file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #eicag-;h4htm or #eicag-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #eicag_/pg#eicag-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#eica g_/eicag-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/tacticsdu ties=#jj;b]tri* ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,,tactics ,,& ,,duties ,,= ,,tr5* ,,fight+ by ,,georges ,,b]tr& ,capita9e1 ,*asseurs ,alp9s1 de l',arme de ,france & ,,osc> ,n4 ,,solb]t ,major1 ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,) ,diagrams ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam',s ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah by ,osc> ,n4 ,solb]t ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,=eword ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is book deals ) pr9ciples & examples ( me?ods ( w>f>e1 & n fix$ rules4 ,!re are no fix$ me?ods 9 w>f>e4 ,developm5t 9 w>f>e means *ange ( me?ods or ! inv5tion ( new ones to ov]come milit>y difficulties4 ,h[ev]1 "o mu/ h k ( pa/ & pres5t me?ods to be ready = ! next logical /ep ( developm5t4 ,,headqu>t]s1 ,,=t ,,%]idan ,,tra9+ ,,camp1 ,,ill41 ,octob] #bf1 #aiag4 ,f3 ,,major ,o4 ,n4 ,,solb]t1 ,c4 ( ,e4 ,to ! ,adjutant ,g5]al1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 ?r\gh (ficial *annels4 ,subject3 ,publication ( ,lectures4 ,i4 ,reque/ au?ority to publi% 9 pamphlet =m lectures giv5 at ?is camp on ,tr5* ,fight+4 ,illu/ration3 ,major1 ,c4 ( ,e4 #a/ ,indorsem5t ,,(fice ,,( ,,! ,,s5ior ,,in/ructor1 ,,=t ,,%]idan ,,tra9+ ,,camp1 ,,ill9ois1 ,,octob] #bf1 #aiag4 ,,to ,,! ,,comm&+ ,,(fic]3 ,e>ne/ly recomm5d+ t ! lectures ref]r$ to above be publi%$ 9 pamphlet =m4 ,i consid] x mo/ desirable t e graduate ( ?is camp take ^! lectures ) him1 ^u be+ commission$4 ,i d n believe t ! be/ int]e/s ( ! s]vice w suff]1 9 any way by publi%+ ^! lectures4 ,illu/ration3 ,lt4 ,colonel1 ,infantry1 ,s5ior ,in/ructor4 #bnd ,indorsem5t ,,hq41 ,,! ,,=t ,,%]idan ,,tra9+ ,,camp1 ,,octob] #bf1 #aiag4 ,,to ,,! ,,adjutant ,,g5]al ,,( ,,! ,,army1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i4 ,approv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,colonel ( ,cavalry1 ,comm&+4 ,,w> ,,dep>tm5t1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 ,,octob] #ca1 #aiag4 ,,to ,,headqu>t]s1 ,,! ,,=t ,,%]idan ,,tra9+ ,,camp1 ,,=t ,,%]idan1 ,,ill4 ,return$4 ,i4 ,approv$4 ,by ord] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,w>3 ,illu/ration3 ,adjutant ,g5]al4 ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i ,organization ( ! ,company = ,battle ,=mations ,,page ,speciali/s--,organization ( a ,typical ,company--,use ( ,speciali/s--,9 ! ,def5sive--,9 ! ,(f5sive--,=mations-- ,initial ,=mation--,close ,ord] & ,m>* ,=mation--,approa* ,m>*--,skirmi%] ,l9e--,assault+ ,=mations--,composition ( ,l9es--,drill ,regulations #a ,*apt] ,,ii ,developm5t ( a ,position f an ,op5 ,w>f>e ,battle ,g5]al ,use ( ,=tifications--,*ange f ,battle ,l9es to ,tr5*es ( a ,position--,division ( a ,position--,diff]5t ,l9es ( a ,sector--,pr9ciples ( ,organization--,flank+ ,fire--,field ( ,fire--,location ( ,tr5*es--,comp>tm5ts--,concealm5t--,elem 5ts ( ,organization--,plan--,outl9e ( ,fir/ ,l9e--,cov] ,tr5*--,advance ,po/s--,loopholes--,trav]ses--,transv]sa ls--,support ,tr5*es & ,r$\bts--,boyaux & ,communication ,dit*es--,accessory ,def5ses-- ,comm& ,po/s #cd ,*apt] ,,iii ,sector & ,tr5* ,duties ,plan ( ,def5se--,def9ition--,pr9ciples--,=m (--,details ( ,tr5* ,duty--,gu>d ,duties--,s5t9els--,reconnoit]+ ,patrols--,obs]v]s-- ,attrition--,fight+ ,patrols & ,raids--,arms1 ,equipm5t1 & ,ammunition--,activities ( ! ,troops--,reports--,use ( ,infantry & ,artill]y ,weapons1 & ,liaison--,ma*9e ,guns--,tr5* ,mort>s-- ,artill]y ,support--,use--,b>rage--,liaison--,in/r uctions = ,s5t9els--,wat*]s--,obs]v]s #fb ,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,relief ,def9itions & ,pr9ciples--,k9ds--,prelim9>y ,dispositions = ! ,relief--,"t to ,prep>e--,prep>ation--,reconnaissance--, relief ,ord]s--,g5]al--,battalion--,movem5t ( ! ,relief--,dep>ture-- ,m>* to ,r5dezv\s ( ,guides--,guides--,m>* 9 ! ,boyaux-- ,occupation ( ! ,position--,duties aft] #ajd ,*apt] ,v ,def5se ( a ,position ,ho/ile ,attacks--,k9ds--,surprise--,precautions aga9/--,ma9t5ance ( ,b>b$ ,wire ,entanglem5ts--,s]vice ( ,gu>d & ,obs]vation-- 8,/& ,to0 ,ex]cises--,attack 9 ,=ce--,reveal+ ,symptoms-- ,prev5tive ,measures be=e--,p]fect+ ,organization ( ,position-- ,increase ( ,control & ,discipl9e ( ,def5se--,moral ,prep>ation ( ! ,troops--,ma9t5ance ( ! ,g>rison dur+ ! ,bomb>dm5t--,reply ) ,artill]y ,fire--,def5se ( ,fir/ ,l9e dur+ ,assault--,duties ( ,wat*]s--,def5d]s ( ! ,fir/ ,l9e-- ,fight+ 9 ! ,int]ior ( ! ,position--,def5se ( an ,area-- ,! ,c\nt]attack--,troops ,detail$ =--,r\tes or ,directions-- ,=m (--,repair ( ,position #abc ,*apt] ,,vi ,attack ( a ,position ,phases--,prep>ation--,assault aga9/ ,fir/ ,ho/ile ,l9e-- ,exploitation ( ,success--,prep>ation--,front ( ,attack-- ,conditions ( ,assault--,di/ance (--,trace ( ,l9es ( ,dep>ture-- ,gr\nd ,prep>ation--,organization ( ,assault--,execution ( ! ,works--,artill]y ,prep>ation--,c\nt]-,batt]y ,fire--,fire on ,communication ,r\tes1 etc4--,de/ructive ,fire--,plan ( ,action-- ,obs]vation--,control--,plan ( ,battle--,/r5g? ( ,enemy-- ,prep>ation ( ,m5 = ,attack--,mission ( ,attack--,! ,assault-- ,disposition 9 ,dep?--,waves--,assault+ ,companies--,support+ ,companies--,disposition ( ,assault+ ,battalion 9 ! ,dep>ture ,tr5*es--,ord] ( ,attack--,dep>ture ( ,assault--,support ,artill]y-- ,dep>ture ( ,fir/ ,e*elon--,dep>ture ( ,second ,e*elon--,advance ( ,res]ves--,fight+ 9 ! ,int]ior ( a ,position--,pr9ciple (--,details (--,assault+ ,companies--,re9=c+ ,companies--,rle ( ! ,artill]y dur+ ! ,attack--,pr9ciple ( ,accompanim5t ,fire--,means ( ,controll+ ,b>rage--,liaisons dur+ ,attack-- ,aviation #aeb ,*apt] ,,vii ,model ( ,tr5* ,ord]s ,plan ( ,def5se--,ord] = ,relief--,plan ( ,attack--,ord] = ,attack--,ord] = a ,raid #aif ,*apt] ,,viii ,special ,op]ations ,raids--,prep>ation--,purpose (--,troops ,employ$--,objective (-- ,execution (--,infantry ,support--,artill]y ,support--,gas ,w>f>e-- ,k9ds--,protections aga9/--,special ,precaution>y ,measures--,liquid ,fire--,m9es #baf ,tactics & ,duties = ,tr5* ,fight+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,organization ,,( ,,! ,,company ,,= ,,battle ,,=mations ,i4 ,speciali/s ,! exig5cies ( mod]n w>f>e1 especially ( tr5* w>f>e1 h develop$ new infantry weapons4 ,z !re are sev]al k9ds ( ^! weapons to ea* infantry company1 ! m5 detail$ to h&le !m mu/ be tra9$ z speciali/s4 ,! weapons are3 ,h& gr5ades ,rifle gr5ades ,automatic-ma*9e rifles ,rifles ,! m5 :o use ^! weapons are respectively kn[n z3 ,h& gr5adi]s ,rifle gr5adi]s ,a4 ,m4 ,r4 crews ,riflem5 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! new weapons1 a company is n[ organiz$ on a basis ( ^! speciali/s4 ,a typical company is patt]n$ l t ( ! ,fr5*1 ! only diff]5ce be+ 9 ! numb] ( speciali/s4 ,ea* ( ! f\r platoons ( a company conta9s ! same numb] ( speciali/s & ea* platoon is divid$ into f\r sections ( speciali/s4 ,organization ( a ,typical ,company ,"o lieut5ant 7#a/ & #d? platoons "u #a/ lieut5ants2 #bnd & #crd platoons "u #bnd lieut5ants74 ,"o s]geant 7second 9 comm&1 assi/ant to platoon comm&]74 #a/ ,section1 #bb m5 #bnd ,section1 #ab m5 #crd ,section1 #ab m5 #d? ,section1 #aa m5 ---- ,total #eg m5 #d #bbh m5 #bbd rifles #fd pi/ols #af automatic rifles ,platoon--#a/ ,section--,h& & ,rifle ,gr5adi]s #a ,s]geant1 pi/ol & rifle4 #c ,corporals1 pi/ol & rifle4 #f ,privates1 #a/ class1 all ) rifles1 two ( !m ) pi/ols4 #ab ,privates4 ---- #bb m54 #bnd & #crd ,sections--,riflem5 #b ,corporals1 rifle & pi/ol4 #c ,privates1 #a/ class1 rifle4 #g ,privates1 rifle4 ---- #ab #d? ,section--,automatic ,riflem5 #a ,s]geant1 pi/ol & rifle4 #a ,corporal1 pi/ol & rifle4 #c ,privates1 #a/ class 7automatic rifle gunn]s1 includ+ #a extra74 #f ,privates1 rifle4 ---- #aa ,(fic]s #a ,capta94 #c ,fir/ ,lieut5ants4 #b ,second ,lieut5ants4 -- #f ,! platoon is ! self-conta9$ unit ) ! prop] proportion ( all ! diff]5t k9ds ( speciali/s = ! assault4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! platoon is ! l>ge/ unit t "o lead] c control 9 combat4 ,! f\r platoons are alike & !re=e int]*angeable4 ,al?\gh x is true t ! speciali/s are p>ticul>ly tra9$ ) _! own weapons1 all m5 ( ! company are fir/ tra9$ z riflem54 ,all speciali/s c>ry rifles1 & if = any reason !y _c use _! special weapon !y imm$iately become riflem54 ,also e man is tra9$ 9 h& gr5ade ?r[+4 ,?is makes x possible to fill gaps 9 ! speciali/s' ranks f ! riflem54 ,"s m5 also1 usually to ! numb] ( ! ,a4 ,m4 ,r4 crews1 mu/ be tra9$ to op]ate ! automatic-ma*9e rifles4 ,! rema9+ sup]num]>ies ( ! company1 su* z mess & supply s]geants1 me*anics1 cooks1 bugl]s1 etc41 d n m>* ) ! company 9 maneuv] or combat =mations4 ,"s ( ! above sup]num]>ies w be f\nd 9 ! capta9's headqu>t]s1 or tactical gr\p1 su* z ! liaison ag5ts f ! platoons1 ord]lies1 bugl]s1 & obs]v]s4 ,mess & supply s]geants1 cooks1 etc41 rema9 ) ! regim5tal tra9 9 re>1 ) ! kit*5 beh9d ! artill]y positions4 ,! tactical gr\p ( ! capta9 lives 9 an adjo9+ dug\t to t ( _! *ief 9 ! sector4 ,9 ! fight ^! latt] are us$ z mess5g]s or obs]v]s4 ,,ii4 ,use ( ,speciali/s ,! foll[+ table %[s ! evolution ( infantry armam5t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! w>3 ,at ,beg9n+ ( ,w> ,rifle & bayonet ,ne>ly total p]sonnel ,h& gr5ades ,nil ,rifle gr5ade guns ,nil ,automatic rifles ,nil ,pres5t ,"t ,h& gr5adi]s p] ,co4 #dh ,rifle gr5adi]s p] ,co4 #bd ,automatic rifles p] ,co4 #af ,outside ! company is ! #cg mm4 gun 9 ! battalion & tr5* mort>s & eng9es1 p]man5t equipm5t ( ! tr5*es4 ,9 ! ,def5sive ,h& ,gr5ades4 ,h& gr5ades are us$ to produce a %ort-range def5sive b>rage at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj y>ds 9 front ( ! tr5*es4 ,= ?is purpose "o gr5ade ?r[] is requir$ = f #aj to #af y>ds ( frontage4 ,!y are also us$ to e/abli% c5t]s ( resi/ance2 to protect important features ( ! l9es1 su* z sali5ts1 ma*9e gun or automatic rifle po/s1 comm& po/s1 li/5+ po/s1 etc4 ,!y are us$ to def5d a b>ricade 9 a communicat+ tr5*4 ,9 ?is latt] case ! gr5ades may be ?r[n f a special bomb+ po/ e/abli%$ = t purpose or f an adjo9+ tr5*4 ,rifle ,gr5ades4 ,rifle gr5ades are employ$ to e/abli% a b>rage at a great] range ?an t ( ! h& gr5ade1 be+ us$ up to z great a di/ance z #cjj y>ds4 ,! great advantage ( ! rifle gr5ade b>rage is t x is "u ! control ( ! platoon lead] & c be call$ into s]vice imm$iately1 :i* is n always true ( ! artill]y b>rage4 ,sev]al gr5ade rifles conc5trat$ on a tr5* w /op h& gr5ade ?r[+ f ! same4 ,rifle gr5ades are usually %ot f ! cov] tr5* imm$iately 9 re> ( ! fire tr5*4 ,automatic-,ma*9e ,rifles4 ,9 ! def5sive ! ,a4,m4,r's are usually employ$ to obta9 flank+ fire f ! fir+ l9e1 b may be us$ 9 ! cov] tr5* & sometimes 9 %all[ holes out 9 front4 ,9 int]ior fight+ !y are us$ to cov] /ret*es ( communicat+ tr5*es aga9/ an enemy t has p5etrat$ ! fir/ l9e4 ,riflem54 ,! riflem5 are plac$ 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! speciali/s 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,!y are also us$ z snip]s & z s5t9els4 ,^! s5t9els are n to be confus$ ) wat*]s1 :o may or may n c>ry rifles4 ,9 ! ,(f5sive ,h& ,gr5ades4 ,9 ! (f5sive1 h& gr5ades are us$ to rea* ! enemy "u cov] 9 tr5*es1 etc41 by high-angle ?r[+4 ,x is an excell5t weapon to cle> out ! tr5*es t ! assault+ columns are advanc+ aga9/4 ,! ,h4 ,g4 & ! ,r4 ,g4 break ! resi/ance1 s to speak1 ( ! l9e t ! attack is to capture & ! assault+ troops are to occupy & hold4 ,! places ( ! h& gr5adi]s 9 ! assault+ column are se5 9 ! diagram4 ,! h& gr5ade is ! pr9cipal weapon 9 tr5* combat--t is1 to obta9 progress lat]ally & 9 dep? 9 ! tr5*es aft] a brea* has be5 made at "o po9t1 z e foot ( tr5* has to be f\ght =4 ,ea* section ( tr5*1 betwe5 trav]ses1 is cle>$ ( ! enemy by ?r[+ ,h4 ,g's into x4 ,x is !n occupi$ & ! next section cle>$ & occupi$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 a raid on ! enemy's tr5*es h& gr5ades are us$ to cle> up ! p>ticul> /ret* ( tr5*es be=e ! raid+ p>ty jumps into !m4 ,?is w be tak5 up 9 detail lat]4 ,rifle ,gr5ades4 ,! rifle gr5ade 9 ! (f5sive is employ$ simil>ly to ! h& gr5ade1 to rea* an enemy "u cov]1 b at a great] di/ance4 ,x is us$ to help r$uce all ne/s ( resi/ance t ! assault+ infantry runs up aga9/1 & :5 ! artill]y b>rage is n obta9able = t purpose4 ,!y may be us$ z a b>rage to cut (f ! retreat ( a small gr\p ( ! enemy t is be+ attack$ 9 front4 ,rifle gr5ades are v useful aga9/ c\nt]attacks1 especially be=e ma*9e guns c be br\ght up & ! def5sive artill]y b>rage obta9$4 ,! ,a4 ,m4 ,r4 ,! ,a4 ,m4 ,r41 ) its great mobility & ease ( control1 makes x possible to c>ry ?is weapon 9 ! assault & to be us$ imm$iately ! wave is halt$ = any reason4 ,9 ?is connection1 x c be in/antly employ$ aga9/ a ne/ ( resi/ance4 ,x is us$ 9 ! assault to protect ! flanks ( ! assault+ waves1 especially :5 /opp$4 ,z ! ,a4 ,m4 ,r's are br\ght up 9 ! fir/ wave1 !y are imm$iately available aga9/ c\nt]attacks ^u ! captur$ position4 ,9 a simil> mann] !y are employ$ to hold gr\nd ga9$ until an artill]y b>rage c be obta9$ to support x & be=e ! ma*9e guns come up4 ,! ,riflem54 ,! riflem51 ) bayonets fix$1 d ! necess>y fight+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! enemy's position4 ,z 0 /at$ be=e1 ! ,h4 ,g4 & ! ,r4 ,g4 break ! enemy's resi/ance & ! rifleman does ! h&-to-h& fight+ requir$ to occupy ! objective l9es ( tr5*es4 ,to make a little rsum1 we may say t ! be/ results w be obta9$ by ! prop] comb9ation ( all ( ^! weapons4 ,! l[ trajectory weapons 7rifle1 ,a4 ,m4 ,r41 ,h4 ,g41 & ! #cg mm4 gun7 conc5trate on ev]y?+ t %[s itself above ! tr5*es2 :ile ! high-angle missiles 7,h4 ,g4 & ,r4 ,g47 seek out ! enemy "u cov]4 ,! riflem5 complete ! success ( ! speciali/s by ru%+ =w>d & occupy+ ! enemy's position & fight+ h& to h& = x if necess>y4 ,,iii4 ,=mations = ,maneuv]+ ?is ,resultant ,company ( ,speciali/s 7,=mation ( ! ,platoon7 ,initial ,=mation4 ,! initial =mation ( ! platoon 9 sections ( speciali/s z p] diagram is almo/ self-explanatory4 ,ea* gr\p ( speciali/s is 9 ?is =mation "u ! control ( its lead] ready = any maneuv]4 ,! platoon is ! attack+ unit because x conta9s all ! speciali/s requir$ = ! assault4 ,! frontage ( an (f5sive is compos$ ( a s]ies ( platoons1 ea* ) a def9ite objective1 & ea* ) re9=c+ platoons 9 dep? foll[+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,initial ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,platoon ,,l9e ,,( ,,section ,,columns ,all o!r =mations1 :e!r = combat or ord9>y m>* maneuv]s1 are bas$ ^u ?is initial =mation4 ,close ,ord] & ,m>* ,=mations4 ,f ! initial =mation1 we pass to ! close ord] =mations1 us$ = p>ade1 roll call1 or ! m>*4 7a7 ,fir/ we h ! company 9 l9e1 :i* is ! habitual =mation = assembly4 7b7 ,f ! company 9 l9e is =m$ a column ( f\rs1 = m>*+4 ,! squads t are complete execute 8squads "r or left10 :ile ! rema9+ odd numb] ( speciali/s 9 any section execute ! easie/ movem5t to br+ !m into column ( f\rs1 sometimes ) blank files beh9d ! re/ ( _! section4 ,approa* ,m>*4 ,! approa* m>* is a "n giv5 to ! =mations t ! platoon 9 section columns takes up to m9imize casualties :ile cross+ ! zone ( artill]y fire4 ,^! =mations are tak5 up "u ! conditions ( op5 w>f>e1 or1 9 ! case ( re9=cem5ts1 foll[+ up an attack4 ,! =mations may be 9 8,l9e ( ,section ,columns0 or 8,d\ble ,l9e ( ,section ,columns40 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ea* section may be 9 s+le file or 9 d\ble column2 or aga9 ! fir/ & f\r? platoon section may be 9 d\ble column & ! second & ?ird sections 9 s+le file3 ,9 ! 8,d\ble ,l9e ( ,section ,columns0 any ( ! =mations 9 ! diagrams may be tak5 up1 dep5d+ ^u circum/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=mations ,,= ,,assembly1 ,,m>*1 ,,& ,,p>ade ,! int]val betwe5 sections is v>iable1 b usually ! int]val is su* z to give room = ! prop] developm5t into l9e ( skirmi%]s4 ,skirmi%]s4 ,?is =mation ( skirmi%]s is n tak5 up = ! assault1 b "u simil> conditions z t ( ! approa* m>*--t is1 = op5 w>f>e & = ! advance ( ! re9=c+ platoons beh9d an attack4 ,to =m ! skirmi% l9e1 ea* section column simply deploys into l9e1 ea* man go+ ei!r "r or left front into l9e f ! regul> =mation ( d\ble l9e ( section column4 ,if y inspect ! figure1 y w see t ?is deploym5t into skirmi% l9e gives practically ! type =mation ( ! fir/ re9=c+ platoon 9 ! assault+ column4 ,assault+ ,=mations4 ,9 ! attack ! platoon =ms & goes =w>d 9 waves4 ,a wave is n "o l9e ( m51 b is compos$ usually ( two or ?ree l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,platoon ,,9 ,,d\ble ,,l9e ,,( ,,section ,,columns ,,company ,,=mations ,,= ,,manoeuvre ,! composition ( ! l9es ( ! wave dep5ds ^u ! duties & functions ( ! diff]5t speciali/s dur+ ! attack4 ,let u recapitulate ! functions ( ! speciali/s 9 ord] to %[ ! reasons = _! positions 9 ! assault+ wave4 ,! ,fir/ ,l9e ( ! ,assault+ ,wave4 ,9 ?is l9e are ! gr5adi]s1 ^: duty x is to cle> ! enemy out ( ! objective tr5*es4 ,"h also are ! ,a4 ,m4 ,r's1 employ$ to protect ! flanks ( ! wave4 ,:5 ! wave is halt$1 ! ,a4 ,m4 ,r's mu/ be available = in/ant use aga9/ any ne/ ( resi/ance & mu/ !re=e be 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,!y are also us$ 9 ! captur$ tr5* to )/& an enemy's c\nt]attack1 :i* may develop )9 five m9utes aft] its capture4 ,! ,second ,l9e ( ! ,fir/ ,wave4 ,we h "h ! rifle gr5adi]s :o help ! h& gr5adi]s break up ! enemy's resi/ance & cle> ! tr5*es ( ! enemy4 ,?is is done by fire ( rifle gr5ades f ! second l9e4 ,"h1 also1 we h all ! riflem5 ( ! platoon1 ^: function x is to foll[ up ! success ( ! speciali/s & drive ! surviv+ ho/ile m5 out ( ! tr5*es ) ! bayonet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,=mation ,,= ,,combat ,?ird ,l9e ( ! ,fir/ ,wave4 ,9 ?is l9e we h ! 8tr5* clean]s0 or 8mopp]s-up40 ,^! are h& gr5adi]s furni%$ by ! re9=c+ platoon & _! function is to cle> ! enemy out ( ! tr5*es1 bo? lat]ally & 9 dep? ( ! position4 ,! assault+ column rema9s above gr\nd & cont9ues across ! position to ! objective l9e ( tr5*es1 :i* is usually ! limit+ objective ( ! attack4 ,! 8tr5* clean]s0 picket all entrances & exits ( dug\ts to all[ none ( ! enemy to come out aft] ! waves h pass$ & fire into ! backs ( ! assault+ troops4 ,^! ?ree l9es compose ! fir/ wave1 & we see t ! speciali/s are plac$ 9 ! l9es 9 ! ord] ( _! duties4 ,company ,drill ,regulations ,adopt$ at ,=t ,%]idan1 ,ill9ois1 ,r4,o4,t4,c41 9 ,lieu ( ,no ,exi/+ ,(ficial ,regulations ,company ,organization #a4 ,= ! purposes ( drill & maneuv]1 ! regim5t w be organiz$ z foll[s3 7a7 ,"o tra9+ company1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 w =m two platoons4 7b7 ,! new organization contemplates f\r platoons to ! company4 ,:51 = tra9+ purposes1 a complete company is necess>y or desirable1 companies w be comb9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,platoon ,,pass+ ,,f ,,maneuv] ,,to ,,combat ,,=mation #b4 ,= a tra9+ company ( two platoons1 ! #bnd 9 comm& 7s]geant7 ( ! fir/ platoon is ! "r guide2 ! #bnd 9 comm& ( ! #bnd platoon is ! left guide4 #c4 ,! platoons1 9 l9e or column1 are arrang$ z at pres5t4 #d4 ,! usual arrangem5t ( a company = attack is to place two platoons 9 ! #a/ wave & two 9 ! #bnd wave4 ,! two platoons 9 ! #a/ wave are kn[n z ! assault+ platoons2 ! two 9 ! #bnd wave1 z ! re9=c+ platoons4 ,! normal di/ance betwe5 ! assault+ & re9=c+ platoon is ab\t #fe y>ds4 ,sometimes ?ree platoons are plac$ 9 ! #a/ wave & "o 9 ! #bnd wave4 #e4 ,! fir/ wave is foll[$1 at a di/ance ( #ae y>ds1 by ! h& gr5adi]s ( ! re9=c+ platoon1 :o are s5t =w>d by ! comm&] ( ! re9=c+ platoon to act z tr5* clean]s or mopp]s-up = ! fir/ wave4 ,fifty y>ds beh9d ^! is ! rema9d] ( ! re9=c+ platoon4 ,!re are no 8mopp]s-up0 = ! re9=c+ platoon4 #f4 ,! capta9 ( a company has f\r liaison ag5ts con/antly ) him1 "o be+ furni%$ f & = ea* platoon4 ,!y m>* imm$iately 9 re> ( ! capta94 #g4 ,! po/ ( ! capta9 is betwe5 ! #a/ & #bnd waves4 ,platoon ,organization #a4 ,! composition ( a platoon is z foll[s3 #a ,lieut5ant 7#a/ & #d? platoons "u #a/ ,lieut5ants74 7#bnd & #crd platoons "u #bnd ,lieut5ants74 #a ,s]geant 7#bnd 9 comm&1 assi/ant to platoon lead]74 ,fir/ ,section--7,gr5adi]s74 #a ,s]geant--,section ,s]geant4 #b ,corporals & #ab ,privates--,h& ,gr5adi]s4 #a ,corporal & #f ,privates--,rifle ,gr5adi]s4 ,second ,section--7,riflem574 #b ,corporals & #aj ,privates--,riflem54 ,?ird ,section--7,riflem574 #b ,corporals & #aj ,privates--,riflem54 ,f\r? ,section--7,automatic ,rifle74 #a ,s]geant--,*>ge ( #a gun crew4 #a ,corporal--,*>ge ( #a gun crew4 #c ,privates1 #a/ ,class--,gunn]s--#a 9 *>ge ( ea* gun & #a 9 res]ve4 #f ,privates--,ammunition ,c>ri]s4 #b4 ,all platoons are alike 9 numb]s1 organization1 & armam5t4 #c4 ,:5 ! platoon is 9 column ( squads or 9 l9e1 ! po/ ( ! platoon lead] is z at pres5t4 ,:5 9 l9e ( section columns he is normally 9 front ( ! "r c5t] section1 al?\gh he may be 9 front ( "s o!r section if he sees fit4 ,9 attack =mation he is 9 ! c5t] ( 8 platoon betwe5 8 fir/ & second l9es4 #d4 ,:5 ! platoon is 9 l9e1 ! po/ ( ! #bnd 9 comm& is 9 re> ( ! c5t] ( 8 platoon4 ,9 l9e ( section columns he is 9 front ( ! #crd section4 ,9 attack =mation he is 9 re> ( ! fight c5t] ( ! second l9e4 ,platoon ,movem5ts #a4 #a4 ,! #a/ ,section 7,gr5adi] ,section7 conta9s #ae rifle gr5adi]s 7includ+ ! section s]geant7 & #g h& gr5adi]s4 ,:5 9 column ( squads1 ! rifle gr5adi]s m>* z a squad1 9 re> ( ! h& gr5adi]s4 ,! #a/ ,section con/itutes #c squads1 ea* hav+ ! ,no4 #c 9 ! re> rank z a blank file4 ,! ,section ,s]geant m>*es abrea/ ( ! re> rank ( ! #bnd squad ( 8 section4 ,l9e is =m$ by execut+ squads "r or left4 #b4 ,! #bnd ,section 7,riflem5 ,section7 conta9s #aj privates & #b corporals4 ,"o corporal has *>ge ( #g m51 ! o!r ( #c m54 ,:5 9 column ( squads1 ! section =ms "o complete squad & ! front rank ( ano!r4 ,corporals are numb] f\r4 ,to =m l9e at ! comm& 8,squads left 7"r710 ! complete squad executes 8,squad left02 ( ! half squad ! ,nos4 #c & #d execute 8,twos left02 ! ,nos4 #a & #b likewise execute 8,twos left10 ?us plac+ !mselves 9 re> ( ,nos4 #c & #d4 ,to =m column f l9e at ! comm& 8,squads "r10 ! ,nos4 #c & #d ( ! incomplete squad move =w>d two paces1 execute 8,twos "r10 & place !mselves 9 re> ( ,nos4 #c & #d ( ! prec$+ squad2 ,nos4 #a & #b move =w>d two paces1 execute 8,twos "r10 & place !mselves 9 re> ( ,nos4 #a & #b ( ! prec$+ squad4 #c4 ,! p]sonnel1 numb]s & movem5ts ( ! #crd ,section are id5tical ) ^? ( ! #bnd4 #d4 ,! #d? ,section 7,automatic ,rifle ,section7 conta9s #a s]geant1 #a corporal1 & #i privates 7total ( #aa74 ,"o complete squad is =m$ & #b privates are left ov] :o m>* 9 re> ( ,nos4 #a & #d ( ! squad4 ,! corporal is ,no4 #d ( ! front rank4 ,no4 #c1 front & re> rank1 are ! gunn]s4 ,! s]geant m>*es abrea/ ( ! re> rank ( ! squad 9 ! l9e ( file-clos]s2 :5 l9e is =m$1 ! two m5 left ov] =m "o additional file on ! left 7"r7 ( _! sections4 ,9 =m+ = attack =mation1 ! ,no4 #d ( ! two m5 left ov] atta*es himself to ! front rank gun crew & goes ) !m2 ! ,no4 #a1 to ! re> rank gun crew4 ,! s]geant rema9s ) 8 gun crew if ! guns are sep>at$1 or assumes *>ge ( bo? :5 toge!r4 #e4 ,if ! tra9+ company conta9s m m5 ?an are necess>y to fill ! platoons z indicat$ above1 su* additional m5 w be c>ri$ z riflem5 & atta*$ to ! second & ?ird sections ( ! platoons4 ,,ii #a4 ,to =m l9e ( section columns f l9e4 ,! left file ( ea* section moves /raight to ! front1 foll[$ by ! file next on its "r1 & ?is 9 turn by ! o!r files ( ! section4 ,! section s]geants ( ! #a/ & #d? sections place !mselves at ! head ( _! respective sections4 #b4 ,to =m l9e ( section columns 9 columns ( twos or f\rs4 8,half-squads 7squads7 "r front into l9e40 #c4 ,to =m l9e f l9e ( section columns4 8,sections1 "r front into l9e40 #d4 ,to =m column ( squads f l9e ( section columns4 ,fir/ =m l9e ( section columns 9 column ( squads--!n 8,column ( squads--#a/ 7#d?7 section =w>d 7column "r or left740 #e4 ,to =m l9e ( section columns f column ( squads4 ,! left file ( ! lead+ section moves /raight to ! front1 foll[$ by ! rema9+ files ( ! squad1 !n by ! left file ( ! second squad1 etc4 ,! #bnd1 #crd1 & #d? sections oblique to ! "r 7left7 9 column ( squads to section int]val &1 :5 9 re> ( _! place1 =m column ( files4 ,! section may ?us be m>*$ 9 e*elon1 or l9e may be =m$ by halt+ ! lead+ section1 or ! sections 9 re> may be d\ble-tim$ to ! l9e e/abli%$ by ! lead+ section4 #f4 ,to =m l9e ( section columns to ! flank1 comm&3 8,sections1 column left 7"r740 8,l9e ( section columns40 #g4 ,frequ5tly1 = conv5i5ce 9 maneuv]+1 ! platoon lead] may1 :5 9 l9e ( section columns1 wi% to =m only two columns f 8 f\r columns4 ,9 su* ev5t he w comm&3 8,d\ble sections1 #a/ & #d? sections =w>d40 ,"o rifle section w foll[ ! fir/ section4 ,! o!r rifle section1 ! #d? section4 ,! rifle sections 9 su* =mation are always 9 re> ( ! speciali/ sections4 #h4 ,int]vals betwe5 sections or d\ble sections are op5$ & clos$ by ! comm&3 8,to ---- spaces ext5d 7close740 ,,iii #a4 ,attack =mation is tak5 up f l9e ( section columns only4 #b4 ,! attack =mation is always 9 two l9es4 ,! two l9es con/itute a wave4 #c4 ,h& gr5adi]s & automatic riflem5 are always 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,! riflem5 & rifle gr5adi]s are always 9 ! second l9e 9 ! assault+ platoon4 ,rifle gr5adi]s may be po/$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! second l9e1 or on ei!r flank1 z ! platoon lead] directs4 ,simil>ly ! automatic riflem5 may be 9 ! c5t]1 on ei!r flank1 or divid$ betwe5 c5t] & flank ( ! fir/ l9e1 z ! platoon lead] may direct4 #d4 ,! #a/ & #bnd l9es are sep>at$ by a di/ance ( #bj paces4 #e4 ,to pass f l9e ( section columns to attack =mation1 ! platoon lead] comm&s3 8,=m = attack at 7place74 ,automatic rifles to c5t] 7left flank7 7"r flank7 7bo? flanks7 7left & c5t]74 ,rifle gr5adi]s to c5t] 7left7 7"r740 ,only ! automatic riflem5 & gr5adi]s ne$ be designat$4 ,! rema9+ m5 accommodate !mselves to _! movem5ts4 ,at ! above comm& ! #bnd & #crd sections /& fa/ until ! #a/ & #d? sections h cle>$ _! front4 ,!y !n move to _! places l$ by ! corporal at ! head ( _! respective sections4 ,?is movem5t w be execut$ at fir/ 9 quick "t2 z m5 become m pr(ici5t1 9 d\ble "t & at a run4 ,,iv #a4 ,! arrangem5t ( speciali/s 9 ! re9=c+ platoon diff]s some:at f ! assault+ platoon4 ,! h& gr5adi]s ( ! re9=c+ platoon are s5t =w>d 9 two squads to foll[ 9 re> ( ! #bnd l9e ( ! fir/ wave at a di/ance ( ab\t #ae y>ds4 ,! two squads are abrea/ ( ea* o!r1 ! section s]geant betwe5 !m4 #b4 ,! rifle gr5adi]s ( ! re9=c+ platoon are !n mov$ up into ! #a/ l9e4 #c4 ,! riflem5 ( ! re9=c+ platoon rema9 9 ! #bnd l9e4 #d4 ,! position ( ! platoon lead] ( ! re9=c+ platoon is 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! #a/ l9e4 ,! position ( ! #bnd 9 comm& is ! same z 9 ! assault+ platoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,provisional ,,organization ,,( ,a ,,platoon--,,rifle ,,company ,illu/ration3 ,,provisional ,,organization ,,( ,a ,,platoon ,,9 ,,close ,,ord] ,,& ,,= ,,adm9i/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,platoon ,,9 ,,l9e 7,,close ,,ord]7 ,,=mation ,,= ,,attack ,,platoon ,,z ,,fir/ ,,wave ,,"r ,,flank ,,! ,,out] ,,flank ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,position ,,f ,,an ,,op5 ,,w>f>e ,,battle ,g5]al ,use ( ,=tifications4 ,! fir/ use ( =tifications1 :e!r ha/y or p]man5t1 is to give %elt] aga9/ ho/ile fire4 ,! m delib]ate use ( =tifications is to increase ! hold+ or fight+ p[] ( troops by ! prop] employm5t ( ! natural def5sive features ( ! gr\nd & by artificial devices4 ,successive ,phases ( ! ,organization ,*ange f ,battle ,l9es to ,tr5*es ( a ,position4 ,dur+ a battle1 z we und]/& x 9 op5 w>f>e1 z soon z ! fight+ l9es are halt$ = any reason1 e man imm$iately beg9s to dig 9 = %elt] aga9/ ! enemy's fire4 ,if ! halt+ ( ^! fight+ l9es is m or less p]man5t ^! 8skirmi% holes0 are connect$1 & we h ! beg9n+ ( a rude tr5*4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 a battle troops are dispos$ 9 dep? 9 a s]ies ( l9es4 ,all ^! l9es dig = protection 9 a simil> mann]1 giv+ ! beg9n+ ( sev]al l9es ( tr5*es4 ,if ! troops rema9 = any "t 9 ?is position1 x is necess>y to h r\tes f ! re> to ! front to c>ry up ammunition & supplies to ! diff]5t l9es4 ,^! communication r\tes are also dug 91 & we h ! beg9n+ ( communicat+ tr5*es4 ,soon ! m5 w beg9 to seek bett] protection aga9/ ra91 cold1 & ov]head fire1 & build !mselves "s k9d ( %elt]s4 ,9 a simil> mann] comm& po/s & supply depots are e/abli%$4 ,9 "t !re is a complete skeleton ( a s]ies ( l9es ( tr5*es outl9+ a position4 ,if ! mission ( ! troops is to rema9 & hold ! gr\nd1 ! necess>y plan ( organization = ! f9al position w h to be bas$ ^u ?is skeleton4 ,! purpose ( ?is new organization1 z we h not$1 is to e/abli% ! position s t ! gr\nd c be held by few] troops4 ,active & ,passive ,elem5ts ( a ,position1 ,especially ,support ,po9ts4 ,! fir/ fire tr5* ( a position is cont9u\s1 b x is n good practice to man ! :ole ( ?is l9e1 because ?is w\ld take too _m m5 & defeat ! purpose ( ! =tifications4 ,secondly1 a bett] def5se c be e/abli%$ by g>rison+ a s]ies ( /rong po9ts1 or sali5ts1 f :i* c be obta9$ flank+ fire4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e ^! are call$ support po9ts4 ,! tr5*es connect+ ^! support po9ts are reta9$ z su*1 b are n usually mann$4 ,?is curta9 tr5*1 s to speak1 is reta9$ = communicat+ purposes1 & to deceive ! enemy z to ! real po9ts ( def5se4 ,a few wat*]s are left 9 x4 ,! fir/ l9e1 !n1 is a s]ies ( support po9ts1 well def5d$ by m5 & special weapons1 & at su* di/ances ap>t z to support ea* o!r4 ,division ( ,position4 ,! g>rison ( su* a support po9t 9 ! fir/ l9e is a company1 & ! capta9 is responsible = ! hold+ ( ?is gr\nd4 7,! platoon1 we mu/ rememb]1 is a tactical unit47 ,9 divid+ ! fir/ l9e into ^! active elem5ts ! size ( ea* support po9t dep5ds ^u ! importance ( ! gr\nd or ( ! tactical situation4 ,illu/ration ,simil> natural /rong po9ts are also locat$ 9 ! second l9e4 ,!y w be few] & f>!r ap>t 9 ?is l9e ?an 9 ! fir/ l9e1 :i* is expos$ to ho/ile attacks4 ,^! po9ts 9 ! second l9e are connect$ ) ! support po9ts & toge!r ! gr\p is call$ a c5t] ( resi/ance4 ,! comm& ( su* a c5t] ( resi/ance1 includ+ "o or two support po9ts 9 ! front l9e1 falls to a battalion comm&] ) 8 unit4 ,= example1 ! area ( a c5t] ( resi/ance "u ! comm& ( a ,bn4 ,c4 ,o4 w include1 say1 two support po9ts 9 ! fir/ l9e ) a company 9 ea*1 & ! /rong po9t 9 ! second l9e ) two companies4 ,9 ! ?ird l9e1 also1 natural /rong po9ts are locat$ & organiz$ = def5se4 ,! comm& ( ?is /rong po9t1 includ+1 let u say1 two c5t]s ( resi/ance1 falls to a colonel ) 8 regim5t4 ,su* an area is call$ a sector1 or a sub-sector4 ,if x is a sub-sector two su* con/itute a sector 9 comm& ( a brigadi]-g5]al4 ,diff]5t ,l9es ( a ,sector4 ,we h n[ arriv$ automatically at ! fact t ea* sector is compos$ ( a s]ies ( l9es 9 dep?1 ea* def5d$ 9 /rong po9ts4 ,! fir/ l9e is t]m$ ! l9e ( resi/ance1 z ! fir/ def5se is made aga9/ ! enemy's attacks 9 ! support po9ts ( ?is l9e4 ,illu/ration ,! second1 or ma9 l9e ( resi/ance1 is call$ ! support l9e4 ,9 ! /rong po9ts ( ! c5t]s ( resi/ance are ! res]ves & ! headqu>t]s ( ! battalion comm&]s4 ,! ?ird l9e is call$ ! cov]+ l9e ( ! artill]y1 because x def5ds ! batt]ies di/ribut$ beh9d x4 ,x also conta9s ! res]ve troops ( ! sector1 a battalion usually hold+ ea* /rong po9t4 ,"h are e/abli%$ ! headqu>t]s ( ! colonel & ! diff]5t c5tral depots ( ! sector4 ,! above ?ree l9es con/itute "o position4 ,!re may be sev]al positions 9 dep? at di/ances ( ?ree miles or m ap>t4 ,usually !re are two positions & sometimes ?ree4 ,x is said t ! ,g]mans h z _m z six positions 9 dep? 9 places4 ,! fir/ position only1 ( c\rse1 is p]man5tly occupi$4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,organization ,advantages ( ! ,cont9u\s ,tr5*4 ,! cont9u\s or curta9 tr5* betwe5 support po9ts mu/ n be elim9at$ = sev]al reasons4 ,! tr5* w deceive ! enemy z to ! location ( ! elem5ts ( support po9ts4 ,if ?is tr5* 7 abs5t ! enemy c\ld easily locate ^!1 & subject !m to conc5trat$ artill]y fire4 ,! position _c be hidd5 f airplane obs]vation b ! ess5tial elem5ts1 su* z emplacem5ts1 dug\ts1 etc41 mu/ be conceal$4 ,illu/ration3 ,traces ( ,tr5*es ,us$ to obta9 ,flank+ ,fire ,types ( ,communicat+ ,tr5*es4 ,! curta9 tr5* s]ves = communicat+ purposes = lat]al movem5ts ( troops & = liaison betwe5 neighbor+ units4 ,! abs5ce ( ! curta9 tr5* w\ld leave brea*es 9 ! l9e :]e 9 a g5]al attack units c\ld conc5trate & break ?r\gh4 ,9 su* a g5]al attack ! curta9 tr5* is occupi$ & def5d$ by ! res]ves4 ,b>b$ wire1 ( c\rse1 protects ! entire front4 ,^! tr5*es also s]ve1 if necess>y1 z cov] = res]ves act+ z re9=cem5ts to ! adjac5t support po9ts1 z !re is only suffici5t %elt] 9 a support po9t = its own p]man5t g>rison4 ,la/ly !y may s]ve z tr5*es ( dep>ture 9 ! (f5sive4 ,importance ( ,flank+ ,fire4 ,x is possible to h ! support po9ts at int]vals because flank+ fire f ^! w comm& all gr\nd 9 front4 ,! importance ( flank+ fire _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ be done to obta9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ( a ,good ,entanglem5t 9 front ( a ,fir+ ,l9e ,)\t ,sali5ts ,to ,obta9 ,flank+ ,fire ,sometimes x is impossible to obta9 flank+ fire because ( lack ( sali5ts4 ,if ?is is true ! trace ( ! fir/ l9e tr5* mu/ be rectifi$ to give flank+ fire along ! l9e z p] diagram4 ,:5 nei!r ( ^! two me?ods is possible small combat po/s ) ma*9e guns are locat$ 9 advance ( ! l9e to obta9 flank+ fire4 ,! ma*9e gun is ! be/ weapon = flank+ fire4 ,sev]al emplacem5ts are con/ruct$ = ea* ma*9e gun1 b dur+ ! bomb>dm5t x is kept "u cov] 9 a dug\t4 ,:5 ! attack develops ! ma*9e gun is quickly set up 9 ! prop] emplacem5t4 ,if kept 9 a p]man5t emplacem5t ! enemy w soon locate x & put x out ( bus9ess by artill]y fire4 ,if no emplacem5ts are possible or if !y are de/roy$ ma*9e guns are op]at$ on op5 gr\nd or 9 %ell holes4 ,field ( ,fire4 ,) prop] flank+ fire a l9e c be def5d$ ) a %ort] field ( fire ?an o!rwise4 ,a hundr$ y>ds ( field ( fire is suffici5t ) good flank+ fire & accessory def5ses1 su* z b>b$ wire1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,division ,,( ,,position ,,into ,,comp>tm5ts ,,= ,,int]ior ,,def5se ,location ( ,tr5*es4 ,l9es ( tr5*es :i* are ! result ( a battle are n always locat$ 9 ! mo/ logical positions4 ,!y are ! results ( ! exig5cies ( ! battle4 ,h[ev]1 x is well to "k ! be/ locations = ! tr5*es ( a position "u diff]5t conditions 9 ord] to place !m !re :5 possible4 ,9 flat c\ntry1 ( c\rse1 x makes no diff]5ce :]e ! tr5*es are locat$4 ,on ! pr(ile ( a hill1 h[ev]1 ! "q is :]e to locate ! fir/ & :]e to locate ! second l9e4 ,let u consid] ,figure #ae4 ,po9t ,a is out ( ! "q z y h no view ( ! enemy4 ,at ,b y c obs]ve ! enemy's l9e & he c obs]ve y\rs4 ,h[ev]1 ! enemy c %ell y at ?is po9t & obs]ve ! results4 ,at ,c ! same conditions obta9 z at ,b1 except !re is a dead angle directly 9 front4 ,at ,d y _c obs]ve ! enemy nor c ! enemy obs]ve y\r l9e4 ,f ^! consid]ations we see t ! prop] location = ! fir/ l9e w be at ,b z y mu/ be able to obs]ve ! enemy & all ! gr\nd 9 front4 ,y\r second l9e %\ld be locat$ at ,d :]e ! enemy _c obs]ve & bomb>d y\r position4 ,at ,d ! l9e c be made z elaborate z y h "t1 m51 & mat]ial1 because y are m or less unmole/$ by ! enemy's fire & obs]vation4 ,! rev]se slope is ( ! v greate/ importance 9 organiz+ a position4 ,movem5ts ( troops & supplies c be easily accompli%$ "h "u cov]4 ,deep dug\ts c be con/ruct$ ) ! lea/ "w4 ,b ! greate/ advantage lies dur+ ! bomb>dm5t4 ,! enemy is n able to obs]ve ! accuracy ( 8 fire on ! rev]se slope s t ! elem5ts 9 ?is l9e are left m or less intact4 ,= ?is reason ! l9e on ! rev]se slope becomes ! mo/ important l9e ( resi/ance aga9/ ! enemy's attacks4 ,! ,g]mans habitually organize _! rev]se slopes v /rongly4 ,division ( ! ,position into ,def5sive ,comp>tm5ts4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! sector 9 dep? by successive l9es4 ,9 ! same way x is necess>y to organize ! positions = lat]al def5se4 ,a support po9t may be captur$ by ! enemy & f ?is gr\nd he c laun* a flank+ attack on ! adjac5t "p ( ! position4 ,x is necess>y t !re %\ld be an e/abli%$ def5se aga9/ su* an attack1 & = ?is purpose ea* sector is divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 s to speak1 ) all-ar\nd def5se4 ,boyaux or communicat+ tr5*es on ! flanks ( ^! comp>tm5ts are organiz$ z fir+ l9es ) b>b$ wire belts runn+ p>allel & ) ma*9e guns dispos$ = flank+ fire4 ,we h !n ea* sector cut up into comp>tm5ts capable ( indep5d5t resi/ance 9 all directions1 if ! surr\nd+ comp>tm5ts are captur$ by ! enemy4 ,su* a comp>tm5t also has ! advantage ( s]v+ z a base = a c\nt]attack aga9/ an adjo9+ "o t has fall5 into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,9 a sector ! responsibility ( su* lat]al def5ses falls especially ^u ! colonel4 ,concealm5t4 ,all ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( a position1 emplacem5ts1 dug\ts1 etc41 are m or less )\t value if !y c be se5 by ! enemy & subject$ to heavy artill]y fire4 ,ev]y?+ t is possible mu/ be con/ruct$ )\t ! obs]vation ( ! enemy4 ,x is important to hide y\r works by mak+ !m fit 9 ) ! color s*eme & %ape ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4 ,false or dummy tr5*es1 emplacem5ts1 %elt]s1 etc41 are con/ruct$ to cause ! enemy to wa/e 8 ammunition4 ,! art ( cam\flage is also ext5sively employ$ = ?is purpose aga9/ bo? gr\nd & arial obs]vation4 ,elem5ts ( ! ,organization ,plan ( ,organization4 ,we h se5 t ! fir/ outl9e ( ! tr5*es left z a consequ5ce ( ! battle mu/ be modifi$ 9 detail to obta9 bett] protection & organization4 ,! complete plan ( reorganization is laid d[n by ! comm&] ( ! sector & is call$ ! ,plan ( ,organization4 ,?is plan is drawn up z soon z ! position has a p]man5t g>rison4 ,! ,plan ( ,organization mu/ be fai?fully foll[$ by all ! successive g>risons ( ! sector4 ,aft] its adoption1 ev5 ! comm&] ( ! sector himself _c modify ! plan )\t ! cons5t ( ! g5]al 9 *>ge4 ,! real value ( ! position dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( cont9u\s "w t has be5 done 9 c>ry+ out ! orig9al plan4 ,outl9e ( ! ,fir/ ,l9e4 ,z 0 se5 be=e1 ! orig9al trace ( ! fir/ l9e 0 e/abli%$ z a consequ5ce ( ! ne$s ( ! battle4 ,9 ! organization plan1 x is necess>y to introduce sev]al modifications 9 ?is trace4 ,! comm&] responsible = ?is *ange %\ld place himself 9 ! situation ( ! enemy & consid] an attack ^u 8 own l9es4 ,f ?is consid]ation he w introduce su* modifications z w make ?is task z difficult z possible4 ,! responsibility ( mak+ ?is modification 9 ! trace ( ! fir/ l9e does n devolve ^u ! capta9 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,z a rule if x 7 left to him few *anges w\ld be made because ( lack ( initiative on 8 "p1 or because ( fe> t if ! l9e 7 captur$ he w\ld be blam$ = hav+ *ang$ x4 ,?is task falls ^u ! battalion comm&] :o is responsible = ! c5t] ( resi/ance1 ) ! cons5t ( ! sector comm&]4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! sector comm&] is ! only "o ( ^! (fic]s :o kn[s ! subsequ5t use ( ?is p>ticul> sector1 :e!r = def5sive or (f5sive purposes4 ,if = def5sive purposes ! l9e may be c>ri$ z close to ! enemy's l9e z possible4 ,if ! sector is be+ organiz$ = an (f5sive !re mu/ be en\gh di/ance betwe5 to keep 8 own l9e out ( ! zone ( artill]y disp]sion :5 ! t>get is ! enemy's l9e4 ,cov] ,tr5*4 ,9 g5]al all fire tr5*es h a second tr5* beh9d1 call$ ! d\bl+ or cov] tr5*4 ,! use ( ! cov] tr5* is n prim>ily = def5sive purposes4 ,x has special uses4 ,illu/ration ,! majority ( ! troops 9 ! fir/ l9e are kept 9 ! cov] tr5* 9 %elt]s locat$ !re4 ,! fir/ l9e is habitually mann$ by only a suffici5t numb] ( m5 to assure obs]vation & security4 ,! re/ ( ! g>rison rema9s 9 ! %elt]s ( ! cov] tr5* to get z mu* re/ z possible4 ,x is v important t com=table %elt]s be locat$ 9 ! d\bl+ tr5*4 ,if troops are expos$ to ! elem5ts & bomb>dm5t _! value decreases v rapidly4 ,if ! %ell+ becomes too sev]e ! m5 9 ! fir/ l9e retire to ! %elt]s ( ! cov] tr5* until ! attack develops4 ,ano!r use ( ! cov] tr5* 9 ! def5sive is to keep "h a necess>y numb] ( troops = re9=c+ ! fir/ l9e :5 necess>y & = c\nt]attack aga9/ ! same if x is tak54 ,?is latt] use e/abli%es ! di/ance betwe5 ! two l9es1 :i* is f ?irty to =ty y>ds1 s t h& gr5ades c be ?r[n f ! cov] tr5* into ! fir/ l9e4 ,beh9d ea* support po9t !re is usually a lat]al communicat+ dit* call$ ! circulat+ dit* :i* %\ld n be confus$ ) ! cov] tr5*4 ,advance ,po/s4 ,9 front ( ! fir+ l9e c]ta9 advance po/s are e/abli%$4 ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( ^!3 li/5+1 obs]vation1 & combat po/s4 ,! li/5+ po/ is n "u ! control ( ! comm&] ( ! support po9t b is 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,intellig5ce ,(fic]4 ,x is furni%$ ) a microphone = ! purpose ( pick+ up enemy's telephone messages 9 ! ho/ile l9e4 ,! obs]vation po/ belongs to ! sector & is us$ = purposes ( obs]vation & security4 ,illu/ration3 ,,obs]vation ,,po/ ,! combat po/ is e/abli%$ to obta9 flank+ fire along ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts or x is us$ z a bomb+ po/ :5 9 close proximity to ! enemy's tr5*es4 ,sometimes a s]ies ( combat po/s are connect$ & a new tr5* e/abli%$ 9 front ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,?is is call$ ! obs]vation l9e4 ,x is be/ to avoid ?is practice z !re is always ! "q :e!r to hold or ab&on ?is l9e :5 ! enemy's attack develops4 ,9 ei!r case !re are grave disadvantages4 ,if x is held y h a weak l9e4 ,if y ab&on x ! enemy c use x = %elt]4 ,advance po/s give excell5t s]vice if n too num]\s4 ,if !re are _m ( !m !y are a temptation = ho/ile raids4 ,dim5sions ( ,tr5*es4 ,^! c be f\nd 9 text-books on ! subject4 ,! g5]al idea is t !y are to be n>r[ & deep to prev5t obs]vation & to pres5t a small t>get = high-angle fire4 ,loopholes4 ,loopholes are us$ 9 ! ord9>y life ( ! tr5*es = obs]vation & snip+ purposes2 b aga9/ ! real attack ( ! enemy ! fir+ is done ov] ! p>apet4 ,if x is necess>y to meet ! enemy 9 h& to h& combat ! m5 climb up on ! p>apet4 ,trav]ses4 ,trav]ses are us$ to localize ! effect ( %ell or gr5ade explosions1 & to prev5t enfilade fire4 ,!y are sometimes us$ 9 long /ret*es ( boyaux or communicat+ dit*es z emplacem5ts = ,a4 ,m4 ,r4 to enfilade ! same if ! enemy p5etrates ! position4 ,transv]sal ,l9es4 ,transv]sal l9es are usually con/ruct$ betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second l9es & betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird l9es4 ,!y are %ort /ret*es ( tr5*es p>allel to ! front = special purposes3 su* z dispos+ ( ma*9e guns & tr5* mort>s 9 dep?2 bomb+ po/s = rifle & h& gr5adi]s2 depots & obs]vation po/s4 ,comm& po/s are usually locat$ 9 su* small transv]sal tr5*es1 a little 9 re> ( ! l9es !y are 9 comm& (4 ,= in/ance1 ! capta9 9 *>ge ( a support po9t might be locat$ 9 a transv]sal j 9 re> ( ! cov] tr5*4 ,support ,tr5*es4 ,! second or support l9e is e/abli%$ at su* a di/ance t ! fir/ l9e is cov]$ by its fire if ! latt] is captur$4 ,also ! second l9e %\ld be plac$ s t x w be out ( ! zone ( disp]sion if ! fir/ l9e is ! artill]y t>get ei!r ( y\r own or ( ho/ile fire4 ,?is places ! di/ance betwe5 ! two l9es at f #aej to #djj y>ds4 ,at ?is di/ance also rifle gr5ade fire c be us$ 9 conjunction ) an artill]y prep>ation = a c\nt]attack aga9/ ! fir/ l9e4 ,! organization ( ! second l9e is ! same z t ( ! fir/2 9 o!r words1 ! same pr9ciples & elem5ts ( def5se are us$3 mak+ employm5t ( b>b$ wire1 flank+ fire1 cov] tr5*es1 etc4 ,! second l9e is ! ma9 l9e ( resi/ance & mu/ be made z ne>ly impregnable z possible4 ,= ?is purpose x mu/ be ?or\ghly & completely organiz$4 ,9 ! support l9e are ! res]ves ( ! ,c4 ( ,r4 & = _! prop] %elt] !y %\ld h v deep dug\ts1 & all ! requisites = ! com=t & re/ ( ! troops4 ,r$\bts4 ,beh9d ! support l9e is a r$\bt conta9+ ! comm& po/ ( ! battalion comm&]4 ,x is ! la/ /rong po9t ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance & is organiz$ = an all-ar\nd def5se4 ,! l9e ( r$\bts is ! la/ l9e ( s]i\s resi/ance4 ,if ! enemy p5etrates ?is l9e a brea* has be5 made 9 ! position at ?is po9t4 ,boyaux & ,communicat+ ,dit*es4 ,z we h said be=e tr5*es = communicat+ purposes mu/ be dug bo? 9 dep? & lat]ally4 ,we %all call ^? f front to re> boyaux1 & ^? runn+ lat]ally communicat+ dit*es4 ,! numb] ( boyaux is n fix$ z t ( ! diff]5t l9es4 ,!re mu/ be at lea/ "o betwe5 ea* support po9t & its c5t] ( resi/ance4 ,usually boyaux are us$ = movem5ts 9 bo? directions4 ,(t5 c]ta9 boyaux are designat$ = entrance only & o!rs = evacuation4 ,! numb]s ( ! latt] are usually less ?an ! =m]4 ,9 an attack all boyaux are us$ = movem5ts f re> to front4 ,all movem5ts to ! re> :ile re9=cem5ts are be+ br\ght up mu/ be execut$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 exceptions be+ made 9 ! case ( w\nd$4 ,boyaux are important = ! movem5t ( supplies & ammunition1 b above all !y are ess5tial = re9=cem5ts dur+ battle4 ,! great] "p ( ! troops 9 a sector is held 9 res]ve 9 ! second & ?ird l9es4 ,?is disposition is only possible if y h good boyaux to ! front l9es4 ,all boyaux & communicat+ dit*es are n>r[ & deep4 ,boyaux are wid] betwe5 ! second & ?ird l9e ?an !y are betwe5 ! fir/ & second4 ,evacuation boyaux are usually wid] ?an o!rs4 ,! trace ( a boyau mu/ be su* z to prev5t enfilade fire4 ,at int]vals ( ab\t t5 y>ds turn\ts l>ge en\gh = a /ret*] are con/ruct$ 9 ! side ( ! boyaux = passage ( troops 9 diff]5t directions4 ,boyaux are nam$ & signs are put up simil> to ^? = /reets 9 a city4 ,! same "n ( a boyau mu/ be kept f ! ?ird l9es to ! fir/4 ,at bran*es ( ! ma9 boyaux !y are dug a little deep] to avoid mi/akes ( id5tification4 ,z 0 said be=e c]ta9 boyaux are organiz$ = def5se4 ,x may be said "h t supplies c>ri$ up at night are usually br\ght along on top ( ! gr\nd close to ! boyaux4 ,?is gives fre] movem5t & ! c>ri]s are close to ! cov] ( ! tr5* if ne$$4 ,accessory ,def5se4 ,( all ! accessory def5ses su* z b>ricades1 abatis1 tr\s-de-l\p1 etc41 ! mo/ important by f> is b>b$ wire1 :i* is almo/ exclusively us$ = ob/acles4 ,b>b$ wire %\ld be plac$ f tw5ty to fifty y>ds 9 front ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,at ?is di/ance %ell+ ( ! b>b$ wire belts w d v little damage to ! fir/ l9e4 ,! wire entanglem5ts mu/ be "u fire ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,comm& ,po/ = ,c5t] ( ,resi/ance ,! trace ( ! wire belt is n necess>ily p>allel to t ( ! fir+ l9e1 b %\ld be s plac$ z to obta9 flank+ fire along ! wire belts4 ,good entanglem5ts are con/ruct$ 9 d\ble belts1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two belts be+ f t5 to tw5ty y>ds1 ! f>!/ belt1 ( c\rse1 be+ con/ruct$ fir/4 ,brea*es mu/ be left ?r\gh ! wire entanglem5ts = ! passage ( patrols1 fri5dly raid+ p>ties1 etc4 ,portable sections ( b>b$ wire are us$ to close ^! passages :5 necess>y4 ,all accessory def5ses mu/ be conceal$ s !y _c be easily obs]v$ & de/roy$ by ! enemy4 ,comm& ,po/4 ,a comm& po/1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 conta9s ! headqu>t]s ( ! lead] ( a division ( a sector4 ,! comm& po/ mu/ fir/ ( all be a good obs]vation po/1 aft] :i* ! o!r requisites are in/all$4 ,:5 ! obs]vation po/ has be5 con/ruct$ ! foll[+ are built3 a room = ! headqu>t]s /aff to "w & to sleep 91 a telephone c5tral1 dug\t = liaison gr\p1 & a depot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! prec$+ discussion is a developm5t ( a position f battle conditions4 ,on ! o!r h& if y are unmole/$ by ! enemy ! ord] ( organiz+ a position w\ld be z foll[s3 7#a7 ,con/ruct ! emplacem5t to obta9 flank+ fire4 7#b7 ,con/ruct b>b$ wire entanglem5ts4 7#c7 ,obs]vatory & dug\ts4 7#d7 ,tr5*es4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sector ,,& ,,tr5* ,,duties ,i4 ,plan ( ,def5se ,def9ition4 ,! ,plan ( ,def5se conta9s all ! diff]5t duties necess>y to make a prop] def5se ( ! position4 ,! execution ( ^! duties is ! execution ( ! ,plan ( ,def5se1 :i* foll[s logically & dep5ds directly ^u ! ,plan ( ,organization4 ,pr9ciples ( ! ,plan ( ,def5se4 7a7 ,! mo/ important pr9ciple ( organization ( a position is ! disposition ( troops 9 dep?4 ,x is necess>y to h pl5ty ( support & res]ve units dispos$ "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,only "o-six? to "o-?ird ( a g>rison 9 ! support po9t ( ! fir/ l9e rema9s 9 ! tr5*es = ! purpose ( obs]vation & security4 ,! re/ rema9 9 ! re> z a res]ve = re9=cem5ts or c\nt]attacks4 7b7 ,ea* tr5*1 ea* ne/ ( resi/ance1 ea* area ( ! gr\nd1 mu/ h a responsible lead]4 ,! g>rison ( any su* area mu/ nev] leave ! gr\nd allott$ to its def5se "u any conditions ( battle4 ,! def5se mu/ be c>ri$ out by ?is g>rison on ! l9es orig9ally laid out4 ,a lead] is n all[$ to fall back on troops 9 8 re> or to take up a bett] position4 ,! troops 9 dep? are plac$ !re = ! purpose ( re9=cem5ts = ! l9es 9 front4 7c7 ,ea* "p ( a position t is lo/ to ! enemy mu/ be imm$iately retak5 by a c\nt]attack c>ri$ out by troops held 9 res]ve4 ,! fir/ l9e is retak5 by res]ve troops 9 ! support l9e1 & simil>ly1 if ! support l9e is lo/1 x mu/ be retak5 by res]ve troops held 9 ! ?ird l9e4 ,if all ?ree l9es are captur$1 an attempt mu/ be made to retake ! ?ird l9e by ! res]ve troops ( ! sector4 ,=m ( ,plan ( ,def5se4 ,9 ea* division ( ! position f front to re> !re mu/ be a ,plan ( ,def5se4 ,?is plan always conta9s ! five foll[+ elem5ts3 #a4 ,directions ( ! probable attacks4 #b4 ,def5se ( ! fir/ l9e1 or l9e ( resi/ance4 ,! outl9e ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,location & mission ( ! troops 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,employm5t ( ma*9e guns4 #c4 ,c\nt]attacks4 ,units :i* are us$ = ! purpose4 ,directions or tr5*es to be us$ 9 ! c\nt]attack4 ,depots ( gr5ades & s&bags = ! c\nt]attack4 #d4 ,artill]y support4 ,composition ( ?is artill]y4 ,e/abli%+ ( ! front ( b>rage4 ,infantry-artill]y liaison4 #e4 ,liaisons & supply dur+ ! ho/ile attack4 ,details ( ,tr5* ,duty ,gu>d ,duties 7,security74 ,security is obta9$ by ! use ( s5t9els & patrols4 ,s5t9els mu/ n be confus$ ) obs]v]s1 wat*]s1 or snip]s4 ,obs]v]s belong to ! in=mation s]vice ( ! sector & are n on duty at night4 ,snip]s op]ate only 9 ! daytime4 ,! wat*]s ( ! diff]5t l9es give ! al>m 9 case ( an attack1 & are on duty bo? day & night4 ,s5t9els are po/$ 9 ! fir/ l9e or 9 advanc$ po/s4 ,_! "w & numb] w dep5d ^u ! proximity ( ! enemy1 ! tactical situation1 & above all ^u ! conditions ( ! wire entanglem5ts out 9 front4 ,at night1 "o s5t9el is po/$1 say1 = example1 e #aj y>ds 9 ! fire tr5* ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,dur+ ! day1 only en\gh s5t9els are po/$ s t all p>ts ( 8,no ,man's ,l&0 c be obs]v$4 ,?is w all[ a maximum numb] ( m5 to re/4 ,9 ! fir+ l9e1 ! s5t9els "w 9 ?ree reliefs4 ,:5 n on gu>d duty1 !y sleep4 ,! rema9d] ( ! g>rison 9 ! cov] tr5*1 h[ev]1 are available = "w1 = patrols1 & to furni% supply p>ties4 ,s5t9els %\ld h _! rifles re/+ on ! p>apet close at h&1 ready to fire at a mom5t's notice4 ,by day1 ! s5t9els use a p]iscope or obs]ve ?r\gh a loophole4 ,?is practice is1 h[ev]1 /rictly prohibit$ at night1 :5 a1 s5t9el mu/ obs]ve ov] ! p>apet4 ,z little *all5g+ z possible is done1 & !n only 9 a v l[ tone4 ,reconnoit]+ ,patrols are ! be/ means = security aga9/ attack4 ,e night ! comm&]s ( ! support po9ts or ! c5t]s ( resi/ance s5d out patrols 9 front ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,! /r5g? ( a patrol mu/ be suffici5t to c>ry back a w\nd$ man1 i4 e41 ! numb] %\ld be five1 six1 or m4 ,! success ( a patrol dep5ds entirely ^u ! lead]4 ,he mu/ be clev]1 d>+1 & obs]vant1 & ! re/ ( ! patrol is simply 8 bodygu>d4 ,he himself mu/ obs]ve ! objective ( ! mission ( ! patrol4 ,patrols %\ld nev] be s5t out )\t def9ite ord]s z to _! mission4 ,su* may be1 = example1 a reconnaissance ( ! enemy's l9es1 to discov] if ! enemy has cut passages 9 8 wire belt prep>atory to an attack1 to exam9e _! own wire entanglem5ts1 etc4 ,! r\te ( ! patrol mu/ be exactly det]m9$2 also ! h\r ( dep>ture & return designat$4 ,^w is pass$ along ! l9e ( s5t9els t a patrol is out 9 front ) ! necess>y in=mation ab\t ! same4 ,! prep>ation = a night patrol mu/ be made dur+ daylight4 ,(fic] ( ! ,wat*4 ,9 ! fir+ l9e ! company comm&] arranges a ro/] ( 8 (fic]s = duty z (fic] ( ! wat*4 ,also 9 ea* platoon ! platoon comm&] w detail a ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ( ! wat*4 ,! (fic] ( ! wat* is responsible = ! duties ( obs]vation & security1 & is especially responsible = ! giv+ ( ! al>m 9 case ( an attack & consequ5tly = ! call+ ( ! artill]y b>rage by use ( rockets1 signals1 etc4 ,/&+ to ,arms4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t ! troops 9 ! fir/ l9e are ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 tak+ _! positions :5 ! al>m is giv5 z quickly z possible1 )\t confusion4 ,! al>m is (t5 giv5 = practice 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( "t x w take ! m5 to rea* _! places 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,! comm& 8,/& to0 is usually giv5 "o h\r be=e daylight & "o h\r be=e d>k4 ,at ?is "t ! company comm&]s arrange = inspection ( arms1 ammunition1 & equipm5t by ! platoon comm&]s4 ,obs]v]s' ,duties4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to obta9 in=mation ( ! enemy1 8 tr5*es1 & 8 wire entanglem5ts4 ,any alt]ation 9 ! enemy's l9es mu/ imm$iately be report$4 ,! importance ( =w>d+ su* in=mation mu/ be impress$ ^u all ranks4 ,?is duty is c>ri$ out by obs]v]s4 ,all m5 ( ! company are us$ z s5t9els 9 ! fir/ l9e or z wat*]s 9 o!r l9es1 b n all are obs]v]s4 ,m5 :o are to act z obs]v]s receive special tra9+4 ,a man to become an obs]v] mu/ h a special capacity = ?is task4 ,ea* platoon %\ld h at lea/ six su* obs]v]s1 en\gh = prop] reliefs4 ,! obs]v]s are plac$3 #a4 ,9 ea* company ! obs]v]s are di/ribut$ 9 a numb] ( obs]vation po/s prop]ly cam\flag$ s z n to be discov]$ by ! enemy4 ,^! po/s may be 9 advance ( ! fir+ l9e1 9 ! fir+ l9e1 or at any po9t )9 ! position t has a wide view ( ! front4 ,! obs]v]s employ p]iscopes or field glasses4 ,ev]y?+ ( note t is obs]v$ is record$ & f ^! data ! capta9 makes out 8 daily obs]vation report4 #b4 ,also 9 ! sector !re are #b or #c obs]vatories f :i* ! in=mation is turn$ 9 directly to ! colonel4 ,^! po/s mu/ be prop]ly conceal$ & protect$4 ,9 ea* "o ( ^! we f9d ! foll[+3 7a7 ,regulations po/$ t give ! p]sonnel1 t\r ( duty1 sector ( obs]vation1 direction to special po9ts ( int]e/1 & c]ta9 precaution>y measures4 7b7 ,specially prep>$ blank =ms ^u :i* to record in=mation ga9$ by obs]vation4 7c7 ,field glasses1 maps & sket*es1 & panoramic views ( ! gr\nd 9 front1 bo? visible & invisible f ! obs]vation po/s4 7d7 ,a telephone connect+ ! po/ ) ! ne>e/ comm& po/ 7c5t] ( resi/ance or sector74 ,! obs]v]s 9 ^! po/s are directly "u comm& ( ! intellig5ce (fic]s ( ! regim5t & are ( a special p]sonnel4 ,!y mu/ be ?or\ghly famili> ) ! regulations ( ! po/s1 maps1 panorama1 etc4 ,! intellig5ce (fic] collects & coord9ates all in=mation ga!r$ 9 ! sector4 ,e morn+ he turns 9 a consolidat$ report made up f ! in=mation 9 ! capta9s' daily reports & f ! records ( ! sector obs]vatories4 7,9 ord] to avoid confusion ( ! diff]5t daily reports ^! in=mation records are kept on two diff]5t color$ blanks1 r$ & blue alt]nat+ ea* day47 ,! report ( ! intellig5ce (fic] is sign$ by ! colonel & s5t on to ! brigade headqu>t]s4 ,f ! data ( 8 complete report ! intellig5ce (fic] v (t5 mu/ v]ify c]ta9 in=mation by ! use ( patrols4 ,= ?is purpose he makes a reque/ ^u ! colonel = special patrols4 ,in=mation is ga!r$ f bo? airplanes & gr\nd obs]vatories4 ,f gr\nd obs]vatories x is attempt$ to obta9 ! foll[+ data2 #a4 ,to asc]ta9 ! int5tions ( ! enemy4 #b4 ,to prop]ly prosecute attrition ( ! enemy's works4 ,attrition4 ,by ! ^w attrition 9 fight+ is meant ! gradual de/ruction ( ! enemy's morale & /r5g?1 & demolition1 little by little1 ( ! enemy's position4 ,tr5* w>f>e is n a re/ or simply a "t = gu>d duty4 ,x is a phase ( ! battle 9 :i* y mu/ d z mu* damage to ! enemy z possible4 ,?is "w w also keep up ! (f5sive _s4 ,= ?is purpose diff]5t means are us$3 7a7 ,snip+3 ,ea* company 9 ! fir/ l9e uses its be/ %ots z snip]s4 ,a snip] mu/ be a good obs]v] & he mu/ dep5d ^u 8 ke5 eye = evid5ces ( ! enemy1 su* z smoke ( cig>ette or ! gl9t ( a bayonet1 giv+ pro( ( ! pres5ce ( an enemy4 ,especially dur+ ho/ile %ell+ w a too curi\s enemy come to 8 loopholes to obs]ve ! effect ( ! same4 ,?is is ! snip]'s *ance4 ,9 ea* c5t] ( resi/ance ! snip]s are plac$ "u ! comm& ( a snip+ (fic]4 ,he makes ! r\nds ( ! snip]s' po/s once or twice a day1 & submits a daily report conta9+ kn[n casualties ( ! enemy1 location ( ! numb] ( snip]s' po/s1 telescope rifles1 fix$ rifles1 & rifle batt]ies4 7b7 ,infantry ,weapons3 ,besides snip+1 all ! o!r infantry weapons are us$ to assi/ attrition ( ! enemy4 ,h& & rifle gr5ades are ?r[n on special po9ts ( ! ho/ile l9e4 ,a batt]y ( h& or rifle gr5adi]s prop]ly dispos$ c v (t5 c>ry out a conc5trat$ surprise fire on an enemy's sali5t or advanc$ po/4 ,automatic & ma*9e guns are always us$ = ?is purpose & especially at night4 ,!y are tra9$ on supply r\tes1 road junctions1 etc41 & by use ( sudd5 bur/s ( fire at irregul> int]vals !y w compel ! enemy's supply p>ties to cont9ue _! transportation 9 ! boyaux in/ead ( on ! op5 gr\nd4 ,! use ( indirect ma*9e gun fire is v depress+ to ! enemy4 ,su* judici\s employm5t ( ma*9e guns is sometimes m effective ?an sev]e artill]y %ell+4 ,! #cg mm4 gun1 :i* is also an infantry weapon1 is us$ pr9cipally aga9/ ho/ile ma*9e gun emplacem5ts4 ,! location ( ?is gun mu/ be con/antly *ang$4 7c7 ,use ( ,artill]y ,weapons3 ,besides furni%+ b>rage fire aga9/ ho/ile attacks1 ! artill]y c be call$ ^u = surprise fire on work+ p>ties1 h>ass+ fire dur+ ! night aga9/ supply p>ties & _! r\tes1 & also = reply fire aga9/ ho/ile %ell+4 ,tr5* mort>s & o!r eng9es keep ! enemy z uncom=table z possible at all times4 7d7 ,fight+ ,patrols & ,raids3 ,fight+ patrols & raids are us$ ) ! express purpose ( caus+ loss & damage to ! enemy4 ,?is is accompli%$ by engag+ ! enemy's patrol & work+ p>ties or by raid+ 8 saps1 li/5+ po/s1 or tr5*es4 ,su* op]ations mu/ n1 h[ev]1 deg5]ate into frivol\s local fight+1 caus+ loss ( m5 & wa/e ( artill]y ammunition4 ,"w4 ,daily tr5* "w consi/s ( 7#a7 ma9t5ance & 7#b7 new con/ruction4 7a7 ,ma9t5ance3 ,! daily "w ( ma9ta9+ ! elem5ts ( ! position is consid]able1 & its importance (t5 escapes ^? responsible = ! same4 ,!y are3 ,repair ( p>apets1 boyaux1 & %elt]s damag$ by bomb>dm5t1 wat]1 or fro/4 ,replac+ or complet+ accessory def5ses1 revetm5ts1 ammunition recesses1 emplacem5t ( ma*9e guns1 obs]vation po/s1 depots1 etc4 ,clean+ & ,dra9+ ( ,tr5*es & ,boyaux3 ,! g>rison ( ea* area is responsible = _! own ma9t5ance "w1 :i* is done usually dur+ daylight h\rs4 ,sometimes dur+ sev]e bomb>dm5ts ?is repair & ma9t5ance "w becomes too great = ! g>rison & workm5 h to be call$ 9 to help4 7b7 ,new ,con/ruction3 ,new elem5ts ( ! position are con/ruct$ 9 c>ry+ out ! ,plan ( ,organization4 ,^! are usually c>ri$ out at night4 ,?is "w is c>ri$ out by troops 9 ! d\bl+ tr5*1 ! support l9e1 or deta*m5ts ( workm5 f ! res]ve ( ! sector4 ,!re may also be special p>ties f ! headqu>t]s deta*m5t ( pione]s or ( ! eng9e] battalion ( ! brigade4 ,= all ^! special works ! p]sonnel = :om !y are built mu/ be pres5t dur+ ! con/ruction to furni% necess>y in=mation & = inspection4 ,a ma*9e gun crew helps 9 build+ its emplacem5t2 ! intellig5ce (fic] directs ! con/ruction ( 8 obs]vatories4 ,! m$ical (fic] pres5t dur+ ! "w on ! m$ical aid /ation2 ! telephone (fic] sup]9t5ds ! e/abli%m5t ( 8 telephone ex*ange1 etc4 ,! battalion comm&] is responsible = all ! "w done 9 8 c5t] ( resi/ance1 & 9 conjunction ) ! sector lead] draws up a "t-table = ! "w4 ,all ?is "w mu/ be cont9u$ by ea* succe$+ relief4 ,:5 a new unit takes its turn 9 ! tr5*es ! ord]s & plans ( new works are turn$ ov] to its comm&]4 ,arms1 ,equipm5t1 & ,ammunition4 ,full equipm5t w always be worn 9 ! fir+ tr5*1 except ! hav]sack1 wat] bottle1 & entr5*+ tool4 ,9 ! support & res]ve tr5*es ! equipm5t to be worn is subject to ! w ( ! sector comm&]4 ,e man w always c>ry a gas mask 9 any "p ( ! position & ev5 z f> to ! re> z t5 miles4 ,! m5 9 ! fir+ l9e & 9 ! d\bl+ tr5*es w at all times be 9 possession ( _! rifles & bayonets4 ,! rifles ( m5 9 ! support & res]ve tr5*es may be kept 9 protect$ racks 9 ! same %elt] z ! m54 ,all rifles mu/ be kept scrupul\sly clean at all times4 ,ammunition is protect$ f bad wea!r by be+ plac$ 9 boxes locat$ 9 ! sides ( ! tr5*es4 ,t5 to tw5ty h& gr5ades are plac$ 9 a s&bag4 ,^! are usually kept at ! depot & c>ri$ 9 ^! quantities = ! supply ( ! fire tr5* 9 combat4 ,"o or two ( su* s&bags are kept at a bomb+ po/4 ,special c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep rockets 9 good condition4 ,supplies are kept 9 ! fire l9e 7platoon lead]s' po/s1 obs]vations7 & at po9ts 9 ! re> 79 ! obs]vatories or diff]5t comm& po/s or 9 ! obs]vation po/s ( ! in=mation s]vice74 ,depots & ,supply4 7a7 ,depots3--,!re %\ld be "o g5]al depot 9 ea* area locat$ ne> ! comm& po/ ( ! *ief ( area4 ,h[ev]1 9 ord] to facilitate "w 9 ! fir/ l9e ! platoon lead]s may e/abli% ne> _! po/ a small depot ( tools & mat]ial be+ us$ = ! "t be+4 ,! importance ( ! depot dep5ds ^u ! area x is to supply4 ,= example1 ! depot ( ! g>rison ( a support po9t 9 ! fir/ l9e w\ld conta93 #bj1jjj c>tridges #a1jjj h& gr5ades #djj rifle gr5ades #ajj ea*--signal & illum9at+ rockets #fj to #gj gas masks #ajj %ovels #ajj picks ,s&bags1 planks1 b>b$ wire1 etc4 ,! depot at ! c5t] ( resi/ance conta9s ! same articles b 9 great] numb]1 also telephone wire1 blankets1 & ?ree days' rations ( food4 ,! ma9 depot ( ! position1 h[ev]1 is ! "o ne> ! comm& po/ ( ! lead] ( ! sector4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ,ammunition & rocket signals 7,ordnance ,s]vice74 #b4 ,mat]ial ( e sort 7,eng9e] ,s]vice74 #c4 ,food & clo?+ 7,qu>t]ma/] ,s]vice74 ,! diff]5t s]vices 9 ! re> ( ! position ma9ta9 ! supplies ( ! sector depot4 ,! am\nt ( ammunition to be c>ri$ is fix$ by ord]s f ! g5]al & ?is am\nt mu/ be /rictly ma9ta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,organization ( ,supply ,sy/em4 7b7 ,reque/s = ,supplies3 ,ea* morn+ ! *iefs ( areas s5d 9 a reque/ = mat]ial requir$ = ! next night's "w4 ,all ^! reque/s 9 a sector are gr\p$ by a /aff (fic] "u ! heads ( ! ?ree diff]5t s]vices4 ,along ) ea* reque/ mu/ g ! in=mation %[+ necessity = same4 ,em]g5cy reque/s are made by telephone4 ,! (fic] mak+ reque/ = mat]ial mu/ be on h& to receive & *eck ! same ^u deliv]y4 7c7 ,supply ,p>ties3 ,! supply ( ! depot is usually made ) special deta*m5ts tak5 f ! support or res]ve companies4 ,if x is necess>y to take m5 f ! front tr5*es = ?is purpose1 no m ?an #aj c be tak5 away f ^! tr5*es at ! same "t4 ,complete units w be us$ z supply p>ties ) _! lead] if possible4 ,^u ea* battalion 9 a ,c4 ( ,r4 & ^u ea* regim5tal res]ve falls "p ( ! responsibility ( di/ribut+ supplies 9 ! re> ( ! sector4 ,! unload+ or r5dezv\s po9ts are dispos$ along :at is call$ ! supply l9e1 usually on a road1 pa?1 rav9e1 beh9d a hill1 etc4 ,supply p>ties s5t out at night to ^! po9ts make z little noise z possible4 ,!y return along a well-picket$ pa?1 usually runn+ along "o ( ! c5tral boyaux4 ,transportation is ?us c>ri$ 9 ! op5 gr\nd z f> z possible1 usually to ! support l9e4 ,:5 prop] protection is possible1 pack tra9s are us$ to c>ry supplies "r ?r\gh ! di/ribut+ po9t & up to ! depots ( ! sector4 7d7 ,cook+3 ,! battalion kit*5s are locat$ beh9d ! sector 9 a protect$ emplacem5t4 ,/eps mu/ be tak5 to ensure z little smoke z possible be+ se5 f !m4 ,at night ea* platoon s5ds a ration p>ty to ! kit*54 ,:5 ! regim5t has roll+ kit*5s1 ^! are br\ght up "p ( ! way t[>ds ! sector :]e !y meet ! ration p>ty4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld be made to always h1 if possible1 "s hot s\p or dr9k available = ! m5 betwe5 midnight & #d a4 m4 7a7 ,activities ( ! ,troops3 ,sector duties include a consid]able am\nt ( "w1 & are n only useful f a tactical po9t ( view1 b are also indisp5sable = ! moral & physical welf>e ( ! troops4 ,m5 )\t occupation 9 ! tr5*es /agnate1 gr[ slack1 & ?9k only ( ! "t :5 _! relief w arrive4 ,su* troops lose _! aggressiv5ess1 s t :5 ! "t = ! (f5sive arrives !y h no confid5ce & _c deliv] ! prop] bl[4 ,good practice to obta9 fruitful results is ! employm5t ( "t z foll[s3 ,9 ea* company ! capta9 prep>es a daily s*$ule ( duties 9 :i* he allots ! diff]5t s]vices ( ! /rong po9t3 h\rs ( 8/&+ to0 & inspection1 ( s5d+ ration & supply p>ties1 "t ( re/1 ( clean+ arms1 equipm5t1 & clo?+1 "t ( tr5* "w1 etc4 ,?is s*$ule is communicat$ daily to ea* platoon at a regul> h\r4 7b7 ,discipl9e 9 ! ,tr5*es3--,life 9 ! tr5*es is n especially dang]\s :5 all precautions are obs]v$4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( an al]t enemy1 e faulty move ( disposition receives its puni%m5t1 su* z ! improp] concealm5t ( a movem5t1 poorly hidd5 tr5* "w1 or useless noise 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,sil5ce is "o ( ! ess5tial rules ( ! tr5*4 ,sil5ce 9 a sector 9 :i* troops are prop]ly discipl9$ enables ! *ief to rapidly transmit 8 ord]s & ! m5 to accompli% same )\t delay4 ,daily ,reports3--,9 ea* sector1 f ! capta9 up1 ! diff]5t comm&]s mu/ furni% a daily report4 ,^! are co-ord9at$ 9 ! headqu>t]s ( ! sector comm&]1 & aft]w>ds s5t to ! division headqu>t]s4 7a7 ,telephone ,reports3-- ,night report4 #e a4 m4 to #g a4 m4 ,day report4 #c p4 m4 to #e p4 m4 ,^! reports conta9 ! ma9 ev5ts ( ! "t cov]$4 ,simil> messages are s5t at any "t important ev5ts occur1 su* z heavy %ell+1 important in=mation ( ! enemy1 activities 9 ! air1 etc4 7b7 ,writt5 ,reports3--,! daily morn+ writt5 reports conta9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #a4 ,g5]al aspect ( ! sector4 #b4 ,important ev5ts ( ! day4 7,! ev5ts mu/ be report$ 9 detail1 = example3 ,a report ( %ell+ mu/ conta9 ! details z to ! area bomb>d$1 ! calib] ( ! gun us$1 & ! "t & direction ( same1 etc47 #c4 ,casualties 7w\nd$1 kill$1 & miss+74 #d4 ,consumption ( ammunition4 #e4 ,reque/s = miscellane\s equipm5t & mat]ial4 ,?is report is sign$ by ! *iefs ( ! area responsible = ! in=mation 9 ! report4 ,along ) ?is (ficial report is add$ a second writt5 report ) ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 #a4 ,reque/ = mat]ials = ! night4 #b4 ,obs]vation & in=mation reports 7to ! ,intellig5ce ,(fic]74 #c4 ,report ( all ! "w done 9 ! sector1 includ+ "t s*$ule ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance4 ,use ( ,infantry & ,artill]y ,weapons1 & ,liaison ,ma*9e ,guns4 ,! tactical use & location ( ma*9e guns 9 ! sector dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ two po9ts3 7a7 ,ma*9e gun emplacem5ts mu/ be ?or\ghly conceal$ & dur+ ! bomb>dm5t ! ,m4 ,g4 itself is kept "u cov] 9 a dug\t4 ,previ\s to an attack ( ! enemy1 8 artill]y se>*es ! position = ! de/ruction ( ! ma*9e guns & _! emplacem5ts1 because !y are ! mo/ p[]ful weapons ( ! def5se4 ,if invisible casemates c be con/ruct$ ?is practice is good4 ,! be/ me?od is1 h[ev]1 to prep>e sev]al emplacem5ts1 prop]ly cam\flag$1 ) a deep dug\t ne> at h& = ! protection ( ! ,m4 ,g4 & its crew4 ,?is %elt] mu/ be locat$ at su* a po9t t ! ,m4 ,g4 c be quickly br\ght out to any "o ( its emplacem5ts :5 ! attack develops4 ,^! emplacem5ts usually are simple pits locat$ 9 front ( ! tr5* & connect$ ) ! dug\t by a gall]y4 ,:5 emplacem5ts are de/roy$ by ho/ile artill]y fire1 or :5 !y are n possible1 ma*9e guns are pu%$ into %ell holes or op]at$ on ! op5 gr\nd4 ,%ell holes out 9 front give ! be/ s]vice z emplacem5ts = a d>+ ,m4 ,g4 crew4 ,! ,fr5* success at ,v]dun dep5d$ to a great ext5t ^u ! judici\s use ( %ell holes = ,m4 ,g4 flank+ fire4 7b7 ,ma*9e guns are n only locat$ 9 ! fir/ l9e1 b are dispos$ ?r\gh\t ! int]ior ( ! position4 ,! ho/ile artill]y may entirely de/roy ! fir/ l9e ( def5ses1 b ! prop] disposition ( ma*9e guns = flank+ fire 9 ! int]ior l9es w prev5t ! enemy's progress aft] p5etrat+ ! position4 ,ma*9e guns are s locat$ 9 ! position z to cov] all ! space betwe5 ! diff]5t l9es ) flank+ fire4 ,usually ?ree pickets def9e ! sector to be cov]$ by any "o ,m4 ,g41 "o at ! ,m4 ,g4 & two limit+ its sector ( fire4 ,9 a sector1 ( ! ma*9e guns are locat$ 91 or ne> ! fir/ l9e1 is dispos$ ( 9 ! support l9e or 9 ! r$\bt4 ,! la/ is assign$ to ! ?ird l9e4 ,9 ea* l9e ma*9e guns are "u ! comm& ( ! *ief ( ! area4 ,z a g5]al rule1 9 ! fir/ l9e1 automatic-ma*9e rifles1 because ( _! mobility1 are us$ in/ead ( ma*9e guns4 ,/&+ ord]s are1 t ,m4 ,g4 crews w nev] surr5d]1 b fight to ! la/ man4 ,(t5 ! t5acity ( a ,m4 ,g4 crew has p]mitt$ ! retak+ ( an area o!rwise lo/4 ,tr5* ,mort>s4 ,9 ea* sector !re are locat$ a c]ta9 numb] ( tr5* mort>s4 ,^! are effici5t weapons1 b mu/ be us$ ) c>e1 because !y w ne>ly always draw conc5trat$ artill]y fire4 ,!y are us$ = ! de/ruction ( special po9ts 9 ! enemy's l9es t ! artill]y _c rea*4 ,!y are employ$ 9 ! prep>ation = an (f5sive aga9/ ! enemy's fir/ l9e1 ei!r = an attack or = a raid4 ,!y are us$ = reply fire aga9/ enemy's tr5* mort>s4 ,!y p>ticipate 9 e/abli%+ b>rages4 ,! effici5cy ( tr5* mort>s _c be ov]e/imat$1 b at ! same "t1 great precaution mu/ be tak5 9 _! use & concealm5t4 ,! p]sonnel requir$ to s]ve ! light tr5* mort>s are tak5 f ! g>rison ( ! sector & belong to a special headqu>t]s unit1 a platoon ( bomb>di]s4 ,! l>ge tr5* mort>s are comm&$ by an artill]y (fic] :o keeps himself con/antly 9 liaison ) ! comm&] ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance4 ,he consults ! latt] on ! location ( 8 mort>s & especially ^u _! use4 ,he also reports to ! comm&] ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance all ord]s he receives f 8 artill]y *ief4 ,?is artill]y (fic] always works 9 co-op]ation ) ! *ief ( 8 area1 :o 9 turn gives him all necess>y in=mation & help4 ,especially does ! mort> comm&] require help = ! supply ( ammunition4 ,artill]y ,support 9 a ,sector ,composition ( ! ,artill]y ,support4 ,! light artill]y ( ?is sector is n directly "u ! comm& ( ! ,division ,comm&]4 ,! ,comm&+ ,(fic] ( ! light artill]y1 usually a ,colonel1 9 coop]ation ) ! *ief ( ! sector1 divides x into diff]5t p>ts1 assign+ "o to ea* ( ! c5t]s ( resi/ance4 ,?is artill]y is call$ support artill]y4 ,z we %all see lat] ?is practice is usually ! same 9 ! (f5sive4 ,! am\nt ( artill]y allott$ z support dep5ds ^u ! tactical situation1 9 o!r words1 ! activity ( ! enemy4 ,9 ! ,v]dun & ,*ampagne (f5sives ! disposition ( light artill]y 0 ! same 9 pr9ciple z t = ! def5sive1 t is to say1 "o troop ( artill]y consi/+ ( #c batt]ies 0 assign$ to ea* infantry battalion4 ,! g5]al use ( ?is artill]y1 is3 7a7 ,to protect ! infantry ) b>rage fire4 7b7 ,prosecution ( de/ruction ( ! enemy's p]sonnel & works4 ,tactical ,liaison betwe5 ,infantry & ,ord]ly4 ,to c>ry out its functions1 ! artill]y support mu/ be 9 p]fect liaison ) ! infantry1 & only :5 ?is is done is co-op]ation ( ! two arms possible4 ,?is liaison is obta9$ by ! foll[+ five means3 7a7 ,organization ( ,lead]%ip3--,= ! full co-op]ation ( ! infantry & artill]y1 ! latt] is n kept entirely indep5d5t1 b is divid$ & assign$ to infantry unit4 ,ea* *ief ( sector & ea* *ief ( c5t] ( resi/ance kn[s :at artill]y mu/ support him if he ne$s x4 ,! comm&] ( ! artill]y support is n exactly "u ! comm& ( ! infantry *ief ( area1 b he is at ! latt]'s disposal = c]ta9 calls = support fire4 ,! prop] co-op]ation ( ^! two (fic]s w give effici5t results4 7b7 ,relation betwe5 ,artill]y & ,infantry ,comm&]s3--,! be/ ( relations mu/ be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! artill]y & infantry comm&]s4 ,usually1 x is n possible to locate ! comm&+ po/s ( ! two (fic]s close toge!r4 ,ea* has 8 area or unit to comm& & = t purpose mu/ be locat$ = ! prop] control ( ! same4 ,! support artill]y comm&]1 h[ev]1 %\ld make frequ5t visits to ! infantry lead] & 8 area4 ,he %\ld also s5d 8 subord9ate artill]y (fic]s into ! infantry area to become acqua9t$ ) ! fir/ l9e1 ! conditions 9 8,no ,man's ,l&10 ! enemy's l9es1 & to ga!r all ! in=mation possible f ! infantry (fic]s 9 ! tr5*es4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be done to fo/] good relations betwe5 ! infantry & _! support artill]y & ?is is be/ done by frequ5t visits ( ! artill]y (fic]s to ! infantry tr5*es to ga!r in=mation = artill]y data4 7c7 ,communication ( ,ord]s3--,x is necess>y t ! ord]s receiv$ by ! infantry comm&] be communicat$ 9 :ole or 9 "p to ! artill]y comm&]1 & vice v]sa4 ,= in/ance1 if ! *ief ( area receives ord]s to s5d out a fight+ patrol or a raid1 ?is in=mation is s5t to ! artill]y comm&]1 :o1 9 turn1 s5ds back 8 plan ( action4 ,simil>ly1 :5 ! artill]y comm&] expects to c>ry out special fires n call$ = by ! infantry1 su* z de/ructive %ell+1 h>ass+ fires1 etc41 he %\ld fir/ notify 8 infantry *ief ( area4 ,simil>ly1 any useful in=mation pick$ up1 ei!r by ! infantry or artill]y1 mu/ be communicat$ to ! o!r4 ,! daily report ( ! *ief ( sector & ! obs]vation report ( ! ,intellig5ce ,(fic] are s5t direct to ! comm&] ( ! artill]y support4 ,valuable in=mation obta9$ at ! artill]y obs]vation po/s is s5t to ! infantry4 7d7 ,means ( ,communication3--,! pr9cipal ( ! organization ( ! diff]5t means ( communication is su* z to assure ! be/ liaison betwe5 ! two arms4 ,telephone l9es1 se>*light signals1 runn]s1 etc41 are e/abli%$ directly betwe5 a unit ( infantry & its artill]y support4 ,?is is to avoid loss ( "t & useless int]ruption betwe5 lead]s4 ,illu/ration 7e7 ,deta*m5ts = ,liaison & ,obs]vation3--,= m effici5t liaison betwe5 ! artill]y & ! infantry1 usually a c]ta9 numb] ( artill]ym5 are s5t f ! gr\p ( ! artill]y ,support to ! infantry 9 _! area4 ,usually a special deta*m5t ( artill]ym5 is s5t4 ,?is deta*m5t is made up ( "o (fic]1 *ief ( ! deta*m5t1 :o is s5t to ! *ief ( sector1 "o ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 to ea* *ief ( a c5t] ( resi/ance1 ! re/ z telephone op]ators & artill]y ord]lies4 ,?is disposition ( artill]ym5 9 ! infantry area is obligatory = an attack1 b x is s practical t x is n[ employ$ 9 ! sector organization4 ,! task ( ^! artill]y (fic]s or ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 is3-- 7#a7 ,to control all means ( communication ) ! batt]ies ( ! artill]y support4 7#b7 ,to transmit to ! artill]y ! diff]5t calls = fire1 & 9 te*nical t]ms to give ! prop] data = ! lay+ ( ! pieces on ! t>get1 & ! k9d ( fire requir$4 ,use ( ,artill]y ,support4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( fire are execut$ by ! artill]y support4 ,! mo/ important is ! b>rage4 ,b>rage4 ,purpose3--,! purpose ( a b>rage is to /op a ho/ile attack be=e x c get />t$1 or to h9d] enemies' re9=cem5ts or res]ve troops f com+ =w>d4 ,=m3--,! b>rage is a curta9 ( fire let d[n 9 8,no ,man's ,l&0 z close 9 front ( y\r fir/ l9e z possible )\t loss to y\r own g>rison4 ,?is w be ab\t #aej or #bjj y>ds to ! front1 betwe5 ! two l9es ( tr5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,location ,,( ,,artill]y ,,= ,,b>rage ,front ( ! ,b>rage3--,! b>rage has real value only if x is impassible4 ,?is w be if ! d5sity ( ! fire is s great t ! dang] zones ( ! explosions ( ! individual %ells ov]lap ea* o!r4 ,! allott+ ( "o troop ( artill]y1 #ab guns1 = an infantry battalion is q suffici5t = ?is purpose if ! front ( ! battalion does n exce$ ! av]age l5g? ( f #djj to #fjj y>ds4 ,duration3--,! b>rage is a bur/ ( fire :i* la/s f six to t5 m9utes4 ,at ! beg9n+ ! fire is v rapid & t[>ds ! end becomes sl[]4 ,= in/ance1 = ! fir/ six m9utes ! fire may be six r\nds p] gun & 9 ! la/ f\r m9utes1 say1 f\r r\nds p] gun4 ,successive b>rages c be c>ri$ out dep5d+ ^u ! ne$s ( ! infantry4 ,call+ = ! ,b>rage3--,b>rage fire1 = ! be/ results1 mu/ op5 up at ! mom5t ! ho/ile attack beg9s4 ,to accompli% ?is ! call = ! b>rage mu/ be made by an obs]v] 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,= ?is reason e (fic] 9 ! fir/ l9e has ! au?ority to call = ! b>rage4 ,! b>rage is ! only fire t c be call$ = automatically by signal4 ,! k9d & color ( ! rocket signifies ! type ( b>rage requir$ & ! front x is to cov]4 ,9 ord] to avoid mi/akes ?is rocket signal is repeat$ f "s po9t f>!r to ! re>1 usually at ! obs]vatories ( ! comm& po/ ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance1 or ( ! sector4 ,rocket signals are repeat$ until ! b>rage fire op5s4 ,confirmation ( ! b>rage is giv5 by telephone1 if possible4 ,h[ev]1 at ! fir/ signal rocket ! artill]y is requir$ to op5 up ! b>rage fire z quickly z possible )\t wait+ = confirmation4 ,b>rage fire is at ! disposal ( ! infantry & _c be refus$ by ! comm&] ( ! artill]y1 :e!r x is ju/ifi$ or n4 ,o!r ,k9ds ( ,artill]y ,fires4 ,! comm&]s ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance or ( ! sector may call on ! artill]y support = o!r fires besides ! b>rage1 su* z3 ,reprisal fire on ! enemy's l9es4 ,reply fire to ho/ile %ell+4 ,surprise fire on supply atta*m5ts or work+ p>ties4 ,de/ruction fire on special po9ts4 ,all ^! fires are call$ = by telephone1 b d n foll[ automatically l ! b>rage fire4 ,! artill]y comm&]1 9 su* case1 c use a c]ta9 am\nt ( discretion :e!r ^! fires %\ld be c>ri$ out or n4 ,la/ ( all !re is ! c\nt]-prep>ation fire1 :i* is a /rong %ell+ ( ! enemy's position4 ,x is c>ri$ out z a reply to a me?odical bomb>dm5t ( ! enemy prelim9>y to 8 (f5sive4 ,x is ! be/ means to prev5t a ho/ile attack4 ,if ?is fire is well execut$ ! enemy's assault is 8kill$ 9 ! egg0 z ! ,fr5* expression has x4 ,liaison 9 ! ,sector4 7a7 ,telephone3 ,!re are two diff]5t sy/ems ( telephones4 ,fir/1 !re is ! sy/em connect+ ! infantry comm& po/s1 support po9ts1 c5t]s ( resi/ance1 sector1 & division headqu>t]s1 ) ! comm& po/s ( ! artill]y protect+ ! diff]5t infantry areas4 ,^! are direct l9es betwe5 ! comm& po/s & ! gr\ps ( support artill]y4 ,also1 ?is sy/em connects ! comm& po/ ) obs]vatories1 depots1 m$ical aid /ations1 kit*5s1 etc4 ,secondly1 !re is ! sy/em connect+ ! *ief ( artill]y ) 8 subord9ate comm&]s1 ! artill]y obs]vation po/s1 & ! artill]y dumps4 ,9 ?is same sy/em ! artill]y comm& po/s are aga9 connect$ ) ! infantry units :i* !y are to support4 ,special l9es are run by ! artill]y to ! (fic] & ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ( ! artill]y atta*m5t ( liaison 9 ! infantry areas4 ,illu/ration3 ,telephone ,liaison4 ,consequ5tly1 ! liaison betwe5 ! artill]y & ! infantry is d\bly provid$ = 9 ^! two sy/ems4 ,! l9es ( connection betwe5 ! infantry & ! artill]y mu/ be sep>ate f ^? )9 ! infantry area & ^? betwe5 ! artill]y comm&] & 8 subord9ate units4 ,confid5tial in=mation %\ld nev] be telephon$ except 9 ciph]4 ,conv5tional designations are employ$ to call ! diff]5t po/s4 ,/rict regulations are ma9ta9$ z to :o %\ld use ! telephone & = :at purposes4 ,! weak po9t ( a telephone sy/em is t x is (t5 brok5 by bomb>dm5t or e>?-slides4 ,?is c be p>tially rem$i$ by con/ruct+ z few direct l9es z possible1 by bury+ ! wires 9 ! bottom ( ! boyaux1 & by execut+ repairs z quickly z possible4 7b7 ,wireless & ,gr\nd ,telegraphy3 ,! battalions 9 ! fir/ l9e h gr\nd telegraph app>atus connect+ !m ) ! regim5tal headqu>t]s1 & ^!1 9 turn1 c communicate ) ! g5]al headqu>t]s by wireless4 ,?is means ( communication is only employ$ :5 ! telephone _c be us$4 7c7 ,signall+3 ,x is difficult to e/abli% signal communication )9 ! sector )\t be+ se5 by ! enemy4 ,h[ev]1 at night ) fla%lights x is possible1 especially 9 hilly c\ntry1 to communicate f front to re> )9 ! position4 ,! receiv+ po/ %\ld be able to c]tify receiv$ messages4 ,:5 practicable1 communications %\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! comm& po/ ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance & ! sector comm& po/s1 & f ! latt] po/ to ! artill]y4 ,?is me?od ( liaison is organiz$ z a duplicat+ means or z a tempor>y sub/itute = ! telephone4 7d7 ,rockets3 ,signal rockets are us$ to communicate ) ! re>4 ,diff]5t =ms & colors ( rockets are us$ to signify diff]5t ?+s4 ,z we h se51 ! mo/ important use ( ! rocket is to signal = b>rage fire4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to relay a rocket signal f a second position 9 ! re> to make absolutely sure t x rea*es ! artill]y support4 ,signal rockets are also us$ to communicate ) aroplanes1 b ?is means is usually only employ$ dur+ an attack4 7e7 ,runn]s3 ,! liaison e/abli%$ ) runn]s is be/ ( all1 f ! po9t ( view t x usually nev] fails4 ,dur+ heavy %ell+ x is ! only sure means ( communication4 ,illu/ration3 ,example ( a ,*a9 ( ,runn]s4 ,! ord9>y mess5g]s or ord]lies are n us$ z runn]s4 ,a *a9 ( tra9$ runn]s is us$1 locat$ 9 a little po/1 %elt]s1 or %ell holes2 ,ea* po/ conta9s ?ree runn]s1 _! di/ance be+ f #aej to #cjj y>ds ap>t4 ,ea* runn] is select$ f ! unit locat$ ne> ! next po/ 9 ! *a91 t is1 ! "o to :i* he is to run4 ,(t5 ! divisional cavalry furni% ^! runn]s4 ,! *a9 ( runn]s is "u ! comm& ( a ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 :o is responsible = its effici5cy4 ,he has an important task on 8 h&s4 ,he mu/ assure himself t e runn] kn[s1 n only 8 two neighbor+ po/s1 b also ! g5]al direction ( ! *a94 ,he mu/ *ange disabl$ runn]s & fill gaps 9 8 *a94 ,x becomes 8 duty to in/ill into ! runn]s ! importance ( _! duty4 7f7 ,c>ri] ,pigeons3 ,c>ri] pigeons are ! la/ means ( communication4 ,!y h be5 f\nd to give excell5t s]vice dur+ heavy %ell+ or gas attacks4 ,!y d n fly v easily at night4 ,ea* comm& po/ ( a c5t] ( resi/ance 9 ! fir/ l9e has a pigeon po/4 ,^! consi/ ( two reliefs ( m51 f\r pigeons1 & ! necess>y equipm5t & food4 ,! pigeons !mselves h to be reliev$ e few days4 ,! c>e giv5 to ! birds at ! comm& po/s mu/ n be z good z t at ! dovecot 9 ! re>1 s t :5 !y are releas$ !y w return imm$iately to ! latt] place1 f :]e ! message is deliv]$ to its prop] de/9ation4 ,in/ructions = ,s5t9el1 ,wat*]1 & ,obs]v] ,s5t9el4 ,a s5t9el is a soldi] plac$ 9 ! fir/ l9e or 9 an advanc$ po/ = ! purpose ( security4 ,! duty ( ! s5t9el is to wat* & gu>d aga9/ ho/ile attack & to w>n ! *ief ( ! platoon ( e action ( ! enemy 9 8,no ,man's ,l&40 ,at night1 "o s5t9el is po/$ ab\t e t5 y>ds 9 ! fir+ tr5*4 ,dur+ ! day1 only a suffici5t numb] are po/$ to assure t all p>ts ( ! enemy's l9e & 8,no ,man's ,l&0 are obs]v$4 ,s5t9els are reliev$ e two h\rs except "u bad wea!r conditions :5 ! l5g? ( ! t\r ( duty is r$uc$4 ,e s5t9el is regul>ly po/$ by a non-commission$ (fic] :o expla9s to him 8 duties & asc]ta9s t bo? ! s5t9el & 8 relief are aw>e ( ! position ( ! platoon comm&]s & ( ! s5t9els1 on ei!r side4 ,at night1 ! s5t9els mu/ obs]ve ov] ! p>apet4 ,z little *all5g+ z possible is done & !n only 9 a v l[ voice4 ,if ! s5t9el receives no answ] to 8 *all5ge1 he %oots1 ?us giv+ ! al>m4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! s5t9el uses a p]iscope or obs]ves ?r\gh a loophole4 ,! s5t9el always has ! bayonet fix$ on 8 rifle1 :i* is load$ & ready = use4 ,he mu/ be on ! al]t = e noise1 & = ?is reason he is n all[$ to we> any e> cov]+4 ,s5t9els mu/ be in=m$ ( ! s5d+ out ( patrols1 ! approximate h\r ( dep>ture & return1 & ! g5]al direction t ! patrol is to foll[4 ,wat*]4 ,ea* platoon 9 ! tr5*es1 f ! fir/ l9e to ! re>1 mu/ h "s wat*]s1 ^: duty x is to give ! al>m bo? day & night aga9/ attack4 ,^! wat*]s d n obs]ve ! enemy z d ! s5t9els4 ,!y walk 9 ! tr5* 9 :i* ! platoon is plac$1 especially at ! entrance ( ! dug\ts or %elt]s occupi$ by ?is platoon4 ,:5 !y he> a signal ( al>m giv5 by a s5t9el or by a mess5g]1 !y wake ! platoon z quickly z possible4 ,9 g5]al1 !y give to ! *ief ( ! platoon all ! in=mation t !y h obta9$ dur+ ! "t ( _! duty4 ,:5 an (fic] or private f ano!r sector ent]s ! tr5*1 x is ! duty ( ! wat*]s to asc]ta9 ! purpose ( 8 visit4 ,wat*]s receive special ord]s to give ! al>m aga9/ a gas attack1 & mu/ s\nd ! al>m gongs & bells = ?is purpose4 ,! wat*] may h 8 rifle1 )\t bayonet1 re/+ on ! side ( ! tr5* at ! entrance ( a dug\t4 ,obs]v]4 ,! obs]v]s are specially tra9$ m5 ^: duty is to obs]ve ! ho/ile position & to ga9 all ! in=mation t !y c obta9 ( ! enemy's activities4 ,ea* man 9 ! company c be us$ z a s5t9el or z a wat*]1 b n all z obs]v]s4 ,to become an obs]v]1 a man mu/ h a special capacity = ?is task4 ,ea* platoon %\ld h at lea/ six su* obs]v]s ( prop] qualification2 good eyesight & he>+1 pati5t1 & a good %ot4 ,!y are reliev$ e two h\rs4 ,obs]vation duty is c>ri$ out 9 daylight4 ,! obs]v]s are ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ,9 ea* company ! platoon obs]v]s are di/ribut$ 9 a numb] ( obs]vation po/s especially *os5 = ?is purpose4 ,^! po/s are locat$ 9 ! support po9t ( ! company :i* may be 9 advance ( ! fir+ l9e1 9 ! fir+ l9e1 or 9 any po9t )9 ! position t has a wide view ( ! front4 ,^! obs]v]s employ p]iscopes or field glasses4 ,ev]y?+ ( note t is obs]v$ is record$ & f ?is data ! capta9 makes out 8 daily obs]vation report4 7#b7 ,also1 9 ! sector1 !re are special obs]vatories belong+ to ! headqu>t]s ( ! regim5t1 "u ! comm& ( ! intellig5ce (fic] ( ! sector4 ,!re are usually two or ?ree obs]vatories1 f :i* ! in=mation is transmitt$ directly to ! colonel4 ,^! obs]vatories are furni%$ ) field glasses1 maps1 & telephones4 ,9 g5]al1 all obs]v]s are requir$ to obta9 all possible in=mation ( ! enemy1 to record all modifications ( ! ho/ile position 9 its works & wire entanglem5ts1 all ! movem5ts t !y c obs]ve1 all work+ p>ties t !y c discov]4 ,also1 !y receive special ord]s = ! cases !y mu/ report to ! comm&]1 z = in/ance3 %ell+ ( ! position by artill]y or tr5* mort>s1 gas attacks1 signal rockets fir$ 9 ! front l9e1 activities ( ! aviation s]vices1 :e!r ( fri5d or enemy4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,relief ,i4 ,def9itions & ,pr9ciples ,!re are two k9ds ( reliefs1 ,g5]al & ,int]ior reliefs4 ,a ,g5]al ,relief is "o :]e a l>ge unit1 su* z a division or an army corps1 is reliev$ f its position on ! front4 ,an ,int]ior ,relief is "o :]e a small unit1 su* z a company1 battalion1 or regim5t1 is reliev$ f its area by ano!r unit ( ! same division )9 ! position4 ,a g5]al relief takes place = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,9 ord] to s5d a unit f> to ! re> to good billets = complete re/ & p]haps = recruit+4 ,to )draw & ga!r toge!r ! units ( a corps1 = ! purpose ( tra9+ = an (f5sive4 ,to p]mit ! /rategical movem5t ( l>ge units along ! entire front4 ,illu/ration3 ,int]ior ,relief 9 ! ,division ,g5]al reliefs %\ld n be made any (t5] ?an necess>y z !y h9d] me?odical & cont9u\s organization ( ! def5se1 obs]vation ( ! enemy1 & ! prep>ation ( contemplat$ (f5sives4 ,x is = ! express purpose ( decreas+ ! numb] ( g5]al reliefs t troops are dispos$ 9 dep? 9 a position s t cont9u\s def5se ( ! sector w be assur$ by means ( successive int]ior reliefs4 ,z an example ( int]ior reliefs1 we w consid] a division hold+ a "p ( ! front ) two regim5ts dispos$ 9 ! fir/ position1 "o regim5t ne> ! second position 9 billets1 & ! f\r? /ill f>!r to ! re> 9 complete re/4 ,^! regim5ts1 by a sy/em ( int]ior reliefs1 w rotate to equalize ! t\rs ( duty 9 ! fir/ position4 ,simil>ly ! battalions ( ! regim5ts 9 ! fir/ position w rotate to give equal divisions ( "t to ea* 9 ! fir/ l9es4 ,assum+ t a p]iod ( six to eight days sp5t 9 ! front l9e is a fair av]age1 & consid]+ ! fact t troops are dispos$ 9 dep? ?r\gh\t ! ?ree l9es1 diff]5t comb9ations ( reliefs are possible4 ,! "w ( mak+ out ! s*$ule ( reliefs falls ^u a division ( ! g5]al headqu>t]s4 ,! sector p]iod is v>iable ) ! activity ( ! enemy & conditions ( life 9 ! tr5*es4 ,dur+ ! ,g]man (f5sive at ,v]dun ! sector p]iod 0 f\r days1 :ile 9 ,lorra9e dur+ t "t ! same size unit c\ld rema9 9 ! tr5*es = ?ree mon?s )\t necessity ( relief4 ,,ii4 ,prelim9>y ,dispositions = ! ,relief ,"t to ,prep>e ! ,relief4 ,usually ! ord] = ! relief is issu$ f ! g5]al headqu>t]s to ! regim5t =ty-eight h\rs previ\s to its execution4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 = tactical reasons1 su* "t _c be all[$ & ! regim5t may h to g imm$iately into ! tr5*es4 ,9 su* case1 ! diff]5t op]ations ( ! relief1 :i* are tak5 up 9 ?is *apt]1 are %ort5$ b mu/ n be c>elessly execut$4 ,9 ! pres5t condition ( tr5* w>f>e ! prop] execution ( a relief is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,prep>ation4 ,a relief is execut$ at night4 ,?irty-six h\rs be=e ! relief is made ! m5 ( ! reliev+ units proce$ to clean & get 9 %ape _! arms1 equipm5t1 & clo?+4 ,:5 ! relief is n = a special (f5sive op]ation1 ! troops g into ! tr5*es ) full equipm5t4 ,all non-regulation articles are left beh9d ) ! regim5tal tra91 9 c>e ( ! non-commission$ (fic] left ) x4 ,also1 ! files1 books1 & (ficial pap]s ( ! unit are left "h4 ,! regim5tal tra9 e/abli%es itself 9 re> ( ! sector ( its regim5t4 ,besides ?is mat]ial prep>ation1 ! (fic]s ( ! reliev+ companies are responsible = ! morale ( _! troops4 ,be=e go+ into ! tr5*es !re may be "s appreh5sion on ! "p ( ! troops1 :i* mu/ be dispell$ by ! (fic]s4 ,! great factor ( depression is ! my/]y ( :at is n kn[n ( ! sector ab\t to be ent]$4 ,platoon lead]s & company (fic]s try to cle> up ?is difficulty by tell+ _! m5 :at is kn[n ( ! sector !y are go+ to hold1 & o!rwise speak+ words ( enc\ragem5t4 ,reconnaissance4 ,prior to tak+ ov] a sector1 a prelim9>y reconnaissance is made by a c]ta9 numb] ( (fic]s & ord]lies4 ,!y are3 ,= ! ,regim5t--,! colonel & "p ( 8 headqu>t]s /aff 7adjutant1 intellig5ce (fic]1 telephone (fic]1 eng9e] (fic]1 m$ical (fic]1 supply (fic]74 ,= ! ,battalion--,! battalion comm&] & 8 adjutant4 ,= ! ,companies--,! company comm&] & "o (fic] = ea* company4 ,ma*9e gun company comm&] & "o ma*9e gun (fic]4 ,! comm&] ( ! #cg mm4 gun platoon4 ,mess5g]s & telephone m5 at ! discretion ( ! adjutant & ! company comm&]s4 ,! above reconnaissance p>ties w g into ! tr5*es on ! morn+ ( ! day prec$+ ! night relief4 ,!y mu/ />t e>ly en\gh to p]mit a c]ta9 numb] ( (fic]s ( ^! p>ties to return to ! billets ) all details & in=mation necess>y = ! movem5t ( ! relief into ! sector4 ,! adjutant & ! lieut5ants ( ea* company rema9 9 ! tr5*es until ! relief arrives4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ "t !y mu/ acqua9t !mselves ) all details ( ! sector necess>y = ! execution ( its def5se4 ,?is prelim9>y reconnaissance af=ds an opportunity to ! diff]5t lead]s & *iefs ( s]vices to note ! p>ticul> ?+s ( int]e/ to ea*4 ,= ! ,colonel or ,battalion ,comm&]--,! g5]al organization & def5se ( _! area4 ,= ! ,adjutants--,! works "u con/ruction1 precautions aga9/ gas attacks1 etc4 ,= ,(fic]s ( ! ,regim5tal ,headqu>t]s ,co4--,in=mation z foll[s3 ,in=mation ,s]vice--,activity ( ! enemy1 microphones1 obs]vation po/s & obs]vatories1 c>ri] pigeon po/s1 signal rockets4 ,telegraph ,s]vice--,telephone sy/ems1 fla%light po/s1 wireless or gr\nd telegraphy in/allations4 ,eng9e] & ,ordnance ,s]vice--,depots & supply 7mat]ial & ammunition71 special eng9e] works1 tr5* mort> emplacem5ts4 ,m$ical ,s]vice--,dress+ /ations1 evacuation ( ! w\nd$1 hygi5e 7latr9es1 etc474 ,supply ,(fic]--,emplacem5ts ( ! kit*5s1 food supply4 ,= ! ,company ,comm&]--,location ( ! platoons 7numb] ( m5 hold+ ! fir/ l9e & di/ribution ( same2 platoons 9 ! cov] tr5* & support l9e74 ,%elt] accommodations1 al>m signals1 artill]y support 7limits ( b>rage fronts & b>rage calls74 ,c\nt] attacks 7troops & directions = c\nt] attacks74 ,in=mation ( ! enemy 7obs]vation po/s ( ! support po9t74 ,supply 7eng9e] dumps1 kit*5s1 ration supply p>ties1 wat]74 ,= ! ,ma*9e ,gun ,company ,comm&]--,di/ribution ( ma*9e guns & emplacem5ts1 limits ( ma*9e gun fire sectors1 em]g5cy & special uses ( ,m4 ,g4 ,:5 su* a complete reconnaissance _c be made1 only comm&]s ( units prec$e _! troops & make a %ort reconnaissance ( "o or two h\rs4 ,relief ,ord]s 7#a7 ,regim5tal ,ord]s4 ,usually ! g5]al ord] = ! relief ( a sector is settl$ on 9 conf]5ce by ! colonels ( ! reliev+ & reliev$ regim5ts4 ,?is ord] is s5t to ! battalion comm&]s1 if possible1 be=e ! reconnaissance4 ,! ord] ( relief conta9s ! foll[+ p>agraphs3 ,day & h\r ( ! relief1 designat+ ! reliev+ & reliev$ units4 ,! "n1 limits1 & division ( ! sector ) designations ( ! neighbor+ units4 ,in=mation ( ! artill]y support1 its composition & emplacem5ts4 ,ord]s = ! reconnaissance1 its composition1 & ! h\r :5 x mu/ be f9i%$4 ,ord]s = ! movem5t ( ! relief2 m>* ( ! regim5t f ! initial po9t to ! po9t ( disp]sion :]e ! battalions bran* (f to _! p>ticul> areas4 ,if ! regim5t is transport$ 9 motor trucks1 po9ts & ord]s = entra9+ & detra9+4 ,h\rs ( dep>ture ( ea* battalion f ! disp]sion po9t & special it9]>ies = ea*4 ,movem5t ( ! reliev$ troops4 ,assembly po9ts ( ^! battalions4 ,movem5t ( ! regim5tal tra9s1 relief ( ! kit*5s1 supply measures = furni%+ ( provisions1 ord]s = ! sanit>y p]sonnel4 ,h\r at :i* ! new colonel takes comm& ( ! sector4 7#b7 ,battalion ,ord]s4 ,all details = ! relief are fix$ 9 ! battalion relief ord] issu$ by ! battalion comm&]4 ,?is ord] is s5t out imm$iately ^u 8 return f ! prelim9>y reconnaissance & 9 accordance ) ! regim5tal ord]4 ,! battalion relief ord] conta9s ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,h\r ( leav+ ! disp]sion po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>* ( a ,regim5t to ! ,relief ,ord] ( m>* ( ! units 7! companies m>* 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are to relieve ! units 9 ! sector1 f "r to left 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & simil>ly 9 ! support l9e74 ,it9]>y to ! entrance ( ! tr5*es4 ,meet+ ( ! guides1 h\r & po9t ( r5dezv\s1 function ( ! guides ( ! reliev$ battalions4 ,movem5t ( headqu>t]s1 & r5dezv\s ( ! mess5g]s t ea* company s5ds to headqu>t]s to e/abli% liaison4 ,ord] ( supply4 ,additional details 7result ( ! reconnaissance74 ,dep>ture4 ,be=e dep>ture1 ea* company is inspect$ by its company comm&]1 :o mu/ see t ea* man has 8 cante5 full1 8 rations = ! day1 a full supply ( c>tridges1 ! magaz9e ( 8 rifle load$ 7no c>tridges 9 ! *amb]71 & 8 gas mask 9 good condition4 ,9 w9t] ! reliev+ troops w f9d a supply ( blankets & tr5* boots 9 ! sector4 ,usually ea* man %\ld c>ry an extra supply ( c>tridges above t laid d[n by regulation1 & two s&bags4 ,!re %\ld be a c]ta9 numb] ( fla%lights & c&les to ! company 7ea* corporal c>ry+ a m9imum ( two c&les74 ,j previ\s to dep>ture or entra9+ ! battalion comm&] himself makes a g5]al inspection ( 8 unit4 ,,iii4 ,movem5t ( ! ,relief ,m>* to ! ,r5dezv\s ,po9t ( ! ,guides4 ,usually ! regim5t m>*es1 b x is sometimes transport$ 9 motor trucks1 up to a po9t 9 ! re> ( ! sector1 call$ ! po9t ( disp]sion1 f :i* ! diff]5t battalions bran* (f successively to g to _! respective areas4 ,?is practice avoids ! cross+ ( units4 ,a %ort meal may be _h by ! regim5t at ! po9t ( disp]sion4 ,! di/ance ( ?is po9t beh9d ! sector & ! "t ( arrival ( ! reliev+ unit mu/ be c>efully calculat$ s t ! relief may be f9i%$ e>ly en\gh to p]mit ! unit reliev$ to get out ( sight ( ! enemy be=e daylight4 ,:5 ! battalions leave ! r5dezv\s po9t1 ea* company s5ds to ! battalion headqu>t]s two mess5g]s = ! purpose ( liaison4 ,! units n[ foll[ ! prescrib$ it9]>ies up to ! r5dezv\s po9t :]e ! guides are met4 ,guides4 ,dur+ ! reconnaissance1 ! company to be reliev$ details c]ta9 m5 to act z guides = ! incom+ company4 ,an av]age ( two guides is furni%$ = ea* platoon1 "o = ea* company headqu>t]s1 & "o = ea* battalion headqu>t]s4 ,^! guides await ! arrival ( ! diff]5t units at a c]ta9 po9t call$ ! r5dezv\s po9t ( ! guides4 ,usually ?is po9t is at ! entrance ( ! boyau4 ,z sev]al guides are usually gr\p$ at ! same r5dezv\s po9t1 !y mu/ be al]t to meet ! unit to :i* !y are assign$4 ,a non-commission$ (fic] ( ! retir+ battalion is 9 *>ge ( ?is gr\p & he is responsible t ea* guide f9ds 8 unit4 ,ea* guide1 ( c\rse1 mu/ "k ! be/ & safe/ r\te by :i* to conduct ! unit to ! position x mu/ occupy4 ,m>* 9 ! ,boyaux4 ,f ! r5dezv\s po9t1 ! companies cont9ue _! m>* 9 ! boyaux :i* are assign$ to !m4 ,"o guide leads ea* platoon :ile ! second guide br+s up its re>4 ,! lead+ guide mu/ in=m ! platoon comm&] ( ! diff]5t po9ts ( int]e/ t are pass$1 su* z ea* l9e ( ! sector1 regim5tal or battalion comm& po/s1 depots1 wat] po9ts1 etc4 ,! m>* 9 ! n>r[ boyau ( an unkn[n sector1 9 ! d>kness1 & ) full equipm5t1 is difficult & depress+4 ,consequ5tly1 ! rate ( m>* mu/ be sl[4 ,:5 ! head ( ! column meets an ob/acle1 a w>n+ ^w is pass$ to ! re> along ! s+le file4 ,?is rule is above all useful to prev5t accid5t to telephone wires4 ,! m>* mu/ be execut$ )\t noise4 ,ord]s are giv5 9 l[ tones4 ,smok+ or ! use ( fla%lights is prohibit$4 ,no discipl9>y measure is too sev]e t w prev5t ! enemy f discov]+ ! relief4 ,x is absolutely prohibit$ to talk ov] ! telephone conc]n+ a relief o!rwise ?an 9 ciph]4 ,,iv4 ,occupation ( ! ,position ,details ( ! ,relief4 ,if ! two units h ! same numb] ( m51 ! reliev+ ( "o unit by ! o!r is simple en\gh4 ,b (t5 ! relief is complicat$ by ! fact t ei!r ! ext5t ( front or ! numb] ( effectives is diff]5t4 ,9 su* a case1 ! (fic]s ( ! two units mu/ settle1 dur+ ! reconnaissance1 ^u ! necess>y modifications = an effective & exp$iti\s relief4 ,:5 ! company arrives at ! comm& po/ ( ! capta91 ! platoons are reliev$ f "r to left 9 ! fir/ l9e1 !n 9 ! cov] tr5* 9 ! same ord]4 ,if !re is a platoon 9 ! support l9e ?is is next reliev$4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e1 ! relief ( ! platoons is execut$ 9 two p>ts4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! s5t9els1 obs]v]s1 wat*]s1 m5 9 ! li/5+ po/s1 & ! ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ( ! wat* are reliev$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! rema9+ m5 ( ! platoon are reliev$4 ,! m5 ( ! old platoon occupy _! places at 8,/& ,to40 ,! reliev+ platoon files 9 & /eps up on ! fir+ /ep4 ,at ! comm& 8,pass0 :i* is giv5 quietly1 ! old & new platoons *ange places4 ,ea* retir+ lead]1 ( :atev] comm& he may be1 h&s ov] 8 ord]s & in=mation to ! correspond+ lead] :o relieves him4 ,= example1 "o platoon lead] w turn ov] to ! o!r all in=mation conc]n+ gu>d duty1 def5se ( ! l9e1 condition ( ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts1 patroll+1 & %elt] accommodations4 ,?is mu/ be execut$ rapidly b ) precision4 ,! platoon reliev$ assembles at ! entrance to ! boyau1 & leaves ! tr5*es "u ! *ief ( platoon4 ,?is is n done1 h[ev]1 until ! platoon lead] has report$ to 8 capta91 by means ( 8 guides1 ! execution ( ! relief4 ,! old capta9 fixes a po9t = ! assembl+ ( 8 platoons1 b ?is po9t mu/ be f> en\gh to ! re> to avoid block+ ( ! boyaux & out ( rea* ( ho/ile gr5ade & tr5* mort> fire4 ,9 ! meantime1 at ! comm& po/ ( ! support po9t1 ! new capta9 acqua9ts himself ) all in=mation & ord]s p]ta9+ to ! support po9t f ! old capta94 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$ he telephones ! comm& po/ ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance ! completion ( ! relief1 & asks if 8 pr$ecessor may retire4 ,! reliev$ company !n takes up ! m>*1 foll[+ ! prescrib$ r\te up to ! assembly po9t ( ! battalion4 ,x may be /at$ "h t ! reliev$ units mu/ leave _! tr5*es 9 z clean & sanit>y a condition z possible4 ,! "w ( cle>+ up ! %elt]s & latr9es mu/ be ?or\ghly done be=e ! arrival ( ! new units4 ,depots mu/ be left 9 good condition & conta9 ! am\nt ( supplies call$ = by regulations4 ,! platoon comm&] is responsible t 8 m5 d n =get1 tools & cook+ ut5sils 9 ! tr5*es4 ,duties aft] ! ,relief4 ,9 ea* support po9t1 ! new capta9 imm$iately e/abli%es liaison ) ! comm& po/s ( ! neighbor+ units to "r & left4 ,communication betwe5 ! capta9 & 8 battalion comm&] is obta9$ by means ( ! two mess5g]s detail$ to ! battalion = t purpose & :o n[ return to _! company4 ,:5 ! battalion comm&] has receiv$ ! in=mation f all 8 capta9s t ! relief ( 8 area is f9i%$1 he reports ! same by telephone to 8 colonel4 ,a confirmation ( ?is report w be made ! next morn+ 9 8 daily writt5 report :i* w cov] ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,! g5]al condition ( ! relief4 ,h\r ( completion ( ! relief4 ,casualties dur+ ! relief4 ,liv+ conditions 9 ! tr5*es4 ,reque/s = tactical modifications 7new dispositions ( ! g>rison74 ,! relief f9i%$1 ! battalion comm&] mu/ also e/abli% 8 liaison lat]ally & to ! front & re>1 b especially ) 8 artill]y support1 by means ( ! artill]y ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 detail$ to 8 area = t purpose4 ,f9ally1 ! battalion comm&] inve/igates & p]fects ! organization ( ! food supply4 ,9 ! sector headqu>t]s1 ! new sector comm&] w f9d on file all records1 reports1 ord]s1 & detail$ in=mation conc]n+ all ! elem5ts ( def5se ( ! sector4 ,! sector file w conta9 ! foll[+ docum5ts3 ,plan ( organization4 ,plan ( def5se4 ,files ( in=mation conc]n+3 ,ma*9e guns4 ,tr5* mort>s4 ,artill]y support 7table ( b>rages & o!r fires74 ,liaison 7telephones1 runn]s1 signall+1 etc474 ,supply & evacuation4 ,measures to combat gas attacks4 ,besides ^! are ! files ( ! diff]5t reports3 ,sector daily reports 7kept by ! adjutant74 ,intellig5ce reports 7kept by ! intellig5ce (fic]74 ,con/ruction reports 7kept by ! eng9e] (fic]74 ,maps1 sket*es1 & aroplane photographs 7kept by int4 (fic]74 ,inv5tory ( ! sector depot 7kept by eng9e] (fic]74 ,any (fic] ( ! sector1 z = example a ma*9e gun (fic]1 has access to ?is file to m ?or\ghly acqua9t himself = ! execution ( 8 duties4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,def5se ,,( ,a ,,position ,diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,ho/ile ,attacks ,surprise ,attacks4 ,^! may be raids or local attacks4 ,a raid is usually = ! purpose ( tak+ prison]s2 & a local attack1 to capture a "p ( ! l9e4 ,^! op]ations may be c>ri$ out )\t a prelim9>y bomb>dm5t1 b are usually prec$$ by a %ort int5se bomb>dm5t to de/roy wire entanglem5ts4 ,attacks 9 ,=ce4 ,su* an attack may be made on a l>g] "p ( ! l9e1 z a p>ticul> sector1 or on a consid]able l5g? ( front 9 a g5]al (f5sive4 ,?is k9d ( attack is1 ( c\rse1 prec$$ by a bomb>dm5t4 ,special ,attacks4 ,special attacks are made ) gas1 liquid fire1 & m9e me?ods4 ,^! w be tak5 up 9 detail 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,surprise ,attacks ,precautions ,aga9/ ,surprise4 ,9 consid]+ precautions aga9/ surprise attacks1 x is n a "q ( combat+ patrols or enemy's reconnaissance p>ties ^: missions are to se>* out in=mation ( y\r int5tions & situation4 ,x is a "q ( raids & little attacks on y\r l9es4 ,aga9/ su* ho/ile op]ations ! def5se ( ! sector dep5ds ^u ! foll[+ precautions4 ,ma9t5ance ( ! ,b>b$ ,wire ,entanglem5ts4 ,a surprise attack1 to be successful1 mu/ h besides surprise ! elem5t ( swiftness4 ,! enemy mu/ make a da% across 8,no ,man's ,l&0 up to y\r fir/ l9e4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is impossible1 if y\r b>b$ wire entanglem5ts are intact4 ,consequ5tly ea* capta9 is responsible = ! ma9t5ance ( ! wire belt 9 front ( 8 l9e4 ,x is ! duty ( ! obs]vation s]vice to discov] brea*es or defects 9 y\r wire4 ,to ?is end1 ! capta9 s5ds out at night patrols to asc]ta9 ! condition ( 8 entanglem5ts4 ,if necess>y1 small deta*m5ts are s5t out at night to make repairs4 ,if ?is "w is consid]able1 he calls ^u ! battalion comm&] = special work+ p>ties to assi/4 ,! capta91 9 8 daily requisitions = mat]ial1 provides = ! supply ( wire1 *evaux-de-frise1 etc41 t he may ne$4 ,s]vice ( ,gu>d & ,obs]vation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important duties ( ! obs]v]s 9 ! fir/ l9e1 & ( ! s5t9els & patrols1 is to locate brea*es t ! enemy has made 9 y\r wire1 or to discov] ho/ile p>ties 9 ! act ( tamp]+ ) ! same4 ,brea*es or passages 9 y\r wire may be made by su* means z bangalores & pet>ds & detonators4 ,! explosion ( su* an arrangem5t is a suffici5t signal ( al>m4 ,^! are usually poor me?ods4 ,passages may be made by special ho/ile patrols us+ wire cutt]s4 ,^! wire cutt+ patrols may prec$e ! attack4 ,al]t s5t9els or y\r own h\rly patrols1 t crawl along y\r wire belt1 %\ld discov] su* op]ations4 ,! usual me?od1 h[ev]1 is to de/roy b>b$ wire by artill]y fire4 ,! object ( ho/ile %ell+ ( y\r position is n always easily detect$4 ,! enemy may c>ry out a g5]al artill]y fire on y\r position dur+ ! day1 = example1 j be=e dusk4 ,at ! same "t he w conc5trate c]ta9 batt]ies = a me?odical de/ruction ( p>ts ( y\r entanglem5t4 ,= ?is reason x is ! mission ( ! fir/ patrol1 s5t out at dusk1 to asc]ta9 ! condition ( ! b>b$ wire belt4 ,! report ( ?is patrol may c>ry important indications ( ! int5tions ( ! enemy4 ,sometimes a ho/ile surprise attack is prec$$ only by a %ort & unexpect$ bomb>dm5t4 ,regi/]+ %ots = ?is artill]y fire are made dur+ ! day4 ,^! regi/]+ %ots1 h[ev]1 are fir$ %ort ( ! wire 9 8,no ,man's ,l&0 to deceive ! obs]v]s t !y are = ! purpose ( b>rage control4 ,9 ?is case1 ! only means to baffle ! attack is to h dilig5t s5t9els to give imm$iate al>m1 & a well-tra9$ g>rison to take its place 9 ! fire tr5*es quickly4 8,/& ,to0 ,ex]cises4 ,a well-tra9$ g>rison1 accu/om$ to 8/& to0 quickly1 )\t noise & confusion1 _c be easily surpris$4 ,:5 ! call to arms is giv5 by a s5t9el1 ?is call is repeat$ by all wat*]s 9 ! successive l9es ( ! support po9t4 ,! (fic] ( ! wat* runs imm$iately to ! place ( call4 ,all ! m5 ( ! g>rison spr+ out ( _! ni*es & %elt]s1 & proce$ quickly1 )\t ord]s1 to _! appo9t$ places ( combat4 ,?is execution mu/ be automatic1 & only a frequ5t repetition ( ! 8/& to0 ex]cise c give a unit ?is result4 ,besides ^! ex]cises1 z we "k1 ! g>rison executes 8/& to0 "o h\r be=e dusk & "o h\r be=e daylight4 ,deep dug\ts are prohibit$ 9 ! fir/ l9e because !y may become traps 9 :i* ! def5d]s are tak5 prison]s1 & !y mat]ially l5g!n ! "t = ! g>rison to take its place = combat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,( ,,speciali/s ,,at 8,,/& ,,to0 ,only 9 case ( an expect$ attack & :5 ! g>rison is ready = x1 is ! al>m signal giv5 by su* special means z bells1 :i/les1 or rockets4 ,?is is exceptional4 ,! only practical al>m signal t w awak5 ! g>rison any "t dur+ ! night is ! cry 8to arms0 pass$ along & tak5 up by ev]yone4 ,rifle1 ,a4 ,m4 ,r41 & gr5ade fire f ! fir/ l9e w usually /op a surprise attack4 ,b s9ce x is impossible to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! attack+ troops1 ! def5sive artill]y b>rage is call$ =4 ,simil>ly1 ! res]ve troops locat$ 9 ! cov] & support tr5*es may be us$ = ! purposes ( re9=cem5t & c\nt]attacks1 dep5d+ ^u ! success ( ! enemy's attack4 ,! capta9 ( a support po9t mu/ n only keep up ! (f5sive _s ( 8 g>rison by all ! means ( tr5* fight+1 b he mu/ organize & ma9ta9 a vigilant gu>d & patrol s]vice = security4 ,attack 9 ,=ce ,attacks 9 =ce are c>ri$ out to capture an important position1 or !re may be a s]ies ( su* objectives along a front 9 a g5]al (f5sive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! object ( ! def5se is n only to repulse ! enemy b also to inflict ^u him z great a loss z possible4 ,! phases ( a great attack are3 ! prep>ation1 ( :i* ! f9al & mo/ important elem5t is ! bomb>dm5t2 ! assault ( ! fir/ l9e2 & ! exploitation ( success by fight+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! position4 ,! def5d+ troops mu/ combat ea* "o ( ^! phases by ! mo/ adequate measures4 ,we %all take up ^! measures 9 detail4 ,i4 ,dur+ ! ,prep>ation ( ! ,ho/ile ,attack ,reveal+ ,symptoms ( ! ,attack4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ho/ile attack reveals itself by diff]5t prep>ations3 7#a7 ,! activity ( ! enemy3 ,8 infantry w s5d out m num]\s & aggressive patrols & reconnaissance p>ties4 ,8 artill]y w increase its daily de/ructive fire4 ,x w multiply its numb] ( regi/]+ %ots1 e/abli% b>rage fires 9 ! int]ior ( y\r position1 & beg9 to conc5trate on communication r\tes4 ,8 air s]vice w take on unusual activities4 7#b7 ,vigilant obs]vation ( roads & t]ritory beh9d ! enemy's l9es may reveal convoys c>ry+ troops & supplies1 ! assembl+ ( troops 9 woods1 etc4 7smoke f _! kit*5s71 accumulation ( mat]ials 9 depots 7(t5 accompani$ by explosions 9 artill]y dumps74 7#c7 ,! obs]vation s]vice may discov] new ho/ile works1 su* z ! contraction ( p>allels ( dep>ture out 9 front ( 8 fir/ l9e4 ,!re may be also successive p>allels beh9d ! ne>e/ jump+-(f tr5*4 7#d7 ,prison]s & des]t]s1 :o become m num]\s because ( ! approa*+ (f5sive1 may give valuable in=mation conc]n+ ! com+ attack4 ,! task ( discov]+ ! enemy's prep>ation = an attack is incumb5t ^u all ranks1 b above all1 ?is duty devolves p>ticul>ly ^u ! in=mation s]vice1 balloon & air s]vice1 & artill]y obs]v]s4 ,9 ! sector1 ! intellig5ce (fic] mu/ p]fect 8 sy/em ( obs]vation to ! highe/ degree4 ,! in=mation 9 ! daily reports is c>efully sort$ & te/$4 ,prev5tive ,measures be=e ! ,attack4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ea* *ief ( area takes all prev5tive measures possible aga9/ ! com+ attack4 ,! attack is an expect$ ev5t = :i* all mu/ be prep>$4 ,! prep>ation simply consi/s 9 p]fect+ & c>ry+ out ( ! orig9al plan ( def5se4 ,p]fect+ ! ,organization ( ! ,position4 ,new l9es are creat$4 ,! numb] ( cont9u\s l9es betwe5 /rong po9ts & successive l9es = def5se 9 dep? are increas$4 ,old l9es1 :i* are enfilad$ by ! enemy or :i* d n give flank+ fire1 are rectifi$ or ab&on$ = new ones4 ,! numb] ( boyaux & communicat+ dit*es are multipli$ to facilitate ! br++ up ( re9=cem5ts4 ,new accessories ( def5se are con/ruct$ & ! old ones /r5g!n$4 ,?is is especially done 9 ! int]ior ( ! position ) respect to p>allel & p]p5dicul> b>b$ wire belts to divide ! position into comp>tm5ts capable ( all-r\nd def5se4 ,additional false works are creat$1 to wa/e ! enemy's artill]y fire1 ,! art ( cam\flage is ext5sively us$ dur+ ?is phase4 ,new %elt] accommodations & dug\ts are con/ruct$ = ! bett] protection ( ! g>rison dur+ ! prelim9>y bomb>dm5t4 ,increase ( ! ,control & ,discipl9e ( ! ,def5se4 ,! gu>d & obs]vation s]vices are re9=c$4 ,s5t9els1 obs]v]s1 & patrols are held to a /rict] acc\nt ( _! duties4 ,ma*9e gun lead]s are p>ticul> to p]fect ! disposition ( _! guns 9 dep? ( ! position = int]ior fight+4 ,! sector = ea* gun emplacem5t is c>efully v]ifi$4 ,dug\ts s]v+ z %elt]s = guns dur+ ! bomb>dm5t are /r5g!n$4 ,! support artill]y mu/ con/antly v]ify ! sett+s ( _! b>rages4 ,num]\s ex]cises are c>ri$ out = ! call ( ! b>rage ) rockets1 s z to keep ! artill]y con/antly on ! al]t4 ,liaison mu/ be assur$ by o!r means ?an ! telephone z ?is latt] sy/em usually breaks d[n "u sev]e & cont9u\s %ell+4 ,:5 ! telephone is out ( ord]1 *a9s ( runn]s mu/ be resort$ to4 ,9 ! ord9>y life ( ! tr5*es runn]s are n us$4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 an attack is expect$1 new *a9s ( runn]s mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ( ,%elt] (f ,cov] ,tr5* ,supplies 9 ! depots mu/ be kept up to contemplat$ requirem5ts4 ,besides ! regul> depots ( ! sector1 num]\s small ones are n[ e/abli%$ = ! bett] di/ribution ( extra ammunition & = ! supply ( re9=c+ & c\nt]attack troops4 ,supply p>ties are detail$ to c>ry up ammunition dur+ ! battle4 ,moral ,prep>ation ( ! ,troops4 ,:5 an attack is expect$1 ?is fact mu/ be told ! g>rison ( ea* area1 s t x c bett] prep>e = x4 ,! troops mu/ n be left 9 ignorance1 & ^u ! (fic]s in=m+ !m devolves ! responsibility ( p]=m+ ?is task 9 su* a mann] z to raise ! morale ( _! troops4 ,! m5 mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! be/ ( physical condition4 ,_! food supply mu/ be regul>1 ( good quality1 & suffici5t4 ,! t\r ( duty ( ! int]ior relief ( ! fir/ l9e is %ort5$4 ,duties dur+ ! ,prelim9>y ,bomb>dm5t4 ,! mo/ important & f9al act 9 prep>ation = ! attack is a heavy & unusual bomb>dm5t ( ! position4 ,conc5trat$ fire is br\ght to be> ^u all visible po9ts ( ! sector to demoli% tr5*es1 emplacem5ts1 dug\ts1 r\tes1 & ammunition dumps1 & to de/roy ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts4 ,c]ta9 batt]ies are detail$ = c\nt]-batt]y "w4 ,b>rages are e/abli%$ to prev5t re9=cem5ts f com+ up & to cut communications ) ! re>4 ,aga9/ ?is bomb>dm5t1 ! def5se has bo? a passive & an active rle to play4 ,illu/ration3 ,deep ,dug-out1 #bnd ,l9e ,ma9t5ance ( ! ,g>rison dur+ ! ,bomb>dm5t4 ,! viol5ce ( prelim9>y bomb>dm5ts is ev] increas+ & !re seems to be no limit4 ,high explosive %ells ( e calib] are us$ aga9/ ! position4 ,any elem5t ( y\r sy/em t is n prop]ly conceal$ & c be locat$ by ! enemy is subject$ to conc5trat$ artill]y fire until x is bl[n out ( exi/5ce4 ,casualties inflict$ ^u ! g>rison are sev]e--9 fact1 x w\ld seem f ! viol5ce ( ! artill]y fire t few ( ! g>rison c\ld escape4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! assault develops1 a ma*9e gun may be f\nd intact "h & !re 9 ! position4 ,"o or two ( ^! p[]ful weapons1 by ! use ( flank+ fire1 may be en\gh to cause ! failure ( ! enemy's attack4 ,x is possible to say t ^u ! use ( ,m4 ,g4's dep5ds ! :ole int]ior def5se ( ! sector4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! g>rison dur+ ! bomb>dm5t dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! numb] & dep? ( dug\ts4 ,! s]vice ( def5se1 h[ev]1 requires _m ( ! troops to execute _! duties 9 ! op5 tr5*es4 ,! lead]s mu/ set ! example 9 ?is respect by mak+ _! r\nds1 & tak+ _! po/s to obs]ve ! area f ! obs]vation po/s4 ,9 o!r words1 !y mu/ n /ay 9 _! dug\ts4 ,! bomb>dm5t naturally causes a great deal ( repair "w to be done4 ,?is is execut$ at night or dur+ lulls 9 ! %ell+4 ,only em]g5cy works1 h[ev]1 are execut$1 su* z repair+ ( accessory def5ses1 clean+ ( tr5*es & rebuild+ ( %elt]s4 ,:5 ?is "w becomes too heavy = ! g>rison1 res]ve troops are br\ght up to assi/4 ,reply ) ,artill]y ,fire4 ,! only means to decrease ! effectiv5ess ( ! ho/ile bomb>dm5t is to reply ) y\r own artill]y4 ,= ?is purpose1 a c]ta9 "p ( y\r artill]y is detail$ = c\nt]-batt]y "w4 ,! emplacem5ts or approximate locations ( ! ho/ile guns are set d[n on maps4 ,^! are divid$ among/ ! c\nt]-batt]y artill]y :o attempt to sil5ce or neutralize ! same4 ,9 a sector1 ! comm&] may ask = :at is kn[n z c\nt]-prep>ation fire4 ,?is fire is simil> to ! prelim9>y bomb>dm5t ( ! enemy4 ,x cov]s ! entire position ( ! enemy & is j z me?odical 9 its scope4 ,all ! artill]y t is at ! disposal ( ! g5]al is us$ = ?is purpose1 & consequ5tly ! call = ?is fire mu/ be ?r\gh ! g5]al4 ,simil> to ! c\nt]-prep>ation fire1 b on a small] scale1 is :at is kn[n z prev5tive fire :i* may be call$ = f ! support artill]y4 ,?is fire cov]s ! fir/ & second l9es & is us$ to prev5t ! enemy f assembl+ 8 troops 9 ! fir/ l9e = ! assault4 ,?is fire has be5 f\nd v effici5t4 ,x is call$ = by telephone & n automatically by rocket4 ,,ii4 ,def5se ( ! ,fir/ ,l9e dur+ a ,ho/ile ,attack ,duties ( ,wat*]s4 ,at ! mom5t ! assault is laun*$1 "p ( ! enemy's artill]y e/abli%es a b>rage on y\r fir/ l9e4 ,! re/ ( ! artill]y1 h[ev]1 cont9ues ! regul> bomb>dm5t to deceive ! def5d]s z to ! exact "t ( laun*+ ! attack4 ,!re=e1 ! exact mom5t t ! enemy comes ov] ! top c only be det]m9$ by ! wat*]s 9 y\r fir/ l9e4 ,x is _! duty to give ! al>m s t ! g>rison c rea* its place 9 ! fir+ l9e be=e ! enemy rea*es ! same4 ,?is is a matt] ( seconds & n ( m9utes4 ,consequ5tly1 ea* dug\t has a wat*] locat$ at its entrance & ma*9e gun dug\ts ma9ta9 special wat*]s4 ,= ea* wat*] at an entrance !re is a second wat*] )9 sight & call+ di/ance ready to receive ! al>m f ! fir+ tr5*4 ,if ! second wat*] is kill$1 ! wat*] at ! entrance moves up & takes 8 place :ile ano!r man f ! dug\t goes on wat* !re4 ,^! m5 are on duty only f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes at a "t4 ,by a sy/em ( relief ea* occupant ( a dug\t s]ves a t\r ( duty z a wat*]4 ,! po/ ( ! wat*] is protect$ z f> z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,position ,,( ,,wat*]s ,! ,(fic] & ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ( ! ,wat*4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ! (fic] & ! ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ( ! wat* con/antly make _! r\nds to see if ! wat*]s are p]=m+ _! duty effici5tly4 ,in/antly ! al>m is giv51 ! fir/ duty ( ! (fic] ( ! wat* is to set (f ! rockets call+ = ! b>rage4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ord]ly t accompanies him runs to ! comm& po/ ( ! capta9 :]e ! b>rage call is confirm$ by telephone & by rocket4 ,rocket signals are repeat$ & relay$ f ! same area until ! b>rage is obta9$4 ,def5d]s ( ! ,fir/ ,l9e4 ,imm$iately ! call to arms is giv51 ! troops ( ! fir/ l9e spr+ out ( _! %elt]s & take _! places at ! p>apet ( ! fir+ tr5*4 ,if ^! p>apets & fire tr5*es h be5 de/roy$1 ! troops are n 9 imm$iate grave dang]1 because at ?is mom5t ! enemy's b>rage on y\r fir/ l9e has lift$ & is progress+ t[>d ! second l9e4 ,besides ?is1 ! assault+ troops c n subject ! def5d]s to fire dur+ ! advance4 ,also1 ! assault+ column is subject$ to ! def5sive b>rage & is m or less 9 confusion1 due to ?is fire & hav+ to cross ! %ell-torn area ( 8,no ,man's ,l&40 ,!n1 too1 :at is left ( y\r b>b$ wire entanglem5ts w hold up ! enemy's troops4 ,9 %ort1 ! advantage at ?is p>ticul> po9t lies entirely ) ! def5d]s if !y c occupy ! fir/ l9e 9 "t4 ,among all ! weapons ( def5se1 ! mo/ p[]ful is ! ma*9e gun4 ,! successful repulse ( ! ho/ile attack dep5ds to ! greate/ ext5t ^u ! ability to use ma*9e guns aft] ! attack is "u way4 ,! opportune fire ( "o ma*9e gun on ! flank ( an assault+ column may disorganize x & drive back its troops4 ,! ,capta94 ,z soon z ! al>m is giv5 or x is kn[n t ! enemy's attack has />t$1 ! capta9 ?r[s 8 re9=c+ platoons into ! fir/ l9e4 ,^! troops1 9 go+ =w>d1 employ ! boyaux laid d[n 9 ! plan ( def5se4 ,! h& gr5ades t !y c>ry are /or$ 9 _! dug\ts4 ,! *iefs ( ! re9=c+ platoons d n necess>ily wait = ?is ord] ( ! capta91 b act ^u _! own initiative 9 s5d+ =w>d _! units4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ l9e has already be5 tak51 ! re9=c+ platoons automatically c>ry out ! functions ( a c\nt]attack by leav+ _! boyaux & go+ ov] ! top to retake ! captur$ tr5*4 ,?is la/ movem5t ( ov] ! top by ! c\nt]attack+ troops is facilitat$ by ! fact t ! ho/ile artill]y b>rage has by ?is "t pass$ to ! re> ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,! next duty ( ! capta9 is to report to 8 *ief ( battalion ! al>m1 :i* is done by means ( a *a9 ( runn]s1 by signal+1 or by use ( c>ri] pigeons1 because usually by ?is "t ! telephone sy/em has brok5 d[n "u ! artill]y bomb>dm5t4 ,,iii4 ,fight+ 9 ! ,int]ior ( ! ,position ,if ! ho/ile assault on ! fir/ l9e is successful1 ! fight = ! occupation ( ! position1 :i* takes place 9 ! int]ior1 has only begun4 ,oppos+ 8 frontal progression ?r\gh ! position1 ! enemy w enc\nt]1 z we "k1 a s]ies ( def5sive l9es dispos$ 9 dep?4 ,also1 = in/ance1 if a ne/ ( resi/ance holds up ! progress ( a "p ( ! assault+ troops1 ! successive ov]lapp+ waves w c>ry on along ! flanks ( ?is /ronghold4 ,if1 !n1 ! position is /rongly divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 ! fire ( su* def5ses w take ^! ov]lapp+ troops 9 ! flank & r\t !m4 ,! def5d]s may also play an active rle & ! enemy is likely to enc\nt] new troops s5t up = ! purpose ( c\nt]attack4 ,! division ( ! gr\nd 9 support po9ts1 c5t]s ( resi/ance & sectors1 has precisely = its object ! localization ( ! enemy's attacks4 ,ea* area mu/ be organiz$ to def5d itself1 indep5d5tly ( any o!r "p ( ! position4 ,consequ5tly1 ! (fic]s mu/ expla9 ?is condition to _! m51 s t !y w h no conc]n if !y see t ! enemy has p5etrat$ & is attack+ !m on ! flank or re>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if sev]al ( ^! comp>tm5ts hold _! gr\nd1 ! enemy may f9d himself surr\nd$ 9 a c]ta9 area & cut (f f ! re> by b>rage fire4 ,?us ab&on$ 9 a "p ( ! position t he has mom5t>ily tak51 a vigor\s c\nt]attack w drive him out4 ,def5se ( an ,area4 ,! def5se ( ea* area is made simil>ly to t ( ! fir/ l9e1 z ^! areas embrace ! successive l9es ( ! position4 ,! areas range 9 importance f front to re>1 ! support po9t embrac+ ! fir/ l9e1 ! c5t] ( resi/ance ! fir/ two l9es1 & ! sector all ?ree l9es ( ! position4 ,! al>m ( an attack is relay$ by ! area comm&]s1 ! capta9 to ! battalion comm&]1 :o 9 turn communicates x to ! colonel ( ! sector4 ,n only ! attack$ portion ( ! sector is affect$ by ?is al>m1 b ! :ole sector1 s to speak1 takes up arms4 ,let u see :at happ5s z a result ( ?is4 ,all def5d]s ( ! area :o h a special duty1 imm$iately occupy _! po/s & rema9 !re await+ developm5ts ( ! attack4 ,= example1 telephone m5 w rema9 at _! in/rum5ts1 runn]s w repair to _! relay po/s1 obs]v]s occupy _! obs]vatories1 & *iefs & headqu>t]s (fic]s rema9 at _! comm& po/s4 ,& above all1 ! ma*9e gun crews w man ! guns dispos$ = int]ior fight+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,function ,,( ,,c\nt] ,,attacks ,,9 ,,int]ior ,,( ,,! ,,position ,at ! same "t1 ! diff]5t troops held 9 res]ve 9 ! successive l9es are us$ to hold _! own l9e1 to re9=ce ! l9e 9 front1 or to make c\nt]attacks4 ,:5 ! al>m is giv51 all support+ res]ve troops take _! places 9 _! own l9es4 ,9 ea* support po9t1 ! platoons held 9 res]ve are s5t =w>d z re9=cem5ts to1 or to make c\nt]attacks aga9/1 ! fir+ l9e4 ,simil>ly1 9 ea* c5t] ( resi/ance ! companies held 9 res]ve are employ$ z re9=cem5ts or to recapture ! fir/ l9e4 ,if1 ^u arriv+ at ! fir/ l9e1 ^! troops receive no ord]s = p>ticul> duty1 !y replace ! res]ve platoons ( ! support po9t4 ,likewise1 ! sector res]ve ( ! ?ird l9e is s5t =w>d to or1 9 case ! enemy has tak5 x1 aga9/ ! second l9e4 ,! /atic or passive organization ( ! def5se lies 9 ! s]ies ( l9es ( tr5*es dispos$ 9 dep?1 b ! active rle ( ! def5d] is c>ri$ out 9 ^! successive waves ( def5se mov+ =w>d 9 def9ite limits to meet ! attack1 n only to repulse x b to inflict z mu* loss z possible to ! enemy4 ,?is trans=ms ! def5sive combat into m ne>ly a fight 9 ! op5 gr\nd1 ) ! _s ( ! (f5sive4 ,! ,c\nt]attack4 ,x foll[s t ! la/ &1 v (t51 ! mo/ decisive means ( def5se ( ! sector is ! c\nt]attack4 ,9 ea* c5t] ( resi/ance1 a c\nt]attack has = its purpose ! retak+ ( ! fir/ l9e :5 ?is is captur$ by ! enemy4 ,x is made by ! battalion res]ves locat$ 9 ! res]ve l9e4 ,! soon] ! c\nt]attack is made aft] its necessity1 ! m effective x w be4 ,x %\ld arrive at ! fir/ l9e almo/1 "o might say1 at ! same "t t ! enemy does4 ,at any rate1 ! c\nt]attack %\ld /rike ! enemy by surprise :ile he is /ill 9 a /ate ( disorganization4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ! plan ( def5se ( ! battalion1 ! c\nt]attack mu/ be =ese5 & all its details mu/ be laid d[n4 ,all ^! details mu/ be kn[n & practic$ by ! troops :o are to execute ! c\nt]attack1 s t :5 ! al>m is giv5 ! c\nt]attack w />t automatically )\t ord]s & be c>ri$ to a f9i% l a good piece ( team-"w4 ,! c\nt]attack is laun*$ on ! initiative ( ! lead] ( ^! troops1 )\t wait+ = ! ord]s ( ! battalion comm&]4 ,! latt] may n "k ! exact situation nor be s locat$ 9 ! area z to appreciate ! opportunity ( ! c\nt]attack4 ,troops ,detail$ = ! ,c\nt]attack4 ,! company1 or companies1 held z res]ve ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance1 are divid$ into half-companies or platoons "u ! comm& ( a s+le lead]4 ,ea* "o ( ^! deta*m5ts is assign$ to a support po9t & is put at ! disposal ( ! capta9 comm&+ ! same1 to c\nt]attack on 8 fir/ l9e if captur$ by ! enemy4 ,9 ord] to secure ! prop] liaison betwe5 ^! two units1 ! c\nt]attack troops s5d a mess5g] to ! comm& po/ ( ! support po9t :i* !y are assign$ to4 ,:5 ! ho/ile attack is execut$ & c\nt]attack troops are ne$$1 ! capta9 s5ds ?is mess5g] back to call !m up4 ,r\tes or ,directions = ,c\nt]attacks4 ,ea* deta*m5t ( c\nt]attack troops has a fix$ r\te = its attack laid d[n 9 ! plan ( def5se4 ,usually a boyau t x employs or along :i* x travels1 fixes ! direction4 ,= ?is reason1 9 ! int]ior ( ! position gaps are left 9 ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts to p]mit ! passage ( ^! troops 9 ! c\nt]attack4 ,portable *evaux-de-frise are employ$ to fill up ^! gaps :5 necess>y4 ,=m ( ! ,c\nt]attack4 ,! c\nt]attack may be execut$ z a frontal or a flank attack4 ,frontal c\nt]attacks are1 p]haps1 n z effective z ! latt]1 b !y are m easily execut$1 especially 9 ! case :]e exact k ( ! situation 9 ! l9e 9 front is n kn[n4 ,?is is ! =m ( advance employ$ 9 ! support po9t :]e ! re9=c+ platoons1 />t+ =w>d to /r5g!n ! l9e & f9d+ x captur$1 *ange _! tactics by leap+ ov] ! top & *>g+ ! l9e ) gr5ades & bayonets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,example ,,( ,a ,,c\nt] ,,attack ,,execut$ ,,by ,,two ,,platoons ,,( ,,c5t] ,,( ,,resi/ance ,,support ,a c\nt]attack to ! flank usually involves a little maneuv]+4 ,! mo/ successful ( ^! attacks are ^? execut$ 9 two deta*m5ts-- = example1 a p>ty ( gr5adi]s may attack ! enemy occupy+ a "p ( ! area ei!r on "o or bo? flanks4 ,its approa* is usually ?r\gh a tr5* or boyau4 ,a second p>ty ( riflem51 at ! same "t1 w make a frontal attack on ! enemy ov] ! top ) bayonets4 ,to completely surr\nd ! enemy1 an artill]y b>rage is sometimes e/abli%$ to cut him (f f ! re>4 ,! battalion comm&] works out ! plan ( c\nt]attack d[n to ! mo/ m9ute detail4 ,b :5 ! ho/ile attack is c>ri$ out1 he is no long] ! ma/] ( x4 ,all ! =ese5 movem5ts />t at ! prop] "t & are c>ri$ out 9 _! work+s l a piece ( me*anism4 ,! "t ( ! />t ( ! c\nt]attack is 9 reality giv5 by ! enemy himself4 ,repair ( ! ,position4 ,aft] a ho/ile attack has be5 repuls$1 ! *ief ( area mu/ realize t simil> attempts may be made )\t delay4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important repair "w t mu/ be done is to con/ruct a p>apet along ! fir+ l9e4 ,!re may be no tr5* left along ?is l9e1 b a fire p>apet ( s&bags mu/ be con/ruct$ imm$iately4 ,at night res]ve troops are br\ght up ) tools & s&bags to put ! l9e 9 ! be/ /ate ( def5se possible4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,attack ,,( ,a ,,position ,phases ( ! ,attack4 ,z we h already le>n$1 ! attack ( a position by a unit comprises ?ree phases3 ,! prep>ation ( ! attack4 ,! assault aga9/ ! fir/ ho/ile l9e4 ,! exploitation ( ! success by fight+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! position = its occupation4 ,^! phases are ! same z ^? 9 op5 gr\nd w>f>e1 b _! importance1 aspect1 & ord] are n ! same4 ,especially ! prep>ation ( a tr5* attack is su* a prepond]ant phase ( ! attack t ^u ! mann] ( its execution dep5ds ! success ( ! attack4 ,! exploitation ( ! success is a long & decisive op]ation4 ,9 tr5* w>f>e1 ! assault is only ! beg9n+ ( ! fight+ = a position1 & its purpose is to make a brea* 9 ! enemy's fir/ l9e4 ,?r\gh ?is brea*1 ! re9=c+ & res]ve troops are pu%$ 9 beh9d ! assault+ columns to deliv] ! real combat = ! capture & occupation ( ! position4 ,?us we see t ! assault1 :i* 9 op5 gr\nd w>f>e is ! f9al phase ( ! battle1 is1 on ! contr>y1 9 tr5* w>f>e ! fir/ move ( ! fight4 ,9 op5 w>f>e1 ! ord] ( ! battle is3 ! prep>ation1 ! approa* m>* & infantry combat1 & f9ally1 ! assault4 ,an (f5sive 9 tr5* fight+ consi/s (1 fir/1 ! prep>ation2 next1 ! assault aga9/ ! fir/ l9e2 & la/ ( all1 ! int]ior fight+ = ! position4 ,! cause ( ?is rev]sion ( ! rles ( ! attack+ troops 9 a tr5* (f5sive op]ation lies 9 ! /r5g? & /ability ( ! =tifi$ front4 ,x is impossible to maneuv] aga9/ a cont9u\s l9e :i* ext5ds )\t a s+le brea*4 ,x is only possible to maneuv] beh9d ! fir/ l9e or )9 ! position aft] a brea* has be5 made4 ,if a "p ( ! fir/ l9e gives way be=e ! pressure ( ! assailants1 ! lead] ( ! attack+ units pu%es =w>d 8 troops ?r\gh ?is brea* )\t consid]ation ( ! /rategical value ( ! "p ( ! l9e brok54 ,i4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,attack ,front ( ,attack4 ,! tactical unit = an attack is a division4 ,a division t is plac$ 9 ! front l9e = ?is purpose is call$ an attack+ division4 ,to su* a division is assign$ ! task ( attack+ & captur+ a def9ite l5g? ( front ( ! ho/ile position4 ,all ! necess>y means to c>ry out ?is mission are 9 ! h&s ( ! division comm&]4 ,! tactical unit = an assault1 9 ?is division1 is ! battalion4 ,ea* assault+ battalion is plac$ 9 front ( t "p ( ! ho/ile l9e aga9/ :i* x is to op]ate1 :i* is call$ its front ( attack4 ,! l5g? ( ?is front is v>iable ) ! tactical situation4 ,also1 ?is l5g? 9 no way indicates to ! enemy ! /r5g? ( ! attack+ troops because !y are dispos$ = ! attack 9 dep?4 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! front ( attack1 ! battalion comm&] w place two or ?ree companies 9 ! assault+ column1 & two or "o company z re9=c+ support4 ,conditions ( ! ,assault4 ,an assault+ battalion mu/ be dispos$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 :i* is call$ ! assault+ disposition4 ,9 e/abli%+ ?is disposition1 we mu/ consid] ! di/ance ( ! assault & ! outl9e ( ! assault+ l9es4 ,di/ance ( ! ,assault4 ,! di/ance ov] :i* ! troops make _! assault across 8,no ,man's ,l&0 mu/ n be too great4 ,?is is to avoid z mu* z possible ! enemy's b>rage & ma*9e gun fire4 ,= ?is reason1 p>allels ( dep>ture or jump+-(f tr5*es1 if necess>y1 may be con/ruct$ out 9 front ( ! fir/ l9e = ! assembl+ ( ! assault+ troops4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y\r own fir/ l9e %\ld n be s ne> to ! enemy's position z to be 9 ! zone ( artill]y disp]sion :5 y\r own batt]ies are fir+ at ! enemy's fir/ l9e4 ,h[ev]1 "o is n always ma/] ( ?is di/ance1 z x is a result ( long fight+ & occupation ( ! two positions4 ,! prop] concealm5t ( ^! attack works1 su* z ! p>allels ( dep>ture1 is an ess5tial condition ( success4 ,! ,trace ( ! ,l9es ( ,dep>ture4 ,! trace ( ! l9es ( dep>ture mu/ be p>allel to ! fir/ l9e ( ! enemy1 n to y\r own1 s t ! assault+ troops w simply h to />t 9 a p]p5dicul> direction f ! l9es ( dep>ture to rea* _! objective4 ,9 o!r words1 ! assault is a simple frontal attack )\t maneuv]s4 ,gr\nd ,prep>ation = ! ,assault4 ,x foll[s f ! /atem5ts ( ! conditions ( ! assault & also ( ! tactical & mat]ial prep>ation ( ! attack1 t ! t]ra9 f :i* ^! troops w />t mu/ be specially organiz$ = ?is purpose4 ,we h discuss$ ! pr9ciples & details ( ! organization ( ! position = ! def5se1 & x is cle> t ^! mu/ diff] mat]ially f ^? = ! attack4 ,an attack1 l a def5se1 is made ) ! units dispos$ 9 dep?4 ,to laun* an attack1 c]ta9 ( ! def5sive works t play b a passive rle 9 ! resi/ance1 su* z b>b$ wire entanglem5ts1 mu/ be re>rang$1 modifi$1 or p>tially elim9at$4 ,o!r elem5ts1 su* z r\tes1 boyaux1 & supply depots t facilitate ! =w>d movem5t ( re9=cem5ts1 are multipli$4 ,details ( ! ,prep>ation ( ! ,gr\nd = ! ,attack4 ,all ! details ( ! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd = ! attack are laid d[n 9 an ord] call$ ! 8,plan ( ,gr\nd ,disposition0 issu$ by ! g5]al ( ! attack+ division4 ,?is ord] is divid$ into two p>ts3 ! organization ( ! works1 & _! execution4 ,organization4 ,we "k t ! disposition ( an assault+ unit is 9 ! =m ( successive e*elons1 call$ waves4 ,9 ord] to protect ^! waves be=e ! assault1 x is necess>y to con/ruct = !m tr5*es p>allel to ! enemy's fir/ l9e2 & = ?is reason ^! are call$ p>allels ( dep>ture4 ,! trace ( ! fir/ p>allel fixes ! directions ( ! o!rs beh9d4 ,= example1 an assault+ battalion :i* is go+ to advance 9 f\r waves1 might h two p>allels ( dep>ture ) two waves 9 ea* p>allel4 ,^! p>allels are n>r[ tr5*es l ! def5sive l9es1 b ) a s]ies ( /eps 9 ! front side s t ! m5 c g ov] ! top easily4 ,if !re are no /eps1 tr5* ladd]s or foo?olds mu/ be us$4 ,!oretically1 "o might ?9k t ! di/ance betwe5 ^! successive p>allels %\ld be ! same z t betwe5 ! attack+ l9es4 ,b ?is is n practicable4 ,su* practice w\ld m>k out boldly on ! gr\nd1 = ! enemy's air obs]vation1 y\r int5tions & y\r dispositions = ! attack4 ,!re=e1 ?is me?od is /rictly prohibit$4 ,besides1 x is n necess>y1 s9ce ! regulation di/ances betwe5 ! l9es & waves are n realiz$ f ! po9t ( dep>ture ( ! assault4 ,! object ( ! assault+ companies is to cross 8,no ,man's ,l&0 z quickly z possible to avoid ! enemy's def5sive b>rage & ma*9e gun fire4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! diff]5t l9es ( ! fir/ wave jump out ( ! same p>allel ( dep>ture1 !y w da% across to ! enemy's fir/ l9e ) little reg>d to di/ances b ) a fix$ idea ( rea*+ _! fir/ objective be=e ! ho/ile g>rison1 & be=e ! enemy's b>rage int]v5es4 ,!y atta9 _! regulation di/ance z soon z ! zone ( b>rage is pass$ & :5 !y h arriv$ at & cross$ ! fir/ ho/ile l9e4 ,9 ord] n to pr9t ! attack on ! gr\nd1 s to speak1 ^! diff]5t p>allels ( dep>ture are n con/ruct$ 9 front ( y\r position unless absolutely necess>y4 ,!y are con/ruct$ :5 ! di/ance across 8,no ,man's ,l&0 is m ?an five hundr$ y>ds1 :5 !re is natural cov]1 su* z woods to conceal !m1 & sometimes on rev]se slopes4 ,! diff]5t def5sive l9es ( ! sector make v conv5i5t p>allels ( dep>ture4 ,! fir/ waves ( ! assault+ company are plac$ 9 ! fir+ & cov] tr5*es ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,! re9=c+ platoons are dispos$ 9 ! transv]sal & int]m$iate & support l9es4 ,beh9d ^! l9es are con/ruct$ places d'armes or assembl+ places = ! res]ve troops4 ,^! places d'armes consi/ ( a s]ies ( %ort transv]sal tr5*es lead+ (f bo? sides ( a c5tral boyau4 ,if ! fir/ ho/ile l9e is too f> f our own fir/ l9e1 on ! night previ\s to ! attack1 ha/y p>allels ( dep>ture are con/ruct$ out 9 8,no ,man's ,l&0 = ! lead+ wave ( ! assault4 ,?is is to give ?is lead+ elem5t ! be/ possible *ance to arrive at ! enemy's fir/ l9e un9t]rupt$ by artill]y fire & be=e ! ho/ile g>rison4 ,! "w ( prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! disposition ( ! attack+ troops also compreh5ds ! foll[+3 ,sev]al boyaux4 ,comm& po/s & obs]vatories 9 advance ( ^? ( ! def5sive sector4 ,ea* *ief mu/ n[ be 9 ! middle ( 8 unit & n beh9d x4 ,depots & m$ical aid /ations4 ,ea* company has its own little ammunition depot ne> ! po/ ( ! capta94 ,dit*es = telephone wires4 ,ea* battalion has telephone wires br\ght up 9 its ma9 boyau z f> z ! fir/ p>allel4 ,at ?is po9t1 telephone mat]ial is /or$ s t ! sy/em c be c>ri$ into ! enemy's position ) ! lea/ delay4 ,small bridges are con/ruct$ = ! passage ( ! p>allels by ! res]ves4 ,x is n necess>y t ! %elt] accommodations be num]\s1 especially 9 ! fir/ l9e1 because ! assault+ troops are br\ght 9 only a few days be=e ! attack4 ,! ,execution ( ! ,works4 ,! second "p ( ! plan ( gr\nd disposition conta9s ! details ( ! execution ( ! works = ! prep>ation ( ! gr\nd previ\s to ! attack4 ,?is "p consi/s (2 #a4 ,em]g5cy works 7necess>y to ! assault74 ,obs]vatories & comm& po/s4 ,! fir/ two p>allels ( dep>ture = ea* battalion4 ,if none ne$ be con/ruct$1 ! def5sive l9es us$ = ?is purpose are designat$4 ,second>y boyaux betwe5 p>allels1 "o = ea* company4 ,entrance & evacuation boyaux4 ,ammunition depots & wat] po9ts4 ,dress+ /ations4 ,if !re is m "t1 ! foll[+ are con/ruct$3 ,! ?ird & f\r? p>allels4 ,telephone wires & mat]ial br\ght up4 ,bridges = cross+ ! p>allels4 #b4 ,"t ( duration ( ! execution ( ! works4 ,?is may v>y f ?ree to twelve days1 or ev5 m1 dep5d+ ^u circum/ances4 #c4 ,division ( labor4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( special work+ p>ties at y\r disposal4 ,a :ole division may be assign$ = ?is "w1 b x is n ! division t w make ! attack4 #d4 ,tools4 ,! tools requir$ = ?is "w are requisition$ f ! headqu>t]s ( ! attack+ army4 #e4 ,ammunition depots4 ,c>tridges1 h& gr5ades1 & signal rockets4 #f4 ,ammunition depots4 ,s&bags & logs4 #g4 ,transportation ( supplies4 ,special means ( transportation besides ! usual ones1 railroads1 motor trucks1 mules1 horses1 etc4 ,artill]y ,prep>ation ,dur+ ! "t employ$ 9 prep>+ ! gr\nd = ! attack1 ! artill]y executes ! prelim9>y bomb>dm5t4 ,?is compreh5ds ?ree k9ds ( fire4 #a4 ,c\nt]-,batt]y ,fire4 ,a c]ta9 "p ( ! artill]y is detail$ to de/roy ! ho/ile batt]ies or1 if ?is is n possible1 to neutralize !m4 ,?is result is obta9$ by me?odical fire on precise t>gets4 ,ea* batt]y or gr\p ( batt]ies is assign$ c]ta9 emplacem5ts to de/roy4 ,c\nt]-batt]y fire is long-w9d$ "w & is begun sev]al days or ev5 weeks be=e ! attack4 ,if ! ho/ile batt]ies are n de/roy$ be=e ! "t ( attack1 !y mu/ be neutraliz$ at ?is mom5t by viol5t %ell+ by all ! batt]ies dispos$ = ?is purpose1 ) %rapnel & o!r special %ells4 ,?is c\nt]-batt]y action w h9d] ! ho/ile artill]y f execut+ def5sive fire1 b>rage1 prev5tive fire1 c\nt]-prep>ation fire4 ,x is c>ri$ out by special gr\ps ( heavy & light artill]y "u control ( ! g5]al4 #b4 ,fire on ,communication ,r\tes1 ,depots1 etc4 ,?is fire1 besides its de/ructive effect ^u ! enemy's position1 h9d]s ! arrival ( re9=c+ troops1 mat]ial1 ammunition1 & food4 ,! %ell+ ( di/ant roads1 depots1 & biv\acs is c>ri$ out by batt]ies ( long-range guns4 ,! fire on ! ne>e/ communications1 su* z int]ior supply r\tes1 entrances ( boyaux1 kit*5 emplacem5ts1 etc41 is execut$ by light batt]ies ( ! divisional artill]y4 #c4 ,de/ructive ,fire4 ,be=e ! attack1 ! :ole ( ! enemy's position is submitt$ to me?odical & viol5t artill]y fire = ! purpose ( de/roy+3 ,ob/acles :i* may h9d] ! advance ( ! assault+ column3 accessory def5ses1 su* z b>b$ wire entanglem5ts4 ,elem5ts ( ! def5se1 su* z /rong po9ts1 ma*9e gun emplacem5ts1 obs]vatories1 depots1 %elt]s1 & dug\ts4 ,ea* diff]5t k9d ( t>get calls = a c]ta9 numb] ( r\nds ( a p>ticul> calib]4 ,^! calculations ( ! diff]5t numb]s ( r\nds are ! results ( exp]i5ce & are set d[n 9 tables = ! in=mation ( ! sector comm&]4 ,! "t1 !re=e1 necess>y = a prop] prep>ation = ! attack is a function ( ! numb] & /r5g? ( t>gets4 ,! artill]y prep>ation may la/ f "o to tw5ty days1 b x mu/ cont9ue until ! elem5ts ( ! ho/ile position are suffici5tly de/roy$ to assure a successful attack4 ,be=e an (f5sive1 !re is plac$ at ! disposal ( ! attack+ divisions1 besides _! regul> divisional artill]y1 a special allotm5t ( batt]ies4 ,! diff]5t calib]s ( guns are us$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! t>get4 ,! l>ge/ calib]s are employ$ aga9/ ! /ronge/ elem5ts ( ! organization3 ne/s ( resi/ance1 /rong po9ts1 & deep dug\ts4 ,light artill]y is us$ to oblit]ate tr5*es & boyaux & int]ior b>b$ wire entanglem5ts4 ,tr5* mort>s s]ve to de/roy ! elem5ts ( ! fir/ l9e & its accessory def5ses4 ,plan ( ,artill]y ,action4 ,! details = ! execution ( ^! diff]5t artill]y fires are laid d[n 9 ! plan ( action ( ! artill]y ( ! army corps or ( ! division4 ,?is plan is a "p ( ! plan ( battle ( ! division4 ,^! details mu/ be c>ri$ out punctually & ) precision4 ,! sector comm&]s are n int]e/$ directly 9 ! execution ( ^! fires1 b !y are 9 _! results4 ,duties ( ! ,infantry dur+ ! ,artill]y ,prep>ation4 ,9 connection ) ! artill]y fire1 ! infantry 9 ! position mu/ obs]ve ! results ( ! bomb>dm5t & ! lead]s report _! op9ion ^u its control4 ,obs]vation4 ,! obs]vation ( ! c\nt]-batt]y fire1 long-range fire on communication r\tes1 & de/ructive fire on ! int]ior ( ! position1 falls ^u ! artill]y's gr\nd obs]v]s & ! aviation s]vice4 ,b ! duty ( obs]v+ ! results ( de/ructive fire on ! enemy's fir/ l9e is c>ri$ out ) ! help ( ! infantry obs]v]s4 ,ea* regim5t mu/ obs]ve ! front ^u :i* x is to make ! attack4 ,special att5tion is paid to ! de/ruction ( b>b$ wire entanglem5ts & ma*9e gun emplacem5ts4 ,! int]e/$ infantry does n cont5t itself ) a passive obs]vation1 b mu/ s5d out at night1 or ev5 9 daylight1 (f5sive reconnaissance p>ties4 ,_! mission is to actually g into ! enemy's fir/ l9e1 to asc]ta9 its condition1 & to inve/igate ! brea*es 9 ! ho/ile entanglem5ts4 ,! tactics ( su* a reconnaissance are ! same z = a raid4 ,! in=mation ga!r$ is s5t to ! division headqu>t]s 9 ! daily report ( ! intellig5ce (fic] or 9 special in=mation reports4 ,control4 ,x is bo? ! privilege & ! duty ( ! infantry comm&]s to /ate 9 _! daily reports _! op9ion on ! artill]y prep>ation4 ,if !y d n express _! exact op9ion on ! progress ( ! bomb>dm5t1 !y are liable to pay = _! c>elessness at ! "t ( ! assault4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,enemy's ,position4 ,! exp]i5ces ( ?ree ye>s ( tr5* w>f>e h giv5 bitt] pro( t an attack aga9/ an insuffici5tly de/roy$ position w n only fail b w result 9 great losses4 ,x is %e] folly to attempt an assault aga9/ unde/roy$ entanglem5ts1 or aga9/ a l9e 9 :i* ! ma*9e gun po/s h n be5 demoli%$4 ,"o does n oppose mat]iel ) m54 ,9 tr5* w>f>e1 ! conque/ ( ! gr\nd is made by ! artill]y2 ! infantry foll[ up ?is conque/ to occupy & to hold ! gr\nd4 ,! ess5tial condition = ! success ( an attack dep5ds ^u ! prop] de/ruction ( ! elem5ts ( a position by ! artill]y4 ,plan ( ,battle4 ,! plan ( battle dep5ds ^u1 fir/1 ! /r5g? ( ! enemy1 ob/acles to ! attack+ troops1 l9es ( def5se1 ne/s ( resi/ances1 b>b$ wire1 etc42 & secondly1 ! mission ( ! attack+ unit & ! means at its disposal4 ,/r5g? ( ! ,enemy4 ,! ,in=mation ,s]vice ( a division has s _m diff]5t me?ods ( obta9+ in=mation & data ( ! enemy & 8 def5ses t ! assault+ troops c be con/antly kept advis$ ( ! /ate ( ! ho/ile position4 ,! regim5t receives daily f ! division headqu>t]s an in=mation bullet91 aroplane pictures1 & precise maps ( ! ho/ile l9es4 ,^u ^! data ! regim5tal comm&] bases 8 plan ( battle4 ,comp>isons ( aroplane pictures & maps are p>ticul>ly useful4 ,f all ^! data1 ! regim5tal intellig5ce (fic] makes p]t95t extracts = ! in=mation ( ! battalion comm&]4 ,copies ( ! diff]5t maps are di/ribut$ by ! battalion & company comm&]s to _! (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s 9 ord] t !y may h a bett] k ( ! ho/ile position = ! attack4 ,illu/ration3 ,,conv]g5ce ,,on ,,! ,,objective ,,= ,,! ,,attack ,,me?od ,,( ,,r$uc+ ,a ,,ne/ ,,( ,,resi/ance ,mission4 ,! g5]al plan ( battle is issu$ by ! division comm&]4 ,bas$ ^u ! t]ms ( ?is ord]1 ! ,colonel1 ,battalion ,comm&]1 & ,capta9 issue detail$ ord]s ( _! own plan ( battle4 ,! plan ( battle ( a small unit usually compreh5ds ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,mission ( ! unit 9 ! attack4 ,front to be attack$1 ) def9ite limits4 ,objectives1 diff]5t l9es to be tak51 ! la/ objective4 ,disposition ( ! unit = ! attack2 =mation1 int]vals4 ,disposition ( ! unit 9 ! p>allels ( dep>ture be=e ! attack4 ,! day 7,d7 & h\r 7,h7 ( attack4 ,direction ( ! attack2 compass angle4 ,position ( ! lead]4 ,tactical relation ) ! neighbor+ units dur+ ! advance4 ,use ( speciali/s2 ma*9e guns1 tr5* clean]s1 etc4 ,support ( artill]y dur+ ! attack4 ,unit liaison dur+ ! attack3 ,) neighbor+ units & lead]s 7runn]s1 telephone1 signal+1 c>ri] pigeons74 ,) ! support artill]y 7deta*m5t ( liaison1 obs]vatories1 & rockets74 ,) air s]vice 7rockets1 signal+1 ,b5gal fires74 ,) balloon s]vice 7se>*lights74 ,equipm5t = ! attack4 ,supply ( ammunition & wat]2 advanc$ supply po9ts4 ,evacuation ( ! w\nd$2 dress+ /ations1 r\tes ( evacuation1 auto ambulance po9ts4 ,also1 r\tes ( evacuation = prison]s & assembl+ po9ts = same4 ,?is plan ( battle is s drawn up t x may be execut$ any lat] day t may be designat$ 9 ! ord] = ! attack4 ,prep>ation ( ! ,m5 = ! ,attack4 ,! "w ( fitt+ _! m5 physically1 pr(essionally1 & morally = ! task be=e !m devolves ^u ! lead]s ( all ranks4 ,by a sy/em ( relief1 ! m5 ( ! g>rison get %ort p]iods ( re/ beh9d ! sector to %ake (f ! atmosph]e ( ! tr5*es4 ,cont9u\s in/ruction ( bo? m5 & (fic]s 9 ! basic pr9ciples ( fight+ %\ld be c>ri$ on at all times4 ,! moral tra9+ ( ! m5 dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! (fic]s4 ,! lead]s1 by example & enc\rag+ words1 %\ld in/ill into _! soldi]s t fight+ _s :i* makes = success 9 battle4 ,,ii4 ,! ,assault ,=mations = ! ,assault ,disposition 9 ,dep?4 ,! assault has = its purpose ! capture ( ! fir/ ho/ile l9e1 t is to say1 ! cross+ ( 8,no ,man's ,l&0 & p5etrat+ ! enemy's position4 ,! assault is only ! beg9n+ ( ! combat4 ,:5 ! brea* has be5 made 9 ! enemy's fir/ l9e1 ! assault+ & re9=c+ troops mu/ cont9ue ! fight+ 9 ! int]ior = ! conque/ ( ! position4 ,! direct object ( ! assault is to op5 ! way = ! attack+ troops into ! position4 ,! attack+ troops are dispos$ 9 dep? 9 a s]ies ( e*elons1 s t dur+ ! advance ea* e*elon is br\ght into ! battle at ! prop] mom5t4 ,?is rule ( =mation 9 dep? is foll[$ )\t exception by e unit ( :atev] size4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,battalion ,attack ,=mation 7,di/ances 9 ,yds47 ,! regim5t =ms ) "o or two assault+ battalions1 & two or "o battalion beh9d 9 res]ve4 ,! battalion has ?ree or1 bett]1 only two assault+ companies & "o or two companies ) ma*9e guns1 9 ! second e*elon z support4 ,! company may h ?ree1 b m usually two1 assault+ platoons ) "o or m re9=c+ platoons 9 ! second l9e4 ,waves4 ,! successive e*elons h receiv$ ! "n 8waves40 ,?is designation is expressive b n cle>1 & causes mi/akes4 ,fir/1 waves may be =m$ by diff]5t dispositions3 9 deploy$ l9e or 9 l9e ( small columns4 ,secondly1 ! waves are n always compos$ ( ! same /r5g? ( troops or units1 & consequ5tly are n ( ! same disposition4 ,! battalion comm&] w designate 8 fir/ assault+ company z 8 fir/ assault+ wave4 ,simil>ly1 ! company comm&] designates 8 assault+ platoons z ! fir/ wave2 & ! platoon lead]1 8 fir/ skirmi% l9e z ! fir/ wave ( ! platoon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,attack+ ,,company ,,two ,,platoons ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,l9e ,la/ly1 ! real significance ( ! t]m 8wave0 lies 9 its application to ! =mation ( ! dep>ture ( ! attack & dur+ ! fir/ "p ( its advance into ! int]ior ( ! ho/ile position4 ,z soon z ! assault+ e*elons are held up by ne/s ( resi/ance1 !y are oblig$ to halt :ile neighbor+ e*elons on bo? flanks cont9ue ! advance4 ,also1 re9=c+ units w come up f beh9d to outflank su* a ne/4 ,z soon z su* a condition arises )9 ! enemy's position1 ! disposition ( ! troops 9 waves is lo/ & ! fight is cont9u$ 9 ! be/ =mation possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,=mation ( an ,assault+ ,battalion ,assault+ ,companies4 ,9 an assault+ company1 a c]ta9 numb] ( platoons are plac$ 9 ! fir/ or assault+ l9e1 & ! re/ 9 ! second l9e z re9=c+ platoons4 ,! assault+ platoons deploy usually 9 two l9es ( skirmi%]s1 ! diff]5t speciali/s be+ assign$ to places 9 ^! l9es dep5d+ ^u _! functions 9 ! attack4 ,! l9e ( assault+ platoons is kn[n z ! l9e ( combat4 ,a ?ird l9e ( gr5adi]s foll[s closely beh9d ! assault+ platoon1 & may be call$ a "p ( x4 ,^! gr5adi]s are furni%$ by ! re9=c+ platoons & are kn[n z tr5* clean]s4 ,_! function does n beg9 until ! ho/ile l9e is rea*$1 & x is to cle> out ! tr5*es ( ! fir/ l9e ( ! enemy :ile ! assault+ troops cont9ue _! advance 9 ! op5 gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,attack+ ,,company ,,?ree ,,platoons ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,l9e ,! re9=c+ platoons are ei!r deploy$ 9 l9es ( skirmi%]s or l9es ( small columns4 ,^! platoons con/itute ! l9e ( re9=cem5t & foll[ ! advance ( ! assault+ platoons at a di/ance ( ab\t =ty to sixty y>ds4 ,! ma*9e guns detail$ to ! assault+ companies by ! *ief ( battalion are plac$ ) ! re9=c+ platoons & are usually c>ri$ on ! flanks4 ,consid]+ ! battalion z ! assault+ unit & adopt+ ! t]m 8wave0 to designate ea* platoon1 we may say t ! company ( ! fir/ e*elon ( ! assault is dispos$ 9 two waves4 ,! position ( ! capta9 is 9 front ( ! second wave betwe5 ! two re9=c+ platoons4 ,8 liaison gr\p rema9s ) him4 ,support+ ,companies4 ,! support+ companies ( an assault+ battalion con/itute ! second e*elon4 ,^! companies1 also1 are =m$ 9 two waves4 ,^! waves are =m$ l ^? ( ! re9=c+ platoons ( ! assault+ company1 ei!r 9 deploy$ l9es or 9 l9es ( small columns4 ,usually ! battalion has two companies 9 ! fir/ l9e & two 9 ! second l9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ! battalion c>ries out ! assault 9 two e*elons ( two waves ea*1 ! di/ance betwe5 ! two e*elons be+ f #bjj to #cjj y>ds4 ,9 re> ( ! support companies & foll[+ _! advance1 are ! rema9+ ma*9e guns ( ! battalion & ! #cg mm4 platoon4 ,! position ( ! battalion comm&] ) 8 liaison gr\p is directly 9 front ( ! second e*elon & betwe5 8 support companies4 ,disposition ( ,assault+ ,battalion 9 ! ,dep>ture ,tr5*es4 ,we h se5 t = an attack ! gr\nd is specially organiz$ = ?is purpose & ! attack+ troops are dispos$ 9 successive p>allels or places d'armes4 ,usually ?is disposition is z foll[s3 ,! two waves ( ! assault+ companies are plac$ 9 ! fir/ & second p>allels :i* "u ord9>y circum/ances w be ! fire tr5* & cov] tr5* ( ! fir/ def5sive l9e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! diff]5t l9es ( ea* wave w occupy ! same p>allel1 b at ! mom5t ( ! assault ! successive dep>tures ( ! l9es w p]mit !m to automatically ga9 ! necess>y di/ances to sep>ate !m 9 ! advance across 8,no ,man's ,l&40 ,= example1 let u assume t !re are f\r l9es 7?is is ! maximum7 plac$ 9 "o p>allel4 ,! m5 are numb]$ f #a to #d 9 successive gr\ps ( f\r ea*4 ,ea* ,no4 #a man belongs to ! fir/ l9e2 ea* ,no1 #b1 to ! second l9e1 & s on4 ,! di/ance betwe5 simil> numb]s 9 ! p>allels is ab\t f\r paces1 giv+ ! prop] skirmi% int]vals to ! l9e4 ,at ! giv5 signal ( ! lead] ( ! l9e1 ! ,no4 #a's g ov] ! top4 ,! ,no4 #b's foll[ at ! prescrib$ di/ance ord]$ or at ano!r signal giv5 by _! lead]4 ,! o!r l9es foll[ simil>ly1 s t ! assault+ troops h ! regulation int]val 9 l9e & a prescrib$ 7n always regulation7 di/ance 9 dep?4 ,! two waves ( ! support companies are plac$ 9 a ?ird p>allel or place d'armes4 ,?is ?ird p>allel is usually an int]m$iate tr5*1 or special "w1 execut$ = ?is purpose1 locat$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second def5sive l9es4 ,ma*9e guns & #cg mm4 guns are locat$ on ! gr\nd 9 relation to _! places 9 ! advance dur+ ! attack4 ,! battalions :i* are kept z res]ves accord+ to ! plan ( battle ( ! sector comm&]1 are dispos$ 9 places d'armes organiz$ beh9d ! p>allels ( dep>ture4 ,! colonel & 8 headqu>t]s occupy a comm& po/ directly beh9d ! assault+ battalion f :]e he c witness ! laun*+ ( ! assault & ! cross+ ( 8,no ,man's ,l&40 ,ord] ( ! ,attack4 ,! attack+ troops take ! disposition t has j be5 expla9$ "s days be=e ! attack4 ,?is disposition is laid d[n 9 a p>agraph ( ! ,plan ( ,battle4 ,ea* lead] ( an attack+ unit1 ) a map ( ! gr\nd on :i* 8 area is specially outl9$1 mu/ /udy 8 disposition on ! gr\nd previ\s to ! arrival ( 8 troops4 ,besides ?is1 ! lead]s mu/ pay special att5tion to ! ho/ile position1 v]ify+ ! direction ( ! attack1 & id5tify+ ! successive objectives & ! ne/s ( resi/ance t w be enc\nt]$4 ,:5 ! g5]al :o is 9 *>ge ( ! attack judges t ! artill]y prep>ation is suffici5t1 t ! supply sy/ems = ! attack are prop]ly organiz$1 t all is ready &1 9 %ort1 t ! psy*ological mom5t has arriv$1 he gives 8 ord] = ! attack4 ,bas$ ^u ! divisional ord] = ! attack1 ! colonels1 battalion comm&]s1 & capta9s issue _! own ord]s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! plan ( battle & ! ord] = ! attack lies 9 ! fact t ! latt] fixes all ! details ( execution ( ! g5]al op]ations laid d[n 9 ! =m]4 ,b also1 ! ord] = ! attack contemplates ! fir/ measures to be tak5 z soon z ! assault is c>ri$ out1 especially ! ext5sion ( ! liaisons 7telephone l9es7 & communications 7boyaux7 f ! fir/ p>allel ( dep>ture up to ! enemy's position4 ,! ord] = ! attack conta9s precise details ( ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,exact h\r ( ! attack2 or signal rocket = ! same4 ,details ( ! successive objectives2 diff]5t resi/ances t w probably be enc\nt]$4 ,"t-table ( ! mov+ b>rage & ! rate ( its advance4 ,prolongation ( ! telephone l9es2 p>ticul> wires to be ext5d$4 ,prolongation ( communications2 boyaux to be built at night across 8,no ,man's ,l&02 units detail$ = ?is purpose4 ,supply ( ammunition & wat] 9 ! captur$ position2 po9ts ( di/ribution4 ,dep>ture ( ! ,assault ,! h\r 7,h74 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! mo/ important & critical mom5t ( ! battle1 ! h\r 7,h7 ( laun*+ ( ! assault4 ,a few m9utes be=e ! h\r 7,h7 ! m5 take ! places assign$ !m 9 ! p>allels ) /rict ord]s to rema9 !re4 ,bayonets are fix$ on ! rifles4 ,useless movem5ts & noise ( any k9d are prohibit$4 ,ea* man holds himself 9 read9ess await+ ! signal ( 8 imm$iate *ief4 ,ea* *ief ( unit himself asc]ta9s t 8 m5 are 9 read9ess & 9 good condition = ! assault4 ,he s5ds all w\nd$ back to %elt]4 ,! lead] mu/ impress 8 m5 ) ! confid5ce t he kn[s 8 duty1 t he has =ese5 & is prep>$ to meet all circum/ances ( ! com+ battle2 ,! value ( troops at ?is mom5t dep5ds ^u _! lead]s4 ,support ,artill]y4 ,dur+ ! "t j prec$+ ! h\r 7,h7 all ! artill]y :i* does n execute c\nt]-batt]y fire is employ$ to protect ! assault4 ,a "p ( ?is artill]y is giv5 to ea* ( ! assault+ battalions z support artill]y4 ,liaison & obs]vation deta*m5ts are s5t by ?is artill]y to ! infantry battalions to :i* !y are atta*$4 ,^! deta*m5ts h ! same composition & rle z expla9$ 9 ! def5se ( a position4 ,! artill]y support holds "u its fire t "p ( ! ho/ile l9e assign$ to its infantry battalion4 ,a viol5t fire is especially direct$ aga9/ ! enemy's fir/ l9e1 ! objective ( ! assault4 ,protect$ by ?is fire1 ! assault+ battalion moves =w>d4 ,= a few mom5ts aft] ! laun*+ ( ! fir/ waves ov] ! top1 ?is fire rema9s on ! enemy's fir/ l9e4 ,! protective b>rage is !n lift$ & is e/abli%$ on ! ho/ile second l9e1 :]e x also rema9s = a c]ta9 "t1 accord+ to ! b>rage "t-table1 & s on4 ,dep>ture ( ! ,fir/ ,e*elon 7,assault+ ,companies74 ,at ! precise mom5t or signal ! fir/ wave ( an assault+ company jumps out ( its p>allel ( dep>ture1 ! diff]5t l9es ( :i* x is compos$ be+ =m$ z previ\sly expla9$4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 z soon z ! fir/ wave is laun*$1 ! second wave goes ov] ! top ( its p>allel4 ,all ! diff]5t l9es ( ! diff]5t assault+ companies advance /raight to ! front t[>ds _! fir/ objective4 ,! rate ( advance1 al?\gh n a run1 is z rapid z ! circum/ances ( ! torn up gr\nd ( 8,no ,man's ,l&0 w p]mit1 at ! same "t ma9t5ance ( ! =mations be+ p>am\nt4 ,success dep5ds ^u ! prop] location ( ! speciali/s 9 ! =mations ( ! waves1 & ?is ord] mu/ n be lo/ 9 ! confusion t results f too mu* spe$4 ,! result is t all ! l9es ( ! assault+ companies />t almo/ at ! same "t f ! two p>allels ( dep>ture1 & ) %ort] di/ances betwe5 ! l9es ?an t call$ = by regulation4 ,?is =mation is n a drawback1 b1 on ! contr>y1 works to bett] advantage4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important ?+ to avoid at ?is "t is ! def5sive b>rage ( ! wat*ful enemy4 ,?is is e/abli%$ z soon z he is aw>e ( ! assault4 ,if ! re9=c+ l9e foll[s closely beh9d ! l9e ( combat1 x has a bett] *ance ( pass+ ! dang] zone be=e ! enemy's b>rage is e/abli%$4 ,a company caught "u ! enemy's b>rage w lose1 on an av]age1 fifty p] c5t4 ( its effectives4 ,also1 ! assault+ companies mu/ arrive 9 ! fir/ ho/ile l9e z quickly z possible beh9d _! own b>rage4 ,! assault+ platoons1 :o set ! pace1 %\ld arrive !re almo/ 8z soon z ! b>rage lifts40 ,troops t arrive at ?is opportune mom5t w surprise ! enemy 9 8 %elt]s or 9 ! act ( tak+ 8 place on ! fir+ l9e4 ,x is bett] to risk los+ a few lives by y\r own b>rage ?an to give ! enemy "t to man 8 fir/ l9e4 ,f9ally1 ! regulation di/ances betwe5 ! diff]5t l9es & waves w be atta9$ dur+ ! progress aft] pass+ ! enemy's fir/ l9e4 ,dep>ture ( ! ,second ,e*elon 7,support+ ,companies74 ,:5 ! fir/ e*elon1 or assault+ companies1 h cross$ 8,no ,man's ,l&10 ! battalion comm&] usually laun*es ! second e*elon1 or support+ companies4 ,by ?is "t1 ! battalion comm&] w h an impression ( ! assault1 & ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! two e*elons is at ?is mom5t ! "o usually requir$ 7#bjj to #cjj y>ds74 ,9 ord] to avoid ! enemy's b>rage & to pr(it by any lull 9 8 fire1 ! battalion comm&] *ooses ! exact mom5t = ! dep>ture ( ! second e*elon4 ,advance ( ! ,res]ves4 ,z soon z all ! waves ( ! assault+ battalion h p5etrat$ ! enemy's position1 ! res]ve battalions ( ! regim5t leave _! places d'armes & move =w>d ?r\gh boyaux to ! fir/ p>allels ( dep>ture4 ,9 ?is position !y await ! ord] ( ! colonel to advance into ! enemy's position to jo9 ! combat = its conque/4 ,! colonel awaits ! fir/ report f 8 assault+ battalion be=e giv+ ! ord] = ! advance ( ! res]ves4 ,,iii4 ,fight+ 9 ! ,int]ior ( ! ,position & ,exploitation ,pr9ciple ( ! ,fight+4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! fight+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! position is t ea* attack+ unit f ! division d[n to ! battalion receives a def9ite objective4 ,?is objective is usually an area conta9+ ! l9es ( ! ho/ile position ) precise flank+ limits4 ,! f>!/ l9e 9 ! objective area mu/ be ga9$ by ! units at all co/s4 ,beyond ?is la/ objective1 /rong reconnaissance p>ties & patrols are s5t to keep contact ) ! enemy4 ,usually ! attack+ regim5ts1 :i* c>ry out ! /ruggle 9 ! int]ior ( ! position1 are assign$ ! mission to capture ! ?ird or cov]+ l9e ( ! artill]y4 ,! cont9uation ( ! /ruggle beyond ?is l9e & ! captur+ ( ! enemy's guns is :at is call$ 8! tactical exploitation ( ! success40 ,! troops t c>ry out ?is op]ation are ! res]ves ( ! division held out = ?is p>ticul> purpose4 ,! plan ( battle does n include ord]s = ?is action4 ,details ( ! ,int]ior ,fight+4 ,let u foll[ an attack+ regim5t 9 its progress 9 ! int]ior ( a ho/ile position1 & consid] ! use ( ! diff]5t e*elons ( :i* x is compos$3 assault+ companies1 re9=c+ companies1 & res]ves4 ,assault+ ,companies4 ,! advance ( ! assault+ platoons regulates ! advance ( all ! successive elem5ts4 ,^! platoons1 aft] cross+ ! fir/ ho/ile l9e1 cont9ue _! movem5t )\t hesitation4 ,! rate ( advance is1 ( c\rse1 v>iable ) ! difficulties ( ! gr\nd & ! /r5g? ( ! ho/ile organization4 ,= ?is reason x _c be v rapid4 ,! pace ( ! lead+ elem5ts ( ! assault+ column is =ese5 9 ! plan ( battle 7dep5ds ^u ! /r5g? ( ! enemy's position71 & ?is becomes ! rate ( advance ( ! mov+ b>rage4 ,if no un=ese5 & s]i\s resi/ance is enc\nt]$1 ! assault+ platoons w be able to keep up ) _! protective b>rage4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y may halt = a mom5t 9 _! progress "u cov] ( "s %elt] to rega9 _! alignm5t4 ,z a "p ( ! assault+ platoon comes ! tr5*-clean] deta*m5t4 ,! tr5* clean]s are arm$ ) h& gr5ades & tr5* knives4 ,_! function is to ent] ! ho/ile tr5*es tak5 &1 pr(it+ by ! surprise effect ( ! attack1 to vanqui% ! la/ resi/ance & to make prison]s ( ! def5d]s /ill 9 ! dug\ts4 ,!y pay special att5tion to picket+ all entrances1 exits1 & %afts ( dug\ts s t deta*m5ts ( ! enemy _c come out & fire into ! re> ( ! waves t h already cross$4 ,if ! diff]5t l9es ( ! ho/ile platoon are v f> ap>t1 ! numb] ( tr5* clean]s is increas$1 a deta*m5t dropp+ (f 9 ea* l9e4 ,z long z ! assault+ platoons d n meet resi/ance1 ! re9=c+ platoons foll[ ! =m] at ! regulation di/ance to avoid mix+ ( ! diff]5t waves ( ! attack4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! assault+ platoons suff] sev]e losses1 & are unable to cont9ue ! progress1 ! re9=c+ platoon1 ei!r by ord] ( ! capta9 or ^u ! initiative ( its lead]1 moves up & re9=ces ! combat l9e4 ,its function !n becomes ! same z t ( ! assault+ platoon4 ,aga91 if a gap %\ld occur 9 ! combat l9e1 due to losses or ext5sion ( ! front1 ! re9=c+ platoon moves 9 t direction & fills ! gap4 ,9 g5]al1 ! tactics ( ! re9=c+ platoon are always to assure cont9uity ( progress by outflank+ resi/ances t h /opp$ ! advance ( ! platoon 9 front4 ,! ma*9e guns atta*$ to an assault+ unit foll[ & protect ! flanks4 ,:5 halt$ !y fire on retreat+ ho/ile troops & on special po9ts ( resi/ance4 ,_! special use1 h[ev]1 is aga9/ c\nt]attacks4 ,re9=c+ ,companies4 ,! re9=c+ companies1 ) ! ma*9e gun res]ve & #cg mm4 gun ( ! assault+ battalion1 aft] !y h p5etrat$ ! ho/ile position1 foll[ ! progress ( ! assault+ waves at ! prescrib$ di/ance4 ,!y advance 9 l9e ( small columns b make use ( any cov] t ! gr\nd af=ds to m9imize losses f ho/ile fire4 ,dur+ ?is advance1 _! mission is to rally all ! elem5ts ( ! assault+ companies & pu% !m =w>d2 & also to wat* out = ! flanks1 pu%+ out to protect !m on _! own initiative if necess>y4 ,b :5 ! l9e ( combat is held up by resi/ance ! support+ companies are maneuv]$ by ord] ( ! battalion comm&]4 ,naturally1 ! :ole l9e ( combat w n progress uni=mly4 ,c]ta9 assault+ platoons w be held up by ne/s ( resi/ance1 :ile o!rs 9 ! int]vals w c>ry on ) less int]ruption4 ,re9=c+ platoons & support companies are maneuv]$ to outflank su* ne/s ( resi/ance & to fill ! result+ gaps 9 ! combat l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,maneuv]s ,,aga9/ ,a ,,ne/ ,,( ,,resi/ance ,let u take a concrete example ( an assault+ company foll[$ by a support+ company held up by a ne/ ( resi/ance 7a rav9e1 rev]se slope1 or woods /rongly organiz$ ) ma*9e guns7 & foll[ ! movem5ts ( ! re9=c+ platoons & support+ company4 7,exam9e ! diagram %[+ maneuv]s aga9/ a ne/ ( resi/ance 9 connection ) ! foll[+ explanation47 ,! fir/ figure %[s ! =mation ( ! f\r platoons ( an assault+ company advanc+ 9 ! int]ior ( a position foll[$ by a support+ company4 ,! #a/ & #bnd are ! assault+ platoons1 & ! #crd & #d? ! re9=c+ platoons4 ,! support+ company foll[s 9 d\ble column ( platoons4 ,! second figure %[s ! #a/ assault+ platoon held up by a ne/ ( resi/ance ) ! #crd or re9=c+ platoon mov$ up on ! "r flank4 ,platoons #b & #d ( ! same company c>ry on1 & ?is movem5t results 9 a gap 9 ! l9e ( combat betwe5 ! #bnd & #crd platoons4 ,! ?ird figure %[s ! #a/ & #bnd platoons ( ! support+ company mov$ up 9 ?is gap1 & ! #crd & #d? platoons act+ z res]ves4 ,! ne/ ( resi/ance is ?us attack$ f ! front & flank & ! cont9uity ( ! combat l9e ma9ta9$4 ,:5 a ne/ ( resi/ance is enc\nt]$ ! attack+ troops mu/ n accumulate 9 front1 z ?is w multiply ! losses4 ,! l9e ( combat w attack ! front ( a ne/ ( resi/ance :ile ! successive re9=c+ & support+ waves maneuv] aga9/ its flanks4 ,! battalion comm&] w use all ! weapons at 8 disposal z ma*9e guns1 #cg mm4 guns1 & rifle gr5ades to r$uce ! ne/ ( resi/ance4 ,if ?is me?od fails he w h to call on ! artill]y = help1 b ?is necessitates a modification ( ! artill]y b>rage "t-table4 ,rle ( ! ,artill]y dur+ ! ,attack4 ,dur+ ! attack ! artill]y c>ries out ! foll[+ diff]5t fires3 ,c\nt]-batt]y fire4 ,protective fire on ! flanks ( ! attack4 ,accompanim5t or b>rage fire4 ,! fir/ two fires are execut$ by a "p ( ! artill]y directly "u ! *ief ( artill]y ( ! division1 :o 9 turn is "u ! control ( ! g5]al4 ,! ?ird k9d ( fire is execut$ by ! support artill]y1 detail$ to ! diff]5t assault+ battalions z 9 ! def5sive organization4 ,! action ( ?is artill]y directly int]e/s ea* infantry *ief ( area1 to :om are s5t liaison deta*m5ts & obs]v]s 7an (fic]1 ,n4 ,c4 ,o4's1 & artill]y ord]lies74 ,?is ?ird k9d ( fire is ! only "o t we w consid] 9 detail4 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,accompanim5t ,fire4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! attack ! support artill]y e/abli%es a mov+ b>rage 9 front ( ! advanc+ infantry4 ,?is b>rage travels by b\nds4 ,x rema9s = a c]ta9 "t on ea* def5sive l9e & at int]vals betwe5 !m s z to ?or\ghly sweep ! int]v5+ gr\nd4 ,! "t-table1 or rate ( ?is mov+ b>rage1 is laid d[n 9 ! plan ( action ( ! artill]y4 ,! infantry lead]s ( c\rse are acqua9t$ ) ?is "t-table4 ,o!r ,means ( ,controll+ ! ,b>rage4 ,! mov+ b>rage may also be advanc$ successively by ord] ( ! comm&+ g5]al accord+ to in=mation receiv$ f ! lead+ elem5ts ( ! assault+ battalion1 f ! artill]y or aroplane obs]v]s4 ,calls may be made directly f ! l9e ( combat by rockets1 or o!r means ( liaison4 ,) ref]5ce to ! b>rage !re are two uses ( rockets2 "o is = call+ ! b>rage 9 ! def5sive1 & ! o!r is call+ = an advance ( ! b>rage dur+ ! attack4 ,x may be rem>k$ t x is impossible to call = a decrease 9 range ( ! b>rage z ?is1 ( c\rse1 w\ld be dang]\s to y\r own troops4 ,x is bett] to decrease ! rate ( advance ( ! b>rage r ?an to h x move too quickly & risk ab&on+ ! infantry4 ,la/ly1 ! prec$+ means = controll+ ! b>rage c be employ$ 9 conjunction4 ,t is to say1 a "t-table = ! b>rage is adh]$ to dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! advance :5 ! positions ( ! ho/ile l9es are well kn[n1 :ile dur+ ! la/ "p1 :5 ! infantry's progress is n s regul> & ! gr\nd is n s well kn[n1 ea* advance ( ! b>rage may be call$ = by rocket1 z ea* resi/ance met ) is dispos$ (4 ,if an assault+ battalion meets a resi/ance :i* x _c r$uce by its own means1 x mu/ call ^u ! support artill]y = help4 ,to d ?is1 ! artill]y mu/ halt its b>rage & = an int]val ! "t-table is n 9 effect4 ,su* an em]g5cy calls = a special action on ! "p ( ! support artill]y1 & also = ! int]v5tion ( any o!r artill]y at ! disposal ( ! g5]al4 ,?is p>ticul> action ( ! artill]y may be call$ = automatically by rocket or by ! o!r means ( liaison4 ,! rle ( ! (fic] & ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ( ! artill]y liaison deta*m5t is to give ! artill]y ! precise te*nical in=mation necess>y 9 su* a case to e/abli% its fire on a ne/ ( resi/ance4 ,?is action ( halt+ ! b>rage & giv+ ! artill]y a new objective is exceptional & delicate to execute4 ,z soon z ! resi/ance is r$uc$1 ! "t-table is resum$4 ,liaisons ,dur+ ! ,attack4 ,! prop] co-ord9ation ( all ! =ese5 developm5ts ( ! attack lies 9 a good sy/em ( liaison4 ,!re mu/ be lead]%ip liaison = ! transmission ( ord]s & reports1 & infantry-artill]y liaison = ! prop] co-op]ation ( ! two arms4 ,! means ( liaison 9 ! (f5sive are ! same z ^? consid]$ 9 ! def5sive organization4 ,! pr9ciple ( _! use is ! same b made m difficult by ! progress ( ! diff]5t attack+ e*elons4 ,x is ! duty ( all lead]s to =esee ! e/abli%m5t ( liaison = ! engagem5t 9 _! plan ( battle1 & also = ! prolongation ( ^! means ) ! advance ( ! attack+ troops4 ,! means ( liaison are3 ,telephone l9es 7= lead]%ip 9 artill]y4 ,!y are l5g!n$ f ! p>allel ( dep>ture to ! int]ior ( ! enemy's position47 ,signal communication 7e/abli%$ f ! enemy's position to a c5tral po9t 9 ! re>74 ,rockets 7precise signification ( ea* k9d laid d[n 9 ord]s74 ,c>ri$ pigeons 7headqu>t]s t are to c>ry ^! laid d[n 9 ord]s74 ,deta*m5t ( special runn]s 7ess5tial to be e/abli%$ betwe5 all units74 ,aviation4 ,dur+ ! advance1 a p>ticul> sy/em ( liaison is e/abli%$ ) ! air s]vice4 ,ea* division has at its disposal a c]ta9 numb] ( accompany+ planes t fly l[ & foll[ ! assault+ battalions4 ,_! duty is to e/abli% communication betwe5 ! lead+ elem5ts ( ! advanc+ infantry1 & ! artill]y1 & ! comm&+ g5]al4 ,! infantry signal to ^! airplanes by means ( rockets & ,b5gal fires1 & ! planes 9 turn communicate ) ! artill]y & ! comm&+ g5]al by means ( wireless4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,tr5* ,,ord]s ,! foll[+ outl9e gives a synopsis ( in=mation requir$ 9 v>i\s p>agraphs = ,battalion ,ord]s 9 ,tr5* ,w>f>e1 foll[$ by models ( ea*4 ,six ord]s are giv5 9 ^! models1 viz43 ,i4 ,plan ( ,attack4 ,,ii4 ,ord] = ! ,attack4 ,,iii4 ,prelim9>y ,ord] = a ,relief4 ,,iv4 ,m>* ,ord] = ,relief4 ,v4 ,plan ( ,advance4 ,,vi4 ,a ,raid4 ,i4 ,plan ( ,attack 7,issu$ sev]al days be=e attack7 #a4 ,rle ( ,battalion1 i4 e41 g5]al description ( (f5sive & :e!r battalion is 9 fir/ l9e or res]ve4 #b4 ,zone ( ,attack4 ,accurate description ( b\nd>ies ( ho/ile position to be attack$4 #c4 ,objectives4 ,numb] ( tr5*es to be assault$ & tr5* at :i* (f5sive w halt4 #d4 ,disposition = ! ,attack4 ,companies 9 assault+ l9e--companies 9 support--apportionm5t ( objectives to companies--di/ance betwe5 assault+ & support+ companies--disposition ( ,m4 ,g4 ,co4 & #cg mm4 gun--location ( battalion ,c4 ,o4 dur+ assault4 #e4 ,disposition ( ,units 9 ,p>allels ( ,dep>ture4 ,describe accurately tr5*es ea* unit w />t f3 e4 g4 ,assault+ ,cos4--fir/ l9e & cov] tr5*es4 ,support+ ,cos4--int]m$iate tr5*es or places d'armes ne>by />t+ po9ts ( battalion ,c4 ,o41 ,m4 ,g4 ,co4 & #cg mm4 gun4 #f4 ,direction ( ! ,attack4 ,l&m>k to guide on1 also compass direction4 #g4 ,tactical ,relation ) ,neighbor+ ,units4 ,troops on flanks ( battalion & responsibility = liaison !re)4 ,patroll+ to e/abli% connection if necess>y4 #h4 ,artill]y ,support dur+ ,attack4 ,b>rage to />t at h\r ,h4 ,:]e & h[ long x w halt beyond ! la/ objective4 #i4 ,liaison dur+ ,attack4 ,usual liaison ) artill]y & aroplanes-- telephone l9es to be e/abli%$ dur+ attack--signals su* z ,b5gal lights to %[ progress ( assault+ companies4 #aj4 ,supply4 ,deta*m5ts 7usually f support+ companies7 to c>ry ammunition4 ,h\r at :i* & po9ts f :i* !y w />t4 #aa4 ,evacuation4 ,evacuation po9t = w\nd$ & assembly po9t = prison]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,details n /at$ 9 ?is ord]4 ,"t ( attack--detail$ in/ructions = b>rage4 ,liaison to be e/abli%$ aft] attack--equipm5t to be tak54 ,in=mation ( ! enemy n giv5 z all (fic]s h maps ( enemy's tr5*es z well z ( _! own tr5* sy/em4 ,,ii4 ,ord] = ! ,attack 7,issu$ night be=e attack is to be made7 #a4 ,"t2 i4 e41 h\r ,h4 #b4 ,fur!r details ( assault ?an giv5 9 previ\s ord]4 #c4 ,fur!r details conc]n+ b>rage1 i4 e41 ,halts to be made by b>rage--rate ( travel4 #d4 ,liaison to be e/abli%$ aft] attack4 #e4 ,supplies to be c>ri$4 ,,iii4 ,prelim9>y ,ord] = a ,relief 7,issu$ night be=e reconnaissance2 i4 e4 #bd to #cf h\rs be=e relief7 #a4 7,bas$ on regim5tal ord]47 ,battalion to be reliev$--,sector4 ,g5]al ,description ( ,sector3 ,c5t]s ( resi/ance--troops 9 ea*-- troops on "r & left ( sector--res]ve-comm& po/ ( ,colonel1 ,comm& ,po/ ( artill]y support ,comm&]4 ,note3 ,battalion ne$s "k no m ab\t artill]y support ?an location ( comm& po/4 ,details z to location ( guns are n giv5 out4 #b4 ,disposition ( ,battalion 9 ,c5t]4 ,accurate description (3 ,fir/ l9e & units occupy+ x--int]m$iate l9e & units occupy+ x-- support l9e & units occupy+ x--,battalion ,comm& po/--/ations ( ma*9e gun company--dress+ /ation4 #c4 ,h\r at :i* usual reconnaissance w be complet$--ea* (fic] to reconnoit] area assign$ him 9 #b4 #d4 ,h\r at :i* ,major w assume comm& ( c5t] ( resi/ance4 ,,iv4 ,ord] = ! ,m>* ( ! ,relief 7,issu$ aft] reconnaissance & sev]al h\rs be=e relief />ts7 #a4 ,disp]sion po9t fix$ by ,colonel--,battalion's place 9 regim5t--h\r at :i* battalion cle>s disp]sion po9t4 #b4 ,relief to be made z p] prec$+ ord]4 ,ord] ( m>* ( units 9 battalion4 ,r\tes to be foll[$ & =mation tak5 f disp]sion po9t to po9t ( r5dezv\s ( guides4 #c4 ,h\r at :i* ! guides w be at r5dezv\s4 ,location ( r5dezv\s4 ,r\tes by :i* guides w conduct v>i\s units to _! places4 #d4 ,h\r & place ration details w report to ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 f battalion headqu>t]s to g to kit*5s = rations4 ,h\r at :i* daily reque/s = mat]ial & ammunition w rea* ,major4 ,:e!r ,major has depot to fill em]g5cy reque/s4 #e4 ,reports to be submitt$ by ,capta9s4 ,usually writt5 report ^u occupation ( area & daily reports submitt$ at same "t z reque/s = mat]ial4 ,v4 ,plan ( ,def5se #a4 ,direction & nature ( probable attacks4 #b4 ,plan ( ,def5se ( c5t]4 ,duties ( fir/ l9e ,companies4 ,ord]s = ma*9e guns4 ,platoons to support ma*9e guns4 #c4 ,c\nt]attack4 ,platoons = c\nt]attack--_! r\tes--re9=c+ platoons to replace !m4 #d4 ,artill]y ,support4 ,to e/abli% b>rage 9 8,no ,man's ,l&0 at usual 7rocket7 call4 #e4 ,supply4 ,extra gr5ades or ammunition to be c>ri$ by c\nt]attack or re9=c+ platoons4 ,,vi4 ,a ,raid #a4 ,date1 h\r1 objective1 & purpose ( raid4 #b4 ,composition ( & company furni%+ raid+ p>ty4 #c4 ,assi/ance to ,raid]s--,details ( ,execution ( ,raid3 e4 g41 ,gr5adi]s to protect flanks4 ,objective4 ,direction ( attack4 ,prep>ation ( explosives to de/roy enemy's wire4 ,rocket signal = bl[+ up wire1 ru% ( raid]s & />t ( artill]y or rifle gr5ade b>rage4 ,duration ( raid4 ,direction & return ( raid]s4 #d4 ,duration & location ( b>rage4 #e4 ,supplies4 ,raid is g5]ally made by m5 f an organization 9 re> 7support or res]ve74 ,capta9 ( fir/ l9e company provides ! mat]ial3 ,gr5ades1 tools1 explosives1 rockets1 etc4 ,i4 ,plan ( ,attack #a/ ,bn4 #crd ,inf4 #dg? ,div41 ,bn4 ,comm& ,po/1 #a ,nov4 #ag1 #b p4 m4 ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #g ,map ,,b]ry-,,au-,,bac1 ,n4 ,o4 #a4 ,rle4 ,9 ! attack ?is ,bn4 w be 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,x w attack ! we/ slope ( ! ,,enclume ,,wood 9 a g5]al (f5sive 9 conjunction ) ! ,bns4 on bo? flanks4 #b4 ,zone ( ,attack4 ,! zone ( attack w be limit$ z foll[s3 ,on ! left by ! road f ,,temple ,,f>m to ,,corb5y 7exclusive71 on ! "r by ! imag9>y l9e m>k$ by ! po9ts1 boyau ,,/4 ,,pol1 po9t #fiji 7fir/ ,g]man l9e71 po9t #gaji 7cov] tr5*1 fir/ l9e7 hill #fi4b po9t #gbaf 7,g]man support l9e7 & topographical po9t #gh4h1 all ^! po9ts inclusive4 #c4 ,objectives4 #a/4 ,fir/ ,g]man l9e1 ,pla9e tr5*4 #bnd4 ,cov] tr5*1 ,,env] ,,pa%a tr5*4 #crd4 ,support tr5*es1 ,l',,enclume tr5* on ! ea/ & ,,m>teau tr5* on ! we/4 ,on ?is la/ objective ! assault+ companies w halt1 ma9ta9+ contact ) ! enemy by means ( contact patrols1 especially on ! "r front t[>ds ! ,,=g]on ,,wood & ! we/ edge ( ! ,l',,enclume ,,wood4 #d4 ,disposition = ! ,attack4 ,! ,bn4 w attack ) two ,cos4 9 ! assault+ l9e & two ,cos4 9 support4 ,assault+ ,cos4 7,a & ,b7 w take ! usual assault+ disposition4 ,ea* ,co4 w be re9=c$ by a ,m4 ,g4 platoon4 ,! zones ( action ( ! assault+ ,cos4 w be divid$ by ! l9e3 ,po9t #fejb 7,,anspa* tr5*71 po9t #ffjf 79 ! ,,bonnet ,,p]san ,,wood71 & ! boyau ,,p>seval f po9t #fgab to po9t #fiai4 ,all ^! po9ts to be includ$ by ! left ,co4 ,! di/ance betwe5 assault+ ,cos4 7,a ,b71 & support+ ,cos4 7,c ,d7 w be #cjj y>ds4 ,! rema9+ sections ( ,m4 ,g4 ,co4 & ! #cg mm4 gun w foll[ ! left support+ ,co4 7,c7 at #ajj y>ds4 ,! ,bn4 ,c4 ,o4 w be locat$ 9 front ( ! re9=c+ companies to ! left ( ! c5t]1 on ! g5]al axis ( m>*1 ! boyau ,,p>seval4 #e4 ,disposition ( ,units 9 ,p>allel ( ,dep>ture4 ,! assault+ ,cos4 w use = _! p>allels ( dep>ture ! fire & cov] l9e tr5*es betwe5 ! boyau ,,/4 ,,pol & ,,liev9 7inc474 ,! support+ ,cos4 w use = _! p>allels ( dep>ture ! ,,anspa* tr5*1 & ! places d'armes built 9 re> ( ?is tr5* & on ea* side ( ! boyau ,,/4 ,,om] & ,,/4 ,,pol4 ,! ,bn4 ,c4 ,o4 ) 8 headqu>t]s1 w />t f ! po9t ( int]section ( ! ,,anspa* tr5* & ! ,,/4 ,,om] boyau4 ,! ,m4 ,g4 res]ve & #cg mm4 gun are locat$ 9 ! #ebj ,m4 tr5*4 #f4 ,direction ( ! ,attack4 ,! g5]al direction ( ! attack is on ! ,r4 ,r4 /ation at s\? edge ( ,,corb5y1 compass direction ,n4 #aj ,e4 #g4 ,tactical ,relation ) ,neighbor+ ,units4 ,left3 connect+ ) #bnd ,bn4 #crd ,inf4 on ! road4 ,p]man5t liaison w be assur$ by ! assault+ ,cos4 ,"r3 connection ) #bnd ,inf4 at ! po9ts #fiji & #gbaf4 ,! "r support+ ,co4 w take a =mation 9 e*elon ) ! "r elem5t refus$1 ?is latt] elem5t e/abli%+ connection ) ! troops to ! "r dur+ ! advance4 ,reconnoit]+ patrols w also e/abli% connection ) ! troops on ! "r 9 ! ,l',,enclume ,,wood4 #h4 ,artill]y ,support dur+ ,attack4 ,! assault+ waves w be protect$ by a mov+ b>rage :i* w />t at ! h\r 7,h74 ,! mov+ b>rage w halt & rema9 on ! l9e #bjj y>ds beyond ! la/ objective at ! h\r 7,h plus #ej m9utes74 #i4 ,liaison dur+ ,attack4 ,usual liaison ) ! artill]y & airplanes 7rockets & flags74 ,z soon z ! assault+ ,cos4 arrive 9 or halt be=e ! ?ird objective1 a telephone liaison w be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,co4 comm&]s & ! ,bn4 comm&]4 ,a ,b5gal l9e ( fire w be light$ by ! assault+ ,cos4 :5 !y rea* ! #bnd & ! #crd objectives4 #aj4 ,supply4 ,ea* support+ ,co4 w s5d a p>ty (t5 m5 to ! ,,temple ,,f>m z supply deta*m5ts4 ,^! deta*m5ts w />t ) ammunition supply at ! h\r 7,h plus #a h\r7 = ! comm& po/s ( ! assault+ ,cos4 9 ! captur$ position4 #aa4 ,evacuation4 ,evacuation po9t = w\nd$ w be at ,,rivoli ,,c5t] 7nor!a/ edge ( ,,de ,,beau ,,m>ais ,,wood74 ,assembly po9t = prison]s w be at ,,temple ,,f>m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,major1 #crd ,inf41 ,bn4 ,comdr4 ,,ii4 ,ord] = ! ,attack #a/4 ,bn4 #crd ,inf4 #dg? ,div41 ,bn4 ,comm& ,po/1 #d ,nov4 #ag4 #g p4 m4 ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #h ,map4 ,,b]ry ,,au ,,bac ,n4 ,o4 #a4 ,9 accordance ) ,field ,ord]s #g1 ^! headqu>t]s1 ! attack w be made at ! h\r 7,h74 ,h #aj3cj ,a4 ,m4 #b4 ,! ?ree objectives ( ! attack are3 #a/1 ,,pla9e tr5*2 #bnd1 ,,env] ,,pa%a tr5*2 #crd1 ,l',,enclume & ,,m>teau tr5*es4 ,= ! capture ( ^! ?ree objectives ! plan ( ! ,bn4 comm&] is z foll[s3 ,! assault+ ,cos41 aft] tak+ ! #a/ & #bnd objectives w proce$ to ! attack ( ! #crd objective1 :ile ! mopp+ up p>ties clean up ! captur$ tr5*es4 ,z ! assault+ ,cos4 leave ! #bnd objective1 ! ,bn4 comm&] w give ! ord] = ! support+ ,cos4 to />t1 9 ord] t !y w rea* ! #bnd objective at ! same "t ! assault+ ,cos4 rea* ! #crd4 ,9 case ! assault+ ,cos4 are compell$ to /op be=e rea*+ ! #crd objective1 ! ,bn4 comm&] w use ! support+ ,cos4 to outflank ! ne/ ( resi/ance expect$ to be enc\nt]$ 9 ,l',,enclume wood4 #c4 ,! mov+ b>rage w halt #aj m9utes imm$iately 9 re> ( ! #bnd objective & #aj m9utes on ! #crd objective4 ,) ! exception ( ^! halts ! b>rage w move at a uni=m rate ( #bj y>ds p] m9ute4 #d4 ,z soon z ! ,bn4 comm&] rea*es ! po9t #fiai a telephone liaison w be e/abli%$ f ! />t+ po9t 9 ! ,,anspa* tr5* to po9t #fiai4 ,f po9t #fiai a signal liaison w be e/abli%$ ) ! artill]y obs]vation po/ 9 ! ,,edmond ,,butte4 #e4 ,! supply deta*m5ts w c>ry #djj h& gr5ades1 #ej illum9at+ & #ej signal rockets4 99 99 99 99 99 ,major #crd ,inf41 ,bn4 ,comdr4 ,,iii4 ,prelim9>y ,ord] = a ,relief ,ord] = ! ,occupation ( a ,c5t] ( ,resi/ance ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #e4 #crd ,bn4 #hj? ,inf4 #a ,nov4 #ag4 #f p4 m4 #a4 ,9 accordance ) ord]s ( ! regim5tal comm&]1 ! #hj? ,inf4 w relieve ! #acbnd ,inf4 9 ! ,,temple sector dur+ ! night #b-c ,nov4 #ag4 ,9 ?is sector two ,bns4 are 9 ! fir/ l9e 9 ! c5t]s ( resi/ance ,,bonnet ,,p]san ,,wood & ,,p9s ,,butte4 ,! #crd ,bn4 #hj? ,inf4 w occupy ! ,,bonnet ,,p]san ,,wood c5t]1 :i* is limit$ on ! ea/ by ! ,,/4 ,,pol boyau 7inclusive7 & on ! we/ by ! ,,temple ,,f>m-,,corb5y road 7exclusive7 :i* road is ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! two c5t]s4 ,adjo9+ units3 ,on ! "r ! #de? ,inf41 occupy+ ,,ep9al sector4 ,on ! left ! #a/ ,bn41 #hj? ,inf41 occupy+ ,,p9s ,,butte c5t]4 ,9 res]ve1 #bnd ,bn41 #hj? ,inf41 9 ! ,,beau ,,m>ais ,,wood4 ,comm& po/ ( ! regim5tal comm&] 7sector comm&]71 ,,temple ,,f>m4 ,comm& po/ ( ! artill]y support comm&] 7#gbnd ,a4 ,c471 ,,edmond ,,butte4 #b4 ,disposition ( ! ,bn4 9 ! ,,bonnet ,,p]san ,,wood c5t]4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e3 ,co4 ,a 9 ! fir+ & d\bl+ tr5* 7,bad5 tr5*7 betwe5 ! ,,/4 ,,pol & ,,bonnet ,,p]san boyaux 7bo? inclusive71 ,co4 ,c 9 ! same fir+ & d\bl+ tr5* betwe5 ! ,,bonnet ,,p]san boyau 7exclusive7 & ! ,,liev9 boyau 7inclusive74 ,9 ! int]m$iate l9e 7,,anspa* tr5*73 ,co4 ,b & ! deta*m5t ( pione]s4 ,9 ! support l9e 7#ebj ,m tr5*73 ,co4 ,d & ,bn4 ,hq4 ,comm& po/ ( ! ,bn4 ,cmdr4 7,comm&] ( ! c5t]71 ,comm& po/ ( ,,/4 ,,om] 79 ! ,,/4 ,,om] boyau74 ,?ree sections ( ! ,m4 ,g4 ,co4 w relieve same numb]$ sections ( ! reliev$ ,co4 9 ! diff]5t l9es ( ! c5t]4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,m4 ,g4 ,co4 ) ! #cg mm4 gun w be kept z ,bn4 res]ve 9 ! #ebj ,m tr5*4 ,dress+ /ation3 9 ! #ebj ,m tr5* at ! int]section ) ,,/4 ,,om] boyau4 #c4 ,! reconnaissance = ! relief w be made e>ly 9 ! morn+ ( #b ,nov4 #ag 7usual composition7 & w be complet$ at #aj a4 m4 ,ea* (fic] w reconnoit] ! area assign$ to him 9 ?is ord]4 #d4 ,aft] ! relief ! ,bn4 ,cmdr4 w assume comm& ( ! c5t] at #f a4 m4 #c ,nov4 #ag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,major #hj? ,inf41 ,bn4 ,cmdr4 ,,iv4 ,ord] = ! ,m>* ( ! ,relief ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #f4 #crd ,bn41 #hj? ,inf41 #b ,nov4 #ag4--ab o'clock noon4 #a4 ,9 accordance ) ord]s ( ,regim5tal ,comm&]1 ! disp]sion po9t ( ! regim5t = ent]+ ! ,,temple ,,f>m sector w be ,,pontav]s4 ,?is ,bn4 w be ! fir/ ,bn4 to leave4 ,x w cle> ,,pontav]s at #e p4 m4 #b4 ,! occupation ( ! ,,bonnet ,,p]san ,,wood c5t] w be made 9 accordance ) ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #e1 ^! headqu>t]s4 ,! ord] ( m>* ( ! ,bn4 w be3 ,co4 ,a1 ,co4 ,c1 ,bn4 ,hq41 ,c4 ,b41 ,dt*4 ,pione]s1 ,co4 ,d1 ,ma*4 ,gun ,co41 & #cg mm4 gun4 ,! m>* f ,,pontav]s to ,,halte w be via ! ,,corb5y road 9 column ( squads ) #bjj y>ds di/ance betwe5 cos4 ,f ,,halte to po9t ( r5dezv\s ( ! guides ! ,bn4 w m>* along ! "r ( ,r4 ,r4 track 9 column ( twos ) #bjj y>ds di/ance betwe5 cos4 #c4 ,! usual guides w be s5t f ! reliev$ ,bn4 to be at ! po9t ( r5dezv\s by #f o'clock p4 m4 ,! po9t ( r5dezv\s ( ! guides w be s\? ( ,,edmond ,,butte at ! int]section ( ! ,,corb5y road & ! ,r4 ,r4 track4 ,f ?is po9t ! cos4 w be conduct$ by ! guides to _! respective positions 9 ! tr5*es4 ,cos4 ,a1 ,b1 & ,pione] ,dt*4 w use = _! r\te ! ,,/4 ,,pol boyau4 ,cos4 ,c1 ,d1 ,bn4 ,hq41 ,m4 ,g4 ,co4 & #cg mm4 gun w use = _! r\te ! ,,/4 ,,om] boyau4 #d4 ,at #g o'clock p4 m4 ea* night on & aft] #c ,nov4 #ag1 ! ration details f ea* organization w report at ! po9t ( r5dezv\s ( ! guides to a ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 f ,bn4 ,hq4 :o w conduct !m to ! kit*5s at ,,pontav]s = rations4 ,reque/s = mat]ial & ammunition w be s5t to ! ,bn4 ,cmdr4 e morn+ to rea* him be=e #f3cj o'clock a4 m4 ,em]g5cy reque/s made at o!r times w be fill$ z f> z possible f ! ,bn4 ,cmdr's depot4 #e4 ,company comm&]s w make a writt5 report to ,bn4 ,cmdr4 z soon z !y h occupi$ _! areas1 & !reaft] w make daily reports to be submitt$ ) _! reque/s ( mat]ial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,major #hj? ,inf41 ,bn4 ,cmdr4 ,v4 ,plan ( ,def5se #a/ ,bn41 #bj? ,inf41 #dcrd ,div41 ,bn4 ,comm& ,po/1 #bi ,nov4 #ag1 #b o'clock p4 m4 ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #aj ,map4 ,,b]ry-,,au-,,bac ,n4 ,o4 #a4 ,direction ( ,probable ,attack4 ,! enemy may possibly make a frontal attack />t+ f ,,pla9e & ,,env] ,,pa%a tr5*es & support+ x on ! left f ,l',,enclume ,,wood1 or a flank attack />t+ f ,,pla9e r$\bt = ! purpose ( /rik+ our fir/ l9e & ,,anspa* tr5* f ! re> by fir/ p5etrat+ ! sector on our "r4 #b4 ,def5se ( ! ,c5t] ( ,resi/ance4 ,:5 ! assault develops ,cos4 ,a4 & ,c4 9 ! fir/ l9e1 w ma9ta9 ! def5se ( _! own l9e by _! own means4 ,! two ma*9e guns locat$ at #feja ,,anspa* tr5* w be tak5 imm$iately to ! "r flank ( ,co4 ,a1 ne> ,,po/e ,,de ,,nem\rs & take up a position to fire to ! nor? t[>d ,l',,enclume ,,wood & to ! ea/ t[>d ,,pla9e r$\bt4 ,! ,c4 ,o41 ,co4 ,b1 w place a platoon p]man5tly 9 ! ,,/4 ,,pol boyau at ! junction ( ! ,,anspa* tr5*1 &1 :5 ! al>m is giv5 w s5d x =w>d to occupy & hold ! ,,po/e ,,de ,,nem\rs sali5t 9 support ( ! ,m4 ,g4 ,platoon4 ,:5 ?is platoon has mov$ =w>d1 its place w be tak5 by #a ,platoon ( ,co4 ,b1 7locat$ 9 ,,anspa* tr5* betwe5 ! ,,/4 ,,pol & ,,bonnet ,,p]san boyaux7 :i* w protect ! "r flank4 #c4 ,c\nt]attack4 ,! two rema9+ ,platoons ( ,co4 ,b are assign$ to ! comm&]s ( ,cos4 ,a & ,c respectively = use 9 c\nt]attack4 ,"o ,platoon w employ ! ,,bonnet ,,p]san boyau1 ! o!r ! ,,liev9 boyau4 ,! ,bn4 ,cmdg4 w replace ^! two ,platoons by two ,platoons ( ,co4 ,d1 9 ! #ebj ,m4 tr5*4 #d4 ,artill]y ,support4 ,! support+ artill]y w e/abli% a b>rage 9 ,no ,man's ,l& 9 front ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,! b>rage w be call$ by ! usual signal4 #e4 ,supply4 ,! c\nt]attack & re9=c+ ,platoons w c>ry #e gr5ades p] man 9 addition to _! regul> equipm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,major #bj? ,inf41 ,bn4 ,cmdg4 ,,vi4 ,ord] = a ,raid ,field ,ord]s ,no4 #ab #a/ ,bn41 #hj? ,inf41 ,bn4 ,comm& ,po/1 #aj ,nov41 '#ag1 #b p4 m4 #a4 ,at #c o'clock a4 m41 #bj ,nov41 '#ag1 a raid w be c>ri$ out aga9/ ! we/]n sali5t ( ,,pla9e ,,tr5* = ! purpose ( captur+ prison]s4 #b4 ,! raid+ p>ty w consi/ ( a lieut5ant1 #aj h& gr5adi]s1 & #bj riflem5 f ,co4 ,d1 #hj? ,inf4 #c4 ,two p>ties ( gr5adi]s ea* w be furni%$ f ! same ,co4 to protect ! flanks ( ! raid+ p>ty on ea* side ( ! sali5t4 ,! raid+ p>ty w p5etrate ! enemy's fir/ l9e by a frontal attack1 capture ! def5d]s ( ! sali5t & return directly by ! same r\te4 ,! raid+ p>ty w crawl into 8,no ,man's ,l&0 9 front ( ! ,,pla9e sali5t until x rea*es ! enemy's b>b$ wire & w prep>e detonators = ! necess>y brea*es4 ,! signal to explode ! detonators & ru% into ! sali5t w be giv5 by ! lead] ( ! raid by rocket4 ,! raid w la/ t5 m9utes4 #d4 ,= t5 m9utes aft] ! rocket signal ! artill]y w ma9ta9 a b>rage on ! flanks & 9 ! re> ( ! ,,pla9e sali5t to protect ! raid+ p>ty4 #e4 ,co4 ,c1 :i* occupies ! fir/ l9e 9 front ( ! ,,pla9e sali5t1 w provide a supply ( #fj detonators1 #bjj h& gr5ades1 & #c signal rockets = use ( ! raid+ p>ty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,major #hj? ,inf41 ,bn4 ,cmdr4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,special ,,op]ations ,i4 ,raids ,! object ( a raid is to attack a special po9t 9 ! ho/ile l9es1 de/roy x1 & return ) prison]s or in=mation4 ,su* a po9t may be a sali5t1 blockh\se1 obs]vation or li/5+ po/1 etc4 ,! purpose ( ! raid is bo? to prosecute ! attrition ( ! enemy & to ga!r in=mation4 ,a raid is made ) or )\t a previ\s artill]y prep>ation4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts ( ! enemy are subject$ to a %ort & int5se artill]y %ell+4 ,:e!r or n an artill]y bomb>dm5t is c>ri$ out1 ! tactics ( ! raid are ! same4 ,success ( a raid dep5ds entirely on its prep>ation1 :i* mu/ be ?or\gh & complete 9 e detail s t e man 9 ! raid kn[s 8 "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,raid ,,aga9/ ,a ,,ho/ile ,,po9t ,prep>ation4 ,! troops employ$ = a raid are a specially *os5 unit1 a platoon or half-company4 ,bett] /ill1 a regim5t may h a deta*m5t specially tra9$ 9 ?is "w4 ,:5 a raid has be5 decid$ ^u aga9/ a p>ticul> po9t 9 ! ho/ile l9e1 ! lead] ( ! raid has ! foll[+ duties to p]=m3 #a4 ,he goes to ! comm& po/ ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance opposite to ! po9t 9 ! enemy's l9e aga9/ :i* ! raid is to be made4 ,"h he ga!rs all necess>y in=mation conc]n+ ! enemy by /udy+ maps & sket*es1 & comp>+ !m ) ! gr\nd4 ,he also speaks ) occupants ( ! fir/ l9e = ! purpose ( gett+ in=mation2 & calls ^u ! comm&] ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance to s5d special li/5+ p>ties1 if necess>y1 to ! enemy's l9e1 obs]v+ necess>y precautions to prev5t ! enemy f becom+ suspici\s ( a contemplat$ raid4 ,f ! detail$ in=mation1 maps & sket*es t ! lead] ( ! raid has obta9$ f ! headqu>t]s ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance & f 8 own reconnaissance1 he lays out a model ( ! ho/ile po9t to be attack$4 ,?is he does 9 ! re> ( 8 own sector4 ,! model is p>tially dug 9 s t ! raid+ deta*m5t w h an exact duplicate ( ! enemy's l9es to be raid$ to practice ^u4 ,he n[ prep>es ! ord] = ! execution ( ! raid1 :i* conta9s ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,purpose ( ! ,raid4 ,to de/roy su* & su* a dug\t1 ma*9e gun emplacem5t1 etc41 to make prison]s1 to ga!r in=mation1 or to prev5t a contemplat$ gas attack on ! "p ( ! enemy4 #b4 ,troops ,employ$4 ,numb] & designation ( ! diff]5t gr\ps ( gr5adi]s & tr5* clean]s to be us$1 equipm5t ( same1 & ammunition c>ri$4 #c4 ,objective ( ! ,raid4 ,! p>ticul> "p ( a tr5*1 po/1 blockh\se1 etc4 #d4 ,precise ,rle ( ,ea* ,gr\p4 ,disposition ( ! gr\ps be=e ! raid 9 _! own l9es4 ,?is may be 9 ! fir+ l9e or 9 8,no ,man's ,l&0 9 a %ell hole rea*$ by crawl+ at night4 ,"t & signal ( dep>ture4 ,means ( cross+ ! enemy's b>b$ wire entanglem5ts4 ,po9ts ( ! ho/ile l9e ^u :i* ea* gr\p is to make its attack4 ,rle ( ea* gr\p dur+ ! raid4 ,protection ( ! flank1 e/abli%+ b>ricades1 prop] execution ( ! raid4 ,"t or signal to return4 #e4 ,co-op]ation ( ! infantry & artill]y support+ ! raid4 #f4 ,supply ( ! attack+ troops--gr5ade depots 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,9 practic+ ! raid 9 ! re>1 on ! model1 ! deta*m5t mu/ repeat ! execution ( ! raid at lea/ five times4 ,all ! details ( ! raid are =ese5 & provid$ =4 ,ea* man is made ?or\ghly pr(ici5t 9 8 p>ticul> "p 9 ! raid1 s t1 9 ! confusion & d>kness1 !y w be able to rea* _! objective & c>ry out _! p>ticul> function4 ,ea* *ief ( gr\p mu/ be ?or\ghly conv]sant ) 8 duties4 ,! lead] ( ! raid p]sonally conducts ! mo/ important ( ^! gr\ps4 ,execution ( ! ,raid4 ,! mo/ important elem5t ( ! execution ( a raid is spe$1 its "t ( duration be+ only f five to t5 m9utes4 ,"t4 ,if all ! po9ts 9 ! enemy's l9e to be attack$ are ?or\ghly kn[n & locat$1 ! raid c be c>ri$ out dur+ ! night4 ,b if !re is "s lack ( k ( ! above m5tion$ po9ts1 ! raid mu/ be c>ri$ out at dusk or dawn1 s t ! objectives c be at lea/ p>tly se54 ,disposition ( ! ,gr\ps to ,cross ! ,b>b$ ,wire2 ,disposition ( ! ,troops be=e ! ,raid4 ,! di/ance ( a raid %\ld n be m ?an fifty y>ds4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! diff]5t gr\ps mu/ get into position su* a di/ance f ! enemy's l9es ei!r by sil5tly crawl+ across 8,no ,man's ,l&0 or by pr(it+ by a %ort prelim9>y bomb>dm5t ( a few m9utes :i* w prev5t ! enemy's s5t9els & wat*]s f p]ceiv+ !m4 ,_! disposition is usually made by hid+ or cr\*+ 9 %ell holes4 ,de/ruction ( ! ,b>b$ ,wire4 ,! diff]5t ways ( de/roy+ b>b$ wire h be5 spok5 ( "u ,surprise ,attacks 9 ! *apt] on ,def5se ( a ,position4 ,signal ( ,dep>ture4 ,?ree me?ods c be us$2 previ\s designation ( ! h\r1 use ( a :i/le1 or by means ( a rocket4 ,( ^!1 ! la/ nam$ is probably ! be/4 ,!re are two diff]5t k9ds ( gr\ps 9 ! raid+ p>ty4 ,! flank gr\ps1 arm$ ) h& gr5ades1 protect ! gr\ps execut+ ! raid prop] by %utt+ (f all av5ues ( approa* ( ! enemy4 ,b>ricades are e/abli%$ by ^! gr\ps by ?r[+ gr5ades into ! tr5*es lead+ to ! attack$ area4 ,betwe5 ! flank gr\ps1 are ! gr\ps t c>ry out ! prop] mission ( ! raid4 ,!y are arm$ ) inc5di>y gr5ades1 pi/ols1 & tr5* knives4 ,_! function is to accompli% any p>ticul> de/ruction ( _! mission & to capture prison]s4 ,infantry ,support+ ! ,raid4 ,! riflem5 ( ! g>rison ( ! c5t] ( resi/ance /& ready at ! fir+ p>apets to receive ! gr\ps return+ f ! raid4 ,! ma*9e guns c>ry out an int5se fire on ! flanks ( ! po9t raid$ to prev5t ! approa* ( ho/ile re9=cem5ts4 ,! rifle gr5adi]s ( ! g>rison execute fire ^u special po9ts on ! flanks or on ! re> ( ! raid$ area1 su* z ma*9e gun emplacem5ts1 junction ( boyaux1 etc4 ,support ( ! ,artill]y4 ,if artill]y is us$ 9 conjunction ) ! raid1 x may be employ$ be=e1 dur+1 or aft] ! raid1 or 9 any comb9ation ( ^! p]iods4 ,dur+ ! raid1 two k9ds ( fire are c>ri$ out1 t ( demoli%+ ! b>b$ wire entanglem5ts1 & special elem5ts ( ! ho/ile position t w h9d] ! raid4 ,?is is c>ri$ out by ! light artill]y & tr5* mort>s1 pr9cipally ! latt]4 ,dur+ ! raid1 ! support artill]y e/abli%es protective curta9s ( fire on bo? flanks & on ! re> ( ! raid$ portion ( ! enemy's l9e4 ,?is is to neutralize ! enemy's def5ses & to cut ! area (f f communications or re9=cem5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! artill]y w isolate by its fire ! po9t ( attack ( ! raid4 ,at ! designat$ "t = ! return ( ! raid or at ! signal ( a rocket s5t up by ! raid+ p>ty on rea*+ _! own fir/ l9e1 ! support artill]y e/abli%es its usual def5sive b>rage 9 8,no ,man's ,l&40 ,x may also fire on ! enemy's position ) %rapnel1 because at ?is "t re9=cem5ts are usually com+ up into ! raid$ area4 ,?is latt] fire may be repeat$ two or ?ree times dur+ ! ensu+ h\r4 ,,ii4 ,gas ,w>f>e ,gas attacks may be c>ri$ out 9 two ways1 by asphyxiat+ %ells or by waves ( gas4 ,! %ell+ ( a position ) asphyxiat+ %ells is made to neutralize ! action ( its def5d]s &1 if possible1 to kill & w\nd "s ( !m4 ,asphyxiat+ %ells are us$ 9 c\nt]-batt]y fire aga9/ ! enemy's artill]y emplacem5ts4 ,!y are also us$ = %ell+ a woods 9 :i* troops are locat$ & aga9/ /rong po9ts ( ! ho/ile position1 ei!r dur+ an (f5sive p]iod or to c>ry out attrition ( ! enemy4 ,su* %ell+ is also c>ri$ out = an (f5sive1 ei!r 9 ! prep>ation or = ! protection ( ! flanks dur+ ! attack4 ,asphyxiat+ %ells may be ?r[n on a village or /rong po9t 9 re> or on ! flank ( ! enemy's position :]e he may organize a c\nt]attack4 ,gas waves are us$ aga9/ ! enemy's position ) or )\t foll[+ up ) ! infantry = a raid or an attack4 ,usually ! liquifi$ gas is br\ght to ! fir/ l9es 9 cyl9d]s "u heavy pressure4 ,^! cyl9d]s mu/ be prop]ly protect$ f ho/ile fire until ! "t t !y are to be us$4 ,) a favorable w9d1 ! gas is c>ri$ across 8,no ,man's ,l&0 & into ! enemy's position4 ,gas waves1 ( c\rse1 are m effici5t ?an asphyxiat+ %ells1 b ! use ( ! =m] me?od is m difficult z x takes special app>atus & a tra9$ p]sonnel1 & c be us$ only "u favorable atmosph]ic conditions4 ,protections aga9/ ,gas4 ,9 g5]al1 protective measures aga9/ gas waves are ! same z aga9/ asphyxiat+ %ells4 ,! individual protective app>atus is ! gas mask4 ,! ess5tial "p ( a mask is compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( por\s mat]ial conta9+ a *emical t w neutralize ! poison\s gas4 ,! gas mask has an effici5cy ( sev]al h\rs4 ,ea* man c>ries a gas mask & !re are also a c]ta9 numb] kept 9 res]ve 9 ! diff]5t depots ( ! sector4 ,ea* gas mask mu/ be prop]ly adju/$ & x is ! duty ( ea* (fic] & non-commission$ (fic] to asc]ta9 t ea* man 9 ! company has a gas mask 9 good condition4 ,he mu/ always c>ry ! same4 ,ea* man is tra9$ to put on 8 mask rapidly4 ,/&+ ord]s compel ! man to put on 8 gas mask imm$iately ! al>m is giv5 or ^u 8 detection ( gas by color or odor4 ,frequ5t ex]cises are held to p]fect ! m5 9 putt+ on _! gas masks rapidly4 ,?is drill may be held at ! same "t z ! 8/& to0 ex]cises are c>ri$ out4 ,! m5 mu/ h confid5ce 9 _! gas masks4 ,= ?is purpose1 ea* man is s5t ?r\gh a 8*lor9e *amb]0 sev]al times to give him confid5ce t1 al?\gh ! gas may be ( great d5sity1 x has no disagreeable effects4 ,!re are also collective protective app>atuses us$ 9 dug\ts4 ,ea* l>ge %elt] possesses su* app>atus4 ,besides ?is1 ! entrances & op5+s ( ea* dug\t w be clos$ by a d\ble canvas impregnat$ ) a special *emical solution to neutralize ! gas4 ,special ,precaution>y ,measures4 ,fir/1 !re is e/abli%$ a sy/em ( bells1 sir5s1 & klaxons :i* are us$ by ! wat*]s to give ! signal ( al>m4 ,?is signal is tak5 up & repeat$ 9 all p>ts ( ! position & to ! re>4 ,c>eful obs]vation on ! "p ( a g>rison may detect signs ( a com+ gas attack4 ,metallic noises 9 ! ho/ile l9e may indicate ! transportation ( gas cyl9d]s4 ,v (t5 ! enemy w use little balloons to asc]ta9 ! velocity & direction ( ! w9d4 ,foggy wea!r is a special "t ( dang]4 ,9 ea* sector or regim5t1 an (fic] is 9 *>ge ( ! ma9t5ance ( protective gas app>atus & all ! measures aga9/ gas attack4 ,) ! prop] precaution>y measures & application ( ! protective measures1 ! gas attack is n v dang]\s4 ,,iii4 ,liquid ,fire ,protection aga9/ ,liquid ,fire4 ,! enemy may make an assault ) a special deta*m5t ( liquid fire op]ators 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,! object ( ^! op]ators is to ?r[ jets ( liquid fire on ! occupants ( ! fir/ l9e to all[ ! assault+ columns to p5etrate into ! position )\t losses4 ,! only means ( combat+ su* an attack is to evacuate ! "p ( ! tr5*es aga9/ :i* ! liquid fire is direct$1 & move by ! flanks4 ,ma*9e guns & automatic rifles %\ld be e/abli%$ to br+ flank+ fire to be> aga9/ ! deta*m5t ( liquid fire op]ators4 ,x is impossible to )/& a liquid fire attack if ! op]ators succe$ 9 com+ )9 sixty y>ds be=e ! g>rison c man its p>apets4 ,illu/ration ,,iv4 ,m9es ,we w consid] m9es only f ! po9t ( view ( def5se by infantry aga9/ !m4 ,?is consid]ation w !re=e h no relation to m9e w>f>e or ! con/ruction ( c\nt]m9es by eng9e]s4 ,let u consid] a concrete example :]e ! enemy is ab\t to explode a m9e "u y\r fir/ l9e ( tr5*es 7exam9e accompany+ diagram1 ,precautions aga9/ a ,m9e74 ,:5 x has be5 def9itely discov]$ t ! enemy has a m9e gall]y "u y\r fir/ l9e & !re is no means ( combat+ x by c\nt]m9+1 etc41 ! infantry 9 ! position mu/ take c]ta9 precautions4 ,by li/5+ devices ! p[d] *amb] is locat$4 ,! ext5t ( ! crat] is also calculat$4 ,a new fir/ l9e is con/ruct$ beh9d1 exclud+ ! m9e crat] & at a di/ance ( ab\t #cj y>ds f its lip4 ,?is re-entrant angle ( ! fir/ l9e is made by us+ boyaux on ! flank if !y exi/4 ,a cov] tr5* is also con/ruct$ beh9d ?is fir/ l9e4 ,! infantry moves back to ?is new l9e beh9d ! ?reat5$ area ( explosion4 ,e o!r def5sive precaution is tak5 aga9/ ! explosion & ! accompany+ assault ( ! enemy4 ,heavy bomb+ po/s are locat$ on ! flanks ( ! crat]4 ,! position ( ^! po/s is usually at ! po9t ( *ange ( direction ( ! old fir+ l9e ) ! new "o ( ! re-entrant angle4 ,dug\ts may be con/ruct$ close to ^! bomb+ po/s = ! protection ( ! gr5adi]s dur+ ! explosion4 ,imm$iately ! explosion is ov]1 ^! gr5adi]s man _! po/s & e/abli% a heavy b>ricade betwe5 ! po/s & ! crat] by us+ h& gr5ades4 ,if ! enemy attempts to ent] ! crat]1 ^! gr5adi]s c make x unt5able by ?r[+ h& gr5ades into x4 ,automatic rifle or ma*9e gun emplacem5ts are also locat$ on bo? flanks ( ! crat]4 ,_! function is to e/abli% flank+ fire on ho/ile troops attempt+ to approa* ! crat]4 ,rifle gr5adi]s are /ation$ 9 ! l9e ( tr5*es to e/abli% a def5sive rifle b>rage out 9 front ( ! crat]4 ,! riflem5 w usually occupy ! ne> & flank lips ( ! crat]4 ,!y w n occupy ! lip ( ! crat] ne>e/ ! enemy until x is asc]ta9$ t ! enemy has no m gall]ies4 ,a rocket po/ is locat$ 9 ! fir/ l9e on ! flanks ( ! crat]4 ,z soon z ! crat] is explod$1 a rocket is s5t up f ?is po/ call+ ^u ! artill]y = a def5sive b>rage4 ,usually1 special artill]y is detail$ = ?is extra fire4 ,x is a re9=c$ fire1 or a comb9ation ( prev5tive fire & protective b>rage4 ,x is e/abli%$ on ! enemy's fir/ l9e r ?an 9 8,no ,man's ,l&0 z a purely def5sive b>rage4 ,) all ^! precautions tak51 ! infantry await ! explosion ( ! m9e4 ,a ,selection f ! ,catalogue ( ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,complete ,catalogue s5t on application ,,x ,,is ,,! ,,real ,,/uff ,,ov] ,,! ,,top ,,by ,,an ,,am]ican ,,soldi] ,,:o ,,w5t ,,ar?ur ,,guy ,,empey ,,ma*9e ,,gunn]1 ,,s]v+ ,,9 ,,france ,,au?or ,,( 8,,fir/ ,,call0 ,= a ye> & a half1 until he fell w\nd$ 9 ,no ,man's ,l&1 ?is ,am]ican soldi] saw m actual fight+ & real w>f>e ?an any w> correspond5t :o has writt5 ab\t ! w>4 ,8 exp]i5ces are grim1 b !y are ?rill+ & light5$ by a t\* ( humor z orig9al z ! ,soldi]s ,?ree4 ,& !y are true4 #ab1 #af ,illu/rations & ,diagrams1 #a4ej net1 ,by mail1 #a4fj ,,toge!r ,,) ,,tommy',s ,,diction>y ,,( ,,! ,,tr5*es 8,ov] ,! ,top ) ! ,be/ ( ,luck & ,give ,!m ,hell60 ,! ,briti% ,soldi]'s ,w> ,cry1 z he goes ov] ! top ( ! tr5* to ! *>ge ,sid5ote3 ,,guide ,,po/s ,,to ,,b]l9 ,,fir/ ,,call ,,by ,,ar?ur ,,guy ,,empey ,au?or ( 8,,ov] ,,! ,,top0 #ab4 ,illu/rat$4 #a4ej 7,by mail1 #a4fe7 ,9 ! amaz+ly vivid & simple way t has made ,ov] ! ,top ! mo/ widely read & talk$ ( book 9 ,am]ica1 & ! mo/ successful w> book 9 all hi/ory1 ,empey tells ! new soldi]s ,:at !y want to "k ,:at !y ought to "k ,:at !y'll h to "k & :at _! p>5ts1 swee!>ts1 wives1 & all ,am]icans1 w want to "k1 & c d to help4 ,a practical book by an ,am]ican :o has be5 ?r\gh x all4 ,! *apt]s head$ 8,smokes0 & 8,?ank ,god ! ,/ret*] ,be>]s0 w /& among ! w> classics4 ,"h is advice1 "h are sugge/ions1 ov]look$ 9 o!r books1 t w safegu>d our boys 9 ,france4 ,! ,mak+ ( a ,mod]n ,army ,& ,its ,op]ations 9 ! ,field ,a ,/udy ,bas$ on ! ,exp]i5ce ( ,?ree ,ye>s on ! ,fr5* ,front #aiad-aiag ,r5 ,radiguet ,gnral de ,division1 ,army ( ,france ,translat$ by ,h5ry ,p4 du ,bellet ,=m]ly ,am]ican ,consul at ,rheims ,illu/rat$ ,! y\ng] ,am]icans :o are n[ 9 tra9+ = active s]vice 9 ! field1 & p>ticul>ly ^? :o h secur$ commissions z (fic]s or :o are prep>+ to compete = su* commissions1 w h a v direct int]e/ 9 ! in/ructions & sugge/ions pres5t$ by ,g5]al ,radiguet 9 reg>d to ! organization ( an army & ! me?od ( its op]ations 9 ! field4 ,g5]al ,radiguet's treatise is bas$ ^u a v>i$ exp]i5ce 9 ! campaigns ( ! pres5t w>4 ,! old text-books mu/ be put to "o side4 ,! me?ods ( organization & ! me?ods ( fight+ h alike *ang$4 ,x is only ^? :o h _h responsibilities z lead]s 9 ! pres5t w> ^: in/ructions c be accept$ z au?oritative4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york ,london ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4