,,the ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,with ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,ancient ,,engineering ,,service ,,des ,,antiquit,s ,,de ,l',,gypte ,,the ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,with ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,ancient ,,engineering ,,by ,r4 ,,engelbach ,,chief ,,inspector1 ,,antiquities ,,department ,illustration ,,le ,,caire ,,imprimerie ,,de ,l',,institut ,,fran,,ais ,d',,arch,,ologie ,,orientale #aibb ,,contents ,,introduction4 #a4 ,preliminary remarks #a #b4 ,account of the clearance #a1 #b ,,chapter ,i4--,,description ,,of ,,the ,,obelisk4 #c4 ,general description and dimensions #c #d4 ,removal of top layers of rock by burning and wedging #d1 #e #e4 ,rough-dressing of north wall of north trench #e #f4 ,test-shafts #f #g4 ,cracks and fissures #f1 #g #h4 ,rendering the face of the obelisk flat #g #i4 ,ancient guide-lines #h #aj4 ,later scheme for a smaller obelisk #h #aa4 ,comparison of later scheme with some known obelisks #i ,,chapter ,,ii4--,,the ,,trench4 #ab4 ,description #aa #ac4 ,dolerite 8pounders0 and their use #ab1 #ac #ad4 ,arrangement of workmen #ac1 #ad #ae4 ,time taken in making trench #ad1 #ae ,,chapter ,,iii4--,,the ,,upper ,,quarry-,,face4 #af4 ,description #ag #ag4 ,scales drawn on the rock #ah #ah4 ,discussion on their nature #ah1 #ai #ai4 ,traces of inscriptions #bj #bj4 ,bed from which an obelisk 787 has been removed #bj1 #ba ,,chapter ,,iv4--,,extraction ,,of ,,obelisk ,,from ,,quarry4 #ba4 ,possible detachment by means of wedges #bc #bb4 ,more probably completely undermined #bd #bc4 ,reduction of labour by using levers #bd1 #be #bd4 ,sizes of ropes #be #be4 ,chisels used in cutting wedge-slots #be1 #bf #bf4 ,suggestions by various authors on above subject #bf #bg4 ,probability of tempering copper #bg ,,chapter ,v4--,,transport ,,of ,,obelisks4 #bh4 ,egyptian accounts of expeditions #bi1 #cj #bi4 ,other accounts in later times #cj #cj4 ,was the obelisk placed on rollers8 #ca #ca4 ,practical considerations #ca1 #cb #cb4 ,possible use of sleds in conjunction with rollers #cb #cc4 ,direction to be taken towards the ,nile #cb #cd4 ,notes on transport-boats #cb1 #cc ,,chapter ,,vi4--,,erection ,,of ,,obelisks4 #ce4 ,paucity of ancient accounts #ce1 #cf #cf4 ,theory of direct raising #cf #cg4 ,theory of lowering off an embankment #cg #ch4 ,probable use of rollers and levers #cg1 #ch #ci4 ,use of capstans1 gyns and blocks and tackles unlikely #ch #dj4 ,obelisk probably lowered into funnel above pedestal #ch-da #da4 ,practical considerations #da #db4 ,calculations of weight and centre of gravity #db #dc4 ,strains set up when obelisk is supported at its ,c4 ,g4 #db1 #dc ,,chapter ,,vii4--,,miscellaneous ,,objects ,,and ,,concluding ,,remarks4 #dd4 ,pot containing ochre #de #de4 ,ostrakon from north trench #de1 #df #df4 ,greek inscriptions from neighbouring rock-face #df #dg4 ,need of further clearances #dg ,,chapter ,,viii4--,,bibliography4 #dh-ef4 ,works quoted in volume1 and those dealing with removals of obelisks in modern times #di-ed ,,list ,,of ,,plates ,,with ,,references ,,to ,,descriptions4 ,,plate ,i #a-e4--,plan of obelisk with sections #c1 #f-aj1 #ai #f4--,measuring787-lines on rock face #ab ,,plate ,,ii #a4--,view of obelisk from the east #c #b4--,view of obelisk from the west #c1 #e1 #g1 #af ,,plate ,,iii #a4--;,bottom and side of trench #ab1 #ad #b4--,wedge and chisel marks #d1 #ab #c4--;,guide lines for a smaller obelisk #d1 #aj1 #ab #d4--,rough chisel-dressing on a half-finished sarcophagus4 8,el-,hammmt02 ,shelll #ab ,,plate ,,iv #a4--;,hammer-dressing on the pyramidion #ad #b4--,stone hammer from ,saqqrah #d #c4--;,construction of a sarcophagus lid by pounding #ac #d4--;,embankment to the east of the obelisk #cc ,,plate ,v #a4--,obelisk from the north1 shewing platform and upper quarry-face #d1 #af #b4--,upper quarry-face and bed of a small obelisk #af1 #bj #c4--;,bed of small obelisk from above #bj #d4--;,inscription on bed of small obelisk #bj ,,plate ,,vi #a4--,markings on upper quarry-face #af1 #ai #b4--,section of above #af1 #ai ,,plate ,,vii ,sketch-plan of environs of obelisk #ca1 #cc ,,plate ,,viii ,suggested platform for the erection of an obelisk #dj1 #da ,illustration3 ,,plate ,i ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,scale #a 3 #ajj #a ,,the ,,asw,n ,,obelisk ,,with ,,some ,,remarks ,,on ,,the ,,ancient ,,engineering4 ,,introduction4 7#a7 ,the unfinished obelisk of ,aswn lies in a quarry on the south-east side of the medival ,arab cemetery1 being about twenty minutes walk from the ,cataract ,hotel4 ,it is approached by a small valley leading up south-eastwards from the track of the old ,barrage railway4 ,up to the time of the visit of ,king ,fuad--then ,sultan--in the winter of #aibj-ba1 only about #bb metres of the obelisk were exposed to view1 the remainder running down into a vast heap of blocks and chips4 ,the curious trench1 made round the obelisk for the purpose of detaching it from the rock1 has long interested visitors1 and ,his ,majesty expressed a desire that the whole obelisk be cleared in order to obtain1 if possible1 new data as to ancient methods of quarrying1 and to expose a unique monument4 ,i wish to tender my thanks to ,mr4 ,somers ,clarke for his kindness in putting his notes on the quarrying of granite at my disposal1 and for reading and criticising my ,,ms4 before sending it to press2 to ,prof4 ,flinders ,petrie for reading the proofs and giving many valuable suggestions2 to ,mr4 ,w4 ,golnischeff for the references on the ,anastasi papyrus and the ,hammmt inscriptions2 to ,mr4 ,d4 ,watt1 ,resident ,engineer of the ,aswn ,barrage1 for the loan of books on the properties and working of granite and of surveying instruments from the ,barrage works2 to the ,geological and ,chemical ,departments 7sections #ac and #dd7 for their report on specimens submitted to them1 and to the ,survey ,department for taking much trouble in preparing my plans for publication4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,mac,gillivray1 of ,aswn1 took the photographs shewn on plate ,,ii and plate ,v1 nos4 #a and #b1 and has kindly permitted them to appear here4 7#b7 ,i began the work shortly after the departure of ,king ,fuad1 and soon found that the excavation would be more extensive than ,i had at first supposed2 the length of the obelisk had reached #cf metres by ,april #aiba1 and the chip-heap1 covering the butt end of the obelisk1 began to shew signs of giving way4 ,i had made arrangements1 as regards the angle of the chip-heap1 supposing that the obelisk was not larger than any of the known obelisks4 ,thirty-six metres was a surprise1 so1 as ,ramadan was approaching1 ,i abandoned the work for the season and applied for a further credit to make a complete clearance4 ,this was done in the winter of #aiba-bb by ,mahmd ,eff4 ,mohammad1 ,inspector of ,edf1 assisted by ,mustafa ,eff4 ,hasan1 #8chef de fouilles' of the same district4 ,i visited the site from time to time whenever my #b other work permitted1 but it was not till the end of the tourist season that ,i had sufficient time to study the obelisk4 ,during the removal of the chip-heap1 we found some hundreds of large granite blocks thrown from a quarry above on to the obelisk2 these had to be cut into two1 and sometimes into four1 before our workmen could handle them4 ,at first we borrowed men from the ,selugia quarries1 but afterwards we employed local stonemasons1 who proved more satisfactory1 as they did not all want to be raises4 ,the total cost of the clearance was ,l4 ,e4 #ge4 ,a word of explanation is1 perhaps1 needed on the system of weights and measures used in this volume4 ,it has been the custom of my ,department to insist on metric scales in all plans4 ,in the text1 however1 ,i enter somewhat deeply into the stresses and strains set up in the granite1 and since nearly all the ,english engineering text-books and tables use the ton-inch units1 ,i have adhered to the ,english system1 reducing the metric linear measures to inches in my calculations4 ,the tonne and the kilogramme-per-square-centimetre still convey little to the average ,english-speaking engineer1 who has to have recourse to his slide-rule before being able to realise the strains set up when they are given in metric units4 #c ,,chapter ,i4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,obelisk4 7#c7 ,the obelisk is #da4ge metres long1 lying with its point #ah4e degrees north of east1 and sloping down towards the butt at an angle of #aa degrees1 making the base of the pyramidion #g4je metres above the level of the butt4 ,when complete1 the obelisk would have weighed #aafh tons ,english4 ,it is curious that1 during all the years that this obelisk has been known1 those who were interested in the ancient methods of quarrying have not taken the trouble to clear it4 ,nearly every work in which it is mentioned dismisses it in a few sentences4 ,both ,gorringe in his ,egyptian ,obelisks and ,bdeker give its length as #ie feet and the width at the butt as #aa feet #a4e inches4 ,how they arrived at the latter figure passes my understanding1 as it was buried under a chip-heap to a depth of #g metres4 ,perhaps the measurements were given by the original writer1 whoever he may have been1 not as a fact1 but as a prophecy4 ,the measurements of the obelisk are3 ,total length #da4ge metres4 ,base #d4bj metres4 ,base of pyramidion #b4ej metres4 ,height of pyramidion #d4ej metres4 ,weight when finished #aafh ,english tons4 ,round the obelisk1 partly separating it from the surrounding rock1 is a narrow trench1 whose depth averages about #b_/c that required to disengage it to a square section4 ,plate ,i is a plan1 with sections1 of the obelisk to a scale of #a_/ajj1 and plate ,,ii1 nos4 #a and #b1 shews the obelisk viewed from the tip and butt respectively2 the trench around the obelisk can be seen in plate ,,ii and in plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 and is discussed in chapter ii4 ,as to the date of this obelisk1 ,i have found nothing which gives any real clue to it4 ,one utiy1 in the reign of atshepswet1 mentions an obelisk of #ajh cubits 7#ef4g metres7 long1 which is longer than that of ,aswn1 even if we allow for the pedestal as having been included in the measurement 7see ,,breasted1 ,ancient ,records1 ,,ii1 p4 #aef1 and section #dc of this volume74 ,neither can the ,aswn obelisk be an abortive attempt to extract the obelisk1 a part of which is now at ,constantinople1 as the thickness of what is now the base is only #b4cg metres1 whereas the ,aswn obelisk measures #b4ej metres at the base of the pyramidion4 ,unfortunately we are compelled to leave the question of the date open1 until we get some definite evidence1 which may well appear when the whole quarry is completely cleared4 #d 7#d7 ,there are abundant traces that the rock1 from which the obelisk was to be extracted1 was reduced to an approximately correct level by burning and wedging1 the former being used wherever possible4 ,in the excavations1 a large quantity of burnt and semi-burnt mud bricks were noticed1 while a considerable percentage of the chips round the obelisk and other quarries had the pinkish-brown colour and crumbling texture peculiar to burnt granite4 ,some large pieces of rock shew quite clearly how the burning was done2 it appears that a stack of dried reeds was banked with brick1 near a fissure if possible1 and after firing1 the rock was easily hammered away4 ,it is very likely that water was poured on the hot stone to make it break up4 ,this method of heating and chilling is used on the granite in ,india at the present day4 ,traces of burning are seen in the obelisk area at ,a and ,b on plate ,v1 no4 #a4 ,such a vast amount of stone has been removed in the neighbourhood which shews neither wedge nor chisel marks that1 without the proof of the burnt brick and stone1 we should have been driven to the conclusion that burning was the method employed#a4 ,wedge-marks may be seen on plate ,,iii1 no4 #c1 on the left of the picture#b4 ,typical examples are shewn on plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 and in figure #a4 ,in nearly every case ,i observed1 a small trench had been cut out by chisels along the proposed line of fracture1 presumably to get below the surface1 which is often decomposed by exposure1 and which would crumble instead of tearing the stone apart4 ,as to whether these wedges were of wood1 and made to expand by wetting1 ,i am not certain1 but ,i believe that they were not1 the reason being that the slots always taper inwards1 and it appears to me that a wetted wedge would tend to spring out rather than exert a lateral force on the stone4 ,in the only case where ,i have seen wetted wedges used 7experimentally on limestone71 the wedge-slots were cut with parallel walls4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--,typical wedge-slots4 #a ,in some cases a ferruginous 787 stratum in the granite has decomposed the rock with an appearance of its having been burnt4 ,long exposure of the rock also rots it to a considerable depth1 but in the majority of cases where the rock has been removed without wedges or chisels1 neither of the above causes can have anything to do with it4 #b ,an examination of the wedging-off of blocks in the quarries about ,aswn shews that often the wedges have acted perfectly1 but the block has not been removed4 ,a crowbar acting in each slot would be ample to remove most of these4 ,can it be that the crowbar or jemmy of metal was not known8 ,assuming1 then1 that hammered metal wedges were used and not wooden wedges made to expand by the action of water1 it remains to be seen whether the plug-and-feather method1 such as is used to-day1 was employed1 or whether the metal wedges engaged with the stone without the thin sheets of metal on either side which we now call #8feathers'4 ,the advantages of the plug-and-feather method are that it reduces the width of the slot at the top1 leaving it wider below and hence to a large extent preventing the sharp edge of the wedge from touching the bottom of the wedge-slot1 and that1 since the faces of the feathers are smooth1 it tends to #e obtain the maximum advantage of the lateral force exerted by the wedge in the most evenly distributed way and with a minimum of friction4 ,now nearly all the ancient wedge-slots appear perfectly smooth inside--just as if they had been polished4 ,this would be a disadvantage in using feathers1 as there would be a greater tendency for them to jump out at the first blow4 ,nothing seems to be gained by polishing4 ,personally ,i favour the assumption that the ,egyptians used the plug-and-feather1 but the question is best left open for the present for lack of conclusive evidence4 ,photographs of two iron wedges from the ,ramesseum are given in ,,petrie1 ,tools and ,weapons1 plate ,,xiii1 ,b #af1 #ag4 ,they appear to date to about #hjj ,b4 ,c4 ,feathers1 of unknown date1 but probably late1 are given in the same volume on plate ,,xiii1 ,b #bb1 #bc4 ,it is a bare possibility that the smoothness of the sides of the wedge-slots is due to the fact that the slots were made without chisels1 such as by scraping the granite with emery-stone1 or that after they had been roughed-out by chisels they were finished by this means4 ,sometimes1 along a crack1 enormous wedges were used1 the largest ,i noticed being #j m4 #be cent4 long1 spaced one metre apart4 ,in any case the largeness of the wedges leads us to suppose that the ,egyptians must have had large hammers4 ,i do not think that the sledge-hammer1 such as we use to-day1 was known to the ,egyptians1 though mallets were common4 ,i believe it likely that heavy rammers1 used vertically by more than one man1 must have been used to make these wedges act4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,firth has pointed out to me a black granite hammer found at ,saqqrah1 now in the ,cairo ,museum4 ,though this example is of the ,old ,kingdom1 it seems quite likely that a similar hammer was used for driving in the wedges4 ,a photograph of the hammer is shewn in plate ,,iv1 no4 #b4 ,to-day the quarrymen use very small fat steel punches in conjunction with a sledge-hammer4 ,some large wedge-marks are seen in plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 at the top of the picture4 7#e7 ,it seems that the intention of the ,egyptians was to leave the north wall of the north trench at a level slightly above that of the obelisk4 ,the exceptions to this are the wedged-out block seen on plates ,i and ,,ii1 no4 #b at ,a1 and the 7now7 entrance to the bottom of the north trench at ,b4 ,i believe these blocks to have been removed at a date later than that of the obelisk2 the block ,a has been wedged out by a long channel instead of separate slots1 while at ,b it is obvious that stone has been removed for building1 since the inner face has been chisel-dressed4 ,near here1 too1 ,i found a block containing a #8jumped' hole blackened by gunpowder4 ,had the ancients wished to remove the trench wall at ,b1 there is a crack running along it parallel to the ground1 which would make its removal an easy matter by burning from the outside#c4 ,it seems1 therefore1 that the north wall of the north trench was intentionally left2 the probable reasons are discussed in section #bc4 ,it will be noticed1 in plate ,,ii1 that the top of this wall has been roughly hammer-dressed near the butt1 and to a certain extent near the pyramidion4 ,how far it was intended to reduce the south wall of the south trench is not certain2 it depends on the method to be used in getting the obelisk out of the quarry1 and is dealt with in sections #ba-bc4 ,there are indications that it was to be reduced to a considerable extent4 #f #c ,there is not a trace of burning within #f feet of the obelisk4 7#f7 ,at intervals in the trench around the obelisk there are traces of squarish holes1 generally going down to about the level at which the bottom of the obelisk was to be4 ,these are seen more clearly in the south trench than in the north1 and can in some cases be traced up the side of the obelisk itself4 ,besides these there are the deep holes seen at ,c and ,d on plate ,i4 ,i believe that the holes ,c and ,d were made at the very commencement of the work to study the quality of the granite4 ,the holes along the trench seem to have been made with the same purpose1 and as a means of setting out the perimeter of the obelisk4 ,there are indications that they were made when the removal of the top layers of rock were still in progress4 7#g7 ,from the beginning of the work on this obelisk1 cracks and fissures seem to have given a great deal of trouble and anxiety4 ,though parting fairly evenly under the action of wedges1 the natural fissures of granite are most erratic2 a small crack at one level or position may1 in a couple of metres1 become a fissure into which one can insert the blade of a knife1 and conversely1 a fissure traceable for #e metres will suddenly disappear4 ,hence every fissure or crack1 as it appeared1 had to be rigorously examined1 to see its probable effect on the obelisk when completed4 ,the examination seems to have been made in three ways1 which ,i believe to have been of two dates4 ,the original workers method was to hammer out a depression by means of a spherical ball of about #ab lbs4 weight1 of a very tough greenish-black stone 7section #ac71 until the fissure either disappeared or became larger4 ,these examination hammerings can be seen in plate ,i at j1 k1 n1 and p1 n being also seen in the photos on plate ,,ii no4 #b and plate ,,iii no4 #a4 ,in the depression1 sometimes at one place and sometimes at two1 a small fillet was left at the level of the face of the obelisk1 and apparently polished2 the object seems to have been to compare the state at the surface with that at the bottom of the depression4 ,the second method was to chisel out a narrow channel right along the crack and to polish it4 ,in some cases1 as at the end of fissure i on plate ,i1 the three red lines1 drawn to guide the stone-cutter1 can be clearly seen at the end of the channel4 ,it seems likely that the channel method was that used by the later workers who examined the obelisk as to the possibility of extracting a smaller one from it1 as the channels are only found in the parts within the area of the smaller obelisk 7section #aj74 ,i think that the channels were cut over discolourations and superficial flaws1 recognised as such and left by the original workmen4 ,the statement made by ,barber1 in his ,the ,mechanical ,triumphs of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 that the grooves are made at some later date with the intention of cutting up the obelisk1 is impossible1 as two 7h and i1 plate ,i7 run transversely across the obelisk1 where all the wedging and cutting in the world would not part the stone4 ,the line of small punch-holes at ,h1 however1 was undoubtedly made in modern or medival times to extract a block from the side of the obelisk1 and it is a marvel that the obelisk has not been used as a quarry throughout the ages4 ,the third method was to cut with a chisel oblong holes1 tapering sharply inwards1 on the crack to be examined4 ,it is possible that this was the work of the original party1 done in haste on the occasion of an inspection4 ,this method is seen at the base of the pyramidion on plate ,i4 ,the most serious flaws in the obelisk are those lettered a1 b1 c1 d1 k1 m1 o and p2 any one of these would give one seriously to think as to the advisability of abandoning the work forthwith4 #g ,fissure a meets fissure b and settles1 once and for all1 that the pyramidion must be set back at least half a metre4 ,fissure c is even more radical4 ,fissures d1 e and f all seem to have connection with one another and make a considerable reduction in width necessary2 those between k and m carry a similar warning on the south side1 while m and o necessitate shortening the obelisk from the butt end4 ,the last fissure completely separates the corner of the obelisk from the rest4 ,it might well be asked3 ,why was the work continued so long after such bad fissures had been discovered8 ,the answer may be that none of these fissures appeared to be serious1 even a short distance above the present level of the face of the obelisk4 ,the north and south trenches do not give evidence that the granite was in a bad state1 except at ab1 l1 o and p4 ,it is likely that the black line 1 drawn across the base of the obelisk to shorten it by over #b metres1 was made by the original workers2 this is indicated by the fact that1 below this line1 the hammer-dressing has been left in a rougher state than that on the remainder of the face of the obelisk2 further1 the trench1 which was intended to separate the base of the obelisk1 was abandoned earlier than those on the north and south sides1 probably as soon as the fissures shewed themselves to be deep4 ,there is a curious fissure in the hole ,f on plate ,i which runs downwards and slightly inwards to the obelisk4 ,like fissures k to m1 it would of itself necessitate a reduction in the original width4 ,it appears1 at first sight1 that this is the beginning of undercutting the obelisk1 but it is not at the level at which this would be commenced4 7#h7 ,it would not be out of place1 perhaps1 to speculate for a moment on the method of obtaining a flat surface along the upper face of the obelisk4 ,i think the method used was by means of boning rods--the method used to-day4 ,for the benefit of those not acquainted with their use1 a brief description will suffice4 ,boning rods are a set of equal1 usually ,t-shaped pieces of wood4 ,one is held upright at each end of the surface which it required to straighten4 ,a man standing at either end1 if he sight along the top of these boning rods1 can see if a third boning rod1 placed anywhere between them1 is above or below the line joining them4 ,thus the surface can be tested anywhere along the obelisk until it is made to slope evenly down along its whole length4 ,boning rods for dressing moderately large blocks of stone are shewn in ,,petrie1 ,tools and ,weapons1 plate ,,xlix1 ,b #dd-df4 ,these measure only about #c inches high and their tops were connected by a cord4 ,in the case of an obelisk1 the cord would be useless owing to the sag1 so it seems probable that the sighting method described above was that employed by the ancient ,egyptians4 ,in the setting out of the obelisk1 no allowance is made for the slight convexity or entasis1 in a longitudinal and transverse sense1 which is to be observed in most of the known obelisks4 ,if there was to be a convexity1 it was made at a later stage#d4 #h #d ,it will be noticed in plate ,i1 nos4 #b and #c1 that the slight convexity across the obelisk seen in some places1 does not extend the whole length1 neither is it even as regards either edge4 7#i7 ,when the face of the obelisk had been made fairly flat by hammer-dressing1 lines were scratched on it with a chisel1 and filled in with black paint4 ,the remains of the lines for the original scheme are clearly traceable4 ,these are shewn on plate ,i1 and 4 ,how much reduction was allowed for as regards the final dressing and polishing1 we do not know2 it was probably only the matter of a couple of centimetres4 ,at the west end of the south trench the reduction of the side of the obelisk to the guide line has been begun4 ,this can be seen at ,j to ,k on plate ,i4 ,it now forms a kind of bevel and1 as far as it extends1 obliterates the vertical markings on the wall of the trench4 ,on the east end of the north trench the trench itself has been moved inwards1 from ,g to ,h1 to be nearer the guide-line4 ,the reason may either be that the workers found themselves too far from the guide-line1 or that the guide-line was changed during the progress of the work1 perhaps through fear of a fissure4 ,before the original workers abandoned their work they seem to have made several attempts to set out a slightly reduced obelisk1 which would avoid all serious cracks by reducing the length and thickness of the original design4 ,this is seen in the lines and the transverse lines 4 ,the last four lines are so faint that they can only be seen just after sunrise or before sunset1 and it is not clear with which of the longitudinal lines they connect4 ,on the south side the lines are quite clear1 but on the north side there seem to have been more lines even than those shewn on plate ,i4 ,these lines 1 do not lie at equal distances from either of the two centre lines and 4 ,there is no doubt in my mind that the original obelisk was to have had a straight-edged pyramidion1 as the rough edge of the boundary trench lies evenly on either side of the centre line 4 7#aj7 ,the outline for another1 and most probably later1 obelisk is set out on a new centre line 1 and keeps closely to the north edge of the original design1 avoiding the series of fissures on the south4 ,just before sunset1 the tentative outlines for the curved pyramidion can be traced2 plate ,,iii1 no4 #c1 taken at that time1 shews these lines4 ,in this1 the right-hand curve appears to engage with a line to the north of that engaged by the curve next to it2 this is only an effect of light and they really engage as shewn on plate ,i4 ,i have outlined the original design and the later scheme1 in red4 ,though the lines setting out these obelisks are easily traceable1 the colouring is mine1 and is only intended to shew up the lines more clearly4 ,since there are some actual red lines on the obelisk1 another colour would have been preferable2 considerations of cost in printing have limited the plate to two colours4 ,in outlining the later design in red1 ,i have chosen the larger pyramidion1 as the shape decided on4 ,there is no proof of this1 but the proportions are1 to me1 more effective1 and there is no reason for abandoning the odd metre of difference1 as the stone here is perfectly sound4 ,taking the longer pyramidion1 we have the following dimensions for the obelisk3 metres4 ,total length #cb4aj ,pyramidion height #e4ca ,pyramidion base #b4jb ,obelisk base #c4ae #i 7#aa7 ,i had intended to give a diagram of the better-known obelisks superimposed4 ,i found it1 however1 almost impossible to get the sides of the obelisks distinct one from another without making the scale inconveniently large4 ,i give1 therefore1 a table shewing the principal dimensions of ten examples4 ,those marked with an asterisk are scaled off photographs1 making slight allowances for foreshortening4 ,,base ,,pyramidion ,,pyramidion ,,total ,,taper ,,weight ,,obelisk4 7,,metres74 ,,base4 ,,height4 ,,height4 #a ,,in 7,,in ,,tons ,,english7 ,aswn #d4bj #b4ej #d4ej #da4ge #bd4c #aafh ,aswn 7later project7 #c4ae #b4jb #e4ca #cb4aj #bc4g #ejg ,lateran #b4hg #a4ij99 #d4ej99 #cb4ae #cj4g #deee atshepswet #b4dj #a4gh #b4if #bi4ej #db4h #cbc ,vatican #b4fi #a4hj #a4cd #be4ca #bf4i #cca ,paris #b4db #a4ed #a4id #bb4hd #bc4g #bbg ,london and ,new ,york #b4cg #a4fc99 #a4fe99 #ba4ah #cj4e #aicf ,maarieh #a4ij #a4bc99 #b4jj99 #bj4db #bg4e #abae ,tuthmsis ,ist #b4ae #a4dj99 #b4ci99 #ai4fj #bd4b #adc #e ,after ,gorringe4 #f ,average1 after ,gorringe4 ,it will be seen how close the measurements of the ,aswn modified scheme are to those of the ,lateran obelisk4 ,except for the height and base1 ,i have had to scale the latter off a photograph1 so the resemblance may be even closer4 ,it is also perhaps more than a coincidence that the base of the later project is the same as that of the obelisk fragment before ,pylon ,,vii at ,karnak1 namely #c4ae metres4 ,legrain1 writing in the ,annales du ,service1 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #aa and #ab1 remarks1 about this ,pylon ,,vii obelisk3 8,l'oblisque d',hatshopsitou mesure #bi m4 #ej cent4 de hauteur et #b m4 #dj cent4 la base4 ,si nous admettons des proportions semblables pour deux monuments contemporains1 la base de l'oblisque de ,thoutmsis ,,iii au ,,viie pylne tant #c m4 #ae cent4-#c m4 #aj cent41 nous arrivons au chiffre approximatif de #cg m4 #gg cent4 comme hauteur de l'oblisque de ,thoutmsis ,,iii dont nous avons retrouv les fragments cette anne devant la face sud du ,,viie pylne4 7,footnote73 ,j'ai pris comme base de ce calcul hypothtique 7#bi4ej #c4ae7_/b4df en comptant sur la plus grande largeur de la base1 qui1 dans l'antiquit1 se voyait le mieux40 ,this year1 a fragment of the companion 7or perhaps the same7 obelisk has been found1 which just reaches up to the wording of the ,horus name of the king--that is to within a couple of metres of the base of the pyramidion4 ,although only one edge remains1 ,i found that1 by measuring from the centre of the vertical lines flanking the inscription1 that the distance to the edge was #a4jd metre1 making the width here #b4jh metres1 which is almost exactly that of the outline on the ,aswn obelisk4 ,legrain1 in estimating the height of the obelisk before ,pylon ,,vii1 assumes that the taper was the same as that of the obelisks of atshepswet1 but1 from the table above1 it will be seen that the taper of her obelisks is exceptionally small1 so his estimate is likely to err on the large side4 ,the outline on the ,aswn #aj obelisk may therefore be either for what is now the ,lateran obelisk1 or those of ,pylon ,,vii2 there is no evidence to shew for which it was intended4 ,it is likely that the later scheme was1 in its turn1 abandoned from fear that the granite was not sound1 especially near fissure p4 ,in any case1 the reduction of the large obelisk to obtain a smaller one would be a piece of work almost comparable to starting the work over again on a new site1 where the rock was likely to be of better quality4 #aa ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,trench4 7#ab7 ,the trench surrounding the obelisk1 by means of which it was intended to separate it from the surrounding rock1 is of most peculiar form1 the effect being a series of parallel and equidistant vertical cuts1 as if it had been made by a gigantic cheese-scoop4 ,plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 shews the structure of the sides and bottom of the trench4 ,its width averages #ge cent41 and its depth about two-thirds that necessary to extract an obelisk of square section4 ,down the division between each concave 8cut0 a red line was drawn1 it appears1 by a plumb-bob with its string dipped in ochre 7section #dd74 ,these lines are not continuous1 but have been projected down from time to time as the level of the work became lower4 ,the average distance between the vertical red lines is #bi4i cm41 there being very little variation between examples4 ,these appear to be feet1 and the unit the double-foot4 ,this is discussed in section #ah4 ,it will be noticed in plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 that distinct horizontal marks are visible along the wall parallel to the bottom of the trench2 these shew how uniformly the work was kept at the same level4 ,the aspect of the bottom of the trench is so well shewn as not to need a description4 ,when the whole trench is examined1 the divisions across the bottom of the trench seem to run in pairs2 it is difficult to define where the resemblance between each pair lies1 but it is very clear1 and ,i noticed it almost as soon as ,i began work4 ,a clearer feature is the division between the depressions at the bottom of the trench separating each into a north and a south half1 shewing that the work was done from each side of the trench alternately4 ,at irregular intervals1 and not parallel either to the top of the obelisk or to each other1 are red and black lines4 ,they occur all over the walls of both trenches and on the sides of the obelisk itself4 ,on plate ,i1 no4 #f1 ,i give a diagram of the lines on the rock face ,u ,v1 where they are clearest and most numerous4 ,the only explanation ,i can give for them is that they are merely lines from which to measure from time to time the depth to which the trench had reached4 ,a feature of the surrounding trench is that there are no corners--everything is rounded2 neither are there any traces of the marks of wedges1 which are quite unmistakable 7see plate ,,iii1 no4 #b72 besides1 it is not practicable to use a wedge unless one has to remove a part from the side of the parent rock4 ,chisels also leave sure traces2 examples of fine pointing are seen in plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 and rough dressing on plate ,,iii1 no4 #d 7which was taken in the quarries of ,shelll74 ,there are no traces of chisel-work in the trench at all1 and not a trace of any copper implement was found during the clearance of the obelisk4 ,we are therefore forced to the conclusion that the large balls of tough greenish-black stone1 found in such profusion round the obelisk and all quarry work at ,aswn1 must have been the tools employed4 #ab 7#ac7 ,these stones1 which ,i propose to call #8pounders'1 are nearly spherical1 and vary between #h and #ac inches in diameter1 their weights ranging between #i and #ae pounds4 ,on assembling a large number of them and examining them closely1 it is seen that nearly every one of them has one1 and often several1 brownish-red stains1 which are never seen on the inside when a ball is broken4 ,the balls are of almost natural formation1 and shaped by the action of water during the ages1 the stains being at the part where the block touched the parent rock before being washed out4 ,the stains are caused by fissures in the original rock1 which allowed the water to enter1 decomposing the surfaces4 ,they consist of ferric oxides from the ferrous silicates4 ,i have buried some hundreds of these pounders under the west retaining-wall and elsewhere1 as even their weight did not prevent them from being carried off freely by souvenir-hunters4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,firth has given me some stone chisels from the district of ,wady ,alaqi1 in ,nubia1 for comparison with the pounders used on the obelisk4 ,he tells me that rounded stones of similar appearance to the pounders may be seen in large numbers in the wadys of the ,eastern ,desert both above and below ,aswn4 ,i took some pieces of pounders1 together with the chisels1 to the ,geological ,museum1 ,cairo1 where they were examined by ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,hume and ,hassan ,eff4 ,sadek1 who have kindly furnished me with the following report3 #8,it has been concluded 7as the results of the examination supported by specific gravity determinations made in the ,government ,analytical ,laboratory71 that the stone from which the chisels were made was a diorite1 the specific gravity varying from #b4ge to #b4hg4 ,the pounders1 on the other hand1 are composed of dolerite1 which is a more basic rock than the diorite1 with a specific gravity of #b4ic to #c4je4 ,though rocks of this nature are present in the ,aswn ,cataract region 7see ,j4 ,,ball1 ,first or ,aswan ,cataract1 pp4 #gi and #hf71 it is quite conceivable that the material for these implements has come from other localities4 ,rocks of this type abound in the ,second ,cataract at ,wady ,halfa and have been used as pounders in many gold-mining localities of the ,eastern ,desert1 such as the ,baramia ,mine where they are of wide distribution4' ,my own examination of the ,aswn quarries has not revealed stone of precisely the same quality as that of the pounders1 and in so far tends to support the idea that the material for chisels and pounders is derived from some other region4 ,the wear on the pounders is not distributed evenly over the whole surface--which would be expected if they had been used entirely by hand--but appears in patches1 shewing that the pounders were used in one position until the bruising surface in use had become flat1 and therefore useless4 ,when a pounder is newly used1 the bruising surface nearly always is found at a point directly opposite to the stain1 possibly as there is always a slight flattening there4 ,in very many cases the pounder had been broken by the great force of the blows delivered with it4 ,i cannot believe that a man1 using one of these by hand1 could break it1 as the only way ,i succeeded in doing so was by hurling one down from a height of about #cj feet on to a pile of others1 and then only after repeated attempts4 ,it has long been known that the face of the granite was dressed by means of these pounders1 but ,i have not heard of their use being suggested for excavating a trench in it4 ,there are many examples of monuments1 partly pounded out1 now lying in the quarries of #ac ,aswn and ,shelll4 ,plate ,,iv1 no4 #c1 shews an example where1 apparently1 the lid of a sarcophagus is being shaped by this means4 ,to ascertain how much headway can be made by hand on this kind of work1 ,i tried1 on the bottom of the trench1 to see how much ,i could remove by hand pounding4 ,i found that1 after an hour's hard work1 ,i had extracted about five millimetres off the surface of the foot half-trench-width area4 ,with practice ,i could perhaps have done more4 ,i noticed that1 if ,i threw the pounder down and caught it on the rebound1 the granite broke up at a much greater rate2 but to do this as a regular thing would certainly result in an accident1 as occasionally the pounder rebounds at very unexpected angles4 ,i am certain that they were not used entirely by hand in the regular work of cutting out the trench1 as the work would go very slowly indeed1 and1 which is more to the point1 it would not have the same regular appearance that it has4 ,there is no doubt that very powerful blows were struck vertically downwards1 sometimes with such force as to split the dolerite pounders into fragments4 ,the only conclusion ,i can come to is that the pounders were attached to rammers1 and worked on the principle of the modern mindlah1 as the ,egyptians call it1 and with which they are very familiar4 ,by this means two or more men could work from the top of the trench1 while the third1 working below1 held the bottom of the rammer and directed the blows4 ,as to how the rammers were attached to the pounders--if such were indeed used--,i am uncertain4 ,it may have been done by having the base of the rammer made slightly concave1 possibly bound with metal to prevent splaying1 the pounder being held up in its place by a metal 7iron87 ring1 sufficiently large to expose enough bruising surface1 but not large enough to let the pounder slip through or to scrape against the side of the trench4 ,the ring would be held up by two metal bands or hide thongs attached to the body of the rammer4 ,another method of attaching the pounders would be by a leather strap1 with a hole just small enough to keep the ball from slipping through4 7#ad7 ,it might well be asked why they did not make flat surfaces for the rammer to bear on1 and with some more convenient means of attachment4 ,the explanation is that once the bruising part of the pounder had worn flat1 it was of no further use1 and a new part had to be selected2 besides1 the spherical pounders are of natural occurrence1 and their great toughness would make any shaping a difficult process4 ,there are signs that the local basalt1 and even the granite1 were sometimes used1 apparently without much success1 as they are far inferior to the dolerite in toughness4 ,since the pounders were imported1 a certain economy was essential in making the maximum use of them before discarding#g4 #g ,hand pounding also must have been largely used for the face dressing1 for examination of fissures1 and possibly for undercutting4 ,some quite small hand-pounders were also found2 these had no stain on them4 ,the pounding out of the trench has considerable advantages over other possible methods2 these may be summed up as follows3 7a7 ,it is eminently suited to unskilled labour4 7b7 ,the tools are durable1 not easily lost and not liable to be stolen4 #ad 7c7 ,simultaneous rhythmic labour--so popular with the ancient and modern ,egyptian--could be organized4 ,the bottom of the trench gives a certain amount of information as to how the labour was arranged4 ,to work the maximum number of men1 with the minimum chances of one interfering with the other1 seems to me to be for each man to have two #8feet' marked out for him along the trench4 ,squatting with his back to the obelisk1 he worked on1 say1 the right #8foot' of his task1 putting his #8spoil' on to the left #8foot'4 7,handing it up would be a great waste of time1 and not removing it constantly would reduce the bruising force of the blows almost to nil47 ,each man during the spell1 be it of days or weeks1 sits with his back to the obelisk and works on his right #8foot'4 ,the next spell is on the same #8foot' but each man works facing the obelisk1 and the process is repeated in exactly the same way for the two halves of the left #8foot' of their tasks4 ,a glance at plate ,,iii1 no4 #a1 will shew how likely this arrangement is1 as there is just room for a man to squat comfortably1 and there is always the space of a #8foot' between him and his neighbour4 ,the men at the top of the trench1 if rammers were used1 would be rather crowded1 but not impossibly so4 ,the average width of the trench is about #j m4 #ge cent42 the work may have been measured taking into account a minimum width1 but this is not necessarily the case1 as in certain places1 the width of the trench gets smaller and smaller as it gets deeper1 and then suddenly opens out again4 ,in any case ,i imagine that the workmen would find it false economy to narrow the trench too much1 as the cramped position would make the work go more slowly4 ,i suggest that the reason for the occasional narrowings is that one party knew that their spell was coming to an end at a certain level1 and finished it quickly1 knowing that someone else had to continue the deepening4 ,it will be noticed that the top-dressing1 as seen at the pyramidion1 plate ,,iv1 no4 #a1 and the butt-end of the obelisk1 is less regular than the pounding work in the trench2 it seems that1 with more space at their disposal1 the workmen were given an area to pound1 and left to arrange their method of doing it4 7#ae7 ,as to the time which would have been taken to complete the trench1 it is interesting to get a rough approximation4 ,assuming that1 with rammers1 the men can extract #h millimetres in an hour in each quarter of their double-foot task1 then the time taken to complete the trench1 with an extra metre for undercutting1 will be that of working it at its deepest part1 that is to a depth of #d4b #a4j metre1 and will equal 7#d #e4b7_/74jjh #ab #cj7 months of twelve hours per diem #g4bb months4 ,before leaving the subject of time taken1 we might apply this calculation to the obelisk of atshepswet1 assuming that it was detached in much the same way4 ,here the deepest part of the trench is #b4dj 4#ge metre#h2 then the time taken would have been3 7#d #c4ae7_/74jjh #ab #cj7 #d4d months4 #ae #h ,since the obelisk is smaller4 ,it is recorded by the queen that 8they are of one block of enduring granite1 without seam or joining4 ,my ,majesty exacted work thereon from the year #ae1 the first of ,machir 7#fth month71 until the year #af1 the last of ,mesore 7#abth month71 making seven months of exaction in the mountain40 ,allowing for undercutting and a certain amount of top clearance1 our calculation seems within the bounds of reason4 ,during the work of trench-pounding1 the top-dressing1 embankment preparing1 and clearing for the exit of the obelisk would be carried on4 #af ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,upper ,,quarry-,,face4 7#af7 ,at the south-west corner of the obelisk there is a kind of platform1 sloping down southwards towards a vertical face of rock4 ,plate ,,ii1 no4 #b1 shews the obelisk with the platform at the right1 and plate ,v1 nos4 #a and #b shews the rock face viewed from below the north side of the obelisk1 and from directly opposite it4 ,a detailed drawing of the markings on the quarry-face is given on plate ,,vi4 ,the rock face is crossed by three black lines1 lettered a1 b1 and c1 and one red line d4 ,it will be seen that the structure of the face below the line c is similar to that of the side of the obelisk trench2 the intervals1 too1 between the vertical markings are almost exactly the same1 namely #bi4h cm4 on the quarry-face against #bi4i on the trench4 ,it appears that1 above the line c1 the vertical markings made by the pounding have been hammered out to a certain extent1 as if to use the upper half as a kind of blackboard4 ,there is no doubt that some monument has been removed from before this quarry-face1 and it is rather tempting to see1 in the lines a and c1 the levels of the top and bottom faces of an obelisk1 the line b being a centre line4 ,if this is so1 the taper is #a in #ag4e1 which is sharper than the known large obelisks 7see section #aa74 ,unfortunately1 the method of detaching the monument1 whatever it may have been1 is no longer traceable1 as a large stratum of granite has been removed1 almost certainly by burning1 perhaps to make a control platform1 destroying all traces of the original bed of the monument4 ,line c is very nearly level1 and both b and c are divided into #8feet' by short vertical black lines each in the middle of the pounded grooves4 ,the reason for this is not clear to me4 ,the red line d is separated from the black line c by one double obelisk-foot2 that is the distances between the lines varies between #ei4g and #fj centimetres4 ,the vertical red lines are not very accurately drawn1 but the average distance between successive lines is equal to the double-foot4 ,the horizontal red lines above line d convey no meaning to me1 neither do the eyes or the nefer on lines b and c4 ,down the centres of the red squares1 above the line c1 run a series of curious chains in red--now very faint--all of which cut the line d1 and some the line c4 ,the horizontal lines on these chains are nearly the same distance apart4 ,those above the line d are much more irregular1 and look like two different measures superimposed1 the lower series being similar to the chains between c and d2 they are1 however1 so faint that it is only at e that the beginning of the joining of the horizontal members can be determined4 ,i have numbered the spaces between the vertical divisions ,i-,,xiii2 below is a table giving the levels in metres of each horizontal line in every chain1 taking the level of line d as unity4 #ah ,i have not taken any measurement nearer than half a centimetre1 as the lines are thicker in some places than that1 and ,i cannot be sure of a greater accuracy owing to the faintness of the lines4 7#ag7 ,,space 7,plate ,,vi74 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,,ix4 ,x4 ,,xi4 ,,xii4 ,,xiii4 4#je 4#jb 4#jb 4#je 4#ac 4#ab 4#ab 4#ae 4#ab 4#ae 4#ag 4#ai 4#bj 4#ba 4#bg 4#bh 4#bg 4#bf 4#cj 4#ca 4#cj 4#cj 4#cj 4#cc 4#cg 4#ce 4#ce 4#cf 4#da 4#dd 4#dh 4#de 4#dj 4#dd 4#dj 4#db 4#ch 4#eb 4#dg 4#ej 4#dh 4#ej 4#df ,upper series 4#eh 4#ee 4#ei 4#ee 4#ef 4#ee 4#eh 4#ec 4#fb 4#fb 4#fc 4#fj 4#fg 4#fee 4#fh 4#gj 4#gb 4#gd 4#gc 4#gg 4#gd 4#hb 4#hd 4#hi 4#ib 4#ga 787 787 787 4#gh 787 787 4#gh 787 787 787 4#hc 4#hd 4#hb 787 787 4#he 787 787 4#ha 4#hh 4#hie 4#hc 4#hi 4#ia 4#hi 4#ia 4#hf 4#ib 4#hg 4#hi 4#hh 4#ie 787 4#id 4#ie 4#ig 4#ie 787 4#ig 787 4#ii 4#id 4#if 4#ih #a4jc #a4jdea4jb #a4ja #a4jc #a4jj #a4jc #a4jc #a4jb #a4jd #a4jj #a4jc #a4jc #a4ji #a4aj #a4ji #a4jg #a4aj #a4jg #a4aa #a4jh #a4jh #a4aa #a4jg #a4aa #a4aj ,lower series #a4ae #a4af #a4ac #a4ae #a4ag #a4ad #a4ah #a4ae #a4ae #a4ag #a4ad #a4ag #a4ag #a4bb #a4bb #a4baea4ba #a4bd #a4ba #a4be #a4bc #a4bb #a4bd #a4ba #a4bd #a4bd #a4bgea4bi #a4bh #a4bh #a4cj #a4bh #a4cb #a4cj #a4bi #a4ca #a4bh #a4cb #a4ca #a4ce #a4cg #a4ce #a4ce #a4cgea4ce #a4ci #a4cf #a4cf #a4ch #a4ce #a4ci #a4ch #a4db #a4dbea4db #a4db #a4de #a4db #a4dg #a4dd #a4dc #a4de 787 #a4df #a4dg #a4di #a4ej #a4diea4di #a4eb #a4ej 787 #a4eg #a4eg #a4efea4ef #a4fd #a4fdea4fd ,sure intervals #aa #aa #aa #aa #aa #aj #f #h #h #aa #g #h #i ,total length of intervals 4#gf 4#ge 4#gf 4#gc 4#gd 4#fh 4#dd 4#ec 4#eg 4#gd 4#dh 4#eg 4#ff ,unit 4#jfi 4#jfh 4#jfi 4#jff 4#jfg 4#jfh 4#jgc 4#jff 4#jga 4#jfg 4#jfi 4#jga 4#jgc ,average unit for lower series 4#jfij m4 7#ah7 ,it is noteworthy1 in the lower series1 that the horizontal lines on the chains are stepped-up as we proceed towards the right2 the upper series do not shew this peculiarity4 ,another point is that in only one case does one of the marks coincide with the red line c1 and never at all with the black line b2 had this not been so one would imagine that two sets of measures were being compared4 #ai ,if we multiply up the unit of 4#jfi metre we get3 4#jfi 4#be 4#jagbe 4#jfi 4#e 4#jcde 4#jfi #a 4#jfi 4#jfi #b 4#ach 4#jfi #c 4#bjg 4#jfi #d 4#bgf 4#jfi #e 4#cde 4#jfi #f 4#dad 4#jfi #g 4#dhc 4#jfi #h 4#eeb 4#jfi #i 4#fba 4#jfi #aj 4#fij 4#jfi #aa 4#gei 4#jfi #ab 4#hbh ,it will be seen from this that the unit1 if it is a unit1 is not a factor of the royal ,egyptian cubit of 4#ebe m41 nor of the small cubit of 4#de m41 neither is it connected with the ,egyptian finger of 4#jahg m4 ,further1 it bears no relation to the obelisk single- or double-foot4 ,since we have no information as to whether this unit of 4#jfi metre is a sixth1 eighth1 tenth or twelfth of a foot or cubit1 it is rather unwise to try to reconcile it with the known ,egyptian units1 as1 even during the same reign1 the influx of foreign measures and the variations of the native measures would enable us to find an equivalent to almost any unit that could be imagined4 ,i am aware that ,,decourdemanche1 in the ,annales du ,service1 volume ,,xii1 page #bae1 gives the measure 4#jfibe as a palm of the 8lapidary0 cubit of 4#daee m41 but ,i place very little reliance on this cubit1 as it only explains the dimensions of one tomb measured by ,amlineau at ,abydos1 and this tomb can be equally well rendered in the royal cubit system4 ,the relation of the obelisk foot to the royal ,egyptian cubit is seen in the following table3 metres4 ,finger 7#a7 4#jahg ,palm 7also #c inches7 7#d7 4#jge ,common foot 7#af7 4#cjj ,common cubit 7#bd7 4#dej ,royal cubit 7#bh7 4#ebe ,it will be noticed that the actual measurements of the obelisks1 both the original and the later project1 very largely depend on the royal ,egyptian cubit of 4#ebe metre4 ,the height of the large obelisk does not4 ,probably the order was for as large an obelisk as possible4 ,the dimensions of even royal cubits are3 cubits4 ,base of large obelisk #h ,base to black line #d ,base of later project #f ,height of pyramidion of later project #aj ,most of the remaining measurements1 except the base of the pyramidion of the later project1 depend on the rock rather than on the wish of the designers4 ,since the obelisk is still in a rough state ,i cannot give many accurate measurements from which the cubit can be found precisely4 ,the two most accurate measurements are the base of the original obelisk and the base #bj of the later project4 ,the former measures #d4bj or #h cubits of 4#ebe m41 and the latter measures #c4ae or #f cubits of 4#ebe m4 ,as to the explanation of the scales on the quarry-face1 though much is still obscure to me1 ,i believe the lower series of vertical scales are the records of the work of the last shift employed in cutting out the trench by which the monument was removed1 and the semi-effaced series on a higher level the records of preceding shifts4 ,it seems likely that the red chains are fortuitous1 and do not represent any particular unit1 but marked the position of the tip of a #c;cubit rod1 when standing on the bottom of the trench1 thus recording the depth reached by each party of workmen at definite intervals of time1 possibly after every two days' pounding4 7#ai7 ,at the top1 and to the right of the upper series of scales1 are very faint traces of script4 ,they seem to have been placed against each scale1 but very few can now be seen4 ,i have tried to photograph them with special panchromatic plates1 but without success2 the most ,i have been able to do is to examine them in various lights1 when dry and when wetted1 and to make hand copies4 ,these are shewn in figures #b to #d1 and are from divisions ,,viii1 ,,ix and ,,xii respectively4 ,figure #e is an extra group of signs to the left of the scale in division ,,viii4 ,the inscriptions are all in red paint and are too fragmentary to translate4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,it is within the bounds of possibility that the inscriptions originally gave some information as to the party who were working that particular double-foot division of the trench4 ,at the extreme left of the quarry-face1 in the position indicated on plate ,,vi1 there is an inscription of two lines in the hieratic character4 ,it is very faint indeed and ,i have not succeeded in deciphering it4 ,the fact that it is in black paint on very dark red weathered granite has made it very difficult to photograph4 ,it appears to begin with a date1 and to have a number in the middle1 but there is no name of a king4 7#bj7 ,at the top of the upper quarry-face there is what seems to be the bed from which a monument1 very probably a small obelisk1 of #g metres long has been extracted4 ,the bottom of the trench can still be traced where the work has been divided up into grooves of similar width to those in the obelisk trench4 ,here the feet have become irregular1 but the double-foot is of great regularity and measures #ei4h centimetres4 ,plate ,v1 no4 #b1 shews the bed at the top of the rock face and no4 #c the same seen from above4 ,it will be noticed that1 in this case1 the undercutting has been done by pounding1 but with less regularity than in the obelisk trench1 shewing that it was done by hand4 ,the obelisk seems to have been snapped off1 or more likely it broke off of itself4 ,it is hardly justifiable to deduce how the large obelisks were extracted from such a small example4 ,in all probability the principle was the same1 but the details very different4 ,this is discussed in sections #ba-bc4 #ba ,at the west end of the ridge from which the monument has been removed1 there is a short inscription in red paint4 ,a photograph of this is given in plate ,v1 no4 #d4 ,it seems to begin with the words glyphs 4 4 4 4 4 8the work 7of7 4 4 4 4 4 04 ,the remainder is illegible to me1 though the signs are quite clear4 ,they resemble some of the quarry-signs ,i have seen at ,maallah and elsewhere4 #bc ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,extraction ,,of ,,obelisk ,,from ,,quarry4 7#ba7 ,having examined1 as far as possible1 the methods by which the obelisk was separated from the surrounding rock1 we will consider by what means the obelisk was detached from its bed and got into a position in which it could be handled and transported4 ,it might be remarked that this particular obelisk has not been transported2 there is no doubt1 however1 that the man responsible for the work had quite definite ideas as to how he was going to perform the feat4 ,although it is the largest obelisk known 7pace the phantom #ajh cubit obelisk of atshepswet71 the old engineers have actually moved even heavier and more unmanageable blocks3 the colossus of the ,ramesseum and the colossi of ,amenophis ,,iii at ,thebes4 ,if we can solve the ancient method of dealing with this particular obelisk1 we can the more easily understand how the others were dealt with4 ,there seem to be two methods by which the obelisk could be detached from its bed2 the snapping off of such an obelisk in the manner mentioned in section #ai being out of the question4 7#a7 ,by undercutting the obelisk from both sides to a certain extent1 say a quarter of the breadth from each side1 and either detaching it by a series of very large wedge-slots 7as was done all over the quarries for medium-sized blocks71 or1 if the ,egyptians used wooden wedges1 expanded by the action of water1 by one long wedge channel on each side of the obelisk4 ,these could be wetted by flooding the trench with water1 but before this could be done1 the trench would have to be divided into compartments by1 say1 mud-brick walls to prevent the water running down to the deep end1 leaving the pyramidion end dry4 ,in this case a large allowance would have to be made in case the granite did not break evenly across between the wedge-channels4 ,the great objection to this method is the risk of the obelisk breaking across owing to uneven strains set up by the wedges2 it will be seen1 in section #dc1 that the obelisk can only just support its own weight when in a horizontal position4 ,if this method were employed1 before the obelisk could be moved1 it had to be raised off its bed to pass ropes round it4 ,this could be effected by levering from both sides of the obelisk--using the outer trench wall as fulcra--and gradually rocking the obelisk higher by packing below it at each tilt4 ,assuming that only half a metre was undercut from both sides1 it would require #cj #ab;inch tree-trunks going down three feet into the trench 7properly packed71 and projecting #ah feet above the trench1 being used vertically1 with #gj men pulling on ropes attached to the top of each lever4 ,the strain set up would be about #ajjj pounds per square inch1 which is well within the #bd powers of ordinary coniferous wood as cypress4 7,i assume that a man pulls #ajj pounds47 ,the more undercutting performed1 the less force would be required to rock the obelisk4 ,since the obelisk would have to be tilted from both sides1 a good deal of rock would have to be removed from the south side of it before the levers could be used4 7#bb7 7#b7 ,by completely undercutting the obelisk4 ,in spite of the slowness of the work ,i am convinced that the obelisk was completely undercut1 most likely by hand pounding1 since the expenditure of copper chisels would be terrific1 and the idea1 in this kind of work1 seems to be to economise as much as possible on copper4 ,it would be packed by wooden blocks or stone as near the centre as is consistent with stability1 and in as few places as possible4 ,ropes would then be passed round the obelisk1 each going several times round and being brought forward from below to anchorages in front4 ,it is here that the details of this method assume such great importance2 it must be remembered that1 if the obelisk weighs #aagj tons 7allowing a margin for the roughness of the undercutting below71 and lies on its side on a hard bed1 then the horizontal pull by ropes necessary to turn it over on to a new face will be half the weight of the obelisk1 i4 e4 #ehe tons4 ,this would need #ac1jjj men1 if a man pulls #ajj pounds4 ,i do not see how such a number could possibly be put on to this work4 ,figure #f shews the obelisk supported on its packing1 the section here being at the centre of gravity1 and the outer edge of the packing being #a metre from the centre of the obelisk on each side4 ,to pull it over by horizontal ropes would need #hjjj men1 which still seems more than is practicable4 ,it is possible to reduce the number of men required to turn the obelisk over by means of levers working off the north wall of the north trench1 which seems to have been deliberately left for that purpose 7cf4 section #e74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 7#bc7 ,by using1 say1 #cj #ba;foot levers with a mechanical advantage of six to one1 as described in the last section1 the obelisk can be made to turn slightly about ,n 7see fig4 #f7 so that the packing ,p can be removed and perhaps replaced by sand4 ,about ,n the moment of the force at the bottom of the lever is to that of the weight of the obelisk acting at its centre as #g 3 #b 7by scaling off the figure71 so that the moment at the top of the lever to that of the weight will be #db 3 #b1 or #ba 3 #a4 ,let the number of men per lever be n4 #be ,then #cj #ba #ajj n #aagj #bbdj1 which gives the number of men as #db1 or #abfj men in all#i4 ,i have taken the amount of undercutting in figure #b as 4#ge m4 at the centre of gravity2 it would increase as far as #a4jj metre at the butt4 ,as soon as the sand had replaced the packing1 the rock ,a,b would be removed by burning and wedging until it sloped down as much as possible from the level of the bed of the obelisk4 ,i had not sufficient funds at my disposal to examine the levels of the rock to the centre of the valley1 so ,i have to be rather vague as to what distance the obelisk was rolled out#aj4 ,the obelisk would then1 when the sand flowed out or was removed1 take up a position as shewn in the dotted section4 #i ,the check the stress in the levers4 ,referring to figure #f1 7,stress7 7,section modulus7 ,sum of moments on one side of fulchrum1 i4 e4 7s 4#jihb 7#be7c7 7#aagj #bbdj #baf7_/7cj #ba7 #ehf pounds per square inch1 which is well within the powers of any wood4 #aj ,it will be seen that1 if the obelisk lies at too low a level to be rolled downwards to the valley1 it can be raised by tilting backwards and forwards by means of levers acting from the north and south trenches alternately1 as mentioned in section #ba4 ,if the butt were raised even a metre above its present level1 it would enormously reduce the quantity of rock to be removed before the obelisk could be rolled out4 ,then1 about ,q1 the moment of the horizontal force of the ropes round the obelisk to the moment of the weight will be1 from the figure1 as #i to #b1 so if n be the total number of men required to pull the obelisk over1 then 7n #ajj7 7#b #aagj #bbdj7_/i which gives #ehbd men as against the #hjjj men which would be required if the levers were not used4 ,it is an enormous number1 but ,i do not see how they could manage with less4 ,a bank of sand just in front of the lower edge of the obelisk would make the second turn an easy matter1 and if from thence the obelisk is rolled downwards on soft sand1 ,i think that the #ehbd men will still be ample1 as the sand can be undercut in front of the edge and so make the rolling approximate to that of a cylinder4 7#bd7 ,as to the size of the ropes required for the rolling out of the obelisk1 all we can do is to obtain a very rough idea as to it4 ,if they spread the men out slightly fanwise1 ,i do not see how they could have used more than #dj ropes4 ,the strain per rope will be1 as we have seen1 7#b_/i #aagj_/dj7 #f4e tons per rope4 ,the rope used was probably the very best palm-rope1 newly made4 ,the safe load which can be put on coir rope1 which is of about the same strength1 is given by the formula3 ,load in cwts 7,circumference in inches7#b divided by #d 7,military ,engineering1 #aiac1 ,part ,,iii ,a1 p4 #di74 ,substituting1 we have 7#f4e #bj #d7 ,c#b which gives a circumference of #bb4h inches and a diameter of #g inches4 ,if such a rope were used it would require handling loops on it4 7#be7 ,before leaving the work at the quarry1 it remains to be seen how the chiselling of the wedge-slots was done4 ,the apparent impossibility of cutting granite with a copper chisel has struck every student of this question4 ,many suggestions1 some of them grotesque1 have been put forward to explain how it might have been performed4 ,gorringe1 in his ,egyptian ,obelisks1 #bf boldly assumes the knowledge of steel4 ,to my mind1 the reasons against this are1 first3 the knowledge of steel would have soon resulted in its use being widespread for daggers1 swords and1 above all1 razors2 secondly1 it would have had a special name1 since its properties are so different from iron4 ,now all the ancient names for metals have been accounted for1 none of which could be applied to mean steel4 ,if we translate ,benipet as #8steel'1 then we have no word for iron4 ,gorringe's assertion that iron and steel tools would have disappeared by oxydisation in a few centuries is not borne out by excavations4 ,we know1 from the scanty mentions of iron1 that it was not very generally used1 but quite a number of iron tools of late ,egyptian date are now known1 and ,i have myself taken out an iron bill-hook from the filling of a ,roman or ,ptolemaic grave which was hardly rusted at all1 and in the ,cairo ,museum there is an iron fork of ,coptic date from a depth of #e metres in the sabkh of ,tell ,edf which is almost like new4 ,if the ground is dry and free from certain chemicals1 objects such as iron1 wood1 linen1 papyrus1 etc41 will keep indefinitely1 whereas1 in unsuitable ground1 even copper will disappear and leave no traces1 except1 perhaps1 a blue stain4 ,if steel had been in anything like common use1 we should surely have found examples1 either in graves or in town sites like ,kahn or ,tell el-,amarna4 ,,petrie1 in ,tools and ,weapons1 pl4 ,,vi1 #ahg1 cites a halberd of iron dated to ,ramesses ,,iii2 had steel been known1 we should have expected it to be of that rather than iron4 ,an examination of such broken iron tools as can be spared might give us definite information one way or the other1 as steel1 though it may lose its temper1 will not turn into iron1 however long it is left1 and should be easily recognized by a micro-photograph4 ,on the rocks of the ,wady ,hammmt1 the following inscription is to be seen1 together with others having the same title 7,,gol,,nischeff1 ,hammamat1 ,,ii1 no4 #c1 and ,,couyat et ,,montet1 ,les inscriptions hiroglyphiques et hiratiques du ,oudi ,hammmt1 in ,mmoires de l',institut franais du ,caire1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #ed7 3 7glyph7 ,illustration3 ,hieroglyphs1 etc4 ,may ,amn give life 7to7 the worker of iron tools1 ,ptai1 son of the worker of iron1 ,ken1 etc4 ,the determinative glyph1 sometimes written glyph1 seems to suggest iron tools in general1 and we are hardly justified in deducing from this that the chisels for cutting granite were necessarily of iron2 it is very likely1 however1 that the wedges were of iron4 7#bf7 ,the suggestion1 put forward by ,donaldson1 that the ,egyptians softened the granite by chemical means before using the chisels on it1 is not worthy of serious notice1 as a glance at the tool marks shews that the granite was quite hard1 and behaved in exactly the same way as it does under modern tools4 ,his other suggestion1 that the granite was first pounded to render it more workable1 cannot be accepted as the explanation1 as how did they pound the bottom of the wedge-slots8 ,a far more reasonable suggestion is that the granite was cut by chisels of dolerite or similar #bg basic rocks4 ,mr4 ,firth tells me that1 except for the grinding of the cutting-edge1 they occur naturally in the ,wady ,alaqi4 ,a series of trials with such a chisel left me entirely unconvinced1 the more so since many of the old chisel-marks shew that a narrow-edged tool had been used4 ,from my own experiments1 ,i can believe that the ,egyptians could have cut granite with a copper chisel1 but more time is spent sharpening the tool than in cutting the stone1 and the expenditure of metal would be appalling in any but the smallest works1 but ,i cannot admit that copper tools1 as we know them1 could have ever been used to cut hard quartzite1 which gave the ,egyptians no special trouble1 if we judge by the huge chambers which they cut1 polished and transported1 as in the case of the burial chamber in the ,hawara ,pyramid4 ,it has also been suggested that the copper chisels were fed with emery1 but anyone who has handled a chisel will appreciate the impossibility of feeding the tool with emery2 on the other hand1 emery may well have formed the basis of the polishing process1 and have been regularly used in stone drilling and sawing4 7#bg7 ,how1 then are we to explain this problem8 ,much as ,i hate to admit it1 ,i am driven to the conclusion that the ancient ,egyptians possessed some simple method of tempering copper to the hardness of modern tool-steel#aa2 even now copper with #b of alloy may1 by heavy hammering1 be brought to the hardness of mild steel4 ,this has been suggested by many writers1 and examples of tools are known--,wilkinson quotes one in volume ,,ii1 p4 #bee--where the malletted end of the chisel was worn by the blows1 but where the point was sharp2 of course that might be explained by the fact that it had just been re-sharpened1 but ,i have myself seen a chisel where the cutting-edge was chipped in the same manner as a modern steel tool instead of being burred4 ,i was unable to purchase this specimen1 but ,i tried the point with a knife1 and was able to scratch it as ,i could any other piece of copper2 the temper1 therefore1 must have been temporary 7cf4 ,,wilkinson1 ,manners and ,customs1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bee1 and ,,petrie1 ,arts and ,crafts1 p4 #ajj74 #aa ,there has lately been a rumour that a method has been discovered in ,america for tempering copper1 and that a company is being formed for its exploitation2 if this is true1 it will relieve archologists considerably1 who have been at their wits' end for a good explanation for the last #ej years4 ,if this is the true solution1 it is probable that the knowledge died out when the use of iron and steel became general1 as its value in not producing sparks could hardly have been foreseen4 ,it is not surprising therefore that the knowledge died out when it was no longer a necessity4 ,it might be remarked that instead of having a method of greatly hardening copper1 the ,egyptians might have been able to temper iron4 ,the experiments on iron and its properties during the last century have been innumerable and1 had there been a method1 apart from the introduction of carbon1 of tempering iron to a very great hardness1 ,i think that it would certainly have been discovered by now4 ,in our present state of knowledge1 it is best to leave the subject as an open question4 #bi ,,chapter ,v4 ,,transport ,,of ,,obelisks4 7#bh7 ,before entering into the question of the transport of obelisks1 it may be as well to give extracts from ancient writers4 ,they throw very little light on the problem1 the ,roman and ,greek writers only giving what seems to be third-rate hearsay information1 while the ,ancient ,egyptians usually confine themselves to statistics as to the numbers of men employed4 ,king ,menthuotpe ,,iv sent an expedition of #aj1jjj men to the ,wady ,hammmt quarries to bring in a sarcophagus1 and records that it took #c1jjj sailors from the ,delta nomes to remove the lid1 measuring #d by #h by #b cubits1 from there to ,egypt4 ,this seems to shew that a pressed gang of the amphibious ,delta inhabitants from the lakes had been taken out to the quarries4 ,at any rate we are told that 8not a man perished1 not a troop was missing1 not an ass died and not a workman was enfeebled0 7,,breasted1 ,ancient ,records1 ,i1 #bae74 ,this was more fortunate than the expedition of ,ramesses ,,iv quoted below1 but it gives no details of the various kinds of artisan employed4 ,in the reign of ,amenemt ,,iii1 an official1 also called ,amenemt1 was sent to the same place to obtain #aj statues of #e cubits high4 ,the personnel consisted of 7,,breasted1 ,a4 ,r41 ,i1 #cac73 ,necropolis soldiers #bj ,sailors #cj ,quarrymen #cj ,troops #bjjj ,under ,ramesses ,,iv1 a large expedition was again sent to the ,wady ,hammmt for monumental stone4 ,it numbered #hcfb persons4 ,breasted sums up the personnel as follows 7,a4 ,r41 ,,iii1 #bbd73 ,high ,priest of ,amn1 ,ramesses-nakhl1 ,director #a ,civil and military officers of rank #i ,subordinate officers #cfb ,trained artificers and artists #aj ,quarrymen and stone-cutters #acj ,gendarmes #ej ,slaves #bjjj ,infantry #ejjj ,men from ,ayan #hjj ,dead 7excluded from total7 #ijj #hcfb #cj ,from this it will be seen that larger parties than our estimate of #egbe were sent much further afield than ,aswn1 which itself was a garrison town4 ,it seems to have been the custom to use troops on this unpleasant kind of fatigue1 if captives or pressed gangs were not available in sufficient numbers4 ,the only record that we have on the transport of an obelisk is a passage from the ,papyrus ,anastasi ,i 7,,gardiner1 ,egyptian ,hieratic ,texts1 ,part ,i1 p4 #ag991 ,,xiii71 in which one scribe called ori writes to another called ,amenemope1 accusing him of being unable to calculate the number of men required to transport an obelisk of given dimensions4 ,he says3 8,an obelisk has been newly made 4 4 4 4 4 of #aaj cubits in length of shaft2 its pedestal #aj cubits square1 the block of its base making #g cubits in every direction2 it goes in a slope 787 towards the summit 7871 one cubit one finger1 its pyramidion one cubit in height its point measuring two fingers4 ,add them together 787 so as to make them into a list 78871 so that thou mayest appoint every man needed to drag it 4 4 4 0 ,here the obelisk is very long and thin and has an impossibly short pyramidion1 but in any case such a problem can only be solved by one who has had previous experience1 not only of the friction to be overcome in the transport of large blocks1 but of the nature of the ground to be traversed4 ,the figures given are only sufficient to determine the weight of the obelisk4 7#bi7 ,the largest transportation on land1 of which a scene has come down to us1 is that of the winged bull of ,nineveh4 ,this is published in ,,layard1 ,discoveries1 pls4 ,x-,,xvii4 ,the bull is drawn by men pulling on four cables1 and a line of men keeps on placing rollers under the front of the sleds on which the colossus is attached4 ,behind it men assist the overcoming of the initial friction with large handspikes4 ,another scene1 this time from ,egypt1 is the transport of a statue of one called ,dutotpe 7,,lepsius1 ,denkmler1 ,,ii1 #acd1 and ,,breasted1 ,ancient ,records1 ,i1 #cji-cab74 ,the method used here is that of a sled1 whose runners are wetted or greased1 pulled on sleepers4 ,though the statue was only about #bb feet high and weighed some #fj tons1 it appears to have required #agb men to move it2 we can therefore safely rule this method out as applying to a #aagjton obelisk4 ,if a sled was used1 it must have been in conjunction with rollers4 ,greek and ,roman writers throw very little light on ancient methods of transportation4 ,herodotus1 in book ,,ii1 chap4 #age1 remarks3 ,but of these1 that which ,i not the least1 rather the most admire1 is this3 he 7,king ,amasis7 brought a building of one stone from the city of ,elephantine1 and #bjjj men1 who were appointed to convey it1 were occupied three whole years in its transport1 and these men were all pilots4 ,the length of this chamber1 outside1 is #ba cubits1 the breadth #ad1 and the height #h4 ,this is the measure of the outside of the one-stoned chamber4 ,but inside the length is #ah cubits #bj digits1 and the width #ab cubits1 and the height #e cubits4 ,gorringe1 in his ,egyptian ,obelisks1 gives an almost complete collection of the accounts of transportation1 erection1 etc41 by ancient authors4 ,many of these accounts are so vague or improbable as to be hardly worth including here4 #ca 7#cj7 ,having discussed the possible methods of removing the obelisk from the quarry1 the next thing to be considered is whether it was rolled over and over down to the river bank1 or whether it was pulled along on rollers4 ,the first way is not without its advantages1 as it is almost fool-proof4 ,the width of the embankment or track1 of which there are many about the quarries1 need only be about one-third the length of the obelisk1 and the tendency for the obelisk to roll in a circle would be to a large extent neutralized if it were of soft sand1 where the heavy end would sink in to a greater depth than the point end4 ,however1 the turning would be a most laborious process1 and the general progress very slow and requiring an enormous number of men4 ,it is obvious that the obelisk was brought into the temple precincts lengthways1 so if it was moved a little that way it is quite possible that the greater part of its journey on land was so made4 7#ca7 ,plate ,,vii gives a rough plan of the quarry in which the obelisk lies4 ,it is accurate as regards the obelisk1 embankments and the rock faces ,a1 ,b and ,c4 ,it will be seen that the rock at ,b1 which is also shewn on plate ,,iii1 no4 #b1 has been partly cut away1 presumably to let the point of the obelisk pass out of the quarry4 ,it may be only a coincidence1 but1 strangely enough1 the distance ,a ,c 7from both ends of which rock has been removed71 is almost exactly the length of the obelisk4 ,my opinion is that the obelisk was only rolled sideways for a very short distance until it was very little higher than the level of the floor of the valley1 and was then put on to rollers running on heavy baulks of limber1 the process being3 7#a7 ,track prepared before the obelisk has reached its lowest level4 7#b7 ,track and rollers covered over with soft sand1 the line of the track being marked by sighting poles4 7#c7 ,obelisk rolled down on to the sand above the track4 7#d7 ,sand dug away from under the obelisk4 ,in the end1 ,i think that this way would be quicker than levering the obelisk up by horizontal levers--but that is still a possibility4 ,it has been doubted that the ,egyptians knew rollers1 but without them ,i do not see how a thousand-ton block can be transported4 ,after all1 the ,assyrians were familiar with them in the #hth century ,b4 ,c4 at latest 7section #bi71 and there was extensive communication between them and the ,egyptians for centuries before that4 ,are we to assume that the discovery was made between the probable #aeth century of our obelisk and the #hth8 ,the ,luxor obelisk1 in the course of its removal to ,paris1 was dragged along a specially prepared wooden track after it had been mounted on a wooden #8cradle'1 the track being well greased4 ,the pulling was done by capstans and blocks and tackles4 ,it was found that a pull of #id tons was required to pull the obelisk up the slope leading to the pedestal4 ,this was with a #bbgton obelisk4 ,since friction with average-sized blocks is about proportional to the weight1 to pull the ,aswn obelisk would need 7#aafh_/bbg #id7 #dhe tons1 which would require about #aa1jjj men4 ,i cannot believe that all these could have been arranged so as to pull the obelisk up an embankment 7see sections #ce and #cg74 #cb ,the great advantage of rollers is that comparatively little space is required and a minimum of pulling force2 its disadvantages are that there is always a risk of the rollers becoming jammed1 and that1 even on a slight incline1 the obelisk is liable to get out of control4 ,as to the sizes of the rollers required1 ,i can only say that the top of the fallen obelisk of atshepswet now rests on #bj cent4 diameter pitch-pine rollers1 spaced one metre apart1 and there is not the faintest sign of crushing4 ,the worst stress with the ,aswn obelisk might rise to #aa times as much as the example cited4 7#cb7 ,the obelisks of atshepswet were mounted on sleds1 perhaps to make an easier running surface2 it would also serve to damp any shocks and to distribute the upward pressure of the rollers evenly along the under surface of the obelisk4 ,the method of attachment is shewn in figure #g 7from ,,naville1 ,the ,temple of ,deir el ,bahari1 ,part ,,vi1 pl4 ,,cliv71 but is rather vague4 ,i cannot say whether the ,aswn obelisk was to have been mounted in this way or not2 if it were1 then it would be put on its sledge at the same time as it was put on the rollers1 as explained in the last section4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4--;atshepswet's obelisk on sled4 7#cc7 ,once on its rollers1 there is a fairly level and straight track from the mouth of the valley running along the course of the old barrage railway 7pl4 ,,vii71 joining the two large embankments ,d,e and ,f,g1 which feed the quarries on the south of the obelisk and on the high desert respectively4 ,plate ,,iv1 no4 #d1 gives a view of the embankment ,f,g looking down to ,aswn town4 ,it joins the course the obelisk would take at ,a4 ,the modern town north of the station prevents us determining exactly where these embankments gave on to the river bank4 7#cd7 ,on the details of the boats1 on which we know the obelisks were transported1 ,i can offer no opinion of value1 as ,i am not familiar with boat design1 particularly that of the 8queen-truss0 type which seems to have been so popular with the ,egyptians4 ,i will content myself1 therefore1 with citing certain accounts and giving sundry references1 which may prove of use to those who intend to pursue this matter further4 ,the only scene we have of water transportation is that of the temple of ,dr el-,baari1 published by ,naville and entitled ,the ,temple of ,deir el ,bahari1 ,part ,,vi1 plate ,,cliv1 where there is a picture of the boat containing two #cjmetre obelisks placed butt to butt#ab4 ,the boat used here must have been at least #hb metres long4 ,he mentions also the boat used to carry the two obelisks of ,tuthmsis ,i1 which measured #fc metres by #ba wide 7,,breasted1 ,ancient ,records1 ,,ii1 #aje74 ,both this boat and that of atshepswet are spoken of as the 8,august0 boat4 #cc #ab ,it has been suggested that the two obelisks shewn butt to butt in the ,dr el-,baari sculpture were not the ,karnak pair1 but those erected before the ,dr el-,baari temple4 ,excavation has not confirmed this4 ,the subject is discussed by ,breasted in ,ancient ,records1 ,,ii1 p4 #ace1 note e4 ,another great boat was made by one ,uni1 in the ,,vith dynasty1 for the transport of stone from ,aswn4 ,this measured #fj cubits 7#ca metres7 in length by #cj in width1 and took only #ag days to construct 7,ancient ,records1 ,i1 #cbb74 ,the construction of ancient boats is discussed in ,ancient ,egypt1 #aibj1 ,part #a ff4 by ,mr4 ,somers ,clarke1 and a detailed description of atshepswet's boat is given by ,naville1 in his work cited above1 on pages #b to #d4 ,boats are also described in ,,wilkinson1 ,manners and ,customs1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgf1 and vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #baa1 #bab4 ,to me1 the only practicable way of loading such an obelisk on to a boat1 would be by building an embankment round and over the boat1 pulling the obelisk into a position above it1 and then digging the boat and channel clear again4 ,we can hardly believe that the obelisk was hauled in over the gunwale6 ,in moving the ,luxor obelisk to ,paris1 and the ,alexandria obelisk to ,new ,york1 in the one case the whole prow of the barge was removed1 and in the other a port was cut in the bows of the steamer through which the obelisk was introduced 7see sections #ec and #ed74 ,pliny1 in his ,natural ,history1 book ,,xxxvi1 chap4 #ad1 gives an account of how ,king ,ptolemy ,philadelphus had an obelisk transported to ,alexandria4 ,he tells us1 apropos of the loading on to the boat3 8,a canal was dug from the ,river ,nile to the spot where the obelisk lay2 and two broad vessels1 loaded with blocks of similar stone a foot square--the cargo of each amounting to double the size1 and consequently double the weight of the obelisk--were put beneath it2 the extremities of the obelisk remaining supported by the opposite sides of the canal4 ,the blocks of stone were removed and the vessels1 being thus gradually lightened1 received their burden40 ,if this was so or not1 it certainly was not the method by which the obelisks were brought from the ,aswn quarries to the bank4 ,no trace of a canal of this sort is to be seen1 though there are plenty of traces of enormous embankments4 #ce ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,erection ,,of ,,obelisks4 7#ce7 ,the only reference the ,egyptians have left us actually referring to the erection of a monument is that given in the ,papyrus ,anastasi ,i 7for publication1 see section #bh74 ,the monument to be erected is in this case a colossus4 ,the text gives 7 ,,xiv73 8,it is said to thee3 ,empty the magazine that has been loaded with sand under the monument of thy ,lord which has been brought from the ,red ,mountain4 ,it makes #cj cubits stretched on the ground1 and #bj cubits in breadth 4 4 4 4 4 -ed with #ajj 7887 chambers filled with sand from the river-bank4 ,the 4 4 4 4 4 of its 787 chambers have a breadth of #dd 787 cubits and a height of #ej cubits1 all of them 4 4 4 4 4 in their 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,thou art commanded to find out what is before the ,pharaoh 78874 ,how many men will it take to demolish 7m--also 8remove0 or 8overturn07 it in six hours--if 787 apt are their 787 minds 7871 but small their desire to demolish it without there coming a pause when thou givest a rest to the soldiers1 that they may take their meal--so that the monument may be established in its place80 ,here the technical details are extremely obscure1 as there are many unknown words in the text4 ,in the same papyrus 7 ,,xii71 there is a reference to an embankment1 which may well have been intended for the erection of a monument1 perhaps an obelisk1 as the problem immediately following concerns the transport of an obelisk from the quarry4 ,the scribe ori puts the problem3 8,there is made a ramp of #gcj cubits1 with a breadth of #ee cubits1 consisting of #abj compartments 787 filled with reeds and beams with a height of #fj cubits at its summit1 its middle of #cj cubits1 its batter 787 #ae cubits1 its base 787 of #e cubits4 ,the quantity of bricks needed for it is asked of the commander of the army 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,answer us as to the quantity of bricks needed4 ,behold its measurements 7887 are before thee2 each one of its compartments 787 is of #cj cubits long and #g cubits broad40 ,since the words translated by 8compartment0 and 8base0 are very doubtful in meaning1 it is difficult to obtain any definite idea as to the internal construction of the ramp4 ,borchardt supposes the words 8the middle0 to mean the space filled with rubbish in the inside of the embankment as a means of economising the bricks4 ,the #8compartments' may refer to the longitudinal divisions in the middle of the embankment1 which can still be seen in the construction ramp inside the ,south ,ptolemaic 787 pylon at ,karnak4 ,choisy1 in his ,l',art de btir chez les gyptiens1 p4 #hf1 gives rather a good little sketch of this1 apparently made when the ramp was newly cleared4 ,borchardt1 on the other hand1 imagines the compartments to be transverse divisions4 ,it is certain1 however1 that there is a mistake in the measurements given in the ,anastasi papyrus1 as it seems quite impossible to #cf divide up the embankment according to the data1 even if we take #8compartments' to mean the sections or towers into which nearly all brick enclosure walls and embankments were divided 7see ,,somers ,,clarke1 ,j4 ,eg4 ,arch41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #gg74 ,it seems to me that ,borchardt is right as to the embankment being1 as it were1 a brick box filled with earth2 otherwise there is a great redundance of data4 ,obviously1 the only measurements necessary for an embankment 7built of plain brickwork or in towers like the great temple walls71 if solid1 are3 ,horizontal length of ramp 7,l72 highest part 7,h72 width at top 7,w72 and the batter 7,b74 ,then the number of bricks required will be1 to a close approximation3 ,l,h 7,w ,b7 divided by the volume of one brick1 plus a factor for waste bricks4 ,it may be remarked that if the ,aswn obelisk were pulled up an embankment of the slope given here1 it would need 7neglecting friction7 over #bjjj men4 ,classical authors tell us next to nothing2 as an example ,i give ,pliny's account of an erection done by the ,egyptians4 ,in his ,natural ,history1 book ,,xxxvi1 chap4 #ad1 he tells us3 8,rhamsesis1 who was reigning at the time of the capture of ,troy1 erected one #adj cubits high 7#gc metres74 ,having left the spot where the palace of ,mnevis stood1 this monarch erected another obelisk #abj cubits 7#fc metres7 in height1 but of prodigious thickness1 the sides being no less than #aa cubits in breadth 7#e4gg metres74 ,it is said that #abj1jjj men were employed upon this work1 and that the king1 when it was on the point of being elevated1 being apprehensive that the machinery employed might not prove sufficiently strong for the weight1 and with a view of increasing the peril that might be entailed by the want of precaution on the part of the workmen1 had his own son fastened to the summit1 in order that the safety of the prince might at the same time ensure the safety of the mass of stone 4 4 4 4 4 0 7#cf7 ,medival and modern writers have speculated freely on the ancient method of erecting obelisks1 their ideas ranging from fairly sound theories to the assertion constantly made to me by the less responsible spiritualists1 that it was done by levitation6 ,of modern theories two seem to be popular2 the first suggests that the obelisk was laid flat1 with one side of its base just above the notch1 which in nearly all cases runs along one side of the pedestal1 and that it was gradually levered up1 and at the same time banked from below1 being assisted when it had become sufficiently high by pulling with head-ropes1 and similarly checked by ropes when on the point of tilting over on to its base4 ,this with slight modifications1 was the method used for the erection of the obelisk of ,seringapatam1 and is described by ,gorringe in his ,egyptian ,obelisks 7p4 #aeg71 and by ,commander ,barber1 in ,the ,mechanical ,triumphs of the ,ancient ,egyptians on page #ajb4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that the whole obelisk weighs only about #ce tons4 ,to assert that this method was that to be used for the ,aswn obelisk is not justifiable4 ,the reasons against this method may be summed up as follows3 7#a7 ,it would be almost impossible to lever up a large obelisk1 close to a pylon1 on an ever-increasing earth slope1 and it could not be #8rocked' up as it would slip out of the notch4 7#b7 ,pulling by head-ropes1 with or without the aid of a strut or #8raising-lever'1 would be useless until the obelisk was almost upright1 even if it was done from a high embankment4 #cg 7#c7 ,it would not explain how atshepswet's obelisks were introduced into the middle of the court of ,tuthmsis ,ist4 7#d7 ,ropes would almost surely be inadequate to stop the obelisk from rocking out of control after it had passed its dead centre4 ,the ,new ,york obelisk1 when being pulled into a horizontal position about a specially made trunnion1 supposed to be at its centre of gravity1 took charge1 snapped the cables and escaped breaking by a miracle4 7#e7 atshepswet's standing obelisk has 7apparently7 jumped forward nearly a foot in front of its notch4 ,it can be seen1 if one pulls upright a foot-long alabaster obelisk 7sold at the ,cairo fancy-shops7 with cotton threads that it is impossible to make it jump forward after passing its dead-centre4 ,what it does1 if the pulling is not very even and square1 is to pivot on one of its corners at the beginning or end of its first rock1 with what would be disastrous results in a large obelisk4 7#cg7 ,the more usual explanation as to how the erecting was performed is that the obelisk was pulled on rollers up a long inclined embankment until it was at a height well above the centre of gravity of the obelisk4 ,having been rolled up base foremost1 it was tilted over the end of the embankment1 and the earth gradually cut away from below it until it settled down on to its pedestal1 leaning against the embankment2 from thence it was pulled upright 7see ,,petrie1 ,arts and ,crafts of ,ancient ,egypt1 p4 #gg1 quoted in section #ee74 ,this seems a far more probable method than the last1 but from a practical point of view it leaves a good deal unexplained4 ,anyone who has seen1 in sabkh work or elsewhere1 earth being cut from under a stone1 or even being itself undercut1 knows the way it has of slipping sideways or any way but the expected--generally on the heads of one's workmen4 ,with1 say1 a #ejjton obelisk1 the undercutting would be a somewhat delicate business to make it settle down true on to the pedestal4 ,the tendency to rock and pivot when being finally pulled upright is not dealt with4 ,whatever method the ,egyptians used1 it was sure1 and did not depend on the skill of the men with the hoe and basket4 ,before describing the method which ,i believe was used1 it would be well to consider what means the ,egyptians had at their disposal4 7#ch7 ,levers must have surely been familiar to the ,egyptians2 the constant import of tree-trunks from ,syria would furnish them with the material1 and a hundred occurrences in every-day life1 such as extracting a stone with the point of a hoe would suggest to them the application4 ,the occurrence of a lever in the filling of a tomb at ,el-,bersheh is published by ,m4 ,daressy in ,annales du ,service1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bh1 where he remarks3 8,on a retrouv une branche d'acacia taille en biseau une extrmit qui avait d servir de ciseau et de levier pour soulever le couvercle04 ,in several of the temples in the ,theban area and--,dr4 ,reisner informs me--in the temple of the third pyramid at ,gizeh1 one may see large blocks1 undercut at various points along their length as if to take the point of a lever4 #ch ,rollers1 too they must have known1 even if they did not get the idea from the ,assyrians4 ,we know that they used sleds running on sleepers--at ,lahun pyramid the tracks have actually been found--and it is incredible that the greater ease in pulling1 when a small sled ran over a stick1 should escape their notice4 ,it might be asked why the statue of ,dutotpe was not pulled along on rollers1 instead of on a sled only 7cf4 section #bi74 ,the reason seems to be that1 given a moderate sized block and plenty of men1 the progress would be quicker1 as the sled does not need the constant adjustment and attention which is required by rollers4 ,as we have already remarked1 the friction renders the use of sleds alone impossible for a large obelisk 7cf4 section #ca71 so1 since it appears that obelisks must have been brought into the temple precincts endways1 there is no other means we know of other than rollers4 ,several pieces of wood1 which were probably used as rollers1 were found in the dbris round the ,lahn ,pyramid1 and are published in ,,brunton1 ,lahun ,i1 the ,treasure1 plate ,,xx4 ,they vary from a foot to about #h inches in length1 having diameters from #b to #c inches4 ,the ends of all the examples are rounded4 ,it is strange that1 in the quarry and chip-heap cleared at ,el-,lahn1 so few workmen's tools were found with the exception of wooden mallets and sleepers4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,a4 ,reisner1 in reply to my question as to whether any rollers had been found in the course of his excavations1 has kindly sent me the following note4 8,at ,nuri 7,ethiopia7 we found two short thick granite rollers in the chamber of ,pyramid ,,viii1 where there was a granite coffin1 weighing #g-h tons1 which may have been used for moving the coffin from the foot of the stairs through rooms ,a and ,b to its place in ,c4 ,we actually used these rollers in moving the coffin out40 ,he gives the date of these rollers as about #eej ,b4 ,c4 7#ci7 ,on the other hand1 it appears that the capstan and the block and tackle1 arranged to give a large mechanical advantage1 were quite unknown until quite late times4 ,no trace has been found of them in the town-sites excavated in recent years1 nor is there any trace of their derivatives1 such as the spoked well-drum in one case or the application of the other for hauling up the sails of ships4 ,in the scene of the expedition to ,punt in the time of atshepswet1 an examination of the sail halliards reveal nothing in the nature of a block and tackle4 ,sheers1 gyns and derricks may well have been known in principle1 but for moving weights like those of obelisks1 these are of no use except in conjunction with the capstan and block and tackle4 ,when the ,luxor obelisk was being lowered for removal1 in spite of the elaborate calculations of the stresses set up in the wooden sheers1 and of the good modern carpentry used in their construction and the steady pull given by the capstans1 the structure crushed and jammed1 and it was only by the use of screw-jacks that the necessary repairs could be made4 ,this was with a #bbgton obelisk6 ,a method which may have been used1 and which ,i should myself attempt if ,i were entrusted with such a piece of work1 is as follows3 7#dj7 ,a square funnel is first built round and above the pedestal on which the obelisk is to stand 7see plate ,,viii71 leaving a space about half a metre high1 and one and a half metre wide1 clear over the edge of the pedestal1 to lead out to a tunnel4 ,the sides of the funnel1 which are #ci of smooth masonry1 are set at a slope so that the obelisk on being lowered into it can lie against the wall of the slope without passing its dead-centre and coming of itself to an upright position4 ,the sides of the funnel are continued upwards--perhaps in brick1 for economy--until the height of the funnel is well above the centre of gravity of the obelisk2 the higher1 the better4 ,around the funnel the brickwork would be brought out to form a square tower1 with the pylon wall for its revetement1 perhaps1 on one side4 ,the tunnel mentioned above leads from the pedestal to the further wall of the tower4 ,a long sloping embankment 7section #ce7 is made to lead up to the top of the platform1 and a gentle curve cut in the brick 7,a7 to lead down to the interior of the funnel4 ,in the case of the obelisk of atshepswet1 the platform must have been at a high enough level to clear any buildings in the way4 ,the obelisk is then pulled up on rollers1 base foremost1 until it just overhangs the slope ,a4 ,the funnel1 previous to this1 is filled with the finest ,aswn sand1 which has very little cohesion in its particles1 banked high against the butt of the obelisk4 ,the sand is then very gradually removed from the tunnel1 thus letting the obelisk slowly down on to its pedestal4 ,in this process1 men would descend with the obelisk until the masonry portion of the tunnel was reached4 ,precautions would have to be taken1 by banking the sand up before the butt of the obelisk and1 if necessary1 by inserting wooden struts between the butt and the wall ,b of the funnel1 to prevent the obelisk jamming against it4 ,after the masonry is reached1 there would be little fear of a jam4 ,there is fairly good proof that blocks and statues were lowered on to their beds by emptying sand-bags which supported them4 ,choisy1 in his ,l',art de btir chez les gyptiens1 takes it for granted that this method must have been used for obelisks as well4 ,his suggestion--or rather description1 for he might well have been there--of how the ,egyptians erected their obelisks1 on page #abd1 is not to be taken seriously1 except perhaps for the smallest obelisks 7see section #ej74 ,if the method ,i suggest1 or a modification of it1 was that used for the erection of the largest obelisks1 sand-bags are not necessary at all4 ,as to the flow of fine blown sand1 ,i can speak from personal experience on the matter1 as ,i have several times approached a big tomb-shaft filled with blown sand from below1 having entered by another tomb breaking into it4 ,the sand always lay sloping from the roof of the chamber joining the shaft to the floor1 at an angle of about #bj degrees4 ,it can be easily and safely removed from below without bringing down an avalanche4 ,i am very sure that1 at the end of the tunnel1 no constant flow will occur1 even when the sand is being pressed down by a #aafhton obelisk2 it is more likely that men would have to remove the sand from half-way along the tunnel4 ,the bottom of the funnel would have to be slightly larger than the base of the obelisk1 so as to be able to remove the sand1 stones and brick fragments which might have come down with it4 ,if all went well1 the obelisk1 when it touched the pedestal1 would lie against the near wall of the funnel with its base engaging in the notch4 ,men would then enter through the tunnel1 and clear out all particles of sand from the surface of the pedestal and1 if necessary1 from around the base of the obelisk4 #dj ,before passing the proofs of the volume1 but after plate ,,viii was printed1 ,i made a wooden model of a funnel of almost exactly the same proportions as that shewn on the plate4 ,the height of the end of the embankment was #cj centimetres4 ,this ,i tried with a #a_/ajj scale model of the obelisk in limestone1 using finely sifted ,aswn sand4 ,the result was interesting1 since it shews the great importance of unsuspected details in this kind of undertaking4 ,in the model1 ,i did not use a tunnel1 but allowed the sand to escape at any desired rate through an aperture in the stand on which the model was placed4 ,since the model was not fixed to the stand1 the position of the aperture with regard to the bottom of the funnel could be varied4 ,i found that1 if the aperture was on the side away from the embankment1 there was a decided tendency for the obelisk to jam against the opposite wall of the funnel4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the sand ran out from the near side1 the obelisk came down resting against the embankment wall1 with its edge where the slot should be4 ,it seems most likely that the sand was removed1 not from the tunnel shewn on plate ,,viii1 but from one on the opposite side1 leading out from under the embankment4 ,the tunnel shewn in the plate seems necessary for the proper cleaning of the pedestal before the obelisk was pulled upright4 ,in a subsequent model1 in which the side of the funnel was vertical and made of glass1 ,i was enabled to examine the base of the obelisk and the levels of the sand during the descent4 ,the results shewed no reason for modifying the diagram on plate ,,viii except in the manner mentioned above4 ,it is possible that the sand was removed from above until the obelisk was low enough for there to be no fear of a jam2 after that point had been passed1 it would not matter from which side of the pedestal the sand was removed4 ,i realise that if the model were enlarged up to full-size1 the grains of sand would be at least one centimetre in diameter4 ,it seems to me that1 using ordinary sand with a full sized obelisk1 the flow would be better than is the case in the model1 as there would be less skin-friction with the sides of the funnel4 ,on the other hand1 there may well be factors1 unforeseen by me1 which might render the behaviour of the full-sized obelisk different from that of the model1 so ,i give these results without insisting that they are a proof that such a method is possible for erecting obelisks4 ,another point arises in connection with the funnel2 this is the possibility of the side walls of the funnel having been constructed vertically1 the width of the funnel being only slightly greater than the width of the base of the obelisk4 ,the advantage of this modification would be that if sand were piled on to the obelisk in the initial stages of its descent1 the weight of the sand would be a great help in forcing the base down the funnel past the point where it might be likely to jam4 ,it would1 however1 make the examination of the obelisk during its descent a difficult matter owing to lack of space4 ,mr4 ,somers ,clarke points out that1 if the obelisk came down on to its pedestal supported on one edge1 that the strain would crush the granite4 ,it seems that the slot in the pedestal served a double purpose1 one to keep the obelisk from twisting1 and the other to ensure that the weight #da is taken on the edge of the slot and not on the edge of the obelisk 7see fig4 #h74 ,let us assume that the edge of the slot crushes until there is #b inches of supporting surface2 then since the obelisk is about #afe inches along its base1 the bearing surface will be #ccj square inches and the resulting crushing stress about #c tons per square inch1 which is not so very excessive4 ,by putting moderately soft wood in the slot1 the weight could be borne both by the edge of the obelisk and the edge of the slot1 thus further reducing the stress set up4 ,in the case of the standing obelisk of atshepswet1 it has come down without engaging in the slot1 with the result that the corners have crushed considerably4 ,figure #h shews the position of this obelisk as it now stands on its pedestal1 the position taken up being ,c,d,e,f instead of ,c,d,e,f4 ,the corners ,e and ,f have split badly owing to the great weight and have been rounded to cover up the defect4 ,in this case the inner side of the slot1 ,a,b1 as far as can now be seen1 is still sharp4 ,in all the other pedestals ,i have examined1 where the obelisks have apparently come down so as to bear on the inner edge of the slot1 the edge is very distinctly crushed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,position of atshepswet's obelisk on its pedestal4 7#da7 ,before the obelisk was pulled upright1 the space in front of the obelisk1 and between it and the wall ,b1 might well be filled up with halfa and reeds1 to make a kind of cushion1 and to damp any tendency to rock backwards and forwards4 ,the notch would prevent any twist before it engaged with the reed cushion4 ,if the obelisk twisted1 it was because the reed cushion was not sufficiently tightly packed1 the twist taking place after it had rocked over to its further edge4 ,if the obelisk was on a sledge1 ,i should think that it was removed before introducing it into the mouth of the funnel2 the removal of the rollers would be automatic4 ,the raising of the obelisk without the aid of an embankment is proposed by ,choisy in ,l',art de btir chez les gyptiens4 ,he assumes that the obelisk was raised by a series of levers used horizontally on a fulcrum1 and that it was heaved up simultaneously from both sides and packed from below after each heave1 the obelisk and levers rising together till the obelisk was sufficiently high to lower on to the pedestal 7cf4 section #ej and fig4 #aa74 ,let us assume that this method was to be used for the ,aswn obelisk4 ,i think that the largest levers practicable would be #ae metre tree-trunks used with a mechanical advantage of #aj to #a4 ,not more than #cj levers could be used on each side of the obelisk4 ,the number of men required to raise the obelisk can be found to be about #ef per lever1 assuming that they all heave at the end4 ,i hardly see how such a number can be put on a horizontal lever unless we assume that a cross-baulk is attached along the ends of the levers and the whole loaded with stones4 ,the levers would have to be dismounted at each heave and the time taken would be considerable4 ,the method1 however1 is a possibility1 so ,i include it as an alternative to the embankment4 #db 7#db7 ,before leaving this subject1 it is as well to ascertain if the obelisk is strong enough to bear the internal strain due to its own weight when it is supported at its centre of gravity4 ,the volume of a truncated cone is given by the formula ,v ,h_/#c 7,a#b ,aa a#b74 ,in the shaft of this obelisk1 ,h is #cg4be1 ,a is #d4bj and a is #b4ej metres4 ,substituting1 we have3 ,v #cg4be_/c7d4b7b #d4b #b4e 7#b4e7b from which we find that the volume of the shaft is #dbf cubic metres4 ,aswn granite weighs about #b4fgi tons per cubic metre1 which makes the shaft weigh #aadc tons4 ,the weight of the pyramidion is 7base7#b 7height7 7unit weight7_/#c1 or 7#b4ej7b 7#d4ej7 7#b4fgi7_/c #be tons1 so that the total weight of the obelisk would have been #aadc #be #aafh tons4 ,the distance of the centre of gravity of a tapering square-sectioned solid from the butt is given by the formula3 ,h 7,a#b #b;,aa #c;a#b7_/7;,a#b ,aa a#b74 ,here ,h is #cg4be m42 ,a #d4b m42 a #b4e m4 ,substituting we get3 7#cg4be_/d7 7#d4bj7b #b 7#b4ej #d4bj7 #c 7#b4ej7b_/7d4bj7b 7#b4ej #d4bj7 7#b4ej7b4 ,that is1 the distance of the ,c4 ,g4 from the butt1 7,l,n on fig4 #aa71 is #ae4ce metres4 ,taking the pyramidion by itself4 ,its height is #d4ej metres1 so that its ,c4 ,g4 must be one-fourth that distance from the base1 which makes #a4ab metres4 ,if x is the distance of the centre of gravity of the whole obelisk from the butt1 by taking moments about the butt we have3 7,total weight7 x 7weight of pyramidion7 7#a4ab length of shaft7 7weight of shaft7 #ae4ce1 or #aafh x #be #ch4cg #aadc #ae4ce1 from which x #ae4hd4 ,that is1 the distance of the centre of gravity of the whole obelisk from the butt is #ae4hd metres4 ,the breadth of the obelisk at its centre of gravity is #d4b 7#ae4hd_/cg4be7 7#d4b #b4e7 or #c4di metres4 7#dc7 ,let us assume that the obelisk is balanced at its ,c4 ,g41 and find the stresses due to bending4 ,the weight on each side will be equal4 ,taking the right hand half1 its weight will act at its ,c4 ,g4 ,using the formula for the ,c4 ,g4 of a tapering square-sectioned solid1 quoted above1 we get3 7#ae4hd_/d7 7#d4bj7b #b 7#d4bj7 7#c4di7 #c 7#c4di7b_/7d4bj7b 7#d4bj7 7#c4di7 7#c4di7b #g4dc metres1 which means that the centre of gravity of the right-hand half of the obelisk will act at a distance of #g4dc metres from the butt1 or #ae4hd #g4dc #h4da metres from the balancing point1 or ,c4 ,g4 of the whole obelisk4 ,the sum of the moments to the right of the ,c4 ,g4 of the whole obelisk will be half the total weight multiplied by #h4da #ehd #h4da4 ,then1 if s is the internal stress set up due to the bending of the obelisk when supported at its ,c4 ,g41 we have3 7,section modulus7 7stress7 sum of moments on one side of support4 ,the modulus of the square section is one sixth the cube of the depth1 so we have3 7#c4di #ci4cg7c_/f s #ehd #h4da #ci4cg #bbdj4 ,from which s #ajja pounds per square inch 7#ci4cg being the reduction of metres to inches74 #dc ,the modulus of rupture for granite from ,aswn is given as #aejj pounds per square inch1 so it will be seen that the obelisk1 if not converted into a live load 7by a jerk1 for instance7 can be supported at its ,c4 ,g4 without breaking4 ,it is rather difficult to say how far the ,egyptians were able to carry their calculations4 ,the erection could well have been rehearsed by means of a scale-model1 which could have been further used for obtaining the weight and the position of the centre of gravity4 ,i do not think that they ever troubled about the bending-moment2 at any rate1 their mathematics were not sufficiently advanced for its determination4 ,it may be that1 since in all the obelisks we know of1 whose taper does not vary to any great extent1 can be supported anywhere1 the ,egyptians never had a case of such a monument breaking by its own weight4 ,another interesting point arises in connection with this1 and that is1 since in obelisks 7and all beams7 of the same proportion1 the bending stress due to their own weight depends on the linear dimension1 and therefore the fact that a granite scale-model does not break will be no indication that the monument itself will not break when similarly supported4 ,if the #ajh cubit 7#ef4gj metres7 obelisk of atshepswet1 mentioned by utiy 7section #c71 does indeed apply to one and not to the two placed butt to butt on the boat shewn in the ,dr el-,baari sculpture1 then1 if the proportions are about the same as the ,aswn obelisk1 the stress set up when supported at its centre of gravity 7see section #dj7 would be in the nature of #ef4gj #ajja_/da4ge #acfj pounds per square inch1 which is perilously near the breaking stress of #aejj pounds per square inch4 ,it will be clearly seen that the obelisk1 part of which is at ,constantinople1 cannot have been part of the #ajh;cubit obelisk1 as it would be much thinner than the one at ,aswn and would certainly not support its own weight either at the centre of gravity or at its ends4 ,when worked out1 the internal stress set up in such an obelisk more than doubles the ultimate strength of granite4 #de ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,miscellaneous ,,objects ,,and ,,conclusion4 7#dd7 ,during the clearance of the west end of the north trench1 a small pot was found1 of the form shewn in figure #i1 containing a small quantity of a substance which had the appearance of red brick dust4 ,the pot appears to have had a neck1 but it is now missing1 and a section has been broken out of the side4 ,on the other side of the pot there is a small hole4 ,the shape of the pot is not characteristic1 and it may well be of a date later than that of the obelisk4 ,the glaze is of a dark reddish-brown colour1 and is the coarsest ,i have ever seen1 being very uneven and covered with bubble-craters4 ,the ,director of the ,chemical ,department kindly allowed analyses to be made of the glaze and also of the contents of the pot4 ,as regards the glaze1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,pollard of the ,chemical ,department staff1 who has had experience in the analysis of glazes1 has suggested that it is a natural one1 perhaps due to the pot lying in a fire of burning vegetable matter4 ,this seems very likely since there seems to have been a great deal of burning in removing the upper layers of granite during the extraction of monuments from the quarries 7section #d74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,pot from obelisk trench4 ,scale 4 ,the contents of the pot are reported to be ochre and not burnt brick1 though the ochre is of poor quality4 ,it seems that we have here the material of the paint used in the quarries4 ,it was probably mixed1 before use1 with acacia gum4 ,ochre1 of various colours1 occurs within a mile of the obelisk in the rocks above the ,luxor-,shelll railway line4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,scale 7#de7 ,during the clearance of the west end of the north trench1 we found part of an ostrakon in the hieratic character4 ,it is written in black ink in a piece of pottery1 measuring #af #ab cent41 of the dull red with yellow slip common to the ,,xviiith-,,xixth dynasty4 ,mr4 ,battiscombe ,gunn1 who has lately been translating the recently discovered ostraka and graffiti for some of the excavators at ,thebes1 has kindly examined this ostrakon and reports that the writing is of characteristic ,,xixth dynasty type4 ,this is shewn in figure #aj4 #df ,the hieroglyphic version of the ostrakon is3 7glyph7 ,illustration3 7#a7 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7#b7 4 4 4 4 4 taxed with 787 #b 4 4 4 4 4 7#c7 4 4 4 4 4 thou saidst3 8,thou beatest 787 it because 787 4 4 4 the #bj 4 4 4 #ac 7#d7 4 4 4 4 4 because 787 4 4 4 which is here with me1 because1 he said1 the 4 4 4 7#e7 4 4 4 4 4 7drag1 cut871 the whole of the stone1 he said1 because 4 4 4 7#f7 4 4 4 4 4 bringing the #bj 4 4 4 #ac glyphglyph for r-f1 as frequently elsewhere4 ,this is hardly satisfactory1 and ,i cannot see how we could have got a fragment of a letter telling us less than this4 ,it is quite likely that it was thrown down from the quarry work above4 ,it is tempting to read1 in the word glyphglyphglyphglyph qnqn1 the pounding process by which the trench was made4 7#df7 ,on the east face of the high rock shewn at ,c on plate ,,vii1 there are two short inscriptions in the ,greek character4 ,that on the right reads3 smudgesmudgesmudge ,am 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sabinianos 7and7 ,serapeum1 7sons7 of ,ursus4 ,the first name is doubtful as ,i am uncertain how many letters are missing4 ,the remainder are ,greek forms of ,latin names4 ,on the left of the above is the ,greek name 4 is known in ,c4 ,i4 ,g41 #c1 nos4 #eaji2 #dgaf4 ,the names have been fairly nearly cut in the granite with a fine pointed chisel4 #dg 7#dg7 ,there are over #be obelisks known to-day whose weights exceed #ej tons1 and all must have come from ,aswn1 since it is the only convenient outcrop of granite in ,egypt4 ,it might well be asked from which quarries they have been taken4 ,i have examined most of the quarries about ,aswn and ,shelll1 but must admit that ,i have not found one from which ,i am sure that an obelisk has been extracted4 ,i think that1 at any rate1 some must have been taken from the quarries in the near neighbourhood of the ,aswn obelisk1 as the stratum is good1 and it is the most conveniently situated from the river bank4 ,it would well repay the trouble taken to clear the quarry to the south1 and the valley leading up to the obelisk1 completely1 exposing the floor1 as it is there that we may expect to find the bed of one of the larger obelisks4 ,it must be borne in mind however1 that a quarry1 good enough to furnish a large obelisk1 would be worked as long as there was good stone to be extracted from it4 ,the sand does not come in at any alarming rate1 and a credit of ,l4 ,e4 #e every year would be sufficient to keep the whole quarry clear4 ,i estimate the cost of completely clearing the south quarry and the valley at ,l4 ,e4 #aejj4 ,it would leave a magnificent monument4 #di ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,bibliography4 7#dh7 ,i have endeavoured to confine this bibliography to references which1 directly or indirectly1 concern the quarrying1 transport and erection of obelisks in ,egyptian times1 omitting certain medival accounts such as those of ,peter ,gyllius1 and such stories of marvellous ,egyptian engines as are put forward by certain irresponsible writers4 ,i have1 however1 given a very brief prcis of the removals of the ,vatican1 ,paris and the ,london and ,new ,york obelisks1 as these have a general interest4 ,,antiquities ,,department1 ,annales du ,service4--,several references to obelisks are given in the index of parts ,i-,x1 chiefly dealing with those of ,karnak4 ,in volume ,v1 pp4 #aa and #ab1 there is a discussion by ,legrain on those before ,pylon ,,vii 7section #aa74 7#di7 ,,barber 7,commander ,f4 ,m41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n471 ,the ,mechanical ,triumphs of the ,ancient ,egyptians1 published by ,kegan ,paul1 #aijj4--,this is a popular description1 in a portable size1 of the best-known works undertaken by the ,egyptians4 ,in many ways it may be considered as a prcis of ,gorringe's ,egyptian ,obelisks4 ,it gives the details of removals of obelisks in modern times1 shorn of elaborate technical details4 ,he assumes that the large obelisks were raised in much the same manner as the ,seringapatam obelisk 7section #cf74 ,,breasted 7,dr4 ,j4 ,h471 ,ancient ,records4--,translations of the inscriptions on most of the obelisks can be obtained from the general index under #8obelisks'4 ,many of these translations are accompanied by interesting footnotes4 ,references to some large transportations are given in section #bh of this volume1 to transport boats in section #cd4 7#ej7 ,,choisy 7,auguste71 ,l',art de btir chez les gyptiens1 published at #gf ,rue de la ,seine1 ,paris1 #aijd4--,the author1 in this work1 gives what he considers to have been the ancient methods of building1 together with his ideas as to those of the transportation and erection of monoliths4 ,the chapters on construction do not come within the province of this volume4 ,obelisks are dealt with on pages #aba to #abg4 ,under the heading of #8extraction'1 he gives some suggestions1 or rather assertions1 as to the manner in which the obelisk was given a curved surface1 but none as to the quarry work4 ,in his notes on transport by water1 he favours the method described by ,pliny 7section #cd of this volume71 which we know is not confirmed by an examination of the ,aswn quarries4 ,as to the method he proposes for the transport of obelisks1 it is extremely laborious2 the obelisk was heaved up by a series of levers acting on both sides simultaneously1 #ej being packed from below after each heave4 ,figure #aa1 taken from his book1 makes this clear4 ,when the obelisk was sufficiently high1 an embankment was constructed so as to make a ramp leading down in the direction in which it was desired to travel1 and the obelisk was pulled1 butt foremost1 along the ramp until it reached ground-level again1 the process being repeated for the whole journey4 ,his method for erecting an obelisk is1 to me1 mechanically unsound4 ,figure #ab is taken from his book2 referring to it1 he says3 8,soulevons le bloc 7fig4 #aa71 en ayant soin de maintenir le remblai d'appui par les bajoyers4 ,arrivs une hauteur telle que a1 passons1 par-dessous1 des traverses c et un tourillon n4 ,a ce moment rien n'empche de dblayer les terres et d'tablir en sous-uvre une glissire g4 ,la glissire faite1 remplaons par du sable les terres enleves2 retirons les traverses c et affouillons le sable4 ,l'oblisque1 pivotant autour du tourillon n1 va s'incliner suivant a et arriver l'aplomb de sa base b4 ,il suffira pour empcher d'aller trop long1 de rserver en d un arrt qui le contre-bute du pied1 et de retenir le sommet par des haubans40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,choisy's suggestion for erecting an obelisk4 ,he does not tell us of what material the #8tourillon' n is to be made in order to stand the enormous strain1 neither does he give any details as to the material of the #8glissire' which would allow the point of the sled to slide along it without burying itself4 ,choisy imagines the procedure after the obelisk had attained a vertical position to have been to fill in the space between the obelisk and the pedestal with filled sand-bags1 a long sausage-shaped bag having been placed in the slot in the pedestal4 ,the bags were then to be perforated #ea one by one until the obelisk rested on its edge and the long bag only4 ,the empty bags were to be withdrawn from under the obelisk and finally the long bag opened and the material removed through the slot4 ,this may possibly have been the method used with medium-sized blocks1 such as sarcophagus-lids1 but ,i very much doubt whether any bag would stand half the weight of the ,aswn obelisk without bursting1 besides1 the crushing of the inner edge of the slots in the pedestals of all the obelisks at ,karnak1 except that of the standing obelisk of atshepswet 7cf4 section #dj71 is not explainable by ,choisy's #8long-bag' theory4 ,the book would have been infinitely improved if it has contained a few references4 ,j4 ,,couyat et ,p4 ,,montet1 ,les inscriptions hiroglyphiques et hiratiques du ,oudi ,hammmt1 in ,mmoires publis par les membres de l',institut franais du ,caire1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #ed 7,imprimerie de l',institut franais74--,references to iron-workers from inscriptions on the rocks at ,wady ,hammmt 7section #be74 7#ea7 ,,decourdemanche 7,j4 ,a471 in ,annales du ,service1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #bae1 gives details of various systems of lineal measures which he suggests are derived from an original talent1 taken from measures on the ,abydos monuments excavated by ,amlineau in #ahii 7see section #ah74 ,,decourdemanche1 ,poids et ,mesures1 published at ,paris by ,gautier-,villars1 #aiji4--,this gives a large number of systems of the divisions of the cubit and foot and shews clearly how cautious one must be in deducing anything from a single unit of measurement unless it is subdivided as in the case1 for example1 of a cubit rod4 ,it is possible1 in this book1 to find an ancient example of almost any unit of length which could be imagined4 7#eb7 ,,fontana 7,domenico71 ,della transportatione dell'obelisco ,vaticano et delle fabriche di nostro signore papa ,sisto ,v fatte dal cavaliere ,domenico ,fontana1 architecto di sua ,santit4--,this is a rare book published in #aeij1 but a good prcis is given by ,lebas in his ,l',oblisque de ,louxor and in ,,gorringe1 ,egyptian ,obelisks4 ,the obelisk was moved from the ,circus of ,nero at ,rome to the ,piazza di ,san ,pietro in #aehe1 the method being the #8heroic' one of lifting it bodily by blocks and tackles4 ,a gigantic tower of wood1 known as #8,fontana's ,castle'1 was erected over the obelisk1 being made of compound wooden struts of a metre square in section4 ,from the cross-beams of the tower pairs of blocks and tackles were attached at four points along the obelisk1 which was protected by matting and planks4 ,the obelisk was first raised sufficiently high1 being wedged as well from below1 to enable a #8cradle'1 or platform on rollers1 to be introduced underneath it4 ,the obelisk was then lowered on to the cradle and pulled to its new site1 first down an inclined plane and thence on level ground4 ,the blocks and tackles were worked by a large number of capstans4 ,the erection was done in exactly the reverse way to the lowering4 ,the whole story as translated by ,lebas1 makes curious reading1 and ,i cannot resist giving a few extracts4 ,he says 7,l',oblisque de ,louxor1 pp4 #agh et seq473 8,public curiosity 4 4 4 4 4 attracted a large number of strangers to ,rome4 ,all roads leading to the square were barricaded1 and a bando of the pope1 published two days before1 punished by death anybody who did not respect the barrier 4 4 4 4 4 ,on the #cjth ,april1 two hours before daylight1 two masses were celebrated to #eb implore the light of the ,holy ,spirit4 ,fontana1 with all his staff1 communicated4 ,on the eve of the lowering he had been blessed by the ,holy ,father4 4 4 4 4 0 ,before the work began1 ,fontana told his workmen3 8,the work we are about to undertake is consecrated to religion1 the exaltation of the ,holy ,cross02 thereon everyone recited with ,fontana a pater and an ave4 ,gorringe comments on this 7,egyptian ,obelisks1 pp4 #aad to #aag7 saying3 8,a striking scene it must have been and typical of that curious age04 ,if1 however1 one compares ,fontana's account with that of the erection of the ,new ,york obelisk1 one is struck1 not with the difference1 but with the resemblance between the two ceremonies1 the later one being undoubtedly more tedious to the spectators1 as there were no inquisitors and familiars waiting in a corner1 to mete out summary punishment to anyone misbehaving4 ,,gardiner 7,dr4 ,alan71 ,egyptian ,hieratic ,texts1 ,part ,i4--,on paragraphs ,,xii1 ,,xiii and ,,xiv1 some details are given as to the removal of an obelisk from a quarry1 the removal of sand from under a colossus during erection and the construction of an embankment of brickwork1 set as problems by one scribe to another4 ,the relevant passages are quoted in extenso in sections #bh and #ce4 ,,garland 7,h471 in ,the ,journal of the ,institute of ,metals1 no4 #b1 #aiac2 article on ,metallographical ,researches on ,egyptian ,metal ,antiquities4--,the author gives a very technical account of his examination of ,egyptian copper and bronze tools and weapons by means of micro-photographs4 ,he proves that the shaping of the tools by hammering was done either cold or far below the annealing temperature2 by this means a better cutting edge could be obtained4 ,he does not speculate on how far hammer-tempering could be carried1 confining himself to the actual results of his examination of the tools as they were found and after annealing4 ,,gol,,nischeff 7,w471 ,hammmt1 ,,ii1 no4 #c4--,references to iron workers 7section #be74 7#ec7 ,,gorringe 7,lieut4-,commander ,h4 ,h41 ,u4 ,s4 ,n471 ,egyptian ,obelisks1 published in #ahhe by ,nimmo1 #ad1 ,king ,william ,st41 ,strand4--,the obelisk1 which originally formed a pair with the ,london ,obelisk1 had already been once removed in ,roman times from ,heliopolis to ,alexandria1 where it was still standing4 ,it was lowered by fitting it at its centre of gravity1 with a pair of enormous steel trunnions supported by a steel tower on each side of the obelisk4 ,the point was lowered 7or rather it crashed7 on to a tower made of wooden baulks laid alternately4 ,a similar wooden tower was then built near the butt end of the obelisk and after raising the obelisk from each end with hydraulic rams1 the trunnions were removed4 ,the mass was then lowered from each side in turn by supporting the obelisk by the rams while a course of baulks were removed from the tower1 and continuing the process until the obelisk lay on the ground4 ,it was floated in a wooden caisson from the shore to the dock and introduced into a steamship called the ,dessouk by opening a port in her bows4 ,at the ,american end1 it was placed on a railway line and pulled to ,central ,park1 where the trunnion and towers were again used in the opposite order to the lowering4 ,for the short moves1 such as moving it into the hold of the ship1 it was rolled on cannon-balls running in channel irons4 #ec ,in the publication there is a very good account of the history of the obelisk and an excellent collection of classical and medival records relating to the subject4 ,in his #8record of all ,obelisks' he gives poor photographs of one face of each1 accompanied by #8best translations' of the inscriptions1 where the roughest hand-copies of the text would have been infinitely more valuable4 ,nowhere in the book can ,i find a complete series of measurements of the ,new ,york obelisk2 in a table on page #ade he gives the heights1 width at the base and the estimated weight only4 ,to make up for this1 the analysis of the granite and of the copper #8crabs' is given with extraordinary detail1 and we are given a complete list of the objects placed under the obelisk on re-erection1 which range from sets of coinage and standard works 7p4 #cc71 to a small box1 the contents of which were known only to himself 7that is to a certain ,mr4 ,henry ,hurlbert74 ,cleopatra's ,needle1 now rotting on the ,thames ,embankment1 we are told1 has beneath it among other things1 a ,mappin's ,shilling ,razor1 an ,alexandra ,feeding-bottle1 a case of cigars and photographs of a dozen pretty ,english women for the benefit of posterity6 ,in ,gorringe's work1 verbatim reports of pompous speeches1 of which each stage of the proceedings seemed to provoke cataracts1 total #ah pages of small type1 while long dissertations are indulged in on the presence of #8masonic emblems' discovered in the base of the obelisk at ,alexandria1 and on their esoteric meaning2 this in spite of the fact that their #8most expert archologist' points out the obvious explanation that the signs commented on form part of an ,egyptian word determined by the house-sign1 and the #8mysterious lines'1 etc41 are merely fragments of ordinary decoration from a re-used building4 ,,herodotus1 ,h4 ,cary's translation1 #ahfa1 ,bohn edition4 ,,ii1 #abe1 iron tools used in the ,great ,pyramid2 ,,ii1 #aee1 transport of a monolithic chapel from ,aswn to ,buto4 ,mention of levers2 ,,ii1 #age1 transport of an enormous monument under ,amasis 7section #bi of this volume74 ,,layard1 ,discoveries1 p4 #ajd2 transport of a winged bull at ,nineveh by means of a sled on rollers 7section #bi74 7#ed7 ,,lebas1 ,l',oblisque de ,louxor1 ,paris1 #ahci4--;,a very interesting account of a gross act of vandalism1 since the ,luxor obelisks were the only pair still standing in their original position4 ,the lowering and raising was performed by a huge compound derrick1 consisting of five supporting members on each side of the obelisk1 the power being supplied by capstans and blocks and tackles4 ,the obelisk was lowered on to a wooden cradle on which it was dragged over a greased way1 without rollers1 to the water1 and from the water to its present position in the ,place de la ,concorde4 ,the water transport was effected by a pontoon-raft of peculiar design1 the prow of which was removed for getting the obelisk in and out4 ,gorringe gives a good rsum of ,lebas' book1 which is now very rare4 7#ee7 ,,petrie 7,professor ,w4 ,m4 ,flinders71 ,arts and ,crafts of ,ancient ,egypt1 published by ,t4 ,m4 ,foulis1 ,london1 #aiji4--,stone working is discussed in chapter vii4 ,as regards granite1 ,prof4 ,petrie favours the suggestion that wetted wooden wedges were used 7cf4 section #d of this volume74 ,he gives valuable details as to the sawing and drilling of granite1 the polishing of its surface and #ed the cutting of hieroglyphs4 ,on the erection of obelisks he says 7page #gg71 referring to the setting up of colossi under ,ramesses ,,iv3 8,a causeway of earth was made sloping up for the length of a quarter of a mile2 it was #ic feet wide and #ajc feet high on the slope1 probably about #fj or #gj feet vertically1 as the slopes were held up steeply with facings of timber and brushwood4 ,the purpose of this evidently was to raise the great block by sliding it on its side up the slope and then to tilt it upright by gravity over the head of the slope4 ,how the mass would be turned we have nothing to show1 but probably the simplest way1 by gradually removing earth1 would be followed4 ,by next ramming earth behind the obelisk as it lay on the slope1 it would be quite practicable to force it forward into an upright position40 ,,petrie1 ,a ,history of ,egypt1 ,,xvii-,,xviiith dynasties1 published by ,methuen1 #aijd4--,on pages #aca and #acb ,prof4 ,petrie discusses the probable original height of the ,constantinople obelisk1 and speculates on the possibility that it is one mentioned by atshepswet as having been #ajh cubits high 7see sections #c and #dc of this volume74 ,,petrie1 ,tools and ,weapons1 published by ,bernard ,quaritch1 #aiag4--,this gives photographs and drawings of each kind of ,egyptian tool and weapon1 compared with similar examples from other countries4 ,,pliny1 ,natural ,history1 book ,,xvi1 chap4 #gf1 and book ,,xxxvi1 chap4 #ad and #ae1 transport of an obelisk to the ,vaticanian ,circus in ,roman times1 with details of an immense ship2 book ,,xxxvi1 chap4 #ad1 water transport of an obelisk under ,augustus and the transport of an obelisk by canal under ,ptolemy ,philadelphus 7see section #ed72 erection of an obelisk under king #8,rhamsesis' 7section #ce74 7#ef7 ,,wilkinson 7,sir ,g471 ,manners and ,customs of the ,ancient ,egyptians4--,although somewhat out of date1 this is still the standard work on the subject1 especially as regards arts and crafts4 ,the portions directly concerning the subjects under discussion are as follows3 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bgf2 boats4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #baa1 #bab2 boats4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bed1 #bee2 probability of tempering copper4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cjj-cab2 quarrying1 stone working and the transport of large blocks4 ,,wilson 7,erasmus71 ,cleopatra's ,needle and ,egyptian ,obelisks4--,the method of lowering and raising the ,london ,obelisk was almost exactly the same as that of the ,new ,york ,obelisk4 ,the water transport1 however1 was effected by enclosing the obelisk in an iron shell in which it was towed to ,england4 #ee ,,index4 ,abandoning obelisk1 reason of1 #f1 #aj4 ,alaqi1 ,wady1 #ab1 #bg4 ,amasis ,,ii1 transport under1 #cj4 ,amenemt ,,iii1 expedition1 #bi4 ,anastasi papyrus1 #cj1 #ce4 ,balls of dolerite 7see #8pounders'74 ,basic nuclei at ,aswn1 #ab4 ,bed of removed obelisk1 #ag1 #bj4 ,bending stress1 #db1 #dc4 ,block and tackle1 #ch4 ,boat1 loading obelisk on1 #cc4 ,boats1 #cb1 #cc4 ,boning rods1 #g4 ,burning1 to break up granite1 #d1 #e4 ,calculations1 ancient1 #cj1 #ce1 #dc4 ,canal1 suggestion by ,pliny1 #cc1 #di4 ,capstan1 #ch4 ,centre lines1 #h4 ,centre of gravity1 #db4 ,chisel marks1 #e1 #aa4 ,chisels1 -- copper1 #bd-bg4 -- stone1 #bf4 ,cleopatra's needle 7see ,london obelisk74 ,colossi1 #bc1 #ce4 ,compartments in brick ramp1 #ce4 ,constantinople obelisk1 #c1 #dc4 ,copper chisels1 #bd-bg4 -- micro-examination of1 #eb4 -- tempering of1 #bg4 ,cost of excavation1 #b4 ,cracks1 -- ancient examination of1 #f4 -- in obelisk1 #f-h1 #aj4 ,crowbars1 #d 7note #b74 ,cubit1 -- alleged lapidary1 #ai4 -- common1 #ai4 -- obelisk1 #bj4 -- royal ,egyptian1 #ai1 #bj4 ,cutting granite1 #be-bg4 ,date of obelisk1 #c4 ,derricks1 #ch1 #ec4 ,detaching obelisk from bed1 #bc-be4 ,dutotpe1 statue of1 #cj1 #ch4 ,dimensions of obelisks1 #i4 ,dolerite1 #ab1 #ac1 #bf4 ,double-foot1 #aa1 #g4 ,embankment for erecting obelisks1 #ce1 #cg4 ,emery1 #e1 #bg4 ,entasis1 absence of1 #g4 ,erection of obelisks1 #ce-db1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb4 -- by direct raising1 #cf1 #ea4 -- by embankment1 #cg4 -- by embankment and funnel1 #ch-db4 -- ,new ,york1 #eb4 -- ,paris1 #ec4 -- ,seringapatam1 #cf4 -- under 8,rhamsesis01 #cf4 -- ,vatican1 #ea4 ,expeditions for stone1 #bi1 #cj4 -- ,amenemt ,,iii1 #bi4 -- ,menthuotpe ,,iv1 #bi4 -- ,ramesses ,,iv1 #bi4 ,extraction of obelisk from quarry1 #bc-bg4 ,finger1 division of cubit1 #ai4 ,fissures1 ancient examination of1 #f4 -- in obelisk1 #f1 #g1 #aj4 ,foot1 as measure1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj4 ,friction of sled1 #cj1 #ca1 #ch4 ,funnel for erecting obelisks1 #ch-db4 ,geology of ,aswn1 #ab4 ,glaze1 natural1 on pot1 #dd4 ,graffiti1 #df4 ,guide-lines for masons1 #f1 #h1 #aa1 #ag4 ,gum1 acacia1 #dd4 ,gyn1 #ch4 ,hammmt1 quarries1 #bf4 ,hammer-dressing1 #g1 #h4 ,hammer1 granite from ,saqqrah1 #e4 atshepswet1 -- obelisk of1 #i1 #ad1 #cb1 #da4 -- obelisk on sled1 #cb4 ,hieratic inscriptions1 #bj1 #dd4 ori1 the scribe1 #cj1 #ce4 ,inscription -- on bed of small obelisk1 #ba4 -- on rocks1 #df4 -- on ostrakon1 #df4 -- on quarry-face1 #bj4 ,iron1 -- halberd of1 #bf4 -- preservation of1 #bf4 -- wedges1 #e1 #bf4 ,karnak1 obelisk of pylon ,,vii1 #i1 #aj4 ,lateran obelisk1 #i1 #aj4 ,later project1 dimensions of1 #i4 ,length of ,aswn obelisk1 #c1 #i4 ,levers1 for tilting obelisks1 #bc-be4 -- note on1 #cg4 ,lines1 -- guide1 #f1 #h1 #aa1 #ag4 -- measuring1 #aa4 ,london obelisk1 #i1 #ec1 #ed4 ,luxor-,paris obelisk1 #i1 #ca1 #ch1 #ec4 ,maarieh obelisk1 #i4 ,menthuotpe1 expedition of1 #bi4 ,mindlah1 #ac4 ,modern erections of obelisks1 #ca1 #cc1 #eb-ed4 ,modulus of rupture for granite1 #dc4 ,new ,york obelisk1 #i1 #cc1 #eb4 ,nineveh1 transport at1 #cj4 ,obelisks1 -- alleged #ajh;cubit1 #c1 #dc4 -- ancient problem on1 #cj4 -- dimensions of1 #i4 -- erection of1 #ce-dc4 -- extraction from quarry1 #bc-bg4 -- atshepswet's1 #i1 #ad1 #cb1 #da4 -- ,lateran1 #i1 #aj4 -- limit to length of1 #dc4 -- ,london1 #i1 #ec1 #ed4 -- ,luxor-,paris1 #i1 #ca1 #ch1 #ec4 -- ,maarieh1 #i4 -- modern removals of1 #ca-cc1 #eb1 #ed4 -- ,new ,york1 #i1 #cc1 #eb4 -- ,seringapatam1 #cf4 -- stresses in1 #db1 #dc4 -- transport of1 #bi-cc4 -- ,tuthmsis ,i1 #i4 -- ,tuthmsis ,,iii1 #i1 #aj4 -- undercutting in quarry1 #bc1 #bd4 ,ochre1 #aa1 #dd4 ,ostrakon1 #dd1 #de4 ,palm 7measure71 #ai4 ,palm-rope1 #be4 ,paris obelisk1 #i1 #ca1 #ch1 #ec4 ,platform above obelisk1 #ag4 ,plug and feather1 #d4 #8,pounders'1 -- attachment of1 #ac4 -- broken by blows1 #ab4 -- material of1 #ab4 -- provenance of1 #ab4 -- rate of work with1 #ad4 -- specific gravity1 #ab4 -- used by hand1 #ac1 #bj4 -- use with rammers1 #ac4 -- wear on1 #ab4 ,pounding1 ancient word for1 #df4 ,pot found in clearing1 #dd4 ,ptolemy ,philadelphus1 transport under1 #cc4 ,quarries at ,aswn1 #ab4 ,ramesses ,,iv1 expedition of1 #bi4 ,rammers1 #ac4 ,rate of work in pounding granite1 #ad4 ,records of ancient workmen1 #ah-bj4 ,reed cushion1 #da4 ,rollers1 -- obelisk placed on1 #ca1 #ch4 -- ancient1 #ch4 ,rolling obelisk from quarry1 #bc-be4 ,ropes1 sizes of1 #be4 ,rusting of iron1 #bf4 ,sand1 -- cohesion of particles in1 #ci4 -- packing with1 #bd1 #be4 -- used in erections1 #ce1 #ci4 ,sarcophagi1 unfinished1 #ab4 ,scale models1 #dj1 #dc4 ,seringapatam obelisk1 #cf4 ,sheers1 #ch4 ,sleds1 #cb1 #da4 ,slot in obelisk pedestals1 #dj1 #da4 ,softening 767 granite1 #bf4 ,soldiers in transport work1 #bi1 #cj4 ,specific gravity of #8pounders'1 #ab4 ,stains on dolerite #8pounders'1 #ab4 ,steel1 #be1 #bf4 ,stresses due to weight of obelisk1 #db1 #dc4 ,survey ,department1 #a4 ,tempering of copper1 #bg4 ,test-shafts1 #f4 utotpe 7see ,dutotpe71 #cj1 #ch4 utiy1 record of #ajh cubit obelisk1 #dc4 ,time taken in pounding out trench1 #ad4 ,transport of obelisks1 #bi-cc4 ,trench on upper quarry-face1 #ag4 ,trench round obelisk1 #aa-ae4 ,tuthmsis ,i1 obelisk of1 #i4 ,tuthmsis ,,iii1 obelisk of1 #i1 #aj4 ,undercutting obelisks in quarry1 #bc1 #bd4 ,units used in this volume1 #b4 ,wedges1 #d1 #e1 #bf4 ,weight of ,aswn obelisk1 #c1 #i4 ,weight of obelisks compared1 #i4 ,work1 ancient arrangement of1 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii 7#a7 ,view from ,east4 7#b7 ,view from ,west4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iii 7#a7 ,bottom of trench4 7#b7 ,wedge chisel marks4 7#c7 ,lines for pyramidion of a smaller obelisk4 7#d7 ,rough-dressing3 8,el-,hammmt01 ,shelll4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,,iv 7#a7 ,hammer-dressing on pyramidion4 7#b7 ,black granite hammer from ,saqqrah4 7#c7 ,construction of sarcophagus lid by pounding4 7#d7 ,embankment near obelisk4 ,,imp4 ,,catala ,,fr,,res1 ,,paris ,illustration3 ,plate ,v ,fig4 #a--,obelisk1 platform and quarry-face from north4 ,fig4 #b--,the upper quarry face4 ,fig4 #c--;,bed of a small obelisk4 ,fig4 #d--;,inscription on bed of small obelisk4 ,,imp4 ,,catala ,,fr,,res1 ,,paris ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,lines ,,on ,,upper ,,quarry-,,face ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii4 ,,sketch ,,plan ,,to ,,shew ,,emplacement ,,scale #a 3 #ajjj ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii4 ,,suggested ,,method ,,of ,,erecting ,,obelisks ,,publications ,,du ,,service ,,des ,,antiquit,s ,,de ,l',,gypte 7,suite74 ,,les ,,temples ,,immerg,s ,,de ,,la ,,nubie3 ,in-#do avec planches4 -- ,tome ,i1 #are livraison1 ,rapports1 par ,g4 ,,maspero et ,a4 ,,barsanti1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- #b;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ahe4 -- #c;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aiaj4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- #d;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ig4 ,,documents ,,sur ,l',,tat ,,ancien ,,des ,,monuments4 -- ,tome ,i1 #are livraison1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #gc4 -- #b;e livraison1 ,caire1 #aibj4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 ,,le ,,temple ,,de ,,kalabchah1 par ,h4 ,,gauthier4 -- #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #che4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cjj4 -- #c;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiad4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ade4 ,,le ,,temple ,,de ,,ouadi ,,es-,,sebou1 par ,h4 ,,gauthier4 -- ,tomes ,i 7texte7 et ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #dcd les deux volumes4 ,,le ,,temple ,d',,amada1 par ,h4 ,,gauthier4 -- #a;er fascicule4 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cad4 ,,debod ,,bis ,,bab ,,kalabsche1 par ,g4 ,r,,der4 -- ,tomes ,i 7texte7 et ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ejj les deux volumes4 -- ,tome ,,iii1 par ,f4 ,,zucker1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t #aic4 ,,der ,,tempel ,,von ,,dakke1 par ,g4 ,r,,der4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,dend,r1 par ,aylward ,m4 ,,blackman1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #dcd4 ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,,derr1 par ,aylward ,m4 ,,blackman1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 ,,the ,,temple ,,of ,b,,geh1 par ,aylward ,m4 ,,blackman1 ,caire1 #aiae4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bch4 ,,catalogue ,g,n,,ral ,,du ,,mus,e ,,du ,,caire 7in-#do avec planches et figures dans le texte73 ,,ahmed ,,bey ,,kamal4 ,,st,,les ,,hi,,roglyphiques ,d',,poque ,,ptol,,ma,,que ,,et ,,romaine4 -- ,tome ,i 7texte71 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cad4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 -- ,,tables ,d',,offrandes4 -- ,tome ,i 7texte71 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 ,b,n,,dite 7,g474 ,,miroirs1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aej4 -- ,,objets ,,de ,,toilette4 -- #are partie3 ,peignes1 pingles de tte1 tuis et pots kohol1 stylets kohol1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ach4 ,,bissing 7,w4 ,,von74 ,,metallgef,,sse1 ,vienne1 #aija4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ajj4 -- ,,fayencegef,,sse1 ,vienne1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abb4 -- ,,steingef,,sse1 ,vienne1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- ,introduction et ,index1 ,vienne1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #di4 -- ,,tongef,,sse1 ,vienne1 #aiac4 -- #are partie4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abb4 ,,borchardt 7,l474 ,,statuen ,,und ,,statuetten ,,von ,k,,nigen ,,und ,,privatleuten 7#are partie71 ,berlin1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cdd4 ,,breccia 7,e474 ,,iscrizioni ,,greche ,e ,,latine 7,muse d',alexandrie71 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cae4 -- ,,la ,,necropoli ,,di ,,sciatbi 7,muse d',alexandrie74 -- ,tomes ,i 7texte7 et ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #eej les deux volumes4 ,,carter 7,h47 et ,,newberry 7,p474 ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,thoutm,,sis ,,iv1 ,londres1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,chassinat 7474 ,,la ,,seconde ,,trouvaille ,,de ,,deir ,,el-,,bahari 7#are partie74 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abb4 ,,crum 7,w4 ,e474 ,,coptic ,,monuments1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cch4 ,,currelly 7,charles ,t474 ,,stone ,,implements1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cdc4 ,,daressy 7,g474 ,,ostraca1 ,caire1 #aija4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bge4 -- ,,fouilles ,,de ,,la ,,vall,e ,,des ,,rois4 -- #are partie3 ,tombes de ,maherpra1 ,amnophis ,,ii1 ,caire1 #aija4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- #b;e partie3 ,tombes d',amnophis ,,ii et de ,thoutmsis ,,iii1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ig4 -- ,,textes ,,et ,,dessins ,,magiques1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #hh4 -- ,,statues ,,de ,,divinit,s4 -- ,tome ,i 7texte71 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cac4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 -- ,,cercueils ,,des ,,cachettes ,,royales1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #daj4 ,,catalogue ,g,n,,ral ,,du ,,mus,e ,,du ,,caire 7in-#do avec planches et figures dans le texte7 suite3 ,,edgar 7,c4 ,g474 ,,greek ,,moulds1 ,caire1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aai4 -- ,,greek ,,sculpture1 ,caire1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aid4 -- ,,greek ,,bronzes1 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- ,,gr,,co-,,egyptian ,,glass1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ajj4 -- ,,gr,,co-,,egyptian ,,coffins1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 -- ,,sculptors' ,,studies ,,and ,,unfinished ,,works1 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bah4 -- ,,greek ,,vases1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 ,,gaillard et ,,daressy4 ,,la ,,faune ,,momifi,e ,,de ,l',,antique ,,gypte1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 ,,gauthier 7,h474 ,,cercueils ,,anthropo,,des ,,des ,,pr,,tres ,,de ,,montou4 -- #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #chg4 ,,grenfell et ,,hunt4 ,,greek ,,papyri1 ,oxford1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #hh4 ,,lacau 7,p474 ,,sarcophages ,,ant,,rieurs ,,au ,,nouvel ,,empire4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #age4 -- ,tome ,,ii1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ig4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- ,,st,,les ,,du ,,nouvel ,,empire4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,lange et ,,sch,,fer4 ,,grab- ,,und ,,denksteine ,,des ,,mittleren ,,reichs4 -- #are partie3 ,nos #bjjja-bjcii 7,texte71 ,berlin1 #aijb4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bge4 -- #b;e partie3 ,nos #bjdjj-bjghj 7,texte71 ,berlin1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 -- #d;e partie 7,planches71 ,berlin1 #aijc4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,lefebvre 7,g474 ,,papyrus ,,de ,m,,nandre1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #chg4 ,,legrain 7,g474 ,,statues ,,et ,,statuettes ,,de ,,rois ,,et ,,de ,,particuliers4 -- ,tome ,i1 ,caire1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cch4 -- ,tome ,,ii1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- ,tome ,,iii1 ,caire1 #aiad4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,maspero 7,g474 ,,sarcophages ,,des ,,poques ,,persane ,,et ,,ptol,,ma,,que4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #a #gj4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiad4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,maspero 7,jean74 ,,papyrus ,,grecs ,d',,poque ,,byzantine4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaj4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bge4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- ,tome ,,ii1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiaa4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #abe4 -- #c;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #ahc4 -- ,tome ,,iii1 ,caire1 #aiaf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #chg4 ,,milne 7,j4 ,g474 ,,greek ,,inscriptions1 ,londres1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bdj4 ,,moret 7,a474 ,,sarcophages ,,de ,l',,poque ,,bubastite ,l',,poque ,,sa,,te4 -- #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bij4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,munier 7,h474 ,,manuscrits ,,coptes1 ,caire1 #aiaf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #che4 ,,newberry 7,p4 ,e474 ,,scarab-,,shaped ,,seals1 ,londres1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 ,,quibell 7,j4 ,e474 ,,archa,c ,,objects4 -- ,tome ,i4 7texte71 ,caire1 #aije4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bej4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7planches71 ,caire1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #agd4 -- ,,tomb ,,of ,,yuaa ,,and ,,thuiu1 ,caire1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #bfe4 ,,reisner 7,g4 ,a474 ,,amulets1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- ,,models ,,of ,,ships ,,and ,,boats1 ,caire1 #aiac4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cae4 ,r,,der 7,g474 ,,naos1 ,leipzig1 #aiaf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,smith 7,g4 ,elliot74 ,,the ,,royal ,,mummies1 ,caire1 #aiab4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #cge4 ,,spiegelberg 7,w474 ,,die ,,demotischen ,,denkm,,ler4 -- #are partie3 ,die demotischen ,inschriften1 ,leipzig1 #aijd4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aej4 -- #b;e partie3 ,die demotischen ,papyrus1 ,strasbourg1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aic4 -- ,tome ,,ii 7planches71 ,strasbourg1 #aijf4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #che4 ,,strzygowski4 ,,koptische ,,kunst1 ,vienne1 #aijd4 -- ,epuis4 ,,vernier 7474 ,,bijoux ,,et ,,orf,,vreries4 -- ,tome ,i1 #a;er fascicule1 ,caire1 #aijg4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aag4 -- #b;e fascicule1 ,caire1 #aiji4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #aid4 ,,weigall 7,arthur ,e4 ,p474 ,,weights ,,and ,,balances1 ,caire1 #aijh4 -- ,prix3 ,p4 ,t4 #hh4 ,,en ,,vente3 ,au ,,mus,e ,,du ,,caire et chez les principaux libraires du ,caire2 ,chez ,,ernest ,,leroux1 diteur1 #bh1 rue ,bonaparte1 ,paris2 ,chez ,,bernard ,,quaritch1 #aa1 ,grafton ,street1 ,new ,bond ,street1 ,londres1 ,w4 #a2 ,chez ,,karl ,w4 ,,hiersemann1 #bi1 ,knigstrasse1 ,leipzig4 ,,transcriber',s ,,note ,original spelling and grammar have been generally retained1 with some exceptions noted below4 ,original printed page numbers are shown like this3 #eb4 ,original small caps are now uppercase4 ,italics look like this4 ,anchored notes 7e4g4 footnotes7 have been relabeled #a-ac1 and moved from within paragraphs to nearby locations between paragraphs4 ,large curly brackets that graphically indicate combination of information on two or more lines of text have been removed4 ,i produced the cover image and hereby assign it to the public domain4 ,original page images are available from archive4org--search for 8aswnobeliskwiths#jj;egyp04 ,page #b4 ,the word toune was changed to tonne4 ,page #g4 ,the phrase to slop evenly was changed to to slope evenly4 ,page #de4 ,the phrase form shewn in figure #aj was changed to form shewn in figure #i4 ,page #df4 ,the quotation mark in 8,thou beatest has no mate4 ,page #eb4 ,the phrase to meet out summary was changed to to mete out summary4 ,page #ed4 ,the phrase it is on mentioned was changed to it is one mentioned4 ,pages #ee-eg1 ,,index4 ,a few corrections have been made in the ,index to improve the syntax and remove ambiguity4 ,for example1 the original entry ,chisels1 copper1 #bd-bg4 -- stone1 #bf4 was changed to ,chisels1 -- copper1 #bd-bg4 -- stone1 #bf4