mat]ial f ! ,google ,books project47 ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,suez ,,"q4 ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,suez ,,"q4 ,,by ,m4 ,,f]d9& ,,de ,,lesseps1 ,,m9i/] ,,pl5ipot5ti>y4 8,,ap]ire ,,t]ram ,,g5tibus40 ,,london3 ,,longman1 ,,br[n1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,longmans4 ,,p>is3 ,,galignani ,,& ,,co4 #ahee4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,! ,,"q ,,submitt$ #g ,,app5dix4 ,,no4 ,i4 ,m4 ,,de ,,lesseps' ,,memorial ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy #ah ,,ii4 ,,firman ,,( ,,concession #bh ,,iii4 ,m4 ,,de ,,lesseps' ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,! ,,eng9e]s #eb ,,iv4 ,,precursory ,,s*eme #eh ,v4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,gr& ,,vizi] ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy #agj ,,vi4 ,m4 ,,de ,,lesseps' ,,report #agd ,,vii4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,mr4 ,,&]son #ahb ,,viii4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,capta9 ,,vet* #bjd ,,ix4 ,,article ,,f ,,! ,,moniteur #bab ,explanation ( ! ,fr5* ,monies1 ,weights1 & ,measures us$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 #a ,franc ab\t #i d4 or1 #be fr4 #a4 #ha ,livres #hj francs4 #a ,qu9tal ab\t #bbj lbs4 #a ,metre #ci in*es ne>ly4 #a ,kilometre ab\t #ajic y>ds1 or ne>ly #e furlongs4 #a ,hect>e #b acres1 #dgab1 or ne>ly #b acres4 #a ,litre ab\t #a p9t4 ,! figures foll[+ ! d5om9ation are decimal p>ts2 ?us3 #g fr4 #be1 #f met4 #ej repres5t respectively #g francs1 #f metres4 ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,suez ,,"q ,,submitt$ ,,to ,,! ,,public ,,op9ion ,,( ,,engl&4 8,ap]ire t]ram g5tibus40 ,9 ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #ahed1 ,i left ,europe = ,egypt1 9 consequ5ce ( an invitation ,i _h receiv$ f ! new ,vic]oy1 ,mohamm$ ,sad1 :o = tw5ty ye>s has hon\r$ me ) 8 fri5d%ip4 ,i _h no mission f my ,gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 9 ! c\rse ( a j\rney across ! ,libyan des]t f ,alex&ria to ,cairo :i* ,i made 9 company ) ! ,pr9ce1 t ! "q ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 0 = ! fir/ "t moot$ betwe5 u4 ,he reque/$ me to draw up a memorial on ! subject1 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #a7 &1 z my ideas met ) 8 approbation1 he issu$ to ! ,consuls ,g5]al ( =eign p[]s a firman 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #b71 de/9$ to receive ! sanction ( ! ,sultan1 grant+ to a company compos$ ( ! capitali/s ( all nations )\t di/9ction1 ! "r to con/ruct a canal betwe5 ! two ,seas4 ,mr4 ,bruce1 ! ag5t ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,consuls ,g5]al :o 0 in=m$ ( ! ,vic]oy's project1 s t ,france & ,engl& receiv$ intimation ( x at ! same "t4 ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey & ,m\gel ,bey1 eng9e]s1 :o h be5 engag$1 ! "o = ! la/ tw5ty1 ! o!r = ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 9 ! con/ruction ( important hydraulic works 9 ,egypt1 7 appo9t$ by ! ,vic]oy to accompany me 9 an explor+ exp$ition to ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & to complete1 by a fre% exam9ation ( ! gr\nd1 ! inve/igations !y _h already made4 ,?is exp$ition 0 made dur+ la/ ,decemb] & ,janu>y2 aft] pres5t+ an acc\nt ( x to ,8 ,highness ,mohamm$ ,sad1 ,i gave in/ructions 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #c71 9 8 "n1 to ! eng9e]s1 calculat$ to assi/ !m 9 ! prep>ation ( _! report4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey & ,m\gel ,bey deliv]$ ! precursory s*eme 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #d71 :i* q conv9c$ ! ,vic]oy ( ! possibility ( execut+ ?is great und]tak+ 9 :i* he has tak5 ! initiative4 ,!y e/abli% by calculations & data1 :i* may be v]ifi$ by any "o1 t a m>itime canal direct f ,suez to ,pelusium ?irty leagues long1 "o hundr$ metres wide1 & eight metres deep1 ext5d+ suffici5tly f> into ! two seas by means ( jetties1 to obta9 ! dep? necess>y to enable %ips to ent] )\t difficulty1 hav+ an inl& port 9 ! natural bas9 ( ,lake ,timsah1 & :i* %\ld be complet$ 9 six ye>s1 w\ld co/1 at ! mo/1 #afj1jjj1jjj francs1 7#f1djj1jjj72 or1 ab\t half ! am\nt exp5d$ on ! ,great ,nor!rn railway f ,london to ,york1 or on t betwe5 ,p>is & ,lyons4 ,9 a j\rney t ,i made to ,con/ant9ople1#a ,i asc]ta9$ t ! ,sultan & 8 m9i/]s 7 fav\rable to ! project1 & ,i deliv]$ to ! ,vic]oy a lett] f ! ,gr& ,vizi]1 9 :i* he aptly *>act]iz$ ! op5+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez by a m>itime canal z a "w ( ! mo/ useful & int]e/+ "*4 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #e47 ,8 ,highness imm$iately transmitt$ to ! ,divan1 ! docum5ts1 maps1 & plans necess>y = und]/&+ ! "q ( con/ruction1 & :i* 7 requir$ = obta9+ ! sanction ( ! ,sov]eign4 ,i 0 !n commission$ to return to ,europe = ! purpose ( call+ public att5tion to ! subject & to take measures = organiz+ ! und]tak+1 on a cosmopolitan basis 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples :i* h f ! comm5cem5t guid$ ! projectors4 ,pr9ce ,mohamm$ ,sad has decl>$ 9 8 in/ructions 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #f71 t ! lab\rs ( 8 eng9e]s1 :o at ?is mom5t are engag$ 9 prep>+ _! def9itive s*eme1 %all be submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( eng9e]s1 *os5 f ,engl&1 f ,france1 f ,holl&1 f ,g]many1 & f ,italy2 & t ! organization ( ! ,univ]sal ,company entru/$ ) ! con/ruction ( ! ,canal %all be bas$ ^u ! sci5tific decision ( ,europe4 ,until !n no call w be made on ! %>ehold]s1 &1 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,company be+ 9 ! h&s ( capitali/s & o!r p]sons ( all nations1 9 proportion to ! relative comm]cial importance ( _! c\ntry1 !y w n support ! und]tak+ unless !y are conv9c$ t x w be to _! int]e/ to d s4 ,z ,engl& is evid5tly int]e/$ m ?an any o!r p[] 9 ! con/ruction ( a canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 my fir/ /ep has be5 to come to ,london1 bo? 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! /ate ( public op9ion 9 ,engl& on ?is "q1 & also to give to all :o desire x su* in=mation z w enable !m fully to appreciate ! moral & mat]ial aspects ( ! und]tak+4 ,i h already rem>k$ ) satisfaction t1 9 g5]al1 m5 ( intellig5ce ) :om ,i h _h ! hon\r ( conv]s+ on ! subject1 d n admit t an ev5t :i* w\ld advance ! int]e/s ( ! :ole _w1 c\ld possibly d injury to ! p[] or comm]ce ( ,engl&4 ,!y frankly disc>d all idea ( a prejudice aga9/ ! project2 !y ass]t on ! contr>y1 t if feasible _! c\ntry _c b ga9 by x1 & t x w\ld be a s\rce ( regret if ! idea 7 ent]ta9$ 9 ,france t :at w\ld be b5eficial to o!r c\ntries %\ld n be ( equal b5efit to ,engl&4 ,objections1 h[ev]1 :i* to my m9d1 ,i am pr\d to ackn[l$ge1 d hon\r to ! c&\r ( ,engli% politicians1 h be5 made1 9 p]fectly good fai?1 & )\t any feel+ ( di/ru/ t[>ds a fri5dly nation1 ! alliance ) :i*1 cem5t$ by ! blood ( _! brave armies1 has be5 rec5tly sanction$ by ! unanim\s demon/ration ( ! ,engli% p1 z x w %ortly be by ! p ( ,france4 ,i %all reproduce ^! objections1 & reply to !m 9 v few words4 ,i beg9 by sett+ aside all ^? :i* relate to ! suppos$ impossibility ( execution1 & to ! idea t ! canal c only be con/ruct$ at an exp5diture out ( proportion to ! advantages reasonably to be expect$4 ,if ! canal %\ld be f\nd to be physically impossible1 ( c\rse ! s*eme w n be ent]ta9$1 & if ,european sci5ce %\ld n make x cle> t ! advantages to be d]iv$ are comm5surate ) ! exp5ses to be incurr$1 capitali/s w n come =w>d4 ,! report ( ! eng9e]s replies triumphantly to o!r objections respect+ ! s&s ( ! des]t1 ! alluvial deposits at ,pelusium & ,suez1 & ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x has be5 affirm$ t ! project ( a canal might ret>d ! con/ruction ( a railway f ,alex&ria to ,suez1 :i* ! policy ( ,engl& has always consid]$ ess5tial to h] ,indian int]e/s4 ,f> f be+ ret>d$ by ! canal project1 ! railway w1 on ! contr>y1 be indebt$ to ?is v design1 = its spe$y completion2 = x c only obta9 suffici5t returns f ! activity occasion$ by a consid]able m>itime comm]ce across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t1 :i* has already complet$1 at its own exp5se1 ! fir/ two sections ( ! railway1 viz41 f ,alex&ria to ! ,nile1 & f ! ,nile to ,cairo1 takes ?is view ( ! "q1 & is at ! same "t desir\s ( giv+ satisfaction to ,engl&1 ^: ma9 object is to secure = h] despat*es & travell]s ! mo/ direct & spe$y r\te4 ,! ,vic]oy1 be+ ?us p]suad$1 t ( ! two und]tak+s1 ! railway & ! canal1 ea* =ms ! complem5t ( ! o!r1 has j decid$ on ! completion ( ! ?ird section1 f ,cairo to ,suez4 ,he has giv5 ! ord] = ! rails to an ,engli% h\se1 & eng9e]s are at ?is mom5t engag$ 9 levell+ & 9 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! e>?-works4 ,x has also be5 said t if a consid]able numb] ( ,european workm51 or agricultural lab\r]s1 7 tak5 to ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 !re w\ld be "s fe> ( _! =m+ a colony ( natives ( "o s+le c\ntry--( ,france = in/ance--:i* might h a prejudicial effect on ! policy ( ,engl&4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no motive = a univ]sal company to employ1 = a special political object1 workm5 ( any "o c\ntry 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( any o!r4 ,aga91 x is n necess>y to demon/rate t a company ( capitali/s w att5d to _! own int]e/s1 & !y w c]ta9ly h an inconte/able advantage 9 employ+ ,egyptians only1 z workm5 & agricultural lab\r]s4 ,! fellah ( ,egypt has alone con/ruct$1 "u ! direction ( skilful & exp]i5c$ eng9e]s & =em51 all ! ext5sive works und]tak5 9 t c\ntry1 & no nation c m easily1 or on m fav\rable t]ms1 furni% discipl9$ armies1 ( robu/1 active1 & intellig5t workm51 equally fit = ! con/ruction ( canals1 = hydraulic & = agricultural op]ations4#b ,b :at is ( great] mom5t1 & inde$ alone des]ves ! consid]ation ( a p :o h ! =tunate cu/om ( int]e/+ !mselves 9 _! political affairs1 is ! appreh5sion consci5ti\sly ent]ta9$ by /atesm51 ^: "r & ^: duty x is to ask !mselves & maturely to consid]3-- #a4 ,:e!r %ort5+ ! di/ance by #cjjj leagues = all ! c\ntries ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 & by #cdjj leagues on an av]age = ! ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 includ+ ,malta1 may n 9 future1 9 case ( w>1 m5ace ! safety ( ! ,briti% possessions 9 ,india4 #b4 ,:e!r ! comm]cial & m>itime relations ( ,great ,brita9 w n be disadvantage\sly affect$ by ! op5+ ( a new r\te1 :i*1 :ile %ort5+ ! di/ance = h] own navigation1 w at ! same "t facilitate & increase ! navigation ( all o!r nations t[>ds ! extreme ,ea/4 ,! foll[+ passage f a rec5t publication replies to ^! objections3-- 8,! p[] 9 possession ( ,ad5 op5s & %uts at its w ! ,r$ ,sea1 & if x is true t ! influ5ce ( nations & gov]nm5ts *iefly dep5ds on ! good !y c d to _! fri5ds & ! h>m !y c d to _! enemies1 t revolution w\ld be ( no slight advantage to ,engl& :i* w\ld lead ! pr9cipal curr5t ( ! _w's comm]ce "u ! guns ( h] %ips & ! batt]ies ( h] =tresses4 ,besides1 is x f ! naval armam5ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean t ,engl& has mo/ reason to fe> an invasion ( ,india8 ,x requires no m ?an ord9>y =esight to p]ceive1 t if h] ,indian possessions 7 ev] s]i\sly ?reat5$1 x c\ld only be f ,russia by l&1 & f ,nor? ,am]ica by sea4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! safety ( h] possessions w\ld dep5d on ! %ort5+ ( h] l9e ( op]ations4 8,india is n ! only ,briti% possession to :i* ! r\te w be abridg$ by ! passage vi ,suez4 ,au/ralia w pr(it no less by ! *ange2 & x w be all ! m necess>y to facilitate ! def5ce ( t c\ntry1 z x w become1 if ! cutt+ ?r\gh ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama be effect$1 m accessible to ! %ips ( w> ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 8,we may conclude f ^! obs]vations1 t !re w\ld be small risk ( ! op5+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez weak5+ ! milit>y p[] ( ,great ,brita94 ,h] comm]cial p[] c\ld only be compromis$ by x1 if x 7 possible = ! multiplicity ( h] transactions ) ! ,ea/ ,indies to be decreas$ by %ort5+ ! int]v5+ di/ance by #cjjj leagues1 or if x 7 possible = ! produc]s & sell]s ( ! commodities ( ! extreme ,ea/ to lose by ! consumption ( !m 9 ,europe be+ d\bl$4 8,if ,engl& mu/ ga9 by ! op5+ ( ! ,i/hmus an increase ( milit>y & comm]cial p[]1 ! g5ius ( calculation )9 h] w soon triumph ov] an ill-consid]$ opposition4 ,%e w n sacrifice ! positive elevation1 ! basis ( :i* is enl>g$ by ! developem5t ( :at surr\nds x1 to t relative elevation :i* is satisfi$ ) ! degradation ( o!rs1 & %e w n give any "o ! "r to attribute to h]1 ) reg>d to all ! nations bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! language lately address$ by ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas to ! ,engli% ,m9i/] on ! subject ( ,greece1 & ( ! ,ea/4 ,su* a policy %e leaves to its fitt+ home4 ,%e does m1 %e opposes x by =ce ( arms4 ,conv9c$ t h] /r5g? lies 9 h] p[] ( expansion1 & 9 h] comm]cial capabilities1 %e endeav\rs by ! prosp]ity ( h] neighb\rs to enl>ge ! basis ( h] own1 & = ?is reason x is t %e animates ) h] co-op]ation s _m ent]prises :i* enri* ! ,cont95t2 no und]tak+ t %e has ev] assi/$ w prove m productive ( b5eficial results to h]self ?an ! op]ations at ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez40 ,to ! prec$+ quotation1 :i* is conclusive1 ,i add "s figures :i* also h _! value4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ports w pr(it1 x is true1 by ! op5+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 b ,engl& ) ! #e1jjj1jjj tons employ$ 9 h] comm]ce--a tonnage great] ?an t ( all ! navies ( ,europe1 includ+ ,france1 unit$--_c fail to pr(it 9 a mu* great] degree by ! increase ( relations :i* mu/ necess>ily result f ! %ort5+ ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! po9ts ( traffic2 to ?is op5+ moreov] %e w be indebt$ = ! ine/imable advantage ( f9d+ h]self 9 clos] connection ) h] colonies1 ?an ano!r nation ^: competition might o!rwise be really =midable 9 ! eyes ( ! uphold]s ( an exclusive sy/em4 ,b on ! contr>y1 ,engl&1 adopt+ ! policy ( comm]cial fre$om1 has be5 se5 to fav\r ! attempts :i* h be5 made to cut ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,i/hmus1 al?\gh1 if successful1 x w\ld br+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne>] ! ,briti% possessions 9 ,india & /ill ne>] to ,au/ralia4 ,%e is n1 h[ev]1 ignorant ( ! fact t ! m>itime comm]ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* tw5ty ye>s ago employ$ only #a1jjj1jjj tons1 n[1 9 #ahed1 requires no less ?an #e1djj1jjj1 & t ?is va/ tonnage1 already l>g] ?an h] own1 is con/antly increas+4 ,b ,engl& on h] "p does n rema9 at a /&-/ill1 & %e has done well 9 %[+ no fe> ( ! conte/4 ,! law ( progress has be5 ju/ifi$ by (ficial /ati/ical docum5ts4 ,! bur!n ( ! ,engli% %ips built 9 #ahdb 0 #acj1jjj tons2 9 #ahdc1 %ipp+ to ! am\nt ( #bjc1jjj tons 0 built4 ,x is especially s9ce ! relations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) ! ,indian ,seas h be5 ext5d$1 t ! comm]ce ( ,great ,brita9 has 9 ^? v regions exp]i5c$ a /ill f>!r developem5t4 ,?us1 ! imports f ! ,indian ,p59sula1 :i* 9 #ahdi am\nt$ to #i1bch1jjj1 _h 9 #ahec increas$ to #ac1faj1jjj4 ,^? f ,*9a1 :i* 9 #ahdi 7 #f1bjj1jjj1 rose 9 #ahec1 to #h1cjj1jjj4 ,aga91 ! tonnage employ$ 9 ! trade betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & h] ,ea/]n possessions1 includ+ ! o!r c\ntries 9 ! ,indian ,seas1 to & fro1 am\nt$ 9 #ahdi to #ifg1jgf1 & 9 #ahec to #a1eie1ach tons4 ,x may p]haps n be sup]flu\s to reply to ^? p]sons :o /ill believe 9 ! suppos$ monopoly :i* !y ?9k x advisable = ,engl& to reta9 9 h] comm]ce ) ! ,ea/2 we h j se5 t !re is 9 fact no su* monopoly z f> z ! ,unit$ ,/ates are conc]n$1 & t ,engl& does n suff] f ! want ( x4 ,x is ! same ) respect to ,europe4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s has a t5d5cy to increase e day1 ev5 ) ! exi/+ means ( communication by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ! imp]fect transit ?r\gh ,egypt4 ,m>seilles1 ,bordeaux1 ,havre1 ,g5oa1 ,trie/e1 ,am/]dam1 ,rott]dam1 & ,hamburg1 all despat* vessels direct to ! ,indies4 ,m>seilles & ,trie/e n[ receive1 vi ,egypt1 cases ( indigo f ,india & bales ( silk goods f ,*9a4 ,p[]ful companies1 9 anticipation ( peace1 are at ?is mom5t engag$ 9 build+ %ips expressly = trad+ to ! ,ea/1 or else 9 devot+ to t purpose ! /eam]s & sail+ vessels n[ us$ z transports 9 ! ,black ,sea4 ,o!r objections h be5 made1 & z !y h be5 s]i\sly br\ght =w>d1 ,i _c all[ !m to pass )\t rem>k4 ,"s v mode/ ,engli%m5 h comp>$ _! c\ntry to ,v5ice1 & h cont5d$1 t if ,v5ice lo/ h] p[] by ! discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,engl& w\ld see h]s decl9e by a return to ! %orte/ r\te4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! %orte/ r\te is a geographical fact :i* no "o c get rid (1 &1 f ! mom5t t x is asc]ta9$ t no mat]ial ob/acle prev5ts ! op5+ ( ?is direct l9e1 x w n be = any ,gov]nm5t1 mu* less = ! "o :i* has inaugurat$ ! era ( comm]cial fre$om1 to oppose ! realization ( a "w :i* w satisfy ! int]e/s ( all4 ,!n1 ,great ,brita9 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury _c be comp>$ to ,v5ice 9 ! fifte5?3 ! latt]1 9 consequ5ce ( h] defeats 9 #abia & #abih1 _h be5 oblig$ to c$e ! supremacy to ,g5oa1 &1 aft] hav+ /ill %one 9 ! fir/ rank :5 %e put h]self at ! head ( ! league aga9/ ,*>les ,,viii4 7#adie71 f9ally lo/ h] prepond]ance :5 ! ,portuguese de/roy$ h] fleets 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,emp]or1 ! ,pope & ! k+s ( ,france & ,aragon =m$ ! league ( ,cambray aga9/ h] 7#aejh74 ,x w\ld be useless to prove by hi/orical evid5ce t ! decl9e ( ! ,que5 ( ! ,adriatic 0 due to o!r causes ?an ! discov]y ( ! ,cape 7#adig71 by :i* %e might h pr(it$ z well z ! ,portuguese1 if %e _h _h ! same elem5ts ( /r5g? & vitality4 ,trie/e1 :i* has succe$$ to h] comm]cial prosp]ity1 & ev5 surpass$ x1 has _h no ne$ ( ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! anci5t r\te to ,india4 ,if ,trie/e p>ticipates l>gely1 z is to be hop$1 9 ! advantages ( ! ,i/hmus ,company1 if h] neighb\r ( ! ,adriatic f9ds !re9 a new life1 ,great ,brita9 w lose no?+ !reby4 ,has x ev] be5 se5 t a capital city1 br\ght into communication ) a great m>ket by a railroad1 has _h to regret ! %ort5+ ( ! di/ance & ! amelioration ( its own relations1 because "s second>y t[ns on ! l9e 7 ne>] to ! m>ket & p>ticipat$ 9 ! common b5efit8 ,m>seilles1 ,trie/e1 ,greece1 ! ports ( ,italy1 ( ,spa9 & ( ,turkey1 are ne>] to ,egypt ?an ,london & ,liv]pool4 ,well2 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! relations ( ,europe ) ,alex&ria1 ,engl& absorbs to h]self alone half ! value ( ! comm]ce betwe5 all o!r c\ntries & ,egypt1 & h] tonnage comprises two-?irds ( ! navigation to & fro "u all flags4 ,i wrote ! foll[+ f ,cairo1 ,decemb] #crd1 #ahed1 to a fri5d ( m9e1 a memb] ( ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 8,"s p]sons ass]t t ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt's project w meet ) opposition 9 ,engl&4 ,i _c believe x3 y\r /atesm5 are too enlight5$ = me to ent]ta9 su* a supposition "u pres5t circum/ances4 ,:at6 ,engl& h]self transacts m ?an half ! g5]al comm]ce ) ,india & ,*9a2 %e has an imm5se empire 9 ,asia2 %e may r$uce by "o-?ird ! *>ges on h] comm]ce1 & br+ t ,ea/]n ,empire ne>] by "o-half2 & %e w\ld n all[ x to be done4 ,:]e=e8 ,to prev5t ! ,m$it]ranean nations f tak+ advantage ( _! situation to increase _! comm]ce 9 ! ,ea/]n ,seas1--%e w\ld deprive h]self ( ! imm5se advantages :i* mu/ accrue to h]1 9 mat]ial respects1 & 9 a political po9t ( view1 f ?is new communication1 solely because o!rs are m fav\rably situat$ ?an h]self1 z if geographical position 0 all-9-all1 & z if1 ev]y?+ consid]$1 ,engl& _h n m to ga9 by ?is "w ?an all ! nations toge!r4 ,f9ally1 ,engl&1 x is said1 mu/ dread ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( vessels employ$ 9 ,indian comm]ce :i* w\ld result f ! dim9ution ( m ?an "o-?ird 9 ! duration ( ! voyage4 ,& has n ,engl& prov$ 9 h] exp]i5ce ( railways1 by results :i* h surpass$ ! bolde/ anticipations1 t ! necess>y consequ5ce ( %ort5+ ! di/ance & dim9i%+ ! duration ( a j\rney1 is ! inf9ite augm5tation ( int]c\rse & circulation4 ,"o _c und]/& :y ^? :o ent]ta9 ?is fe> d n advise ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t to direct1 t ! voyage to ,india n[ %all be vi ,cape ,horn1 = t w\ld employ /ill m %ips ?an ! way by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & furni% bett] sailors4 8,if1 z is n unlikely1 ! difficulties ) :i* ,i am ?reat5$ %\ld be br\ght =w>d1 public op9ion1 s p[]ful 9 ,engl&1 w soon d ju/ice to int]e/$ opposition & sup]annuat$ objections40 ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t conclud$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! #ai? ( ,april1 #ahej1 a treaty ( neutrality = ! project$ canal ?r\gh ! ,am]ican ,i/hmus4 ,! cab9ets ( ,london & ,p>is are n[ on su* intimate t]ms z to make x a matt] ( no difficulty = !m to agree ^u a conv5tion1 if x suit$ _! political int]e/s to d s1 relative to ! passage ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 assimilat+ x to t ( ! ,d>danelles4 ,! o!r p[]s w\ld n fail to give 9 _! adhesion to ! conv5tion1 :i* w\ld be op5 to !m4 ,9 ?is mann] comm]cial navigation w\ld be gu>ante$ aga9/ ! *ances ( w>1 & milit>y armam5ts c\ld nei!r rema9 9 nor pass ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus )\t ! p]mission ( ! ,sov]eign ( ! c\ntry4 ,! "q ( ! importance to ! comm]cial int]e/s ( ,great ,brita9 ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 has be5 consid]$ 9 ! mo/ fav\rable light by ! pr9cipal m5 ( sci5ce1 eng9e]s1 economi/s1 & public writ]s ( ,engl&4 ,i %all quote h]eaft] ! op9ions ( ,mr4 ,&]son1 ! pres5t director ( ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,company1 & ( ,capta9 ,james ,vet*1 ,r4 ,e41 f _! respective works4 7,app5dix1 ,nos4 #h & #i47 ,! fact ( ! "q hav+ be5 frequ5tly treat$ ) fav\r by ! press1 seems to %[ t x has already be5 accept$ by ! feel+ ( ! c\ntry2 ! rem>kable extract f ! 8,pap]s = ! ,p0 9 ! memorial ( ! eng9e]s 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #d7 w be read ) int]e/4 ,! celebrat$ noveli/1 ,*>les ,dick5s himself1 has n disda9$ to devote sev]al eloqu5t pages to a v practical consid]ation ( ! project = con/ruct+ a canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ! ,engli% au?ors :o h writt5 ^u ?is "q1 h1 )\t exception1 advocat$ ! direct l9e f ,suez to ,pelusium4 ,?is view is tak5 by all ! inhabitants ( ,egypt1 & ,i d\bt if ! indirect l9e1 complicat$ z x is by trav]s+ ! ,nile1 w\ld h be5 adopt$ by two ( my compatriots s di/+ui%$ z ,m4 ,baude & ,m4 ,paul9 ,talabot1 if !y _h !mselves be5 on ! spot be=e !y gave _! op9ions4 ,! ,moniteur ,univ]sel ( ,france1 9 ! ,numb] = ! #f? ( ,july1 has prov$ ! advantage ( ! direct track ov] ! indirect "o4 ,i ref] my read]s to t article 7,app5dix1 ,no4 #i74 ,x is incumb5t on me to add1 t1 al?\gh ! two tracks may be ent]ta9$1 !oretically speak+1 practically only "o is n[ to be ?\ght (2 = ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt1 :o cons5ts to ! cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus1 has a p]fect "r to refuse to all[ ! :ole ( ,egypt to be cut ?r\gh4 ,he has1 9 8 writt5 in/ructions1 specially *>g$ me to make kn[n 8 decl>ation1 :i* is 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- 8,aft] hav+ pass$ 9 review ! num]\s projects submitt$ to v>i\s ,gov]nm5ts or to ! public = m ?an fifty ye>s1 ,i grant p]fect lib]ty = ! application ( ^? means t sci5ce %all recognise to be be/ to br+ ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean into communication at any po9t ( ! ,i/hmus1 ea/w>d ( ! c\rse ( ! ,nile2 b ,i decl>e t ,i w n au?orize ! ,gr& ,m>itime ,suez ,canal ,company to adopt any track :i* %all h its po9t ( dep>ture on ! ,m$it]ranean coa/1 to ! we/ ( ! ,damietta bran*1 & :i* %all trav]se ! c\rse ( ! ,nile40 ,if x 7 necess>y1 ref]5ce might be made to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ! m]*ants ( ,au/ralia1 ( ,s+apore1 ( ,madras1 ( ,calcutta & ( ,bombay1 ! comm]cial h\ses ( ! ,city1 ! %ip[n]s ( ,london & ,liv]pool1 ! manufactur]s ( ,man*e/]1 ! proprietors ( iron m9es1 ! manufactur]s ( ma*9es1 ! ,p59sul> & ,ori5tal ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 ! directors ( banks & ( ext5sive indu/rial und]tak+s1 ! ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 ! proprietors ( coal-fields1 :o 9 #ahed export$ #a1cji1bea tons ( coal1 ( ! value ( #b1abg1aef1 an am\nt :i*1 imm5se z x already is1 w be /ill f>!r increas$1 & to a consid]able ext5t1 by ! op5+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,i appeal to _! int]e/s1 & leave ! decision to _! judgm5t4 ,la/ly1 ! objection has be5 made1 t ! canal project w\ld n be receiv$ ) fav\r by ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t2 b1 l e "q 9 :i* ! pr9ciple is j1 ! consequ5ces are infallible2 & f :atev] po9t ( view we reg>d ?is "q ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 we see no?+ b univ]sal b5efit arise f x4 ,z ,i h already rem>k$1 ,i met ) no opposition at ,con/ant9ople on ! "p ( ! ,porte4 ,turkey is aw>e t ! ,canal ( ! two ,seas is de/9$ to add to h] p[] & prosp]ity1 by br++ ,con/ant9ople ne>] by #dcjj leagues to ! ,indian ,ocean1 & by facilitat+ ! communication ) ! ,holy ,places ( ,arabia1 ! s\rce ( ! au?ority ! ,sultan possesses ov] 8 ,mussulman population4 ,turkey c rise f h] pres5t languor only by borr[+ capital & intellig5ce f ,europe4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! ,ea/ is intimately connect$ at ! pres5t day ) ! int]e/s ( civilization 9 g5]al1 & ! mo/ effectual means ( work+ its welf>e1 9 connection ) t ( humanity1 is to break d[n ! b>ri]s t /ill sep>ate individuals1 races1 & nations4 ,w> & comm]ce h civiliz$ ! _w4 ,w> w h play$ out its "p ) t la/ ef=t :i* is be+ made "u our eyes4 ,! victories h]eaft] to be ga9$ w be ^? ( comm]ce only4 ,let u ex]t ourselves to op5 up = h] a new r\te4 ,?is object may be pursu$ & atta9$--9 ! words ( a great writ]--8,a trav]s les orages et les tnbres de la gu]re40 7,guizot47 ,let u br+ ! populations ( ,polynesia1 ( ,au/ralia & ,*9a1 ( ! ,indies & ( ,africa1 ne>] to ,europe2 let u make !m p>ticipators 9 ! bless+s ( civilization4 ,to accompli% ?is great und]tak+1 we appeal to all religi\s & intellig5t m51 = x is wor?y ( _! sympa?y & co-op]ation4 ,we invoke ! support ( all /atesm51 because 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( new & easy means ( communication betwe5 ! two hemisph]es all nations are int]e/$4 ,la/ly1 we w address ourselves to ! capitali/s1 :5 !y h satisfi$ !mselves ( ! pecuni>y advantages to be d]iv$ f ! und]tak+4 ,,f]d4 ,,de ,,lesseps4 ,london1 ,july1 #ahee4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,i4 ,,memorial ,,address$ ,,to ,,8 ,,highness ,,mohamm$ ,,said4 ,,memorial ,,address$ ,,to ,,8 ,,highness ,,mohamm$ ,,said1 ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,! ,camp1 ,m>ea1 ,9 ! ,lybian ,des]t1 #ae? ,novemb]1 #ahed4 ,! junction ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,seas1 by a navigable canal1 is an und]tak+ ! utility ( :i* has attract$ ! att5tion ( all ! great m5 :o h reign$ 91 or conqu]$1 ,egypt3 ,seso/ris1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,julius ,cs>1 ! ,arab ,conqu]or ,amr\1 ,napoleon ,i4 & ,mehemet ,ali4 ,a canal1 communicat+ ) ! ,nile1 0 9 exi/5ce 9 anci5t times2 fir/1 = a p]iod ( #ajj ye>s1 d[n to ab\t ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury be=e ! ,hegira2 secondly1 = a p]iod ( #dde ye>s1 f ! reign ( ! fir/ successors ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 d[n to ab\t ! f\r? c5tury be=e ! ,hegira2 ?irdly & la/ly1 = a p]iod ( #acj ye>s aft] ! ,arabian conque/4 ,napoleon1 ^u 8 arrival 9 ,egypt1 imm$iately organiz$ a commission ( eng9e]s to asc]ta9 :e!r x w\ld be possible to re-e/abli% t anci5t *annel ( navigation3 ! "q 0 resolv$ 9 ! affirmative1 & :5 ! le>n$ ,m4 ,lepre deliv]$ to him ! report ( ! commission1 on ! eve ( 8 return to ,france1 he said3 8,x is an important affair1 x is n n[ 9 my p[] to accompli% x1 b ! ,turki% ,gov]nm5t w p]haps "o day owe its pres]vation & its glory to ! execution ( ?is project40 ,! mom5t has n[ arriv$ to realize ,napoleon's pr$iction4 ,! "w ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez is c]ta9ly de/9$1 m ?an any o!r1 to contribute to ! pres]vation ( ! ,ottoman ,empire1 & to demon/rate to ^? :o h be5 wont to proclaim its decay & ru91 t x /ill has a productive exi/5ce1 & t x is capable ( add+ a brilliant page to ! hi/ory ( ! _w's civilization4 ,:y h ! gov]nm5ts & ! peoples ( ! ,we/ comb9$ to uphold ! ,sultan 9 ! possession ( ,con/ant9ople1 & :y has he :o has ?\ght fit to m5ace t position met ) ! arm$ opposition ( ,europe8 ,because ! passage f ! ,m$it]ranean into ! ,black ,sea is ( s mu* importance1 t :atev] ,european ,p[] might become ma/] ( x w\ld dom9e] ov] all ! re/1 & de/roy t balance :i* ! :ole _w is int]e/$ 9 pres]v+4 ,d b e/abli% at ano!r po9t ( ! ,ottoman ,empire a simil>1 & a yet m important position2 d b make ,egypt ! highway ( ! comm]cial _w by cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez2 & !reby y w create 9 ! ,ea/ ano!r immoveable seat ( p[]2 =1 z f> z ! new passage is conc]n$1 ! great p[]s ( ,europe1 f fe> ( see+ x "o day seiz$ ^u by "o among/ !m1 w reg>d ! necessity ( gu>antee+ its neutrality1 z a "q ( vital importance4 ,m4 ,lepre fifty ye>s ago requir$ #aj1jjj workm51 f\r ye>s' lab\r1 & f #cj to #dj1jjj1jjj francs = ! con/ruction ( ! ,suez ,canal1 b ^u a plan :i* w\ld n[ be insuffici5t = ! dem&s ( comm]ce & navigation2 & 8 idea 0 ! possibility ( a direct cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus t[>ds ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,prior to ! ye> #ahdj1 "s skilful ,engli% ,eng9e]s1 :o 7 employ$ 9 levell+ op]ations 9 ! ,i/hmus1 _h ! hon\r ( fir/ asc]ta9+ t no diff]5ce exi/$ betwe5 ! levels ( l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,arabia4 ,m4 ,paul9 ,talabot1 "o ( ! ?ree di/+ui%$ ,eng9e]s *os5 9 #ahdg by a society = ! inve/igation ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1#c 7& :o also _h important op]ations 9 levell+ execut$ by ,m4 ,b\rdal\e17 _h adopt$ ! indirect r\te f ,alex&ria to ,suez3 avail+ himself ( ! b>rage = ! passage ( ! ,nile1 he e/imat$ ! entire co/ at #acj1jjj1jjj francs = ! ,canal1 & #bj1jjj1jjj = ! port & road/ead ( ,suez4 ,m4 ,l9ant ,bey1 :o = ! la/ ?irty ye>s has ably conduct$ canal works 9 ,egypt1 has made ! "q ( ! ,canal ( ! two ,seas ! /udy ( 8 life on ! spot itself4 ,he 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahec to direct fre% levell+ op]ations1 & has propos$ to cut ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus 9 an almo/ direct l9e at its n>r[e/ "p1 e/abli%+ a l>ge inl& port 9 ! bas9 ( ,lake ,timsah1 & mak+ ! *annels f ,pelusium1 & f ,suez1 into ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 available = ! l>ge/ vessels4 ,! ,g5]al ( eng9e]s1 ,gallice ,bey1 on 8 "p1 submitt$ to ,mehemet ,ali a proposal = a direct cutt+ across ! ,i/hmus4 ,m4 ,m\gel ,bey1 director ( ! ,nile b>rage-works1 & *ief eng9e] ( bridges & highways1 also submitt$ to ,mehemet ,ali ! possibility & utility ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez2 &1 9 #ahdj1 at ! reque/ ( ,c\nt ,walewsky1 at t "t an envoy 9 ,egypt1 he 0 in/ruct$ to take prelim9>y measures :i* political ev5ts did n all[ to be c>ri$ out4 ,a ?or\gh exam9ation w decide :i* ( ! l9es is mo/ suitable2 &1 z ! und]tak+ has be5 ackn[l$g$ to be practicable1 x only rema9s to make a *oice4 ,:atev] ! op]ations t may be necess>y1 & h[ev] difficult1 !y w n intimidate mod]n art2 _! success c be no matt] ( d\bt at ! pres5t "t3 x is a "q ( money1 :i* ! _s ( ent]prise & association w n fail to resolve1 provid$ ! b5efits result+ f x are 9 proportion to ! outlay4 ,x is easy to demon/rate t ! co/ ( ! ,canal ( ,suez1 admitt+ ! highe/ e/imate1 is n out ( proportion ) ! utility & ! pr(its ( ?is important "w1 :i* w\ld curtail by m ?an "o-half ! di/ance ( ,india f ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,?is result is made obvi\s 9 ! foll[+ ,table1 drawn up by ,m4 ,cordi]1 pr(essor ( ,geology3-- ,,li/ ,,( ,,european ,,& ,,am]ican ,,ports4 ,di/ance to ,bombay 9 leagues3 ,vi ,suez ,vi ! ,atlantic ,diff]5ce4 ,con/ant9ople #a4hjj #f4ajj #d4cjj ,malta #b4jfb #e4hjj #c4ggh ,trie/e #b4cdj #e4ifj #c4fbj ,m>seilles #b4cgd #e4fej #c4bgf ,cadiz #b4bbd #e4bjj #b4igf ,lisbon #b4ejj #e4cej #b4hej ,bordeaux #b4hjj #e4fej #b4hej ,havre #b4hbd #e4hjj #b4igf ,london #c4ajj #e4iej #b4hej ,liv]pool #c4jej #e4ijj #b4hej ,am/]dam #c4ajj #e4iej #b4hej ,/4 ,pet]sburgh #c4gjj #f4eej #b4hej ,new ,york #c4gfa #f4bjj #b4dci ,new ,orleans #c4gbd #f4dej #b4gbf ,) su* figures be=e u1 comm5t is useless2 !y %[ t all ! nations ( ,europe1 & ev5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 are alike int]e/$ 9 ! op5+ ( ! canal ( ,suez1 z well z 9 ! rigor\s & inviolable neutrality ( t ?or\ghf>e4 ,mohamm$ ,sad cle>ly compreh5ds t !re is no und]tak+ )9 8 p[]1 :i*1 f its imm5sity & ! utility ( its results1 c\ld be> comp>ison ) t :i* ,i propose to him4 ,:at a spl5did title to fame = him6 ,:at an ev]la/+ s\rce ( weal? = ,egypt6 ,! pilgrimage to ,mecca h5ce=? assur$ & facilitat$ to all ,mussulmans2 an imm5se impulse giv5 to /eam navigation & to di/ant voyages2 ! c\ntries on ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,p]sia1 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 ,india1 ! k+dom ( ,siam1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ! va/ empire ( ,*9a1 ) its m ?an #cjj1jjj1jjj ( inhabitants1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,au/ralia & t imm5se ,ar*ipelago1 t[>ds :i* ! emigration f old ,europe is direct$1 br\ght ne>] by ne>ly #cjjj leagues to ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & ! nor? ( ,europe3 su* are ! sudd5 & imm$iate effects ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t ! ,european & ,am]ican navigation1 vi ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & vi ,cape ,horn1 may c>ry on a ye>ly traffic ( #f1jjj1jjj tons1 & t on ! half only ( t tonnage ! _w's comm]ce w\ld realize a b5efit ( #aej1jjj1jjj francs annually1 by s5d+ ! %ips vi ! ,gulf ( ,arabia4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! canal ( ,suez w occasion a consid]able increase ( tonnage2 b 9 reckon+ only ^u #c1jjj1jjj tons1 !re w yet be an annual produce ( #cj1jjj1jjj francs by collect+ dues ( t5 francs p] ton1 :i* might be r$uc$ 9 proportion to ! increase ( navigation4 ,aft] hav+ indicat$ ! f9ancial advantages ( ! und]tak+1 let u consid] its g5]al political advantages1 :i* we believe to be equally inconte/able4 ,ev]y?+ t results 9 contribut+ to ! ext5sion ( ! comm]ce1 ( ! indu/ry1 & ( ! navigation ( ! _w1 is especially advantage\s to ,engl&1 a p[] :i* /&s =emo/ among/ all o!rs f ! importance ( its navy1 f ! productions ( its manufactories1 & f its comm]cial relations4 ,a deplorable prejudice1 bas$ ^u ! political antagonism :i* s long & s unhappily exi/$ betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 has alone accr$it$ ! op9ion t ! op5+ ( ! canal ( ,suez1 s useful = ! int]e/s ( civilization & ( ! common weal1 c\ld damage ^? ( ,engl&4 ,! alliance ( ! two nations :i* rank highe/ 9 ! scale ( civilization1 an alliance :i* has already prov$ ! possibility ( solutions hi!rto reckon$ impossible by vulg> tradition1 w1 among/ its o!r num]\s b5efits1 all[ u to inve/igate ) imp>tiality ?is mighty "q ( ! ,canal ( ,suez1 to =m an exact e/imate ( its influ5ce ^u ! prosp]ity ( nations & to consid] x h]esy to believe1 t an und]tak+ calculat$ to halve ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,we/]n & ,ea/]n hemisph]es ( ! globe1 %\ld n be suitable = ,great ,brita91 ! mi/ress ( ,gibralt>1 ,malta1 ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 ,ad51 important /ations on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 ,india1 ,s+apore1 & ,au/ralia4 ,engl&1 z well z ,france1 & ev5 m s1 mu/ wi% to see a cutt+ ?r\gh t /rip ( l& ( ?irty leagues1 :i* no "o :o pays att5tion to ! subject ( civilization & progress c behold ^u ! map1 )\t feel+ ! mo/ ard5t wi% = ! disappe>ance ( t only ob/acle t ,provid5ce has left 9 ! highway ( ! _w's traffic4 ,! railway1 by itself1 is n suffici5t2 x w nev] acquire any sub/antial importance1 & w only be assur$ ( its rev5ues :5 x has become ! auxili>y ( ! m>itime ,canal ( ,suez4 ,! completion ( ! railway1 s useful to travell]s1 & s ju/ly desir$ by ,engl&1 w !n become a necessity1 & w no long] be a heavy *>ge ^u ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t4 ,g]many w also hail all ! ef=ts = ! con/ruction ( ! ,canal across ! ,i/hmus4 ,x w be to h] ! complem5t to ! free navigation ( ! ,danube4 ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*1 :o = m ?an tw5ty ye>s has int]e/$ himself 9 ! cutt+ ( ! ,canal ( ! two ,seas1 & ,b>on de ,bruck1 "o ( ! promot]s ( ! inve/igations made 9 #ahdg1 saw t 9 ?is "q lay ! aggr&izem5t ( ,trie/e & ( ,v5ice1 z well z ! op5+ ( important outlets = ! produce ( ! ,imp]ial prov9ces1 & ( ! k+dom ( ,hung>y1 :]e ! project$ canal f ! ,danube to ,ku/5dje1 on ! ,black ,sea1 9 ! l9e ( ! anci5t tr5* or ramp>t ( ,trajan1 w facilitate exportation4 ,russia w f9d 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,canal ( ,suez a j satisfaction ( t national aspiration t[>ds ! ,ea/ :i* l$ h] on "o occasion to ext5d ! limits ( h] va/ ,empire to ! conf9es ( ,briti% ,india1 &1 on ano!r1 to ?reat5 ! integrity ( ,turkey4 ,! mission ( civilization devolv+ ^u ! ,cz> ov] ! num]\s tribes ( :om he is arbit]1 may yet suffice ! noble/ ambition2 ! new outlets :i* w be pacifically ?r[n op5 to _! activity & to _! necessity ( expansion1 w be m pr(itable to !m ?an a policy ( conque/ & exclusive dom9ion :i* x is n[ no long] possible = any "o nation to c>ry on triumphantly4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ^: traffic ) ,indo-,*9a & ,au/ralia has = _m ye>s imm5sely develop$ itself2 ,spa9 ) ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s2 ,holl& ) ,java1 ,sumatra & ,borneo2 ! t[ns =m]ly s fl\ri%+ on ! coa/s ( ,italy2 ! ports & isl&s ( ,greece2 all ! nations 9 %ort :i* h held or hold a high m>itime & comm]cial position2 w ha/5 to take "p 9 a "w :i* w augm5t _! weal?1 or create new s\rces ( x1 & to ! success ( :i* ,i believe ,i c promise ,8 ,highness ,mohamm$ ,sad ! active & en]getic co-op]ation ( ! enlight5$ m5 ( all c\ntries4 7,sign$7 ,,f]d4 ,,de ,,lesseps4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,ii4 ,,firman ,,( ,,concession4 ,,firman ,,( ,,concession4 ,our fri5d ,mons4 ,f]d9& de ,lesseps1 hav+ call$ our att5tion to ! advantages :i* w\ld result to ,egypt f ! junction ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas1 by a navigable passage = l>ge vessels1 & hav+ giv5 u to und]/& ! possibility ( =m+ a company = ?is purpose compos$ ( capitali/s ( all nations2 we h accept$ ! arrangem5ts :i* he has submitt$ to u1 & by ^! pres5ts grant him exclusive p[] = ! e/abli%m5t & direction ( a ,univ]sal ,company1 = cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & ! con/ruction ( a canal betwe5 ! two ,seas1 ) au?ority to und]take or cause to be und]tak5 all ! necess>y works & erections1 on condition t ! ,company %all previ\sly indemnify all private p]sons 9 case ( dispossession = ! public b5efit4 ,& all )9 ! limits1 ^u ! conditions & "u ! responsibilities1 settl$ 9 ! foll[+ ,articles4 ,,article ,i4 ,mons4 ,f]d9& de ,lesseps %all =m a company1 ! direction ( :i* we confide to him1 "u ! "n ( ! ,,univ]sal ,,suez ,,m>itime ,,canal ,,company1 = cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 ! con/ruction ( a passage suitable = ext5sive navigation1 ! f\ndation or appropriation ( two suffici5t entrances1 "o f ! ,m$it]ranean & ! o!r f ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( "o or two ports4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,! ,director ( ! ,company %all be always appo9t$ by ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t1 & select$1 z f> z practicable1 f ! %>ehold]s mo/ int]e/$ 9 ! und]tak+4 ,,article ,,iii4 ,! t]m ( ! grant is n9ety-n9e ye>s1 comm5c+ f ! day ( ! op5+ ( ! ,canal ( ! two ,seas4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,! works %all be execut$ at ! sole co/ ( ! ,company1 & all ! necess>y l& n belong+ to private p]sons %all be grant$ to x free ( co/4 ,! =tifications :i* ! ,gov]nm5t %all ?9k prop] to e/abli% %all n be at ! co/ ( ! ,company4 ,,article ,v4 ,! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t %all receive f ! ,company annually fifte5 p] c5t4 ( ! net pr(its %[n by ! balance %eet1 )\t prejudice to ! int]e/ & divid5ds accru+ f ! %>es :i* ! ,gov]nm5t res]ves ! "r ( tak+ ^u its own acc\nt at _! issue1 & )\t any gu>antee on its "p ei!r = ! execution ( ! works or = ! op]ations ( ! ,company2 ! rema9d] ( ! net pr(its %all be divid$ z foll[s3--,sev5ty-five p] c5t4 to ! b5efit ( ! ,company1 t5 p] c5t4 to ! b5efit ( ! memb]s in/rum5tal to its f\ndation4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,! t>iffs ( dues = ! passage ( ! ,canal ( ,suez1 to be agre$ ^u betwe5 ! ,company & ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt1 & collect$ by ! ,company's ag5ts1 %all be always equal = all nations2 no p>ticul> advantage c ev] be /ipulat$ = ! exclusive b5efit ( any "o c\ntry4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,9 case ! ,company %\ld consid] x necess>y to connect ! ,nile by a navigable cut ) ! direct passage ( ! ,i/hmus1 & 9 case ! ,m>itime ,canal %\ld foll[ an indirect c\rse1 ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t w give up to ! ,company ! uncultivat$ l&s belong+ to ! public doma91 :i* %all be irrigat$ & cultivat$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,company1 or by its in/rum5tality4 ,! ,company %all enjoy ! said l&s = t5 ye>s free ( taxes1 comm5c+ f ! day ( ! op5+ ( ! canal2 dur+ ! rema9+ eighty-n9e ye>s ( ! grant1 ! ,company %all pay ti!s to ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t1 aft] :i* p]iod x _c cont9ue 9 possession ( ! l&s above m5tion$ )\t pay+ to ! said ,gov]nm5t an impo/ equal to t appo9t$ = l&s ( ! same description4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,to avoid all difficulty on ! subject ( ! l&s :i* are to be giv5 up to ! ,company1 a plan drawn by ,m4 ,l9ant ,bey1 our ,eng9e] ,commission] atta*$ to ! ,company1 %all indicate ! l&s grant$ bo? = ! l9e & ! e/abli%m5ts ( ! m>itime ,canal & = ! alim5t>y ,canal f ! ,nile1 z well z = ! purpose ( cultivation1 con=mably to ! /ipulations ( ,article ,,vii4 ,x is moreov] und]/ood1 t all speculation is =bidd5 f ! pres5t "t1 ^u ! l&s to be grant$ f ! public doma91 & t ! l&s previ\sly belong+ to private p]sons & :i* ! proprietors may h]eaft] wi% to h irrigat$ by ! wat]s ( ! alim5t>y ,canal1 made at ! co/ ( ! ,company1 %all pay a r5t (4444 p] f$dan cultivat$ 7or a r5t amicably settl$ betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! ,company74 ,,article ,,ix4 ,! ,company is f>!r all[$ to extract f ! m9es & qu>ries belong+ to ! public doma91 any mat]ials necess>y = ! works ( ! canal & ! erections connect$ !re)1 )\t pay+ dues2 x %all also enjoy ! "r ( free entry = all ma*9es & mat]ials :i* x %all import f abroad = ! purposes ( c>ry+ out ?is grant4 ,,article ,x4 ,at ! expiration ( ! grant ! ,egyptian ,gov]nm5t w take ! place ( ! ,company1 & enjoy all its rights )\t res]vation1 ! said ,gov]nm5t w ent] into full possession ( ! ,canal ( ! two ,seas1 & ( all ! e/abli%m5ts connect$ !re)4 ,! indemnity to be all[$ ! ,company = ! rel9qui%m5t ( its plant & moveables1 %all be arrang$ by amicable agreem5t or by arbitration4 ,,article ,,xi4 ,! /atutes ( ! ,society %all be moreov] submitt$ to u by ! ,director ( ! ,company1 & mu/ h ! sanction ( our approbation4 ,any modifications t may be h]eaft] introduc$ mu/ previ\sly receive our sanction4 ,! said /atutes %all set =? ! names ( ! f\nd]s1 ! li/ ( :om we res]ve to ourselves ! "r ( approv+4 ,?is li/ %all include ^? p]sons ^: lab\rs1 /udies1 ex]tions or capital h previ\sly contribut$ to ! execution ( ! gr& und]tak+ ( ! ,canal ( ,suez4 ,,article ,,xii4 ,f9ally1 we promise our true & he>ty co-op]ation1 & t ( all ! function>ies ( ,egypt 9 facilitat+ ! execution & c>ry+ out ( ! pres5t p[]s4 ,,to ,,my ,,atta*$ ,,fri5d ,m4 ,,f]d9& ,,de ,,lesseps1 ,,( ,,high ,,bir? ,,& ,,elevat$ ,,rank4 ,cairo1 #cj? ( ,novemb]1 #ahed4 ,! grant made to ! ,company hav+ to be ratifi$ by 8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ! ,sultan1 ,i s5d y ?is copy t y may keep x 9 y\r possession4 ,) reg>d to ! works connect$ ) ! excavation ( ! ,canal ( ,suez1 !y are n to be comm5c$ until aft] !y are au?oriz$ by ! ,sublime ,porte4 #c ,ramadan1 #abga4 7,! ,vic]oy's ,seal47 ,a true translation ( ! ,turki% text4 ,k,,nig ,,bey1 ,secret>y ( ,m&ates to 8 ,highness ! ,vic]oy4 ,alex&ria1 ,may #ai?1 #ahee4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,iii4 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,mm4 ,,l9ant ,,bey ,,& ,,m\gel ,,bey4 ,,in/ructions ,,to ,,mm4 ,,l9ant ,,bey ,,& ,,m\gel ,,bey1 ,= ! ,s*eme ( a ,m>itime ,canal f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean1 & an ,alim5t>y ,canal d]iv$ f ! ,nile4 ,cairo1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahee4 ,hav+ j f9i%$ ! exploration confid$ to u by 8 ,highness ,mohamm$ ,sad ,pa*a1 ,i ?9k x "r to direct ! att5tion ( ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey & ,m\gel ,bey to ! pr9cipal po9ts int5d$ to s]ve z a programme to ! precursory s*eme :i* we h agre$ to pres5t1 z a prelim9>y to a m complete report1 accompani$ by plans1 maps1 sections1 e/imates1 & o!r docum5ts 9 explanation4 #a4 ,= ! entrance on ! ,r$ ,sea side2 to %[ :at works x w be necess>y to execute1 z jetties1 res]voirs1 sluices1 c4 if ! pres5t port is made use (4 ,to settle ! direction ( ! *annel f ! pres5t an*orage ( ! roads ( ,suez1 to ! entrance ( ! ,canal4 #b4 ,to %[ ! exact direction ( ! ,canal f ,suez1 to t "p ( ! anci5t bas9 ( ! ,r$ ,sea call$ ! ,bitt] ,lakes4 #c4 ,to expla9 h[ x is int5d$ to take advantage ( ?is bas91 & :e!r1 9 pass+ ?r\gh x1 ! ,m>itime ,canal is to h "o or two banks1 or n to h any at all4 #d4 ,to lay d[n ! cont9uation ( ! ,canal z f> z ! bas9 ( ,lake ,timsah1 :i* is int5d$ to s]ve z an inl& port4 #e4 ,works to be p]=m$ 9 r5d]+ ,lake ,timsah fit = ! object propos$4 ,to give ! l5g? ( ! quay walls4 ,9 its passage ?r\gh ,lake ,timsah1 ! ,canal mu/ be excavat$ ( a great] bread? ?an 9 ! re/ ( its c\rse1 9 ord] to all[ ! vessels to lay at ! quays )\t ob/ruct+ ! passage4 ,^! quays are to be e/abli%$1 z f> z possible1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! fre% wat] canal4 #f4 ,c\rse ( ! ,m>itime ,canal f ,lake ,timsah to ,lake ,m5zaleh4 #g4 ,! works to be execut$ along ,lake ,m5zaleh1 or 9 ! lake itself1 = ! c\rse ( ! ,canal4 #h4 ,is ! op5+ ( ! ,canal into ! ,m$it]ranean to be at ! op5+ ( ! anci5t ,pelusiac bran*8 #i4 ,to specify p>ticul>ly ! k9d1 nature1 & dim5sions ( ! works t w h to be execut$ 9 jetties1 moles1 breakwat]s1 res]voirs1 reta9+ bas9s1 c4 9 ord] to obviate ! objections made up to ! pres5t "t1 z to ! difficulties or alleg$ impossibilities1 proce$+ f alluvial deposits on ! coa/1 & ! *ok+ up ( ! op5+ ( a ,canal into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is "p ( ! s*eme mu/ be bas$ ^u inconte/able pro(s1 exemplifications1 & calculations4 #aj4 ,:at is ! bulk ( wat] t w ent] ! ,m>itime ,canal f ! ,r$ ,sea at ea* tide8 #aa4 ,:at advantage may be d]iv$ f ! height ( ! tides1 bo? 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,m>itime ,canal1 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 & at ! ,pelusiac m\?8 #ab4 ,to calculate = ! ,m>itime ,canal at a bread? ( #ajj metres at ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) lib]ty to r$uce x to sixty-five or sev5ty metres1 9 ^? few in/ances :]e ! necess>y excavations & removals w\ld be too consid]able4 ,! wat] l9e1 or dep?1 is to be calculat$ at six1 at sev51 & at eight metres1 all bel[ ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ord] t ! ,company may *oose1 accord+ to ! exp5se1 t "o ( ! ?ree dep?s :i* %all be mo/ advantage\s to its int]e/s1 comb9$ ) ^? ( ! navigation4 #ac4 ,to obviate ! objections relative to ! difficulties ( navigation 9 ! ,r$ ,sea & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,pelusium4 #ad4 ,to make a r\gh e/imate ( ! maximum ( all ! exp5ses1 & to /ate ! probable date :5 ! ,canal c be op5$ = navigation4 #ae4 ,to accompany ! s*eme ( ! ,m>itime ,canal1 ) a s*eme = a ,canal ( communication1 ( alim5tation1 & irrigation d]iv$ f ! ,nile1 tak+ its po9t ( dep>ture betwe5 ! b>rage & ,b\lak1 to rea* ! ,wady1 & come z f> z ,lake ,timsah4 ,! dim5sions %all be s calculat$1 t1 tak+ into acc\nt its fall & its supply1 ! ,canal may wat] at lea/ #ajj1jjj f$dans at ! "t ( ! inundation1 & f #bj to #cj1jjj dur+ ! l[ wat] ( ! riv]4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,timsah1 ) :i* x w communicate1 ?is ,canal is to be divid$ into two bran*es1 = simple irrigation2 ! fir/ to be direct$ t[>ds ,suez1 ! o!r t[>ds ,pelusium4 #af4 ,to exam9e :e!r ! s&s ( ! d[ns on ! ,i/hmus1 w occasion any ob/acle to ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( ! ,canal1 & h[ !y may be turn$ to acc\nt by means ( ! ,irrigat+ ,canal4 #ag4 ,to furni% a maximum e/imate ( ! second>y ,canal d]iv$ f ! ,nile1 & to /ate ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! works4 #ah4 ,to give an acc\nt ( ! nature & quality ( ! mat]ials1 :i* c be easily1 & )\t great co/ ( transport1 appli$ 9 ! :ole ( ! works1 & also ! localities f :5ce !y are to be obta9$4 #ai4 ,f9ally1 to furni% an approximate /atem5t ( ! m9imum anticipat$ rev5ues1 ( ! gr& ,m>itime ,canal1 & ( ! ,canal ( alim5tation & int]ior navigation4 ,i d n mean to conf9e ! lab\rs ( ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey & ,m\gel ,bey1 )9 ! m]e limits indicat$ 9 ?is programme4 ,:ile be>+ witness to ! good und]/&+ t ,i h obs]v$ to exi/ betwe5 !m1 & ! id5tity ( _! convictions1 z to ! possibility ( ! communication betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 by a ,canal accessible to l>ge vessels1 ,i beg !m1 9 case ! op9ion ( ei!r1 ^u any "q :atev]1 %\ld n be ent]ta9$ by ! o!r1 to /ate ! diff]5ce ( _! views1 & to assign ! reasons !re(4 ,f9ally1 ! precursory s*eme1 accompani$ by an explanatory map1 is to be f9i%$ z quickly z possible4 7,sign$7 ,,f]d4 ,,de ,,lesseps4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,iv4 ,,precursory ,,s*eme ,,( ,,mm4 ,,l9ant ,,bey ,,& ,,m\gel ,,bey1 ,,eng9e]s ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,,extract ,,f ,,! ,,memorial ,,( ,,mm4 ,,l9ant ,,bey ,,& ,,m\gel ,,bey1 ,,eng9e]s ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt1#d ,by way ( ,precursory ,s*eme = cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 by a direct ,m>itime ,canal f ,pelusium to ,suez4 ,! enlight5$ ,pr9ce :o n[ gov]ns ,egypt1 ,mohamm$ ,sad ,pa*a1 wi%+ to )draw ! "q ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez f ! unc]ta9ties ( !ory1 & to br+ x into practical reality1 has grant$ a firman by :i* he conc$es to ! ,univ]sal ,company =m$ by ! capitali/s ( all c\ntries1 :o are freely will+ to take "p 9 ! und]tak+1 ! con/ruction & work+ ( a ,m>itime ,canal betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) an additional ,canal = communication & irrigation1 d]iv$ f ! ,nile4 ,dictat+ himself ! t]ms ( ! ,firman ( ,concession1 ,pr9ce ,mohamm$ ,sad has requir$ t ! und]tak+ %all be complete1 & t an att5tive exam9ation ( ! localities be made1 9 ord] to pr(it by all ! advantages (f]$ by nature4 ,he has recomm5d$ t ! %orte/ track be foll[$1 ! lea/ exp5sive1 & t :i* w admit ( ! l>ge/ %ips4 ,8 e>ly /udies & 8 exp]i5ce 9 nautical art1 h p]fectly prep>$ him = ! compreh5sion ( all ! be>+s ( ! sci5tific "q4 ,he has indicat$ ,pelusium & ,suez1 z ! extreme po9ts ( ! cutt+ to be made 9 t n>r[ tract ( l&1 :i* pres5ts a longitud9al depression across ! ,i/hmus1 ( ?irty leagues1 & :i* is =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! two pla9s desc5d+ ) a gradual slope1 ! "o f ,egypt1 ! o!r f ! fronti] hills ( ,asia4 ,he consid]s t nature has h]self trac$ out ! communication betwe5 ! two ,seas1 9 ! l9e ( ?is depression4 ,t[>ds ,lake ,timsah1 situat$ at an equal di/ance f ,suez & ,pelusium1 ano!r n less rem>kable furr[ meets ! longitud9al depression at "r angles2 x is t ( ! ,wady ,tomilat 7! fruitful l& ( ,go%5 ( ,scripture74 ,?is furr[ /ill receives1 = a consid]able l5g?1 ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,nile1 & also appe>s to =m ! natural track ( a canal ( communication1 comm5c+ at ! riv] & proce$+ to connect itself 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! ,i/hmus1 ) ! gr& l9e ( navigation to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,arabian ,gulf & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! ,m>itime ,canal w ?us be br\ght into communication ) ! he>t ( ,egypt1 by a fre% wat] canal1 :i* w receive ! same navigation z ! ,nile1 & w s]ve also = ! irrigation ( l>ge zones ( ! des]t1 exhibit+ at pres5t ! mo/ wild & desolate aspect4 ,^u ^! data we h be5 in/ruct$ to make a prelim9>y report4 ,be=e giv+ ! results ( our inve/igations1 x has appe>$ necess>y to u to ju/ify ! idea ( a direct track betwe5 ! two ,seas2 = ?is l9e nev] hav+ be5 execut$1 al?\gh x is ! mo/ natural1 x might be suppos$ t :5ev] ! junction ( ! two ,seas has be5 attempt$1 su* difficulties h be5 met )1 t x has be5 oblig$ to be rel9qui%$2 b ?is is by no means ! case1 z we %all pres5tly %[4 ,9 fact1 :at ,m4 ,lebeau says 9 8 ,hi/oire du ,bas ,empire 7tom1 xii41 p4 #dij71 foll[+ ,abulf$a1 ,pr9ce ( ,syria1 hi/orian & geograph]1 :o 0 liv+ 9 ! ye> #gec ( ! ,hegira1 is z foll[s3-- 8,! coa/ at ,f>ma 7a t[n a little to ! ea/ ( ,pelusium1 on ! ,m$it]ranean7 0 only sev5ty miles 7#ajf1jjj metres7 di/ant f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,?is space 0 a v smoo? pla91 slightly elevat$ above ! level ( ! two ,seas4 ,amr\ =m$ ! design ( unit+ !m by a canal1 :i* he w\ld h fill$ ) ! wat]s ( ! ,nile2 b ,om> hav+ oppos$ x1 f fe> ( op5+ an entrance into ,arabia = ! %ips ( ! ,*ri/ians1 ,amr\ turn$ 8 ?\ghts 9 ano!r direction4 ,!re 0 an anci5t canal1 call$ ,trajanus ,amnis1 :i* ,adrian caus$ to be br\ght f ! ,nile ne> to ,babylon1 9 ,egypt1 z f> z ,ph>botus1 n[ ,belbes4 ,he met at ?is place ) ano!r canal1 comm5c$ by ,ne*os1 & cont9u$ by ,d>ius ,hy/aspes1 & ! two toge!r dis*>g$ !mselves into a lagoon ( salt wat]1 at ! outlet ( :i* ,ptolemy ,philadelphus caus$ a l>ge tr5* to be made1 :i* conduct$ ! wat]s z f> z ! t[n ( ,ars9o1 or ,cleopatris1 at t "p ( ! ,gulf :]e ,suez n[ is4 8,! :ole ( ?is canal1 be+ fill$ up ) s&1 _h become useless at ! "t ( ! fam\s ,cleopatra4 ,amr\ 0 n det]r$ by ! anci5t prejudice1 :i*1 suppos+ ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea to be high] ?an ! soil ( ,egypt1 creat$ a fe> ( op5+ a passage = !m2 & he made x navigable = ! transport ( ! corn ( ,egypt into ,arabia4 ,x is t :i* is n[ call$ ,khalig1 :i* passes ?r\gh ,cairo1 b x only goes z f> z ! lagoon call$ ! ,lake ( ,%eib4 ,! rema9d]1 z f> z ! ,r$ ,sea1 is entirely fill$ up1 al?\gh "s traces ( x are /ill di/+ui%able40 ,we h ?\ght x necess>y to quote ! entire passage1 because x cle>ly e/abli%es ! "q ( ! ,canal1 & c]ta9 facts to :i* we %all return h]eaft]4 ,aft] ,amr\ came ! ,sultan1 ,mu/apha ,,iii41 :o took great int]e/ 9 ! s*eme = ! junction ( ! two ,seas by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & :o int5d$ to execute ?is "w at a "t ( peace4 7,see ,mmoires sur les ,turcs1 by ,m4 ,de ,tott1 ,p>ts iii4 & iv47 ,m4 ,lepre propos$1 x is true1 ! track ( ! second>y canal betwe5 ,alex&ria & ! int]ior ( ,egypt2 b 8 op9ion ^u ! direct track by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez is express$ 9 ^! t]ms3-- 8,9 ?is project ( ! ,canal ( ,suez1 we h expressly bas$ ! *oice ( ! anci5t direction by ! int]ior ( ! ,delta t[>ds ,alex&ria1 ^u comm]cial consid]ations peculi> to ,egypt1 & ^u ! fact t ! coa/ ne> ,pelusium does n appe> to all[ ( a p]man5t m>itime e/abli%m5t4 ,nev]!less1 we ?9k x "r to ackn[l$ge1 t1 wav+ ^! consid]ations1 x w\ld /ill be easy 7al?\gh1 on ! contr>y1 x appe>$ difficult1 & ev5 dang]\s1 be=e ! inv5tion ( locks7 to op5 a direct communication betwe5 ,suez1 ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 & ! ,ras-el-,moyeh1 cont9u$ ^u ! ea/]n bank ( ,lake ,m5zaleh1 z f> z ! sea ne> ,pelusium4 8,we ?9k t a canal op5$ 9 ?is direction w\ld h an advantage :i* ! int]ior canal w\ld n4 ,9 fact !re might be con/ant navigation ^u x1 :i* w\ld n be subject to ! alt]nations ( ! ris+ & decreas+ ( ! ,nile4 ,x w\ld be easy to ma9ta9 a great] dep? 9 x ?an 9 ! fir/ canal1 by means ( a curr5t f$ by ! imm5se res]voir ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes4444 ,i w add1 t if ,i did n p]ceive "s difficulties 9 excavat+1 & ma9ta9+ at a prop] dep?1 ! *annel betwe5 ,suez & ! road/ead1 ,i w\ld propose to e/abli% a direct communication ( ! two ,seas by ! ,i/hmus1 = ! use ( corvettes & ev5 ( frigates1 :i* w\ld become ! complem5t ( ?is gr& & important op]ation40 ,x w be se5 !n1 t ,m4 ,lepre himself ackn[l$g$1 t ! direct track 0 ! mo/ advantage\s = ! comm]ce ( ! _w1 :ile ! int]ior ,canal 0 especially advantage\s to ,egypt4 ,x is evid5t t ) ! two ,canals1 ! "o direct1 on a l>ge section1 ! o!r on a small section & d]iv$ f ! ,nile1 all int]e/s are mo/ abundantly satisfi$4 ,we w f9i% ^! obs]vations by quot+ ! op9ion ( two di/+ui%$ /aff-(fic]s1 ,,mm4 ,gal9i] & ,f]ret1 :o h survey$ & well inve/igat$ ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,!y h giv5 a cle>1 rapid1 & judici\s analysis ( ! "q4 8,x is n 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ?is project 7! int]ior canal71 t ! real junction ( ! two ,seas consi/s4 ,?is problem w n be resolv$1 until ! ,i/hmus %all pres5t a practicable op5+1 by :i* all %ips may pass )\t unload+4 ,9 ord] to ?is1 x mu/ be op]at$ ^u directly f ,pelusium to ,suez2 on ?is l9e ! des]t is n>r[] ?an any:]e else4 ,x is also 9 ?is direction1 t ! great depression ( :i* we h spok5 ext5ds1 & at ! bottom ( :i* ! gr& bas9 ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes is situat$4 ,ev]y?+ !re=e po9ts out ?is spot 9 ! /rip ( l& = ! con/ruction ( a canal4 ,ev]y?+1 ) "o s+le exception1 :i* is1 t !re is n1 !y say1 any port at ! extremity ( ?is l9e ( navigation2 t ( ,suez is p>tly fill$ up ) s&1 & ^u ! ,m$it]ranean1 n a h>b\r1 n a s+le road/ead1 :i* n[ af=ds any safety4 ,yet m1 "s travell]s h /at$1 t if x 7 requir$ to =m a port1 x w\ld be necess>y to cont5d aga9/ masses ( s&1 :i*1 cont9ually %ift$ f we/ to ea/ by a tol]ably rapid curr5t1 seem to oppose any m>itime e/abli%m5t ^u t coa/4 ,9 fact x is1 !y say1 = ?is reason t ,alex&] laid mu* f>!r to ! we/ ! f\ndations ( ! t[n :i* be>s 8 "n1 & :i* he wi%$ to become ! emporium ( ! _w4 ,b is ! objection v s]i\s at ! pres5t "t8 c ! ob/acle1 :i* occasions ?is anxiety1 resi/ ! con/ructive means :i* are at ! disposal ( our eng9e]s8 ,we ?9k n4 ,to create a port )\t ! assi/ance ( nature2 to put a re/ra9t ^u ! sea2 to r$uce x to subjection2 to impose ^u x an artificial road/ead2 & to ma9ta9 t road/ead1 9 spite ( ! natural causes op]at+ to de/roy x3 is a problem :i* has ceas$ to t]rify mod]n art4 8,let u take ! port ( ,pelusium1--see h[ easily ! difficulty w\ld be remov$6 ,suppose ! ,bitt] ,lakes to be fill$ ) ! wat]s ( ! ,arabian ,gulf2 by ! action ( ! tides alone1 m ?an #gjj1jjj1jjj cubic metres ( wat] might be turn$ to acc\nt1 ! velocity ( :i* w\ld con/antly sc\r ! *annel1 & prev5t ! accumulation ( s& at its m\?4 8,aft] all t has be5 done by pr9t+1 ! m>9]'s compass1 /eam1--! n9ete5? c5tury1 by ! realization ( ?is va/ und]tak+1 w\ld aga9 *ange ! face ( ! globe4 ,b1 n to c>ry our views & our anticipations s f>1 9 a zone ne>] at h&1 ,arabia & ,abyss9ia1 ! va/ c\ntry ( ! ,gallas1 ! des]ts ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ) _! rov+ populations1 atta*$ by p[]ful ties to ! va/ circle ( traffic :i* our cont95t unceas+ly creates & fe$s--w ent] into ! pale ( ! ,european _w4 ,navigation & indu/ry *>g$ ) ! supply ( imm5se c\ntries de/itute ( ev]y?+1 w take a m ext5sive range4 ,9 ! wake ( comm]ce1 enlight5m5t & civilization w p5etrate1 by degrees1 t dre>y night :i* envelopes ! ,mussulman _w40 ,! advantage ( ! new track be+ ?us suffici5tly prov$ f a g5]al po9t ( view1 we %all n[ ent] into ! details ( ! s*eme ) reg>d to its execution4 ,we w beg9 ) ! levell+ ( ! l9e f ,pelusium to ,suez4 ,^! levels 7 tak5 by "s eng9e]s atta*$ to ! ,fr5* exp$ition1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! level ( high wat] at ,suez1 & ( l[ wat] at ,t9eh1 0 f\nd to be #i met41 #ij1 9 fav\r ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,al?\gh ?is result has be5 expla9$ by geological & hi/orical consid]ations1 ! fact appe>$ s extraord9>y t sev]al travell]s came to ! spot to v]ify x4 ,"s ,engli% (fic]s among/ o!rs1 op]at+ fir/ ) ! b>omet]1 & aft]w>ds ) ! boil+ wat] process1 7 n able to discov] any p]ceptible diff]5ce betwe5 ! levels ( ! two ,seas4 ,^! inve/igations1 publi%$ 9 a pamphlet :i* has come be=e u1 & :i* 7 kn[n to ! le>n$ _w1 _h occasion$ mu* unc]ta9ty1 :51 9 #ahdg1 a society e/abli%$ = ! inve/igation ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & at ! head ( :i* 7 ,,mm4 ,ngrelli1 ,rob]t ,/eph5son & ,talabot1 caus$ a complete survey to be made by ,fr5* eng9e]s1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,b\rdal\e1 well kn[n = 8 improv$ me?ods ( levell+1 & 8 num]\s lab\rs 9 t p>ticul> bran*4 ,^! able & exp]i5c$ surveyors1 provid$ ) good in/rum5ts1 & accompani$ by a num]\s /aff1 7 =m$ into sev]al divisions1 :i* op]at$ sep>ately1 & ?us 7 able to obta9 div]s v]ifications4 ,to give /ill great] facility & m security to ! op]ations ( ! eng9e]s1 ,8 ,highness ! vic]oy1 :o _h g5]\sly provid$ = all ! requirem5ts ( ! exp$ition1 condesc5d$ to make *oice ( "o ( u to direct ! :ole ( ! op]ations1 ) ! assi/ance ( a brigade ( ,egyptian ,eng9e]s & a ,company ( artill]ym51 :o assi/$ 9 all ! op]ations ( levell+ & v]ification4 ,m4 ,talabot1 ! eng9e]1 9 a report publi%$ 9 #ahdg1 has ent]$ into all ! details ( ^! op]ations1 & has giv5 an irrefutable pro( ( ! results obta9$4 ,z ^! results diff]$ v widely f ^? obta9$ by ! eng9e]s ( ! ,fr5* exp$ition1 x 0 difficult to believe 9 s great an error4 ,m4 ,sabati]1 ,consul ,g5]al ( ,france 9 ,egypt1 hav+ be5 in=m$ ( ! wi% ( "s le>n$ ,fr5*m5 to h a fre% v]ification1 spontane\sly appli$ to ! vic]oy ( ,egypt1 & "o ( u 0 appo9t$ to und]take x 9 consequ5ce4 ,! v]ification 0 made 9 #ahec4 ,x result$ 9 fav\r ( ! surveyors ( #ahdg4 ,=1 ! new levels only diff] #j met41 #ahad1 f ^? ( #ahdg1 & give z ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! /ation on ! quay ( ! hotel at ,suez1 & l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean #b met41 #dbhf1 in/ead ( #b met41 #fajj f\nd by ! op]ations 9 #ahdg4 ,!re _c be a mom5t's hesitation 9 mak+ *oice betwe5 ! levell+s ( #agii & ^? ( #ahdg & #ahec1 = ! two latt] 7 tak5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances by exp]i5c$ surveyors provid$ ) ! be/ in/rum5ts1 & 7 v]ifi$ sev]al times )\t f9d+ any p]ceptible diff]5ce by ^! v>i\s v]ifications2 :il/ ! levell+ ( #agii 0 und]tak5 9 ! mid/ ( ! vicissitudes & dang]s ( w>f>e1 9 a ho/ile c\ntry1 & 9 a climate to :i* ! eng9e]s 7 n accu/om$4 ,"o "p ( ! op]ations 0 p]=m$ ) ! _s level2 ano!r r important portion c\ld only be done ) ! wat] level2 ! surveyors frequ5tly diff]$2 none ( ! divisions ( ^! levell+s c\ld be v]ifi$2 & if ! la/ op]ations _h be5 ret>d$ ev] s little1 ! incid5ts ( ! w> w\ld h made !m impossible2 ! op]ations _h to be p]=m$ ) rapidity1 & ! levels tak5 9 long l5g?s2 ) frequ5t int]ruptions1 & )\t ! *eck ( any v]ification4 ,?is is :at ,m4 ,lepre has /at$ 9 8 memorial1 :]e he expresses himself ?us3-- 8,press$ = "t1 di/urb$ by ! ho/ile demon/rations ( ! ,arab tribes1 frequ5tly oblig$ to susp5d op]ations1 oblig$ 9 f9e to take a great "p ( ! obs]vations ) a wat] level1 ) no possibility ( mak+ any v]ification1 x is n at all surpris+ t ! able eng9e]s :o conduct$ ^! op]ations "u su* exceptional circum/ances %\ld h arriv$ at unc]ta9 results40 ,we h !re=e adopt$ ! levels tak5 9 #ahdg & 9 #ahec1 z ! only true ones1 ! only ones t 7 v]ifi$1 & ! only satisfactory ones4 ,we give an ab/ract ( !m 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,,/ations ,,) ,,! ,,levels ,,tak5 ,,9 #ahec1 ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,levels ,,tak5 ,,at ,,! ,,same ,,/ations ,,9 #ahdg4 ,tak5 f l[ wat] ,v>iation 9 ! ,m$it]ranean f ! ,,/ations4 at ,t9eh4 ,levels ( ------------------------ #ahec4 #ahdg4 #ahdg4 ----------------------------------- ,l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean at ,t9eh4 #j m4 #jjjj #j m4 #jjjj #j m4 #jjjj ,/ations ( ! ,g]man ,eng9e]s at ,t9eh4 #a m4 #eehf #a m4 #gdjj #j m4 #ahad ,/ation at ! ,/aff #bi ,l4 #ahec1 po9t #bf ( ,b\rdal\e's triangulation ( ! mo/ elevat$ ,lagoons ( ,lake ,m5zaleh at ,ras el ,ballah4 #a m4 #ihjj #a m4 #ihjj #j m4 #jjjj ,/ation #d ,l4 #ahec1 ,b\rdal\e's po9t ,a1 :i* 0 f\nd & v]ifi$4 #g m4 #hbaj #g m4 #dcjj #j m4 #ciaj ,b\rdal\e's ,/ation ,/aff at ! m\? ( ! ,canal 7?is /aff is n c]ta974 #c m4 #hbhj #c m4 #jhjj #j m4 #gdhj ,/ation #c ,l4 #ahec1 at ! #af m4 #eiejaf m4 #bcjj #j m4 #cfej ,s]apeum1 or ,b\rdal\e's #b m4 #dajj ---- ---- ,no4 #hc4 ,^u ! mo/ elevat$ #b m4 #jcjj ---- ---- deposits 9 ! bas9 #a m4 #hfjj #a m4 #hjjj #j m4 #jfjj ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,/ation #b ,l4 #ahec1 & ,b\rdal\e's ,/ation ,b4 #cj1 on a block ( petrifi$ wood1 cov]$ ) s&y secretions1 plac$ ^u ! deposits 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,i/hmus4 #b m4 #dchj #b m4 #aajj #j m4 #cbhj ,/ation #a ,l4 #ahec1 at ! ,p]sepolitan monum5t1 ^u a block ( s&/one1 s\? ( ! ,b\rdal\e excavations4 #aa m4 #fcjjaa m4 #cgjj #j m4 #bfjj ,/ation on ! ,c>avan ,road1 at ! ,/aff ,/ation1 #c ,l4 #ahec4 #b m4 #cijj ---- ---- ,/ation at ! /aff at ! />t+ po9t ,no4 #a1 ,l4 #ahec4 #a m4 #eahf ---- ---- ,/ation on ! quay ( ! ,suez hotel1 ! same z t ( ,m4 ,b\rdal\e4 #b m4 #dbhf #b m4 #fajj #j m4 #ahad ,! mo/ /rik+ fact to be obs]v$ 9 ! exam9ation ( ?is table is1 ! slight relief ( ! gr\nd above high wat] ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,!re are only two po9ts some:at elevat$4 ,! fir/1 proce$+ f ,suez1 is met ) be=e ,lake ,timsah1 & is t :i* we %all call ! ,s]apeum b>2 its greate/ elevation is #af met41 #eiej1 above l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! second po9t is at ! outlet ( ! lake1 & its greate/ elevation is fifte5 metres1 at ! spot kn[n z ! b> ( ,el ,guisr2 b ! l9e ( ! ,canal may be c>ri$ 9 a direction :]e b t5 metres are met ) = "s kilometres ( l5g?4 ,suppos+ !re=e ! b$ ( ! canal to be e/abli%$ at ! dep? ( #f met41 #ej1 bel[ l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! greate/ excavation w\ld be at ! b> ( ,el ,guisr1 & w\ld %[ a total dep? ( #af met41 #ej1 :i* is no?+ extraord9>y2 suppos+ x ev5 tw5ty metres1 ! requisite excavation w\ld be> no comp>ison ) :at 0 execut$ 9 ,mexico1 dur+ ! ,spani% occupation4 ,=1 9 _! !n difficult position1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( tools & improv$ means1 ! ,spani>ds 7 able to effect1 ne> ! t[n ( ,mexico1 :i* 0 ?reat5$ ) invasion by ! wat]s ( ! neighb\r+ lakes1 ! cutt+ ( ,huehuetoca1 ! total l5g? ( :i* is #bj1ehe metres1 & its dep? f =ty-five to sixty metres1 = a l5g? ( m ?an #hjj metres1 & f ?irty to fifty metres = a l5g? ( #cejj metres4 ,& yet ! exp5se ( ?is "w 0 only #ca1jjj1jjj francs4 ,! levell+ also %[s1 t by adopt+ #f met41 #ej1 = ! b$ ( ! ,canal1 !re w be a l5g? ( #ah kil4 9 ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 :]e !re w n be a %ovelful to remove1 & = ano!r #ah kil4 !re w be v little to d2 & z ^! lakes are dry at a dep? ( #h met41 #ci1 bel[ l[ wat]1 all ! e>?-works = ! :ole l5g? ( !m c\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! dry1 if f\nd advantage\s to d s4 ,! num]\s transv]se sections tak5 ) ! levell+ ( #ahdg1 enable u to asc]ta9 approximately ! sup]fice ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes at ! wat] l9e4 ,?is sup]fice is ab\t #ccj1jjj1jjj squ>e metres4 ,if1 !n1 ! action ( ! tide1 :i* br+s two metres ( mov+ wat]1 be admitt$ into ^! lakes1 a disposable volume ( #ffj1jjj1jjj cubic metres ( wat] w\ld be accumulat$1 & :i* might be rais$ to #hjj1jjj1jjj by add+ ,lake ,timsah & ! reta9+ bas9s at ,suez & ,pelusium to ^! imm5se res]voirs4 ,be=e po9t+ out ! v>i\s directions ( ! adopt$ track1 x appe>s necess>y to arrive at a fix$ op9ion z to ! =mation ( ! ,i/hmus & ( ! d[ns by :i* x is p>tly cov]$1 & also z to ! accumulations ( s& :i* exi/ bo? on ! coa/ ( ,pelusium & at ! bottom ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez2 = x is f ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a t we %all />t 9 our ju/ification ( ! arrangem5ts ( ! direct track 9 g5]al & 9 detail4 ,by att5tively obs]v+ :at is pass+ be=e our eyes at ! pres5t "t1 9 respect ( ! de/ruction & recomposition ( cont9uity1 we may come to an exact conclusion reg>d+ ! laws :i* op]at$ t[>ds ! fir/ ages ( ! _w 9 ! =mation ( alluvial l&s4 ,let u fir/ exam9e :at is go+ on 9 ! ,engli% ,*annel2 = ?is n>r[ sea hav+ a l>ge numb] ( ports bo? on ! ,fr5* & ,engli% coa/s1 has on t acc\nt be5 ! object ( num]\s obs]vations by eng9e]s4 ,! fir/ well recognis$ fact is ! de/ruction ( ! coa/ f ! po9t ( ,b>fleur z f> z ! ,somme1 a di/ance ( #cch kilometres2 & on ! o!r side ( ! *annel1 f ! ,isle ( ,wight to ,dov]1 a di/ance ( #bej kilometres4 ,?is action is produc$ by ! alt]nation ( fro/ & ?aw1 by dry & moi/ w9ds1 & by ! sal9e evaporation ( ! sea4 ,! abrasion obs]v$ on ! coa/ ( ,calvados is an av]age ( #j met41 #be1 p] ann4 & on ! coa/s ( ,norm&y & ,engl& #j met41 #cj4 ,! mean height ( ! cliffs on ei!r side be+ sixty metres1 x foll[s t ! *annel swall[s up an am\nt ( #aj1jjj1jjj cubic metres ( e>? & /ones e ye>1 :i* mu/ f9d a place some:]e4 ,! second fact1 equally well e/abli%$1 & :i*1 ?\gh oppos$ to ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts1 c no long] leave any d\bt on ! m9d1 is1 t riv]s1 ) a few r>e exceptions1--su* z ! ,loire = in/ance1--only c>ry to ! sea an extremely ?9 mud1 de/9$ to be lo/ 9 ! mass ( matt] held 9 susp5sion by ! latt]2 t ! s&s ( riv]s d n 9 g5]al rea* ! sea1 & t ! muddy or s&y deposits obs]v$ 9 tidal riv]s1 are entirely ow+ to ! matt]s br\ght by ! tide4 ,?is discov]y has be5 arriv$ at z foll[s4 ,9 mak+ ! analysis ( ! alluvial l&s =m+ ! ,bay ( ,/4 ,mi*ael1 x 0 f\nd t ! pr9cipal sub/ances ( _! =mation are silex & ! c>bonate ( lime2 t ! ne>] ! sea is approa*$1 ! m ! proportion ( silex increases2 ! m x is rec$$ f1 ! m consid]able ! proportion ( c>bonate ( lime becomes4 ,n[ if ! bas9s ( ! ?ree riv]s :i* dis*>ge !mselves into ?is bay1 ! ,se1 ! ,selime & ! ,c\snon1 be exam9$1 !y w be f\nd entirely de/itute ( calc>e\s sub/ances4 ,x is ! same ) ! coa/s ( ! *annel & ( ,brittany4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be ei!r f ^! riv]s or f ! coa/s t ! enorm\s proportion ( silex proce$s :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,if samples are exam9$ ) a magnify+ glass1 comm5c+ ) ^? ne>e/ ! sea1 & aft]w>ds proce$+ f>!r into ! bay1 9 ! fir/1 fragm5ts ( %ells are p]ceiv$ q di/+ui%able1 !n ^! fragm5ts are r$uc$ & become s impalpable1 t ! be/ glass w no long] enable u to di/+ui% ! =m 9 ! mo/ calc>e\s portions4 ,x is1 !re=e1 c]ta9 t ! calc>e\s "p comes exclusively f ! sea1 & ev5 f ! bottom ( ! road/ead ( ,cancale4 ,z = ! silex & clay1 a "p 9 _! deposit may be attribut$ to ! riv]s2 b x %\ld fir/ be und]/ood h[ unimportant ^! ?ree small riv]s are1 ea* dis*>g+ n m ?an an av]age ( eight to t5 cubic metres ( wat] p] second4 ,f>!r1 if ! contributions ( ! riv]s reckon$ = any?+ 9 ! deposits :i* are made 9 ?is locality1 clayey or gravelly /ratifications w\ld be se5 on _! banks at ! p>ts :]e ! tide is lea/ felt4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d occurs4 ,! mixture ( ! calc>e\s matt]1 ! gra9s ( silex1 & ! argillace\s atoms is s intimate1 t x is evid5t x c\ld only be made at ! v c5tre ( ! production ( ! calc>e\s matt]2 t is to say1 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,if ! fluviatile deposit 0 appreciable1 x w\ld c\nt]balance entirely1 or 9 "p1 ! calc>e\s ov]plus 9 ! drift tak5 f ! top ( ! road/ead1 z comp>$ ) t tak5 at ! bottom4 ,f> f ?is be+ ! case1 ! progression ( ! calc>e\s elem5t1 :i* c only come f ! sea1 is se5 9 proportion to ! elevation ( ! %ores4 ,f9ally1 if ! fluviatile deposit ought to be reckon$ = any?+1 a l>g] proportion ( clay w\ld be se5 ^u ! br9k ( ! ,se1 :i* trav]ses fissile l&s1 ?an 9 ! neighb\r+ *annel ( ! ,c\snon1 :i* trav]ses l&s ( a mu* h>d] "*1 furni%+ less clay ?an ! fissile gr\nd ( ! ,se & ! ,selime4 ,n[1 ! contr>y is ! case2 ! drifts ( ! neighb\r+ *annel ( ! ,c\snon are m clayey ?an ! o!rs1 solely because ?is *annel be+ m %elt]$ ?an ! b$s ( ! o!r two riv]s1 ! muddy matt] :i* ! sea always holds s abundantly 9 susp5sion1 & :i* x deposits 9 ! bas9s ( ports1 c be c>ri$ !re concurr5tly ) ! drifts4 ,on mak+ ! same inve/igations = ! ,se9e1 x 0 f\nd t ! s&s transport$ by ?is riv] d n pass ,r\51 & t all ! accretions t are se5 l[] d[n1 z f> z ! flats :i* are met ) at its m\?1 are deposits by ! sea4 ,! same results 7 arriv$ at = ! ,s*eld4 ,z to ! ,meuse & ! ,rh9e1 ! foll[+ d$uctions h be5 made4 ,! abrasion ( ! coa/s ( ! *annel supplies ! sea ) fragm5ts ( *alk & silice\s rocks1 :i* be+ roll$ ab\t by ! sea become %+le4 ,?is %+le =ms banks along ! ,engli% & ,fr5* coa/s1 & =c$ by ! d\ble action ( flood & w9d t[>ds ! /raits x approa*es !m2 b ! %+le on ! coa/ ( ,france cont9ually decreas+ 9 size1 rea*es ! m\? ( ! ,somme1 :]e x f9ds ! po9t ( ,cayeux =m$ by its accumulation4 ,/opp$ at ?is po9t by ! wat]s ( ! ,somme1 & by ! *ange 9 ! direction ( ! curr5t ( ! sea :i* turns t[>ds ! ,pas de ,calais1 ?is %+le increases ! po9t ( ,cayeux1 s long z its cont9ual collision has n suffici5tly r$uc$ ! size ( ! /ones = !m to be c>ri$ away by ! sea2 b :5 !y are small en\gh1 ! flood be>s !m away & di/ributes !m on ! num]\s banks :i* are f\nd betwe5 ! ,somme & ! ,pas de ,calais4 ,f ! inspection ( ,m>9e ,*>ts1 x is se5 t ! f95ess ( ! deposit increases 9 proportion z ^! banks are ne>] to ! /raits1 & if ! banks disappe> 9 ! ,/raits1 x is because ! =ce ( ! curr5t does n all[ ! s&s1 :i* f be+ sift$ = a long "t h become f9] & f9]1 to /op 9 t passage4 ,!y pass x !re=e & "s g to =m ! d[ns betwe5 ,dunkirk & ! ,s*eld1 o!rs 9 l mann] to =m d[ns on ! ,engli% coa/1 o!rs rema9+ 9 ! /ronge/ curr5ts are c>ri$ z f> z ! m\?s ( ! ,humb] 9 ,engl&1 & ( ! ,meuse & ,rh9e on ! ,cont95t4 ,if ! %ape ( ! ,engli% & ,fr5* coa/s to ! nor? & s\? ( ! ,/raits is obs]v$ att5tively1 x w /rike e "o t ^? to ! s\? are cut out into concave ind5tations1 :ile ^? to ! nor? all affect ! convex =m4 ,x is because ! coa/s to ! s\? ( ! ,/raits are abrad$ by ! tide1 & ^? to ! nor?1 on ! contr>y1 are f$ by ! accretions4 ,z = ! muddy matt]s 9 ?is long c\rse1 !y c only be deposit$ 9 a few p]fectly tranquil creeks1 or 9 ! bas9s ( op5 ports on ei!r coa/4 ,:]ev] ! tide p5etrates !y are c>ri$ ) x1 &1 :5 f9ally x has ent]$ ! nor!rn sea1 & made a c\rse suffici5tly long to abate its swiftness1 x f9ds itself 9 an excell5t condition = deposit+ ^! muddy matt]s1 :i* x holds 9 susp5sion4 ,?is is :at x does at ! m\? ( ! ,humb]1 :]e x completely *okes up ! port ( ,hull4 ,9 l mann]1 ! muddy matt]s =m at ! m\? ( ! ,rh9e1 ( ! ,meuse1 & ( ! ,s*eld1 ^? imm5se pold]s1 :i* con/itute su* an ess5tial "p ( ! t]ritory ( ,holl&1 & ! num]\s banks at ! m\? ( ^! riv]s are only compos$ ( s& & c>bonate ( lime4 ,n[ ! rapidity ( ! curr5t1 long be=e rea*+ ! m\?1 is n suffici5tly great to c>ry d[n ! s&s2 9 fact1 no trace ( !m is p]ceiv$2 ^! banks are !re=e ! production ( ! sea4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to appreciate at ! maximum ! p[] ( ! fluviatile deposit 9 ! =mation ( ! coa/s1 obs]vations h be5 made ^u ! ,yssel1 t bran* ( ! ,rh9e :i* dis*>ges itself into ! ,zuyd]zee4 ,?is sea has b v feeble tides1 #j met41 #dj1 at ord9>y high wat]1 & v mu* resembles ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,adriatic ,gulf 9 ?is respect4 ,a muddy ,delta has also be5 =m$ at ! m\? ( ! ,yssel1 ( ! same %ape z ^? ( ! ,rhone1 ! ,po1 ! ,nile1 c4 c4 ,?is ,delta _c be exclusively ow+ to ! ,yssel1 because1 al?\gh x is true t ! tides ( ! ,zuyd]zee are v feeble1 on ! o!r h& ! %ores :i* surr\nd x are ( an exce$+ly friable nature2 n[1 h[ev] feeble ! tides may be1 !y yet attack ! banks1 & :at proves x1 is1 t ! ,holl&]s are oblig$ to def5d !m4 ,by consid]+ ! ,delta ( ! ,yssel z a fluviatile deposit solely1 we %all !re=e h an extreme case4 ,n[1 ?is ,delta has a sup]fice ( only #aejj hect>es1 :ile ! sup]fice ( ! l& 9 ,holl&1 :i* is evid5tly ( mod]n deposit1 is at lea/ #a1jjj1jjj hect>es4 ,if x is obs]v$ t ! ,yssel only emits a fifte5? ( ! :ole volume ( ! ,rh9e & ! ,meuse unit$1 x w give #bb1ejj hect>es = ! deposit ( ! riv]1 aga9/ #a1jjj1jjj deposit$ by ! sea2 :i* is sc>cely two p] c5t4 ( :at ! sea has furni%$ 9 ! =mation ( ! pold]s ( ,holl&4 ,f ! exam9ation ( all ^! facts1 x evid5tly results1 z we h said1 t 9 seas ) tides1 ! riv]s n only d n =m banks1 alluvium1 or deltas at _! m\?s1 b f>!r1 t ! alluvium f\nd 9 ! regions ( ^! riv]s submitt$ to ! action ( ! tide1 is deposit$ by ! sea4 ,we %all n[ prove t ^! conclusions are equally true = ! riv]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 not)/&+ ! op9ion ( ! ,italian eng9e]s1 :o h consid]$ ! fluviatile orig9 ( _! deltas z demon/rat$4 ,to give an idea ( ! propagation ( ! waves or bill[s ( ! sea agitat$ by ! w9d1 !y h be5 comp>$ to a field ( corn "u ! action ( ! air4 ,x seems z if ! e>s ( corn _h an impulsive swiftness1 :i* h[ev] does n exi/1 s9ce !y d n quit _! places4 ,f>!r1 if ! w9d is feeble1 x is only ! e>s :i* wav] )\t ! /alks be+ %ak52 b1 9 proportion z ! w9d rises1 ! /alks take "p 9 ! movem5t to a great] & great] dep? d[n to ! root4 ,! waves h be5 aga9 comp>$ to ! movem5ts ( a cord1 :i* is made to undulate by %ak+ "o ( its extremities 9 ! h&4 ,x seems z if ! cord 0 go+ at a rapid rate1 :ile 9 reality x does n quit ! h& t %akes x1 only ea* po9t ( x rises & falls alt]nately1 & ?is movem5t is ! great] accord+ z ! impulse is /rong]2 if ! extremity ( ! cord opposite to t :i* receives ?is impulse enc\nt]s an ob/acle1 z ! surface ( a wall = in/ance1 x w /rike x at ea* movem5t ( ! h&4 ,x is exactly ! same ) ! waves ( ! sea2 e fluid molecule plac$ at ! surface ( ! bill[ exp]i5ces an oscillatory movem5t ne>ly v]tical1 s t if a body float+ on ! surface ( a wave is wat*$ x w be se5 to rema9 9 ! same place1 sometimes 9 ! holl[ ( ! wave1 sometimes on its summit1 & if at l5g? x *anges its place1 t dep5ds ^u o!r circum/ances1 su* z ! =ce ( ! w9d or ! direction ( ! curr5ts4 ,?is oscillatory movem5t :i* is p]ceiv$ on ! surface ( ! sea1 is necess>ily develop$ to a c]ta9 dep?1 :i* w be great] 9 proportion z ! undulations are /rong] at ! surface4 ,?is fact has be5 confirm$ by exp]im5t2 x has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 effect t ! agitation ( ! sea caus$ by ! w9d1 is communicat$ to a c]ta9 dep?1 v>iable accord+ to ! w9d1 accord+ to ! sea1 & ! places :]e ! obs]vations 7 made1 & t beyond t dep? ! sea is p]fectly calm4 ,?us x may be admitt$ z an obs]v$ & well prov$ fact1 t ! waves require a c]ta9 dep? = _! free developem5t2 if an ob/acle is pres5t$ to ?is developem5t1 !re w be a =cible re-action ( ! wave aga9/ ?is ob/acle :i* w be c>ri$ (f1 if x is moveable1 & w ent] into ! sy/em ( ! wave4 ,?is action ( ! waves aga9/ ! deeps is :at is call$ ! gr\nd swell4 ,?is e/abli%$1 x has already be5 se5 t ! coa/ ( ! sea1 z well z ! project+ capes1 resign to ! sea e ye> a c]ta9 am\nt ( e>?y & rocky matt]s4 ,^! matt]s are remov$ by ! waves :i* break ^u ! %ore1 ! s(t portions are quickly dis9tegrat$ by ?is p[]ful action1 & =m muddy s& & mud1 & ! h>d portions are r\nd$ into pebbles ! size ( :i* is dim9i%$ m & m by ! prolong$ action ( ! =ce :i* set !m 9 motion & :i* r$uces !m to s&2 b 9 proportion z ^! matt]s arrive at a suffici5t degree ( t5uity1 !y become susceptible ( submitt+ to ! transport+ =ce ( ! waves & curr5ts1 & quit ! place :]e !y 7 =m$4 ,?is transport+ =ce dep5ds bo? ^u ! height ( ! tides & ! direction ( ! w9ds1 z well z _! int5sity1 comb9$ ) t ( ! curr5ts :i* are obs]v$ 9 all seas4 ,s t :ile consid]able masses ( matt] are set 9 motion along ! %ores1 ! riv]s1 especially ^? :i* trav]se a great ext5t ( c\ntry1 transport z f> z _! m\?s only muddy matt]s1 s light t !y are c>ri$ to a di/ance1 & aft]w>ds deposit$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,?is is rem>kably ! case ) ! ,nile1 ^: wat]s at ! "t ( ! inundation are di/+ui%$ by _! col\r = m ?an t5 leagues into ! sea4 ,all ! deposits & accretions ( ! riv] up to #bj kilom4 above its m\? are muddy1 :ile all ! banks :i* are at its m\? are compos$ ( s& alone4 ,?us1 all ! imp$im5ts ( ! m\? ( ! ,nile evid5tly emanate f ! sea4 ,to demon/rate x by /ill f>!r evid5ce1 we w repeat ! reason+ ( ! eng9e] ,m4 ,bonniceau relative to ! alluvium ( ! riv] ,m]sey1 9 8 excell5t "w ^u ! navigation ( tidal riv]s3 8,if ! deposits emanat$ f ! elevat$ l&s 9 a s5sible degree1 ! quantities deposit$ f "t to "t ought to be proportional to ! quantity ( ra9 t falls at ! same epo*s1 because ! same am\nt ( matt]s desc5d+ f ! elevat$ l&s & transport$ by ! riv]1 ought to be p>tly regulat$ by ! quantity ( wat] t c>ries !m2 b x is a fact well asc]ta9$1 t ! accumulations ( s& :i* exi/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! m\? are great] 9 proportion z ! wat]s ( ! riv] are less abundant1 :ile on ! contr>y at ! "t ( ! increase1 :5 ! ,nile conta9s ne>ly #j met4 #jjh ( matt] 9 susp5sion1 ! s& banks are remov$ & ?r[n back f> (f into ! sea40 ,x is said t ,alex&] ! ,great 0 det]m9$ 9 8 *oice ( ! situation = ! port ( ,alex&ria by ! consid]ation ( ! w9ds & littoral curr5ts :i* c>ry ea/w>d ! matt]s held 9 susp5sion by ! ,nile1 & ?us cov] ! coa/ ) s&4 ,if ?is !ory 7 true1 no alluvium ought to be p]ceiv$ we/w>d ( ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,n[ all ! coa/ f ,tripoli z f> z ,el ,arit* is cov]$ ) s& banks1 :i* frequ5tly =m d[ns1 & ^! d[ns are f\nd at ! pres5t "t transport$ sev]al leagues into ! int]ior ( ! l&s we/w>d ( ! ,rosetta m\?4 ,! port ( ,alex&ria itself has n escap$ ! action ( ! gr\nd swell1 = a s& bank has be5 =m$ :i* occupies a good ?ird ( ! total sup]fice ( ! road/ead4 ,happily = ! port ! accumulation ( s& appe>s to h be5 arre/$ long ago1 or r its increase has become imp]ceptible4 ,! road/ead ( ,alex&ria owes its dep? to ! disposition ( its sides 9 respect to ! w9ds & curr5ts4 ,x is l ! road/ead ( ,algi]s1 :i* is ev]y:]e v deep1 :ile ! neighb\r+ ports h s& banks4 ,x _c be said t ^! s& banks are ow+ to ! pres5ce ( riv]s1 :i* d n exi/ 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y1 = ! few l& /reams t are scatt]$ along ! %ore _c be call$ by t "n4 ,we h se5 t ! w9ds & ! curr5ts c>ry ! detritus ( ! coa/s r$uc$ to s& to great di/ances4 ,! curr5ts h[ev] d n arre/ ! motion ( ! waves & ! gr\nd swell2 !y b5d to _! =ms1 & z _! direction necess>ily t5ds to ! %ore1 ! s&s cle> ! curr5ts ) ! gr\nd swell :i* conta9s !m1 & :i* ?us conducts !m to ! %ore4 ,:5 ! direction ( ! waves is oblique to ! coa/1 ! s&s are borne to a di/ance1 b :5 x is p]p5dicul> to ! coa/1 ! waves raise ! s&s br\ght by ! gr\nd swell into dykes & banks1 :i* protect ! l[ %ores4 ,! mo/ m9ute & lighte/ portions are accumulat$ at ! m elevat$ po9ts ( ! flats1 :]e1 be+ dri$ by ! sun1 !y are soon c>ri$ away by ! w9d1 :i* leaves !m1 9 its turn1 9 ! %ape ( d[ns4 ,! gr\nd swell1 !re=e1 furni%es ! mat]ials ( ^? d[ns1 :i* usually bord] flat %ores1 & x is t :i* has drawn f ! dep?s ( ! sea ! s&s ( ^? imm5se des]ts ( ,africa1 & ( s _m o!r pla9s :i* are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe4 8,(t510 says ,m4 ,jom>d1 8h ,i rema9$ = :ole h\rs1 contemplat+ ! orig9 & progress ( ! ph5om5on ( ! =mation ( s&s4 ,i saw ! waves break & deposit a small l9e1 sc>cely disc]nible1 ( v f9e s&4 ,ano!r wave came1 burd5$ l ! fir/1 & ?is new l9e ( s& pu%$ ! fir/ slightly on4 ,?is1 once beyond ! rea* ( ! wat]1 & expos$ to ! rays ( a burn+ sun1 0 quickly dri$1 & became ! prey ( ! w9d1 :i* imm$iately seiz$ & c>ri$ x (f into ! air2 ! less light p>ticles ( gravel did n rea* s f>1 b1 subject$ to ! alt]nate motion1 dim9i%$ m & m1 & 7 conv]t$ by degrees into s&40 ,we may also say ) ,colonel ,emy1 t 8,all riv] b>s are deposits1 br\ght or arre/$ by ! gr\nd swell1 & )\t x ^! deposits w\ld be repell$ into ! ma9 z f> z ! riv]s ext5d _! c\rse4 ,! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 ^? ( ! ,mississippi1 ( ! ,ganges1 ( ! ,s*eld1 ( ! ,meuse1 ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,cam>gue ( ! ,rhone1 7 orig9ally b>s =m$ by ?is same gr\nd swell40 ,! tongues ( s& :i* sep>ate ! lake ( ,?au f ! gulf ( ! ,lion1 ! tongue ( e>? ^u :i* ,alex&ria is built1 ^? :i* sep>ate ! lakes ,b\rlos & ,m5zaleh f ! ,m$it]ranean1 are b>s ( s& =m$ by ! gr\nd swell4 ,! s& bank :i* sep>ates f ! ,r$ ,sea ! va/ bas9 ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 01 )\t any d\bt1 a =d elevat$ by ! gr\nd swell1 :i*1 9 tempe/u\s wea!r1 asc5ds ?is sea ) ! curr5t ( ! tides *>g$ ) s&4 ,! =d1 :i* answ]s at ! pres5t "t at ,suez1 0 c]ta9ly =m$ 9 ?is mann] by ! gr\nd swell4 ,we may say also1 t ! :ole ,i/hmus ( ,suez 0 =m$ by ! m>itime deposits ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,we believe t1 previ\s to hi/oric times1 ! two ,seas 7 9 communication ) ea* o!r1 t ! detritus ( ! *a9s ( m\nta9s situat$ to ! "r & left1 c>ri$ d[n by ra91 fill$ up ! space :i* sep>ates !m1 & t :5 t space 0 elevat$ to su* a height t ! gr\nd swell c\ld rea* x1 its action 0 appli$ 9 su* a way t by ! meet+ ( ! swell ( ! two ,seas1 a bank 0 =m$1 :i* is no o!r ?an ! b> ( ,el ,guisr4 ,aft] ! =mation ( ?is bank1 ! comb9$ action ( ! gr\nd swell1 bo? on "o side & ! o!r1 & ! accretions f ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s cont9u$ until ! ,i/hmus 0 dry4 ,!n ! soil ?us con/itut$ 0 cov]$ by ! d[ns1 :i* advanc$ ^u x f ! direction ( ,pelusium1 driv5 by ! nor? w9ds1 & f ! direction ( ,suez1 driv5 by ! w9ds & curr5ts f ! s\?4 ,9 ?is /ate ! ,i/hmus is at pres5t1 & ! num]\s s\nd+s :i* we h ask$ = f ,8 ,highness ! ,vic]oy1 w prove :e!r our hypo!sis is well f\nd$ or n4 ,! same !ory may1 z ,colonel ,emy obs]ves 9 8 rem>kable "w1 ?r[ a new light on important geological facts3-- 8,= in/ance1 ^? anci5t & elevat$ pla9s1 compos$ ( s& & pebbles1 ! =mation ( :i*1 x has be5 attempt$ to expla91 by ! revolutions ( ! globe & viol5t convulsions ( nature1 or :i* h be5 reg>d$ z deposits left by riv]s1 appe> to be m>itime accretions4 ,if is1 inde$1 easy to conceive riv]s capable ( br++ d[n ! fragm5ts deta*$ f m\nta9s1 by %ocks1 & by ! decomposition ( ! rocks2 b h[ c\ld !y ext5d ^? fragm5ts uni=mly1 & ov] spaces s ext5sive z ! pla9s 9 "q8 ,moreov]1 0 n ! c\rse f ! summits ( ! m\nta9s g5]ally too %ort = ! fragm5ts ( ! excessively h>d rock f\nd 9 "s ( ^? pla9s1 to h "t to acquire _! r\ndness8 ,! riv]s h prolong$ _! c\rses ?r\gh ^! accumulations ( pebbles2 !y may1 9 ov]fl[+1 h cov]$ !m ) s& & e>?1 b x is m probable t !y contribut$ 9 n[ise to ! =mation ( ^! accretions1 unless x 7 by transport+ ! r\gh mat]ials to ! sea4 ,no?+ b ! gr\nd swell c\ld spread ^! fragm5ts ( m\nta9s s uni=mly z !y are1 conv]t !m into %+le & s& by a long trituration on ! %ores1 :]e x _h driv5 !m2 ga!r !m ei!r into banks or pla9s1 & ?us fill up spaces ov] :i* ! sea =m]ly ext5d$4 8,! anci5t collections ( %+le1 pebbles & s& are ow+1 l ^? at pres5t =m+ 9 a simil> mann]1 to m>itime accretions1 & mu/ h5ce=? be reg>d$ z an inconte/able pro( t ! ocean =m]ly rea*$ & 0 long /ation>y at diff]5t heights f> exce$+ its pres5t level40 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d on div]s po9ts ( ! ,i/hmus pieces ( h>d /one brok5 into small fragm5ts1 & half r\nd$1 cov]+ ! s&-banks at v>iable heights above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,b1 be x z x may1 x is c]ta9 t ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! l9e1 f ! road/ead ( ,suez to t ( ,pelusium1 ! excavations w only be 9 light e>?1 :i* c be easily remov$ by h& z f> z ! wat] l9e1 & ) dr$ges d[n to ! b$ ( ! ,canal4 ,! track :i* we h foll[$ = ! ,canal 0 prescrib$ by ! v nature ( ! locality1 & by ! condition t ! two ,seas 7 to be br\ght into direct communication 9 ! mo/ economical mann]4 ,! l9e beg9s at ! road/ead ( ,suez1 turns to ! ea/ ( ! t[n1 mak+ a curve to rea* ! anci5t track1 :i* x leaves to ! we/1 & foll[s ! *annel ( ! valley until x jo9s ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 :i* anci5tly =m$ ! extremity ( ! gulf ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x trav]ses ^? lakes ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 foll[+ _! s9uosities1 s z to avoid ! inequalities ( ! gr\nd4 ,on leav+ ! lakes1 ! l9e crosses ! b> ( ! ,s]apeum1 at its l[e/ po9t1 & ent]s ,lake ,timsah1 leav+ ! heights ( ,*eik ,enn$ek to ! ea/4 ,! la/-m5tion$ lake is to s]ve 9 ! =mation ( an inl& port1 9 :i* %ips may be revictuall$ & repair$1 :ile x w be ! po9t ( junction betwe5 ! ,m>itime ,canal & ! ,canal communicat+ ) ! ,nile4 ,9 trav]s+ ?is lake1 ! l9e =ms sev]al curves1 9 ord] to avoid ! ext5sive d[ns :i* h encroa*$ ^u a "p ( t region4 ,on leav+ ! lake1 ! l9e proce$s to ! b> ( ,el ,guisr1 at its l[e/ po9t1 & !n goes t[>ds ,lake ,m5zaleh1 :i* x foll[s directly along its ea/]n %ore z f> z ,pelusium1 & is prolong$ into ! sea until x rea*es a dep? ( #g m41 #ej4 ,! dim5sions ( ! ,canal h be5 det]m9$ by ! idea ( creat+ a gr& passage = m>itime navigation1 op5 to /eam & sail+ vessels ( consid]able bur!n4 ,! ,cal$onian ,canal is ! only kn[n analog\s "w4 ,?is ,canal1 h[ev]1 is b #cg m4 broad at ! wat] l9e1 & b #f m41 #aj deep4 ,! locks1 to ! numb] ( #bc1 h be5 enl>g$ s z to admit =ty-f\r gun frigates2 !y are #eb m41 #dj 9 l5g? betwe5 ! gates1 #ac met4 9 bread?1 & h a dep? ( wat] ( #f m41 #aj4 ,= cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama by a m>itime canal1 z project$ by ,mr4 ,g>ella1 x 0 propos$ t ! wid? ( ! canal1 at ! wat] l9e1 %\ld be #dd met41 & ! dep? ( wat] #g met4 ,pr9ce ,l\is ,napoleon1 :o1 9 #ahdf1 publi%$ a rem>kable "w1 ins]t$ 9 ! ,revue ,britannique1 "u ! title ( ,canal de ,nic>agua1 adopt$ ! same dim5sions z ,mr4 ,g>ella1 9 ! project :i* he propos$ to execute = e/abli%+ ! communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans4 ,we h assum$ on consid]ations h]e9aft] to be expla9$1 t paddle & screw frigates z well z vessels ( #ajjj to #aejj tons1 ought to be able to trav]se ! ,canal 9 ord] to satisfy to ! fulle/ ext5t ! dem&s ( navigation4 ,we h !re=e fix$ ! wid? ( ! ,canal at ! wat] l9e at #ajj met42 its m9imum draught ( wat] at #f m41 #ej1 bel[ l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! locks1 two 9 numb]1 are to be #ajj met4 long1 #ba met4 wide1 ) a m9imum dep? ( wat] ( #f m41 #ej4 ,^! works w be e/abli%$ at ! two extremities ( ! ,canal1 imm$iately be=e ! dykes =m+ ! *annel :i* on ea* side unites ! ,canal ) ! two ,seas4 ,^! two locks w =m "p ( a sluic$ b>rage1 & ?us conv]t ! :ole ,canal into "o imm5se dam1 receiv+ ! wat]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea dur+ ! highe/ tides1 & /or+ !m up successively 9 ord] to raise ! level & create a ru% ( wat] 9 ea* *annel :5 necess>y4 ,! highe/ tides ( ! ,r$ ,sea be+ f #b met4 to #b m41 #ej above l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 a dep? ( #i met4 ( wat] w be obta9$ 9 ! canal at c]ta9 times1 b a mean sup] elevation ( #a m4 may be dep5d$ on1 :i* w usually give a m9imum dep? ( #g m41 #ej to #h met4 ,"u ^! conditions1 screw /eam]s w be enabl$ to pass easily along ! ,canal )\t ! pres5ce ( its b$ re-act+ 9 an inconv5i5t mann] on ! motion ( _! screws4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 calculat$ ! e>?-works = ?ree diff]5t dep?s ( wat]1 viz4 #f met42 #f m41 #ej2 & #g met4 bel[ l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,if ! ,company %\ld require a dep? ( #h met41 x w\ld be easy to obta9 x by means ( dr$ges1 )\t /opp+ ! navigation on ! ,canal4 ,! l5g? ( ea* b>rage1 includ+ ! lock1 is #ajj met42 & 9 ord] f>!r to facilitate ! entrance ( ! ris+ tide into ! ,canal1 a ?ird b>rage has be5 add$ at ,suez on ! site ( ! exi/+ *annel4 ,?is la/ "w w be sep>at$ f ! fir/ by a plat=m rais$ above ! level ( high wat]1 s t ! two toge!r w unite ! road f ,cairo pass+ by ,suez to ,mecca4 ,its l5g? has also be5 fix$ at #ajj met4 ,= reasons ( economy ! wid? ( ! ,canal has be5 r$uc$ to #fe met4 :]ev] ! height ( ! gr\nd rea*es #f met4 ,to prev5t ! degradation ( ! banks ( ! ,canal1 ! slope has be5 fix$ at two on ! base to "o 9 height1 & x is propos$ to h a causeway #b met4 broad to receive1 #a/4 ,a cov]+ ( ! brok5 /ones f\nd along ! ,canal1 #bnd4 ,any e>? fall+ f ! high] gr\nds1 :i* w\ld o!rwise encumb] ! b$ ( ! ,canal4 ,?is is only an imitation ( :at has prov$ s successful on ! ,cal$onian ,canal4 ,! wid? ( ! t[+ pa? has be5 fix$ at #d met41 :i* is q suffici5t = a m>itime canal :]e /eam t[+ w be s mu* 9 use4 ,lake ,timsah1 situat$ ne>ly midway betwe5 ! two ,seas1 at ! entrance ( ! ,wady ,tomilat1 w =m1 z we h said1 an inl& port1 to :i* bo? ! outw>d & inw>d navigation w t5d4 ,on its %ores w be e/abli%$ magaz9es1 /ables1 work%ops = repairs1 z well z #aejj metres ( quay walls = moor+ vessels & emb>k+ m]*&ize4 ,=1 z ! illu/ri\s au?or ( ! "w on ! canal ( ,nic>agua well expresses x1 ! propos$ ,canal mu/ n be a m]e cutt+ de/9$ solely to =m a passage f "o sea to ! o!r = ! produce ( ,europe1 b x mu/ make ,egypt a prosp]\s /ate by enabl+ h] to dispose ( h] int]ior produce1 & a p[]ful "o by ! ext5t ( h] comm]ce4 ,z = ! two entrances1 :e!r f ! ,r$ ,sea or ! ,m$it]ranean1 all t is necess>y is1 t %ips %all be able to approa* at all seasons1 & f9d c]ta9 & effectual %elt] 9 bad wea!r4 ,n[ ! road/ead ( ,suez is %elt]$ f e w9d except ! s\?-ea/4 ,x w !re=e be suffici5t to prolong ! ea/]n jetty to a c]ta9 di/ance beyond ! we/]n to r5d] ! %elt] complete4 ,all ! vessels :i* n[ take _! /ations 9 ! road/ead ride out ! bad wea!r v well1 & ! magaz9e corvette belong+ to ! ,engli% ,company :i* has be5 an*or$ !re = ! la/ two ye>s & a half has suff]$ no damage4 ,?us1 at ! ,suez extremity1 x w be suffici5t to e/abli% two jetties1 =m+ ! entrance *annel f ! ,r$ ,sea1 & to prolong !m suffici5tly f> into ! road/ead to rea* ! requir$ dep? ( wat]1 9 ord] t vessels ent]+ may h a draught ( #g m41 #ej to #h met4 at l[ wat]4 ,! ea/]n jetty mu/ be #aej met4 long] ?an ! we/]n = ! reasons we h j giv54 ,at ,pelusium1 ! two jetties1 9 ord] to rea* ! dep? ( #g m41 #ej to #h met4 mu/ be at lea/ #fjjj met4 9 l5g?2 b if x %\ld be fe>$ t ! *annel ?us =m$ w\ld n be suffici5tly safe = ! approa* ( vessels1 & 9 ord] to meet objections1 ! real value ( :i* h yet to be te/$1 we h project$ a %elt]$ road/ead 9 front ( ^! jetties by means ( a gr& mole f #dej to #ejj met4 9 l5g?1 plac$ 9 su* a mann] z to af=d %elt] to vessels 9 bad wea!r1 & to enable !m to ent] ! *annel at _! conv5i5ce4 ,at all ev5ts no "o c d\bt t ! ,canal w\ld be really & practically navigable = all vessels will+ to avail !mselves ( ! passage4 ,b x w be ask$ :e!r jetties ext5d+ #fjjj met4 into ! sea d n pres5t great difficulties2 :e!r a tr5* ( #fe met4 9 wid?1 dug #af m41 #ej deep1 a "p ( :i* is "u wat]1 is n an impossibility2 & :e!r1 suppos+ ! eng9e]+ difficulties to be surm\nt$1 ! results obta9$ w\ld be 9 proportion to ! exp5ses incurr$4 ,d\bts h also be5 />t$ on ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea2 f9ally1 sev]al au?ors h put ! "q1 )\t h[ev] solv+ x1 :e!r1 ev5 if ! ,canal 7 once e/abli%$1 comm]ce w\ld n pref] ! old way by ! ,cape z ! safe/ & mo/ advantage\s4 ,^! que/ions we are ab\t to exam9e3 ^! d\bts we %all endeav\r to cle> up4 ,! ,gulf ( ,pelusium is said to be con/antly fill$ ) s& or mud br\ght d[n by ! ,damietta bran* ( ! ,nile1 & x is object$ t ! advanc$ works to be e/abli%$ on t "p ( ! %ore w\ld only h ! effect ( increas+ ! accumulations4 ,we admit t ?is portion ( ! ,egyptian %ore has be5 =m$ by m>itime alluvium br\ght by ! gr\nd swell1 z we h already prov$ at ! comm5cem5t ( our memorial4 ,we also admit1 t ! object ( ! dykes =m+ ! entrance *annel to ! ,canal1 w\ld be to /op ! s& ?us br\ght by ! waves1 & to accumulate x aga9/ ! dyke oppos$ to ! prevail+ w9d1 namely1 aga9/ ! we/]n dyke4 ,b mo/ ( ! ports already 9 exi/5ce are op5 to ! same objections2 & if !y 7 suffici5t to prev5t ! con/ruction ( a port1 we may safely say t v few ( ^? we are at pres5t acqua9t$ ) w\ld ev] h be5 =m$4 ,accord+ to our idea ! ess5tial "q is1 to "k :e!r1 :5 once ! port is e/abli%$1 x c be ma9ta9$ )\t too great an exp5se4 ,n[ x appe>s1 t = _m ages ! s&s h ceas$ to ext5d ! ,pelusiac %ore1 z is manife/ f ! well asc]ta9$ position ( ,pelusium1 ! ru9s ( :i* /ill rema94 ,/rabo1 9 8 ,it9]>y1 says t ,pelusium is situat$ at ! di/ance ( tw5ty /adia f ! sea4 ,! ,fr5* eng9e]s ( ! exp$ition h v]ifi$ ?is di/ance1 by measur+ #afjj toises1 or #cjjj met4 f its rema9s to ! %ore4 ,9 #ahdg1 ! di/ance betwe5 ^! two po9ts _h n v>i$1 z x is m>k$ on ! plan ) ! figure #cjjj met41 & at ! pres5t day x is /ill ! same4 ,9 fact1 by read+ all ! acc\nts ( anci5t au?ors1 & comp>+ !m ) :at actually exi/s1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! %ores ( ! ,delta h v>i$ v little 9 hi/oric times4 ,! sea s&s !n h long ceas$ to accumulate1 & ! fact may be expla9$ by assum+ t ! de/ruction ( ! coa/s ( ,morocco1 ,alg]ia1 ,c&ia1 & o!r p>ts1--:i* de/ruction1 we repeat1 alone furni%es ! mat]ials ( m>itime alluvium1 --has abat$ f "s cause or o!r4 ,x may also be assum$1 t ! s&s :i* 7 =m]ly driv5 by w9ds & curr5ts into ! ,gulf ( ,pelusium1 are n[ ca/ on ! ,african coa/ betwe5 ,tripoli & ,alex&ria1 & driv5 inl& 9 ! %ape ( d[ns4 ,! fact is1 t no new d[ns are n[ se5 =m+ 9 ! ,i/hmus2 ^? on ! sea%ore be+ ( anci5t =mation1 & ne>ly all naturally fix$ by vegetation4 ,9 conclusion1 ! ext5sion ( ! ,pelusiac %ore1 if su* ext5sion !re be1 is too insignificant to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,n[1 ! direction ( ! jetties be+ ne>ly p]p5dicul> to ! %ore1 9 ord] to be at "r angles ) ! prevail+ w9d f ,w4 ,n4 ,w41 ! s&1 :5 ! w9d is p]p5dicul> to ! %ore1 w be driv5 on to ! coa/ & increase its height1 z hi!rto1 no *ange be+ occasion$ by ! jetties4 ,dur+ ! p>allel w9ds1 :i* mo/ly prevail1 ! littoral curr5t1 f9d+ an ob/acle 9 ! jetties1 w =m an eddy to w9dw>d1 :i* w increase ! =ce ( ! curr5t betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! jetties & ! mole1 s t ! s& w be c>ri$ f> away2 & ! probability is1 t ! bottom w become deep]4 ,x is only ! oblique w9ds !n1 t w c>ry ! s& into ! angles =m$ by ! %ore & ! w9dw>d jetty4 ,9 calm wea!r1 ! sea-curr5t :i* fl[s along ! coa/ f we/ to ea/ has n suffici5t =ce to affect ! equilibrium ( ! bea*4 ,?us1 to sum ! matt] up1 ! mo/ t c be fe>$ is ! accumulation ( a small quantity ( ! loose s& 9 ! ,gulf at ! angle ( ! w9dw>d jetty4 ,suppos+ t ev5 #aj1jjj cubic metres p] ann4 %\ld be s deposit$1 :i*1 accord+ to :at we h said1 is an exagg]ation1 x w\ld take #ajj ye>s to advance ! bea* #djj metres1 & su* an advance w\ld produce no p]ceptible effect at ! extremities ( ! jetties4 ,x may be object$1 t by all ^! movem5ts ( ! s&s1 "s portion w necess>ily f9d its way into ! *annel1 & ?us1 by degrees1 end 9 ob/ruct+ x4 ,to obviate ?is inconv5i5ce we h at our disposal dr$g+ ma*9es1 & ! mo/ p[]ful means ( cle>ance d]iv$ f a mass ( #gjj1jjj1jjj cubic metres ( wat]1 :i* c be /or$ up1 above ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! two ,seas1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,canal1 & 9 ! imm5se res]voir ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes4 ,b are jetties ext5d+ #fjjj metres into ! sea possible8 & if possible1 w\ld !y n require s mu* "t & su* an exp5diture ( money z1 practically1 to cause ! und]tak+ to be giv5 up8 ,) reg>d to ! possibility1 !re c be no d\bt1 = m ?an a c5tury ago ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t con/ruct$ a jetty #hjjj met4 9 l5g? 9 ! ,bay ( ! ,lion1 ne> ! ,cape1 9 wat] m ?an sixte5 met4 deep1 9 spite ( ! cont9u$ tempe/u\s wea!r :i* succe$s ! settl$ calms 9 ^? latitudes4 ,su* a "w1 consid]+ ! dep? ( wat]1 mu/ h requir$ a quantity ( mat]ials at lea/ f\r times z great z t requir$ = ! two jetties & ! mole at ,pelusium4 ,x 0 und]tak5 by a nation n ov] ri*1 at a "t :5 /eam 0 unkn[n1 & be=e ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y1 :i* saves s mu* "t1 exp5se & lab\r4 ,!re c be no d\bt !n1 t if ! cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus is admitt$ to be advantage\s1 x w be easy to ov]come all difficulties4 ,) reg>d to ! me?od ( con/ruct+ ^! works1 op9ions are no less divid$4 ,"s eng9e]s1 gr\nd+ _! op9ions on anci5t con/ructions1 recomm5d t ! moles %\ld be =m$ ( imm5se blocks ( /one ( ?irty to =ty cubic metres4 ,o!rs are ( op9ion t ! only means ( pres]v+ ! roads f ! accumulation ( s&1 is to con/ruct ! moles & dykes ( op5 masonry4 ,!re are also "s 9 fav\r ( walls 9 hydraulic masonry ) v]tical fac+s4 ,b1 our own op9ion is1 t 9 s important an ent]prise1 e !oretical hypo!sis %\ld be disc>d$1 & t we ought to be guid$ solely by ! exp]i5ce we h acquir$ 9 works ( an analog\s "* already execut$4 ,& ?is is :at we h done 9 adopt+ ! sy/em ( loose /ones1 z x has be5 c>ri$ out ) success3 #a4 ,= ! dyke at ,*]b\rg :i* is #cgfh met4 long 9 a dep? ( wat] ( #ad m41 #hj2 #b4 ,= ! jetty at ,plym\? :i* is #acfd met4 long 9 a dep? ( #aa met4 & m2 #c4 ,= ! dyke 9 ! ,bay ( ,delaw>e #abjj met4 long1 ) a dep? ( #ad met42 #d4 ,= t ( ! ,bay ( ! ,lion #hjjj met4 long1 9 dep?s ( m ?an #af met4 ,objections to ?is sy/em may1 inde$1 be rais$ on acc\nt ( ! damage su/a9$ at ,*]b\rg & ,plym\? z well z at ,algi]s1 be=e ! introduction ( factiti\s blocks1 b x is necess>y to obs]ve1 t bo? at ,*]b\rg & ,plym\?1 ! tidal curr5t is exce$+ly /rong1 its velocity be+ z mu* z #d met4 p] second2 t ! sea at ^! po9ts is v r\gh1 & t !re is reason to suppose t ! damage w\ld n h occurr$ _h ! blocks be5 r l>g]1 & ! int]/ices well fill$ up4 ,) reg>d to ! road/ead at ,algi]s1 x is1 z is well kn[n1 con/antly beat5 ov] by heavy seas1 no o!r po9t 9 ! ,m$it]ranean pres5t+ su* difficult conditions4 ,we h 9 fav\r ( our sy/em mo/ ( ! moles erect$ 9 ! v>i\s ports ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,g5oa1 ,cannes1 ,b>celona1 ,val5cia1 ,cadiz1 c4 c41 all ( :i* are con/ruct$ ( natural blocks1 ! l>ge/ n exce$+ #b m41 #ej cube1 & :i* are nev]!less e/abli%$ at consid]able dep?s ( wat]4 ,f9ally1 we h on our side ! op9ions ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,engli% eng9e]s2 op9ions :i* h prevail$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 & 9 accordance ) :i*1 all ! moles 9 ! h>b\rs ( refuge 9 c\rse ( con/ruction are be+ made1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( natural blocks sunk into ! sea1 at c]ta9 slopes4 ,! bottom ( ! bea*1 desc5d+ by a v g5tle incl9ation1 w1 moreov]1 h ! effect ( abat+ ! waves1 & dim9i%+ _! action aga9/ ! jetties4 ,?is is a well asc]ta9$ fact1 & "o :i* may1 inde$1 be easily conceiv$2 =1 suppos+ t ! bottom ( ! sea1 f a dep? bel[ ! limit ( ! motion ( ! waves1 rises by an extremely g5tle slope1 until x meets t limit2 ?is meet+ tak+ place at a v small angle1 ! bottom w be almo/ ins5sibly sub/itut$ = ! limit ( motion4 ,at ! po9t ( ?is meet+ ! undulat+ motion is nil1 x is v feeble at ! adjac5t po9ts1 & easily abat$ by ! resi/ance & friction :i* ! molecules exp]i5ce aga9/ ! bottom4 ,! abatem5t w ?us ext5d v]tically up to ! surface1 & ! waves w !n gradually dim9i% 9 volume z !y approa* ! %ore4 ,we h1 !re=e1 adopt$ ! sy/em ( loose /ones = ! jetties & = ! mole1 ) b slight modifications sugge/$ by our own exp]i5ce1 modifications :i* consi/ 9 mak+ ! jetty-heads 9 hydraulic masonry to a c]ta9 height1 z well z ! int]ior surface ( ! w9dw>d jetty1 :i* is to s]ve = ! t[+ ( vessels4 ,:at we h said ( ! gulf ( ,pelusium we may repeat1 /ill m =cibly1 ) reg>d to ! road/ead ( ,suez4 ,! s&s h long ceas$ to accumulate 9 any p]ceptible mann]4 ,& if m>itime alluvium is /ill br\ght up by ! gr\nd swell & ! curr5t1 x is driv5 by ! we/ & s\?-we/ w9ds on to ! ea/]n %ore1 )\t rea*+ ! extremity ( ! gulf4 ,9 fact1 ! plan ( ! road/ead 0 tak5 9 #agii1 & ! s\nd+s ( ! *annel are m>k$1 z well z ! %ape ( ! s&bank1 :i* =ms a k9d ( b> at its extremity t[>ds ! road/ead4 ,9 #ahdg1 ! plan 0 tak5 aga9 ) ! same s\nd+s1 & x is impossible to f9d ! lea/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! two results1 :i* also agree ) ^? giv5 by ,comm&] ,moresby1 9 8 excell5t *>t ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,!re is1 !n1 no?+ to fe> on t side1 ei!r f ! s& or ! viol5ce ( ! sea4 ,! jetties w be ( ! simple/ con/ruction1 & z ! mat]ials are1 z x 71 at h&1 _! erection w pres5t no difficulty4 ,) reg>d to ! excavation ( ! ,canal to a dep? ( #f m41 #ej bel[ l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 a v por\s soil1 ! task1 at fir/ sight1 pres5ts :at appe> to be consid]able difficulties4 ,we _c1 inde$1 hope to accompli% ! :ole ( ! excavation 9 ! dry1 or by pump+1 on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! gr\nd4 ,x w be necess>y1 !n1 = all t portion bel[ wat]1 to h rec\rse to dr$g+2 &1 z ! quantity ( e>? to be remov$ by ?is means is #eg1bje1cdb cubic metres1 at fir/ sight x is difficult to conceive h[ ! "w is to be accompli%$4 ,b1 ^u exam9+ ! matt] m closely1 no?+ is f\nd to fright5 ! mo/ timor\s4 ,9 fact1 a s+le /eam dr$g+ ma*9e1 ( tw5ty horse p[]1 su* z ^? :i* h be5 employ$ on ! ,nile1 work+ night & day1 c1 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 raise #ajjj cubic metres ( s&1 f a dep? ( sev5 metres4 ,accord+ to ?is calculation1 & suppos+ ! ye> to consi/ ( only #bgj work+ days1 x w\ld take =ty dr$g+ ma*9es five ye>s to complete ! lab\r2 b if1 in/ead ( su* small ma*9es1 dr$ges ( ?irty to ?irty-five horse p[] 7 adopt$1 x w\ld be easy to raise #aejj cubic metres p] diem1 & ! dr$g+ w\ld be m economical4 ,! quantity ( e>? to be rais$ by manual lab\r am\nts to #ag1dgc1gij cubic metres1 & ! deepe/ cutt+ does n exce$ #aj metres above ! wat]4 ,?is is a small matt] :5 comp>$ ) ! e>?-works p]=m$ 9 _m canal & railway und]tak+s1 & ev5 ) ^? accompli%$ be=e ! pres5t c5tury2 su*1 = example1 z ! "o m5tion$ by ,mi*el ,*evali]1 9 8 inve/igations conc]n+ ! m>itime canal ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama 7,re*]*es sur la ,canalisation m>itime de l',i/hme de ,panama74 8,x requir$10 says he1 8! treasure :i* ! ,vic]oys ( ,mexico _h at _! disposal to und]take ! cutt+ at ,huehuetoca1 ! total l5g? ( :i* is #bi1ehe met41 ) a dep? ( f #de to #fj met41 = a l5g? ( #hjj met41 & f #cj to #ej met4 = #cejj met4 ,! exp5se 0 #ca1jjj1jjj40 ,f>!r on1 he adds3-- 8,n[adays1 h[ev]1 9 a case ( necessity1 by display+ ! improv$ appliances at ! comm& ( eng9e]+ art1 x w\ld be possible to effect cutt+s ( great dep?1 & to remove l>ge quantities ( e>? at no extraord9>y exp5se4 ,on ! ,arles canal1 at ,b\c1 = in/ance1 ! plateau ( ! ,lecque 0 cut ?r\gh by a tr5* #bajj met4 9 l5g?1 by #dj to #ej met4 9 dep?1 at ! culm9at+ po9t4 ,! exp5se 0 "u #d1jjj1jjj1 & yet ! cutt+ 0 p]=m$ by ! old me?od4 ,9 cutt+s ( magnitude1 ! soil is n[ brok5 by in/rum5ts ( enorm\s p[]1 & ! e>? is remov$ by means ( railways & locomotives4 ,all t has to be done by manual lab\r is to collect ! loose e>? & load ! waggons4 ,= s important an object z ! unit+ ( two seas1 ev5 ! impossible might be attempt$40 ,suppos+ ea* lab\r] to d #a m41 #ej1 on an av]age1 p] diem1 x w\ld only require #hjjj lab\r]s = five ye>s to complete ! e>?-works2 & n a ye> passes )\t a levy ( betwe5 #cj & #dj1jjj m5 be+ comm&$ by ! ,vic]oy1 9 sev]al prov9ces at once1 = ! s]vice ( ! canals alone4 ,z soon z ! project ( a %ip canal across ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez is asc]ta9$ to be useful & advantage\s1 no difficulties ( execution1 h[ev] great !y may be 7& we h prov$ !m trifl+71 w be consid]$ ob/acles to its be+ c>ri$ out4 ,x w\ld appe> at fir/ sight sup]flu\s to demon/rate ! utility ( su* an und]tak+1 = :at especially /rikes ! imag9ation1 is ! magnitude ( ! results promis$ by ! ,canal1 & ! reit]at$ ef=ts made at sev]al epo*s1 ev5 9 times ( ignorance1 to op5 ?is communication betwe5 ! two ,seas4 ,b s9ce ! publication ( ,m4 ,lepre's memorial1 s _m objections h be5 br\ght =w>d & s _m d\bts rais$1 t public op9ion is undecid$1 & x becomes necess>y to re-e/abli% ! "q 9 all its integrity4 ,we w !re=e exam9e ! pr9cipal objections rais$ aga9/ ! direct communication betwe5 ! two ,seas4 ,x has be5 said t ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea is s dang]\s1 & t ! monsoons cause su* delays1 t ev5 if ! ,canal 7 e/abli%$ & freely trav]s$ by %ips1 comm]ce w\ld n foll[ t r\te1 :i* w\ld 9 fact1 f ^! peculi> circum/ances1 be ! longe/ & mo/ p]il\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re c be no "q "h ab\t /eam navigation1 ! circle ( :i* ext5ds daily m & m1 = ! project$ ,canal w be ! triumph ( /eam2 x w greatly increase ! use ( ! screw1 & give a new /imulus to ,briti% navigation1 :i* w be *>g$ ) ! deliv]y ( ,engli% coal ?r\gh\t ! :ole l9e f ,london to ,au/ralia4 ,we w !re=e only exam9e ! case ( navigation by sail+ vessels4 ,n[1 we le>n f hi/ory1 t f ! mo/ di/ant ages1 ?is navigation has fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & t aft] ! discov]y ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 79 #adig71 ! ,portuguese consid]$ x necess>y to h a fleet1 :i*1 9 #aech1 de/roy$ all ! m]*ant vessels ( ! ,turks & ,v5etians4 ,if 9 lat] times comm]ce took ! way ( ! ,cape1 we h only to ?ank ! ,turki% sov]eignty ( ! p]iod1 :i* all[$ ! arts1 sci5ces1 & indu/ry to p]i%1 at ! same "t t x =bade ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,european nations4 ,h[ c ?is navigation be consid]$ full ( dang] at ! pres5t day1 :5 nautical sci5ce & ! art ( %ip-build+ h made su* great progress1 & :5 ev]y?+ relat+ to ! w9ds1 ! curr5ts1 & ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 is p]fectly well kn[n8 ,to leave no d\bt on ! subject1 we w repeat ! mo/ important obs]vations :i* h be5 made on ! ,r$ ,sea & ,indian ,ocean4 ,?is is :at ! ,engli% travell]1 ,bruce1 says 9 #agfi3-- 8,^? :o are at all acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ,egypt1 are aw>e t ! nor? w9d1 !re call$ ! ,etesian w9d1 prevails dur+ ! six hotte/ mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,! two *a9s ( m\nta9s1 :i* conf9e ,egypt to ! ea/ & we/1 compel ?is w9d to foll[ precisely ?is nor!rly direction4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t x w\ld be ! same = ! ,arabian ,gulf1 if ! c\rse ( t n>r[ sea 7 p>allel to ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,b ! ,r$ ,sea ext5ds ne>ly f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 f ,suez to ,mo*a2 !re x alt]s its c\rse1 & proce$s ne>ly f ea/ to we/1 z f> z its junction ) ! ,indian ,ocean at ! /raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb4 8,?us ! ,etesian w9d1 :i* is due nor? 9 ,egypt1 foll[s ! c\rse ( ! gulf1 & bl[s ) =ce 9 t direction all ! summ]2 t is to say1 t f ! mon? ( ,april till ! mon? ( ,octob]1 ! nor?-ea/ w9d prevails ov] ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 desc5d+ z f> z ! /raits2 & t f ,novemb] to ,m>*1 ! w9d has q a contr>y direction1 & asc5ds ! gulf f ! /raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 up to ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 8,x is obs]v$1 !n1 t a vessel />t+ f ,suez1 9 any ( ! summ] mon?s enc\nt]s a v viol5t nor?-we/ w9d1 :i* w c>ry x direct f ! gulf to ,mo*a4 ,at ,mo*a ! coa/ goes f ea/ to we/1 z f> z ! /raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb4 ,?us a vessel sail+ f ,mo*a w1 9 a %ort space ( "t1 exp]i5ce v>iable w9ds b mo/ly bl[+ f ! we/1 & ^! w9ds w soon c>ry x to ! /raits4 ,x !re=e no long] wants ! monsoon ( ! gulf1 :i* blew f ! nor?2 & :5 x has pass$ into ! ,indian ,ocean1 x meets ) ano!r monsoon bl[+ 9 an opposite direction1 dur+ ! six summ] mon?s1 to ! "o :i* _h fav\r$ its progress 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,?is monsoon is no less fav\rable2 x bl[s f ! s\?-we/1 & c>ries ! %ip full sail1 )\t delay or ob/acle1 into any requir$ port ( ,india4 8,return+1 ! same advantages may be secur$ by sett+ sail dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ) ! monsoon peculi> to t sea1 :i* !n bl[s f ! nor?-ea/1 & w c>ry ! %ip to ! /raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb4 ,:5 ! /raits are pass$ x w meet ) a s\?-ea/ w9d 9 ! gulf1 exactly contr>y to ! "o 9 ! ocean1 b ! c\rse ( ! %ip is also contr>y1 & ?is s\?-ea/ w9d1 foll[+ ! direction ( ! gulf1 w br+ x to ,suez4 ,all ?is is cle>1 simple1 & easily und]/ood1 & ?us x is1 t 9 ! e>lie/ ages ! comm]ce ( ,india 0 c>ri$ on )\t any difficulty4 8,?us ! philosophy1 ! obs]vation & ! indefatigable p]sev]ance ( man1 :o endeav\rs to c>ry out e project :i* 8 int]e/ sugge/s1 triumph+ ov] difficulties1 h taught ! navigators ( ! ,arabian ,gulf1 t ^? p]iodical w9ds :i* !y _h1 at fir/1 reg>d$ z insup]able ob/acles to ! trade ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 are1 :5 und]/ood1 ! safe/ & ! quicke/ means ( p]=m+ ! voyage40 ,mr4 ,rooke1 an ,engli% (fic]1 speaks 9 ^! t]ms1 ( ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea 9 a lett] dat$ ,april #be1 #aghb4 8,! con/ruction & managem5t ( ! vessels are equally s+ul>1 & ,i fe> any description w fall inf9itely %ort ( ! orig9al2 !y 71 ,i believe1 design$ by ^? :o built !m1 to be> "s resemblance to %ips1 b1 hav+ few ( ! prop]ties ( ^? ma*9es1 proce$ on a pr9ciple totally diff]5t f any ,i be=e beheld2 t primum mobile to :i* %ips ( o!r c\ntries are indebt$ = _! voyages is "h ( little use1 & calms are m fav\rable ?an w9d to =w>d _! progress2 444 !y 444 seem equally av]se to a fair z to a contr>y w9d1 rema9+ at an*or until x subsides into a calm1 _! busy sc5e !n comm5ces1 ! an*or is weigh$ & ! vessel put 9 motion by means ( ! boat ) ab\t tw5ty o>s 9 x1 t[+ till a breeze spr+s up2 :5 ?is beg9s to be m ?an :at our seam5 call a light air1 !y hurry to ! %ore & let g _! an*or1 & = ?is purpose always *oose a b]? ! mo/ environ$ by rocks & %oals1 nev] ?9k+ !mselves secure b :5 9 ! mid/ ( dang]2 _! common "t ( an*or+ 0 ab\t two o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 = ab\t t "t ! breeze g5]ally fre%5$1 & 9 proportion z t increases !y put out an*ors1 till !y h six 9 ! wat]1 & two or ?ree haws]s besides1 to tie !m to ! surr\nd+ rocks3 444 9 :at !y call$ good wea!r1 we _h n above two an*ors out1 & if x fell calm aft] sunset !y v5tur$ to get "o ( !m up1 t !y might be ready = ! l& breeze 9 ! morn+1 :i* g5]ally sprung up at two o'clock & blew till n9e or t54444 ,i believe1 )\t ^! l& breezes we %\ld nev] h arriv$ at ,suez2 a circum/ance t v frequ5tly happ5s to _m vessels ( ?is annual fleet1 = if !y d n make good _! passage be=e ! latt] end ( ,may1 ! nor!rly w9ds bl[ s con/antly z to r5d] x impossible1 = vessels t _c "w to w9dw>d1 to get up ! n>r[ *annel f ,tor to ,suez4 8,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! j\rney f ,london to ,madras has be5 p]=m$ 9 sixty-?ree days1 x is surpris+ to see ! ,engli% neglect s great an advantage :5 !y h ! p[] ( secur+ x40 ,vice ,admiral ,rosily1 :o navigat$ ! ,r$ ,sea 9 #aghi1 on bo>d ! frigate ,v5us1 & :o 0 consult$ by ,m4 ,lepre1 0 f> f admitt+ ! dang]s & difficulties ( ! ,r$ ,sea to be z great z is usually suppos$4 ,9 fact1 ^! dang]s1 conjur$ up solely by ! ignorance ( anci5t & mod]n navigators1 h be5 accr$it$ by g5]al op9ion1 or r by g5]al mi/ake4 ,! frigate ,v5us trav]s$ ! ,r$ ,sea 9 all directions )\t exp]i5c+ ei!r damage or difficulty4 ,we may !re=e re/ assur$1 t no m]*ant vessel w enc\nt] any difficulties b ^? :i* are insep>able f all n>r[ seas2 ! ,adriatic1 :i* is /ill n>r[] ?an ! ,r$ ,sea1 has nev] be5 consid]$ impassable4 ,! coa/s alone ( ! ,r$ ,sea are dang]\s1 b ! numb] ( an*orages is s great t ! sailors ( ! c\ntry nev] navigate at night1 b an*or e ev5+4 ,9 r\gh wea!r !y rema9 at an*or sometimes = a week or a =tnight at ! same place1 )\t d>+ to ga9 ! op5 sea or take advantage ( any w9d t w\ld be fav\rable to an ,european %ip4 ,! excell5t "w ( ,comm&] ,moresby & ,capta9 ,rog]s on ! ,r$ ,sea1 writt5 by comm& ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 to resolve ! "q ( its navigation1 & 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! /eam s]vice ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 e/abli%$2 ?is excell5t "w1 we say1 if x does n repres5t ! monsoons to be z regul> z is /at$ by ,bruce1 does n contradict ! g5]ality ( ! facts giv5 by t travell]1 z may be judg$ f ! foll[+ extracts3-- ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds ,,& ,,curr5ts ,,betwe5 ,,suez ,,& ,,g$dah1 ,,by ,,capta9 ,,moresby4 8,f ,suez to ,g$dah1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! ye>1 ! w9d is g5]ally nor?1 & bl[s1 at times1 ) great viol5ce2 b x abates usually at ! *ange ( ! moon4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 f ,decemb] to ,april1 ! s\? w9d prevails1 sometimes = a few days1 & occasionally bl[s fre%1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,sea ( ,suez1 :]e x sometimes atta9s ! =ce ( a mod]ate gu/4 ,at ?is season gu/s f ! we/ are n uncommon 9 ! ,sea ( ,suez1 & are mu* dread$ by ! inhabitants 9 consequ5ce ( _! viol5ce4 ,on ! ,arabian coa/1 ne> ,g$dah1 to ! s\? & nor? ( t port1 ! nor? & nor?-we/ w9ds sometimes bl[ ) great viol5ce dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & br+ ) !m cl\ds ( du/ f ! l&4 8,! s\? w9d1 :i* bl[s sometimes f ,octob] to ,may1 g5]ally occasions a curr5t ( tw5ty or ?irty miles a day4 ,aft] a gu/ f ! nor?-we/1 :5 !re is a light breeze1 !re is g5]ally a curr5t t[>ds ! nor?4 ,x is !n bett] to beat along ! ,arabian side ?an ! ,egyptian1 z 0 ! practice ( anci5t navigators1 :o consid]$ ! latt] coa/ m heal?y4 8,! av]age l5g? ( ! passage f ,g$dah to ,cosseir dep5ds s mu* on circum/ances1 t x is impossible to assign any fix$ t]m = x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r>ely m ?an tw5ty or less ?an t5 days4 ,) ! boats ( ! c\ntry x takes f tw5ty-five to ?irty days1 & sometimes m40 ,,on ,,! ,,w9ds ,,& ,,curr5ts ,,( ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea ,,?r\gh\t ,,! ,,ye>1 ,,by ,,capt4 ,,rog]s4 8,f ! beg9n+ ( ,octob] to ! end ( ,april1 dur+ :at we may call ! w9t] mon?s1 betwe5 ! /raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb & ,gebel ,tor1 9 ab\t latitude #ae #cj nor?1 ! w9d may be said to bl[ cont9ually f ! s\?1 ) ! exception ( a day or two at ! "t ( ! new or full moon1 :5 x sometimes bl[s f ! nor?4 ,b frequ5tly1 = two mon?s at a "t1 !re is no *ange4 8,f ,gebel ,tor to latitude #ai or #bj ! w9ds are v>iable at ! same p]iod1 & bl[ z mu* f ! nor? z f ! s\?4 ,"o or o!r ( ^! w9ds respectively prevails z y approa* "o or ! o!r ( ^! limits4 8,f #ba to #bg ! nor? w9d prevails dur+ ! same season1 b half a lunation seldom passes )\t !re be+ "o or two days ( s\? w9d1 especially f ! end ( ,novemb] to ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*4 8,f #bg to ,suez1 ! w9d is1 almo/ con/antly1 nor?1 & seldom int]rupt$ by any w9d f ! s\?1 unless x be 9 ! mon?s ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 8,9 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb] ! nor? w9d prevails )\t int]ruption1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 f ,suez to ,bab-el-,m&eb4 ,occasionally a *ange takes place1 f ! l& side1 pr9cipally 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 & dur+ ^! mon?s a fa/ sail] c make ?irty-five miles a-day1 beat+ f ,mo*a to ,suez4 ,9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 a vessel w sometimes meet ) a good w9d f ,mo*a to ,cosseir1 & accompli% ! run 9 six or sev5 days1 :]eas x is impossible to d ! same f ,cosseir to ,mo*a except 9 summ]40 ,x appe>s f ^! extracts t ! ,r$ ,sea is easily navigable1 at all seasons1 by sail+ vessels1 & t x is always possible s to arrange ! p]iods ( dep>ture z to trav]se x 9 bo? directions4 ,we ought also to take into acc\nt ! inconv5i5ces exp]i5c$ 9 ! voyage r\nd ! ,cape1 result+ f ! settl$ calms succe$+ ! cont9u$ tempe/s1 ! diseases :i* decimate ! crews1 & ! disa/]s :i* are s frequ5t on pass+ ! equator4 ,we %\ld also take into consid]ation t1 if ! difficulties are great] dur+ a good "p ( ! ye> = vessels go+ up ! ,r$ ,sea1 vessels com+ d[n are1 = t v reason1 sure to meet ) fav\rable w9ds4 ,to leave no d\bt on s important a "q1 & on :i* dep5ds1 9 "p1 ! success ( ! ent]prise 9 contemplation1 we w give a passage f a pap] communicat$ to ! ,socit de ,gographie1 by ,c\nt d',escayrac de ,lauture1 ! motto ( :i* is1 8,ap]ire t]ram g5tibus40 8,if ! m9imum di/ances :i* sep>ate ! ports ( ,europe f ^? ( ,india1 on ! "o "p by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & on ! o!r by ! ,canal ( ! two ,seas1 be comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 enorm\s diff]5ces 9 fav\r ( ! latt] r\te w be made manife/4 ,^! diff]5ces become /ill great]1 :5 x is recollect$ t1 9 navigation1 a /raight l9e is f> f be+ ! %orte/ way f "o po9t to ano!r1 & t navigators only rea* _! de/9ation by successively foll[+ a c]ta9 numb] ( c\rses1 :i* =m great] or less] angles ) ea* o!r4 8,s t in/ead ( /e]+ directly = ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 m>9]s />t+ f ,europe or ! ,atlantic ports ( ,nor? ,am]ica to g to ,india1 mu/ make ! ,can>ies or ! ,azores2 get into ! track ( ! trade w9ds ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 rea* ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 & make ,cape ,frio1 or put 9 at ,rio ,janeiro4 ,x is only !n t !y c make = ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 bett] nam$1 p]haps1 ,cape ,tempe/u\s4 ,!y cle> at l5g? ! ,agulhas ,bank1 rea* ,b\rbon or ! ,mauritius1 & !nce proce$ to ,india 9 ! track ( ! monsoon4 8,vessels f ! ,m$it]ranean h /ill great] disadvantages to cont5d aga9/4 ,x frequ5tly takes !m a =tnight to pass ! /raits ( ,gibralt>1 9 consequ5ce ( ! we/ w9d :i* prevails 9 ^? /raits1 & ! rapid curr5t :i* p\rs ! wat]s ( ! ocean into ! ,m$it]ranean4 8,! consequ5ce is1 t ! passage to ,india takes at lea/ f five mon?s to five mon?s & a half4 ,! passage back is r m direct1 )\t be+ to any p]ceptible degree %ort]4 ,! coa/ ( ,africa may !n be foll[$ m closely1 ?anks to ! trade w9ds ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! place to put 9 at1 9 ?is case1 is ,/4 ,hel5a4 8,if we n[ exam9e ! conditions to :i* navigation is subject$ 9 ! ?ree seas ne>e/ to ,suez1 t is to say1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,gulf ( ,oman1 we %all f9d t 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ! w9ds bl[ f ! nor? dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 *ange to ! s\? by ea/ t[>ds ! spr+1 & return to ! nor?1 pass+ by ! we/ & nor?-we/4 ,! case is ne>ly ! same ) reg>d to ! ,r$ ,sea1 :]e ! nor? w9d1 :i* is ! mo/ frequ5t1 drives ! wat]s 9 ! direction ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 s t :5 ! calm succe$s1 a curr5t is obs]v$ runn+ nor?4 ,?is is evid5tly produc$ by ! wat]s :i* _h be5 rais$ 9 ! s\? endeav\r+ to rega9 _! level4 ,! s\? w9d usually succe$s ! calm4 8,! ,gulf ( ,oman has two monsoons1 t f ! nor?-ea/1 :i* prevails ) m con/ancy 9 ! w9t]1 & t f ! s\?-we/1 :i* bl[s ) =ce 9 summ]4 ,! *ange f "o monsoon to ! o!r is effect$1 !re z else:]e1 by a s]ies ( calms & gu/s ( w9d4 8,f ^! circum/ances x w\ld appe> mo/ advantage\s to sail to ,india by ! canal 9 summ] & autumn1 & to return t[>ds ! spr+4 8,! great %ort5+ ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! ports ( ,europe1 & ^? ( ,india1 is n ! only advantage :i* comm]ce w d]ive by frequ5t+ ! canal ( ! two ,seas4 ,9 fact1 vessels w n only rea* _! de/9ation 9 a %ort] "t1 b w meet on _! r\te ) num]\s ports to put 9 at1 &1 :at is m important /ill1 consid]able m>kets4 ,! voyag]1 aft] hav+ foll[$ ! easy track ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 w sell a "p ( 8 c>go 9 ! ,canal ( ,suez1 or at ,g$dah2 w buy ivory at ,massa\x1 ,s\k5 & ,b]b]a1 :i* he w ei!r ex*ange 9 ,india1 = opium1 or c>ry on to ,*9a to obta9 silk or tea4 8,he w complete 8 homew>d c>go ) ! colonial produce ( ,manilla1 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 & ,ceylon1 ) cotton f ,india1 or ,egypt1 ) c(fee f ,abyss9ia1 or ,yem51 ) gum f ,s\dan or ,h$jaz1 ) corn f ,l[] ,egypt1 or ) rice f ,damietta4 ,& ^! multif>i\s op]ations1 :i* n[ require ye>s1 w be safely & rapidly accompli%$ ) little capital & small %ips4 8,9 fact1 by r$uc+ ! "t requir$ = comm]cial op]ations we also r$uce ! g5]al co/s1 make a mu* great] numb] ( ^! op]ations possible 9 a giv5 "t1 &1 by t means1 give facilities to small trad]s1 by f> ! mo/ num]\s class4 8,by op5+ to navigation an easi] & saf] r\te1 we br+ into use %ips ( less tonnage1 & m economically equipp$2 9 "o ^w1 we ?r[ op5 ! road to ,india to ! coa/+ trade--,,we ,,democratise ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,navigation40 ,to ^! details1 we w add our own p]sonal obs]vations4 ,we may say t ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea is always easy1 f ! /raits to ,raz ,mohamm$1 because !re are no rocks 9 ! middle ( ! gulf1 & x be+ always possible to beat :5 ! monsoon is n fav\rable1 & if "s dang] is to be fe>$ at ,raz ,mohamm$1 f :irlw9ds1 curr5ts & rocks1 !y w disappe> z soon z a good ligh?\se is erect$1 & a /ation ( /eam tugs e/abli%$ to assi/ vessels aga9/ ! contr>y w9ds4 ,sail+ may !n be said to h atta9$ ! limit ( its advantages1 = x w pr(it by fav\rable w9ds to p]=m ! transport s]vice ) economy2 & 9 ^? p>ts ( ! passage :]e difficulties are to be enc\nt]$1 /eam w come 9 aid1 by :i* dang] & loss ( "t w be avoid$4 ,ano!r objection :i* has be5 rais$ aga9/ ! direct canal is1 t be+ cut ?r\gh mov+ d[ns1 x w soon be encumb]$ by !m1 & t ! exp5se ( keep+ x 9 ord]1 w consequ5tly be s great1 t x w be necess>y to ab&on x1 if x ev] be und]tak54 ,to refute ?is objection we w recapitulate ! facts 9 _! actual integrity4 ,f ,suez to ! extremity ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 ! soil is1 x is true1 s&y at ! surface1 b h[ev] s&y x may be1 ! w9ds d n produce any modification 9 ! sup]ficial /ate ( ?is "p ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,?is is to be acc\nt$ = by ! f9e s& be+ kept moi/ by ! sea wat]1 :i* rea*es ! surface by p]colation & capill>y attraction2 ! s&1 :i* is out ( rea* ( ! moi/ure1 is co>se s&1 or r small gravel1 b\nd toge!r by magnesian e>?1 9 su* a mann] t ! w9d has no effect ^u x4 ,s true is ?is1 t at sev]al places 9 ?is des]t we f\nd1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahed1 ! traces left by ! t5ts ( ! eng9e]s :o 7 employ$ !re 9 #ahdg4 ,! be/ pro( t c be giv5 ( ! /ability ( ! soil 9 ?is "p ( ! des]t is ! situation ( ! banks ( ! anci5t canal1 :i* /ill rema9 all along1 z f> z ! ,bitt] ,lakes4 ,! torr5ts ( ra9 :i* sometimes fall 9 ?is locality1 may well1 9 #abjj ye>s1 h worn rav9es 9 ^! banks1 & p>tly fill$ ! canal4 ,9 "s p>ts ev51 ! banks h be5 c>ri$ away by sudd5 torr5ts1 b n[h]e are !y buri$ by ! s&4 ,ve/iges ( antiquity1 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s old1 may /ill be se5 at ! surface ( ! soil on ! v l9e ?r\gh :i* ! canal is to pass4 ,x is only on approa*+ ,lake ,timsah t moveable d[ns are met )1 :i* surr\nd & cut x 9 sev]al places1 *ang+ _! %ape r ?an _! position2 all ! o!r d[ns :i* are met ) 9 ! =m ( *a9s ( hillocks1 & :i* occupy ! space compris$ betwe5 ! b> ( ,el ,guisr & ,pelusium1 h long be5 naturally fix$ by v>i\s plants1 :i* h sprung up !re "u ! influ5ce ( heat & moi/ure4 ,x is1 !n1 only ! d[ns 9 ! vic9ity ( ,lake ,timsah :i* require to be fix$ artificially4 ,n[1 ! fix+ ( d[ns has already become a special bran* ( indu/ry pres5t+ great advantages4 ,! hills ( s& :i* deva/at$ ! ,l&es ( ,bordeaux1 & advanc$ e ye> into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry1 r5d]+ x b>r51 are n[ trans=m$ into magnific5t p9e =e/s1 :i* yield turp5t9e1 pit*1 v>i\s k9ds ( res9 & timb]4 ,?is *ange1 or r ?is miracle1 0 effect$ by ! simple/ means4 ,aft] an att5tive exam9ation ( ! facts1 ,m4 ,bremonti]1 eng9e]-g5]al1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! fix+ ( ! d[ns1 _h obs]v$ t1 9 digg+ at ! summit ( ! mo/ elevat$ d[ns1 ! s& 0 moi/ at a few c5timetres f ! surface4 ,/ruck by ?is circum/ance1 he saw at once t vegetation w\ld be possible1 if ! s& c\ld be prev5t$ f be+ displac$ by ! w9d4 ,he consequ5tly imag9$ v>i\s means ( obta9+ ?is result1 & 8 ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) complete success4 ,he s[$ on sev]al d[ns ! se$s ( ! m>itime p9e1 :i* h n[ become magnific5t =e/s4 ,aft] be+ assur$1 by long exp]i5ce1 ( ! advantages :i* might be d]iv$ f ! fix+ ( ! d[ns1 ,m4 ,bremonti] address$ a report to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,republic1 9 :i* are f\nd ! foll[+ valuations3-- 8,! surface ( ! d[ns1 :i* =m ! ,l&es ( ,bordeaux10 says he1 8be+ equal to #ccg1jjj ,bordeaux j\rnaux1 ( #hdj squ>e toises1 ! am\nt requir$ to fix ! :ole ( ^! d[ns w\ld be #h1jjj1jjj livres4 ,n[1 a j\rnal 7#j hect41 #cc7 ( s& plant$ ) p9es1 gives an annual return ( fifte5 livres1 t ( #ccg1jjj j\rnaux w\ld !re=e be ( #e1jee1jjj livres4 ,x is suppos$ "h t ! ,j\rnal plant$ ) p9es only yields ?ree qu9tals ( res91 & ! price may be tak5 at five francs ! qu9tal2 b ! plantations1 at ! end ( sev5 or eight ye>s1 w produce an imm5se quantity ( combu/ibles1 & aft]w>ds *>coal1 bo>ds1 timb] = build+1 & f9ally t>4 ,x is true t ! p9es are n ( full value until tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s aft] plant+2 !re w be1 h[ev]1 an int]e/ ( twelve & a half p] c5t4 z a d$uction f all exp5ses40 ,mu* m simple means are employ$ at pres5t1 to fix ! d[ns by s[+1 = x is mo/ly consid]$ suffici5t to plant bran*es ( broom1 furze1 or p9e 9 qu9cunx ^u ! d[n to be s[n & to scatt] v>i\s se$s broadca/1 & cov] !m lightly ) a rake4 ,^! are call$ tuft$ se$ plots4 ,! exp5se ( a hect>e is #ff fr41 #hj1 :i* is made up z foll[s1 z appe>s f ! acc\nts kept by ! eng9e]s entru/$ ) ^! works3-- #dfj faggots at fr4 #b1ej p] ,c4 fr4 #aa1ej #af ,kilos4 p9e se$s #j1de #g1bj #b ru% #b1ej #e1jj #b furze #j1be #j1ej #f hay #j1aj #j1fj ,lab\r #a day1 #ij4 = a gang #bb1aj #da1ii ----- ,co/ ( #a hect>e fr4 #ff1gi ,! gang is compos$ (-- ,a ,=eman fr4 #b1jj fr4 #b1jj #f ,workm5 #a1be #g1ej #ab ,wom5 #j1ge #i1jj #f ,*ildr5 #j1fj #c1fj ----- ,total p] diem fr4 #bb1aj ,at ! eigh? ye> !y beg9 to yield int]e/ on ! capital & co/ ( keep+ up 7:i* is almo/ no?+71 f ! combu/ible t is obta9$ by remov+ ! surplus1 f mak+ *>coal1 c4 c4 ,at tw5ty ye>s !y beg9 to extract res9 f ! trees1 at ?irty ye>s ! produce is mo/ abundant1 & cont9ues up to eighty ye>s1 :5 ! wood is fit = build+ purposes4 ,!n new se$ plots are =m$ 9 proportion z ! old trees are remov$4 ,! annual produce ( res9 ga!r$ f a hect>e ( p9es is an av]age ( five metric qu9tals1 :i*1 at ! rate ( tw5ty-two francs p] qu9tal1 gives a rev5ue ( #aaj francs1 & repres5ts at lea/ sev5ty p] c5t4 ( ! capital employ$4 ,x w be se5 by ?is /atem5t1 t ! fix+ ( ! d[ns has become "o ( ! mo/ productive op]ations ( ,silviculture1 & t x (f]s "o ( ! mo/ advantage\s inve/m5ts = capital4 ,x 0 !re=e necess>y = u to "k1 :e!r ! d[ns :i* cov] ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,i/hmus c\ld be fix$ by ! same process4 ,n[1 we h asc]ta9$1 #a/4 ,t ! great] "p ( ^! d[ns are naturally fix$ by a multitude ( diff]5t plants1 :i* h f\nd suffici5t moi/ure = _! support2 #bnd4 ,t ! moveable d[ns ( ! bas9 ( ,lake ,timsah conceal moi/ure at a v little dep? bel[ _! surface2 !y may1 !re=e1 be fix$ by se$ plots1 & to d x !re is ! imm5se quantity ( bu%es & %rubs :i* gr[ 9 ! l[ p>ts surr\nd+ ! lake1 & :i* give to t region ! appe>ance ( a copse4 ,n only w suffici5t bran*es be f\nd on ! spot = ! tuft$ se$ plots1 b moreov]1 all ! combu/ibles = ! lime1 & = ! wants ( ! workm51 w be furni%$ abundantly4 ,x is true1 t at ! "t we made our obs]vations 7,janu>y1 #ahee71 tol]ably abundant ra9s _h rec5tly moi/5$ ! soil2 ! success ( ! se$-plots1 :i* w\ld be de/itute ( moi/ure = ! re/ ( ! ye>1 might !re=e be d\bt$2 b :at is !re to prev5t ! moi/ season be+ *os5 = mak+ ^! plots8 & ! se$ once ris51 ! abundant moi/ure :i* is felt 9 ?is region1 especially dur+ ! summ] nights1 w suffice to support vegetation1 z is se5 by ! d[ns fix$ naturally4 ,f9ally1 to remove all objections1 ! fre% wat] canal :i* w end at ,lake ,timsah1 w supply1 if requir$1 ! means ( af=d+1 dur+ ! e>ly days ( ! se$-plots1 suffici5t moi/ure = ! success ( ! und]tak+4 ,!re is no possible d\bt !n z to ! success :i* w be obta9$ 9 ! fix+ ( ! moveable d[ns1 nor z to ! pecuni>y advantages :i* result f x1 = ! m>itime p9e answ]s well 9 ,egypt1 & o!r k9ds ( trees may be f\nd /ill m productive4 ,! co/ ( s[+ w be less ?an 9 ,france1 on acc\nt ( ! l[ price ( lab\r1 & ! pr(its w be m consid]able & m quickly obta9$1 on acc\nt ( ! hott] climate1 & ! consumption on ! spot ( all produce n[ want+1 & :i* is oblig$ to be procur$ f a di/ance4 ,we e/imate ! sup]fice ( ! d[ns to be fix$ 9 ?is "p ( ! ,i/hmus at ab\t #bjjj hect>es1 b if se$-plots & replantations 7 made ^u all ! d[ns naturally fix$1 #ajj1jjj hect>es ( =e/ might ?us be =m$4 ,x is = ! ,company to decide :at ext5t ( c\ntry x w be suitable to cultivate 9 ?is way4 ,a f9al objection has be5 made to ! ,canal by assum+ t /eam navigation1 by ! agitation ( ! wat] :i* x produces1 w\ld quickly de/roy ! banks ( ! ,canal1--banks =m$ 9 a moveable soil :i* w\ld fill up ! tr\gh4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ?is inconv5i5ce1 :i* might1 9 fact1 be appreh5d$1 we h adopt$ v g5tle slopes 7two on ! base l9e to "o 9 height72 !n we h cov]$ ^! slopes ) /ones = ! :ole height on :i* ! agitation caus$ by ! passage ( /eam-vessels c\ld be felt4 ,we h 9 our fav\r ! example ( ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 ?us furni%$ ) a cov]+ ( /ones =m$ ( simple mat]ials4 ,?is is :at ,m4 ,fla*at says1 9 ! description t he gives ( ?is ,canal1 accord+ to ! reports ( ! ,commission]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons3 8,/eam navigation especially dem&s att5tion4 ,difficult1 p]haps ev5 impossible1 ^u ord9>y canals1 :]e x causes an agitation :i* rapidly de/roys ! banks1 x is organiz$ on ! ,cal$onian ,canal1 & pres5ts no?+ b advantages4 ,) a spe$ ( #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj met4 p] h\r1 all t has be5 obs]v$ is a g5]al pla%+1 :i* is n m ?an t produc$ by a mod]ately g5tle w9d4 ,! only precaution tak5 01 to collect on ! banks & made gr\nd all ! l>ge pebbles ) :i* ! l& is fill$1 & to cov] ) !m = a foot 9 height bel[ ! l9e ( ! wat]1 ! banks :i*1 f ! co>se composition ( ! soil1 7 too easily di/urb$ by ! agitation ( ! waves4 ,b :]ev] ! gr\nd _h a good proportion ( s&1 !re 0 no?+ to be done40 ,f9ally1 x has be5 assum$1 t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,great ,brita91 yield+ to a national prejudice1 w\ld put ob/acles 9 ! way ( ! project ( cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus1 if x %\ld be asc]ta9$ to be feasible1 & t ! ,engli% capitali/s w\ld n be dispos$ to concur 9 ! und]tak+4 ,! future alone c %[ :at tru? !re is 9 ?is assumption2 we _c at all conceive ! opposition ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( a great nation to a project to :i* ! ,engli% h especially1 9 ^! latt] times1 drawn ! att5tion ( ! comm]cial _w & _! own ,gov]nm5t on acc\nt ( ! special advantages :i* x (f]s to ,engl&4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! writ+s ( ! travell] ,bruce & ^? ( ,capta9 ,rooke4 ,we w n[ cite o!r names4 ,capta9 ,james ,vet*1 ( ! corps ( ,royal ,eng9e]s1 au?or ( a v rem>kable pamphlet publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahdc1 & ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 ,civil ,eng9e]1 propose to trace ! ,canal 9 a s+le /raight l9e f ,suez to ,t9eh4 ,! editor ( ! ,eng9e]s' & ,ar*itects' j\rnal 7#ahdd7 9 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! lab\rs ( ^! eng9e]s1 adopts 9 />t+ f ,suez1 ! l9e ( ! anci5t canal z f> z ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 & f ! head ( ^! lakes at ,katieh he takes ! direction ( ! ,m$it]ranean 9 pass+ by ! great lake ,sulak el ,b>doil4 ,! au?or adds1 8,x is h>dly reasonable to reckon ^u a union ( ! ,european p[]s to effect an und]tak+ 9 :i* ,engl& has su* a prepond]at+ int]e/1 9 ! po9t ( view ( our dom9ation 9 ,india4 ,x is true t all ! ,nations bord]+ on ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld f9d l>ge pr(it !re91 b mu* inf]ior h[ev] to ours40 ,! ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review1 "o ( ! mo/ e/eem$ p]iodicals ( ,engl&1 9 an article :]e x treats ( ! cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus1 says t--8! exp5se comp>$ ) ! gr&eur ( ! result is s trivial1 t x is a/oni%+ t ! ?+ has n yet be5 done1 ei!r by a company or by ! ,vic]oy4 ,! advantages ( ?is und]tak+ w\ld be imm5se2 =1 indep5d5tly ( ! great comm]ce :i* w\ld be done !re1 indep5d5tly ( ! op5+ ( ,abyss9ia & ( ! int]ior ( ,africa to ! arts & civilization1 ! ,r$ ,sea ab\nds 9 natural ri*es1 & ! fi%]m5 ( ! ,m$it]ranean w\ld transport !mselves ?i!r 9 cr[ds 9 pursuit ( pe>ls1 "m-(-pe>l1 tortoise-%ell1 sponges 7! f9e/ 9 ! _w71 coral1 fi% oils1 c4 c40 ,mr4 ,&]son 9 8 pamphlet already quot$1 says3 8,9 a political po9t ( view1 ! advantages :i* ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t w d]ive f ! ,canal are almo/ incalculable4 ,f ,malta troops c\ld be transport$ to ,bombay 9 ?ree weeks1 to ,ceylon & ,madras 9 f\r weeks1 & to ,calcutta 9 ?irty-five days at mo/1 in/ead ( ! f\r or five mon?s n[ requir$ by a sail+ vessel4 ,"u su* circum/ances x w\ld require sc>cely half ! numb] ( ,engli% troops = ! effici5t gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,! facility = despat*+ %ips ( w> ) munitions & m5 w\ld ?us increase ! /ability ( ! ,briti% p[]1 :ile ! co/ w\ld be consid]ably dim9i%$40 8,9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 ! advantages w\ld be /ill m consid]able3 ,briti% ,india conta9s a population ( #aej1jjj1jjj1 includ+1 ) ! subjects ( ! ,briti% ,cr[n1 its allies & tribut>ies4 ,*9a does n conta9 less ?an #cej1jjj1jjj ( inhabitants3 to say no?+ ( ! o!r ri* & popul\s c\ntries ( ! ,ea/4 ,let u suppose t 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress & developem5t ( comm]ce1 ea* ,indian & ,*9ese %\ld augm5t 8 outlay 9 ! pur*ase ( ,engli% produce by "o %ill+2 ?is modification alone1 insignificant z x appe>s1 w\ld augm5t ! am\nt ( exports by #be1jjj1jjj4 ,n[ is x n evid5t t ! op5+ ( ! ,m>itime ,canal w greatly facilitate comm]cial relations1 & t5d to l[] ! price ( all m]*&ize8 ! #ejj1jjj1jjj ( human be+s peopl+ ,india & ,*9a are /ill sunk 9 ignorance & sup]/ition4 ,) /eam navigation1 :i* w be develop$ beyond all conception by ! op5+ ( ! ,canal1 ^! p1 br\ght into daily communication ) ,european ideas1 w ent] by degrees into ! curr5t ( sci5ce & civilization40 ,we w t]m9ate ^! quotations by an extract f a v rem>kable "w publi%$ 9 ! 8,pap]s = ! ,p10 ins]t$ 9 ! ,revue ,britannique 7= #aheb71 & 9 :i* ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus is reg>d$ z a practical solution ( ! ma9t5ance ( ! ,briti% p[] 9 ,india4 ,we read !re3--8,if 9 spite ( ! conc\rse ( sev]al adv]se circum/ances1 we firmly believe t our c\ntry w be able to effect ! union ( ! two ,seas1 x is because ?is measure w soon become imp]i\sly necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( our empire 444 all nations w\ld f9d imm5se advantage 9 ! creation ( a new r\te op5$ to navigation2 ?is evid5t advantage1 (f]$ to ! ,european /ates ne>] to ,africa1 has ev5 be5 s]i\sly adduc$ z a fit argum5t to div]t ,engl& f an ent]prise1 ! result ( :i* might be problematical4 ,we enc\nt] "h "o ( ! old di/ru/s ( t worn-out !ory1 t mis]able tissue ( mi/akes t took ^u itself to tea*1 t a p is only ri* & fl\ri%+ 9 proportion z its neighb\rs are indig5t & un=tunate4 ,d\btless ! c\ntries ( ,europe ne>e/ to ! ,ea/ w d]ive a consid]able pr(it f ! op5+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 b our egotism ought to f9d !re9 a motive = satisfaction2 = we _c be ignorant ( ! fact1 t ! developem5t ( comm]ce1 :atev] ! means employ$1 always ends by br++ ! bett] "p ( ! pr(its to ! mo/ intellig5t & mo/ num]\s firms4 ,= our own "p1 su* is our belief4 ,engl&1 & m ?an "o o!r nation by its example1 appe> to u call$ to great works :i* w ?r[ into %ade ! mo/ /rik+ de$s ( hi/ory4 ,among ^! works ( ! future1 x appe>s to u t ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmuses ( ,panama & ,suez /& 9 ! fir/ rank1 & :i* multiply+ & /r5g!n+ ! ties by :i* p ( all climates1 ( all races1 ( all beliefs are unit$ to ,great ,brita91 w connect = ev] ! g5]al prosp]ity ( nations ) ! happ9ess ( our c\ntry1 _! security ) its p[]1 _! indep5d5ce ) its lib]ty40 ,we believe we h abundantly prov$ ! possibility ( con/ruct+ ! ,m>itime ,canal ) its two entrances1 "o f ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! o!r f ! ,r$ ,sea1 & its int]ior h>b\r at ,lake ,timsah4 ,! facilities & advantages :i* x (f]s to comm]ce & navigation z well z to ,egypt c no long] be a matt] ( d\bt1 & let u say ) ! illu/ri\s au?or ( ! memorial ^u ! ,nic>agua ,canal3--8,?9k ( ! almo/ miracul\s effects :i* w be produc$ by ! annual passage across ?is f9e c\ntry ( #b to #cjjj vessels1 :i* w\ld ex*ange _! productions = ^? ( ! ,ea/1 & cause life & ri*es to circulate ev]y:]e4 ,we may picture to ourselves ^? %ores1 n[ s solit>y1 peopl$ ) t[ns & villages2 ^? lakes n[ gloomy & sil5t1 furr[$ by %ips2 ^? rugg$ l&s f]tilis$1 & ! int]ior canal c>ry+ ! b5efits ( civilization into ! he>t ( ! c\ntry40 ,x only n[ rema9s to ent] ^u ! f9ancial & economical consid]ations ( ! und]tak+2 b be=e approa*+ ?is "p ( ! "q1 x is necess>y to complete ! exposition ( ! s*eme by describ+ ! canal ( communication & irrigation :i* w connect ! int]ior ( ,egypt ) ! ,m>itime ,canal4 ,?is ,canal mu/ fulfil ?ree conditions4 ,x %\ld be ( a section suffici5tly l>ge to admit ! craft & /eam boats t navigate ! ,nile1 9 ord] to all[ access to ! int]ior h>b\r f all po9ts ( ,egypt )\t ! inconv5i5ce ( trans-%ipm5t4 ,! volume ( wat] to be suppli$ to ! ,canal %\ld be suffici5t1 aft] all[+ = all losses by evaporation1 infiltration1 & ! passage ( ! locks1 = ! irrigation ( #ajj1jjj f$dans 7#dj1jjj hect>es7 dur+ ! w9t]1 & #fj1jjj f$dans 7#bd1jjj hect>es7 dur+ ! summ]4 ,la/ly1 ! level ( ! wat] ought to be ma9ta9$ at ! mo/ fav\rable height = ! natural irrigation ( ! imm5se tracts ( l& 9 ! ,i/hmus :i* n[ rema9 b>r5 = want ( wat]4 ,to fulfil ^! conditions1 ! receipt ( wat] = ! alim5t>y & irrigat+ ,canal may be e/abli%$ a little above ,b\lak at ,kusr el ,nil :]e ! m\? ( ! ,kalidj ,zafranieh is1 :i* loses itself to ! nor? ( ,cairo 9 ! ,kalidj ,manjeh1 ! anci5t canal ( ,trajan & ,amr\2 ?is canal 0 p>tly re-excavat$ by ,mehemet ,ali to ne>ly ! same dim5sions z ^? requir$ = ! new ,canal1 & z f> z ,tell el ,z\dieh4 ,by foll[+ ?is track a great economy is already obta9$4 ,! ,canal also exi/s f>!r on z f> z ,belbes1 b ( small] dim5sions2 f ,belbes1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! wat] at a suitable height1 ! ,canal is made to pass a little m to ! ,ea/ outside ! cultivat$ l&s1 :i* w give ! ,company an opportunity ( irrigat+ & f]tilis+ ! bord]+ tracts at pres5t uncultivat$4 ,! canal !n proce$s nor?w>d z f> z ,ras el ,wady 7head ( ! valley71 ! ,pit\m ( ! ,bible4 ,?is c\rse exi/s ( small dim5sions1 b 9 sev]al p>ts ( its r\te x may be turn$ to acc\nt4 ,!re w n be great exp5se 9 complet+ ! l9e z f> z ,lake ,timsah2 life w\ld ?us be giv5 to ,cairo by trav]s+ x ) a navigable passage1 ( :i* x is de/itute at pres5t4 ,x w\ld !n be necess>y1 dur+ ! "t ( ! l[ wat]1 to raise ! wat]s ( ! ,nile to a height ( ?ree metres by means ( /eam pumps ( #ejj horse p[]2 & :5 ! b>rage1 = :i* ,8 ,highness ,mohamm$ ,sad ,pa*a has a project1 is complet$1 ! reflux w facilitate1 ) ! assi/ance ( /eam p[]1 ! introduction ( ! wat]s ( ! ,nile into ! ,canal dur+ ! six mon?s ( ! l[ wat]s4 ,! wid? ( ! ,canal has be5 fix$ at #be met41 measur$ on ! wat] l9e at ! "t ( ! inundation4 ,?is wid? is suffici5t to all[ two /eam boats to pass ea* o!r )\t inconv5i5ce4 ,moreov]1 precaution>y measures may be adopt$ at ! entrances ( ! locks1 to prev5t collisions1 if x %\ld become necess>y h]eaft]4 ,! dep? ( ! b$ ( ! ,canal bel[ ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! fir/ "p or fir/ dam1 z f> z ! nor? ( ,tell el ,zondieh1 is #g metres1 t is to say1 at ! level ( ! l[ wat]s ( ! riv]1 & at #ad metres above ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! fall ( ! ,canal has be5 fix$ at #j1jc 9 a #ajjj metres1 9 ord] to secure a spe$ t %all n exce$ ,o m41 #fe p] second1 & t %all n de/roy ! banks ( ! ,canal4 ,?is arrangem5t w enable u to supply1 dur+ ! high wat]s ( ! increase1 a volume ( wat] = inundat+ ! l&s1 ( #dj to #ej cubic metres p] second1 or #c1ejj1jjj to #d1jjj1jjj cubic metres p] diem4 ,z ! inundation has to be cont9u$ dur+ #ajj days at ! mo/1 & ea* f$dan ( l& ought to h a quantity ( #h1djj cubic metres ( wat]1 t is to say1 two cubic metres ( wat] to ea* squ>e metre ( l&1 #dg1fjj f$dans might ?us be inundat$ dur+ ! #ajj days4 ,?is quantity ( wat] is giv5 to irrigate ! l&s & leave ^u !m ! deposits ( ! riv]1 or ! mud :i* is ! manure ( ! ,egyptian soil2 b :5 ! l&s :i* ! ,company w br+ into cultivation h be5 ?us improv$ by two or ?ree complete inundations1 !re w be a great] disposable quantity ( wat]1 & ! numb] ( f$dans to be br\ght into cultivation may be augm5t$4 ,! l&s be+ ?us f]tilis$ & cultivat$ 9 two ways2 fir/ by inundations z we h j said1 aft]w>ds by irrigation dur+ ! second "p ( ! ye>1 t is to say1 dur+ ! l[ wat]s2 !n 9 ord] to secure suffici5t wat] = ! ,canal ( :i* ! receipt ( wat] is above ! actual l[ wat]1 /eam ma*9es w be employ$ at ! backwat] ( ! b>rage4 ,9 ord] to h dur+ ! heats ( summ] a volume ( wat] t %all be suffici5t = ! irrigation ( #fj1jjj f$dans 7#bd1jjj hect>es71 = ! loss by evaporation1 & ! wa/e at ! la/ locks ( ,lake ,timsah1 !re w be requir$-- met4 cub4 p] diem #a1bjj1jjj ,= ! passage ( ! locks1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are3--l5g? #ed met4 bread? #ab met4 mean fall #c met4 ,tak+ =ty passages p] diem1 ! am\nt w be #hj1jjj ,= evaporation1 infiltration & o!r losses1 say #ae p] c5t4 ( ! s]viceable quantity1 viz4 #aib1jjj --------- ,total quantity ( wat] to be suppli$ p] diem #a1dgb1jjj ,! height t ! wat] has to be rais$ be+ #b metres1 & a pump ( "o horse p[]1 rais+ #fj litres p] second = "o metre1 pumps ( five & six horse p[] w give ! requir$ quantity4 ,we e/abli% !re=e /eam pumps ( five & six horse p[] at ! head ( ! ,canal1 z well z a b>rage lock ) gates bo? ways1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! great ris+s ( ! ,nile1 & to reta9 ! wat]s ( ! ,canal :5 ! riv] has subsid$4 ,! ,company w ?us be able to f]tilise #ajj1jjj f$dans1 ( :i* #fj1jjj w be by irrigation1 & :i* w give ! ri*e/ produce4 ,! ,canal foll[s ! c\rse ( ! ,zafranieh z f> z ,tell el ,ya\dieh1 :]e !re is a lock ( #b met41 #ej fall2 x !n leaves ?is anci5t wat]-c\rse to ! left z f> z ,ras-el-,wady3 9 ?is int]val !re are ?ree o!r locks4 ,leav+ ,ras-el-,wady1 ! track ( ! ,canal is direct$ s z to keep x z high z possible1 & to avoid ! d[ns :i* occupy ! :ole ( ! valley1 & are con/antly mov+ f s\? to nor?3 all ^! d[ns %\ld !re=e be fix$ by se$-plots1 & _! sup]fice may p]haps be approximately e/imat$ at #ej1jjj hect>es4 ,! valley call$ ,wady-,tomilat comprises two q di/9ct p>ts2 ! fir/1 f ,abasseh-,mollaut to ! ea/ z f> z ,ras-el-,wady1 is well cultivat$2 ! o!r f ?is po9t1 z f> z ,lake ,timsah1 is uncultivat$ & cov]$ ) %rubs1 :i* w furni% an excell5t combu/ible = ! manufacture ( lime & bricks1 z well z = ! requirem5ts ( ! workm51 until x is cultivat$4 ,at pres5t ! wat]s ( ! ,nile spread naturally dur+ ! inundation = half ! di/ance f ,ras-el-,wady to ,lake ,timsah4 ,! ,ras-el-,wady *annel ext5ds along ! valley ) a dep? ( #g metres1 & x op5s into ,lake ,timsah ) a d\ble lock1 =m+ toge!r a fall ( #g metres4 ,above ?is lock !re is a wat]-c\rse = irrigation runn+ t[>ds ,suez1 & a conduit ( wat] on ! ,*>m]oi sy/em :i* goes t[>ds ,pelusium1 s t1 = ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,i/hmus1 !re w be wat] 9 abundance = ! use ( ! workm52 ! wat]-c\rse = irrigation is #bj metres wide1 #hgjj metres 9 l5g?1 & has a fall ( 1#jd p] kilom41 :i* gives a diff]5ce ( #c met41 #dh 9 ! level4 ,s t at ,suez ! wat]-l9e ( ! wat]-c\rse w be #g met41#jj - #c1dh #c1eb4 ,! dep? ( ! canal be+ #a1ej1 x w be se5 t its b$ w be #b1jb above ! level ( l[ wat]1 & ne> ab\t t ( high wat]4 ,!re w consequ5tly be no fe> ( ! infiltration ( salt wat]4 ,! section ( ! wat]-c\rse ?us det]m9$1 w rule = "o-?ird ( its l5g?1 b its bread? w be r$uc$ to #ae metres = a second ?ird1 & to #aj metres = ! rema9+ ?ird4 ,! wat]-c\rse ( ,suez foll[s ! direction & ev5 ! b$ ( ! anci5t canal1 z f> z ! ,s]apeum1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! b> ( t "n2 x !n leaves ! anci5t canal to ! ea/1 to avoid ! s&s1 passes into a solid pla91 makes ! circuit ( ! gr& bas9 ( ! ,i/hmus1 arrives at ! n>r[e/ "p1 & cont9ues 9 ! pla9 at a suffici5t height n to let ! fre% wat] pass into ! l[ & salt l&s4 ,if on ! ,pelusiac side1 a conduit ( wat] has be5 adopt$ in/ead ( an op5 wat]-c\rse1 x is 9 ord] to obta9 fre% wat] m quickly = ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,m>itime ,canal1 & because ! tillage on ! ,pelusiac side does n beg9 until aft] t ( ,suez4 ,& ! pipes :5 !y %all be replac$ h]eaft] by a wat]-c\rse1 w s]ve to =m a good di/ribution ( wat] 9 ! t[n :i* w arise at ,port ,timsah4 ,! advantages ( ! und]tak+ are n[ demon/rat$4 ,b x is n s ) reg>d to ! returns :i* x w give to ! %>ehold]s4 ,d\bt is preval5t 9 ! f9ancial _w1 9 consequ5ce ( ! widely diff]5t e/imates made by ! eng9e]s1 bo? z to ! co/ & ! probable returns4 ,we h !re=e direct$ our inve/igations m p>ticul>ly to ?is capital po9t ( ! "q1 tak+ c>e to gu>d aga9/ e k9d ( exagg]ation1 9 ord] to arrive at accurate & consci5ti\s results1 & at figures z ne> z possible to ! tru?4 ,we are n[ ab\t to pres5t ! result ( our inve/igations 9 ?is la/ "p ( our lab\rs4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,co/4 ,,article ,i4 ,,e>?-,,works4 ,we h adopt$ 9 our calculations = ! ,canal1 ! dep? ( #f met4 #ej bel[ l[ wat]1 :i* w give = ! m9imum #g met4 #ej1 & = ! maximum #h to #i met4 draught ( wat]1 by ! disposition ( ! locks & ! elevation ( ! tides ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,if ?is figure %\ld n be f\nd suffici5t1 x w\ld be easy to increase x by ! dr$g+ ma*9es1 a c]ta9 numb] ( :i* w always be kept1 & :i* w\ld n prev5t ! navigation ( ! ,canal4 met4 cub4 ,! total quantity ( removal requir$ = ! excavation ( ! ,gr& ,canal1 accord+ to ! calculations made f ! sections1 is #gd1fgi1acb ,( :i* ! "p to be excavat$ to ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean is #ag1dgc1gij ---------- ! rema9d] #eg1bje1cdb is bel[ ?is level4 ,,e>?-,,works ,,9 ,,! ,,dry4--,= ! fir/ "p1 we h simil> works execut$ 9 ,egypt2 ^! are ! ?ree ,canals dug to receive ! wat]s ( ! ,nile aris+ f ! reflux caus$ by ! b>rage4 ,two ( ^! canals h a bread? ( #ajj met4 at ! b$2 #d met4 #ej mean dep?1 ) banks #be met4 wide4 ,!y are all ?ree dug 9 clay1 :i* is v /iff at "s po9ts4 ,! works hav+ be5 execut$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! pay ( ! workm5 0 v l[3 #a pia/4 7#j fr4 #cg7 0 giv5 to able workm52 #a pia/4 7#j fr4 #be7 to o!rs1 & #cj p>as 7#j fr4 #bj7 to *ildr52 ! correspond+ "w done 0 #a met4 #be1 cube p] diem4 ,if ?is ratio 7 adopt$1 x w\ld evid5tly be too l[2 = ! ,company c\ld n1 & w\ld n1 ex]cise su* an au?ority ov] ! p ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is true1 t ^! prices are volunt>ily accept$ by ! fellahs 9 ! villages2 b !y are at home ) _! families1 & are able to cultivate "s pat*es ( l& on _! own acc\nt4 ,!y w\ld n will+ly leave _! families1 unless to obta9 high] wages1 :i* w\ld be at ! maximum1 #b pia/4 7#j fr4 #fb74 ,an av]age ( #b pia/4 7#j fr4 #fb7 p] diem1 mu/ be reckon$ ^u1 n includ+ ! supply ( bread & wat]1 :i* w\ld co/ #a pia/4 9 addition4 ,say1 !re=e1 #c pia/4 or 9 r\nd numb]s1 #j fr4 #ij4 ,at ^! wages1 ) good sup]9t5d5ce1 #a met4 #ej1 cube p] diem might be requir$2 =1 9 ! works :i* we h c>efully obs]v$1 we h adopt$ ! =mula #b n #h met4 cub4 to fix ! task ( ! workm5 employ$4 ,9 :i* =mula n indicates ! numb] ( relays ( #be met4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 suppos+ ! av]age di/ance f ! c5tre ( removal to ! c5tre ( deposit to be two relays1 ! =mula w\ld give #b met4 cub4 & moreov] ! excavation is to be made 9 v light gr\nd4 ,we are !re=e sure t ! figure #a met4 #ej cube1 is r bel[ ?an above ! m>k4 ,! cubic metre w ?us come to #j fr4 #fa4--;,at ?is rate ! fir/ portion ( ! e>?-works w\ld co/ fr4 #aj1dhd1bgd ,,e>?-,,works ,,"u ,,wat]4--,= ! second "p we assume1 t x w be done entirely by /eam dr$ges1 9 two s]ies4 ,! fir/ compos$ ( dr$ges ( tw5ty horse p[] p]=m+ ! excavations to ! dep? ( f\r metres2 & ! second compos$ ( dr$ges ( ?irty-five horse p[]1 mak+ ! excavations to ! dep? ( #g met4 #ej4 ,let u see :at c be done by bo? ^! work+ night & day = #bej days 9 ! ye>2 ?us mak+ ample all[ance = repairs & /oppages4 ,! dr$ges employ$ at ! b>rage1 ( #bj horse p[]1 & rais+ s& f a dep? ( sev5 metres1 fill$ ?irty-?ree light]s 9 ! day & tw5ty-eight 9 ! night1 9 all #fa p] diem1 giv+ a total ( #faj to #gjj met4 cub42 b ^! ma*9es 7 almo/ cont9ually /opp$ = want ( a suffici5t numb] ( light]s4 ,^! same dr$ges1 on ! ,se9e1 remov$ z mu* z #ejj met4 cub4 9 ! day1 & an equal quantity at night1 excavat+1 x is true1 at a dep? ( only #b met4 #ej4 ,! price paid p] cubic metre 0 #j fr4 #ge1 includ+ c>ry+ away & dis*>g+4 ,at ! b>rage1 on acc\nt ( ! l[ price ( lab\r1 ! cubic metre has n co/ #j fr4 #ej4 ,= deep5+ ! road/ead ( ,t\lon1 dr$ges ( tw5ty-five horse p[] 7 employ$1 :i* rais$ ! mud f a dep? ( #i met4 #ej bel[ l[ wat]4 ,^! dr$ges work$ #bgj days 9 ! ye>1 & ea* rais$ #aid1gee met4 cub4 ,! cubic metre ( soil extract$ 0 fix$ provisionally = ! acc\nt at #a fr4 #bj1 includ+ ! transport & dis*>ge1 :i* 0 at an av]age di/ance ( sev]al miles 9 ! op5 sea4 ,at ! port ( ,val5cia1 dr$ges ( ?irty-five horse p[] 7 employ$1 rais+ #gej met4 cub4 p] diem1 f a dep? ( #e to #g metres4 ,a /eam] ( sev5ty horse p[] t[$ ! light]s to a di/ance ( fifte5 miles1 & ! cubic metre ?us rais$ & transport$ only co/ #j fr4 #ge4 ,f ^! data x may be assum$1 t ! dr$ges ( tw5ty horse p[] w raise #ejj met4 cub4 ( e>? p] diem f a dep? ( #d met41 & we may fix ! price ( extraction1 includ+ transport1 at #j fr41 #ge2 t ! dr$ges ( ?irty-five horse p[] w raise #gej met4 cub4 at #a fr4 ,by caus+ ! dr$ges to "w day & night1 & assum+1 z we h said1 an av]age ( #bej work+ days 9 ! ye>1 a dr$ge ( tw5ty horse p[] w excavate p] ann4 #bej1jjj & a dr$ge ( ?irty-five horse p[] #cge1jjj ------- met4 cub4 #fbe1jjj ,! total quantity ( excavation to be p]=m$ by dr$ges be+ #eg1bje1cdb met4 cub41 if ! "w is to be done 9 five ye>s1 x w be necess>y to h n9ete5 pairs ( dr$ges2 &1 if x be obs]v$ t = ! great] "p ( ! ,i/hmus1 ! excavation may be done by h& to ! dep? ( a foot at lea/ bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 s9ce ! bottom ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes rema9s dry at a dep? :i* rea*es #h met41 #eh1 x w be f\nd t n9ete5 pairs w be amply suffici5t4 ,suppos+ half ! "w to be done by ea* k9d ( dr$ge respectively1 ! co/ is f\nd to be #ej1jed1fgd ,,canal ,,( ,,communication4--,! quantity ( e>?-"w to be p]=m$ = ! canal ( communication & irrigation is calculat$ f ! sections at #aj1cbj1hhd met4 cub4 f ! receipt ( wat] to ,lake ,timsah4 ,= ?is "w m5 w easily be f\nd1 at ! rate ( #c pia/4 7#j fr4 4#ge7 includ+ all exp5ses1 & ea* workman w d easily #b met4 p] diem1 :i* r$uces ! price ( ! cubic metre to #j fr4 #cg4 ,! co/ ( excavat+ ! canal w !re=e be #c1hgj1cca ,= ! small canal ( irrigation1 lead+ f ! la/ *annel to ,suez1 ! quantity ( e>?-"w is #b1bah1ejj met4 cub4 ,= ?is x w be necess>y to pay ! m5 #j fr4 #ij p] diem1 & !y w easily d #b met4 #be cub41 :i* w be #j fr4 #dj p] met4 cub4 ,! co/ ( ?is "p w !re=e be #hhg1djj ,add #aj p] c5t4 = tools #f1ebi1ffg ,cont+5cies #agc1fed ---------------- ,total = ! fir/ "p fr4 #gb1jjj1jjj ,,article ,,ii4 ,,works ,,( ,,art4 ,to give a concise b accurate notion ( ! exp5se ( ! works ( art1 we %all fix ! prime co/ ( ! mat]ials1 comp>$ ) ! prices paid 9 ! execution ( ! works ( ! b>rage1 & !n x w be easy to det]m9e ! outlay necess>y = ! pres5t works1 z comp>$ ) t ( ! =m]4 ,,r\gh ,,/one4--,! r\gh /one us$ 9 ! b>rage comes f ! qu>ries ( ,t\ra1 situat$ #cj kil4 f ! place :]e x is us$4 ,x co/s #bb p>as ! qu9tal1 or #d fr41 #bj1 ! cubic metre1 deliv]$ on ! spot4 ,t :i* w be us$ 9 ! works ( ! ,m>itime ,canal w come f ! qu>ries ( ,ataka1 on ! %ores ( ! bay ( ,suez1 at a di/ance ( #bj kil4 f ,suez4 ,?is be+ a calc>e\s /one1 l t ( ,t\ra1 if x is br\ght to ! boats by a railroad & t[$ by /eam]s1 !re is sure to be a sav+ 9 ! extraction & transport4 ,we h h[ev]1 tak5 ! price at #e fr4 to cov] all difficulties 9 =m+ e/abli%m5ts1 ! high] rate ( lab\r1 & ! co/ ( ! railroad4 ,?is is ! price paid = ! blocks employ$ at ! port ( ,*]b\rg4 ,at ! port ( ,val5cia 79 ,spa971 ! extraction ( l>ge blocks1 ! transport to ! quay & load+1 only co/ #d fr4 #be4 ,,hewn ,,/one4--,! hewn /one = ! b>rage1 came f ! qu>ries ( ,t\ra & ,mass>a1 at an av]age di/ance ( #cc kil4 f ! place :]e us$4 ,^! /ones 7 fir/ transport$ a di/ance ( #f kil4 to ! banks ( ! ,nile1 by means ( bullock c>ts1 !n transf]r$ to sail+ b>ges1 & c>ri$ by wat] to ! di/ance above-m5tion$4 ,! price p] cubic metre 0 #bd pia/4 7#f fr47 = extraction1 & #ah pia/4 7#d fr4 #ej7 = c>riage2 9 all #aj fr4 #ej4 ,= ! works ( ! ,m>itime ,canal1 /one w be us$ com+ f qu>ries n[ 9 "w on ! banks1 at ! level ( high wat] = ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,gulf ( ,suez1 & also f qu>ries on ! %ore ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 at a di/ance ( ab\t #aj kil4 f ,suez1 :i* furni% a %elly calc>e\s /one1 s(t :5 extract$1 b h>d5+ by exposure to ! air1 & also 9 sea wat]4 ,?is /one has be5 successfully employ$ 9 build+ ! ,gr& ,hotel ( ,suez1 & has co/ #cc pia/4 7#h fr4 #be47 ! cubic metre1 hewn & deliv]$ at ! quay4 ,we h adopt$ ?is price1 increas$ by #fj p] c5t4 9 ord] to cov] ! di/ance1 & to arrive m easily at ! comp>ison :i* we wi% to e/abli%4 ,,bricks4--,! bricks us$ 9 ! b>rage 7 made by /eam ma*9es1 & co/1 on acc\nt ( extraord9>y circum/ances1 #bf fr4 p] ?\s&4 ,^? :i* w be made by h& or by means ( bullock ma*9es 9 ! ,wady ,tomilat1 w n co/ half s mu*2 = !y c be made 9 ! :ole ( t valley at ! rate ( #f to #g fr4 p] ?\s&1 on acc\nt ( ! great quantity ( combu/ibles f\nd 9 t locality4 ,we h h[ev] assum$1 t on acc\nt ( ! exp5se ( transport1 f ,pelusium to ,suez1 ! bricks w come to ! same price1 z at ! b>rage1 :i* is evid5tly an excess4 ,,lime4--,! lime co/ at ! b>rage1 #h fr4 #gj ! cubic metre1 deliv]$ on ! spot4 ,t :i* is made at ,suez comes to #g fr4 #ge deliv]$4 ,?is lime is made 9 ! valley ( ,gub1 ) ! combu/ibles f\nd !re 9 abundance1 & :i* only co/ ! lab\r ( cutt+ & transport4 ,,pozzolano4--,z ! lime us$ 9 ! b>rage 0 fat lime1 x 0 necess>y to make artificial ,pozzolano1 :i* came to #de pia/4 7#aa fr4 #be7 ! cubic metre4 ,?is ,pozzolano c\ld n be us$ = sea "w1 = we are conv9c$ by exp]i5ce t x is affect$ by ! magnesia :i* is f\nd 9 sea-wat]4 ,x c1 !re=e1 only s]ve = ! works ( ! canal ( communication1 &1 l ! bricks1 x w co/ less ?an at ! b>rage4 ,= ! sea masonry1 we h happily discov]$ solid masses 9 ! h>b\r ( ,suez1 anci5tly =m$ at ! "t ( ! ,caliphs1 or m probably at t ( ! ,ptolemies4 ,^! masses ( masonry are s compact1 t :5 fragm5ts are deta*$1 ! /one breaks m easily ?an ! mort>1 :i* is simply compos$ ( s& & hydraulic lime4 ,?is lime v probably comes f ! m\nta9s ( ,ataka1 :i* conta9 sev]al b$s ( calc>e\s m>l2 & !re is no d\bt t1 by mak+ rese>*es1 ! b$s t suppli$ ! hydraulic lime may be discov]$4 ,samples h be5 s5t to ,m4 ,leplay1 *ief eng9e] & pr(essor at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 = analyzation1 & m w be s5t until good b$s %all be f\nd4 ,on ?is supposition1 x is m ?an likely t ! masonry ( ! ,m>itime ,canal w be less exp5sive ?an t ( ! b>rage1 s9ce x w be en\gh to h hydraulic lime to mix ) ! s&1 :i* is f\nd at all po9ts ( ! ,canal4 ,,timb]4--,! timb] w come f ,anatolia & ,c>amania4 ,oak & fir planks w be procur$ f ,trie/e4 ,^! mat]ials w n co/ m ?an at ! b>rage2 =1 ?\gh ! di/ance ( inl& transport is great]1 ! exp5se ( trans-%ipm5t w be avoid$ by ! con/ruction ( a new lock1 :i* w unite ! ,mahm\dieh ,canal1 & consequ5tly ! ,nile1 ) ! sea4 ,,iron4--,x w be ! same ) reg>d to wr\ght & ca/ iron1 :i* w be procur$ f ,engl& & ,russia4 ,n[1 ! b>rage ( ! ,nile is #ajjf metres 9 l5g?1 ) f\r locks1 ( :i* two are d\ble1 ( #ab metres op5+1 & two o!rs ( #ae metres4 ,x is e/abli%$ ^u a g5]al plat=m at #g metres bel[ ! l[ wat]1 is #df metres wide1 & f\r metres av]age ?ickness1 ) two l9es ( jaunt+ piles1 & #afjj metres ( quay walls1 & only co/ #ah1jjj1jjj francs1 includ+ ! pur*ase ( /eam ma*9es1 to ! numb] ( tw5ty-two1 ! con/ruction ( all works & all ! *>ges ( adm9i/ration1 :i* 7 consid]able4 ,if ?is am\nt is divid$ by ! total l5g? ( #ajjf1 #ag1ijj francs w be obta9$ = ! co/ ( a runn+ metre1 includ+ all ! accessories ( locks1 quays1 ma*9es1 & *>ges ( adm9i/ration4 ,,b>rage ,,locks4--,adopt+ ?is figure1 :i* is too high by a good ?ird = ! ,m>itime ,canal1 ! two b>rage locks & ! oblique b>rage1 be+ altoge!r #cjj metres 9 l5g?1 w\ld co/ fr4 #e1cgj1jjj ,we say t ?is figure is mu* too high2 #a/4 ,because ! b>rage 0 made to support a pressure ( #d to #e metres ( wat]1 :ile ^? ( ! ,m>itime ,canal w nev] h to su/a9 m ?an #b1ej met4 at ! maximum height ( ! wat]2 #bnd4 ,because ! wat]s ( ! ,nile1 ris+ to #g1ej met4 above ! l[ wat] l9e1 x 0 necess>y to elevate ! masonry1 piles1 & ar*es1 to make at ! same "t a bridge ( passage1 & to increase ! weight ( ! masonry2 #crd4 & la/ly1 ,because x 0 necess>y to def5d ! banks ( ! ,nile by #afjj metres ( quay walls1 bo? at ! approa*es ( ! b>rage & at ! head ( ! ?ree canals1 :i* is n necess>y "h4 ,not)/&+ ^! reasons1 we h adopt$ ! above figure1 9 ord] to obta9 a result1 r 9 excess ?an bel[ ! reality1 & ?us to give e confid5ce 9 our valuations4 ,,jetties ,,at ,,pelusium ,,& ,,suez4--,= ! jetties1 bo? at ,pelusium & ,suez1 we h said t we %\ld adopt ! mode ( con/ruction by loose /ones1 z has be5 done 9 ! greate/ kn[n works1 & 9 ! majority ( ! ports 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 su* z ,cannes1 ,b&ol1 ,b>celona1 ,val5cia1 ,cadiz1 ,g5oa1 c4 c41 always r$uc+ ! wid? ( ! causeway accord+ to ! necessity ( ! case4 ,?us1 ! jetty :i* is to w9dw>d 9 ! prevail+ w9ds1 has a wid? ( #h metres at ! summit = its causeway1 :i* is at #a met41 #ej1 above l[ wat]4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a p>apet #d met4 ?ick & #c met41 #ej1 high4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! jetty to ! leew>d has a causeway only #f metres wide1 & ! p>apet #c met4 ?ick & #b met41 #ej1 high4 ,9 ord] to enable ! %ips to approa* ! w9dw>d jetty1 & to be t[$ its :ole l5g?1 masonry 9 hydraulic mort> has be5 dispos$ on ! int]ior slope ( ! jetty f a dep? ( #c met4 bel[ l[ wat]1 z %[n on ! section drawn on ! map4 ,?is is only 9 imitation ( :at is se5 9 ! h>b\r ( ,ba/ia1 z well z 9 ^? ( ,cannes & ,b&ol1 & ! o!r details h be5 tak5 f ^? adopt$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! la/-m5tion$4 ,assum+ t ! jetty ea/ ( ,suez w be #djjj met4 long1 !re w be #igj1jjj met4 cub4 ( r\gh /ones1 :i* at #e fr4 ! metre on bo>d ! vessels1 am\nts to fr4 #d1gej1jjj ,tak+ ! transport & s9k+ at #b fr41 :i* is a great deal1 we h #a1idj1jjj --------- ,total fr4 #f1fij1jjj --------- ,say 9 r\nd numb]s #g1jjj1jjj ,= ! we/]n jetty1 ! same am\nt #g1jjj1jjj ,= ! jetty we/ ( ,pelusium1 if we assume t ! transport w be = a di/ance ( #aej kil4 at #j fr4 #jc p] ton1 p] kil4 :i* w be ab\t #j fr4 #jf p] cubic metre1 we %all h #i fr4 = ! co/ ( transport1 to :i* add #a fr4 = s9k+2 ) ! co/ ( extraction x w be #ae fr4 p] cubic metre4 ,! quantity be+ #a1jjj1jjj met4 cub4 we get an am\nt ( #ae1jjj1jjj & z mu* = ! we/]n jetty #ae1jjj1jjj ,,mole ,,( ,,pelusium4--,! def5sive mole be+ #ejj met4 9 l5g?1 its cont5ts w be #bej1jjj met4 cub41 & ! co/ ( its con/ruction #c1gej1jjj ,,reta9+ ,,bas94--,! semicircul> dyke =m+ ! reta9+ bas9 w h a developem5t ( #fbjj met4 & ! cont5ts w be #hij1jjj met4 cub4 its co/ w !re=e be #ac1ejj1jjj ,! %+l+ on ! banks ( ! canal = a l5g? ( #ajj kil4 is e/imat$ at #a1ejj1jjj ,,quay ,,walls ,,( ,,port ,,timsah4--,! quay walls to be con/ruct$ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,lake ,timsah1 = a l5g? ( #aejj met4 are e/imat$ at #abjj fr4 ! runn+ metre 7?\gh we h con/ruct$ "s entirely ( hewn /one1 :i* only co/ #hej fr472 ! co/ ( ?is item w !re=e be #a1hjj1jjj ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 9 a g5]al mann] :e!r ! figures :i* we exhibit are 9 con=mity ) ! data result+ f exp]i5ce1 we h exam9$ ! co/s ( analog\s works1 t we might comp>e !m ) ^? :i* we h det]m9$4 ,! dyke ( ,*]b\rg1 :i* is #chjj met4 long1 has co/ #fh1jjj1jjj1 aft] all ! vicissitudes x has und]gone f ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,x comes !re=e to ab\t #ag1ijj fr4 p] runn+ metre4 ,its dep? is #ah met41 #hj bel[ high wat]1 :ile ! av]age dep? ( ^? project$ is only #d met4 ,n[ if we assume1 z is evid5tly correct1 t ! bulk1 & consequ5tly ! co/ ( ea*1 are z ! squ>e ( its height1 we f9d t z ! dyke ( ,*]b\rg co/ #ag1ijj fr4 ! runn+ metre1 ^? ( ,suez %\ld co/ tw5ty-two times less1 t is #hae fr4 yet !y come to #agij fr4 ! runn+ metre4 ,! jetties ( ! h>b\r ( ,joliette at ,m>seilles1 all[ance made = all exp5ses1 come to #eejj fr4 ! runn+ metre4 ,_! f\ndations are #aa met41 #ej bel[ l[ wat]4 ,^? ( ,pelusium ought1 !re=e1 to co/ n9e times less1 t is #fae fr4 ,! mole ( ! h>b\r ( ,val5cia1 :i* is #efj met4 long1 & ! f\ndation #h metres1 #ej1 deep1 0 aw>d$ = a sum ( #c1jjj1jjj fr43 accord+ to ?is price ! def5sive mole ( ,pelusium %\ld co/ less ?an t sum1 :ile we h e/imat$ x at #c1gej1jjj fr4 ,! mole ( ! h>b\r ( ,cannes1 :i* is only #aej met4 long1 has be5 e/imat$ at #a1cjj1jjj fr41 :i* is #hfff fr4 p] runn+ metre1 b x goes to dep?s ( wat] t rea* #aj met43 its co/ is !re=e1 at lea/ six times m consid]able ?an t ( ! jetties ( ,suez2 yet our e/imate is m ?an ! fif? ( t figure4 ,we may !re=e say t our e/imates are 9 excess z reg>ds ! works ( ,suez1 & v mu* m s = ^? ( ,pelusium1 s9ce1 9 proportion1 our figures exce$ ev5 ^? ( works execut$ "u ! mo/ unfav\rable conditions4 ,,canal ,,( ,,communication4--,= ! canal ( communication1 we h fir/ to erect pumps ( #ejj horse p[] 9 ! aggregate1 9 ord] to provide amply = all ! incid5ts ( navigation1 irrigation1 losses by filtration & evaporation2 z1 = irrigation & navigation we only require #hjj1jjj metres cub4 p] diem1 :ile pumps ( #ejj horse p[] w supply #a1bif1jjj4 ,,/eam ,,pumps4--,! /eam pumps t h be5 erect$ 9 ,egypt1 h come to #b1bjj fr4 p] horse p[]1 fix$ & m\nt$ complete2 = ?is item1 !re=e1 !re w be an exp5diture ( #a1ajj1jjj ,,b>rage ,,locks4--,!re w be six b>rage locks ) draw-bridges2 ! locks w be #ab met4 wide & #ed met4 long betwe5 ! gates4 ,! co/ ( ea* b>rage lock complete w be #cjj1jjj fr4 & = ! six #a1hjj1jjj ,,cultivation ,,( ,,l&s4--,= br++ ! l&s into cultivation we mu/ reckon #bjj fr4 p] f$dan1 or #ejj fr4 p] hect>e4 ,x is true t l& may be b\ght 9 ! c\ntry1 all prep>$ ) agricultural build+s1 magaz9es1 cattle1 plant1 c4 c41 at ! rate ( #bej fr4 ! f$dan 7#fbe fr4 ! hect>e71 b ! agricultural sy/em e/abli%$ on ^! l&s is v defective4 ,! exp5diture = #dj1jjj f$dans1 or #af1jjj hect>es1 w be #h1jjj1jjj ,,fix+ ,,! ,,s&s4--,= fix+ ! s&s we h se5 t ! co/ w\ld be #ff fr41 #hj1 ! hect>e4 ,x appe>s to u advantage\s to c>ry out ?is op]ation on a l>ge scale2 we h !re=e adopt$ ! figure ( #bd1jjj hect>es 7#fj1jjj f$dans74 ,! exp5diture = ?is item w be #a1fjc1bjj ,,conduit ,,pipes4--,= ! conduit pipes1 ( :i* !re w be a total l5g? ( #hj1jjj metres1 we adopt ^? on ! ,*>m]oi pr9ciple1 al?\gh !re are n[ e>!nw>e pipes v suitable = wat] c\rses1 & :i* d n co/ half :at ! ,*>m]oi pipes d4 ,^! latt]1 #j met41 #aj1 9 diamet]1 :i* is ! size adopt$1 are laid complete1 includ+ ! tr5*es1 #a met41 #dj deep1 at #f fr41 #cj p] metre4 ,on acc\nt ( ! c>riage1 we put ! metre at #h fr41 :i* makes an am\nt ( #fdj1jjj ,,light ,,h\ses ,,& ,,beacons4--,we assume t !re w be two ligh?\ses1 "o at ! ,damietta po9t1 & ! o!r on ! ,r$ ,sea1 at ,raz ,mohamm$4 ,!re w be besides1 two beacons at ! head ( ! jetties at ,pelusium & at ,suez4 ,! ligh?\ses ) _! l5ticul> app>atus w co/1 ! two #aej1jjj fr4 & ! two beacons #bj1jjj fr4 9 all #agj1jjj ,!re w be h\ses = ! (fic]s1 b>racks = ! workm51 /ables = ! animals1 magaz9es = ! provisions1 mat]ials1 c4 c41 = :i* we set d[n an approximate am\nt ( #a1jjj1jjj ----------------- ,total co/ ( ,art4 ,,ii4 = ,works ( ,art fr4 #hd1bcc1bjj ,total co/ ( ,art4 ,i4 ,e>?-works #gb1jjj1jjj ----------------- ,total co/ fr4 #aef1bcc1bjj ,we assume t x w require full six ye>s to accompli% ! works1 & t ! exp5ses ( adm9i/ration w am\nt to two & a half p] c5t4 on ! total co/2 !re=e = ?is item w be requir$ a sum ( #c1ije1hcj ,a f>!r sum = cont+5t works1 un=ese5 #b1daj1igj ----------------- ,gr& total ( ! co/ fr4 #afb1eej1jjj ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,"w4--,let u n[ see h[ ?is sum is to be exp5d$1 & 9 :at mann] ! works may be di/ribut$1 9 ord] to _! completion 9 ! space ( six ye>s4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is1 evid5tly1 to br+ ! fre% wat] into ! ,i/hmus1 9 ord] to supply ! workm51 & to effect ! transport ( provisions & mat]ials4 ,! canal ( communication1 ) its locks1 ! irrigat+ *annel1 & ! wat] conduit1 may be easily execut$ 9 ! fir/ ye>1 s9ce ^! works only repres5t #ab1eci1chd met4 cub41 or1 at ! maximum #f1bfi1fib days' "w1 at ! rate ( two cubic metres p] diem4 ,tak+ #cjj work+ days 9 ! ye>1 x w require #bj1hih m54 ,9 ?is "p ( ,egypt f #cj to #dj1jjj may easily be _h if necess>y4 ,9 ! same ye> ! gr& y>ds w be =m$ at ! qu>ries1 ) all ! railways1 quays1 & l&+ places1 = ! extraction & supply1 on a l>ge scale1 ( ! /one necess>y = ! moles1 jetties1 & works ( art4 ,contracts w be made ) ! manufactur]s = ! supply ( dr$ges1 light]s1 t[+ b>ges1 boats1 & o!r ma*9es to be employ$ 9 ! execution ( ! works4 ,9 ?is fir/ campaign1 ! exp5diture w be approximately fr4 #ab1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! second ye>1 eight dr$ges w be m\nt$ 9 ! h>b\r ( ,suez to excavate ! *annel & ! f\ndations ( ! jetties4 ,! op]ations at ! qu>ries1 ! erection ( ! jetties1 & ! b>rage lock1 may !re=e be pu%$ on ) all desirable activity4 ,fre% wat] w be ?r[n into ,lake ,timsah1 to set to "w all ! o!r disposable dr$ges2 #cj1jjj workm5 w p]=m all ! cle>ance 9 ! ext5t ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes1 & = ! rema9d] ( ! ,canal4 ,!y w prep>e a tr5* 9 ! gr\nd to #a met4 #ej1 bel[ l[ wat]1 & s =m a *annel #ae met4 wide1 :i* w enable ! b>ges & ma*9es to pass & repass ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,i/hmus4 ,all ! =ce w be appli$ ?is ye> to op5 a communication betwe5 ,suez & ,lake ,timsah1 & consequ5tly betwe5 ,suez & ! ,nile4 ,! fix+ ( ! d[ns1 & ! cultivation ( ! l&s1 w be comm5c$4 ,! exp5diture ( ?is campaign w be approximately fr4 #be1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ! communication ( ,lake ,timsah ) ! ,m$it]ranean w be op5$1 & all ! disposable =ce w be employ$ 9 mak+ ! sc\r+ bas9 & erect+ ! jetties4 ,! e>?-works w be cont9u$1 ! dr$g+ also1 ! s[+s on ! d[ns1 & ! agricultural lab\rs4 #bj1jjj workm5 w be employ$ ?is ye>1 & ! exp5diture may be set d[n at fr4 #cj1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! f\r? ye>1 ! same works z 9 ! prec$+1 t is1 ! e>?-works w be cont9u$ bo? by h& & by ! dr$ges1 ! jetties1 ! b>rage locks1 & ! quay wall 9 ! ,lake4 ,moreov]1 ! def5sive mole w be comm5c$2 ! s[+s & cultivation ext5d$4 ,x is e/imat$ t #bj1jjj workm5 w /ill be requir$1 & an exp5diture ( fr4 #cc1jjj1jjj ,9 ! fif? & six? ye>s1 ! same op]ations w be cont9u$1 b s _m m5 w no long] be requir$2 = ! dr$ges w p]=m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! "w1 & ! op]ations at ! qu>ries c !n be pu%$ on ) all possible activity4 ,we assume = ea* ( ^! ye>s an exp5diture ( fr4 #ca1jjj1jjj2 = bo? fr4 #fb1jjj1jjj ,:i* w make up ! am\nt ( ! e/imate fr4 #afb1jjj1jjj ,,int]e/ ,,to ,,be ,,paid ,,to ,,! ,,%>ehold]s4--,z x is usual to pay int]e/ to ! %>ehold]s on ! am\nts subscrib$1 9 proportion to ! paid-up capital1 x is necess>y to take an acc\nt ( ! int]e/ s accru+1 & to c>ry ! am\nt to ! co/ ( execution4 ,int]e/ on #ab1jjj1jjj fr4 subscrib$ ! fir/ ye> at #e p] c5t4 = six ye>s fr4 #c1fjj1jjj --#be1jjj1jjj #bnd yr4 #e p] c5t4 #e yrs4 #f1bej1jjj --#cj1jjj1jjj #crd 0 0 #d 0 #f1jjj1jjj --#cc1jjj1jjj #d? 0 0 #c 0 #d1iej1jjj --#ca1jjj1jjj #e? 0 0 #b 0 #c1ajj1jjj --#ca1jjj1jjj #f? 0 0 #a 0 #a1eej1jjj ---------------- fr4 #be1dej1jjj ,total ( int]e/ payable to ! %>ehold]s1 to be add$ to ! e/imat$ am\nt ( exp5diture #afb1eej1jjj ------------- #ahh1jjj1jjj ------------- ,let u1 h[ev]1 c>ry ! maximum capital to be appli$ 9 ! und]tak+ to fr4 #bjj1jjj1jjj ,9 pres5t+ ! e/imate ( ! works1 am\nt+1 z we h se51 to a maximum ( #afb1eej1jjj francs1 we h be5 desir\s ( meet+1 on ! data g5]ally admitt$1 all ! objections hi!rto made relative to ! difficulties consequ5t ^u ! *ok+ up ( ! entrance ( ! jetties & ! accretions 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,r$ ,sea or 9 ! gulf ( ,pelusium4 ,we h be5 fe>ful ( appe>+ too bold 9 pron\nc+1 9 an absolute mann]1 9 fav\r ( disp5s+ ) ! sluices & ! works :i* !y necessitate4 ,we ne$ n call att5tion to ! fact1 t ! pres5t is b a precursory s*eme2 we res]ve x = our def9itive s*eme1 to exam9e an entirely new !ory f\nd$ on ! exp]i5ce ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ eng9e]s ( ,france1 & on ! conclusive op9ion n[ be=e u ( ,m4 ,r5aud1 *ief eng9e] ( seaports4 ,we h hopes !n1 t x w be possible to disp5se ) ! sy/em ( sluices1 & t we %all ?us effect an economy ( sev]al millions 9 ! execution ( ! "w4 ,m4 ,r5aud has asc]ta9$ t :5 ! sluices op5 into ! sea !y lose ne>ly all _! effici5cy1 & t 9 _m cases !y are worse ?an useless1 & become detrim5tal4 ,!y deposit1 9 front ( ! *annel1 ! matt] :i* !y br+ d[n1 & :5 ?is matt] is n c>ri$ (f by trav]s+ or littoral curr5ts1 x =ms1 soon] or lat]1 deposits or b>s1 ^: summits are above ! b$ ( ! *annel4 ,x is ?us t ! m\?s ( riv]s :i* fl[ into seas )\t tides1 are1 ) few exceptions1 )\t dep? ( wat]2 ! alluvium :i* is c>ri$ along ! coa/s com+ )9 ! action ( ! curr5t ( ! riv]1 is driv5 by t curr5t to a c]ta9 di/ance f ! %ore1 & deposit$ 9 proportion z ! curr5t loses its p[]4 ,be+ !n less easily held 9 susp5sion ?an :5 ne> ! coa/1 :]e ! dep? is less1 !y are also less easily c>ri$ (f by ! littoral curr5t2 deposits are =m$ & rise1 until ! comb9$ action ( ! waves & ! curr5t no long] p]mit any fre% matt] to subside4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ?is explanation1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! alluvium br\ght by ! sea1 no less ?an t br\ght by riv]s1 prev5ts our obta9+ a dep? ( wat] at ! m\?s ( ^? riv]s4 ,artificial sluices1 !re=e1 appe> to h no p[] to pres]ve a p]man5t dep? ( wat]4 ,if !n we are p]mitt$ to r5\nce ! idea ( hav+ rec\rse to ! use ( sluices = ma9ta9+ ! dep? ( wat] at ,pelusium & at ,suez1 x w be v easy by means ( dr$ges to ensure ! cont9uance ( ?is dep?1 z is already done at ! entrance ( sev]al ports1 & p>ticul>ly at t ( ! port ( ,cette4 ,! employm5t ( dr$ges w all[ ( a consid]able sav+ 9 ! co/ ( e/abli%+ ! ,canal4 ,! portion ( ! exp5ses requir$ = ! sluices w\ld c]ta9ly be great] ?an ! capital repres5t+ tw5ty times ! annual exp5se ( dr$g+4 ,ano!r sav+ 7( #c1gej1jjj7 might be effect$ by disp5s+ ) ! int5d$ breakwat] or def5sive mole at ,pelusium4 ,! *annel z x is plann$ w probably be consid]$ accessible 9 all w9ds :i* are likely to create a r\gh sea2 !re is no occasion !n = u to tr\ble ourselves ) ! fe> ( see+ %ips miss ! entrance4 ,!re are a great _m important seaports1 ,alex&ria = in/ance1 :]e a %ip _c ent] aft] sunset1 9 a mu* worse nautical condition ?an t at ,pelusium w be1 & ne> :i* nev]!less !re is no %elt]$ an*orage4 ,we may "n ! port ( ,liv]pool1 :i* is n accessible at l[ wat] = l>ge %ips4 ,we may also m5tion ! port ( ,havre1 into :i* l>ge %ips c only ent] dur+ ?ree h\rs out ( twelve1 & yet ! numb] ( disa/]s on ^? coa/s is n relatively great] ?an else:]e4 ,we h n d$uct$ f ! am\nt ( exp5diture any ( ! returns1 :i* w be receiv$ dur+ ! execution ( ! works1 & :i* w n fail to be important3--?us ! inl& ,canal ( communication be+ f9i%$ 9 ! fir/ campaign1 !re w be ! transport ( all ! agricultural produce along x = five ye>s4 ,9 ! second ye> ! ,canal go+ z f> z ,suez1 !re w be1 = f\r ye>s1 ! lock dues & ! pr(its ( transport1 :i* may be valu$ at an av]age annual value ( #a1jjj1jjj fr4 ,!re w be1 moreov]1 ! pr(its aris+ f ! cultivation ( ! l&s1 :i* w increase e ye>1 & w n be ( less av]age annual value ?an #a1jjj1jjj fr4 ,?is already makes an income ( #h1jjj1jjj fr4 ,f9ally1 dur+ ! la/ two ye>s1 passage may be af=d$1 z 0 done on ! ,cal$onian ,canal to all %ips ( small tonnage1 & to all /eam boats t may *oose to take advantage ( ! cutt+1 & 9 ?is mann] a return ( sev]al millions w be obta9$4 ,we might h br\ght ^! sums =w>d z a d$uction f ! int]e/ payable to ! %>ehold]s1 b we h pref]r$ leav+ !m disposable4 ,,e/imate ,,( ,,! ,,rev5ues4 ,x is impossible n to recognise priori1 ! imm5se advantages (f]$ to comm]ce by ! new r\te t we pres5t1 & x appe>s f !nce q natural to assume1 t ! navigation =m]ly c>ri$ on 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & :i* cont9u$ to prosp]1 not)/&+ ! discov]y ( ! ,cape1 w resume yet m propiti\sly ! anci5t r\te2 s9ce !re w no long] be any trans-%ipm5t1 no long] any transport across ! des]t1 no long] any ob/acle :atev]4 ,/eam & sail+ vessels w f9d1 on ! contr>y1 an opportunity ( revictuall+ 9 ,egypt ) fre% provisions1 :i* are f\nd !re 9 abundance at ! l[e/ prices4 ,/eam vessels w take 9 coals !re1 :i* w co/ less by half ?an at pres5t4 ,f9ally1 travell]s :o n[ pref] ! r\te by ! ,cape1 on acc\nt ( ! inconv5i5ce ( trans-%ipm5t1 ! fatigues ( ! des]t ( ,suez1 & ! high price ( ! passage1 w no long] hesitate to adopt ! %orte/ l9e1 :5 x %all be m easy1 m c]ta91 & m economical ?an ! o!r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 timor\s m9ds f :i* has emanat$ ! op9ion1 t ! ,m>itime ,canal at ! be/1 c\ld only s]ve = /eam navigation1 = sail+ vessels w\ld f9d1 accord+ to !m1 no advantage f ! mom5t !y %\ld be subject$ to passage dues2 & ! pro( !y say1 is1 t ! rate ( freightage has sunk s l[ vi ! ,cape1 t x c\ld be> no d$uction aris+ f any passage dues :atev]4 ,let u !re=e exam9e ! facts att5tively1 9 ord] to resolve ?is "q 9 a mann] at once cle> & practical t %all remove all d\bts4 ,9 treat+ ( ! navigation on ! ,r$ ,sea1 z comp>$ to t on ! ocean1 to rea* ,india1 we ?9k we h demon/rat$ t at pres5t1 ) ! means ( /eam-t[+1 ) ! aid ( ligh?\ses1 & ! k acquir$ ( ! w9ds1 ! curr5ts1 & ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 a sail+ vessel w meet ) m facilities on ?is latt]1 ?an on ! ,ocean 9 ! passage ( ! ,cape2 b let u admit ! circum/ances to be equal on ei!r side1 by way ( ! ,canal #bjjj leagues at lea/ are economis$ 9 ! passage betwe5 ,europe & ! regions ( ! extreme ,ea/4 ,?is sav+ is equal to a sav+ ( two mon?s out ( five4 ,=1 9 mak+ ! passage ( #dhj leagues f ,m>seilles to ,alex&ria1 ! %ips consume t5 days on ! av]age at ! fav\rable season4 ,a dim9ution ( two mon?s out ( five1 mu/ necess>ily produce a correspond+ advantage 9 all ! exp5ses :i* press ^u m]*&ize3 ?us-- #a4 ,! av]age value ( imports & exports betwe5 ,europe & ! extreme ,ea/1 be+ ab\t #fjj fr4 p] ton1 ! sav+ 9 ! int]e/1 on ! capital employ$ at ! rate ( six p] c5t4 w be #f fr4 p] ton4 #b4 ,a %ip ( #ejj tons bur!n1 co/s at ! lea/1 fully equipp$1 #aej1jjj fr41 & pays sev5 p] c5t4 p] ann4 to ! assurance companies :5 x navigates ! ,*9ese wat]s4 ,x only makes at pres5t two voyages 9 ! ye> includ+ ! return2 ) ! ,m>itime ,canal x w be able to make ?ree1 :i* w effect a sav+ to ! own] ( two p] c5t4 t is #cjjj fr4 or #f fr4 p] ton4 #c4 ,! capital repres5t$ by ! %ip ought to yield an int]e/ aris+ f ! freight1 ( at lea/ twelve p] c5t4 on acc\nt ( we> & cont9ual rep>ation4 ,by enabl+ ! %ip to make an additional voyage1 ! ,canal gives ! means ( sav+ f\r p] c5t4 t is1 #fjjj fr4 or #ab fr4 p] ton4 #d4 ,?is same %ip has a crew ( fifte5 m51 exclusive ( ! capta94 ,tak+ ! pay ( ea* man at #gj fr4 p] mon?1 & t ( ! capta9 at #fjj fr41 x w be f\nd t a sav+ w be made ( #bejj fr4 :i* is #e fr4 p] ton4 #e4 ,al?\gh x may be said t ! insurance ^u m]*&ize is n det]m9$ by ! duration ( ! voyage1 b by ! risk :i* ! %ip runs1 accord+ to ! r\te x takes2 we d n ! less p]si/ 9 ma9ta9+ t ! facilities ( navigation 9 ! ,r$ ,sea be+ at lea/ equal to ^? vi ! ,cape1 ! rate ( insurance mu/ be l[] ^u m]*&ize expos$ two mon?s less to ! *ances ( navigation4 ,?is rate is usually two & a half p] c5t4 ^u m]*&ize go+ to ,*9a2 we d n ?9k we are beyond ! tru? 9 assum+ a dim9ution ( half p] c5t4 9 fav\r ( ! passage by ! ,canal1 :i* w\ld be a f>!r sav+ ( #c fr4 p] ton4 ,by add+ up ! figures ?us obta9$1 we f9d a sav+ ( #cb fr4 p] ton on m]*&ize :i* %all pass by ! ,canal3 ?is m9imum figure ( #cb fr4 calculat$ = a dim9ution ( #b1jjj leagues2 w increase 9 proportion to ! di/ance ga9$ by ! ports ne>e/ to ! cutt+2 = ,con/ant9ople1 = in/ance1 ! sav+ w be m ?an d\ble1 on acc\nt ( ! #dcjj leagues ga9$ by h] navigation4 ,leav+ #bb fr4 ( ! increas$ pr(it to ! advantage ( navigation1 !re w rema9 #aj fr4 p] ton = passage dues 9 fav\r ( ! ,company1 a figure :i* is less ?an two p] c5t4 on ! e/imat$ av]age value ( ! m]*&ize1 at #fjj fr4 p] ton4 ,n[1 silks1 indigos1 c(fees1 sug>s1 tobaccos1 gums1 cottons1 wooll5s1 w9es1 spirits1 c4 c4 are ( great] value ?an ?is figure2 !re is only rice & coal :i* d n rea* x4 ,x w d\btless be object$ to our calculations1 t ! freights to ,au/ralia be+ on an av]age only #ej to #fj fr4 p] ton on m]*&ize1 if ! #cb fr41 :i* we %[ z an advantage pres5t$ by ! ,canal1 7 =e/all$ 9 ! freight1 !re w\ld only rema9 #bj to #cj fr4 p] ton = ! %ip[n]1 :o w\ld evid5tly suff] loss4 ,x w !nce be conclud$ t our valuations are exagg]at$4 ,b at pres5t ! %ip[n] :o despat*es 8 vessel to ,au/ralia at ! rate ( #fj fr4 p] ton1 is equally at a loss by ! m]*&ize2 & if he cons5ts to make ! speculation1 x is = ! advantage t he f9ds 9 ! freight ( ! pass5g]s4 ,well1 ! speculation w n be alt]$ by op5+ ! ,canal2 ! %ip[n] w /ill lose on ! m]*&ize & ga9 by ! pass5g]s3 only he w lose less ?an at pres5t by ! "o1 & ga9 m by ! o!r4 ,x is ! same = ,*9a & ! o!r p>ts ( ! extreme ,ea/4 ,! freights are s l[ 9 relation to ! di/ance & ! *ances ( navigation1 t loss appe>s to result f !m4 ,b x is cle> t !n ! %ip[n]s are int]e/$ 9 ^? op]ations ( comm]ce t are v lucrative1 & are moreov] indemnifi$ by ! passage ( num]\s emigrants1 function>ies1 c4 c4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,m>itime ,canal1 f> f be+ hurtful to ^! op]ations1 w1 on ! contr>y1 be em95tly advantage\s to !m1 & ! %ip[n]s w f9d _! ultimate pr(its increas$ by x4 ,our calculations1 !re=e1 rema9 intact1 s9ce !y are bas$ ^u practical data1 kn[n to e "o1 & :i* are1 moreov]1 accord+ to ! g5]al usages ( comm]ce4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to give an idea ( ! comm]ce 9 imports & exports1 :i* is c>ri$ on betwe5 ,europe & ,india1 ,*9a1 c4 ,trade has s mu* increas$ = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 & especially dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 9 consequ5ce ( ! discov]y ( gold 9 ,au/ralia2 & e ye> its developem5t is su*1 9 relation to ! prec$+ ye>1 t x is impossible to settle its /ati/ics ev5 approximately4 ,= ! figures giv5 = "o ye> are already errone\s be=e !y make _! appe>ance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to ?r[ "s light ^u ?is "q1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( s mu* controv]sy1 & to give a m9imum figure4 ,mac ,cullo*1 9 8 /ati/ics ( #ahdb1 gives ! foll[+ figures = ! tonnage ( m]*&ize import$ & export$ by ! comm]ce ( ,engl&4 ,imports4 ,exports4 ,tons4 ,tons4 ,cape ( ,good ,hope #diej #af1djh ,ea/]n ,coa/s #aeb #bdj ,ports ( ! ,r$ ,sea ---- #dji ,isl&s ( ,cape ,v]d #aaah #bhhc ,/4 ,hel5a & ,asc5sion #ccj #cigg ,mauritius #bh1fej #af1cig ,s+apore & ,ceylon #aia1cgh #bjb1aja ,java #bcdf #hfgb ,philipp9e ,isl&s #cdaa #cja ,o!r isl&s ( ,india #aada #fhf ,*9a #cb1hah #bh1big ,au/ralia #bb1hfe #ea1bcd ,new ,zeal& #acda #ifea ,isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,sea #chh #ajah -------------------- ,tons #bij1hhh #cdb1bgd #bij1hhh ------- ,gr& total ,tons #fcc1afb ,mr4 ,&]son1 ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 e/imates ! tonnage ( ,engli% %ips 9 relation ) ! places dep5d5t on ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 = ! ye> #ahda at ,tons #gbg1ehg ,d$uct+ ! comm]ce ) ! ,cape & ! o!r places 9 ! vic9ity1 e/imat$ at #cj1cji ,!re rema91 ,tons #fig1bgh ,to :i* he adds ! tonnage ( ! %ips trad+ to ,batavia & ! o!r ,dut* & ,g]man possessions #bjj1jjj ------- ,gr& total ,tons #hig1bgh ------- ,?us ,mr4 ,&]son gives1 probably = ! same ye>1 a tonnage great] by a ?ird ?an ,mr4 ,mac ,cullo*4 ,we w n[ comp>e "s ( ^! figures ) ^? t h be5 (ficially collect$ by ,m4 ,arnaud ,tison1 delegate f ! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( ,r\51 9 8 travels 9 ,*9a dur+ ! ye>s #ahej-ed4 ,9 #ahea1 #igf %ips ent]$ ! ports ( ,au/ralia1 measur+ ,tons #bcd1bae ,9 ! same ye> #ajad %ips cle>$ ! ports1 measur+ ,tons #bfc1hid ------- ,total1 tons #dih1aji ------- ,?is figure is sev5 times great] ?an t giv5 by ,mr4 ,mac ,cullo*1 & z ! discov]y ( gold 0 n yet made at t "t1 x may be said t at pres5t ! figure giv5 by ,m4 ,arnaud ,tison ought to be d\bl$ to be correct4 ,! total value ( imports & exports 0 #aaj1jjj1jjj4 ,= ,*9a1 ! s+le port ( ,%ang-,hai export$ 9 #ahea1 #ce1jjj tons ( tea1 :i* is m ?an ! figure giv5 by ,mr4 ,mac ,cullo* = all ! produce import$ f ,*9a4 ,! comm]ce ( ! two s+le ports ( ,%ang-,hai & ,canton1 9 imports & exports1 )\t reckon+ opium1 0 e/imat$ 9 #ahea at #djj to #ejj1jjj1jjj francs1 :i* answ]s ne>ly to #hjj1jjj tons1 tak+ ! av]age value p] ton at #fjj fr41 & :i* makes twelve times z mu* z ! e/imate giv5 by ,mr4 ,mac ,cullo*4 ,at ,manilla1 ! comm]ce 9 #ahea 0 #ea1ggc1bcb fr4 ( :i* ab\t #bd1jjj1jjj 7 exports1 & ! rema9d] imports4 ,?is figure answ]s to ! activity ( #hf1cjj tons1 tak+ ! av]age value ( ! ton at #fjj fr4 ,x is m ?an tw5ty times ! e/imate ( ,mr4 ,mac ,cullo*4 ,= ,java we h n be5 able to procure any positive in=mation1 b accord+ to ! p]iodical publications 7,revue des deux ,mondes1 c47 & accord+ to ! reports ( travell]s1 ! increase ( bus9ess e ye> is mu* great] ?an 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,we %all n !re=e be *>g$ ) exagg]ation1 9 fix+ ! figure ( comm]cial activity 9 ^! colonies at #ajj1jjj1jjj or ab\t #aej1jjj tons1 = ! ye> #ahea4 ,mr4 ,&]son e/imat$ ! comm]ce betwe5 ,europe & ,indo-,*9a at #bf1jjj1jjj1 or #fej1jjj1jjj francs1 ?us di/ribut$3-- ,! comm]ce betwe5 ,europe & ! ,indies is e/imat$ at ,exports #ab1jjj1jjj ,imports #h1jjj1jjj ,! comm]ce ) ,s+apore1 ,*9a1 ,java1 c4 c4 at #f1jjj1jjj ----------- ,am\nt ( ! comm]ce ) places to ! ea/ ( ,egypt #bf1jjj1jjj ----------- ,we h j se5 f ! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,arnaud ,tison t ,%ang-,hai & ,canton alone gave to comm]ce 9 #ahea an activity repres5t$ by ! figure ( #djj to #ejj1jjj1jjj francs1 :i* is quadruple t attribut$ by ,mr4 ,&]son 9 #ahda1 to ! entire comm]ce ( ! ,*9a ,seas1 includ+ ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 ,java & ,s+apore4 ,we are !re=e q sure ( be+ bel[ ! reality 9 fix+ ! am\nt ( comm]ce ) places to ! ea/ ( ,egypt1 9 #ahea at #ajj1jjj1jjj1 in/ead ( ! #bf1jjj1jjj 9 #ahda4 ,at ! "t we write1 ?is figure ( #ajj1jjj1jjj /]l+ is p]haps quadrupl$ & c>ri$ to #aj1jjj1jjj1jjj francs1 & :5 ! ,canal is op5$1 ?is latt] sum w be a m]e mi/ake4 ,9 fact n only ! greate/ "p ( ! comm]ce ( ,europe ) ! extreme ,ea/ w be c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! ,m>itime ,canal1 b moreov] all ! activity 9 op]ation betwe5 ,am]ica & ,*9a1 w ab&on ! r\te ( ,cape ,horn = t ( ! ,i/hmus1 :i* w be easi]1 %ort]1 & m c]ta94 ,= ! f>!r support ( our op9ion1 we h ! va/ c\ntries :i* are at pres5t completely )\t ! sph]e ( ! comm]cial activity ( ! _w1 & :i*1 ^u ! op5+ ( ! ,canal1 w furni% a cont+5t :i* _c be e/imat$ n[1 b :i* w be consid]able4 ,abyss9ia1 ,yem51 ,h$jaz1 ,mascata1 & ! coa/s ( ,africa1 w deliv] quantities ( m]*&ize2 su* z ! c(fee ( ,yem5 & ,abyss9ia1 gum arabic1 wax1 sk9s1 ivory1 wool1 indigo1 c4 c4 ,mules & animals = ! slaught]h\se ab\nd 9 ,abyss9ia1 & are sold at a l[ price4 ,a mule may be _h f #be to #ajj fr41 an ox = #aj fr41 a %eep = #c fr42 timb] & cab9et woods ab\nd 9 ! va/ =e/s :i* h nev] felt ! axe4 ,along ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea are v ri* m9es ( sulphur1 :i* h j begun to be work$2 lead m9es1 qu>ries ( m>ble & porphyry2 ext5d$ bea*es suitable = ! e/abli%m5t ( salt pits1 c4 c4 ,new occupations w arise1 su* z :ale & ca*alot fi%+ 9 ! ,s\? ,seas2 pe>l fi%+ 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ,indian ,sea1 z well z ! pursuit ( "m-(-pe>l1 tortoise-%ell & coral4 ,a great "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean fi%]m5 w transport !mselves to ! ,indian ,sea1 to pursue _! occupation1 & increase ! activity ( ! navigation 9 ! ,m>itime ,canal4 ,we may !re=e be sure t ! cutt+ ?r\gh ( ! ,i/hmus w increase t5-fold ! op]ations ( comm]ce & navigation2 t1 z ) e und]tak+ bas$ ^u a true pr9ciple1 ! consequ5ces _c be calculat$1 & t ! idea mo/ exagg]at$ 9 appe>ance1 w always be surpass$ by ! reality4 ,z1 h[ev]1 we are address+ ourselves to ! comm]cial _w1 & h to conv9ce all m9ds1 ev5 ! mo/ timid1 x is necess>y t we %\ld fix ^u a figure1 & t ?is figure %\ld n />tle any "o4 ,we h adopt$ t ( #d milli>ds 7#d1jjj1jjj1jjj7 ( francs1 answ]+ to #f1jjj1jjj tons1 :i*1 accord+ to :at we h be5 %[+1 is )\t d\bt1 already exce$$ at pres5t1 or c]ta9ly w be1 be=e ! close ( ! und]tak+4 ,we h likewise assum$ t ( ! #f1jjj1jjj tons1 #c1jjj1jjj only w take ! r\te ( ! ,canal4 ,if we _h foll[$ ! me?od ( e/imat+ adopt$ 9 ! railway s*emes1 x w\ld be necess>y to make a /atem5t ( all ! m]*&ize ex*ang$ betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica on ! "o "p1 & ,indo-,*9a on ! o!r2 !n to multiply ! figure ?us obta9$ by a coeffici5t1 nev] less ?an #c1 & :i* sometimes rea*es to #aj4 ,! result ( ?is op]ation w\ld give an enorm\s product1 nev]!less probable4 ,b to rema9 )9 ! circle ( ord9>y ideas1 in/ead ( tripl+ ! actual figures1 we h dim9i%$ !m by half4 ,! comm]cial activity obta9$ accord+ to ^! bases1 w produce an annual rev5ue f passage dues1 at #aj fr4 p] ton1 ( fr4 #cj1jjj1jjj ,= an*orage dues at ,port ,timsah1 f half ! total numb] ( %ips1 :i* we suppose w /op !re2 #a1ejj1jjj tons1 at #a fr4 p] ton #a1ejj1jjj ,! canal ( communication ) ! ,nile1 suppos+ x only transports a f\r? ( ! m]*&ize :i* trav]ses ! ,mahm\dieh1 w %[ an activity ( #ae1fjj tons ( m]*&ize1 :i* may easily pay #aj fr4 p] ton1 s9ce at pres5t x co/s #bg fr42 #ej fr4 f ,cairo to ,suez1 by ,canal1 & ! j\rney takes ?ree days4 ,! transport by b>ge may be done at ! rate ( #ab fr41 #ej2 !re w rema9 an advantage ( #e fr4 by way ( ! ,canal1 & ! j\rney w be two days less4 ,?is item w !re=e br+ 9 a rev5ue ( #a1efj1jjj ,! cultivation ( ! l&s produces on an av]age #ajj fr4 p] f$dan1 or #bej fr4 p] hect>e1 z results f ! lab\rs ( sev5 ye>s1 :i* "o ( u employ$ ^u a tract reclaim$ f ! m>%y des]t ( ,lake ,etko4 ,suppos+ ! ,company br+s into cultivation only #fj1jjj f$dans 7#bd1jjj hect>es71 x w\ld receive a return ( #f1jjj1jjj ,! d[ns :i* cov] ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,wady & ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,i/hmus1 z well z ^? ( ,lake ,timsah1 are to be fix$4 ,let u assume t ! ,company w p]=m ! op]ation ext5sively1 & c>ry ! figure to #fj1jjj f$dans 7#bd1jjj hect>es74 ,we h said t ! hect>e gives at ! end ( #bj ye>s1 a m9imum return ( #ajj fr4 ,by mak+ ! all[ances to asc]ta9 ! actual rev5ue1 x is r$uc$ to #da fr4 #ej1 p] hect>e1 :i* = #bd1jjj hect>es1 is #iif1jjj ---------- ,gr& total ( annual returns f ! ,canal #dj1jef1jjj ,f ?is am\nt mu/ fir/ be d$uct$ two & a half p] c5t4 = ! *>ges ( ma9t5ance & adm9i/ration1 & "o p] c5t4 = r$emption1 9 all ?ree & a half p] c5t4 #a1bja1fhj ---------- ,balance fr4 #ch1hed1cbj ,! ,gov]nm5t's %>e fix$ at fifte5 p] c5t4 #e1hbh1adh ,! f\nd+ memb]s' %>e fix$ at t5 p] c5t4 #c1hhe1dcb --------- #i1gac1ehj ---------- ,balance 9 fav\r ( ! %>ehold]s fr4 #bi1adj1gdj ---------- ,repres5t+ a divid5d ( ab\t t5 p] c5t41 ov] & above ! int]e/ ( five p] c5t41 tak+ ! capital at #bjj1jjj1jjj fr4 ,we pass ov] 9 sil5ce a multitude ( s\rces ( rev5ue1 :i* w n fail to be pretty consid]able2 su* z ! supply ( wat] to ! population ( ,suez & ,port ,timsah1 ! r5t ( /ations = wat]+ %ips1 ! r5t ( all ! magaz9es & build+s1 :i* h be5 employ$ 9 ! execution ( ! ,canal1 ! t[+ ( vessels by ! /eam]s pur*as$ by ! ,company = ! s]vice ( ! dr$ges & ! transport ( mat]ials4 ,!re are o!r bran*es ( rev5ue t w acquire great importance h]eaft]2 among o!rs1 ! fi%+ 9 ! ,canal1 ! produce ( ! works to be e/abli%$ at ! fall ( ea* b>rage lock1 & ! sale ( ,arab horses4 ,! curr5t e/abli%$ by ! action ( ! two b>rage locks1 w draw into ! ,canal a multitude ( fi%1 bo? f ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! falls ( ! fre% wat] ,canal w be made available to ! agricultural op]ations ( ! c\ntry1 su* z gr9d+ corn1 husk+ ( cotton1 peel+ ( flax1 lay+ ( ?read1 c4 ,! situation ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 ^u ! conf9es ( ,arabia & ,syria1 :i* supply ! be/ bre$s ( horses1 & :i!r ,europe has always _h to repair to reg5]ate ! equ9e species1 w become a locality1 ?an :i* none c be m fav\rable = ! =mation & ma9t5ance at a trifl+ exp5se1 ( an e/abli%m5t = bre$+ & re>+ horses4 ,! valley ,wady ,tomilat w aga9 become :at x 0 9 ! times ( ,scripture1 ! l& ( ,go%51 :i* "n signifies 9 ,hebrew & ,arabic ,pa/ures2 ! l& t ,joseph prevail$ ^u ,ph>aoh to grant to ! ,israelites1 because x 0 ! mo/ f]tile c\ntry 9 ,egypt4 ,we are s conv9c$ t ! prec$+ e/imates ( rev5ue w be rapidly exce$$1 t we propose to ! ,company to h a clause ins]t$ 9 ! ,/atutes by :i* ! t>iffs %all be l[]$ z soon z ! divid5ds %all exce$ tw5ty p] c5t41 9 ord] to make ! community ( ! _w p>ticipators 9 ! advantages ( ?is gr& & useful und]tak+4 ,) ?is la/ obs]vation we w t]m9ate our lab\rs1 :i* are only1 z _! title indicates1 a prep>atory "w1 int5d$ to fix public op9ion ^u ! m]its ( ! und]tak+1 & to lead discussion on to a limit$ & well def9$ gr\nd4 ,^! lab\rs w be foll[$ by a regul> s*eme1 :]e9 all ! details ( execution w be develop$1 & :]e9 ! mo/ rec5t /ati/ical docum5ts1 drawn f (ficial s\rces1 w furni% ! basis ( all ! calculations ( rev5ue4 ,we h conf9$ ourselves 9 ?is prelim9>y exposition to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! approximate maximum presum$ exp5diture1 & we h s\ght to gu>d aga9/ any exagg]ation 9 e/imat+ ! rev5ue4 ,all our calculations are bas$ ^u docum5ts1 :i* any "o may v]ify & appreciate at _! wor?4 ,we ent]ta9 ! hope1 t ! und]tak+ w be fav\rably receiv$1 = !re w be pr(it & hon\r = ^? :o take ! fir/ "p 9 x2 & x w n only (f] inconte/able advantages1 b x w be moreov] ! gr&e/ "w ( progress & ( civilization t ! n9ete5? c5tury w h produc$4 ,cairo1 #bj? ,m>*1 #ahee4 7,sign$7 ,l9ant ,bey4 ,m\gel ,bey4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,v4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,gr& ,,vizi]1 ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,,lett] ,,f ,,! ,,gr& ,,vizi] ,,re%id ,,pa*a ,,to ,,8 ,,highness ,,mohamm$ ,,said ,,pa*a1 ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,translation f ! ,turki%4 ,! #ab? ( ! ,mon? ( ,djemazul ,akhir #abga4 7#a/ ,m>*1 #ahee47 ,y\r v humble s]vant has ! hon\r to address y z foll[s3-- ,m4 ,f]d4 de ,lesseps is ab\t to return to y\r ,highness4 ,he is inde$1 z y\r ,highness 0 graci\sly pleas$ to obs]ve to u1 a gue/ :o ( himself des]ves all possible att5tion & consid]ation4 ,8 object 9 com+ "h _h ref]5ce to ! affair ( ! ,canal2 an und]tak+ ( ! mo/ useful "*4 ,dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,i h _h ! pleasure ( see+ him sev]al times1 & ( conv]s+ ) him at l5g? on v>i\s subjects4 ,he has _h ! hon\r ( be+ pres5t$ to 8 ,maje/y ! ,sultan1 by :om he 0 receiv$ ) ! highe/ fav\r4 ,9 con=mity ) ! ,imp]ial ord] on ! subject ( ! ,canal1 ! "q ( ?is int]e/+ und]tak+ is n[ "u ! consid]ation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,m9i/]s4 ,m4 de ,lesseps1 n be+ able to wait until ! end ( ! conf]5ces1 has decid$ on tak+ 8 dep>ture4 ,i %all %ortly h to acqua9t y\r ,highness 9 detail ) ! result4 7,sign$7 ,,m\/apha ,,re%id4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,vi4 ,,report ,,f ,m4 ,,de ,,lesseps ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,,& ,,8 ,,highness' ,,in/ructions4 ,,report ,,to ,,8 ,,highness ,,mohamm$ ,,said ,,pa*a1 ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,! ,camp1 ,m>ea1 #cj? ,april1 #ahee4 ,i _h ! hon\r ( submitt+ to y\r ,highness ! memorial ( y\r ,eng9e]s ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey1 & ,m\gel ,bey1 = ! con/ruction ( ! ,canal ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,?is is int5d$ z a precursory s*eme = ! cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus4 ,x is accompani$ by a map indicat+ ! configuration ( ! gr\nd & ! nature ( ! soil4 ,x has met ) y\r ,highness' approval1 & y h reque/$ me to give x ! mo/ ext5sive publicity 9 ord] to call ! att5tion ( all compet5t p]sons 9 ,europe & ,am]ica to a "q :i* int]e/s ! :ole _w1 & to invite _! exam9ation & obs]vations4 444 ,y\r ,highness has decid$ to s5d imm$iately1 to ! ,c\nsellors ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y ! ,sultan1 ! explanations :i* !y require = ! ratification ( ! s*eme = ! communication ( ! two ,seas4 ,= my own "p ,i %all proce$ imm$iately to ,europe1 ,i %all make x my especial bus9ess to get ! (ficial docum5ts relative to ! affair z well z ! precursory s*eme ( ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey1 & ,m\gel ,bey1 pr9t$ & publi%$4 ,arrangem5ts w be made 9 ord] to collect )9 a limit$ "t ! op9ions ( ^? compet5t p]sons :o %all be will+ to aid ! ent]prise ) _! in=mation & sugge/ions4 ,9 ! mean "t y\r eng9e]s w be prep>+ ! elem5ts ( _! def9itive s*eme4 ,ag5ts w be appo9t$ 9 e c\ntry to collect ! communications & arrange ! correspond5ce4 ,:5 ! def9itive s*eme ( ! eng9e]s is complet$1 & :5 ! rem>ks receiv$ f ea* c\ntry h furni%$ a mass ( in=mation1 a commission w be appo9t$1 compos$ ( eng9e]s ( kn[n ability 9 hydraulic op]ations1 & *os5 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy & ,holl&4 ,?is commission w give its op9ion ^u ! s*eme ( y\r ,highness' ,eng9e]s1 & po9t out ! modifications1 or alt]ations :i* x %all ?9k prop] to be adopt$4 ,e means %all be plac$ at ! disposal ( ! ,commission = visit+ ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 %\ld x be consid]$ necess>y to see ! localities be=e decid+4 ,y\r ,highness has be5 pleas$ to limit at pres5t ! consid]ation ( ! track4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ 9 review ! num]\s s*emes pres5t$ to ,gov]nm5ts1 or to ! public1 = m ?an fifty ye>s1 y give full lib]ty = ! application ( ! means t sci5ce %all recognize to be be/ = mak+ a communication betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 by cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez at any po9t ( ! ,i/hmus1 ea/w>d ( ! c\rse ( ! ,nile2 b y h decl>$ t y w n au?orize ! ,gr& ,m>itime ,suez ,canal ,company to adopt any track t might h its po9t ( dep>ture on ! coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean ea/w>d ( ! ,damietta bran*1 & :i* w\ld cross ! ,nile4 ,x w n be until aft] ! adoption ( ! track ( communication betwe5 ! two ,seas1 & :5 all ! advantages & all ! responsibilities ( ^? :o take "p 9 ! ent]prise are cle>ly det]m9$1 t capitali/s & ! public w be invit$ to subscribe = %>es1 & ! repres5tatives ( ^? int]e/$ w f9ally decide ^u all que/ions affect+ ! adm9i/ration1 ! execution & c>ry+ out ( ! und]tak+4 ,all[ me n[ to po9t out to y\r ,highness1 ! prep>atory op]ations to :i* ,,mm4 ,l9ant ,bey & ,m\gel ,bey h to apply !mselves previ\s to pres5t+ _! def9itive s*eme4 ,!y h-- #a/4 ,to trace out on ! gr\nd ! l9e ( ! ,m>itime ,canal 9 detail1 ) all its angles & curves1 & transf] ! l9e s trac$ on to a plan4 #bnd4 ,to take ! levels ?r\gh\t ?is l9e1 ext5d+ !m into ! two ,seas to a dep? ( t5 metres ( wat]4 #crd4 ,to make pr(ile sections :]ev] ! =mation ( ! gr\nd requires x4 #d?4 ,to take s\nd+s along ! l9e1 & c>ry !m out to a dep? ( t5 metres bel[ ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 #e?4 ,to collect specim5s ( ! v>i\s soils met ) 9 _! op]ations4 #f?4 ,to settle ! prime co/ ( manual lab\r & ( all ! mat]ials t w be employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,canal4 #g?4 ,to e/abli% positive data t w s]ve to e/imate ! numb] ( workm5 ( all k9ds necess>y = ! execution ( ! works4 ,= my own "p1 ,i %all make x my bus9ess to collect ! mo/ rec5t /ati/ical docum5ts t w af=d ! means ( asc]ta9+ positively ! m9imum valuation ( ! returns4 ,:5 ! "t has arriv$ = comm5c+ ! works ( ! ,m>itime ,canal1 a l>ge numb] ( ma*9es1 & a consid]able quantity ( mat]ials1 timb]1 iron1 coal1 c4 c41 ought to be procur$ f ,europe4 ,! ,suez ,canal ,company w f9d ! advantages ( c]ta9ty1 economy & facility ( transport1 :i* d n exi/ at pres5t1 9 ! cont9uation ( ! railway to ,suez1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,t[+ ,society1 ) :i* is connect$ ! amelioration ( ! ,mahm\dieh ,canal1 & also its communication ) ! port ( ,alex&ria4 444 ,! communications :i* ,i h receiv$ f ,europe be> witness to ! ev]-increas+ int]e/ ) :i* ! s*eme ( op5+ ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez is ev]y:]e receiv$4 ,among/ ^? :o h spontane\sly (f]$ me _! co-op]ation1 !re are "s :o h plac$ consid]able sums at my disposal z a contribution to ! prelim9>y exp5ses ( ! und]tak+4 ,^! (f]s already am\nt to m ?an #ae1jjj1jjj francs4 ,i h n ?\ght x prop] to avail myself ( !m1 b ,i h not$ ! names ( ^? :o h made !m 9 ord] t !y may take _! appropriate place 9 ! li/ ( subscrib]s4 ,c]ta9 f\nd+ memb]s h already be5 nam$2 !y h subscrib$ an engagem5t1 "u conditions1 to contribute to ! exp5ses prelim9>y to ! regul> organization ( ! ,company4 ,! fir/ li/ ( f\nd+ memb]s1 fulfill+ ! conditions requir$ by ,art4 #aa1 ( y\r ,highness's ,firman1 conta9s fifty-five names belong+ bo? to ,egypt & to ,europe4 ,y\r ,highness :o leaves to me ! *>ge ( complet+ ?is li/ by ! addition ( p]sons ( all c\ntries :o %all actually contribute to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! "w1 has desir$ t ! total numb] %\ld n exce$ #ajj if x c be avoid$4 ,y\r ,highness has be5 pleas$ to approve ( ! provisional appo9tm5t ( ,m4 ,ruyss5a]s1 ,consul ,g5]al ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 z pr9cipal ag5t ( ! ,company 9 ,egypt2 he des]ves 9 e respect ?is m>k ( confid5ce4 ,su* are ! prelim9>y proce$+s t h appe>$ to y\r ,highness calculat$ to promote ! success ( y\r gr& ent]prise4 ,i beg y\r ,highness to in=m me :e!r ,i h fully und]/ood y\r int5tions4 7,sign$7 ,,f]d4 ,,de ,,lesseps4 ,,my ,,atta*$ ,,fri5d ,m4 ,,f]d9& ,,de ,,lesseps1 ,,( ,,high ,,bir? ,,& ,,elevat$ ,,rank4 ,i h made myself acqua9t$ ) ! report :i* y address$ to me on ! #cj? ( ,april1 & ,i approve ! docum5t :i* is to s]ve y 9 place ( in/ructions4 ,i appreciate ! zeal :i* y h display$ 9 ?is affair1 & ! fri5dly int]e/ y h tak5 9 x has af=d$ me real satisfaction4 #c ,ramadan1 #abga4 7,! ,vic]oy's ,seal47 ,a true translation ( ! ,turki% text4 ,k,,nig ,,bey1 ,secret>y ( ,m&ates to ,8 ,highness ! ,vic]oy4 ,alex&ria1 ,may #ai1 #ahee4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,vii4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,mr4 ,,&]son4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,mr ,,&]son4#e ,! int]e/ :i* has rec5tly be5 manife/$ 9 ! improvem5t ( our means ( communication ) ,india1 ,*9a1 c4 vi ,egypt & ! ,r$ ,sea1 seems to h reviv$ ! speculations1 fir/ broa*$ dur+ ! occupation ( ,egypt by ! ,fr5* =ces "u ,napoleon1 z to ! feasibility ( op5+ a communication betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean by a ,canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,v>i\s /atem5ts ^u ?is subject h lately appe>$ 9 ! newspap]s & p]iodicals1 bo? ( ?is c\ntry & ! ,cont95t1 & a k9d ( prospectus propos+ ! =mation ( a ,company to execute ! und]tak+1 has j be5 put 9 circulation 9 ,london4 ,^! /atem5ts & speculations1 9 s f> z !y h come "u ! cognizance ( ! writ] ( ! foll[+ pages1 are1 9 a great measure1 sup]ficial1 crude1 or errone\s1#f &1 !re=e1 calculat$ to mislead r ?an in=m ! public 9 reg>d to ! practicability & utility ( an ent]prise1 ^: importance x is sc>cely possible to ov]rate1 consid]+ ! nature & magnitude ( ! int]e/s :i* w\ld be involv$ 9 its successful accompli%m5t4 ,! writ] has _h ! means ( obta9+ in=mation relative to ?is matt]1 :i* he consid]s may be reli$ on1 & hav+ devot$ mu* ( 8 att5tion to ?is ,canal "q1 he deems ! pres5t "t opportune = submitt+ to ! public "s facts & obs]vations t5d+1 he v5tures to believe1 to lead to m correct conclusions on ?is v int]e/+ subject ?an any :i* h z yet be5 publi%$4 ,^! facts & obs]vations w be f\nd arrang$ "u ! foll[+ heads3-- #a4--,! physical practicability ( ! ent]prise4 #b4--,! political arrangem5ts requisite = effect+ x4 #c4--,! advantages or disadvantages ( navigat+ by ! propos$ ,canal r\te1 z comp>$ ) ! r\te by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 #d4--;,f9ancial consid]ations4 #e4--;,g5]al obs]vations z to ! political1 comm]cial1 & moral b5efits :i* w\ld be d]iv$ f ! accompli%m5t ( ! und]tak+4 ,t facility ( int]c\rse creates comm]ce1 & comm]ce c>ries ) x civilization1 is an axiom f\nd$ on univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,:]e seem+ exceptions to x are f\nd1 !y may be trac$ to ! bl9d selfi%ness ( human legislation1 c\nt]act+ ! natural laws e/abli%$ by ! all-wise & b5efic5t ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se4 ,a project1 !re=e1 :i*1 by sev]+ two cont95ts1 proposes to *ange ! :ole c\rse ( comm]ce & communication betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n worlds1 & approximate by _m ?\s& miles ! k & indu/ry ( ! we/ to ! ignorance & b>b>ism ( ! ea/1 pres5ts consid]ations ( a nature to excite ! imag9ation1 & to awak5 "s ( our be/ feel+s 9 its fav\r4 ,9 deal+ ) x1 ! writ]1 h[ev]1 purposes to limit himself to a /rictly practical view ( ! subject4 ,he w /ate 8 facts ) accuracy1--place e circum/ance1 :e!r = or aga9/ ! und]tak+1 z f> z 8 in=mation enables him to judge1 imp>tially be=e ! read]1--& ?us leave him to =m 8 own op9ion z to ! practicability ( accompli%+ ! contemplat$ ent]prise1 & ( its utility %\ld x be accompli%$4 ,! writ] deems x prop] to add1 t ! matt] 0 "s "t s9ce submitt$ by him to ! consid]ation ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t1 & t ! extract f ,m4 ,l9ant's ,survey ( ! ,i/hmus1 h]e9 giv51 appe>s 9 ! 8,comm]cial ,t>iffs1 ,regulations1 c41 ( ,=eign ,c\ntries1 "p #aj1 pres5t$ to bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 by comm& ( ,h] ,maje/y1 #ad? ,july1 #ahdc10 be+ "p ( ^? valuable compilations1 = :i* x is well kn[n ! c\ntry is indebt$ to ! tal5ts & indu/ry ( ,mr4 ,macgregor1 ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade4 ,,physical ,,practicability ,,( ,,! ,,ent]prise4 ,! improvem5t ( our communication ) ! ,ea/ has be51 = "s "t pa/1 an object ( mu* public solicitude1 & 9 proportion to ! progress made 9 its developem5t1 its importance becomes m & m manife/4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( a /eam communication ) ,india1 c41 vi ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 al?\gh z yet only 9 its infancy1 has already be5 productive ( consid]able b5efit1 bo? to ,great ,brita9 & h] ,ori5tal dep5d5cies4 ,b1 al?\gh ! /eam communication pres5ts a greatly improv$ means ( transit by ?is r\te = pass5g]s & lett]s1 x _c1 except 9 a comp>atively v limit$ degree1 be made available = ! g5]al purposes ( comm]ce4 ,! transport ( all articles ( m]*&ize ( mod]ate value1 comp>$ to _! bulk or weight1 mu/1 f ! small /[age-room af=d$ by /eam vessels1 & ! exp5se ( ! transit across ,egypt1 cont9ue to be effect$ by means ( sail+ vessels navigat+ by ! long & circuit\s r\te r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! pr9cipal object1 !re=e1 ( ! contemplat$ ,canal1 w\ld be to op5 a %ort] r\te betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/1 :i* c\ld be avail$ ( by sail+ z well z by /eam vessels1 & ?us s]ve ! g5]al purposes ( comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,previ\sly to proce$+ to treat ( ! practicability ( op5+ su* a canal1 x may be prop] to expla9 h[ x has fall5 to my lot to deal ) ?is subject3-- ,9 ! ye> #ahda1 ,i visit$ ,egypt4 ,:ile !re1 my att5tion 01 among o!r matt]s1 direct$ to ! "q :i* has s frequ5tly be5 moot$1 al?\gh nev] hi!rto1 ,i ?9k1 satisfactorily treat$1 viz4 ! practicability ( re-op5+ ! anci5t ,canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 said to h once jo9$ ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 foll[+ up ?is object1 ,i became acqua9t$ ) ,m4 ,adolphe ,l9ant1 ( ,cairo1 a ,fr5* ,civil ,eng9e]1 ( consid]able reputation1 & :o has be5 9 ! employ ( ! ,pa*a ( ,egypt1 =1 ,i believe1 upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s4 ,i f\nd t ,m4 ,l9ant _h devot$ a great deal ( "t & lab\r to ! practical inve/igation ( ?is subject1 _h rec5tly complet$ an elaborate survey ( ! ,i/hmus1 & 0 9 possession ( mu* detail$ in=mation d]iv$ f a p]sonal exam9ation ( ! localities ?r\gh :i* ! propos$ ,canal w\ld h to be cut4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ,i induc$ him to furni% me ) a memoir on ! subject1 accompani$ by a manuscript map ( 8 ,survey ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 & ( ,l[] ,egypt1 9 :i* ! site ( ! anci5t & track ( ! propos$ ,canal are laid d[n ) great m9ut5ess4 ,9 %ort1 ! map1 n[ 9 my possession1 :i* is on a l>ge scale1 conta9s a f> m complete view ( ,l[] ,egypt ?an any hi!rto execut$4 ,,political ,,arrangem5ts4 ,! co-op]ation1 or1 at lea/1 ! concurr5ce ( ! ,pa*a ( ,egypt w\ld be indisp5sable4 ,hav+ sugge/$ ! exp$i5cy ( ! int]position ( "o or m ( ! ,european p[]s to remove any political imp$im5ts :i* might /& 9 ! way ( ?is ent]prise1 x appe>s necess>y to take a brief view ( ! int]e/ :i* !y w\ld ea* h 9 promot+ x4 ,great ,brita91 f ! va/ ext5t ( h] comm]ce & political connections ) ! ,ea/1 w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 d]ive ! greate/ advantage f x2 b mo/ ( ! o!r nations ( ,europe w\ld d]ive b5efit 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( _! comm]ce2 & ^?1 hav+ ports 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,levant1 or inde$ any:]e ne>] to ! propos$ communication ?an ! ports ( ,great ,brita91 w\ld ga9 m 9 proportion4 ,holl&1 next to ,great ,brita91 w\ld1 f ! ext5t ( h] trade ) ! ,ea/1 h a direct int]e/ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! propos$ ent]prise4 ,h] comm]ce w\ld be improv$1 & h] political connection ) h] ext5sive colonies ( ,java1 c41 w\ld be mu* /r5g!n$ by x4 ,france w\ld d]ive mo/ important b5efits4 ,x w\ld create almo/ a new comm]ce = h]1 9 :i*1 ?r\gh h] ports 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 %e w\ld h ! advantage ov] u 9 import+ direct ! indigo1 c41 ( ,india1 ( :i* %e requires su* l>ge quantities = ! use ( h] manufactories1 :ile ! %ort] r\te :i* w\ld be op5$ to ,india1 c41 w\ld give a /imulus to h] exports4 ,au/ria1 !re is e reason to believe1 w\ld give a cordial support to ! und]tak+4 ,%e is mak+ active & judici\s ef=ts to ext5d & improve h] comm]ce2 & !re is little d\bt ( h] co-op]ation 9 promot+ an und]tak+ s well calculat$ to fur!r h] views 9 t respect4 ,! m]*ants ( ,trie/e h be5 ! fir/ to avail !mselves ( an arrangem5t :i* ! writ] ( ?is succe$$ ab\t two ye>s s9ce 9 effect+ ) ! ,pa*a ( ,egypt1 by :i* he agre$ to rel9qui% ! high rate ( transit duties 9 ,egypt1 impos$ by ! treaties ) ! ,porte1 & to sub/itute z l[ a rate ( duty z w\ld admit ( ! transit ?r\gh ,egypt ( goods to & f ,india1 c4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t1 two c>goes ( ,india produce h be5 already br\ght f ,b5gal to ,suez 9 sail+ vessels1 !nce transport$ across ,egypt to ,alex&ria1 :5ce !y 7 br\ght to ,trie/e4 ,! ,*amb] ( ,comm]ce ( t port are1 x is well kn[n1 anxi\s to ext5d _! trade ) ! ,ea/ 9 ?is direction2 & x is /at$1 t a proposal 01 a %ort "t s9ce1 made by "s ,au/rian capitali/s to ! ,pa*a1 = op5+ a ,canal ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus4 ,greece w\ld obta9 a decid$ b5efit by x4 ,h] num]\s small vessels w\ld be well adapt$ = trad+ ) ! ports ( ,africa & ,arabia 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & !y w\ld soon be se5 cov]+ ^! coa/s4 ,italy1 ,turkey1 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,belgium1 ! m9or nor!rn /ates1 & ev5 ,am]ica1 w\ld all p>ticipate m or less 9 ! improv$ r\te = ea/]n comm]ce1 &1 tak+ a j view ( _! own int]e/s1 w\ld hail x z a b5efit4 ,ev5 ,russia1 al?\gh possess$ ( an ov]-l& communication ) ,c5tral ,asia1 ,india1 & ,*9a1 w\ld ga9 an advantage by ! ,canal1 z %e c\ld op5 a m>itime int]c\rse ) ! ea/ ?r\gh h] ports 9 ! ,black ,sea1 :i* w\ld be less co/ly1 & susceptible ( great] ext5sion ?an a l& transit4 ,x h5ce appe>s1 t all ! ,european p[]s w\ld h an int]e/1 m or less1 9 promot+ ?is ent]prise2 & !re appe>s to be reasonable gr\nds = conclud+1 t if reque/$ by "o or m ( ! fir/-rate p[]s1 ei!r to und]take ! "w himself1 or p]mit x to be und]tak5 by private capitali/s1 "u su* an arrangem5t z w\ld connect 8 "n ) x1 & secure to himself & 8 desc5dants a pecuni>y b5efit f x1 z already sugge/$1 ,mehemet ,ali w\ld be induc$ to co-op]ate 9 x4 ,! gu>dian%ip ( su* a passage betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/1 w\ld s]ve to enhance ! importance ( 8 political position1 & to /r5g!n ^? relations ( mutual int]e/ betwe5 ! rul] ( ,egypt1 & ! communities ( ,europe1 :i* w\ld =m ! mo/ efficaci\s gu>antee = ! cont9uance ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,egypt 9 ! family ( ,mehemet ,ali4 ,! association ( 8 "n ) s magnific5t an ent]prise1 w\ld1 ,i consid]1 be ano!r p[]ful motive to a man s ard5tly imbu$ ) ! love ( fame4 ,%\ld a firman or o!r =mal act f ! ,sultan ( ! ,ottoman ,empire1 9 8 "* ( sov]eign ( ! soil1 be deem$ requisite = secur+ a p]man5t & indisputable "r to make & keep op5 ! ,canal1 ,i %\ld sugge/ t po9t be+ left to ! managem5t ( ! ,pa*a1 :o1 ,i h "s reason to ?9k1 w\ld obta9 x mu* m easily & promptly ?an if x 7 attempt$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,european diplomacy4 ,,advantages ,,( ,,navigat+ ,,by ,,! ,,canal ,,r\te1 ,,z ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,! ,,r\te ,,by ,,! ,,cape ,,( ,,good ,,hope4 ,be=e ent]+ on a comp>ison ( ^! two r\tes ) reg>d to _! navigation by sail+ vessels1 x may be well to consid] :at advantages ! contemplat$ ,canal w\ld af=d 9 facilitat+ ! /eam communication ) ! ,ea/ vi ,egypt & ! ,r$ ,sea1 commonly1 ?\gh v errone\sly1 d5om9at$ 8! ,ov]l& ,r\te40 ,9 ord] to make ?is prop]ly und]/ood1 x w be necess>y to give a brief acc\nt ( ! pres5t arrangem5ts = ! transit ?r\gh ,egypt ( ! mails1 pass5g]s1 & packages1 to & f ,india1 ,*9a1 c4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 g5]ally kn[n1 t ?is communication is c>ri$ on by ! /eam]s ( a private ,company1 :i* ply mon?ly betwe5 ,s\?ampton & ,alex&ria1 t\*+ at ,gibralt> & ,malta1 & by small] /eam]s belong+ to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 :i* ply mon?ly betwe5 ,bombay & ,suez1 *iefly = ! purpose ( convey+ ! mails4 ,! private ,company h n[ also plac$ two /eam %ips1 ! 8,h9do/an10 & ! 8,b5t9ck10 ( #ahjj tons1 & #ebj horse p[] ea*1 to ply betwe5 ,suez & ,calcutta1 t\*+ at ,ad51 ,ceylon1 & ,madras4 ,! vessels ( t ,company1 bo? on ?is side ( ,egypt1 z well z on ! o!r side1 convey goods z well z pass5g]s1 & ! mails2 b ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's vessels ply+ betwe5 ,suez & ,bombay1 d n receive goods1 & h b limit$1 & comp>atively inf]ior accommodations = pass5g]s4 ,! mails1 pass5g]s1 & packages1 are1 ( c\rse1 disemb>k$ f ! /eam]s com+ f ,engl& at ,alex&ria1 & are re-emb>k$ at ,suez 9 ! /eam]s proce$+ to ,india on ! outw>d r\te1 & vice v]s on ! homew>d r\te4 ,x n[ rema9s to %[ h[ _! transit across ,egypt1 betwe5 ,alex&ria on ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ,suez on ! ,r$ ,sea1 is effect$1 ) ! pres5t co/ ( x1 9 ord] to e/imate h[ f> x w\ld be improv$ by ! contemplat$ ,canal communication4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to consid] :at advantages ! ,canal w\ld pres5t to sail+ vessels navigat+ betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/4 ,! di/ance f ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,calcutta1 vi ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 by ! r\te tak5 by ! be/ sail+ vessels1 may be put d[n at miles #ac1jjj ,vi ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ,indian ,ocean1 x is ab\t #h1jjj ,ga9 9 di/ance by ! latt] r\te1 to or f ,calcutta #e1jjj ,by ! ,cape r\te to ,bombay x is ab\t #aa1ejj ,by ! ,r$ ,sea r\te #f1bjj ,ga9 9 di/ance to or f ,bombay #e1cjj ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 assum+ ! navigation by ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,sea r\te to be ( equal facility ) ! ,cape r\te4 ,& ,i %all n[ endeav\r to exam9e ?is "p ( ! "q ) ! accuracy :i* its importance dem&s4 ,! fir/ po9t :i* pres5ts itself 9 ?is consid]ation1 is ! influ5ce ( ! monsoons1 or p]iodical w9ds1 :i* prevail ?r\gh\t ! ,indian ,seas1 & 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! s\?-we/ monsoon1 :i* bl[s mu* /rong] ?an ! nor?-ea/ monsoon1 prevails 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 betwe5 ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa & ! coa/s ( ,india1 c41 f ,may until ,octob]1 bl[+ ) ! greate/ =ce dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/4 ,! nor?-ea/ monsoon prevails f ,octob] to ,may1 b is ( mu* less =ce ?an ! s\?-we/ monsoon4 ,9 ord] to e/imate ! difficulties or advantages ( ^! p]iodical w9ds1 to a sail+ vessel navigat+ by ! ,r$ ,sea1 z comp>$ ) ! r\te by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 we mu/1 = vessels b\nd to or f ! mo/ important comm]cial ports 9 ,india--! ,presid5cies ( ,madras & ,b5gal1 z also ,ceylon1 ,s+apore1 ,java1 ,*9a1 c41 suppose h] plac$ at a po9t a few degrees to ! s\?w>d ( ,ceylon f or to :i* %e w\ld h to proce$1 :e!r navigat+ by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 or by ! ,r$ ,sea r\te4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n1 t f ?is position a vessel /e]+ = ! coa/ ( ,africa t[>ds ,cape ,gu>dafui 7! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,gulf ( ,ad571 & !nce to ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb 7! entrance ( ! ,r$ ,sea71 w\ld c>ry ! w9d a-beam1 & c\ld !re=e make h] passage to or f ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb1 & ! giv5 po9t to ! s\?w>d ( ,ceylon1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! s\?-we/ monsoon4 ,z ! nor?-ea/ monsoon bl[s 9 an exactly opposite direction to ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 & is mu* m mod]ate1 a sail+ vessel c\ld make good h] c\rse betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! same po9t s\? ( ,ceylon1 equally well z 9 ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 & !re=e dur+ ! :ole ye> c\ld effect ?is "p ( ! passage ) tol]able c]ta9ty4 ,vessels proce$+ to or f ,bombay w\ld h to arrange _! passages to suit ! monsoons4 ,sail+ f ,engl&1 or o!r places 9 ,europe1 s z to h ! s\?-we/ monsoon 9 _! fav\r2 & sail+ f ,bombay = ,europe s z to h ! nor?-ea/ monsoon 9 _! fav\r4 ,x h5ce appe>s t ! monsoons pres5t no p>ticul> difficulties 9 ! voyage betwe5 ,india1 c4 & ! entrance ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 m ?an 9 ! ord9>y r\te by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 = %ips trad+ ) ! ea/]n & mo/ important p>ts ( ,h9do/an1 & to ,ceylon1 ,malacca1 ,s+apore1 ,java1 ,*9a1 c4 ?is "p ( ! voyage w\ld be made ) m c]ta9ty ?an an equal di/ance 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ( a voyage by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope r\te4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,sea ,,passage4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,r$ ,sea f ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb to ,suez is #abjj miles1 its m$ium bread? ab\t #aej miles1 & its direction ne>ly ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 & ,s4 ,s4 ,e4 ,its coa/s on ei!r side are fr+$ ) coral rocks1 :i* r5d] x dang]\s 9 navigat+ x to approa* ne> its %ores4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( x1 say f ! latitude ( ,jidda to ,bab-el-,m&eb1 be+ ab\t "o-half ( its :ole l5g?1 ! s\!rly monsoon pr$om9ates ne>ly two-?irds ( ! ye>1 comm5c+ 9 ,octob] & end+ 9 ,may or ,june4 ,! nor!rly w9ds !n set 91 & cont9ue ab\t f\r mon?s1 say ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]4 ,outside ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 ! ,gulf ( ,ad51 ! w9d g5]ally prevails f ! ea/w>d = six mon?s1 say1 f ,octob] to ,may1 & f ! we/w>d dur+ ! o!r "p ( ! ye>4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! sea1 f ,jidda to ,suez1 b m p>ticul>ly ne> to ,suez1 ! prevail+ w9ds = n9e mon?s ( ! ye> are nor!rly1 & 9 ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 x is v difficult = sail+ vessels to beat up to ,suez4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! ,r$ ,sea s\!rly breezes are at all times b ( %ort duration4 ,! be/ "t = vessels to sail f ,suez = ,india1 c4 is !re=e ab\t ! end ( ,augu/1 :i* w enable !m to cle> ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb 9 ,septemb]1 be=e ! ea/]ly w9ds comm5ce 9 ! ,gulf outside4 ,f all ^! facts x w appe>1 #a/4 ,t ! passage betwe5 ,india1 c41 & ! ,gulf ( ,ad51 may be made ) ord9>y facility by sail+ vessels4 #bnd4 ,t "s delay w\ld be exp]i5c$ by sail+ vessels 9 ! ,gulf ( ,ad5 dur+ c]ta9 portions ( ! ye>1 :e!r b\nd to or f ,india2 & also by vessels com+ f ,india1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,aga9/ ^! difficulties 9 ! ,r$ ,sea r\te mu/1 h[ev]1 be set (f ! delays by calms & contr>y w9ds1 betwe5 ! trades exp]i5c$ by vessels navigat+ by ! ,cape r\te4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ ne>ly !y may balance ea* o!r1 & consequ5tly :e!r a sav+ ( "t 9 navigat+ by ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,sea1 proportionate to ! %ort] di/ance1 z comp>$ ) ! voyage r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 might be effect$1 ,i w\ld beg leave to submit ! foll[+ que/ions to ! consid]ation ( exp]i5c$ nautical m54 #a/4 ,is ! navigation by a sail+ vessel1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,pelusium1 say #cjjj miles1 ( equal facility z a simil> di/ance f ,engl& on ! ,cape r\te8 #bnd4 ,is ! navigation to or f ! giv5 po9t1 to ! s\?w>d ( ,ceylon & ,cape ,gu>dafui1 m c]ta9 ?an t ( an equal di/ance betwe5 ! same po9t & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope8 #crd4 ,w\ld ! imp$im5ts 9 ! navigation ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ,gulf ( ,ad51 already po9t$ out1 be great] or less ?an ^? exp]i5c$ f calms & contr>y w9ds betwe5 ! trades 9 navigat+ by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope r\te8 ,&1 assum+ t ! answ] to ! second qu]y %\ld be 9 fav\r ( ! ,r$ ,sea r\te1 w\ld t ga9 set (f aga9/ ! difficulties ( navigat+ ! ,r$ ,sea & ,gulf ( ,ad51 & r$uce ! latt] to a p> ) ! imp$im5ts betwe5 ! trades j allud$ to8 #d?4 ,w\ld n ! nature ( ! coa/ ( ,egypt1 at ! emb\*ure ( ! ,canal 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 pres5t consid]able difficulty & dang] to sail+ vessels approa*+ x = ! purpose ( seek+ ! ,canal entrance8 ,! coa/1 x is well kn[n1 = a di/ance ( upw>ds ( #aej miles to ! ea/w>d1 z well z to ! we/w>d ( ! ,canal entrance1 is de/itute ( any %elt]$ an*orage1 is exce$+ly l[1 & n easily discov]able until )9 a %ort di/ance ( x1 & v %all[ at a di/ance ( two leagues f ! %ore4 ,a good light on ! pi] or breakwat] might obviate "s ( ! dang]1 b /ill x is to be appreh5d$1 t sail+ vessels approa*+ ?is "p ( ! coa/1 ) ! w9d /rong f ! nor? & nor?-we/1 & :i* is v preval5t1 w\ld incur consid]able risk ( gett+ embay$ & be+ driv5 a%ore4 ,if ! result ( ?is inve/igation %\ld be su* z to place ! difficulties & facilities ( ea* r\te on a p>1 x w !n foll[ t a ga9 9 "t ( f f\r to six weeks w\ld be effect$ 9 navigat+ to or f ,india1 c4 by ! propos$ ,canal1 z comp>$ ) ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope r\te4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is "p ( ! subject1 ,i ?9k x well to adv]t to ano!r objection :i* may possibly be rais$ aga9/ ! ,canal passage1 namely1 ! difficulty ( track+ a vessel ( heavy bur!n ?r\gh ! ,canal1 f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,r$ ,sea1 aga9/ a curr5t ( ?ree to f\r miles an h\r1 :i* w\ld be ! velocity ( ! /ream con/antly fl[+ f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,to ?is may be answ]$1 t ! same nor!rly w9ds :i* prevail z already /at$1 = ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 9 ! upp] or nor!rn "p ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 also bl[ across ! ,i/hmus1 & consequ5tly ! vessel w\ld be = ! mo/ "p able to /em ! curr5t by us+ h] sails4 ,9 default ( ?is1 a suffici5t numb] ( drom$>ies w\ld track a vessel ( almo/ any size1 or po/s plac$ along ! banks ( ! ,canal = w>p+ w\ld effect ! object on occasions1 :i* w\ld be ( b r>e occurr5ce1 ( a failure ( w9d4 ,x is to be consid]$ also1 t z ! b$s ( ! ,bitt] ,lakes & ( ! ,lake ,timsah1 w\ld =m two v ext5sive bas9s 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,canal1 ne>ly half-way betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 ^! w\ld become halt+ places or inl& ports1 & "h /eam tugs w\ld no d\bt1 among o!r accessories1 be f\nd1 %\ld ! ,canal ev] become a g5]al *annel ( int]c\rse4 ,f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean ! vessel w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ along by ! /ream4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,political1 ,,comm]cial1 ,,& ,,moral ,,b5efits ,,:i* ,,w\ld ,,be ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,! ,,accompli%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,und]tak+4 ,9 a political po9t ( view1 ! facilities :i* ! ,canal passage1 comb9$ ) /eam navigation1 w\ld af=d to ,great ,brita91 z reg>ds ! gov]nm5t ( h] ,indian empire & dep5d5cies1 are almo/ incalculable4 ,f ,malta troops c\ld be plac$ 9 ,bombay 9 ?ree weeks2 9 ,ceylon & ,madras 9 f\r weeks2 & 9 ,calcutta 9 five weeks4 ,& by means ( ! frequ5t int]m$iate coa/ communication 9 ,india1 :i* ! ext5d$ & compreh5sive plan ( /eam navigation anticipat$ to result f ! op5+ ( ! ,canal passage w\ld af=d1 troops & /ores c\ld be rapidly mov$ f "o /ation to ano!r4 ,let any milit>y man comp>e ?is ) ! pres5t mode ( effect+ simil> op]ations4 ,! long sea voyage by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ( f\r or five mon?s1 9 a sail+ vessel2--! m5 worn out1 & requir+ almo/ z _m mon?s m aft] deb>kation1 to recruit _! heal? & /r5g?1 s z to be fit = active duty2--! l5g? ( "t1 & great fatigue1 9 mov+ betwe5 di/ant milit>y /ations2--& ,i ?9k he w admit1 t ,india might1 ) ! facility allud$ to1 be effici5tly gov]n$ ) "o-half ! numb] ( ,european troop :i* is n[ requir$4 ,! facility = despat*+ %ips ( w>1 & /ores ( all k9ds1 to or f ,india1 c41 ne$ only be glanc$ at to be at once appreciat$4 ,! /ability ( ,briti% p[] 9 ,india w\ld be ?us increas$1 :ile ! co/ ( ma9ta9+ x w\ld be consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,to e/imate ! importance ( ! propos$ communication 9 a comm]cial po9t ( view1 x is necess>y to take into consid]ation ! ext5t ( ! field ( op]ations = comm]ce1 :i* ! va/ & popul\s regions ( ! ,ea/ pres5t4 ,india conta9s #ajj1jjj1jjj ( subjects ( ! ,briti% ,cr[n1 & !re are #ej1jjj1jjj ( adjac5t tribut>ies & allies2 9 all1 #aej1jjj1jjj 9 ! ,p59sula ( ,h9do/an1 exclusive ( ! isl& ( ,ceylon4 ,little has z yet be5 done to /imulate ! p to improve _! res\rces & ameliorate _! condition & habits2 b ( late ye>s m att5tion has be5 direct$ to ^! objects1 & ! trade ) ,briti% ,india has be5 rapidly on ! increase4 ,*9a conta9s1 x is e/imat$1 n less ?an #cej1jjj1jjj ( inhabitants1 said to be incl9$ to indu/ry1 & to be peculi>ly addict$ to traffic4 ,a timid & jeal\s sy/em ( gov]nm5t has = ages h]metically seal$1 z x 71 ?is va/ c\ntry & population f int]c\rse ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,briti% val\r has n[ remov$ ! b>ri]1 & op5$ ?is almo/ new _w to ,european comm]ce4 ,let u suppose t ! p ( ,india & ,*9a %\ld1 f improv$ int]c\rse1 require to ! ext5t ( "o %ill+ p] annum1 = ea* individual1 9 value ( ,briti% manufacture or produce4 ,ev5 ?is seem+ly insignificant am\nt w\ld produce an annual increase ( #be1jjj1jjj 9 our exports4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,canal r\te w\ld t5d greatly to facilitate our int]c\rse ) ! #ejj1jjj1jjj ( p :o inhabit ,india & ,*9a1 & h5ce its comm]cial importance mu/ be suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! application ( /eam p[] to ! purposes ( navigation1 is d\btless "o ( ^? me*anical discov]ies de/9$ to effect a great moral revolution 9 ! human m9d ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! pr9t+ press has contribut$1 9 an imm5se degree1 to ! progress ( civilization1 by furni%+ a means = ! spread ( ?\ght4 ,b x seems sc>cely to admit ( a "q1 t ! p[] ( /eam1 appli$ to navigation1 w ex]cise a m ext5sive1 a m rapid1 & a m efficaci\s influ5ce 9 accel]at+ ! civilization ( ! _w ?an ev5 ! pr9t+ press4 ,five hundr$ millions ( human be+s inhabit+ ,h9do/an & ,*9a rema9 to ?is day enslav$ by debas+ sup]/itions1 & sunk 9 m5tal d>kness & delusion4 ,:at a field is "h op5+ to ! ,*ri/ian philan?ropi/6 ,to aid 9 ! removal ( ignorance & sup]/ition by ! diffusion ( useful k1 & an enlight5$ religion2 to plant indu/ry & ! arts :]e indol5ce & b>b>ism h hi!rto prevail$1 are noble ef=ts1 t5d+ no less to elevate ^? :o engage 9 !m1 ?an ! object ( _! ex]tions4 ,! op5+ ( ! propos$ communication w\ld obvi\sly subs]ve ! promotion ( su* objects1 & !re=e c sc>cely fail to excite an int]e/ 9 ! m9d ( e s9c]e well-wi%] to 8 fell[ creatures4 ,! prec$+ /atem5t & obs]vations w1 ,i tru/1 be suffici5t to %[ t ! object ( :i* !y treat is1 at lea/1 ( suffici5t importance to w>rant an ef=t be+ made to asc]ta91 9 ! mann] sugge/$1 :e!r x be practicable or n1 & if f\nd practicable1 :e!r1 & 9 :at mann]1 ! ,pa*a ( ,egypt w\ld be dispos$ to concur or co-op]ate 9 x4 ,if ! in=mation & sugge/ions !re9 giv5 %\ld lead to su* a result1 ! *ief object ( _! publication w be atta9$4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,viii4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,capta9 ,,james ,,vet*1 ,r4,e4 ,,op9ion ,,( ,,capta9 ,,james ,,vet*1 ,r4,e4#g ,a good deal is alleg$ by ^? trad+ f ,brita9 to ! ,ea/ ,indies aga9/ ! policy ( any "p ( ! ,briti% nation l5d+ patronage to su* an und]tak+1 :i*1 x is presum$1 w\ld b5efit ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean m ?an our own2 ?\gh1 if ! canal 9 "q w\ld be ! means ( mo/ mat]ially %ort5+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! two mo/ important portions ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 little d\bt c be ent]ta9$ ( ! b5efit conf]r$ on ! ext5sive comm]ce ( ! two c\ntries1 ev5 ?\gh "s o!r nations w\ld receive a great] proportional advantage 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! measure2 & ?\gh ! comm]ce ( o!r nations might increase 9 a great] ratio ?an ! ,briti%1 /ill all w\ld p>ticipate 9 facilities to be obta9$2 & 9 ! case ( w> aris+1 x is b too obvi\s1 t ! p[] possess+ a naval sup]iority has ! means ( clos+ su* a *annel ( comm]ce to its enemies1 by /ation+ cruis]s at ea* extremity4 ,s mu* may be urg$ ) a view ( remov+ ! prejudice ( ,briti% int]e/s aga9/ ! measure2 b x w readily be believ$1 t if ! ,briti% fail to patronize ! und]tak+1 o!r nations & p[]s w d s %ortly3 & x is !re=e manife/1 if ,briti% subjects 7 *iefly conc]n$ 9 advanc+ ! capital1 & 9 execut+ & manag+ ?is great "w1 x w\ld be va/ly m = ! b5efit ( ,brita91 ?an if any o!r nation or ,gov]nm5t l5t _! res\rces4 ,b und]take x :o may1 x is mo/ probable1 t bo? ! funds & ! en]gies ( execution w come f ?is c\ntry2 & x is too probable1 t if ! measure is execut$ by any o!r p>ties ?an ,briti%1 ! "w w be ^u a *eap] & less effective plan ( navigation1 p]mitt+ only small craft to navigate1 unfit = ,briti% comm]ce 9 ! ,ea/1 ?\gh suffici5t = ! small trad]s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :o w\ld consequ5tly1 9 su* a case1 reap ! entire b5efit4 ,i am decid$ly ( op9ion1 t ,briti% capital & ,briti% en]gy w\ld alone execute ! "w 9 a truly useful & p]man5t /yle4 ,b ! measure is daily becom+ s mu* m obvi\s z "o ( practical facility1 t x _c long be po/pon$ 9 "s %ape or ano!r4 ,! conclusions may n[ be recapitulat$ 9 g5]al t]ms3-- #a/4 ,t a %ip canal betwe5 ! two ,seas1 :i* contemplates an ext5d$ comm]ce betwe5 ! c\ntries ( ,europe & ! ,indian ,ocean1 %\ld be free f ! effects ( all fluctuat+ causes1 aris+ f inundations or floods1 c4 #bnd4 ,t x %\ld be a measure irrespective ( ! comm]ce ( ,egypt & ! ,nile1 or r t x c\ld n comb9e ^! objects 9 ! same measure1 ) any good results2 ?\gh x w\ld be ! means ( greatly improv+ ! comm]ce ( ,egypt by accessory measures4 #crd4 ,t ! mean fall f ! level ( ! ,r$ ,sea to t ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7say ?irty feet7 is suffici5t to keep ! artificial *annel clean1 if ! fall be prop]ly economis$2 & also t x w\ld be able to pres]ve its m\? 9 ! ,bay ( ,pelusium 9 a navigable /ate at all seasons4 #d?4 ,t a navigation ( /ill wat] ) locks c\ld n be long ma9ta9$ ) advantage1 "u all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 #e?4 ,t a broad & deep /ream l t ( ! ,d>danelles c\ld n be produc$ by natural op]ations1 assi/$ slightly by art2 b t ! attempt w\ld be pregnant ) mis*ief 9 "s qu>t]s1 & result 9 disappo9tm5t4 #f?4 ,t a direct & p]fectly controllable *annel1 ( a uni=m size & %ape & incl9e1 w\ld be ! safe/ & mo/ appropriate und]tak+ ( :i* ! circum/ances p]mit1 & "u ! imp]fect in=mation we possess4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$1 t no def9itive op9ion c be giv51 or v satisfactory e/imates assum$1 until a new & detail$ survey1 hav+ ! express objects 9 view1 is complet$1 compreh5d+ ! necess>y levell+s & bor+s & m>itime surveys ( ! ports at ! t]m9i ( ! ,canal4 ,) respect to ! l& survey1 7 all ! necess>y p]sons & means duly prep>$ to comm5ce op]ations 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1 x is probable ! inve/igation might be complet$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ,may1 & a true solution giv5 to ?is great geographical1 comm]cial1 & eng9e]+ "q4 ,z mank9d multiply & make progress 9 arts & civilization1 new wants arise1 & ! +5uity & indu/ry ( man is tax$ to discov] new s\rces ( weal?1 ma9t5ance1 & occupation3 & we f9d1 "u ! disp5sations ( an all-wise ,provid5ce1 t at suitable seasons res\rces are unveil$ :i* h be5 long provid$ b conceal$ until ! fit occasion pres5ts itself4 ,among/ ! num]\s adm9i/rations ( ! same wise & m]ciful design1 x is n unreasonable to believe t ! completion ( navigable *annels across ! ,i/hmuses ( ,suez & ,d>i5 are ent]prises among/ ! ev5ts design$ to m9i/] to ! gr[+ wants & improvem5t ( ! human race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! prec$+ pages an endeav\r has be5 made to %[ ! sup]iority ( a direct communication betwe5 ! two ,seas 7:i* w\ld provide = ! spe$y passage ( l>ge %ips at all seasons71 ov] a communication p>tly ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,nile1 :i* w\ld be int]rupt$ 9 ! dry season1 & prove t$i\s at all times2 & x n[ rema9s to say a few words on ! comp>ative value ( railways4 ,railways1 "u pres5t circum/ances1 w\ld exp$ite ! transmission ( pass5g]s by ! /eam %ips across ! ,des]t1 & might be useful 9 ! transmission ( light & valuable goods betwe5 ! ,nile & ! ,r$ ,sea2 b x mu/ be greatly d\bt$ if a suffici5t traffic c\ld !reby arise to pay ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( eighty miles ( railway betwe5 ,cairo & ,suez4 ,on ! o!r h&1 7 x contemplat$ to con/ruct a railway betwe5 ! bay ( ,t9eh & ,suez1 ! co/1 includ+ ! improvem5t ( ! h>b\rs at ei!r t]m9us1 w\ld ne>ly equal ! exp5se ( ! propos$ ,canal2 b ! means ( keep+ ! t]m9al h>b\rs deep & clean w\ld be =egone f want ( means ( sc\rage2 & to ! exp5se ( ! railway w\ld h to be add$ ! exp5se ( unload+ & reload+ ! c>goes ( ea* %ipm5t2 s t x is manife/ t a railway direct betwe5 ! two ,seas c\ld /& no competition ) ! propos$ ,canal1 :i*1 besides its value z a comm]cial *annel1 w\ld facilitate ! /eam navigation ) ,india 9 ! highe/ degree1 by p]mitt+ ! /eam]s to make a cont9u\s voyage2 & by p]mitt+ supplies ( coals be+ s5t direct to ,suez & ,ad51 c41 ! det5tion ( /eam]s at ,suez & ,alex&ria w\ld be avoid$1 f\r or five days w\ld be ga9$ 9 ! transmission ( pass5g]s & mails1 & ! exp5diture 9 ! price ( coals w\ld be mu* r$uc$4 ,! ,au?or aga9 ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to ! able /atem5ts ( ,mr4 ,macl>5's pap] ( #ahbe1 connect$ ) ?is subject1 & n[ quotes t au?or's op9ions & ^? ( ! writ] 9 ! ,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review ( #ahcf1 z to ! feasibility ( ! propos$ measure3-- 8,yet x is c]ta9 t ! project mu/ n only h be5 practicable b easy1 s9ce x 0 accompli%$ 9 e>ly times by m5 :o 7 unprovid$ ) _m ( ^? res\rces :i* mod]n art supplies4 ,9 fact1 :5 ! gr\nd is explor$ ! suppos$ difficulties vani%1 & we discov] t ,nature has furni%$ su* s+ul> & unexpect$ facilities = e/abli%+ a wat] communication betwe5 ! two ,seas1 t %e has left little = man to d to complete h] "w40--,,macl>51 ,jamieson's ,j\rnal1 #ahbe1 p4 #bgd4 8,7 ,european civilization & a regul> ,gov]nm5t p]man5tly re-e/abli%$ 9 ,egypt1 ! und]tak+ w\ld be f\nd n only practicable b easy2 s great1 9 fact1 are ! facilities :i* ! gr\nd pres5ts1 t ?\gh ! ,canal 7tak+ ! magnitude ( its section into acc\nt7 w\ld c]ta9ly be ! l>ge/ t exi/s1 ! exp5se w\ld be consid]ably less ?an t ( "s small works ( ! same k9d execut$ 9 ! we/ ( ,europe40--,ibid4 p4 #bij4 8,!re is little d\bt t if ! ,fr5* _h rema9$ 9 ,egypt1 & especially ) ,napoleon at ! head ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld h c>ri$ _! project 7( canals7 into effect4 ,! exp5se1 comp>$ ) ! magnific5t result1 is s trifl+1 t ! wond] is t x has n be5 c>ri$ into effect be=e n[1 ei!r by a company hav+ ! support ( ,mahomm$ ,pa*a1 or by ! ,pa*a on 8 own acc\nt40--,=eign ,qu>t]ly ,review1 #ahcf1 p4 #cfb4 8,a glance at ! map :i* accompanies ! ,topographical ,survey ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s is q suffici5t to demon/rate ) :at facility & at :at mod]ate exp5se a %ip's canal might be con/ruct$ f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean40--,ibid4 p4 #cfh4 ,,app5dix4 ,no4 ,,ix4 ,,article ,,f ,,! ,,moniteur4 ,,f ,,! ,,moniteur1 7,,! ,,(ficial ,,pap] ,,( ,,france17 #f? ,july1 #ahee4 ,,! ,,cutt+ ,,( ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,suez4 ,?is und]tak+1 "o ( ! gr&e/ & mo/ useful ( ! age1 has = "s "t attract$ a consid]able %>e ( public att5tion4 ,!re is b "o op9ion z to its imm5se results1 b ! "q ( ! track has be5 a subject ( discussion1 :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( au!ntic docum5ts & an exact k ( ! localities1 may mislead public op9ion4 ,two tracks h be5 propos$3 "o direct1 :i* is to unite ! two ,seas by a ,canal 9 a /raight l9e f ,suez to ,pelusium2 ! o!r indirect1 :i*1 />t+ f ,suez1 jo9s ! ,nile bel[ ,cairo1 & t]m9ates at ! port ( ,alex&ria4 ,9 ! eyes ( all :o are acqua9t$ ) ,egypt ! direct track alone appe>s practicable1 ! indirect track h[ev] has rec5tly f\nd its advocates 9 "s ,european j\rnals2 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 collect$ on ! spot1 w enlight5 public op9ion ^u ?is po9t4 ,9 ! fir/ place !re is a diff]5ce ( l5g? betwe5 ! two tracks1 :i* is n unimportant4 ,! direct track be+ ! %orte/1 w\ld c]ta9ly n1 ( itself1 be suffici5t to give x ! pref]5ce1 especially if ! o!r 7 bo? mo/ economical & mo/ advantage\s2 b x appe>s t besides hav+ ! advantage ( be+ mu* %ort]1 ! direct track also has ! recomm5dations ( be+ m economical1 m advantage\s1 & m easy ( execution4 #a/4 ,! indirect ,canal has to cross ! ,nile1 & ?is condition is almo/ impossible to be c>ri$ out4 ,! cross+s ( riv]s are att5d$1 z is well kn[n1 ) difficulties1 ev5 :5 !re is only a draught ( wat] ( #b to #c met43 :at w\ld !y be = a ,canal :i* is to be #h met4 deep8 ,& ev5 "o ( ! mo/ decid$ p>tisans ( ! indirect track has n hesitat$ to decl>e frankly1 consid]+ ?is imm5se ob/acle1 :i* al>ms b does n disc\rage him3 8t ! ma9t5ance ( su* a dep? pres5ts difficulties :i* h nev] be5 surm\nt$ nor ev5 attempt$40 ,x is true t at fir/ ! help ( ! b>rage 0 reckon$ ^u 9 risk+ ! cross+ ( ! riv]2 b ?is b>rage c only s]ve at ! l[ wat]s dur+ f\r or five mon?s ( ! ye>1 at ! "t :5 ! l&s are irrigat$ to prep>e = ! summ] crops2 ! res]v$ wat]s ( ! ,nile w nev]1 ev5 at _! maximum1 be m ?an #d to #d met41 :i* is v f> f #h met4 ,above ! b>rage1 at ! po9t :]e ! %ips are to cross1 ! bread? is #bjjj met4 & if a transv]se *annel 7 dug !re1 h[ c\ld x be prev5t$ f fill+ ) alluvium & mud8 ,dur+ ! increase ( ! wat]s1 h[ c\ld a curr5t ( five miles an h\r1 be cross$ by sail+ vessels aga9/ ! w9d bl[+ f ! ea/ & s\?8 ,aga9/ ?is =midable ob/acle to ! cross+ :i* _c be avoid$1 an exp$i5t n less surpris+1 & /ill m impracticable1 has be5 devis$2 ! b>rage is set aside1 ! employm5t ( x be+ too haz>d\s1 & ! ,nile is to be cross$ by a bridge ,canal4 ,b c we =m an idea ( a ,canal #h met4 deep cross+ a riv] l ! ,nile above ! b>rage8 ,accord+ to ! v calculations ( ^? :o propose su* s*emes1 !re w\ld be requir$ #a1bac1adg met4 cub4 ( wat] p] diem to supply ! upp] bas91 & z ?is enorm\s quantity ( wat] w\ld h to be rais$ ?irty metres above ! level ( ! two ,seas2 ! eng9es requir$ = ?is purpose mu/ repres5t #efbj horse p[] by calculation1 correspond+ to #fjjj horse p[] 9 ^? to be provid$2 n to speak ( ! ob/acles t su* a colossal "w w\ld oppose to ! ord9>y navigation1 x w\ld be an exp5se ^u t po9t only ( #ej to #fj1jjj1jjj francs4 ,& ! bridge ,canal aft] all ^! sacrifices1 w\ld n be m firm or m durable ?an any con/ruction ( t k9d4 ,& moreov] = ?is sup] elevation ( level !re w\ld be requir$ t5 locks 9 addition to ! f\rte5 already on ! l9e4 #bnd4 ,! indirect ,canal w be detrim5tal to ! ,canal works1 s necess>y to ,l[] ,egypt1 & w p>tly int]f]e ) t admirable hydraulic sy/em1 :i* is at once ! pride & ! f]tilization ( ! c\ntry4 ,x w be 9 va9 to make circuits to avoid ! bran*+s ( ! network2 z ! t]m9ation is to be at ! port ( ,alex&ria1 x w be absolutely necess>y to pass betwe5 ! ,mahm\dieh ,canal & ,lake ,m>eotis2 & !n ! fl[ ( all ! wat]s into ! ,lake :i* is de/9$ to receive !m w be prev5t$4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! ,lake1 z ! railway does1 seas ( mire w be met )1 s mu* dread$ on ! ,pelusiac coa/4 ,x has already be5 necess>y to raise aga9 & aga9 ! embankm5t ( ! railway :i* 0 disappe>+ 9 ! ,lake1 & = ?ree ye>s x has be5 necess>y to lab\r unceas+ly at ! repairs :i* are cont9ually requir$2 :at w x be :5 a dyke mu/ be con/ruct$ at lea/ #fjjj metres 9 l5g?1 to heights ( #g to #h metres1 )\t kn[+ :]e to procure ! necess>y e>? = ^! embankm5ts8 #crd4 ,! indirect ,canal _c t]m9ate 9 ! port ( ,alex&ria )\t caus+ /ill great] confusion !re ?an x causes 9 ! ,canal works4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! port ( ,alex&ria is n immutable1 z has be5 suppos$4 ,x has n escap$ ! action ( ! gr\nd swell1 :i* has *ok$ x ) s& to a good ?ird ( its ext5t4 ,! "p ( ! port :i* has be5 select$ is frequ5tly agitat$ by ! nor?-we/ w9ds1 & ! surf is !n s viol5t 9 r\gh wea!r1 t ev5 small craft d>e n approa* x4 ,! rock is f\nd !re at a small dep? bel[ ! sea1 & z x w\ld be necess>y to ext5d ! dykes ( ! ,canal to #bej metres into ! h>b\r1 to obta9 a draught ( wat] ( #g met41 #ej to #h met41 ! rock w\ld h to be excavat$ "u ! wat]4 ,add to ?is t 9 ?is direction all ! gr& magaz9es & all ! ,gov]nm5t works w\ld be enc\nt]$2 !re is n ! lea/ free space betwe5 ! railway & ! ,mahm\dieh canal4 ,b let u suppose all ^! difficulties ov]come1 !re are o!rs :i* ! ,canal raises1 & :i* x multiplies ! m x is employ$4 ,! port ( ,alex&ria1 ! only milit>y port ( ,egypt1 is !n besieg$ by hundr$s ( m]*ant vessels1 & by ! sailors ( ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,let !re be a contr>y w9d ev] s slight1 or "s requisite repairs to ! locks1 & t ! movem5t is arre/$1 j fancy ! imp$im5t1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! political dang]s ( su* an accumulation4 ,moreov] x is n only at ,alex&ria t ?is intol]able inconv5i5ce w\ld arise2 x might happ51 9 consequ5ce ( accid5ts easily to be =ese5 b impossible to be prev5t$1 t ,egypt %\ld see all on a sudd5 #h to #aj1jjj =eign sailors /ation$ on a po9t ( h] t]ritory1 because ! =ty vessels at lea/ :i* trav]se x e day h be5 =cibly deta9$ at "s "p ( ! passage dur+ tw5ty or five & tw5ty days consecutively4 ,to ^! conclusive reasons1 x w\ld n be difficult to add o!rs2 b ^! mu/ be suffici5t to w>n unbiass$ m9ds aga9/ ! indirect passage4 ,! inconv5i5ces1 or r ! impossibilities ( ! indirect track1 become m /rik+ :5 comp>$ ) ! conditions ( ! direct track & its inconte/able advantages4 #a/4 ,to beg9 )1 ! direct track is only ab\t "o ?ird ! l5g? ( ! o!r4 ,t w\ld be #djj kilometres long1 & ! direct track is only #aee1 :i* w\ld be r$uc$ to #abj1 z w be se54 ,ne> ab\t ! middle ( ! ,i/hmus1 ! ,bitt] ,lakes are met )1 :i* give #ah kilometres ( navigation ready made1 & n requir+ a s+le turn ( ! %ovel1 z ! ,vic]oy's eng9e]s say1 & #ah kilometres 9 addition are ?ree p>ts excavat$ by nature itself2 #abj kilometres !re=e rema91 t is to say1 #cj leagues at ! mo/4 #bnd4 ,! direct track is ! easie/4 ,!re are only two sali5t po9ts 9 ! entire ,i/hmus t x is necess>y to trav]se by p>tly turn+ !m2 "o1 ! ,s]apeum1 :i*1 accord+ to ! levels *eck$ 9 #ahec1 is #af met41 #eiej high2 & ! o!r ,el ,guisr1 :i* is #aa met41 #fcjj4 ,) ! dep? ( ! ,canal1 ?is w\ld make a cutt+ ( #bj or at mo/ #bd metres at "s po9ts4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ 9 su* a "w to t]rify our eng9e]s4 #crd4 ,! direct track is ! mo/ natural4 ,! ,i/hmus is trav]s$ by a longitud9al depression1 =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! two pla9s desc5d+ ) an imp]ceptible slope1 ! "o f ,egypt1 ! o!r f ! fronti] hills ( ,asia4 ,! ,bitt] ,lakes1 fill$ ) ! wat]s ( ! ,arabian ,gulf by ! action ( ! tides only1 may easily =m a res]voir :i*1 ) a surface ( #bhj1jjj1jjj squ>e metres by a rise ( #b metres ( mov+ wat]s1 w\ld n receive less ?an #efj1jjj1jjj cubic metres1 = ! s]vice ( ! ,canal1 bel[ ! wat] l9e at ! level ( ! two ,seas4 ,lake ,timsah1 situat$ at ab\t an equal di/ance f ,suez & ,pelusium1 is l an inl& port :]e %ips c be revictuall$ & repair$4 ,moreov]1 by ano!r fav\r ( nature1 t[>ds ,lake ,timsah a second n less rem>kable holl[ abuts p]p5dicul>ly on ! longitud9al depression1 x is t ( ! ,wady-,tomilat 7! f]tile ,go%5 ( ! ,bible74 ,?is holl[ /ill receives ! ov]fl[+s ( ! ,nile = a great "p ( its l5g?1 & =ms ! natural track ( a communication />t+ f ! riv] & jo9+1 at ! c5tral "p ( ! ,i/hmus1 ! l9e ( m>itime navigation :i* w\ld be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,arabian ,gulf & ! ,m$it]ranean4 #d?4 ,! direct track is ! mo/ useful4 ,x s]ves at ! same "t ! int]e/s ( comm]ce 9 g5]al & ! political int]e/s ( ,egypt & ! ,ottoman ,empire4 ,x w require b little to ma9ta9 x1 & z !re w be v few works ( art1 navigation w n be expos$ to ^? int]ruptions :i* x w\ld h to dread on ! indirect track4 ,to ^! evid5t advantages ( ! direct track1 to ^! relative facilities :i* _h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! sov]eigns ( ,egypt1 ( ,amr\ & ,mu/apha ,,iii4 = example 7see ,lebeau1 ,hi/oire du ,bas-,empire1 tom4 ,,xii4 p4 #dij1 & ! ,mmoires du ,b>on de ,tott sur les ,turcs1 pts4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv471 be=e attract+ t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !re is b "o objection1 & x is ?is3-- ,x is impossible1 !y say1 = l>ge %ips to approa* ,pelusium2 & ! direct ,canal is *im]ical1 because x _c op5 into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?is (t-repeat$ objection is b speci\s1 & _c /& be=e an exam9ation ( ! facts4 ,! entrance to ,pelusium is c]ta9ly a difficult & co/ly "w1 b x is p]fectly practicable1 & eng9e]s h ov]come v diff]5t ob/acles ) res\rces mu* inf]ior to ^? n[ at _! comm&4 ,x is well 9 ! fir/ place t x %\ld be kn[n t ! level ( ! two ,seas1 except+ ! diff]5ce ( ! tides1 :i* are pretty high at ! s\? 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & almo/ no?+ at ! nor? 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 is p]ceptibly ! same4 ,! commission ( #agii _h f\nd = ! ,arabian ,gulf an elevation ( #i met4 #ij2 b its lab\rs1 p]=m$ 9 ! mid/ ( all ! dang]s & di/urbances ( w>1 _h n be5 v]ifi$1 & ! g5ius ( ,laplace re/+ ^u accurate !oretical views1 _h =mally d5i$ ! possibility ( su* a depression )9 a di/ance ( sc>cely ?irty leagues4 ,aft]w>ds1 t[>ds #ahdj1 "s ,engli% (fic]s _h prov$ by ! b>omet] & ! boil+ wat] process t !re 0 no diff]5ce ( level2 & 9 #ahdc1 ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*1 hav+ be5 in=m$ ( ^! lab\rs1 s5t in/ructions to ,egypt to induce ,mehemet ,ali to int]e/ himself 9 ! gr& und]tak+ ( ! cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus3 8 dispat* is /ill 9 ! ,ar*ives ( ! ,au/rian ,consulate at ,alex&ria4 ,9 #ahdg a commission ( ,fr5* eng9e]s1 s5t out by ,m4 ,paul9 ,talabot "u ! direction ( ! le>n$ ,m4 ,b\rdal\e1 & assi/$ by ,egyptian eng9e]s direct$ by ,m4 ,l9ant1 *ief eng9e] to ! ,vic]oy1 put ! fact beyond all "q1 & ,m4 ,paul9 ,talabot _h ! hon\r ( /at+ x 9 a memorial t has become fam\s4 ,our ,academy ( ,sci5ces be/irr$ itself = ! hon\r ( ! anci5t ,egyptian commission4 ,m4 ,sabati]1 ,consul g5]al ( ,france1 ask$ ! ,vic]oy = a fre% v]ification1 :i* ,m4 ,l9ant 0 *>g$ to und]take 9 #ahec1 & :i* confirm$1 say+ an insignificant v>iation1 ! lab\rs ( #ahdg4 ,s t ! consid]able sup]-elevation ( ! ,r$ ,sea _c be reckon$ on = facilitat+ ! approa*es f ! ,m$it]ranean at ! o!r extremity ( ! ,canal2 !re is only ! diff]5ce ( ! tides4 ,z a dep? ( #g met4 #ej to #h met4 is n f\nd be=e ,pelusium or ,t9eh1 b at a di/ance ( #fjjj met4 into ! sea1 x is assum$ t x is practically impossible to prolong ! jetty ( ! ,canal to t di/ance1 because ! wat]s are b liquid mud1 & t cl\ds ( e>? w\ld int]f]e ) ! progress ( ! vessels & ! solidity ( ! works4 ,?is is a complete mi/ake4 ,because ,h]odotus has said1 t ! ,delta is a pres5t f ! ,nile1 8 inaccurate ass]tion has be5 repeat$ )\t v]ify+ x1 & 8 metaphor has pass$ = an inconte/able tru?4 ,b x is an absolute fact1 & x is only necess>y to ask ^? :o h be5 at ,pelusium1 t ! wat] !re is z limpid z at ,alex&ria or ,jaffa4 ,! banks ( travell+ mud se5 by ,admiral ,sir ,sidney ,smi? h no m reality ?an ! pres5t f ! ,nile1 & = ! tw5ty ye>s t ^! coa/s h be5 trav]s$ 9 e direction by /eam boats1 no "o has ev] met aga9 ) ^? muddy banks4 ,! tru? is1 t ! wat]s ( ! ,nile1 :i*1 at ! "t ( ! inundation are di/+ui%$ = m ?an t5 leagues into ! sea1 c>ry f> out into ! ,m$it]ranean & deposit 9 its dep?s1 ! masses ( e>?y matt] :i* !y hold 9 susp5sion 7ne> #a_/hjjj7 :i* d n reappe> on ! coa/s b 9 imp]ceptible quantities2 ! tru? is1 t a h&ful ( s& may be tak5 up f ! sea bea*1 at ,pelusium1 )\t f9d+ ! lea/ p>ticle ( mud4 ,! ,vic]oy's eng9e]s h prov$ t ! coa/1 f ,el-,ari% to ,tripoli1 is pure s&1 & ! s\nd+s tak5 along ! %ore give ! same result4 ,f> f ! ,nile =m+ accretions at ,pelusium1 x is an axiom n[ admitt$ by sci5ce t ! muddy or s&y deposits obs]v$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s are entirely ow+ to matt]s br\ght by ! tide4 ,! riv]s h no "p !re92 & ! excell5t obs]vations made by mo/ able hydrograph]s at ! bay ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,mi*ael1 at ! m\?s ( ! ,s*eld1 ! ,meuse1 ! ,rh9e1 ! ,yssel1 h sup]abundantly prov$ x4 ,! accumulations ( s& at ,pelusium & ,suez1 l ! :ole ,i/hmus1 h be5 =m$ by ! m>itime deposits ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! ?or\gh inve/igation ( ! motion ( ! waves has demon/rat$ t ! b>s ( riv]s are due to ! gr\nd swell alone4 ,! ,nile1 !re=e1 has no influ5ce ^u ! approa*es to ,pelusium1 z ,h]odotus suppos$1 & z is /ill ! common op9ion2 & ?is is s true1 t = #bj kilometres above its m\? !re are accretions ( mud1 :ile bel[ !re is no?+ b s&4 ,f9ally ! accumulations ( s& are m consid]able 9 proportion z ! wat]s ( ! riv] are less abundant4 ,sett+ aside f ! "q ! hypo!tical ass]tions1 x rema9s !re=e inconte/able t ! only difficulty at ,pelusium1 is ! l5g? ( ! jetties 9 ! sea4 ,pelusium1 ) its ru9s1 is at ! same po9t :]e ,/rabo saw x1 :]e ! ,egyptian commission saw x1 :i* f\nd ! tw5ty /adia ( ! ,greek geograph] betwe5 ! %ore & ! t[n q correct4 ,b are jetties ( a league & a half into ! sea possible1 or are !y inde$ a "w t _c be execut$8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is easy3 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! ,holl&]s1 n s ri* & n s skillful z we are n[1 al?\gh q z bold1 erect$ at ! ,cape1 9 ! bay ( ! ,lion1 at a dep? ( #af met41 9 spite ( ! mo/ frightful tempe/s1 a dyke ( #hjjj metres1 t is1 a "w ( at lea/ f\r times ! ext5t ( t requir$ = ! entrance ( ! ,canal at ,pelusium4 ,z = ! h>b\r ( ,suez1 ! "w !re w\ld be comp>atively trifl+ because x is %elt]$ f all ! w9ds1 except+ t f ! s\?-ea/1 & %ips keep ! sea !re v well1 z is prov$ by ! ,engli% ,magaz9e corvette1 moor$ !re = two ye>s1 )\t su/a9+ any damage4 ,:at is to be d$uc$ f ^! obs]vations8--,t x is possible to make a canal #ajj metres wide f ,suez to ,pelusium1 ) a draught ( wat] ( #h met41 bel[ l[ wat] 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ) p>apets1 t[+ pa?1 c4 & available = ! passage ( screw & paddle frigates1 & vessels ( #ajjj to #aejj tons bur!n1 & t ?is canal1 foll[+ ! /raight l9e betwe5 ! two ,seas is ! only practicable "o1 z x w be "o ( ! gr&e/ & mo/ useful works ev] p]=m$ by man4 ,to conclude1 ?is track is ! only "o t ! pr9ce :o n[ rules 9 ,egypt w all[4 ,well in=m$ himself 9 nautical arts & sci5ces1 ! inh]itor ( ! policy ( ,mehemet ,ali1 :i* he approves :ile he practises1 he has decl>$ 9 dictat+ 8 own t]ms = ! firman ( concession1 t he w\ld h ! %orte/ & lea/ exp5sive track1 & "o t w\ld be available = ! l>ge/ %ips4 ,x is n 9 ! s*eme ( an inl& canal t ! real junction ( ! two ,seas consi/s2 ! indirect canal cuts ?r\gh ,egypt1 & n ! ,i/hmus2 its ext5t is n only tripl$1 b ! co/ ( execution & ma9t5ance are enorm\s1 & ! exi/5ce ( a canal con/ruct$ ^u ^! conditions w\ld be always unc]ta9 & prec>i\s :ile ! direct track1 :i* unites s _m advantages1 has none ( ^! drawbacks4 ,h,,te4 ,,footnotes #a ,i ?9k x to ! purpose to ins]t "h a lett]1 :i* ,i address$ to ,"l ,/rat=d de ,r$cliffe1 ,h] ,britannic ,maje/y's ,ambassador1 on my leav+ ,con/ant9ople3-- ,p]a1 #bh? ,febru>y1 #ahee4 8,!re are que/ions :i* require to be boldly met 9 ord] to be well resolv$1 z !re are w\nds :i* mu/ be op5$ 9 ord] to be heal$4 ,! frankness ) :i* y receiv$ my fir/ rem>ks ^u a subject1 ! gravity ( :i* ,i d n affect to disguise1 enc\rages me to submit to y\r consid]ation a po9t ( view f :i* x appe>s to me advisable to contemplate ! "q ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,! great influ5ce :i* y\r "* & y\r long exp]i5ce naturally give y ! "r to ex]cise 9 ! decisions ( y\r ,gov]nm5t on all ,ea/]n que/ions1 makes me especially anxi\s to neglect no opportunity ( enabl+ ,y\r ,excell5cy to =m an op9ion f a p]fect acqua9tance ) ! case4 ,! results already obta9$ f ! intimate alliance ( ,france & ,engl&1 te/ify suffici5tly to ! advantages t ! ,european balance & civilization 9 g5]al d]ive f t union ( ! two peoples4 ,! future & ! welf>e ( all ! nations ( ! univ]se are !re=e conc]n$ 9 ma9ta9+ intact1 9 pres]v+ f any attack1 a /ate ( ?+s1 :i*1 to ! ev]la/+ hon\r ( ! ,gov]nm5ts t h br\ght x ab\t1 c alone1 ) "t1 ensure ! bless+s ( progress & ( peace to ! human race4 ,!nce ! necessity ( gett+ rid1 be=eh&1 ( all causes ( rupture1 or ev5 ( coolness1 betwe5 ! two peoples2 !nce1 consequ5tly1 ! p>am\nt duty ( anticipat+ among/ future cont+5cies1 ^? circum/ances calculat$ to awake anci5t feel+s ( antagonism1 & to raise1 9 ! bosom ( ei!r nation1 ^? emotions aga9/ ! viol5ce ( :i*1 ! wisdom ( ,gov]nm5ts is p[]less to /ruggle4 ,! motives = ho/ile rivalry are t5d+ successively to give place to t g5]\s emulation :i* gives bir? to great ?+s4 ,look+ at ! situation ( affairs 9 a g5]al way1 x is sc>cely to be p]ceiv$ ^u :at gr\nd & ^u :at occasion1 ^? /ruggles1 :i* s long desolat$ ! _w1 c\ld be r5ew$4 ,is x f9ancial & comm]cial int]e/s t c\ld cause division betwe5 ! two peoples8 ,:y1 ,briti% capital ?r[n into all ! und]tak+s ( ,france1 & ! imm5se developem5t ( int]national comm]ce1 h e/abli%$ ties betwe5 !m :i* become clos] e day4 ,is x political int]e/s & que/ions ( pr9ciple8 ,:y1 ! two nations h b "o common aim1 "o same ambition3 ! triumph ( "r ov] might1 ( civilization ov] b>b>ism4 ,is x1 f9ally1 a sordid jeal\sy ( t]ritorial ext5sion8 ,:y1 !y ackn[l$ge1 at ! pres5t "t1 t ! globe is va/ en\gh to (f] to ! _s ( adv5ture t animates _! respective populations1 c\ntries to make available1 human be+s to )draw f ! /ate ( b>b>ism2 &1 moreov]1 f ! mom5t t _! flags wave toge!r1 ! conque/s ( ! "o pr(it by ! activity ( ! o!r4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 !n1 no?+ is p]ceiv$ 9 ! g5]al /ate ( affairs t c\ld impair our cordial relations ) ,engl&4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we look clos]1 an ev5tuality pres5ts itself :i*1 caus+ ! mo/ enlight5$ & mo/ mod]ate cab9ets to p>take 9 popul> prejudices & passions1 is capable ( reviv+ old antipa?ies1 & ( compromis+1 ) ! alliance1 ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f x4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a po9t ( ! globe ) ! free passage ( :i* ! political & comm]cial p[] ( ,great ,brita9 is b\nd up1 a po9t1 ! possession ( :i* ,france _h1 on h] "p1 aspir$ to 9 =m] times4 ,?is po9t is ,egypt1 ! direct r\te f ,europe to ,india1 ,egypt ba!d once & aga9 ) ,fr5* blood4 ,x is sup]flu\s to def9e ! motives :i* w\ld n all[ ,engl& to see ,egypt 9 ! possession ( a rival nation )\t oppos+ x by ! mo/ en]getic resi/ance2 b :at %\ld also be tak5 into s]i\s consid]ation1 is1 t ) less positive int]e/s1 ,france "u ! dom9ion ( h] glori\s traditions1 "u ! impression ( o!r feel+s m in/9ctive ?an rational1 & !re=e m p[]ful ov] ! impressionable _s ( h] inhabitants1 w\ld n1 9 h] turn1 leave to ,engl& ! peaceable sov]eignty ( ,egypt4 ,x is cle> t1 s long z ! r\te to ,india is op5 & c]ta91 t ! /ate ( ! c\ntry ensures ! facility & promptitude ( ! communications1 ,engl& w n set ab\t creat+ ! mo/ grave difficulties by appropriat+ a t]ritory :i*1 9 h] eyes1 has no o!r value ?an z a means ( transit4 ,x is likewise evid5t t ,france--^: policy1 = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 has be5 to contribute to ! prosp]ity ( ,egypt1 bo? by h] c\nsels & by ! conc\rse ( a great numb] ( ,fr5*m5 di/+ui%$ 9 ! sci5ces1 9 adm9i/rative capacity1 9 all ! arts ( peace or w>--w n seek to realize1 9 ?is direction1 ! projects ( ano!r epo*1 s long z ,engl& does n int]f]e4 ,b let "o ( ^? crises occur :i* h s (t5 %ak5 ! ,ea/1 let a circum/ance arise :]e9 ,engl& %\ld f9d h]self "u ! rigor\s necessity ( tak+ a position 9 ,egypt to prev5t ano!r p[] f =e/all+ h]1 & tell u !n if x is possible t ! alliance c\ld survive ! complications :i* su* an ev5t w\ld occasion4 ,& :y %\ld ,engl& consid] h]self oblig$ to become mi/ress ( ,egypt1 ev5 at ! risk ( break+ h] alliance ) ,france8 ,= ?is s+le reason1 t ,egypt is ! %orte/ & mo/ direct r\te f ,engl& to h] ,ea/]n possessions2 t ?is r\te mu/ be con/antly op5 to h]2 & t1 9 :atev] conc]ns ?is mighty int]e/1 %e c\ld nev] temporise4 ,?us1 f ! position giv5 to h] by nature1 ,egypt might /ill become ! subject ( a conflict betwe5 ,france & ,great ,brita92 s t ?is *ance ( rupture w\ld disappe> if1 by a provid5tial ev5t1 ! geographical conditions ( ! anci5t _w 7 *ang$1 &1 t ! comm]cial r\te to ,india1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! he>t ( ,egypt1 7 remov$ to its conf9es1 &1 be+ op5$ to all ! _w1 c\ld nev] be expos$ to ! *ance ( its becom+ ! exclusive privilege ( any "o4 ,well6 ?is ev5t1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! design ( ,provid5ce1 is n[ )9 ! rea* ( man4 ,x may be br\ght ab\t by human skill4 ,x is to be realiz$ by ! cutt+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez1 an und]tak+ to :i* nature opposes no ob/acle1 & :]e9 ,engli% capital1 z well z t ( o!r c\ntries1 w c]ta9ly take "p4 ,let ! ,i/hmus be cut ?r\gh1 let ! waves ( ! ,m$it]ranean m+le ) ^? ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 let ! ,railroad be cont9u$ & complet$1 & ,egypt1 9 acquir+ an increas$ importance z a productive c\ntry1 z a c\ntry ( int]nal comm]ce1 z a g5]al /oreh\se & common transit1 loses its dang]\s pre-em95ce z an unc]ta9 & conte/$ passage ( communication4 ,! possession ( its t]ritory be+ no long] an object ( int]e/ to ,engl&1 ceases to be a possible bone ( cont5tion betwe5 t p[] & ,france1 ! union ( ! two peoples is = ! future unalt]able1 & ! _w is pres]v$ f ! calamities :i* a rupture betwe5 !m w\ld produce4 ,?is result af=ds su* securities = ! future1 t x is suffici5t to po9t !m out1 to attract to ! und]tak+ de/9$ to produce x1 ! sympa?y & ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,/atesm5 ^: ef=ts are direct$ to ! settlem5t ( ! ,anglo-,fr5* alliance ^u an immoveable basis4 ,y1 my ,"l1 are "o ( ^? ,/atesm51 & y h too l>ge a %>e 9 que/ions ( high policy1 to :i* ,i am a /rang]1 = me n to ent]ta9 ! wi% to communicate to y my aspirations4 ,,f]d4 ,,de ,,lesseps40 #b ,^! v s5sible obs]vations are tak5 f a correspond5ce :i* appe>$ 9 ! 8,times0 ( ! #ac? ,june la/4 #c ,! o!r two 7 ,mr4 ,/eph5son = ,engl&1 & ,m4 ,ngrelli = ,au/ria4 #d ,z ! "w ( ! ,vic]oy's ,eng9e]s w be publi%$1 an extract only is "h giv51 :i* w suffice to make kn[n ! importance ( _! lab\rs1 & %[ ! practical results ( _! inve/igations4 #e ,extracts f ,communications ) ,india1 ,*9a1 c4 ,obs]vations on ! ,practicability & ,utility ( op5+ a ,communication betwe5 ! ,r$ ,sea & ! ,m$it]ranean1 by a ,%ip ,canal1 ?r\gh ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,by ,ar?ur ,&]son4 ,london1 ,smi?1 ,eld] ,co4 ,cornhill1 #ahdc4 #f ,s9ce writ+ ?is1 an article on ! 8,suez ,canal0 has appe>$ 9 ! ,=eign & ,colonial ,qu>t]ly ,review1 :i*1 al?\gh conta9+ "s inaccuracies ( m9or importance1 & pr(ess+ only to take a g5]al view ( ! subject1 ! writ] w\ld exempt f ! above description4 #g ,extracts f ,inquiry into ! ,means ( e/abli%+ a ,%ip ,navigation betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas4 ,by ,james ,vet*1 ,capt4 ,r4,e41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london1 ,pelham ,ri*>dson1 #bc1 ,cornhill1 #ahdc4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,c4 ,,:itt+ham1 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane4 ,illu/ration3 ,,panoramic ,,view ,,( ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,suez ,,& ,,! ,,m>itime ,,canal4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,s*eme ,,( ,,l9ant ,,bey ,,m\gel ,,bey4 ,,eng9e]s ,,to ,,! ,,vic]oy ,,( ,,egypt4 ,illu/ration3 ,sket* %ew+ ! ,,mahm\dieh ,,canal1 ,,! ,,riv] ,,& ,,railway ,,conveyance ,,?r\gh ,,egypt ,,betwe5 ,,alex&ria ,,& ,,suez1 ,,& ,,! ,,direct ,,track ,,( ,,! ,,propos$ ,,%ip ,,canal1 ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,i/hmus ,,( ,,suez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,r\te ,,( ,,/eam ,,%ips ,,betwe5 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,! ,,ea/4