>ge--weigh+ #b tons--on to ! belt4 ,by deflectors on ! ore *utes1 ! *>ge c be direct$ to any desir$ position across ! belt1 & mat]ial is ?us deposit$ ne> ! out] or inn] side z desir$--9 fall+ into ! furnace x is f\nd to take ! same position t x _h on ! plates4 ,! *>g] moves =w>d & rea*es ! furnace top1 ! cat* is fa/5$1 & z ! *>g] n[ advances ! cov] is pu%$ back1 ! conveyor ?us tak+ its place until 9 its turn x cov]s ! top ( ! furnace4 ,! motion is n[ rev]s$1 ! conveyor gradually rec$es1 br++ ! cov] along ) x2 meantime ! *>geman has set ! belt-conveyor ge>+ work+ indep5d5tly1 & ! belt ?us travell+ r\nd & ov] ! end pulleys1 dis*>ges its burd5 into ! furnace4 ,! disposition ( ! *>ge along ! l5g? ( ! furnace c be alt]$ at w by increas+ or r$uc+ ! spe$ ( ! frame4 ,:5 ! conveyor has at la/ trav]s$ ! furnace1 ! cov] is 9 its place--! *>g] is n[ disconnect$1 & goes back = a fre% load4 ,! furnaces are *>g$ eight times p] h\r ) #b tons ( mat]ial4 ,! op]ations are fasc9at+ to obs]ve1 & ! control ov] ! disposal ( ! *>ge is q complete1 :il/ ! conditions = ! op]ator are n exceptionally ardu\s4 ,_m o!r suitable devices are 9 use at diff]5t works4 ,at ! ,cananea smelt] is op]at$ an ore-b$d+ sy/em1 ! /ore-b9s fe$+ ! *>ge d[n hopp]s ?r\gh :i* x falls directly into ! furnace4 ,a simil> fe$+ sy/em is 9 use at ,g>field1 ,utah4 ,! lay-out ( ! plant to all[ ( ! mo/ effici5t *>g+ is s arrang$ z to locate ! /ock-b9s at a high level1 s t ore is f$ directly f ! dis*>ge *utes into ! c>s ( ! *>ge tra9s :i* run on tracks und]nea?1 & ^! tracks are situat$ at su* a level t ! tra9s are readily & conv5i5tly haul$ to ! *>g+ plat=ms ( ! bla/ furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4--;,freel& ,*>g+ ,ma*9e 7,d4 ,s4 ,c4 ,i4 ,co474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4--;,freel& ,*>g]--,details4 ,! *>ge =eman receives f ! bla/-furnace dep>tm5t 8 *>ge %eets :i* in=m him ( ! am\nts ( ! v>i\s mat]ials to be load$ on to ea* c>--calculat$ 9 ! mann] already indicat$4 ,proce$+ to ! /ock-b9s1 ! gates & *utes ( :i* are automatically controll$1 he sets ! scale ( ! weigh-bridge :i* is situat$ "u ea* b9 to ! desir$ weight4 ,at ! same "t an electric-light indicator is swit*$ on 9 front ( ! p>ticul> b9s f :i* mat]ial is to be )drawn1 ?us assi/+ 9 spott+ ! c>s & *eck+ ! weigh+-out4 ,! *>ge tra9 is br\ght along ! tracks runn+ und]nea? ! b9s1 & into ea* c> is dump$ ! correct am\nt ( *>ge1 usually to )9 #ej lbs41 ) rapidity & ease4 ,! tra9 !n passes to ! furnace build+1 :]e ! *>ges are dump$ or o!rwise empti$ into ! furnace4 ,! ,coke ,all[ance4--,z has be5 already indicat$1 ! coke all[ance dep5ds l>gely ^u ! nature ( ! *>ges & ! individual exp]i5ce at ! smelt]4 ,! ma9 pr9ciple involv$ is to r$uce ! coke consumption z mu* z possible by apply+ ! pyritic pr9ciple to ! fulle/ possible ext5t1 work+ z mu* sulphide mat]ial into ! *>ge z is economically practicable4 ,9 p>tial pyritic smelt+1 :]e ! coke may con/itute f #e to #aj or #ab p] c5t4 ( ! total *>ge1 x is usual n to fe$ x 9 ) ! re/ ( ! mat]ials f ! c>s1 b to *>ge x into ! furnace sep>ately4 ,! *>ge =eman puts x 9 j :5 & h[ he consid]s x necess>y1 & he is enc\rag$ to use z little z possible1 consi/5t ) prop] runn+ ( ! products at ! slag sp\t4 ,9 pyritic smelt+ prop]1 ! small am\nt ( coke is f$ on to ! top ( ! *>ge-mat]ial 9 ! *>ge-c>s4 ,work+ ( ! ,bla/ ,furnace4--,! top ( ! *>ge1 :i* is usually "s #c to #e feet bel[ ! level ( ! fe$-floor1 appe>s fairly unev51 !re be+ a t5d5cy = x to s9k along ! middle4 ,x is mod]ately hot1 %[+ practically a black heat except :]e r$-hot pat*es ne> ! side appe> 9 positions correspond+ to :]e ! tuy]es are situat$ bel[4 ,!re is n v mu* fume at ! fe$-floor level if ! *imney draft be good1 nor excessive agitation at ! top1 unless mu* f9e mat]ial is be+ work$4 ,sulphide f9es t5d to ! =mation ( accretions ne> ! top ( ! *>ge & occasionally l[] d[n1 also to a consid]able ext5t aga9/ ! walls ( ! brick sup]/ructure--?is is said to be less5$ consid]ably by ! use ( wat]-jacket+ at ^! p>ts1 :i* also greatly assi/s ! b>r+ d[n ( ! masses4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( b>r+ is sometimes necess>y :5 mu* f9e conc5trate is work$1 o!rwise a well-manag$ furnace runs smoo?ly & satisfactorily "u fav\rable conditions4 ,tr\ble may arise occasionally by leakages occurr+ 9 ! jackets or sp\ts1 b by ! mod]n me?ods ( sectional con/ruction & by ! devices = "t-sav+ 9 mak+ ! necess>y connections1 work+ is usually n s]i\sly int]f]$ ) = a v long p]iod4 ,ev5 = ! removal or replacem5t ( a slag sp\t1 ! slag-hole is plugg$1 & ! repair is complet$ )9 an h\r & a-half1 by :i* "t slag is aga9 runn+ freely ov] ! replac$ slag sp\t4 ,! tuy]es are pun*$ regul>ly two or ?ree times p] %ift1 & a /eady /ream ( mat]ial issues f ! slag not* & ov] ! sp\t to ! settl]s4 ,disposal ( ! ,furnace ,products4--,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! products result+ f ! bla/-furnace op]ations include-- 7a7 ,! liquid matte & slag mixture :i* is giv5 opportunities to settle & sep>ate into valuable matte & wa/e clean slag4 7b7 ,! 8gase\s0 products c>ry+ consid]able quantities ( fume & du/ :i* are settl$ & sep>at$ 9 du/ cat*]s & flues1 :]e ! solid matt] is collect$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4--,slag ,sp\t1 %[+ ,me?od ( ,trapp+ ,bla/1 also ,replaceable ,nose-piece ( ,sp\t 7,a74 ,! ,matte & ,slag4--,9 mod]n practice1 z already indicat$1 ! fluid products ( ! bla/ furnace are run out ( ! furnace z rapidly z possible1 & fl[ cont9u\sly1 z !y are =m$1 ?r\gh a trapp$ slag not*4 ,s important has ?is pr9ciple ( rapid removal ( ! fluid products become1 t ! he>? or crucible portion is be+ made small] & small]4 ,! slag not*1 is1 9 addition1 plac$ s l[ t only s mu* molt5 mat]ial rema9s 9 ! furnace bottom z is necess>y = ! regulation ( ! temp]ature = ma9ta9+ p]fect fluidity ( ! mat]ials dur+ _! dis*>ge1 & = avoid+ cru/ =mation on ! he>?4 ,! dep? ( mat]ial rema9+ 9 ! bottom--t is1 ! di/ance f ! he>? bottom to ! slag not*--is f ab\t #h to #ab in*es1 dep5d+ on ! conditions j indicat$4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! furnace products takes place ?r\gh ! trapp$ slag not* ( ! furnace1 an op5+ con/ruct$ 9 ! tapp+-brea/ or tap-jacket1 :i* is usually a small special jacket-portion con/ruct$ & kept 9 position sep>ately on acc\nt ( ! great local we> at ?is po9t 7see ,fig4 #ci74 ,! trapp+ device is an important & ess5tial feature 9 connection ) ! mod]n practice ( rapid & cont9u\s runn+1 ! pr9ciple be+ to arrange a suffici5t height ( molt5 mat]ial at ! out] side ( ! slag op5+ to ov]come ! inside bla/ pressure1 & ?us prev5t ! escape ( bla/ ) its att5dant inconv5i5ces & dang]4 ,! fl[ ( liquid mat]ial c ?us proce$ quietly & un9t]rupt$ly4 ,! bla/ is trapp$ by ! con/ruction ( a dam 9 ! =m ( a slag sp\t ar\nd ! slag op5+1 ( su* a %ape & secur$ to ! tap-jacket 9 su* a mann] & position1 t ! molt5 mat]ial be=e ov]fl[+ at ! end1 fills ! sp\t & ?us cov]s ! dis*>ge outlet ( ! furnace1 trapp+ ! bla/ s t z fa/ z ! molt5 products =m1 a con/ant /ream ov]fl[s into ! settl]s 7see ,fig4 #eb74 ,! slag sp\ts are (t5 ( %eet /eel1 sometimes ( copp] or ( bronze1 & are f #c feet #f in*es to #e feet 9 l5g?1 be+ sep>ately wat]-cool$ units4 ,! dis*>ge at ! end is f #ab to #ah in*es high] ?an ! c5tre ( ! slag not* 9 ! tap-jacket ?r\gh :i* ! molt5 mat]ial issues f ! furnace4 ,! sp\t is secur$ to ! tap-jacket1 be+ arrang$ s z to admit ( ready replacem5t :]e necess>y4 ,usually x is bolt$ to ! jacket & is securely w$g$ up aga9/ x1 be+ support$ at ! dis*>ge end by ! wall ( ! settl]1 & ! jo9ts are made p]fectly tight by v c>eful asbe/os pack+ & clay+4 ,! sp\t la/s = sev]al mon?s1 ! greate/ we> be+ at ! end ov] :i* ! molt5 /ream issues1 b ! life has be5 consid]ably l5g!n$1 ) greatly increas$ conv5i5ce ( furnace work+1 by provid+ ! sp\ts ) sep>ate easily replaceable wat]-cool$ nose-pieces ( ca/-iron :i* are bolt$ to ! ends1 ?us tak+ up mo/ ( ! we> & te>1 & all[+ ( a v ready removal & replacem5t )\t di/urb+ ! slag-sp\t connections to ! furnace itself4 ,^! are indicat$ 9 ,figures #eb 7,a7 & #ei4 ,! slag sp\t is protect$ along its entire l5g? by a hood ( clay1 by :i* means ! /ream ( matte & slag runn+ d[n x is ma9ta9$ hot & fluid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4--;,details ( ,slag ,sp\t1 ,cananea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4--,slag ,sp\t1 %[+ ,me?od ( ,support4 ,! position ( ! outlets f ! furnace1 connect+ to ! settl]s1 is l>gely affect$ by ! available floor space & ! g5]al lay-out & arrangem5ts ( ! plant4 ,"u suitable conditions1 & especially ) long furnaces1 ! arrangem5t ( ! settl] 9 front ( ! furnace works v advantage\sly1 leav+ ! alignm5t ( ! bla/ furnaces free1 & all[+ pl5ty room = work+ ar\nd ! settl]s4 ,! settl]s are !n arrang$ 9 ! middle l9e ( ! crucible portion ( ! furnace1 s t work+ is conduct$ ev5ly f bo? ends ( ! furnace t[>ds ! dis*>ge 9 ! c5tre1 & ! smelt+ is ?us regul> & all[s ( good control4 ,at _m smelt]s ! dis*>ge ( products takes place f sp\ts at ! ends ( ! furnaces1 ! settl]s ?us be+ 9 alignm5t ) !m4 ,?is plan1 "u suitable conditions1 has sev]al advantages1 p]mitt+ ( ready access to ! sides ( ! furnace1 ev5 work+ ( ! furnace by dis*>ge at bo? ends1 & ready co-op]ation betwe5 adjo9+ furnaces & settl]s4 ,settl]s4--,! mod]n type ( settl] is (t5 circul> 9 section1 ab\t #af to #ah feet 9 diamet] & #e feet 9 height1 /or+ ab\t #dj tons ( matte4 ,o!r =ms1 rectangul> or oval1 are1 h[ev]1 also employ$4 ,! out] %ell is ( -in* /eel plate b\nd toge!r by b&-bolts1 ! l9+ is (t5 #i to #ae in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) an inside lay] ( loos] /uff4 ,! l9+ mat]ial employ$ v>ies greatly1 accord+ to ! grade ( matte1 "* ( slag1 & work+ conditions4 ,! we>+ out ( ! l9+ dep5ds v l>gely on ! class ( mat]ial pass+ ?r\gh ! settl]1 ! mo/ rapid we> be+ occasion$ by ! fi]y & corrosive l[-grade mattes & basic slags1 :il/ high-grade mattes & m silice\s slags give little tr\ble 9 ?is connection4 ,! m corrosive ! products1 ! m refractory & h>d-we>+ mu/ be ! l9+1 & consequ5tly ! mat]ials employ$ = ! purpose range f *romite1 silica brick & firebrick d[n to loam1 accord+ to ! requirem5ts2 ! *ief duty is t ( be+ non-corrodible & ( protect+ ! out] %ell4 ,x is n an uncommon practice to ?ick5 ! walls close to ! tap-holes1 :]e !y are subject$ to mo/ we>1 & (t5 *romite is us$ at ^! po9ts ow+ to its p[] ( )/&+ ! =ces ( erosion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 at ! ,copp]hill ,smelt] ( ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,company ! settl]s h be5 f\nd to give z satisfactory s]vice on fairly l[-t5or matte1 :5 l9$ ?r\gh\t ) good firebrick z ) ! m exp5sive mat]ials =m]ly us$1 :il/ /ill m rec5tly1 silice\s copp] ores h be5 successfully employ$ z l9+ mat]ial in/ead ( bricks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4--;,g5]al ,view ( ,settl] 7,t4 ,e4 ,co474 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4--,me?od ( ,l9+ ,settl]1 ,cananea4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4--;,arrangem5t = ,matte & ,slag ,dis*>ge f ,settl]s 7,t4 ,c4 ,c47 ,!re is usually a spray ( wat] f a circul> pipe :i* surr\nds ! settl] ne> ! top--?is play+ aga9/ ! /eel sides keeps ! outside cool & protects ! l9+4 ,! settl] is ro($ ov] ) slag1 except at ! back :]e ! /ream ( matte & slag ent]s1 & also at ^? po9ts :]e ! slag ov]fl[s4 ,! slag escapes ov] %ort laund]s atta*$ to ! top ( ! /eel cas+4 ,! position ( ^! dis*>ges dep5ds l>gely on ! arrangem5t ( tracks1 size ( furnace1 temp]ature ( work+1 & quality ( products4 ,"u mod]n conditions ( high temp]ature & rapid work+1 !y are situat$ z f> away f ! entrance z possible1 ?us giv+ full] opportunities = v quiet settl+ 9 a l>ge pool & af=d+ g5tle ov]fl[ ( slag ) little abrasive action on ! l9+s4 ,^! outlets may be situat$ opposite to ! entrance or at ! sides4 ,! dis*>ge sp\ts = slag may be "o or two 9 numb]1 usually ( ca/-iron coat$ ) ?9 clay1 & (t5 r\ghly hood$ ov] ) clay4 ,!y h replaceable ca/-iron nose-pieces to facilitate repair aft] we>+ d[n4 ,! cont9ual g5tle /ream ( slag runs along laund]s1 :]e x is ei!r dis*>g$ into slag bogies & dump$1 or mu* bett]1 is met by a /rong /ream ( wat] :i* imm$iately granulates x1 & wa%es x along flumes to ! dumps4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4--,tap-hole ,ca/+ & ,detail = ,settl]s4 ,! matte tap-holes are g5]ally two 9 numb]1 situat$ close to ! bottom ( ! settl]1 & usually at an angle ( #abj f ea* o!r & f ! entrance sp\t4 ,! hole ?r\gh ! brick wall = tapp+ is ab\t #a in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! matte is dis*>g$ ?r\gh a tapp+ piece ( ca/-iron1 #f in*es 9 diamet] & #c in*es ?ick1 p]=at$ by a #a-;in* hole4 ,?is iron disc has1 ca/ ar\nd x1 a copp] tapp+-plate ab\t #a foot 9 wid? & #b feet high1 :i* is recess$ into ! /eel %eet ( ! settl]4 ,9 ! iron tapp+-piece is a conical recess1 into :i* ! conical clay plug is ramm$ :5 clos+ ! tapp+-hole4 ,^! iron tapp+-pieces )/& ! action ( conv]t] grade matte fairly well1 & are conv5i5tly replac$ :5 necess>y--ab\t once a mon?4 ,!y are illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #eh4 ,! tapp+-plate is fix$ into position 9 a special section ( ! %ell1 kn[n z ! laund] ca/+1 to :i* ! matte laund] is secur$1 :il/ a new] =m ( settl] has ! tap sections also removable1 s t ^! c be tak5 out & ! brick r5ew$ dur+ ! campaign ( a furnace1 be+ z readily removable z a furnace jacket4 ,! matte laund] is ( ca/-iron or ( /eel1 ?ickly coat$ ) clay or suitable mat]ial 7slime-pond product1 etc47 to protect x f corrosion4 ,9 mod]n "w ! /eel tapp+ b> is always ramm$ ?r\gh ! conical plug & tapp+-hole until x j rea*es ! matte1 s t its )drawal by r+ & w$ge is readily p]=m$ :5 ! matte is to be tapp$ :il/ by ?is means ! tap-hole is securely clos$4 ,! work]s are protect$ f %ots ( matte1 etc41 dur+ tapp+ or clos+1 by means ( a slott$ %eet-iron hood :i* c be swung back :5 n requir$1 a conv5i5t & useful z well z necess>y precaution>y device4 ,matte is tapp$ f ! settl]s into ladles z requir$ by ! conv]t]s2 su* ladles are con/ruct$ ( ?ick /eel plate1 wa%$ ) clay1 & (t5 l9$ ) a hull ( *ill$ mat]ial4 ,x is sampl$ at ! runn] ) ea* tapp+4 ,! tap-hole is clos$ by a clay plug on ! end ( a dolly :i* is ramm$ home1 & a w>m po9t$ /eel b> is !n driv5 ?r\gh until x rea*es ! matte1 be+ knock$ 9 occasionally z ! end is v sl[ly eat5 away4 ,sev]al ( ! features nam$ 9 ! previ\s sections are well indicat$ 9 ! photograph 7,fig4 #ei7 ( ! tapp+ plat=m at ! ,anaconda ,smelt]4 ,! 8,gase\s0 ,products ( ! ,furnace4--,great v>iation is to be f\nd 9 ! arrangem5t at diff]5t works = ! disposal ( ! gase\s products ( ! furnace4 ,ref]5ce w be made lat] to ! me?ods employ$ 9 connection ) pyritic "w1 & :]e ! gases are to be utilis$ = ! production ( sulphuric acid4 ,=m]ly ! g5]al me?od1 ev5 at ! l>ge mod]n plants1 0 to lead ! gases f ! top ( ! sup]/ructure to ! (f-takes & l>ge du/-cat*] flues1 !nce to ! /ack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4--;,anaconda ,bla/ ,furnace 7#ea feet long71 %[+ ,settl]s4 ,) ! introduction ( automatic & me*anical *>g+ me?ods1 n[ be+ inaugurat$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 place ( dump+ f c>s alongside ! furnace1 ! me?od ( )draw+ ! gase\s products j bel[ ! level ( ! fe$-floor is be+ adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4--;,hopp]s ( ,flue-du/ ,*amb]s & ,tracks = ,c>s und]nea?4 ,! (f-take flues ( ! mod]n furnace are ( /eel1 #d to #f feet 9 diamet]--l9$ or unl9$ accord+ to circum/ances--& lead+ to v l>ge du/ *amb]s ( v>y+ design1 sometimes rectangul>1 (t5 ( l>ge circul> section1 or ( balloon-%ap$ section1 etc4 ,9 all cases ^! flues are provid$ ) hopp] dis*>ge op5+s at suitable int]vals1 "u :i* c>s run on tracks1 = ! collection & convey+ ( ! du/4 ,arrangem5ts = ! fur!r settl+ & collection ( ! flue-du/ are ess5tial 9 connection ) mod]n bla/-furnace plants1 :]e bla/ pressures ( f #dj to #ej ozs4 p] in* are employ$ & :]e x is (t5 f\nd economical to "w ) z mu* f9e mat]ial z possible1 ei!r z su* or 9 an agglom]at$ =m2 :]e too1 ! dropp+ ( *>ges f "s height & ! agitation caus$ by ! bla/ are practically unavoidable4 ,r>ely less ?an #b p] c5t4 ( flue-du/ is made 9 any mod]n bla/ furnace1 :il/ #e p] c5t4 is by no means uncommon1 & ev5 l>g] quantities are (t5 produc$4 ,su* du/ is1 moreov]1 (t5 some:at high] 9 copp] cont5ts ?an ! orig9al *>ge1 ow+ to ! brittl5ess ( copp] sulphide m9]als1 :i*1 be+ m readily brok5 up1 are c>ri$ ov] 9 ! =m ( f9e p>ticles4 ,h5ce ! economic aspect ( ! recov]y ( values1 9 addition to legislative requirem5ts1 call = effici5t collection ( ^! products4 ,! gase\s products ( ! furnace c>ry solid matt] 9 two =ms4 ,z a rule1 "u ! usual conditions ( copp]-smelt+ *>ges1 ! l>g] portion ( ! solid matt] ?us c>ri$ is 9 ! =m ( v f9e p>ticles ( *>ge mat]ial itself1 me*anically susp5d$ & c>ri$ ov] 9 ! curr5t ( ! escap+ gases4 ,?is is ! flue-du/4 ,9 addition1 values 9 ! =m ( volatilis$ metallic products are also convey$ by ! gases1 p>ticul>ly :5 lead1 z9c1 ars5ic1 etc41 are pres5t 9 ! furnace *>ge1 & ^! are c>ri$ =w>d 9 ! =m ( fume4 ,!y t5d to solidify z ! temp]ature ( ! gases becomes l[]1 al?\gh _! settl+ is v greatly imp$$ ow+ to ! exce$+ m9ut5ess ( _! p>ticles & also to _! dilution2 ! problem ( sep>at+ & collect+ !m is 9 consequ5ce att5d$ ) great difficulty4 ,*amb]s ( enorm\s capacity are requir$ 9 ord] to give ! f9e solid p>ticles an opportunity ( settl+ by decreas+ ! velocity ( ! gases & by cool+ !m d[n1 :il/ = ! settl+ ( fume1 capaci\s flues 9 :i* are susp5d$ wires or simil> devices = assi/+ ! process mu/ be adopt$4 ,:]e l>ge quantities ( lead1 etc41 are pres5t "s bag-h\se sy/em ( fume filtration is necess>y1 especially if silv] be pres5t1 s9ce ?is metal t5ds to be c>ri$ ov] 9 ! leady fume4 ,at ! majority ( copp] smelt]s su* extreme ref9em5ts are r>ely necess>y1 al?\gh mod]n legislative requirem5ts make sev]e dem&s on ! managem5ts = ! fre$om ( ! gases f injuri\s con/itu5ts4 ,dry settl+ me?ods & filtration are 9 g5]al use :]e su* sep>ation is requir$ & ! use ( high-t5sion electricity has be5 successfully tri$ at ,cali=nian smelt]s4 ,wet me?ods h s f> n prov$ economically successful4 ,! flue-du/ f ! flues is dealt ) 9 a numb] ( ways1 accord+ to ! conditions at ! smelt]4 ,x may be smelt$ ) ! 8roa/]-calc9es *>ges0 9 ! rev]b]atory furnaces1 al?\gh excessive quantities h prov$ difficult to deal ) 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 x may be includ$ 9 ! *>ges = s9t]+ or briquett+ processes1 & x has be5 v successfully incorporat$ ) ! matte 9 b$s :5 x has be5 necess>y to ca/ l[-grade matte into cakes previ\s to re-conc5tration 9 ! bla/ furnace1 at a smelt] employ+ ! pyritic process4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 ! ,ea/ ,butte ,copp] ,m9+ ,company has in/all$ & successfully op]at$ a s9t]+ plant on ! ,dwight-,lloyd pr9ciple = ! treatm5t ( ! flue-du/ prep>atory to bla/-furnace smelt+4 ,! capacity ( ! plant is #ajj tons p] day4 ,! mat]ial is r5d]$ m or less cohesive by ! effects ( heat alone1 b ! op]ation is n yet p]fect4 7,see ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,jan4 #f?1 #aiab1 p4 #ba47 ,! fre$ gases f9ally pass along s]ies ( long & capaci\s brick ma9-flues connect+ ) all ! bran* flues1 furni%$ ) dis*>ge hopp]s at int]vals1 gradually ris+ & dis*>g+ into a wide /ack ( su* a height t damage to vegetation 9 ! di/rict is entirely prev5t$4 ,pyritic ,smelt+4--,mod]n bla/-furnace practice1 z has be5 /at$1 is conduct$ accord+ to two ma9 sy/ems ( work+3-- 7a7 ,t 9 :i* ! heat requir$ 9 ! smelt+ zone is provid$ by ! oxidation ( ! sulphide mat]ials ( ! *>ge--,pyritic ,smelt+4 7b7 ,t 9 :i* coke or o!r c>bonace\s fuel is necess>y = supply+ "s ( ! heat requir$ 9 ! smelt+ zone ( ! furnace1 ev5 :5 ! pyritic effect ( ! *>ge is utilis$ to ! fulle/ ext5t--,p>tial ,pyritic ,smelt+4 ,! t]m ,pyritic ,smelt+ 7or pyrite smelt+7 is ?us appli$ to t class ( practice 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! heat requir$ 9 ! smelt+ zone is obta9$ by ! combu/ion ( ! ore or matte *>ge itself2 x implies ! application ( ! pyritic pr9ciple to ! extreme limit1 ! use ( c>bonace\s fuel be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,ideal work+ is to fe$ unroa/$ ore or matte1 toge!r ) ! requisite fluxes1 into ! bla/ furnace1 & by ! action ( an adequate air bla/1 to burn out "p ( ! sulphur & iron1 ! =m] escap+ ) ! furnace gases1 ! latt] be+ slagg$ (f1 :il/ ! copp] 9 ! *>ge is conc5trat$ 9 ! matte product ( ! op]ation4 ,?is type ( smelt+ is conduct$ at a numb] ( l>ge mod]n works1 & ?\gh up to ! pres5t "t ! use ( coke on ! *>ge has n be5 entirely elim9at$1 rese>* & practical exp]i5ce h demon/rat$ t ! small quantity :i* is employ$ is n utilis$ z fuel by combu/ion 9 ! air bla/ at ! tuy]es1 b t x is1 9 fact1 oxidis$ 9 ano!r mann] at "s consid]able height 9 ! furnace4 ,hi/ory4--,! idea orig9at$ ) ,john ,holway1 ( ,london1 :o s\ght to ext5d to ! smelt+ ( copp] ! pr9ciples s brilliantly appli$ by ,bessem] to /eel manufacture1 & :o1 9 a "w :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgi1 sugge/$ & demon/rat$ ! process ( utilis+ ! heat ( oxidation ( ! iron & sulphur con/itu5ts ( copp]-be>+ mat]ials = ! smelt+ & extraction ( ! copp]4 ,t "w is to-day recognis$ z "o ( ! mo/ ma/]ly expositions ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ pyritic smelt+ & conv]t+1 & _m ( ! mo/ important & rec5t developm5ts 9 ^! bran*es ( "w are proce$+ on l9es =eca/$ by him4 ,holway's exp]im5ts1 conduct$ on a consid]able scale1 prov$ ! feasibility ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! process1 :i* 0 to prep>e metallic copp] f sulphide ores 9 "o comb9$ s]ies ( op]ations 9 a s+le furnace unit4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to me*anical tr\bles & difficulties ( op]ation1 z well z to ! ultimate )drawal ( f9ancial support1 he 0 unable to c>ry ! process to a comm]cial success1 & ! s+le-/age process is at pres5t reg>d$ z be+ beset by almo/ insup]able difficulties1 al?\gh ! late/ phases 9 mod]n practice are t5d+ t[>ds a realisation ( ,holway's s*eme ( work+4 ,8 pap] & publi%$ results des]ve ! close/ /udy4 ,inspir$ by ! pamphlet1 an ,engli% ,company 9 #ahhg-h attempt$ ! practice at a smelt] at ,to/on1 ,montana1 & %[$ ! possibilities ( ! me?od1 al?\gh ! plant available did n l5d itself to completely successful op]ation4 ,l4 ,s4 ,au/91 :o took a lead+ "p 9 ?is "w1 pat5t$ ! process 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & develop$ ! practice1 & 9 #ahia ,dr4 ,pet]s conduct$ a v full enquiry into ! conditions ( work+1 :i* plac$ ! sy/em on a def9ite practical basis4 ,f t "t ! me?od has develop$ co9cid5tly ) ! m empirical practice at _m works ( replac+ coke fuel by sulphides to z great an ext5t z possible4 ,t4 ,a4 ,rick>d focuss$ sci5tific & practical op9ion on ! subject 9 ! symposium on 8,pyrite ,smelt+10 :i* he call$ =? & edit$1 & _m celebrat$ smelt]m5 h contribut$ to ! progress ( pyritic smelt+ practice4 ,at ! ,copp]hill ,smelt] ( ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,company & at ! ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp] & ,iron ,co4's ,smelt] at ,isabella1 ,t5nessee1 rem>kably good pione] "w 0 done by ,p>ke ,*ann+1 ,freel&1 & o!rs 9 develop+ ! process4 ,enorm\s s]vice has be5 r5d]$ )9 rec5t ye>s by ! ma/]ly rese>*es & brilliant exposition ( ,rob]t ,/i*t1 9 :i* latt] "w ,pet]s has wor?ily second$ him4 ,pyritic smelt+ is at ! pres5t "t be+ v successfully practis$ at ,mt4 ,lyell1 ,tasmania2 at ,t5nessee2 ,tilt ,cove1 ,newf\ndl&2 & o!r di/ricts1 :il/ ! smoke problem alone has prev5t$ = a "t a numb] ( o!r smelt]s f successfully op]at+ ! process4 ,! ,me*anism ( ! ,process4--,! me*anism ( ! *anges involv$ 9 ! pyritic process is n[ fairly well und]/ood 9 g5]al outl9e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 elucidat+ ! matt] 0 made by ,/i*t's discov]y t ! oxidation area ( ! furnace 9 pyritic smelt+ 0 conf9$ to a n>r[ zone situat$ j a little high] ?an ! tuy]e level2 by actual exp]im5t x 0 f\nd t sc>cely any free oxyg5 exi/$ above ?is n>r[ tuy]e zone4#ae ,x ?us became evid5t t ! fir/ s]ies ( *anges ne> ! top ( ! *>ge 7 ^? ma9ly caus$ by ! effects ( heat alone1 & t only by a second s]ies ( *anges l[] d[n at ! tuy]e zone 7 ! reactions ( rapid & int5se combu/ion & oxidation ( ! sulphides be+ effect$4 ,f9ally1 at ! bottom ( ! furnace1 ! molt5 matte & slag collect$ & ran out4 ,?us ! furnace op]ations proce$ 9 two ma9 /ages2 prep>ation 7liquation ( ! sulphides f ! *>ge7 9 ! upp] portion1 & oxidation & flux+ 7bessem]is+ ( ! liquat$ sulphides7 9 ! oxidis+ tuy]e zone or focus4 ,! usual & typical ore *>g$ into ! furnace 9 pyritic smelt+ is impure *alcopyrite 7ess5tially a copp]-be>+ pyrites1 ,fe,s#b74 ,:5 heat$ 9 an atmosph]e free f oxyg51 ?is pyrites loses "s ( its sulphur & approa*es pyrrhotite 9 composition4 ,on fur!r heat+ 9 a neutral atmosph]e m sulphur is evolv$ & ! mat]ial approa*es ,fe,s 9 composition1 :il/ at v high temp]atures & "u fav\rable circum/ances1 a /ill fur!r quantity ( sulphur is lib]at$1 result+ 9 ! production ( ! well-kn[n fusible iron sulphide1 :i* is ! eutectic ( ! iron3 iron-sulphide s]ies ( alloys1 melt+ at #igj ,c41 & conta9+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( ,fe,s4 ,?us 9 ! pyritic furnace1 free sulphur is lib]at$ z su* at ! upp] levels1 & passes up ! furnace un*ang$ until x meets free air above ! surface ( ! *>ge1 :5 x !re burns to ,,s#b4 ,! residual fusible sulphide melts1 trickles d[n1 & becomes ! true pyritic fuel ( ! furnace4 ,! copp] sulphide con/itu5ts ( ! *>ge are practically unaffect$ 9 composition by heat alone1 & !y pass d[n ! furnace ) ! re/ ( ! *>ge un*ang$ until ! hott] zones ( ! furnace are rea*$1 :5 ^! sulphides also liquate out1 become dissolv$ 9 ! melt+ iron sulphides1 & are ?us c>ri$ d[n to ! oxidis+ zone4 ,until ! sulphides meet free oxyg51 no fur!r reactions proce$1 s9ce !y are )\t action on silica at ev5 ! highe/ furnace temp]atures4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y rea* ! bla/ ( air :i* ent]s ! furnace at ! tuy]es1 an int5se action proce$s z ! sulphides become bessem]is$4 ,! heat ( oxidation ( iron sulphide has long be5 kn[n to be v great1 & ,holway po9t$ out t ?is heat corresponds to ! l>ge quantity ( heat :i* is develop$ by ! free roa/+ ( heavy sulphides1 compress$ into ! space ( a few mom5ts1 & ?us results 9 an exce$+ly great int5sity ) consequ5t high temp]ature4 ,sulphur is burnt out to ,,s#b1 iron is conv]t$ to ! oxide :i* in/antly comb9es ) ! :ite-hot silica skeleton t is pres5t & =ms an iron-silicate slag1 evolv+ /ill m heat4 ,?is slag1 ) ! enri*$ matte1 melt ?or\ghly at ! prevail+ temp]atures1 & issue f ! slag sp\t ( ! furnace4 ,! "w ( ,/i*t & ,pet]s ?us all[ ( ! me*anism ( ! processes be+ foll[$ dur+ ! passage ( ! mat]ials ?r\gh ! furnace4 ,at ! ,m\nt ,lyell ,smelt]1 :]e ,/i*t op]at$1 ! *>ge ext5ds ab\t #ab feet above ! tuy]es4 ,9 ! upp] #f or #g feet1 elem5tal sulphur is driv5 (f f ! pyritic mat]ials by ! effects ( heat alone1 & ! furnace gases 9 ?is zone consi/ *iefly ( nitrog51 ,,s#b 7f ! bessem]is+71 sulphur vap\r1 a little ,,co#b1 b practically no free oxyg54 ,ab\t half-way d[n1 ! temp]ature is suffici5tly high to melt out ! fusible sulphides f ! *>ge2 ^! liquate & trickle un*ang$ ?r\gh ! /ill solid masses ( gangue & silica-flux1 until !y meet ) free oxyg5 ( ! air bla/1 :5 !y are oxidis$ & burnt up ) great rapidity & ) ! evolution ( int5se heat4 ,?is bessem]is+ zone ext5ds f a %ort di/ance above ! tuy]es to a po9t :]e all ! oxyg5 is us$ up by ! iron & sulphur4 ,! di/ance is v>iable1 b is probably "s #b feet or s4 ,at ?is level ! f]r\s oxide produc$ is in/antane\sly seiz$ by ! :ite-hot p>ticles ( free silica ) ! production ( a silicate slag1 ! composition ( :i* corresponds to ! silicate ^: =mation temp]ature is equal to t prevail+ 9 ?is bessem]is+ zone4 ,control ( ! ,op]ations4--,x has ?us be5 e/abli%$ t ! oxyg5 ( ! air bla/ ent]+ ! furnace ?r\gh ! tuy]es is practically all exp5d$ 9 ?is bessem]is+ ( ! liquat$ sulphides 9 ! n>r[ bessem]is+ zone1 & t x does n op]ate at all by any roa/+ reactions 9 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 z _h be5 =m]ly suppos$4 ,f ?is k x !re=e becomes possible to indicate ! ess5tial factors :i* control ! successful op]ation ( true pyritic smelt+4 ,! degree ( bessem]is+ dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( air suppli$ = ! oxidation ( ! sulphides1 & ^u ! quantity ( silice\s flux pres5t to slag (f ! iron oxide produc$4 ,! actual smelt+ takes place at ! focus :]e ! liquat$ sulphides are in/antane\sly bessem]is$1 & ! m rapid ?is oxidation1 ! m int5se are ! reactions & ! high] ! temp]atures :i* result4 ,= successful pyritic smelt+ x is1 !re=e1 ess5tial t !re %all be pres5t-- 7a7 ,suffici5t sulphides 9 ! *>ge to give out ! heat necess>y = ! smelt+ & = ! ?or\gh fusion ( ! products4 7b7 ,suffici5t oxyg5 7air7 = ! rapid & necess>y oxidation ( ?is sulphur & iron4 7c7 ,suffici5t free silice\s flux = ! satisfactory slagg+ ( ! iron oxides produc$4 7a7 ,! supply ( heat requir$ = ! smelt+ ( ! *>ge & ! ?or\gh fusion ( ! products dep5ds entirely on ! int5se combu/ion ( ! iron & sulphur con/itu5ts1 & ! great] ! proportion ( ^! mat]ials oxidis$ p] m9ute1 ! high] is ! temp]ature4 ,z has be5 already not$1 su* heat int5sity increases at a rate great] ?an ! m]e ari?metical increase 9 ! fuel proportion1 by reason ( well-kn[n !rmo-*emical laws reg>d+ mass effects4 ,indirectly1 too1 ! high] ! proportions ( sulphides pres5t1 ! small] is ! quantity ( in]t or useless matt] :i* requires to be heat$ & slagg$ (f 9 ! furnace--ap>t f ! "q ( ! necess>y flux mat]ial4 ,h5ce ! high] ! iron & sulphur cont5ts ( ! ore1 ! m successfully may true pyritic smelt+ be appli$ to x4 ,true pyritic smelt+ may be said to cease :5 c>bonace\s fuel requires to be burnt at ! tuy]e zone 9 ord] to supplem5t ! heat d]iv$ f ! sulphides1 & broadly speak+1 f ab\t #bh p] c5t4 ( iron & ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( sulphur are necess>y 9 ! *>ge = good pyritic "w "u pres5t conditions4 ,at ,t5nessee1 ) ab\t ^! proportions1 ! coke consumption on ! *>ge is r$uc$ to ab\t #c to #d p] c5t42 at ,mt4 ,lyell1 :]e ! ore runs f #dj p] c5t4 ( iron ) a correspond+ quantity ( sulphur1 ! coke consumption am\nts to only ab\t #abe p] c5t4 ,none ( ?is coke probably rea*es ! bessem]is+ zone at all4 7b7 ,be+ suppli$ ) en\gh sulphide fuel1 ! requisite quantity ( air = ! rapid & suffici5t combu/ion ( ?is iron & sulphur is ess5tial4 ,! oxyg5 is us$ up entirely 9 ! bessem]is+ ( ! sulphides at ! tuy]e zone ( ! furnace1 & 9 consequ5ce1 n only ! heat supply1 b also ! conc5tration dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( oxyg5 furni%$ at ?is po9t1 s9ce ! great] ! quantity ( oxyg5 :i* is us$ up1 ! great] is ! am\nt ( sulphur elim9at$ & ! am\nt ( iron oxidis$ & slagg$ (f1 & 9 consequ5ce1 ! high] is ! proportion ( copp] 9 ! result+ matte4 ,9 o!r words1 ! oxyg5 supply l>gely controls ! conc5tration effect$ 9 ! smelt+ process1 & consequ5tly an adequate quantity is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,! am\nt ( air !oretically requir$ p] m9ute is readily calculat$ f ! e/imat$ capacity ( ! furnace & f ! *>ge analysis4 ,lib]al all[ances are requir$ = losses1 leakages1 bl[] effici5cy1 etc42 & ! volume necess>y at ! furnace am\nts to some?+ l #e1jjj cubic feet p] m9ute p] #ajj tons ( sulphide4 7c7 ,suffici5t silice\s flux is requir$ = ! satisfactory slagg+ ( ! iron oxides produc$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! requisite silica on ! *>ge is exce$+ly important4 ,! iron ( ! sulphides1 ^u oxidation by ! air bla/1 is conv]t$ into iron oxides1 prim>ily ,fe,o4 ,?is oxide is incapable ( exi/+ by itself1 b possess+ :5 nasc5t a p[]ful aff9ity = silica at high temp]atures1 x produces f]r\s silicates1 :i* are1 9 ! ma91 fusible slag-l products4 ,?is action is p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 ! tuy]e zone ( ! pyrite furnace1 :]e ! silica is pres5t 9 a :ite-hot condition4 ,if suffici5t silica be n pres5t to comb9e ) ! iron oxide produc$1 ! f]r\s oxide :i* is exce$+ly un/able1 f9d+ itself )\t ! necess>y flux1 is conv]t$ "u ! cont9u$ oxidis+ effect ( ! bla/ into high] oxides ( iron su* z f]ric oxide or magnetic oxides1 mat]ials :i* are practically infusible1 & ?is results 9 ! production ( an infusible s9t] :i* leads to ! *ok+ ( ! furnace4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if excess ( silica be pres5t 9 ! *>ge1 highly silice\s & unworkable products result1 :i* w n run out ( ! furnace4 ,any fur!r excess ( silica simply rema9s unfus$ & unattack$1 & causes ! ultimate /oppage ( ! furnace op]ations4 ,! silica = flux+ is consequ5tly an important factor 9 controll+ ! runn+ ( ! pyritic furnace1 & ! provision ( ! requisite quantity1 z ne>ly z possible1 is ess5tial1 s9ce o!rwise ! pres5ce ( adequate sulphide & air bla/ is n 9 itself suffici5t to ensure satisfactory work+4 ,! actual quantity ( silica requir$ is det]m9$ by ! factor kn[n z ! =mation temp]ature ( ! silicates4 ,e silicate has a def9ite =mation temp]ature--i4e41 a def9ite mixture ( iron oxide & silica requires a def9ite temp]ature 9 ord] t complete comb9ation may occur & a *emical comp\nd silicate be =m$4 ,conv]sely1 at any def9ite temp]ature1 only ^? silicates hav+ a correspond+ =mation temp]ature to ?is degree ( heat c be produc$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 if ! oxidation ( ! sulphides at ! tuy]e zone produces any p>ticul> temp]ature1 t p>ticul> silicate ^: =mation temp]ature corresponds to ?is w t5d to be =m$1 & ! requir$ quantity ( free silica mu/ be pres5t to yield ?is def9ite silicate ) ! :ole ( ! iron oxidis$4 ,only a limit$ quantity ( silica c ?us be tak5 up = any def9ite rate ( oxidation ( iron sulphide1 & ! pres5ce ( ei!r m or less silica does n greatly affect ! composition ( ! slag4 ,?us ! conc5tration 7sulphide oxidation7 is prim>ily dep5d5t on ! oxyg5 supply1 :i* det]m9es h[ mu* iron %all be burnt1 b ! success ( ! op]ation dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( ! correct am\nt ( silica to flux (f ?is iron oxide4 ,?is proportion is fix$ by ! temp]ature atta9$ at ! tuy]e zone1 :i* re/ricts ! silicate produc$ to su* a composition t its =mation temp]ature co9cides ) ?is degree ( heat4 ,h5ce ! g5]al law has be5 d$uc$ & has be5 confirm$ 9 practice1 t 8a pyritic furnace produces a slag correspond+ 9 composition to ! silicates ^: =mation temp]ature equals t prevail+ at ! tuy]e zone10 acc\nt+ = ! well-kn[n obs]vation 8t ! pyritic furnace t5ds to make its own slag40 ,if ! smelt+ op]ation is to proce$ satisfactorily1 slag approa*+ ?is composition w be produc$1 & assum+ ! air supply to be adequate = ! purpose1 ! abs5ce ( ! requisite silica on ! *>ge affects ! quantity r ?an ! "* ( ! slag4 ,! am\nt ( iron sulphide oxidis$ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! pres5ce ( silica to comb9e ) ! iron oxide produc$2 s mu* w be oxidis$ z ! silica c deal )1 & 9 consequ5ce1 if ! free silica supply is defici5t1 a small] quantity ( slag is =m$1 :il/ ! matte w be l>g] 9 am\nt b ( l[] grade4 ,an addition ( silica to ! furnace *>ge "u su* circum/ances w\ld ?us raise ! grade ( ! matte by enc\rag+ ! slagg+ ( m iron1 & w\ld produce slag ( approximately ! same composition z be=e1 ?\gh 9 l>g] quantity4 ,defici5cy ( silica also results 9 ! production ( ov]-fire1 ow+ to ! fact t ! air bla/1 be+ unable to bessem]ise any m iron sulphide at ! tuy]e zone1 passes to ! high] portions ( ! furnace & gradually roa/s ! ore !re1 ?us consum+ ! sulphide fuel ( ! furnace :i* might o!rwise be mo/ effectively us$ = bessem]is+ 9 ! tuy]e zone4 ,?is ov]-fire1 result+ f ! heat ( roa/+ :i* is giv5 out 9 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace1 is v disadvantage\s 9 true pyritic smelt+1 & successful control ( ! process dep5ds on us+ up ! :ole ( an adequate air supply at ! bessem]is+ zone1 & on supply+ suffici5t silice\s flux to comb9e at once ) ! :ole ( ! iron oxide produc$4 ,= flux+ purposes x is only ! free silica 9 ! *>ge :i* is effective1 s9ce any silica exi/+ z silicate is already 9 a /ate ( comb9ation & ?us is n free to act z flux4 ,! comb9$ silica1 except = its add+ to ! fusibility ( ! *>ge by admixture1 is v disadvantage\s1 consum+ heat & space1 dilut+ ! reaction int5sities by pres5t+ an in]t sub/ance among ! active con/itu5ts1 & increas+ ! quantity ( slag :i* requires to be melt$4 ,! ?ree requirem5ts--iron sulphide1 oxyg5 supply1 & flux+ silica--?us be> an intimate relation%ip to "o ano!r 9 true pyritic smelt+1 & alt]ation ( any "o factor requires simultane\s adju/m5t ( ! o!rs = ! production ( ! same grade ( matte & slag4 ,! spe$ & degree ( oxidation prim>ily dep5d on ! air supply4 ,! m iron burnt up1 ! great] is ! heat production & ! high] ! temp]ature at ! tuy]e zone1 & s9ce ! m basic slags are kn[n to h ! high] =mation temp]atures1 ! basicity ( ! slags increases ) ! spe$ ( oxidation & consequ5t conc5tration4 ,ores suitable = true pyritic smelt+ are n commonly met ) 9 practice1 & ! pres5ce ( e>?y bases o!r ?an iron is n desirable4 ,:il/ ! advantages ( polybasic slags f ! po9t ( view ( r$uc$ =mation temp]ature1 increas$ fusibility & liquidity are v m>k$ 9 ord9>y smelt+ practice1 _! pres5ce is n s advantage\s 9 true pyritic smelt+1 s9ce !y consume silica :i* is requir$ = ! iron oxide at ! in/ant ( =mation1 & ?us t5d to decrease ! spe$ ( oxidation & conc5tration4 ,polybasic slags h a l[] =mation temp]ature1 & 9 consequ5ce ! production ( ! highly f]rug9\s slags ( high =mation temp]ature :i* x is desir$ to make by ! oxidation ( z mu* iron z possible is ret>d$4 ,9 addition1 ! pres5ce ( o!r e>?y bases 9 ! *>ge dilutes its fuel value2 !y may ev5 consume valuable heat by requir+ decomposition1 z 9 ! case ( c>bonates4 ,^! consid]ations are n s important 9 p>tial pyritic smelt+1 :]e ! requir$ heat balance c be adju/$ by coke4 ,! ,advantages ( ,pyritic ,smelt+4 7#a7 ,! possibility ( direct & imm$iate treatm5t ( highly pyritic raw ore 9 ! bla/ furnace1 ?us sav+ all ! co/s ( prelim9>y treatm5t & h&l+4 7#b7 ,! sav+ ( ! co/s ( roa/+ heavy sulphides4 ,9 =m] smelt+ practice1 high sulphide cont5ts 9 a copp] ore 7 p>ticul>ly disadvantage\s1 s9ce ! high] ! sulphur cont5ts ( ! *>ge ! l[] 0 ! grade ( ! result+ matte1 :5 smelt$ directly 9 ! bla/ furnace4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! high] sulphur cont5t necessitat$ a m complete roa/+ ( ! ore 9 ord] to ensure a high-grade matte on smelt+4 ,) pyritic smelt+ ! conditions are completely rev]s$1 & ! *>ge becomes m suitable = direct furnace treatm5t z its sulphide cont5ts increase1 s t ! mo/ suitable ores = pyritic smelt+ are ^? 9 :i* ! greate/ sav+ is effect$ by _! n requir+ a prelim9>y roa/+ op]ation4 ,z has be5 already indicat$1 ?is sav+ includes lab\r1 plant1 h&l+1 "t1 & int]e/ on capital ti$ up 9 ! roa/ y>ds1 z well z ! avoid+ ( all ! me*anical & o!r losses connect$ ) su* prelim9>y treatm5t4 ,?us at ,duckt[n1 ,t5nessee1 ! mat]ial economies effect$ by ! sub/itution ( pyritic smelt+ = ! processes involv+ prelim9>y roa/+ am\nt$ to no less ?an #c to #d c5ts p] p\nd ( copp] produc$1 9 addition to ! lat] advantages d]iv$ f ! recov]y ( values f ! gases1 & f ! improv$ conditions ( life 9 ! di/rict4 7#c7 ,! co/ ( coke is sav$4 ,fuel is "o ( ! ma9 items ( exp5se 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 & by ! sub/itution ( ! co/-free natural-sulphide fuel = coke1 ! proportion ( ! latt] requir$ on ! *>ge is r$uc$ f ! #i to #aj p] c5t4 =m]ly employ$ ) roa/$ mat]ials to ab\t #c to #e p] c5t41 & 9 c]ta9 special cases to v mu* small] am\nts4 ,difficulties ( ! ,process4--,t ! te*nical difficulties 9 apply+ ! process on a practical scale are consid]able1 "u pres5t conditions ( work+1 w be und]/ood f ! nature ( ! op]ations4 7#a7 ,! pyritic process works on a n>r[ m>g9 ( heat1 & all[s ( b little flexibility 9 ! conditions ( work+1 s9ce !re are few factors :i* c be alt]$ %\ld difficulties 9 op]at+ arise1 z comp>$ ) ! circum/ances :5 a free use ( supplem5t>y c>bonace\s fuel may be employ$4 ,! only s\rce ( heat en]gy at ! smelt+ zone is 9 ! sulphide *>ge itself1 & small v>iations 9 ! work+ conditions may readily di/urb ! delicate equilibrium ^u :i* successful work+ dep5ds4 ,irregul>ities1 /oppages1 & v>iations 9 grade ( matte may !re=e arise1 unless ! op]ations are regulat$ ) exce$+ wat*fulness4 ,9 true pyritic smelt+ ! employm5t ( coke = re/or+ ! balance or = produc+ heat requir$ at ! tuy]e zone is n p]missible or practicable1 s9ce1 z w be indicat$ lat]1 su* coke addition w\ld altoge!r de/roy ! equilibrium 9 ! process2 ! grade ( matte & ! composition ( slag w\ld be alt]$1 ! reactions di/urb$1 & a re/oration to normal pyritic smelt+ conditions r5d]$ almo/ impossible4 ,difficulties 9 op]ation h !re=e to be ov]come along ! l9es ( pyritic action--t is1 9 ! fur!r adju/m5t & manipulation ( bla/1 sulphide or silica supply1 or 9 *>g+ me?ods1 etc4--& 9 practice su* c>eful 8doctor+0 is resort$ to :5 ! furnace %[s signs ( work+ unsatisfactorily4 ,x is v (t5 possible by su* c>eful att5tion to gradually br+ a furnace back to smoo? runn+4 ,x occasionally happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! conditions gradually become worse1 & ! furnace comm5ces to %[ signs ( 8gobb+40 ,?is is indicat$ at ! top ( ! *>ge by ! =mation ( cru/s r\nd ! side & end walls1 :il/ f ! slag sp\t bel[1 !re issues a mu* r$uc$ quantity ( ?ick silice\s slag1 toge!r ) an abundant /ream ( ?9 l[-grade matte4 ,! furnace gradually ceases runn+1 & x becomes necess>y to /op its work+1 to take d[n ! furnace jackets1 b> out ! debris1 & re/>t op]ations4 ,?is is usually n s objectionable a proc$ure z x might appe>1 & inde$1 )9 c]ta9 def9ite limits1 su* a c\rse may economically be s\nd policy4 ,9 ! mod]n op]ation ( pyritic practice x (t5 pays bett] to risk ! occasional gobb+ up ( a furnace & cle> out ! debris1 ?an to "w ) s l>ge a quantity ( coke z w\ld avoid su* a necessity4 ,n only is ! mod]n furnace s design$ & con/ruct$ z to entail b comp>atively little tr\ble 9 clean+ out 9 ?is mann]1 b su* practice1 ev5 if tempor>ily a necess>y evil1 may1 9 places :]e coke is exp5sive1 & :]e conditions = pyritic smelt+ are o!rwise fav\rable1 be1 )9 c]ta9 def9ite limits1 actually ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,x is by ! tak+ ( ^! risks1 comb9$ ) fur!r exp]im5t & work+ exp]i5ce 9 manipulation1 su* z 9 *>g+ me?ods1 bla/ conditions1 & ! height & di/ribution ( *>ges1 etc41 t ! ultimate cont9u\s & successful work+ at /ill l[] co/s may be atta9$ & ! true pyritic process be work$ z cont9u\sly z ord9>y smelt+ practice4 ,%ort campaigns are n1 !re=e1 unusual "u ! pres5t conditions ( true pyritic smelt+1 & ! clean+ out ( ! g5]ally fairly loose debris is accompli%$ ) mod]ate ease1 f #bd to #cf h\rs be+ ! usual "t requir$ to take d[n1 clean out1 & re/>t a furnace1 :il/ ! co/ ( su* an op]ation 7*iefly 9 lab\r7 is n1 "u ! circum/ances1 excessive4 ,at ,t5nessee1 h>d driv+ & %ort campaigns result 9 l[] co/s & great] tonnage4 7#b7 ,! composition ( ! slag (t5 prev5ts high conc5tration4 ,x has be5 indicat$ t ! !rmal conditions 9 ! bessem]is+ zone ( ! pyritic furnace t5d to ! production ( highly basic slags1 :i*1 ?\gh hot & limpid1 are *>act]is$ by high d5sity4 ,su* slags are n conducive to good settl+ & sep>ation ( mattes1 & !y t5d to occasion high copp] losses1 because-- 7a7 ,! diff]5ce 9 d5sity ( slag & matte is n suffici5tly great4 7b7 ,! solubility ( sulphides 9 ! slag increases ) its basicity4 ,! great] ! conc5tration effect$ by ! smelt+ op]ation1 ! high] is ! grade ( ! matte produc$2 at ! same "t1 ! actual weight ( matte is small]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9ce m iron is oxidis$ f ! *>ge & slagg$ (f1 ! quantity ( slag produc$ increases proportionately4 ,contra/+ !n1 ! likely losses ( copp] :i* w\ld result f ! association ( a small quantity ( high-grade matte ) mu* slag1 comp>$ ) ^? result+ f ! association ( a consid]able quantity ( l[-grade matte 9 ! pres5ce ( b little slag1 ! =m] condition is obvi\sly ! m productive ( heavy loss1 = n only w _m m %ots ( matte be held 9 susp5sion1 b ea* %ot ( high-grade matte repres5ts a l>g] quantity ( copp]4 ,x is f\nd 9 practice t x is mo/ economical to make a fairly l[-grade matte on ! fir/ or 8gre5-ore0 smelt+1 & to re-conc5trate ?is matte pyritically up to conv]t] grade by a second smelt+ op]ation4 ,! extra co/ ( ca/+ ! l[-grade matte1 ( break+ up1 reh&l+ x1 & resmelt+1 ) all ! extra *>ges on capital1 etc41 involv$1 is less ?an ! losses :i* w\ld be incurr$ if high]-grade conv]t] matte 7 made at ! fir/ smelt+1 al?\gh !re is no difficulty at all 9 produc+ su* mattes s f> z ! actual furnace op]ations are conc]n$4 ,x is entirely a "q ( ! slag losses involv$4 ,"u ord9>y smelt+ conditions 7n truly pyritic71 :5 us+ "s coke = fuel1 x w\ld be readily possible to alt] ! d5sity ( ! slag by add+ suitable con/itu5ts1 su* z lime/one or additional silica1 b 9 pyritic smelt+ ?is is n practicable4 ,! furnace *ooses to make at ! tuy]e zone its own slag1 & t a highly basic "o4 ,high conc5tration & a slag l[ 9 iron cont5t _c be obta9$ toge!r 9 true pyritic smelt+1 s9ce high conc5tration means rapid oxidation ( iron sulphide1 & ?is necessitates high temp]ature & produces a highly f]rug9\s slag 9 consequ5ce4 ,additional silica add$ to ! *>ge c\ld n alt] ! slag composition m>k$ly & /ill yield ! same grade ( matte4 ,! silica cont5t ( ! slag dep5ds on ! temp]ature at ! tuy]e zone1 & ?is is gov]n$ by ! rate ( oxidation ( ! iron sulphide4 ,if ! slag is to be m silice\s x mu/ be produc$ at a l[] temp]ature1 :i* w\ld be obta9$ by oxidis+ ! iron less rapidly4 ,?is w\ld lead to ! production ( l[-grade matte1 & probably w\ld s r$uce ! furnace activity t !re w\ld n be suffici5t heat to keep ! slag molt54 ,if extra silica be add$ to ! *>ge1 x w\ld probably be unattack$ unless m iron 7 oxidis$ 9 ord] to flux x (f4 ,9 su* a case ! bla/ w\ld h to be increas$ 9 ord] to produce iron oxide m rapidly1 ! temp]ature w\ld 9 consequ5ce be rais$1 a /ill m basic slag w\ld be produc$ 9 l>g] quantity1 :il/ ! matte w\ld be increas$ 9 grade & r$uc$ proportionally 9 weight4 ,! addition ( suffici5t lime to ! *>ge1 9 ord] to produce a suffici5tly l[-gravity slag1 is also impracticable 9 true pyritic "w1 because-- 7a7 ,! extra lime consumes silica1 & int]f]es ) ! desir$ reactions at ! bessem]is+ zone1 t5d+ to l[] ! conc5tration4 ,x also absorbs heat4 ,lime has a v p[]ful aff9ity = silica1 m /rongly m>k$ ?an t ( iron oxide1 its replac+ value is high]1 its m silice\s silicates are readily =m$ & !y h a l[] =mation temp]ature1 all ( :i* factors t5d to an undue consumption ( silica :i* is urg5tly requir$ by ! iron if ! rate ( oxidation is to be ma9ta9$4 ,! m>k$ t5d5cy = lime 9 ! *>ge to consume ! silica t5ds to ret>d ! oxidation ( ! iron sulphide1 :i* proce$s mo/ satisfactorily :5 free silica is available = ! nasc5t iron-oxide1 & 9 consequ5ce conc5tration is decreas$ & ! heat+ effect 9 ! furnace r$uc$4 ,9 addition1 ! l>g] bulk ( calc>e\s slag c>ries consid]able heat f ! smelt+ zone ( ! furnace4 ,lime silicates & ! polybasic lime slags h a m>k$ly l[] =mation temp]ature ?an ! normal f]rug9\s slags ( true pyritic smelt+1 !y are h5ce =m$ readily )\t requir+ s mu* oxidation activity at ! tuy]e zone4 ,9 consequ5ce less iron is oxidis$1 & ! result+ conc5tration 9 ! matte is proportionately r$uc$4 7b7 ,! lime is introduc$ 9 ! =m ( lime/one1 & ! c>bon dioxide lib]at$ f ?is mat]ial 9 ! furnace is f\nd to h a delet]i\s effect on ! furnace gases if ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid f !m is int5d$--?is be+ a consid]ation ( great economic importance 9 connection ) _m mod]n pyritic smelt]s4 ,h5ce1 9 practice1 pyritic smelt+ is at pres5t g5]ally conduct$ 9 two /ages = ! production ( a matte ( #cj1 #dj1 or #ej p] c5t4 conv]t] grade4 ,! 8gre5 ore-matte10 or fir/ matte1 runs usually f #h to #ac or #ad p] c5t4 ( copp]1 dep5d+ ^u ! copp] ore available1 :i* is usually v l[ grade--#b to #c p] c5t4 copp] cont5ts2 ! second or conc5trat$ matte assays #bh to #dj p] c5t4 copp]4 ,special c>e is tak5 to ensure good settl+ ( matte f ! basic & irony slags1 & by ^! means ! copp] losses 9 ! slags are r$uc$ to ! comp>atively mod]ate proportions associat$ ) normal practice4 ,x does n appe> improbable t ) ! developm5ts ( basic conv]t] practice1 involv+ ev5tually ! cont9u\s conv]t+ ( l[-grade mattes1 ! necessity = ?is second pyritic smelt+ & re-conc5tration may be avoid$4 ,! removal ( ?is feature f pyritic smelt+ practice w\ld add enorm\sly to ! pot5tial economies aris+ f ! me?od4 ,9 spite ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! process1 z detail$ above1 ! me?od has prov$ itself an exce$+ly pr(itable "o on a l>ge scale1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! companies f9ancially int]e/$1 z well z ! op9ions ( manag]s ( ! plants 9 practical op]ation1 leave no d\bt z to ! economic success ( ?is application ( sci5tific pr9ciples to a practical problem on a v ext5d$ scale4 ,,special ,,features ,,( ,,pyritic ,,smelt+4--,sev]al po9ts ( p>ticul> int]e/ h giv5 rise to mu* discussion 9 connection ) pyritic smelt+ practice4 ,^! include ! "q ( ! coke proportion requir$ on ! *>ge1 & ! advisability or o!rwise ( employ+ heat$ bla/ = ! furnace4 ,coke ,proportion4--,:il/ ideal pyritic practice involves ! entire abs5ce ( supplem5t>y c>bonace\s fuel1 x has n be5 f\nd practicable1 up to ! pres5t1 to ensure satisfactory work+ ov] any reasonable p]iod ( "t1 unless a m9imum ( ab\t #abe p] c5t4 ( coke is incorporat$ ) ! *>ge4 ,! function ( ?is coke has be5 a matt] ( mu* speculation1 b ! inve/igations ( ,/i*t already ref]r$ to1 n[ p]mit ! trac+1 ) "s consid]able accuracy1 ( its function & ( its action 9 ! furnace4 ,x is f\nd t 9 true pyritic smelt+ ! coke does n rea* ! bessem]is+ zone at all1 b t x is completely consum$ 9 ! regions above ?is po9t4 ,x is1 moreov]1 n burn$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 none ( :i* exi/s above ! tuy]e zone1 s9ce all ?is oxyg5 is consum$ by ! combu/ion ( ! sulphide4 ,x appe>s t ! coke is oxidis$ by ! ,,s#b :i* results f ?is sulphide combu/ion4 ,! exam9ation & analysis ( samples ( ! gases )drawn f diff]5t p>ts ( ! furnace h confirm$ ?is view1 & h elucidat$ ! probable reason = ! app>5t necessity ( a c]ta9 small proportion ( coke 9 ! process1 "u ! pres5t conditions ( work+4 ,! heat g5]at$ f ! oxidation ( ! coke by ! ,,s#b is ( mu* value 9 preheat+ ! mat]ials ( ! *>ge = ! removal ( excess sulphur & ! liquation ( ! sulphides4 ,! am\nt ( heat :i* is available = ?is op]ation is small1 be+ practically all d]iv$ f t c>ri$ upw>ds by ! hot gases leav+ ! smelt+ zone1 & none is obta9able by ! usual processes ( coke or sulphide oxidation 9 ! upp] regions ( ! furnace1 s9ce no available oxyg5 is believ$ to get pa/ ! bessem]is+ zone & rea* ^! upp] areas4 ,x is inde$ necess>y = ! success ( pyritic smelt+ t su* oxidation or roa/+ ( sulphides 9 ! upp] "p ( ! furnace %\ld be prev5t$1 s9ce e available p>ticle ( iron sulphide is requir$ = heat production at ! smelt+ zone1 by its combu/ion !re1 & any oxidation else:]e n only deprives ?is zone ( fuel1 b spreads ! heat ov] too wide an area = suffici5tly int5se combu/ion4 ,?us1 by supply+ an additional am\nt ( heat to ! upp] p>ts ( ! furnace1 :]e heat is ne$$ to assi/ 9 ! prep>ation & liquation ( ! sulphides1 ! extra coke1 9 be+ oxidis$ by ! ,,s#b )\t robb+ ! tuy]e zone ( fuel or air1 j fulfils its useful purpose at ! requir$ place1 9 su* a way z to keep ! smelt+ op]ation runn+ smoo?ly4 ,! pres5ce ( m coke ?an is absolutely necess>y = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is purpose is1 9 addition to its extra co/1 ( no advantage1 & 9 true pyritic smelt+ none %\ld rea* ! tuy]e zone1 s9ce x introduces a r$uc+ influ5ce :]e ! mo/ m>k$ oxidis+ effect is requir$4 ,by consum+ oxyg5 = its combu/ion1 x deprives ! iron sulphide ( ?is mat]ial1 less iron is1 !re=e1 oxidis$1 & ! matte is consequ5tly increas$ 9 quantity & l[]$ 9 grade1 :il/ ! am\nt ( iron c>ri$ into ! slag is decreas$4 #abe p] c5t4 ( coke is ab\t ! m9imum quantity ) :i* x is f\nd practicable to ma9ta9 satisfactory work+ ( ! furnace "u pres5t conditions1 #je p] c5t4 has be5 work$ ) occasionally1 & none at all ov] c]ta9 %ort p]iods ( "t4 ,! av]age quantity employ$ is f #b to #c p] c5t41 & :5 ab\t #e p] c5t4 is us$1 coke rea*es ! tuy]e zone & ! process ceases to be truly pyritic--! reactions & smelt+ conditions become entirely *ang$4 ,x does n seem unlikely t1 z k ( ^! conditions increases & z ! me*anism ( ! process becomes m g5]ally und]/ood1 modifications 9 furnace design & bla/ conditions may lead to ! successful op]at+ ( ! pyritic process entirely indep5d5t ( ! use ( coke fuel4 ,heat+ ( ! ,bla/4--,= true pyritic smelt+ x has be5 %[n 9 practice t ! use ( heat$ bla/ possesses no advantages2 _m smelt]s op]at+ ! process h te/$ ! effects1 & h usually giv5 ! me?od up1 :il/ ! "w ( ,/i*t & ,pet]s af=ds valuable evid5ce & close argum5t z to ! reasons = its unsuitability4 ,success 9 true pyritic work+ dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( oxidation ( ! sulphides1 & ^u ! localisation ( ! result+ heat at ! n>r[ bessem]is+ zone situat$ j above ! tuy]es4 ,! great] ! quantity ( iron :i* is !re oxidis$ p] m9ute1 ! bett] is ! conc5tration1 ! great] is ! smelt+ & flux+ int5sity & ! high] is ! result+ temp]ature4 ,s9ce ! "* & composition ( ! slag v>y 9 accordance ) ^! conditions1 dep5d+ l>gely ^u ! temp]ature 9 ! tuy]e zone1 ! furnace works mo/ rapidly & satisfactorily :5 slags ( high =mation temp]ature are be+ produc$4 ,^! c only be =m$ if mu* iron is be+ oxidis$1 because iron is ! *ief fuel 9 ! process4 ,! addition ( extra heat by w>m+ ! bla/ appe>s to all[ ( ! =mation ( silicate slags possess+ a l[] =mation temp]ature1 su* slags are less basic1 & consequ5tly less iron ne$ be oxidis$ & slagg$ (f p] m9ute 9 ord] to produce !m4 ,less iron sulphide fuel is1 !re=e1 burn$1 & ! reaction int5sity at ! tuy]e zone is r$uc$1 s t ! necess>y heat m>g9 = satisfactory smelt+ may n be atta9$4 ,! extra heat c>ri$ 9 by ! w>m$ bla/ may n be suffici5t to comp5sate = t :i* is lo/ ow+ to ?is decrease 9 oxidation int5sity2 ! furnace consequ5tly t5ds to "w cold1 :il/ ! excess air supply leads to ! production ( ov]-fire1 by ! oxidis+ ( sulphides high] up 9 ! *>ge4 ,^! features are specially int]e/+1 z !y af=d "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ di/9ctions betwe5 true & p>tial pyritic smelt+4 ,9 ! latt] process1 ! fuel value 9 ! adju/able supply ( coke at ! tuy]es all[s ( ! ready production ( any extra heat :i* might be requir$4 ,! slag composition is1 9 consequ5ce1 m indep5d5t ( ! furnace conditions1 s9ce ! heat requir$ = ! smelt+ op]ation does n dep5d s mu* on ! =mation ( slag ( any p>ticul> composition4 ,suffici5t heat is always obta9able by coke additions :5 smelt+ = any special slag :i* may be desir$4 ,nei!r is localisation ( ! heat at ! n>r[ tuy]e zone s ess5tial 9 p>tial pyritic smelt+4 ,w>m bla/ produces a great] combu/ion int5sity :5 employ$ 9 oxidis+ c>bon1 s t x may pres5t advantages1 bo? economic & op]ative1 9 p>tial pyritic "w1 :]eas x is di/9ctly disadvantage\s 9 ! true pyritic me?od4 ,pyritic ,smelt+ ,practice 9 ,t5nessee4--,! pyritic process is op]at$ 9 ,t5nessee at two smelt]s2 t at ,copp]hill "u ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,company1 & at ,isabella by ! ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp] & ,iron ,co4 ,! ore av]ages f #b to ab\t #b p] c5t4 copp]1 #ca to #cg p] c5t4 iron1 #bj to #cj p] c5t4 sulphur1 #aj to #be p] c5t4 silica1 ! rema9d] be+ e>?s1 includ+ lime ab\t #f p] c5t41 magnesia #b p] c5t41 z9c #b p] c5t41 & alum9a--i4e41 a heavy sulphide ore ) b little excess ( free silica available = ! flux+ ( iron4 ,copp]hill4--,! process is conduct$ v mu* accord+ to ! pr9ciples j consid]$4 ,! ,copp]hill plant op]ates sev5 furnaces ( ! ord9>y rectangul> wat]-jacket$ type--! g5]al features ( furnace design be+ little diff]5t at pres5t1 :e!r true or p>tial pyritic practice be conduct$4 ,sev]al important devices 9 detail h be5 introduc$ ) successful results1 & ! managem5t is di/+ui%$ = its pione] "w & exp]im5tal ent]prise 9 connection ) ! process4 ,! furnaces 7 =m]ly all #ef in*es wide2 ?ree ( !m are #ahj in*es long1 ! o!r f\r be+ #bgj in*es4 ,! height ( *>ge is f #aj to #ab feet1 ! capacity ( ! small] furnaces #cge to #djj tons ( *>ge daily1 & a bla/ ( #ai1jjj cubic feet ( air p] m9ute at #ej ozs4 pressure is suppli$ to ea*4 ,! l>g] furnaces h a capacity ( #ejj to #fjj tons daily4 ,_m trials h be5 made to det]m9e ! be/ %ape = ! wat]-jacket$ sections1 bo? broad & n>r[ panels hav+ be5 employ$4 ,9 "o ( ! furnaces1 curv$ end-jackets 7 tri$1 ) ! object ( less5+ ! production ( cru/s :i* t5d to =m at ! corn]s1 ow+ to coldness & r$uc$ furnace activity at ^! po9ts4 ,! advantages expect$ h n be5 realis$1 ! t5d5cy to cru/+ has n be5 less5$1 & al?\gh b>r+ has be5 r5d]$ easi]1 ! disadvantages ( r\nd$ corn]-jackets & _! greatly increas$ co/ ( con/ruction outweigh _! advantages1 & _! use has n[ be5 giv5 up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4--,slott$ ,tuy]es1 #ab in*es by #d in*es 7,t4 ,c4 ,c474 ,an important modification 9 ! =m ( ! tuy]es has be5 introduc$ ) ! object ( furni%+ m effectively ! necess>y l>ge volume ( air at suitable pressure1 & ( increas+ ! effici5cy at ! tuy]e zone4 ,in/ead ( supply+ ! air to ! furnace at a numb] ( sep>at$ po9ts1 x 0 felt t ! clos] ^! c\ld be br\ght toge!r ! bett]4 ,a n>r[ slot all r\nd ! furnace = air admission has be5 held to be ! mo/ p]fect me?od1 b hi!rto x has be5 ?\ght impracticable1 ?\gh a rec5t =m ( furnace 7n at ?is plant7 has be5 devis$ on ?is sy/em4 ,! improvem5t "h has be5 ! use ( slott$ tuy]es1 #ab in*es long by #d in*es wide1 ea* ( :i* replaces two ( ! old] tuy]es ( #c in*es diamet]4 ,^! h prov$ v successful1 ! furnace ?us equipp$ h&l+ a mu* l>g] tonnage1 & x has be5 decid$ to adopt ! new =m on all ! furnaces4 ,*>g+ is by side-dump+ ,v-%ap$ c>s1 & great c>e is tak5 9 ! h&l+ & di/ribution ( ! *>ges4 ,! furnaces are fitt$ ) tops ( special design1 & ) elaborate du/-cat*+ devices :i* h be5 ! subject ( long & num]\s exp]im5ts2 ! special purpose be+ to all[ ! tak+ (f ( ! gases bel[ ! fe$-floor1 & to r$uce ! height ( ! sup]/ructure to ! smalle/ possible proportions1 s z to prev5t excessive dilution 7by air7 ( ! furnace gases1 :i* are us$ = sulphuric acid manufacture4 ,! furnace tops 7 orig9ally ( ! /&>d =m--brick walls support$ by /eel frame-"w4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 necess>y to damp] d[n ! flues 9 ord] to obta9 suffici5t pressure to =ce ! gases ?r\gh ! ,glov] t[]s1 & ! heat has caus$ ! /eel "w to w>p badly4 ,a l[ top 0 tri$1 us+ a brick-l9$ flue at ! end = tak+ (f ! gases bel[ ! fe$-floor4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be good = *>ge-dump+ & g5]al conv5i5ce1 b x all[$ ! escape ( too mu* smoke & flames1 :i* greatly int]f]$ ) ! furnace manipulation4 ,9 consequ5ce ! tubul> top 0 us$1 gradually rais$ until a suitable height 0 rea*$4 ,?is =m has be5 describ$ on p4 #adj4 ,! pres5t practice at ,copp]hill is to smelt ! ore pyritically = a #i to #aj p] c5t4 matte1 pass+ ! products ?r\gh ! #af-;foot settl]s :i* are n[ l9$ ) silice\s copp] ore1 !n tapp+ ! matte into ladles :i* empty x into b$s ( flue-du/4 ,alt]nate lay]s ( matte & du/ are ?us incorporat$1 & yield a por\s mat]ial conv5i5t = ! conc5trat+ pyritic smelt :i* foll[s4 ,?is re-conc5tration is n[ conduct$ 9 a furnace n>r[$ to #dd in*es1 :i* has be5 f\nd specially well suit$ = ! "w2 ! furnace runs fa/1 smelt+ sometimes ov] #hjj tons ( *>ge p] day4 ,! sy/em ( work+ is t ( h>d driv+ s long z ! furnace smelts rapidly4 ,z soon z x sl[s d[n1 ! furnace is tapp$ out & />t$ afre%4 ,! re-conc5trat+ *>ge conta9s "s lime/one 9 ord] to r$uce ! copp] losses 9 ! slag1 ! sav+ effect$ by ?is feature be+ equival5t to #b lbs4 ( copp] p] ton ( ore smelt$4 ,! result+ matte is bessem]is$4 ,! furnace gases are utilis$ = sulphuric acid manufacture1 ! acid plant be+ ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w1 ) an ultimate capacity ( #djj tons p] day4 ,duckt[n4--,x 0 at ! ,duckt[n ,company's smelt] t ! fir/ "w on pyritic smelt+ 9 ! di/rict 0 c>ri$ out1 & ! successful developm5t ( ! process g5]ally1 owes mu* to ,freel&'s e>ly pione] "w1 ! rem>kable results ( :i* l$ ,p>ke-,*ann+ to adopt ! process at ! ,copp]hill plant4 ,,table ,,xi4--,,typical ,,*>g+ ,,tables ,,at ,,pyritic ,,smelt]4 ,b4,f4 ,,no4 #c--,,night ,,%ift4 ,typical ,gre5 ,ore ,*>ges4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,coke1 #ahj #bdj #bdj #djj 44 ,ore ,a41 #e1jjj 44 44 44 44 ,ore ,b41 44 #e1jjj 44 44 44 ,ore ,c41 44 44 #e1jjj 44 44 ,slag1 44 44 44 #d1jjj 44 ,lime rock1 44 44 44 44 44 ,gre5 ore 7l[ grade7 matte1 44 44 44 44 44 ,flue-du/1 44 44 44 44 44 ,qu>tz 7= flux71 #iej 44 44 44 44 ,total weight ( *>ge1 #f1acj #e1bdj #e1bdj #d1djj 44 ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,total ,h\rs ( ,*>g+-- ,*>ges,*>ges,*>ges,*>gesp] ,hr #f-g1 #b #b 44 44 #d #g-h1 #b 44 #b #b #f #h-i1 #b #b 44 44 #d #i-aj1 #b1 #b 44 #b1 #b 44 #h #aj-aa1 44 #b 44 #b #d #aa-ab1 #b 44 #b 44 #d #ab-a1 #b1 #b #b 44 44 #f #a-b1 #b 44 #b #b #f #b-c1 #b #b 44 44 #d #c-d1 #b 44 #b 44 #d #d-e1 #b 44 44 #b #d #e-f1 #b1 #b #b #b 44 #h ,total ,no4 ( *>ges daily1 #bh #ab #ad #h #fb ,b4,f4 ,,no4 #e--;,,day ,,%ift4 ,typical ,conc5trat+ ,*>ges4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,coke1 #aej #djj extra #gjj 44 ,ore ,a41 44 44 44 44 ,ore ,b41 44 44 44 44 ,ore ,c41 44 44 44 44 ,slag1 44 #d1jjj 44 44 ,lime rock1 #gjj 44 44 44 ,gre5 ore 7l[ grade7 matte1 #c1ejj 44 44 44 ,flue-du/1 44 44 44 44 ,qu>tz 7= flux71 #a1jej 44 44 44 ,total weight ( *>ge1 #e1djj #d1djj #gjj 44 ,no4 ( ,no4 ( ,total ,h\rs ( ,*>g+-- ,*>ges ,*>ges p] ,hr #f-g1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #ad #g-h1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b #b 44 #aj #h-i1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #aj #i-aj1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #aj #aj-aa1 #b1 #b #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 #ab #aa-ab1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #aj #ab-a1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #aj #a-b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #aj #b-c1 #b1 #b1 #b #b1b 44 #aj #c-d1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #ab #d-e1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 44 #aj #e-f1 #b1 #b1 #b #b1 #b1 #b1 #b 44 #ad ,total ,no4 ( *>ges daily1 #abj #ab 44 #acb ,x w be obs]v$ t ! conc5trat+ furnace works twice z quickly z ! gre5 ore matt+ furnace1 & h5ce "o furnace only is requir$ = ! conc5tration ( ! matte product f two ( ! matt+ furnaces4 ,! ,isabella smelt] comprises two furnaces ( mod]ate size1 #ag feet by #c feet #d in*es at ! tuy]es1 hav+ a jo9t capacity ( #ejj to #fjj tons daily4 ,! furnaces are ab\t #i feet high1 & are wat]-cool$4 ,air at only #bj to #cj ozs4 pressure is suppli$ ?r\gh #c-;in* tuy]es4 ,! smelt+ s*eme is some:at analog\s to t adopt$ at ,copp]hill1 ! fir/ smelt+ produc+ a #bj p] c5t4 copp] matte f ! #b p] c5t4 ore1 :il/ ! re-conc5tration results 9 a conv]t]-grade matte assay+ #ej p] c5t4 ,! coke proportions are some:at simil> to ^? us$ at ,copp]hill1 be+ #ej p] c5t4 = ! fir/ smelt+1 & #ce p] c5t4 = ! second4 ,! furnace managem5t at ?is small plant is exce$+ly effici5t1 & ! campaigns are long1 x be+ claim$ t ! furnace op]ations h nev] _h to be completely /opp$ on acc\nt ( cru/+ or gobb+4 ,?is is held to be due to ! results ( special c>e 9 fe$+ & *>ge di/ribution1 ! +5i\s ,freel& *>g] already describ$ be+ us$4 ,! *>ge is kept l[ 7#f to #h feet above ! tuy]es71 & is ev5ly r$ hot all ?r\gh4 ,! slags assay #ce to #cf p] c5t4 silica1 #chh p] c5t4 iron1 & #hj p] c5t4 lime--) mod]ate copp] losses4 ,! annual output is equival5t to ab\t #c1jjj tons ( metallic copp]4 ,an acid-mak+ plant is also atta*$ to ^! works4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,sulphuric ,acid f ,pyritic ,furnace ,gases4--,mod]n legislative requirem5ts make sev]e dem&s ^u ! managem5ts ( smelt]-works :]e sulphury ores are dealt )1 by reason ( ! disa/r\s effects ( ! sulphur\s gases ^u ! conditions ( life g5]ally 9 ! vic9ity4 ,9 o!r cases1 litigation by neighb\r+ f>m]s & o!rs impose re/rictions on ! am\nt & "* ( ! gases :i* ! smelt]s are all[$ to emit f _! furnace /acks4 ,s s]i\s has ! problem become t sev]al smelt]s h _h to cease op]ations altoge!r1 o!rs h be5 mulct$ 9 enorm\s co/s by law suits1 by claims = comp5sation1 or by ! in/allation ( plant & processes :i* !y h be5 compell$ to adopt = deal+ ) ! gases4 ,^! matt]s h become subjects ( hi/orical importance 9 ! developm5t ( smelt] practice4 ,z has be5 ! case 9 analog\s circum/ances else:]e1 :5 int]f]5ce ) ! uncontroll$ disp]sion ( !n-consid]$ wa/e products has (t5 prov$ ( ultimate b5efit & a s\rce ( mu* pr(it to _! produc]s1 ! en=c$ treatm5t ( highly sulphur\s furnace gases has 9 sev]al in/ances result$ 9 consid]able ga9 to ! copp] smelt]s4 ,among ! me?ods :i* are at pres5t economically practicable = deal+ ) ! smelt] gases1 ^? ( dilution1 & ( utilisation = acid manufacture are ! mo/ important4 ,! consid]ations :i* decide ! be/ c\rse ( treatm5t dep5d on ! num]\s economic & local factors :i* are always ( su* prime importance 9 connection ) indu/rial und]tak+s dem&+ l>ge capital outlay4 ,! in/allation ( a plant = mak+ sulphuric acid f ! gases l>gely dep5ds on-- 7a7 ,! te*nical factor z to :e!r ! composition ( ! gases is suitable = ! mak+ ( acid4 7b7 ,! economic factor z to :e!r su* acid c be put ^u ! m>ket on a satisfactory basis4 7a7 ,= ! successful op]ation ( acid-mak+ plant1 z at pres5t develop$1 x is necess>y t ! proportions ( sulphur dioxide 9 ! gases %all n fall bel[ a c]ta9 m9imum1 & fur!r1 t ! gases %all n conta9 m ?an c]ta9 limit+ proportions ( o!r int]f]+ con/itu5ts1 su* z1 = in/ance1 ,,co#b4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! bla/ furnace op]at+ ! true pyritic process furni%es gases ( ! type mo/ suitable = acid manufacture1 s9ce by ?is process ! sulphur-dioxide is obta9$ 9 ! gases 9 ! mo/ conc5trat$ & ! lea/ contam9at$ =m possible "u smelt+ conditions4 ,ev5 "u ^! circum/ances ! gases are n 9 ! lea/ ( an ideal composition = treatm5t1 ow+ to _! dilution ) nitrog51 etc41 & ! developm5t ( ! acid-mak+ plants & processes adopt$ = ! successful utilisation ( copp] bla/-furnace gases furni%es a record cov]+ _m ye>s ( v sl[ & co/ly exp]im5t1 m>k$ by _m prelim9>y failures & disappo9tm5ts4 ,^! difficulties h n[ be5 ov]come1 z ! work+ ( ! successful plants atta*$ to bo? ( ! ,t5nessee copp] smelt]s af=ds conclusive pro(1 & ! sulphur :i* =m]ly co/ money to dissipate by roa/+1 n[ n only acts z fuel1 b furni%es a v pr(itable bye-product4 ,! requirem5ts = ! gases are *iefly ! pres5ce ( suffici5t ,,s#b & oxyg51 & ( z little ,,co#b z possible--factors :i* dep5d l>gely on ! proportions ( sulphide 9 ! *>ge4 ,! gas = ! acid plant mu/ be suppli$ 9 regul> & cont9u\s am\nt1 at a specific temp]ature1 & ?is calls = special c>e 9 ! smelt+ op]ation1 furnace manipulation & bla/ supply1 supplem5t>y air admission1 etc4 ,ab\t #ce to #d p] c5t4 ( ,,s#b 9 ! gases deliv]$ at ! *amb]s is ! m9imum proportion = satisfactory work+2 ,,co#b %\ld n exce$ ab\t #e p] c5t41 & ab\t #fj p] c5t4 or m ( oxyg5 is also necess>y4 7b7 ,9 addition to ! capital *>ges involv$ 9 ! acid-mak+ in/allation & ! co/s ( adapt+ ! furnace plant & op]ations to ! process1 ! problem ( putt+ ! acid ^u ! m>ket on a satisfactory economic basis is important1 p>ticul>ly 9 view ( ! competition f o!r s\rces4 ,! di/ricts :i* (f] a consum+ area = ! l>ge & regul> supply ( acid f ! smelt]s are n unlimit$ 9 numb]1 & are probably readily accessible to o!r s\rces4 ,9 view ( ! co/s ( production1 ! di/ance ( ! smelt] f ! m>ket is a s]i\s consid]ation1 s9ce freight *>ges on sulphuric acid are high1 involv+ special regulations ) respect to ! =m ( c> & conditions ( traffic1 & !y may readily exce$ all possible pr(its result+ f ! sale ( ! product4 ,9 ,t5nessee ! companies 7 =c$ to in/all acid plants4 ,t at ,copp]hill is ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w2 comm5c$ 9 #aijf1 acid manufacture began ab\t two ye>s lat]1 aft] mu* exp]im5t+1 & fur!r units h gradually be5 add$4 ,! plant n[ includes two ,glov] t[]s1 #cj feet across & #ej feet high1 #fd cool+ *amb]s ab\t #aa feet #aa feet #gj feet high1 eight cool+ *amb]s #aa feet #bd feet #gj feet high1 twelve old *amb]s #ej feet #ej feet #gj feet1 six new *amb]s #ej feet #ej feet #ge feet1 eight new *amb]s #bc feet #ej feet #hj feet1 eight ,gay-,lussac t[]s1 ) complem5t>y tanks1 etc4--produc+ at ! rate ( #afh1jjj tons ( #fj ,b4 acid p] annum4 ,! ,duckt[n ,company's plant 0 in/all$ 9 record "t1 &1 l ! ,copp]hill plant1 comprises elaborate du/ *amb]s & flues1 ) ,glov] & ,gay-,lussac t[]s ( special design & con/ruction1 & enorm\s acid-mak+ *amb]s ) complex valves & fitt+s4 ,! plant is design$ to produce ab\t #afj tons ( #fj ,b4 acid daily4 ,! analysis ( ! gases suppli$ to ! t[]s v>i$ dur+ ! e>ly work+ ( ! plant2 "u fairly normal conditions ! av]age analysis ( ! gases deliv]$ is ,,s#b #ce p] c5t41 ,,co#b #ce p] c5t41 ,,s#c trace2 ! oxyg5 9 ! mixture be+ ab\t #hj p] c5t4 ,! temp]ature is also apt to v>y4 ,full details on ^! po9ts are n yet available = g5]al s]vice4 ,! managem5t ( bo? companies h be5 successful 9 obta9+ p>ticul>ly satisfactory contracts = ! pur*ase ( _! acid by f]tilis] corporations4 ,ref]5ces4 ,pet]s1 ,e4 ,d41 8,pr9ciples0 & 8,practice ( ,copp] ,smelt+40 ,bla/-furnace ,manipulation4 ,%elby1 ,geo4 ,f41 8,alum9a 9 ,bla/-,furnace ,slags40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aijh4 ,(f]haus1 ,c41 8,copp] ,bla/-,furnace ,smelt+ at ,anaconda40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aijh1 ,aug4 #g1 pp4 #bdc-bej4 ,sackett1 ,b4 ,l41 8,! ,granby ,smelt] ,equipm5t40 ,m9es & ,m9]als1 #aiaj1 ,april1 p4 #ebd4 8,op]ations ( ! ,t5nessee ,copp] ,company40 ,(ficial ,annual ,reports ( ! ,g5]al ,manage4r ,walk]1 ,a4 ,l41 8,! ,metallurgy ( ,copp] 9 #aiaj40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaa1 ,jan4 #g1 p4 #ci4 ,au/91 ,l4 ,s41 8,review ( ,metallurgy 9 #aiaj40 ,met4 & ,*em4 ,ind41 #aiaa1 ,jan4 #aa1 p4 #dj4 ,rice1 ,claude ,t41 8,h&l+ ,copp] ,smelt+ ,gases40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaa1 ,m>4 #be1 p4 #fad4 8,cottrell's ,fume ,smelt]40 ,m94 & ,sci5t4 ,press1 ,aug4 #bf1 ,sept4 #b1 #aiaa4 ,h]rick1 ,r4 ,l41 8,bo/on & ,montana ,co4's ,smelt] at ,great ,falls40 ,m9es & ,m9]als1 #aiji1 ,dec41 p4 #beg4 ,h>v>d1 ,f4 ,t41 8,cond5sation ( ,fume & ,neutralisation ( ,furnace ,gases40 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 ,no4 #dd1 #aiaj1 ,aug4 8,m9]al ,indu/ry40 ,annual4 ,pyritic ,smelt+4 ,holway1 ,john1 8,a new ,application ( ,bessem]'s ,me?od ( ,rapid ,oxidation1 by :i* ,sulphides are utilis$ = ,fuel40 ,j\rn4 ,society ( ,arts1 ,feb4 #ahgi4 ,rick>d1 ,t4 ,a41 8,pyrite ,smelt+40 ,/i*t1 ,rob]t1 8,ueb] das ,wes5s des ,pyrites ,v]fahr5s40 ,metallurgie1 ,nov4 #bb1 ,dec4 #h1 #aijf4 ,w9tle & ,alaba/]1 8,pyritic ,smelt+40 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 #aijf1 vol4 xv41 p4 #bfi4 ,ni*olls1 ,f4 ,s41 8,pyrite ,smelt+ 9 ,tilt ,cove1 ,newf\ndl&40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aijh1 ,sept4 #e1 p4 #dfb4 ,wright1 ,l4 ,t41 #dd 8,pyritic ,smelt+ )\t ,coke40 ,m94 & ,sci5t4 ,press1 #aijf1 ,sept4 #bi4 ,sulphuric ,acid ,manufacture4 ,fald+1 ,f4 ,j41 & ,*ann+1 ,j4 ,p41 8,pyrite ,smelt+ & ,sulphuric ,acid ,manufacture40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,sept4 #ag1 p4 #eee4 ,freel&1 ,w4 ,h41 & ,r5wick1 ,c4 ,w41 8,smelt]y ,smoke z a ,s\rce ( ,sulphuric ,acid40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,may #bh1 p4 #aaaf4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,! ,,bessem]is+ ,,( ,,copp] ,,mattes4 ,developm5t ( ! ,process -- ,! ,conv]t] -- ,conv]t] ,l9+s -- ,grade ( ,matte -- ,op]ation ( ! ,process -- ,sy/ems ( ,work+4 ,9 mod]n copp] smelt+ practice1 matte ( 8conv]t] grade10 conta9+ f #cj to #ej p] c5t4 ( copp]1 is bessem]is$ = ! production ( metallic copp]4 ,successful practice dep5ds ^u a regul> & cont9u\s output ( matte f ! furnace plant be+ available1 & ^u a capitalisation & res\rces on a suffici5tly l>ge scale = cont9u\s op]ation ( ! :ole ( ! smelt+ plant4 ,developm5t ( ! ,process = ,bessem]is+ ,copp] ,mattes4--,! success ( ,bessem]'s process1 :i* 0 appli$ 9 #ahef to ! production ( /eel by bl[+ air ?r\gh molt5 ca/-iron1 l$ to a sugge/ion = its application to copp] mattes & to "s exp]im5ts on ! subject by ,sem5ik[1 a ,russian eng9e]1 t5 ye>s lat]4 ,x 0 n until #ahgh t any fur!r "w 0 conduct$ on a practical scale4 ,9 t ye> ,john ,holway sugge/$ & work$ out ! s*eme already ref]r$ to1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* z outl9$ by him1 =m ! f\ndation ( ! pyritic & conv]t] practice ( ! pres5t "t4 ,air 0 bl[n ?r\gh heat$ ,rio ,t9to pyrites 9 an ord9>y ,bessem] /eel conv]t] & ! exp]im5ts met ) consid]able success4 ,! app>atus 01 h[ev]1 n deem$ conv5i5t1 z ! process work$ v int]mitt5tly & l>ge quantities ( slag 7 produc$ :i* requir$ to be p\r$ (f at int]vals1 :il/ ! position ( ! tuy]es 9 ?is =m ( conv]t] 0 f\nd to be unsatisfactory4 ,!re are _m practical difficulties 9 employ+ ! same k9d ( app>atus = ! conv]t+ ( copp] mattes z = ! bessem]is+ ( ca/-iron into /eel4 ,9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ! f9al /eel product diff]s b little 9 weight or bulk f ! orig9al *>ge1 :il/ ! process produces b little slag1 ow+ to ! comp>atively small proportions ( silicon & manganese :i* require to be oxidis$--:]eas 9 copp] conv]t+1 ! quantity ( slag produc$ is almo/ equal 9 weight to ! am\nt ( matte orig9ally *>g$1 :il/ ! result+ copp] product am\nts to less ?an "o-half ( ?is weight4 ,fur!r1 9 bessem]is+ ca/-iron1 ! bl[ is ( v %ort duration2 9 copp] matte conv]t+1 x occupies m ?an two h\rs1 & ! relative heat losses are1 9 consequ5ce1 m>k$ly diff]5t4 ,f9ally1 ! l9+ ( ! /eel conv]t] *iefly s]ves to protect ! %ell2 its function 9 ! copp] conv]t] 0 to act also z flux = ! iron oxides produc$ on bl[+4 ,9 ,holway's f9al =m ( app>atus = ! pyritic smelt+ ( copp] ore to metal1 ! introduction ( silice\s mat]ial z a flux = ! iron oxide & ! use ( basic l9+ 7 arrang$ =1 ) ! object ( ov]com+ ! difficulties caus$ by ! corrosion ( ! silice\s l9+ :i* act$ z flux4 ,?\gh sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e ! pyritic treatm5t ( ore 0 successfully conduct$1 ! process ( bessem]is+ ! fluid matte to metal 0 successfully appli$ on a comm]cial scale by ,manhs 9 #ahhj1 al?\gh x 0 n until ! foll[+ ye> t ,david's device ( plac+ ! tuy]es horizontally & at su* a height above ! bottom z n to int]f]e ) ! metal :i* is obta9$1 solv$ ! f9al difficulties ( op]ation on a practical scale4 ,9 #ahhc-d ! ,manhs conv]t] 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & at ab\t ! same "t ! b>rel =m 0 design$ by ,manhs & ,david1 & 0 also readily adopt$4 ,bo? =ms develop$ 9 size1 increas+ 9 capacity f #a ton to t ( #g to #aj tons4 ,until comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 ! *ief modifications 9 practice 7 conc]n$ ) op]at+ & con/ructional details r ?an ) radical *anges 9 ! pr9ciples ( "w4 ,exp]im5ts & rese>* h mean:ile be5 9 con/ant progress ) ! object ( ov]com+ sev]al ( ! grave defects connect$ ) ! app>5t necessity = ! de/ruction ( ! silice\s conv]t]-l9+ by us+ x z flux1 :i* 0 due to ! difficulties ( caus+ ! iron oxide to flux ) silica :5 introduc$ 9 any o!r way4 ,! mo/ vital improvem5t introduc$ into conv]t+ practice1 & t ) :i* ! future developm5ts are mo/ closely b\nd1 is ! successful adaptation ( basic mat]ial = ! purpose ( l9+ ! conv]t]4 ,?is a*ievem5t1 toge!r ) rec5t success 9 ! introduc+ ( silice\s flux1 promises to solve _m ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! bessem]is+ ( l[-grade matte by a cont9u\s process4 ,sugge/$ by ,holway1 basic l9+s 7 tri$ at ! ,p>rott ,smelt]1 ,butte1 9 #ahij1 by ,kell] & o!rs1 b "u ! conditions ( work+ at t "t !y 7 f\nd to be unsuccessful :5 op]at$ on an indu/rial scale4 ,valuable pione] "w 0 und]tak5 by ,baggaley 9 ,montana1 & aft] _m trials1 8 me?od 0 successfully op]at$ = "s mon?s at ! ,pittsmont ,smelt] "u ,heywood's direction 9 #aijf4 ,visits ( inspection to ?is smelt] 9 #aijh prov$ disappo9t+1 x be+ f\nd t mo/ ( ! plant :i* _h promis$ ! solution ( su* difficult problems _h be5 dismantl$1 l>gely ow+ to economic difficulties connect$ ) its op]ation1 & ! works 7 9 process ( re-organisation = ! old] sy/em ( work+4 ,mean:ile1 s9ce #aijc1 ,knuds51 at ,sulijtelma1 ,norway1 has successfully employ$ a small basic-l9$ conv]t+ furnace = ! comb9$ pyritic smelt+ & conv]t+ ( heavy sulphide ores4 ,! process consi/s usually ( pyritic liquation ( ! sulphides1 foll[$ by a fur!r conc5tration ( ! matte up to ord9>y conv]t] grade by bessem]is+1 ! high] grade matte be+ !n transf]r$ to a silica-l9$ vessel & bl[n to metal 9 ! usual way4 ,! successful op]at+ ( ! basic-l9$ conv]t] on ! l>ge scale & "u ! conditions ( work+ at great mod]n plants 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,smi? & ,pi]ce at ! ,baltimore ,copp] ,company's ,smelt]1 & ! me?od has s9ce be5 in/all$ & work$ ) success at ,g>field1 ,utah 7five conv]t]s 9 op]ation1 "o 9 res]ve72 at ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4,j42 at ! ,wa%oe ,smelt] at ,anaconda--:]e ! :ole plant is be+ adapt$ = basic-conv]t+--& at sev]al o!r works4 ,a rec5t & promis+ developm5t has be5 ! report$ successful bl[+ ( f9e silice\s conc5trates ?r\gh ! tuy]es ( conv]t]s at ! ,g>field ,smelt]1 a me?od by :i* x might be possible to effect ! rapid & effici5t extraction ( values f f9e mat]ial o!rwise difficult to deal )1 af=d+ at ! same "t a means ( conv5i5tly supply+ silice\s flux 9 a mann] possess+ _m advantages4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,bessem]is+ ,process4--,! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! conv]t] process are ^? :i* =m ! basis ( pyritic smelt+ practice--( :i* bessem]is+ is b a phase4 ,! reactions involve ! v rapid oxidation ( iron & sulphur "u practically ideal conditions1 & ! flux+ by silica ( ! iron oxide s produc$4 ,! heat ( oxidation keeps ! mat]ials 9 a ?or\ghly molt5 /ate1 & ma9ta9s ! temp]ature well above t requir$ = slag =mation & p]fect fluidity4 ,! heat d]iv$ by ! comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! iron & sulphur & t ( ! iron oxide ) silica is develop$ s rapidly & 9 su* quantity1 ow+ to ! l>ge masses n[ work$ )1 z to cause a reaction-activity suffici5t to make ! process indep5d5t ( heat f ext]nal s\rces4 ,x w be not$ h[ m>k$ly ! m rec5t developm5ts ( copp] smelt+ h tak5 advantage ( ! factors ( ! "t elem5t & mass influ5ce 9 obta9+ enorm\s heat int5sities & consequ5t high temp]atures1 by conduct+ oxidation ( sulphides z rapidly & 9 z l>ge mass z possible4 ,! same absolute quantities ( heat p] unit weight ( *>ge 7 lib]at$ 9 ! old] smelt+ me?ods involv+ roa/+1 b ! m leisurely mann] ( op]at+ all[$ ! dissipation & disp]sion ( mu* ( ?is heat1 ?us necessitat+ ! employm5t ( supplem5t>y c>bonace\s fuel4 ,! ,conv]t]4--,! conv]t] is a l9$ /eel vessel 9 :i* ! molt5 matte is conta9$1 & :i* all[s ( air be+ bl[n ?r\gh ! mat]ial by means ( tuy]es :i* pass ?r\gh ! walls4 ,! e>ly =m ( conv]t] 0 bottom-bl[n1 & simil> to t inv5t$ by ,bessem]1 b x 0 n successful 9 op]ation on ! small quantities ( copp] matte work$ )1 ow+ to ! *ill+ effect ( ! cold air on ! copp]1 :i*1 :5 produc$1 sank to ! bottom & set above ! tuy]es1 /opp+ ! air bla/1 & caus+ mu* loss ( metal 9 ! slag4 ,! lat] =m ( conv]t] 0 b>rel-%ap$1 ) a horizontal r[ ( tuy]es situat$ at "s di/ance above ! bottom s z to all[ ! copp] to settle1 protect$ f ! action ( ! bla/1 & also to all[ ( ! pun*+ ( ! tuy]es z requir$4 ,! mod]n =ms ( conv]t] comprise bo? ! v]tical & ! b>rel types1 modifi$ l>gely z reg>ds size & con/ructional details1 & al?\gh ! v]tical =m is /ill 9 use & is ev5 pref]r$ at sev]al smelt]s1 x has be5 l>gely sup]s$$ at mo/ plants by ! b>rel-%ap$ v>iety1 :il/ ! possibilities ( greatly enl>g$ vessels us+ basic l9+s are likely to fav\r ?is replacem5t /ill fur!r4 #a4 ,! ,upright ,bessem] ,vessel is us$1 & f\nd satisfactory at ,great ,falls & at ,mt4 ,lyell4 ,! g5]al size has be5 #h feet diamet] & #af feet height1 ) a capacity rang+ f #e to #ab tons1 accord+ to ! condition ( ! l9+1 ?\gh at ,great ,falls conv]t]s ( #ab feet diamet] ) correspond+ capacity are n[ 9 use4 ,! advantages ( ! v]tical =m are1 t1 ow+ to ! great] dep? ( matte ?r\gh :i* ! air passes1 ! oxidation is m rapidly conduct$1 ! l9+ is m effici5tly support$1 & ! we> by abrasion ^u ! l9+ is f\nd to be consid]ably less 9 am\nt & to be m uni=mly di/ribut$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! great] dep? ( matte necessitates a great] bl[+ pressure 9 ord] to =ce ! air ?r\gh ! mat]ial1 :il/ control ov] ! op]ations becomes a matt] ( great] difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4-,sectional ,elevation & ,plan ( ,b>rel-,%ap$ ,silica-,l9$ ,conv]t] 7,pet]s74 #b4 ,! ,b>rel ,=m ( ,conv]t] is ! type 9 common use4 ,among ! advantages claim$ = ?is =m are ^? :i* accrue f be+ able to op]ate ! same weight ( matte 9 m %all[ lay]s1 z comp>$ ) ! upright =m--?us requir+ l[] bla/ pressures4 ,ano!r advantage is ! great] ease ( regulat+ ! dep? ( mat]ial bl[n ?r\gh1 by tilt+ ! conv]t] & ?us alt]+ ! relative position ( ! tuy]es4 ,ow+ to ! successful adoption ( ! basic l9+1 ! b>rel type ( conv]t] has n[ to be divid$ into two classes1 s9ce ! basic conv]t] diff]s f ! silica-l9$ type 9 con/ructional details1 & is usually ( mu* l>g] dim5sions4 ,its op]ation is also conduct$ on some:at diff]5t l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4--,late/ ,=m ( ,silica-,l9$ ,b>rel ,conv]t]4 7a7 ,! silica-l9$ b>rel conv]t] v>ies some:at 9 size1 ! ,anaconda conv]t]s 71 h[ev]1 repres5tative ( ! mo/ conv5i5t dim5sions4 ,! %ell consi/s ( -in* boil] plate1 #h feet 9 diamet]1 & #ab feet #f in*es long4 ,! conv]t] is con/ruct$ 9 two portions1 ! body & ! hood1 9 ord] to facilitate removal1 rel9+1 & g5]al repairs4 ,! ends are l9$ ) #i in*es ( firebrick1 & ! body ) #d in*es2 x is !n ramm$ ) l9+ mat]ial to a ?ickness ( ab\t #ah in*es 9 all p>ts4 ,!re are #af #a-;in* tuy]es plac$ horizontally1 & 9 ! late/ =ms ( conv]t]1 ! air is suppli$ by individual tuy]es :i* are connect$ to ! bla/ box1 & :i* are provid$ ) ball-valves to prev5t leakages & back-runn+ dur+ ! necess>y pun*+4 ,! cavity is ab\t #h feet #d feet by #f feet deep :5 fir/ made1 & ! conv]t] !n holds conv5i5tly ab\t #g tons ( matte4 ,! weight ( l9+ is ab\t #af tons1 & x la/s six to n9e bl[s4 ,! bla/-pressure us$ is #af lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! hood is bolt$ on to ! body1 & is furni%$ ) conical safety-pieces to give notice ( ! we>+ ?r\gh ( ! l9+4 ,! conv]t]s tilt ^u rails1 :i* are /rapp$ r\nd ! body1 & :i* travel ^u roll]s4 ,motion is communicat$ to ! conv]t] ei!r by connection ) an electrical drive1 or v (t5 by hydraulic p[] connect+ ?r\gh a rack to a p9ion atta*$ to "o ( ! trunnions4 ,! air supply is usually f pi/on-driv5 bl[+ eng9es1 communicat+ ?r\gh a bla/ pipe to ! holl[ support+ trunnion ( ! conv]t]1 f :i* ! air passes to ! bla/ box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4--,longitud9al ,section ( ,basic-,l9$ ,conv]t]4 7b7 ,! ,basic-l9$ ,conv]t]4--,! adoption ( basic l9+s is ( su* rec5t date t al?\gh ! pres5t =m appe>s to h giv5 satisfaction1 lat] developm5ts 9 basic practice may cause fur!r modifications 9 design4 ,r4 ,h4 ,vail gives ! foll[+ details3-- ,z at pres5t op]at$1 ! basic-l9$ conv]t]s are long b>rel-%ap$ vessels consi/+ ( a -in* /eel %ell1 #bc feet long & #aj feet 9 diamet]1 l9$ ) magnesite mat]ials s z to leave a cavity ab\t #bj feet #g feet #f feet4 ,air is suppli$ f ?irty-two #a-;in* tuy]es1 ea* sep>ately connect$ ) ! bla/ box & controll$ by a valve4 ,provision has to be made = ! m>k$ expansion ( ! basic l9+-mat]ial by leav+ ! top ( ! /eel %ell op51 jo9+-up ! free ends by tie-rods 7#ac1 ,fig4 #fe71 :il/ ! tuy]e-pipe connections are flexible4 ,! ma9 op5+ or ?roat1 = ! *>g+ ( matte & flux1 is situat$ 9 ! ar* at "o end ( ! conv]t]2 x is #dj in*es 9 diamet]1 & surm\nt$ by a %ort *imney-cap ( iron1 :i* is #cj in*es high & l9$ inside ) clay4 ,! vessel is *>g$ ?r\gh ?is op5+4 ,metal & slag are p\r$ f ! conv]t] ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! side opposite ! tuy]es1 :i* is kept clos$ by bricks dur+ ! op]ations4 ,an oil-burn] is provid$ at "o end1 = ! purpose ( supply+ su* extra heat z might be requir$1 9 consequ5ce ( undue cool+ ( ! copp] t[>ds ! end ( ! bl[ or = heat+ up ! l9+ aft] repairs4 ,! conv]t] is support$ z 9 acid practice1 ?\gh a tilt+ device employ+ wire ropes atta*$ to hydraulic plung]s is n[ be+ introduc$ 9 place ( ! rack & p9ion me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4--;,basic-,l9$ ,conv]t]1 indicat+ ,tuy]es1 ,l9+1 etc4 ,conv]t] ,l9+s4--,! "q ( ! l9+ has be5 ! mo/ important consid]ation 9 copp] matte conv]t+-practice4 ,! functions prop] ( ! l9+ mat]ial are-- 7#a7 ,to pres]ve ! /eel %ell & =m a p]man5t receptacle = ! molt5 mat]ials2 by reason ( its refractory "*4 7#b7 ,to prev5t undue losses ( heat f ! mat]ials2 by reason ( its l[ conduct+ p[]4 ,! employm5t ( ! l9+ mat]ial z a provid] ( suitable silice\s flux = ! iron oxide1 ?\gh until rec5tly ( vital importance = ! practical op]ation ( ! bessem]is+ process1 has be5 a necess>y evil 9 _m cases1 & al?\gh x might h be5 a s\rce ( consid]able pr(it "u c]ta9 conditions1 ?is function is unlikely 9 ! future to be ! consid]ation ( greate/ mom5t4 ,! vital requirem5ts 9 mod]n conv]t] practice are p]man5ce ( ! l9+ & effici5t means ( effect+ ! flux+ ( ! iron oxide produc$ 9 ! conv]t+ op]ation4 ,! necessity = ! frequ5t rel9+ ( conv]t]s involves n only heavy direct exp5ses1 b x occasions wa/e ( heat 9 ! old l9+s1 wa/e ( mat]ial1 loss ( "t1 int]ruption ( ! processes1 liabilities to outbreaks f ! conv]t]s1 & necessitates mu* heavy ma*9]y = ! convey+ ( vessels = rel9+1 z well z l>ge capital outlay 9 rel9+ %ops1 plant1 & appliances4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! employm5t ( silice\s l9+ mat]ial z flux is usually a mo/ exp5sive me?od ( supply+ ! requisite silica2 & s mu* is ?is ! case1 t an arbitr>y limit to ! iron cont5ts ( ! matte has be5 r5d]$ necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t too mu* ( ! l9+ mat]ial be+ us$ up at a s+le bl[4 ,x 0 f\nd *eap] to use o!r means ( conc5trat+ l[-grade matte to a suitable grade = bessem]is+--i4e41 to flux (f ! excess ( iron by means ( silica 9 ! bla/-or ! rev]b]atory-furnace processes4 ,silice\s ,l9+s4--,until rec5tly1 ! only me?od = flux+ ! iron 9 bessem]is+1 f\nd practicable on a comm]cial scale1 has be5 by ! de/ruction ( ! silice\s l9+1 m9imis+ ! dead losses z mu* z possible by employ+ = ! purpose silice\s mat]ials f :i* values 9 ! =m ( gold1 silv]1 or copp] c\ld be simultane\sly extract$ & collect$ 9 ! products ( ! op]ation4 ,num]\s attempts 7 made to effect comb9ation ( ! iron oxides ) silica introduc$ by "s o!r me?od1 b none met ) success4 ,manhs blew s& ?r\gh ! tuy]es1 & obta9$ z result a spongy unfus$ mass 9 ! conv]t]--:il/ silica introduc$ 9 ! =m ( lumps rose to ! surface un*ang$4 ,9 ea* case :at silica 0 requir$ = flux1 0 tak5 up f ! silice\s l9+4 ,exp]im5ts ( a simil> nature1 9 :i* basic l9+s 7 work$ )1 result$ 9 ! flux+ silica be+ unabsorb$ z be=e1 :il/ ! iron :i* 0 9 process ( oxidation1 n f9d+ a suitable flux1 became sup]-oxidis$1 result+ 9 ! production ( v infusible masses ( magnetic or f]ric oxides :i* r5d]$ ! process unworkable4 ,baggaley & o!rs 9 ,montana devot$ mu* att5tion to exp]im5ts on diff]5t me?ods = introduc+ silica :i* w\ld flux successfully1 me?ods su* z sup]heat+ or introduc+ silica held 9 susp5sion 9 fus$ silicates be+ tri$1 b )\t m>k$ success1 & = _m ye>s silice\s l9+s 7 necess>ily work$ )4 ,ow+ to ! l>ge quantities consum$1 ! silice\s mat]ial mu/ be obta9able *eaply & 9 abundant quantities4 ,x %\ld be high 9 free silica cont5ts1 s9ce ?is con/itu5t alone is effective z flux2 x %\ld h ! prop]ty ( b9d+ well ) clay or o!r mat]ial1 s z to yield a rigid & imp]vi\s l9+2 & mo/ important ( all f ! economic /&po9t1 x %\ld c>ry values1 s9ce by ?is means only1 c\ld its de/ruction become an actual s\rce ( pr(it4 ,at fir/ b>r5 qu>tz & b>r5 clay 7 l>gely us$ = l9+s1 b practice gradually develop$ 9 ! direction ( employ+ m pr(itable mat]ials1 & especially ^? f :i* ! extraction ( ! values might pres5t difficulties1 9 treatm5t by ord9>y smelt+ me?ods4 ,! practice z foll[$ until rec5tly at ,anaconda is typical ( su* progress4 ,until #aijh ! l9+ 0 *iefly made f highly silice\s ore obta9$ f ,sn[/orm1 ,idaho1 c>ry+ #hj to #he p] c5t4 ( ,si,o#b1 #d p] c5t4 copp]1 z well z gold & silv]1 & a little iron & sulphur4 ,?is ore 0 cru%$ 9 mills & mix$ ) suffici5t slime f ! slime ponds ( ! conc5trat+ plant to make a b9d+ mixture4 ,! slime1 :i* c>ries ab\t #fj p] c5t4 ( silica & also #be p] c5t4 ( copp] has excell5t b9d+ prop]ties1 ow+ to its clayey consi/5cy4 ,! proportions employ$ 7 #c ( silice\s rock to #a ( slime--no wat] 0 us$1 ! mixture be+ almo/ dry to ! t\*4 ,s9ce ,may1 #aiji1 in/ead ( employ+ ore obta9$ f outside s\rces1 silice\s second-class ,butte ore1 :i* 0 =m]ly conc5trat$1 has be5 v l>gely incorporat$ 9 ! mixture us$ z l9+ mat]ial1 x conta9s #fe p] c5t4 silica1 ab\t #ce p] c5t4 copp]1 a little gold & silv]1 & also iron & sulphur4 ,! l9+ mixture consi/$ ( #bi p>ts ( ?is mat]ial ) #a "p ( slime4 ,x 0 ?\ght at fir/ t ow+ to ! great] proportion ( sulphides & ! l[] silica cont5t ( ! ,butte ore1 ?is l9+ mixture might prove ineffici5t comp>$ ) ! =m] mat]ial1 b ) some:at great] c>e 9 l9+1 x 0 f\nd t v little m ore 0 requir$1 & t te/$ by comp>ative silica cont5ts x 0 m effective4 ,?us1 :]e ! =m] l9+s la/$ = an av]age ( six #g-ton *>ges1 equal to #bj tons ( copp] p] l9+1 ! new ones la/ #e su* *>ges1 equival5t to #ag tons ( copp] p] l9+1 %[+ t al?\gh ! effici5cy p] l9+ 0 r$uc$ to #ij p] c5t41 yet1 calculat$ on comp>ative silica cont5t1 ! new l9+ prov$ to be ! m effici5t4 ,! op]ation ( l9+ is conduct$ ) mu* c>e2 ! old l9+ is knock$ away :]e necess>y1 rods are plac$ ?r\gh ! tuy]e holes1 & l9+ mixture is dump$ 92 #f-;in* lay]s ( mat]ial at a "t be+ /amp$ d[n h>d by means ( an ,+]soll-,s>g5t tamp+ ma*9e1 until ! l9+ rea*es )9 #f in*es ( ! tuy]es4 ,! wood5 m\ld = ! cavity1 made up ( a numb] ( jo9t$ pieces1 is !n plac$ 9 position1 & ! ramm+ ( lay] aft] lay] r\nd ! sides is cont9u$ z be=e4 ,! hood1 inv]t$1 is l9$ 9 a simil> mann]1 x is !n plac$ 9 position on ! conv]t] body & bolt$ d[n1 a jo9t be+ made ( moi/5$ l9+ mat]ial4 ,! :ole op]ation takes ab\t #a h\rs4 ,! conv]t] is !n sl[ly dri$ by a wood fire1 coal be+ subsequ5tly add$ & kept burn+ "u ! action ( a l[ bla/ = five or six h\rs2 x is convey$ to ! /& :5 requir$1 dropp$ into position on ! trunnion be>+s1 & ! connections & adju/m5ts v readily made4 ,! manipulation ( rel9+ at ! ,t5nessee smelt] is conduct$ 9 a v simil> mann]4 ,basic ,l9+s4--,! all-important feature ( ! basic l9+ is its p]man5ce1 :i*1 r5d]+ ! frequ5t rel9+ ( ! conv]t] unnecess>y1 all[s ( _m economies 9 connection ) capital outlay on plant & 9 op]at+ co/s4 ,fur!r1 ow+ to ! less5$ ne$ = l9+ repairs1 ! frequ5t haul+ ( conv]t]s to ! repair-%ops situat$ at ! fur!r end ( ! build+s is avoid$4 ,?is all[s ! employm5t ( mu* l>g] conv]t] units1 ) obvi\s att5dant advantages1 :il/ x increases ! ultimate possibility ( cont9u\s op]ation4 ,?us1 ! size at pres5t employ$1 ?\gh ! process has be5 9 op]ation b a %ort "t1 is #bf feet by #ab feet1 ) a capacity ( #ce to #de tons ( matte1 & a daily output ( #cc tons ( copp] f #dj p] c5t4 matte4 ,su* a conv]t]1 l9$ ) #i in*es ( basic mat]ial1 w op]ate = #b1jjj to #c1jjj tons ( copp] be=e requir+ repairs4 ,kell]'s report on basic l9+s 9 #ahij /at$ t !y c\ld n be employ$ successfully1 because 7a7 basic mat]ial1 be+ a good conductor1 caus$ ! outside ( ! conv]t] to become too hot & ! inside too cold2 7b7 su* mat]ial broke up easily & s 0 unsuitable = use 9 p]man5t l9+s2 & 7c7 ev5 :5 basic l9+s 7 employ$1 ! silica :i* 0 add$ z flux1 refus$ to comb9e ) ! iron oxides4 ,^! views 7 v g5]ally accept$ = "s ye>s1 until ,baggaley's p]si/5t ef=ts & f9ally ^? ( ,pi]ce & ,smi? %[$ t by p]fect+ ! con/ructional me?ods & details1 by prev5t+ heat losses z mu* z possible1 & by op]at+ on v l>ge masses ( hot mat]ial1 ! above difficulties c\ld all be ov]come & ! basic l9+ successfully employ$4 ,! l9+ is ( magnesia brick1 & is #i in*es 9 ?ickness1 except at ! tuy]es1 :]e ! bricks are #ah in*es ?ick4 ,9 ! bottom ( ! conv]t] & ext5d+ to )9 #ah in*es ( ! tuy]e level is plac$ a fill+ ( ord9>y firebrick1 :i* is #ac in*es ?ick 9 ! middle & #d in*es ?ick at ! sides4 ,! magnesite bricks are laid 9 dry magnesite p[d]1 except ne> ! tuy]es1 :]e a mixture ( magnesia & l9se$ oil is us$4 ,expansion cu%ions ( wood are ins]t$ at int]vals along ! side ( ! fre% l9+s :i* are !n 8season$0 ) molt5 copp]4 ,! requir$ quantity ( silice\s flux1 z calculat$1 is n[ successfully introduc$ by dump+ x into ! conv]t]1 & p\r+ ! matte *>ge ^u x4 ,! ,grade ( ,matte = ,conv]t+4--,! grade ( matte :i* is economically ! mo/ pr(itable to treat 9 ! conv]t] is a factor ( great importance1 s9ce1 if limits be fix$1 ! prelim9>y smelt+ /ages = matte production are made less flexible1 :il/ 9 ord] to obta9 matte ( ! correct grade1 ! smelt+ op]ations may require to be conduct$ at great] co/1 or else additional smelt+s = fur!r conc5tration ( ! fir/ matte may be necessitat$--z is ! case1 = in/ance1 9 pyritic smelt+ at pres5t4 ,! grade ( a matte is usually express$ 9 p]c5tages ( copp]1 b f ! /&po9t ( ! practical conv]t] op]ations1 ! proportion ( iron is ! factor :i* decides ! suitability or o!rwise ( ! matte = treatm5t1 & s9ce mattes may be reg>d$ z mix$ sulphides ( iron & copp]1 a matte ri* 9 copp] is correspond+ly l[ 9 iron cont5ts1 :il/ a l[-grade matte is high 9 iron4 ,! importance ( ! iron cont5ts ( ! matte f ! viewpo9t ( conv]t] practice is due to iron be+ ! *ief s\rce ( heat 9 ! op]ations1 & to ! fact t ! iron oxide produc$ f x is ! con/itu5t :i* requires a supply ( flux 9 ord] t ! reactions may proce$ & ! process be successfully op]at$4 ,! economic limit to ! grade ( matte suitable = ! conv]t] process is rea*$ :5 x becomes less co/ly & m pr(itable to supply ! requir$ silice\s flux = ! iron 9 ! ord9>y smelt+ furnace r ?an 9 ! conv]t]4 ,s long z ! de/ruction ( ! l9+ 0 practically ! only m$ium by :i* silica c\ld be effici5tly suppli$1 ! limit to ! iron cont5ts ( ! matte 0 fairly rigid4 ,! bessem]is+ ( a l[-grade matte 7l[ 9 copp] cont5ts1 high 9 iron7 entails ! great advantage t a high temp]ature is obta9$1 ow+ to ! fuel-value ( ! iron4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 grave disadvantages att5d su* practice1 especially :5 work+ ) ! comp>atively small quantities ( mat]ial usually op]at$1 & :5 employ+ silice\s l9+s4 ,^! disadvantages include ! factors t-- 7a7 ,l>ge quantities ( iron oxide are =m$1 :i* require silice\s flux4 7b7 ,l>ge quantities ( highly f]rug9\s slag are produc$ :i* c>ry copp] values1 & :i* also dem& special att5tion 9 op]at+4 7c7 ,! quantity ( copp] obta9$ is comp>atively small1 ?us increas+ ! proportionate losses & work+ difficulties4 ,9 bessem]is+ a high-grade matte1 ! heat production is mu* small]1 ow+ to ! decrease 9 ! quantity ( iron1 :i* is ! *ief fuel ( ! process1 & ! limit+ grade is quickly rea*$ above :i* ! bessem]is+ op]ation ^u ! matte ceases to be self-support+4 ,9 consequ5ce1 up to a comp>atively rec5t date1 a compromise has necess>ily be5 effect$1 & ! grade ( matte op]at$ ^u has be5 su* z to cause z mu* heat production z possible1 toge!r ) ! smalle/ practicable am\nt ( flux+ action4 ,on ^! gr\nds1 a matte conta9+ f #dj to #ej p] c5t4 ( copp] 7equival5t to #cb to #bb p] c5t4 ( iron7 has be5 f\nd g5]ally ! mo/ suitable4 ,at sev]al smelt]s1 l[]-grade mattes ( f #cb to #dj p] c5t4 copp]-cont5ts are conv]t$ mo/ pr(itably1 ow+ to su* special circum/ances z ! pr(its result+ f ! de/ruction ( l9+ mat]ial1 or 9 consequ5ce ( ! fact t great] op]at+ co/s w\ld be involv$ 9 conc5trat+ ! matte to a high] grade by ! ord9>y furnace-smelt+ me?ods4 ,9 ?is connection1 ! successful adaptation ( ! basic l9+ by p]mitt+ ! supply+ ( flux by means o!r ?an f ! l9+s1 has v important application & possibilities4 ,ow+ to ! frequ5t rel9+ ( ^! conv]t]s be+ !n no long] necess>y1 me*anical difficulties ( convey+ ! conv]t] bodies to ! rel9+ %ops are less5$1 & l>g] conv]t] units c n[ be employ$1 treat+1 ev5 at ! pres5t /age ( developm5t1 betwe5 six & sev5 times z l>ge an am\nt ( matte z =m]ly4 ,by op]at+ on su* big *>ges1 p\r+ (f slag z produc$1 & add+ fre% matte & flux )\t fe> ( de/roy+ ! l9+1 ! difficulties att5d+ ! conv]t+ ( l[ grade mattes h be5 successfully ov]come4 ,! limit to ! grade ( matte economically suitable = ! process w dep5d1 9 ! future1 *iefly ^u ! comp>ative co/s ( effect+ ! requir$ conc5tration up to any desir$ grade1 9 ! bla/-or rev]b]atory-furnace1 or 9 ! conv]t]4 ,! mod]n smelt+ s*eme appe>s1 !re=e1 likely to develop into ! prelim9>y smelt+ ( ! ores by ! *eape/ me?od available1 = matte ( a grade be/ suit$ economically to ! runn+ ( ! furnace1 ! grade be+ indep5d5t ( any rigid limit = ! subsequ5t conv]t+ op]ations--! matte be+ !n bessem]is$ z usual4 ,! ,conv]t+ ,process--,acid ,l9+4--,!re are two ma9 /ages 9 ! conv]t+ ( copp] mattes4 ,! fir/ is ess5tially elim9ation ( iron sulphide2 ! second1 elim9ation ( ! rema9+ sulphur4 ,! product ( ! fir/ ma9 /age is a :ite metal1 practically pure copp] sulphide1 ! iron ( ! matte hav+ be5 slagg$ (f 9 ! =m ( silicate1 & ! correspond+ sulphur elim9at$ z ,,s#b4 ,! reactions dur+ ?is /age are well kn[n3 ! oxyg5 ( ! air bl[n 91 yields oxides ( iron & ( sulphur1 z well z "s copp] oxide4 ,! latt]1 imm$iately react+ ) iron sulphide :i* /ill rema9s1 re-=ms copp] sulphide1 ) ! production ( m iron oxide4 ,! iron oxides are flux$ by ! silice\s mat]ials pres5t1 =m+ f]r\s silicate slags4 ,! iron oxidation is productive ( ! great] "p ( ! heat 9 ! op]ation1 & high temp]ature usually m>ks ?is /age ( ! process1 :i* may be t]m$ 8! slagg+ /age40 ,! flame :i* issues f ! conv]t] dur+ ?is p]iod is usually *>act]is$ by a gre5 col\r1 caus$ app>5tly by ! =mation ( iron-silicate slag4 ,:5 ?is /age is complet$ & ! slag p\r$ (f1 ! :ite metal is bl[n up to bli/] copp]--?is con/itut+ ! second ma9 /age ( ! process4 ,! *ief reactions are ^? ( sulphur elim9ation & ! production ( metallic copp]1 caus$ by ! action ( "s ( ! copp] oxide fir/ produc$1 ^u ! copp] sulphide /ill pres5t4 ,! flame dur+ ?is p]iod is small1 ?91 & fairly non-lum9\s1 usually ( a r$-purple to bronze purple col\r4#af ,! progress ( ! bl[+ f copp] matte to :ite metal & !nce to bli/] copp] is usually indicat$ & controll$ at ! smelt] by ! appe>ance ( ! flame :i* issues f ! nose ( ! conv]t] dur+ ! fir/ p]iods1 & by ! "* ( emitt$ %ots dur+ ! lat] /ages4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) mattes ( mod]ate purity work$ 9 ! silica-l9$ conv]t]4 ,! successive *anges 9 ^! indications are gradual1 b are easily foll[$ by ! exp]i5c$ skimm]1 :o is ?us able to judge readily z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! bl[ is progress+1 & also z to ! temp]ature1 composition1 & nature ( ! metal 9 ! conv]t]4 ,,table ,,xii4--,,*anges ,,9 ,,composition ,,dur+ ,,bessem]is+4 ,"t4 ,composition4 ,hrs,m9s ,cu4 ,au4 ,ag4 ,oz4 ,oz4 #aa4eb am ,*>g$ ,no4 #a bla/ matte144 44 #dfjhjae #caej #aa4ed am ,bl[ comm5c$4 #ab4jd pm ,sample ,no4 #a bl[+1 44 #aj #dfjbjag #cahj #ab4ad pm ,sample ,no4 #b bl[+1 44 #bj #eadfjah #cehj #ab4ah pm ,pun*$ #c m9utes4 #ab4bd pm ,sample ,no4 #c bl[+1 44 #cj #ecbgjbj #cghj #ab4be pm ,pun*$ #g m9utes4 #ab4cd pm ,sample ,no4 #d bl[+1 44 #dj #efbijba #djhj #ab4dj pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #ab4dd pm ,sample ,no4 #e bl[+1 44 #ej #eiijjbb #dcgj #ab4de pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #ab4ed pm ,sample ,no4 #f bl[+1 #a #jj #fbfgjbc #ddij #ab4ee pm ,pun*$ #f m9utes4 #a4jd pm ,sample ,no4 #g bl[+1 #a #aj #fghijbe #dibj #a4jg pm ,pun*$ #c m9utes4 #a4ab pm ,bl[ /opp$4 #a4ac pm ,skimm$4 #a4ad pm ,bl[ resum$4 #a4ad pm ,sample ,no4 #h bl[+1 #a #bj #gcigjbg #edij #a4ag pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #a4ba pm ,bl[ /opp$4 #a4bb pm ,skimm$4 #a4be pm ,bl[ resum$4 #a4be pm ,sample ,no4 #i bl[+1 #a #cj #gghbjbh #egcj #a4cd pm ,sample ,no4 #aj bl[+1 #a #dj #gdafjbf #edcj #a4dd pm ,sample ,no4 #aa bl[+1 #a #ej #hagbjae #egfj #a4ed pm ,sample ,no4 #ab bl[+1 #b #jj #ihejjghajggj #b4jb pm ,pun*$ #a m9ute4 #b4jd pm ,sample ,no4 #ac bl[+1 #b #aj #ih4egjdj #ha4fj #b4je pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #b4jh pm ,bl[ /opp$1 te/ = ,cu4 #b4ji pm ,bl[ resum$4 #b4aj pm ,bl[ f9i%$4 ,conv]t$ copp]1 #b #af #ii4jhjch #hchj ,total "t pun*+1 44 #bh 44 44 44 ,total "t ( bl[1 #b #af 44 44 44 ,actual "t ( bl[1 #b #ji 44 44 44 ,"t4 ,composition4 ,insol- ,hrs,m9s uble ,fe4 ,s4 ,z4 #aa4eb am ,*>g$ ,no4 #a bla/ matte144 44 #jae #bdcjbdgjjbb #aa4ed am ,bl[ comm5c$4 #ab4jd pm ,sample ,no4 #a bl[+1 44 #aj #acj #bcgjbbiejjg #ab4ad pm ,sample ,no4 #b bl[+1 44 #bj #jcj #bjejbcajjjf #ab4ah pm ,pun*$ #c m9utes4 #ab4bd pm ,sample ,no4 #c bl[+1 44 #cj #aaj #ahgjbbaejjf #ab4be pm ,pun*$ #g m9utes4 #ab4cd pm ,sample ,no4 #d bl[+1 44 #dj #acj #afbjbahejjf #ab4dj pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #ab4dd pm ,sample ,no4 #e bl[+1 44 #ej #jij #acgjbaiejjf #ab4de pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #ab4ed pm ,sample ,no4 #f bl[+1 #a #jj #acj #aadjbacejjf #ab4ee pm ,pun*$ #f m9utes4 #a4jd pm ,sample ,no4 #g bl[+1 #a #aj #jfe #gfjbaaejje #a4jg pm ,pun*$ #c m9utes4 #a4ab pm ,bl[ /opp$4 #a4ac pm ,skimm$4 #a4ad pm ,bl[ resum$4 #a4ad pm ,sample ,no4 #h bl[+1 #a #bj #jbe #cdjbjajjje #a4ag pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #a4ba pm ,bl[ /opp$4 #a4bb pm ,skimm$4 #a4be pm ,bl[ resum$4 #a4be pm ,sample ,no4 #i bl[+1 #a #cj #jae #jijaifjjjd #a4cd pm ,sample ,no4 #aj bl[+1 #a #dj #ccj #bfjaffjjjd #a4dd pm ,sample ,no4 #aa bl[+1 #a #ej #jbe #jbjaecejjd #a4ed pm ,sample ,no4 #ab bl[+1 #b #jj #jjagtrace #jghjjej #b4jb pm ,pun*$ #a m9ute4 #b4jd pm ,sample ,no4 #ac bl[+1 #b #aj #jjeb #jja #jghjjcc #b4je pm ,pun*$ #b m9utes4 #b4jh pm ,bl[ /opp$1 te/ = ,cu4 #b4ji pm ,bl[ resum$4 #b4aj pm ,bl[ f9i%$4 ,conv]t$ copp]1 #b #af #jjagtrace #jjajjcc ,total "t pun*+1 44 #bh 44 44 44 44 ,total "t ( bl[1 #b #af 44 44 44 44 ,actual "t ( bl[1 #b #ji 44 44 44 44 ,samples tak5 ea* #aj m9utes f beg9n+ ( bl[ until f9i%$4 ,9 g5]al "*1 ?is col\r sequ5ce1 dur+ ! bessem]is+ ( ! ord9>y class ( copp] mattes--i4e41 ^? consi/+ l>gely ( iron1 copp]1 & sulphur1 ) b mod]ate quantities ( impurity--does n v>y v m>k$ly1 b ! body & lum9osity ( ! flame dep5d to a great ext5t on ! nature ( ! *>ge & on ! work+ conditions4 ,! col\rs are int5sifi$ by v hot metal1 l>ge *>ges1 heavy bla/1 & rapid work+1 & p>ticul>ly by ! pres5ce ( second>y con/itu5ts1 su* z z9c1 lead1 or ars5ic1 :i* lib]ate d5se :ite fumes1 & s increase ! lum9osity ( ! flame4 ,!re are g5]ally f\r ma9 v>iations 9 ! appe>ance ( ! flame f ! acid-l9$ conv]t]3-- ,oxidation ( second>y ,d>k r$di%-br[n ,at comm5cem5t con/itu5ts1 flame4 ( bl[1 ,burn+ ( iron1 sulphur1 ,accompani$ by mu* & coal1 smoke4 ,slagg+ /age1 ,iron-sulphide oxidation1 ,apple-gre5 flame4 ,:ite metal /age1 ,copp] oxidation 9 ,:ite-blue flame4 pres5ce ( slag1 ,bl[+ to bli/] ,sulphur oxidation1 ,?9 r$-purple flame4 copp]1 ,! *anges 9 composition ( ! *>ge dur+ a conv]t] bl[ h be5 trac$ by ,ma!wson1 :o assay$ samples dur+ ! v>i\s /ages2 "s ( ^! results are indicat$ 9 ,table xii4 & 9 ,fig4 #ff4 ,= full record see ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng9e]s1 #aijg4 ,9 g5]al1 ( ! con/itu5ts pres5t 9 ! matte1 iron & sulphur are remov$ v readily1 #if p] c5t4 ( ! =m] & #ec p] c5t4 ( ! latt] 9 ! slagg+ /age ( ! bl[1 :il/ ! elim9ation ( ! injuri\s impurities is high1 bismu? & ars5ic be+ remov$ to ! ext5t ( upw>ds ( #ij p] c5t41 & ( ! antimony1 sel5ium1 & tellurium1 f #dj to #gj p] c5t4 are elim9at$ 7see p4 #bag74 ,work+ ( a ,typical ,*>ge 9 ,silica-l9$ ,conv]t]4--,! ,anaconda conv]t] plant is n[ be+ op]at$ ) basic l9+s4 ,! =m] practice at ?is works 0 repres5tative ( ! be/ type ( acid-l9$ work+1 & ! foll[+ description1 bas$ ^u ?is practice1 is typical ( ! me?od 9 g5]al use4 ,!re 7 9 op]ation twelve conv]t] /&s ( ! dim5sions previ\sly giv54 ,normal work+ 0 to conv]t ! #de p] c5t4 copp] matte to :ite metal1 to p\r (f slag1 bl[ to bli/] copp]1 & p\r ! result+ metal--9 regul> sequ5ce4 ,! col\r-*anges 9 ! flame dur+ bessem]is+ are indicat$ 9 ! col\r-photographs reproduc$ 9 ! frontispiece4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4--;,composition ( a ,*>ge dur+ ,bessem]is+ ,op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4--,p\r+ ,slag1 ,anaconda4 ,sev5 to #h tons ( matte at an av]age temp]ature ( #ijj ,c4 are *>g$ into ! conv]t]1 :i* is 9 an upright position ) ! bla/ on 7#af lbs4 p] squ>e in*74 ,! op]ation ( *>g+ occupies ?ree m9utes4 ,a few lumps ( coal are ?r[n 91 a vigor\s action comm5ces1 copi\s & heavy :ite fumes & smoke & a full r$ to r$-br[n flame be+ emitt$4 ,! conv]t] is n[ turn$ sl[ly back1 s z to br+ ! tuy]es m completely "u ! *>ge & ensure m rapid & effici5t oxidation1 & ! bl[ prop] !n comm5ces4 ,! flame drops = a "t1 cont9u+ to be ( a r$ to r$-purple col\r = two to eight m9utes1 aft] :i*1 gre5 comm5ces to %[ 9 ! r$ smoky flame 7,a71 indicat+ t ! fir/ or slag-=m+ p]iod ( ! bl[ is beg9n+4 ,! gre5 col\r becomes m prom95t & cont9ues = #dj to #de m9utes 7,b74 ,a prelim9>y p\r+ (f ( slag is !n usually made1 ow+ p>tly to ! dang] ( viol5t or ev5 explosive int]action :i* might o!rwise occur betwe5 matte & slag1 & also ) ! object ( keep+ d[n ! copp] losses 9 ! slag by remov+ ! great] portion ( ! latt] at z e>ly a /age z possible4 ,! bl[+ is !n cont9u$4 ,fla%es ( blue n[ occasionally appe> 9 ! flame1 & gradually increase 9 numb] until ! flame becomes blue-:ite 7,c71 :i* indicates t mo/ ( ! iron has be5 slagg$ (f & t ! :ite metal /age is rea*$4 ,! blue-:ite col\r ( ! flame is to be attribut$ to ! production ( copp] silicate1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! copp] oxide =m$ by ! air bla/ at ?is /age1 to flux (f1 & to produce ! silicate r ?an attack ! copp] sulphide4 ,?is =mation ( copp]-silicate is p>ticul>ly liable to occur 9 ! pres5ce ( mu* slag & at high temp]atures1 factors :i* are well kn[n to enc\rage ?is selective comb9ation1 & :i* prevail at ?is /age4 ,! bl[+ up to :ite metal takes ab\t "o h\r4 ,slag is !n p\r$ (f aga91 until an iron rabble held "u ! /ream comm5ces to %[ signs ( 8metal0 :i* give an appe>ance ( spots ( grease on ! blade4 ,! *>ge is !n usually 8dop$40 8,dope0 consi/s ( highly cuprif]\s scrap1 clean+s1 slags1 residues1 also "s silice\s mat]ial1 add$ p>tly = ! purpose ( cool+ d[n ! *>ge :i* t5ds to become ov]heat$ at ?is /age4 ,! conv]t] is turn$ up aga9 & ! bl[+ is resum$ 9 ord] to conv]t ! :ite metal to bli/] copp]4 ,! ma9 reaction :i* n[ proce$s is repres5t$ by ! equation ,cu#b,s #b;,cu#b,o #f;,cu ,,s#b4 ,?is /age ( ! bl[ also occupies ab\t "o h\r or m1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,x comm5ces ) a vivid r$ flame accompani$ by smoke1 b ?is soon dies out & a ?9 purple1 almo/ col\rless1 flame results1 :i* cont9ues practically un*ang$ = ! rema9d] ( ! bl[ 7,d74 ,! temp]ature ( ! :ite metal is to "s ext5t judg$ by ! appe>ance ( ! flame1 a r$-br[n col\r indicat+ ! correct temp]ature4 ,if ! col\r be too r$1 ! metal is too cool1 & coal is ?r[n 92 if ! t9t be too orange1 ! temp]ature is too high1 & dope is add$4 ,con/ant pun*+ ( ! tuy]es by long /eel *isels is requir$ dur+ ?is /age ( ! bl[1 ow+ to ! less5$ heat production due to dim9ution ( iron1 & also to ! m>k$ t5d5cy = ! lib]at$ copp] to *ill r\nd ! tuy]es4 ,! end ( ! bl[ is mo/ difficult to judge1 & al?\gh ! size & col\r ( ! flame (f] "s crit]ion1 ! usual & mo/ important guide is ! emission ( small %ots ( copp] :i* no long] /ick to ! hood situat$ above ! conv]t] ?roat1 b :i* reb\nd f x4 ,?is is ! /age :]e ! skill & judgm5t ( ! skimm] are mo/ tri$4 ,:5 ! bl[ is consid]$ satisfactory1 ! "* ( ! metal is fur!r te/$ by p\r+ a small quantity on to ! floor--a rugg$ & unev5 surface indicat+ satisfactory metal4 ,if p\r$ too soon1 ! copp] is co>se & impure2 if p\r$ too late1 heavy losses 9 ! slag result1 ow+ to excessive oxidation ( ! metal4 ,! copp] is !n p\r$ into a ladle1 & convey$ to ! ref9+ & ca/+ furnaces4 ,! :ole op]ation = a /raight run occupies ab\t two h\rs1 b ! "t requir$ 9 g5]al naturally dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ( work+1 & p>ticul>ly on ! grade ( matte1 & ! volume & pressure ( ! bla/4 ,! slags dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! bl[ g5]ally c>ry ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( copp]1 aft] ! :ite metal /age is pass$1 !y are usually mu* ri*]1 on acc\nt ( ! int5sely oxidis+ atmosph]e :i* prevails1 & ! decreas+ quantity ( protect+ sulphur4 ,^! lat] slags (t5 conta9 upw>ds ( #bj p] c5t4 ( copp]1 & 9 consequ5ce z mu* slag z possible is p\r$ (f dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! bl[1 & ! quantity t[>ds ! close is kept at a m9imum4 ,! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! conv]t] slag dep5ds v mu* ^u ! conditions ( "w at ! smelt]2 at ,anaconda1 ! iron cont5ts ( ?is slag are v useful 9 ! bla/-furnace *>ge1 z !re is a %ortage ( suitable basic flux = ! silica ( ! r silice\s *>ges4 ,! slag is p\r$ f ! conv]t]s into ladles1 & convey$ to a slag-ca/+ ma*9e1 consi/+ ( a conveyor belt c>ry+ ca/-iron m\lds :i* are spray$ ) cold wat]1 ! slag be+ ?us ca/ into cakes suitable = ! bla/-furnace *>ge4 ,at ,t5nessee1 ! pyritic-smelt+ slags are already too f]rug9\s = any addition ( irony conv]t]-slags 9 ! bla/-furnace *>ge to be desirable1 & ! only metallurgical treatm5t = :i* ^! are suit$ is t ( recov]+ f !m ! l>ge am\nt ( copp] :i* !y c>ry4 ,! molt5 conv]t] slag is1 !re=e1 p\r$ directly into ! bla/-furnace settl]s1 & by ?is means1 ! slags are clean$ & ! values recov]$4 ,at ! new ,tooele ,smelt]1 "u ,ma!wson's organisation1 ! molt5 conv]t] slags are p\r$ directly into ! rev]b]atory furnaces1 !re be+ no bla/-furnace or settl] plant1 & ! clean+ & settl+ are ?us v satisfactorily conduct$4 ,sy/ems ( ,work+3 ,acid-l9$ ,conv]t]4--,! 8normal0 sy/em ( work+--i4e41 bl[+ a matte-*>ge fir/ to :ite metal1 !n to bli/] copp]--is n always practicable nor economically ! be/ practice1 & ! sy/em ( op]at+ ! *>ges dep5ds l>gely ^u ! work+ conditions1 :i* are subject to mu* v>iation at diff]5t smelt]s4 ,ev5 at ! same plant1 ! proc$ure has to be v>i$ accord+ to ! att5dant circum/ances4 ,conditions :i* may influ5ce ! sy/em ( work+ include3-- 7a7 ,grade ( matte4 7b7 ,temp]ature ( matte4 7c7 ,condition ( conv]t] l9+4 7d7 ,rate ( production ( matte4 7e7 ,condition ( affairs at ! ca/+ & ref9+ furnaces4 ,z in/ances ( ! way 9 :i* "s ( ^! circum/ances affect proc$ure1 ! foll[+ examples may be quot$4 7a7 ,:5 work+ ) matte ( l[ grade1 especially 9 small quantities1 z =m]ly op]at$1 ! loss ( heat by radiation & by t c>ri$ away 9 ! l>ge quantity ( slag produc$1 is v consid]able1 :il/ t[>ds ! lat] "p ( ! bl[1 ! am\nt ( sulphide fuel dim9i%es to su* an ext5t t ! ma9t5ance ( ! desir$ temp]ature is difficult4 ,! bulk ( ! f9al copp]-product ( ! op]ation is v small & ! metal is !re=e liable to *ill4 ,9 su* cases1 ! sy/em ( 8d\bl+0 is useful4 ,?is consi/s ( bl[+ ! matte to ! :ite-metal /age1 p\r+ (f ! slag & add+ a fur!r *>ge ( matte4 ,?is1 on ! resumption ( bl[+1 re/ores heat & yields a *>ge ( :ite metal suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! requir$ temp]ature = ! la/ /age ( ! bl[1 z well z af=d+ a conv5i5t yield ( metallic copp]4 7b7 i4 ,:5 work+ ) a fre%ly-l9$ conv]t] ! *>ge is necess>ily r less ?an usual1 ow+ to ! small] size ( ! cavity1 & ?is results 9 a small] yield ( :ite metal1 :i* is also cold]4 ,at ! :ite-metal /age ! slag is p\r$ (f1 & ! cavity hav+ n[ become l>g]1 ow+ to ! flux+ action ^u ! l9+1 a fre% *>ge ( hot matte is add$1 introduc+ fre% heat1 fur!r enl>g+ ! cavity1 & provid+ = a hot & pl5tiful supply ( :ite metal = ! bl[+ up to bli/] copp]4 7c7 ii4 ,:5 ! l9+ comm5ces to we> ?91 ! conv]t] may be reta9$ solely = ! purpose ( bl[+ successive *>ges ( :ite metal up to bli/]-copp]1 s9ce ow+ to ! v l[ iron cont5t ( :ite metal1 !re is little flux+ action on ! l9+ dur+ ?is /age1 :il/ ! l>ge quantity ( :ite metal :i* c be op]at$ 9 ! enl>g$ cavity ensures a good supply ( heat4 ,:5 l9+s burn ?r\gh1 ! *>ge is transf]r$ to ano!r conv]t] & ! bessem]is+ f9i%$ !re4 ,! managem5t ( ! conv]t]s z ?us indicat$1 & ! di/ribution ( ! *>ges among ! v>i\s conv]t]s are left to ! head skimm]1 :o has control ( ! conv]t] floor4 ,work+ ( ! ,basic-l9$ ,conv]t]4--,! actual op]ations ( bessem]is+ 9 ! basic-l9$ conv]t] diff] b little f ^? :]e ! silica l9+ is us$4 ,"o important *ange has1 h[ev]1 be5 made1 viz43 ! introduction ( ! silice\s flux be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! bl[4 ,! l9+ hav+ be5 heat$ up & 8season$10 ! *>ge ( f\r or five ladles-full 7#cj to #dj tons7 ( matte is p\r$ into ! upright conv]t] ?r\gh ! ?roat1 #c to #d tons ( silice\s flux1 :i* mu/ be well dri$1 are add$1 & ! bla/ is turn$ on g5tly 7at #e lbs4 pressure71 :il/ ! conv]t] is sl[ly turn$ back--^! precautions be+ necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t excessive bl[+ out ( ! dry silice\s f9es at ! comm5cem5t ( ! "w4 ,:5 ! silica is fairly well incorporat$1 ! bla/-pressure is increas$ to ab\t #aj to #ab lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 ! bl[+ is cont9u$ = #cj to #de m9utes1 & aft] ! silica has be5 flux$ by ! iron oxides--:i* is te/$ by feel+ ! *>ge ) an iron rod ins]t$ ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! brea/--! conv]t] is turn$ ov] & ! slag p\r$ (f4 ,a fre% *>ge ( matte & a fur!r quantity ( silice\s ore are add$ & ! bl[+ is resum$1 ^! op]ations be+ repeat$ sev]al times until ! desir$ quantity ( :ite metal has be5 accumulat$1 :i* is !n bl[n up to bli/] copp] 9 ! usual mann]4 ,dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! bl[1 ! op]ation is l>gely controll$ by judg+ ! quantity ( iron rema9+ 9 ! matte1 f ! appe>ance ( small samples :i* are ladl$ out ( ! conv]t] f "t to "t1 & f ?is1 ! quantity ( silice\s mat]ial requir$ = ! fur!r flux+ is d$uc$4 ,?is mat]ial mu/ be q dry1 s z to flux ev5ly & n =m float]s4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ! basic process is t silice\s ores conta9+ values 7! extraction ( :i* may be pr(itable7 :i* might n be suitable = use 9 silice\s l9+s1 c be conv5i5tly employ$ z flux 9 conjunction ) ! basic l9+1 ?\gh naturally ! be/ "w is done ) flux conta9+ a maximum ( free silica4 ,! "* ( ! slag is n v diff]5t to t produc$ 9 ! silica-l9$ conv]t]1 ?\gh x is usually l[] 9 silica cont5ts1 & ow+ to ! me?ods ( frequ5t p\r+1 x is l[] 9 copp] values4 ,special ,features ( ,basic-l9$ ,conv]t] ,"w4--,! basic-l9$ conv]t] t5ds to lose heat by radiation & conduction m quickly ?an does ! silica-l9$ vessel1 due to ! walls be+ ?9n] & ! l9+ mat]ial a bett] conductor4 ,ow+1 h[ev]1 to ! use ( l>g] *>ges1 to ! increas$ fuel value ( ! l[-grade mattes1 & to ! l>g] bla/-volume us$1 heat is reta9$ suffici5tly well = ! successful op]ation ( ! bessem]is+ process4 ,! temp]ature is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally l[] ?an t obta9$ :5 us+ ! silice\s l9+1 & con/ant pun*+ ( ! tuy]es is necess>y--two m5 be+ requir$ p] %ift = ?is "w4 ,! great advantages ( ! basic l9+ are connect$ *iefly ) ! fact t ! frequ5t rel9+ associat$ ) ! silica-l9$ conv]t] is avoid$1 h5ce an ext5sive rel9+ plant is n requir$1 small] build+ space & a light] crane c be us$4 ,! use ( basic l9+s fur!r af=ds a means ( extract+ ! copp] & o!r values f silice\s ores :i* c be us$ z flux1 b :i* might o!rwise be difficult to treat1 & x has made possible ! *eap] treatm5t ( l[-grade mattes4 ,! disadvantages are *iefly ^? caus$ by 7a7 ,! use ( a mat]ial :i* is n p]fectly suit$ = con/ructional "w1 h5ce repairs occupy long] "t4 7b7 ,! risks ( de/roy+ ! l9+ me*anically ne> ! tuy]es1 ow+ to ! extra pun*+ requir$ at ^! po9ts4 7c7 ,! op]ation & manipulations requir+ extreme c>e & att5tion1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy = ! production ( v high temp]ature dur+ ! great evolution ( heat 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! bl[1 :5 l>ge quantities ( iron are be+ oxidis$4 7d7 ,! t5d5cy to losses1 by ! bl[+ out ( ! dry silice\s ore1 :5 fir/ turn+ on ! bla/4 ,conv]t] ,%op ,organisation4--,! introduction ( ! basic l9+ has1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ov]come ! necessity = devot+ s mu* %op space to ! repair dep>tm5t1 :i* =m]ly occupi$ a v consid]able area4 ,! conv]t] /&s are usually plac$ 9 alignm5t d[n "o side ( ! build+1 ! c5tre space is kept cle>1 & is comm&$ by ! travell+ crane = ! conveyance ( ! ladles ( matte1 metal1 or slag1 to or f ! conv]t]s4 ,at ,anaconda1 ! conv]t]s are *>g$ f a tra9 ( matte-ladles m\nt$ on bogies :i* run along a track beh9d ! conv]t]s & situat$ "s di/ance above !m1 ! matte be+ p\r$ d[n a laund] :i* sw+s into position ov] ! conv]t] ?roat4 ,at ,copp]hill1 ,t5n41 ! conv]t]s are *>g$ f ladles :i* are fill$ f ! bla/-furnace settl]s situat$ at ! o!r side ( ! furnace-build+1 :il/ at ! mo/ mod]n l>ge plant1 at ,tooele1 ,utah1 ! matte is run directly f ! rev]b]atory furnaces to ! conv]t]s along laund]s :i* are ne>ly #hj feet long & incl9$ at ab\t #g 9 #ajj4 ,?is me?od avoids all ! h&l+ ( matte by cranes & ladles ) ! att5dant tr\bles ( skulls1 breaks-d[n1 spills1 etc41 & no difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 keep+ ! *annel free & op51 nor 9 supply+ matte at a suffici5tly high temp]ature4 ,at ,anaconda & ,tooele1 ! side ( ! conv]t]-%op situat$ opposite to ! conv]t]s is devot$ to ! ref9+ & ca/+ furnaces & to ! slag-ca/+ ma*9es4 ,modifications ( ,conv]t] ,practice4--7#a7 ,david's ,be/ ,select+ ,process4--,david devis$ a special =m ( conv]t] & sugge/$ a me?od = conduct+ 9 ! conv]t]1 in/ead ( 9 ! rev]b]atory furnace1 ! op]ations ( ! be/ 8select+ process0 on ! pr9ciples ( ! old ,wel% practice4 ,! me?od embodi$ ! conv]t+ ( ! matte some:at beyond ! :ite metal /age1 by :i* means a small quantity ( metallic copp] 0 produc$1 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! gold & silv] values & mo/ ( ! impurities collect$1 ! rema9+ :ite metal be+ left tol]ably pure4 ,! metallic copp]1 ?us obta9$1 0 run into a side pocket 9 ! l9+ & tapp$ f !re1 ! re/ ( ! pure :ite-metal 0 bl[n up to pure be/-select copp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4--;,g5]al ,view ( ,conv]t] ,%op1 ,anaconda4 ,! me?od is1 h[ev]1 too specialis$ = ord9>y comm]cial copp] smelt+1 especially :5 electrolytic ref9+ ( ! crude metal c be conv5i5tly arrang$ =4 7#b7 ,! ,haas ,conv]t]4--,! ,haas conv]t] is sph]ical 9 =m1 & ! tuy]e holes ?r\gh ! l9+ are arrang$ at su* an angle z to less5 ! pressure requir$ = ! =c+ ( air ?r\gh ! metal4 ,x is claim$ = ?is =m t x ensures bett] mix+ ( ! mat]ials & m ev5 we> on ! l9+1 by imp>t+ a swirl+ motion to ! ba?4 ,ref]5ces4 ,d\glas1 ,james1 8,treatm5t ( ,copp] ,matte 9 ! ,bessem] ,conv]t]40 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 #ahii1 vol4 viii41 p4 #a4 ,baggaley1 8,a ,brief ,description ( ! ,baggaley ,process40 ,heywood1 ,w4 ,a41 8,! ,baggaley ,pyritic ,conv]sion ,process40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aijf1 ,m>4 #bd1 p4 #egf4 ,knuds51 ,e41 8,pyrite ,smelt+ by ! ,knuds5 ,me?od 9 ,norway40 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 vol4 xviii4 ,moore1 ,r$ick ,r41 8,copp] ,conv]t]s ) ,basic ,l9+s40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,june #be1 p4 #acag4 ,editorial1 8,improvem5ts 9 ,copp] ,smelt+40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaa1 ,m>4 #d1 p4 #dej4 ,s*rey]1 ,fr41 8,! ,"q ( ! ,basic ,bessem]is+ ( ,copp] ,mattes40 ,metallurgie1 #aiji1 vol4 v41 ,no4 #f1 p4 #aij4 8,improvem5ts at ! ,wa%oe ,smelt]40 ,m9es & ,m9]als1 #aiaj1 ,april1 vol4 xxx41 ,no4 #i1 p4 #ebj4 ,vail1 ,r4 ,h41 8,! ,pi]ce & ,smi? ,conv]t]40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,m>4 #ab41 p4 #efc4 ,moore1 ,r$ick ,r41 8,basic-l9$ ,conv]t] = ,leady ,copp] ,mattes40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,aug4 #f1 p4 #bfc4 8,rec5t ,practice 9 ,copp] ,matte ,conv]t+40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,sept4 #c1 p4 #dfj4 ,neal1 ,c>r ,b41 8,fur!r ,data on ! ,basic ,conv]t]40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaa1 ,june #ac1 p4 #ifd4 ,kell]1 ,e41 8,a ,/udy ( ! ,elim9ation ( ,impurities f ,copp] ,mattes 9 ! ,rev]b]atory & ! ,conv]t]40 ,m9]al ,indu/ry1 #aijj1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bdj4 ,ma!wson1 ,e4 ,p41 8,! ,relative ,elim9ation ( ,iron1 ,sulphur1 & ,ars5ic 9 ,bessem]is+ ,copp] ,mattes40 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 #aijg1 ,jan4 #g1 ,no4 #ac1 p4 #g4 ,(f]haus1 ,c41 8,op]ation ( an ,anaconda ,conv]t]40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aijh1 ,oct4 #ag1 p4 #gdg4 ,levy1 ,d4 ,m41 8,! ,successive ,/ages 9 ,bessem]is+ ,copp] ,matte z indicat$ by ! ,conv]t] ,flame40 ,trans4 ,in/4 ,m94 & ,met41 #aiaj41 vol4 xx41 p4 #aag4 ,hixon1 ,h41 8,notes on ,lead & ,copp] ,conv]t+40 ,semple1 ,cl>5ce ,c41 8,analyses ( ,conv]t] ,fume40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaa1 ,m>4 #aa1 p4 #ejh4 ,haas1 ,h]b]t1 8,! ,vortex ,copp] ,conv]t]40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 #aiaj1 ,may #g1 p4 #igb4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,,! ,,purification ,,& ,,ref9+ ,,( ,,crude ,,copp]4 ,prelim9>y ,ref9+ & ,ca/+ into ,anodes -- ,electrolytic ,ref9+ -- ,br++ to ,pit*1 & ,ca/+ ( ,m]*ant ,copp]4 ,! fur!r treatm5t ( ! conv]t] metal dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u its composition1 & ! purpose = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! matte-smelt+ op]ations on copp] ores br+ ab\t ! elim9ation ( ! great] "p ( ! con/itu5ts accompany+ ! copp]4 ,! conv]t]-grade matte may1 h[ev]1 9 addition to ! copp]1 iron & sulphur1 also conta9 consid]able proportions ( easily r$ucible impurities ( ! ore1 possess+ a great] t5d5cy to ent] ! matte ?an to be oxidis$ & elim9at$ 9 ! slag4 ,su* con/itu5ts may include gold & silv] 7practically all conc5trat$ & reta9$ 9 ! cuprif]\s product71 ars5ic1 antimony1 bismu?1 sel5ium & tellurium 7reta9$ to v consid]able ext5t71 z well z lead1 z9c1 nickel & cobalt 79 mu* small] proportions74 ,! am\nt ( ^! latt] impurities ultimately reta9$ 9 ! conv]t] matte dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! proportions orig9ally pres5t 9 ! ore1 & ^u ! smelt+ conditions4 ,"u ! /rongly oxidis+ conditions ( ! ,bessem] process ! copp] reta9s b small quantities ( impurity1 & ^? :i* d rema9 9 ord9>y conv]t] metal may be broadly divid$ into two classes#ag--7;a7 ^? :i* are oxidisable ) comp>ative ease1 & 7b7 ^? :i* p]si/ 9 ! metal ev5 "u oxidis+ influ5ces1 unless treat$ by special means4 ,! =m] include iron1 sulphur1 & z9c2 ! latt]1 ars5ic1 antimony1 bismu?1 sel5ium1 tellurium1 gold1 & silv]4 ,kell] gives ! foll[+ figures = ! av]age elim9ation ( ! impurities 9 ! conv]t]3-- ,iron1 #ii p] c5t4 ,sulphur1 #ii ,z9c1 #ii ,cobalt1 #ii ,bismu?1 #ig ,lead1 #if ,ars5ic1 #ha ,antimony1 #ga ,sel5ium1 #dg ,tellurium1 #dj ,nickel1 #cg ,( ! p]si/5t elem5ts1 ! reta9+ ( ! gold & silv] 9 ! conv]t]-copp] is a factor ( mu* economic advantage1 b ! o!r impurities are curi\sly j ^? :i* are *>act]is$ by possess+ mo/ injuri\s effects on copp] int5d$ = electrical "w--= :i* purpose mo/ ( ! mat]ial is employ$4 ,! dem& = p>ticul>ly pure metal 9 electrical & conductivity "w !re=e usually necessitates a fur!r purification ( ! conv]t]-copp] 7unless x be an exceptionally pure br&7 & ! production ( metal specially free f ! injuri\s con/itu5ts :i* p]si/ to a small b sometimes v appreciable ext5t 9 ! metal "u ! ord9>y oxidis+ conditions4 ,! pres5ce ( silv] & gold 9 ! copp] may af=d 9 _m in/ances suffici5tly good reason = a sep>at+ process indep5d5tly ( ! m>ket = ! pure copp] itself4 ,9 mod]n practice1 electrolytic me?ods are almo/ univ]sally employ$ = ! purification ( ! crude copp]4 ,by ?is means ! l>ge dem&s ( ! pres5t day c be conv5i5tly met1 & ! copp] be obta9$ 9 a condition ( rem>kable purity4 ,! frequ5t pres5ce ( gold & silv] 9 ! metal1 & ! conv5i5ce & complet5ess ) :i* !y are sep>at$ on electrolytic treatm5t ( ! copp] are p>ticul>ly advantage\s features :i* recomm5d ! adoption ( electro-ref9+1 & may 9 "s cases be ! reason = ?is proc$ure ev5 ?\gh ! metal might o!rwise be already q up to specification = electrical s]vice4 ,9 ! l>ge majority ( cases1 ^! bullion-values con/itute a welcome & indep5d5t bye-product1 ! returns f :i* may be set aga9/ ! exp5ses ( ! ref9+ op]ations on ! copp]1 :i* might1 9 any case1 be necess>y4 ,! process may1 !re=e1 be op]at$ ) "o ( ! foll[+ objects-- 7a7 ,( purify+ conv]t]-copp]4 7b7 ,( recov]+ f copp]1 ! bullion-values :i* h be5 collect$ 9 ! metal4 7c7 ,( manufactur+ pure copp]1 & recov]+ ! gold & silv] z pr(itable bye-products4 ,"u ! pres5t indu/rial conditions1 ! electrolytic ref9]ies are locat$ at c5tres (t5 at v consid]able di/ance f ! smelt]s4 ,situations = ! ref9]ies are *os5 :]e ! local conditions z reg>ds p[] supply1 te*nical res\rces1 & p>ticul>ly proximity to m>kets & di/ribut+ c5tres1 all[ ( ! op]ations be+ conduct$ "u ! mo/ advantage\s circum/ances1 & x is cu/om>y = smelt]s situat$ 9 ! remot] m9+ di/ricts to %ip ! crude copp] to ^! cu/om ref9]ies1 in/ead ( conduct+ ! process !mselves4 ,at ,anaconda1 ! well-equipp$ electrolytic ref9]ies h be5 clos$ d[n1 & ! anode metal %ipp$ to ! ,ea/]n ref9]ies = treatm5t4 ,prelim9>y ,ref9+ ( ,conv]t] ,copp] & ,ca/+ into ,anodes4--,= mod]n electro-ref9+ practice1 ! crude metal mu/ be prep>$ into anodes1 :i* are usually 9 ! =m ( plates ab\t #b feet #f in*es #c feet by #b in*es ?ick4 ,x is f\nd t ! metal z produc$ 9 ! conv]t]s1 on be+ ca/ into su* plates1 does n z a rule yield anodes :i* "w satisfactorily 9 ! tanks4 ,?is is l>gely ow+ to ! impure & crude condition ( ! metal1 :i* results 9 ! production ( plates :i* are spongy1 co>se1 & exce$+ly r\gh & unev5 on ! surface4 ,9 consequ5ce ! direct employm5t ( su* metal w\ld occasion irregul>ity & difficulties 9 ! op]ation ( ! tanks1 giv+ rise to %ort circuits1 unev5 we>1 break+ (f 9 l>ge pieces1 & simil> tr\bles4 ,fur!rmore1 ! tank liquors & slimes become badly contam9at$ if l>ge quantities ( impurity be pres5t 9 ! anodes1 & ! deposition ( good clean metal is ?us greatly int]f]$ )4 ,all ^! reasons r5d] x advisable t ! conv]t]-copp] %\ld1 z a rule1 und]go a prelim9>y furnace treatm5t be=e be+ ca/ into anodes4 ,! ,anaconda practice is repres5tative ( ! mann] 9 :i* ^! prelim9>y ref9+ & ca/+ op]ations are conduct$1 except t ! enorm\s scale & organisation ( ! op]ations are practically unique4 ,! pr9ciples involv$ & ! g5]al me?od ( op]ation are 9 all ess5tials ^? ( ! old ,wel% furnace-ref9+ process4 ,! ,furnace4--,! f9i%$ metal f ! conv]t]s is teem$ into ladles1 & f ^! is p\r$ directly into "o ( ?ree ca/+ furnaces4 ,two ( ! furnaces are 9 con/ant use1 "o ( !m engag$ 9 ref9+1 "o be+ fill$1 & "o 9 res]ve or repair4 ,two ( ! furnaces are #ad feet #bb feet #h in*es he>? dim5sions1 ) a capacity ( #ie tons2 ! ?ird has a #ad feet #bh feet he>?1 & a capacity ( #aaj tons--! fire-boxes be+ #e feet #f in*es #g feet4 ,! furnace bottom is con/ruct$ ( ! local silica brick 7:i* is claim$ to be ! f9e/ 9 ! _w7 laid d[n 9 f\r b$s1 ! ?ree l[] be+ ea* #ab in*es ?ick1 :il/ ! work+ b$ is con/ruct$ ( #bj-;in* bricks2 brick be+ f\nd to be bett] ?an s& 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,! bottom is curv$ to a dep? ( #b feet4 ,^! furnaces are1 9 consequ5ce ( _! diff]5t function1 con/ruct$ on some:at diff]5t pr9ciples to ! rev]b]atory smelt+ furnaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4--,sectional ,plan1 ,elevation1 & ,transv]se ,sections ( ,ref9+ & ,anode-,ca/+ ,furnace1 ,anaconda 7,pet]s74 ,ow+ to ! high conductivity ( copp]1 & to ! fact t ! functions ( ! furnace are ei!r l>gely z a m$ium = simple fusion or z a receptacle = molt5 metal1 & fur!r1 t b little slag is produc$1 t no settl+ & sep>ation ( ! fluid mat]ials are requir$1 & t !re is no dang] ( du/+-losses1 ! furnace may conv5i5tly be built ) a deep he>? :i* ne$ n be ( v consid]able l5g?4 ,! ma9 requirem5ts are refractor9ess ( ! build+ mat]ials1 p>ticul>ly c>eful con/ruction s z to avoid break\ts1 & v /rong brac+ inde$ on acc\nt ( ! deep & heavy ba? ( mat]ial :i* is c>ri$ on ! furnace he>?4 ,,op]ations--7a7 ,oxidation ,/age4--,! furnace is loosely fill$ ) scrap copp] :i* has accumulat$ r\nd ! works 7#h to #ab tons71 & conv]t] metal 7( composition say ab\t #ihc p] c5t4 copp]7 is !n p\r$ 9 at ! side door f ladles br++ x 9 quantities ( ab\t #e tons at a "t1 z teem$ f ! conv]t]s4 ,:5 ! furnace is ab\t half-fill$1 a bla/ ( air at #ij lbs4 pressure is inject$ ?r\gh ! metal by means ( iron pipes1 :i* at ?is /age j dip bel[ ! surface4 ,^! pipes are gradually eat5 away by oxidation & slagg+ action1 b z ! end we>s d[n1 ! pipe is pu%$ fur!r 94 ,! function ( ?is air bla/ is to supply oxyg5 = ! purpose ( act+ ^u ! small quantities ( oxidisable impurity :i* rema9 9 ! metal aft] bessem]is+1 & :i* consi/ *iefly ( iron & sulphur1 9 addition to ! small quantities ( metalloids4 ,! oxyg5 p>tly acts directly on ^! con/itu5ts1 b z already indicat$1 ! sc\r+ action is to a great ext5t p]=m$ by copp] oxide :i* is produc$ & :i* is itself a p[]ful oxidis+ ag5t4 ,! iron appe>s to be "o ( ! fir/ elem5ts to be remov$1 & !n a little sulphur1 b ?is is *iefly elim9at$ aft] ! iron has be5 oxidis$4 ,! int]action betwe5 ! copp] oxide & ! sulphides lib]ates metallic copp] & yields ,,s#b1 :i* bubbles up ?r\gh ! metal & gives to x an appe>ance ( 8boil+10 by :i* "n ?is /age is kn[n4 ,too rapid an oxidation dur+ ! e>ly /ages is dang]\s if mu* sulphur be pres5t1 ow+ to ! evolution ( sulphur-dioxide assum+ a degree ( explosive vig\r4 ,up to ?is po9t1 ! oxyg5 has be5 utilis$ 9 remov+ iron1 sulphur1 etc41 :i* are elim9at$ z oxides1 s t b little ( ! oxyg5 is reta9$ 9 ! metal1 b aft] ! boil+ /age is pass$1 oxyg5 is actually absorb$1 ! copp] n[ becom+ oxidis$1 & ! oxyg5 cont5ts ( ! metal rapidly increase4 ,z 9 ! analog\s in/ance ( /eel bessem]is+1 x appe>s ess5tial to introduce "s excess ( oxyg5 into ! metal 9 ord] to ensure ! complete removal ( ! oxidisable impurities1 s 9 copp]-ref9+1 an excess :i* am\nts to ab\t #jg p] c5t4 ( oxyg5 7equival5t to ab\t #f p] c5t4 ( ,cu#b,o7 mu/ be introduc$4 ,9 ! ref9+ practice z conduct$ by ! ,wel% process1 mu* ( ?is aration took place dur+ ! sl[ melt+ d[n ( ! crude bli/] copp]1 & subsequ5tly dur+ ! flapp+ op]ations ) ! rabble2 b ! use ( ! air-bla/ ha/5s ?is oxidation consid]ably1 especially z ! metal is n[ (t5 directly p\r$ into ! furnace 9 a molt5 condition1 s t oxidation dur+ melt+ is n possible4 ,x is ess5tial to def] ?is f9al oxidation & elim9ation until x c be conduct$ at ! ref9+ furnaces r ?an to attempt x 9 ! conv]t]1 s9ce ! ref9+ furnace all[s ( ! op]ation be+ p]=m$ mu* m gradually & "u bett] control1 :]eas if conduct$ 9 ! conv]t]1 ! necess>ily vigor\s action w\ld occasion unduly heavy losses ( copp] 9 ! slag & probably excessive oxidation ( ! metal4 ,dur+ ! aration1 ! furnace cont5ts are cont9ually add$ to1 by additional ladles-full ( metal1 & usually by ! "t ! furnace is fill$ ! air-bla/ has oxidis$ mo/ ( ! impurities f ! metal4 ,^! h ent]$ ! slag1 & ! copp] has become 8dry10 ow+ to ! necess>y sup]-aration4 ,if ?is /age has n be5 rea*$1 ! sample (t5 %[s 8spr\t+0 7also kn[n z 8spew+0 or 8?r[+ a worm071 :i* is caus$ by ! escape ( ,,s#b1 & indicates t all ! sulphur has n be5 elim9at$4 ,9 t case ! bl[+ is cont9u$ until small samples ladl$ out f ! ba? exhibit ! *>act]i/ics ( dry copp]1 viz43 ! depression d[n ! middle l9e ( ! +ot1 brittl5ess ( ! metal1 & a purpli% brick-l fracture4 ,^! prelim9>y op]ations may occupy "s ?ree or f\r h\rs or m4 7b7 ,pol+ & ,br++ to ,pit*4--,! oxidation hav+ proce$$ to ! requir$ /age1 ! highly cuprif]\s slag is skimm$ (f1 aft] be+ fir/ ?ick5$ ) a%es f ! fire-grate1 & ! pol+ ( ! metal is !n comm5c$4 ,?is op]ation is conduct$ by imm]s+ poles ( timb]1 ?ree to six at a "t1 9 ! metal1 hold+ !m well "u ! surface & pu%+ !m fur!r 9 z ! ends burn away4 ,x is ess5tial t ! timb] %\ld be gre5 & n dry1 & pref]ably x %\ld be h>d wood1 su* z bir*1 bee*1 or oak4 ,! poles are usually z long z possible1 & are f #f to #h in*es ?ick at ! butt end4 ,! function ( ! wood1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! e>ly /ages is1 to a great ext5t1 me*anical1 & any *emical *anges effect$ are by indirect action4 ,! pol+ op]ation really consi/s ( two /ages1 ! fir/ ( :i* is ! f9al elim9ation ( ,,s#b reta9$ by ! metal1 & ! la/1 ! actual r$uction ( ! excess oxide & ! 8br++ ( ! metal to pit*40 ,! gre5 timb]1 :5 ins]t$ into ! copp]1 lib]ates l>ge am\nts ( moi/ure & r$uc+ gases :i* agitate ! ba? consid]ably & 8%ake0 ! gas out ( ! metal m or less me*anically1 replac+1 at ! same "t1 "s ,,s#b by ,,co & hydroc>bons :i* copp] possesses ! p[] ( absorb+4 ,:5 ! ,,s#b has be5 satisfactorily elim9at$1 ! r$uction /age is arriv$ at1 & ?is is conduct$ 9 a mann] simil> to ! famili> pol+ op]ation ( ! ,wel% process4 ,! surface ( ! ba? is completely cov]$ ov] ) a lay] ( coke1 an?racite1 or *>coal1 & m poles are ins]t$4 ,! exact me*anism ( ! op]ation has n yet be5 def9itely trac$1 b ! action ( ! wood at ?is /age is p>tly ( a me*anical & p>tly ( a *emical nature4 ,! r$uc+ gases lib]at$ by ! *>r+ & de/ructive di/illation ( ! wood h !mselves a r$uc+ action on ! oxides :i* are dissolv$ 9 ! dry copp]1 b an important feature ( ! action ( ^! gases is ! agitation & spla%+ :i* !y occasion1 ?us br++ ! molt5 metal into close & vigor\s contact ) ! lay] ( r$uc+ c>bonace\s mat]ial ma9ta9$ ^u ! surface ( ! ba?4 ,poles are ins]t$ usually two or ?ree at a "t1 & samples are con/antly tak5 & exam9$ = surface indications & = fracture4 ,?is prelim9>y ref9+ op]ation usually has = its *ief object ! prep>ation ( a fairly pure metal :i* w yield a s\nd1 clean1 & ev5 anode ca/+1 & :i* is n requir$ at ?is /age to pass ! rigid me*anical te/s ess5tial = ! m>ket product4 ,9 ?is case x is !re=e usual to c>ry ! pol+ op]ation only to su* a degree t ! samples ladl$ out & ca/ into small +ots solidify ) ! ev51 smoo? surface desir$ & :i* is *>act]i/ic ( 8t\gh-pit* copp]0--irrespective ( any special me*anical prop]ties ( ! metal4 ,if ! te/ is satisfactory1 ! metal is ready = ca/+4 ,! pol+ occupies "s h\rs1 & usually f #dj to #ej poles ( wood are us$ up be=e ! metal is 9 a suitable condition = ca/+4 ,dur+ ^! op]ations ! coal fire 9 ! grate is manipulat$ 9 a mann] be/ suit$ to ! v>i\s /ages ( ! process2 !re may ?us be an oxidis+ flame dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ref9+1 b ! flame mu/ be ( a r$uc+ "* :il/ pol+ is 9 progress4 ,ca/+4--,until comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 ! size ( ! ref9+ furnace has be5 necess>ily limit$ to small dim5sions1 ow+ to ! difficulty 9 empty+ ! furnace ( l>ge *>ges4 ,! practice1 z conduct$ hi!rto1 has be5 bas$ on ! famili> me?od ( ! old ,wel% process1 viz41 t ( ladl+ out ! metal by small h& ladles4 ,?is involves s mu* h& lab\r1 & requires su* a long p]iod ( "t = its op]ation z to make practically impossible any attempt to deal ) l>ge quantities ( metal1 or to lead to any consid]able increase 9 furnace capacity4 ,! *ief difficulties to be ov]come :5 op]at+ on l>ge *>ges ( copp] by ?is h&-lad+ me?od are ^? ( ma9ta9+ ! metal at ! correct pit* dur+ ! l5g?y p]iod ( ladl+2 :il/ ! l>ge am\nt ( "t dur+ :i* ! f9i%$ copp] has to rema9 )9 prev5ts ! furnace be+ us$ = its *ief purpose1 t ( ref9+ m metal4 ,! me?od ( h& ladl+ 0 employ$ = s _m ye>s on acc\nt ( ! difficulties ( controll+ ! /ream ( metal & ( tapp+ ! furnace 9 ! usual way--i4e41 ?r\gh a tap-hole at ! l[e/ po9t ( ! ba?4 ,^! difficulties 7 due to ! v high work+ temp]atures1 to ! great weight ( metal beh9d ! /ream1 :i* =c$ x out "u great pressure1 & to ! high melt+ po9t1 conductivity1 & t5d5cy to *ill ( ! copp]1 :i* 0 apt to cause sett+ ( metal 9 ! tap-hole1 & l$ to ! latt] becom+ rapidly clos$ up & useless4 ,regulation ( ! /ream ( metal to a g5tle fl[ 0 impossible "u su* conditions4 ,) ! introduction ( ca/+ ma*9es by ,walk]1 & ! improvem5ts 9 ! me?ods ( tapp+ by ! adoption ( ! v]tical tapp+-slot1 ^! difficulties h be5 remov$1 & ! ca/+ ( #ajj tons ( metal f "o ( ! mod]n l>ge ca/+ furnaces pres5ts1 to exp]i5c$ work]s1 little practical difficulty4 ,! mod]n ca/+ ma*9e br+s a s]ies ( m\lds cont9ually "u ! supply ( metal :i* issues f a l>ge ladle f$ cont9u\sly f ! tapp+-slot ( ! furnace4 ,! me?od ( tapp+ n[ us$ is to all[ ! copp] to g5tly run out ( ! furnace1 by gradually l[]+ ! level ( a tempor>y reta9+ wall :i* is con/ruct$ 9 a n>r[ v]tical slot 9 ! tapp+ side ( ! furnace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4--;,indicat+ ,tilt+ & ,p\r+ ,me*anism = ,ladle ( ,ca/+ & ,ref9+ ,furnace4 ,?is slot1 :i* is _/-%ap$ 9 plan1 ext5ds f ! l[e/ po9t ( ! he>? to well above ! highe/ possible level ( ! liquid metal4 ,x is ab\t #c feet high & #d in*es wide1 & :il/ ! furnace is work+ x is kept ramm$ ) a mixture ( loam & an?racite1 ?is fill+ be+ support$ by a s]ies ( %ort transv]se b>s1 #af in*es long & #a in* squ>e 9 section1 :i* are set #c in*es ap>t & re/ ^u lugs fix$ to ! iron plates :i* /r5g!n ! furnace-wall4 ,dur+ ! op]ation ( ca/+1 ?is h>d fill+ c be readily cut away z requir$ & ! level ( ! dam ?us gradually l[]$ at w1 p]mitt+ ! g5tle & cont9u\s ov]fl[ ( ! molt5 metal4 ,! /ream is also regulat$ by ins]t+ a pole ( wood 9 ! op5+1 %\ld ! fl[ become too rapid1 & by ?is means x is kept "u absolute control4 ,! molt5 metal fl[s along a sp\t :i* fe$s a small susp5d$ ladle ( ab\t #hjj lbs4 capacity1 ! supply be+ s regulat$ t ?is ladle is fill$ suffici5tly sl[ly z n to get ahead ( ! m\lds4 ,! ladle is support$ hydraulically1 & is pivot$ s t x c be br\ght =w>d & tilt$ = p\r+1 & !n l[]$ & mov$ a slight di/ance backw>ds1 to all[ ! next m\ld to come into position4 ,on tilt+ ! ladle1 ! metal fl[s g5tly & )\t spla%+ ?r\gh a ?ree-hole grid 9 ! front--:i* keeps back slag or c9d]s--& runs into ! m\ld1 :i* is rapidly fill$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! metal ov]fl[+ 9 ! m\ld1 & also to rapidly cool t portion :i* =ms ! lugs ( ! anode-plate1 a holl[ wat]-cool$ block #b feet #f in*es long & ( #f in*es squ>e section1 situat$ opposite ! ladle1 is br\ght =w>d hydraulically into su* a position t x re/s on ! m\ld j aga9/ ! edge ( ! lugs4 ,at _m smelt]s ! circul> =m ( anode ca/+ ma*9e introduc$ by ,a4 ,l4 ,walk] is employ$4 ,?is app>atus consi/s ( a horizontal :eel :i* c be rotat$ sl[ly1 c>ry+ a s]ies ( arms at ! end ( :i* ! m\lds are support$1 s t !y =m a brok5 r+4 ,by ! rotation ( ! ma*9e1 "o m\ld aft] ano!r c be br\ght "u ! ladle & fill$4 ,! m\lds are pivot$1 s z to all[ ( tilt+1 & :5 ! metal has set1 ! +ot is ?us dropp$ into a cold wat] bo%1 :5ce x is c>ri$ to ! y>ds by a conveyor4 ,at ,anaconda1 ! ca/+ ma*9e consi/s ( a s]ies ( m\lds c>ri$ on a plat=m conveyor :i* is op]at$ hydraulically--! m\lds are atta*$ by bolt+ !m on to ! belt ?r\gh lugs fix$ und]nea?4 ,! m\lds are con/ruct$ ( #a in* ca/-iron1 & all[ ( ! production ( anode +ots #b feet #f in*es #c feet by #b in*es ?ick1 provid$ ) lugs at ! corn]s ( "o end = ! purpose ( support+ ! plates 9 ! tanks4 ,ea* m\ld holds ab\t #efj lbs4 ( metal1 & :5 ! anode has be5 ca/1 ! ladle is dropp$ back into position & ! m\ld is mov$ =w>d by means ( ! conveyor belt4 ,aft] trav]s+ a di/ance equal to ?ree times its own l5g?1 ! +ot becomes fairly solid1 & at a po9t correspond+ to ?is position ! conveyor base incl9es slightly upw>ds4 ,! cake is spray$ g5tly dur+ its passage ov] a di/ance ( ab\t #h feet1 ! conveyor belt !n passes ov] a pulley-:eel1 & :5 9 a v]tical position1 ! anode is =c$ out ( ! m\ld by a cr[b> & falls into a wat] bo%1 f :i* x is c>ri$ by ano!r conveyor on to a plat=m4 ,"h x is :eel$ to /acks1 exam9$ = flaws1 & weigh$4 ,sample anodes are plac$ on "o side1 & ! o!rs are pack$ = %ipm5t to ! ,ea/]n ref9]ies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4--,walk]'s ,anode ,ca/+ ,ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4--;,g5]al ,view ( ,tank-room ( ,electrolytic ,ref9]y1 ,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4,j4 ,! furnace deals ) "o *>ge 7usually ( #ajj tons1 b occasionally mu* m7 p] eight-h\r %ift1 & ! ca/+ ma*9e yields #be tons ( anodes p] h\r4 ,samples weigh+ f #d to #f ozs4 are tak5 ?ree times p] %ift f ! /ream ( copp] runn+ into ! m\lds1 by batt+ ! metal into wat] ) a wood5 paddle4 ,?is me?od *ecks v well ) drill+s tak5 f ! anode plates1 ! *ief discrepancy fe>$ hav+ be5 ) respect to silv] cont5ts1 ow+ to ! t5d5cy ( ?is metal to segregate4 ,! assay ( ! anode metal at ,anaconda av]ages copp] #iic p] c5t41 silv] #hj ozs4 p] ton1 & gold #je oz4 p] ton4 ,electro-,ref9+4--,electrolytic ref9+ 0 introduc$ on a comm]cial scale by ,elk+ton at ,pembray 9 #ahfe1 & ) ! g5]al adoption ( ! dynamo = ! production ( p[]1 dat+ f ab\t #ahgj1 ! process 0 greatly develop$4 ,mo/ ( ! copp] n[ plac$ on ! m>ket has pass$ ?r\gh ! electrolytic ref9]y4 ,sy/em ( ,work+4--,! me?od ( arrang+ ! electrodes 9 ! deposit+ tanks :i* is usually adopt$ at ! great ref9]ies at ! pres5t day1 is t kn[n z ! p>allel or multiple sy/em4 ,9 ?is me?od ( work+1 ! anodes are all connect$ to "o pole ( ! circuit1 & ! ca?odes1 situat$ betwe5 !m1 are all connect$ to ! o!r4 ,9 ?is way1 ea* tank comprises 9 reality "o l>ge anode & "o l>ge ca?ode1 & ! voltage z measur$ betwe5 any two neighb\r+ electrodes w be ! same4 ,! sy/em ?us all[s ( curr5ts at l[ voltage be+ employ$1 s9ce ! voltage is a factor ( ! numb] ( electrodes 9 s]ies1 & 9 consequ5ce dang] ( %ort circuit+ is less5$4 ,?is all[s ( plates be+ plac$ clos] toge!r 9 ! tank1 ) less dang] f ?is s\rce ( tr\ble4 ,a l>ge numb] ( tanks are employ$ at ! ref9]ies1 & !y are usually arrang$ 9 s]ies1 ! anode plates ( "o vat be+ connect$ to ! ca?ode plates ( ! neighb\r+ "o1 ! curr5t ?us pass+ f "o vat to ! o!r ?r\gh ! entire sy/em4 ,v>i\s o!r me?ods ( arrang+ ! electrodes h be5 fav\r$ f "t to "t1 & ( ^! ! s]ies-sy/em is ! mo/ important1 ?is be+ /ill 9 use at sev]al l>ge ref9]ies1 ?\gh x has be5 g5]ally sup]s$$ by ! multiple me?od4 ,! plan und]ly+ ! s]ies me?od 0 t ( avoid+ ! tr\ble & exp5se ( prep>+ & work+ ) ! special ca?ode %eets ( pure copp] z are necessitat$ by ! multiple sy/em4 ,9 ! s]ies-me?od1 ea* anode 0 made to s]ve z a deposit+ surface = ! pure ca?ode copp] produc$ by ! op]ation1 s t z impure anode copp] 0 dissolv$ away on "o side ( ! 8anode0-plate1 pure copp] 0 gradually deposit$ ^u ! o!r side4 ,?is sy/em appe>$1 !re=e1 to h sev]al m>k$ advantages to recomm5d x1 b 9 practical op]ation _m difficulties 9 work+ & sev]al s]i\s disadvantages 7 enc\nt]$4 ,! *ief po9ts 9 fav\r ( ! s]ies-sy/em are-- 7a7 ,small] fir/ co/ ( ! in/allation1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! matt] ( electrical connections1 s9ce ! multiple sy/em requires heavy leads runn+ along ea* side ( ! tank1 z well z close att5tion to ! provid+ ( good contacts1 9 ord] to connect all ! anodes & all ! ca?odes toge!r ) a m9imum ( curr5t leakage4 ,9 ! s]ies-me?od1 ! plates are readily connect$ "o to ! o!r4 7b7 ,! great sav+ ( ! co/ ( prep>ation & arrang+ = specially pure ca?ode plates1 ?is con/itut+ a v important factor 9 ! co/s ( ! multiple process4 7c7 ,! output ( metal p] vat is great]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! disadvantages ( ! sy/em1 except "u special conditions1 are v s]i\s4 7a7 ,m scrap is produc$ & requires re-treat+1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! new deposit f ! rema9+ portions ( old anode1 :i* (t5 adh]e v firmly4 7b7 ,high] voltage ?r\gh ! tanks is requir$1 ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( electrodes 9 s]ies 9 ! ba?4 ,h5ce ! dang] ( curr5t-leakage & %ort circuit+ is greatly increas$1 especially :5 impure anodes are us$1 s9ce !y t5d to produce conduct+ lay]s ( mud on ! bottom ( ! vat4 7c7 ,! anode plates h to be made p>ticul>ly smoo? & ev5 on ! surface1 s9ce 9 ord] to less5 ! voltage requir$1 ! plates are br\ght z close toge!r z possible1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 any excresc5ces ^u ! surface greatly increase ! dang] ( %ort circuit+4 ,prelim9>y furnace-ref9+ & special /raight5+ ( ! anodes are !re=e ess5tial 9 connection ) ! s]ies me?od4 7d7 ,special tanks are requir$1 z ! protect+ lead l9] _c be employ$1 s9ce ! dang] ( curr5t-leakage ?r\gh x is increas$1 ow+ to ! high] voltages requir$4 ,h5ce special acid-resi/+ mat]ial1 su* z slate1 is necess>y1 ! exp5se ( :i* is consid]able4 7e7 ,! co/ ( /ripp+ ! ca?odes is high1 & ! op]ation is (t5 difficult4 7f7 ,! co/ ( ma9ta9+ ! plant is great]4 ,! special advantages ( ! multiple sy/em are t-- 7#a7 ,x is applicable to all grades ( metal2 7#b7 ,x p]mits ( ei!r high or l[ curr5t-d5sity be+ employ$2 7#c7 ,x p]mits ! use ( *eap] lead-l9$ wood5 tanks = work+2 7#d7 ,anode plates may be us$ )\t previ\s ref9+1 if s desir$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]al to c>ry out ?is prelim9>y ref9+1 :i* yields s\nd] anodes1 keeps ! electrolyte pur]1 & promotes ! m regul> work+ ( ! electrodes & electrolyte--al?\gh "s smelt]s /ill ca/ ! anodes direct f conv]t] metal4 ,summ>is+1 x is f\nd g5]ally t-- 7#a7 ,a m>k$ sav+ is effect$ 9 op]at+ ! multiple sy/em 7?is has be5 e/imat$ by ,b>nett1 at z mu* z #b p] ton ( ref9$ metal--#hs4 #d;d472 7#b7 ,a great] effici5cy is obta9$1 ! tank effici5cy ( ! multiple sy/em be+ #ie p] c5t4 comp>$ ) #ij p] c5t4 = ! s]ies-sy/em2 7#c7 ,less copp] is held up 9 ! multiple sy/em1 s9ce less anode copp] is requir$1 "u l conditions z reg>ds ca?ode surface & curr5t d5sity4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,! ,,process4--,! electro-ref9+ indu/ry is a highly specialis$ "o1 & ! me?ods ( putt+ ! comp>atively simple und]ly+ pr9ciples into practical op]ation h assum$ great complexity & div]sity 9 detail1 conc]n+ :i* ,ulke has collect$ & publi%$ mu* valuable in=mation4 ,! foll[+ details h m p>ticul> ref]5ce to ! multiple sy/em ( work+1 z be+ ! mo/ repres5tative ( ! electro-ref9+ me?ods 9 g5]al use4 ,! outl9es ( ! process con/itute ! pass+ ( direct electric curr5t ?r\gh tanks conta9+ acidifi$ solutions ( copp] sulphate1 employ+ plates ( crude copp] z anodes1 & deposit+ pure metal ^u ca?ode-plates ( specially-ref9$ ?9 %eets ( pure copp]4 ,! preci\s metals & mo/ ( ! impurities ( ! anode metal are lib]at$ z small insoluble p>ticles :i* gradually settle to ! bottom ( ! tanks 9 ! =m ( mud1 soluble con/itu5ts1 su* z iron & z9c1 fir/ pass+ into solution4 ,g5]al ,conditions--,anodes4--,! usual dim5sions ( ! anode-plates are #c feet high by #b feet #f in*es wide & ab\t #b in*es ?ick2 !y are g5]ally ca/ ) lugs1 s z to all[ ( susp5sion 9 ! tanks4 ,! anode metal is usually br\ght by a prep>atory op]ation1 to z high a /ate ( purity z is economically practicable-- 7a7 ,9 ord] to obta9 smoo? & s\nd electrodes4 7b7 ,to ensure bett] work+ 9 ! tanks4 7a7 ,! necessity = ! employm5t ( solid & ev5 anodes has already be5 indicat$2 x all[s ( clos] susp5sion ( ! electrodes1 less5s ! liability ( spr\t+ & unev5ness on ! deposits & ! irregul> we> & break+ up ( ! anode-plates be=e !y are suffici5tly worn away4 7b7 ,! m free ! metal is f iron1 sulphur1 z9c1 nickel1 etc41 ! pur] rema9s ! electrolyte1 s9ce ^! elem5ts pass into solution at a great] spe$ ?an does ! copp] itself1 &1 gradually conc5trat+ 9 ! tank liquors1 r5d] !m m & m impure--! purity ( ! metal deposit$ at ! ca?ode be+ 9 consequ5ce decreas$4 ,! prelim9>y ref9+ & br++ up to pit* ( ! metal be=e ca/+ into anodes1 z already describ$1 ?us has = its object ! prep>ation ( electrodes 9 a suitable me*anical z well z *emical condition4 ,! copp] cont5t is r>ely less ?an #ih p] c5t4 & is (t5 m ?an #ii p] c5t4 ,! gold & silv] cont5ts are n affect$ by ?is prelim9>y treatm5t1 nor are1 to any great ext5t1 ! proportions ( ars5ic1 antimony1 bismu?1 etc4 ,! size ( ! anode-plate v>ies some:at at diff]5t ref9]ies1 ! usual /&>d dim5sions be+ indicat$ above2 ! size dep5ds to a l>ge ext5t ^u ! facilities = h&l+ ! electrodes & on ! circuit sy/em op]at$4 ,!re is a t5d5cy at sev]al works possess+ suitable facilities1 to increase ! size ( ! electrodes4 ,! ,ca?odes4--,! copp] is deposit$ f ! electrolyte ^u ca?ode %eets1 :i* are usually ?9 plates ( pure copp] correspond+ 9 size to ! anodes4 ,z ^! %eets _c be conv5i5tly provid$ ) suitable lugs = susp5sion1 !y are usually made ( some:at great] l5g? ?an ! anodes1 s z to all[ ( b5d+ ov] ! cross-conductors2 o!rwise !y are furni%$ ) metallic clips = atta*m5t to ^! b>s4 ,^! ca?ode %eets are prep>$ by deposit+ lay]s ( pure metal ^u plates ( ref9$ copp] ( suitable surface dim5sions & ( ab\t in* ?ickness4 ,ea* side ( ^! plates1 :i* are specially smoo!d1 is fir/ slightly oil$ s z to all[ ( ! subsequ5t conv5i5t /ripp+ ( ! %eet :5 made1 & x is !n well coat$ ) graphite 9 ord] to pres5t a conduct+ surface on :i* deposition c proce$4 ,! ca?ode-%eets are deposit$ ei!r 9 ! regul> tanks ( ! ref9]y or 9 vats specially devot$ to ! purpose1 us+ 9 t case1 pure electrolyte1 & work+ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,on atta9+ a ?ickness ( ab\t #a_/be in*1 ! %eet is /ripp$ (f1 clean$ & clipp$ ready = use z a ca?ode4 ,! ,electrolyte4--,! electrolyte is ess5tially an acid solution ( copp] sulphate4 ,! av]age proportions are f #ae to #bj p] c5t4 ( copp] sulphate cry/als1 & f #e to #aj p] c5t4 ( sulphuric acid--! usual d5sity ( ! solution rang+ f #aab to #abe4 ,! liquid "u ord9>y conditions ( work+1 rema9s reasonably pure = a consid]able "t4 ,x t5ds1 h[ev]1 to decrease 9 acidity & to increase 9 copp] cont5ts1 p>tly ow+ to ! pres5ce ( cupr\s oxide 9 ! metal1 :i* passes into solution indep5d5tly ( ! indirect transf]5ce ( metallic copp] f anode to ca?ode4 ,! composition ( ! tank liquors mu/1 !re=e1 be frequ5tly *eck$4 ,! gold & silv] values d n pass into solution "u ord9>y work+ conditions1 & ! addition ( a small quantity ( common-salt or ( hydro*loric acid to ! vat effectually prev5ts any silv] f rema9+ 9 solution 9 ! liquors4 ,a consid]able proportion ( ! ars5ic 9 ! t\gh-pit* anode-copp]1 exi/+ z ars5ate1 is deposit$ ) ! mud residues1 x be+ insoluble & non-conduct+4 ,ars5ic 9 a r$uc$ condition is1 h[ev]1 soluble1 & may gradually conc5trate 9 ! liquors & contam9ate ! ca?ode copp]1 unless suitable precautions are tak54 ,"s ( ! r$uc$ ars5ic1 moreov]1 t5ds to produce a slimy ars5ite ( copp]1 :i*1 ?\gh insoluble1 exi/s 9 a colloidal non-settl+ =m4 ,addition ( ammonium sulphate to ! electrolyte prev5ts ?is =mation1 :il/ comb9$ aration & heat+ promote ! precipitation ( ars5ic z insoluble ars5ates :i* settle ) ! tank slimes4 ,"s ( ! antimony & bismu? t5d to fir/ pass into solution1 b = ! mo/ "p !y are precipitat$ z insoluble basic salts4 ,"u suitable conditions ) respect to ! acidity & copp] cont5ts ( ! electrolyte1 !re is little t5d5cy = deposition ( ^! impurities ) ! copp]1 b deviation f ! correct composition is liable to cause contam9ation ( ! deposit$ metal4 ,^! impurities1 :5 9 solution1 t5d to be oxidis$ by aration1 & ?is op]ation greatly enc\rages _! precipitation ) ! mud4 ,iron readily dissolves 9 ! electrolyte1 =m+ soluble f]r\s sulphate :i* t5ds to gradually accumulate 9 ! solution4 ,?is contam9ation spoils ! quality ( ! deposit$ metal1 & int]f]es ) ! process ( deposition1 decreas+ ! conductivity ( ! ba? & ?us necessitat+ high] voltage4 ,aration ( ! solution1 especially :5 w>m$1 leads to ! =mation ( basic f]ric sulphates :i* are insoluble1 & :i* !re=e accumulate at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,sel5ium & tellurium1 :i* :5 pres5t mo/ probably exi/ z insoluble sel5ides & tellurides ( copp] or silv]1 are also precipitat$1 & ?us d n f9d _! way into ! deposit$ metal4 ,! copp] itself is deposit$ f ! electrolyte on to ! ca?ode-%eets by ! action ( ! curr5t1 :il/ at ! anodes1 ! metal passes into solution1 & ! o!r con/itu5ts are ei!r dissolv$ or precipitat$4 ,x foll[s t 9 an undi/urb$ solution1 ! liquid ne> to ! ca?ode becomes gradually impov]i%$ 9 copp]1 result+ 9 a decrease 9 ! rate ( deposition & necessitat+ great] electrical pressure1 :il/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! anode1 ! liquor is proportionately /rong] 9 copp] & less acid 9 "*4 ,%\ld ^! conditions cont9ue to any great ext5t1 ! work+ ( ! ba? is s]i\sly int]f]$ )1 s9ce diffusion proce$s too sl[ly = uni=mity to be re/or$1 & 9 ord] to secure uni=m composition ( ! electrolyte1 x mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 g5tle motion by "s sy/em ( circulation4 ,?is agitation & mix+ is assi/$ by ! aration ( ! ba? = ! purpose ( ha/5+ ! oxidation & precipitation ( sev]al ( ! impurities--?is be+ effect$ by bl[+ ?r\gh ! liquid a g5tle supply ( air4 ,temp]ature4--,! electrical resi/ance ( ! solution decreases z ! temp]ature rises1 & 9 practice ! ba? is ma9ta9$ at a uni=m temp]ature ( #de to #ej ,c4 ,by ?is means a useful increase 9 conductivity is obta9$1 ! /r5g? ( ! deposit$ copp] be+ at ! same "t greatly augm5t$4 ,electrical ,conditions4--,! electrical factors :i* ma9ly control ! work+ ( ! electrolytic process are ^? (-- 7a7 ,curr5t d5sity4 7b7 ,voltage4 7a7 ,curr5t ,d5sity4--,! quantity ( metal deposit$ f an electrolyte is proportional to ! curr5t :i* passes1 & to ! electro-*emical equival5t ( ! p>ticul> metal4 ,?us a curr5t ( "o amp]e w deposit f copp] sulphate solution1 #aahcb grammes ( copp] p] h\r1 & ! total quantity deposit$ 9 any giv5 "t is det]m9$ by ! product ( ! curr5t1 ! "t1 & ?is electro-*emical equival5t 7:i* is det]m9$ exp]im5tally74 ,9 practical op]ation1 a factor :i* is among/ ! mo/ important ( ^? gov]n+ ! work+ ( a plant1 is ! curr5t d5sity1 or curr5t p] unit ( area ( deposit+ surface1 s9ce f ?is factor ! rate ( deposition ^u ! ca?ode plates is det]m9$1 & f x ! p[] requirem5ts1 accommodation1 etc41 = ! plant are fix$4 ,! curr5t d5sity is subject to wide v>iation1 b1 z a g5]al rule1 x ranges f #h to #ah amp]es p] squ>e foot ( plate-area4 ,its value is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! spe$ ( work+1 ! co/ ( p[]1 & ! composition ( ! anode metal1 ! electrolyte & ! desir$ product1 etc4 ,9 g5]al1 high curr5t-d5sity possesses _m advantages1 result+ f ! fact t x occasions a m rapid deposition4 ,x causes a proportionately great] output1 consequ5tly ! /ock ( metal held back 9 ! tanks is r$uc$1 & h5ce !re is less capital lock$ up 9 ! =m ( metal und]go+ treatm5t1 & less plant & accommodation are requir$ = ! same output4 ,! curr5t d5sity p]missible is1 h[ev]1 limit$ by ! composition ( ! electrodes & ! solution4 ,high curr5t-d5sity causes rapid dissolution ( ! anodes1 & if ! plates are n p>ticul>ly free f impurity1 ! electrolyte rapidly becomes contam9at$1 s9ce its dissolv+ p[] on ! impurities becomes great] ) increas$ electrolytic action1 & ?is af=ds less opportunity = ! precipitation & settl+ ( ! injuri\s con/itu5ts4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! ca?ode copp] is contam9at$ ?r\gh ?is me*anical inclusion ( impurities1 :il/ electro-deposition ( "s ( ^! mat]ials may also be enc\rag$4 ,! pres5ce ( mu* silv] 9 ! anodes causes ! rapid break+-up ( ! plates1 especially if ! curr5t d5sity be high1 & ?us ! sep>ation ( ! values 9 ! slimes is n s effici5tly manag$4 ,) high values 9 ! anode copp]1 x is necess>y to r$uce ! curr5t d5sity to #h or #aj amp]es p] squ>e foot1 :]eas ) pur] metal a d5sity ( z mu* z #af to #bj may be conv5i5tly employ$4 7b7 ,voltage4--,electrical pressure is requir$ 9 ord] to =ce ! deposit+ curr5t ?r\gh ! electrolyte aga9/ ! resi/ances 9 ! circuit4 ,! voltage requir$ dep5ds ^u ! curr5t d5sity1 ! composition & temp]ature ( ! electrolyte1 ! composition ( ! anodes1 & also ^u ! g5]al conditions ( work+4 ,^! be+ con/ant1 ! voltage necess>y is l>gely a factor ( ! numb] ( electrodes 9 s]ies 9 ! tank & ( ! di/ance ap>t ( ! plates4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances ?is voltage v>ies f #ja to ab\t #jc volt4 ,high voltage is to be avoid$1 ow+ to ! dang] ( %ort-circuit+1 especially 9 cases :]e ! accumulation ( mud 9 ! tanks1 or ! impregnation ( metallic salts 9 ! tank walls1 or ! gr[? ( excresc5ces ^u ! plates1 lead to ! passage ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ^! conductors r ?an ?r\gh ! electrolyte solution itself4 ,%ort circuit+ naturally dim9i%es ! output ( ! plant4 ,^! electrical factors :i* =m ! basis ( ! p[] requirem5ts ( ! ref9]y1 call = c>eful obs]vation dur+ ! progress ( ! op]ations 9 ord] to ensure successful work+ & a high effici5cy ( ! plant4 ,! curr5t f ! dynamos is br\ght by heavy leads & is di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! sets ( tanks 9 ! mann] be/ suit$ to ! in/allation4 ,at "o ( ! new] works1 dynamos produc+ ab\t #f1jjj amp]es at #abj to #aej volts1 supply suffici5t curr5t to op]ate a set ( #djj vats work+ on ! l9es j indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4--;,indicat+ ,me?ods ( ,susp5d+ & ,connect+ ,electrodes 7,p]? ,amboy1 ,n4,j474 ,! ,deposit+ ,tanks4--,! tanks are usually con/ruct$ ( wood1 su* z /rong pit* p9e1 & !y are lead-l9$4 ,! cross-section is usually su* z w all[ a space ( ab\t #c in*es betwe5 ! edges ( ! electrode & ! wall1 & a #f-;in* space f ! tank-bottom to ! l[] edge ( ! plate4 ,! l5g? ( ! vats v>ies consid]ably1 accord+ to ! desir$ output & to conv5i5ce ( work+--#aj to #ae feet be+ av]age dim5sions4 ,?is size ( vat w hold #ae to #be anodes toge!r ) a correspond+ numb] ( ca?odes 7#af to #bf74 ,! tanks are arrang$ across ! build+ 9 a numb] ( r[s :i* are usually /epp$ d[n 9 /ages ( ab\t #b to #c in*es ea*1 s z to assi/ z mu* z possible ! circulation ( ! electrolyte ?r\gh ! sy/em by gravity1 & ! vats are set 9 pairs ) aisle-ways betwe5 7see ,fig4 #gb74 ,leads run along ea* side ( ! tank1 ! curr5t be+ convey$ to all ! anodes at once by re/+ "o lug ( ea* plate ^u ! lead :i* runs along "o side ( ! tank1 c>efully insulat+ ! o!r lug f ! conductor situat$ at ! opposite side1 ?is be+ us$ = connect+ up ! ca?odes4 ,! ca?ode-%eets are susp5d$ f metallic cross-b>s1 :i* re/ ^u _! own conduct+ lead1 & are c>efully insulat$ f ! anode lead at ! o!r side4 ,! solutions are heat$ by means ( /eam coils4 ,di/ribution ( ! ,electrolyte4--,! necess>y circulation ( ! electrolyte is effect$ z mu* z possible by ! natural action ( gravity4 ,! tanks ( ! top r[ 9 ! deposit+-h\se receive a con/ant supply ( fre% solution f upp] di/ribut+ vats1 :il/ old electrolyte is drawn (f f ne> ! bottom ( ! tanks1 & fl[s ov] to ^? on ! next & l[] level4 ,fre% solution ?us ent]s at ! top ( ! tank1 old solution is drawn (f f bel[1 & ?us a uni=m d5sity & composition is ma9ta9$4 ,f ! tanks situat$ at ! l[e/ level1 ! solution passes to a well1 & f !re is pump$ up to ! /ore-tanks or1 :5 necess>y1 to ! purify+ tanks2 air-pressure pumps be+ (t5 employ$ = ?is "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4--;,indicat+ ,connections = ,circulation ( ,electrolyte 7,b>nett74 ,9 c\rse ( "t--& "u ! mod]n sy/em ( work+ ) mod]ately pure anodes1 ?is p]iod is ( consid]able duration--! gradual accumulation 9 ! electrolyte1 ( ! small quantities ( impurity :i* are dissolv$ f ! anode1 may r5d] ! liquid s impure1 t a dang] arises ( contam9ation ( ! ca?ode copp] to su* a degree t x becomes unfit = conductivity "w4 ,x !n becomes necess>y to purify ! solution4 ,9 pres5t-day practice1 ?is cont9u$ accumulation ( impurity 9 ! electrolyte is prev5t$ by cont9u\sly )draw+1 = sep>ate purification1 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! electrolyte f ! circuit--replac+ x by a fre% supply ( pure solution f ! /ore-tanks4 ,con/ant reg5]ation1 purification & circulation are ?us effect$1 :il/ uni=m composition is ma9ta9$4 ,aft] consid]able use1 ! electrolyte solution gradually t5ds to increase 9 copp] cont5ts1 & ! fir/ /ages 9 ! s*eme ( treatm5t = ! old solution is to recov] ?is excess ( copp]1 :i* is effect$ 9 tanks kn[n z 8lib]at+ tanks40 ,^! are simil> 9 g5]al features to ! ref9+ vats1 except t lead plates are employ$ in/ead ( ! copp] anodes1 s t ! excess metal is deposit$ )\t any addition ( copp] be+ made to ! solution1 f ! anodes4 ,9 due c\rse1 ! desir$ composition 9 ! electrolyte is once m atta9$4 ,:5 ! solutions h become too impure = fur!r use 9 ! tanks1 ! bulk ( ! copp] sulphate is recov]$ by evaporation 9 l>ge pans1 foll[$ by cry/allisation 9 some:at %all[ vats ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,! crude blue vitriol is fur!r purifi$ by repeat$ cry/allisation1 & any copp] :i* /ill rema9s 9 ! solution is !n precipitat$ on scrap iron1 ! cem5t copp] be+ work$ ?r\gh ! furnaces aga94 ,excess acid is also (t5 recov]$ on fur!r evaporation ( ! liquors1 & is employ$ 9 ! subsequ5t treatm5t ( ! slimes4 ,work+4--,9 ! l>ge mod]n ref9]ies1 ! anodes are c>ri$ to & f ! tank-h\se by c>s1 & at ! tank-room are susp5d$ f frames :i* are convey$ ov] ! ba?s by means ( ov]head electrical cranes ( ab\t #aj tons lift+ capacity4 ,^! rectangul> frames correspond 9 size to ! dim5sions ( ! tanks1 & are con/ruct$ ( /eel gird]s4 ,"u ! long] sides ( ?is frame a s]ies ( hooks project1 ^u :i* ! lugs ( ! anodes re/1 & ! hooks are plac$ at di/ances correspond+ to ! ev5tual position ( ! plates 9 ! tank1 s t ! :ole s]ies ( anodes c be dump$ into position at "o op]ation4 ,! ca?odes are plac$ 9 a second rack1 & likewise br\ght into position1 betwe5 ! anodes4 ,! solution is !n turn$ into ! tank1 ! curr5t />t$1 & ! ref9+ proce$s1 ) a /eady fl[ ( liquid circulat+ ?r\gh ! sy/em4 ,! op]ations ( *ang+ electrodes1 clean+ & reload+ occupy ab\t "o h\r1 &1 b = ?is manipulation1 ! process "u normal work+ is cont9u\s4 ,9 ord9>y practice1 ab\t #bj to #be lbs4 ( copp] are deposit$ daily on ea* ca?ode4 ,con/ant exam9ation is made z to ! electrical conditions1 & ! composition1 temp]ature1 & d5sity ( ! solutions4 ,! anodes usually rema9 9 ! ba? = a p]iod ( ab\t six weeks1 & !y are !n remov$ f ! tank1 scrubb$1 & s5t back to ! furnaces to be remelt$ & re-ca/ into fre% anodes1 ! quantity ( su* anode scrap "u good work+ conditions am\nt+ to ab\t #i or #aj p] c5t4 ( ! orig9al metal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4--,tank-h\se1 %[+ ,anode ,crane 7,ulke74 ,! ca?odes rema9 9 ! tanks = ab\t "o week1 by :i* "t a deposit ( f #aej to #agj lbs4 ( pure metal has be5 obta9$ ^u ea*4 ,! practice ( frequ5tly replac+ ! ca?odes possesses1 among o!r advantages1 ^? ( ma9ta9+ a m ev5 curr5t d5sity ov] ! plates1 ( prev5t+ ! gr[? ( excresc5ces & ! irregul> dissolution ( ! anodes1 & ( less5+ ! dang] ( breakd[n ( ! some:at sl5d]ly susp5d$ ca?odes1 by putt+ less weight on ! supports4 ,! removal 9 "o op]ation ( ! entire bat* ( ca?odes f ! ba? is effect$ by means ( ! susp5d$ hook-frame1 z employ$ 9 *>g+4 ,! plates are r9s$1 ! top edges are cut (f & return$ ) ! anode scrap1 :il/ ! pure electrolytic copp] passes to ! ref9+ & ca/+ furnaces1 :]e x is prep>$ = ! m>ket4 ,collection ( ! ,slimes4--,dep5d+ ^u ! work+ conditions ( ! ref9]y1 b usually at int]vals ( ?ree mon?s1 ! precipitat$ slimes are collect$ & ! tanks are clean$ out4 ,! quantity ( slime deposit$ is g5]ally n v l>ge1 f #ae to #be lbs4 p] tank be+ a n unusual yield4 ,! curr5t & ! supply ( solution are cut (f1 ! plates remov$1 ! cont5ts ( ! tank all[$ to settle1 ! liquid siphon$ (f to )9 ab\t #f in*es ( ! bottom1 & ! residues are swill$ out ?r\gh a trap at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,! sludge passes ?r\gh a sieve t sep>ates ! lumps ( anode copp] :i* h brok5 (f & fall5 to ! bottom ( ! tank1 ! slime !n passes to ! special ref9]y = treatm5t4 ,! processes adopt$ = recov]+ ! gold & silv] f ?is residue are highly specialis$1 & belong prop]ly to ! te*nology ( ref9+ ( ! preci\s metals4 ,modifications ( ,electrolytic ,ref9+4--,great success has n yet att5d$ ! attempts :i* h be5 made to employ copp] matte 9 ! =m ( anodes 9 electrolytic ref9+ processes1 & ! me?od is n 9 op]ation at any ( ! great mod]n works4 ,m>*s1 ,hoepfn]1 ,siem5s-,halske1 ,kei?1 & o!rs h introduc$ processes1 b _! practical op]ation is att5d$ ) v great difficulty & b little comm]cial success4 ,matte is exce$+ly brittle & x readily breaks up1 x is a bad conductor & necessitates ! use ( high voltage1 ! solutions become v f\l1 & ! processes require v special app>atus & equipm5t4 ,me?ods = ! production1 by electrolytic processes1 ( pure copp] 9 =ms ready = s]vice1 su* z wires or tubes1 h be5 introduc$ successfully by a numb] ( work]s1 includ+ ,elmore1 ,?om]son1 & ,c[p]-,coles4 ,sev]al ( ^! me?ods are n[ 9 app>5tly successful comm]cial op]ation1 & ! publi%$ results ( ! work+ ( ! processes & ( te/s on ! deposit$ mat]ials (f] consid]able promise = _! future indu/rial application = special purposes1 if n = g5]al use4 ,! atta9+ ( ! necess>y compactness1 t\ghness1 & /r5g? ( ! metallic product is aid$ by ! employm5t ( pressure dur+ deposition1 z by burni%]s1 or by v rapid rotation ( ! deposit+ surfaces 9 ! solutions4 ,details ( ^! processes & products may be f\nd f ! ref]5ces subsequ5tly giv54 ,br++ up to ,pit* & ,ca/+ ! ,m]*ant ,copp]4--,! f9al /ages 9 ! smelt+ process f ore to m>ket-metal are ^? ( 8f9+10 t\gh5+1 & ca/+ ! ca?ode copp]1 ! object ( ^! op]ations be+ to imp>t to ! metal ! *emical composition & me*anical & physical prop]ties :i* are requir$ 9 ord] to fit x = ! m>ket1 & also to prep>e x into a suitable =m = s]vice4 ,9 addition to ca?ode copp]1 o!r =ms ( ! metal1 if ( suitable composition1 are also treat$ ) ?is object4 ,= conductivity copp]1 h[ev]1 ^! f9al op]ations are conduct$ on metal f :i* practically all ! impurities h be5 remov$1 b :i* is n suffici5tly t\gh & homog5e\s or :i* is n 9 a suitable %ape = imm$iate indu/rial use4 ,! t\gh5+ op]ation consi/s almo/ entirely ( adju/+ ! p]c5tage ( oxides 9 ! metal1 p>tly 9 ord] to ov]come ! influ5ce ( any traces ( injuri\s impurity t might rema91 b ma9ly to ex]cise ! functions previ\sly indicat$1 ( imp>t+ by its m or less direct action ^u ! metal1 a def9ite t\gh5+ & /r5g!n+ effect4 ,! me*anism ( ! action is n p]fectly und]/ood1 b ! rec5t "w ref]r$ to 9 ,lecture ,,ii41 p4 #bh1 af=ds useful evid5ce z to its possible mode ( action4 ,! actual ref9+ op]ation & ! furnace employ$ = ! process are exactly simil> to ^? us$ 9 prep>+ ! metal to ensure ! ca/+ ( s\nd +ots1 z already describ$4 ,! op]ations consi/ ( a prelim9>y aration1 by means ( :i* any oxidisable impurity /ill rema9+ 9 ! metal is oxidis$ out1 ma9ly ?r\gh ! action ( copp] oxide :i* is =m$ dur+ ! process 9 "s consid]able excess4 ,aft] ! copp] has become 8dry0 or ov]-oxidis$1 :i* condition is *>act]is$ by brittl5ess1 depress$ surface1 & brick-l purple-r$ fracture ( ! metal1 x is r$uc$ by pol+ & timb]+ op]ations to a def9ite po9t1 viz43 until a sample +ot ( ! metal indicates a maximum ( t\ghness1 accompani$ by level surface & bright salmon-col\r$ silky fracture--x is !n ( 8t\gh-pit*0 quality4 ,! furnace employ$ = ! ref9+ has already be5 describ$4 ,"o ( ! ma9 features 9 :i* x diff]s f ! ord9>y mod]n rev]b]atory smelt+-furnace is t ow+ to ! exce$+ly high heat-conduct+ p[] ( metallic copp]1 & to ! abs5ce ( an insulat+ lay] ( non-conduct+ slag1 !re is little dang] ( mu* *ill+ action occurr+ on ! he>? ( ! furnace2 ! temp]ature may1 inde$1 (t5 become too high r ?an too l[4 ,9 consequ5ce1 x is n s usual to con/ruct ! furnace ) a v massive he>? f\ndation z = smelt+1 b to build x ^u a vault or ^u a s]ies ( pi]s4 ,) ?is type ( f\ndation1 ! v consid]able1 b practically unavoidable1 absorption ( metal 9 ! he>?-mat]ial is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,x is usual to "w a *>ge consi/+ ( scrap & oxide 9 ! furnace be=e ! regul> smelt+ campaign beg9s 9 ord] to 8season0 ! he>?4 ,?is proc$ure all[s ! prim>y absorption ( copp] by ! he>?-mat]ial1 & assi/s its consolidation1 :il/ ! action ( ! oxide promotes a surface glaz+ :i* less5s ! t5d5cy = fur!r absorption ( copp]1 & gives a good surface to ! work+ b$4 ,z has be5 already /at$1 ! he>? is g5]ally built ( brickwork r ?an ( s&4 ,! furnace is con/ruct$ to hold f #hj up to #bjj tons ( metal4 ,! me?od ( work+ diff]s ma9ly f t previ\sly describ$1 9 t in/ead ( p\r+ molt5 copp] into ! furnace1 z is usual ) conv]t]-metal1 ! ca?ode plates mu/ be *>g$ 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,9 ord] to deal ) su* a l>ge quantity ( *>ge 9 ?is bulky =m1 )\t occupy+ s mu* "t z to make ! :ole op]ation too protract$1 x is usual to employ "s =m ( *>g+ ma*9e r ?an to use h& lab\r = ! op]ation4 ,9 "s cases a small melt+ furnace is employ$ solely = ! purpose ( prep>+ ! metal 9 a molt5 =m = fe$+ into ! ref9+ furnace4 ,! type ( ca?ode-*>g] mo/ us$ is v simil> 9 op]ation to ! ,welman *>g] = /eel furnaces1 & by its means1 #ajj tons ( mat]ial c be *>g$ p] h\r4 ,op]ation4--,! ref9+ & t\gh5+ process is conduct$ 9 ! six /ages (3-- 7a7 ,*>g+4 7b7 ,melt+4 7c7 ,skimm+4 7d7 ,oxidation1 by aration4 7e7 ,r$uction1 by pol+4 7f7 ,ca/+4 7a7 ,! *>g+ is sometimes conduct$ 9 /ages1 ?is be+ inde$ unavoidable :5 v l>ge quantities ( mat]ial are work$ )1 ! bulk ( :i*1 :5 solid1 w\ld m ?an fill ! furnace4 ,two-?irds or ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! mat]ial may be put 9 at fir/ & j melt$ d[n sl[ly1 aft] :i* ! rema9d] is add$4 ,ow+ to ! n infrequ5t pres5ce ( sulphur 9 ! furnace coals1 & to its ready aff9ity = copp]1 result+ 9 undesirable consequ5ces = ! comm]cial metal1 contam9ation by ?is elem5t is usually prev5t$1 z mu* z possible1 by giv+ to ! ca?odes a wa% ( lime previ\s to *>g+4 7b7 ,! melt+ is g5]ally conduct$ some:at sl[ly1 s z to all[ "s oxidation ( ! metal dur+ ?is /age1 :i* may occupy "s twelve h\rs4 ,skimm+ ( slag z x =ms1 & subsequ5t bl[+ ( ! copp] t[>ds ! end ( ! melt+ /age are frequ5tly resort$ to4 7c7 ,! slag :i* accumulates1 sometimes 9 consid]able quantity1 is skimm$ (f z occasion requires4 ,:5 conv]t] metal ( su* purity z n to ne$ electrolytic ref9+ is treat$ directly 9 ! furnace1 mu* ( ?is slag is conv]t]-slag introduc$ f ! ladle1 & requires to be skimm$ (f at an e>ly /age4 ,9 ! usual process ( melt+ ca?ode-copp]1 slag is produc$ f ! la/ traces ( iron :i* may h rema9$ 9 ! metal4 ,9 ord] to r5d] x suffici5tly viscid to be pull$ out by ! skimm]1 a%es f ! fire-grate are ?r[n ^u & rabbl$ into ! slag4 ,?is skimm+ may cont9ue = "s "t1 & a v ri* copp]y slag is pull$ (f1 f :i* ! metal values are subsequ5tly recov]$4 7d7 ,! oxidation ( ! small quantities ( impurity /ill rema9+ 9 ! metal is complet$ by ! op]ation ( air+1 z already describ$1 & ! action is cont9u$ 9 ord] to produce a small excess ( oxide until ! copp] is 8dry40 ,! "t occupi$ = ?is air+ is n[ n v protract$1 s9ce mo/ ( ! impurities h be5 previ\sly remov$ f ! metal4 7e7 ,! copp] is !n br\ght up to pit* by 8pol+0 9 ! mann] previ\sly indicat$1 except t at ?is f9al /age1 ! te/+ ( ! metal & ! adju/+ ( ! oxyg5 proportion are conduct$ ) mu* great] precision ?an 0 necess>y = ! simple production ( ! s\nd anode plates4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 ! "* ( ! metal & its value z a comm]cial article l>gely dep5d ^u ! c>e & accuracy ) :i* ! correct 8pit*0 is rea*$ & is ma9ta9$ 9 ! ba? dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ca/+ ( ! metal4 ,! pol+ = ! 8%ak+ out0 ( ! gases is r>ely necess>y ) ca?ode metal1 & ! addition ( ! cov] ( c>bonace\s mat]ial = ! purpose ( effect+ ! r$uction ( ! oxides to ! desir$ ext5t1 is made ei!r at ! comm5cem5t ( pol+ or else %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,aft] "s "t1 a s]ies ( small samples is tak5 at int]vals1 by means ( ladles1 & ! surface ( ! +ot is exam9$4 ,! depression *>act]i/ic ( dry copp] gradually becomes less m>k$1 ! brick-l fracture appe>s f9] & f9] until x becomes silky1 :il/ ! col\r ev5tually turns to a v delicate salmon-p9k4 ,mean:ile ! me*anical prop]ties h gradually improv$1 signs ( brittl5ess disappe>1 & some:at l>g] samples ( ! metal1 :i* are n[ tak5 & te/$1 are *>act]is$ by a v m>k$ t\ghness & /r5g?4 ,?is is ! mom5t at :i* ! pol+ mu/ cease4 ,! residual copp]-oxide has n[ rea*$ ! proportion :i* 0 necess>y = ! imp>t+ ( ! be/ me*anical prop]ties1 & ! metal is t\gh-pit*4 ,! skill ( ! workman is n[ ex]cis$ to ! highe/ degree1 9 ma9ta9+ ! metal 9 ?is condition dur+ ! :ole ( ! subsequ5t ca/+ p]iod4 ,oxidation mu/ be avoid$ 9 ord] to prev5t a rev]sion to dry copp]1 :il/ any fur!r r$uc+ action removes "s ( ! necess>y oxide1 & results 9 8ov]-pol+40 ,! metal w\ld !n become brittle aga91 co>sely fibr\s & possibly some:at spongy 9 fracture & v pale 9 col\r1 :il/ 9 sett+ x w\ld %[ a ridge ^u ! surface4 ,9 t case x w\ld be necess>y to 8air0 ! metal aga9 until x became dry1 & !n to pole x back to ! 8t\gh-pit*0 /age4 ,! copp]1 :5 ( correct pit*1 is !re=e remov$ f ! furnace & ca/ at once2 ?is be+ readily conduct$ ?r\gh ! tapp+ slot1 ! level ( :i* is gradually l[]$4 ,! metal !n fl[s d[n ! sp\t to ! ladle1 & is p\r$ into ! m\lds atta*$ to "s =m ( me*anical ca/+ ma*9e2 ! +ots be+ f9ally dropp$ into a wat]-bo%1 weigh$1 sampl$1 & /ack$1 & are !n 9 a condition ready = ! m>ket4 ,phosphorus is sometimes employ$ = giv+ s\ndness to ! ca/+s1 be+ add$ to ! ba? 9 small quantities 9 ! =m ( phosphor-copp] conta9+ ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ( ! non-metal4 ,al?\gh v little ( ?is phosphorus is reta9$ by ! metal1 be+ mo/ly elim9at$ z oxide1 special caution is requir$ 9 employ+ x = high-grade conductivity copp]1 s9ce ! effect ( v small quantities has a delet]i\s influ5ce ^u ! conduct+ prop]ties4 ,silicon also is us$ = a simil> purpose1 & causes a consid]able increase 9 t\ghness4 7f7 ,:5 int5d$ = conductivity "w1 ! metal is ca/ into ! =m ( 8wire-b>s0 ( v v>i$ %ape & size1 accord+ to requirem5ts2 ?us ! #ajj-lb4 b>s are ab\t #c feet long by ab\t #c in*es squ>e section1 ! #ejj-lb4 b>s #g feet long by ab\t #d in*es squ>e4 ,furnace samples weigh+ ab\t #a lb4 are drawn d[n gradually to ab\t -in* wire1 & are te/$ = conductivity1 z well z = /r5g? & t\ghness1 occasional analysis be+ also und]tak51 :il/ samples ( ! wire-b>s 9 m>ket =m are simil>ly exam9$4 ,illu/ration3 a b ,fig4 #gf4--,micro/ructure ( ,comm]cial ,copp] conta9+ ,oxyg5 7,h(man74 a4 ,calumet & ,hecla copp] aft] #fj m9utes' pol+4 #jbb p] c5t4 oxyg5 #aih p] c5t4 ,cu#b,o4 b4 ,calumet & ,hecla 8dry0 copp] be=e pol+4 #jfd p] c5t4 oxyg5 #egf p] c5t4 ,cu#b,o4 ,comp>e ) ,fig4 #f1 p4 #bh4 7,by p]mission ( ,am]ican ,in/itution ( ,m9+ ,eng9e]s47 ,ref]5ces4 ,ulke1 ,t41 8,mod]n ,electrolytic ,copp] ,ref9+40 7,) complete ,bibliography74 ,pet]s1 ,e4 ,d41 8,mod]n ,copp] ,smelt+0 7#aije74 7,*apt] xviii4 by ,m4 ,b>nett474 ,m9]al ,indu/ry4 ,annual ,review4 ,c[p] ,coles1 ,s41 8,an ,electrolytic ,process = ! ,production ( ,copp] ,wire40 ,proc4 ,b'ham4 ,met4 ,soc41 #aijh-i1 p4 #e4 ,s*nabel & ,l\is1 8,h&book ( ,metallurgy10 pp4 #cbg-cfi4 ,wrai?1 ,w41 8,sampl+ ,copp] ,anodes at ,anaconda40 ,trans4 ,am]4 ,in/4 ,m94 ,eng41 ,m>*1 #aiaj4 8,! ,de ,lam> ,electro-,ref9]y at ,*rome1 ,new ,j]sey40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,jan4 #ac1 #aijf1 p4 #gc4 ,fl9n1 ,f4 ,b41 8,electrolytic ,copp]40 ,! ,metal ,indu/ry1 ,april1 #aiaj1 p4 #aab1 vol4 ii41 ,no4 #c4 ,gre5awalt1 ,w4 ,e41 8,! ,gre5awalt ,electrolytic ,process40 ,eng4 & ,m94 ,j\rn41 ,nov4 #bf1 #aiaj1 p4 #ajfb4 ,see also ,ref]5ces to ,johnson 7p4 #cd71 ,h(man & o!rs 7p4 #ej71 ,kell] 7pp4 #ej1 #bae71 & ,pet]s 7p4 #hj74 ,,index4 ,a ,accretions 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #ee1 #abd1 #acj1 #aeh4 ,acidity ( electrolyte1 #bca1 #bcf4 ,acid-l9$ conv]t]s1 #aic-bac4 ,acid-mak+ f bla/-furnace gas1 #adj1 #adf1 #afg1 #aha1 #ahf1 #ahh-aia4 ,acid-mak+ f roa/] gas1 #fc1 #fh4 ,acid-plant1 #aij1 #aia4 ,acid-silicates1 #adh4 ,acids & copp]1 #cc4 ,addicks1 ,l41 #bc1 #cd4 ,advantages ( basic l9+s1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bad4 bla/ furnaces1 #aad4 ,brckn] roa/]s1 #gb4 =c$ draft1 #he4 high curr5t d5sity1 #bcc4 l>ge grates1 #hd4 rev]b]atories1 #ia4 long bla/ furnaces1 #abi4 matte-pool1 #ia4 ,mac,dougal roa/]s1 #ge1 #gf4 multiple sy/em1 #bbi4 pyritic smelt+1 #agg4 roa/+1 #fb1 #fg4 section+1 #abd4 s]ies sy/em1 #bbh4 upright conv]t]1 #aie4 wat]-jacket+1 #abc1 #abd4 ,aration 9 electro-ref9+1 #bca1 #bcb4 furnace ref9+1 #bbb1 #bci-bdb4 ,africa1 copp] output1 #ae4 ,agglom]ation ( f9es1 #dg1 #ea1 #ee-eg1 #aaj-aab4 ,air & copp]1 #cc4 = furnace ref9+1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bda4 9 roa/+1 #ff4 -admission 9 rev]b]atory "w1 #hf4 -holes 9 rev]b]atory furnace1 #he1 #hf1 #aja4 -space "u bla/ furnaces1 #acf4 -supply = bla/ furnaces1 #ada-ade1 #ahh4 conv]t]s1 #aie-aih1 #bac4 pyritic smelt+1 #agc-ahh4 rev]b]atory "w1 #he1 #ib4 ,air+1 #da4 ,alaba/]1 ,r4 ,c41 #aia4 ,alaska copp] output1 #ae4 ,al*emi/s1 #b4 ,all5 roa/]1 #gj4 ,alloys1 #ah1 #ba1 #cd1 #dj1 #db4 ,alum9a 9 slags1 #adg1 #aej1 #aia4 ,alum9ium & copp]1 #ba1 #bc4 ,amalgamat$ ,copp] ,company1 #ac4 ,am]ican copp] m9+1 #g4 production1 #ae4 ,ammonium sulphate 9 electro-ref9+1 #bca4 ,anaconda1 #i1 #eb1 #hj1 #aia1 #bbj1 #bdc4 bla/-furnace practice1 #abj1 #aij4 bla/ furnaces1 #abe-abh1 #aff1 #aia4 briquett+ plant1 #eg4 ,brckn]s at1 #gb4 ,ca/+ at1 #bbf4 *>ge calculations1 #aej4 -c>s1 #aed1 #aee4 conv]t] practice1 #aid1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bad-baf4 conv]t]s1 #aid1 #aig1 #bjg1 #baf4 copp]1 #bbg4 co/s ( production1 #ad4 ref9+1 #bai4 rev]b]atory practice1 #hb1 #he1 #hi1 #ia1 #if-ajd4 roa/+1 #gd-gi4 sampl+1 #dg1 #dh4 smelt+ s*eme1 #ed4 wet conc5tration1 #ec4 ,analysis ( copp]1 #bj1 #dd1 #ej1 #bbg4 co/s ( oil-fir$ rev]b]atories1 #ha1 #ajg1 #ajh4 roa/+1 #gi4 ,anneal+ ( copp]1 #bh1 #ca1 #cb4 ,anodes1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbf1 #bbi-bch4 ,anode-ca/+ ma*9es1 #bbf4 -copp]1 #ed1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bdc4 -scrap1 #bcg4 ,antimony & copp]1 #bj1 #bc-be1 #cj-cb1 #dd1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bcj4 9 copp] matte1 #cg1 #bjg1 #bag4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bag1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,app>atus = roa/+1 #ff1 et seq4 7see ,roa/+ furnaces74 ,appe>ance ( copp]-mattes1 #ch1 #ci4 ,apron-plates1 #adj1 #aec1 #aed4 ,ar* ( rev]b]atories1 #if4 ,argall roa/]1 #gc4 ,arg5t9e copp] output1 #ae4 ,argo smelt]1 #ga1 #hh4 ,arizona copp] output1 #ag4 co/s ( production1 #ad4 m9es1 #h1 #ag4 ores1 #df4 ,arnold1 ,j4 ,o41 #cd4 ,arrangem5t ( electrodes1 #bbg-bbi1 #bcd-bcg4 tanks1 #bcd1 #bce4 ,ars5ic 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc-be1 #bh-cc1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bcj4 -matte1 #cg1 #bjg1 #bae1 #bag4 electro-ref9+1 #bae1 #bag1 #bca4 ,ars5ides1 ,roa/+ (1 #ff4 ,a%-b$s1 ,copp]-be>+1 #de4 ,asp9all1 #cd4 ,assay+1 #dg4 ,associat$ ,copp] ,smelt]s1 #g4 ,atacamite1 #dg4 ,atlantic ,m9e1 #de4 ,atmosph]e ( ! bla/ furnace1 #aae1 #ahf4 rev]b]atory furnace1 #fc1 #ha4 ,aug]-,=m]1 #ef4 ,au/51 ,rob]ts- #cd4 ,au/91 ,l4 ,s41 #hj1 #ade1 #agj1 #aia4 ,au/ralian copp] output1 #ae4 m9es1 #g1 #h1 #ae4 ,au/ria1 copp] production1 #ae4 ,azurite1 #dg4 ,b ,baggaley1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bae4 ,balakala1 ,cal41 #ge4 ,baltic ,m9e1 #ad4 ,baltimore ,company's ,smelt]1 #aid4 ,b>illa1 #de4 ,b>nett1 ,m41 #bbi1 #bce1 #bdc4 ,b>rel-%ap$ conv]t]s1 #aic-aig4 ,b>r+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #abd1 #abg1 #acj1 #aeh1 #ahe4 ,bases 9 slags1 #adh-aej1 #agf1 #ahj1 #aha4 ,basic conv]t] practice1 #ea1 #aha1 #aic-bjb1 #bab-bae4 l9+s1 #aic-aig1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bab-baf4 silicate slags1 #adh1 #adi1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahc4 ,bau]1 #ej4 ,b$d+ sy/ems1 #aef4 ,b$s ( ref9+ furnaces1 #bai4 rev]b]atory furnaces 7see ,he>?s74 ,b5d+ te/s = copp]1 #bj4 ,b5g\gh1 ,g4 ,d41 #bh4 ,bessem]1 #agj1 #aib1 #aie4 ,bessem]is+ ( copp] mattes1 #db1 #ea1 #aia1 #aic-bag4 ( l[-grade matte1 #ea1 #aic4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agb-ahb4 ,be/ select copp]1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #bad1 #bae4 select+ process1 #i1 #dj1 #bad1 #bae4 ,bi-silicate slags1 #adh1 #adi4 ,bismu? 9 copp]1 #bc1 #cj-cc1 #dd1 #bjg1 #bag1 #bcj4 bessem]is+1 #bag4 electro-ref9+1 #bca4 ref9+1 #bag1 #bcj4 ,black copp]1 #dc1 #dd4 ,black copp] smelt+1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,bla/ = bla/ furnaces1 #abe1 #afj1 #afa4 conv]t]s1 #aie-aih1 #bjg1 #bac1 #bae4 pyritic smelt+1 #agh-ahd1 #ahh4 s9t]+1 #eh4 ,bla/ furnaces1 #eb1 #ee4 furnace1 e>ly =ms1 #aj4 practice1 #aac-aia4 smelt+1 #aj1 #ec1 #ed1 #fg1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa4 wat]-jacket+1 #aj 7see also ,wat]-jacket+74 ma9s1 #ada4 pressure1 #ace1 #ada1 #aei1 #afj1 #afg1 #ahd1 #ahh4 roa/+1 #ea1 #ee-ei1 #hj1 #aaj-aab1 #afi4 ,bli/] copp]1 #da1 #dc1 #dd1 #bje1 #bac4 ,bl\nt1 #cd4 ,bl[]s = bla/ furnaces1 #ada4 ,bl[+ to bli/]1 #bac-bae4 f9e conc5trates into conv]t]s1 #ee4 ( conv]t]s1 #aib1 #aie1 #bje-baf4 ,boil] tubes1 ,copp] =1 #ai1 #cc4 ,boil+ 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba4 po9t1 #bd4 ,bolivia1 copp] ores1 #df4 output1 #ae4 ,bornite1 #df4 ,bo%-angle1 #aci4 ,bo%es1 #abc1 #ach4 ,bo/on & ,montana ,smelt]1 #aia4 ,bottoms1 ,copp]1 #dj4 ,bottom-plate = bla/ furnaces1 #acf4 ,bottom ( rev]b]atories 7see ,he>?s74 ,brac+ ( rev]b]atories1 #if1 #ii1 #bba4 ,brasque he>?s1 #aag1 #abc1 #acd4 ,brasses1 #ba1 #dj4 ,bread? ( rev]b]atories1 #hi4 ,breakd[n ( electrodes1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bch4 ,brea/ plate1 #aci1 #aei1 #afj4 ,brick furnaces1 #abd4 ,bridg+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #abe-abg4 ,br9ell te/1 #cb4 ,br++ to pit*1 #ai1 #bf1 #bh1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bcj1 #bch1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,briquettes 9 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aej-aeb4 ,coke 91 #eg1 #aja4 ,briquett+1 #ea1 #ed-eg1 #afi4 ,briti% copp] m9+1 #b1 #ef4 production1 #ae4 ,brittl5ess ( crude copp]1 #bdb4 ,bronzes1 #ba4 ,br[n1 ,w41 #ag4 roa/]1 #gj1 #ga4 ,brckn] roa/]1 #gb1 #ge4 ,introduction (1 #aj4 ,brunton sampl]1 #di1 #ej4 ,bullion 9 electro-ref9+ 7see ,values74 ,bu/le pipes1 #ada4 ,butte m9+1 #h4 ores1 #df1 #fc4 ,prelim9>y treatm5t1 #eb4 ,roa/+ (1 #fc4 ,c ,cadmium 9 copp]1 #bc4 ,calculation ( bla/-furnace *>ges1 #adf1 #adg1 #aej-aeb4 ,cali=nia1 copp] output1 #ag4 ,practice 91 #ge1 #afh4 ,calumet & ,hecla1 #h1 #ad1 #de4 co/s ( production1 #ad4 ,canada1 copp] ores1 #df4 output1 #ae4 ,cananea1 #hj4 bla/ furnaces1 #acf1 #adb1 #ade1 #aef1 #afa4 ,co/s ( production at1 #ad4 roa/+1 #gh4 rev]b]atories1 #ia1 #aje-ajh4 settl]s1 #afc4 ,capacity ( bla/ furnaces1 #aad1 #abc-abe1 #abi1 #aca1 #ace1 #aea1 #aec1 #agd1 #agi1 #ahd-ahh4 conv]t]s1 #aic1 #aie1 #aih1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bab4 electrolytic tanks1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bai1 #bbd-bbg1 #bdj4 rev]b]atories1 #hh-ib1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajf4 roa/] furnaces1 #gj-gb1 #gf-gi4 ,cape ,copp] ,company1 #fh1 #gc4 ,c>bon & copp]1 #bh1 #db4 silicates1 #ci4 dioxide & copp]1 #bc4 & acid manufacture1 #aha1 #ahi1 #aij4 9 bla/-furnace gases1 #aha1 #ahi1 #aij4 monoxide 9 copp]1 #be4 ,c>bonace\s fuel 9 bla/ furnaces1 #aae1 #aai1 #aba 7see also ,coke74 ,c>bonate ores1 #dg4 ,c>s = *>g+1 #ada1 #aec-aee1 #ahf4 ,ca/ copp]1 #cb1 #ce4 ,ca/+ furnaces1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ma*9es1 #bbd1 #bbf1 #bdb4 ( copp] anodes1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbd4 ( m]*ant copp]1 #bag1 #bcg-bdb4 ,ca?ode copp]1 #ci1 #dc1 #dd1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bch1 #bci4 plates1 #bbg-bca1 #bcg4 %eets1 #bbg1 #bcj-bcb1 #bce1 #bcg4 ,caypless1 #cg1 #ej4 ,cem5t copp]1 #dc1 #dd1 #bcf4 ,c]ro de ,pasco1 #ge4 ,*alcocite1 #df4 ,*alcopyrite1 #de-dg4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #aga4 roa/+ (1 #fe4 ,*amb]s' briquette ma*9e1 #ef1 #eg4 ,*anges dur+ bessem]is+1 #bjf-baj1 #bae1 #baf4 ,*annell+ 9 rev]b]atory grates1 #hf1 #aja4 ,*ann+1 ,j4 ,p>ke1 #agj1 #ahf1 #aia4 ,*>ge = bla/ furnaces1 #acj1 #adf1 #adg1 #aej1 #aea1 #ahg1 #baa4 bla/ roa/+1 #eh1 #aaa1 #aab4 conv]t]s1 #bab1 #bac4 pyritic smelt+1 #agh-ahj1 #ahg1 #ahh4 rev]b]atories1 #ajb1 #aaj-aab4 roa/] furnaces1 #gf-gi1 #aaa1 #aab4 s9t]+1 #eh1 #aaa1 #aab4 -c>s1 #ada1 #aec-aef1 #ahf4 -%eets1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #ahg4 tra9s = bla/ furnaces1 #aef-aeh4 rev]b]atories1 #ii4 ,*>g+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #adf1 #aec-aeh1 #agi1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ( conv]t]s1 #aih1 #aii1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bab-bad4 ( ref9+ furnaces1 #bdj4 ( rev]b]atories1 #he-hg1 #ia-aje -doors1 #ada4 -plat=m1 #ada4 ,*eck+ ( op]ations1 #dg4 ,*emical prop]ties1 #ah1 #cc4 ,*ili b>1 #dc1 #dd4 copp] ores1 #df4 production1 #ae4 supplies ( copp] f1 #g1 #ae1 #de1 #df4 ,*ill+ 9 bla/-furnace he>?s1 #aae1 #aag4 conv]t]s1 #aie1 #aii1 #baj1 #bab4 settl]s1 #aag4 ,*9a1 #de4 ,*lor9e & copp]1 #cc4 ,*romite l9+s1 #afb4 ,circulation ( electrolyte1 #bcb-bcf4 ,clay+ ( rev]b]atories1 #ie4 ,clean slags1 #aca-acc1 #adh1 #adi1 #ahh1 #baa4 ,clean+ ( electrolytic tanks1 #bch4 ,clean+-out ( pyritic furnaces1 #agh-agi4 ,cl9k]+ ( rev]b]atory fire-grates1 #hd1 #he1 #aja4 ,cl\d1 ,t4 ,c41 #hj4 ,coal = rev]b]atory furnaces1 #hi1 #ij1 #aja-ajb1 #aje4 consumption 9 rev]b]atory "w1 #hd1 #ajb1 #aje4 ,coal+ ( rev]b]atories 7see ,fir+74 ,cobalt 9 copp]1 #bc1 #bag4 ,co9age alloys1 #ba4 ,coke *>g+ 9 bla/ furnaces1 #aec1 #aeh4 consumption 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aai-abb1 #adc1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aeh1 #afi1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahg4 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aba1 #abi1 #adc1 #adg4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #afi1 #agc1 #agd1 #agh1 #ahj-ahd1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia4 recov]y f rev]b]atories1 #aja4 us$ 9 briquettes1 #eg1 #aja4 ,cold roll+ ( copp]1 #ca4 ,collection ( slimes1 #bch4 ,colorado1 practice 91 #ag4 ,col\r ( conv]t] flame1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baj1 #baf4 copp]1 #bc4 ,col\r ( matte1 #ci4 ,comm]cial copp]1 #bi1 #ci1 #dd1 #bch4 ,composition ( anodes1 #bag1 #bcj-bcc1 #bch4 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aej-aeb4 bla/-furnace gas = acid-mak+1 #ahi-aia4 bla/-furnace slags1 #adg-aec1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahh4 briquettes1 #eg4 ca?odes1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcc4 *>ges = pyritic smelt+1 #agc-agf1 #ahj1 #ahg4 *>ges = rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hb1 #ajb1 #ajh-aab4 *>ges = bla/-roa/+1 #aaa1 #aab4 conv]t] copp]1 #bah4 copp]1 #ca1 #cd1 #ci1 #dj1 #dd1 #bag1 #bah1 #bcj1 #bch4 = fire-boxes1 #ai1 #bj1 #cd4 mattes1 #cg1 #ej1 #fa-fe1 #hb1 #hg1 #aca1 #adf1 #adg1 #age-ahh1 #bjg1 #bag4 ores1 #de1 #df4 electrolyte1 #bca-bcg4 pyritic-smelt+ slags1 #age-ahh4 rev]b]atory *>ges1 #hb1 #ajb1 #ajh-aab4 rev]b]atory matte1 #hb1 #ajc1 #ajd4 slag1 #ajc1 #ajd4 roa/] products1 #gi4 ,comp\nds ( copp]1 #ce4 ,conc5trates1 co>se1 ,treatm5t (1 #ec1 #fc1 #aej-aeb4 ,f9e1 #ec-ee1 #fa1 #fc1 #fh1 #ajh-aab1 #aeh4 ,conc5tration 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #eg1 #aac-aba1 #agi4 pyritic smelt+1 #agd-ahc1 #ahg1 #aid4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha1 #aaj-aab4 smelt+1 #fb1 #fc1 #ff1 #bjj4 ,wet1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #fa1 #fc4 ,condition ( *>ge = bla/ roa/+1 #aaa1 #aab4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha1 #hh1 #ia1 #ajh-aab4 roa/+1 #fb1 #gf1 #gh1 #aaj-aab4 copp] m>ket1 #ac4 impurities 9 copp]1 #bf1 #ca1 #cd4 ,conditions = electro-ref9+1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bcg4 good settl+1 #aag1 #aca1 #acc4 successful acid-mak+1 #ahi-aia4 = successful bessem]is+1 #aib1 #bjd1 #baa4 pyritic smelt+1 #agi4 roa/+1 #ff1 #gf1 #aaj4 ,conductivity ( electrolyte1 #bcb4 ,electrical1 #bc1 #bd4 ,high1 copp]1 #ah1 #bb1 #ci1 #da1 #dd1 #bah1 #bdb4 ,!rmal1 #ai1 #be1 #aag1 #bba1 #bci4 ,conglom]ate deposits1 #de4 ,conk] plate ( rev]b]atories1 #ii4 ,connections 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbh1 #bcd4 ,con/ruction ( ! bla/ furnace1 #aac1 #aad1 #abd1 #aca1 #ace4 ,mac,dougal roa/]s1 #gc-gi4 rev]b]atories1 #hg1 #if1 #ig4 ,con/itu5ts ( bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aej-aeb4 briquettes1 #eg4 rev]b]atory *>ges1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #ajh-aab4 roa/] *>ges1 #gf1 #gi1 #aji-aab4 ,con/itution ( copp] matte1 #cg1 #ch1 #ej4 ,consumption ( copp] = alloys1 #ba4 9 electrical "w1 #ah4 ,contacts 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbh4 ,contam9ation ( ca?odes1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bch4 electrolyte1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bcc-bch4 ,cont9u\s conv]t+1 #aha1 #bjb4 work+ 9 bla/ furnaces1 #aae1 #acj1 #ace4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agi4 ( rev]b]atories1 #he1 #hg1 #ib1 #id4 ( roa/]s1 #gb4 ,contraction ( area1 #bj4 ,control 9 bessem]is+1 #aif1 #bje1 #baa-bac4 9 bla/-furnace work+1 #aae1 #aag1 #aca1 #agh4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agc-ahc4 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #fc1 #hg1 #hh4 9 roa/+1 #gb1 #ge4 ( matte grade1 #hb1 #age-ahf1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ( op]ations1 #dg1 #hb4 ,conv]t] b>s1 #db4 copp]1 #db-dd1 #bag1 #bah4 flames1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bji1 #baj1 #baf4 -grade matte1 #fa1 #fc1 #adf1 #adg1 #aib4 -l9+s1 #aib1 #aid1 #aii-bja1 #baa-baf4 -matte1 #aha1 #ahh1 #aib1 #aid1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae-bag4 -practice1 #aib1 #aii1 #bjc-baf4 -process1 #ce1 #da4 ,losses 91 #aaf4 ,conv]t]-slags1 #aib1 #bjc-bje1 #baa1 #bab4 ,conv]t]s1 #aib-baf4 ,conv]t+1 #ed1 #agj1 #aib-baf4 ,cool+ ( he>? 9 rev]b]atories1 #hc-hg1 #ia1 #if4 ,copp] z electrical conductor1 #ad1 #cd1 #bdb4 = /ays1 #ai1 #da4 = /eam pipes1 #ai4 glance1 #df4 ,high-conductivity1 #ah1 #ci4 9 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aej-aeb4 9 conv]t] slags1 #baa1 #bac4 9 matte1 #adg4 9 ref9]y slags1 #bda4 indu/ry1 ,pres5t position (1 #ac4 losses 9 slags1 #aae-aag1 #aca1 #acb1 #ade1 #adi1 #agi-aha1 #ahf1 #ahh4 matte1 #cf1 #cg 7see ,matte1 also ,grade ( ,matte74 oxide 9 copp]1 #bf-bi4 oxide 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba1 #bci-bdb4 oxides1 #ce1 #dc 7see ,oxides74 ,prop]ties (1 #bb-cd4 pyrites 7see ,*alcopyrite74 s&1 #de4 silicates1 #ce1 #ci4 sulphate 9 electrolyte1 #bca1 #bcf4 sulphides1 #ce1 #cf4 ,roa/+ (1 #fd4 ,uses (1 #ah-bb4 ,v>ieties (1 #bd4 ,copp]hill ,smelt]1 ,t5nessee1 #adj1 #afb1 #agj1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aij1 #bad4 ,corni% copp] m9+1 #e4 ores1 #df4 ,corrosion ( copp]1 #cc4 rev]b]atory l9+s1 #ie4 ,co/s 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #abd1 #acj1 #adc1 #aec1 #agg1 #agi4 bla/ roa/+1 #eh4 electro-ref9+1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcc4 oil-fir$ rev]b]atories1 #ha1 #ajg1 #ajh4 production ( copp]1 #aa1 #ad4 pyritic smelt+1 #agi1 #ahb1 #ahe4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ajb1 roa/+1 #fb1 #ge1 #gh1 #agg4 ,cottrell fume settl]1 #aia4 ,c[p]-,coles process1 #ai1 #bch1 #bdc4 ,cranes1 #bad1 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,crucible-jackets1 #acg4 ,crude copp]1 #dc4 ,cru/+ 9 bla/-furnace "w1 #abi1 #acj1 #aec1 #aed1 #aeh1 #agh1 #ahe1 #ahh4 ,cuba1 ,copp] output (1 #ae4 ,cuprite1 #df4 ,cupr\s oxide 9 copp]1 #bf-bi1 #db4 ,prop]ties (1 #ce4 ,curr5t-d5sity1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcg4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcb-bce4 leakage1 #bbh4 ,cutt] = sampl+1 #di4 ,d ,david1 #aic1 #bad4 ,dean1 #cd4 ,decl9e ( ,briti% m9+1 #i4 ,de ,lam> ref9]y1 #bdc4 ,d5sity ( copp]1 #bd4 mattes1 #ci1 #agi4 electrolyte1 #bca4 slags1 #adg1 #adh1 #adi4 ,deposit+ tanks 7see ,tanks74 ,deposition ( copp]1 ,electrolytic1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcf1 #bcg4 f solution1 #cc1 #dc4 ( moss copp]1 #ch4 ,de/ruction ( conv]t] l9+s1 #aii-bjd4 ,details ( bla/ furnaces1 #aac1 #aca4 ,mac,dougal furnaces1 #gf4 pyritic smelt+ furnaces1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bci4 rev]b]atory furnaces1 #if-ii4 ,developm5t ( bessem]is+1 #aib4 bla/ furnaces1 #abb-abg1 #ade4 copp] indu/ry1 #b4 rev]b]atory furnaces1 #hi1 #ij4 roa/+ furnaces1 #fi4 practice1 #fi4 smelt+ practice1 #i1 #ea4 ,difficulties 9 black-copp] smelt+1 #aae1 #aag4 9 ca/+1 #bbd4 9 conv]t+1 #aib1 #aic4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bai4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agg-aha4 9 s]ies-sy/em1 #bbh4 ) gase\s fuel1 #ajh4 ) matte-anodes1 #bf4 ,diffusion ( ars5ic 9 copp]1 #bi4 ,dilution ( bla/-furnace gases1 #ahi4 ,dim5sions ( bla/ furnaces1 #abc-abg1 #ace1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh4 conv]t]s1 #aic1 #aie1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bjd4 electrodes1 #bbi1 #bcj4 heaps1 #fh4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bbj-bbd4 rev]b]atories1 #hd1 #hh-hi1 #aje4 roa/+ furnaces1 #fi1 #gb1 #gd1 #gf4 tanks1 #bcd4 ,dimorphic *ange 9 sulphides1 #cf4 ,disadvantages ( basic l9+s1 #bad4 bessem]is+ l[-grade mattes1 #bjc4 ,brckn] roa/]1 #gb4 =c$ draught1 #he4 high curr5t d5sity1 #bcc4 impure anodes1 #bai4 roa/+1 #aah4 s]ies-sy/em1 #bbh4 small fire-grates1 #he4 ,dis*>ge ( bla/ furnaces1 #ach 7see ,)drawal74 ,dis*>ge ( roa/]s1 #gb1 #gh4 ,disposal ( bla/-furnace products1 #adf1 #aei 7see also ,)drawal74 ,dissolv$ gases 9 copp]1 #be1 #bf1 #ca1 #dj1 #db4 ,di/ribution ( bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aec1 #aef1 #agi1 #ahf1 #ahh4 electrolyte1 #bce4 impurities 9 copp]1 #ca4 ,direct process1 #ce4 ,doctor+ ( furnaces1 #agh4 ,doors1 #ada4 8,dope10 #baj4 8,dop+0 9 conv]t+1 #baj4 8,d\bl+0 9 conv]t+1 #bab4 ,d\glas1 ,james1 #bae4 ,draft 9 rev]b]atory "w1 #hc-hg1 #ic1 #id4 ,draft-pressures1 #he1 #hg1 #ib-id1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,dry copp]1 #bd1 #bh1 #db1 #bbb1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,*>act]i/ics (1 #bd1 #da1 #db4 ,duckt[n ,smelt]1 ,t5nessee1 #aed1 #agj1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aij4 ,ductility ( copp]1 #bj1 #bb1 #ca1 #cc4 ,du/1 #aei1 #afg1 #afh1 #afi1 #ahf1 #bba4 *amb]s = bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #aei1 #afg1 #afh1 #aij4 roa/]s1 #gb1 #gh4 losses 7see ,flue-du/74 ,dwight-,lloyd s9t]+ ma*9e1 #ei1 #fj1 #aji1 #afi4 ,e ,e>?-oxides 9 slags1 #adi1 #agf1 #agg4 ,economic factors 9 acid-mak+1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,economy ( pyritic process1 #agg1 #aha4 ,effects ( impurities 9 copp]1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc1 #cd4 me*anical treatm5t1 #bb4 ,effici5cy ( bla/ furnaces1 #aad1 #abi4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbi1 #bcd4 ( rev]b]atory furnaces1 #aad4 ,ela/ic limit1 #cc4 ,ela/icity 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #aad1 #aae1 #abd1 #acj4 ,electrical conditions 7see ,conditions74 conductivity1 #bc1 #cd4 resi/ance1 #bd4 uses1 #ah4 ,electrodes1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcd4 ,electrolyte1 #bbi-bca1 #bce4 ,electrolytic copp]1 #cc1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #ej1 #bah4 ,t\gh pit*1 #da4 ref9+1 #h1 #dc1 #ej1 #bae-bah1 #bbg-bch4 ,elim9ation ( con/itu5ts 9 conv]t+1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baj1 #bae1 #bag1 #bbb4 impurities f copp]-mattes1 #ej1 #bae1 #bag4 impurities 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba-bbc1 #bci4 iron 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aah1 #agd4 sulphur 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #agd4 sulphur 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha1 #hb4 ,elk+ton1 #bbg4 ,elmore deposit+ process1 #ai1 #bch4 ,elongation1 #cb4 ,emmons1 ,w4 ,h41 #adj1 #ade4 ,end-fe$+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #aed4 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #ag4 progress & copp] m9+1 #f4 uses ( copp]1 #ah1 #ba1 #cj1 #cc1 #da1 #db4 ,equilibrium diagrams1 #bb4 ,erection ( bla/ furnaces1 #aad4 ,erubescite1 #df4 ,evans' ,klepetko roa/]1 #gd-gi4 ,excresc5ces on anode-plates1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,expansion-op5+s 9 rev]b]atories1 #ii4 ,exp5se ( roa/+1 #fb1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi1 #agg4 ,ext5sion ( bla/ furnaces1 #abd1 #aca4 ,ext]nal settl+1 #aac1 #aag1 #abb1 #abc1 #aca1 #acc4 ,extraction ( values 9 conv]t+1 #aid1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bac-bae4 ,f ,factors 9 slag calculations1 #adg4 ,fahl-ore1 #df4 ,fald+1 ,f4 ,j41 #aia4 ,features ( bla/-furnace practice1 #aac1 #aad4 ,fettl+ ( rev]b]atories1 #ie4 ,f9e conc5trates 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #abj4 ,f9es1 ,agglom]ation (1 #dg1 #aji4 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #ec1 #ee1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aad1 #abj1 #adj1 #aed1 #aeh1 #afg4 9 ! rev]b]atory1 #ha1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #ec-eg4 produc$ on wet-dress+1 #eb-ee4 ,roa/+ (1 #ff-fh1 #aaj4 ,f9+ ( crude copp]1 #bch4 ,fire-boxes 7see ,grates74 ,fire-box plates1 #cc1 #da1 #dd4 ,fire-brick l9+s = settl]s1 #afb4 ,fir+ ( rev]b]atory furnaces1 #hc-hg1 #ic1 #ajj1 #aja4 roa/] furnaces1 #gb4 ,flame 9 conv]t+1 #bje-baj4 furnace ref9+1 #bbc1 #bbd4 rev]b]atory furnaces1 #hf1 #hi1 #ia1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aje-ajh4 roa/+1 #fi4 ,flang+ te/ = copp]1 #bj4 ,fl9n1 ,f4 ,b41 #bdc4 ,fluctuations 9 price ( copp]1 #aa1 #ab4 ,fluidity ( slags1 #adi1 #aej1 #agf4 ,flue-du/1 #aei1 #afg-afi1 #ahf1 #bba4 losses 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #ee1 #aei4 roa/+ #gb1 #gh4 smelt+1 #ha1 #aaj4 treatm5t1 #hb1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #adj1 #afg-afi4 ,flues ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #aei1 #afh1 #ahf4 rev]b]atories1 #he4 ,fluxes 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #adg1 #adi1 #baa4 conv]t+1 #aic1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bab-bad4 pyritic smelt+1 #agc-agf1 #ahg4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #gf1 #hh1 #aaj4 roa/+1 #gi1 #hh1 #aaj4 smelt+1 #eb4 ,focus ( pyritic furnace1 #aga4 ,=c$ draught 9 rev]b]atories1 #he4 ,=e-he>?s 7see ,settl]s74 ,=mation-temp]ature ( slags1 #adh1 #agb1 #age1 #agf1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc4 ,f\ndations = bla/ furnaces1 #ace4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bci4 rev]b]atories1 #if4 ,fracture ( copp]1 #bc1 #bdb4 ,freel&1 ,w4 ,h41 #agj1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aia4 *>g]1 #aed-aeh4 ,freez+-po9t curve = mattes1 #ch4 ,fri$ri*1 #bh4 ,fuel consumption 9 bla/ furnaces1 #aae1 #abj1 #aba1 #abe1 #abi1 #aec1 #agg1 #agh4 economy 9 bla/ furnaces1 #aad1 #aae1 #abi1 #agg1 #agh4 9 bla/-furnace practice 7see ,coke74 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #hf1 #ia1 #ajc1 #aje4 9 roa/+1 #fi1 #gb1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi4 value ( *>ges 9 bla/ furnaces1 #aae1 #aai1 #abj1 #aeb1 #agj1 #agg1 #agh1 #ahd4 value ( f9e conc5trates1 #eh1 #aaa4 value ( sulphides1 #aai-abb1 #aeb1 #agj1 #agc1 #agg1 #agh1 #bjc1 #bab1 #bac4 value1 ,loss (1 9 roa/+1 #gb1 #gh4 ,fulton1 #ej4 ,fume1 #fg1 #adj1 #aeh1 #aei1 #afh1 #aia1 #baf4 ,functions ( ! bla/ furnace1 #aac-aaf1 #aca1 #acc1 #acd4 coke 9 pyritic "w1 #ahb4 ! conv]t] l9+1 #aic1 #aii4 oxyg5 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc1 #bf-cc1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #bba-bbc1 #bch-bdc4 ! ref9+ furnace1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bci4 ! rev]b]atory1 #ha1 #hb-hh4 ! roa/+ furnace1 #hh4 ,furnaces = ref9+1 #bai1 #bci4 roa/+1 #fi4 ,furnace-ref9$ 7t\gh pit*7 copp]1 #da4 ,fusibility ( slags1 #adh-aej1 #agf4 ,g ,gangue1 #dc4 ,g>field ,smelt]1 ,utah1 bla/ furnaces1 #aef4 conv]t]s1 #aid4 rev]b]atories1 #ia4 roa/]s1 #ge1 #gh4 ,gases dissolv$ 9 copp]1 #be1 #bf1 #ca1 #dj1 #db4 = acid manufacture1 #adj1 #adf1 #afg1 #aha1 #ahf1 #ahh-aia4 9 bla/-furnace "w1 #adj1 #adf1 #aef1 #aei4 9 copp]1 #dc4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bbc4 9 pyritic process1 #agb1 #aha1 #ahf4 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hi-ia4 9 roa/+1 #fc1 #fd1 #fh1 #gh1 #agg4 ,gase\s fuel = rev]b]atories1 #ajh4 products ( ! bla/ furnace1 #aei1 #aff-afh1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahh-aia4 ,g]man copp] m9+1 #e4 production1 #ae4 smelt+1 #c4 silv]1 #ba4 ,gibb1 ,a41 #cg1 #ej4 ,gir\x bla/-heat]1 #add4 ,gobb+ ( furnaces1 #agd1 #agh1 #ahh4 ,gold & copp]1 #ba1 #bc1 #cd1 #dj4 9 copp]1 #dd1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbf4 ores1 #df1 #bag4 -smelt+1 #bag4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbi1 #bcj-bcc1 #bch4 ,goodn]1 #ej4 ,gossan deposits1 #de4 ,g[l&1 ,w41 #c1 #ag1 #cd1 #ij1 #abf1 #ade4 ,grade ( matte1 #fa-fe1 #hb1 #hg1 #aca1 #age-aid1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #baa4 ,control (1 #hb1 #age-ahf1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd4 ,granby smelt]1 #aed1 #aia4 ,granulation ( slags1 #afe4 ,grate-area 9 rev]b]atories1 #hc-he1 #hh1 #hi4 ,grat+ 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hc1 #he1 #hf1 #ib1 #aja4 ,great ,falls ,smelt]1 #ajh1 #aia1 #aie4 ,gre5awalt1 ,w4 ,e41 #bdc4 ,gre5-ore matte1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahg1 #ahh4 smelt+1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahg1 #ahh4 ,guess1 ,g4 ,a41 #aga4 ,h ,haas conv]t]1 #bae1 #baf4 ,hall[ell1 #ej4 ,hamm]+ & me*anical prop]ties1 #ca4 ,hampe1 ,e41 #bf1 #cd4 ,h& calc9]1 #fi4 ,h&-*>g+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #aec4 ,h&-ladl+1 #bbd4 ,h&l+ ( electrodes1 #bcj4 ,h>d5+ ( copp] by hamm]+1 #a1 #ca4 impurities1 #ba4 ,h>dness ( copp]1 #cb4 ,h>r+ton1 #cg1 #ej4 ,h>v>d1 ,f4 ,t41 #aia4 ,hayd51 #ej4 ,heap-roa/+1 #fg4 ,he>?-area ( bla/ furnaces1 #abg1 #abi1 #acj1 #ace4 ,he>? ( bla/ furnaces1 #abc1 #abg1 #abi1 #acd1 #aei4 ( ref9+ furnace1 #bci4 ( rev]b]atory furnace1 #hf1 #hi1 #ia1 #ie-ii4 ( roa/+-furnace1 #fi4 ,heat1 ,conductivity =1 #be4 losses 9 bla/ furnaces1 #abd1 #aha4 conv]t+1 #bab1 #bac4 rev]b]atories1 #hc1 #hf4 roa/]s1 #ge4 settl+1 #acc4 production 9 conv]t+1 #aid1 #aih1 #bjc-bje1 #baj-bac4 production 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agc1 #agd-agg1 #ahj-ahd4 ,heat]s ( copp]1 #ba4 ,heat+ air = bla/ furnaces1 #adc-ade1 #aha-ahd4 ,height ( bla/ furnaces1 #acf1 #acg1 #ahh4 furnace *>ges1 #aec1 #agb1 #ahd1 #ahh4 wat]-jackets1 #abc1 #acf-ach4 ,h5d]son process1 #g4 ,h]rick1 ,r4 ,l41 #aia4 ,h]re%( roa/]1 #gd-gi4 ,heyn1 ,e41 #bg1 #cd1 #ej4 ,heywood1 ,w4 ,a41 #aid1 #bje1 #bae4 ,high-conductivity copp]1 #ah1 #ci4 ,hill1 #bh4 ,hiorns1 ,a41 #bd1 #bh1 #cd4 ,hi/ory ( copp]1 #a4 pyritic smelt+1 #agj4 ,hixon1 ,h41 #baf4 ,hodge's *>ge-c>1 #aed1 #aee4 ,hoepfn]1 #bch4 ,h(man1 ,h4 ,o41 #cg1 #ej1 #hj1 #bdc4 ,holway1 #aai1 #agj1 #agb1 #aia-aic4 ,hood ( conv]t]1 #aig1 #aih1 #bja4 ,hopp]s 9 roa/] furnaces1 #fi4 ,hopp]-fe$ to bla/ furnaces1 #adj4 ,horse-,%oe roa/+ furnace1 #ga4 ,hot-bla/ /oves1 #add1 #ade4 ,hot *>ges = rev]b]atories1 #hg1 #ib4 ,hughes1 ,g41 #cd4 ,hung>y copp] output1 #ae4 ,hydroc>bons 9 copp]1 #be4 ,hydro*loric acid & copp]1 #cc4 ,hydrog5 dissolv$ 9 copp]1 #be4 ,i ,idaho copp] output1 #ae4 ,improvem5ts 9 roa/+ practice1 #fi-gi4 ,impure anodes1 #bbh-bca1 #bce4 ,impurities & anneal+ temp]ature1 #ca4 & conductivity1 #bc1 #bd1 #cd4 & h>dness1 #cb4 & specific gravity1 #be4 elim9ation f mattes1 #ej1 #bag4 9 anode copp]1 #bai1 #bbh-bca1 #bcc1 #bce4 9 copp]1 #ah1 #bj1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf1 #bh1 #ca1 #dj-db1 #bag1 #bah4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bai1 #bbh-bca1 #bcc1 #bcf4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bci1 #bda4 ,increase 9 bla/-furnace size1 #aac4 rev]b]atories1 #hh-ia4 ,incru/ation 9 bla/ furnaces1 #abi4 ,indu/rial uses ( copp]1 #ah1 #ba4 ,influ5ce ( conditions on prop]ties ( copp]1 #cj1 #cd4 ,+ot copp]1 #bdb4 ,int]mitt5t work+ ( roa/]s1 #gb4 ,int]nal settl+1 #abc1 #acc1 #acd4 ,iron & copp] silicates1 #ci4 9 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aah1 #adg1 #adi-aeb4 9 conv]t+ practice1 #aic1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bab-bag4 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc1 #ca1 #dd4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbi-bcb4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba1 #bda4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agb-agf1 #agi1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahh4 9 slags1 #adi-aec1 #baa4 pyrites 7see ,pyrites74 r$uction 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aae1 #aaf4 silicates1 #adh-aej4 sulphide 9 matte1 #cg1 #adf1 #adg1 #bjc4 reactions on roa/+1 #fd4 ,isabella ,smelt] 7see ,duckt[n74 ,italy1 ,copp] output (1 #ae4 ,j ,jacket+ 7see ,wat]-jacket+74 ,james 7& ,ni*oll7 process1 #i1 #ce4 ,japan1 ,copp] ores (1 #df4 output (1 #ae4 old smelt+ me?ods1 #c4 ,johnson1 ,f41 #bf1 #cd1 #bdc4 ,t41 #cd4 on electrical conductivity1 #bc1 #bd4 ,k ,katanga1 #df4 ,kei?1 #bch4 ,kell]1 ,e41 #ej1 #ga1 #aic1 #bjb1 #bae1 #bag1 #bdc4 ,keswick ,smelt]1 ,cal41 #aai1 #abj4 ,kiddie bla/ heat]1 #add4 ,kilns1 ,roa/+ 91 #fg1 #fh4 ,kletko 7& ,evans7 roa/]1 #gd-gi4 ,knuds5 process1 #aid1 #bae4 ,l ,lab\r = bla/ furnaces1 #acj4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bbd4 rev]b]atories1 #ajj4 roa/]s1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb1 #ge1 #gh1 #gi1 #agg4 ,ladles1 #aff4 = ref9+ furnace1 #bbd-bbf1 #bdb4 ,ladl+ ( copp]1 #bbd4 ,lake copp]1 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #de4 ,sup]ior ores1 #dc4 ,lamb1 ,s41 #bd1 #cd4 ,lamb]t1 #g4 ,l>ge rev]b]atories1 #ha1 #hg1 #hh4 ,laund]s = matte1 #aaf4 = slag1 #afd1 #afe4 -ca/+s1 #aff4 ,law1 ,e4 ,f41 #cd4 ,lawrie1 #cd4 ,lay-out ( bla/-furnace plant1 #aef4 ,lea*+ processes1 #fg4 ,lead anodes1 #bcf4 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc1 #cj1 #cb1 #dd1 #bag4 -matte1 #cg1 #bae-bag4 9 bla/-furnace fume1 #afh4 sulphide1 ,roa/+ (1 #ff4 ,leakage ( air 9 bla/-furnace bl[]s1 #ada1 #agd4 ( air 9 rev]b]atory furnaces1 #hc1 #he1 #hf4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbh4 9 wat]-jackets1 #aci1 #aeh4 ,l5g? ( bla/ furnaces1 #aca1 #ace4 rev]b]atories1 #hi1 #ia4 ,l5g!n+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #abd-abg1 #aca4 ,levell+ ( *>ges 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ib4 ,levy1 ,d4 ,m41 #baf4 ,lib]at+ tanks1 #bcf4 ,lime 9 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aea-aec1 #ahj4 bla/-roa/+ process1 #eh4 pyritic process1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahf-ahh4 roa/] *>ges1 #gf1 #gg1 #hh4 slags1 #adi-aea1 #aec1 #ahj4 ,l9+s = conv]t]s1 #aib-aid1 #aig-bja1 #baa-baf4 ,l9+ ( conv]t]s1 #bja-bjd4 settl]s1 #afb1 #afc4 tanks1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcd4 ,liquation ( sulphides1 #agb1 #ahb1 #aid4 ,liquid fuel = rev]b]atories 7see ,oil74 ,lloyd-,dwight s9t]+ ma*9e1 #ei4 ,loam l9+ = settl]s1 #afb1 #afc4 ,locomotive "w1 ,copp] =1 #bj4 ,losses by f9es 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #ee1 #aaj4 by f9es 9 ! rev]b]atory1 #aaj4 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #aae-aag1 #abe1 #adf1 #aeb1 #agi4 9 conv]t+1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bji1 #baj1 #bab1 #bad1 #bbb4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agi-aha1 #ahf1 #ahh4 9 ref9+1 #aaf1 #bba1 #bbb4 9 roa/+1 #fb1 #fg1 #fh1 #agg4 ( heat 7see ,heat losses74 ,l\is1 ,h4 7& ,s*nabel71 #bdc4 ,l[-grade mattes1 #aha1 #bjj1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bab-bad4 ores1 #eb4 ,lugs ( electrodes1 #bbf1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcf4 ,lump ores1 ,roa/+ (1 #ff1 #fg4 ,m ,mac,dougal roa/]s1 #gc-gi4 ,m#8,murty-,rog]s s9t]+ process1 #eh1 #hj4 ,magnesia 9 slags1 #aej4 ,magnesite l9+s 7see ,basic l9+s74 ,mala*ite1 #df4 ,malleability1 #a1 #bb1 #ca1 #cc4 ,managem5t ( conv]t]s1 #bab4 ,manganese & copp]1 #ba1 #bc4 ,manhs1 #aic1 #bjj4 ,mansfeld furnace1 #abb4 ,mantle plates1 #adj1 #aec1 #aed4 ,m>*s1 #bch4 ,mass influ5ce1 #aid4 ,ma!wson1 ,e4 ,p41 #hi1 #abe1 #abg1 #ade1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bae4 ,matte1 #cf1 #cg1 #ej1 #fa1 #aah 7see also ,grade ( matte74 anodes1 #bch4 = conv]t]s1 #acd1 #ace1 #aib1 #bjj1 #bjb-bjd1 #baa-bac4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agh1 #aha1 #ahc1 #ahf1 #ahh4 -pool 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hg1 #ia1 #id-ig4 ,prop]ties (1 #ch1 #ci1 #ia4 ,me*anical *>g+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #aec1 #afg1 #ahh4 op]ation ( roa/]s1 #fi-ge4 prop]ties ( copp]1 #ah1 #cj1 #cc1 #cd1 #dc1 #de1 #bch1 #bda1 #bdb4 rabbl+1 #fi-ge4 treatm5t1 ,effects (1 #bj1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd4 ,me*anism ( ca/+ ladles1 #bbe-bbf4 furnace ref9+ process1 #bbc4 pyritic process1 #aga1 #agb1 #ahc4 ,melaconite1 #df4 ,melt+ ag5t1 ,bla/ furnace z1 #aac1 #aad4 function ( bla/ furnace1 #aad1 #aag4 po9t ( copp]1 #bd1 #aag4 copp]-mattes1 #cg1 #ch4 slags1 #adh4 ,m]*ant copp]1 #bch1 #bci4 ,metallic copp] 9 bla/-furnace slags1 #aaf4 ,metallography1 #bf4 ,mexico copp] ores1 #df4 output1 #ae4 ,mi*igan copp] output1 #ag4 ,milton1 ,j4 ,t41 #cd4 ,m9]al indu/ry1 #ag1 #aia1 #bdc4 /ati/ics1 #ag4 ,m9+ 9 ,brita91 #b1 #e1 #f4 ,g]many1 #e4 ,spa91 #e1 #g1 #h4 ,mit*ell bla/ heat]1 #add4 ,mix$ silicate slags1 #adi1 #aej4 ,mix+ ( samples1 #di4 ,mod]n smelt+ practice1 #cg1 #ea1 #fa1 #fb1 #fe1 #ff4 ,developm5t (1 #i4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hg4 ,modifications ( conv]t] practice1 #bad1 #baf4 electro-ref9+1 #bch4 ,moi/ure 9 briquettes1 #eh4 ,monel metal1 #ba4 ,monopolies 9 copp] indu/ry1 #aa4 ,mono-silicates1 #adi1 #aej4 ,montana copp] ores1 #h1 #df1 #eb1 #fc4 output1 #ag4 ,moore1 ,r4 ,r41 #hj1 #bae4 ,moss copp]1 #ch4 ,m\lds ( ca/+ furnaces1 #bbd-bbf4 ,m\nt ,lyell1 ,tasmania1 #aga1 #agb1 #agd1 #aie4 ,mud 7see ,slimes74 ,muffles1 #fi4 ,multiple sy/em1 #bbg-bbi4 ,muntz metal1 #ba4 ,n ,native ores1 #dc1 #de4 prelim9>y treatm5t1 #ea4 ,natural draft 9 rev]b]atories1 #he4 ,neal1 ,c4 ,b41 #bae4 ,nevada1 #h1 #ad1 #ag1 #ge4 copp] output1 #ag4 ,newf\ndl& copp] output1 #ae4 ,new ,mexico copp] ores1 #de4 output1 #ag4 ,ni*oll & ,james process1 #g1 #ce4 ,ni*olls1 ,f4 ,s41 #aia4 ,nickel & copp]1 #cd4 9 bessem]is+1 #bje4 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc1 #cc1 #dd1 #bag4 mattes1 #cg1 #bje4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bcj4 9 ref9+1 #bag1 #bcj4 ,nitric acid & copp]1 #cc4 ,nitrog5 9 bla/-furnace gases1 #ahi4 8,normal0 conv]t] practice1 #baa4 ,nor? ,am]ican supply1 #ae1 #ag1 #de4 ,c>ol9a ores1 #df4 ,norway1 copp] output1 #ae4 ,nose-pieces ( sp\ts1 #aei1 #afj1 #afd4 ,not*es 7see ,slag not*es74 ,o ,objections to ext]nal settl+1 #acc4 int]nal settl+1 #acd4 roa/+1 #fb1 #fg4 wat]-jacket+1 #abd4 ,objects ( electrolytic ref9+1 #bah4 furnace ref9+1 #bbc4 ,(f]haus1 ,c41 #ic1 #aab1 #aia1 #baf4 ,(f-takes ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #afg4 ,o',h>ra calc9]1 #gj4 ,oil burn]s1 #ajf1 #ajg4 fuel = rev]b]atory furnaces1 #ha1 #ia1 #aje1 #ajf-ajh4 ,op5-air roa/+1 #fg4 ,op]ation ( ! bla/ furnace1 #aad1 #adf1 #aeh1 #agh4 ( conv]t]s1 #aib1 #bjg1 #baj-bad4 electro-ref9+ process1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bcf4 furnace ref9+ process1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bch-bdc4 l>ge rev]b]atories1 #ha4 ,ore b$d+1 #aef4 ( copp]1 #dc-dg4 = conv]t] fluxes1 #bac1 #bad4 l9+s1 #bja1 #bad4 = pyritic process1 #aga1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahd1 #ahg1 #ahh4 -l9+ = settl]s1 #afb1 #afc1 #ahf4 ,organisation 9 bessem]is+1 #bad4 at smelt]s1 #dg1 #ge4 ,outlets ( bla/ furnaces1 #afj4 settl]s1 #afd-aff4 ,output ( bla/ furnaces1 #abd1 #abi-aca1 #acc1 #ace1 #ahh4 copp]1 #ae-ag4 electrolytic tanks1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,ov]-fire1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,ov]-pol$ copp]1 #bd1 #bf1 #db1 #ej1 #bdb4 ,oxidation 9 bessem]is+1 #aid1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bje1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #baj1 #baa1 #bad1 #bag4 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aac-abb1 #aga4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bca1 #bcb4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bci-bdb4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agd-ahd4 9 smelt+1 #fb4 reactions 9 roa/+1 #fd1 #fe4 ,oxides 9 copp]1 #bf-bi1 #bci-bdb4 ( copp]1 #ce1 #dc4 ores1 #dc1 #de-dg4 ,prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #ea4 ,oxidis$ con/itu5ts ( ! bla/-furnace *>ge1 #aac-aae1 #aah1 #aai4 ,oxl& roa/]1 #gb1 #gc4 ,oxyg5 & copp]1 #cc1 #dj1 #da4 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc1 #bf-cc1 #db1 #dd1 #bah1 #bci-bdb4 9 furnace gases1 #aga1 #agb1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aij4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bci-bdc4 9 gases = acid manufacture1 #ahi-aij4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agb-age1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ratio1 #adg1 #aej4 ,p ,panels ( wat]-jackets1 #abi1 #acg1 #ahe4 ,p>allel sy/em1 #bbg-bbi4 ,p>kes' roa/]1 #gc4 ,p>rott ,smelt]1 ,butte1 #abe1 #aic4 ,p>tial pyritic smelt+1 #aba1 #adc1 #adg1 #adi1 #aeh1 #afi1 #agg1 #ahd4 ,peacock ore1 #df4 ,pe>se1 ,r41 #hh1 #ib4 roa/+ furnace1 #ga4 ,p]cy1 ,john1 #b1 #ag1 #cd4 ,p]? ,amboy ,ref9]y1 ,n4,j41 #aid1 #bcd4 ,p]u copp] output1 #ae4 smelt+ practice1 #ge4 ,pet]s1 ,e4 ,d41 #fe1 #hj1 #aaj1 #aab1 #adc1 #ade1 #agj-agb1 #ahc1 #aia1 #bbj1 #bdc4 ,philp1 #cg1 #ej4 ,phosphorus 9 copp]1 #bc1 #bdb4 ,physical prop]ties ( copp]1 #ah4 ,pi]ce 7& ,smi?71 #aid1 #bjb1 #bae4 ,piltz1 #abc4 bla/ furnace1 #aj4 ,pipe /oves1 #add4 ,pit* ( copp]1 #bbd4 ,br++ to1 #ai1 #bf1 #bh1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #bag1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bch1 #bci-bdb4 ,pittsmont ,smelt]1 ,butte1 #aic4 ,plant = acid mak+1 #aij1 #aia4 ,plat=ms = *>g+ bla/ furnaces1 #ada4 ( rev]b]atory furnaces1 #hf1 #ajj4 ,plat9um 9 copp]1 #bc4 ,pol+ ( copp]1 #be1 #db1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bci1 #bdj1 #bdb1 #bdc4 ,polybasic slags1 #aej1 #agf1 #aha4 8,porphyry0 camps1 #ad4 ,portuguese copp] m9es1 #g1 #ae4 output1 #ae4 ,pots = bla/ roa/+1 #eh4 ,p[] = electro-ref9+1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,precipitation ( copp] f solution1 #cc1 #dc4 impurities1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,prelim9>y ref9+ ( copp]1 #bag1 #bai1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbh-bcj4 f9es1 #ec1 #fa1 #aaj-aab4 ores1 #dg-di1 #ea1 #ed-fa4 ,prep>ation ( anodes1 #bag1 #bai1 #bcj4 ca?odes1 #bcj4 floor = heap-roa/+1 #fh4 ,press+ ( briquettes1 #bg4 ,pressure ( bla/ = bla/ furnaces1 #ace1 #ada1 #aei1 #afj1 #afg1 #ahd1 #ahh4 ,prev5tion ( heat losses 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hf4 losses1 #aaf4 ,price ( copp]1 #aa1 #dj4 ,primitive smelt+ me?ods1 #c4 ,pr9ciples ( conv]t+1 #aid1 #bae4 copp] smelt+1 #ea1 #fa4 electro-ref9+1 #bbi4 ! ,mac,dougal roa/]1 #gc4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha1 #hc1 #hg4 ! ,wel% process1 #i4 ,production1 ,/ati/ics (1 #e1 #ae-ag4 ,products ( ! bla/ furnace1 #aad1 #aag1 #adf1 #aei1 #ahf1 #bad4 bla/ roa/+1 #eh1 #aaj-aab4 conv]t+1 #aic1 #aii1 #bje1 #bji1 #baj1 #bab4 ,prop]ties ( copp]1 #ah1 #bb1 #cd4 matte1 #ch1 #ci4 ( dry copp]1 #bd1 #da1 #db1 #bci1 #bda-bdc4 ,me*anical1 #cj4 ,physical1 #ah4 ,pross] roa/]1 #ga4 ,pulv]is$ fuel = rev]b]atories1 #aje4 ,pun*+ ( tuy]es1 #adb1 #aeh1 #aie1 #aih1 #bjj1 #baj1 #bac1 #bad4 ,purification ( copp]1 #bag-bdc4 electrolyte1 #bcj1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,pyrites1 #de4 reactions on roa/+1 #fd4 ,pyritic effect1 #aba1 #abb4 pr9ciple1 #fb1 #aac1 #aah-abb1 #aeh1 #afi4 smelt+ practice1 #fg1 #aba1 #adj1 #adc1 #ade1 #adf1 #aeh1 #afi-ahh1 #aia-aid1 #bae4 ,pyrrhottite1 #de4 reactions on roa/+1 #fd4 ,q ,qu9cy m9e1 #de4 ,r ,rabbles ( ,mac,dougal furnaces1 #gf1 #gg4 ,rabbl+ ( roa/] furnaces1 #fi-ga4 ,ra*ette furnace1 #aj1 #abe4 ,radiation losses 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hc1 #hf4 ,rapidity ( smelt+ 9 bla/ furnaces1 #abd1 #abi1 #acc1 #ace1 #adc1 #aei1 #afj4 rev]b]atories1 #hc-ib4 ,rate ( deposition1 #bcb4 ,reactions 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aac1 #aag-aai4 conv]t+1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baj4 furnace ref9+ #bci-bdc4 pyritic smelt+1 #aga1 #agb1 #agh1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahc4 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha1 #aad1 #aai1 #bae4 roa/+1 #cf1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe1 #aji-aab4 s9t]+1 #eg1 #aaj-aaa4 smelt+1 #fa1 #fb4 ,re-conc5tration 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahf-ahh4 ,recov]y ( copp] f slags & residues1 #aaf1 #aai1 #baa4 ,rectangul> bla/ furnaces1 #abc4 ,r$uc+ gases 9 anneal+1 #bh4 ,r$uction 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aac1 #aae-aag4 ( oxides 9 furnace ref9+1 #bbc-bdj4 smelt+1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb4 ,r$ru?ite1 #df4 ,ref]5ces1 ,li/s (1 #ag1 #cd1 #ej1 #hj1 #aab1 #aia1 #bae1 #bdc4 ,ref9]y slags1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,ref9+ ( copp]1 #be1 #bf1 #ej1 #ed1 #baa1 #bad1 #bag-bdb4 ,ref9+1 ,electrolytic1 #h1 #dc1 #ej1 #bae-bah1 #bbg-bdb4 ( electrolytic copp]1 #ej1 #bch-cdc4 furnaces1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bbd1 #bci4 ,losses 91 #aaf1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,reg5]ation ( electrolyte1 #bcf4 ,regulation ( rev]b]atory furnace work+1 #hg1 #ib4 ,re-l9+ ( conv]t]s1 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjd1 #bac1 #bad4 ,removal ( bla/-furnace products 7see ,)drawal74 impurities 9 conv]t+1 #bjg1bae4 furnace ref9+1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,r5wick1 ,c4 ,w41 #aia4 ,repairs 9 roa/] furnaces1 #gi4 rev]b]atory furnaces1 #ie4 ,replac+ jackets ( bla/ furnaces1 #abg1 #aeh4 values ( bases1 #aej1 #ahj4 ,requirem5ts = good bla/-furnace slags1 #adh4 good rev]b]atory practice1 #ha1 #hg1 #aji-aab4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bba4 roa/+ furnaces1 #fi4 successful pyritic practice1 #agf4 ,resi/ance1 ,electrical1 #bd4 ( electrolyte1 #bcb1 #bcc4 ,rev]b]atory =e-he>?s1 #ace4 furnaces1 #eb1 #fi1 #hh4 smelt+1 #ed1 #ee1 #fa1 #fc1 #gf1 #hj-aab1 #bae4 comp>$ ) bla/ furnace1 #aad1 #aag4 effici5cy1 #aad1 #abd4 reactions1 #ha1 #aad1 #aai1 #bae4 ,rice1 ,c4 ,t41 #aia4 ,ri*>ds1 #ec4 ,rick>d1 ,t4 ,a41 #ade1 #agj1 #aia4 ,ricketts1 ,l4 ,d41 #gh1 #hj1 #aje-ajh1 #aab4 ,rigidity ( ars5ical copp]1 #cc1 #da4 ,rio ,t9to1 #h1 #fg4 ,roa/] gases1 #fc4 process1 #ce4 ,roa/+1 #cf1 #dg1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #fa-fh1 #hh1 #aji-aab1 #agg4 9 heaps1 #fg4 9 pyritic process1 #agf1 #ahb4 ,objections to1 #fb1 #fg4 ,op5-air1 #fg4 practice1 #ff-ga1 #hb1 #hg1 #hh4 e>ly improvem5ts1 #aj4 prelim9>y to bla/-furnace treatm5t1 #aac1 #aae1 #aah4 reactions 9 s9t]+1 #eg1 #aaj1 #aaa4 on1 #cf1 #fc-fe1 #aji-aab4 y>ds1 #fg4 ,rob]ts-,au/51 ,sir ,w4 ,c41 #cd4 ,rog]s 7& ,m#8,murty7 s9t]+ process1 #eh4 ,rntg51 #cg1 #ej4 ,ro(s ( rev]b]atories1 #ii4 ,ropp roa/]1 #ga4 ,rot>y bl[]s1 #ada4 ,rotat+ furnaces = roa/+1 #gb1 #gc4 ,rudel(f1 ,e41 #cd4 ,russia1 ,copp] output (1 #ae4 ,s ,sackett1 ,b4 ,l1 #aia4 ,sample-cutt]1 #di4 ,sampl+1 #dg1 #dh1 #ej1 #ed4 ,co/s (1 #gi4 f bla/ furnaces1 #aff4 f conv]t]s1 #bac1 #bdc4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #bbg1 #bci1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,s&1 ,copp]1 #de4 ,scrap 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbh1 #bcg4 ,s*nabel1 ,c4 7& ,l\is71 #bdc4 ,s*rey]1 ,f41 #bae4 ,season+ ( basic conv]t]s1 #bjc4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bdj4 ,secretan comb9ation1 #aa4 ,section+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #abc1 #abd1 #acg1 #aeh1 #ahe4 ,sel5ium 9 copp]1 #bf1 #cj1 #bjg1 #bag4 electro-ref9+1 #bcb4 ,sem5ik[1 #aib4 ,semple1 ,c4 ,c41 #baf4 ,sep>ation ( matte & slag 7see ,settl+74 ,s]ies-sy/em1 #bbg-bbi4 ,sesqui-silicates1 #adi4 ,settl]s1 #abg1 #acj1 #afj1 #afb-aff4 ,settl+1 #ci1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abb1 #abc1 #abg1 #abh-ace1 #adg1 #aeh1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahf1 #baa1 #bba4 79 rev]b]atory furnaces71 #ha1 #ia1 #id4 ,%aft ( bla/ furnaces1 #abb4 8,%ak+-out0 ( gases1 #bda4 ,%ape ( bla/ furnace1 #abc1 #abe1 #ace4 ,%elby1 ,g41 #ade1 #aej1 #aia4 bla/-furnace top1 #adj4 oil burn]1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,%ort-circuit+ 9 electro-ref9+1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,%ots f conv]t]s1 #bje1 #baj4 ,siem5s gas-fir$ furnace1 #ajh4 ,siem5s-,halske process1 #bch4 ,silica 9 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #aej-aec1 #ahj1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia4 9 conv]t+1 #aid1 #bjj-bjc1 #bab1 #bac4 9 pyritic process1 #agb-ahb4 9 slags1 #adh-aec1 #ahj1 #aha1 #aia4 -l9$ conv]t]1 #aic-aig1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baa-bac4 ,silicates 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aaf1 #aai1 #adh-aeb1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia4 ( copp]1 #ce1 #ci4 slags1 #adh-aec1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #aia4 ,silice\s flux 9 conv]t+1 #aid1 #bjj-bjc1 #bab1 #bac4 l9+s ( conv]t]s1 #aic-aig1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baa-bac4 ,silicon 9 copp]1 #bc1 #bdb4 ,silv] & copp]1 #ba1 #bc1 #bd1 #bah4 9 bla/-furnace fume1 #afh4 9 copp]1 #dd1 #bag1 #bbf4 matte1 #cg1 #bag4 ores1 #df1 #bag4 9 electro-ref9+ 7see ,values74 ,s9t]+1 #ea1 #ee1 #eh1 #ei1 #hj1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aab1 #afi4 ,sites = heap-roa/+1 #fg4 ,situation ( electro-ref9]ies1 #h1 #i1 #bah4 ,size ( bla/ furnaces1 #aac1 #abb1 #abe1 #ace1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #ahh4 conv]t]s1 #aic1 #aie1 #aig1 #aih1 #bjb1 #bjd4 electrodes1 #bbi1 #bci4 grates 9 rev]b]atories1 #hd4 mat]ial = bla/ furnaces1 #ee1 #aaj4 roa/+1 #ei4 roa/+1 #fh4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bbj1 #bbd4 rev]b]atories1 #hd1 #hg-ij1 #aje4 tanks1 #bcd4 ,skimm+ ( ref9+ furnaces1 #bdj1 #bda4 rev]b]atory furnaces1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj4 ,slags1 #ce1 #ci1 #fb4 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #aaf1 #abi-acc1 #ade1 #adg-aed1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahg-aia4 9 conv]t+1 #aib1 #bjc-bje1 #bji-bac4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bbb1 #bda4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agb-ahh4 9 ref9+1 #bba4 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #id1 #ie1 #ajb-ajd4 ,slag-=mation 9 roa/+1 #hh4 -f\ndations = rev]b]atories1 #if4 -not* ( bla/ furnaces1 #acf1 #aeh-afb4 -sp\ts1 #abh1 #aeh-aff4 ,slagg+-/age 9 bessem]is+1 #bje1 #bjg4 ,slimes 9 briquett+1 #eg1 #aeb4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbh-bcd1 #bcf1 #bch4 ,treatm5t (1 #ec-ef1 #aeb4 ,slott$ tuy]es1 #ahe4 ,smelt+ practice1 #ea1 #ed1 #ha1 #bjd4 s*eme at ,anaconda1 #ed1 #ee4 ,smi? 7& ,pi]ce conv]t]71 #aid1 #bjb1 #bae4 ,smoke problem1 #aga1 #ahh4 ,soluble con/itu5ts ( electrodes1 #bbi1 #bca4 ,solubility ( copp] 9 iron sulphide1 #ch4 slags1 #aaf4 gases 9 copp]1 #be1 #bh4 matte 9 slag1 #acb4 sulphides 9 slag1 #aaf1 #adi1 #agi4 ,s\nd anodes1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,s\rces ( copp]1 #dc4 ,s\? ,wales1 #d1 #e1 #ga1 #gc4 ,span ( rev]b]atory ar*1 #hi4 ,spani% copp] m9+1 #g1 #ae4 ores1 #df4 production1 #ae4 ,special bronzes1 #ba4 ,specific gravity ( copp]1 #bd4 mattes1 #ci1 #agi4 electrolyte1 #bca4 slags1 #adg-adi4 ,specifications = copp]1 #ai1 #bj4 = fire-box plates1 #bj4 = ,po/ ,(fice "w1 #ai4 ,speculation 9 copp] m>kets1 #aa1 #ab4 8,spew+0 ( copp]1 #bbb4 ,sp9dles ( ,mac,dougal roa/]s1 #gd1 #gi4 ,sp\ts1 #abh1 #aeh-aff4 ,spr\t+ ( copp]1 #bbb4 ,/acks ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #afi4 rev]b]atories1 #hi4 ,/af=d%ire1 ,copp] smelt+ 91 #d4 ,/ages 9 conv]t+1 #bje1 #bji1 #baj1 #bac1 #baf4 ref9+1 #bbc4 ,/ahl1 #ej4 ,/amp+ ( briquettes1 #eg4 ,/amp-mill+ ( native copp] ores1 #ea4 ,/ati/ics ( copp]1 #ae4 ,/ay+ ( rev]b]atories1 #if1 #ii1 #bba4 ,/ays1 ,copp] =1 #ai1 #da4 ,/eam-pipes1 ,copp] =1 #ai4 ,/eptoe ,smelt]1 ,nevada1 #ge4 ,/ev5s1 ,h4 ,j41 #ag4 ,/i*t1 ,r41 #aga1 #agb1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aia4 ,/or+ ( matte 9 bla/ furnaces1 #acd4 rev]b]atories1 #id4 settl]s1 #ace4 ,/oves = heat+ bla/1 #ade4 ,/raight5+ ( anodes1 #bbh4 ,/r5g? ( ca?ode copp]1 #ah1 #bcb1 #bch1 #bci4 copp]1 #ba1 #cb1 #cc1 #da1 #bch1 #bci1 #bda4 electrolyte solutions1 #bca4 ,/ripp+ ( ca?odes1 #bbh1 #bcj4 ,sub-silicates1 #adg4 ,success 9 pyritic smelt+1 #aha4 ,sulijtelma ,smelt]1 ,norway1 #aid4 ,sulphide ores1 #dc1 #de4 ,prelim9>y treatm5t (1 #eb4 ,sulphides1 ,fuel values (1 #aai-abb1 #aeb1 #agj1 #agc1 #agg1 #agh1 #bjc1 #bab1 #bac4 9 ! bla/ furnace1 #aac1 #aae1 #aag-aba1 #adg1 #aeh1 #aga-agf1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #ahi1 #aia4 ( copp]1 #ce-cg1 #ci1 #adf1 #adg ,sulphur & copp]1 #cc1 #cf1 #fa1 #adf1 #adg1 #bag1 #bch4 dioxide 9 bla/-furnace gases1 #ahh-aia4 copp]1 #be1 #dc1 #bbb4 furnace gases1 #ahi1 #aij4 furnace ref9+1 #bba-bbc4 gases = acid-mak+1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,sulphur dioxide 9 pyritic smelt+ practice1 #ahb4 elim9ation 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #aac1 #aad1 #aag1 #aah1 #abj1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb4 elim9ation 9 bla/ roa/+1 #eh4 elim9ation 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #ha4 elim9ation 9 roa/+1 #fe1 #gg1 #gh1 #hh1 #aaj1 #agg4 9 bla/-furnace *>ges1 #adf1 #adg1 #aej-aeb1 #agg1 #ahi4 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #aaf1 #abj1 #adf1 #adg1 #ahi4 9 conv]t+1 #aid1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bab1 #bae1 #bag4 9 copp]1 #bj1 #bc1 #ca1 #cb1 #dd1 #bbb4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bcj4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bba4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #aga-agc1 #agg1 #agh4 9 roa/$ products1 #fe1 #gj1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #aaj4 ,sulphuric acid & copp]1 #cc4 9 electrolyte1 #bca1 #bcf4 manufacture1 #adf1 #adg1 #aha1 #ahh-aia4 ,sup]ior 7,lake7 copp]1 #dj4 m9+1 #g1 #h4 ores1 #dc1 #de4 production1 #ae4 co/s ( production1 #ad4 treatm5t ( ores1 #ea4 ,sup]/ructure ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #afh1 #ahf4 ,susp5sion ( electrodes1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcd-bcg4 ,swansea smelt]s1 #d1 #e1 #ga1 #gc4 ,sw$51 ,copp] output (1 #ae4 ,sy/ems ( work+ 9 conv]t+1 #aib1 #baa1 #bab4 electro-ref9+1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,t ,tam>ack ,m9e1 #de4 ,tanganyika ores1 #h1 #de4 ,tank effici5cy1 #bbi4 liquors1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bca4 slimes1 #bai1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,tanks = electro-ref9+1 #bai1 #bbg-bcj1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,tasmanian m9+1 #h4 ,tap-holes ( bla/ furnaces1 #abg1 #acf1 #aei-afa4 ref9+ furnaces1 #bbd1 #bbe4 rev]b]atories1 #aja1 #ajc4 settl]s1 #aeb-aff4 ,tapp+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #abb1 #ace1 #aei1 #afj1 #afe1 #aff4 ( ref9+ furnaces1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bdb4 ( rev]b]atories1 #id1 #ie1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc4 ,tapp+ ( settl]s1 #aff4 -brea/ ( bla/ furnaces1 #acf1 #aei1 #afj4 -piece ( settl]s1 #afe1 #aff4 -plate ( rev]b]atories1 #ajc4 settl]s1 #afe1 #aff4 -slot ( ref9+ furnaces1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,telegraph1 ,use ( copp] =1 #ai4 ,telephone1 ,use ( copp] =1 #ai4 ,tellurium 9 copp]1 #bc1 #bf1 #cj-cb1 #bjg1 #bag4 electro-ref9+1 #bcb4 ,temp]ature1 ,effects (1 on /r5g?1 #bj1 #bb1 #cb4 = anneal+1 #ca4 = roa/+1 #fi1 #gj1 #gg1 #gh4 = rev]b]atory smelt+1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg1 #hi1 #ia1 #id1 #if1 #ii-aje4 = settl+1 #aag1 #abc1 #acj1 #acc4 9 bla/-furnace smelt+1 #abc1 #abi1 #acc1 #acf1 #adc1 #ahh4 9 conv]t+1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baj-bad4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bca-bcc1 #bce1 #bcg4 9 furnace ref9+1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bdb4 9 pyritic smelt+1 #agb-agf1 #agi1 #ahj1 #ahc1 #ahh4 ,t5acity ( copp]1 #bj1 #cb1 #cc1 #bda4 ,t5nessee1 acid-mak+1 #ahi-aia4 bla/ furnaces1 #adj4 conv]t+ practice1 #bjb1 #baa1 #bad4 ,co/s ( production at1 #ad4 m9+1 #h4 ores1 #df4 ,treatm5t (1 #eb4 pyritic smelt+ practice1 #aga1 #agd1 #agi1 #ahd-ahh1 #aia4 ,roa/+ at1 #fb1 #fh4 settl]s1 #afb1 #afd1 #afe4 ,t5sile /r5g?1 #bj1 #cb1 #cc1 #bda4 ,te/+ ( ref9$ copp]1 #bbc1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,te/s dur+ bessem]is+1 #baj1 #bac4 = copp]1 #bj4 ,tetrah$rite1 #df4 ,textile "w1 ,copp] 91 #ba4 ,!rmal conductivity1 #ai1 #bb1 #be4 ,ti]s ( wat]-jackets1 #acg4 ,tilt ,cove1 ,newf\ndl&1 #aga1 #aia4 ,timb] = pol+1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,"t-elem5t1 #aid4 ,t9-copp] alloys1 #ba1 #cd4 ,t9 9 copp]1 #bj-bc1 #cb1 #cc1 #dd4 ,toml9son1 #cd4 ,tooele1 ,utah1 ,practice at1 #ge1 #ia1 #baa1 #bad4 ,tops ( bla/ furnaces1 #adj1 #add1 #ade1 #ahf4 *>ge 9 bla/ furnace1 #aeh4 ,to/on1 ,montana1 #agj4 ,t\gh 7t\gh-pit*7 copp]1 #bd1 #ca1 #cc1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dd1 #bbc1 #bca1 #bch1 #bci4 ,t\gh5+ ( copp]1 #bch-bda4 ,t\ghness ( copp]1 #bb1 #be1 #dj1 #bda4 ,trapp+ ( bla/1 #aei1 #afj4 ,treatm5t ( conv]t] slags1 #baa4 copp] ores1 #dg1 #ej4 f9e conc5trates1 #aaj-aab4 flue-du/1 #hb1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #afg-afi4 slimes 9 electro-ref9+1 #bch4 ,true pyritic smelt+1 #aba1 #abb1 #adc1 #adf1 #adg1 #agc1 #agf1 #agh-ahd1 #ahi4 ,turkey1 ,copp] output (1 #ae4 ,turnbull 7& ,w4 ,br[n71 #ag4 ,tuy]es1 #abb1 #abc1 #ada1 #adb1 #aeh1 #ahe1 #ahh4 = conv]t]s1 #aib1 #aic1 #aie1 #aig1 #aih1 #bae4 ,tuy]e holes 9 wat]-jackets1 #acg1 #adj4 -jackets ( bla/ furnaces1 #ach1 #adj4 -pieces1 #adj4 -zone1 #aga1 #agd-ahe4 ,tyee ,smelt]1 ,b4,c41 ,hot bla/1 #add4 roa/+ at1 #fh4 ,typical pyritic smelt+ *>ge-%eets1 #bjf4 rev]b]atory-furnace *>ge1 #hb4 ,u ,ulke1 ,t41 #bbi1 #bcg1 #bdc4 ,unit$ ,/ates copp] output1 #ae-ag4 ,uses ( copp]1 #ah4 alloys1 #ba4 ,utah1 copp] m9+1 #h4 output1 #ag4 co/s ( production1 #ad4 smelt+ practice1 #ge4 ,utilisation ( heat 9 rev]b]atory "w1 #hc1 #hg1 #ia4 ,v ,vail1 ,r4 ,h41 #bae4 ,values 9 anode copp]1 #bcj4 conv]t] copp]1 #dc1 #bae1 #bah4 slags1 #baa4 copp] ores1 #df4 electro-ref9+1 #bbi-bca1 #bcc1 #bch4 ,v>ieties ( comm]cial copp]1 #ci1 #dj4 ,vats = electro-ref9+1 #bai1 #bbg-bcj1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,ve9 deposits 9 ,sup]ior1 #de4 ,v]tical conv]t]s1 #aie4 ,virg9ia copp] ores1 #df4 ,viscosity ( slags1 #adh-aej4 ,volatile hydroc>bons 9 rev]b]atory smelt+1 #he1 #hf1 #aje4 ,voltage = electro-ref9+1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bch4 ,vortex conv]t]1 #bae1 #baf4 ,w ,walk]1 ,a4 ,l41 #cd1 #aia1 #bbd1 #bbf4 ,wall>oo s9t]+ process1 #eh4 ,walls ( rev]b]atory furnaces1 #ii4 ,wanjuk(f1 ,w41 #acb4 ,wa%oe ,smelt] 7see ,anaconda74 ,wa/e heat 9 rev]b]atory-furnace gases1 #hc1 #hg1 #ajg1 #add4 ,utilisation (1 #hc1 #hg1 #ajg1 #adc4 ,wat] & copp]1 #cc4 9 bla/ roa/+1 #eh4 -cool+ 9 roa/] furnaces1 #gd-gi4 -jacket+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #aj1 #aac1 #abb-abd1 #acd-aci1 #aeh1 #ahe4 -supply = jackets1 #abd1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj4 ,watson1 ,d41 #cd4 ,webb1 #cd4 ,wel% process1 #i1 #dj1 #bad1 #bai1 #bbb-bbd4 smelt+1 #hb4 ,we!y roa/]1 #ga4 ,wet conc5tration ( ores1 #dg1 #ej1 #ec-ee1 #fa1 #fc4 processes1 #dc4 ,:ite-,h[ell roa/]1 #gc4 ,:ite-metal1 #dj1 #bje1 #baj1 #bab1 #bac1 #bae4 /age1 #bji1 #baa-bad4 ,:ite roa/]1 #gc4 ,wid? ( bla/ furnaces1 #abe1 #ace1 #ahd1 #ahf4 rev]b]atories1 #hi4 ,w9tle1 ,f4 ,h41 #aia4 ,wire1 ,prep>ation ( copp]1 #ai1 #bch1 #bdc4 ,/r5g? ( copp]1 #cb4 -b> copp]1 #dj1 #bdb4 ,)drawal ( products f bla/ furnaces1 #abd1 #acj1 #acc1 #ace1 #aeh-aga4 rev]b]atories1 #hc1 #hf1 #id4 ,"w1 ,effects ( me*anical1 #cb4 ,work+ ( bla/ furnaces1 #aad1 #adf1 #aeh1 #agh4 conv]t]s1 #agh1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh4 electro-ref9+ plant1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bcf4 l>ge rev]b]atories1 #hd1 #ib1 #ig1 #ii4 ,mac,dougal roa/]s1 #gf-hj4 pyritic process1 #agh1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahh4 ,wrai?1 ,w41 #bdc4 ,wright1 ,l4 ,t41 #acb1 #ade1 #aia4 ,wyom+1 ,copp] production (1 #ag4 ,y ,yunnan1 ,native copp] f1 #de4 ,z ,z9c-copp] alloys1 #ba1 #bb1 #cd4 -sulphide1 ,roa/+ (1 #ff4 9 copp]1 #bc1 #cc4 9 electro-ref9+1 #bbi1 #bcj4 9 mattes1 #cg1 #bag4 9 slags1 #aej4 ,,bell ,,& ,,ba91 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,glasg[4 ,griff9's ,metallurgical ,s]ies4 ,,six? ,,edition1 ?or\ghly ,revis$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 #ahs4 net4 ,an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,,metallurgy4 ,,by ,,sir ,w4 ,,rob]ts-,,au/51 ,k4,c4,b41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,a4,r4,s4,m4 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t by ,f4 ,w4 ,,h>bord1 ,a4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c4 8,pr(essor ,au/5's volume w be ,,invaluable40 --,*emical ,news4 ,,fif? ,,edition1 ,revis$1 ,consid]ably ,enl>g$1 & 9 "p ,re-writt54 ,) ,frontispiece & num]\s ,illu/rations4 #bas4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,gold4 ,,by ,t4 ,,kirke ,,rose1 ,d4,,sc4,,lond41 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,*emi/ & ,assay] ( ! ,royal ,m9t4 8,a ,,compreh5sive ,,practical ,,treatise on ?is important subject40--,! ,times4 ,,six? ,,edition1 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t & ,enl>g$4 ,pp4 i-xx#ech4 ,) #cad ,illu/rations1 includ+ #ab ,fold+ ,plates4 #bas4 net4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,lead4 ,,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,coll9s1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,m4 8,a ,,?or\ghly ,,s\nd & useful dige/4 ,may ) ,,e ,,confid5ce be recomm5d$40 ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,,second ,,edition1 ,revis$ ?r\gh\t & ,enl>g$4 ,at ,press4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,silv]4 ,,by ,h4 ,f4 ,,coll9s1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,m4,,in/4,m4,m4 ,,f\r? ,,edition1 ,?or\ghly ,revis$4 ,two ,volumes4 #cfs4 net4 ,) ,additional ,*apt] on ,! ,electric ,smelt+ ( ,/eel4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,/eel4 ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,h>bord1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,,& ,j4 ,w4 ,,hall1 ,a4,m4,,in/4,c4,e4 ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) _m new ,plates4 #afs4 net4 ,,! ,,metallurgy ,,( ,,iron4 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,?omas ,,turn]1 ,,assoc4,r4,s4,m41 ,f4,i4,c4 8,a ,,?or\ghly ,,useful ,,book1 :i* br+s ! subject ,,up ,,to ,,date4 ,( ,,great ,,value to ^? engag$ 9 ! iron indu/ry40--,m9+ ,j\rnal4 ,frontispiece 9 ,col\rs1 & ,beautiful ,s]ies ( ,photo-micrographs4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,alloys & _! ,indu/rial ,applications4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,f4 ,,law1 ,a4,r4,s4,m4 8,concise & practical 444 w be appreciat$ by /ud5t & manufactur] alike40--,f\ndry ,trades' ,j\rnal4 ,9 ,l>ge #hvo4 ,h&some ,clo?4 ,fully ,illu/rat$4 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,,antimony3 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology1 ,metallurgy1 ,uses & ,prep>ation1 ,analysis1 ,production & ,valuation4 ,,by ,c4 ,y4 ,,wang1 ,m4 ,a41 ,b4 ,,sc4 8,!re is n1 to our k1 any o!r complete treatise on antimony among all ! ,engli% text-books40--,iron & ,coal ,trades' ,review4 ,,london3 ,,*>les ,,griff9 ,,co41 ,,limit$1 ,,exet] ,,/reet1 ,,/r&4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,?is figure indicates ?\s&?s ( an in*4 #b ,! t]m 8impurity0 might 9 sev]al in/ances be replac$ by ! ^w 8con/itu5t10 s9ce _m s-call$ impurities are purposely add$ = conf]r+ desir$ prop]ties on ! metal4 ,x is "h tak5 z imply+ elem5ts o!r ?an copp]4 #c ,! temp]atures giv5 9 ,heyn's diagram require revision 9 ! light ( lat] k1 & h be5 omitt$ "h4 #d ,! treatm5t ( flue-du/ is consid]$ lat]4 #e ,?\gh ^! actions repres5t ) fair accuracy :at occurs on smelt+1 !re w be indicat$ lat]1 9 ! prop] place1 "s modification1 due to int]actions ( c]ta9 oxides & sulphides1 9 ! furnace4 #f ,x might also be possible to assi/ ! conc5tration 9 ! matte by ! addition ( any available oxidis$ ores or residues4 #g ,! *loridis+ roa/+ ( copp] ores is also sometimes employ$ 9 connection ) wet processes4 #h ,:5 copp] comb9es ) sulphur4 #b;,cu 3 ,cu#b,s 33 #b #fce 3 #b #fce #cb 33 #abg 3 #aei 33 #d 3 #e approximately4 ,:5 sulphur comb9es ) iron4 ,s 3 ,fe,s 33 #cb 3 #ef #cb 33 #cb 3 #hh 33 #d 3 #aa4 #i ,"s flue-du/ is also melt$ d[n4 #aj ,! ,ea/ ,butte ,copp] ,m9+ ,company has rec5tly report$ ! successful s9t]+ ( its flue-du/ by ,dwight-,lloyd ma*9es4 7,see ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,jan4 #f1 #aiab1 p4 #ba74 #aa ,lat] "w on ?is subject has be5 publi%$ by ,w4 ,wanjuk(f3--8,inve/igations on ! ,conditions gov]n+ ! ,entry ( ,copp] into ! ,slags on ,matte-,smelt+1 on ! ,*emical ,=m 9 :i* su* ,copp] exi/s1 & on ! ,less5+ ( ! ,copp] ,losses 9 ,slags40 ,metallurgie1 #aiab1 ,vol4 x41 ,nos4 #a & #b1 pp4 #a-bg1 ,jan4 #h & #bb1 #aiab4 #ab ,?is po9t w be dealt ) 9 due c\rse4 #ac ,! iron sulphide ( a copp] matte is probably ! eutectic ( ! iron-sulphide 3 iron s]ies conta9+ ab\t #he p] c5t4 ( sulphide4 #ad ,duckt[n ,sulphur1 ,copp]1 & ,iron ,company4 #ae ,^! views h rec5tly be5 controv]t$ 9 an int]e/+ pap] by ,g4 ,a4 ,guess4 78,notes on ,pyritic ,smelt+10 ,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 #aiab1 ,jan4 #ac?1 p4 #aac74 ,he def9es ,pyritic ,smelt+ z ! production ( a ,f]r\s ,silicate ,slag f ,iron ,sulphide ,ore4 #af ,) nickelif]\s mattes1 ! gre5 col\r 9 ! flame is report$ by ,heywood to p]si/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole process4 #ag ,! case ( nickel may be "h treat$ z exceptional4 ,x is elim9at$ ) difficulty1 ! nickel & copp] t5d+ to oxidise toge!r on bessem]is+4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,a s+le und]score aft] a symbol indicates a subscript4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,p>5!ses are us$ = subscript$ numb]s1 = example #b is repres5t$ by #b z 9 8,cu#b,o04 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation has be5 left z pr9t$1 except 8firebox0 has be5 *ang$ to 8fire-box0 9 ! ,index to mat* ! spell+ 9 ! ma9 body ( ! book4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,9 "s tables 8,numb]0 has be5 abbreviat$ to 8,no401 8,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica0 to 8,u4 ,s4 ,a40 & trail+ punctuation has be5 omitt$ to make ! r[s %ort]4 ,9 "s equations an amp]s& has be5 us$ in/ead ( 8p] c5t401 aga9 9 ord] to r$uce ! l9e l5g?4 ,! adv]tisem5ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! book h be5 re-locat$ to ! end ( ! book1 j be=e ! footnote section4