,electro-,me*anical ,s]ies ,,gas ,,& ,,petroleum ,,eng9es ,,translat$ ,,& ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,! ,,fr5* ,,( ,,h5ry ,,de ,,graffigny ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,a4 ,g4 ,,elliott1 ,b4,sc4 ,,london ,,:ittak] ,,& ,,co4 #b ,,:ite ,,h>t ,,/reet1 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e ,,new ,,york3 #ff ,,fif? ,,av5ue #ahih ,,ri*>d ,,clay ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,bungay4 ,,preface ,! great & increas+ importance ( int]nal combu/ion motors is p]haps sc>cely realiz$ by ! g5]al public4 ,= indu/rial purposes !y h = _m ye>s be5 /eadily ga9+ fav\r1 & n[ hold an assur$ position4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 h[ev]1 t we h begun to recognize ! drawbacks ( horse-drawn vehicles1 & ! imm5se advantage ga9$ by propell+ !m me*anically4 ,! suitability ( oil eng9es = ! purpose has awak5$ a widespread int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! ,editor !re=e hopes t ?is little volume w be especially welcome to non-te*nical read]s :o l to keep ahead ( ! times 9 matt]s ( su* univ]sal importance4 ,"o *apt] deals exclusively ) ! !ory ( ! gas eng9e1 b ! non-te*nical m9d %\ld h no fe>1 = ma!matics h be5 z f> z possible avoid$4 ,x may also s]ve to dispel wrongful notions conc]n+ ! practical limits ( ! effici5cy ( gas eng9es :i*1 we are sorry to say1 exi/ ev5 among p]sons liv+ 9 a sci5tific atmosph]e4 ,we h n spok5 9 ! text ( ! extremely int]e/+ results obta9$ f ! oil eng9e inv5t$ by ,h]r ,diesel ( ,b]l91 because x has n yet be5 prov$ t ?is motor is /rictly practicable4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x turns out to be a comm]cial success1 we hope to add a description ( x at "s future date4 ,may #ahih4 ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,work+ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e #ac ,,iii4 ,,description ,,( ,,exi/+ ,,gas ,,eng9es #bc ,,iv4 ,,c>burett$ ,,air ,,eng9e #fg ,v4 ,,petroleum ,,eng9es #gg ,,vi4 ,,gas ,,g5]at+ ,,plant #ajc ,,vii4 ,,eng9es ,,= ,,use ,,) ,,poor ,,gases #aba ,,viii4 ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,gas ,,& ,,oil ,,eng9es #acj ,,index #aci ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,e>ly ,l5oir ,motor #bd #b4 ,biss*op ,motor #be #c4 ,bni] ,motor #bf #d4 ,=e/ ,motor #bg #e4 ,plan ( ,dugald-,cl]k ,eng9e #cj #f4 ,b5z ,gas ,eng9e #cb #g4 ,otto ,gas ,eng9e #cf #h4 0 0 0 7v]tical type7 #ch #i4 ,l5oir ,gas ,eng9e #ci #aj4 ,ko]t+-,b\let ,motor #dj #aa4 ,niel ,gas ,eng9e #dd #ab4 ,m>t9i ,motor #de #ac4 ,labl9 ,?ree-cyl9d] ,motor #df #ad4 ,crossley ,gas ,eng9e 7,x type7 #dg #ae4 ,crossley ,gas ,eng9e #dh #af4 ,pygme ,gas ,eng9e #ej #ag4 ,national ,gas ,eng9e #eb #ah-ai4 ,de ,=e/ ,gas ,eng9es #ed #bj4 ,de ,=e/ ,d\ble ,pi/on ,motor #ed #ba4 ,diagram ( ,atk9son ,me*anism #eh #bb4 ,section ( ,*>on ,motor #eh #bc4 ,*>on ,motor #ei #bd4 ,rog] ,v]tical ,gas ,eng9e #fj #be4 ,v]tical ,gas ,eng9e ( ! ,compagnie ,p>isi5ne du ,gaz #fb #bf4 ,maurice ,motor 7de ,cadiot7 #fd #bg4 ,dur& ,c>burett$ ,air ,motor #gb #bh4 ,de ,dion ,motor ,tricycle #ge #bi4 ,campbell ,oil ,eng9e #ha #cj4 ,section ( ,grob ,motor #hc #ca4 ,ext]ior ,view ( ,grob ,oil ,motor #hd #cb4 ,capita9e ,gas ,eng9e #hf #cc4 ,horizontal 8,balance0 ,motor 7,capita9e7 #hg #cd4 ,capita9e ,two-cyl9d] ,gas ,eng9e #hh #ce4 ,hornsby-,akroyd ,oil ,eng9e 7section7 #ia #cf4 ,ext]ior ,view ( ,hornsby-,akroyd ,oil ,eng9e #ib #cg-ch4 ,sections ( ,ragot ,petroleum ,eng9e #id #ci4 ,c>burator ( ,ragot ,oil ,eng9e #if #dj4 ,crossley-,holt ,petroleum ,eng9e #ii #da-db4 ,griff9 ,oil ,eng9e #aja #dc4 ,d[son ,gas-produc+ ,plant #ajh #dd4 ,taylor ,gas-produc+ ,plant #aad #de4 ,simplex ,gas ,eng9e 7,delam>e-,deb\tteville7 #abc #df-dg4 ,gov]nor ( ,simplex ,eng9e #abc #dh4 ,comb9$ ,simplex ,eng9e & ,buire-,l5cau*ez ,gas-produc] #abd #di-ej4 ,bni] ,eng9e & ,gas ,plant 7sectional plan & elevation7 face p4 #abg #ea4 ,section ( ,simplex ,gas-produc+ ,plant #ace #eb4 ,agricultural ,oil ,locomotive #acg ,,gas ,,& ,,petroleum ,,eng9es ,,*apt] ,i ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e ,! hi/ory ( gas eng9es may be said to date f a "t :5 coal gas & petroleum 7 unkn[n4 ,?is /atem5t appe>s at fir/ some:at p>adoxical1 b x arises f ! fact t ! fir/ gas eng9e1 inv5t$ by ! ,abb de ,hautefeuille 9 #afgh1 us$ ! explosive =ce ( gunp[d] z a motive p[]4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is e>ly gas eng9e1 h[ev]1 is exactly ! same z t ( its m mod]n bro!rs2 t is1 ! "w is done by ! expansion & cool+ ( a volume ( heat$ gas1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t gunp[d] conta9s )9 its gra9s ! oxyg5 necess>y = its combu/ion1 :ile coal gas or petroleum require admixture ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air be=e !y c be made to explode4 ,two ye>s aft] ! ,abb de ,hautefeuille _h made public 8 idea1 9 a memoir entitl$ ,a ,me?od ( ,rais+ ,wat] by means ( ,gunp[d]1 ! ,dut* savant ,huygh5s publi%$ a simil> "w1 describ+ an app>atus consi/+ ( a cyl9d] ) two lea!r exhau/ pipes1 =m+ valves2 to ! bottom ( ! cyl9d] 0 screw$ a small box 9 :i* gunp[d] 0 to be ignit$4 ,! effect ( ! explosion 0 to drive out a l>ge quantity ( heat$ gas ?r\gh ! valves1 :i* clos$ aga9 :5 x _h pass$4 ,! gas rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] soon cool$ d[n1 s t ! pressure )9 x fell bel[ t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e1 & caus$ ! pi/on to be =c$ d[n by ! excess ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,?is op]ation 0 c]ta9ly v crude1 &1 z might h be5 expect$1 sc>cely came up to ! expectations ( its inv5tor4 ,! idea 01 h[ev]1 n all[$ to re/ "h1 & ,pap9 set himself to f9d out "s bett] ag5t to replace ! gunp[d]1 ^: action 0 unc]ta9 &1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 brutal4 ,! result ( 8 exp]im5ts po9t$ cle>ly to ! cond5sation ( /eam z be+ ! mo/ suitable me?od ( produc+ a space fill$ ) a gas at a l[] pressure ?an t ( ! atmosph]e1 & _m inv5tors1 foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps1 adopt$ ?is process = work+ pump+ eng9es4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great success ( ! /eam eng9e1 :i* 0 due to ! g5ius ( ,watt & 8 successors1 ! idea ( us+ combu/ion to act directly z a motive p[] 0 lo/ sight ( = a great numb] ( ye>s1 & x 0 n till ! ye> #agia t any sugge/ion 0 made :i* 0 an improvem5t on ! eng9es ( ,de ,hautefeuille & ,huygh5s4 ,! inv5tor1 ?is "t an ,engli%man1 by "n ,john ,b>b]1 specifi$ 9 8 pat5t1 9 some:at laconic language1 ! use ( a mixture ( a hydroc>bon gas & air1 & its explosion 9 a vessel :i* he t]m$ an explod]4 ,sev]al ye>s lat]1 9 #agid1 ,rob]t ,/reet1 also an ,engli%man1 took out a pat5t = ! production ( an explosive vap\r by means ( a liquid & air1 ignit$ by a flame 9 a suitable cyl9d] s z to drive ma*9]y & pump+ eng9es4 ,petroleum or any o!r inflammable liquid 0 all[$ to drip on to ! heat$ bottom ( a cyl9d] s z to be vaporiz$ & drive up ! pi/on4 ,philip ,lebon1 ( ,bra*ay1 ! creator ( ! coal gas indu/ry 9 ,france1 took out a pat5t 9 #agii1 sett+ =? v cle>ly ! pr9ciple & con/ruction ( an eng9e us+ ! explosion ( coal gas z its motive p[]4 ,lebon1 9 fact1 devis$ 8 gas-produc+ plant ) ! int5tion ( only us+ ! coal gas 9 8 gas eng9e1 light+ by its means be+ q an aft]?\ght4 ,9 a second pat5t two ye>s aft]w>ds he describes a m p]fect app>atus1 9 :i* a pump is provid$ = compress+ ! mixture ( coal gas air1 & also an electric ma*9e work$ by ! eng9e itself = ignit+ ! compress$ mixture4 ,un=tunately1 ! c>e] ( ?is f]tile inv5tor came to an abrupt end by 8 assass9ation 9 #ahjd4 ,x is highly probable1 t if he _h liv$ gas eng9es w\ld h come into g5]al use at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury in/ead ( ne>ly sixty ye>s lat]4 ,f #agii up till ! ye> #ahfj1 9 :i* ! fir/ really practical gas eng9e made its appe>ance1 sev]al s*emes 7 put =w>d1 "s ( !m n lack+ 9 +5uity1 ( :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ 7 due to ,welman1 ,wright1 ,john/on1 & ,b>nett4 ,wright's ma*9e 0 p>ticul>ly well ?\ght out & con/ruct$4 ,! d\ble-act+ cyl9d] 0 plac$ 9 a v]tical position & ! gases 7 ignit$ by a gas-jet4 ,a c5trifugal gov]nor regulat$ ! pumps :i* compress$ ! explosive mixture 9 ! cyl9d]1 & at ! same "t v>i$ ! composition ( ! explosive mixture s z to always be proportional to ! "w :i* 0 requir$ to be done4 ,:5 we come to consid] t ?is eng9e 0 br\ght out 9 ! ye> #ahcc1 x is wond]ful t x did n meet ) great] success1 b ?is 0 probably due to ! fact t ! /eam eng9e 0 at t p]iod com+ greatly into fav\r1 & = ! "t be+ completely eclips$ all o!r =ms ( motive p[]4 ,ab\t ?is "t a d\ble-act+ gas eng9e 0 devis$ by ,john/on1 us+ pure hydrog5 & oxyg5 z ! explosive mixture1 9 ! proportion ( two volumes ( hydrog5 to "o ( oxyg54 ,aft] ! explosion & driv+ =w>d ( ! pi/on1 ! comb9$ gases be+ cool$ 7 precipitat$ z wat]1 & a p>tial vacuum obta9$ :i* 0 us$ dur+ ! return /roke4 ,?is idea 0 a highly +5i\s "o1 b fail$ ow+ to ! high price ( hydrog5 & oxyg51 b p]haps "s day1 :5 ^! ob/acles h be5 remov$1 ?is idea may once m be tak5 up4 ,9 #ahch ,william ,b>nett took out a pat5t = an eng9e bas$ on ! same pr9ciple z t ( ,lebon4 ,two pumps compress$ sep>ately ! combu/ible gas & ! air & =c$ ! mixture "u pressure into ! cyl9d]4 ,! explosion 0 caus$ by a small gas-jet1 communication betwe5 x & ! cyl9d] be+ set up at ! "r mom5t by a revolv+ valve4 ,! gas-jet 0 situat$ 9 ! valve itself1 & 0 s arrang$ t dur+ half a revolution x 0 turn$ t[>ds ! outside1 & 0 !n light$ by a second jet1 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! revolution x communicat$ ) ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] & ignit$ ! explosive mixture4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ gas motor 9 :i* ! ignition 0 f ! outside1 & 9 :i* ! explosive gases 7 at ! same "t "u pressure4 ,9 mo/ mod]n gases ! same result is obta9$1 b ! orig9al & r crude me?od ( obta9+ x has ( c\rse be5 mu* modifi$ & improv$4 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s sev]al pat5ts 7 tak5 out relat+ to ! same subject4 ,9 #ahdd ,john ,reynolds sugge/$ us+ a batt]y :i* %\ld :ite-heat a plat9um wire 9 ord] to ignite ! gases1 ! ignition tak+ place at ! requir$ mom5t by means ( an automatic swit* clos+ ! batt]y circuit4 ,9 #ahej ,/ph>d recomm5d$ a magneto-electric ma*9e driv5 by ! eng9e itself in/ead ( ! prim>y batt]y4 ,b>santi & ,matteucci describ$ 9 #aheg an atmosph]ic motor1 _! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts be+ aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,otto & ,lang54 ,a ,buns5 cell suppli$ curr5t to a ,de la ,rive multipli]1 caus+ a /ream ( sp>ks to pass betwe5 two f9e po9ts situat$ )9 ! combu/ible mixture4 ,9 #aheh & #ahei ,degr& expla9$ 9 two pat5ts a gas eng9e 9 :i* ! gases 7 compress$ 9 ! cyl9d] itself4 ,ow+ to me*anical difficulties 8 ma*9e 0 impracticable1 b ! idea =ms an important /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( gas eng9es4 ,9 #ahfj1 :5 ! ,l5oir motor appe>$1 no o!r exi/$ :i* 0 capable ( regul> & comp>atively effici5t "w4 ,?is ma*9e1 devis$ by ,l5oir & con/ruct$ by ,m>9oni1 _h ! appe>ance ( a d\ble-act+ horizontal /eam eng9e4 ,! explosive mixture 0 ignit$ by an electric sp>k produc$ by a ,ruhmkorff coil & a prim>y batt]y4 ,! ma*9e ran smoo?ly & regul>ly & its co/ 0 mod]ate3 among ! advantages :i* x possess$ at t "t ov] o!r =ms ( motive p[]1 7 ! abs5ce ( a cumbr\s boil] & co/ly f\ndations1 & ! little c>e & att5tion necess>y to keep x 9 work+ ord]4 ,s great 0 its success at ! "t1 t _m p prophesi$ t ! /eam eng9e w\ld soon become ext9ct4 ,9 spite ( ?is ! ,l5oir motor possess$ _m defects :i* eng9e]s 7 n sl[ to recognize4 ,! en?usiasm :i* x _h ar\s$ soon cool$ d[n :5 x became kn[n t = /eam & gas eng9es ( equival5t p[]1 ! /eam eng9e 0 consid]ably *eap]4 ,x requir$ 9 fact #cjjj litres ( gas to produce "o horse-p[] h\r1 & to cool ! cyl9d] ( su* a motor a volume ( wat] 0 necess>y f\r times z great z t requir$ to produce ! /eam ( a /eam eng9e ( equal p[]4 ,besides ?is1 ! ma*9e _h to be kept flood$ ) lubricat+ oil4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! v>i\s defects ! ,l5oir motor disappe>$ almo/ z rapidly z x _h aris54 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ?is app>5t failure1 x did "s good1 = x once m direct$ ! att5tion ( inv5tors to ! problem ( a practical gas eng9e4 ,among ! num]\s pat5ts tak5 out 9 consequ5ce ( ?is reaction1 ! mo/ important1 fil$ 9 #ahfj by ,m4 ,hugon1 relat$ to a gas motor ) a flame ignition1 & 9 :i* ! cyl9d] 0 cool$ by inject+ into x a v f9e spray ( cold wat]4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ^u x 9 #ahgf by ,m4 ,tresca1 & x 0 f\nd t ! motor consum$ #bdde litres ( gas p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,! temp]ature ( ! exhau/ gases 0 #ahj ,c41 :ile 9 ! ,l5oir motor !y 7 ab\t #bhj ,c4 ,! dim9ution 9 temp]ature 0 probably due to ! bett] me?od ( cool+ ! cyl9d]1 & 0 f\nd to be a great improvem5t1 ! cyl9d] requir+ mu* less lubrication4 ,9 #ahfa ,k9d] & ,k9sey some:at modifi$ ! exi/+ arrangem5ts ( ! p>ts1 b o!rwise _! motor embodi$ no new ideas4 ,ano!r motor 0 devis$ ab\t ?is "t by ,millon1 once m br++ =w>d ,lebon's idea ( compress+ ! gases 9 ! cyl9d] itself4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! ye> #ahfb1 :i* may be consid]$ a memorable "o 9 ! hi/ory ( ! gas eng9e1 = x 0 9 ?is ye> t a pat5t 0 tak5 out by ,m4 ,beau de ,ro*as1 sett+ =? f a !oretical po9t ( view ! be/ work+ conditions = a gas eng9e4 ,dur+ ! =w>d /roke ( ! pi/on ! explosive mixture 0 to be drawn into ! cyl9d]1 dur+ ! return /roke ?is volume ( gas be+ compress$2 at ! dead po9t at ! beg9n+ ( ! second =w>d /roke ! explosion 0 to take place1 driv+ ! pi/on =w>d1 ! gases be+ expell$ dur+ ! second return /roke4 ,! :ole pr9ciple w be se5 to consi/ ( f\r di/9ct op]ations1 =m+ :at is kn[n z ! ,otto cycle1 = reasons :i* we w pres5tly expla94 ,! peculi> "p ( ! pat5t 0 its purely !oretical explanation4 ,:il/ giv+ all ! hon\r due to ! inv5tor1 & recogniz+ t he fully und]/ood :at he 0 talk+ ab\t1 we mu/ n =get t !re 0 no?+ :atev] 9 ! pat5t indicat+ h[ ! ideas embodi$ !re9 might be c>ri$ into practice4 ,no draw+s 7 app5d$ to ! text1 expla9+ h[ ! gases 7 to be ignit$1 or h[ ! exhau/$ gases 7 to escape2 x conta9$ no?+1 9 fact1 b ! pla9 /atem5t ( ! mo/ effici5t cycle ( op]ations4 ,m4 de ,ro*as did n con/ruct a ma*9e on ?is pr9ciple1 & z he omitt$ to pay 8 pat5t fee = ! second ye>1 ! idea became public prop]ty4 ,= ^! reasons no att5tion 0 drawn to x until t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 x came to light dur+ "s pat5t litigation und]tak5 by ,dr4 ,otto 9 #ahgh4 ,9 #ahfg at ! ,int]national ,exhibition at ,p>is a v]tical atmosph]ic motor 0 to be se5 work+1 bas$ on ! primitive pr9ciple ( ! gunp[d] pump ( ,de ,hautefeuille4 ,?is ma*9e 0 con/ruct$ by two ,g]man eng9e]s1 ,otto1 & ,lang5 ( ,deutz ne> ,cologne1 & 0 a p]fect$ =m ( ! ,b>santi & ,matteucci motor inv5t$ t5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,! explosion ( ! gases 9 ! cyl9d] only s]v$ to obta9 a p>tial vacuum und]nea? ! pi/on1 :i* 0 !re=e =c$ d[n by ! excess ( atmosph]ic pressure above x4 ,?is arrangem5t _h "o great advantage ov] ! ,l5oir & ,hugon motors1 x only burnt #acej litres ( gas aga9/ _! #bejj or #cjjj p] horse-p[] h\r1 & consequ5tly x rapidly came into fav\r1 & ! lucky inv5tors 7 able to sell no less ?an #ejjj motors 9 a few ye>s4 ,! motor itself 0 v r\gh & _h _m defects3 ! ge>-:eels rattl$ & made a furi\s noise1 ! ignit+ flame kept up a cont9u\s ro>1 & above ! noise ( clank+ ma*9]y ! explosion ( ! gases c\ld be he>d l a cannon go+ (f2 9 fact1 no "o c\ld say t ! ideal ( dome/ic motors _h be5 atta9$2 b z ! motors con/ruct$ 9 #ahgb only consum$ #hjj litres ( gas p] horse-p[] h\r1 r5d]+ p[] produc$ by ?is means *eap] ?an /eam1 its success 0 assur$ 9 spite ( ! defects4 ,! success ( ^! e>ly attempts /imulat$ ,dr4 ,otto to fur!r ef=ts1 & 9 #ahgh he br\ght out 8 fam\s gas eng9e1 :i* has e>n$ a _w-wide reputation by reason ( its inconte/able m]its4 ,x 0 bas$ on ! pr9ciple expla9$ 9 ! ,de ,ro*as pat5t :i* we h spok5 (1 b ,otto und\bt$ly knew no?+ ( ?is pat5t1 & 8 inv5tion 0 p]fectly indep5d5t & fre% z f> z ! _w 0 conc]n$4 ,! enorm\s success to :i* ! new motor atta9$ naturally l$ to _m unscrupul\s imitations1 & legal proce$+s 7 in/itut$ 9 ,engl& & ,france4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! validity ( ,otto's pat5ts 7 upheld1 b 9 ,france ! ,de ,ro*as pat5t 0 = ! fir/ "t br\ght to light1 & ! v]dict w5t aga9/ him4 ,?is v]dict has be5 attribut$ to malice on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* judges1 = at t "t ! ,fr5* nation w\ld h probably conc$$ z little z possible to a ,g]man2 b :e!r t be s or n1 we are indebt$ to ,dr4 ,otto = hav+ made ! gas motor a really practical eng9e aft] _m ye>s ( pati5t exp]im5t & /udy4 ,at ! same "t z ! ,otto eng9e ?ree o!r motors appe>$ at ! ,exhibition ( #ahgh3 ! ,biss*op gas eng9e con/ruct$ by ,mignon & ,r\>t1 & two o!rs by ,simon & ,ravel4 ,! ,simon motor1 ( :i* only a v small numb] 7 con/ruct$1 0 v int]e/+ f ! economy po9t ( view4 ,! explosion ( ! mix$ gas 0 n all[$ to take place sudd5ly1 b proce$$ gradually z ! pi/on mov$ =w>d1 & ! heat :i* 9 ! ,otto eng9e is c>ri$ (f by ! wat] jacket1 0 made use (1 z 9 ! old ,hugon motor1 to vaporize a spray ( cold wat]1 & ?us add+ to ! total =ce beh9d ! pi/on4 ,?is process 0 s effective1 t on %utt+ (f ! supply ( gas ! motor cont9u$ to revolve = a consid]able p]iod by means ( ! vaporiz$ wat]4 ,ab\t #hjj litres ( gas 7 consum$ & f\r litres ( wat] p] horse-p[] h\r1 a v good result4 ,! ,ravel motor us$ ev5 less1 ab\t #ejj or #fjj litres only1 b ow+ to ! bad arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ! me*anical effici5cy 0 v l[4 ,su* 0 ! position ( ! gas eng9e 9 #ahgh4 ,a /&>d type _h be5 adopt$ & work$ excell5tly4 ,x m]ely requir$ to be p]fect$ 9 detail & simplifi$ 9 ord] to make x /ill m economic1 & capable ( hold+ its own aga9/ its p[]ful rival ! /eam eng9e4 ,_m modifications ( ! ,otto gas eng9e h appe>$ s9ce t date1 among ! mo/ important be+ ^? by--,dugald-,cl]k1 9 #ahgi1 a motor :i* compress$ & explod$ ! gases once 9 e revolution2 ,l5oir1 9 #ahcc1 ! cyl9d] be+ cool$ by curr5ts ( air2 & 9 ! same ye> appe>$ ! ,griff9 gas eng9e1 ) a complete cycle ( op]ations e ?ree revolutions4 ,at ! ,antw]p ,exhibition ( #ahhd sev]al new types appe>$1 among !m ! ,/ockport eng9e by ,&rews1 & o!rs by ,ko]t+1 ,bni]1 & ,b5z4 ,9 ! same ye> a v good motor appe>$1 call$ ! ,simplex1 con/ruct$ by ,p[ell ( ,r\5 7n[ ,matt] et ,cie471 accord+ to ! plans ( ,,mm4 ,delam>e-,deb\tteville & ,l4 ,mal&94 ,?is eng9e 0 ! subject ( "s litigation1 ! ,otto p consid]+ x an infr+em5t ( _! pat5ts1 b ! improvem5ts 9 ! design ( ! work+ "p & ! novelty ( sev]al details be+ app>5t1 ! ,simplex gas eng9e ga9$ ! day4 ,9 #ahhe1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,simplex & ! new ,l5oir motors1 mo/ mak]s made use ( ! ,otto cycle1 & ab\t ?is "t appe>$ ! fir/ c>burett$ gas motors1 t is to say1 us+ volatile spirits & products ( petroleum = _! s\rce ( en]gy4 ,su* motors h be5 devis$ by ,t5t+1 ,ko]t+-,b\let1 ,di$ri*s1 ,got5dorf1 ,nol1 ,=e/1 ,ragot1 ,rollason1 ,atk9son1 etc4 ,at ! ,int]national ,exhibition 9 #ahhi !re 7 ?irty-"o exhibitors & fifty-?ree ma*9es1 ) a total p[] ( #ajjj horse-p[]4 ,all except f\r us$ ! ,otto cycle1 & = ! fir/ "t a motor 0 to be se5 us+ a gas o!r ?an coal gas1 namely a poor gas produc$ at a v l[ co/ 9 a special gas-produc+ plant4 ,! motor itself 0 ( ! s+le-cyl9d] ,simplex type ( #ajj horse-p[]1 op5+ up a new horizon to inv5tors1 & demon/rat+ ! possibility ( us+ l>ge gas eng9es suppli$ ) poor gas4 ,?is %ort hi/ory ( ! gas eng9e w be se5 to consi/ ( ?ree di/9ct p]iods--fir/ly1 f #agjj up to #ahfj1 dur+ :i* "t _m inv5tors tri$ & fail$ to produce any?+ practical2 secondly1 f #ahfj to #ahhi1 dur+ :i* ! gas eng9e became some?+ really practical2 ?irdly1 f #ahhi up to ! pres5t date4 ,9 ?is p]iod gas eng9es h gr[n 9 size1 & l>ge units ( #bjj to #djj horse-p[] are n[ con/ruct$1 work$ by poor gas produc$ f special gas plants1 & enabl+ ! gas eng9e to successfully hold its own aga9/ ! /eam eng9e1 :i* x may "o day entirely supplant4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,work+ ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e ,assum+ t ! e>? once =m$ "p ( ! sun1 ! :ole ( ! en]gy at our comm& = comm]cial purposes c be trac$ back to ! sun z s\rce4 ,?is en]gy we h receiv$ f x 9 ! =m ( heat1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! heat is /or$ up 9 a lat5t =m 9 *emical comp\nds su* z coal1 petroleum1 etc4 ,) our pres5t k x is exce$+ly difficult to extract ! lat5t en]gy f coal & petroleum 9 any o!r =m b heat1 & 9 ord] to d s to our great] b5efit1 x is necess>y to /udy ! laws ( heat & heat eng9es4 ,! law :i* /ates ! relation betwe5 heat & o!r =ms ( en]gy su* z electricity1 me*anical "w1 is call$ ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & =ms ! fir/ law ( !rmodynamics4 ,x is enunciat$ z foll[s4 ,:5ev] a body does "w or has "w done ^u x1 !re is a disappe>ance or an appe>ance ( heat1 & ! am\nt ( heat ?us produc$ or us$ up is always exactly proportional to ! "w :i* is done4 ,! ratio ( ! am\nt ( "w :i* a c]ta9 quantity ( heat c produce has be5 !re=e t]m$ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t1 tak+ ! calorie 7,c4,g4,s4 unit7 z ! unit ( heat & ! kilogramme metre z ! unit ( "w or en]gy1 t ! me*anical equival5t is #dbd4 ,t is to say1 ! heat necess>y to raise ! temp]ature ( "o kilogramme ( pure wat] at #j ,c5tigrade ?r\gh #a ,c4 7! calorie7 is equal to ! "w done 9 rais+ #dbd kilogrammes to a height ( "o metre4 ,9 ne>ly all comm]cial heat eng9es ! heat is conv]t$ into ! en]gy ( movem5t 7k9etic en]gy7 by us+ "s body su* z wat] vap\r1 gas1 or air z an int]m$i>y ag5t4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 "k at pres5t h[ to trans=m heat into me*anical "w )\t los+ a great] "p ( x 9 ! process4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ p]fect heat eng9es at lea/ #gj ( ! heat is lo/1 only ab\t #cj be+ conv]t$ into me*anical en]gy4 ,?is is z yet ! mo/ p]fect result :i* eng9e]s h obta9$ ev5 ) ! mo/ elaborate precautions4 ,z a rule ! loss is great]2 = in/ance1 _m good ma*9es :i* we consid] effici5t burn "o kilogramme ( coal1 giv+ out #hjjj calories1 equival5t to #c1djj1jjj kilogramme-metres1 & trans=m only ab\t #djj1jjj kilogramme-metres into "w1 ! re/1 =m+ ne>ly #hj1 is lo/4 ,x has be5 ! aim ( eng9e]s = _m ye>s pa/ to r$uce ?is extravagant wa/e by e means possible1 & ! v fact t su* a wa/e exi/s1 cle>ly %[s t our vaunt$ eng9es are hopelessly wrong 9 _! pr9ciple4 ,!re is reason1 h[ev]1 to hope t "o day we may1 by conv]t+ ! *emical en]gy ( coal direct into electricity1 & !reby avoid+ ! wa/eful heat altoge!r1 reclaim at lea/ #hj ( ! lat5t en]gy :i* nature has s b\ntifully suppli$ to u4 ,x c be %[n ma!matically t ! ratio ( ! quantity ( heat actually conv]t$ into "w to ! total heat us$ by an eng9e dep5ds on ! temp]ature at :i* ! heat 0 absorb$ & on ! temp]ature at :i* ! wa/e heat 0 dis*>g$4 ,= in/ance1 9 a gas eng9e ! effici5cy dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! gases directly aft] ! explosion1 & on ! temp]ature ( ! exhau/ gases aft] ! "w has be5 done4 ,! exact relation is z foll[s3 ! above /at$ ratio1 :i* is call$ ! !oretical or !rmal effici5cy1 is equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! hot gases imm$iately aft] explosion1 & ! temp]ature ( ! gases ( ! exhau/ divid$ by ! temp]ature ( ! hot gases aft] explosion4 ,?is some:at cumbr\s /atem5t may be express$ m cle>ly 9 algebraic symbols-- ,w ,t#b - ,t#a -- -------------------------- ,h ,t#b :]e ,w is ! am\nt ( "w done by an eng9e suppli$ ) a quantity ( heat1 ,h1 & ,t#b is ! temp]ature ( ! heat$ gases :i* exp& do+ "w1 & are !reby cool$ to ! temp]ature ,t#a1 at :i* !y are exhau/$4 ,x is !re=e evid5t1 t to make an eng9e "w p]fectly effici5tly we mu/ obta9 an am\nt ( "w f x exactly equival5t to ! heat put 94 ,t is to say1 ,w mu/ equal ,h 9 ! above equation4 ,we !re=e h ! effici5cy ( su* a p]fect eng9e ,t#b - ,t#a ,w -------------------------- -- #a4 ,t#b ,h ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,t#b & ,t#a are reckon$ n 9 ! ord9>y scales ( temp]ature su* z ,fahr5heit & ,c5tigrade1 b on ! absolute scale1 absolute z]o be+ t temp]ature at :i* a body has no molecul> motion4 ,calculations bas$ ^u v>i\s consid]ations po9t to ! fact t absolute z]o corresponds to ab\t -#bgc ,c4 ,we h j po9t$ out t 9 a p]fectly effici5t eng9e ,t#b - ,t#a -------------------------- #a4 ,t#b ,9 ord] t ?is may be s1 we mu/ h ,t#a #j1 ! absolute z]o4 ,9 practice x is impossible to make ! temp]ature ( ! exhau/$ gases z l[ z ?is1 & s ! only way to obta9 m effici5t eng9es is to make ,t#b z l>ge z possible1 t is to say1 ! initial temp]ature ( ! gases mu/ be high4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 j z possible to turn all ! heat suppli$ to a heat eng9e into "w z x is to use up all ! en]gy ( a wat]fall 9 a turb9e1 because ! level f :i* ! z]o ( ! pot5tial ( ! en]gy wat] is measur$ is ! c5tre ( e>?1 :i* is z inaccessible z absolute z]o ( temp]ature4 ,x !re=e behoves u to make ! ratio ( ! initial & f9al temp]atures ( ! gas :i* does "w 9 a gas eng9e z l>ge z possible1 & x is = ?is reason t gas eng9es c be made m effici5t ?an /eam eng9es1 = 9 ! =m] a mom5t>y initial temp]ature ( #aejj ,c4 may be obta9$ by ! combu/ion1 :il/ /eam at #bjj lbs4 on ! squ>e in* is at ab\t #a_/aj? ( t temp]ature4 ,!re are practical difficulties :i* prev5t high] initial temp]atures be+ us$1 resid+ *iefly 9 ! fact t at #djj ,c4 iron is r$-hot1 s t any lubricant com+ into contact ) x is decompos$ & loses its lubricat+ prop]ties4 ,ev5 at #cjj ,c4 mo/ lubricat+ oils 9 contact ) ! air become oxidiz$ & de/roy$4 ,?is difficulty ( lubrication1 by limit+ ! temp]ature1 at ! same "t limits ! effici5cy1 & n till "s new lubricant is discov]$ :i* defies heat w !re be mu* improvem5t 9 ?is direction4 ,ev5 z x is1 x is necess>y to cool ! sides ( ! vessel or cyl9d] 9 :i* ! gases exp&1 & 9 do+ s we lose a great deal ( heat4 ,hot-air eng9es us+ ord9>y air z ! expansible gas h be5 devis$ f "t to "t1 b !y h n met ) mu* success ow+ to _! weight & ! l>ge am\nt ( space !y take up1 nei!r are !y z effici5t z a good mod]n gas eng9e4 ,we w n1 !re=e1 /udy ! !ory ( hot-air eng9es1 b fur!r consid] ! details ( gas eng9es1 ^: sup]iority ov] all o!r heat eng9es we ?9k we h suffici5tly po9t$ out4 ,x seems at ! pres5t date almo/ impossible to conceive any?+ fre% 9 ! cycle ( op]ation ( a motor us+ explosive gases1 s num]\s & v>i$ are ! already exi/+ types4 ,all possible comb9ations appe> to h be5 consid]$1 & ev5 repeat$1 = 9 _m rec5t pat5ts old ideas h once m be5 br\ght =w>d :i* date back to ! e>ly attempts ( ,lebon1 ,b>nett1 ,beau de ,ro*as4 ,! great] numb] ( exi/+ types are bas$ 9 pr9ciple on two or ?ree fundam5tal ideas1 & _! improvem5t is r to be f\nd 9 _! me*anical design ?an 9 ! conception ( a new cycle4 ,?is fact enables u to classify gas eng9es v mu* m easily1 because1 ap>t f "s p]fection ( detail1 !y fall naturally into sev]al gr\ps1 :i* w prev5t ! read] f los+ 8 way 9 :at o!rwise might be *aos4 ,we %all !re=e1 9 describ+ individual eng9es lat] on 9 ?is book1 foll[ a sy/ematic c\rse1 & arrange ! diff]5t sy/ems into f\r classes1 :i* we %all consid] 9 turn4 ,motors us+ 7#a7 coal gas4 7#b7 c>burett$ gas4 7#c7 petroleum4 7#d7 wat] gases4 ,& 9 ord] to classify !m accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( _! cycle ( op]ations1 irrespective ( _! fuel1 ,m4 ,witz places !m 9 f\r gr\ps-- 7#a7 ,explosion ( ! gases )\t compression4 7#b7 ,explosion ( ! gases ) compression4 7#c7 ,combu/ion ( ! gases ) compression4 7#d7 ,atmosph]ic motors4 ,! fir/ gr\p ( ?is second classification is =m$ by motors :i* h develop$ ! idea conceiv$ 9 #ahfj by ,m4 ,l5oir4 ,= ! fir/ half ( ! =w>d /roke ! pi/on draws 9 a mixture ( gas & air2 ! valves be+ !n clos$1 & ignition tak+ place1 ! explosion drives ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! return /roke is made use ( to expel ! gases ?r\gh ! exhau/4 ,be=e ignit+ ! gases :i* h be5 drawn 9 !y may be compress$ ei!r by a sep>ate pump1 or 9 a *amb] =m+ a cont9uation ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! arrangem5t is *>act]i/ic ( ! second gr\p4 ,?is aga9 c be modifi$ to =m ! ?ird gr\p1 by all[+ ! gases to burn "u con/ant pressure ?r\gh\t ! /roke in/ead ( viol5tly explod+ at ! comm5cem5t4 ,eng9es us+ ?is sort ( progressive combu/ion h be5 design$ by ,simon & ,brayton4 ,f9ally1 9 ! f\r? gr\p ! explosion is m]ely us$ = obta9+ a p>tial vacuum "u ! pi/on1 & ! "w is done by ! excess ( atmosph]ic pressure act+ on its ext]nal surface4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to /ate t ?is me?od has be5 completely ab&on$1 & has be5 replac$ by a sort ( comb9ation type1 9 :i* ! explosion is us$ 9 ! =w>d /roke & atmosph]ic pressure 9 ! return /roke1 su* a motor z ! ,biss*op gas eng9e be+ !re=e practically d\ble-act+4 ,! table on page #bj1 :i* we h borr[$ f ,m4 ,witz's v complete "w on gas eng9es1 %[s at a glance ! cycle ( op]ations 9 ! cyl9d]s ( ! diff]5t types3 !y are arrang$ 9 p>allel columns1 9 ord] to make x m easy = ! read] to comp>e ! op]ations und]gone by ! gases be=e & aft] _! combu/ion4 ,x is necess>y to subdivide ! motors ( ! second gr\p into ?ree1 accord+ z ! cycle ( op]ations is complet$ 9 "o1 two1 or ?ree complete revolutions ( ! fly-:eel4 ,p]haps ?is subdivision is some:at unnecess>y1 because ! employm5t ( a second cyl9d] = compress+ ! gases does n alt] ! "* ( ! cycle1 b we ?9k t x w make ! classification cle>] if we proce$ 9 ?is mann]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gr\p ,i4 ,gr\p ,,ii4 ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,gr\p ,,iv4 ,)\t ,) ,combu/ion ,atmosph]ic4 compression4 compression4 & compression4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a4 ,explosive #a4 ,explosive #a4 ,explosive #a4 ,explosive mixture ent]s gases ent] mixture ent]s mixture ent]s ! cyl9d] ! cyl9d] ! cyl9d] ! cyl9d] at at atmosph]ic at atmosph]ic at atmosph]ic atmosph]ic pressure pressure pressure pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #b4 ,compression #b4 ,compression ( ! gase\s ( ! gase\s mixture mixture ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #b4 ,explosion #c4 ,explosion at #c4 ,combu/ion #b4 ,explosion at at con/ant con/ant at con/ant con/ant volume volume volume pressure ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #c4 ,expansion #d4 ,expansion #c4 ,pi/on ( gases 9 ( gases driv5 back by cyl9d] ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #d4 ,products ( #e4 ,products #d4 ,products ( #d4 ,products ( combu/ion ( combu/ion combu/ion combu/ion expell$ f expell$ f expell$ f expell$ f ! cyl9d] ! cyl9d] ! cyl9d] ! cyl9d] ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,gr\p ,i4 ,explosion )\t compression4 ,l5oir ,k9d] ,k9sey ,hugon ,ravel ,turn] ,bni] ,p>k] ,hut*9son ,=e/ ,bak] ,economic motor ,cr[n ,laviorn]y ,l5tz ,gr\p ,,ii4 ,explosion ) compression4 7#a7 ,two-cycle type4 ,dugald-,cl]k ,ko]t+-,lieckfeld ,wittig ,hees ,&rews 7,/ockport7 ,b5z ,ravel ,baldw9 ,taylor 7,midl&7 ,campbell ,bni] 7#b7 ,f\r-cycle type4 ,millon ,otto ,l9=d ,crossley ,maxim ,m>t9i ,l5oir ,simplex ,ko]t+-,b\let ,lomb>d ,dur& ,daiml] ,v>*al\ski ,atk9son ,t5t+ ,di$ri*s ,adam ,ragot ,=e/ ,nol ,*>on ,niel ,labl9 ,p\ssant ,rog] ,letombe ,laco9 ,cronan ,cadiot ,drkopp ,br\hot ,levasseur ,field+ ,delahaye ,acm ,cu9at ,gr\p ,,iii4 ,combu/ion ) compression4 ,brayton ,ho* ,simon1 et fils ,livesay ,cr[e ,g>die ,ov]m& ,gr\p ,,iv4 ,atmosph]ic motors4 ,otto ,lang5 ,biss*op ,gilles ,hallevell ,robson ,franois ,c>burett$ ,air ,eng9es4 ,l5oir ,=e/ ,t5t+ ,daiml] ,le ,m>cel 7,cadiot7 ,dur& ,de ,dion-,b\ton ,bolle ,pelloree ,le ,pygme ,klause ,oil ,eng9es4 ,brayton ,prie/man ,ragot ,otto ,crossley-,holt ,niel 7,atlas7 ,hornsby-,akroyd ,grob-,capita9e ,m]l9 ,knight-,weyman ,griff9 ,p9kney ,levasseur ,root ,rationnel ,dawson ,! 8,gnome0 ,on page #ba we give a table embrac+ all ! be/ kn[n types ( gas eng9es1 :i* w also help to avoid ! confusion aris+ f ! fact t "s motors exi/ :i* belong to nei!r "o nor ano!r1 b are comb9ations ( "o or m gr\ps4 ,su* hybrid motors h be5 devis$ among/ o!rs by ,s*weiz] & ,siem5s4 ,9 ! =m] ! p[] ( ! explosion is us$ to compress a consid]able volume ( air1 :i* is !n us$ = work+ a compress$ air eng9e4 ,9 ! latt] ! gas heats a quantity ( air :i* drives a hot-air motor4 ,9 ?is table we h also1 specially gr\p$ ap>t1 eng9es us+ c>burett$ air 7air :i* has be5 pass$ ?r\gh a volatile _s su* z b5zol9e7 & petroleum4 ,! li/ may be f\nd some:at incomplete1 z m ?an #bej gas eng9es h be5 devis$ & pat5t$ 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s2 b on ! o!r h&1 _m ( ^! h be5 failures1 & we h only includ$ ^? motors :i* c und\bt$ly be consid]$ comm]cial successes4 ,^! we w n[ /udy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,description ,,( ,,exi/+ ,,gas ,,eng9es ,e>ly ,l5oir eng9e 7#ahfj74--,! motor 7,fig4 #a7 resembl$ 9 ext]nal appe>ance a horizontal d\ble-act+ /eam eng9e4 ,?is design 0 9 great fav\r at t "t1 be+ copi$ f ! /eam eng9e1 & 0 to a c]ta9 ext5t suitable = use ) an explosive gas in/ead ( /eam4 ,! valve *e/ is cyl9drical & ! valves !mselves flat1 & "w (f two ecc5trics2 ignition is effect$ by an electric sp>k f a ,ruhmkorff coil1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! gas 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! pi/on is comm5c+ ! second half ( ! =w>d /roke4 ,! explod$ gases hav+ done _! "w are driv5 out ?r\gh ! exhau/ 9 ! return /roke1 dur+ :i* "w is be+ done by a simil> explosion on ! o!r side ( ! pi/on4 ,a wat] jacket prev5ts ! cyl9d] walls f becom+ ov]heat$4 ,?is arrangem5t is !re=e d\ble-act+1 b a compression ( ! explosive gas is n possible )\t ! use ( a second cyl9d]4 ,x has be5 ab&on$ because regul>ity ( work+ is only obta9$ at ! exp5se ( economy1 & by us+ bo? sides ( ! pi/on z explosive *amb]s x is f\nd t ! quantity ( gas us$ is q out ( proportion to ! p[] develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,e>ly ,l5oir ,motor 7#ahfj74 ,! ,biss*op gas eng9e4--,?is motor 7,fig4 #b71 bas$ on a mix$ pr9ciple1 uses ! explosion to d "w dur+ ! =w>d /roke1 & 9 ! return ! atmosph]e ex]ts an excess ( pressure on ! o!r side ( ! pi/on1 z 9 ! ,otto & ,lang5 atmosph]ic eng9e :i* we h previ\sly m5tion$4 ,9 its "t ! ,biss*op gas eng9e obta9$ a great measure ( success1 b x has n[ almo/ completely disappe>$4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 well ?\ght out & con/ruct$2 ! cyl9d] 0 v]tical1 & reli$ on longitud9al corrugations1 & ! air to keep x cool4 ,above ! cyl9d] 0 plac$ a cyl9drical guide2 a connect+ rod & cross-head =m$ ! atta*m5t betwe5 ! pi/on rod & crank4 ,! ma*9e 0 pr9cipally con/ruct$ = small work%ops requir+ small p[]s ( f a qu>t] to "o horse-p[]1 ! co/ ( fuel = ! half horse-p[] size be+ ab\t "o p5ny p] h\r4 ,! inv5tor receiv$ a prize ( #ajjj francs f ! ,socit d',enc\ragem5t = ! be/ small motor applicable to home indu/ries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,biss*op ,motor4 ,franois motor4--,?is type1 :i* is n[ q obsolete1 0 some:at simil> 9 "* to ! la/1 b r m complicat$ & p]fect4 ,! crank %aft 0 n 9 a l9e ) ! cyl9d]1 & 0 connect$ by two connect+ rods to ! cross-head4 ,two fly-:eels 7 plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! cyl9d] & connect$ by too!d :eels4 ,! ma*9e 0 on ! :ole too complicat$1 & al?\gh its consumption ( fuel 0 comp>atively small & its spe$ con/ant1 x did n succe$ 9 ou/+ ! ,biss*op motor f its position4 ,bni] gas eng9e4--,?is motor 0 ! fir/ conceiv$ by ! inv5tors ( ! comb9$ gas plant & eng9e :i* we w describe lat]1 & is extremely simple4 ,?is pi/on rod is connect$ to ! crank 9 a mann] simil> to a beam eng9e 7,fig4 #c74 ,bo? ! admission ( ! gases & _! ignition are accompli%$ by a s+le spr+ valve work$ by a cam on ! crank-%aft4 ,! cyl9d]1 :i* is v]tical & inv]t$1 draws 9 ! gases = half ! =w>d /roke1 & !n ! valve1 :i* has mov$ /ill fur!r =w>d1 br+s a flame opposite ! admission port & ignites ! mixture2 a small auxili>y gas-jet re-ignites ! flame at ea* /roke4 ,! gases escape f ! cyl9d] by a second port ) a special valve & cam4 ,a wat] jacket = ! cyl9d] is provid$ to c>ry (f ! surplus heat4 ,! consumption is high1 be+ ab\t #adjj litres p] horse-p[] h\r1 b ow+ to ! extreme simplicity ( ! work+ p>ts ?is motor met ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( success ab\t #ahhj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,bni] ,motor4 ,=e/ gas eng9e 7,fig4 #d74--,?is motor1 be+ ( ! s+le-act+ type )\t compression1 _h at "o "t a consid]able sale1 be+ us$ :]e only a small p[] 0 requir$4 ,! rectil9e> motion is *ang$ into a rot>y "o by means ( an ,oliv] ,evans beam1 & a connect+ rod :i* return$ alongside ( ! cyl9d] to ! crank-%aft & fly-:eel1 :i* are plac$ at ! back4 ,ignition is obta9$ by a burn] :i* is re-lit by a small] "o at ea* /roke1 & ! cyl9d] is cool$ n by a wat] jacket b by a helical groove1 :i* increases ! surface4 ,?is helix is =m$ by a ?9 plate ca/ on ! cyl9d]4 ,! fuel consum$ 0 ab\t #adjj litres ( gas p] horse-p[] h\r1 :i* may be consid]$ good = su* an eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,=e/ ,motor4 ,economic motor4--,con/ruct$ 9 ,new ,york4 ,?is eng9e is ano!r example ( ! e>ly attempts to obta9 economy )\t compression4 ,z a rule !y 7 n con/ruct$ ( m ?an half horse-p[] size1 & ! g5]al arrangem5t is +5i\s1 b r m complicat$ ?an ^? :i* we h s f> spok5 (4 ,! pi/on rod is guid$ by be+ atta*$ to "o end ( a lev]1 connect$ ) crank by means ( a v]tical connect+ rod4 ,! cyl9d] is groov$1 & cool$ by ! circulation ( ! air r\nd x1 & con/ancy ( spe$ is obta9$ by a c5trifugal gov]nor1 :i* cuts (f ! supply ( gas :5 ! spe$ is too high4 ,! eng9e seems to h giv5 "s v fair results4 ,l5tz gas eng9e4--,x is difficult to conceive a m simple me*anism ?an is to be f\nd 9 ?is motor4 ,! supply ( gas is drawn into ! cyl9d] by an op5 valve1 & a gas flame situat$ 9 ?is admission port ignites ! explosive gases4 ,! =ce ( ! explosion closes ! admission valve1 & on ! return /roke a cam op5s an exhau/ port situat$ und]nea? ! cyl9d]4 ,!re is no wat] jacket1 b ! cyl9d] is =m$ ( two p>ts connect$ toge!r by a non-conduct+ jo9t4 ,9 ord] to smoo? d[n ! j]k ( ! explosion ! head ( ! connect+ rod slides 9 a groove1 & is kept press$ aga9/ ! crank-p9 by a spr+1 ! result be+ t ! connect+ rod is longitud9ally ela/ic & dead5s ! %ock ( ! explosion4 ,,gr\p ,,ii41 ,,class ,i4--,,"o ,,cycle ,,p] ,,revolution4 ,dugald-,cl]k gas eng9e4--,9 ! ideal motor we %\ld h at lea/ "o explosion p] revolution ( ! fly-:eel1 :i* is n ! case 9 ! ,otto cycle4 ,= ?is reason _m inv5tors h tri$ to con/ruct gas eng9es ) "o cycle p] revolution1 b exp]i5ce has taught u t ?\gh !y may be me*anically m simple1 !y lose 9 effici5cy :at !y ga9 9 simplicity1 & 9 spite ( _m em95t inv5tors attempt+ to solve ! problem4 ,ev5 ! be/-design$ motors ( ?is type h be5 unable to hold _! own aga9/ ! ,otto cycle because !y are n z effici5t4 ,! fir/ attempt 0 made by ,dugald-,cl]k 9 #ahha4 ,8 eng9e is simple 9 ! extreme1 conta9+ no ge>-:eels1 & work+ /eadily & noiselessly at a fairly con/ant spe$ 7,fig4 #e74 ,!re are two cyl9d]s ( equal diamet] plac$ side by side1 & project+ ov] ! end ( a ca/-iron b$-plate4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! motive cyl9d] 9 :i* ! explosion takes place2 ! o!r is us$ = compress+ ! explosive mixture1 ?is compression tak+ place 9 ! ,otto cycle 9 ! motive cyl9d] itself4 ,?is second>y cyl9d] also s]ves = ano!r purpose2 x draws 9 a c]ta9 volume ( air directly aft] ! explosion1 :i* is aft]w>ds driv5 ?r\gh ! motive cyl9d]1 effectively cle>+ out ! wa/e gases4 ,! advantage :i* ?is arrangem5t ( d\ble cyl9d]s has ov] ! ,otto cycle1 lies 9 ! fact t "o explosion c take place dur+ ea* revolution ( ! crank1 & consequ5tly su* v heavy fly-:eels z are us$ = ! ,otto type ( eng9e are n necess>y4 ,! great disadvantage :i* ! ,dugald-,cl]k motor possesses is ! extreme sudd5ness ( ! explosion1 :i* is practically complete be=e ! pi/on beg9s to move4 ,9 spite ( ?is defect ! ma*9es h a fairly high effici5cy4 ,! gases are ignit$ by a gas-jet situat$ 9 a slid+ valve4 ,a wat] jacket is us$ = cool+ ! cyl9d]1 & 9 "s ( ^! motors a me*anism is atta*$ = conv]t+ ! eng9e f simple to comp\nd4 ,! compression cyl9d] !n becomes d\ble-act+1 & ! gases are fur!r exp&$ 9 :at 0 previ\sly ! motor cyl9d] only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,plan ( ,dugald-,cl]k ,eng9e4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ?is motor 0 n z effici5t z ^? ( ! ,otto type x nev] became a comm]cial success1 & x is d\btful if any are work+ at ! pres5t date4 ,e>ly ,/ockport gas eng9e4--,! work+ ( ?is motor af=ds a good example ( ,briti% +5uity4 ,! compression cyl9d] is situat$ beh9d ! motive cyl9d]1 be+ a prolongation ( x on ! same axis2 ! two are firmly bolt$ toge!r end on4 ,! active pi/on is 9 front & connect$ to ! crank1 draw+ beh9d x ! pi/on ( ! compression *amb]4 ,ea* cyl9d] has a sep>ate slid+ valve4 ,! re> cyl9d] hav+ aspirat$ & compress$ a volume ( ! explosive gases1 !y are pass$ into ! motive cyl9d] ?r\gh a slid+ valve :i* also s]ves to ignite !m4 ,! wa/e gas escapes into ! air by a special valve4 ,! aspiration & compression take place 9 ! auxili>y cyl9d] once 9 e revolution ( ! crank1 & besides1 ! motive pi/on also compresses ! gases a trifle be=e ! explosion takes place4 ,! exhau/ valve is made to op5 slightly be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke4 ,! motor 0 r ineffici5t1 & s9ce its appe>ance a new type has be5 br\ght out ) an ,otto cycle :i* we w describe lat] on4 ,b5z motor 7,fig4 #f74--;,9 ?is motor ! inv5tor attempts to drive out ! :ole ( ! exhau/ gases be=e ! second half ( ! backw>d /roke ( ! pi/on is rea*$4 ,to d ?is he injects a c]ta9 volume ( air "u pressure1 driv+ out ! burnt gases & sub/itut+ itself 9 _! place4 ,be=e ! end ( ?is return /roke a small auxili>y pump introduces ! requisite am\nt ( coal gas1 :i* is !n compress$ dur+ ! re/ ( ! /roke4 ,! ignition is effect$ by a small magneto ma*9e driv5 by ! eng9e itself1 ! sp>ks be+ g5]at$ betwe5 two f9e metallic po9ts 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! jet ( air requir$ to drive out ! product ( ! combu/ion is furni%$ f a res]voir1 pressure 9 x be+ ma9ta9$ by us+ ! o!r side ( ! pi/on z an air-pump4 ,?is arrangem5t is an advantage1 because cold air is be+ cont9ually drawn into ! cyl9d] :i* keeps x cool1 & enables ! lubrification to take place m effectively4 ,!re is also an ext]nal cool+ app>atus 9 ! =m ( a wat] jacket1 :i* uses ab\t #dj litres ( wat] p] horse-p[] h\r1 & keeps ! cyl9d] at ab\t #ge ,c4 ,! ,b5z motor is v well kn[n on ! ,cont95t1 & mu* ( its success is due to ! fact t x seems to "w z well ) gasol9e z ) coal gas6 ,x is con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,rog] ( ,p>is1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! extreme con/ancy ( its spe$1 x has be5 successfully appli$ to driv+ dynamos1 & also to laun*es1 motor c>s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,b5z ,gas ,eng9e4 ,baldw9 gas eng9e4--,! cycle ( ?is eng9e is some:at simil> to t ( ! ,b5z motor1 "o side ( ! pi/on be+ us$ = expansion & ! o!r side = compression4 ,"p ( ! b$-plate ca/+ is arrang$ s z to =m a res]voir = ! compress$ gases4 ,! coal gas is also admitt$ into ?is vessel1 s t x conta9s an explosive mixture4 ,z ! vessel is only made ( ca/-iron ?is arrangem5t is r dang]\s4 ,!re are ?ree valves1 ! admission valve be+ regulat$ by ! gov]nor4 ,! p[] develop$ is1 !re=e1 always kept proportional to ! dem&1 & ! con/ancy ( spe$ is suffici5t to w>rant ! use ( ^! eng9es = runn+ dynamos = electric light4 ,! ignition is by an electric sp>k1 & is g5]ally obta9$ f "s extra app>atus1 su* z accumulators or batt]ies1 & an induction coil4 ,! eng9e is con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,otis ,bros4 ( ,new ,york4 ,de ,ravel motors4--,! fir/ motor con/ruct$ by ,m4 de ,ravel 0 exhibit$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahgh1 & 0 ( ! oscillat+ cyl9d] type1 ) a v>iable c5tre ( gravity4 ,! explosion drove up a heavy pi/on ^: rod 0 directly connect$ to ! crank-p94 ,! revolution ( ! crank-p9 caus$ ! :ole cyl9d] to move 9 ! same mann] z t ( ! e>ly oscillat+ /eam eng9es4 ,?is movem5t 0 us$ z a means ( op5+ & clos+ ! ports4 ,! effici5cy ( ! eng9e 0 l[1 us+ "s #fjj to #gjj litres ( gas p] horse-p[] h\r2 & besides ! motor _h1 ow+ to faulty me*anism1 ! unhappy knack ( sudd5ly /opp+ dead4 ,^! defects caus$ ,m4 de ,ravel to ab&on ?is type & to br+ out a second motor 9 #ahhe1 p]=m+ "o cycle p] revolution4 ,?is new motor only _h "o cyl9d]1 ^: re> half act$ z a compression *amb] dur+ ! backw>d /roke ( ! pi/on1 :il/ ! explosion took place 9 ! front end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! consumption ( gas 0 slightly m ?an an ,otto eng9e1 & ! motor ran exce$+ly sil5tly & ev5ly1 b ?is advantage 0 n ( mu* s]vice 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ ! all-conqu]+ ,otto motor4 ,midl& motor 7,taylor74--,con/ruct$ 9 ,nott+ham1 ?is eng9e is ( ! horizontal d\ble-cyl9d] type4 ,"o cyl9d] compresses ! explosive mixture & passes x on to ! o!r1 :]e x is ignit$ & does "w4 ,! cranks connect$ to ! two pi/ons are plac$ #fe ap>t1 & a complete cycle 9 ! cyl9d]s is p]=m$ e revolution4 ,! mak]s ( ?is eng9e claim a consumption ( only #fjj litres ( gas p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,campbell gas eng9e4--,! me*anism ( ?is eng9e is v mu* l t ( ! ,dugald-,cl]k motor1 two cyl9d]s be+ plac$ side by side4 ,! utilization ( ! heat is1 h[ev]1 f> sup]ior1 & only ab\t #ejj litres ( coal gas p] horse-p[] h\r are requir$4 ,a result :i* ! inv5tor ( ?is type ( cycle nev] succe$$ 9 obta9+1 b z f> z we "k ! motor has nev] _h any (ficial trial1 & ! above figures are only tak5 f ! mak]s prospectus4 ,h[ev]1 !re is only a h>dly p]ceptible %ock f ! explosion1 & ! motor c be safely recomm5d$ to anybody requir+ a sil5t gas eng9e4 ,!re /ill exi/ gas eng9es work$ on ?is same cycle p] revolution pr9ciple1 su* z ! ,conelly1 ,day1 ,de ,ravel motors1 descriptions ( :i* mu/ be s\ght else:]e4 ,! limit$ space at our disposal prev5ts u f discuss+ all ^? types :i* h only obta9$ a v small measure ( success4 ,! only rema9+ eng9e bas$ on ?is pr9ciple wor? m5tion+ is ! ,bni] motor1 :i* is exce$+ly in/ructive1 b we %all speak ( x lat] "u ! head ( poor-gas eng9es4 ,we %all at pres5t pass on to ! consid]ation ( eng9es bas$ 9 pr9ciple on ! pat5t ( ,beau de ,ro*as1 & fir/ practically realiz$ 9 #ahgg by ,dr4 ,otto4 ,otto gas eng9e 7,fig4 #g74--,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is eng9e is bas$ is kn[n z ! ,otto cycle1 nam$ aft] ,dr4 ,otto1 b fir/ sugge/$ by ,beau de ,ro*as4 ,s9ce ! pat5ts h expir$ num]\s copies & imitations h be5 br\ght out1 b v few surpass or ev5 equal "s ( ! e>li] types4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,otto ,gas ,eng9e4 ,! explanation ( ! work+ ( ! ,otto motor1 :i* we are ab\t to give1 w save u f return+ to x 9 ! descriptions ( analog\s types br\ght out aft] ?is fam\s sy/em4 ,! cyl9d] is cont9u$ 9 a backw>d direction s z to =m a compression *amb]1 into :i* ! mixture ( gas & air is drawn dur+ ! =w>d /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,! mixture is compress$ dur+ ! return /roke 9 ?is *amb]1 ! pressure ris+ at ! end ( ! /roke to ab\t #c or #d atmosph]es4 ,at ?is po9t 9 ! cycle a flame is br\ght into contact ) ! compress$ gases & !y explode4 ,?is explosion raises ! temp]ature ( ! gases to #aejj ,c41 & drives =w>d ! pi/on "u a pressure ( ab\t #aej lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,dur+ ! second return /roke1 correspond+ to ! latt] half ( ! second revolution ( ! crank1 ! pi/on drives out ! products ( ! combu/ion into ! air "u a pressure ( ab\t an atmosph]e4 ,! heat+ ( ! cyl9d] is avoid$ by keep+ wat] automatically circulat+ ?r\gh a jacket surr\nd+ x4 ,?is is necess>y1 because if ! cyl9d] walls became heat$1 ! oil ^u !m w\ld become decompos$1 & lose its lubricat+ prop]ties4 ,dr4 ,otto paid special att5tion to ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e1 & 9 ord] to increase x1 he dilut$ ! air & gas drawn into ! cyl9d] ) a portion ( ! gases already burnt 9 ! previ\s /roke4 ,consequ5tly ! explosion at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke is less viol5t1 & ! gases cont9ue burn+ :ile ! pi/on moves =w>d4 ,! cause ( ?is sl[ combu/ion has be5 wrongly attribut$ to /ratification ( sup]impos$ lay]s ( gas & air1 b x is probably due to ! action ( ! cyl9d] walls4 ,! ,otto gas eng9e is a m>vel ( simplicity f a me*anical po9t ( view1 v mu* m s ?an a ,corliss /eam eng9e = in/ance4 ,! admission & exhau/ valves are work$ by cams1 & ! ignition takes place "u pressure4 ,! gov]nor is sometimes ( ! c5trifugal type1 & at o!rs ( ! in]tia type1 b 9 bo? x is a case ( all or no?+1 ! supply be+ completely %ut (f if ! eng9e is go+ too fa/4 ,! connect+ rod jo9s ! crank to ! pi/on rod by a cross-head runn+ into a bor$ out-guide4 ,x is necess>y to h a heavy fly-:eel1 because1 z only "o explosion takes place p] two revolutions1 ! fly-:eel mu/ /ore up en\gh en]gy dur+ t explosion to c>ry x ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! cycle4 ,_m diff]5t types ( ,otto gas eng9es n[ exi/1 "s hav+ two cyl9d]s & a s+le crank1 & o!rs two fly-:eels1 9 ord] to ensure con/ancy ( spe$ = driv+ dynamos4 ,dr4 ,otto devis$ a comp\nd gas eng9e1 b x did n succe$1 & also a *eap] v]tical type 7,fig4 #h71 :i* is v conv5i5t = small work%ops4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( c>burett$ air ! creator ( ! ,otto cycle has devis$ ano!r motor = use ) gasol9e in/ead ( coal gas4 ,otto devis$ ! fir/ practical gas eng9e & op5$ up ! pa? = o!rs1 :o1 foll[+ 9 8 foot/eps1 h conf9$ _! att5tion to improvem5t ( detail4 ,"s h und\bt$ly succe$$1 & by avoid+ wa/e ( heat1 & by rais+ ! initial temp]ature ( ! gases1 !y h consid]ably r$uc$ ! consumption ( fuel4 ,we %all n[ discuss diff]5t types ( motors :i* h appe>$ dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 conf9+ ourselves to ! really successful ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,otto ,gas ,eng9e 7v]tical type74 ,second ,l5oir motor4--,tw5ty-five ye>s sep>at$ ! appe>ances ( ! fir/ & second ,l5oir motors1 & dur+ ?is "t ,m4 ,l5oir ga9$ a great deal ( practical exp]i5ce1 s t if ref]5ce be made to ,figs4 #a & #i !y w be se5 to h v little 9 common4 ,9 ! lat] type ! cyl9d] projects ov] ! back ( ! b$-plate1 & is provid$ ) deep circul> grooves on ! outside to increase ! cool+ surface4 ,ignition is obta9$ by ! sp>k f a coil suppli$ by a batt]y z 9 ! e>ly =m4 ,! consumption ( gas is ab\t #hjj litres p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,lat] on we %all discuss a petroleum motor = motor c>s1 & also a /ation>y petroleum eng9e by ! same inv5tor4 ,^! eng9es 7 orig9ally con/ruct$ by ,mignon & ,r\>t1 b lat] by ! ,compagnie ,p>isi5ne du ,gaz1 & are v well design$ & con/ruct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,l5oir ,gas ,eng9e 7second type74 ,ko]t+-,lieckfeld motor4--,! fir/ ( ^! motors 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahgg1 & 0 bas$ on ! ,dugald-,cl]k cycle4 ,! orig9al type has1 h[ev]1 be5 ab&on$1 & ! firm ( ,brl et ,cie4 ( ,p>is n[ con/ruct ^! eng9es on ! ,otto sy/em4 ,all ! mov+ p>ts are atta*$ to a v]tical frame ( ca/-iron 7,fig4 #aj71 ! l[] half conta9+ ! cyl9d]4 ,! admission & exhau/ valves are situat$ 9 front & ne> ! base4 ,! gov]nor is ( ! c5trifugal type & acts directly on ! lev]s ( ! valves4 ,! flame ignition makes x necess>y to occasionally clean out ! valves1 b o!rwise ! motor has few drawbacks1 & is v neat & compact4 ,! consumption ( coal gas = eng9es ( #h horse-p[] & upw>ds is ab\t #hjj litres p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,! crank-%aft is plac$ horizontally across ! top ( ! frame1 & ! cams act+ ^u ! valves are rotat$ by a bevel ge> enclos$ 9 a case1 driv+ a ?9 supplem5t>y %aft on :i* !y are plac$4 ,! motor is self-lubricat+1 & is also con/ruct$ z a horizontal gas eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,ko]t+-,b\let ,motor4 ,&rews' motor4--,! gov]n+ app>atus 9 ?is eng9e is exce$+ly simple & +5i\s1 consi/+ ( a weight fix$ to an oscillat+ lev] :i* controls ! admission valve4 ,! position :i* ! weight takes up dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ) :i* ! lev] oscillates1 & consequ5tly ^u ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! eng9e is runn+ too fa/ or too sl[ ! weight takes up a new position1 & ! effect ^u ! admission valve is to ei!r sl[ d[n or quick5 ! spe$4 ,! gases are ignit$ by means ( a tube kept r$-hot by a gas flame4 ,?is eng9e possesses ! special advantage ( be+ self-/>t+1 t is to say1 x is n necess>y1 z 9 _m o!r motors1 to />t ! eng9e by giv+ ! fly-:eel a few rapid turns by h&4 ,! motor is /opp$ ) ! crank 9 a position slightly 9 advance ( ! po9t correspond+ to ignition4 ,! gas is all[$ to ent] by a small auxili>y valve1 :i* closes aft] ! fir/ explosion4 ,?is volume ( gas ent]+ ! cyl9d] mixes ) ! air already 9 x1 =m+ an explosive mixture4 ,?is explosive mixture !n beg9s to escape by simil> automatic self-clos+ valves situat$ at ! top ( ! r$-hot ignition tube4 ,ignition takes place1 & is communicat$ to ! re/ ( ! gas 9 ! cyl9d]1 clos+ ! two small valves by ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,! pi/on is !re=e driv5 =w>d1 & ! en]gy ( ?is combu/ion is suffici5t to />t ! eng9e4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?is op]ation is only p]=m$ once at />t+1 = imm$iately aft]w>ds ! eng9e falls into its normal cycle ( op]ations4 ,two fly-:eels are z a rule provid$ to ensure con/ancy ( spe$4 ,! consumption ( gas is z l[ z #ehj litres p] horse-p[] h\r 9 ! l>ge units ( #ajj horse-p[]4 ,! ,&rews gas eng9e is also con/ruct$ ( a special type = consum+ poor gas produc$ by ! ,d[son process1 & gives v good results4 ,z a rule1 ab\t #fjj to #hjj grammes ( an?racite are necess>y to produce "o horse-p[] h\r4 ,9 "o p>ticul> plant g5]at+ electricity1 ! co/ has be5 c]tifi$ to be z l[ z "o p5ny p] kil[att h\r1 includ+ lubrication4 ,field+ gas eng9e4--,! *>act]i/ic po9t 9 ^! eng9es is ! extreme simplicity ( ! valve ge>1 only "o valve be+ ev] subject$ to pressure4 ,ev5 9 ! small eng9es ( ?is type all slid+ valves are replac$ by ^? ( ! spr+ patt]n1 9 fact1 ! valve me*anism consi/s simply ( two spr+-valves1 "o ( :i* fulfils two functions1 controll+ ! admission & ! escape ( ! gases4 ,! two valves are mov$ by a d\ble lev] actuat$ by a s+le cam4 ,! cycle is t ( ,dr4 ,otto4 ,:5 ! pi/on is />t+ on ! return /roke aft] an explosion has tak5 place1 ! lev] lifts "o ( ! valves1 & ! products ( ! combu/ion escape into a circul> space situat$ bel[4 ,9 ! next =w>d /roke ?is valve is /ill fur!r lift$1 op5+ ! admission port1 :ile at ! same mom5t ! exhau/ port is clos$ by ! second valve2 a new *>ge is !re=e drawn into ! cyl9d]4 ,at ! end ( ! admission /roke ! valves are releas$ by ! lev]1 & ! compression c n[ take place dur+ ! second return /roke4 ,! movem5t caus+ ! lift+ ( ! valve cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t "o :ole revolution is effect$ by means ( a cam ) two prom95ces on x1 :i* act 9 succession on ! lev]4 ,!re is only "o valve1 !re=e1 :i* is subject$ to pressure1 & ev5 ?is is well provid$ aga9/ risk ( leakage by ! second valve be+ plac$ beh9d x1 act+ z a d\ble seat+4 ,a *amb] is also provid$ 9 :i* ! gases are fir/ mix$1 & ?is mix+ is regulat$ by a second lev] & a special valve4 ,! gov]nor is ( ! in]tia type1 & is atta*$ to ! upp] side ( ! d\ble lev]4 ,x consi/s ( a /raight rod ) a ball at "o end & a knife edge at ! o!r1 pivot$ at its c5tre to ! end ( ! valve lev]4 ,z ?is lev] is ?r[n =w>d ! knife edge /rikes ! end ( ! spr+-valve admitt+ gas to ! mix+ *amb]4 ,if ! spe$ is too great ! sudd5 j]k on ! ball at ! o!r end ( ! knife edge causes x to miss ! valve1 & no gas is admitt$ till ! spe$ is r$uc$ to ! normal numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,?is arrangem5t is v s5sitive1 & keeps ! spe$ exce$+ly con/ant4 ,mr4 ,field+ has con/ruct$ "s l>ge gas eng9es ( #cej horse-p[] :i* are />t$ by compress$ air1 ?is air hav+ be5 previ\sly /or$ up "u pressure :5 ! motor 0 /opp+4 ,niel motor4--,z w be se5 f ,fig4 #aa1 ! valves are actuat$ by cams rotat+ on a supplem5t>y %aft plac$ p>allel to ! cyl9d]4 ,a pair ( too!d :eels transmit ! rotation ( ! crank to ?is valve-%aft1 & x is arrang$ s z to give "o rotation to e two ( ! crank4 ,! cycle ( op]ations is some:at simil> to ! ,otto cycle2 gas is only admitt$ to ! cyl9d] = two-?irds ( ! =w>d /roke1 s t ! compression on ! back /roke is some:at less5$4 ,x is d\btful :e!r !re is mu* advantage 9 ?is me?od1 b ! ,niel motors h _h a l>ge sale1 :i* is a suffici5t pro( ( _! good qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,niel ,gas ,eng9e 7elevation & sectional plan74 ,lomb>t1 ,m>t9i 7,fig4 #ab71 ,adam1 ,le ,p>isi51 & ,le ,ki5tzy motors4--,all ^! motors1 ea* ( :i* is con/ruct$ by a diff]5t mak]1 are bas$ 9 pr9ciple on ! ,otto eng9e1 & except = slight modifications ( ! work+ p>ts1 !y d n call = any p>ticul> notice4 ,! small am\nt ( space at our disposal only admits ( our m5tion+ !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,m>t9i ,motor4 ,labl9 motor 7,fig4 #ac74--,m4 ,labl9 ( ,nantes set himself to produce a motor :i* %\ld correspond ) ! ,bro!rood & ,we/+h\se /eam eng9e1 t is to say1 a motor develop+ ! maximum ( p[] = ! m9imum ( space & weight4 ,?is might be t]m$ ! dynamic d5sity ( ! motor1 :i* ,m4 ,labl9 s\ght to increase4 ,he has succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ gas motors ( horse-p[] weigh+ ab\t #ij lbs41 & ( #h horse-p[] weigh+ #g cwt4 ,un=tunately !y consume a r l>ge quantity ( fuel--ab\t #ajjj litres ( coal gas1 or #ejj grammes ( gasol9e p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,!re are ?ree cyl9d]s gr\p$ at equal di/ances r\nd ! same %aft1 & all atta*$ to "o s+le crank4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a m con/ant torque or twi/+ movem5t on ! %aft is obta9$1 & consequ5tly ! weight ( ! fly-:eel c be consid]ably r$uc$4 ,?ree explosions are produc$ dur+ e revolution1 t is to say1 ea* cyl9d] p]=ms a complete cycle ( op]ations dur+ e revolution1 a fact :i* acc\nts = ! l[ effici5cy4 ,ignition is obta9$ by a plat9um tube heat$ to inc&esc5ce :5 us+ coal gas1 & by an electric sp>k :5 c>burett$ air is us$4 ,! gov]nor is c5trifugal1 & controls ! admission ( gas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,labl9 ,?ree-cyl9d] ,motor4 ,crossley ,bros4 gas eng9e 7,figs4 #ad1 #ae74--,?is eng9e is f ! cycle po9t ( view purely & simply an ,otto gas eng9e4 ,a light %aft runs p>allel to ! cyl9d]1 be+ driv5 by a worm-ge> ( ! crank-%aft4 ,on x are situat$ ! cams :i* =ce op5 ! f\r spr+-valves1 controll+ respectively ! admission ( air gas & ! ignition & exhau/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,crossley ,gas ,eng9e 7,x type74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,crossley ,gas ,eng9e4 ,! pressure ( ! gases is rais$ dur+ compression to ab\t f\r atmosph]es1 & imm$iately aft] ! explosion x rises to ab\t #ahj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*2 dur+ ! exhau/ x av]ages ab\t #aj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,ignition is obta9$ by a tube heat$ to a bright r$ inc&esc5ce by a ,buns5 flame4 ,at ! "r mom5t a valve is op5$1 plac+ ! explosive mixture 9 contact ) x & caus+ ! explosion4 ,:5 />t+ ! ma*9e ! ignition is ret>d$ or takes place a little aft] pass+ ! dead po9t1 s t ! ma*9e _c />t ! wrong way by mi/ake4 ,two or ?ree o!r features call = special notice1 especially ! device = lubricat+ ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! illu/ration 7,fig4 #ad7 w be se5 a small bell-%ap$ receptacle4 ,?is vessel conta9s oil1 & also a small crank inside driv5 by a belt (f ! valve-%aft4 ,z ?is crank rotates x dips into ! oil at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & at ! top ( its pa? x wipes (f ! oil :i* x has ga!r$ on to a cup :i* all[s x to fl[ into ! cyl9d]4 ,! wat] jacket is ca/ sep>ately f ! cyl9d]1 & n1 z 9 _m eng9es1 9 "o piece ) x4 ,!re is an advantage 9 ?is1 because !re is less likelihood ( flaws or bl[-holes 9 ! cyl9d] wall pass+ unobs]v$ :5 ! eng9e is leav+ ! mak]'s h&s4 ,! gov]nor 9 "s ( ! sizes is c5trifugal1 & 9 o!rs ( ! in]tia type simil> to t describ$ 9 ! ,field+ gas eng9e4 ,pygme motor 7,lefebvre74--,?is motor1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 gives "o ! idea ( solidity & compactness4 ,x possesses ! peculi> prop]ty ( work+ equally well 9 any position1 ei!r horizontal or v]tical4 ,?is is due to ! fact t x is p>ticul>ly well balanc$1 & :5 runn+ does n vibrate at all4 ,easily />t$1 ^! eng9es run at a v con/ant spe$1 & _! p[] 9 relation to _! size is truly rem>kable1 h5ce ! "n ,pygme4 ,!y h be5 especially design$ = self-propell$ vehicles1 & are n affect$ by ! wor/ runn+ conditions1 su* z inclem5t wea!r or bad roads4 ,9 ?is type !y are con/ruct$ ) two cyl9d]s 9 ord] to obta9 a m con/ant torque1 & also h an arrangem5t by :i* ! spe$ c be *ang$4 ,= /ation>y purposes ! motor is m\nt$ on a ca/-iron /& 7,fig4 #af74 ,9 virtue ( _! exce$+ly small dim5sions & r$uc$ weight !y are specially suitable :]e small-p[] motors are requir$ = home indu/ries or small work%ops1 & also = driv+ private electric in/allations & pump+ wat]4 ,!y h economically replac$ /eam eng9es 9 agricultural op]ations1 bo? on a l>ge & small scale4 ,! work+ p>ts be+ entirely enclos$ !y /& a good deal ( r\gh usage1 & w "w 9 positions 9 :i* o!r motors w\ld be useless4 ,:]e x is necess>y to br+ ! motor to ! "w x is requir$ to p]=m !y are bolt$ to a c>riage in/ead ( a ca/-iron base4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,pygme ,gas ,eng9e4 ,! 8,national0 gas eng9e4--,z a gas eng9e ?is ma*9e is con/ruct$ 9 all sizes1 f "o horse-p[] up to l>ge units requir+ a gas plant ( _! own4 ,z petroleum motors !y range f "o to t5 horse-p[]4 ,!y are all provid$ ) two fly-:eels1 :i* keep !m well balanc$ & /eadies _! spe$4 ,!y h besides be5 especially design$ ) a view to economy ( coal gas or petroleum4 ,an idea ( ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! p>ts w be obta9$ by glanc+ at ,fig4 #ag4 ,! petroleum motors are provid$ 9 addition ) a vaporiz] & a petroleum lamp plac$ at ! front end ( ! ma*9e1 & ! oil res]voir is situat$ imm$iately above ! cyl9d]4 ,m4 ,h]ck5ra? has specially devot$ himself to simplify+ ! me*anism & mak+ x m self-conta9$ & less unsightly4 ,up to #ej horse-p[] only "o cyl9d] is f\nd necess>y1 & = l>g] p[]s two are provid$4 ,! pat5t gov]nor is c5trifugal & r novel 9 con/ruction1 & to x is p>tly due ! high effici5cy ( ^! eng9es4 ,! l>ge sizes are z easily />t$ z ! small] ones1 & ! lubrication is p]fectly automatic4 ,besides ^! advantages !y require a m9imum ( att5tion1 9 fact1 a skill$ att5dant c be disp5s$ )1 a few explanations & in/ructions be+ all t is necess>y to enable a boy or lab\r] to take compet5t *>ge ( !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,h]ck5ra? ,national ,gas ,eng9e4 ,=e/ motor 7,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj74--,we h already describ$ ! e>li] attempts ( ,m4 ,=e/ to produce a practical gas eng9e4 ,! idea embodi$ 9 ! motor depict$ 9 ,fig4 #bj1 if n p>ticul>ly advantage\s1 is none ! less highly orig9al4 ,! ends ( ! s+le cyl9d] are op51 & )9 x are two pi/ons1 betwe5 :i* ! explosive mixture is introduc$4 ,! explosion drives ^! pi/ons out 9 diff]5t directions1 b by means ( a suitable me*anism !y are ea* connect$ to "o ( two cranks on ! same %aft4 ,! :ole =ms a v neat & compact arrangem5t4 ,9 ano!r type by ! same inv5tor 7,figs4 #ah1 #ai71 also work+ on ! ,otto cycle1 ! cyl9d]s are v]tical1 !re be+ "o1 two1 or f\r plac$ side by side4 ,9 ! la/ case two explosions p] revolution are obta9$1 ensur+ a v con/ant torque ?r\gh\t4 ,m4 ,=e/ has1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly appli$ himself 9 collaboration ) ,m4 ,gallice to design+ petroleum eng9es = small boats4 ,^! two inv5tors h conceiv$ a highly +5i\s arrangem5t = rev]s+ ! direction ( rotation ( ! eng9e1 :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 ! propulsion ( boats4 ,all ! cams :i* actuate ! valves are gr\p$ toge!r on a light %aft1 & by a simple twi/+ ( ?is %aft f "o end by a h&le ! eng9e is rev]s$4 ,! eng9es are self-/>t+1 & are s especially suitable = ! propulsion ( boats t !y h be5 adopt$ by ! ,fr5* navy1 :o at ! pres5t date h a numb] ( small vessels propell$ by ?is motive p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,de ,=e/ ,gas ,eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,de ,=e/ ,d\ble ,pi/on ,motor4 ,cu9at gas eng9es4--,^! eng9es are con/ruct$ 9 f\r types4 ,! ,a type is v]tical ) ! cyl9d] above & fly-:eel & %aft bel[4 ,?is is a m /able arrangem5t ?an plac+ !m 9 ! rev]s$ ord]1 z is m frequ5tly done4 ,= small eng9es ! v]tical type is und\bt$ly ! be/1 space1 or r lack ( space1 be+ v (t5 an important consid]ation to ! pur*as]4 ,! ,b type is simil> to ! previ\s "o1 except t two fly-:eels are provid$ s z to make x suitable = small electric light in/allations4 ,! ,c type is horizontal1 hav+ all ! valves plac$ v]tically1 :i* plan seems to "w bett] = eng9es ( p[] great] ?an #aj horse-p[]4 ,! ,d type is also horizontal1 b has two fly-:eels1 hav+ be5 specially design$ = electric light+ purposes4 ,9 ord] to take up z little space z possible ! dynamo is situat$ und]nea? ! project+ cyl9d]1 bo? ! eng9e & dynamo be+ bolt$ d[n on to a special b$-plate4 ,?is arrangem5t is m /able ?an plac+ !m on sep>ate f\ndations4 ,9 ! petroleum eng9es an electric sp>k is us$ to ignite ! gases1 & 9 ! gas eng9es bo? electricity & a gas flame4 ,x is be/ n to use animal or vegetable oils = lubricat+ ! inside ( ! cyl9d]1 because !y decompose1 =m+ fatty acids :i* h a corrosive action4 ,besides ?is1 :5 !y h fulfill$ _! function ( lubrication !y settle d[n to a ?ick pa/e1 :i* has a mo/ injuri\s effect on ! work+ ( ! eng9e4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to use no?+ b p]fectly pure m9]al oils & to avoid all o!rs4 ,?is does n only apply to ! type ( eng9e we h j be5 describ+1 b to all gas eng9es4 ,! ,cu9at gas & petroleum motors d n mix a portion ( _! exhau/$ gases ) ! fre% *>ge z is frequ5tly done1 b completely sweep away ! products ( ! explosion be=e admitt+ a new *>ge4 ,! result is1 t combu/ion is m complete b at ! same "t r m viol5t4 ,an exam9ation ( an indicator diagram tak5 f "o ( ^! eng9es %[s t ! combu/ion takes place at once z an explosion1 & t ! f9al exp&$ pressure is z l[ z x is possible to get x4 ,^! be+ ! conditions necess>y = a high effici5cy1 x is ne$less to /ate t ! consumption ( fuel 9 ^! eng9es is z l[ z 9 any o!r eng9e4 ,nol motor4--,?is type1 con/ruct$ at ,prov9s1 has ! advantage ( be+ exce$+ly simple4 ,! entries to ! cyl9d] are controll$ by spr+-valves1 & ! gases are ignit$ by electricity4 ,f ! up to ! #b horse-p[] size ! cyl9d] is n provid$ ) a wat] jacket1 & ! g5]al arrangem5t is ei!r v]tical or horizontal4 ,^! eng9es "w equally well ) coal gas or c>burett$ air2 9 ! latt] case ! c>burator is plac$ inside ! ca/-iron frame ( ! motor4 ,! gu>ante$ consumption ( fuel is ab\t #ijj litres ( gas or #ejj grammes ( gasol9e p] horse-p[] h\r1 :i* is q satisfactory4 ,t5t+ motor4--,?is is a horizontal motor ) ! cyl9d] cool$ atmosph]ically1 & ! gases ignit$ by electricity4 ,! gov]nor acts ^u ! exhau/ valve2 ! products ( ! explosion rema9 9 ! cyl9d] if ! spe$ is too great1 & !n ! admission valve1 :i* is automatic1 no long] rises to admit a fre% *>ge until ! spe$ has once m fall5 to ! normal4 ,?is little motor is "o ( ! mo/ practical small-p[] eng9es exi/+1 p>tly because ( ! great simplicity ( ! me*anism4 ,x works well ) c>burett$ air1 & ! v]tical type has be5 successfully appli$ to ! propulsion ( small pleasure-boats4 ,atk9son motor 7,figs4 #ba1 #bb74--,?is app>atus1 con/ruct$ by ! ,briti% ,gas ,eng9e ,company1 0 until rec5tly ! mo/ effici5t heat eng9e 9 exi/5ce1 its indicat$ effici5cy be+ #bbh4 ,mr4 ,atk9son1 ! inv5tor1 has arriv$ at ?is result by mak+ ! gases burn gradually & by %ort5+ ! compression /roke4 ,! dis*>ge ( ! residual gases is complete1 ?is be+ directly opposite to ,dr4 ,otto's proc$ure1 = he dilut$ 8 explosive mixture l>gely ) ! exhau/$ gases4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to make ! pi/on execute two /rokes relative to ! cyl9d] ( diff]5t l5g?s1 ! inv5tor has _h to devise a r complicat$ me*anism 7,fig4 #ba74 ,! result1 h[ev]1 q neutralizes ?is slight disadvantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,diagram ( ,atk9son ,me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,section ( ,*>on ,motor4 ,*>on motor 7,fig4 #bc74--,m4 ,*>on has attempt$ to obta9 a prolong$ combu/ion )\t ! complicat$ devices resort$ to by ,atk9son4 ,he has obta9$ ! same result by means ( a regulator controll+ a d\ble cam1 "o half ( :i* actuates ! admission valve & ! o!r half an auxili>y valve1 :i* op5s into a tube =m+ a sort ( res]voir1 into :i* "p ( ! explosive mixture passes dur+ ! compression4 ,aft] ! explosion ?is /or$-up mixture is gradually all[$ to re-ent] ! cyl9d] & prolong ! combu/ion4 ,by ?is means a consid]able ga9 9 economy is obta9$1 s t eng9es ( ?is type only use ab\t #ejj litres ( coal gas p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,9 appe>ance ! motor mu* resembles ! ,otto motor1 ! crank-%aft & valve-%aft & valves be+ plac$ 9 ! same relative positions4 ,al?\gh ^! motors are r m exp5sive ?an o!rs work+ ) ! ,otto cycle1 !y are nev]!less widely us$4 ,?is is due to ! fact t if co/ ( coal gas 9 a p>ticul> di/rict is high x is *eap] 9 ! end to pay a high] price = an effici5t eng9e ?an to buy a less exp5sive & at ! same "t less economical ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,*>on ,motor 7late/ type74 ,rog] motor4--,?is excell5t little eng9e 7,fig4 #bd7 0 especially design$ = small work%ops4 ,! extreme simplicity ( ! work+ p>ts 9 no way less5s ! effici5cy1 = ! two horse-p[] only burns #gjj litres ( gas p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,! simple design also keeps ! co/ ( con/ruction l[1 & ! price av]ages ab\t #cj p] horse-p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,rog] ,v]tical ,gas ,eng9e4 ,! gov]nor controls ! admission valve4 ,ignition is obta9$ by means ( an inc&esc5t tube2 ! cyl9d] is cool$ by a wat] jacket2 ! mean spe$ is ab\t #bjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ?is spe$ is con/ant en\gh to all[ ! eng9e to drive a dynamo = electric light+4 ,! motor has be5 v fav\rably receiv$ abroad1 b is n mu* kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,motor ( ! ,compagnie ,p>isi5ne du ,gaz 7,fig4 #be74--,ow+ to its v l>ge consumption ( gas ! eng9e c only be us$ if ! price ( gas is l[1 b x has sev]al advantages :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t neutralize ?is defect4 ,x runs at a high spe$ ( #djj revolutions p] m9ute1 & ! p>ts are arrang$ s z to be easily accessible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,v]tical ,gas ,eng9e ( ! ,compagnie ,p>isi5ne du ,gaz4 ,letombe motor4--,con/ruct$ by ! firm ( ,mollet-,fonta9e ( ,lille1 ?is eng9e pres5ts sev]al int]e/+ features :i* we w briefly enum]ate4 ,! cyl9d] is d\ble-act+1 giv+ "o impulse to ! pi/on dur+ e revolution4 ,! spe$ is !re=e ma9ta9$ fairly con/ant4 ,! effici5cy is high ow+ to ! gases 9 ! cyl9d] be+ made to burn sl[ly z 9 ! ,*>on motor4 ,! ma*9e on ! :ole works exce$+ly satisfactorily & reflects great cr$it on its inv5tors4 ,robu/e 7,levasseur7 motor4--,! composition1 admission1 & ignition ( explosive mixture are regulat$ by a slid+ valve z 9 ! ,otto motor2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x is a pi/on-valve & n a flat "o4 ,! valve-*e/ is at ! back ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! gov]nor is ( ! in]tia type1 & suppresses ! admission if ! spe$ becomes high] ?an ! normal4 ,a d\ble wat] jacket is provid$ = cool+ ! cyl9d] walls4 ,al?\gh n pres5t+ any new features1 ?is motor fully m]its its "n1 & its solid con/ruction enables x to )/& a surpris+ am\nt ( bad h&l+4 ,ri*>dson & ,norris gas eng9e4--,yet ano!r high-spe$ eng9e1 runn+ at a spe$ ( #bcj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,roby ,co4 con/ruct ?is ma*9e especially = driv+ dynamos1 & = ?is purpose two fly-:eels are provid$ 9 ord] to make x run smoo?ly )\t v>iation ( spe$4 ,! gases are ignit$ ?r\gh a valve ) a d\ble seat+ by means ( a r$-hot tube4 ,! motor is rev]sible1 :i* is an advantage "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,poor gas c also be us$ in/ead ( coal gas1 consum+ ab\t #eaj grammes ( an?racite p] horse-p[] h\r = an #hf horse-p[] eng9e suppli$ ) ,d[son gas4 ,?is works out to a !rmal effici5cy ( #ba1 a result :i* places ?is eng9e above criticism4 ,h4 ,c4 motor4--,?is is an enclos$ motor = use 9 m9es or du/y places1 ! fly-:eel alone ( ! mov+ p>ts be+ visible4 ,x works equally well ) coal gas1 c>burett$ air1 or petroleum1 & is con/ruct$ 9 sizes f to #fj horse-p[]4 ,9 spite ( its orig9al features x has n met ) mu* success up to ! pres5t "t4 ,le ,m>cel & ,le ,maurice motors 7,cadiot7 7,fig4 #bf74--,! smalle/ types ( ! ,m>cel motors are ( "o man-p[]1 & ! l>ge/ ( "o horse-p[]1 s t !y are only suitable = small op]ations4 ,"o impulse is giv5 to ! pi/on e two revolutions1 ! cycle be+ t ( ,dr4 ,otto4 ,! gas is compress$ 9 a r$-hot tube dur+ half ( ! backw>d /roke4 ,!re are only two valves1 "o = ! admission & ! o!r = ! escape ( ! gases1 actuat$ by a s+le cam on ! crank-%aft4 ,! cyl9d] is cool$ by a wat] jacket4 ,! gov]nor works on ! all or no?+ pr9ciple1 ! supply ( gas be+ completely %ut (f if ! spe$ rises above ! normal ( #cej revolutions p] m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,maurice ,motor 7de ,cadiot74 ,! ,maurice motors are some:at simil> 9 con/ruction1 b are design$ = op]at+ dynamos4 ,= ?is purpose two fly-:eels are provid$4 ,_m ( ^! little motors are to be se5 ab\t ! c\ntry work+ fans1 la!s1 pumps1 etc4 ,v>i\s4--,we h describ$ ab\t ?irty diff]5t sorts ( motors1 select$ f ! be/-kn[n & mo/ orig9al types4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ o!r motors exi/ 9 ,europe1 :i* are simil> 9 "o way or ano!r to ^? already describ$1 su* z ! eng9es ( ,drkopp1 ,=w>d1 ,br\hot1 ,debry de ,soissons1 ,n>jot1 ,ar*at1 ,w]t5bru*1 ! 8,acm0 motor1 & _m o!rs4 ,b we are oblig$ to limit our descriptions1 & to conclude ! *apt] by a c\ple ( examples ( motors p]=m+ "o cycle ( op]ations p] ?ree revolutions4 ,griff9 motor4--,9 ?is eng9e we h only two explosions ov] ?ree revolutions1 b z x is d\ble-act+ ?is numb] is r$uc$ to "o explosion p] revolution & a half4 ,! diff]5t op]ations are z foll[s3--7#a7 gases drawn into ! cyl9d]1 7#b7 compression ( gases1 7#c7 ignition & expansion1 7#d7 products ( combu/ion driv5 out ( ! cyl9d]1 7#e7 a volume drawn into x to completely sweep away any residue ( ! exhau/ gases1 7#f7 ?is volume ( air drawn out4 ,admission & ignition are obta9$ by ! action ( a slid+ valve & ecc5tric4 ,! gov]nor causes ! gas admission valve to rema9 op5 = a %ort] or long] "t1 s z to ensure con/ancy ( spe$4 ,! exhau/ gases escape by two valves actuat$ by a pair ( cams1 op5+ !m at e turn & a half1 s t ! gases are alt]nately dis*>g$ f ! back & front p>ts ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! consumption ( fuel = a #ab horse-p[] motor 0 ab\t #gib litres ( coal gas p] horse-p[] h\r 9 an (ficial trial4 ,! spe$ is v con/ant 9 spite ( ! long cycle4 ,rollason gas eng9e4--,?is is also an eng9e us+ a long cycle ( op]ations1 ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts be+ copi$ (f ! ,otto motor4 ,! gov]nor is electric1 & acts on ! admission valve1 v>y+ ! am\nt ( gas admitt$ to ! cyl9d] 9 proportion to ! dem& = p[]4 ,9 ! l>g] size ( f #bj to #ajj horse-p[] a self-/>t+ arrangem5t has be5 add$4 ,?is eng9e1 l ! ,griff9 motor1 has prov$ t x is possible1 by completely gett+ rid ( ! products ( combu/ion1 to use a v dilute explosive mixture1 :i* w\ld be impossible 9 ! ,otto motor4 ,! ,rollason eng9e is con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,beck & ,co4 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,c>burett$ ,,air ,,eng9e ,if cold air be saturat$ ) ! vap\r ( volatile spirits su* z gasol9e1 or di/illates ( petroleum ( ab\t #fe mean specific gravity1 an explosive mixture is =m$ ) simil> prop]ties to t produc$ by coal gas mix$ ) air4 ,?is c>burett$ air c be us$ z fuel = heat eng9es ( ! explosive type4 ,ab\t tw5ty diff]5t me?ods ( c>burat+ air are 9 exi/5ce1 "s ( :i* are m practical ?an o!rs4 ,we %all proce$ to describe ! be/ kn[n ( ^!4 ,mille c>burett$ gas4--,9 ?is sy/em air is drawn into a res]voir conta9+ a petroleum _s by ! volatilization & fall ( ! petroleum vap\r1 ?is vap\r be+ heavi] ?an air4 ,! res]voir is plac$ on a high] level1 & an indi>ubb] tube connect$ to its base leads ! explosive mixture to ! cyl9d]4 ,! success ( ?is arrangem5t enc\rag$ inv5tors to p]fect x4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ c>burators by ,lafroque 0 provid$ ) a t9y hot-air eng9e1 :i* help$ to obta9 a m p]fect saturation ( ! air ) ! volatile _s4 ,9 ! ,eclipse motors1 & also 9 ! ,phbus motors ( ,pluy] & ,mull] ( ,birm+ham1 ! air & _s vap\r are mix$ by an injector4 ,! vap\r is fir/ obta9$ by heat+ ! liquid _s 9 a small /ill2 x !n passes by a f9e nozzle across a space draw+ air ) x aft] ! mann] ( ! ,giff>d injector4 ,! explosive mixture ?us obta9$ passes into a res]voir4 ,faignot app>atus4--,! air is drawn 9 by a revolv+ pump & =c$ into a vessel1 divid$ into sev]al comp>tm5ts1 "o above ! o!r1 sep>at$ by por\s p>titions & conta9+ gasol9e2 sev]al taps or valves cause ! comp>tm5ts to be alt]nately op5$ or clos$1 s t ! mixture c always be drawn (f ri* 9 hydroc>bon vap\r4 ,?is app>atus appe>$ 9 #ahhe at ! ,antw]p ,exhibition1 & suppli$ a ,bni] motor ) c>burett$ air4 ,x is suitable = light+ villages1 c\ntry h\ses1 etc41 9 fact1 any places :]e coal gas is n laid on4 ,! app>atus has be5 imitat$ by ,polack ( ,hamburg & o!rs4 ,l5oir c>burett$ air motor4--,c>burators = produc+ fuel = motive p[] h be5 c>efully /udi$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s by reason ( ! rapidly ext5d$ use ( gas motors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s is due to ,m4 ,l5oir1 con/ruct$ = a special motor design$ by himself & con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,r\>t frres4 ,?is c>burator consi/s ( a horizontal cyl9d] rotat$ by a p9ion :eel1 & p]=m+ five or six revolutions a m9ute4 ,v]tical p]=at$ p>titions divide ! cyl9d] int]nally into sev]al comp>tm5ts1 & ! int]ior wall ( ! cyl9d] has atta*$ to x a numb] ( small buckets :i* draw up ! _s l a wat]-:eel1 & p\r x out aga9 :5 !y rea* ! summit ( _! pa?4 ,! air & vap\r are ?us ?or\ghly mix$1 & pass f !nce into ! cyl9d]4 ,motors suppli$ by su* c>burators h be5 us$ = agricultural op]ations1 & also = driv+ small pleasure vessels1 ! co/ ( ma9t5ance p] horse-p[] h\r be+ ab\t #b;d4 ,s*rab c>burator4--,! idea ( ?is app>atus is q orig9al4 ,! jacket = cool+ ! motive cyl9d] is fill$ n ) wat] b ) ! hydroc>bon to be vaporiz$4 ,f !nce x passes at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj ,f4 into a c>burator conta9+ sev]al comp>tm5ts1 & ?r\gh :i* pass "p ( ! products ( combu/ion2 ^! gases pass+ ?r\gh ! already boil+ liquid hydroc>bon become saturat$ ) its vap\r1 b require admixture ) air be=e !y are capable ( be+ explod$4 ,! inv5tor /ates t ! wa/e gases only take up #a_/af "p ( t :i* pure air w\ld 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! hot liquid fuel1 & ?us expla9s ! extraord9>y economy ( fuel :i* is obta9$ by ^! motors1 only #a_/af? ( a litre ( gasol9e be+ necess>y to produce "o horse-p[] h\r4 ,?is is a v rem>kable result1 & if x is correct places ?is comb9$ plant 9 ! =emo/ rank ( c>burett$ air eng9es4 ,mey] c>burator4--,?is app>atus has ! advantage ( all[+ heavi] & *eap] oils to be us$1 at ! same "t completely volatiliz+ !m4 ,! heavy hydroc>bons are all[$ to fall drop by drop into a /eel *amb] ab\t eight c5timetres diamet] & f\r c5timetres 9 height1 heat$ by a flame4 ,! vap\r is produc$ at a high pressure1 & escapes ?r\gh a f9e nozzle at high spe$ draw+ ! necess>y air ) x4 ,ent]+ a res]voir ?is explosive mixture is prev5t$ f return+ by a *eck-valve4 ,! app>atus is s arrang$1 t :5 ! pressure 9 ! res]voir has rea*$ a c]ta9 po9t1 ! flame heat+ ! vaporiz] is turn$ d[n & prev5ts fur!r explosive mixture be+ =m$4 ,! app>atus is !re=e self-regulat+1 ! supply ( c>burett$ air be+ always proportional to ! dem&4 ,delam>e c>burator4--,m4 ,delam>e-,deb\tteville has devis$ a v compact c>burator = use ) 8 ,simplex motor4 ,gasol9e is conta9$ 9 an upp] vessel1 f :i* x fl[s 9 a f9e /ream f a tap on to a horse-hair bru%1 & is !re met by a simil> /ream ( w>m wat] com+ f ! wat] jacket ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! heat obta9$ f ?is s\rce t5ds to vaporize ! hydroc>bon1 & ! two liquids fall toge!r into a clos$ vessel4 ,! gasol9e rids itself ( its impurities & floats on ! surface ( ! wat]1 :i* is )drawn f und]nea? x by a siphon4 ,! hydroc>bon vap\r produc$ dur+ ! fall1 & aft]w>ds by ! heat ( ! sub/ratum ( wat]1 passes by a *eck-valve to ! motor4 ,x is f\nd t ! cleans+ effect ( ! wat] r5d]s ! cyl9d] mu* less liable to become f\l$ by t>ry products4 ,lo?hamm] c>burator4--,exp]i5ce has %[n t vap\r ( petroleum :5 mix$ ) air soon sep>ates out2 ! vaporiz] mu/ !re=e be plac$ z close to ! eng9e z possible4 ,9 ?is motor x has be5 ! aim ( ! inv5tor to obta9 an exce$+ly p]fect mixture ( ! explosive gases4 ,9 ord] to d ?is ! air ent]s ! vaporiz] ne> its base1 & passes ?r\gh x 9 a numb] ( exce$+ly f9e /reams ( bubbles4 ,! petroleum _s is at ! same "t heat$ by a flame1 & ! result is a v close mixture ( ! gases4 ,! inv5tor claims t he !reby obta9s mu* m complete combu/ion4 ,t5t+ motor4--,m4 ,t5t+ has arrang$ 8 gas eng9e1 :i* we h already describ$ on page #eg1 = use also z an oil eng9e4 ,! c>burator is compos$ ( ?ree sup]pos$ vessels1 ?r\gh ea* ( :i* ! oil fl[s 9 turn4 ,! upp] vessel acts z a res]voir & w hold a day's consumption ( oil1 & ! l[] "o is trav]s$ by ! exhau/ pipe1 :i* supplies ! heat necess>y to obta9 ! *ange ( /ate ( ! oil f liquid to gas4 ,al?\gh ?is c>burator is r crude x gives a v fair practical result4 ,dur& c>burett$ air eng9e 7,fig4 #bg74--,m4 ,dur& has set himself to produce a motor :i* %\ld "w equally well ) gas or petroleum1 & :i* %\ld require a m9imum ( att5tion at ! same "t1 keep+ 9 view su* po9ts z regul>ity ( spe$1 rigidity1 economy ( space1 & above all l[ price4 ,?is ideal he has1 h[ev]1 fail$ to rea*1 al?\gh 8 eng9e has _m good po9ts4 ,he fails *iefly because ! me*anism is too complicat$4 ,! motor works ) an ,otto cycle1 & ! ignition is by an electric sp>k g5]at$ by a small magneto ma*9e4 ,! regulation ( ! spe$ is obta9$ by ?rottl+ ! admission1 & ! air is drawn ?r\gh a tube heat$ by ! wa/e gases2 ?is arrangem5t all[s a slight economy to be effect$4 ,! c>burator is automatic1 consi/+ ( a clos$ cyl9d] plac$ v]tically ov] ! motor cyl9d]4 ,)9 x is plac$ ! oil fuel1 & also a spongy mass ( cork :i* soaks up ! heavi] impurities f\nd 9 ! oil1 & !reby all[s *eap] oils to be us$4 ,air is drawn ?r\gh ! spongy mass1 becom+ c>burett$ 9 ! process2 ^! gases are mix$ ) a fur!r quantity ( pure air 9 a di/ribut+ *amb] be=e ent]+ ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,dur& ,c>burett$ ,air ,motor4 ,su* a ,dur& motor s9s only by ! numb] ( its p>ts1 ! inconv5i5ce ( :i* is noticeable n only by ! am\nt ( lubrication !y require1 b also by _! rapid det]ioration4 ,daiml] motor4--,?is motor1 con/ruct$ by ,panh>d & ,levassor1 has become especially fam\s = its application to p[]-driv5 road vehicles4 ,x ga9$ ne>ly all ! be/ prizes 9 ! automobile races organis$ 9 #ahid betwe5 ,p>is & ,r\51 & aga9 9 #ahie betwe5 ,p>is & ,bordeaux4 ,,mm4 ,panh>d & ,levassor also con/ruct _! motors z fix$ eng9es1 b except = slight modifications1 ! me*anism is ! same 9 bo?2 we %all !re=e describe ! automobile type4 ,!re are two s+le-act+ cyl9d]s work+ on ! same crank-%aft4 ,a c5tral valve all[s compress$ air to be admitt$ :i* completely drives out ! products ( combu/ion4 ,! admission & exhau/ valves are enclos$ 9 a *e/ also conta9+ ! inc&esc5t tube :i* ignites ! mixture4 ,! gov]nor on ! crank-%aft prev5ts ! exhau/ gases f escap+ :5 ! normal spe$ is exce$$4 ,! gases rema9+ 9 ! cyl9d] prev5t a fre% *>ge f ent]+1 & dur+ ! next revolution no explosion takes place4 ,! :ole me*anism ( ! eng9e1 toge!r ) ! fly-:eels1 are enclos$ 9 an air-tight case communicat+ ) ! outside air by a valve op5+ inw>ds4 ,! pi/ons dur+ ! backw>d /roke draw 9 air ?r\gh ?is valve & compress x dur+ ! =w>d /roke2 ?is =ms ! supply ( compress$ air = ! explosive mixture4 ,! c>burett$ air is obta9$ by ! suction ( heat$ air ?r\gh oil plac$ 9 a vaporiz+ vessel4 ,! motor cyl9d] is kept cool by a /ream ( wat]1 :i* is itself cool$ by travell+ ?r\gh a long annul> pipe :i* runs completely r\nd ! c>riage4 ,! heat :i* x has absorb$ f ! cyl9d] is rapidly extract$ f x by ! circulation ( ! air on bo? ! inside & outside ( ! tube4 ,br\hot gas & c>burett$ air eng9e4--,! firm ( ,br\hot ( ,vi]zon con/ruct an eng9e capable ( work+ ei!r by coal1 gas1 or petroleum1 & :i* has be5 especially design$ = agricultural op]ations4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( ! eng9e is ( ! usual type2 ! cyl9d] projects ov] ! b$-plate & is cool$ by a wat] jacket4 ,! explosive mixture is ignit$ by an electric sp>k produc$ f a batt]y ( cells ^: *>ge la/s f #abj to #acj h\rs1 or by a small magneto ma*9e driv5 by ! motor itself4 ,:5 work+ ) petroleum a c>burator is atta*$ fill$ ) a v volatile m9]al _s4 ,! air is c>burett$ by be+ suck$ ?r\gh x directly into ! cyl9d]4 ,a second vessel is provid$1 :i* s]ves z a res]voir = oil fe$+ ! c>burator automatically1 & keep+ ! oil 9 x at a con/ant level4 ,! :ole ma*9e1 ?\gh n pres5t+ any novel features1 is /rongly con/ruct$ & ?or\ghly suitable = ! "w x has to p]=m4 ,c>burett$ air motors = horseless c>riages4--,al?\gh n to su* a great ext5t 9 ,engl&1 self-propell$ vehicles h )9 ! la/ two ye>s come rapidly into fav\r on ! ,cont95t1 & ! success :i* has att5d$ !m has caus$ inv5tors & mak]s to conc5trate _! ef=ts on build+ ! motors z light & z practicable z possible1 z mu* = purposes ( locomotion z = a ho/ ( o!r uses4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! ,daiml] motor1 :i* is us$ to drive sev]al diff]5t types ( motor c>s2 we w n[ speak ( m rec5t developm5ts 9 ! same direction4 ,among _m ( ! same "*1 ! mo/ noticeable is ! high-spe$ motor ( ,,mm4 de ,dion & ,b\ton1 :o h appli$ !m ) great success to ! propulsion ( tricycles 7,fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,de ,dion ,motor ,tricycle4 ,! cool+ is effect$ by radiat+ ca/-iron ribs (f]+ a consid]able surface to ! air4 ,! ignition is obta9$ by an induction coil & accumulator ) a contact me*anism1 inv5t$ by ,capta9 de ,place4 ,! rotation ( ! crank-%aft is transmitt$ to ! :eel-%aft ( ! tricycle by a r$uction ge>4 ,among o!r motors we mu/ m5tion ! b5zol9e eng9es = self-propell$ vehicles ( ,lepape1 ,gauti]1 ! ,gladiateur tricycles & quadricycles con/ruct$ by ! ,socit des ,voitures sans ,*evaux2 also ! exce$+ly light motors ( ! ,kane-,p5n+ton type2 & la/ly1 ! voiturette-t&em ( ,m4 ,leon ,bolle1 "s ( ^: vehicles h %[n a rem>kable spe$ ) a v small consumption ( fuel4 ,a few mon/rosities h also appe>$ 9 ! %ape ( a five-cyl9d] motor driv+ a bicycle call$ ! 8bicyclette ,soleil ,millet10 & a heavy & complicat$ me*anism by ,wolfmll]1 also driv+ a bicycle & us+ petroleum4 ,^! motors h n1 h[ev]1 obta9$ any success1 nor w !y at a future date1 by reason ( _! complication & weight4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to /ate1 t any ( ! above types may be equally well us$ = driv+ a dynamo & produc+ electric en]gy or light4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,petroleum ,,eng9es ,!re is a great deal ( diff]5ce1 f an economic po9t ( view1 betwe5 _s or c>burett$ air eng9es :i* we h j describ$ & motors us+ ord9>y comm]cial petroleum oil4 ,z a rule su* oil is mu* less dang]\s1 hav+ a l[] fla%+-po9t1 :ile at ! same "t x is *eap] ?an ! m artificial products su* z b5zol9e1 naph?a1 etc4 ,we %all pres5tly give a table comp>+ ! co/ ( p[] produc$ by v>i\s sy/ems ( motors1 & :i* w expla9 :y ! petroleum eng9e is gradually ou/+ ! c>burett$ air motor f its place4 ,! fir/ motor us+ ord9>y petroleum 0 br\ght out tw5ty-six ye>s ago by ,brayton 9 #ahgb1 & may be said to be ! fa!r ( ! l>ge family ( motors :i* consume oils v>y+ f naph?a to o!rs :i* h boil+-po9ts z high z #aej ,c4 ,ready motor 7,brayton74--,?is motor belongs to ! ?ird gr\p ( ! table on page #ba 7combu/ion & compression74 ,!re are two cyl9d]s1 "o motive ! o!r auxili>y1 & us$ = compress+ air4 ,! compress$ air passes ?r\gh a space fill$ ) "s absorb5t mat]ial su* z felt1 & kept saturat$ ) petroleum inject$ into x by a special pump4 ,! c>buration ( ! air proce$s z foll[s3 ! high-pressure jet ( air causes ! petroleum to fro? up1 & 9 pass+ ?r\gh x draws along a quantity ( oil 9 ! %ape ( f9ely-divid$ p>ticles4 ,?is petroleum mi/ passes on to ! cyl9d]4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od ( obta9+ an explosive mixture is t x matt]s n :at oil is us$1 9 fact1 ! heavi] oils are ev5 to be pref]r$1 z _! p>tial cond5sation 9 ! cyl9d] helps to lubricate x4 ,"o volume ( petroleum w by ?is process produce #bd1jjj ( explosive mixture4 ,! motor is con/ruct$ 9 bo? ! horizontal & v]tical =m1 ! auxili>y be+ sup]pos$ ^u ! motor cyl9d]4 ,! admission ( ! pulv]iz$ petroleum la/s = "o-?ird ( ! =w>d /roke1 & ! return /roke expels ! burnt gases4 ,! eng9e is d\ble-act+1 us+ bo? sides ( ! pi/on4 ,a res]voir ( compress$ air is us$ = />t+ ! eng9e1 & saves ! tr\ble ( turn+ ! heavy fly-:eel r\nd by h& to give x ! necess>y impetus4 ,! ,brayton motors are con/ruct$ by an ,am]ican firm f #a to #aj horse-p[]4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance & fuel is mod]ate1 r5d]+ !m exce$+ly practicable :]e coal gas or ! light] petroleum are unobta9able4 ,a lat] type ?an ! "o we h j describ$ appe>$ 9 #ahij :i* is slightly m economic1 s+le-act+1 & uses ! ,otto cycle4 ,! process = obta9+ a spray ( oil is also mu* improv$4 ,bo? ! auxili>y & ! motor cyl9d]s are connect$ by a beam & connect+ rods to ! %aft4 ,a r$-hot plat9um tube ignites ! explosive mixture4 ,scurit petroleum motor4--,?is eng9e 0 pat5t$ 9 #ahhg by ,,mm4 ,belmont ,*ab\t & ,di$ri*s1 & appe>$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahhi4 ,an ,otto cycle is us$1 & ignition is obta9$ by a plat9um capsule heat$ to inc&esc5ce by a jet ( c>burett$ air :i* passes ?r\gh a spiral coil w>m$ by ! wa/e heat ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is ignition tube is situat$ at ! back ( ! cyl9d]1 & is plac$ 9 communication ) x by a port & valve1 :i* det]m9es ! exact in/ant at :i* ! explosion takes place4 ,! petroleum is vaporiz$ by pass+ ?r\gh pipes coil$ up 9 a vessel trav]s$ by ! heat$ products ( combu/ion4 ,! vap\r ?us =m$ has a high en\gh pressure to draw air along ) x z x passes across an air space betwe5 two nozzles2 an explosive mixture is !re=e =m$4 ,! motor is />t$ by c>burat+ a small quantity ( air by means ( a res]voir conta9+ a light oil1 & ?is supplies suffici5t en]gy to "w ! motor until ! spiral coils are hot en\gh to vaporize ! petroleum4 ,! :ole app>atus is r complicat$1 especially z !re are two sep>ate vaporiz]s us+ diff]5t oils4 ,?is disadvantage1 comb9$ ) only a mod]ate effici5cy & a high prime co/1 has sev]ely h&icapp$ ! eng9e4 ,prie/man oil eng9e4--,! fir/ pat5t ( ?is int]e/+ eng9e 0 tak5 out 9 #ahhf by ,messrs4 ,d5t & ,prie/man4 ,! eng9e z a :ole repres5ts probably ! highe/ po9t ( p]fection :i* x is possible to atta9 to 9 ?is class ( motor1 & ! g5]al arrangem5t is some:at simil> to t ( ,dr4 ,otto's eng9es1 b 9 addition !re is a v +5i\s app>atus = work+ ) heavy petroleum oils4 ,a s+le-/roke pump1 driv5 by an ecc5tric key$ to an auxili>y %aft turn+ half z fa/ z ! ma9 %aft1 compresses ! air to a /&>d pressure 7dep5d+ 9 value1 on ! size ( ! eng9e7 9 a res]voir suppli$ ) a gov]n+ valve & plac$ ne> ! front ( ! eng9e4 ,?is res]voir conta9s petroleum1 & ! pressure ( ! air =ces x up into a spray-mak]1 :]e x is pulv]iz$4 ,f !nce ! petroleum spray passes to a vaporiz] heat$ by ! wa/e gases1 & becomes mix$ ) a c]ta9 volume ( air =m+ an explosive mixture1 :i* is admitt$ to ! cyl9d] by an automatic valve4 ,compression & ignition take place 9 ! cyl9d]1 & ! wa/e gases escape ?r\gh a valve work$ by ! same ecc5tric :i* drives ! air-pump4 ,! numb] ( p>ts ( ! me*anism is by ?is means r$uc$ to a m9imum1 & x is f\nd t ?is peculi> vaporiz+ process completely prev5ts ! cyl9d] f be+ f\l$1 z is usual :5 petroleum is heat$ to su* a high temp]ature1 (t5 decompos+ x4 ,! ,prie/man eng9e gave a fre% lease to ! life ( oil motors1 :i* _h at "o "t be5 almo/ ab&on$ by eng9e]s4 ,x is well adapt$ = all k9ds ( indu/rial op]ations requir+ p[]s ( f #a to #ej horse-p[]1 & l>ge v]tical eng9es h be5 con/ruct$ = m>9e purposes up to #ajj horse-p[]1 & h always giv5 complete satisfaction to p]sons us+ !m4 ,a few m9utes are requir$ = ! app>atus to become suffici5tly heat$ to be able to />t1 aft] :i* ! consumption ( fuel is ab\t #chj to #ejj grammes ( petroleum p] horse-p[] h\r1 or ab\t #he lb4 ,! six-horse size weighs ab\t #a tons4 ,ignition c be _h ei!r electric or by a flame1 accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! pur*as]4 ,campbell gas eng9e4--,fig4 #bi %[s a v compact eng9e1 built by ! ,campbell ,gas ,eng9e ,co4 ,!re are only ?ree valves2 ! admission valve is regulat$ by a c5trifugal gov]nor4 ,! petroleum is gasifi$ 9 a vaporiz] heat$ by a lamp4 ,! spe$ is v con/ant & ! motor easily />t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,campbell ,oil ,eng9e4 ,grob motor4--,?is eng9e is con/ruct$ 9 ,leipzig & uses ! ,otto cycle1 &1 l ! motors already describ$1 works well ) ord9>y petroleum4 ,! arrangem5t 7,fig4 #cj7 is v]tical2 ! cyl9d] & valve ge> are support$ on a holl[ ca/-iron column1 :i* 9 turn is bolt$ to a circul> b$-plate4 ,! %aft has on "o side a fly-:eel & on ! o!r a pulley4 ,! work+ valve p>ts are all situat$ on ! outside s z to be easily got at4 ,! oil-pump m>k$ 9 ! figure drives1 ! petroleum into a vaporiz]1 :]e x is brok5 up into v m9ute drops4 ,?is oil spray becomes mix$ ) air1 & passes ?r\gh a vaporiz+ tube heat$ by a flame4 ,9 ! /ate ( vap\r ! explosive mixture passes into ! cyl9d]1 :]e x is ignit$ at ! "r mom5t by a r$-hot tube4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! compression dur+ a qu>t] ( ! cycle1 ! combu/ion is v rapid1 ! p[] ( ^! eng9es be+ v great = _! size4 ,ignition1 & !re=e ! explosion1 only takes place :5 ! spe$ falls bel[ ! normal4 ,?is regulation is obta9$ by a p5dulum gov]nor1 & ensures a v con/ant spe$4 ,! cyl9d] walls are w>m en\gh to make sure ( ignition happ5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,section ( a ,grob ,motor4 ,all heat eng9es bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! explosion ( a volume ( gas require an arrangem5t = draw+ sup]flu\s heat f ! cyl9d]1 o!rwise x w\ld soon become r$-hot4 ,?is cool+ is obta9$ 9 small eng9es by ! circulation ( air ab\t a l>ge surface especially atta*$ to ! cyl9d] walls1 b 9 l>g] eng9es ?is means is insuffici5t1 & x becomes necess>y to use wat] z a cool+ ag5t4 ,if wat] is laid on !re is no difficulty ab\t ?is1 b x occasionally happ5s t wat] is too exp5sive1 or t x is unobta9able2 9 su* cases x is usual to erect a l>ge cyl9drical res]voir ( galvaniz$ iron hold+ ab\t t5 litres ( wat] p] horse-p[] ( ! eng9e4 ,?is res]voir is connect$ by two pipes f ! top & bottom to ! wat] jacket ( ! eng9e cyl9d]1 & circulation takes place by ! diff]5ce ( d5sity ( hot & cold wat]4 ,9 ! ,grob motor a some:at diff]5t device is resort$ to4 ,! wat] arriv+ f ! jacket at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gj ,c4 is divid$ into a numb] ( f9e /reams1 :i* pass up ?r\gh a network inside ! res]voir4 ,at ! same "t a small c5trifugal pump driv5 by ! eng9e =ces 9 addition a /ream ( air ?r\gh ! wat]2 ! effect is to cool ! wat] be=e x returns to ! jacket to a temp]ature ( f #hj to #ij ,fahr5heit4 ,! ,grob motor is built 9 ! same mann] z ! ,capita9e eng9e1 :i* we %all describe next1 b x does n "w ei!r z smoo?ly or effici5tly z ! latt] eng9e4 ,x possesses1 9 addition1 o!r faults :i* are objectionable4 ,! vaporiz+ app>atus is p>ticul>ly tr\blesome1 = ! result ( gasify+ petroleum at su* a high temp]ature is v (t5 to decompose x1 & !reby f\l ! cyl9d] & valve me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,ext]ior ,view ( ,grob ,oil ,motor4 ,capita9e petroleum motor 7,figs4 #cb1 #cc1 #cd74--,m ?an sev5te5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ,emile ,capita9e1 already well kn[n = 8 exp]im5ts on gas eng9es1 fir/ tri$ 8 h& at oil motors4 ,8 fir/ pat5t dates f ! ye> #ahgi1 & s9ce t "t he has cont9u\sly work$ at ! subject1 exp5d+ mu* pati5ce & money 9 ord] to produce a high-spe$ motor capable ( us+ ord9>y petroleum ( #hh specific gravity4 ,! result ( 8 lab\rs is a ma*9e :i* is excell5t 9 all respects1 requir+ no ignit+ or heat+ app>atus4 ,9 ! e>li] type x 0 f\nd t ! motor w\ld n "w at less ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( its full load1 because :5 x 0 do+ less "w ! vaporiz] became cool$ 9 ! int]vals :i* occurr$ betwe5 ! r>] explosions4 ,?is motor c\ld only "w "u c]ta9 conditions1 & aft] fur!r trials & exp]im5ts ,capita9e br\ght out a motor :i* work$ at small loads z well z full loads1 & :i* only consum$ fuel 9 proportion to ! p[] develop$4 ,?is ma*9e 0 consid]$ too complicat$1 & a fre% type 0 br\ght out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,capita9e ,gas ,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,horizontal 8,balance0 ,motor 7,capita9e74 ,?is ?ird eng9e has a vaporiz] :i* is 9 p]man5t communication ) ! cyl9d]1 & is s con/ruct$ t ev5 if x became r$-hot !re w\ld be no risk ( pre-ignition or ! =mation ( t>ry oils :i* w\ld f\l ! cyl9d]4 ,! vaporiz] only draws 9 suffici5t petroleum at a "t = "o explosion1 & !n only dur+ ! aspirat+ /roke ( ! pi/on4 ,at ! end ( ?is /roke ! :ole ( ! petroleum 9 ! vaporiz] is gasifi$4 ,! fir/ motor on ?is plan 0 built by ,capita9e 9 #ahhi1 & _m ( !m are /ill con/ruct$ at ! pres5t date by ,m4 ,l\is ,h]licq ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,capita9e ,two-cyl9d] ,gas ,eng9e4 ,capita9e came to an agreem5t ) ,grob et ,cie4 9 ord] to exploit 8 inv5tions 9 a wid] field4 ,un=tunately diff]5ces arose1 & 9 #ahia ! agreem5t 0 cancell$4 ,a lawsuit foll[$1 la/+ till ,m>* #bf1 #ahic1 :5 x 0 br\ght to an end by ,grob et ,cie4 agree+ to pay ,capita9e ! sum ( #abe1jjj francs 9 consid]ation = p]mission to use 8 "n & pat5ts 9 connection ) _! motors4 ,aft] break+ up ! p>tn]%ip ) ,grob et ,cie41 ,capita9e cont9u$ to build eng9es1 & has s9ce !n tak5 out sev]al pat5ts1 :i* h consid]ably enhanc$ ! value ( 8 previ\s inv5tions4 ,9 ! #ahib-ic type a lamp is us$ = />t+ :i* c aft]w>ds be disp5s$ )1 ! heat ( ! compression be+ suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! vaporiz]4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only if ! motor is develop+ m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( its full p[]4 ,:5 x 0 f\nd t ! same %ap$ indicator diagram c\ld be obta9$ f ^! motors ev5 :5 !y 7 giv+ only #ge ( _! full p[]1 x became obvi\s t x 0 only necess>y to keep ! vaporiz] z w>m z possible by cov]+ x ) non-conduct+ jackets1 9 ord] to get ! eng9e to run at q a small fraction ( its full p[]4 ,capita9e has1 by c>efully obs]v+ ?is condition1 obta9$ a motor :i* w run at all loads )\t any ext]nal heat+ app>atus4 ,! vaporiz] =ms "p ( ! combu/ion *amb]1 & is c>efully cov]$ ) non-conduct+ mat]ial4 ,only hot gases are all[$ to pass ?r\gh x4 ,x mu/ be />t$ by heat+ = a few m9utes ) a small h&-lamp1 & ! eng9e is !n ready = "w4 ,m]l9 motor4--,?is motor is ( ! v]tical type1 & resembles ! ,capita9e motor 9 "s respects4 ,! oil is /or$ 9 a res]voir 9 ! b$-plate2 ?is receptacle is 9 communication ) an air-pump driv5 by ! motor1 & also ) an oil-pump4 ,! pressure ( air g5]at$ by ! =m] =ces ! petroleum up into ! oil-pump1 :i* 9 its turn passes x drop by drop ?r\gh a pulv]iz]1 aft] :i* ! spray ( oil ent]s a vaporiz] & becomes gasifi$4 ,! vaporiz] is heat$ by a special petroleum lamp4 ,ignition takes place :5 ! explosive mixture comes into contact ) ! heat$ walls ( ! vaporiz]1 _! temp]ature be+ always high en\gh to ensure ignition tak+ place4 ,! consumption ( fuel is regulat$ by a gov]nor act+ on ! oil-pump1 prev5t+ x f supply+ m oil ?an is absolutely necess>y to keep up ! spe$4 ,! gov]nor regulates ! exhau/ valve z well1 s t ! spe$1 :i* is pretty high1 is kept q con/ant4 ,hornsby-,akroyd oil eng9e 7,figs4 #ce1 #cf74--,?is int]e/+ ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by ,messrs4 ,akroyd1 ,/u>t & ,b9ney2 x works ) ord9>y petroleum1 & )\t ! help ( a c>burator uses oils v>y+ greatly 9 specific gravity4 ,! res]voir ( fuel is situat$ 9 ! b$-plate4 ,! ignition is automatic1 & an electric sp>k is unnecess>y1 9 fact1 ! :ole eng9e is ( ! simple/ con/ruction1 9 ord] t !re may be no inconv5i5ce due to breakd[ns4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #ce1 ,l is a special petroleum lamp situat$ at ! back ( ! cyl9d] ,a4 ,:5 />t+ ?is lamp is suppli$ ) air f a rot>y fan turn$ by h&2 9 a %ort space ( "t1 by ! help ( ?is /ream ( high-pressure air1 ! c>tridge ,c becomes suffici5tly heat$ to ensure ! ignition ( ! explosive mixture4 ,?is c>tridge ,c is provid$ on its int]ior ) radiat+ ribs1 :i* greatly increase ! surface4 ,dur+ ! back-/roke ( ! pi/on x becomes fill$ ) compress$ air f ! cyl9d]1 & t[>ds ! end ( ?is /roke a quantity ( petroleum1 exactly suffici5t = ! explosion1 is squirt$ into x4 ,to d ?is a small pump is provid$1 :i* is actuat$ by a cam driv+ ! oil into ! c>tridge & br\ght back by a spr+4 ,! c5trifugal gov]nor ,g acts on ! admission valve f ?is pump4 ,! sudd5 injection ( ! oil into ! middle ( ! heat$ *amb] completely vaporizes x1 =m+ ) ! air already pres5t ! necess>y explosive *>ge1 :i* imm$iately ignites 9 contact ) ! heat$ walls4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,hornsby-,akroyd ,oil ,eng9e 7section74 ,:5 ! vaporiz+ c>tridge has be5 suffici5tly heat$ a rapid turn ( ! fly-:eel by h&1 s z to produce ! fir/ explosion1 is suffici5t to />t x1 aft] :i* ! vaporiz] keeps itself w>m4 ,! pump :i* keeps up ! supply ( oil w be se5 9 ! "r-h& bottom corn] ( ,fig4 #ce4 ,x is ( ! plung] patt]n1 & at e /roke ( ! pi/on draws 9 ! "r quantity ( oil & injects x into ! vaporiz] ?r\gh a valve4 ,! illu/ration on page #ia %[s ! o!r side ( ! eng9e ) ! valve-%aft1 :i* revolves once = e two revolutions ( ! crank1 also driv+ ! c5trifugal ,port] gov]nor4 ,if ! spe$ %\ld happ5 to exce$ ! normal1 a /eel f+] mov$ by ! gov]nor closes ! valve admitt+ oil to ! vaporiz]1 :i* !n returns to ! res]voir1 hav+ fail$ to accompli% its object4 ,z ! ord9>y ,otto cycle is us$1 a heavy fly-:eel is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! spe$ con/ant betwe5 ! explosions4 ,aft] be+ once />t$ v little att5tion is necess>y1 ev]y?+ work+ automatically4 ,a wat] jacket ,w cools ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,ext]ior ,view ( ! ,hornsby-,akroyd ,oil ,eng9e4 ,! specific gravity ( ! oil is usually ab\t #hed1 & ( ?is ! eng9e consumes ab\t "o p9t p] h\r p] ,b4,h4-,p41 at a co/ ( #a;d4 ,an additional advantage ( ! high spe$ is1 t !re is less *ance ( ! cyl9d] becom+ f\l$ by t>ry products4 ,vulcan motor4--,?is eng9e is 9 _m respects a c\nt]p>t ( ! ,akroyd motor4 ,! cyl9d] is horizontal1 & projects ov] ! end ( ! b$-plate4 ,two fly-:eels are provid$ if v /eady runn+ is requir$4 ,! lamp :i* vaporizes ! petroleum at />t+ is remov$ :5 once ! normal spe$ is atta9$4 ,a wat] jacket prev5ts ! cyl9d] f gett+ too hot4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature is ! r curi\s arrangem5t = gov]n+ by means ( b5t oscillat+ lev]s1 :i* control bo? ! admission & escape valves4 ,! gov]nor itself is situat$ inside ! transmission pulley & keeps ! spe$ )9 #a ( ! normal2 #fjj grammes ( petroleum p] h\r p] horse-p[] is ! usual consumption4 ,! motor is r too complicat$1 & c sc>cely be said to h ju/ifi$ ! expectations =m$ ( x4 ,ragot petroleum motor 7,figs4 #cg1 #ch74--,?is eng9e1 l ! prec$+ ones1 uses heavy petroleum & p>ticul>ly s*i/ic oil1 :i* has a fla%+-po9t above #gg ,fahr5heit1 & :i* may be b\ght v mu* m *eaply ?an naph?a1 b5zol9e1 or o!r artificial products ( petroleum4 ,sev]al diff]5t patt]ns ( ! eng9es are on ! m>ket1 ( :i* c]ta9 ones are ( great value = electric light+ purposes1 n only because ( _! /eady runn+1 b also because1 by burn+ *eap oil1 !y all[ ! co/ p] horse-p[] to be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,"o high-spe$ patt]n has be5 especially design$ = c\pl+ direct to dynamos1 =m+ a v neat & compact plant4 ,! late/ developm5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! eng9es t5d to ! simplification ( ! p>ts1 & !y are n[ s free f unnecess>y me*anism1 t p]sons ) little or no k ( me*anics are q capable ( look+ aft] !m1 & ev5 tak+ !m to pieces & putt+ !m toge!r aga9 if a breakd[n %\ld occur1 :i* is unlikely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #cg1 #ch4--,sections ( ! ,ragot ,petroleum ,eng9e4 ,by a special arrangem5t 9 ! c>burator all con/itu5ts ( ! petroleum :i* might f\l ! cyl9d] are remov$ be=e ! oil is all[$ to ent] ! cyl9d]1 & !re=e x seldom requires clean+ out4 ,! c>burator 7,fig4 #ci7 is v +5i\sly arrang$2 x consi/s ( a ca/-iron cyl9d] smoo? on ! inside1 b provid$ ) a spiral rib on its out] surface1 & heat$ by an oil lamp4 ,! spiral rib is itself enclos$ by a cov]+1 s t x =ms a spiral tube4 ,! petroleum is all[$ to ent] at ! top1 & gradually w9ds its way d[n1 pass+ ov] a cont9ually w>m] & w>m] surface z x approa*es ! lamp4 ,! m volatile portions ( ! oil are !re=e vaporiz$ fir/1 & ! heavi] oil passes on & is n vaporiz$ till ne> ! base1 :]e ! temp]ature is high en\gh to gasify ! heavy residue4 ,! air is heat$ 9 a jacket surr\nd+ ! base ( ! spiral1 & is aft]w>ds mix$ ) ! oil vap\r4 ,root motor4--,^! eng9es "w ) ! ord9>y f\r-cycle1 & are int]e/+ because ( ! d\ble-ignition app>atus4 ,a lat]al *amb] is atta*$ to ! cyl9d]1 communicat+ ) x by an orifice situat$ at ! back end1 :i* is cov]$ :5 ! pi/on is at ! beg9n+ ( its /roke4 ,dur+ ! compression /roke a portion ( ! mixture is enclos$ 9 ?is *amb] & sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! *>ge1 :i* is compress$ & ignit$ 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,! explosion drives =w>d ! pi/on1 & :5 x has mov$ =w>d "s di/ance x unmasks ! above-m5tion$ orifice1 ignit+ ! gas conta9$ 9 ! lat]al *amb]1 & help+ to ma9ta9 ! pressure beh9d ! pi/on4 ,?is addition to ! pressure is noticeable 9 a diagram tak5 f ! cyl9d]1 by sudd5 rise ( pressure4 ,we don't q see ! utility ( ?is arrangem5t1 :i* seems to m]ely complicate matt]s4 ,! fir/ ignition is effect$ by a r$-hot tube4 ,! ,root vaporiz] utilizes ! heat ( ! exhau/ gases2 ! air is heat$ 9 a spiral coil w\nd r\nd ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! vaporiz$ oil passes4 ,! two become mix$ 9 a small vessel1 & ! vaporiz] is suppli$ by a *amb] plac$ directly r\nd ! exit ( ! exhau/ gases4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no oil pump1 b a plung] 9 a small auxili>y cyl9d] s]ves to direct ! fl[ ( oil into ! "r *annels4 ,admission takes place ?r\gh an automatic valve4 ,! escape valve is actuat$ by ! same me*anism :i* drives ! pi/on gov]n+ ! fl[ ( oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,c>burator ( ! ,ragot ,oil ,eng9e4 ,ko]t+-,b\let motor4--,9 ?is f\r-cycle eng9e we %all only describe ! vaporiz] & spray-mak]4 ,! oil is /or$ 9 a res]voir plac$ ab\t six feet f ! gr\nd1 & a pipe conducts x into a space betwe5 two discs ) a valve at ! top4 ,?is circul> space1 ab\t half a millimetre 9 ?ickness1 is trav]s$ by ! air :i* pulv]izes ! oil2 ! spray ?us =m$ is vaporiz$ by ! high temp]ature develop$ by a lamp situat$ und]nea? ! tube :i* conducts ! c>burett$ air to ! cyl9d]4 ,9 addition1 ?is lamp is us$ = ignit+ ! gases ?r\gh a porcela9 tube kept at r$ heat by x4 ,an auxili>y _s-lamp is us$ = />t+ ! eng9e1 :i* takes ab\t fifte5 m9utes to acquire a suffici5tly high temp]ature4 ,knight gas eng9e4--,9 8 endeav\r to completely drive out ! products ( combu/ion f ! cyl9d]1 ,mr4 ,knight has _h rec\rse to ! ,griff9 cycle & to a d\ble-act+ cyl9d]3 we h already discuss$ ! relative m]its ( ?is sy/em1 & ?9k x is suffici5t to po9t out ! great] con/ancy ( spe$ obta9$ by x4 ,! vaporiz] is plac$ beh9d ! motor-cyl9d]1 & is sep>at$ f x by a /eel plate1 s t x is ma9ta9$ at a high temp]ature2 ?is vaporiz] is made ( bronze1 & is provid$ ) radiat+ ribs4 ,a pump injects oil into x1 & x is also suppli$ ) compress$ air by a special pump1 :i* furni%es 9 addition a jet = produc+ a bl[-pipe flame4 ,?is flame :ite-heats a plat9um wire1 :i* ignites ! gases4 ,! wire is situat$ 9 an op5+ 9 ! ignition valve2 ! valve moves =w>d1 & ! :ite-hot wire is br\ght into contact ) ! explosive mixture at ! "r mom5t4 ,! admission valve is automatic1 & situat$ 9 ! /eel plate sep>at+ ! vaporiz] f ! cyl9d]4 ,! o!r organs ( ! motor are n ( any special int]e/4 ,crossley-,holt oil eng9e 7,fig4 #dj74--,?is is practically ! same eng9e :i* we describ$ 9 ! *apt] on gas eng9es2 a vaporiz] is add$ 9 ! oil motor to enable x to "w ) petroleum4 ,x consi/s ( a *amb] divid$ into f\r *annels by v]tical p>titions1 & heat$ by a lamp plac$ und]nea?4 ,! flame trav]ses ^! *annels be=e rea*+ ! *imney plac$ at ! top4 ,! petroleum is conv]t$ into a spray1 & drawn (f by a jet ( air w>m$ by pass+ x ?r\gh a spiral coil plac$ r\nd ! lamp *imney4 ,?is jet ( air is suppli$ by a small pump work$ by a lev]4 ,! oil lamp has no wick1 :i* is r a novel arrangem5t3 x is suppli$ by a small pump simil> to t :i* provides ! air4 ,s9ce its fir/ appe>ance ?is eng9e has und]gone c]ta9 *anges :i* h consid]ably improv$ x4 ,messrs4 ,crossley ,bros4 h especially devot$ !mselves to %ort5+ ! l5g? ( "t necess>y to heat & />t ! eng9e4 ,besides ?is !y h paid great att5tion to simplicity ( ! work+ p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,crossley-,holt ,petroleum ,eng9e4 ,tru/y oil eng9e4--,?is motor 0 devis$ by ,mr4 ,knight1 & is con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,weyman & ,hit*cock4 ,!re is no spray-mak]1 ! liquid oil be+ directly conv]t$ into vap\r4 ,! vaporiz] is heat$ by ! wa/e gas f ! cyl9d]1 & ! oil falls drop by drop on to ! hot metal walls & becomes vaporiz$4 ,! eng9e is ( ! ord9>y f\r-cycle type1 ! mo/ noticeable feature be+ ! gov]n+ arrangem5t2 a gov]nor ( ! in]tia patt]n regulat+ ! admission valve & ! oil-pump4 ,if ! spe$ becomes too great ! action ( ! gov]nor on ! valves ceases1 & oil is no long] suppli$ to ! vaporiz] f ! pump & ! admission valve rema9s clos$4 ,ignition is obta9$ by a r$-hot tube heat$ by an oil lamp2 a lay] ( asbe/os on ! outside prev5ts ! tube f cool+1 & keeps ! tube at a high temp]ature4 ,x takes tw5ty m9utes be=e ! vaporiz] becomes suffici5tly heat$ to enable a />t to be made1 & ! cyl9d] is v liable to become f\l$ by t>ry products f ! oil4 ,^! s]i\s disadvantages are sc>cely neutraliz$ by ! v>iety & small quantity ( oils :i* ! eng9e w burn4 ,an eng9e ( ?is type ) two cyl9d]s consum$ 9 c]ta9 trials only half-a-p9t ( oil1 :i* speaks = itself4 ,griff9 oil eng9e 7,figs4 #da1 #db74--,yet ano!r ,otto cycle eng9e provid$ ) a pump res]voir & vaporiz]4 ,! latt] is hidd5 9 ! b$-plate1 & is heat$ by ! gases f ! exhau/4 ,! pump is driv5 by an ecc5tric on ! ma9 %aft1 & compresses ! air to ab\t #h lbs4 on ! squ>e in* 9 a res]voir also situat$ 9 ! b$-plate4 ,! compress$ air passes f ?is *amb] into a ne$le pulv]iz]1 along ) a quantity ( oil :i* x has ga!r$ 9 a small ante-*amb]4 ,?is pulv]iz$ oil arrives 9 ! vaporiz] at ! same mom5t z ! air = ! explosive mixture4 ,a portion ( ! vaporiz$ oil & air is us$ = ! lamp1 :i* r$-heats ! ignition tube4 ,at />t+1 a small quantity ( air is compress$ 9 a h& pump1 & 9 t5 m9utes ! vaporiz] is hot en\gh to gasify ! oil4 ,! ,griff9 eng9e is v economical1 & only uses ab\t a p9t ( petroleum p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #da1 #db4--;,griff9 ,oil ,eng9e4 ,niel petroleum eng9e4--,9 ^! motors1 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ^: p>ts is simil> to t ( ! gas eng9es con/ruct$ by ! same firm1 ! pr9cipal "p is ! vaporiz]4 ,x consi/s ( a small ca/-iron *amb]1 provid$ ) radiat+ ribs 9 its int]ior s z to increase ! surface2 ! petroleum1 com+ f a res]voir plac$ at a height ( ab\t six feet1 passes ?r\gh a regulat+ valve1 & is disp]s$ 9 f9e drops ov] ! surface ( ! radiat+ ribs2 ! vaporization is consequ5tly v /eady4 ,an automatic valve all[s air to pass into ?is *amb] f ! outside1 =m+ an explosive mixture ) ! vaporiz$ oil4 ,a special tube com+ f ! res]voir supplies a lamp ) oil = heat+ ! ignition tube & also ! vaporiz] at ! same "t4 ,a me?ylat$ _s lamp is us$ = w>m+ !m up to ! "r temp]ature be=e />t+ ! eng9e4 ,! gov]nor acts on bo? ! admission & ! exhau/1 & ! supply ( oil is indirectly regulat$ by ! clos+ ( ! exhau/ valve4 ,! :ole me*anism is +5i\s1 giv+ excell5t results2 ! spe$ is v con/ant1 & ! consumption ( oil is )9 wide limits proportional to ! dem& = p[]4 ,ab\t a p\nd ( oil is consum$ p] horse-p[] h\r1 includ+ t necess>y = ! lamp4 ,two patt]ns ( ?is eng9e are built1 "o v]tical & ! o!r horizontal4 ,9 ! latt]1 call$ ! ,atlas eng9e1 ! consumption p] h\r is slightly great]4 ,! gov]nor is also diff]5t4 ,! compression 9 ! cyl9d] rises to ab\t two atmosph]es1 & ! quantity ( wat] necess>y = ! wat] jacket v>ies f sev5 to t5 gallons p] horse-p[] h\r1 accord+ to ! size ( ! motor4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,gas ,,g5]at+ ,,plant ,we h s f> foll[$1 /ep by /ep1 ! v>i\s improvem5ts und]gone by int]nal furnace eng9es1 f _! fir/ practical realization ?irty-sev5 ye>s ago by ,m4 ,l5oir4 ,?is improvem5t has cont9ually t5d$1 z "o might naturally expect1 to *eap5 ! co/ ( ! motors !mselves1 & less5 ! co/ ( ! fuel consumption s t !y might successfully compete aga9/ ! /eam eng9e1 ov] :i* !y h _m advantages4 ,z a rule1 coal gas is pretty exp5sive1 9 "s p>ticul> di/ricts rul+ z high z #ds4 or #es4 p] #ajjj cubic feet4 ,?is price w\ld be prohibitive 7 x n = ! extreme economy :i* has be5 obta9$ 9 gas eng9es by su* devices z compression & ! l5g!n+ out ( ! combu/ion4 ,inv5tors h s\ght to /ill fur!r less5 ! co/ ( p[] by replac+ ! exp5sive coal gas by o!r gases ( l[] illum9at+ p[]1 produc$ by special gas plants atta*$ to ! eng9e1 & :i* c be us$ 9 places :]e !re is no coal gas laid on4 ,o!r eng9es h be5 devis$1 z we h already %[n1 :i* get ov] ! difficulty by consum+ petroleum oil or di/illates ( same1 su* z b5zol9e & o!r light hydroc>bons4 ,gas companies are1 z a rule1 heavily tax$1 & if x 7 n = a va/ am\nt ( idle capital buri$ 9 ! /reets 9 ! =m ( gas ma9s1 !y w\ld probably supply gas at a v l[ price1 especially z ! sale ( bye-products practically cov]s ! co/ ( production4 ,"s companies h ev5 r$uc$ ! price ( gas if us$ = driv+ gas eng9es1 & h !re=e slightly decreas$ ! co/ ( production ( p[] by ?is means4 ,9 ,france1 ! home ( ! oil motor1 !y are sev]ely h&icapp$ by hav+ to pay d\ble duties on all petroleum ent]+1 fir/ ! c\ntry itself1 aft]w>ds ! t[ns4 ,inv5tors h !re=e s\ght a me?od ( gett+ r\nd ^! difficulties by produc+ a *eap gas1 :i* w\ld answ] ! same purpose z coal gas4 ,fir/ ( all _m manufactur]s tri$ to cut d[n ! exp5se by erect+ _! own coal gas plants1 s z to be indep5d5t ( arbitr>y taxation4 ,! sy/em1 al?\gh fairly satisfactory1 _h _m drawbacks1 & fur!r exp]im5ts 7 made ) a view to simplify+ ! process ( production4 ,! result has be5 to give u wat] gas & also poor gases1 ^: great practical value we %all pres5tly demon/rate4 ,9 ord] to produce :at is call$ wat] gas1 ! process ess5tially consi/s ( plac+ 9 contact ) "o ano!r r$-hot c>bon & sup]heat$ /eam4 ,! result is to =m a mixture ( gases accord+ to ! foll[+ *emical equation-- #c ,h#b,o #b ,c ,,co ,,co#b #c ,h#b4 ,= ^? n und]/&+ ! above x w be z well to expla91 t on ! left-h& side ( ! equation are plac$ ! comp\nds br\ght into contact1 wat] 7,h#b,o7 & c>bon 7,c71 & on ! "r ! products ( ! *emical action1 c>bon monoxide 7,,co71 c>bonic acid gas 7,,co#b71 & hydrog5 7,h#b74 ,! result+ wat] gas conta9s #fj ( hydrog5 & #bj ( c>bon monoxide1 bo? ( :i* are combu/ible gases4 ,! proportions ( ! gases evolv$ c be v>i$ at w by admitt+ m /eam or us+ an excess ( c>bon2 by ?is process a ri*] gas c be obta9$-- ,c ,h#b,o ,,co ,h#b1 & #e ,h#b,o #c ,c #b ,,co#b ,,co #e ,h#b4 ,) #ah p>ts ( /eam & #ab p>ts ( c>bon we c obta9 by ! =m] equation #bh p>ts ( c>bon monoxide & #b p>ts ( hydrog54 ,?is =ms an extremely calorific mixture4 ,!re are sev]al processes = prep>+ wat] gas :i* give good practical results1 & ! gas produc$ has be5 us$ 9 ,am]ica & ,g]many = light+ t[ns on ! inc&esc5t gas-burn] sy/em4 ,! ,/rong & ,l[e processes consi/ ( a furnace l9$ ) fire-bricks1 & 9 :i* is plac$ coal or coke4 ,:5 ?is mass ( c>bon has rea*$ a /ate ( bright inc&esc5ce by play+ ^u x a /ream ( air1 /eam is admitt$ at high temp]ature1 & is decompos$ by ! c>bon =m+ oxides & lib]at+ hydrog54 ,! gase\s products pass f ! furnace to a res]voir4 ,:5 ! *emical action ceases1 due to cool+ ( ! c>bon1 ! /eam is %ut (f & ! /ream ( air turn$ on till x becomes inc&esc5t once m4 ,! process ( admitt+ /eam is !n repeat$4 ,ab\t #b lbs4 ( coke are necess>y to produce #bj cubic feet ( wat] gas4 ,analysis ( ! gas reveals ! foll[+ p>ts by volume ( ! con/itu5ts4 7#a7 ,wat] gas produc$ by ! ,/rong process3-- ,hydrog5 #ec volumes ,c>bon monoxide #ce 0 ,hydroc>bons #d 0 ,o!r gases #h 0 ------ #ajj volumes 7#b7 ,l[e process3-- ,hydrog5 #cj volumes ,c>bon monoxide #bh 0 ,hydroc>bons #cd 0 ,o!r gases #h 0 ------ #ajj volumes ,x is possible to entirely get rid ( ! cool+ effect ( ! /eam1 by us+ in/ead a jet ( air :i* passes up ?r\gh ! c>bon4 ,fir/ ( all c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 is =m$ ne> ! bottom ( ! mass1 b ?is gas pass+ upw>ds ?r\gh x is r$uc$ to c>bon monoxide 7,,co7 by ! excess ( c>bon1 & a mixture is obta9$ consi/+ ( #cd p>ts by volume ( c>bon monoxide & #fe ( nitrog54 ,?is gas has be5 nam$ aft] its inv5tor1 ,siem5s gas4 ,by proce$+ = t5 m9utes ) ?is air process1 & !n /opp+ x & g5]at+ wat] gas1 two diff]5t mixtures are obta9$1 :i* c be comb9$ toge!r =m+ a gase\s product conta9+ #aj p>ts ( hydrog51 #bj ( c>bon monoxide1 & #ej ( nitrog54 ,"o kilogramme ( coal produces #de cubic metres ( ?is mixture4 ,in/ead ( p]=m+ ! op]ations ( produc+ ,siem5s gas1 or produc] gas1 z x is sometimes t]m$1 & wat] gas alt]nately & sep>ately1 x is possible to s arrange ! furnace & app>atus1 t bo? are g5]at$ at ! same "t1 & cont9u\sly in/ead ( int]mitt5tly4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two is call$ poor gas4 ,! inv5tion ( gas-produc+ plant is due to two ,fr5*m51 ,?omas & ,laur5s1 :o /udi$ deeply ! "q ( ! economic g5]ation ( poor gas1 & con/ruct$ ! fir/ work+ plant4 ,^! two inv5tors /ood1 h[ev]1 9 ! same position relative to ! production ( poor gas t ,beau de ,ro*as _h held relative to ! gas eng9e1 & x 0 n till ,siem5s came =w>d1 & %[$ h[ !y might mo/ economically be g5]at$1 t poor gases 7 g5]ally adopt$4 ,siem5s adapt$ !m especially to metallurgy & ! manufacture ( glass4 ,we %all n[ describe ! mo/ int]e/+ processes :i* h be5 br\ght out s9ce ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,siem5s plant4 ,d[son gas-produc] 7,fig4 #dc74--,?is process 0 ! fir/ to appe> aft] ! ,siem5s process1 & ! gas produc$ by x is us$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( manufactur+ op]ations4 ,x consi/s ( a g5]ator1 a boil] = produc+ sup]heat$ /eam1 an hydraulic box1 ! scrubb]s & ! gasomet]4 ,! g5]ator is simply a gas retort l9$ int]nally ) fire-bricks1 & plac$ v]tically 9 position4 ,x w be se5 9 front on ! left-h& side ( ! illu/ration4 ,! fuel is usually an?racite coal1 & is support$ on a grate4 ,x is f$ 9 ?r\gh a hopp] plac$ at ! top ( ! g5]ator4 ,by an arrangem5t ( valves ! an?racite ent]s )\t direct communication be+ ev] e/abli%$ betwe5 ! int]ior ( ! g5]ator & ! ext]ior atmosph]e1 :i* w\ld result 9 explosions4 ,! /eam :i* is to be decompos$ by ! heat$ coal is g5]at$ 9 ! small boil]1 se5 9 front on ! "r1 at a pressure ( #ej lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 & sup]heat$ 9 a spiral coil inside4 ,! /eam passes into ! retort ?r\gh an injector1 draw+ a quantity ( air along ) x :il/ pass+ f a nozzle across an air space4 ,! air ent]s ! g5]ator along ) ! /eam & causes ! coal to burn1 & ! /eam is decompos$1 =m+ a mixture ( produc] gas & wat] gas4 ,! quantity ( gas produc$ is !re=e regulat$ by ! injector4 ,! gases g5]at$ by ! combu/ion ( ! an?racite are convey$ by a pipe into a flat hydraulic box se5 beh9d ! g5]ator1 & divid$ into two p>ts & half fill$ ) wat]4 ,! gases are wa%$ by ?is wat] & !n pass on to ! scrubb]s1 :]e !y are cool$ & wa%$ by pass+ ?r\gh a mass ( coke moi/5$ by f9e /reams ( wat]4 ,to fur!r cleanse !m !y are pass$ ?r\gh saw-du/ & !nce pass to ! gasomet]4 ,a numb] ( analyses made by ,m4 ,witz %[ t ,d[son gas consi/s on ! av]age ( #be hydrog51 #af to #be c>bon monoxide1 & #ej ( nitrog54 ,! heat ( combu/ion ( "o litre v>ies accord+ to ! quality ( coal us$1 b av]ages ab\t #adjj calories4 ,"o kilogramme ( an?racite w produce ab\t f\r cubic metres ( ,d[son gas1 ! co/ be+ "o-t5? ( a p5ny p] cubic metre4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ?is gase\s mixture is only a qu>t] z ri* z coal gas1 b x co/s ab\t "o-t5? to produce1 & is !re=e *eap] on ! :ole4 ,at "s future date ?is type ( app>atus may1 to a great ext5t1 replace ! boil] ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,t ,mr4 ,em]son ,d[son's process has succe$$ beyond 8 mo/ sangu9e expectations goes )\t say+4 ,8 app>atus is 9 use 9 e corn] ( ! globe1 &1 to quote 8 own words1 8/ill bett] results c & w be obta9$ :5 an eng9e is really design$ to give ! be/ effect ) ?is gas40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,d[son ,gas-produc+ ,plant4 ,buire-,l5cau*ez gasog5e4--,! analysis ( ! gas produc$ on ?is sy/em %[s t x conta9s #bj volumes ( c>bon dioxide1 #aae ( c>bon monoxide1 #ff ( hydrog51 & #agh ( nitrog52 its p]c5tage composition is !re=e ! foll[+3-- ,c>bon monoxide #bid ,c>bon dioxide #ei ,hydrog5 #agf ,nitrog5 #dga ------ #ajj ,!oretically "o kilogramme ( coal %\ld develop #ebf cubic metres ( gas1 hav+ a heat ( combu/ion at #j ,c41 & atmosph]ic pressure ( #acfj calories4 ,^! figures enable u to calculate ! effici5cy ( a gas-produc+ plant & ! value ( ! gas obta9$4 ,v good results h be5 obta9$ by gas g5]at$ by ! late/ ,l5cau*ez process1 ) improvem5ts add$ by ! firm ( ,buire ( ,lyons1 :o con/ruct ! app>atus4 ,! *ief po9t to be notic$ 9 ^! plants is ! suppression ( ! /eam boil]1 :i* requires con/ant att5tion & /ok+4 ,! he>? ( ! g5]ator is made ( refractory bricks surr\nd$ by a lay] ( s& to keep 9 ! heat4 ,! fuel ent]s ?r\gh a hopp]1 :i* by means ( a bascule & c\nt]poise nev] all[s any direct communication betwe5 ! int]ior ( ! retort & ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,! fuel is ei!r coke or an?racite1 & is spread ov] a grate situat$ ov] an a%-pit4 ,?is a%-pit =ms an important "p ( ! app>atus1 = x is f$ ) wat] :i* evaporates f ! heat /rik+ d[n on to x f ! inc&esc5t coke4 ,! /eam g5]at$ by ?is novel process passes toge!r ) air up ?r\gh ! heat$ mass ( fuel1 =m+ a mixture ( produc] & wat] gases 9 ! g5]ator above4 ,! supply ( air is regulat$ by a c5trifugal fan driv5 by ! gas eng9e :i* ! plant is supply+4 ,! necessity ( hav+ to use ?is fan v (t5 m ?an de/roys ! advantage ga9$ by ! abs5ce ( a boil]4 ,! gases produc$ pass by a pipe into ! scrubb]s aft] fir/ surm\nt+ ! pressure ( a wat] valve1 :i* prev5ts !m f return+ to ! g5]ator4 ,! scrubb]s are fill$ ) coke1 ) a cont9ual /ream ( wat] fl[+ d[n ov] x4 ,! gases 9 pass+ up are !re=e ?or\ghly cleans$1 s mu* s t !y are fit to pass /raight to ! gasomet]4 ,:5 ! gasomet] is full & has rea*$ its top position1 x acts on a lev] connect$ by a wire rope ) a tap regulat+ ! air supply ( ! g5]ator4 ,! c5trifugal fan ceases to act1 & ! coke 9 ! g5]ator soon cools d[n1 & ! production ( gas ceases4 ,z ! gasomet] falls aga9 ! process is re-/>t$1 b n be=e ! coke or an?racite 9 ! g5]ator has be5 re-lit automatically4 ,! :ole plant1 !re=e1 only produces gas 9 proportion to ! dem& made on x1 :i* is a necess>y condition :5 driv+ gas eng9es4 ,! coke is automatically re-lit by a small jet at ! side ( ! g5]ator1 & f$ by gas f ! gasomet]4 ,a plant produc+ gas suffici5t = #fj horse-p[]1 or ab\t #bjj cubic metres p] h\r1 uses up ab\t #ajj litres ( wat] = vaporization1 & ab\t #ejj = cool+ ! scrubb]s4 ,! wat] us$ = cool+ ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e :i* ! plant is supply+ may be us$ = vaporiz+ purposes1 & requires ! addition ( a small pump4 ,matt] et ,cie4 ( ,r\5 uses ! ,buire-,l5cau*ez gasog5e = supply+ _! ,simplex eng9e1 :i* we h already describ$4 ,altoge!r ab\t #cjjj horse-p[] h be5 suppli$ by !m on ?is sy/em1 & h giv5 repeat$ pro( ( ! value ( ?is process ( g5]at+ poor gas1 especially 9 ,france1 :]e poor ,fr5* coal1 :i* c be us$1 is *eap] ?an import$ ,engli% an?racite4 ,g>die gas-produc+ plant4--,?is app>atus is *>act]iz$ by ! use ( high-pressure air at ab\t #hj lbs4 p] squ>e in*1 mix$ ) /eam at ! same pressure2 ?is arrangem5t be+ m conc5trat$ only requires small plant4 ,! g5]ator is ( peculi> con/ruction1 )\t any grate1 ! coke be+ held up on %elves4 ,! air & /eam ent] ! g5]ator by a r+ ( twy]s1 & a small w9d[ is pi]c$ at ! side ?r\gh :i* ! att5dant c see if ! prop] degree ( inc&esc5ce is ma9ta9$4 ,! fuel is p\r$ 9 ?r\gh a hopp] 9 a simil> mann] to o!r g5]ators already describ$4 ,! gas is produc$ at a high temp]ature1 & is made to heat a coil ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes1 :i* is ?us economically sup]heat$4 ,aft] accompli%+ ?is duty ! gases pass on to a scrubb]1 =m$ by two conc5tric tubes ( diff]5t heights1 & travel on /raight to ! gasomet]4 ,! air is compress$ 9 a res]voir by a special pump1 & is heat$ by ! wa/e gases f ! cyl9d] ( ! motor4 ,^! v>i\s heat+ arrangem5ts1 !re=e1 prev5t z mu* z possible any loss ( wa/e heat4 ,"s ( ! op]ations describ$ are novel & int]e/+1 & ! gas produc$ is v ri*1 hav+ a heat ( combu/ion ( ov] #adjj calories1 & v little ammonia is produc$4 ,! result ( ?is is t only rudim5t>y scrubb]s are requir$1 o!r sy/ems requir+ elaborate me?ods ( cleans+ ! gases4 ,! only drawback to ! app>atus is ! res]voir ( compress$ air1 :i* necessitates a pump us+ up p[]4 ,taylor gas-produc+ plant 7,fig4 #dd74--,! future ( gas eng9es1 especially l>ge units1 is intimately connect$ ) production ( poor gases at l[ co/1 = !y w\ld be f> f economical if coal gas 7 us$ at ! price at :i* x is usually sold4 ,= ?is reason _m inv5tors h attempt$ to devise app>atus :i* %\ld produce gases suitable = be+ us$ 9 a gas eng9e1 by ! decomposition ( /eam by r$-hot c>bon4 ,! ,taylor sy/em is "o ( ! be/ ( ^? :i* h appe>$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,x has be5 ?or\ghly te/$ 9 practice4 ,! plant consi/s ( a g5]ator & boil]1 a s]ies ( cleans+ & wa%+ t[]s1 & a gasomet]4 ,! mo/ important feature is ! automatic mann] ( gett+ rid ( ! coke a% f ! g5]ator by a mov+ he>?1 :i* enables x to be clean$ out )\t /opp+ ! production ( gas4 ,by ?is sy/em *eap coal c be us$ in/ead ( an?racite1 :i* is m exp5sive4 ,! /eam boil] is plac$ on ! g5]ator1 & is heat$ by ! gases com+ f x4 ,! /eam passes fir/ ( all ?r\gh a sup]heat] consi/+ ( a numb] ( tubes r\nd :i* circulate ! gases f ! g5]ator4 ,! high temp]ature ( ! mixture ( /eam & air ensures a good effici5cy4 ,! gases produc$ 9 ! g5]ator pass ?r\gh v]tical tubes1 expos+ !m to a l>ge cool+ surface1 :]e !y are *ill$2 !y !n pass ?r\gh scrubb]s l9$ ) coke & s into ! gasomet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,taylor ,gas-produc+ ,plant4 ,! gase\s mixture1 consi/+ ( hydrog51 c>bon monoxide1 etc41 produc$ 9 ! g5]ator has a heat ( combu/ion ( f #adjj to #aejj calories4 ,! relative heat+ p[] comp>$ ) coal gas is !re=e two-sev5?s4 ,a motor consum+ #gjj litres ( coal gas w\ld require #bejj litres ( ! poor gas produc$ by ?is sy/em to develop ! same p[]1 & #eej grammes ( an?racite w\ld be consum$ 9 ! process4 ,! co/ p] horse-p[] h\r v>ies accord+ to ! price ( mat]ials4 ,suppos+ we h an eight horse-p[] motor consum+ #be cubic feet ( coal gas p] horse-p[] h\r1 at #bs4 #f;d4 p] #ajjj cubic feet1 & work+ = #aj h\rs1 ! co/ p] day w\ld be #h #be #cj #aj;d4 ---------------------------------------- #es4 or d4 #ajjj p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 7 suppli$ ) poor gas g5]at$ f an?racite co/+ #bes4 a ton1 x w\ld burn ab\t #a lbs4 p] horse-p[] h\r1 co/+ #af;d41 :i* is ab\t "o-fif? ! co/1 & us+ *eap coal ?is co/ c be /ill fur!r r$uc$4 ,^! figures cle>ly %[ h[ mu* *eap] x is to burn poor gases ?an coal gas4 ,bni] gasog5e4--,s9ce ! #ahhi ,exhibition1 :]e a ,simplex eng9e 0 to be se5 work+ ) poor gas g5]at$ on ! ,d[son sy/em1 eng9e]s & o!rs h fully recogniz$ ! advantages ( ?is *eap motive p[]4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s a v l>ge numb] ( ^! plants h be5 erect$1 & ! exp]i5ce ga9$ by practice has %[n1 t 9 spite ( ! extreme *eapness !re are s]i\s faults to be f\nd ) ?is class ( app>atus4 ,! gases are produc$ "u pressure & are ( an exce$+ly poison\s nature1 c>bon monoxide be+ ! same gas :i* is pr9cipally evolv$ f burn+ *>coal4 ,great c>e has !re=e to be tak5 t !re are no leaks1 :i* might h fatal results if inhal$ by ! p]sons att5d+ to ! plant4 ,! *emical op]ation ( ! production ( ! gas is a v delicate "o1 & requires skill$ att5dants if con/ancy 9 ! quality ( ! gas is requir$4 ,! ,bni] gasog5e has be5 design$ to eradicate or circumv5t ^! grave drawbacks4 ,x pres5ts _m novel features1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ( :i* is ! device = absolutely ensur+ no leaks4 ,?is is done by g5]at+ ! gas bel[ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,?is l[ pressure is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ! plant "r up to ! valve :i* admits ! explosive mixture to ! motor cyl9d]4 ,! only places 9 :i* ! pressure is rais$ are surr\nd$ by vacuum jackets lead+ to ! gas res]voir4 ,! gas-produc+ plant c !re=e be in/all$ any:]e1 ev5 9 dwell+-h\ses or cell>s1 )\t runn+ any risk ( poison+ ! inmates4 ,! irregul>ity ( ! qualities ( ! gas produc$ by o!r g5]ators is due to ! difficulty ( always admitt+ ! air & /eam 9 ! same proportions to ! g5]ator4 ,?is difficulty is got ov] 9 ! ,bni] gasog5e1 indirectly z ! result ( ! l[ pressure 9 ! int]ior3 ! air & /eam ent] "u atmosph]ic & !re=e con/ant pressure1 & _! proportions c be regulat$ to a f9e degree ( accuracy by v>y+ ! size ( ! orifices ?r\gh :i* !y are admitt$4 ,s regul> is ! production ( ! gas 9 quality t diagrams tak5 f an eng9e at int]vals ( sev]al h\rs %[$ no appreciable diff]5ce4 ,! functions ( att5dant c be ?or\ghly fulfill$ by an unskill$ lab\r] or boy1 ! op]ation ( empty+ a quantity ( coke once e half-h\r be+ suffici5t to keep ! plant work+ /eadily4 ,?is app>atus is also an economic "o1 p>tly because ( ! inv>iable qualities ( ! gas produc$1 b *iefly ow+ to air & /eam be+ heat$ be=e ent]+ ! he>?4 ,a rotat+ grate is also provid$1 s t ! g5]ation ( gas is 9 no way int]f]$ ) by ! cle>+ out ( a% & cl9k]s4 ,a special eng9e is con/ruct$ = use ) ?is plant1 :i* we %all describe 9 ! next *apt]4 ,taylor gas-produc+ plant modifi$ by ,wim&4--,!re exi/ a numb] ( sy/ems ( gas-produc]s :i* are n s well kn[n z ^? :i* we h already describ$1 b :i* are none ! less int]e/+4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is a modification by ,wim& ( ! ,taylor sy/em1 9 :i* ! boil] is disc>d$1 & replac$ by a jacket or vessel surr\nd+ ! g5]at+ plant & heat$ by ! wa/e gases4 ,! hot wat] trickles d[n ov] a column ( coke1 & meets at ! base ! curr5t ( air pass+ t[>ds ! g5]ator2 ! air is !re=e heat$1 & becomes saturat$ ) wat] vap\r4 ,?is device c be appli$ to any g5]ator4 ,kitson gas-produc]4--,a rotat+ he>? is provid$1 z 9 o!r sy/ems already describ$4 ,! air is driv5 by a /eam injector ?r\gh holes 9 x1 & ! /eam is suppli$ f a spiral coil situat$ 9 ! fire-brick l9+ ( ! g5]ator4 ,a second tube ?r\gh :i* ! /eam passes acts z a sup]heat]4 ,! /eam ent]s a res]voir *amb] at ! side ( ! g5]ator1 f :i* x passes out aga9 to fulfil its functions4 ,!re is !re=e no fan ne$ful1 & ! g5]at+ furnace is n liable to become f\l$4 ,! price ( ! plant is mod]ate4 ,loomis gasog5e4--,?is app>atus aspirates its air & draws x completely ?r\gh a lay] ( c>bon f top to bottom4 ,! g5]ator is op5 at ! top1 & in/ead ( ! usual grate at ! bottom x is provid$ ) a cone-%ap$ base in/ead4 ,! air drawn 9 comb9es ) ! c>bon dur+ its d[nw>d j\rney1 & !n passes ?r\gh a cool+ t[] surr\nd$ by a wat] jacket :i* acts z a boil]4 ,! heat extract$ f ! gas is !re=e us$ to produce /eam1 :i* drives an eng9e work+ ! pump :i* aspirates ! air4 ,! exhau/ /eam f ?is eng9e passes into ! inc&esc5t fuel & is decompos$1 =m+ hydrog5 & c>bon monoxide4 ,! valves :i* gov]n ! supplies ( air & /eam are s arrang$ t produc] gas or wat] gas1 or bo? at once1 may be g5]at$ at w4 ,"o p>ticul> plant is kn[n to h work$ unceas+ly = two ye>s )\t /opp+1 b 9 ?is case x did n supply a gas eng9e1 9 fact1 we believe t ?is sy/em has n be5 appli$ = driv+ motors at all z yet4 ,wilson gas-produc]4--,! g5]ator is broad] ?an x is high1 & x is possible to use 9 x all sorts ( *eap coal & coke4 ,a w9d[ is provid$1 s t ! att5dant c see if ! fuel is /ick+ & n settl+ d[n prop]ly4 ,! air is bl[n into ! c5tre ( ! he>? by a /eam injector at a l[ pressure ( ab\t two in*es ( wat] or less4 ,/ok+ is effect$ by turn+ spiral grate b>s :i* rid ! fire ( cl9k]s & a%es4 ,! air is heat$ by wa/e gases f ! motor1 a process :i* gives a slight ga9 9 economy4 ,longsd5 process4--,we h m5tion$ t wat] gas g5]at$ by v>i\s processes has be5 us$ = light+ t[ns 9 ,am]ica on ! inc&esc5t sy/em4 ,! drawback ( ! sy/em is ! exce$+ly poison\s nature ( c>bon monoxide ev5 :5 v dilute1 & x is all ! m dang]\s because x is od\rless4 ,_m accid5ts h 9 consequ5ce occurr$1 "s ( !m t]m9at+ fatally4 ,mr4 ,longsd5 has attempt$ to produce a gas entirely free f c>bon monoxide1 s z to avoid ?is difficulty4 ,he fir/ attempt$ to rid wat] gas ( ! monoxide1 b n be+ able to f9d a *eap en\gh solv5t = x he tri$ o!r means4 ,8 pres5t process consi/s ( add+ a sodium salt to ! c>bon 9 ! g5]ator4 ,! gas produc$ has !n ! foll[+ composition3-- ,hydrog5 #fbb volumes ,c>bonic acid gas #bfd 0 ,c>bon monoxide #ab 0 ,hydroc>bons #fe 0 ,nitrog5 #bb 0 ,oxyg5 #ae 0 ---------- #ajj 0 ,?is v ri* gas1 :i* might easily be ridd$ ( its c>bonic acid by pass+ x ?r\gh lime1 is v suitable = supply+ motive p[] ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! gas eng9e4 ,gayon & ,mtais process4--,?is process1 :i*1 z f> z we "k1 has n be5 put into practice1 0 int5d$ by its inv5tors to dim9i% ! price ( coal gas4 ,in/ead ( all[+ coke to be deposit$ 9 ! gas retorts1 z x usually is1 & sell+ x z a bye-product1 _! int5tion 0 to use x !re & !n = ! production ( wat] gas1 :i* 0 to be mix$ ) ! coal gas & increase its heat ( combu/ion1 :ile dim9i%+ its co/ ( production4 ,"o ton ( coal w\ld produce #dej cubic metres ( gas in/ead ( #cjj2 ! idea has1 h[ev]1 nev] be5 put into practical %ape4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,eng9es ,,= ,,use ,,) ,,poor ,,gases ,simplex motor 7,fig4 #de74--;,al?\gh ?is motor works equally well ) coal gas & oil1 we h put (f ! description ( x until n[ because x has become associat$ p>ticul>ly ) ! production ( poor gases1 & by _! help =ms "o ( ! mo/ =midable rivals ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,! ,simplex 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahhd by ,,mm4 ,ed\>d ,delam>e-,deb\tteville & ,lon ,mal&94 ,9 appe>ance x is ( ! usual f\r-cycle type4 ,a lat]al %aft transmits ! rotation ( ! crank-%aft to a small crank :i* actuates ! slid+ valve4 ,?is slid+ valve =ms "o ( ! pr9cipal features ( ! eng9e1 & consi/s ( a slid+ iron plate pi]c$ ) two holes1 "o oblique regulat+ ! ignition1 & ! o!r /raight =m+ ! admission valve4 ,! pi/on hav+ complet$ its fir/ =w>d /roke comes back to compress ! explosive mixture1 & ! slid+ valve hav+ advanc$ puts x 9 communication ) a *amb] conta9+ two metallic po9ts1 betwe5 :i* a cont9u\s /ream ( electric sp>ks is made to fl[4 ,aft] ! explosion ?is cavity & ! passage lead+ to x are fill$ ) burnt gas1 :i* mu/ be driv5 out to prev5t a miss-fire at ! next /roke4 ,?is is effect$ by a small purg+ hole1 ?r\gh :i* !y are driv5 by a fre% *>ge ent]+ ! cyl9d]4 ,9 e>li] patt]ns ( ?is eng9e an +5i\s air gov]nor 0 us$1 b x has n[ be5 replac$ by a fre% arrangem5t ( a diff]5t patt]n4 ,?is gov]nor 7,figs4 #df & #dg7 consi/s ( a d\ble p5dulum1 :i* takes up a v]tical position because ( ! l[] ball1 se5 9 ! illu/ration1 be+ ! heavie/4 ,! :ole p5dulum is pivot$ on a fix$ be>+4 ,! v>iation 9 ! spe$ is obta9$ by a weight$ knife blade act+ on ! gas-valve4 ,! slid+ valve is provid$ ) a knife blade squ>e at "o end & po9t$ at ! o!r1 :i* cat*es 9 a not* on ! p5dulum1 & is held by x 9 position s t ! squ>e end hits ! end ( ! gas-valve & admits gas4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e be too great ! slid+ valve c>ries its knife blade =w>d too soon & x does n cat* 9 ! not*1 ) ! result t no gas is admitt$ z ! squ>e end is too l[4 ,! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 !re=e1 t5ds to rema9 adju/$ to ! rate ( vibration ( ! p5dulum1 :i* is a fix$ quantity4 ,a self-/>t+ arrangem5t is provid$ by /opp+ ! eng9e half-way back along ! compression /roke1 s t x is only necess>y to pass an electric sp>k across = an explosion to occur & give x ! necess>y />t+ impetus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,simplex ,gas ,eng9e 7,delam>e-,deb\tteville74 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #df1 #dg4--;,gov]nor ( ! ,simplex ,eng9e4 ,,mm4 ,delam>e-,deb\tteville & ,mal&9 7 ! fir/ to con/ruct units ( v great p[]4 ,at ! ,havre ,exhibition 9 #ahhi !y exhibit$ a ,simplex eng9e us+ ,d[son gas1 & 9 #ahhi !y exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition a #ajj horse-p[] s+le-cyl9d] motor4 ,_! late/ a*ievem5t 9 ?is direction is ! erection ( a #cbj horse-p[] eng9e suppli$ by two ,buire-,l5cau*ez gasog5es ) poor gas4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ s+le-cyl9d] gas eng9e 9 ! _w4 ,! ,simplex eng9e 0 ! pione] ( motors us+ poor gas4 ,! ma*9e we describ$ 0 = use ) coal gas1 & "s modification has to be made 9 ! p>ts :5 ! motor is requir$ to use gases ( ! ,d[son type4 ,! economy is v good1 only #ehj litres ( coal gas or #eej grammes ( an?racite be+ us$ p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,comb9$ ,simplex ,eng9e & ,buire-,l5cau*ez ,gas-,produc]4 ,g>die motor4--,we h %[n h[ poor gases are1 beyond a %ad[ ( a d\bt1 *eap] ?an coal gas = ! production ( p[]4 ,_m mak]s h !re=e attempt$ to use x by simply add+ a gas-produc+ plant to exi/+ eng9es4 ,sometimes ^! motors 7 totally unsuit$ = ^! *eaply produc$ gases1 & ! result has be5 failure f miss-fire or irregul> spe$4 ,! ,crossley1 ,niel1 & ,&rews motors are exceptions1 & a few o!rs h also giv5 fairly good results4 ,we describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] ! +5i\s gasog5e devis$ by ,m4 ,g>die ( ,nantes2 ! motor :i* is con/ruct$ = use ) x is r novel4 ,x has two cyl9d]s plac$ side by side1 a compress+ pump & res]voir = compress$ air4 ,! gase\s mixture arriv+ at a high temp]ature f ! gasog5e passes into ! cyl9d]s1 & is mix$ ) a volume ( air com+ f ! res]voir2 ^! gases are compress$ to ab\t #ajj lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,at ! entrance to ! cyl9d]s are plac$ two ignit]s ( plat9um heat$ to a :ite heat by an electric curr5t at />t+1 b ! temp]ature is aft]w>ds ma9ta9$ by ! combu/ion4 ,dur+ ! admission ! gase\s mixture burns )\t any explosion & )\t rais+ ! pressure1 b consid]ably increas+ 9 volume4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! /roke ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] is !re=e ! same z 9 ! compressor1 b x soon decreases by virtue ( ! expansion & driv+ =w>d ( ! pi/on4 ,aft] hav+ exhau/$ !mselves 9 do+ "w ! gases pass out into a reg5]ator1 :i* communicates _! heat to ! air = admission4 ,! valves are actuat$ by a horizontal %aft plac$ above ! cyl9d]s2 ! cams are ?ree 9 numb] correspond+ to ?ree valves1 ( :i* two regulate ! admission ( gas & air to a *amb] 9 :i* !y are mix$4 ,! ?ird valve op5s ! exhau/4 ,?is arrangem5t is n unlike t adopt$ by ,,mm4 ,=e/ & ,gallice = _! m>9e oil eng9es4 ,! cyl9d]s are surr\nd$ by wat] jackets = cool+ purposes1 aid$ by air :i* c ent] ! front end :5 ! pi/on is mov+ 9 its backw>d /roke4 ,! hotte/ portion is !re=e t situat$ at ! valve end1 & 9 :i* ! explosion takes place4 ,?is portion is surr\nd$ by a clos$ *amb] =m+ a boil]1 :]e /eam is =m$ = use 9 ! gas plant2 ! /eam is sup]heat$ 9 a spiral coil plac$ on ! top ( ! gasog5e4 ,z we h already /at$1 ?is sy/em ( gas production avoids ! ammoniacal products1 :i* are a con/ant s\rce ( tr\ble 9 o!r eng9es4 ,! drawback lies 9 ! compressor1 :i* uses up ab\t "o-?ird ( ! indicat$ p[]1 b ! spe$ is exce$+ly con/ant1 & av]ages ab\t #age revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! consumption ( gas is n v high1 probably ow+ to ! am\nt ( heat :i* is absorb$ f ! wa/e gases1 usually lo/4 ,a numb] ( o!r eng9es exi/ ( a simil> type to ! ,g>die motor1 su* z ! ,%aw1 ,woodburg1 ,cr[e1 ,bu*ett1 & o!rs1 :i* _c1 h[ev]1 consume poor gases1 & :i* h n any di/+ui%+ features wor? m5tion+4 ,bni] motor gasog5e 7,figs4 #di & #ej74--,we h describ$ ! ,bni] gasog5e1 & we w n[ complete ! description by a %ort notice ( ! motor associat$ ) x4 ,?is motor works on ! ,dugald-,cl]k cycle1 & 9 g5]al arrangem5t is n unlike ! ,dugald-,cl]k motors4 ,a special compress+ cyl9d] is provid$ ca/ 9 "o ) ! motor cyl9d]1 & ! cranks are set at #ij degrees ap>t f "o ano!r4 ,! pump is d\ble1 ) two pi/ons c\pl$ t&em-wise 9 ! same cyl9d]4 ,"o ( ^! draws 9 ! air & ! o!r =ces ! gas into ! gasog5e4 ,! air & gas ?us conduct$ by diff]5t pa?s rea* ! mix+ *amb] plac$ beh9d ! motor cyl9d] & provid$ ) a valve4 ,! motor cyl9d] has exhau/ ports p]=at+ ! walls1 & :i* are uncov]$ by ! pi/on :5 x has mov$ ?r\gh five-six?s ( ! =w>d /roke4 ,x rema9s op5 dur+ ! rema9+ six? & ! fir/ six? ( ! return /roke4 ,at ?is mom5t ! two pi/on pumps h =c$ into ! cyl9d] ! air & gas :i* !y conta94 ,! mixture ent]s ?r\gh a valve & a p]=at$ plate1 :i* ?or\ghly mixes !m 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,dur+ ! return /roke ! pi/on1 hav+ clos$ ! exhau/ ports1 compresses ! explosive mixture till ! end ( ! /roke4 ,ignition !n takes place1 & ! explosion drives ! pi/on =w>d1 & ! products ( combu/ion escape to ! air directly ! exhau/ ports are uncov]$ by ! pi/on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #di1 #ej4--;,bni] ,eng9e & ,gas ,plant 7sectional plan & elevation74 ,by ?is arrangem5t x might happ5 t ! explosive mixture introduc$ into ! cyl9d] might escape by ! op5 exhau/ valves4 ,m4 ,bni] has obviat$ ?is difficulty by a novel device4 ,pure air is fir/ admitt$1 driv+ out ! products ( combu/ion2 ! explosive mixture :i* foll[s is only admitt$ :5 ! ports are clos$4 ,?is result is obta9$ by prop]ly regulat+ ! supply ( air & gas f ! pump4 ,"o explosion !re=e occurs 9 e revolution4 ,! ,bni] eng9e is con/ruct$ 9 sizes up to #ajj horse-p[]1 & also small] ones ( a few horse-p[]4 ,a #e horse-p[] motor consumes #hjj grammes ( an?racite p] horse-p[] h\r3 ?is result is v rem>kable1 because great difficulty has be5 f\nd 9 work+ ^! small eng9es at all ) poor gas2 ! gas g5]ator seems to "w badly :5 its dim5sions are s small4 ,a #ae horse-p[] motor only consumes #fjj grammes p] horse-p[] h\r4 ,! ,bni] comb9$ plant %[n 9 ,figs4 #di & #ej has receiv$ a mo/ flatt]+ reception on ! ,cont95t1 & !re is good reason to believe t x w be v mu* m widely us$ 9 ! future4 ,we close ?is *apt] ) a table sett+ =? ! relative m]its & economy ( a numb] ( motors4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,co/ ,nature ,p[] ,consumption p] ,trials ,type ( ,eng9e4 ( ( ! ,consumption p] horse-conduct$ ,fuel4 ,eng9e4 ( ,fuel4 horse-p[] p[] by h\r4 h\r1 p5ce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,l5oir 7#ahfj7 ,coal gas #i #bdjj litres #bgjj litres #i ,tresca ,hugon 7#ahff7 0 #bjg #edjj 0 #bfjj 0 #he 0 ,lang5 & ,otto 0 #df #ffj 0 #achj 0 #de 0 7#ahfg7 ,wittig & ,hees 0 #d #difj 0 #abdj 0 #ce ,brau] 7#ahha7 ,ko]t+- 0 #bah #bgjj 0 #abge 0 #cg ,s*ettl] ,lieckfeld ,otto 0 #hcd #iejj 0 #iae 0 #bh ,all>d & ,poti] ,dugald-,cl]k 0 #aaf #igjj 0 #hgg 0 #be ,/]ne 7#ahhd7 ,l5oir 7#ahhe7 0 #b #acbj 0 #fee 0 #ai ,tresca ,simplex 7#ahhe7 0 #ida #eehj 0 #eic 0 #aa ,witz 0 0 ,d[son #cff #fjdj 0 #ccjj 0 #g 0 gas ,l5oir 7#ahhe7 ,c>buret- #dae #bg 0 #fe 0 #de ,tresca t$ air 7petroleum7 ,b5z 7#ahhe7 ,coal gas #ea #cfjj litres #gjg 0 #ad 0 ,atk9son 7#ahhh7 0 #idh #fjjj 0 #fah 0 #ac ,society ( ,arts ,crossley7#ahhh7 0 #adgd #aj1hjj 0 #gfe 0 #ae 0 0 ,griff9 7#ahhh7 0 #abea #iejj 0 #ghf 0 #ae 0 0 ,*>on 7#ahhi7 0 #dag #bbaj 0 #ecj 0 #aa ,witz ,=e/ 7#ahij7 ,petroleum #affg #g kilg4 #djj #deh grms4 #c ,m>t9 _s ,niel 7#ahia7 ,coal gas #cge #abej 0 #djb litres #h ,witz ,simplex 7#ahhi7 ,poor gas #ge #aia cub4 met4 #bcgj 0 #g 0 0 7#ahic7 0 #bbj #aaj kilg4 #ejj grms4 #c ,leblan 7an?racite7 ,l5oir 7#ahia7 ,coal gas #f #dbfj #gaj litres #ae ,l5cau*ez ,*>on 7#ahib7 0 #ge #dchj #ehf 0 #ab ,*auveau ,prie/man 7#ahij7 ,daylight #gg #c kilg4 #che grms4 #ag ,unw9 oil 0 7#ahia7,russol9e #fg #b kilg4 #gjj #dbh 0 #ai 0 ,crossley 7#ahib7 ,d[son #adh #dae kilg4 #bhj 0 #b ,d[son gas 7an?racite7 ,atk9son 7#ahib7 0 #afg #ff kilg4 #dee 0 #c ,toml9son ,s*lei*]-,s*um ,poor gas #ib #ee 0 #eif 0 #cb ,spanglon ,tru/y ,petroleum #dc #ahc 0 #ddj 0 #bb ,beaumont 7ord9>y7 ,delam>e- ,l5cau*ez #fb #cg 0 #fjc 0 #b ,b\rdon ,deb\tteville gas 7*eap coal7 7#ahid7 ,campbell 7#ahie7 ,petroleum #f #bd 0 #djj grms4 #be 0 7ord9>y7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! price ( fuel has be5 calculat$ f prices curr5t at ! dates giv54 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ma9t5ance ,,( ,,gas ,,& ,,oil ,,eng9es ,gas eng9es are 9 mo/ cases m\nt$ on a metal b$-plate1 & = small eng9es ! weight ( ! ma*9e is v (t5 suffici5t to keep x 9 place2 x is m satisfactory1 h[ev]1 to bolt x firmly d[n to a b$ ( concrete or /one4 ,pl5ty ( room mu/ be all[$ r\nd ab\t to enable clean+ & repairs to be execut$2 space is also necess>y = turn+ ! fly-:eel r\nd if no self-/>t+ me*anism is provid$4 ,above two or ?ree horse-p[] wat] mu/ be us$ = cool+ ! cyl9d]1 m]e cool+ by air circulation be+ insuffici5t = c>ry+ (f ! wa/e heat except 9 v small motors4 ,x occasionally happ5s t wat] is laid on1 :i* c be us$ = ! wat] jacket1 ! heat$ wat] be+ simply all[$ to run to wa/e4 ,unless ! wat] is exce$+ly *eap ?is arrangem5t is f> too exp5sive1 & x becomes necess>y to erect a sep>ate circulat+ sy/em1 9 :i* ! wat] is us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,mak]s provide = ?is purpose galvaniz$ iron tanks1 :i* are connect$ by two pipes to ! wat] jacket4 ,! tank be+ fill$ ) wat]1 & ! eng9es />t$1 circulation takes place 9 a mann] simil> to ! ord9>y h\sehold hot-wat] sy/ems4 ,! l[] op5+ ( ! wat] jacket is connect$ to ! l[] pipe f ! tank1 & ! second pipe1 />t+ f a po9t ne> ! top ( ! tank1 is connect$ to ! upp] op5+ ( ! cool+ jacket4 ,! diff]5ce ( d5sity betwe5 hot & cold wat] causes ! =m] to rise & fl[ back to ! res]voir along ! upp] pipe1 & cold wat] ru%es 9 to take its place4 ,ab\t #djj to #ejj litres ( cold wat] are requir$ p] horse-p[]1 b x l>gely dep5ds on ! rate at :i* ! tank cools2 9 "s cases only #bjj litres be+ f\nd q suffici5t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] leav+ ! jacket %\ld be ab\t #fj ,c4 ,x is m economical to let x rise to #hj ,c41 b 9 ?is case v good lubricat+ oil is requir$ = ! cyl9d]4 ,a tap 9 ! l[] pipe1 & a !rmomet] plac$ aga9/ ! upp] "o1 w enable ! att5dant to adju/ ?is temp]ature4 ,/>t+ & /opp+4--,/>t+ is an op]ation requir+ a little practice4 ,fir/ ( all ! ignit+ burn] mu/ be lit1 & "t all[$ = x to r$-heat ! ignition-tube2 if electricity is us$ ?is wait ( a few m9utes is obviat$4 ,! lubricat+ arrangem5ts are !n att5d$ to1 s z to make sure ( !m be+ 9 satisfactory work+ ord]4 ,if no self-/>t+ arrangem5t is provid$1 ! supply ( gas to ! cyl9d] is p>tly turn$ on1 & a few quick turns ( ! fly-:eel by h& are suffici5t to set ! eng9e 9 motion4 ,hav+ atta9$ ! normal spe$ ! gas c be turn$ full on4 ,if ! motor refuses to />t1 ! tap regulat+ ! gas supply %\ld be exam9$ z x may be too full on2 ! ignition app>atus mu/ !n be inspect$4 ,sometimes ! reason ( ! refusal to />t lies 9 ! exhau/-valve :i* leaks2 9 ?is case no compression takes place4 ,?is c easily be v]ifi$ by turn+ ! fly-:eel backw>ds1 & see+ :e!r ! pi/on t5ds to resi/ ! motion1 :i* x w\ld d if ! compression 0 tak+ place prop]ly4 ,:5 runn+ x is a mi/ake to flood ! eng9e ) oil2 a b>ely suffici5t quantity ( good m9]al oil is all t is requir$4 ,if ! valves require clean+1 !n ( c\rse pl5ty ( oil %\ld be us$ to wa% away ! deposit1 b !y %\ld be well wip$ be=e />t+4 ,_m p]sons h become errone\sly imbu$ ) ! idea t a gas eng9e requires a skill$ me*anic to att5d to x4 ,z a matt] ( fact any p]son )\t previ\s k is1 ) a few days' practice1 compet5t to take *>ge ( a motor provid$ t he is intellig5t & c>eful4 ,"u ^! conditions a gas eng9e w la/ z long z a /eam eng9e1 & w be g5]ally f\nd mu* m satisfactory4 ,to /op ! ma*9e1 ! self-/>t+ me*anism mu/ fir/ be all[$ to op]ate1 & !n ! supply ( gas is %ut (f4 ,aft] ?is ! burn] or electric ignition mu/ be cut (f1 & ! cool+ wat] too1 if x is n a circulat+ sy/em4 ,if ! ma*9e is to rema9 /opp$ = "s consid]able p]iod1 turn ! fly-:eel r\nd till ! pi/on is 9 its mo/ =w>d position2 ?is w prev5t du/ & grit f gett+ into ! cyl9d]1 & scor+ ! inside :5 ! eng9e is re-/>t$4 ,^! are ! g5]al rules :i* mu/ be obey$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! gas eng9e4 ,! att5tion !y require is !re=e small1 & ?is quality has contribut$ n a little to _! success4 ,no /ok] or eng9e-driv] is requir$2 any p]son c1 ) v little in/ruction1 take *>ge ( !m4 ,if ! eng9e is prop]ly erect$ by skill$ workm51 & has be5 runn+ suffici5tly long to h arriv$ at a condition ( regul> lubrication1 etc41 a p]son 9 con/ant att5dance c be disp5s$ )1 & x is suffici5t to look 9 occasionally & see t ev]y?+ is all "r1 t !re is a suffici5t supply ( oil1 & t ! cyl9d] is cool1 because if x became ov]heat$ x might b9d & de/roy ! int]ior4 ,e mon? a complete clean+ %\ld be und]tak51 ! valve me*anism & cyl9d] be+ wa%$ ) m9]al oil to dissolve ! deposit ( c>bon & t>ry sub/ances 9 !m4 ,e six mon?s ! valves %\ld be re-adju/$1 & if necess>y re-gr\nd into _! seat+s4 ,! "t & tr\ble necess>y = ^! p]iodical clean+s w be amply repaid by ! satisfactory work+ ( ! eng9e2 no?+ is m annoy+ ?an a breakd[n due to accumulation ( dirt1 & to ! cont9ual po/ponem5t ( ! clean+ out4 ,ma9t5ance ( oil eng9es4--,^! ma*9es require ! same c>eful treatm5t z gas eng9es1 b !y h 9 addition a c>burator or a vaporiz] :i* require special att5tion1 & r5d] ! cyl9d] p>ticul>ly liable to become f\l$ by ! heavi] products ( ! vaporiz$ oil4 ,we h already describ$ ! pr9cipal sy/ems ( vaporiz]s & c>burators1 & we %all only return to !m to /ate1 t = effici5t work+ !y %\ld be clean$ out once a week4 ,at ! v outside n m ?an a mon? %\ld elapse betwe5 ! removals ( incru/ations & deposits ( c>bon4 ,! lamps us$ = supply+ heat to ! vaporiz] %\ld also be att5d$ to f "t to "t1 & occasionally ?or\ghly clean$ out4 ,ignition ( ! explosive mixture4--,z we h already se51 sev]al diff]5t me?ods exi/ ( sett+ fire to ! explosive gases1 & ea* ( !m has its advantages & drawbacks4 ,ignition by an inc&esc5t tube ( iron or porcela9 seems to be ! mo/ simple1 & works z well z any o!r sy/em2 ! slid+ valve conta9+ ! ignit+ jet is some:at m complicat$4 ,electric ignition1 if effect$ by a magneto g5]ator driv5 by ! eng9e1 is c]ta9 9 its op]ation1 b x is awkw>d at />t+4 ,= petroleum & c>burett$ air motors batt]ies bo? prim>y & second>y are bett]1 especially :5 ! motors are us$ = propell+ vehicles4 ,look$ at f ! economy po9t ( view1 x is v h>d to decide :i* is ! be/ sy/em ( ignition3 r$-hot tubes require gas1 accumulators require electric en]gy to be put into !m1 magneto ma*9es are exp5sive & use up p[]1 9 fact1 !y are all ab\t ! same z f> z co/ is conc]n$4 ,9 ,france electric ignition is 9 mu* great] vogue ?an 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e hot tubes reign supreme4 ,! electric sy/em requires a few words conc]n+ batt]ies & induction coil4 ,if prim>y batt]ies are us$ ! *romic acid type is ! be/4 ,^! are manufactur$ 9 a l>ge numb] ( v>ieties2 "s ( ! ,fr5* mak]s1 ,tr\v1 ,gurot1 ,radiguet1 & o!rs1 h paid special att5tion to _! application to gas & petroleum eng9es4 ,! induction coil %\ld h a r ?ick] second>y w9d+ ?an usual2 x is necess>y to h z hot a sp>k z possible to ignite ! gas1 & ?is is n obta9$ if ! sp>k is ( exagg]at$ l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,section ( ! ,simplex ,gas-produc+ ,plant4 ,! sp>k-gap also requires occasional att5d+ to4 ,x consi/s usually ( a porcela9 rod ) two po9ts betwe5 :i* ! sp>ks pass1 ei!r int]mitt5tly or gov]n$ by an automatic swit*1 or else cont9u\sly4 ,9 ei!r case ! po9ts (t5 become coat$ ) a deposit ( c>bon1 :i* decreases _! effici5cy4 ,!y mu/ !re=e be wip$ clean ab\t once a week4 ,ma9t5ance ( eng9es us+ poor gas4--,^! eng9es diff] v little f ! ord9>y coal-gas eng9e4 ,! arrangem5t ( valves :i* w d = ! "o is also suitable = ! o!r4 ,we %all !re=e only give a few h9ts on ! managem5t ( ! gas-produc+ plants :i* =ms _! only po9t ( diff]5ce2 to d ?is we %all consid] a 8,simplex0 plant4 ,! firm ( ,matt] et ,cie4 h receiv$ _m lett]s f o!r firms to :om !y h suppli$ _! app>atus1 replac+ exi/+ /eam eng9es1 9 :i* !y /ate t ! :ole managem5t & ma9t5ance ( _! new s\rce ( p[] is mu* m simple ?an ! old4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at1 because ! :ole plant is p]fectly automatic4 ,!re are no pressure or wat] gauges to att5d to1 because no m gas is ev] produc$ ?an is absolutely want$4 ,a /eam boil] may require to be /ok$ once e qu>t] ( an h\r1 :il/ a poor gas g5]ator only requires *>g+ ab\t once e six h\rs1 accord+ to dem& = p[]4 ,! ,simplex motor itself requires v little att5tion1 & all be>+ surfaces are made z l>ge z possible to avoid ! risk ( heat+4 ,fig4 #ea %[s a complete plant 9 section4 ,a is ! g5]ator fill$ ) coke or an?racite2 ! op5+ ( ! hopp]1 ,n1 & ! door1 ,d1 ( ! he>? are clos$4 ,air arrives f ! c5trifugal pump ?r\gh a /op-valve1 ,i1 & wat] ?r\gh ,w4 ,! air passes ?r\gh ! mass ( inc&esc5t c>bon =m+ c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is aga9 r$uc$ by ! excess ( c>bon to c>bon monoxide4 ,! wat] becomes vaporiz$1 & is dissociat$ by ! action ( ! heat$ c>bon =m+ hydrog5 & oxyg51 :i* comb9es ) ! c>bon =m+ m c>bon monoxide4 ,! gas produc$ consi/s !re=e ( c>bon monoxide1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & a small proportion ( hydroc>bons & c>bonic acid gas4 ,pass+ by ! pipe ,s to ! base ( ! wa%+-t[] ! gases meet 9 _! asc5t wat] f ! pipe ,z1 :i* cleanses !m ( all impurities1 aft] :i* !y pass by ! pipe ,y to ! gasomet]1 & f !re to ! eng9e4 ,we close ?is description ( gas & oil eng9es1 hop+ t we h said en\gh to put be=e electrical eng9e]s :o are ?9k+ ( mak+ use ( ?is economic =m ( motive p[]1 ! exact /ate ( affairs1 :at results h be5 obta9$1 & especially ! consid]ations :i* gov]n ! *oice ( an eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,agricultural ,oil ,locomotive4 ,we fur!r hope t ?is sy/ematic exam9ation ( all eng9es :i* h receiv$ ! sanction ( practical exp]i5ce1 w prove ( "s s]vice to ^? :o wi% to become bett] acqua9t$ ) ! num]\s exi/+ types1 & to und]/& _! relative advantages & faults1 9 ord] t !y may select a gas eng9e :i* is suitable to ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( ea* individual case4 ,,index ,buire-,l5cau*ez ,gas1 #aaj ,c>burator1 ,s*rab1 #fi 0 ,delam>e1 #gj 0 ,lo?hamm]1 #gj 0 ,mey]1 #fi ,c>burett$ ,air ,eng9e1 ,br\hot1 #gd 0 ,daiml]1 #gc 0 ,de ,dion-,b\ton 7,tricycle71 #ge 0 ,dur&1 #ga 0 ,l5oir1 #fh 0 ,t5t+1 #ga ,c>burett$ ,gas1 ,faignot1 #fh 0 ,mille1 #fg ,de ,dion-,b\ton ,motor ,tricycle1 #ge ,d[son ,gas1 #ajg ,effici5cy ( ,heat ,eng9es1 #ae ,gas ,eng9e1 ,&rews1 #da 0 ,atk9son1 #eg 0 ,baldw91 #cc 0 ,bni]1 #bf 0 ,b5z1 #ca 0 ,biss*op1 #bd 0 ,cadiot1 #fc 0 ,campbell1 #cd 0 ,*>on1 #ei 0 ,compagnie ,p>isi5ne1 #fa 0 ,crossley1 #dg 0 ,cu9at1 #ee 0 ,dugald-,cl]k1 #bi 0 ,economic1 #bh 0 ,field+1 #db 0 ,=e/1 #bg1 #ec 0 ,franois1 #be 0 ,griff91 #fe 0 ,h4 ,c41 #fc 0 ,ko]t+-,lieckfeld1 #ci 0 ,labl91 #de 0 ,l5oir1 #bc1 #ch 0 ,l5tz1 #bh 0 ,letombe1 #fb 0 ,m>t9i1 #de 0 ,midl&1 #cd 0 ,national1 #ea 0 ,niel1 #dd 0 ,nol1 #ef 0 ,otto1 #ce 0 ,pygme1 #di 0 ,ri*>dson & ,norris1 #fc 0 ,robu/e1 #fb 0 ,rog]1 #fa 0 ,rollason1 #fe 0 ,simplex1 #aba 0 ,/ockport1 #ca 0 ,t5t+1 #eg1 #ga ,gas-produc]1 ,bni]1 #aae1 #abf 0 ,g>die1 #aab 0 ,kitson1 #aah 0 ,loomis1 #aah 0 ,taylor1 #aac 0 ,taylor-,wim&1 #aag 0 ,wilson1 #aai ,hi/ory ( ,gas ,eng9e1 #a ,longsd5 process1 #aai ,l[e 0 #aje ,ma9t5ance ( ,gas ,eng9es1 #aca ,otto ,cycle1 #h ,oil ,eng9e1 ,brayton1 #gg 0 ,campbell1 #hb 0 ,capita9e1 #he 0 ,crossley-,holt1 #ih 0 ,griff91 #ajj 0 ,grob1 #hb 0 ,hornsby-,akroyd1 #ij 0 ,knight1 #ih 0 ,ko]t+-,b\let1 #ig 0 ,m]l91 #hi 0 ,niel1 #aja 0 ,prie/man1 #gi 0 ,ragot1 #id 0 ,root1 #ie 0 ,scurit1 #gi 0 ,tru/y1 #ii 0 ,vulcan1 #ic ,siem5s ,gas1 #ajg ,/rong process1 #aje ,work+ ,pr9ciples ( ,gas ,eng9e1 #ac ,ri*>d ,clay ,sons1 ,limit$1 ,london ,bungay4 ,pott #hvo1 limp roan1 gilt edges1 #es4 ,,:ittak]',s ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]',s ,,pocket-,,book ,,by ,,philip ,r4 ,,bj,,rl+4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,wat]--,,w9d ,,eng9es--,,air--,,/eam--,,manual ,,p[]--,,animal ,,p[]--,,pipes--,,tanks--,,crabs1 ,,w9*es ,,& ,,cranes--,,ge>+--,,rope ,,driv+--,,belt+--,,%aft+--,,beams--,,gr avity ,,( ,,fall+ ,,bodies--,,accel]at$ ,,motion--,,c5trifugal ,,=ce--,,p5dulum--,,!rmomet]s--,,m9+ ,,ma*9]y--,,hydraulic ,,gold ,,m9+--,,elevators1 ,,convey]s ,,& ,,pick+ ,,tables--,,*a9 ,,belt+--,,c5trifugal ,,fans--,,spe$s ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,tools--,,tables4 #8,x conta9s in=mation n (t5 f\nd 9 simil> works4'--,engli% ,me*anic4 #8,! book is evid5tly fram$ ) a ?or\gh appreciation ( ! mo/ mod]n ne$s ( ! eng9e]4'--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 #8,!re is little t any me*anical eng9e] is likely to require to be in=m$ on--z to =mul & data--t is n af=d$ 9 great] or less] degree by ! pages ( ?is pocket-book4'--,electrician4 #8,lit]ally pack$ ) concrete data on all matt]s connect$ ) practice ( me*anical eng9e]+1 & e eng9e] w be mu* ! bett] practical craftsman 9 hav+ ! "w con/antly at h&4'--,build+ ,indu/ries4 #8,we welcome x z a valuable vade mecum to ! eng9e] be he me*anical or civil4'--,indian & ,ea/]n ,eng9e]4 ,) #aab ,illu/rations4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #bej pp41 #es4 ,,auto-,,c>s4 ,,by ,d4 ,,f>man1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,,me*anical ,,eng9e]4 ,,sole ,,au?oris$ ,,translation ,,f ,,! ,,fr5*1 ,,) ,,app5dices ,,( ,,! #8,,auto-,,c>' ,,bill1 ,,late/ ,,developm5ts1 ,,etc4 ,,by ,,luci5 ,,s]railli]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,g5]al ,,& ,,hi/orical--,,!ory ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,types ,,( ,,motors--,,description ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,/eam ,,traction--,,compress$ ,,air ,,auto-,,c>s--,,petroleum ,,auto-,,c>s--,,electric ,,auto-,,c>s--,,report ,,on ,,! ,,auto-,,c>s ,,:i* ,,ent]$ ,,= ,,! ,,race ,,organis$ ,,by ,,! #8,,times ,,h]ald' ,,( ,,*icago--,,lubrication--,,tyres--,,be>+ s--,,spr+s--,,axles--,,c>burators-- ,,ignition--,,/>t+--,,vibration4 #8,a h&y little treatise1 bo? practical & !oretical4'--,times4 #8,a book ( int]e/ to ^? :o require g5]al in=mation on ! subject4'--,eng9e]4 #8,?is excell5t book is simply full ( e k9d ( in=mation on motor-c>s4'--,electrical ,review4 #8,among/ works on motor-c>s1 t by ,mr4 ,f>man is 9 _m respects ! be/4'--,engli% ,me*anic4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,:ittak]',s ,,electro-,,me*anical ,,s]ies ,adapt$ f ! ,fr5* ( ,,h5ry ,,de ,,graffigny by ,a4 ,g4 ,,elliott1 ,b4,,sc4 ,,be+ ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,& ,,popul> ,,s]ies ,,( ,,books ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,& ,,practice ,,( ,,electricity4 ,9 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,indu/rial ,,electricity ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,gas ,,& ,,petroleum ,,motors ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,di/ribution ,,( ,,electricity ,vol4 ,,iv4--,,electro-,,*emi/ry ,o!rs prep>+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 small cr[n #hvo1 illu/rat$1 clo?1 #es4 ea* volume4 ,,elem5t>y ,,electro-,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,by ,,edw9 ,j4 ,,h\/on1 ,ph4,d41 & ,a4 ,e4 ,,k5nelly1 ,sc4,d4 ,alt]nat+ ,electric ,curr5ts ,electric ,heat+ ,electromagnetism ,electricity 9 ,electro-,!rapeutics ,electric ,arc ,light+ ,electric ,inc&esc5t ,light+ ,electric ,motor ,electric ,/reet ,railways ,electric ,telephony ,electric ,telegraphy 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,:ittak] ,,& ,,co4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,:ittak]'s ,electro-,me*anical ,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 a volume4 ,,volume ,i4 ,,indu/rial ,,electricity4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,nature ,,( ,,electricity--,,electric ,,units--,,magnetism ,,& ,,induction--,,practical ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,electrical ,,quantities--,,*emical ,,g5]ators ,,( ,,electricity--,,accumulators--,,dynamo ,,electric ,,ma*9]y--,,electric ,,light--,,electricity ,,z ,a ,,motive ,,p[]--,,electro-,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,electro-,,plat+--,,bells ,,& ,,telephones--,,telegraphs1 ,,etc4 #8,! neatness ( m9d ) :i* all ?is te*nical matt] is exp\nd$ makes ! "w unusually attractive1 & ! s]ies has e prospect ( success4'--,scotsman4 #8,! arrangem5t ( ! "w is excell5t1 ! illu/rations good1 ! explanations cle>4'--,reynolds' ,newspap]4 #8,! "w is comm5dably free f ma!matical language1 & on t acc\nt %\ld be welcome4'--,daily ,telegraph4 #8,z ^! works expla9 9 cle> & non-ma!matical language _m ( ! v>i\s applications ( electricity1 !y und\bt$ly meet ! requirem5ts ( _m read]s :o wi% to grasp ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! applications ( electricity n[ becom+ s g5]al4'--,eng9e]s' ,gazette4 #8,! au?or & compil] has giv5 a useful & popul> acc\nt ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! k 9 reg>d to electricity & ( its application to ! s]vice ( man4'--,m>9e ,eng9e]4 ,,o!r ,,volumes ,,( ,,s]ies-- ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,gas ,,& ,,petroleum ,,eng9es4 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,electricity4 ,,vol4 ,,iv4 ,,electro ,,electricity4 ,o!rs 9 prep>ation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:ittak]',s ,,libr>y ,,( ,arts1 ,sci5ces1 ,manufactures & ,indu/ries4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 ,squ>e ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?4 #8,messrs4 ,:ittak]'s valuable s]ies ( practical manuals4' ,electrical ,review4 ,by ,w4 ,,p]r5 ,,maycock1 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,,fir/ ,,book ,,( ,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 ) #ajg ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 #8,/ud5ts :o pur*ase a copy1 & c>efully /udy x1 w obta9 an excell5t gr\ndwork ( ! sci5ce4'--,electrical ,review4 ,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,electric ,,light+ ,,& ,,p[] ,,di/ribution--,an ,elem5t>y ,manual (4 ,= ,/ud5ts prep>+ = ! ,prelim9>y & ,ord9>y ,grade ,exam9ation ( ! ,city & ,guilds ( ,london ,in/itute1 & g5]al read]s4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 9 two volumes4 ,vol4 ,i41 #dcj pp41 ) #bca ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 #8,! "w w no d\bt become a /&>d text-book = s*ools & classes on ?is subject2 z su*1 x has few equals4'--,electrical ,review4 ,,! ,,alt]nat+ ,,curr5t ,,circuit4 ,an ,introductory & ,non-,ma!matical ,book = ,"y ,eng9e]s & ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,w4 ,,p]r5 ,,maycock1 ,m4,i4,e4,e4 ,) #df ,illu/rations4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,fitt+1 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(4 ,= ,eng9e] ,/ud5ts4 ,by ,j4 ,,horn]1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,illu/rat$ ) ab\t #bej ,engrav+s1 & conta9+ an ,app5dix ( ,useful ,%op ,notes & ,memor&a4 #es4 #8,calculat$ to aid & enc\rage ! mo/ useful set ( h&icraftsm5 we h among/ u4'--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,patt]n ,,mak+4 ,writt5 specially = ,appr5tices1 & = ,/ud5ts 9 ,te*nical ,s*ools4 ,by ,j4 ,,horn]1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,illu/rat$ ) #aja ,engrav+s1 & conta9+ a ,gloss>y ( ! ,common ,t]ms employ$ 9 ,patt]n ,mak+ & ,m\ld+4 #cs4 #f;d4 #8,! book is well illu/rat$1 & = its size w be f\nd "o ( ! be/ ( its k9d4'--,indu/ries4 ,,practical ,,ironf\nd+4 ,by ,j4 ,,horn]1 ,m4,i4,m4,e41 #8a ,=eman ,patt]n ,mak]4' ,illu/rat$ ) ov] #ajj ,engrav+s4 ,second ,edition4 #ds4 #8,e pupil & appr5tice w\ld f9d x1 we ?9k1 an assi/ance to obta9+ a ?or\gh k ( 8 "w4 ,! book1 h[ev]1 is n int5d$ m]ely = ! /ud5t1 b conta9s mu* useful in=mation = practical m54'--,indu/ries4 ,,metal ,,turn+4 ,by ,j4 ,,horn]1 ,m4,i4,m4,e4 ,) #ha ,illu/rations4 #ds4 ,,cont5ts3--,! ,la!--,tools & ,tool ,angles--,*ucks--,*uck+--,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,turn+--,h& ,turn+--,slide ,re/ ,turn+--,bor+--,screw ,cutt+1 etc4 #8,an exce$+ly useful publication to h at h&4'--,ma*9]y4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,bonney4 ,,electrical ,,exp]im5ts4 ,) #add ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 #bs4 #f;d4 #8,?is is an excell5t book = boys4'--,electrical ,review4 ,,induction ,,coils4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,amateur ,coil-mak]s4 ,) a ,new ,*apt] on ,coils = ,radiography4 ,) #aja ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #8,9 ,mr4 ,bonney's useful book e "p ( ! coil is describ$ m9utely 9 detail1 & ! me?ods & mat]ials requir$ 9 insulat+ & w9d+ ! wire are fully consid]$4'--,electrical ,review4 ,by ,g4 ,e4 ,,bonney4 ,,! ,,electro-,,plat]',s ,,h&book4 ,a ,practical ,manual = ,amateurs & ,"y ,/ud5ts 9 ,electro-,metallurgy4 ,) ,full ,index & #fa ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 ) an ,app5dix on ,,electrotyp+4 #cs4 #8,an ,amateur c\ld n wi% = a bett] exposition ( ! elem5ts ( ! subject4'--,electrical ,review4 ,by ,h4 ,,or=d4 ,,l5s ,,"w ,,= ,,amateurs4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,small cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #8,! book is a tru/wor?y guide to ! manufactur] ( l5ses1 suitable alike = ! amateur & ! "y workman4'--,nature4 ,,mod]n ,,optical ,,in/rum5ts4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,by ! late ,j4 ,,traill ,,taylor1 ,editor ( ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography4 ,,! ,,optics ,,( ,,photography ,,& ,,photographic ,,l5ses4 ,) #fh ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 #8,p]sonally we look ^u ?is book z a mo/ valuable lab\r-sav+ inv5tion1 = no que/ions are s frequ5t1 or take s long to answ]1 z ^? ab\t l5ses4'--,practical ,photograph]4 ,by ,,joseph ,,poole1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 7,:4 ,sc4 #ahge71 ,*ief ,electrician to ! ,new ,telephone ,company1 ,man*e/]4 ,,! ,,practical ,,telephone ,,h&book4 ,) #bbh ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,revis$ & consid]ably ,enl>g$4 #es4 #8,?is ess5tially practical book is publi%$ at an opportune mom5t4 ,x conta9s readable acc\nts ( all ! be/-kn[n & mo/ widely us$ in/rum5ts1 toge!r ) a consid]able am\nt ( in=mation n hi!rto publi%$ 9 book =m4'--,electrician4 ,by ,,sydney ,f4 ,,walk]1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 ,a4,m4,in/4,c4,e4 ,,electricity ,,9 ,,our ,,homes ,,& ,,work%ops4 ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,auxili>y ,electrical ,app>atus4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,) #adc ,illu/rations4 #fs4 #8,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a m pa9/ak+ writ] :5 he is describ+ ! conditions ( practical success 9 a field :i* he has himself ?or\ghly explor$4'--,electrician4 ,by ,d4 ,,d5n+4 ,,! ,,art ,,& ,,craft ,,( ,,cab9et ,,mak+4 ,a ,practical ,h&book to ! ,con/ruction ( ,cab9et ,furniture1 ! ,use ( ,tools1 ,=mation ( ,jo9ts1 ,h9ts on ,design+ & ,sett+ ,out ,"w1 ,v5e]+1 etc4 ,) #bai ,illu/rations4 #es4 #8,a c>efully-consid]$ & well-writt5 book4'--,"w4 ,by ,f4 ,c4 ,,allsopp1 ,au?or ( #8,! ,telephones & _! ,con/ruction4' ,,practical ,,electric-,,light ,,fitt+4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,wir+ & ,fitt+-up ( ,build+s d]iv+ curr5t f ,c5tral ,/ation ,ma9s1 & ! ,lay+ d[n ( ,private ,in/allations1 includ+ ! late/ edition ( ! ,phnix ,fire ,(fice ,rules4 ,) #bbd ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 revis$1 #es4 #8,a book we h e confid5ce 9 recomm5d+4'--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,by ,j4 ,,hopk9son1 ,d4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,dynamo ,,ma*9]y1 ,,orig9al ,,pap]s ,,on4 ,) #ih ,illu/rations4 #es4 #8,mu/ prove ( great value to ! /ud5t & "y eng9e]4'--,electrical ,review4 ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,,bottone4 ,,electrical ,,in/rum5t-,,mak+ ,,= ,,amateurs4 ,a ,practical ,h&book4 ,) #gh ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #cs4 #8,to ^? ab\t to /udy electricity & its application ?is book w =m a v useful companion4'--,me*anical ,_w4 ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,,bottone4 ,,electro-,,motors3 ,h[ ,made & ,h[ ,us$4 ,a ,h&book = ,amateurs & ,practical ,m54 ,) #gj ,illu/rations4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #cs4 #8,we are c]ta9 t ! k ga9$ 9 con/ruct+ ma*9es su* z describ$ 9 ?is book w be ( great value to ! work]4'--,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,,bottone4 ,,electric ,,bells1 ,,& ,,all ,,ab\t ,,!m4 ,a ,practical ,book = ,practical ,m54 ,) m ?an #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,fif? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #cs4 #8,any "o desir\s ( und]tak+ ! practical "w ( electric bell-fitt+ w f9d ev]y?+1 or ne>ly ev]y?+1 he wants to "k4'--,electrician4 ,by ,s4 ,r4 ,,bottone4 ,,! ,,dynamo3 ,h[ ,made & ,h[ ,us$4 ,t5? ,edition1 ) additional matt] & ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,manage ,a ,,dynamo4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,pott #hvo1 clo?4 ,pocket size4 #as4 #8,?is little book w be v useful4'--,electrical ,eng9e]4 ,by ,sir ,,david ,,salomons1 ,b>t41 ,m4,a41 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,in/itution ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s1 etc4 ,,electric-,,light ,,in/allations1 ,,& ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,accumulators4 ,a ,practical ,h&book4 ,six? ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #fs4 #8,to say t ?is book is ! be/ ( its k9d w\ld be a poor complim5t1 z x is practically ! only "w on accumulators t has be5 writt54'--,electrical ,review4 ,by ,j4 ,,gray1 ,b4,sc4 ,,electrical ,,influ5ce ,,ma*9es3 conta9+ a ,full ,acc\nt ( _! ,hi/orical ,developm5t1 _! ,mod]n ,=ms1 & _! ,practical ,con/ruction4 #ds4 #f;d4 #8,?is excell5t book4'--,electrical ,review4 ,by ,,edw9 ,j4 ,,h\/on1 ,a4,m41 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy & ,physical ,geography 9 ! ,c5tral ,high ,s*ool ( ,philadelphia1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ,p5nsylvania1 etc4 ,,advanc$ ,,prim]s ,,( ,,electricity4 ,vol4 ,i4--,,electricity ,,& ,,magnetism4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,ii4--,,electrical ,,transmission ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 #es4 ,vol4 ,,iii4--,,electrical ,,measurem5ts4 #es4 ,,! ,,metric ,,sy/em ,,( ,,weights ,,& ,,measures ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,imp]ial ,,sy/em4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,wag/aff1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,geometry at ,gre%am ,college4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,eng9e] ,,draughtsm5',s ,,"w4 ,h9ts = ,beg9n]s4 ,by a ,,practical ,,draughtsman4 ,) #hj ,illu/rations4 ,small cr4 #hvo1 clo?4 #as4 #f;d4 #8,w be f\nd ( practical value to ! beg9n] 9 ! draw+ (fice4'--,eng9e]4 ,,practical ,,electrical ,,measurem5ts4 ,an ,introductory ,manual 9 ,practical ,physics = ,/ud5ts & ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,crapp]1 ,lectur] 9 ,electrical ,eng9e]+ at ! ,%effield ,te*nical ,s*ool4 ,) #ef ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,london3 ,,:ittak] ,,co41 #b ,:ite ,h>t ,/reet1 ,pat]no/] ,sq4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 - ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 - ,text enclos$ by equals is 9 bold 7bold74 - ,blank pages h be5 remov$4 - ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors4 - ,spell+ & hyph5ation v>iations made consi/5t4 - ,front adv]tisem5ts mov$ to ! back4 - 80 is us$ to enclose a subscript$ numb]1 su* z 8,h#b04