,! ,und]world ( ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t by ,,rog] ,j4 ,,contor ,publi%$ by ,crat] ,lake ,natural ,hi/ory ,association ,illu/ration3 ,,national ,,p>k ,,s]vice ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,produc$ 9 coop]ation ) ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice ,copyright #aifc by ,crat] ,lake ,natural ,hi/ory ,association ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,craft ,,pr9t]s1 ,,inc #abje ,klama? ,av5ue ,klama? ,falls1 ,oregon #igfja ,ab\t ! ,au?or ,rog] ,j4 ,contor att5d$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,idaho & ,montana ,/ate ,college1 conc5trat+ 9 ! fields ( zoology1 botany1 =e/ry1 & big game managem5t4 ,8 association ) ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice began z a seasonal employee 9 #aidi 9 ,yell[/one :]e he s]v$ int]mitt5tly 9 v>i\s capacities into #aiee4 ,lat] t ye>1 he jo9$ ! p]man5t /aff ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice z a p>k rang]1 s]v+ 9 ,yell[/one1 ,rocky ,m\nta91 & ,bryce ,canyon ,national ,p>ks4 ,9 #aifj1 ,mr4 ,contor became managem5t assi/ant = ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t1 :]e he rema9$ until e>ly #aifb4 ,he !n return$ to ,rocky ,m\nta9 ,national ,p>k1 also z a managem5t assi/ant4 ,he is a memb] ( ,! ,wildlife ,society & ,phi ,beta ,kappa & has au?or$ wildlife articles = ,national ,p>ks ,magaz9e1 ,field & ,/ream1 ,outdoor ,life1 ,wyom+ ,wildlife & ,d5v] ,po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cave ,,t\r ,,entrance ,,tree ,,root ,,riv] ,,/yx ,,bridge ,,:ale ,,dry ,,room ,,wigwam #aaj ft4 ,,exit ,,banana ,,room ,,niag>a ,,k+s ,,palace ,,gr& ,,column ,,*apel ,,rim/one ,,p>adise ,,lo/ ,,gho/ ,,room ,,exit ,,tunnel ,,cont5ts ,,introduction #a ,,h[ ,,oregon ,,caves ,,7 ,,=m$ #c ,! ,raw ,mat]ial--,rock #c ,und]gr\nd ,erosion #g ,decoration #ad ,! ,cave's ,age #bd ,o!r ,cave ,features #be ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,caves #bg ,plant ,life #bi ,,! ,,future #cj ,,human ,,hi/ory #cj ,,cons]vation ,,& ,,pres]vation #ca ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,cave ,,t]ms #cd ,,sugge/$ ,,read+s #cf ,,rules ,,regulations #cg ,,adm9i/ration #cg ,illu/ration3 ,p>adise ,lo/ ,,introduction ,?ree tir$ m5 unsaddl$ _! horses :]e ! m\nta9 /ream disappe>$ into ! gr\nd4 ,!y _h f\ght _! way #ae miles ov] wild1 rugg$ m\nta9s s9ce leav+ ,williams ,valley at dawn4 ,yet re/ 0 f> f _! m9ds4 ,hurri$ly !y /uck tall[ c&les into lant]ns made f t9 cans1 unti$ a l>iat f a saddle1 !n walk$ d[n ! valley4 ,!y /opp$ :]e ! /ream1 n[ l>g]1 reappe>$ f a %ad[y crevice "u a cliff4 8,?is mu/ be x10 said "o ( !m eag]ly1 8j l ,davidson said40 ,& ) mix$ feel+s ( excitem5t1 fe>1 & ! ov]:elm+ grip ( adv5ture1 !y foll[$ flick]+ c&lelight into ! d>k op5+4 ,tales ( p]sons lo/ = days 9 o!r caves 7 fre% 9 _! m9ds1 s !y uncoil$ a ball ( /r+ z !y w5t4 ,lat] !y c\ld foll[ x back out4 ,soon !y knew ! ,davidson /ory 0 true1 m ?an true4 ,crawl+ f "o *amb] to ano!r1 !y f\nd a fairyl& ( weird grottoes & exquisite /one =mations--pill>s & spires1 drapes1 froz5 wat]falls & grotesque =ms--9 %apes & sizes beyond _! imag9ations4 ,"s !y nam$ f resemblance to famili> objects4 ,at o!rs !y c\ld only />e 9 awe & wond] h[ c x be8 ,us+ ! rope 9 /eep places1 !y prob$ upw>d into ano!r level ( cav]ns :]e !y 7 ?rill$ to f9d ev5 m elaborate =mations4 ,at "o place !y wrote _! names & ! date1 ,july #aa1 #ahgi4 ,"h & !re !y saw evid5ce left by ! few o!rs :o _h ent]$ ! cave 9 ! five ye>s s9ce x 0 discov]$ by _! neighbor1 ,elijah ,davidson4 ,on & on !y explor$1 return+ to ! entrance only :5 _! la/ c&le 0 gr[+ %ort4 ,outside1 />s light$ a midnight sky4 ,exhau/$1 happy1 !y v[$ to return1 !n fell into b$rolls4 ,?us e>ly visitors respond$ to ! lure ( ,oregon ,caves3 to see ! unse5 & to "k ! unkn[n4 ,today1 ?\s&s ( p enjoy ! caves "u less dem&+ circum/ances4 ,yet ! joy ( p]sonal discov]y endures4 ,= ea* visitor ab\t to ent] ! cave1 ! ?rill ( le>n+ some?+ new & int]e/+ ab\t ! e>? b5ea? u is born anew4 ,?r\gh\t ! _w1 caves loom l>ge 9 ! scope ( hi/ory4 ,e>ly man us$ !m z dwell+ & =tifications4 ,fugitives hid 9 !m & ?ieves us$ !m to ca*e _! loot4 ,o!rs h f\nd !m f9e places to gr[ mu%rooms4 ,dur+ ! ,w> ( #ahab & ! ,civil ,w>1 ,am]icans m9$ c]ta9 caves = saltpetre :i* 0 desp]ately ne$$ to make gunp[d]4 ,mu* ( our k ( long ext9ct mammals has be5 glean$ f p]fectly pres]v$ rema9s1 & ev5 prehi/oric draw+s1 uncov]$ by cave-prob+ sci5ti/s4 ,to mo/ ( u1 h[ev]1 ! greate/ value ( caves is ! delight ( see+ ! /range beauties wr\ght by nature ?r\gh c\ntless c5turies4 ,& f ?is comes ! *all5ge to und]/& ! imp]ceptibly sl[1 rel5tless =ces :i* produce !m4 ,?is booklet sket*es ! processes :i* =m1 alt] & ev5tually de/roy caves4 ,x is an attempt to %>e pres5t k ) ^? :o visit ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t4 ,be=e go+ on1 let u def9e ! ^w cave z we consid] x "h4 ,true caves are =m$ 9 soluble rock--lime/one1 m>ble1 gypsum or dolomite4 ,!y usually conta9 "s r$eposit$ m9]al 9 ! =m ( /alactites1 etc4 ,z mo/ caves occur 9 lime/one1 ! t]m lime/one cave is (t5 us$ to describe any true cave1 ev5 ?\gh x may actually occur 9 dolomite or m>ble4 ,! cave-=m+ process w be basically ! same = ei!r type ( soluble rock4 ,we exclude f ?is def9ition m9es1 lava tubes1 ice caves1 & s&/one depressions su* z ^? us$ by cliff-dwell]s 9 ! ,s\?we/4 ,:ile !y are 8holes 9 ! gr\nd10 !y are =m$ 9 diff]5t ways ?an are ! lime/one type caves1 & !re=e are n usually ref]r$ to 9 geological discussions ( caves4 ,,h[ ,,oregon ,,caves ,,7 ,,=m$ ,! ,raw ,mat]ial--,rock ,if we c\ld turn back "s #ahj million ye>s into geologic "t1 we w\ld f9d ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t a mu* diff]5t place4 ,?is 0 ! ,triassic ,p]iod4 ,e>ly d9osaurs ?riv$ 9 primitive =e/s ov] mu* ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! area ar\nd s\?we/]n ,oregon 0 n yet "p ( ! cont95t2 x 0 a %all[ arm ( ! sea4 ,smold]+ volcanoes jutt$ out z cone-%ap$ isl&s or p\r$ =? fumes & lava f ! di/ant ma9l&4 ,dur+ quiet] c5turies ! age-old process ( life & dea? w5t on )9 ! sea wat]s4 ,fi%1 clams1 coral--ev5 t9y "o-cell$ creatures too small to be se5--extract$ a m9]al call$ calcium c>bonate f ! wat]4 ,) x !y built bones1 %ells & skeletons4 ,:5 ^! animals di$1 _! h>d p>ts settl$ to ! ocean bottom4 ,gradually1 lay]s ( calcium c>bonate 7 built up4 ,at ! same "t c]ta9 *emical functions ( ocean plants extract$ c>bon dioxide f ! wat] & caus$ /ill m calcium c>bonate to precipitate & add to ! s$im5ts4 ,! lay]s deep5$4 ,ev5tually ! weight ( ov]ly+ s$im5ts & ! ocean above compress$ !m into a rock call$ lime/one4 ,9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! sea1 & "u v>i$ conditions1 o!r ocean s$im5ts 7 deposit$4 ,ne> ! %ore1 wave-swept s& accumulat$ & ev5tually became s&/one4 ,f9e silt & clay c>ri$ to ! sea by riv]s settl$ 9 blui% lay]s :i* 7 to become %ale4 ,ne> rocky headl&s1 c\rse gravel deposits became cem5t$ into a h>d mass call$ conglom]ate4 ,?is /eady =mation ( s$im5t>y lay]s 0 p]iodically int]rupt$ by volcanic activity4 ,heavy cl\ds ( volcanic a% & fragm5ts settl$ into ! sea4 ,molt5 lava p\r$ into %all[ bays or well$ up f subsurface volcanoes to mix ) calcium c>bonate muds4 ,:5 volcanism subsid$1 ! seas w5t back to ! quiet deposition ( lime/one4 ,today at ,oregon ,caves we f9d evid5ce ( ?is int]b$d+ ( s$im5t>y & volcanic mat]ials4 ,an example ( su* int]b$d+ c be se5 above ! p>k+ area ne> ! ,*ateau4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>ble outcrop ,?us mix$ deposits ( volcanic & ocean s$im5ts cont9u$ to collect = sev]al million ye>s4 ,app>5tly ?is /eady transf] ( mat]ial f "o "p ( ! e>?'s cru/ to ano!r creat$ a cru/al imbalance4 ,! edge ( ! cont95t 0 "u a /ra94 ,!n1 l an accordion1 a trem5d\s fold+ ( ! l&s along ! ,pacific ,coa/ occurr$4 ,! floor ( ! sea 0 lift$ above ! ocean's surface to =m a new coa/ l9e 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,viol5t /resses 9 ! e>?'s cru/ creat$ int5se heat & pressure :i* *ang$1 or metamorphos$1 ! rocks4 ,%ales 7 alt]$ to slate4 ,s&/one became qu>tzite4 ,lime/one became ! m>ble s important to ,oregon ,caves4 ,ev5 ! volcanic mat]ials 7 alt]$ consid]ably f _! orig9al =m4 ,! resultant geological belt compos$ ( int]-b$d$ lay]s ( slate1 qu>tzite1 m>ble1 & metamorphos$ volcanics is kn[n z ! ,applegate ,gr\p4 ,aft] ! uplift1 !re 0 a long p]iod ( cru/al /ability4 ,! fold$ m\nta9s 7 erod$ away & ! area became a flatt5$ pla9 ne> sea level4 ,z a result1 its /reams 7 sluggi% & me&]$ sl[ly to ! ocean4 ,!n1 9 v>i\s /ages1 ! pla9 0 uplift$ 9 ano!r p]iod ( cru/al adju/m5ts :i* produc$ a flat-topp$ plateau1 s to speak1 kn[n z ! anci5t ,klama? ,p5eplane4 ,?is re/or$ ! vigor ( ! /ream erosion1 :i* help$ at times by glaci] sculpture1 dissect$ ! plateau into ! m\nta9s we "k today4 ,! ,siskiy\ ,range surr\nd+ ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t is "p ( ! ,klama? ,m\nta9 ,sy/em4 ,let u focus on "o ( ! anci5t m>ble lay]s ( ! ,applegate ,gr\p1 = ?is is ! rock /rata 9 :i* ,oregon ,caves 7 =m$4 ,x is actually a n>r[1 tilt$ belt1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness up to #djj feet4 ,x dips ea/w>d into ! e>? at an angle ( ab\t #fj & c be foll[$ 9 a s\?we/-nor!a/ direction = ab\t #d miles along ! we/ %\ld] ( ,mt4 ,elijah 7see illu/rations on page #d74 ,exam9ation ( ! m>ble lay]s inside ! exit tunnel or ! outcrop at ! beg9n+ ( ,cliff ,nature ,trail reveals _m fractures caus$ by ! /resses ( upheaval4 ,"s are v]tical cracks1 b !re are also _m cross fractures at v>y+ angles4 ,illu/ration3 ,oregon ,caves m>ble--#h in*es wide ,:5 te/$ = *emical composition1 ,oregon ,caves m>ble samples h av]ag$ #ic p]c5t pure calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o74 ,its blui% color is d]iv$ f ! rema9+ p]c5tage ( impurities4 ,)\t ^!1 x w\ld be :ite4 ,a good example ( ne>ly pure calcium c>bonate is ! :ite *alk us$ on blackbo>ds4 ,)\t ?is belt ( soluble m>ble1 & )\t ! fractures )9 x1 natural processes c\ld n h produc$ ! 8,m>ble ,halls ( ,oregon40 ,x is ! f\ndation1 ! framework1 & ! raw mat]ial ( ! caves4 ,und]gr\nd ,erosion ,! fir/ requirem5t 9 ! g5esis ( ,oregon ,caves--! "r k9d ( rock--0 met4 ,next came ! erosive ag5t :i* 0 to c>ve x into cav]ns4 ,?is 0 ! fl[ ( und]gr\nd wat]4 ,! pres5t ra9fall 9 ?is area av]ages #ej in*es a ye>4 ,dur+ ! _m ?\s&s ( ye>s ! caves 7 =m+1 ! climate may h v>i$ f wett] to dri] _m times1 b x is safe to assume ?is has always be5 an area ( relatively heavy precipitation4 ,! /eep1 m\nta9\s t]ra9 & deep-cut valleys ( s\?we/]n ,oregon are *>act]i/ic ( aggressive /ream erosion t goes h&-9-h& ) a heal?y supply ( ra9fall4 ,"s ( ! ra9 evaporates & returns to ! air4 ,"s ( x soon runs into /reams & is c>ri$ rapidly to ! ocean4 ,! re/ ( x seeps into ! gr\nd :]e x is delay$ = a "t 9 its inevitable return to ! sea4 ,"u ! =ce ( gravity1 x trickles d[nw>d r /eeply ?r\gh jo9ts & cracks 9 ! rocks1 or seeps betwe5 p>ticles ( s&1 gravel1 or clay4 ,bel[ ! gr\nd surface x jo9s a zone ( saturation1 or phreatic zone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr\nd ,,wat] ,,ra9 ,,fall ,vadose zone3 wat] moves f surface to wat] table 7v]tically7 --,wat] table ,phreatic zone3 total saturation1 wat] moves sl[ly & ne>ly 7horizontally7 ,"h cracks1 pores1 & all spaces )9 ! rock are completely fill$ ) wat]4 ,!re are no airspaces4 ,wat] movem5t )9 ! phreatic zone is comp>atively sl[1 v>y+ f a few in*es a ye> to a few feet a day1 dep5d+ ^u ! p]meability ( ! rock /ructure4 ,& ! movem5t is usually horizontal1 foll[+ ! cont\rs ( ! l& 9 ! same direction z surface /reams4 ,ev5tually ?is wat] w f9d its way back to ! surface at a l[] elevation :]e x usually em]ges z a spr+4 ,x is phreatic wat] :i* fe$s ! m\nta9 /reams & riv]s _m weeks or mon?s aft] ! la/ ra9fall4 ,x might also be pump$ f a well = human use4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! e>?'s population dep5ds ^u well wat] f ^! great und]gr\nd res]voirs4 ,h[ deep does phreatic wat] exi/8 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! porosity ( ! rock1 or its ability to conta9 wat]4 ,mo/ m9es t p5etrate _m hundr$s ( feet enc\nt] little wat] at great dep?s4 ,pressure ( ! ov]ly+ rocks is s great t op5 spaces capable ( hold+ wat] _c exi/4 ,s ! e>?'s cru/ conta9s available well wat] only 9 re/rict$ zones n f> f ! surface4 ,! top ( ! zone ( saturation is call$ ! wat] table4 ,x is "h t ! mo/ rapid fl[ ( phreatic wat] occurs1 = ! jo9ts & int]spaces are wid] ne>e/ ! surface4 ,betwe5 ! wat] table & ! surface is ! vadose zone1 9 :i* ! spaces are p>tly fill$ ) wat] & p>tly fill$ ) air4 7,see illu/rations on page #g74 ,vadose wat] cont5t v>ies greatly ) wea!r conditions4 ,z ra9fall is scant 9 s\?we/ ,oregon dur+ ! summ]1 visitors f9d ! caves relatively dry at t "t4 ,9 ! w9t]1 h[ev]1 ! passages w be v]itably 8ra9+0 vadose wat] )9 a few days aft] sn[ or ra94 ,! wat] table itself is m /able1 b v>ies some:at f w9t] to summ]1 or dur+ ext5d$ p]iods ( unusually wet or dry seasons4 ,its l[e/ possible level is ultimately controll$ by ! elevation ( ! l>ge/ ne>by surface /ream or lake1 :i* acts z a base level4 ,:5 ! /reams & lakes are l[]$ by erosion1 ! wat] table ( a giv5 locality keeps pace by sl[ly s9k+ until ev5tually x lies sc>cely above sea level4 ,illu/ration3 ,solution ,rills 9 ,gho/ ,room ceil+ ,illu/ration3 ,crack wid5$ by solution--,watson's ,grotto ,ra9 fall+ on ! m\nta9s above ! cave seeps into ! surface cov] ( vegetation & humus4 ,"h x absorbs c>bon dioxide releas$ f ! process ( organic decay4 ,seep+ fur!r ?r\gh ! vadose zone & d[n to ! wat] table1 ?is wat] c>ries _m times ! normal am\nt ( c>bon dioxide f\nd 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,9 fact1 x becomes acid4 ,= wat] 7,h,o7 & c>bon dioxide 7,,co7 unite to =m a mild solution ( c>bonic acid 7,h,,co74 ,9 ?is mann]1 phreatic wat] is con/antly *>g$ ) mild acids4 ,n ! k9d t h>m u1 ( c\rse4 ,! f\nta9 wat] by ! *alet1 & probably t 9 y\r home1 is actually mild c>bonic acid4 ,s is bottl$ pop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,solution ,,ra9 ,,c>bon ,,dioxide ,,mild ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,molecules 7,h,o7 7,,co7 7,h,,co7 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,calcium ,,calcium ,,bic>bonate ,,solution ,,c>bonate ,,molecules ,,f ,,m>ble ,,/rata 7,h,,co7 7,ca,c,o7 7,ca,h7,,co77 ,,deposition ,,calcium ,,c>bon ,,dioxide1 ,,= ,,ea* ,,c>bon ,,dioxide ,,molecule ,,bic>bonate ,,calcium ,,c>bonate ,,escap+ ,,into ,,cave ,,air1 ,,an ,,rea*+ ,,cave ,,equival5t ,,molecule ,,( ,,calcium ,,air ,,c>bonate ,,mu/ ,,be ,,r$eposit$ ,,z ,,solid ,,drip/one1 ,,fl[/one1 ,,etc4 ,x 0 ?us t phreatic wat]1 *>g$ ) soil acids1 p]colat$ c5tury aft] c5tury ?r\gh cracks 9 ! m>ble4 ,! acids ate away at all expos$ rock surfaces--sidew>d1 d[nw>d1 & upw>d4 7,! solution rills 9 ! orig9al ,gho/ ,room ceil+ reveal ! upw>d dissolv+ ( wat]-fill$ cavities1 see illu/ration page #i74 ,to fully und]/& ?is1 we mu/ recall t ! m>ble is #ic p]c5t calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o74 ,to dissolve x1 c>bonic acid mixes ) ! calcium c>bonate to =m an un/able liquid comp\nd call$ calcium bic>bonate1 7,ca,h7,,co774 ,! removal ( solid calcium c>bonate 9 a liquid is ! key cave =m+ process & is call$ solution 7see illu/ration page #aj74 ,9 ,watson's ,grotto we f9d sev]al examples ( e>ly crack-wid5+ by phreatic solution 7see illu/ration page #i74 ,! enl>g$ cracks all[$ fa/] movem5t ( wat] aga9/ an increas$ surface area1 & a subsequ5t increase 9 solution activity4 ,p>titions betwe5 !m fell ap>t & 7 dissolv$4 ,a s]ies ( wat]-fill$ passages evolv$ deep und]gr\nd4 ,_! patt]n & ori5tation foll[$ ! pre-cave network ( jo9ts & cracks 9 ! orig9al /rata4 ,gradually ! op5+s 7 fur!r enl>g$ into ! cave sy/em we "k today4 ,!re is m to x ?an t1 ( c\rse4 ,y may ask1 8,:y ar5't !re caves cont9u\sly ?r\gh\t ! belt ( m>ble8 ,! jo9ts & cracks are ev]y:]e4 ,& c]ta9ly all ! m>ble ne> ! surface has be5 subject$ to gr\nd wat] action at "s "t or ano!r4 ,:y are ,oregon ,caves limit$ to "o p>ticul> "p ( ! m>ble belt80 ,! answ] to ?is involves sev]al consid]ations4 ,to beg9 )1 we d f9d small cavities & solution cracks ?r\gh\t ! expos$ m>ble4 ,s !re has be5 v>y+ degrees ( solution activity ne>ly ev]y:]e1 al?\gh n suffici5t to produce cav]ns comp>able to ,oregon ,caves4 ,secondly1 we mu/ reconsid] ! m9]aliz$ wat]1 calcium bic>bonate4 ,we call$ x an un/able comp\nd1 mean+ x w alt] readily ) slight *anges 9 conditions4 ,once ! am\nt ( c>bon dioxide dissolv$ 9 ! wat] has unit$ ) an equival5t am\nt ( calcium c>bonate 7m>ble71 ! solution is saturat$4 ,no m m>ble c be dissolv$ until additional c>bon dioxide is absorb$ by ! wat]4 ,if ! solution loses "s ( its c>bon dioxide into ! air1 !n an equival5t am\nt ( calcium c>bonate mu/ be r$eposit$ z solid /one4 ,! balance c be delicate4 ,9 an und]gr\nd pool ( m9]aliz$ wat]1 solution may be go+ on at "o end ( ! pool & deposition at ! o!r4 ,s a /ate ( *emical balance t5ds to develop 9 normal phreatic drift ?r\gh ! m>ble4 ,wat] saturat$ ) m9]als might easily move ?r\gh _m hundr$s ( feet ( m>ble /rata )\t fur!r enl>g+ ! op5+s4 ,in/ead1 x might ev5 deposit "s ( ! dissolv$ m9]als1 fill+ small cracks & ve9s1 possibly ev5 block+ its own passage dur+ dry cycles :5 phreatic fl[ is at a l[ ebb4 ,! 8dry0 room 9 ! cave is an example ( ve9 fill+4 ,clay1 gravel1 & o!r surface s$im5ts c also be wa%$ into ! op5+s1 plugg+ !m up & halt+ fur!r solution = a "t4 ,all ^! factors lead t[>d a /abilization ( ! solution process4 ,op5+s & small passages cont9ue to be =m$1 yet normal phreatic movem5t at ,oregon ,caves seems to lack ! =ce = l>ge scale cave sculpture4 ,?is op5s ! door to our ?ird consid]ation2 we "k ! greate/ am\nt ( solution occurs 9 ! wat] table zone4 ,!re=e1 to ga9 ! impetus ne$$ to c>ve out a cave sy/em1 "s local condition mu/ h increas$ ! wat] table fl[ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,oregon ,caves4 ,! solution process 0 magnifi$ z l>g] quantities ( fre%ly acidic phreatic wat]s 7 *annel$ into a re/rict$ zone4 ,surg+ on1 !y sc\r$ ?r\gh ! m>ble1 dissolv+ l>g] volumes ( calcium c>bonate & sweep+ x away4 ,! e>ly solution patt]n ( enl>g$ cracks _h set ! /age = ! onset ( ?is swift phreatic erosion4 ,b "s geologically sudd5 ev5t 0 necess>y to trigg] ! =ces :i* complet$ ! act4 ,we d n "k exactly :at ! trigg]+ action 04 ,we "k t ! wat] table ei!r receiv$ a sudd5 increase 9 supply f surface dra9age1 or f\nd a l>g] or l[] outlet d[nslope :i* tapp$ phreatic wat] ov] a widespread zone & *annel$ x ?r\gh a localiz$ area4 ,!re are sev]al possibilities4 #a4 ,a p]*$ wat] table may h be5 held 9 ! cave zone by a l[] & imp]vi\s lay] ( rock4 ,?is b>ri] may h be5 sudd5ly cut ?r\gh by erosion1 z if ! plug 7 pull$ 9 a ba?tub4 ,! p]*$ wat] w\ld n[ pass ?r\gh ! b>ri]1 r ?an ov] x1 evacuat+ p>ts ( ! =m] phreatic zone1 & induc+ surface /reams to *annel und]gr\nd ?r\gh ! same r\te4 ,) su* a subt]ranean div]sion ( wat] f a high] to a l[] dra9age patt]n1 ! wat] table fl[ w\ld increase consid]ably4 ,a cave-=m+ condition w\ld exi/4 ,sev]al small /reams lose _! id5tity & s9k into ! gr\nd a few hundr$ y>ds above ! caves4 ,d\btless1 !y jo9 ! wat] table inside ! cav]ns to em]ge at ! entrance z ! ,riv] ,/yx 7call$ ,cave ,creek outside74 ,possibly !y aid$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( cave =mation 9 a mann] describ$ above4 #b4 ,x is difficult to imag9e :at ! surface topography 0 l :5 ! cave 0 =m+1 yet we "k x hasn't always be5 ! same4 ,! m\nta9s 7 high]4 ,! /reams occupi$ high] positions 9 ! valleys4 ,! ridges lay 9 a some:at diff]5t patt]n4 ,n[ & !n /ream piracy1 or dra9age re>rangem5t1 took place :5 a rapidly erod+ /ream cut away ! ridge sep>at+ x f a less active /ream4 ,sudd5ly ! sl[] /ream 0 div]t$ into ! dra9age sy/em ( its captor4 ,bo? surface & phreatic wat]s ( ! aggressive dra9age 7 increas$4 ,! fl[ at ! wat] table spe$$ up 9 response4 ,if /ream piracy occurr$ 9 ! dra9age ov]ly+ ! caves1 x might h play$ an important "p 9 cave c>v+4 #c4 ,nor c we omit ! conditions t occurr$ "h dur+ p]iods ( glaciation4 ,%ift+ masses ( ice & glacial debris *>act]i/ically cause damm+ & re*annel+ ( wat] 9 m9or /ream valleys4 ,! tempor>y results are simil> to /ream piracy4 ,c\pl$ ) ?is is ! great volume ( wat] :i* dra9s f melt+ glaci]s4 ,evid5ce ( p>tial glaciation 9 ! ,siskiy\ ,m\nta9s l5ds s]i\s consid]ation to its effect on e>ly cave developm5t4 ,! :ole process might h involv$ all ?ree ( ! above situations 9 v>y+ degrees1 = a 8geologically sudd50 ev5t may take sev]al ?\s& ye>s4 ,sev]al di/9ct levels ( cave erosion indicate t ! wat] table mov$ along at a c]ta9 level = a "t1 !n rapidly dropp$ to a l[] c\rse :]e x 0 /able = ano!r ext5d$ p]iod4 ,?is 0 repeat$ until x n[ /&s ne> ! level ( ! ,riv] ,/yx4 ,successively1 ! cav]ns at high] levels 7 dra9$ & left empty4 ,s z y\r t\r climbs f ! cave entrance to ! highly develop$ sections ne> ! ,gho/ ,room1 y enc\nt] gall]ies t are progressively old]4 ,! fir/ room inside ! entrance1 ,watson's ,grotto1 is ! be/ example we h ( a cav]n 8rec5tly0 dra9$4 ,a ^w ab\t ! ,riv] ,/yx4 ,above x 9 sev]al places y c see v smoo? walls left by ! famili> erosive action ( a /ream4 7,see illu/ration page #ad74 ,mo/ ( ! cave walls %[ ! m pitt$1 concave surface left by ! acidic dissolv+ action ( phreatic wat]4 ,! wat] :i* produc$ ! ma9 cave sy/em mov$ mu* sl[] ?an ! ,riv] ,/yx1 & ov] a wid] area4 ,! /ream z we see x did n produce ! cave4 ,r1 ! cav]ns1 :5 dra9$1 left a free fl[+ c\rse = gr\nd wat] to *annel into4 ,! only true und]gr\nd /reams occur 9 caves4 ,!y are a by-product ( ! cave-=m+ process4 ,illu/ration3 ,smoo?-wall$ erosion ( ,riv] ,/yx ,decoration ,surface erosion cont9u$ to te> away at ! m\nta9s4 ,/reams cut _! valleys deep]4 ,9 response1 ! wat] table gradually sank bel[ ! level ( ! cav]ns & !y1 9 turn1 7 dra9$4 ,air ent]$ ! rooms4 ,! basic excavation process 0 complet$ except = a few m9or *anges3 ,9 "s places1 vadose wat] cont9u$ to dissolve away portions ( ! cave ceil+s into dome %apes4 ,9 o!r rooms previ\sly dra9$1 wat] re-flood$ c]ta9 portions dur+ wet cycles4 ,& "s rooms 7 fill$ ) clay & gravel br\ght 9 f ! surface1 !n wa%$ clean aga9 9 lat] /ages4 ,mo/ important is ! entrance ( air1 :i* u%]$ 9 ! second major /age 9 cave =mation4 ,! unadorn$ grottoes 7 n[ to be decorat$4 ,nature1 ?r\gh ! process ( deposition1 next creat$ ! e]ie beauty :i* delights today's cave visitors4 ,9 fact ! process cont9ues ev5 n[1 = ,oregon ,caves are 8live0 caves1 mean+ !y are /ill be+ decorat$ by natural deposition4 ,! weak c>bonic acid 9 vadose wat] kept eat+ away ! ro( m>ble above ! caves4 ,rea*+ ! cav]ns1 drops ( vadose wat] evaporat$ into ! air & left _! load ( calcium c>bonate z ?9 lay]s ( solid m9]al4 ,! am\nt left by ea* drop 0 inf9itesimal1 yet millions ( drops ev5tually left ?ick deposits coat$ on ! walls1 ceil+s & floors ( ! cave4 ,! cru/y :ite deposits 9 ! ,beehive ,room are f9e examples ( deposition by evaporation4 ,!y 7 left !re 9 mu* ! same way z ! coat+ 9 ! bottom ( a teakettle or /eam iron4 ,h[ev]1 evaporation is important only ne> ! surface4 ,deep] inside ,oregon ,caves ! relative humidity av]ages #ih p]c5t4 ,evaporation "h is almo/ non-exi/5t4 ,in/ead1 loss ( c>bon dioxide becomes ! *ief ag5t ( deposition4 ,we h le>n$ t vadose wat] conta9s #be to #ij times ! normal am\nt ( c>bon dioxide f\nd 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,mu* ( x1 ( c\rse1 unites ) calcium c>bonate to =m calcium bic>bonate solution4 ,:5 ?is m9]aliz$ wat] rea*es ! cav]ns1 l>ge quantities ( c>bon dioxide are able to escape into ! air due to ! diff]5ce 9 c>bon dioxide am\nts 9 ! wat] & air4 ,! *emical balance is upset4 ,= ea* molecule ( escap+ c>bon dioxide1 an equival5t molecule ( solid m9]al is deposit$ 7see illu/rations page #aj74 ,an int]e/+ side effect ( ! loss ( c>bon dioxide is exp]i5c$ by ! cave visitor4 ,al?\gh cave air is con/antly repl5i%$ by outside air ?r\gh natural ex*ange1 x has a r high c>bon dioxide cont5t due to release ( ?is gas by vadose wat]s4 ,?is p>tly expla9s ! heavy brea?+ y f9d necess>y inside ! cave1 because ! n]ve c5t]s :i* control our brea?+ are /imulat$ by a high p]c5tage ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! air we brea!4 ,x also expla9s ! odd 8p]oxide0 odor _m p notice :5 !y rea* ! exit4 ,! odor is oxyg54 ,we notice x because our s5ses h become adju/$ to slightly l[] oxyg5 p]c5tages inside ! cave4 ,illu/ration3 ,cave deposits 9 ,joaqu9 ,mill]'s ,*apel ,illu/ration3 ,drap]y 9 ,gho/ ,room ,cave deposits are collectively t]m$ speleo!ms4 ,_! v>iety is inf9ite3 ,^? left by dripp+ wat] are call$ drip/one1 & take on two basic =ms--if !y hang d[n f ! ceil+ !y are call$ ,/alactites1 if !y gr[ up f ! floor !y are /alagmites4 ,! two may jo9 toge!r to =m a column4 ,:]e ! wat] drips rapidly & ! loss ( c>bon dioxide is sl[1 /alagmite gr[? is favor$ because little deposition c take place on ! ceil+4 ,if ! drip rate is sl[ & loss ( c>bon dioxide is rapid1 /alactite =mation is favor$4 ,illu/ration3 ,=mations on page #af ,contra/$ ) drip/one is fl[/one--smoo? lay]$ deposits left along walls & floors by fl[+ wat]4 ,9 ,joaqu9 ,mill]'s ,*apel1 fl[/one deposits are _m in*es ?ick4 7,see illu/ration on page #af74 ,a close look at ! /ructure ( drip/one & fl[/one reveals six-sid$ cry/als call$ calcite1 :i* is m]ely ! cry/all9e =m ( calcium c>bonate4 7,see illu/ration on page #ai74 ,b&$ cry/al lay]s 9 cave deposits are (t5 call$ alaba/]1 or cave onyx4 ,^! c be easily se5 at ! 8wi%+ po/40 ,o!r %apes & =ms accrue4 ,fl[/one =m+ on backslop+ walls t5ds to produce graceful %eets call$ drap]y4 7,see illu/ration on page #ag74 ,r$di% b&s may develop 9 drap]y :]e iron oxide is imb$d$ ) ! calcite4 ,contra/$ ) ! pure :ite lay]s ( calcium c>bonate1 ?is gives ! appe>ance ( bacon4 ,good examples ( 8bacon0 c be se5 9 ! ,gho/ ,room4 ,mo/ %apes & =ms ( drip/one & fl[/one are occasionally duplicat$ by freez+ wat]4 ,/alactites =m on ! edges ( ro(s1 /alagmites =m on ! sidewalk b5ea? !m1 etc4 ,b "o ( sev]al cave =mations :i* c't be ?us copi$ is ! soda /raw 7see illu/ration page #bj74 ,deposition beg9s z a r+ ( calcium c>bonate ar\nd a wat] drop4 ,! r+ has ! unique feature ( be+ a s+le cry/al4 ,z m drops leave _! deposits1 ! r+$ cry/als =m "o on ! o!r to create a tube4 ,! wat] cont9ues to seep ?r\gh ! inside ( ! tube1 ev5tually produc+ ! fragile1 cry/all9e pipe ) ! obvi\s "n4 ,! diamet] ( a soda /raw is app>5tly det]m9$ by ! specific gravity & surface t5sion ( wat]1 = !y are all ne>ly ! same diamet]1 ab\t "o-qu>t] in*4 ,9 a cave 9 we/]n ,au/ralia "o soda /raw has rea*$ a l5g? ( #bj feet1 #f in*es1 yet is /ill only "o-qu>t] in* 9 diamet]4 ,if ! drip rate decreases1 ! tip ( ! soda /raw may sometimes seal itself clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,calcite cry/als 9 lay] ( fl[/one1 #h in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,"s speleo!ms app>5tly defy gravity4 ,n[ & !n int]nal hydro/atic pressure causes second>y =mations to project out f o!rs 9 unusual directions4 ,^! are helictites 7see illu/ration on page #ba74 ,a relat$ =m is popcorn 7see illu/ration on page #bb71 ! mat ( small nodules :i* coat ! 8beehive0 & o!r objects 9 ! cave4 ,also call$ 8cave coral10 popcorn c =m "u wat] or along wet walls 9 response to air curr5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,helictite =m$ on soda /raw ,s(t1 fibr\s mats ( calcium c>bonate deposit$ ne> ! surface at ,oregon ,caves are t]m$ moonmilk4 ,9 "t moonmilk may h>d5 into popcorn mats4 ,its mann] ( =mation is n fully und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,popcorn 9 ,adam's ,tomb ,illu/ration3 ,rim/one ,at ! 8,devil's ,wa%bo>d10 & at ! foot ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 we f9d /ill ano!r type ( speleo!m--rim/one--:i* =ms 9 pools ( wat]4 ,agitat$ by dripp+ or fl[+ wat]1 "s ( ! c>bon dioxide 9 ! pool escapes4 ,! resultant deposition ( m9]al takes place on irregul>ities 9 ! bottom ( ! pool1 or creates /one wavelets :]e ! pool spills ov]4 ,ridges & dams subsequ5tly build up1 (t5 con/rict+ ! pool surface 7see illu/ration on page #bb74 ,ano!r type ( rim/one1 or cave ice1 develops :5 fl[/one builds up ar\nd ! edge ( a pool & gradually closes across x4 ,! pool may be completely seal$ ov]1 j l a pond 9 w9t]1 except t 8cave ice0 c nev] melt4 ,cave /ud5ts are (t5 confus$ by ano!r deposition f\nd 9 ! =m ( ?9 blades jutt+ out ( ! wall 7see illu/ration bel[74 ,!y h a wov51 cry/all9e texture4 ,prior to removal by solution1 "s ( ! m>ble cracks 7 fill$ ) calcium c>bonate4 ,be+ less soluble ?an m>ble1 ! %eets ( calcite cry/als rema9 = a "t aft] ! surr\nd+ rock is dissolv$ away4 ,illu/ration3 ,blade =mation ,s f> we h discuss$ cave features--speleo!ms--creat$ by deposition ( m9]al f ! solid to liquid1 & back to solid /ate4 ,b c]ta9 objects 9 ! caves are simply :at rema9s ( a piece ( m>ble aft] "s ( x is dissolv$ away4 ,^! are speleog5s1 cave features creat$ by ! dissolv+ ( m9]al 7see illu/ration page #bd 74 ,!y c be /rik+1 b prim>ily x is ! speleo!ms :i* make ,oregon ,caves a ?+ ( wond] & beauty4 ,! z5i? ( su* spectacul> developm5t z se5 at ,p>adise ,lo/ leaves little d\bt ( ?is4 ,we h foll[$ ! m9]al calcium c>bonate ?r\gh _m =ms3 f sea creatures to ocean mud1 to lime/one & !n m>ble1 next to a liquid solution call$ calcium bic>bonate1 & la/ly z calcite cry/als 9 cave =mations4 ,! size1 %ape & v>iety ( cave deposits are det]m9$ by _m factors :i* seem to prev5t any two be+ exactly alike4 ,*anges 9 temp]ature1 relative humidity1 available c>bon dioxide1 am\nts ( vadose wat]1 air circulation1 surface t5sion1 p]meability ( ro( rock1 vegetation above ! cave1 bact]ia action1 & ! am\nt & k9d ( impurities 9 vadose wat] may all comb9e to v>y ! nature ( cave =mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,detail 9 ,p>adise ,lo/ ,illu/ration3 ,speleog5 above ,riv] ,/yx ,! ,cave's ,age ,! _m v>iables make x difficult to accurately e/imate ! age ( cave deposits4 ,we h no way ( det]m9+ pa/ conditions :i* h influ5c$ ! rate ( developm5t4 ,oh1 we "k ! =mations are _m ?\s&s ( ye>s old1 beyond t we c only guess4 ,"s crude examples ( kn[n age are ! t9y1 "o-half-in* /alactites =m$ 9 ! exit tunnel s9ce x 0 complet$ "s #ch ye>s ago 7see illu/ration bel[74 ,ba!d 9 w>m1 dry air f ! outside1 !y h probably develop$ mu* fa/] ?an ^? inside ! ma9 cave4 ,o!r active =mations deep 9 ! cave %[ v little visible deposit+ ov] names writt5 on !m by e>ly explor]s 9 ! #ahhj's4 ,s ! true secret ( ! age ( ! =mations mu/ re/ ) ! cave itself4 ,p]haps ?is is be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,/alactites =m$ s9ce exit tunnel 0 complet$ 9 #aicc ,o!r ,cave ,features ,an obvi\s feature y may see 9 ,neptune's ,grotto is ! br[n lacework on ! walls4 ,!y are l9es ( clay4 ,molecul> attraction causes ! clay p>ticles to cl+ toge!r into :at we call clay worms4 7,see illu/rations on page #bg74 ,:]e does ! clay come f8 ,"s ( x may be wa%$ 9 f ! gr\nd above4 ,! re/ ( x is ! remnant ( m>ble solution4 ,oregon ,caves m>ble is #ic p]c5t calcium c>bonate4 ,! rema9+ #g p]c5t is non-soluble clay & rema9s 9 ! cave aft] ! calcium c>bonate is c>ri$ away 9 fluid /ate4 ,clay worms are tempor>y features2 vadose wat] or ! t\* ( a c>eless h& c easily remove !m4 ,9 ! ,gho/ ,room we f9d an int]e/+ object4 ,project+ f ! ceil+ is an #h-;in* ?ick slab ( angul> br[n rock4 ,its edges h be5 brok51 r ?an dissolv$4 ,?is is a cla/ic dike4 ,evid5ce is lack+ to def9itely /ate its orig9 or mann] ( emplacem5t4 ,b at "s "t 9 ! pa/1 !re 0 an ext5sive crack 9 ! m>ble :i* 0 fill$ by a mudlike mat]ial made up ( bits ( qu>tz1 plagioclase1 hornebl5de1 epidote1 clay1 & o!r m9or +r$i5ts4 ,x may h be5 wa%$ 9 f ! surface1 or x c\ld h be5 inject$ f bel[ by e>?quake %ocks :i* crack$ ! m>ble & =c$ ! pliable mat]ial into ! cracks4 ,ev5tually x h>d5$ into rock4 ,due to its non-soluble +r$i5ts1 ! dike 0 n dissolv$ :5 ! ,gho/ ,room 0 =m$4 ,l ! 8blades0 we discuss$ previ\sly1 x rema9$ z a projection into ! room :ile ! m>ble walls rec$$ "u solution activity4 ,be+ brittle1 x has app>5tly be5 brok5 (f p]iodically by ! j> ( e>?quakes or cave collapse4 ,ano!r obvi\s discrepancy 9 ! m>ble framework ( ! caves is ! ?9 lay] ( slate f\nd 9 ! #fe-;foot tunnel4 ,?is reveals an int]ruption 9 ! lime/one s$im5tation ( ! ,triassic sea4 ,a ?9 lay] ( %ale 0 deposit$ betwe5 lime/one lay]s4 ,lat]1 :5 ! lime/one became m>ble1 ! %ale became slate4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ "h t lime/one & %ale v>y greatly 9 _! cont5ts & (t5 int]bl5d ) ea* o!r4 8,pure0 lime/one is :ite4 ,diff]5t %ades occur ) diff]5t am\nts ( claylike impurities4 ,:5 ! impurities ov]%ad[ ! lime/one1 !n ! rock may be call$ %ale4 ,! :ite/ m>ble 9 ,oregon ,caves came f ! pure/ lime/one4 ,! d>k]1 blue-b&$ m>ble is ri* 9 slate impurities4 ,illu/ration3 ,! lacework effect ( clay 8worms0 ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,caves ,if ! ,indians ( s\?we/ ,oregon knew ( ,oregon ,caves !y left no evid5ce ( ! fact4 ,possibly its remote & rugg$ sett+ 0 too f> away f _! normal haunts ne> ! f]tile valleys & salmon-ri* riv]s4 ,or !y may h kn[n ( ! cave1 b sup]/itions =bade _! ent]+ x4 ,to our k1 ,elijah ,davidson 0 ! fir/ p]son to p5etrate its dep?s4 ,o!r creatures us$ x regul>ly4 ,be>s1 m\nta9 lions1 coyotes1 bobcats1 skunks & o!r pr$ators f\nd ! out] *amb]s ideal d5s or re/+ places4 ,)9 ! 8twilight zone0--! gall]ies ne> ! surface :]e "s light p5etrates--rod5ts ( sev]al k9ds ent]$ freely & ev5 made ne/s4 ,today1 we f9d ! indu/ri\s woodrat /ill ga!r+ m\nds ( /icks1 leaves1 fla%bulbs1 & hairp9s to /ore ne> ! #aaj-;foot exit4 ,mice & rabbits are frequ5tly se5 9 ! cave4 ,occasionally ! tracks ( ! r+tail betray 8 secretive hunt+ trips into ! cave4 ,9 #aice1 ev5 a m\nta9 beav] 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gho/ ,room4 ,h[ev]1 !re is only "o mammal truly adju/$ to normal liv+ inside ! d>k portions ( ! caves4 ,?is is ! bat4 7,see illu/ration bel[74 ,!re are eight species ( bats t use ,oregon ,caves4 ,mo/ common is ! long-e>$ myotis4 ,none are abundant1 & mo/ visitors d n see !m1 = ?is is n a 8bat cave0 9 ! same s5se z ,c>lsbad & o!r caves4 ,also1 ! bats pref] ! undi/urb$ sections ( ! caves1 :]e p seldom ent]4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 !y attract mu* int]e/ & are ! subject ( mu* discussion4 ,! only mammal capable ( flight1 bats are also unique 9 _! ability to fly 9 total d>kness deep )9 caves4 ,illu/ration3 ,hib]nat+ bat 9 8dry0 room ,?is latt] skill puzzl$ sci5ti/s = _m ye>s until1 9 ! #aicj's1 x 0 le>n$ t bats navigate 9 d>kness by e*o-location1 a sy/em simil> to ! ,navy's son>4 ,! animal emits high-pit*$ squeaks1 above ! ?re%old ( human he>+4 ,! e*o ( ! squeaks b\nces (f ne>by objects & ! bat is able to deciph]1 f a flood ( up to sixty e*oes a second1 ! size1 %ape1 & di/ance ( objects be=e !m4 ,s precise is ?is sy/em t ! animal is able to locate & capture fly+ insects 9 pit* d>kness4 ,n only c !y navigate 9 ! d>k1 !y c also rememb] e*o patt]ns t help !m to return aga9 & aga9 to ! same place deep inside a cave4 ,!y fe$ at night1 eat+ great numb]s ( insects4 ,9 w9t] a few ( !m hib]nate 9 ,oregon ,caves & may be easily obs]v$ cl++ head d[nw>d f ! walls & ceil+s = mon?s at a "t4 ,dur+ a bat-b&+ /udy a few ye>s ago1 #gej bats 7 fitt$ ) t9y alum9um id5tification b&s & releas$4 ,to date1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! bats h be5 f\nd else:]e1 nor h any =eign b&s turn$ up "h4 ,"s bats are migratory1 = ea* ye> 9 late ,augu/ or ,septemb] !re is an influx ( sev]al hundr$ t may be se5 9 ! caves = only a few days4 ,!n !y are gone aga94 ,c]ta9 ar?ropods--millep$es1 spid]s1 mo?s & small w+less insects call$ collemboles--are abundant 9 ! 8twilight zone0 ( ! caves1 :]e !y fe$ on organic matt] & ^u ea* o!r4 ,?us animal life 9 ! cave is m prom95t ?an _m p suspect4 ,plant ,life ,:5 ! cave lights 7 in/all$ 9 #aicb1 conditions 7 e/abli%$ = ! entrance ( ano!r type ( life--plants4 ,c>ri$ into ! cave by wat] or air curr5ts1 spores ( primitive plants c\ld n[ g]m9ate & live4 ,ne> ! light fixtures we f9d int]e/+ colonies4 ,! gre5 coat+ sev]al feet f ! lights are clu/]s ( algae4 ,!y h no leaves1 /ems or roots2 9 fact !y are ! simple/ & mo/ univ]sal ( ! e>?'s gre5 plants4 ,!y require mu* less light en]gy ?an ! mosses :i* gr[ only a few in*es f ! lights4 ,9 "o or two places we also f9d fle%y gre5 liv]worts :i* look l blobs ( spill$ pa9t4 ,& n[ & !n we f9d ! cave's highe/ type ( plants1 ! sword f]ns4 ,dim9utive 9 comp>ison ) _! k9 outside ! cave1 ^! t9y f]ns are nev]!less able to survive ne> ! lights :i* burn at lea/ "p ( e day dur+ ! ye>4 ,,! ,,future ,:at next8 ,l lakes & wat]falls1 caves are tempor>y features ( ! dra9age patt]n ( an area4 ,! same processes :i* produce !m w ev5tually de/roy !m4 ,at ,p>adise ,lo/ we see t an appreciable "p ( ! orig9al room has already be5 fill$ ) cave deposits4 ,_m side passages 9 ! caves h simil>ly be5 block$ (f by ! accumulation ( fl[/one4 ,on ! outside1 surface erosion w we> away ! ro( rock until ! cav]ns collapse4 ,! rooms w be fill$ ) sunlight & expos$ to rapid wea!r+4 ,! calcium c>bonate t 0 laid d[n 9 ! ,triassic sea1 !n lift$ into m\nta9s1 !n *ang$ to calcite cave deposits1 w aga9 be dissolv$ by wat] & c>ri$ back to ! sea4 ,we "k ?is because remnants ( o!r caves reveal ! patt]n ( creation & de/ruction common to all caves4 ,! end w n come at ,oregon ,caves = ?\s&s or millions ( ye>s4 ,b x w come4 ,! "w ( wat] & o!r erosive =ces nev] ceases4 ,,human ,,/ory ,oregon ,caves h be5 kn[n s9ce a day 9 #ahgd :5 ,elijah ,j4 ,davidson w5t hunt+ 9 ! ,siskiy\ ,m\nta9s4 ,! /ory goes t1 aft] kill+ a de]1 he foll[$ 8 dog to a l>ge hole 9 ! m\nta94 ,"h he he>d s\nds ( fight+ com+ f )94 ,be+ undecid$ z to :at to d1 he /ood wait+--!n 8 dog gave v5t to a weird h[l1 z if 9 great pa94 ,hesitat+ no long]1 ,davidson ru%$ into ! op5+4 ,he soon f\nd ! *ase difficult to pursue )\t a light1 :]eupon he resort$ to a few mat*es t he _h 9 8 %ot-p\*4 ,/rik+ mat* aft] mat*1 he expect$ t he w\ld soon be at ! sc5e ( ! /ruggle4 ,be=e arriv+ !re1 h[ev]1 8 supply ( mat*es gave out1 leav+ him 9 ! d>k4 ,davidson f9ally f\nd 8 way back to a runn+ /ream ( wat]1 & foll[+ x1 came to ! m\? ( ! cave4 ,soon aft]1 ! dog came spla%+ d[n ! creek1 unhurt4 ,z x 0 well on 9 ! ev5+1 ,davidson decid$ to g back to camp & return ! next day4 ,be=e leav+1 h[ev]1 he plac$ ne> ! entrance to ! cave ! buck he _h rec5tly kill$4 ,he anticipat$ t a be> w\ld come out = food1 eat all x c\ld & !n lie d[n by ! rema9+ "p4 ,return+ e>ly ! next morn+1 ,davidson f\nd a mon/r\s black be> ly+ ne> ! c>cass ( ! de]4 ,davidson told o!rs ( 8 discov]y1 & ! cave soon became an attraction = ! adv5turesome1 portions ( x be+ explor$ & op5$4 ,e>ly int]e/ 9 comm]cializ+ ! cave 7 ?w>t$ by its remote location1 f> f roads & popul\s communities4 ,9 #aijg1 ,joaqu9 ,mill]1 ! 8,poet ( ! ,si]ra10 & ,*&l] ,b4 ,watson1 au?or ( ,prehi/oric ,siskiy\ ,isl& & ! ,m>ble ,halls ( ,oregon1 visit$ ! cave4 ,!y 7 highly impress$ & promot$ ! cave z ! 8,m>ble ,halls ( ,oregon40 ,public att5tion 0 ar\s$ & ! cave 0 e/abli%$ z ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t on ,july #ab1 #aiji4 7,see illu/ration on page #cb74 ,appreciable public use 0 n atta9$ until #aibb1 :5 an automobile road 0 complet$ to ! caves4 ,! next ye>1 #aibc1 ! ,=e/ ,s]vice grant$ a concession to ! ,oregon ,caves ,company1 :i* has provid$ public accommodations & cave guide s]vice s9ce !n4 ,9 #aicc1 ! ,monum5t 0 transf]r$ to ! ,national ,p>k ,sy/em4 ,concurr5tly1 ! completion ( ! #eab-;foot exit tunnel t same ye> greatly improv$ cave t\r circulation4 ,! public use patt]n1 relatively un*ang$ = ! next ?ree decades1 0 e/abli%$ aft] ! op5+ ( ! concession]'s *ateau build+ 9 #aicd4 ,! *ateau is not$ = its *>m+ ar*itecture1 complem5t+ ! /eep1 =e/$ sett+4 ,,cons]vation ,,& ,,pres]vation ,oregon ,caves h be5 set aside z a national monum5t because ( _! out/&+ natural features4 ,! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice is *>g$ by ,congress to provide = ! public use & enjoym5t ( ! area 89 su* mann] & by su* means z w leave x unimpair$ = 444 future g5]ations40 ,illu/ration3 ,a visit to ,oregon ,caves 9 #aiab ,natural ?+s & natural processes are p>am\nt4 ,manmade facilities su* z trails1 lights & /eps are necess>y to all[ visitors to enjoy ! cave4 ,b !y are kept at a m9imum4 ,y\r guide w ask y n to t\* any ( ! cave =mations4 ,?is is to keep !m f be+ /a9$ or brok54 ,prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,national ,monum5t 9 #aiji1 fragile =mations 7 ! object ( sev]e v&alism & ?\ghtless de/ruction by s\v5ir hunt]s 7see illu/ration page #cc74 ,x is d\bly important to pres]ve ! rema9+ features = ! b5efit ( ^? :o w come "h tomorr[ & 9 lat] ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,v&alism3 ,nature requir$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s to create ^! /alactites4 ,a ?\ghtless p]son ne$$ only a few mom5ts to de/roy !m4 ,outside ! cave1 ! ,monum5t is a place :]e fl[]s are enjoy$ 9 _! natural /ate & n pick$1 :]e birds & wild animals are unmole/$ by hunt]s or trapp]s4 ,! =e/ is undi/urb$4 ,on ! trails away f ! cave area1 ! hik] may see animals & plants fulfill+ _! exi/5ce z !y did c5turies ago4 ,x is to ?is philosophy t ! national p>ks & monum5ts are d$icat$4 ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,cave ,,t]ms ,bacon ,a ?9 %eet ( calcite drap]y hav+ alt]nat+ d>k & light b&s :i* give x ! appe>ance ( a /rip ( bacon4 ,! d>k1 r$di% b&s are usually caus$ by an iron oxide /a94 ,b$d+ plane ,! /ratification or meet+ place ( two diff]5t lay]s ( s$im5t>y rock4 ,blade ,a calcite %eet orig9ally deposit$ 9 a crack1 !n lat] expos$4 ,breakd[n ,heaps ( rubble on a cav]n floor caus$ by ! collapse ( walls or ceil+4 ,calcium bic>bonate ,an un/able comp\nd occurr+ :5 c>bonic acid contacts calcium c>bonate4 ,calcium c>bonate ,a m9]al ) ! *emical =mula ,ca,c,o4 ,calcite ,a cry/all9e =m ( calcium c>bonate4 ,c>bonic acid ,a weak acid occurr+ z a liquid1 hav+ ! =mula ,h,,co1 a mixture ( c>bon dioxide & wat]4 ,cla/ic dike ,a dike made up ( fragm5ts ( pre-exi/+ rocks4 ,column ,a speleo!m =m$ :5 a /alactite & a /alagmite meet4 ,deposit ,a natural occurr5ce ( m9]al mat]ial1 su* z an iron ore deposit2 or 9 ! vocabul>y ( ! speleologi/1 any cave =mation orig9at+ f deposition4 ,drap]y ,hang+ speleo!m 9 ! =m ( a curta9 or drape4 ,drip/one ,a calcite deposit left by dripp+ wat]4 ,fl[/one ,a calcite deposit left by fl[+ wat] along a cave wall or floor4 ,fracture ,a break 9 rock4 ,gall]y ,an und]gr\nd passage4 ,gr\nd wat] ,wat] )9 ! e>?1 su* z fe$s wells4 ,helictite ,a v>iant =m ( /alactite :i* does n hang v]tically or :i* has side gr[?s resembl+ twi/$ roots4 ,jo9t ,a crack1 :i* 9 lime/one =ms at an angle to a b$d+ plane4 ,a s]ies ( jo9ts (t5 int]sect ea* o!r 9 a f\r-sid$ patt]n4 ,lime/one ,a rock consi/+ *iefly ( calcium c>bonate1 usually an accumulation ( organic rema9s su* z %ells4 ,m>ble ,lime/one cry/alliz$ by metamorphism4 ,metamorphose ,to *ange into a diff]5t =m1 su* z *ang+ s$im5t>y rock 7lime/one7 into a metamorphic rock 7m>ble74 ,moonmilk ,a r>e =m ( hydromagnesite or calcium c>bonate :i* is semisolid4 ,phreatic zone ,! region1 bel[ ! wat] table1 9 :i* rock is saturat$ ) wat]4 ,popcorn ,nodules ( m9]al deposits =m$ 9 su* a way z to resemble popcorn4 ,rim/one ,a calcite deposit ar\nd ! edge ( a pool ( wat]4 ,s$im5t>y rock ,=m$ f deposits ( s$im5ts or f fragm5ts ( o!r m9]als4 ,%ale ,a s$im5t>y rock =m$ f deposits ( clay or silt4 ,solution ,! process by :i* a sub/ance is *emically comb9$ ) a liquid4 ,also1 ! /ate ( be+ *emically s comb9$4 ,soda /raw ,a small1 holl[ /alactite inside :i* drops ( wat] desc5d4 ,speleog5 ,a cave feature produc$ by solution ( base rock4 ,speleologi/ ,"o :o makes a sci5tific /udy ( caves4 ,speleology ,! sci5tific /udy ( caves 9 all _! aspects4 ,speleo!m ,a cave feature produc$ by deposition ( m9]al4 ,spelunk] ,"o :o explores caves z a sportsman or amateur speleologi/4 ,/alactite ,a calcite speleo!m :i* gr[s d[nw>d1 icicle-fa%ion1 z a result ( deposition by dripp+ wat]4 ,/alagmite ,a calcite speleo!m :i* gr[s upw>d f a cave floor z a result ( deposition by dripp+ wat]4 ,vadose zone ,! region ly+ betwe5 ! surface ( ! e>? & ! wat] table4 ,wat] :i* seeps or fl[s ?r\gh ?is region "u ! pull ( gravity is call$ vadose wat]4 ,wat] table ,! meet+ place ( ! phreatic & vadose zones4 ,bel[ x1 ! rock is saturat$ ) wat]2 above x1 wat] "u ! pull ( gravity is cont9u\sly fl[+ d[nw>d4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,davidson1 ,e4 ,j41 8,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y ( ! ,m>ble ,halls ( ,oregon40 ,oregon ,hi/orical ,qu>t]ly1 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #bgd-bgf 7#aibb74 ,folsom1 ,frankl91 ,explor+ ,am]ican ,caves4 ,new ,york1 ,cr[n ,publi%]s1 ,inc41 #aief4 ,halliday1 ,william ,r41 ,adv5ture ,is ,und]gr\nd4 ,new ,york1 ,h>p] & ,bro!rs1 ,publi%]s1 #aiei4 ,mohr1 ,*>les ,e41 & ,h[>d ,n4 ,sloane1 ,celebrat$ ,am]ican ,caves4 ,new ,j]sey1 ,rutg]s ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiee4 ,wells1 ,francis ,g41 ,prelim9>y geological map ( s\?we/ ,oregon4 ,u4,s4,g4,s4 ,m9]al ,inve/igation ,map1 ,,mf #ch1 #aiee4 ,,rules ,,& ,,regulations 7,brief$7 #a4 ,no p]son %all ent] ,oregon ,caves unless accompani$ by an au?oriz$ guide4 #b4 ,*ildr5 "u #f ye>s ( age are n p]mitt$ 9 ! caves4 ,a nurs]y is provid$4 #c4 ,! de/ruction1 injury1 defacem5t or removal ( any ( ! natural features1 rocks1 plants1 or animals 9 ! caves or ,monum5t is prohibit$4 #d4 ,no canes1 umbrellas or /icks ( any k9d may be tak5 into ! caves4 #e4 ,dogs & cats mu/ be kept "u physical control & are n all[$ on trails or 9 ! build+s4 #f4 ,c>eless disposal ( tra% is prohibit$2 please use ! conta9]s plac$ ne>by4 ,,?is ,,is ,,y\r ,,national ,,monum5t ,please help keep x clean & undamag$ = ^? :o foll[ y4 ,,adm9i/ration ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t is a unit ( ! ,national ,p>k ,s]vice4 ,inquiries %\ld be address$ to ! ,p>k ,manag]1 ,oregon ,caves ,national ,monum5t1 ,p4,o4 ,box #cgg1 ,cave ,junction1 ,oregon #igebc4 ,illu/ration3 ,cave entrance ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,add$ l9ks to images m5tion$ 9 ! text2 reword$ "s ref]5ces to fit a pres5tation )\t page fac+4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4