,,! ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,) ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,anci5t ,,eng9e]+ ,,s]vice ,,des ,,antiquit,s ,,de ,l',,gypte ,,! ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,) ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,anci5t ,,eng9e]+ ,,by ,r4 ,,engelba* ,,*ief ,,inspector1 ,,antiquities ,,dep>tm5t ,illu/ration ,,le ,,caire ,,imprim]ie ,,de ,l',,in/itut ,,fran,,ais ,d',,ar*,,ologie ,,ori5tale #aibb ,,cont5ts ,,introduction4 #a4 ,prelim9>y rem>ks #a #b4 ,acc\nt ( ! cle>ance #a1 #b ,,*apt] ,i4--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,obelisk4 #c4 ,g5]al description & dim5sions #c #d4 ,removal ( top lay]s ( rock by burn+ & w$g+ #d1 #e #e4 ,r\gh-dress+ ( nor? wall ( nor? tr5* #e #f4 ,te/-%afts #f #g4 ,cracks & fissures #f1 #g #h4 ,r5d]+ ! face ( ! obelisk flat #g #i4 ,anci5t guide-l9es #h #aj4 ,lat] s*eme = a small] obelisk #h #aa4 ,comp>ison ( lat] s*eme ) "s kn[n obelisks #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,! ,,tr5*4 #ab4 ,description #aa #ac4 ,dol]ite 8p\nd]s0 & _! use #ab1 #ac #ad4 ,arrangem5t ( workm5 #ac1 #ad #ae4 ,"t tak5 9 mak+ tr5* #ad1 #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,! ,,upp] ,,qu>ry-,,face4 #af4 ,description #ag #ag4 ,scales drawn on ! rock #ah #ah4 ,discussion on _! nature #ah1 #ai #ai4 ,traces ( inscriptions #bj #bj4 ,b$ f :i* an obelisk 787 has be5 remov$ #bj1 #ba ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,extraction ,,( ,,obelisk ,,f ,,qu>ry4 #ba4 ,possible deta*m5t by means ( w$ges #bc #bb4 ,m probably completely und]m9$ #bd #bc4 ,r$uction ( lab\r by us+ lev]s #bd1 #be #bd4 ,sizes ( ropes #be #be4 ,*isels us$ 9 cutt+ w$ge-slots #be1 #bf #bf4 ,sugge/ions by v>i\s au?ors on above subject #bf #bg4 ,probability ( temp]+ copp] #bg ,,*apt] ,v4--,,transport ,,( ,,obelisks4 #bh4 ,egyptian acc\nts ( exp$itions #bi1 #cj #bi4 ,o!r acc\nts 9 lat] times #cj #cj4 ,0 ! obelisk plac$ on roll]s8 #ca #ca4 ,practical consid]ations #ca1 #cb #cb4 ,possible use ( sl$s 9 conjunction ) roll]s #cb #cc4 ,direction to be tak5 t[>ds ! ,nile #cb #cd4 ,notes on transport-boats #cb1 #cc ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,erection ,,( ,,obelisks4 #ce4 ,paucity ( anci5t acc\nts #ce1 #cf #cf4 ,!ory ( direct rais+ #cf #cg4 ,!ory ( l[]+ (f an embankm5t #cg #ch4 ,probable use ( roll]s & lev]s #cg1 #ch #ci4 ,use ( cap/ans1 gyns & blocks & tackles unlikely #ch #dj4 ,obelisk probably l[]$ into funnel above p$e/al #ch-da #da4 ,practical consid]ations #da #db4 ,calculations ( weight & c5tre ( gravity #db #dc4 ,/ra9s set up :5 obelisk is support$ at its ,c4 ,g4 #db1 #dc ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,miscellane\s ,,objects ,,& ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 #dd4 ,pot conta9+ o*re #de #de4 ,o/rakon f nor? tr5* #de1 #df #df4 ,greek inscriptions f neighb\r+ rock-face #df #dg4 ,ne$ ( fur!r cle>ances #dg ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,bibliography4 #dh-ef4 ,works quot$ 9 volume1 & ^? deal+ ) removals ( obelisks 9 mod]n times #di-ed ,,li/ ,,( ,,plates ,,) ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,descriptions4 ,,plate ,i #a-e4--,plan ( obelisk ) sections #c1 #f-aj1 #ai #f4--,measur+787-l9es on rock face #ab ,,plate ,,ii #a4--,view ( obelisk f ! ea/ #c #b4--,view ( obelisk f ! we/ #c1 #e1 #g1 #af ,,plate ,,iii #a4--;,bottom & side ( tr5* #ab1 #ad #b4--,w$ge & *isel m>ks #d1 #ab #c4--;,guide l9es = a small] obelisk #d1 #aj1 #ab #d4--,r\gh *isel-dress+ on a half-f9i%$ s>cophagus4 8,el-,hammmt02 ,%elll #ab ,,plate ,,iv #a4--;,hamm]-dress+ on ! pyramidion #ad #b4--,/one hamm] f ,saqqrah #d #c4--;,con/ruction ( a s>cophagus lid by p\nd+ #ac #d4--;,embankm5t to ! ea/ ( ! obelisk #cc ,,plate ,v #a4--,obelisk f ! nor?1 %ew+ plat=m & upp] qu>ry-face #d1 #af #b4--,upp] qu>ry-face & b$ ( a small obelisk #af1 #bj #c4--;,b$ ( small obelisk f above #bj #d4--;,inscription on b$ ( small obelisk #bj ,,plate ,,vi #a4--,m>k+s on upp] qu>ry-face #af1 #ai #b4--,section ( above #af1 #ai ,,plate ,,vii ,sket*-plan ( environs ( obelisk #ca1 #cc ,,plate ,,viii ,sugge/$ plat=m = ! erection ( an obelisk #dj1 #da ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,scale #a 3 #ajj #a ,,! ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,) ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,anci5t ,,eng9e]+4 ,,introduction4 7#a7 ,! unf9i%$ obelisk ( ,aswn lies 9 a qu>ry on ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! m$ival ,arab cemet]y1 be+ ab\t tw5ty m9utes walk f ! ,cat>act ,hotel4 ,x is approa*$ by a small valley lead+ up s\?-ea/w>ds f ! track ( ! old ,b>rage railway4 ,up to ! "t ( ! visit ( ,k+ ,fuad--!n ,sultan--9 ! w9t] ( #aibj-ba1 only ab\t #bb metres ( ! obelisk 7 expos$ to view1 ! rema9d] runn+ d[n into a va/ heap ( blocks & *ips4 ,! curi\s tr5*1 made r\nd ! obelisk = ! purpose ( deta*+ x f ! rock1 has long int]e/$ visitors1 & ,8 ,maje/y express$ a desire t ! :ole obelisk be cle>$ 9 ord] to obta91 if possible1 new data z to anci5t me?ods ( qu>ry+1 & to expose a unique monum5t4 ,i wi% to t5d] my ?anks to ,mr4 ,som]s ,cl>ke = 8 k9dness 9 putt+ 8 notes on ! qu>ry+ ( granite at my disposal1 & = read+ & criticis+ my ,,ms4 be=e s5d+ x to press2 to ,pr(4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie = read+ ! pro(s & giv+ _m valuable sugge/ions2 to ,mr4 ,w4 ,golnis*eff = ! ref]5ces on ! ,ana/asi papyrus & ! ,hammmt inscriptions2 to ,mr4 ,d4 ,watt1 ,resid5t ,eng9e] ( ! ,aswn ,b>rage1 = ! loan ( books on ! prop]ties & work+ ( granite & ( survey+ in/rum5ts f ! ,b>rage works2 to ! ,geological & ,*emical ,dep>tm5ts 7sections #ac & #dd7 = _! report on specim5s submitt$ to !m1 & to ! ,survey ,dep>tm5t = tak+ mu* tr\ble 9 prep>+ my plans = publication4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,mac,gillivray1 ( ,aswn1 took ! photographs %ewn on plate ,,ii & plate ,v1 nos4 #a & #b1 & has k9dly p]mitt$ !m to appe> "h4 7#b7 ,i began ! "w %ortly aft] ! dep>ture ( ,k+ ,fuad1 & soon f\nd t ! excavation w\ld be m ext5sive ?an ,i _h at fir/ suppos$2 ! l5g? ( ! obelisk _h rea*$ #cf metres by ,april #aiba1 & ! *ip-heap1 cov]+ ! butt end ( ! obelisk1 began to %ew signs ( giv+ way4 ,i _h made arrangem5ts1 z reg>ds ! angle ( ! *ip-heap1 suppos+ t ! obelisk 0 n l>g] ?an any ( ! kn[n obelisks4 ,?irty-six metres 0 a surprise1 s1 z ,ramadan 0 approa*+1 ,i ab&on$ ! "w = ! season & appli$ = a fur!r cr$it to make a complete cle>ance4 ,?is 0 done 9 ! w9t] ( #aiba-bb by ,mahmd ,eff4 ,mohammad1 ,inspector ( ,edf1 assi/$ by ,mu/afa ,eff4 ,hasan1 #8*ef de f\illes' ( ! same di/rict4 ,i visit$ ! site f "t to "t :5ev] my #b o!r "w p]mitt$1 b x 0 n till ! end ( ! t\ri/ season t ,i _h suffici5t "t to /udy ! obelisk4 ,dur+ ! removal ( ! *ip-heap1 we f\nd "s hundr$s ( l>ge granite blocks ?r[n f a qu>ry above on to ! obelisk2 ^! _h to be cut into two1 & sometimes into f\r1 be=e our workm5 c\ld h&le !m4 ,at fir/ we borr[$ m5 f ! ,selugia qu>ries1 b aft]w>ds we employ$ local /onemasons1 :o prov$ m satisfactory1 z !y did n all want to be raises4 ,! total co/ ( ! cle>ance 0 ,l4 ,e4 #ge4 ,a ^w ( explanation is1 p]haps1 ne$$ on ! sy/em ( weights & measures us$ 9 ?is volume4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om ( my ,dep>tm5t to insi/ on metric scales 9 all plans4 ,9 ! text1 h[ev]1 ,i ent] some:at deeply into ! /resses & /ra9s set up 9 ! granite1 & s9ce ne>ly all ! ,engli% eng9e]+ text-books & tables use ! ton-in* units1 ,i h adh]$ to ! ,engli% sy/em1 r$uc+ ! metric l9e> measures to in*es 9 my calculations4 ,! tonne & ! kilogramme-p]-squ>e-c5timetre /ill convey little to ! av]age ,engli%-speak+ eng9e]1 :o has to h rec\rse to 8 slide-rule be=e be+ able to realise ! /ra9s set up :5 !y are giv5 9 metric units4 #c ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,obelisk4 7#c7 ,! obelisk is #da4ge metres long1 ly+ ) its po9t #ah4e degrees nor? ( ea/1 & slop+ d[n t[>ds ! butt at an angle ( #aa degrees1 mak+ ! base ( ! pyramidion #g4je metres above ! level ( ! butt4 ,:5 complete1 ! obelisk w\ld h weigh$ #aafh tons ,engli%4 ,x is curi\s t1 dur+ all ! ye>s t ?is obelisk has be5 kn[n1 ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! anci5t me?ods ( qu>ry+ h n tak5 ! tr\ble to cle> x4 ,ne>ly e "w 9 :i* x is m5tion$ dismisses x 9 a few s5t5ces4 ,bo? ,gorr+e 9 8 ,egyptian ,obelisks & ,bdek] give its l5g? z #ie feet & ! wid? at ! butt z #aa feet #a4e in*es4 ,h[ !y arriv$ at ! latt] figure passes my und]/&+1 z x 0 buri$ "u a *ip-heap to a dep? ( #g metres4 ,p]haps ! measurem5ts 7 giv5 by ! orig9al writ]1 :oev] he may h be51 n z a fact1 b z a prophecy4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! obelisk are3 ,total l5g? #da4ge metres4 ,base #d4bj metres4 ,base ( pyramidion #b4ej metres4 ,height ( pyramidion #d4ej metres4 ,weight :5 f9i%$ #aafh ,engli% tons4 ,r\nd ! obelisk1 p>tly sep>at+ x f ! surr\nd+ rock1 is a n>r[ tr5*1 ^: dep? av]ages ab\t #b_/c t requir$ to dis5gage x to a squ>e section4 ,plate ,i is a plan1 ) sections1 ( ! obelisk to a scale ( #a_/ajj1 & plate ,,ii1 nos4 #a & #b1 %ews ! obelisk view$ f ! tip & butt respectively2 ! tr5* ar\nd ! obelisk c be se5 9 plate ,,ii & 9 plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 & is discuss$ 9 *apt] ii4 ,z to ! date ( ?is obelisk1 ,i h f\nd no?+ :i* gives any real clue to x4 ,"o utiy1 9 ! reign ( at%epswet1 m5tions an obelisk ( #ajh cubits 7#ef4g metres7 long1 :i* is long] ?an t ( ,aswn1 ev5 if we all[ = ! p$e/al z hav+ be5 includ$ 9 ! measurem5t 7see ,,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,,ii1 p4 #aef1 & section #dc ( ?is volume74 ,nei!r c ! ,aswn obelisk be an abortive attempt to extract ! obelisk1 a "p ( :i* is n[ at ,con/ant9ople1 z ! ?ickness ( :at is n[ ! base is only #b4cg metres1 :]eas ! ,aswn obelisk measures #b4ej metres at ! base ( ! pyramidion4 ,un=tunately we are compell$ to leave ! "q ( ! date op51 until we get "s def9ite evid5ce1 :i* may well appe> :5 ! :ole qu>ry is completely cle>$4 #d 7#d7 ,!re are abundant traces t ! rock1 f :i* ! obelisk 0 to be extract$1 0 r$uc$ to an approximately correct level by burn+ & w$g+1 ! =m] be+ us$ :]ev] possible4 ,9 ! excavations1 a l>ge quantity ( burnt & semi-burnt mud bricks 7 notic$1 :ile a consid]able p]c5tage ( ! *ips r\nd ! obelisk & o!r qu>ries _h ! p9ki%-br[n col\r & crumbl+ texture peculi> to burnt granite4 ,"s l>ge pieces ( rock %ew q cle>ly h[ ! burn+ 0 done2 x appe>s t a /ack ( dri$ re$s 0 bank$ ) brick1 ne> a fissure if possible1 & aft] fir+1 ! rock 0 easily hamm]$ away4 ,x is v likely t wat] 0 p\r$ on ! hot /one to make x break up4 ,?is me?od ( heat+ & *ill+ is us$ on ! granite 9 ,india at ! pres5t day4 ,traces ( burn+ are se5 9 ! obelisk area at ,a & ,b on plate ,v1 no4 #a4 ,su* a va/ am\nt ( /one has be5 remov$ 9 ! neighb\rhood :i* %ews nei!r w$ge nor *isel m>ks t1 )\t ! pro( ( ! burnt brick & /one1 we %\ld h be5 driv5 to ! conclusion t burn+ 0 ! me?od employ$#a4 ,w$ge-m>ks may be se5 on plate ,,iii1 no4 #c1 on ! left ( ! picture#b4 ,typical examples are %ewn on plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 & 9 figure #a4 ,9 ne>ly e case ,i obs]v$1 a small tr5* _h be5 cut out by *isels along ! propos$ l9e ( fracture1 presumably to get bel[ ! surface1 :i* is (t5 decompos$ by exposure1 & :i* w\ld crumble in/ead ( te>+ ! /one ap>t4 ,z to :e!r ^! w$ges 7 ( wood1 & made to exp& by wett+1 ,i am n c]ta91 b ,i believe t !y 7 n1 ! reason be+ t ! slots always tap] inw>ds1 & x appe>s to me t a wett$ w$ge w\ld t5d to spr+ out r ?an ex]t a lat]al =ce on ! /one4 ,9 ! only case :]e ,i h se5 wett$ w$ges us$ 7exp]im5tally on lime/one71 ! w$ge-slots 7 cut ) p>allel walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,typical w$ge-slots4 #a ,9 "s cases a f]rug9\s 787 /ratum 9 ! granite has decompos$ ! rock ) an appe>ance ( its hav+ be5 burnt4 ,long exposure ( ! rock also rots x to a consid]able dep?1 b 9 ! majority ( cases :]e ! rock has be5 remov$ )\t w$ges or *isels1 nei!r ( ! above causes c h any?+ to d ) x4 #b ,an exam9ation ( ! w$g+-(f ( blocks 9 ! qu>ries ab\t ,aswn %ews t (t5 ! w$ges h act$ p]fectly1 b ! block has n be5 remov$4 ,a cr[b> act+ 9 ea* slot w\ld be ample to remove mo/ ( ^!4 ,c x be t ! cr[b> or jemmy ( metal 0 n kn[n8 ,assum+1 !n1 t hamm]$ metal w$ges 7 us$ & n wood5 w$ges made to exp& by ! action ( wat]1 x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! plug-&-fea!r me?od1 su* z is us$ to-day1 0 employ$1 or :e!r ! metal w$ges engag$ ) ! /one )\t ! ?9 %eets ( metal on ei!r side :i* we n[ call #8fea!rs'4 ,! advantages ( ! plug-&-fea!r me?od are t x r$uces ! wid? ( ! slot at ! top1 leav+ x wid] bel[ & h5ce to a l>ge ext5t prev5t+ ! %>p edge ( ! w$ge f t\*+ ! bottom ( ! w$ge-slot1 & t1 s9ce ! faces ( ! fea!rs are smoo?1 x t5ds to #e obta9 ! maximum advantage ( ! lat]al =ce ex]t$ by ! w$ge 9 ! mo/ ev5ly di/ribut$ way & ) a m9imum ( friction4 ,n[ ne>ly all ! anci5t w$ge-slots appe> p]fectly smoo? inside--j z if !y _h be5 poli%$4 ,?is w\ld be a disadvantage 9 us+ fea!rs1 z !re w\ld be a great] t5d5cy = !m to jump out at ! fir/ bl[4 ,no?+ seems to be ga9$ by poli%+4 ,p]sonally ,i fav\r ! assumption t ! ,egyptians us$ ! plug-&-fea!r1 b ! "q is be/ left op5 = ! pres5t = lack ( conclusive evid5ce4 ,photographs ( two iron w$ges f ! ,ramesseum are giv5 9 ,,petrie1 ,tools & ,weapons1 plate ,,xiii1 ,b #af1 #ag4 ,!y appe> to date to ab\t #hjj ,b4 ,c4 ,fea!rs1 ( unkn[n date1 b probably late1 are giv5 9 ! same volume on plate ,,xiii1 ,b #bb1 #bc4 ,x is a b>e possibility t ! smoo?ness ( ! sides ( ! w$ge-slots is due to ! fact t ! slots 7 made )\t *isels1 su* z by scrap+ ! granite ) em]y-/one1 or t aft] !y _h be5 r\gh$-out by *isels !y 7 f9i%$ by ?is means4 ,sometimes1 along a crack1 enorm\s w$ges 7 us$1 ! l>ge/ ,i notic$ be+ #j m4 #be c5t4 long1 spac$ "o metre ap>t4 ,9 any case ! l>g5ess ( ! w$ges leads u to suppose t ! ,egyptians mu/ h _h l>ge hamm]s4 ,i d n ?9k t ! sl$ge-hamm]1 su* z we use to-day1 0 kn[n to ! ,egyptians1 ?\gh mallets 7 common4 ,i believe x likely t heavy ramm]s1 us$ v]tically by m ?an "o man1 mu/ h be5 us$ to make ^! w$ges act4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,fir? has po9t$ out to me a black granite hamm] f\nd at ,saqqrah1 n[ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,?\gh ?is example is ( ! ,old ,k+dom1 x seems q likely t a simil> hamm] 0 us$ = driv+ 9 ! w$ges4 ,a photograph ( ! hamm] is %ewn 9 plate ,,iv1 no4 #b4 ,to-day ! qu>rym5 use v small fat /eel pun*es 9 conjunction ) a sl$ge-hamm]4 ,"s l>ge w$ge-m>ks are se5 9 plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 at ! top ( ! picture4 7#e7 ,x seems t ! int5tion ( ! ,egyptians 0 to leave ! nor? wall ( ! nor? tr5* at a level slightly above t ( ! obelisk4 ,! exceptions to ?is are ! w$g$-out block se5 on plates ,i & ,,ii1 no4 #b at ,a1 & ! 7n[7 entrance to ! bottom ( ! nor? tr5* at ,b4 ,i believe ^! blocks to h be5 remov$ at a date lat] ?an t ( ! obelisk2 ! block ,a has be5 w$g$ out by a long *annel in/ead ( sep>ate slots1 :ile at ,b x is obvi\s t /one has be5 remov$ = build+1 s9ce ! inn] face has be5 *isel-dress$4 ,ne> "h1 too1 ,i f\nd a block conta9+ a #8jump$' hole black5$ by gunp[d]4 ,_h ! anci5ts wi%$ to remove ! tr5* wall at ,b1 !re is a crack runn+ along x p>allel to ! gr\nd1 :i* w\ld make its removal an easy matt] by burn+ f ! outside#c4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! nor? wall ( ! nor? tr5* 0 int5tionally left2 ! probable reasons are discuss$ 9 section #bc4 ,x w be notic$1 9 plate ,,ii1 t ! top ( ?is wall has be5 r\ghly hamm]-dress$ ne> ! butt1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t ne> ! pyramidion4 ,h[ f> x 0 int5d$ to r$uce ! s\? wall ( ! s\? tr5* is n c]ta92 x dep5ds on ! me?od to be us$ 9 gett+ ! obelisk out ( ! qu>ry1 & is dealt ) 9 sections #ba-bc4 ,!re are indications t x 0 to be r$uc$ to a consid]able ext5t4 #f #c ,!re is n a trace ( burn+ )9 #f feet ( ! obelisk4 7#f7 ,at int]vals 9 ! tr5* ar\nd ! obelisk !re are traces ( squ>i% holes1 g5]ally go+ d[n to ab\t ! level at :i* ! bottom ( ! obelisk 0 to be4 ,^! are se5 m cle>ly 9 ! s\? tr5* ?an 9 ! nor?1 & c 9 "s cases be trac$ up ! side ( ! obelisk itself4 ,besides ^! !re are ! deep holes se5 at ,c & ,d on plate ,i4 ,i believe t ! holes ,c & ,d 7 made at ! v comm5cem5t ( ! "w to /udy ! quality ( ! granite4 ,! holes along ! tr5* seem to h be5 made ) ! same purpose1 & z a means ( sett+ out ! p]imet] ( ! obelisk4 ,!re are indications t !y 7 made :5 ! removal ( ! top lay]s ( rock 7 /ill 9 progress4 7#g7 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! "w on ?is obelisk1 cracks & fissures seem to h giv5 a great deal ( tr\ble & anxiety4 ,?\gh p>t+ fairly ev5ly "u ! action ( w$ges1 ! natural fissures ( granite are mo/ erratic2 a small crack at "o level or position may1 9 a c\ple ( metres1 become a fissure into :i* "o c ins]t ! blade ( a knife1 & conv]sely1 a fissure traceable = #e metres w sudd5ly disappe>4 ,h5ce e fissure or crack1 z x appe>$1 _h to be rigor\sly exam9$1 to see its probable effect on ! obelisk :5 complet$4 ,! exam9ation seems to h be5 made 9 ?ree ways1 :i* ,i believe to h be5 ( two dates4 ,! orig9al work]s me?od 0 to hamm] out a depression by means ( a sph]ical ball ( ab\t #ab lbs4 weight1 ( a v t\gh gre5i%-black /one 7section #ac71 until ! fissure ei!r disappe>$ or became l>g]4 ,^! exam9ation hamm]+s c be se5 9 plate ,i at j1 k1 n1 & p1 n be+ also se5 9 ! photos on plate ,,ii no4 #b & plate ,,iii no4 #a4 ,9 ! depression1 sometimes at "o place & sometimes at two1 a small fillet 0 left at ! level ( ! face ( ! obelisk1 & app>5tly poli%$2 ! object seems to h be5 to comp>e ! /ate at ! surface ) t at ! bottom ( ! depression4 ,! second me?od 0 to *isel out a n>r[ *annel "r along ! crack & to poli% x4 ,9 "s cases1 z at ! end ( fissure i on plate ,i1 ! ?ree r$ l9es1 drawn to guide ! /one-cutt]1 c be cle>ly se5 at ! end ( ! *annel4 ,x seems likely t ! *annel me?od 0 t us$ by ! lat] work]s :o exam9$ ! obelisk z to ! possibility ( extract+ a small] "o f x1 z ! *annels are only f\nd 9 ! p>ts )9 ! area ( ! small] obelisk 7section #aj74 ,i ?9k t ! *annels 7 cut ov] discol\rations & sup]ficial flaws1 recognis$ z su* & left by ! orig9al workm54 ,! /atem5t made by ,b>b]1 9 8 ,! ,me*anical ,triumphs ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 t ! grooves are made at "s lat] date ) ! int5tion ( cutt+ up ! obelisk1 is impossible1 z two 7h & i1 plate ,i7 run transv]sely across ! obelisk1 :]e all ! w$g+ & cutt+ 9 ! _w w\ld n "p ! /one4 ,! l9e ( small pun*-holes at ,h1 h[ev]1 0 und\bt$ly made 9 mod]n or m$ival times to extract a block f ! side ( ! obelisk1 & x is a m>vel t ! obelisk has n be5 us$ z a qu>ry ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,! ?ird me?od 0 to cut ) a *isel oblong holes1 tap]+ %>ply inw>ds1 on ! crack to be exam9$4 ,x is possible t ?is 0 ! "w ( ! orig9al p>ty1 done 9 ha/e on ! occasion ( an inspection4 ,?is me?od is se5 at ! base ( ! pyramidion on plate ,i4 ,! mo/ s]i\s flaws 9 ! obelisk are ^? lett]$ a1 b1 c1 d1 k1 m1 o & p2 any "o ( ^! w\ld give "o s]i\sly to ?9k z to ! advisability ( ab&on+ ! "w =?)4 #g ,fissure a meets fissure b & settles1 once & = all1 t ! pyramidion mu/ be set back at lea/ half a metre4 ,fissure c is ev5 m radical4 ,fissures d1 e & f all seem to h connection ) "o ano!r & make a consid]able r$uction 9 wid? necess>y2 ^? betwe5 k & m c>ry a simil> w>n+ on ! s\? side1 :ile m & o necessitate %ort5+ ! obelisk f ! butt end4 ,! la/ fissure completely sep>ates ! corn] ( ! obelisk f ! re/4 ,x might well be ask$3 ,:y 0 ! "w cont9u$ s long aft] su* bad fissures _h be5 discov]$8 ,! answ] may be t none ( ^! fissures appe>$ to be s]i\s1 ev5 a %ort di/ance above ! pres5t level ( ! face ( ! obelisk4 ,! nor? & s\? tr5*es d n give evid5ce t ! granite 0 9 a bad /ate1 except at ab1 l1 o & p4 ,x is likely t ! black l9e 1 drawn across ! base ( ! obelisk to %ort5 x by ov] #b metres1 0 made by ! orig9al work]s2 ?is is indicat$ by ! fact t1 bel[ ?is l9e1 ! hamm]-dress+ has be5 left 9 a r\gh] /ate ?an t on ! rema9d] ( ! face ( ! obelisk2 fur!r1 ! tr5*1 :i* 0 int5d$ to sep>ate ! base ( ! obelisk1 0 ab&on$ e>li] ?an ^? on ! nor? & s\? sides1 probably z soon z ! fissures %ew$ !mselves to be deep4 ,!re is a curi\s fissure 9 ! hole ,f on plate ,i :i* runs d[nw>ds & slightly inw>ds to ! obelisk4 ,l fissures k to m1 x w\ld ( itself necessitate a r$uction 9 ! orig9al wid?4 ,x appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 t ?is is ! beg9n+ ( und]cutt+ ! obelisk1 b x is n at ! level at :i* ?is w\ld be comm5c$4 7#h7 ,x w\ld n be out ( place1 p]haps1 to speculate = a mom5t on ! me?od ( obta9+ a flat surface along ! upp] face ( ! obelisk4 ,i ?9k ! me?od us$ 0 by means ( bon+ rods--! me?od us$ to-day4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? n acqua9t$ ) _! use1 a brief description w suffice4 ,bon+ rods are a set ( equal1 usually ,t-%ap$ pieces ( wood4 ,"o is held upright at ea* end ( ! surface :i* x requir$ to /raight54 ,a man /&+ at ei!r end1 if he sight along ! top ( ^! bon+ rods1 c see if a ?ird bon+ rod1 plac$ any:]e betwe5 !m1 is above or bel[ ! l9e jo9+ !m4 ,?us ! surface c be te/$ any:]e along ! obelisk until x is made to slope ev5ly d[n along its :ole l5g?4 ,bon+ rods = dress+ mod]ately l>ge blocks ( /one are %ewn 9 ,,petrie1 ,tools & ,weapons1 plate ,,xlix1 ,b #dd-df4 ,^! measure only ab\t #c in*es high & _! tops 7 connect$ by a cord4 ,9 ! case ( an obelisk1 ! cord w\ld be useless ow+ to ! sag1 s x seems probable t ! sight+ me?od describ$ above 0 t employ$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,9 ! sett+ out ( ! obelisk1 no all[ance is made = ! slight convexity or entasis1 9 a longitud9al & transv]se s5se1 :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 mo/ ( ! kn[n obelisks4 ,if !re 0 to be a convexity1 x 0 made at a lat] /age#d4 #h #d ,x w be notic$ 9 plate ,i1 nos4 #b & #c1 t ! slight convexity across ! obelisk se5 9 "s places1 does n ext5d ! :ole l5g?1 nei!r is x ev5 z reg>ds ei!r edge4 7#i7 ,:5 ! face ( ! obelisk _h be5 made fairly flat by hamm]-dress+1 l9es 7 scrat*$ on x ) a *isel1 & fill$ 9 ) black pa9t4 ,! rema9s ( ! l9es = ! orig9al s*eme are cle>ly traceable4 ,^! are %ewn on plate ,i1 & 4 ,h[ mu* r$uction 0 all[$ = z reg>ds ! f9al dress+ & poli%+1 we d n "k2 x 0 probably only ! matt] ( a c\ple ( c5timetres4 ,at ! we/ end ( ! s\? tr5* ! r$uction ( ! side ( ! obelisk to ! guide l9e has be5 begun4 ,?is c be se5 at ,j to ,k on plate ,i4 ,x n[ =ms a k9d ( bevel &1 z f> z x ext5ds1 oblit]ates ! v]tical m>k+s on ! wall ( ! tr5*4 ,on ! ea/ end ( ! nor? tr5* ! tr5* itself has be5 mov$ inw>ds1 f ,g to ,h1 to be ne>] ! guide-l9e4 ,! reason may ei!r be t ! work]s f\nd !mselves too f> f ! guide-l9e1 or t ! guide-l9e 0 *ang$ dur+ ! progress ( ! "w1 p]haps ?r\gh fe> ( a fissure4 ,be=e ! orig9al work]s ab&on$ _! "w !y seem to h made sev]al attempts to set out a slightly r$uc$ obelisk1 :i* w\ld avoid all s]i\s cracks by r$uc+ ! l5g? & ?ickness ( ! orig9al design4 ,?is is se5 9 ! l9es & ! transv]se l9es 4 ,! la/ f\r l9es are s fa9t t !y c only be se5 j aft] sunrise or be=e sunset1 & x is n cle> ) :i* ( ! longitud9al l9es !y connect4 ,on ! s\? side ! l9es are q cle>1 b on ! nor? side !re seem to h be5 m l9es ev5 ?an ^? %ewn on plate ,i4 ,^! l9es 1 d n lie at equal di/ances f ei!r ( ! two c5tre l9es & 4 ,!re is no d\bt 9 my m9d t ! orig9al obelisk 0 to h _h a /raight-edg$ pyramidion1 z ! r\gh edge ( ! b\nd>y tr5* lies ev5ly on ei!r side ( ! c5tre l9e 4 7#aj7 ,! outl9e = ano!r1 & mo/ probably lat]1 obelisk is set out on a new c5tre l9e 1 & keeps closely to ! nor? edge ( ! orig9al design1 avoid+ ! s]ies ( fissures on ! s\?4 ,j be=e sunset1 ! t5tative outl9es = ! curv$ pyramidion c be trac$2 plate ,,iii1 no4 #c1 tak5 at t "t1 %ews ^! l9es4 ,9 ?is1 ! "r-h& curve appe>s to engage ) a l9e to ! nor? ( t engag$ by ! curve next to x2 ?is is only an effect ( light & !y really engage z %ewn on plate ,i4 ,i h outl9$ ! orig9al design & ! lat] s*eme1 9 r$4 ,?\gh ! l9es sett+ out ^! obelisks are easily traceable1 ! col\r+ is m9e1 & is only int5d$ to %ew up ! l9es m cle>ly4 ,s9ce !re are "s actual r$ l9es on ! obelisk1 ano!r col\r w\ld h be5 pref]able2 consid]ations ( co/ 9 pr9t+ h limit$ ! plate to two col\rs4 ,9 outl9+ ! lat] design 9 r$1 ,i h *os5 ! l>g] pyramidion1 z ! %ape decid$ on4 ,!re is no pro( ( ?is1 b ! proportions are1 to me1 m effective1 & !re is no reason = ab&on+ ! odd metre ( diff]5ce1 z ! /one "h is p]fectly s\nd4 ,tak+ ! long] pyramidion1 we h ! foll[+ dim5sions = ! obelisk3 metres4 ,total l5g? #cb4aj ,pyramidion height #e4ca ,pyramidion base #b4jb ,obelisk base #c4ae #i 7#aa7 ,i _h int5d$ to give a diagram ( ! bett]-kn[n obelisks sup]impos$4 ,i f\nd x1 h[ev]1 almo/ impossible to get ! sides ( ! obelisks di/9ct "o f ano!r )\t mak+ ! scale inconv5i5tly l>ge4 ,i give1 !re=e1 a table %ew+ ! pr9cipal dim5sions ( t5 examples4 ,^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk are scal$ (f photographs1 mak+ slight all[ances = =e%ort5+4 ,,base ,,pyramidion ,,pyramidion ,,total ,,tap] ,,weight ,,obelisk4 7,,metres74 ,,base4 ,,height4 ,,height4 #a ,,9 7,,9 ,,tons ,,engli%7 ,aswn #d4bj #b4ej #d4ej #da4ge #bd4c #aafh ,aswn 7lat] project7 #c4ae #b4jb #e4ca #cb4aj #bc4g #ejg ,lat]an #b4hg #a4ij99 #d4ej99 #cb4ae #cj4g #deee at%epswet #b4dj #a4gh #b4if #bi4ej #db4h #cbc ,vatican #b4fi #a4hj #a4cd #be4ca #bf4i #cca ,p>is #b4db #a4ed #a4id #bb4hd #bc4g #bbg ,london & ,new ,york #b4cg #a4fc99 #a4fe99 #ba4ah #cj4e #aicf ,maarieh #a4ij #a4bc99 #b4jj99 #bj4db #bg4e #abae ,tu?msis ,i/ #b4ae #a4dj99 #b4ci99 #ai4fj #bd4b #adc #e ,aft] ,gorr+e4 #f ,av]age1 aft] ,gorr+e4 ,x w be se5 h[ close ! measurem5ts ( ! ,aswn modifi$ s*eme are to ^? ( ! ,lat]an obelisk4 ,except = ! height & base1 ,i h _h to scale ! latt] (f a photograph1 s ! resemblance may be ev5 clos]4 ,x is also p]haps m ?an a co9cid5ce t ! base ( ! lat] project is ! same z t ( ! obelisk fragm5t be=e ,pylon ,,vii at ,k>nak1 namely #c4ae metres4 ,legra91 writ+ 9 ! ,annales du ,s]vice1 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #aa & #ab1 rem>ks1 ab\t ?is ,pylon ,,vii obelisk3 8,l'oblisque d',hat%opsit\ mesure #bi m4 #ej c5t4 de hauteur et #b m4 #dj c5t4 la base4 ,si n\s admettons des proportions semblables p\r deux monum5ts contempora9s1 la base de l'oblisque de ,?\tmsis ,,iii au ,,viie pylne tant #c m4 #ae c5t4-#c m4 #aj c5t41 n\s arrivons au *iffre approximatif de #cg m4 #gg c5t4 comme hauteur de l'oblisque de ,?\tmsis ,,iii dont n\s avons retr\v les fragm5ts cette anne devant la face sud du ,,viie pylne4 7,footnote73 ,j'ai pris comme base de ce calcul hypo?tique 7#bi4ej #c4ae7_/b4df en comptant sur la plus gr&e l>geur de la base1 qui1 dans l'antiquit1 se voyait le mieux40 ,?is ye>1 a fragm5t ( ! companion 7or p]haps ! same7 obelisk has be5 f\nd1 :i* j rea*es up to ! word+ ( ! ,horus "n ( ! k+--t is to )9 a c\ple ( metres ( ! base ( ! pyramidion4 ,al?\gh only "o edge rema9s1 ,i f\nd t1 by measur+ f ! c5tre ( ! v]tical l9es flank+ ! inscription1 t ! di/ance to ! edge 0 #a4jd metre1 mak+ ! wid? "h #b4jh metres1 :i* is almo/ exactly t ( ! outl9e on ! ,aswn obelisk4 ,legra91 9 e/imat+ ! height ( ! obelisk be=e ,pylon ,,vii1 assumes t ! tap] 0 ! same z t ( ! obelisks ( at%epswet1 b1 f ! table above1 x w be se5 t ! tap] ( h] obelisks is exceptionally small1 s 8 e/imate is likely to err on ! l>ge side4 ,! outl9e on ! ,aswn #aj obelisk may !re=e be ei!r = :at is n[ ! ,lat]an obelisk1 or ^? ( ,pylon ,,vii2 !re is no evid5ce to %ew = :i* x 0 int5d$4 ,x is likely t ! lat] s*eme 01 9 its turn1 ab&on$ f fe> t ! granite 0 n s\nd1 especially ne> fissure p4 ,9 any case1 ! r$uction ( ! l>ge obelisk to obta9 a small] "o w\ld be a piece ( "w almo/ comp>able to />t+ ! "w ov] aga9 on a new site1 :]e ! rock 0 likely to be ( bett] quality4 #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,tr5*4 7#ab7 ,! tr5* surr\nd+ ! obelisk1 by means ( :i* x 0 int5d$ to sep>ate x f ! surr\nd+ rock1 is ( mo/ peculi> =m1 ! effect be+ a s]ies ( p>allel & equidi/ant v]tical cuts1 z if x _h be5 made by a gigantic *eese-scoop4 ,plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 %ews ! /ructure ( ! sides & bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,its wid? av]ages #ge c5t41 & its dep? ab\t two-?irds t necess>y to extract an obelisk ( squ>e section4 ,d[n ! division betwe5 ea* concave 8cut0 a r$ l9e 0 drawn1 x appe>s1 by a plumb-bob ) its /r+ dipp$ 9 o*re 7section #dd74 ,^! l9es are n cont9u\s1 b h be5 project$ d[n f "t to "t z ! level ( ! "w became l[]4 ,! av]age di/ance betwe5 ! v]tical r$ l9es is #bi4i cm41 !re be+ v little v>iation betwe5 examples4 ,^! appe> to be feet1 & ! unit ! d\ble-foot4 ,?is is discuss$ 9 section #ah4 ,x w be notic$ 9 plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 t di/9ct horizontal m>ks are visible along ! wall p>allel to ! bottom ( ! tr5*2 ^! %ew h[ uni=mly ! "w 0 kept at ! same level4 ,! aspect ( ! bottom ( ! tr5* is s well %ewn z n to ne$ a description4 ,:5 ! :ole tr5* is exam9$1 ! divisions across ! bottom ( ! tr5* seem to run 9 pairs2 x is difficult to def9e :]e ! resemblance betwe5 ea* pair lies1 b x is v cle>1 & ,i notic$ x almo/ z soon z ,i began "w4 ,a cle>] feature is ! division betwe5 ! depressions at ! bottom ( ! tr5* sep>at+ ea* into a nor? & a s\? half1 %ew+ t ! "w 0 done f ea* side ( ! tr5* alt]nately4 ,at irregul> int]vals1 & n p>allel ei!r to ! top ( ! obelisk or to ea* o!r1 are r$ & black l9es4 ,!y occur all ov] ! walls ( bo? tr5*es & on ! sides ( ! obelisk itself4 ,on plate ,i1 no4 #f1 ,i give a diagram ( ! l9es on ! rock face ,u ,v1 :]e !y are cle>e/ & mo/ num]\s4 ,! only explanation ,i c give = !m is t !y are m]ely l9es f :i* to measure f "t to "t ! dep? to :i* ! tr5* _h rea*$4 ,a feature ( ! surr\nd+ tr5* is t !re are no corn]s--ev]y?+ is r\nd$2 nei!r are !re any traces ( ! m>ks ( w$ges1 :i* are q unmi/akable 7see plate ,,iii1 no4 #b72 besides1 x is n practicable to use a w$ge unless "o has to remove a "p f ! side ( ! p>5t rock4 ,*isels also leave sure traces2 examples ( f9e po9t+ are se5 9 plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 & r\gh dress+ on plate ,,iii1 no4 #d 7:i* 0 tak5 9 ! qu>ries ( ,%elll74 ,!re are no traces ( *isel-"w 9 ! tr5* at all1 & n a trace ( any copp] implem5t 0 f\nd dur+ ! cle>ance ( ! obelisk4 ,we are !re=e =c$ to ! conclusion t ! l>ge balls ( t\gh gre5i%-black /one1 f\nd 9 su* pr(usion r\nd ! obelisk & all qu>ry "w at ,aswn1 mu/ h be5 ! tools employ$4 #ab 7#ac7 ,^! /ones1 :i* ,i propose to call #8p\nd]s'1 are ne>ly sph]ical1 & v>y betwe5 #h & #ac in*es 9 diamet]1 _! weights rang+ betwe5 #i & #ae p\nds4 ,on assembl+ a l>ge numb] ( !m & exam9+ !m closely1 x is se5 t ne>ly e "o ( !m has "o1 & (t5 sev]al1 br[ni%-r$ /a9s1 :i* are nev] se5 on ! inside :5 a ball is brok54 ,! balls are ( almo/ natural =mation1 & %ap$ by ! action ( wat] dur+ ! ages1 ! /a9s be+ at ! "p :]e ! block t\*$ ! p>5t rock be=e be+ wa%$ out4 ,! /a9s are caus$ by fissures 9 ! orig9al rock1 :i* all[$ ! wat] to ent]1 decompos+ ! surfaces4 ,!y consi/ ( f]ric oxides f ! f]r\s silicates4 ,i h buri$ "s hundr$s ( ^! p\nd]s "u ! we/ reta9+-wall & else:]e1 z ev5 _! weight did n prev5t !m f be+ c>ri$ (f freely by s\v5ir-hunt]s4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,fir? has giv5 me "s /one *isels f ! di/rict ( ,wady ,alaqi1 9 ,nubia1 = comp>ison ) ! p\nd]s us$ on ! obelisk4 ,he tells me t r\nd$ /ones ( simil> appe>ance to ! p\nd]s may be se5 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! wadys ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t bo? above & bel[ ,aswn4 ,i took "s pieces ( p\nd]s1 toge!r ) ! *isels1 to ! ,geological ,museum1 ,cairo1 :]e !y 7 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,hume & ,hassan ,eff4 ,sadek1 :o h k9dly furni%$ me ) ! foll[+ report3 #8,x has be5 conclud$ 7z ! results ( ! exam9ation support$ by specific gravity det]m9ations made 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,analytical ,laboratory71 t ! /one f :i* ! *isels 7 made 0 a diorite1 ! specific gravity v>y+ f #b4ge to #b4hg4 ,! p\nd]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are compos$ ( dol]ite1 :i* is a m basic rock ?an ! diorite1 ) a specific gravity ( #b4ic to #c4je4 ,?\gh rocks ( ?is nature are pres5t 9 ! ,aswn ,cat>act region 7see ,j4 ,,ball1 ,fir/ or ,aswan ,cat>act1 pp4 #gi & #hf71 x is q conceivable t ! mat]ial = ^! implem5ts has come f o!r localities4 ,rocks ( ?is type ab\nd 9 ! ,second ,cat>act at ,wady ,halfa & h be5 us$ z p\nd]s 9 _m gold-m9+ localities ( ! ,ea/]n ,des]t1 su* z ! ,b>amia ,m9e :]e !y are ( wide di/ribution4' ,my own exam9ation ( ! ,aswn qu>ries has n reveal$ /one ( precisely ! same quality z t ( ! p\nd]s1 & 9 s f> t5ds to support ! idea t ! mat]ial = *isels & p\nd]s is d]iv$ f "s o!r region4 ,! we> on ! p\nd]s is n di/ribut$ ev5ly ov] ! :ole surface--:i* w\ld be expect$ if !y _h be5 us$ entirely by h&--b appe>s 9 pat*es1 %ew+ t ! p\nd]s 7 us$ 9 "o position until ! bruis+ surface 9 use _h become flat1 & !re=e useless4 ,:5 a p\nd] is newly us$1 ! bruis+ surface ne>ly always is f\nd at a po9t directly opposite to ! /a91 possibly z !re is always a slight flatt5+ !re4 ,9 v _m cases ! p\nd] _h be5 brok5 by ! great =ce ( ! bl[s deliv]$ ) x4 ,i _c believe t a man1 us+ "o ( ^! by h&1 c\ld break x1 z ! only way ,i succe$$ 9 do+ s 0 by hurl+ "o d[n f a height ( ab\t #cj feet on to a pile ( o!rs1 & !n only aft] repeat$ attempts4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t ! face ( ! granite 0 dress$ by means ( ^! p\nd]s1 b ,i h n he>d ( _! use be+ sugge/$ = excavat+ a tr5* 9 x4 ,!re are _m examples ( monum5ts1 p>tly p\nd$ out1 n[ ly+ 9 ! qu>ries ( #ac ,aswn & ,%elll4 ,plate ,,iv1 no4 #c1 %ews an example :]e1 app>5tly1 ! lid ( a s>cophagus is be+ %ap$ by ?is means4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ mu* headway c be made by h& on ?is k9d ( "w1 ,i tri$1 on ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 to see h[ mu* ,i c\ld remove by h& p\nd+4 ,i f\nd t1 aft] an h\r's h>d "w1 ,i _h extract$ ab\t five millimetres (f ! surface ( ! foot half-tr5*-wid? area4 ,) practice ,i c\ld p]haps h done m4 ,i notic$ t1 if ,i ?rew ! p\nd] d[n & caught x on ! reb\nd1 ! granite broke up at a mu* great] rate2 b to d ?is z a regul> ?+ w\ld c]ta9ly result 9 an accid5t1 z occasionally ! p\nd] reb\nds at v unexpect$ angles4 ,i am c]ta9 t !y 7 n us$ entirely by h& 9 ! regul> "w ( cutt+ out ! tr5*1 z ! "w w\ld g v sl[ly inde$1 &1 :i* is m to ! po9t1 x w\ld n h ! same regul> appe>ance t x has4 ,!re is no d\bt t v p[]ful bl[s 7 /ruck v]tically d[nw>ds1 sometimes ) su* =ce z to split ! dol]ite p\nd]s into fragm5ts4 ,! only conclusion ,i c come to is t ! p\nd]s 7 atta*$ to ramm]s1 & work$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! mod]n m9dlah1 z ! ,egyptians call x1 & ) :i* !y are v famili>4 ,by ?is means two or m m5 c\ld "w f ! top ( ! tr5*1 :ile ! ?ird1 work+ bel[1 held ! bottom ( ! ramm] & direct$ ! bl[s4 ,z to h[ ! ramm]s 7 atta*$ to ! p\nd]s--if su* 7 inde$ us$--,i am unc]ta94 ,x may h be5 done by hav+ ! base ( ! ramm] made slightly concave1 possibly b\nd ) metal to prev5t splay+1 ! p\nd] be+ held up 9 its place by a metal 7iron87 r+1 suffici5tly l>ge to expose en\gh bruis+ surface1 b n l>ge en\gh to let ! p\nd] slip ?r\gh or to scrape aga9/ ! side ( ! tr5*4 ,! r+ w\ld be held up by two metal b&s or hide ?ongs atta*$ to ! body ( ! ramm]4 ,ano!r me?od ( atta*+ ! p\nd]s w\ld be by a lea!r /rap1 ) a hole j small en\gh to keep ! ball f slipp+ ?r\gh4 7#ad7 ,x might well be ask$ :y !y did n make flat surfaces = ! ramm] to be> on1 & ) "s m conv5i5t means ( atta*m5t4 ,! explanation is t once ! bruis+ "p ( ! p\nd] _h worn flat1 x 0 ( no fur!r use1 & a new "p _h to be select$2 besides1 ! sph]ical p\nd]s are ( natural occurr5ce1 & _! great t\ghness w\ld make any %ap+ a difficult process4 ,!re are signs t ! local basalt1 & ev5 ! granite1 7 sometimes us$1 app>5tly )\t mu* success1 z !y are f> inf]ior to ! dol]ite 9 t\ghness4 ,s9ce ! p\nd]s 7 import$1 a c]ta9 economy 0 ess5tial 9 mak+ ! maximum use ( !m be=e disc>d+#g4 #g ,h& p\nd+ also mu/ h be5 l>gely us$ = ! face dress+1 = exam9ation ( fissures1 & possibly = und]cutt+4 ,"s q small h&-p\nd]s 7 also f\nd2 ^! _h no /a9 on !m4 ,! p\nd+ out ( ! tr5* has consid]able advantages ov] o!r possible me?ods2 ^! may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7a7 ,x is em95tly suit$ to unskill$ lab\r4 7b7 ,! tools are durable1 n easily lo/ & n liable to be /ol54 #ad 7c7 ,simultane\s rhy?mic lab\r--s popul> ) ! anci5t & mod]n ,egyptian--c\ld be organiz$4 ,! bottom ( ! tr5* gives a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation z to h[ ! lab\r 0 arrang$4 ,to "w ! maximum numb] ( m51 ) ! m9imum *ances ( "o int]f]+ ) ! o!r1 seems to me to be = ea* man to h two #8feet' m>k$ out = him along ! tr5*4 ,squatt+ ) 8 back to ! obelisk1 he work$ on1 say1 ! "r #8foot' ( 8 task1 putt+ 8 #8spoil' on to ! left #8foot'4 7,h&+ x up w\ld be a great wa/e ( "t1 & n remov+ x con/antly w\ld r$uce ! bruis+ =ce ( ! bl[s almo/ to nil47 ,ea* man dur+ ! spell1 be x ( days or weeks1 sits ) 8 back to ! obelisk & works on 8 "r #8foot'4 ,! next spell is on ! same #8foot' b ea* man works fac+ ! obelisk1 & ! process is repeat$ 9 exactly ! same way = ! two halves ( ! left #8foot' ( _! tasks4 ,a glance at plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 w %ew h[ likely ?is arrangem5t is1 z !re is j room = a man to squat com=tably1 & !re is always ! space ( a #8foot' betwe5 him & 8 neighb\r4 ,! m5 at ! top ( ! tr5*1 if ramm]s 7 us$1 w\ld be r cr[d$1 b n impossibly s4 ,! av]age wid? ( ! tr5* is ab\t #j m4 #ge c5t42 ! "w may h be5 measur$ tak+ into acc\nt a m9imum wid?1 b ?is is n necess>ily ! case1 z 9 c]ta9 places1 ! wid? ( ! tr5* gets small] & small] z x gets deep]1 & !n sudd5ly op5s out aga94 ,9 any case ,i imag9e t ! workm5 w\ld f9d x false economy to n>r[ ! tr5* too mu*1 z ! cramp$ position w\ld make ! "w g m sl[ly4 ,i sugge/ t ! reason = ! occasional n>r[+s is t "o p>ty knew t _! spell 0 com+ to an end at a c]ta9 level1 & f9i%$ x quickly1 kn[+ t someone else _h to cont9ue ! deep5+4 ,x w be notic$ t ! top-dress+1 z se5 at ! pyramidion1 plate ,,iv1 no4 #a1 & ! butt-end ( ! obelisk1 is less regul> ?an ! p\nd+ "w 9 ! tr5*2 x seems t1 ) m space at _! disposal1 ! workm5 7 giv5 an area to p\nd1 & left to arrange _! me?od ( do+ x4 7#ae7 ,z to ! "t :i* w\ld h be5 tak5 to complete ! tr5*1 x is int]e/+ to get a r\gh approximation4 ,assum+ t1 ) ramm]s1 ! m5 c extract #h millimetres 9 an h\r 9 ea* qu>t] ( _! d\ble-foot task1 !n ! "t tak5 to complete ! tr5*1 ) an extra metre = und]cutt+1 w be t ( work+ x at its deepe/ "p1 t is to a dep? ( #d4b #a4j metre1 & w equal 7#d #e4b7_/74jjh #ab #cj7 mon?s ( twelve h\rs p] diem #g4bb mon?s4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( "t tak51 we might apply ?is calculation to ! obelisk ( at%epswet1 assum+ t x 0 deta*$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,"h ! deepe/ "p ( ! tr5* is #b4dj 4#ge metre#h2 !n ! "t tak5 w\ld h be53 7#d #c4ae7_/74jjh #ab #cj7 #d4d mon?s4 #ae #h ,s9ce ! obelisk is small]4 ,x is record$ by ! que5 t 8!y are ( "o block ( endur+ granite1 )\t seam or jo9+4 ,my ,maje/y exact$ "w !reon f ! ye> #ae1 ! fir/ ( ,ma*ir 7#f? mon?71 until ! ye> #af1 ! la/ ( ,mesore 7#ab? mon?71 mak+ sev5 mon?s ( exaction 9 ! m\nta940 ,all[+ = und]cutt+ & a c]ta9 am\nt ( top cle>ance1 our calculation seems )9 ! b\nds ( reason4 ,dur+ ! "w ( tr5*-p\nd+1 ! top-dress+1 embankm5t prep>+1 & cle>+ = ! exit ( ! obelisk w\ld be c>ri$ on4 #af ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,qu>ry-,,face4 7#af7 ,at ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ! obelisk !re is a k9d ( plat=m1 slop+ d[n s\?w>ds t[>ds a v]tical face ( rock4 ,plate ,,ii1 no4 #b1 %ews ! obelisk ) ! plat=m at ! "r1 & plate ,v1 nos4 #a & #b %ews ! rock face view$ f bel[ ! nor? side ( ! obelisk1 & f directly opposite x4 ,a detail$ draw+ ( ! m>k+s on ! qu>ry-face is giv5 on plate ,,vi4 ,! rock face is cross$ by ?ree black l9es1 lett]$ a1 b1 & c1 & "o r$ l9e d4 ,x w be se5 t ! /ructure ( ! face bel[ ! l9e c is simil> to t ( ! side ( ! obelisk tr5*2 ! int]vals1 too1 betwe5 ! v]tical m>k+s are almo/ exactly ! same1 namely #bi4h cm4 on ! qu>ry-face aga9/ #bi4i on ! tr5*4 ,x appe>s t1 above ! l9e c1 ! v]tical m>k+s made by ! p\nd+ h be5 hamm]$ out to a c]ta9 ext5t1 z if to use ! upp] half z a k9d ( blackbo>d4 ,!re is no d\bt t "s monum5t has be5 remov$ f be=e ?is qu>ry-face1 & x is r tempt+ to see1 9 ! l9es a & c1 ! levels ( ! top & bottom faces ( an obelisk1 ! l9e b be+ a c5tre l9e4 ,if ?is is s1 ! tap] is #a 9 #ag4e1 :i* is %>p] ?an ! kn[n l>ge obelisks 7see section #aa74 ,un=tunately1 ! me?od ( deta*+ ! monum5t1 :atev] x may h be51 is no long] traceable1 z a l>ge /ratum ( granite has be5 remov$1 almo/ c]ta9ly by burn+1 p]haps to make a control plat=m1 de/roy+ all traces ( ! orig9al b$ ( ! monum5t4 ,l9e c is v ne>ly level1 & bo? b & c are divid$ into #8feet' by %ort v]tical black l9es ea* 9 ! middle ( ! p\nd$ grooves4 ,! reason = ?is is n cle> to me4 ,! r$ l9e d is sep>at$ f ! black l9e c by "o d\ble obelisk-foot2 t is ! di/ances betwe5 ! l9es v>ies betwe5 #ei4g & #fj c5timetres4 ,! v]tical r$ l9es are n v accurately drawn1 b ! av]age di/ance betwe5 successive l9es is equal to ! d\ble-foot4 ,! horizontal r$ l9es above l9e d convey no mean+ to me1 nei!r d ! eyes or ! nef] on l9es b & c4 ,d[n ! c5tres ( ! r$ squ>es1 above ! l9e c1 run a s]ies ( curi\s *a9s 9 r$--n[ v fa9t--all ( :i* cut ! l9e d1 & "s ! l9e c4 ,! horizontal l9es on ^! *a9s are ne>ly ! same di/ance ap>t4 ,^? above ! l9e d are mu* m irregul>1 & look l two diff]5t measures sup]impos$1 ! l[] s]ies be+ simil> to ! *a9s betwe5 c & d2 !y are1 h[ev]1 s fa9t t x is only at e t ! beg9n+ ( ! jo9+ ( ! horizontal memb]s c be det]m9$4 ,i h numb]$ ! spaces betwe5 ! v]tical divisions ,i-,,xiii2 bel[ is a table giv+ ! levels 9 metres ( ea* horizontal l9e 9 e *a91 tak+ ! level ( l9e d z unity4 #ah ,i h n tak5 any measurem5t ne>] ?an half a c5timetre1 z ! l9es are ?ick] 9 "s places ?an t1 & ,i _c be sure ( a great] accuracy ow+ to ! fa9tness ( ! l9es4 7#ag7 ,,space 7,plate ,,vi74 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,,ix4 ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 4#je 4#jb 4#jb 4#je 4#ac 4#ab 4#ab 4#ae 4#ab 4#ae 4#ag 4#ai 4#bj 4#ba 4#bg 4#bh 4#bg 4#bf 4#cj 4#ca 4#cj 4#cj 4#cj 4#cc 4#cg 4#ce 4#ce 4#cf 4#da 4#dd 4#dh 4#de 4#dj 4#dd 4#dj 4#db 4#ch 4#eb 4#dg 4#ej 4#dh 4#ej 4#df ,upp] s]ies 4#eh 4#ee 4#ei 4#ee 4#ef 4#ee 4#eh 4#ec 4#fb 4#fb 4#fc 4#fj 4#fg 4#fee 4#fh 4#gj 4#gb 4#gd 4#gc 4#gg 4#gd 4#hb 4#hd 4#hi 4#ib 4#ga 787 787 787 4#gh 787 787 4#gh 787 787 787 4#hc 4#hd 4#hb 787 787 4#he 787 787 4#ha 4#hh 4#hie 4#hc 4#hi 4#ia 4#hi 4#ia 4#hf 4#ib 4#hg 4#hi 4#hh 4#ie 787 4#id 4#ie 4#ig 4#ie 787 4#ig 787 4#ii 4#id 4#if 4#ih #a4jc #a4jdea4jb #a4ja #a4jc #a4jj #a4jc #a4jc #a4jb #a4jd #a4jj #a4jc #a4jc #a4ji #a4aj #a4ji #a4jg #a4aj #a4jg #a4aa #a4jh #a4jh #a4aa #a4jg #a4aa #a4aj ,l[] s]ies #a4ae #a4af #a4ac #a4ae #a4ag #a4ad #a4ah #a4ae #a4ae #a4ag #a4ad #a4ag #a4ag #a4bb #a4bb #a4baea4ba #a4bd #a4ba #a4be #a4bc #a4bb #a4bd #a4ba #a4bd #a4bd #a4bgea4bi #a4bh #a4bh #a4cj #a4bh #a4cb #a4cj #a4bi #a4ca #a4bh #a4cb #a4ca #a4ce #a4cg #a4ce #a4ce #a4cgea4ce #a4ci #a4cf #a4cf #a4ch #a4ce #a4ci #a4ch #a4db #a4dbea4db #a4db #a4de #a4db #a4dg #a4dd #a4dc #a4de 787 #a4df #a4dg #a4di #a4ej #a4diea4di #a4eb #a4ej 787 #a4eg #a4eg #a4efea4ef #a4fd #a4fdea4fd ,sure int]vals #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aj #f #h #h #aa #g #h #i ,total l5g? ( int]vals 4#gf 4#ge 4#gf 4#gc 4#gd 4#fh 4#dd 4#ec 4#eg 4#gd 4#dh 4#eg 4#ff ,unit 4#jfi 4#jfh 4#jfi 4#jff 4#jfg 4#jfh 4#jgc 4#jff 4#jga 4#jfg 4#jfi 4#jga 4#jgc ,av]age unit = l[] s]ies 4#jfij m4 7#ah7 ,x is notewor?y1 9 ! l[] s]ies1 t ! horizontal l9es on ! *a9s are /epp$-up z we proce$ t[>ds ! "r2 ! upp] s]ies d n %ew ?is peculi>ity4 ,ano!r po9t is t 9 only "o case does "o ( ! m>ks co9cide ) ! r$ l9e c1 & nev] at all ) ! black l9e b2 _h ?is n be5 s "o w\ld imag9e t two sets ( measures 7 be+ comp>$4 #ai ,if we multiply up ! unit ( 4#jfi metre we get3 4#jfi 4#be 4#jagbe 4#jfi 4#e 4#jcde 4#jfi #a 4#jfi 4#jfi #b 4#ach 4#jfi #c 4#bjg 4#jfi #d 4#bgf 4#jfi #e 4#cde 4#jfi #f 4#dad 4#jfi #g 4#dhc 4#jfi #h 4#eeb 4#jfi #i 4#fba 4#jfi #aj 4#fij 4#jfi #aa 4#gei 4#jfi #ab 4#hbh ,x w be se5 f ?is t ! unit1 if x is a unit1 is n a factor ( ! royal ,egyptian cubit ( 4#ebe m41 nor ( ! small cubit ( 4#de m41 nei!r is x connect$ ) ! ,egyptian f+] ( 4#jahg m4 ,fur!r1 x be>s no relation to ! obelisk s+le- or d\ble-foot4 ,s9ce we h no in=mation z to :e!r ?is unit ( 4#jfi metre is a six?1 eigh?1 t5? or twelf? ( a foot or cubit1 x is r unwise to try to reconcile x ) ! kn[n ,egyptian units1 z1 ev5 dur+ ! same reign1 ! influx ( =eign measures & ! v>iations ( ! native measures w\ld enable u to f9d an equival5t to almo/ any unit t c\ld be imag9$4 ,i am aw>e t ,,dec\rdeman*e1 9 ! ,annales du ,s]vice1 volume ,,xii1 page #bae1 gives ! measure 4#jfibe z a palm ( ! 8lapid>y0 cubit ( 4#daee m41 b ,i place v little reliance on ?is cubit1 z x only expla9s ! dim5sions ( "o tomb measur$ by ,aml9eau at ,abydos1 & ?is tomb c be equally well r5d]$ 9 ! royal cubit sy/em4 ,! relation ( ! obelisk foot to ! royal ,egyptian cubit is se5 9 ! foll[+ table3 metres4 ,f+] 7#a7 4#jahg ,palm 7also #c in*es7 7#d7 4#jge ,common foot 7#af7 4#cjj ,common cubit 7#bd7 4#dej ,royal cubit 7#bh7 4#ebe ,x w be notic$ t ! actual measurem5ts ( ! obelisks1 bo? ! orig9al & ! lat] project1 v l>gely dep5d on ! royal ,egyptian cubit ( 4#ebe metre4 ,! height ( ! l>ge obelisk does n4 ,probably ! ord] 0 = z l>ge an obelisk z possible4 ,! dim5sions ( ev5 royal cubits are3 cubits4 ,base ( l>ge obelisk #h ,base to black l9e #d ,base ( lat] project #f ,height ( pyramidion ( lat] project #aj ,mo/ ( ! rema9+ measurem5ts1 except ! base ( ! pyramidion ( ! lat] project1 dep5d on ! rock r ?an on ! wi% ( ! design]s4 ,s9ce ! obelisk is /ill 9 a r\gh /ate ,i _c give _m accurate measurem5ts f :i* ! cubit c be f\nd precisely4 ,! two mo/ accurate measurem5ts are ! base ( ! orig9al obelisk & ! base #bj ( ! lat] project4 ,! =m] measures #d4bj or #h cubits ( 4#ebe m41 & ! latt] measures #c4ae or #f cubits ( 4#ebe m4 ,z to ! explanation ( ! scales on ! qu>ry-face1 ?\gh mu* is /ill obscure to me1 ,i believe ! l[] s]ies ( v]tical scales are ! records ( ! "w ( ! la/ %ift employ$ 9 cutt+ out ! tr5* by :i* ! monum5t 0 remov$1 & ! semi-effac$ s]ies on a high] level ! records ( prec$+ %ifts4 ,x seems likely t ! r$ *a9s are =tuit\s1 & d n repres5t any p>ticul> unit1 b m>k$ ! position ( ! tip ( a #c;cubit rod1 :5 /&+ on ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 ?us record+ ! dep? rea*$ by ea* p>ty ( workm5 at def9ite int]vals ( "t1 possibly aft] e two days' p\nd+4 7#ai7 ,at ! top1 & to ! "r ( ! upp] s]ies ( scales1 are v fa9t traces ( script4 ,!y seem to h be5 plac$ aga9/ ea* scale1 b v few c n[ be se54 ,i h tri$ to photograph !m ) special pan*romatic plates1 b )\t success2 ! mo/ ,i h be5 able to d is to exam9e !m 9 v>i\s lights1 :5 dry & :5 wett$1 & to make h& copies4 ,^! are %ewn 9 figures #b to #d1 & are f divisions ,,viii1 ,,ix & ,,xii respectively4 ,figure #e is an extra gr\p ( signs to ! left ( ! scale 9 division ,,viii4 ,! inscriptions are all 9 r$ pa9t & are too fragm5t>y to translate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,x is )9 ! b\nds ( possibility t ! inscriptions orig9ally gave "s in=mation z to ! p>ty :o 7 work+ t p>ticul> d\ble-foot division ( ! tr5*4 ,at ! extreme left ( ! qu>ry-face1 9 ! position indicat$ on plate ,,vi1 !re is an inscription ( two l9es 9 ! hi]atic "*4 ,x is v fa9t inde$ & ,i h n succe$$ 9 deciph]+ x4 ,! fact t x is 9 black pa9t on v d>k r$ wea!r$ granite has made x v difficult to photograph4 ,x appe>s to beg9 ) a date1 & to h a numb] 9 ! middle1 b !re is no "n ( a k+4 7#bj7 ,at ! top ( ! upp] qu>ry-face !re is :at seems to be ! b$ f :i* a monum5t1 v probably a small obelisk1 ( #g metres long has be5 extract$4 ,! bottom ( ! tr5* c /ill be trac$ :]e ! "w has be5 divid$ up into grooves ( simil> wid? to ^? 9 ! obelisk tr5*4 ,"h ! feet h become irregul>1 b ! d\ble-foot is ( great regul>ity & measures #ei4h c5timetres4 ,plate ,v1 no4 #b1 %ews ! b$ at ! top ( ! rock face & no4 #c ! same se5 f above4 ,x w be notic$ t1 9 ?is case1 ! und]cutt+ has be5 done by p\nd+1 b ) less regul>ity ?an 9 ! obelisk tr5*1 %ew+ t x 0 done by h&4 ,! obelisk seems to h be5 snapp$ (f1 or m likely x broke (f ( itself4 ,x is h>dly ju/ifiable to d$uce h[ ! l>ge obelisks 7 extract$ f su* a small example4 ,9 all probability ! pr9ciple 0 ! same1 b ! details v diff]5t4 ,?is is discuss$ 9 sections #ba-bc4 #ba ,at ! we/ end ( ! ridge f :i* ! monum5t has be5 remov$1 !re is a %ort inscription 9 r$ pa9t4 ,a photograph ( ?is is giv5 9 plate ,v1 no4 #d4 ,x seems to beg9 ) ! words glyphs 4 4 4 4 4 8! "w 7(7 4 4 4 4 4 04 ,! rema9d] is illegible to me1 ?\gh ! signs are q cle>4 ,!y resemble "s ( ! qu>ry-signs ,i h se5 at ,maallah & else:]e4 #bc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,extraction ,,( ,,obelisk ,,f ,,qu>ry4 7#ba7 ,hav+ exam9$1 z f> z possible1 ! me?ods by :i* ! obelisk 0 sep>at$ f ! surr\nd+ rock1 we w consid] by :at means ! obelisk 0 deta*$ f its b$ & got into a position 9 :i* x c\ld be h&l$ & transport$4 ,x might be rem>k$ t ?is p>ticul> obelisk has n be5 transport$2 !re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! man responsible = ! "w _h q def9ite ideas z to h[ he 0 go+ to p]=m ! feat4 ,al?\gh x is ! l>ge/ obelisk kn[n 7pace ! phantom #ajh cubit obelisk ( at%epswet71 ! old eng9e]s h actually mov$ ev5 heavi] & m unmanageable blocks3 ! colossus ( ! ,ramesseum & ! colossi ( ,am5ophis ,,iii at ,!bes4 ,if we c solve ! anci5t me?od ( deal+ ) ?is p>ticul> obelisk1 we c ! m easily und]/& h[ ! o!rs 7 dealt )4 ,!re seem to be two me?ods by :i* ! obelisk c\ld be deta*$ f its b$2 ! snapp+ (f ( su* an obelisk 9 ! mann] m5tion$ 9 section #ai be+ out ( ! "q4 7#a7 ,by und]cutt+ ! obelisk f bo? sides to a c]ta9 ext5t1 say a qu>t] ( ! bread? f ea* side1 & ei!r deta*+ x by a s]ies ( v l>ge w$ge-slots 7z 0 done all ov] ! qu>ries = m$ium-siz$ blocks71 or1 if ! ,egyptians us$ wood5 w$ges1 exp&$ by ! action ( wat]1 by "o long w$ge *annel on ea* side ( ! obelisk4 ,^! c\ld be wett$ by flood+ ! tr5* ) wat]1 b be=e ?is c\ld be done1 ! tr5* w\ld h to be divid$ into comp>tm5ts by1 say1 mud-brick walls to prev5t ! wat] runn+ d[n to ! deep end1 leav+ ! pyramidion end dry4 ,9 ?is case a l>ge all[ance w\ld h to be made 9 case ! granite did n break ev5ly across betwe5 ! w$ge-*annels4 ,! great objection to ?is me?od is ! risk ( ! obelisk break+ across ow+ to unev5 /ra9s set up by ! w$ges2 x w be se51 9 section #dc1 t ! obelisk c only j support its own weight :5 9 a horizontal position4 ,if ?is me?od 7 employ$1 be=e ! obelisk c\ld be mov$1 x _h to be rais$ (f its b$ to pass ropes r\nd x4 ,?is c\ld be effect$ by lev]+ f bo? sides ( ! obelisk--us+ ! out] tr5* wall z fulcra--& gradually rock+ ! obelisk high] by pack+ bel[ x at ea* tilt4 ,assum+ t only half a metre 0 und]cut f bo? sides1 x w\ld require #cj #ab;in* tree-trunks go+ d[n ?ree feet into ! tr5* 7prop]ly pack$71 & project+ #ah feet above ! tr5*1 be+ us$ v]tically1 ) #gj m5 pull+ on ropes atta*$ to ! top ( ea* lev]4 ,! /ra9 set up w\ld be ab\t #ajjj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :i* is well )9 ! #bd p[]s ( ord9>y conif]\s wood z cypress4 7,i assume t a man pulls #ajj p\nds47 ,! m und]cutt+ p]=m$1 ! less =ce w\ld be requir$ to rock ! obelisk4 ,s9ce ! obelisk w\ld h to be tilt$ f bo? sides1 a good deal ( rock w\ld h to be remov$ f ! s\? side ( x be=e ! lev]s c\ld be us$4 7#bb7 7#b7 ,by completely und]cutt+ ! obelisk4 ,9 spite ( ! sl[ness ( ! "w ,i am conv9c$ t ! obelisk 0 completely und]cut1 mo/ likely by h& p\nd+1 s9ce ! exp5diture ( copp] *isels w\ld be t]rific1 & ! idea1 9 ?is k9d ( "w1 seems to be to economise z mu* z possible on copp]4 ,x w\ld be pack$ by wood5 blocks or /one z ne> ! c5tre z is consi/5t ) /ability1 & 9 z few places z possible4 ,ropes w\ld !n be pass$ r\nd ! obelisk1 ea* go+ sev]al times r\nd & be+ br\ght =w>d f bel[ to an*orages 9 front4 ,x is "h t ! details ( ?is me?od assume su* great importance2 x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 if ! obelisk weighs #aagj tons 7all[+ a m>g9 = ! r\ghness ( ! und]cutt+ bel[71 & lies on its side on a h>d b$1 !n ! horizontal pull by ropes necess>y to turn x ov] on to a new face w be half ! weight ( ! obelisk1 i4 e4 #ehe tons4 ,?is w\ld ne$ #ac1jjj m51 if a man pulls #ajj p\nds4 ,i d n see h[ su* a numb] c\ld possibly be put on to ?is "w4 ,figure #f %ews ! obelisk support$ on its pack+1 ! section "h be+ at ! c5tre ( gravity1 & ! out] edge ( ! pack+ be+ #a metre f ! c5tre ( ! obelisk on ea* side4 ,to pull x ov] by horizontal ropes w\ld ne$ #hjjj m51 :i* /ill seems m ?an is practicable4 ,x is possible to r$uce ! numb] ( m5 requir$ to turn ! obelisk ov] by means ( lev]s work+ (f ! nor? wall ( ! nor? tr5*1 :i* seems to h be5 delib]ately left = t purpose 7cf4 section #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 7#bc7 ,by us+1 say1 #cj #ba;foot lev]s ) a me*anical advantage ( six to "o1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ section1 ! obelisk c be made to turn slightly ab\t ,n 7see fig4 #f7 s t ! pack+ ,p c be remov$ & p]haps replac$ by s&4 ,ab\t ,n ! mom5t ( ! =ce at ! bottom ( ! lev] is to t ( ! weight ( ! obelisk act+ at its c5tre z #g 3 #b 7by scal+ (f ! figure71 s t ! mom5t at ! top ( ! lev] to t ( ! weight w be #db 3 #b1 or #ba 3 #a4 ,let ! numb] ( m5 p] lev] be n4 #be ,!n #cj #ba #ajj n #aagj #bbdj1 :i* gives ! numb] ( m5 z #db1 or #abfj m5 9 all#i4 ,i h tak5 ! am\nt ( und]cutt+ 9 figure #b z 4#ge m4 at ! c5tre ( gravity2 x w\ld increase z f> z #a4jj metre at ! butt4 ,z soon z ! s& _h replac$ ! pack+1 ! rock ,a,b w\ld be remov$ by burn+ & w$g+ until x slop$ d[n z mu* z possible f ! level ( ! b$ ( ! obelisk4 ,i _h n suffici5t funds at my disposal to exam9e ! levels ( ! rock to ! c5tre ( ! valley1 s ,i h to be r vague z to :at di/ance ! obelisk 0 roll$ out#aj4 ,! obelisk w\ld !n1 :5 ! s& fl[$ out or 0 remov$1 take up a position z %ewn 9 ! dott$ section4 #i ,! *eck ! /ress 9 ! lev]s4 ,ref]r+ to figure #f1 7,/ress7 7,section modulus7 ,sum ( mom5ts on "o side ( ful*rum1 i4 e4 7s 4#jihb 7#be7c7 7#aagj #bbdj #baf7_/7cj #ba7 #ehf p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :i* is well )9 ! p[]s ( any wood4 #aj ,x w be se5 t1 if ! obelisk lies at too l[ a level to be roll$ d[nw>ds to ! valley1 x c be rais$ by tilt+ backw>ds & =w>ds by means ( lev]s act+ f ! nor? & s\? tr5*es alt]nately1 z m5tion$ 9 section #ba4 ,if ! butt 7 rais$ ev5 a metre above its pres5t level1 x w\ld enorm\sly r$uce ! quantity ( rock to be remov$ be=e ! obelisk c\ld be roll$ out4 ,!n1 ab\t ,q1 ! mom5t ( ! horizontal =ce ( ! ropes r\nd ! obelisk to ! mom5t ( ! weight w be1 f ! figure1 z #i to #b1 s if n be ! total numb] ( m5 requir$ to pull ! obelisk ov]1 !n 7n #ajj7 7#b #aagj #bbdj7_/i :i* gives #ehbd m5 z aga9/ ! #hjjj m5 :i* w\ld be requir$ if ! lev]s 7 n us$4 ,x is an enorm\s numb]1 b ,i d n see h[ !y c\ld manage ) less4 ,a bank ( s& j 9 front ( ! l[] edge ( ! obelisk w\ld make ! second turn an easy matt]1 & if f !nce ! obelisk is roll$ d[nw>ds on s(t s&1 ,i ?9k t ! #ehbd m5 w /ill be ample1 z ! s& c be und]cut 9 front ( ! edge & s make ! roll+ approximate to t ( a cyl9d]4 7#bd7 ,z to ! size ( ! ropes requir$ = ! roll+ out ( ! obelisk1 all we c d is to obta9 a v r\gh idea z to x4 ,if !y spread ! m5 out slightly fanwise1 ,i d n see h[ !y c\ld h us$ m ?an #dj ropes4 ,! /ra9 p] rope w be1 z we h se51 7#b_/i #aagj_/dj7 #f4e tons p] rope4 ,! rope us$ 0 probably ! v be/ palm-rope1 newly made4 ,! safe load :i* c be put on coir rope1 :i* is ( ab\t ! same /r5g?1 is giv5 by ! =mula3 ,load 9 cwts 7,circumf]5ce 9 in*es7#b divid$ by #d 7,milit>y ,eng9e]+1 #aiac1 ,"p ,,iii ,a1 p4 #di74 ,sub/itut+1 we h 7#f4e #bj #d7 ,c#b :i* gives a circumf]5ce ( #bb4h in*es & a diamet] ( #g in*es4 ,if su* a rope 7 us$ x w\ld require h&l+ loops on x4 7#be7 ,be=e leav+ ! "w at ! qu>ry1 x rema9s to be se5 h[ ! *isell+ ( ! w$ge-slots 0 done4 ,! app>5t impossibility ( cutt+ granite ) a copp] *isel has /ruck e /ud5t ( ?is "q4 ,_m sugge/ions1 "s ( !m grotesque1 h be5 put =w>d to expla9 h[ x might h be5 p]=m$4 ,gorr+e1 9 8 ,egyptian ,obelisks1 #bf boldly assumes ! k ( /eel4 ,to my m9d1 ! reasons aga9/ ?is are1 fir/3 ! k ( /eel w\ld h soon result$ 9 its use be+ widespread = dagg]s1 swords &1 above all1 razors2 secondly1 x w\ld h _h a special "n1 s9ce its prop]ties are s diff]5t f iron4 ,n[ all ! anci5t names = metals h be5 acc\nt$ =1 none ( :i* c\ld be appli$ to mean /eel4 ,if we translate ,b5ipet z #8/eel'1 !n we h no ^w = iron4 ,gorr+e's ass]tion t iron & /eel tools w\ld h disappe>$ by oxydisation 9 a few c5turies is n borne out by excavations4 ,we "k1 f ! scanty m5tions ( iron1 t x 0 n v g5]ally us$1 b q a numb] ( iron tools ( late ,egyptian date are n[ kn[n1 & ,i h myself tak5 out an iron bill-hook f ! fill+ ( a ,roman or ,ptolemaic grave :i* 0 h>dly ru/$ at all1 & 9 ! ,cairo ,museum !re is an iron =k ( ,coptic date f a dep? ( #e metres 9 ! sabkh ( ,tell ,edf :i* is almo/ l new4 ,if ! gr\nd is dry & free f c]ta9 *emicals1 objects su* z iron1 wood1 l951 papyrus1 etc41 w keep indef9itely1 :]eas1 9 unsuitable gr\nd1 ev5 copp] w disappe> & leave no traces1 except1 p]haps1 a blue /a94 ,if /eel _h be5 9 any?+ l common use1 we %\ld surely h f\nd examples1 ei!r 9 graves or 9 t[n sites l ,kahn or ,tell el-,am>na4 ,,petrie1 9 ,tools & ,weapons1 pl4 ,,vi1 #ahg1 cites a halb]d ( iron dat$ to ,ramesses ,,iii2 _h /eel be5 kn[n1 we %\ld h expect$ x to be ( t r ?an iron4 ,an exam9ation ( su* brok5 iron tools z c be sp>$ might give u def9ite in=mation "o way or ! o!r1 z /eel1 ?\gh x may lose its temp]1 w n turn into iron1 h[ev] long x is left1 & %\ld be easily recogniz$ by a micro-photograph4 ,on ! rocks ( ! ,wady ,hammmt1 ! foll[+ inscription is to be se51 toge!r ) o!rs hav+ ! same title 7,,gol,,nis*eff1 ,hammamat1 ,,ii1 no4 #c1 & ,,c\yat et ,,montet1 ,les inscriptions hiroglyphiques et hiratiques du ,oudi ,hammmt1 9 ,mmoires de l',in/itut franais du ,caire1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #ed7 3 7glyph7 ,illu/ration3 ,hi]oglyphs1 etc4 ,may ,amn give life 7to7 ! work] ( iron tools1 ,ptai1 son ( ! work] ( iron1 ,k51 etc4 ,! det]m9ative glyph1 sometimes writt5 glyph1 seems to sugge/ iron tools 9 g5]al1 & we are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 d$uc+ f ?is t ! *isels = cutt+ granite 7 necess>ily ( iron2 x is v likely1 h[ev]1 t ! w$ges 7 ( iron4 7#bf7 ,! sugge/ion1 put =w>d by ,donaldson1 t ! ,egyptians s(t5$ ! granite by *emical means be=e us+ ! *isels on x1 is n wor?y ( s]i\s notice1 z a glance at ! tool m>ks %ews t ! granite 0 q h>d1 & behav$ 9 exactly ! same way z x does "u mod]n tools4 ,8 o!r sugge/ion1 t ! granite 0 fir/ p\nd$ to r5d] x m workable1 _c be accept$ z ! explanation1 z h[ did !y p\nd ! bottom ( ! w$ge-slots8 ,a f> m reasonable sugge/ion is t ! granite 0 cut by *isels ( dol]ite or simil> #bg basic rocks4 ,mr4 ,fir? tells me t1 except = ! gr9d+ ( ! cutt+-edge1 !y occur naturally 9 ! ,wady ,alaqi4 ,a s]ies ( trials ) su* a *isel left me entirely unconv9c$1 ! m s s9ce _m ( ! old *isel-m>ks %ew t a n>r[-edg$ tool _h be5 us$4 ,f my own exp]im5ts1 ,i c believe t ! ,egyptians c\ld h cut granite ) a copp] *isel1 b m "t is sp5t %>p5+ ! tool ?an 9 cutt+ ! /one1 & ! exp5diture ( metal w\ld be appall+ 9 any b ! smalle/ works1 b ,i _c admit t copp] tools1 z we "k !m1 c\ld h ev] be5 us$ to cut h>d qu>tzite1 :i* gave ! ,egyptians no special tr\ble1 if we judge by ! huge *amb]s :i* !y cut1 poli%$ & transport$1 z 9 ! case ( ! burial *amb] 9 ! ,haw>a ,pyramid4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! copp] *isels 7 f$ ) em]y1 b anyone :o has h&l$ a *isel w appreciate ! impossibility ( fe$+ ! tool ) em]y2 on ! o!r h&1 em]y may well h =m$ ! basis ( ! poli%+ process1 & h be5 regul>ly us$ 9 /one drill+ & saw+4 7#bg7 ,h[1 !n are we to expla9 ?is problem8 ,mu* z ,i hate to admit x1 ,i am driv5 to ! conclusion t ! anci5t ,egyptians possess$ "s simple me?od ( temp]+ copp] to ! h>dness ( mod]n tool-/eel#aa2 ev5 n[ copp] ) #b ( alloy may1 by heavy hamm]+1 be br\ght to ! h>dness ( mild /eel4 ,?is has be5 sugge/$ by _m writ]s1 & examples ( tools are kn[n--,wilk9son quotes "o 9 volume ,,ii1 p4 #bee--:]e ! mallett$ end ( ! *isel 0 worn by ! bl[s1 b :]e ! po9t 0 %>p2 ( c\rse t might be expla9$ by ! fact t x _h j be5 re-%>p5$1 b ,i h myself se5 a *isel :]e ! cutt+-edge 0 *ipp$ 9 ! same mann] z a mod]n /eel tool in/ead ( be+ burr$4 ,i 0 unable to pur*ase ?is specim51 b ,i tri$ ! po9t ) a knife1 & 0 able to scrat* x z ,i c\ld any o!r piece ( copp]2 ! temp]1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 tempor>y 7cf4 ,,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bee1 & ,,petrie1 ,arts & ,crafts1 p4 #ajj74 #aa ,!re has lately be5 a rum\r t a me?od has be5 discov]$ 9 ,am]ica = temp]+ copp]1 & t a company is be+ =m$ = its exploitation2 if ?is is true1 x w relieve ar*ologi/s consid]ably1 :o h be5 at _! wits' end = a good explanation = ! la/ #ej ye>s4 ,if ?is is ! true solution1 x is probable t ! k di$ out :5 ! use ( iron & /eel became g5]al1 z its value 9 n produc+ sp>ks c\ld h>dly h be5 =ese54 ,x is n surpris+ !re=e t ! k di$ out :5 x 0 no long] a necessity4 ,x might be rem>k$ t in/ead ( hav+ a me?od ( greatly h>d5+ copp]1 ! ,egyptians might h be5 able to temp] iron4 ,! exp]im5ts on iron & its prop]ties dur+ ! la/ c5tury h be5 innum]able &1 _h !re be5 a me?od1 ap>t f ! introduction ( c>bon1 ( temp]+ iron to a v great h>dness1 ,i ?9k t x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 discov]$ by n[4 ,9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 x is be/ to leave ! subject z an op5 "q4 #bi ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,transport ,,( ,,obelisks4 7#bh7 ,be=e ent]+ into ! "q ( ! transport ( obelisks1 x may be z well to give extracts f anci5t writ]s4 ,!y ?r[ v little light on ! problem1 ! ,roman & ,greek writ]s only giv+ :at seems to be ?ird-rate he>say in=mation1 :ile ! ,anci5t ,egyptians usually conf9e !mselves to /ati/ics z to ! numb]s ( m5 employ$4 ,k+ ,m5?uotpe ,,iv s5t an exp$ition ( #aj1jjj m5 to ! ,wady ,hammmt qu>ries to br+ 9 a s>cophagus1 & records t x took #c1jjj sailors f ! ,delta nomes to remove ! lid1 measur+ #d by #h by #b cubits1 f !re to ,egypt4 ,?is seems to %ew t a press$ gang ( ! amphibi\s ,delta inhabitants f ! lakes _h be5 tak5 out to ! qu>ries4 ,at any rate we are told t 8n a man p]i%$1 n a troop 0 miss+1 n an ass di$ & n a workman 0 enfeebl$0 7,,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,i1 #bae74 ,?is 0 m =tunate ?an ! exp$ition ( ,ramesses ,,iv quot$ bel[1 b x gives no details ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( artisan employ$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,am5emt ,,iii1 an (ficial1 also call$ ,am5emt1 0 s5t to ! same place to obta9 #aj /atues ( #e cubits high4 ,! p]sonnel consi/$ ( 7,,brea/$1 ,a4 ,r41 ,i1 #cac73 ,necropolis soldi]s #bj ,sailors #cj ,qu>rym5 #cj ,troops #bjjj ,"u ,ramesses ,,iv1 a l>ge exp$ition 0 aga9 s5t to ! ,wady ,hammmt = monum5tal /one4 ,x numb]$ #hcfb p]sons4 ,brea/$ sums up ! p]sonnel z foll[s 7,a4 ,r41 ,,iii1 #bbd73 ,high ,prie/ ( ,amn1 ,ramesses-nakhl1 ,director #a ,civil & milit>y (fic]s ( rank #i ,subord9ate (fic]s #cfb ,tra9$ artific]s & arti/s #aj ,qu>rym5 & /one-cutt]s #acj ,g5d>mes #ej ,slaves #bjjj ,infantry #ejjj ,m5 f ,ayan #hjj ,dead 7exclud$ f total7 #ijj #hcfb #cj ,f ?is x w be se5 t l>g] p>ties ?an our e/imate ( #egbe 7 s5t mu* fur!r afield ?an ,aswn1 :i* itself 0 a g>rison t[n4 ,x seems to h be5 ! cu/om to use troops on ?is unpleasant k9d ( fatigue1 if captives or press$ gangs 7 n available 9 suffici5t numb]s4 ,! only record t we h on ! transport ( an obelisk is a passage f ! ,papyrus ,ana/asi ,i 7,,g>d9]1 ,egyptian ,hi]atic ,texts1 ,"p ,i1 p4 #ag991 ,,xiii71 9 :i* "o scribe call$ ori writes to ano!r call$ ,am5emope1 accus+ him ( be+ unable to calculate ! numb] ( m5 requir$ to transport an obelisk ( giv5 dim5sions4 ,he says3 8,an obelisk has be5 newly made 4 4 4 4 4 ( #aaj cubits 9 l5g? ( %aft2 its p$e/al #aj cubits squ>e1 ! block ( its base mak+ #g cubits 9 e direction2 x goes 9 a slope 787 t[>ds ! summit 7871 "o cubit "o f+]1 its pyramidion "o cubit 9 height its po9t measur+ two f+]s4 ,add !m toge!r 787 s z to make !m into a li/ 78871 s t ?\ maye/ appo9t e man ne$$ to drag x 4 4 4 0 ,"h ! obelisk is v long & ?9 & has an impossibly %ort pyramidion1 b 9 any case su* a problem c only be solv$ by "o :o has _h previ\s exp]i5ce1 n only ( ! friction to be ov]come 9 ! transport ( l>ge blocks1 b ( ! nature ( ! gr\nd to be trav]s$4 ,! figures giv5 are only suffici5t to det]m9e ! weight ( ! obelisk4 7#bi7 ,! l>ge/ transportation on l&1 ( :i* a sc5e has come d[n to u1 is t ( ! w+$ bull ( ,n9eveh4 ,?is is publi%$ 9 ,,lay>d1 ,discov]ies1 pls4 ,x-,,xvii4 ,! bull is drawn by m5 pull+ on f\r cables1 & a l9e ( m5 keeps on plac+ roll]s "u ! front ( ! sl$s on :i* ! colossus is atta*$4 ,beh9d x m5 assi/ ! ov]com+ ( ! initial friction ) l>ge h&spikes4 ,ano!r sc5e1 ?is "t f ,egypt1 is ! transport ( a /atue ( "o call$ ,dutotpe 7,,lepsius1 ,d5kml]1 ,,ii1 #acd1 & ,,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,i1 #cji-cab74 ,! me?od us$ "h is t ( a sl$1 ^: runn]s are wett$ or greas$1 pull$ on sleep]s4 ,?\gh ! /atue 0 only ab\t #bb feet high & weigh$ "s #fj tons1 x appe>s to h requir$ #agb m5 to move x2 we c !re=e safely rule ?is me?od out z apply+ to a #aagjton obelisk4 ,if a sl$ 0 us$1 x mu/ h be5 9 conjunction ) roll]s4 ,greek & ,roman writ]s ?r[ v little light on anci5t me?ods ( transportation4 ,h]odotus1 9 book ,,ii1 *ap4 #age1 rem>ks3 ,b ( ^!1 t :i* ,i n ! lea/1 r ! mo/ admire1 is ?is3 he 7,k+ ,amasis7 br\ght a build+ ( "o /one f ! city ( ,elephant9e1 & #bjjj m51 :o 7 appo9t$ to convey x1 7 occupi$ ?ree :ole ye>s 9 its transport1 & ^! m5 7 all pilots4 ,! l5g? ( ?is *amb]1 outside1 is #ba cubits1 ! bread? #ad1 & ! height #h4 ,?is is ! measure ( ! outside ( ! "o-/on$ *amb]4 ,b inside ! l5g? is #ah cubits #bj digits1 & ! wid? #ab cubits1 & ! height #e cubits4 ,gorr+e1 9 8 ,egyptian ,obelisks1 gives an almo/ complete collection ( ! acc\nts ( transportation1 erection1 etc41 by anci5t au?ors4 ,_m ( ^! acc\nts are s vague or improbable z to be h>dly wor? includ+ "h4 #ca 7#cj7 ,hav+ discuss$ ! possible me?ods ( remov+ ! obelisk f ! qu>ry1 ! next ?+ to be consid]$ is :e!r x 0 roll$ ov] & ov] d[n to ! riv] bank1 or :e!r x 0 pull$ along on roll]s4 ,! fir/ way is n )\t its advantages1 z x is almo/ fool-pro(4 ,! wid? ( ! embankm5t or track1 ( :i* !re are _m ab\t ! qu>ries1 ne$ only be ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! obelisk1 & ! t5d5cy = ! obelisk to roll 9 a circle w\ld be to a l>ge ext5t neutraliz$ if x 7 ( s(t s&1 :]e ! heavy end w\ld s9k 9 to a great] dep? ?an ! po9t end4 ,h[ev]1 ! turn+ w\ld be a mo/ labori\s process1 & ! g5]al progress v sl[ & requir+ an enorm\s numb] ( m54 ,x is obvi\s t ! obelisk 0 br\ght into ! temple prec9cts l5g?ways1 s if x 0 mov$ a little t way x is q possible t ! great] "p ( its j\rney on l& 0 s made4 7#ca7 ,plate ,,vii gives a r\gh plan ( ! qu>ry 9 :i* ! obelisk lies4 ,x is accurate z reg>ds ! obelisk1 embankm5ts & ! rock faces ,a1 ,b & ,c4 ,x w be se5 t ! rock at ,b1 :i* is also %ewn on plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 has be5 p>tly cut away1 presumably to let ! po9t ( ! obelisk pass out ( ! qu>ry4 ,x may be only a co9cid5ce1 b1 /rangely en\gh1 ! di/ance ,a ,c 7f bo? ends ( :i* rock has be5 remov$71 is almo/ exactly ! l5g? ( ! obelisk4 ,my op9ion is t ! obelisk 0 only roll$ sideways = a v %ort di/ance until x 0 v little high] ?an ! level ( ! floor ( ! valley1 & 0 !n put on to roll]s runn+ on heavy baulks ( limb]1 ! process be+3 7#a7 ,track prep>$ be=e ! obelisk has rea*$ its l[e/ level4 7#b7 ,track & roll]s cov]$ ov] ) s(t s&1 ! l9e ( ! track be+ m>k$ by sight+ poles4 7#c7 ,obelisk roll$ d[n on to ! s& above ! track4 7#d7 ,s& dug away f "u ! obelisk4 ,9 ! end1 ,i ?9k t ?is way w\ld be quick] ?an lev]+ ! obelisk up by horizontal lev]s--b t is /ill a possibility4 ,x has be5 d\bt$ t ! ,egyptians knew roll]s1 b )\t !m ,i d n see h[ a ?\s&-ton block c be transport$4 ,aft] all1 ! ,assyrians 7 famili> ) !m 9 ! #h? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 at late/ 7section #bi71 & !re 0 ext5sive communication betwe5 !m & ! ,egyptians = c5turies be=e t4 ,are we to assume t ! discov]y 0 made betwe5 ! probable #ae? c5tury ( our obelisk & ! #h?8 ,! ,luxor obelisk1 9 ! c\rse ( its removal to ,p>is1 0 dragg$ along a specially prep>$ wood5 track aft] x _h be5 m\nt$ on a wood5 #8cradle'1 ! track be+ well greas$4 ,! pull+ 0 done by cap/ans & blocks & tackles4 ,x 0 f\nd t a pull ( #id tons 0 requir$ to pull ! obelisk up ! slope lead+ to ! p$e/al4 ,?is 0 ) a #bbgton obelisk4 ,s9ce friction ) av]age-siz$ blocks is ab\t proportional to ! weight1 to pull ! ,aswn obelisk w\ld ne$ 7#aafh_/bbg #id7 #dhe tons1 :i* w\ld require ab\t #aa1jjj m54 ,i _c believe t all ^! c\ld h be5 arrang$ s z to pull ! obelisk up an embankm5t 7see sections #ce & #cg74 #cb ,! great advantage ( roll]s is t comp>atively little space is requir$ & a m9imum ( pull+ =ce2 its disadvantages are t !re is always a risk ( ! roll]s becom+ jamm$1 & t1 ev5 on a slight incl9e1 ! obelisk is liable to get out ( control4 ,z to ! sizes ( ! roll]s requir$1 ,i c only say t ! top ( ! fall5 obelisk ( at%epswet n[ re/s on #bj c5t4 diamet] pit*-p9e roll]s1 spac$ "o metre ap>t1 & !re is n ! fa9te/ sign ( cru%+4 ,! wor/ /ress ) ! ,aswn obelisk might rise to #aa times z mu* z ! example cit$4 7#cb7 ,! obelisks ( at%epswet 7 m\nt$ on sl$s1 p]haps to make an easi] runn+ surface2 x w\ld also s]ve to damp any %ocks & to di/ribute ! upw>d pressure ( ! roll]s ev5ly along ! "u surface ( ! obelisk4 ,! me?od ( atta*m5t is %ewn 9 figure #g 7f ,,naville1 ,! ,temple ( ,deir el ,bah>i1 ,"p ,,vi1 pl4 ,,cliv71 b is r vague4 ,i _c say :e!r ! ,aswn obelisk 0 to h be5 m\nt$ 9 ?is way or n2 if x 71 !n x w\ld be put on its sl$ge at ! same "t z x 0 put on ! roll]s1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ section4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--;at%epswet's obelisk on sl$4 7#cc7 ,once on its roll]s1 !re is a fairly level & /raight track f ! m\? ( ! valley runn+ along ! c\rse ( ! old b>rage railway 7pl4 ,,vii71 jo9+ ! two l>ge embankm5ts ,d,e & ,f,g1 :i* fe$ ! qu>ries on ! s\? ( ! obelisk & on ! high des]t respectively4 ,plate ,,iv1 no4 #d1 gives a view ( ! embankm5t ,f,g look+ d[n to ,aswn t[n4 ,x jo9s ! c\rse ! obelisk w\ld take at ,a4 ,! mod]n t[n nor? ( ! /ation prev5ts u det]m9+ exactly :]e ^! embankm5ts gave on to ! riv] bank4 7#cd7 ,on ! details ( ! boats1 on :i* we "k ! obelisks 7 transport$1 ,i c (f] no op9ion ( value1 z ,i am n famili> ) boat design1 p>ticul>ly t ( ! 8que5-truss0 type :i* seems to h be5 s popul> ) ! ,egyptians4 ,i w cont5t myself1 !re=e1 ) cit+ c]ta9 acc\nts & giv+ sundry ref]5ces1 :i* may prove ( use to ^? :o int5d to pursue ?is matt] fur!r4 ,! only sc5e we h ( wat] transportation is t ( ! temple ( ,dr el-,baari1 publi%$ by ,naville & entitl$ ,! ,temple ( ,deir el ,bah>i1 ,"p ,,vi1 plate ,,cliv1 :]e !re is a picture ( ! boat conta9+ two #cjmetre obelisks plac$ butt to butt#ab4 ,! boat us$ "h mu/ h be5 at lea/ #hb metres long4 ,he m5tions also ! boat us$ to c>ry ! two obelisks ( ,tu?msis ,i1 :i* measur$ #fc metres by #ba wide 7,,brea/$1 ,anci5t ,records1 ,,ii1 #aje74 ,bo? ?is boat & t ( at%epswet are spok5 ( z ! 8,augu/0 boat4 #cc #ab ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! two obelisks %ewn butt to butt 9 ! ,dr el-,baari sculpture 7 n ! ,k>nak pair1 b ^? erect$ be=e ! ,dr el-,baari temple4 ,excavation has n confirm$ ?is4 ,! subject is discuss$ by ,brea/$ 9 ,anci5t ,records1 ,,ii1 p4 #ace1 note e4 ,ano!r great boat 0 made by "o ,uni1 9 ! ,,vi? dyna/y1 = ! transport ( /one f ,aswn4 ,?is measur$ #fj cubits 7#ca metres7 9 l5g? by #cj 9 wid?1 & took only #ag days to con/ruct 7,anci5t ,records1 ,i1 #cbb74 ,! con/ruction ( anci5t boats is discuss$ 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 #aibj1 ,"p #a ff4 by ,mr4 ,som]s ,cl>ke1 & a detail$ description ( at%epswet's boat is giv5 by ,naville1 9 8 "w cit$ above1 on pages #b to #d4 ,boats are also describ$ 9 ,,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgf1 & vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #baa1 #bab4 ,to me1 ! only practicable way ( load+ su* an obelisk on to a boat1 w\ld be by build+ an embankm5t r\nd & ov] ! boat1 pull+ ! obelisk into a position above x1 & !n digg+ ! boat & *annel cle> aga94 ,we c h>dly believe t ! obelisk 0 haul$ 9 ov] ! gunwale6 ,9 mov+ ! ,luxor obelisk to ,p>is1 & ! ,alex&ria obelisk to ,new ,york1 9 ! "o case ! :ole pr[ ( ! b>ge 0 remov$1 & 9 ! o!r a port 0 cut 9 ! b[s ( ! /eam] ?r\gh :i* ! obelisk 0 introduc$ 7see sections #ec & #ed74 ,pl9y1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 book ,,xxxvi1 *ap4 #ad1 gives an acc\nt ( h[ ,k+ ,ptolemy ,philadelphus _h an obelisk transport$ to ,alex&ria4 ,he tells u1 apropos ( ! load+ on to ! boat3 8,a canal 0 dug f ! ,riv] ,nile to ! spot :]e ! obelisk lay2 & two broad vessels1 load$ ) blocks ( simil> /one a foot squ>e--! c>go ( ea* am\nt+ to d\ble ! size1 & consequ5tly d\ble ! weight ( ! obelisk--7 put b5ea? x2 ! extremities ( ! obelisk rema9+ support$ by ! opposite sides ( ! canal4 ,! blocks ( /one 7 remov$ & ! vessels1 be+ ?us gradually light5$1 receiv$ _! burd540 ,if ?is 0 s or n1 x c]ta9ly 0 n ! me?od by :i* ! obelisks 7 br\ght f ! ,aswn qu>ries to ! bank4 ,no trace ( a canal ( ?is sort is to be se51 ?\gh !re are pl5ty ( traces ( enorm\s embankm5ts4 #ce ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,erection ,,( ,,obelisks4 7#ce7 ,! only ref]5ce ! ,egyptians h left u actually ref]r+ to ! erection ( a monum5t is t giv5 9 ! ,papyrus ,ana/asi ,i 7= publication1 see section #bh74 ,! monum5t to be erect$ is 9 ?is case a colossus4 ,! text gives 7 ,,xiv73 8,x is said to !e3 ,empty ! magaz9e t has be5 load$ ) s& "u ! monum5t ( ?y ,"l :i* has be5 br\ght f ! ,r$ ,m\nta94 ,x makes #cj cubits /ret*$ on ! gr\nd1 & #bj cubits 9 bread? 4 4 4 4 4 -ed ) #ajj 7887 *amb]s fill$ ) s& f ! riv]-bank4 ,! 4 4 4 4 4 ( its 787 *amb]s h a bread? ( #dd 787 cubits & a height ( #ej cubits1 all ( !m 4 4 4 4 4 9 _! 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,?\ art comm&$ to f9d out :at is be=e ! ,ph>aoh 78874 ,h[ _m m5 w x take to demoli% 7m--also 8remove0 or 8ov]turn07 x 9 six h\rs--if 787 apt are _! 787 m9ds 7871 b small _! desire to demoli% x )\t !re com+ a pause :5 ?\ give/ a re/ to ! soldi]s1 t !y may take _! meal--s t ! monum5t may be e/abli%$ 9 its place80 ,"h ! te*nical details are extremely obscure1 z !re are _m unkn[n words 9 ! text4 ,9 ! same papyrus 7 ,,xii71 !re is a ref]5ce to an embankm5t1 :i* may well h be5 int5d$ = ! erection ( a monum5t1 p]haps an obelisk1 z ! problem imm$iately foll[+ conc]ns ! transport ( an obelisk f ! qu>ry4 ,! scribe ori puts ! problem3 8,!re is made a ramp ( #gcj cubits1 ) a bread? ( #ee cubits1 consi/+ ( #abj comp>tm5ts 787 fill$ ) re$s & beams ) a height ( #fj cubits at its summit1 its middle ( #cj cubits1 its batt] 787 #ae cubits1 its base 787 ( #e cubits4 ,! quantity ( bricks ne$$ = x is ask$ ( ! comm&] ( ! army 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,answ] u z to ! quantity ( bricks ne$$4 ,behold its measurem5ts 7887 are be=e !e2 ea* "o ( its comp>tm5ts 787 is ( #cj cubits long & #g cubits broad40 ,s9ce ! words translat$ by 8comp>tm5t0 & 8base0 are v d\btful 9 mean+1 x is difficult to obta9 any def9ite idea z to ! int]nal con/ruction ( ! ramp4 ,bor*>dt supposes ! words 8! middle0 to mean ! space fill$ ) rubbi% 9 ! inside ( ! embankm5t z a means ( economis+ ! bricks4 ,! #8comp>tm5ts' may ref] to ! longitud9al divisions 9 ! middle ( ! embankm5t1 :i* c /ill be se5 9 ! con/ruction ramp inside ! ,s\? ,ptolemaic 787 pylon at ,k>nak4 ,*oisy1 9 8 ,l',art de btir *ez les gypti5s1 p4 #hf1 gives r a good little sket* ( ?is1 app>5tly made :5 ! ramp 0 newly cle>$4 ,bor*>dt1 on ! o!r h&1 imag9es ! comp>tm5ts to be transv]se divisions4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !re is a mi/ake 9 ! measurem5ts giv5 9 ! ,ana/asi papyrus1 z x seems q impossible to #cf divide up ! embankm5t accord+ to ! data1 ev5 if we take #8comp>tm5ts' to mean ! sections or t[]s into :i* ne>ly all brick enclosure walls & embankm5ts 7 divid$ 7see ,,som]s ,,cl>ke1 ,j4 ,eg4 ,ar*41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #gg74 ,x seems to me t ,bor*>dt is "r z to ! embankm5t be+1 z x 71 a brick box fill$ ) e>?2 o!rwise !re is a great r$undance ( data4 ,obvi\sly1 ! only measurem5ts necess>y = an embankm5t 7built ( pla9 brickwork or 9 t[]s l ! great temple walls71 if solid1 are3 ,horizontal l5g? ( ramp 7,l72 highe/ "p 7,h72 wid? at top 7,w72 & ! batt] 7,b74 ,!n ! numb] ( bricks requir$ w be1 to a close approximation3 ,l,h 7,w ,b7 divid$ by ! volume ( "o brick1 plus a factor = wa/e bricks4 ,x may be rem>k$ t if ! ,aswn obelisk 7 pull$ up an embankm5t ( ! slope giv5 "h1 x w\ld ne$ 7neglect+ friction7 ov] #bjjj m54 ,classical au?ors tell u next to no?+2 z an example ,i give ,pl9y's acc\nt ( an erection done by ! ,egyptians4 ,9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 book ,,xxxvi1 *ap4 #ad1 he tells u3 8,rhamsesis1 :o 0 reign+ at ! "t ( ! capture ( ,troy1 erect$ "o #adj cubits high 7#gc metres74 ,hav+ left ! spot :]e ! palace ( ,mnevis /ood1 ?is mon>* erect$ ano!r obelisk #abj cubits 7#fc metres7 9 height1 b ( prodigi\s ?ickness1 ! sides be+ no less ?an #aa cubits 9 bread? 7#e4gg metres74 ,x is said t #abj1jjj m5 7 employ$ ^u ?is "w1 & t ! k+1 :5 x 0 on ! po9t ( be+ elevat$1 be+ appreh5sive t ! ma*9]y employ$ might n prove suffici5tly /rong = ! weight1 & ) a view ( increas+ ! p]il t might be entail$ by ! want ( precaution on ! "p ( ! workm51 _h 8 own son fa/5$ to ! summit1 9 ord] t ! safety ( ! pr9ce might at ! same "t ensure ! safety ( ! mass ( /one 4 4 4 4 4 0 7#cf7 ,m$ival & mod]n writ]s h speculat$ freely on ! anci5t me?od ( erect+ obelisks1 _! ideas rang+ f fairly s\nd !ories to ! ass]tion con/antly made to me by ! less responsible spirituali/s1 t x 0 done by levitation6 ,( mod]n !ories two seem to be popul>2 ! fir/ sugge/s t ! obelisk 0 laid flat1 ) "o side ( its base j above ! not*1 :i* 9 ne>ly all cases runs along "o side ( ! p$e/al1 & t x 0 gradually lev]$ up1 & at ! same "t bank$ f bel[1 be+ assi/$ :5 x _h become suffici5tly high by pull+ ) head-ropes1 & simil>ly *eck$ by ropes :5 on ! po9t ( tilt+ ov] on to its base4 ,?is ) slight modifications1 0 ! me?od us$ = ! erection ( ! obelisk ( ,s]+apatam1 & is describ$ by ,gorr+e 9 8 ,egyptian ,obelisks 7p4 #aeg71 & by ,comm&] ,b>b]1 9 ,! ,me*anical ,triumphs ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians on page #ajb4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! :ole obelisk weighs only ab\t #ce tons4 ,to ass]t t ?is me?od 0 t to be us$ = ! ,aswn obelisk is n ju/ifiable4 ,! reasons aga9/ ?is me?od may be summ$ up z foll[s3 7#a7 ,x w\ld be almo/ impossible to lev] up a l>ge obelisk1 close to a pylon1 on an ev]-increas+ e>? slope1 & x c\ld n be #8rock$' up z x w\ld slip out ( ! not*4 7#b7 ,pull+ by head-ropes1 ) or )\t ! aid ( a /rut or #8rais+-lev]'1 w\ld be useless until ! obelisk 0 almo/ upright1 ev5 if x 0 done f a high embankm5t4 #cg 7#c7 ,x w\ld n expla9 h[ at%epswet's obelisks 7 introduc$ into ! middle ( ! c\rt ( ,tu?msis ,i/4 7#d7 ,ropes w\ld almo/ surely be inadequate to /op ! obelisk f rock+ out ( control aft] x _h pass$ its dead c5tre4 ,! ,new ,york obelisk1 :5 be+ pull$ into a horizontal position ab\t a specially made trunnion1 suppos$ to be at its c5tre ( gravity1 took *>ge1 snapp$ ! cables & escap$ break+ by a miracle4 7#e7 at%epswet's /&+ obelisk has 7app>5tly7 jump$ =w>d ne>ly a foot 9 front ( its not*4 ,x c be se51 if "o pulls upright a foot-long alaba/] obelisk 7sold at ! ,cairo fancy-%ops7 ) cotton ?reads t x is impossible to make x jump =w>d aft] pass+ its dead-c5tre4 ,:at x does1 if ! pull+ is n v ev5 & squ>e1 is to pivot on "o ( its corn]s at ! beg9n+ or end ( its fir/ rock1 ) :at w\ld be disa/r\s results 9 a l>ge obelisk4 7#cg7 ,! m usual explanation z to h[ ! erect+ 0 p]=m$ is t ! obelisk 0 pull$ on roll]s up a long incl9$ embankm5t until x 0 at a height well above ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! obelisk4 ,hav+ be5 roll$ up base =emo/1 x 0 tilt$ ov] ! end ( ! embankm5t1 & ! e>? gradually cut away f bel[ x until x settl$ d[n on to its p$e/al1 lean+ aga9/ ! embankm5t2 f !nce x 0 pull$ upright 7see ,,petrie1 ,arts & ,crafts ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 p4 #gg1 quot$ 9 section #ee74 ,?is seems a f> m probable me?od ?an ! la/1 b f a practical po9t ( view x leaves a good deal unexpla9$4 ,anyone :o has se51 9 sabkh "w or else:]e1 e>? be+ cut f "u a /one1 or ev5 be+ itself und]cut1 kn[s ! way x has ( slipp+ sideways or any way b ! expect$--g5]ally on ! heads ( "o's workm54 ,)1 say1 a #ejjton obelisk1 ! und]cutt+ w\ld be a some:at delicate bus9ess to make x settle d[n true on to ! p$e/al4 ,! t5d5cy to rock & pivot :5 be+ f9ally pull$ upright is n dealt )4 ,:atev] me?od ! ,egyptians us$1 x 0 sure1 & did n dep5d on ! skill ( ! m5 ) ! hoe & basket4 ,be=e describ+ ! me?od :i* ,i believe 0 us$1 x w\ld be well to consid] :at means ! ,egyptians _h at _! disposal4 7#ch7 ,lev]s mu/ h surely be5 famili> to ! ,egyptians2 ! con/ant import ( tree-trunks f ,syria w\ld furni% !m ) ! mat]ial1 & a hundr$ occurr5ces 9 e-day life1 su* z extract+ a /one ) ! po9t ( a hoe w\ld sugge/ to !m ! application4 ,! occurr5ce ( a lev] 9 ! fill+ ( a tomb at ,el-,b]%eh is publi%$ by ,m4 ,d>essy 9 ,annales du ,s]vice1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bh1 :]e he rem>ks3 8,on a retr\v une bran*e d'acacia taille en biseau une extrmit qui avait d s]vir de ciseau et de levi] p\r s\lev] le c\v]cle04 ,9 sev]al ( ! temples 9 ! ,!ban area &--,dr4 ,reisn] in=ms me--9 ! temple ( ! ?ird pyramid at ,gizeh1 "o may see l>ge blocks1 und]cut at v>i\s po9ts along _! l5g? z if to take ! po9t ( a lev]4 #ch ,roll]s1 too !y mu/ h kn[n1 ev5 if !y did n get ! idea f ! ,assyrians4 ,we "k t !y us$ sl$s runn+ on sleep]s--at ,lahun pyramid ! tracks h actually be5 f\nd--& x is incr$ible t ! great] ease 9 pull+1 :5 a small sl$ ran ov] a /ick1 %\ld escape _! notice4 ,x might be ask$ :y ! /atue ( ,dutotpe 0 n pull$ along on roll]s1 in/ead ( on a sl$ only 7cf4 section #bi74 ,! reason seems to be t1 giv5 a mod]ate siz$ block & pl5ty ( m51 ! progress w\ld be quick]1 z ! sl$ does n ne$ ! con/ant adju/m5t & att5tion :i* is requir$ by roll]s4 ,z we h already rem>k$1 ! friction r5d]s ! use ( sl$s alone impossible = a l>ge obelisk 7cf4 section #ca71 s1 s9ce x appe>s t obelisks mu/ h be5 br\ght into ! temple prec9cts endways1 !re is no o!r means we "k ( o!r ?an roll]s4 ,sev]al pieces ( wood1 :i* 7 probably us$ z roll]s1 7 f\nd 9 ! dbris r\nd ! ,lahn ,pyramid1 & are publi%$ 9 ,,brunton1 ,lahun ,i1 ! ,treasure1 plate ,,xx4 ,!y v>y f a foot to ab\t #h in*es 9 l5g?1 hav+ diamet]s f #b to #c in*es4 ,! ends ( all ! examples are r\nd$4 ,x is /range t1 9 ! qu>ry & *ip-heap cle>$ at ,el-,lahn1 s few workm5's tools 7 f\nd ) ! exception ( wood5 mallets & sleep]s4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,reisn]1 9 reply to my "q z to :e!r any roll]s _h be5 f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( 8 excavations1 has k9dly s5t me ! foll[+ note4 8,at ,nuri 7,e?iopia7 we f\nd two %ort ?ick granite roll]s 9 ! *amb] ( ,pyramid ,,viii1 :]e !re 0 a granite c(f91 weigh+ #g-h tons1 :i* may h be5 us$ = mov+ ! c(f9 f ! foot ( ! /airs ?r\gh rooms ,a & ,b to its place 9 ,c4 ,we actually us$ ^! roll]s 9 mov+ ! c(f9 out40 ,he gives ! date ( ^! roll]s z ab\t #eej ,b4 ,c4 7#ci7 ,on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s t ! cap/an & ! block & tackle1 arrang$ to give a l>ge me*anical advantage1 7 q unkn[n until q late times4 ,no trace has be5 f\nd ( !m 9 ! t[n-sites excavat$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 nor is !re any trace ( _! d]ivatives1 su* z ! spok$ well-drum 9 "o case or ! application ( ! o!r = haul+ up ! sails ( %ips4 ,9 ! sc5e ( ! exp$ition to ,punt 9 ! "t ( at%epswet1 an exam9ation ( ! sail halli>ds reveal no?+ 9 ! nature ( a block & tackle4 ,%e]s1 gyns & d]ricks may well h be5 kn[n 9 pr9ciple1 b = mov+ weights l ^? ( obelisks1 ^! are ( no use except 9 conjunction ) ! cap/an & block & tackle4 ,:5 ! ,luxor obelisk 0 be+ l[]$ = removal1 9 spite ( ! elaborate calculations ( ! /resses set up 9 ! wood5 %e]s1 & ( ! good mod]n c>p5try us$ 9 _! con/ruction & ! /eady pull giv5 by ! cap/ans1 ! /ructure cru%$ & jamm$1 & x 0 only by ! use ( screw-jacks t ! necess>y repairs c\ld be made4 ,?is 0 ) a #bbgton obelisk6 ,a me?od :i* may h be5 us$1 & :i* ,i %\ld myself attempt if ,i 7 entru/$ ) su* a piece ( "w1 is z foll[s3 7#dj7 ,a squ>e funnel is fir/ built r\nd & above ! p$e/al on :i* ! obelisk is to /& 7see plate ,,viii71 leav+ a space ab\t half a metre high1 & "o & a half metre wide1 cle> ov] ! edge ( ! p$e/al1 to lead out to a tunnel4 ,! sides ( ! funnel1 :i* are #ci ( smoo? masonry1 are set at a slope s t ! obelisk on be+ l[]$ into x c lie aga9/ ! wall ( ! slope )\t pass+ its dead-c5tre & com+ ( itself to an upright position4 ,! sides ( ! funnel are cont9u$ upw>ds--p]haps 9 brick1 = economy--until ! height ( ! funnel is well above ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! obelisk2 ! high]1 ! bett]4 ,ar\nd ! funnel ! brickwork w\ld be br\ght out to =m a squ>e t[]1 ) ! pylon wall = its revetem5t1 p]haps1 on "o side4 ,! tunnel m5tion$ above leads f ! p$e/al to ! fur!r wall ( ! t[]4 ,a long slop+ embankm5t 7section #ce7 is made to lead up to ! top ( ! plat=m1 & a g5tle curve cut 9 ! brick 7,a7 to lead d[n to ! int]ior ( ! funnel4 ,9 ! case ( ! obelisk ( at%epswet1 ! plat=m mu/ h be5 at a high en\gh level to cle> any build+s 9 ! way4 ,! obelisk is !n pull$ up on roll]s1 base =emo/1 until x j ov]hangs ! slope ,a4 ,! funnel1 previ\s to ?is1 is fill$ ) ! f9e/ ,aswn s&1 :i* has v little cohesion 9 its p>ticles1 bank$ high aga9/ ! butt ( ! obelisk4 ,! s& is !n v gradually remov$ f ! tunnel1 ?us lett+ ! obelisk sl[ly d[n on to its p$e/al4 ,9 ?is process1 m5 w\ld desc5d ) ! obelisk until ! masonry portion ( ! tunnel 0 rea*$4 ,precautions w\ld h to be tak51 by bank+ ! s& up be=e ! butt ( ! obelisk &1 if necess>y1 by ins]t+ wood5 /ruts betwe5 ! butt & ! wall ,b ( ! funnel1 to prev5t ! obelisk jamm+ aga9/ x4 ,aft] ! masonry is rea*$1 !re w\ld be little fe> ( a jam4 ,!re is fairly good pro( t blocks & /atues 7 l[]$ on to _! b$s by empty+ s&-bags :i* support$ !m4 ,*oisy1 9 8 ,l',art de btir *ez les gypti5s1 takes x = grant$ t ?is me?od mu/ h be5 us$ = obelisks z well4 ,8 sugge/ion--or r description1 = he might well h be5 !re--( h[ ! ,egyptians erect$ _! obelisks1 on page #abd1 is n to be tak5 s]i\sly1 except p]haps = ! smalle/ obelisks 7see section #ej74 ,if ! me?od ,i sugge/1 or a modification ( x1 0 t us$ = ! erection ( ! l>ge/ obelisks1 s&-bags are n necess>y at all4 ,z to ! fl[ ( f9e bl[n s&1 ,i c speak f p]sonal exp]i5ce on ! matt]1 z ,i h sev]al times approa*$ a big tomb-%aft fill$ ) bl[n s& f bel[1 hav+ ent]$ by ano!r tomb break+ into x4 ,! s& always lay slop+ f ! ro( ( ! *amb] jo9+ ! %aft to ! floor1 at an angle ( ab\t #bj degrees4 ,x c be easily & safely remov$ f bel[ )\t br++ d[n an avalan*e4 ,i am v sure t1 at ! end ( ! tunnel1 no con/ant fl[ w occur1 ev5 :5 ! s& is be+ press$ d[n by a #aafhton obelisk2 x is m likely t m5 w\ld h to remove ! s& f half-way along ! tunnel4 ,! bottom ( ! funnel w\ld h to be slightly l>g] ?an ! base ( ! obelisk1 s z to be able to remove ! s&1 /ones & brick fragm5ts :i* might h come d[n ) x4 ,if all w5t well1 ! obelisk1 :5 x t\*$ ! p$e/al1 w\ld lie aga9/ ! ne> wall ( ! funnel ) its base engag+ 9 ! not*4 ,m5 w\ld !n ent] ?r\gh ! tunnel1 & cle> out all p>ticles ( s& f ! surface ( ! p$e/al &1 if necess>y1 f ar\nd ! base ( ! obelisk4 #dj ,be=e pass+ ! pro(s ( ! volume1 b aft] plate ,,viii 0 pr9t$1 ,i made a wood5 model ( a funnel ( almo/ exactly ! same proportions z t %ewn on ! plate4 ,! height ( ! end ( ! embankm5t 0 #cj c5timetres4 ,?is ,i tri$ ) a #a_/ajj scale model ( ! obelisk 9 lime/one1 us+ f9ely sift$ ,aswn s&4 ,! result 0 int]e/+1 s9ce x %ews ! great importance ( unsuspect$ details 9 ?is k9d ( und]tak+4 ,9 ! model1 ,i did n use a tunnel1 b all[$ ! s& to escape at any desir$ rate ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 ! /& on :i* ! model 0 plac$4 ,s9ce ! model 0 n fix$ to ! /&1 ! position ( ! ap]ture ) reg>d to ! bottom ( ! funnel c\ld be v>i$4 ,i f\nd t1 if ! ap]ture 0 on ! side away f ! embankm5t1 !re 0 a decid$ t5d5cy = ! obelisk to jam aga9/ ! opposite wall ( ! funnel4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s& ran out f ! ne> side1 ! obelisk came d[n re/+ aga9/ ! embankm5t wall1 ) its edge :]e ! slot %\ld be4 ,x seems mo/ likely t ! s& 0 remov$1 n f ! tunnel %ewn on plate ,,viii1 b f "o on ! opposite side1 lead+ out f "u ! embankm5t4 ,! tunnel %ewn 9 ! plate seems necess>y = ! prop] clean+ ( ! p$e/al be=e ! obelisk 0 pull$ upright4 ,9 a subsequ5t model1 9 :i* ! side ( ! funnel 0 v]tical & made ( glass1 ,i 0 enabl$ to exam9e ! base ( ! obelisk & ! levels ( ! s& dur+ ! desc5t4 ,! results %ew$ no reason = modify+ ! diagram on plate ,,viii except 9 ! mann] m5tion$ above4 ,x is possible t ! s& 0 remov$ f above until ! obelisk 0 l[ en\gh = !re to be no fe> ( a jam2 aft] t po9t _h be5 pass$1 x w\ld n matt] f :i* side ( ! p$e/al ! s& 0 remov$4 ,i realise t if ! model 7 enl>g$ up to full-size1 ! gra9s ( s& w\ld be at lea/ "o c5timetre 9 diamet]4 ,x seems to me t1 us+ ord9>y s& ) a full siz$ obelisk1 ! fl[ w\ld be bett] ?an is ! case 9 ! model1 z !re w\ld be less sk9-friction ) ! sides ( ! funnel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re may well be factors1 un=ese5 by me1 :i* might r5d] ! behavi\r ( ! full-siz$ obelisk diff]5t f t ( ! model1 s ,i give ^! results )\t insi/+ t !y are a pro( t su* a me?od is possible = erect+ obelisks4 ,ano!r po9t arises 9 connection ) ! funnel2 ?is is ! possibility ( ! side walls ( ! funnel hav+ be5 con/ruct$ v]tically1 ! wid? ( ! funnel be+ only slightly great] ?an ! wid? ( ! base ( ! obelisk4 ,! advantage ( ?is modification w\ld be t if s& 7 pil$ on to ! obelisk 9 ! initial /ages ( its desc5t1 ! weight ( ! s& w\ld be a great help 9 =c+ ! base d[n ! funnel pa/ ! po9t :]e x might be likely to jam4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 make ! exam9ation ( ! obelisk dur+ its desc5t a difficult matt] ow+ to lack ( space4 ,mr4 ,som]s ,cl>ke po9ts out t1 if ! obelisk came d[n on to its p$e/al support$ on "o edge1 t ! /ra9 w\ld cru% ! granite4 ,x seems t ! slot 9 ! p$e/al s]v$ a d\ble purpose1 "o to keep ! obelisk f twi/+1 & ! o!r to ensure t ! weight #da is tak5 on ! edge ( ! slot & n on ! edge ( ! obelisk 7see fig4 #h74 ,let u assume t ! edge ( ! slot cru%es until !re is #b in*es ( support+ surface2 !n s9ce ! obelisk is ab\t #afe in*es along its base1 ! be>+ surface w be #ccj squ>e in*es & ! result+ cru%+ /ress ab\t #c tons p] squ>e in*1 :i* is n s v excessive4 ,by putt+ mod]ately s(t wood 9 ! slot1 ! weight c\ld be borne bo? by ! edge ( ! obelisk & ! edge ( ! slot1 ?us fur!r r$uc+ ! /ress set up4 ,9 ! case ( ! /&+ obelisk ( at%epswet1 x has come d[n )\t engag+ 9 ! slot1 ) ! result t ! corn]s h cru%$ consid]ably4 ,figure #h %ews ! position ( ?is obelisk z x n[ /&s on its p$e/al1 ! position tak5 up be+ ,c,d,e,f in/ead ( ,c,d,e,f4 ,! corn]s ,e & ,f h split badly ow+ to ! great weight & h be5 r\nd$ to cov] up ! defect4 ,9 ?is case ! inn] side ( ! slot1 ,a,b1 z f> z c n[ be se51 is /ill %>p4 ,9 all ! o!r p$e/als ,i h exam9$1 :]e ! obelisks h app>5tly come d[n s z to be> on ! inn] edge ( ! slot1 ! edge is v di/9ctly cru%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,position ( at%epswet's obelisk on its p$e/al4 7#da7 ,be=e ! obelisk 0 pull$ upright1 ! space 9 front ( ! obelisk1 & betwe5 x & ! wall ,b1 might well be fill$ up ) halfa & re$s1 to make a k9d ( cu%ion1 & to damp any t5d5cy to rock backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,! not* w\ld prev5t any twi/ be=e x engag$ ) ! re$ cu%ion4 ,if ! obelisk twi/$1 x 0 because ! re$ cu%ion 0 n suffici5tly tightly pack$1 ! twi/ tak+ place aft] x _h rock$ ov] to its fur!r edge4 ,if ! obelisk 0 on a sl$ge1 ,i %\ld ?9k t x 0 remov$ be=e introduc+ x into ! m\? ( ! funnel2 ! removal ( ! roll]s w\ld be automatic4 ,! rais+ ( ! obelisk )\t ! aid ( an embankm5t is propos$ by ,*oisy 9 ,l',art de btir *ez les gypti5s4 ,he assumes t ! obelisk 0 rais$ by a s]ies ( lev]s us$ horizontally on a fulcrum1 & t x 0 heav$ up simultane\sly f bo? sides & pack$ f bel[ aft] ea* heave1 ! obelisk & lev]s ris+ toge!r till ! obelisk 0 suffici5tly high to l[] on to ! p$e/al 7cf4 section #ej & fig4 #aa74 ,let u assume t ?is me?od 0 to be us$ = ! ,aswn obelisk4 ,i ?9k t ! l>ge/ lev]s practicable w\ld be #ae metre tree-trunks us$ ) a me*anical advantage ( #aj to #a4 ,n m ?an #cj lev]s c\ld be us$ on ea* side ( ! obelisk4 ,! numb] ( m5 requir$ to raise ! obelisk c be f\nd to be ab\t #ef p] lev]1 assum+ t !y all heave at ! end4 ,i h>dly see h[ su* a numb] c be put on a horizontal lev] unless we assume t a cross-baulk is atta*$ along ! ends ( ! lev]s & ! :ole load$ ) /ones4 ,! lev]s w\ld h to be dism\nt$ at ea* heave & ! "t tak5 w\ld be consid]able4 ,! me?od1 h[ev]1 is a possibility1 s ,i include x z an alt]native to ! embankm5t4 #db 7#db7 ,be=e leav+ ?is subject1 x is z well to asc]ta9 if ! obelisk is /rong en\gh to be> ! int]nal /ra9 due to its own weight :5 x is support$ at its c5tre ( gravity4 ,! volume ( a truncat$ cone is giv5 by ! =mula ,v ,h_/#c 7,a#b ,aa a#b74 ,9 ! %aft ( ?is obelisk1 ,h is #cg4be1 ,a is #d4bj & a is #b4ej metres4 ,sub/itut+1 we h3 ,v #cg4be_/c7d4b7b #d4b #b4e 7#b4e7b f :i* we f9d t ! volume ( ! %aft is #dbf cubic metres4 ,aswn granite weighs ab\t #b4fgi tons p] cubic metre1 :i* makes ! %aft weigh #aadc tons4 ,! weight ( ! pyramidion is 7base7#b 7height7 7unit weight7_/#c1 or 7#b4ej7b 7#d4ej7 7#b4fgi7_/c #be tons1 s t ! total weight ( ! obelisk w\ld h be5 #aadc #be #aafh tons4 ,! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( a tap]+ squ>e-section$ solid f ! butt is giv5 by ! =mula3 ,h 7,a#b #b;,aa #c;a#b7_/7;,a#b ,aa a#b74 ,"h ,h is #cg4be m42 ,a #d4b m42 a #b4e m4 ,sub/itut+ we get3 7#cg4be_/d7 7#d4bj7b #b 7#b4ej #d4bj7 #c 7#b4ej7b_/7d4bj7b 7#b4ej #d4bj7 7#b4ej7b4 ,t is1 ! di/ance ( ! ,c4 ,g4 f ! butt1 7,l,n on fig4 #aa71 is #ae4ce metres4 ,tak+ ! pyramidion by itself4 ,its height is #d4ej metres1 s t its ,c4 ,g4 mu/ be "o-f\r? t di/ance f ! base1 :i* makes #a4ab metres4 ,if x is ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole obelisk f ! butt1 by tak+ mom5ts ab\t ! butt we h3 7,total weight7 x 7weight ( pyramidion7 7#a4ab l5g? ( %aft7 7weight ( %aft7 #ae4ce1 or #aafh x #be #ch4cg #aadc #ae4ce1 f :i* x #ae4hd4 ,t is1 ! di/ance ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole obelisk f ! butt is #ae4hd metres4 ,! bread? ( ! obelisk at its c5tre ( gravity is #d4b 7#ae4hd_/cg4be7 7#d4b #b4e7 or #c4di metres4 7#dc7 ,let u assume t ! obelisk is balanc$ at its ,c4 ,g41 & f9d ! /resses due to b5d+4 ,! weight on ea* side w be equal4 ,tak+ ! "r h& half1 its weight w act at its ,c4 ,g4 ,us+ ! =mula = ! ,c4 ,g4 ( a tap]+ squ>e-section$ solid1 quot$ above1 we get3 7#ae4hd_/d7 7#d4bj7b #b 7#d4bj7 7#c4di7 #c 7#c4di7b_/7d4bj7b 7#d4bj7 7#c4di7 7#c4di7b #g4dc metres1 :i* means t ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! "r-h& half ( ! obelisk w act at a di/ance ( #g4dc metres f ! butt1 or #ae4hd #g4dc #h4da metres f ! balanc+ po9t1 or ,c4 ,g4 ( ! :ole obelisk4 ,! sum ( ! mom5ts to ! "r ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ( ! :ole obelisk w be half ! total weight multipli$ by #h4da #ehd #h4da4 ,!n1 if s is ! int]nal /ress set up due to ! b5d+ ( ! obelisk :5 support$ at its ,c4 ,g41 we h3 7,section modulus7 7/ress7 sum ( mom5ts on "o side ( support4 ,! modulus ( ! squ>e section is "o six? ! cube ( ! dep?1 s we h3 7#c4di #ci4cg7c_/f s #ehd #h4da #ci4cg #bbdj4 ,f :i* s #ajja p\nds p] squ>e in* 7#ci4cg be+ ! r$uction ( metres to in*es74 #dc ,! modulus ( rupture = granite f ,aswn is giv5 z #aejj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 s x w be se5 t ! obelisk1 if n conv]t$ into a live load 7by a j]k1 = in/ance7 c be support$ at its ,c4 ,g4 )\t break+4 ,x is r difficult to say h[ f> ! ,egyptians 7 able to c>ry _! calculations4 ,! erection c\ld well h be5 rehe>s$ by means ( a scale-model1 :i* c\ld h be5 fur!r us$ = obta9+ ! weight & ! position ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,i d n ?9k t !y ev] tr\bl$ ab\t ! b5d+-mom5t2 at any rate1 _! ma!matics 7 n suffici5tly advanc$ = its det]m9ation4 ,x may be t1 s9ce 9 all ! obelisks we "k (1 ^: tap] does n v>y to any great ext5t1 c be support$ any:]e1 ! ,egyptians nev] _h a case ( su* a monum5t break+ by its own weight4 ,ano!r int]e/+ po9t arises 9 connection ) ?is1 & t is1 s9ce 9 obelisks 7& all beams7 ( ! same proportion1 ! b5d+ /ress due to _! own weight dep5ds on ! l9e> dim5sion1 & !re=e ! fact t a granite scale-model does n break w be no indication t ! monum5t itself w n break :5 simil>ly support$4 ,if ! #ajh cubit 7#ef4gj metres7 obelisk ( at%epswet1 m5tion$ by utiy 7section #c71 does inde$ apply to "o & n to ! two plac$ butt to butt on ! boat %ewn 9 ! ,dr el-,baari sculpture1 !n1 if ! proportions are ab\t ! same z ! ,aswn obelisk1 ! /ress set up :5 support$ at its c5tre ( gravity 7see section #dj7 w\ld be 9 ! nature ( #ef4gj #ajja_/da4ge #acfj p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :i* is p]il\sly ne> ! break+ /ress ( #aejj p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,x w be cle>ly se5 t ! obelisk1 "p ( :i* is at ,con/ant9ople1 _c h be5 "p ( ! #ajh;cubit obelisk1 z x w\ld be mu* ?9n] ?an ! "o at ,aswn & w\ld c]ta9ly n support its own weight ei!r at ! c5tre ( gravity or at its ends4 ,:5 work$ out1 ! int]nal /ress set up 9 su* an obelisk m ?an d\bles ! ultimate /r5g? ( granite4 #de ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,objects ,,& ,,conclusion4 7#dd7 ,dur+ ! cle>ance ( ! we/ end ( ! nor? tr5*1 a small pot 0 f\nd1 ( ! =m %ewn 9 figure #i1 conta9+ a small quantity ( a sub/ance :i* _h ! appe>ance ( r$ brick du/4 ,! pot appe>s to h _h a neck1 b x is n[ miss+1 & a section has be5 brok5 out ( ! side4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! pot !re is a small hole4 ,! %ape ( ! pot is n *>act]i/ic1 & x may well be ( a date lat] ?an t ( ! obelisk4 ,! glaze is ( a d>k r$di%-br[n col\r1 & is ! co>se/ ,i h ev] se51 be+ v unev5 & cov]$ ) bubble-crat]s4 ,! ,director ( ! ,*emical ,dep>tm5t k9dly all[$ analyses to be made ( ! glaze & also ( ! cont5ts ( ! pot4 ,z reg>ds ! glaze1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,poll>d ( ! ,*emical ,dep>tm5t /aff1 :o has _h exp]i5ce 9 ! analysis ( glazes1 has sugge/$ t x is a natural "o1 p]haps due to ! pot ly+ 9 a fire ( burn+ vegetable matt]4 ,?is seems v likely s9ce !re seems to h be5 a great deal ( burn+ 9 remov+ ! upp] lay]s ( granite dur+ ! extraction ( monum5ts f ! qu>ries 7section #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,pot f obelisk tr5*4 ,scale 4 ,! cont5ts ( ! pot are report$ to be o*re & n burnt brick1 ?\gh ! o*re is ( poor quality4 ,x seems t we h "h ! mat]ial ( ! pa9t us$ 9 ! qu>ries4 ,x 0 probably mix$1 be=e use1 ) acacia gum4 ,o*re1 ( v>i\s col\rs1 occurs )9 a mile ( ! obelisk 9 ! rocks above ! ,luxor-,%elll railway l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,scale 7#de7 ,dur+ ! cle>ance ( ! we/ end ( ! nor? tr5*1 we f\nd "p ( an o/rakon 9 ! hi]atic "*4 ,x is writt5 9 black ink 9 a piece ( pott]y1 measur+ #af #ab c5t41 ( ! dull r$ ) yell[ slip common to ! ,,xviii?-,,xix? dyna/y4 ,mr4 ,battiscombe ,gunn1 :o has lately be5 translat+ ! rec5tly discov]$ o/raka & graffiti = "s ( ! excavators at ,!bes1 has k9dly exam9$ ?is o/rakon & reports t ! writ+ is ( *>act]i/ic ,,xix? dyna/y type4 ,?is is %ewn 9 figure #aj4 #df ,! hi]oglyphic v]sion ( ! o/rakon is3 7glyph7 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7#b7 4 4 4 4 4 tax$ ) 787 #b 4 4 4 4 4 7#c7 4 4 4 4 4 ?\ said/3 8,?\ beate/ 787 x because 787 4 4 4 ! #bj 4 4 4 #ac 7#d7 4 4 4 4 4 because 787 4 4 4 :i* is "h ) me1 because1 he said1 ! 4 4 4 7#e7 4 4 4 4 4 7drag1 cut871 ! :ole ( ! /one1 he said1 because 4 4 4 7#f7 4 4 4 4 4 br++ ! #bj 4 4 4 #ac glyphglyph = r-f1 z frequ5tly else:]e4 ,?is is h>dly satisfactory1 & ,i _c see h[ we c\ld h got a fragm5t ( a lett] tell+ u less ?an ?is4 ,x is q likely t x 0 ?r[n d[n f ! qu>ry "w above4 ,x is tempt+ to read1 9 ! ^w glyphglyphglyphglyph qnqn1 ! p\nd+ process by :i* ! tr5* 0 made4 7#df7 ,on ! ea/ face ( ! high rock %ewn at ,c on plate ,,vii1 !re are two %ort inscriptions 9 ! ,greek "*4 ,t on ! "r reads3 smudgesmudgesmudge ,am 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sab9ianos 7&7 ,s]apeum1 7sons7 ( ,ursus4 ,! fir/ "n is d\btful z ,i am unc]ta9 h[ _m lett]s are miss+4 ,! rema9d] are ,greek =ms ( ,lat9 names4 ,on ! left ( ! above is ! ,greek "n 4 is kn[n 9 ,c4 ,i4 ,g41 #c1 nos4 #eaji2 #dgaf4 ,! names h be5 fairly ne>ly cut 9 ! granite ) a f9e po9t$ *isel4 #dg 7#dg7 ,!re are ov] #be obelisks kn[n to-day ^: weights exce$ #ej tons1 & all mu/ h come f ,aswn1 s9ce x is ! only conv5i5t outcrop ( granite 9 ,egypt4 ,x might well be ask$ f :i* qu>ries !y h be5 tak54 ,i h exam9$ mo/ ( ! qu>ries ab\t ,aswn & ,%elll1 b mu/ admit t ,i h n f\nd "o f :i* ,i am sure t an obelisk has be5 extract$4 ,i ?9k t1 at any rate1 "s mu/ h be5 tak5 f ! qu>ries 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ! ,aswn obelisk1 z ! /ratum is good1 & x is ! mo/ conv5i5tly situat$ f ! riv] bank4 ,x w\ld well repay ! tr\ble tak5 to cle> ! qu>ry to ! s\?1 & ! valley lead+ up to ! obelisk1 completely1 expos+ ! floor1 z x is !re t we may expect to f9d ! b$ ( "o ( ! l>g] obelisks4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d h[ev]1 t a qu>ry1 good en\gh to furni% a l>ge obelisk1 w\ld be work$ z long z !re 0 good /one to be extract$ f x4 ,! s& does n come 9 at any al>m+ rate1 & a cr$it ( ,l4 ,e4 #e e ye> w\ld be suffici5t to keep ! :ole qu>ry cle>4 ,i e/imate ! co/ ( completely cle>+ ! s\? qu>ry & ! valley at ,l4 ,e4 #aejj4 ,x w\ld leave a magnific5t monum5t4 #di ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,bibliography4 7#dh7 ,i h endeav\r$ to conf9e ?is bibliography to ref]5ces :i*1 directly or indirectly1 conc]n ! qu>ry+1 transport & erection ( obelisks 9 ,egyptian times1 omitt+ c]ta9 m$ival acc\nts su* z ^? ( ,pet] ,gyllius1 & su* /ories ( m>vell\s ,egyptian eng9es z are put =w>d by c]ta9 irresponsible writ]s4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 giv5 a v brief prcis ( ! removals ( ! ,vatican1 ,p>is & ! ,london & ,new ,york obelisks1 z ^! h a g5]al int]e/4 ,,antiquities ,,dep>tm5t1 ,annales du ,s]vice4--,sev]al ref]5ces to obelisks are giv5 9 ! index ( p>ts ,i-,x1 *iefly deal+ ) ^? ( ,k>nak4 ,9 volume ,v1 pp4 #aa & #ab1 !re is a discussion by ,legra9 on ^? be=e ,pylon ,,vii 7section #aa74 7#di7 ,,b>b] 7,comm&] ,f4 ,m41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n471 ,! ,me*anical ,triumphs ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 publi%$ by ,kegan ,paul1 #aijj4--,?is is a popul> description1 9 a portable size1 ( ! be/-kn[n works und]tak5 by ! ,egyptians4 ,9 _m ways x may be consid]$ z a prcis ( ,gorr+e's ,egyptian ,obelisks4 ,x gives ! details ( removals ( obelisks 9 mod]n times1 %orn ( elaborate te*nical details4 ,he assumes t ! l>ge obelisks 7 rais$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z ! ,s]+apatam obelisk 7section #cf74 ,,brea/$ 7,dr4 ,j4 ,h471 ,anci5t ,records4--,translations ( ! inscriptions on mo/ ( ! obelisks c be obta9$ f ! g5]al index "u #8obelisks'4 ,_m ( ^! translations are accompani$ by int]e/+ footnotes4 ,ref]5ces to "s l>ge transportations are giv5 9 section #bh ( ?is volume1 to transport boats 9 section #cd4 7#ej7 ,,*oisy 7,augu/e71 ,l',art de btir *ez les gypti5s1 publi%$ at #gf ,rue de la ,se9e1 ,p>is1 #aijd4--,! au?or1 9 ?is "w1 gives :at he consid]s to h be5 ! anci5t me?ods ( build+1 toge!r ) 8 ideas z to ^? ( ! transportation & erection ( monoli?s4 ,! *apt]s on con/ruction d n come )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is volume4 ,obelisks are dealt ) on pages #aba to #abg4 ,"u ! head+ ( #8extraction'1 he gives "s sugge/ions1 or r ass]tions1 z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! obelisk 0 giv5 a curv$ surface1 b none z to ! qu>ry "w4 ,9 8 notes on transport by wat]1 he fav\rs ! me?od describ$ by ,pl9y 7section #cd ( ?is volume71 :i* we "k is n confirm$ by an exam9ation ( ! ,aswn qu>ries4 ,z to ! me?od he proposes = ! transport ( obelisks1 x is extremely labori\s2 ! obelisk 0 heav$ up by a s]ies ( lev]s act+ on bo? sides simultane\sly1 #ej be+ pack$ f bel[ aft] ea* heave4 ,figure #aa1 tak5 f 8 book1 makes ?is cle>4 ,:5 ! obelisk 0 suffici5tly high1 an embankm5t 0 con/ruct$ s z to make a ramp lead+ d[n 9 ! direction 9 :i* x 0 desir$ to travel1 & ! obelisk 0 pull$1 butt =emo/1 along ! ramp until x rea*$ gr\nd-level aga91 ! process be+ repeat$ = ! :ole j\rney4 ,8 me?od = erect+ an obelisk is1 to me1 me*anically uns\nd4 ,figure #ab is tak5 f 8 book2 ref]r+ to x1 he says3 8,s\levons le bloc 7fig4 #aa71 en ayant so9 de ma9t5ir le remblai d'appui p> les bajoy]s4 ,arrivs une hauteur telle que a1 passons1 p>-dess\s1 des trav]ses c et un t\rillon n4 ,a ce mom5t ri5 n'emp*e de dblay] les t]res et d'tablir en s\s-uvre une glissire g4 ,la glissire faite1 remplaons p> du sable les t]res enleves2 retirons les trav]ses c et aff\illons le sable4 ,l'oblisque1 pivotant aut\r du t\rillon n1 va s'incl9] suivant a et arriv] l'aplomb de sa base b4 ,il suffira p\r emp*] d'all] trop long1 de rs]v] en d un arrt qui le contre-bute du pi$1 et de ret5ir le sommet p> des haubans40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,*oisy's sugge/ion = erect+ an obelisk4 ,he does n tell u ( :at mat]ial ! #8t\rillon' n is to be made 9 ord] to /& ! enorm\s /ra91 nei!r does he give any details z to ! mat]ial ( ! #8glissire' :i* w\ld all[ ! po9t ( ! sl$ to slide along x )\t bury+ itself4 ,*oisy imag9es ! proc$ure aft] ! obelisk _h atta9$ a v]tical position to h be5 to fill 9 ! space betwe5 ! obelisk & ! p$e/al ) fill$ s&-bags1 a long sausage-%ap$ bag hav+ be5 plac$ 9 ! slot 9 ! p$e/al4 ,! bags 7 !n to be p]=at$ #ea "o by "o until ! obelisk re/$ on its edge & ! long bag only4 ,! empty bags 7 to be )drawn f "u ! obelisk & f9ally ! long bag op5$ & ! mat]ial remov$ ?r\gh ! slot4 ,?is may possibly h be5 ! me?od us$ ) m$ium-siz$ blocks1 su* z s>cophagus-lids1 b ,i v mu* d\bt :e!r any bag w\ld /& half ! weight ( ! ,aswn obelisk )\t bur/+1 besides1 ! cru%+ ( ! inn] edge ( ! slots 9 ! p$e/als ( all ! obelisks at ,k>nak1 except t ( ! /&+ obelisk ( at%epswet 7cf4 section #dj71 is n expla9able by ,*oisy's #8long-bag' !ory4 ,! book w\ld h be5 inf9itely improv$ if x has conta9$ a few ref]5ces4 ,j4 ,,c\yat et ,p4 ,,montet1 ,les inscriptions hiroglyphiques et hiratiques du ,oudi ,hammmt1 9 ,mmoires publis p> les membres de l',in/itut franais du ,caire1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #ed 7,imprim]ie de l',in/itut franais74--,ref]5ces to iron-work]s f inscriptions on ! rocks at ,wady ,hammmt 7section #be74 7#ea7 ,,dec\rdeman*e 7,j4 ,a471 9 ,annales du ,s]vice1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #bae1 gives details ( v>i\s sy/ems ( l9eal measures :i* he sugge/s are d]iv$ f an orig9al tal5t1 tak5 f measures on ! ,abydos monum5ts excavat$ by ,aml9eau 9 #ahii 7see section #ah74 ,,dec\rdeman*e1 ,poids et ,mesures1 publi%$ at ,p>is by ,gauti]-,vill>s1 #aiji4--,?is gives a l>ge numb] ( sy/ems ( ! divisions ( ! cubit & foot & %ews cle>ly h[ cauti\s "o mu/ be 9 d$uc+ any?+ f a s+le unit ( measurem5t unless x is subdivid$ z 9 ! case1 = example1 ( a cubit rod4 ,x is possible1 9 ?is book1 to f9d an anci5t example ( almo/ any unit ( l5g? :i* c\ld be imag9$4 7#eb7 ,,fontana 7,dom5ico71 ,della transportatione dell'obelisco ,vaticano et delle fabri*e di no/ro signore papa ,si/o ,v fatte dal cavali]e ,dom5ico ,fontana1 ar*itecto di sua ,santit4--,?is is a r>e book publi%$ 9 #aeij1 b a good prcis is giv5 by ,lebas 9 8 ,l',oblisque de ,l\xor & 9 ,,gorr+e1 ,egyptian ,obelisks4 ,! obelisk 0 mov$ f ! ,circus ( ,n]o at ,rome to ! ,piazza di ,san ,pietro 9 #aehe1 ! me?od be+ ! #8h]oic' "o ( lift+ x bodily by blocks & tackles4 ,a gigantic t[] ( wood1 kn[n z #8,fontana's ,ca/le'1 0 erect$ ov] ! obelisk1 be+ made ( comp\nd wood5 /ruts ( a metre squ>e 9 section4 ,f ! cross-beams ( ! t[] pairs ( blocks & tackles 7 atta*$ at f\r po9ts along ! obelisk1 :i* 0 protect$ by matt+ & planks4 ,! obelisk 0 fir/ rais$ suffici5tly high1 be+ w$g$ z well f bel[1 to enable a #8cradle'1 or plat=m on roll]s1 to be introduc$ und]nea? x4 ,! obelisk 0 !n l[]$ on to ! cradle & pull$ to its new site1 fir/ d[n an incl9$ plane & !nce on level gr\nd4 ,! blocks & tackles 7 work$ by a l>ge numb] ( cap/ans4 ,! erection 0 done 9 exactly ! rev]se way to ! l[]+4 ,! :ole /ory z translat$ by ,lebas1 makes curi\s read+1 & ,i _c resi/ giv+ a few extracts4 ,he says 7,l',oblisque de ,l\xor1 pp4 #agh et seq473 8,public curiosity 4 4 4 4 4 attract$ a l>ge numb] ( /rang]s to ,rome4 ,all roads lead+ to ! squ>e 7 b>ricad$1 & a b&o ( ! pope1 publi%$ two days be=e1 puni%$ by dea? anybody :o did n respect ! b>ri] 4 4 4 4 4 ,on ! #cj? ,april1 two h\rs be=e daylight1 two masses 7 celebrat$ to #eb implore ! light ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,fontana1 ) all 8 /aff1 communicat$4 ,on ! eve ( ! l[]+ he _h be5 bless$ by ! ,holy ,fa!r4 4 4 4 4 0 ,be=e ! "w began1 ,fontana told 8 workm53 8,! "w we are ab\t to und]take is consecrat$ to religion1 ! exaltation ( ! ,holy ,cross02 !reon ev]yone recit$ ) ,fontana a pat] & an ave4 ,gorr+e comm5ts on ?is 7,egyptian ,obelisks1 pp4 #aad to #aag7 say+3 8,a /rik+ sc5e x mu/ h be5 & typical ( t curi\s age04 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o comp>es ,fontana's acc\nt ) t ( ! erection ( ! ,new ,york obelisk1 "o is /ruck1 n ) ! diff]5ce1 b ) ! resemblance betwe5 ! two c]emonies1 ! lat] "o be+ und\bt$ly m t$i\s to ! spectators1 z !re 7 no inquisitors & famili>s wait+ 9 a corn]1 to mete out summ>y puni%m5t to anyone misbehav+4 ,,g>d9] 7,dr4 ,alan71 ,egyptian ,hi]atic ,texts1 ,"p ,i4--,on p>agraphs ,,xii1 ,,xiii & ,,xiv1 "s details are giv5 z to ! removal ( an obelisk f a qu>ry1 ! removal ( s& f "u a colossus dur+ erection & ! con/ruction ( an embankm5t ( brickwork1 set z problems by "o scribe to ano!r4 ,! relevant passages are quot$ 9 ext5so 9 sections #bh & #ce4 ,,g>l& 7,h471 9 ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,in/itute ( ,metals1 no4 #b1 #aiac2 article on ,metallographical ,rese>*es on ,egyptian ,metal ,antiquities4--,! au?or gives a v te*nical acc\nt ( 8 exam9ation ( ,egyptian copp] & bronze tools & weapons by means ( micro-photographs4 ,he proves t ! %ap+ ( ! tools by hamm]+ 0 done ei!r cold or f> bel[ ! anneal+ temp]ature2 by ?is means a bett] cutt+ edge c\ld be obta9$4 ,he does n speculate on h[ f> hamm]-temp]+ c\ld be c>ri$1 conf9+ himself to ! actual results ( 8 exam9ation ( ! tools z !y 7 f\nd & aft] anneal+4 ,,gol,,nis*eff 7,w471 ,hammmt1 ,,ii1 no4 #c4--,ref]5ces to iron work]s 7section #be74 7#ec7 ,,gorr+e 7,lieut4-,comm&] ,h4 ,h41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n471 ,egyptian ,obelisks1 publi%$ 9 #ahhe by ,nimmo1 #ad1 ,k+ ,william ,/41 ,/r&4--,! obelisk1 :i* orig9ally =m$ a pair ) ! ,london ,obelisk1 _h already be5 once remov$ 9 ,roman times f ,heliopolis to ,alex&ria1 :]e x 0 /ill /&+4 ,x 0 l[]$ by fitt+ x at its c5tre ( gravity1 ) a pair ( enorm\s /eel trunnions support$ by a /eel t[] on ea* side ( ! obelisk4 ,! po9t 0 l[]$ 7or r x cra%$7 on to a t[] made ( wood5 baulks laid alt]nately4 ,a simil> wood5 t[] 0 !n built ne> ! butt end ( ! obelisk & aft] rais+ ! obelisk f ea* end ) hydraulic rams1 ! trunnions 7 remov$4 ,! mass 0 !n l[]$ f ea* side 9 turn by support+ ! obelisk by ! rams :ile a c\rse ( baulks 7 remov$ f ! t[]1 & cont9u+ ! process until ! obelisk lay on ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 float$ 9 a wood5 caisson f ! %ore to ! dock & introduc$ into a /eam%ip call$ ! ,dess\k by op5+ a port 9 h] b[s4 ,at ! ,am]ican end1 x 0 plac$ on a railway l9e & pull$ to ,c5tral ,p>k1 :]e ! trunnion & t[]s 7 aga9 us$ 9 ! opposite ord] to ! l[]+4 ,= ! %ort moves1 su* z mov+ x into ! hold ( ! %ip1 x 0 roll$ on cannon-balls runn+ 9 *annel irons4 #ec ,9 ! publication !re is a v good acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! obelisk & an excell5t collection ( classical & m$ival records relat+ to ! subject4 ,9 8 #8record ( all ,obelisks' he gives poor photographs ( "o face ( ea*1 accompani$ by #8be/ translations' ( ! inscriptions1 :]e ! r\ghe/ h&-copies ( ! text w\ld h be5 inf9itely m valuable4 ,n[h]e 9 ! book c ,i f9d a complete s]ies ( measurem5ts ( ! ,new ,york obelisk2 9 a table on page #ade he gives ! heights1 wid? at ! base & ! e/imat$ weight only4 ,to make up = ?is1 ! analysis ( ! granite & ( ! copp] #8crabs' is giv5 ) extraord9>y detail1 & we are giv5 a complete li/ ( ! objects plac$ "u ! obelisk on re-erection1 :i* range f sets ( co9age & /&>d works 7p4 #cc71 to a small box1 ! cont5ts ( :i* 7 kn[n only to himself 7t is to a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,hurlb]t74 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le1 n[ rott+ on ! ,?ames ,embankm5t1 we are told1 has b5ea? x among o!r ?+s1 a ,mapp9's ,%ill+ ,razor1 an ,alex&ra ,fe$+-bottle1 a case ( cig>s & photographs ( a doz5 pretty ,engli% wom5 = ! b5efit ( po/]ity6 ,9 ,gorr+e's "w1 v]batim reports ( pomp\s spee*es1 ( :i* ea* /age ( ! proce$+s seem$ to provoke cat>acts1 total #ah pages ( small type1 :ile long diss]tations are indulg$ 9 on ! pres5ce ( #8masonic emblems' discov]$ 9 ! base ( ! obelisk at ,alex&ria1 & on _! esot]ic mean+2 ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t _! #8mo/ exp]t ar*ologi/' po9ts out ! obvi\s explanation t ! signs comm5t$ on =m "p ( an ,egyptian ^w det]m9$ by ! h\se-sign1 & ! #8my/]i\s l9es'1 etc41 are m]ely fragm5ts ( ord9>y decoration f a re-us$ build+4 ,,h]odotus1 ,h4 ,c>y's translation1 #ahfa1 ,bohn edition4 ,,ii1 #abe1 iron tools us$ 9 ! ,great ,pyramid2 ,,ii1 #aee1 transport ( a monoli?ic *apel f ,aswn to ,buto4 ,m5tion ( lev]s2 ,,ii1 #age1 transport ( an enorm\s monum5t "u ,amasis 7section #bi ( ?is volume74 ,,lay>d1 ,discov]ies1 p4 #ajd2 transport ( a w+$ bull at ,n9eveh by means ( a sl$ on roll]s 7section #bi74 7#ed7 ,,lebas1 ,l',oblisque de ,l\xor1 ,p>is1 #ahci4--;,a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( a gross act ( v&alism1 s9ce ! ,luxor obelisks 7 ! only pair /ill /&+ 9 _! orig9al position4 ,! l[]+ & rais+ 0 p]=m$ by a huge comp\nd d]rick1 consi/+ ( five support+ memb]s on ea* side ( ! obelisk1 ! p[] be+ suppli$ by cap/ans & blocks & tackles4 ,! obelisk 0 l[]$ on to a wood5 cradle on :i* x 0 dragg$ ov] a greas$ way1 )\t roll]s1 to ! wat]1 & f ! wat] to its pres5t position 9 ! ,place de la ,concorde4 ,! wat] transport 0 effect$ by a pontoon-raft ( peculi> design1 ! pr[ ( :i* 0 remov$ = gett+ ! obelisk 9 & out4 ,gorr+e gives a good rsum ( ,lebas' book1 :i* is n[ v r>e4 7#ee7 ,,petrie 7,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s71 ,arts & ,crafts ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 publi%$ by ,t4 ,m4 ,f\lis1 ,london1 #aiji4--,/one work+ is discuss$ 9 *apt] vii4 ,z reg>ds granite1 ,pr(4 ,petrie fav\rs ! sugge/ion t wett$ wood5 w$ges 7 us$ 7cf4 section #d ( ?is volume74 ,he gives valuable details z to ! saw+ & drill+ ( granite1 ! poli%+ ( its surface & #ed ! cutt+ ( hi]oglyphs4 ,on ! erection ( obelisks he says 7page #gg71 ref]r+ to ! sett+ up ( colossi "u ,ramesses ,,iv3 8,a causeway ( e>? 0 made slop+ up = ! l5g? ( a qu>t] ( a mile2 x 0 #ic feet wide & #ajc feet high on ! slope1 probably ab\t #fj or #gj feet v]tically1 z ! slopes 7 held up /eeply ) fac+s ( timb] & bru%wood4 ,! purpose ( ?is evid5tly 0 to raise ! great block by slid+ x on its side up ! slope & !n to tilt x upright by gravity ov] ! head ( ! slope4 ,h[ ! mass w\ld be turn$ we h no?+ to %[1 b probably ! simple/ way1 by gradually remov+ e>?1 w\ld be foll[$4 ,by next ramm+ e>? beh9d ! obelisk z x lay on ! slope1 x w\ld be q practicable to =ce x =w>d into an upright position40 ,,petrie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 ,,xvii-,,xviii? dyna/ies1 publi%$ by ,me?u51 #aijd4--,on pages #aca & #acb ,pr(4 ,petrie discusses ! probable orig9al height ( ! ,con/ant9ople obelisk1 & speculates on ! possibility t x is "o m5tion$ by at%epswet z hav+ be5 #ajh cubits high 7see sections #c & #dc ( ?is volume74 ,,petrie1 ,tools & ,weapons1 publi%$ by ,b]n>d ,qu>it*1 #aiag4--,?is gives photographs & draw+s ( ea* k9d ( ,egyptian tool & weapon1 comp>$ ) simil> examples f o!r c\ntries4 ,,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 book ,,xvi1 *ap4 #gf1 & book ,,xxxvi1 *ap4 #ad & #ae1 transport ( an obelisk to ! ,vaticanian ,circus 9 ,roman times1 ) details ( an imm5se %ip2 book ,,xxxvi1 *ap4 #ad1 wat] transport ( an obelisk "u ,augu/us & ! transport ( an obelisk by canal "u ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7see section #ed72 erection ( an obelisk "u k+ #8,rhamsesis' 7section #ce74 7#ef7 ,,wilk9son 7,sir ,g471 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians4--,al?\gh some:at out ( date1 ?is is /ill ! /&>d "w on ! subject1 especially z reg>ds arts & crafts4 ,! portions directly conc]n+ ! subjects "u discussion are z foll[s3 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgf2 boats4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #baa1 #bab2 boats4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bed1 #bee2 probability ( temp]+ copp]4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cjj-cab2 qu>ry+1 /one work+ & ! transport ( l>ge blocks4 ,,wilson 7,erasmus71 ,cleopatra's ,ne$le & ,egyptian ,obelisks4--,! me?od ( l[]+ & rais+ ! ,london ,obelisk 0 almo/ exactly ! same z t ( ! ,new ,york ,obelisk4 ,! wat] transport1 h[ev]1 0 effect$ by enclos+ ! obelisk 9 an iron %ell 9 :i* x 0 t[$ to ,engl&4 #ee ,,index4 ,ab&on+ obelisk1 reason (1 #f1 #aj4 ,alaqi1 ,wady1 #ab1 #bg4 ,amasis ,,ii1 transport "u1 #cj4 ,am5emt ,,iii1 exp$ition1 #bi4 ,ana/asi papyrus1 #cj1 #ce4 ,balls ( dol]ite 7see #8p\nd]s'74 ,basic nuclei at ,aswn1 #ab4 ,b$ ( remov$ obelisk1 #ag1 #bj4 ,b5d+ /ress1 #db1 #dc4 ,block & tackle1 #ch4 ,boat1 load+ obelisk on1 #cc4 ,boats1 #cb1 #cc4 ,bon+ rods1 #g4 ,burn+1 to break up granite1 #d1 #e4 ,calculations1 anci5t1 #cj1 #ce1 #dc4 ,canal1 sugge/ion by ,pl9y1 #cc1 #di4 ,cap/an1 #ch4 ,c5tre l9es1 #h4 ,c5tre ( gravity1 #db4 ,*isel m>ks1 #e1 #aa4 ,*isels1 -- copp]1 #bd-bg4 -- /one1 #bf4 ,cleopatra's ne$le 7see ,london obelisk74 ,colossi1 #bc1 #ce4 ,comp>tm5ts 9 brick ramp1 #ce4 ,con/ant9ople obelisk1 #c1 #dc4 ,copp] *isels1 #bd-bg4 -- micro-exam9ation (1 #eb4 -- temp]+ (1 #bg4 ,co/ ( excavation1 #b4 ,cracks1 -- anci5t exam9ation (1 #f4 -- 9 obelisk1 #f-h1 #aj4 ,cr[b>s1 #d 7note #b74 ,cubit1 -- alleg$ lapid>y1 #ai4 -- common1 #ai4 -- obelisk1 #bj4 -- royal ,egyptian1 #ai1 #bj4 ,cutt+ granite1 #be-bg4 ,date ( obelisk1 #c4 ,d]ricks1 #ch1 #ec4 ,deta*+ obelisk f b$1 #bc-be4 ,dutotpe1 /atue (1 #cj1 #ch4 ,dim5sions ( obelisks1 #i4 ,dol]ite1 #ab1 #ac1 #bf4 ,d\ble-foot1 #aa1 #g4 ,embankm5t = erect+ obelisks1 #ce1 #cg4 ,em]y1 #e1 #bg4 ,entasis1 abs5ce (1 #g4 ,erection ( obelisks1 #ce-db1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb4 -- by direct rais+1 #cf1 #ea4 -- by embankm5t1 #cg4 -- by embankm5t & funnel1 #ch-db4 -- ,new ,york1 #eb4 -- ,p>is1 #ec4 -- ,s]+apatam1 #cf4 -- "u 8,rhamsesis01 #cf4 -- ,vatican1 #ea4 ,exp$itions = /one1 #bi1 #cj4 -- ,am5emt ,,iii1 #bi4 -- ,m5?uotpe ,,iv1 #bi4 -- ,ramesses ,,iv1 #bi4 ,extraction ( obelisk f qu>ry1 #bc-bg4 ,f+]1 division ( cubit1 #ai4 ,fissures1 anci5t exam9ation (1 #f4 -- 9 obelisk1 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,foot1 z measure1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj4 ,friction ( sl$1 #cj1 #ca1 #ch4 ,funnel = erect+ obelisks1 #ch-db4 ,geology ( ,aswn1 #ab4 ,glaze1 natural1 on pot1 #dd4 ,graffiti1 #df4 ,guide-l9es = masons1 #f1 #h1 #aa1 #ag4 ,gum1 acacia1 #dd4 ,gyn1 #ch4 ,hammmt1 qu>ries1 #bf4 ,hamm]-dress+1 #g1 #h4 ,hamm]1 granite f ,saqqrah1 #e4 at%epswet1 -- obelisk (1 #i1 #ad1 #cb1 #da4 -- obelisk on sl$1 #cb4 ,hi]atic inscriptions1 #bj1 #dd4 ori1 ! scribe1 #cj1 #ce4 ,inscription -- on b$ ( small obelisk1 #ba4 -- on rocks1 #df4 -- on o/rakon1 #df4 -- on qu>ry-face1 #bj4 ,iron1 -- halb]d (1 #bf4 -- pres]vation (1 #bf4 -- w$ges1 #e1 #bf4 ,k>nak1 obelisk ( pylon ,,vii1 #i1 #aj4 ,lat]an obelisk1 #i1 #aj4 ,lat] project1 dim5sions (1 #i4 ,l5g? ( ,aswn obelisk1 #c1 #i4 ,lev]s1 = tilt+ obelisks1 #bc-be4 -- note on1 #cg4 ,l9es1 -- guide1 #f1 #h1 #aa1 #ag4 -- measur+1 #aa4 ,london obelisk1 #i1 #ec1 #ed4 ,luxor-,p>is obelisk1 #i1 #ca1 #ch1 #ec4 ,maarieh obelisk1 #i4 ,m5?uotpe1 exp$ition (1 #bi4 ,m9dlah1 #ac4 ,mod]n erections ( obelisks1 #ca1 #cc1 #eb-ed4 ,modulus ( rupture = granite1 #dc4 ,new ,york obelisk1 #i1 #cc1 #eb4 ,n9eveh1 transport at1 #cj4 ,obelisks1 -- alleg$ #ajh;cubit1 #c1 #dc4 -- anci5t problem on1 #cj4 -- dim5sions (1 #i4 -- erection (1 #ce-dc4 -- extraction f qu>ry1 #bc-bg4 -- at%epswet's1 #i1 #ad1 #cb1 #da4 -- ,lat]an1 #i1 #aj4 -- limit to l5g? (1 #dc4 -- ,london1 #i1 #ec1 #ed4 -- ,luxor-,p>is1 #i1 #ca1 #ch1 #ec4 -- ,maarieh1 #i4 -- mod]n removals (1 #ca-cc1 #eb1 #ed4 -- ,new ,york1 #i1 #cc1 #eb4 -- ,s]+apatam1 #cf4 -- /resses 91 #db1 #dc4 -- transport (1 #bi-cc4 -- ,tu?msis ,i1 #i4 -- ,tu?msis ,,iii1 #i1 #aj4 -- und]cutt+ 9 qu>ry1 #bc1 #bd4 ,o*re1 #aa1 #dd4 ,o/rakon1 #dd1 #de4 ,palm 7measure71 #ai4 ,palm-rope1 #be4 ,p>is obelisk1 #i1 #ca1 #ch1 #ec4 ,plat=m above obelisk1 #ag4 ,plug & fea!r1 #d4 #8,p\nd]s'1 -- atta*m5t (1 #ac4 -- brok5 by bl[s1 #ab4 -- mat]ial (1 #ab4 -- prov5ance (1 #ab4 -- rate ( "w )1 #ad4 -- specific gravity1 #ab4 -- us$ by h&1 #ac1 #bj4 -- use ) ramm]s1 #ac4 -- we> on1 #ab4 ,p\nd+1 anci5t ^w =1 #df4 ,pot f\nd 9 cle>+1 #dd4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 transport "u1 #cc4 ,qu>ries at ,aswn1 #ab4 ,ramesses ,,iv1 exp$ition (1 #bi4 ,ramm]s1 #ac4 ,rate ( "w 9 p\nd+ granite1 #ad4 ,records ( anci5t workm51 #ah-bj4 ,re$ cu%ion1 #da4 ,roll]s1 -- obelisk plac$ on1 #ca1 #ch4 -- anci5t1 #ch4 ,roll+ obelisk f qu>ry1 #bc-be4 ,ropes1 sizes (1 #be4 ,ru/+ ( iron1 #bf4 ,s&1 -- cohesion ( p>ticles 91 #ci4 -- pack+ )1 #bd1 #be4 -- us$ 9 erections1 #ce1 #ci4 ,s>cophagi1 unf9i%$1 #ab4 ,scale models1 #dj1 #dc4 ,s]+apatam obelisk1 #cf4 ,%e]s1 #ch4 ,sl$s1 #cb1 #da4 ,slot 9 obelisk p$e/als1 #dj1 #da4 ,s(t5+ 767 granite1 #bf4 ,soldi]s 9 transport "w1 #bi1 #cj4 ,specific gravity ( #8p\nd]s'1 #ab4 ,/a9s on dol]ite #8p\nd]s'1 #ab4 ,/eel1 #be1 #bf4 ,/resses due to weight ( obelisk1 #db1 #dc4 ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 #a4 ,temp]+ ( copp]1 #bg4 ,te/-%afts1 #f4 utotpe 7see ,dutotpe71 #cj1 #ch4 utiy1 record ( #ajh cubit obelisk1 #dc4 ,"t tak5 9 p\nd+ out tr5*1 #ad4 ,transport ( obelisks1 #bi-cc4 ,tr5* on upp] qu>ry-face1 #ag4 ,tr5* r\nd obelisk1 #aa-ae4 ,tu?msis ,i1 obelisk (1 #i4 ,tu?msis ,,iii1 obelisk (1 #i1 #aj4 ,und]cutt+ obelisks 9 qu>ry1 #bc1 #bd4 ,units us$ 9 ?is volume1 #b4 ,w$ges1 #d1 #e1 #bf4 ,weight ( ,aswn obelisk1 #c1 #i4 ,weight ( obelisks comp>$1 #i4 ,"w1 anci5t arrangem5t (1 #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii 7#a7 ,view f ,ea/4 7#b7 ,view f ,we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii 7#a7 ,bottom ( tr5*4 7#b7 ,w$ge *isel m>ks4 7#c7 ,l9es = pyramidion ( a small] obelisk4 7#d7 ,r\gh-dress+3 8,el-,hammmt01 ,%elll4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iv 7#a7 ,hamm]-dress+ on pyramidion4 7#b7 ,black granite hamm] f ,saqqrah4 7#c7 ,con/ruction ( s>cophagus lid by p\nd+4 7#d7 ,embankm5t ne> obelisk4 ,,imp4 ,,catala ,,fr,,res1 ,,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,v ,fig4 #a--,obelisk1 plat=m & qu>ry-face f nor?4 ,fig4 #b--,! upp] qu>ry face4 ,fig4 #c--;,b$ ( a small obelisk4 ,fig4 #d--;,inscription on b$ ( small obelisk4 ,,imp4 ,,catala ,,fr,,res1 ,,p>is ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,l9es ,,on ,,upp] ,,qu>ry-,,face ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,sket* ,,plan ,,to ,,%ew ,,emplacem5t ,,scale #a 3 #ajjj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,sugge/$ ,,me?od ,,( ,,erect+ ,,obelisks ,,publications ,,du ,,s]vice ,,des ,,antiquit,s ,,de ,l',,gypte 7,suite74 ,,les ,,temples ,,imm]g,s ,,de ,,la ,,nubie3 ,9-#do avec plan*es4 -- ,tome ,i1 #are livraison1 ,rapports1 p> ,g4 ,,masp]o et ,a4 ,,b>santi1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- #b;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ahe4 -- #c;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aiaj4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- #d;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ig4 ,,docum5ts ,,sur ,l',,tat ,,anci5 ,,des ,,monum5ts4 -- ,tome ,i1 #are livraison1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #gc4 -- #b;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aibj4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 ,,le ,,temple ,,de ,,kalab*ah1 p> ,h4 ,,gau?i]4 -- #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #che4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cjj4 -- #c;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiad4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ade4 ,,le ,,temple ,,de ,,ouadi ,,es-,,seb\1 p> ,h4 ,,gau?i]4 -- ,tomes ,i 7texte7 et ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #dcd les deux volumes4 ,,le ,,temple ,d',,amada1 p> ,h4 ,,gau?i]4 -- #a;er fascicule4 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cad4 ,,debod ,,bis ,,bab ,,kalabs*e1 p> ,g4 ,r,,d]4 -- ,tomes ,i 7texte7 et ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ejj les deux volumes4 -- ,tome ,,iii1 p> ,f4 ,,zuck]1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t #aic4 ,,d] ,,tempel ,,von ,,dakke1 p> ,g4 ,r,,d]4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,d5d,r1 p> ,aylw>d ,m4 ,,blackman1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #dcd4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,,d]r1 p> ,aylw>d ,m4 ,,blackman1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 ,,! ,,temple ,,( ,b,,geh1 p> ,aylw>d ,m4 ,,blackman1 ,caire1 #aiae4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bch4 ,,catalogue ,g,n,,ral ,,du ,,mus,e ,,du ,,caire 79-#do avec plan*es et figures dans le texte73 ,,ahm$ ,,bey ,,kamal4 ,,/,,les ,,hi,,roglyphiques ,d',,poque ,,ptol,,ma,,que ,,et ,,roma9e4 -- ,tome ,i 7texte71 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cad4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 -- ,,tables ,d',,(fr&es4 -- ,tome ,i 7texte71 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 ,b,n,,dite 7,g474 ,,miroirs1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aej4 -- ,,objets ,,de ,,toilette4 -- #are p>tie3 ,peignes1 p+les de tte1 tuis et pots kohol1 /ylets kohol1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ach4 ,,biss+ 7,w4 ,,von74 ,,metallgef,,sse1 ,vi5ne1 #aija4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ajj4 -- ,,fay5cegef,,sse1 ,vi5ne1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abb4 -- ,,/e+ef,,sse1 ,vi5ne1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- ,introduction et ,index1 ,vi5ne1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #di4 -- ,,tongef,,sse1 ,vi5ne1 #aiac4 -- #are p>tie4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abb4 ,,bor*>dt 7,l474 ,,/atu5 ,,und ,,/atuett5 ,,von ,k,,nig5 ,,und ,,privatleut5 7#are p>tie71 ,b]l91 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cdd4 ,,breccia 7,e474 ,,iscrizioni ,,gre*e ,e ,,lat9e 7,muse d',alex&rie71 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cae4 -- ,,la ,,necropoli ,,di ,,sciatbi 7,muse d',alex&rie74 -- ,tomes ,i 7texte7 et ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #eej les deux volumes4 ,,c>t] 7,h47 et ,,newb]ry 7,p474 ,,! ,,tomb ,,( ,,?\tm,,sis ,,iv1 ,londres1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,*ass9at 7474 ,,la ,,seconde ,,tr\vaille ,,de ,,deir ,,el-,,bah>i 7#are p>tie74 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abb4 ,,crum 7,w4 ,e474 ,,coptic ,,monum5ts1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cch4 ,,currelly 7,*>les ,t474 ,,/one ,,implem5ts1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cdc4 ,,d>essy 7,g474 ,,o/raca1 ,caire1 #aija4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bge4 -- ,,f\illes ,,de ,,la ,,vall,e ,,des ,,rois4 -- #are p>tie3 ,tombes de ,mah]pra1 ,amnophis ,,ii1 ,caire1 #aija4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- #b;e p>tie3 ,tombes d',amnophis ,,ii et de ,?\tmsis ,,iii1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ig4 -- ,,textes ,,et ,,dess9s ,,magiques1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #hh4 -- ,,/atues ,,de ,,div9it,s4 -- ,tome ,i 7texte71 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cac4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 -- ,,c]cueils ,,des ,,ca*ettes ,,royales1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #daj4 ,,catalogue ,g,n,,ral ,,du ,,mus,e ,,du ,,caire 79-#do avec plan*es et figures dans le texte7 suite3 ,,edg> 7,c4 ,g474 ,,greek ,,m\lds1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aai4 -- ,,greek ,,sculpture1 ,caire1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aid4 -- ,,greek ,,bronzes1 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- ,,gr,,co-,,egyptian ,,glass1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ajj4 -- ,,gr,,co-,,egyptian ,,c(f9s1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 -- ,,sculptors' ,,/udies ,,& ,,unf9i%$ ,,works1 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bah4 -- ,,greek ,,vases1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 ,,gaill>d et ,,d>essy4 ,,la ,,faune ,,momifi,e ,,de ,l',,antique ,,gypte1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 ,,gau?i] 7,h474 ,,c]cueils ,,an?ropo,,des ,,des ,,pr,,tres ,,de ,,mont\4 -- #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #chg4 ,,gr5fell et ,,hunt4 ,,greek ,,papyri1 ,ox=d1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #hh4 ,,lacau 7,p474 ,,s>cophages ,,ant,,rieurs ,,au ,,n\vel ,,empire4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #age4 -- ,tome ,,ii1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ig4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- ,,/,,les ,,du ,,n\vel ,,empire4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,lange et ,,s*,,f]4 ,,grab- ,,und ,,d5k/e9e ,,des ,,mittl]5 ,,rei*s4 -- #are p>tie3 ,nos #bjjja-bjcii 7,texte71 ,b]l91 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bge4 -- #b;e p>tie3 ,nos #bjdjj-bjghj 7,texte71 ,b]l91 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 -- #d;e p>tie 7,plan*es71 ,b]l91 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,lefebvre 7,g474 ,,papyrus ,,de ,m,,n&re1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #chg4 ,,legra9 7,g474 ,,/atues ,,et ,,/atuettes ,,de ,,rois ,,et ,,de ,,p>ticuli]s4 -- ,tome ,i1 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cch4 -- ,tome ,,ii1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- ,tome ,,iii1 ,caire1 #aiad4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,masp]o 7,g474 ,,s>cophages ,,des ,,poques ,,p]sane ,,et ,,ptol,,ma,,que4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #a #gj4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiad4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,masp]o 7,jean74 ,,papyrus ,,grecs ,d',,poque ,,byzant9e4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaj4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bge4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- ,tome ,,ii1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- #c;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ahc4 -- ,tome ,,iii1 ,caire1 #aiaf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #chg4 ,,milne 7,j4 ,g474 ,,greek ,,inscriptions1 ,londres1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bdj4 ,,moret 7,a474 ,,s>cophages ,,de ,l',,poque ,,buba/ite ,l',,poque ,,sa,,te4 -- #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,muni] 7,h474 ,,manuscrits ,,coptes1 ,caire1 #aiaf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #che4 ,,newb]ry 7,p4 ,e474 ,,sc>ab-,,%ap$ ,,seals1 ,londres1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,quibell 7,j4 ,e474 ,,ar*a,c ,,objects4 -- ,tome ,i4 7texte71 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #agd4 -- ,,tomb ,,( ,,yuaa ,,& ,,?uiu1 ,caire1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 ,,reisn] 7,g4 ,a474 ,,amulets1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- ,,models ,,( ,,%ips ,,& ,,boats1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cae4 ,r,,d] 7,g474 ,,naos1 ,leipzig1 #aiaf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,smi? 7,g4 ,elliot74 ,,! ,,royal ,,mummies1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,spiegelb]g 7,w474 ,,die ,,demotis*5 ,,d5km,,l]4 -- #are p>tie3 ,die demotis*5 ,ins*rift51 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aej4 -- #b;e p>tie3 ,die demotis*5 ,papyrus1 ,/rasb\rg1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7plan*es71 ,/rasb\rg1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #che4 ,,/rzyg[ski4 ,,koptis*e ,,kun/1 ,vi5ne1 #aijd4 -- ,epuis4 ,,v]ni] 7474 ,,bij\x ,,et ,,orf,,vr]ies4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aag4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aid4 ,,weigall 7,ar?ur ,e4 ,p474 ,,weights ,,& ,,balances1 ,caire1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #hh4 ,,en ,,v5te3 ,au ,,mus,e ,,du ,,caire et *ez les pr9cipaux libraires du ,caire2 ,*ez ,,erne/ ,,l]\x1 diteur1 #bh1 rue ,bonap>te1 ,p>is2 ,*ez ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*1 #aa1 ,grafton ,/reet1 ,new ,bond ,/reet1 ,londres1 ,w4 #a2 ,*ez ,,k>l ,w4 ,,hi]semann1 #bi1 ,knig/rasse1 ,leipzig4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,orig9al spell+ & gramm> h be5 g5]ally reta9$1 ) "s exceptions not$ bel[4 ,orig9al pr9t$ page numb]s are %[n l ?is3 #eb4 ,orig9al small caps are n[ upp]case4 ,italics look l ?is4 ,an*or$ notes 7e4g4 footnotes7 h be5 relabel$ #a-ac1 & mov$ f )9 p>agraphs to ne>by locations betwe5 p>agraphs4 ,l>ge curly brackets t graphically indicate comb9ation ( in=mation on two or m l9es ( text h be5 remov$4 ,i produc$ ! cov] image & h]eby assign x to ! public doma94 ,orig9al page images are available f ar*ive4org--se>* = 8aswnobelisk)s#jj;egyp04 ,page #b4 ,! ^w t\ne 0 *ang$ to tonne4 ,page #g4 ,! phrase to slop ev5ly 0 *ang$ to to slope ev5ly4 ,page #de4 ,! phrase =m %ewn 9 figure #aj 0 *ang$ to =m %ewn 9 figure #i4 ,page #df4 ,! quotation m>k 9 8,?\ beate/ has no mate4 ,page #eb4 ,! phrase to meet out summ>y 0 *ang$ to to mete out summ>y4 ,page #ed4 ,! phrase x is on m5tion$ 0 *ang$ to x is "o m5tion$4 ,pages #ee-eg1 ,,index4 ,a few corrections h be5 made 9 ! ,index to improve ! syntax & remove ambiguity4 ,= example1 ! orig9al entry ,*isels1 copp]1 #bd-bg4 -- /one1 #bf4 0 *ang$ to ,*isels1 -- copp]1 #bd-bg4 -- /one1 #bf4